FLORA OF la:rcaster county BEING DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SEED-PLANTS GROWING NATURALLY IN LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA BY JOHN KUNKEL SMALL I • V AND JOEL JACKSON CARTER LSBRARY NEV' YORK BOTANICAL, QAROfiN NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORS 1913 ,S6 Copyright, 1913 By John Kunkel Small PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTLK, PA. DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF GOTTHILF HEINRICH ERNST MUHLENBERG FIRST PRESIDENT OF FRANKLIN COLLEGE AND AUTHOR OF THE FIRST FLORA LANCASTRIENSIS PUBLISHED AS A JUBILEE GIFT TO FRANKLIN AND MARSHALL COLLEGE ON HER ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL PREFACE. This handbook presents short descriptions of the seed-plants growing naturally in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, together with statements of the habitats and distribution of the species, and also their flowering sea- sons. Analytical keys, foiined by conti'asting diagnostic characters, pre- cede the descriptions of the families, genera, and species, and a general key to the orders precedes the descriptive flora. The region covered by this flora has been the sc«ne of almost continuous botanical exploration and study for nearly a century and a half, definitely beginning with the obseiTations of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg at Lancaster in the year 1780. However, only one authentic list^ of the flowering plants known to grow naturally in the county has been published. In the preface to this catalogue the author says : " The following catalogue is based upon the results of explorations made during a residence in the city of Lancaster between the years 1853 and 1866. All the plants contained in it were seen and examined by the author, with the single exception of Quercus phellos, L.,^ and specimens of the rarer species, about which there might be any question, are at hand for reference in his own herbarium^ and in the herbaria of the Linnaean Society* and the State Normal School at Millersville." " In the annals of American Botany, Lancaster county is classic ground. It was the home of the distinguished Muhlenberg, who probably collected on her soil, at the beginning of the century, many of the species first described by him and by the German botanist Willdenow, with whom he carried on a long and active correspondence. He left behind him in manuscript a Flora Lancastriensis, which unfortunately has either been lost, or is no longer accessible."^ " The aim of the author has been to lay a good foundation upon which any one who may wish to continue the Avork hereafter can build with con- fidence, for the field is by no means exhausted. . . ." 1 An enumeration of the indigenous and naturalized plants found growing in the County of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, by Thos. C. Porter, published in An Authentic History of Lancaster County, by J. I. Mombert, 1869. 2 This species is not uncommon on the Martic Hills along the Pequea Creek. 3 NoAv at Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. * Linnaean Society of Lancaster. 5 The manuscript of Muhlenberg 's Flora Lancastriensis, and seven other manuscripts relating to the plants of Lancaster County, have since been found in the library of the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia Pa. VI PEEFACE. The list referred to above forms the basis of the present flora. Numerous additional species have been collected in the county by the authors of this volume and by their many associates and correspondents. Specimens of these species have been widely distributed, but the more complete sets occur in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, the herbarium of Franklin and Marshall College, the herbarium of J. J. Carter, the herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History, the her- barium of A. A. Heller, and the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. All records of species on the following pages axe based on specimens collected in the county. Lancaster County comprises almost 1000 square miles. Its extreme width, east and west is 47 miles, its extreme length, north and south, 41 miles. It lies southeast of the Appalachian Mountain System. There are no considerable altitudes attained by its hills, but the surface is quite diversified. Rolling hills and winding streams are numerous. The latter flow, without exception, either directly or indirectly into the Susquehanna River. The Susquehanna runs along the western boundary of the county for a distance of more than 40 miles, and for over half of this distance it passes through a most picturesque canon with steep sides and wild lateral branches. This canon has a southern exposure, and plants of a typically more southern flora have here made themselves at home. On the other hand, plants of a typically more northei'n flora are found in the cool siDhagnum swamps among the hills of both the northern and the southern parts of the county. These two somewhat extraneous elements, together with the plants typical of the greater part of our area and the contiguous teiTitory, comprise a flora of more than ordinary interest and diversity. The county is divided by its main geological formations into three topographical or geographical belts or zones. They are: (1) a northern belt of sandstones and shales, (2) a middle belt of limestones, and (3) a southern belt of schists. On the one hand, all three belts contain trap-dikes or outcrops of trap rock. On the other, the sandstones and shales are uninterrupted, except for a bay of limestone prolonged northward from the middle belt; the uniformity of the limestones is broken mainly by several small outcrops of quartzite, while the schists contain some small projections of limestone at the northern edge and several outcrops of serpentine at the southern end. On the following pages when a species is confined to one or several parts of the county the fact is indicated by N. (northern), M. (middle), S. (southern), W. (western), E. (eastern). Likewise, when a species is confined to one or two geological fonnations or is characteristic of such, the fact is so indicated. When a species is generally distributed only its habitat is mentioned. Other abbreviations used are Spr. (spring). Sum. (summer), Eu. (Europe), As. (Asia), Nat. (native). PREFACE. Vll Joel Jackson Carter was a native and a resident of Lancaster County. His interest in its flora extended over a period of more than fifty years, as did his father's, wliich began about the beginning of the last century. Mr. Carter died May 4, 1012, shortly after the first galleys of this flora were received from the printer. However, a duplicate copy of the manuscript of the descriptive i^art of the work had been in his hands for sevei'al years. The Avriter's interest in the plants of Lancaster County began in 1888. During a residence at Lancaster, from 1888 to 1892, while attending Frank- lin and Marshall College, nearly all parts of the county were visited and the plants collected; this exploration has since been supplemented by fre- quent visits to various paints of the county. J. K. Small. The New York Botanical G^vrden, September 3, 1913. CONTENTS. Page. Key to the Orders xi-xvi Descriptive Flora 318 List of Genera and Species published in this Flora .... 319 Index 320 KEY TO THE ORDERS. Sdbkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA. 'Ovules, and seeds, borne on the face of a bract or a scale : stigmas wanting. Class 1. Gymxospeemae. 'Ovules, and seeds, in a closed cavity, the ovary : stigmas present. Class 2. Angiospermae. Class 1. Gymnospermae. Plants growing by lateral and terminal buds, with scale-like, flat or needle-like leaves : embryo with 2-several cotyledons. Order Finales. Class 2. Angiospermae. ■Cotyledon 1 : stem endogenous. Subclass 1. Monocotyledones. Cotyledons typically 2: stem exogenous (with rare exceptions). Subclass 2. Dicotyledones. Order Arales. Order Naiadales. bracts (scales or Order Poales. Order Alismales. Order Xyridales. Order Liliales. Order Arales. Subclass 1. Monocotyledones. Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, the members often bristles or mere scales, not corolla-like, or wanting. Flowers not in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (scales or glumes). Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Order Pan'danales. Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting. Fruit baccate : endosperm present. Fruit drupaceous : endosperm wanting. Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricated, glumes). Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usually corolloid. GjTioecium of distinct carpels. Gynoecium of united carpels. Endosperm mealy. Endosperm fleshy, horny or cartilaginous. A. Ovary, and fruit, superior. Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix. Inflorescence a fleshy spadix subtended by a spathe, B. Ovary, and fruit, wholly inferior or half-inferior. Endosperm present and usually copious. Order Amaeyllidales. Endosperm wanting. Flowers regular, monoecious or dioecious : aquatic plants. Order Hydeocharitales. Flowers irregular, perfect : terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Order Orchidales, Subclass 2. Dicotyledones. A. Corolla wanting, except in the pistillate flowers of Juglans (Juglandaceae). Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers. Herbs. Flowers mainly perfect. Seeds solitary in each carpel or in each cavity of the ovary : endo- sperm present. Flowers spicate : styles wanting : stigmas sessile. Order Piperales. Flowers axillary : styles present. Callithichaceae in Order Euphorbiales. Seeds numerous in each cavity of the ovary : endosperm wanting. Podostemaceae in Order Rosales. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Order Euphorbiales. Trees or shrubs : flowers monoecious or dioecious, or polygamous. Fruit 1-seeded: seeds without tufts of hairs. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary : flowers not in heads. Pistillate flowers without a calyx: ovule erect and orthotropous. Order Myricales. Pistillate flowers with a calyx : ovule pendulous and anatropous. Leaf-blades simple. Fruit a nut or an achene. Corylaceae in Order Fagales. Fruit a drupe. Oleaceae in Order Oleales. Xll KEY TO THE OEDEES. Leaf-blades compound : fruit a samara. Oleaceae in Order Oleales, Ovules many : flowers aggregated into dense heads. Altingiaceae in Order Rosales. Fruit many-seeded : seeds each with a tuft of hairs. Order Salicales. Calyx present at least in the staminate or in the perfect flowers. Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments. or ament-like spikes. Leaf-blades simple : ovule pendulous and anatropous. Pistillate flowers separate at maturity : fruit a nut or an achene. Order Fagales. Pistillate flowers forming aggregate fruits : fruit drupe-like. Artocarpaceae in Order Ueticales. Leaf-blades pinnately compound : ovule erect and orthotropous. Order Juglandales. Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments. a. Ovary superior. Gynoecium of 1 or several and distinct carpels : stigma and style solitary. Carpel solitary. Ovary neither enclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a calyx- tube. Flowers not solitary in axils : land plants. Urticaceae in Order Urticales.. Flowers solitary in axils ; aquatic plants. Ceratophyllaceae in Order Ranalbs. Ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-tube. Order Thymeleales. Carpels several : Stamens inserted below the ovary. Families in Order Ranales. Stamens inserted on the edge of a cup-shaped hypanthium. Rosaceae in' Order Rosales. Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels : stigmas or styles 2 or several. * Ovary, by abortion, 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Leaves with sheathing stipules (ocreae). Order Polygonales; Leaves estipulate, or if stipules are present they are not sheathing. Trees or shrubs. Anthers opening by slits : ovary not seated in a hy- panthium. Ulmaceae in Order Ueticales, Anthers opening by hinged valves : ovary seated in an' accrescent hypanthium. Lauraceae in Order Thymeleales. Herbs or vines. t Leaves with stipules. Stipules herbaceous : inflorescence spicate or racem- ose : leaf -blades palmatel.v veined. Cannabinaceae in Order Ueticales. Stipules scarious or hyaline : inflorescence cymose : leaf-blades pinnately veined. Families in Order Chenopodiales. tt Leaves without stipules. Stigmas entire. Order Chenopodiales. Stigmas 2-cleft. Euphorbiaceae in Order Euphoebiales. ** Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled. Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gynoecium in the per- fect flowers, not on a disk in the pistillate flowers. Herbs. Flowers perfect. Ovary several-celled. Fruit baccate or nut-like, or a circumscissile cap- sule, the carpels terminal on the receptacle. Families in Order Chenopodiales,- Fruit of several carpels, lateral on the receptacle, each carpel circumscissile. Penthoraceae in Order Rosales. Ovary 1-2-celled. Stamens not tetradynamous, 4-8 : ovary 1-celled. Order Chenopodiales. Stamens tetradynamous : ovary 2-celled. Brassicaceae in Order Papa'^'beales. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Euphorbiaceae in Order Euphoebiales. Trees or shrubs. Ovary 4-celled : fleshy maritime shrubs. Batidaceae in Order Chenopodiales. Ovary 2-celled : plants not fleshy. Oleaceae in Order Oleales. KEY TO THE OEDEES. Xlll Stamens perigynous or epigynous, inserted on the margin of a hypanthium or a disk. Fruit a samara. Families In Order Sapindales. Fruit not a samara. Fruit drupe-like or berry-like : shrubs or trees. Order Ritamnales. Fruit a capsule : herbs. Order Aeistolochiales. b. Ovary inferior. Flowers not in involucrate heads. Fruit a berry or a drupe, or nut-like. Stamens as many as the perianth-members and alternate with them, or fewer. Herbs, with succulent stems and leaves, or woody below : flowers perfect. Tetragoniaceae in Order Chenopodiales. Trees or shrubs : flowers dioecious. Nyssaceae in Order Ammiales. Stamens as many as the perianth-memberfe and opposite them, or twice as many. Styles present. Ovules mostly on basal placentae, sometimes pendulous : cotyledons not convolute : tree- or root-parasites. Order Santalales. Ovules not on basal placentae : cotyledons convolute : not parasitic plants. Families in Order Myktales. Styles wanting : stigmas sessile. Gunneraceae in Order Myetales. Fruit a capsule. Sepals as many as the ovary-cavities or one-half as many. Calyx regular and the sepals half as many as the cavities in the ovary, or irregular. Order Aristolochiales. Calyx regular and the sepals as many as the cavities in the ovary. Order Myrtales. Sepals (4-5) at least twice as many as the ovary-cavities (2). Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales. Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads. Ambrosiaceae in Order Carduales. B. Corolla present. * Petals distinct, at least at the base. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base. Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e., hypogynous. Flowers in monoecious heads. Platanaceae in Order Rosales. Flowers not in monoecious heads. Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulent. Order Ranales. Plants with succulent stems and leaves. Sedaceae in Order Rosales. Stamens on the mai-gin of a hypanthium (the hypanthium very small in some Saxifragaceae). Order Rosales. Carpels several and united, t Ovary superior. X Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle. § Stamens numerous. Sepals imbricated. Calyx deciduous. Order Papaverales. Calyx persistent. Styles or stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid. Leaves glandular or pellucid-punctate. Rutaceae in Order Geraniales. Leaves not glandular. Capparidaceae in Order Papaverales. Styles or stigmas united into a disk. Petals and sepals numerous : leaves with flat blades : aquatic plants. Nymphaeaceae in Order Ranales. Petals and sepals few : leaves with pitcher-like organs : bog plants. Sarraceniaceae in Order Sarraceniales. Sepals valvate. Stamens with distinct filaments. Ovary 1-celled : placentae parietal. Capparidaceae in Order Papaverales. Ovary 2-several-celled : placentae axile or central. Families in Order Malvales. Stamens with united filaments. Order Malvales. §§ Stamens few, not over twice as many as the petals. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves. Podophyllaceae in Order Ranales. Anther-sacs opening by slits. XIV KEY TO THE OEDEKS. Flowers monoecious. Euphorbiaceae in Order Euphobbiales^ Flowers perfect. Portulacaceae in Order Chenopodiales. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more, sometimes twice as many. Stamens 6 : petals 4 : sepals 2 or 4. Families in Order Papaverales. Stamens, petals and sepals of the same number, or stamens more, usually twice as many as the sepals or petals. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae. Families in Order Chenopodiales, Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae. Stigmas 2-cleft. Droseraceae in Order Saeraceniales. Stigmas entire. Stamens with united filaments and no stami- nodia. Families in Order Malvales. Stamens with distinct filaments. Families in Order Hypericales. Ovary several-^plled. Stamens adnate to the gynoecium. Asclepiadaceae in Order Asclepiadales. Stamens not adnate to the gynoecium. Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments. Anthers opening lengthwise. Families in Order Geraniales. Anthers opening by pores. Polygalaceae in Order Polygalales. Stamens with distinct filaments. Anthers opening by pores. Families in Order Ericales. Anthers opening by slits. Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft, or foli- aceous, or united by pairs. Order Euphorbiales. Stigmas or styles all distinct or all united, neither cleft nor foliaceous. Stamens 2. Oleaceae in Order Oleales. Stamens more than 2. Leaves with compound blades. Families in Order Geraniales. Leaves with simple blades. Ovule solitary in each carpel. Styles distinct : ovule pendu- lous. Families in Order Geraniales. Styles united : ovule erect or ascending. Limnanthaceae in Order Sapindales. Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. Flowers irregular : stamens united at the top or converging. Placentae axile. Balsaminaceae in Order Geraniales. Placentae parietal. Violaceae in Order Hypericales. Flowers regular : stamens neither united nor con- verging at the top. Carpels not circumscissile at maturity. Placentae parietal. Cistaceae in Order Hypericales. Placentae axile or cen- tral. Tiliaceae in Order Malvales. Carpels circumscissile at maturity. Penthoraceae in Order Rosales. tt Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium (perigynous or hypogynous). Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct : ovules and seeds many. Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales. Styles united. Order Rhamnalbs. KEY TO THE OEDEES. XV Stamens as many as the petals and altei-nate with them, or more or many. Styles distinct. Upper part of the ovaries distinct, at least at maturity. Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales. Upper part of the ovaries united. Order Sapindales. Styles united. Hypanthium flat or obsolete : disk fleshy. Plants without secreting glands in the bark. Order Sapindales. Plants with secreting glands in the bark. Families in Order Geeaniales. Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate : disk obsolete or inconspicuous. Order Myrtales. ttOvary inferior. Stamens numerous. Styles and stigmas united into a disk : water-plants with endog- enous stems. Nymphaeaceae In Order Rosales. Styles distinct, or united, but not forming a disk with radiating stigmas : land-plants with exogenous stems. Styles distinct. Families in Order Rosales. Styles united. Shrubs or trees ; not succulents, sometimes woody vines. Hypanthium not produced beyond the ovary. Escalloniaceae in Order Rosales. Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary. Families in Order Myhtales. Herbs, or shrub-like or tree-like succulents. Order Opuntiales. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles wanting : stigmas sessile. Gunneraceae in Order Myrtales. Styles present. Styles distinct. Ovules several in each cavity of the ovary : fruit a capsule or a fleshy many-seeded berry. Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate. Families in Order Rosales. Fruit circumscissile. Portulacaceae in Order Chenopodiales. Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary : fruit a drupe or 2-5 more or less united achenes. Order Ammiales. Styles united, or single. Plants without tendrils. Ovary enclosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium or adnate to it. Anther-sacs opening by pores. Vacciniaceae in Order Ericales. Anther-sacs opening by slits. Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary. Order Ammiales. Ovules several in each cavity. Families in Order Myrtales. Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free. Escalloniaceae in Order Rosales. Plants with tendrils. Herbs : fruit a pepo : leaf-blades palmately veined. Cucurbitaceae in Order Campanulales. Shrubby vines : fruit drupaceous, separating into nutlets : leaf-blades pinnately veined. Rhamnaceae in Order Rhamnales. *♦ Petals more or less united. Ovary superior. Stamens free from the corolla. Gynoecium of a single carpel. Families in Order Rosales. Gynoecium of several united carpels. Filaments united. Stamens diadelphous. Fumariaceae in Order Papaverales. Stamens monadelphous. Anther-sacs opening by slits. Oxalidaceae in Order Geeaniales. Anther-sacs opening by pores. Calyx and corolla very irregular. Order Polygalalbs. Calyx and corolla regular. Families in Order Ekicales. Filaments distinct. Style wanting or very short : stigma sessile. Aquifoliaceae in Order Sapindales. Styles elongated. Families in Order Ericales. Stamens partially adnate to the corolla. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, or twice as many or more. XVI KEY TO THE OEDEES. Ovary 1-celled. Order Primdlales. Ovary several-celled. Upper portion of the ovaries distinct. Sedaceae in Order Rosales. Upper portion of the ovaries united. Order Ebenales. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. Corolla not scarious, veiny : fruit various, but not a pyxis. Gynoecium of 3-6 carpels. Shrubs or trees : ovules and seeds few. Aquifoliaceae in Order Sapindales. Herbs, or creeping or tufted shrubby plants : ovules and seeds numerous. Families in Order Polemoniales. Gynoecium of 2 carpels. Carpels distinct, except sometimes at the apex. Order Asclepiadales. Carpels united. Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae. Order Gentianaies. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled, or if 1-celied with parietal placentae. Stamens 2 and opposite each other, or 3. Order Oleales. Stamens usually 4 or 5, if 2 by reduction not opposite each other. Leaves with stipules or stipular lines at their bases. Spigeliaceae in Order Gextianales. Leaves with no traces of stipules. Order Polemoniales. Corolla scarious, veinless : fruit a pyxis. Order Plantaginales. Ovary inferior. Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla. Stamens 10 : anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks. Vacciniaceae in Order Ericales. Stamens 5 or fewer : anther-sacs opening by longitudinal slits. Order Campanulales. Stamens adnate to the corolla. Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules : calyx unmodi- fied, at least not a pappus. Plants tendril-bearing. Cucurbitaceae in Order Campanulales. Plants not tendril-bearing. Ovules mostly on basal placentae : plants parasitic. Order Santalales. Ovules variously borne, but not on a basal placenta : plants not parasitic. Order Rubiales. Ovary with one fertile cavity. Ovules numerous on a basal placenta. Primulaceae in Order Primulales. Ovule solitary, the placentae not basal. Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes. Order Valerianales. Flowers in involucrate heads. Order Carduales. DESCRIPTIVE FLORA. Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA, Seed Plants. Plants producing flowers and seeds. A seed contains an embryo consisting of a short stem (radicle), one, two, or several rudimentary leaves (cotyledons) and a terminal bud (plumule). Ovules, and seeds, borne on the face of a bract or a scale : stigma wanting. Class 1. Gymnospeemae. Ovules, and seeds, borne in a closed cavity, the ovary : stigma present. Class 2. Angiospermae. Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE. Cone Plants. Carpel, or pistil, represented by a scale upon the face of which the ovules are borne and the naked seeds are matured. Order FINALES. Shrubs or trees. Leaves seale-Uke, narrow, or needle-like and often in bundles. Flowers mainly monoecious, the cones of spirally imbricate scales, or in Taxaceae the ovulate flowers often solitary. Seeds in dry or fleshy cones, or sometimes wholly or partially naked. Carpellary scales with bracts, dry at maturity : ovules inverted : buds scaly. Fam. 1. Pinaceae. Carpellary scales without bracts, fleshy or peltate at maturity : ovules erect : buds naked. Fam. 2. Juniperaceae. Family 1. PINACEAE. Pine Family. Mostly evergreen, resiniferous shiiibs or trees, typically conic, with flaky or brittle bark. Leaves narrow and solitary, or needle-like and usually several together, each group with a sheath at the base. Ovulate aments with bracted scales. Ovules inverted. Cone of dry scales. Seeds samara-like. Leaves borne 2-5 together in a sheath, half-terete or 3-angled : cones maturing the second year. Cone-scales with dorsal spine-armed appendages : leaves borne in 2's or 3's : cones spreading. 1. Pinus. Cone-scales with apical inconspicuous appendages : leaves borne in 5's : cones drooping. 2. Steobus. Leaves borne singly without a sheath, flat : cones maturing the first year. 3. Tsuga. 1. PINUS [Tourn.] L. Leaves needle-like, in 2 's and 3 's, each with 2 fibro-vascular bundles^ Cones spreading: scales at length woody and spreading or recurved, each with a dorsal usually spine-armed appendage. Seeds samara- like. — Spr. — Pine. Lancaster County Flora 1. 1 2 JUNIPEEACEAE. Scales of the ovulate aments stout, each with a short tip which scarcely equals the body in length. 1. p. echinatu. Scales of the ovulate aments slender, each with a subulate tip several times the length of the body. Cones conic when closed, ovoid when open : twigs glaucous. 2. P. virginiana. Cones ovoid when closed, globose-ovoid or depressed when open : twigs yellow. Scales of the ovulate aments recurved : cone-scales with rather thin appendages, the spines recurved. 3. P. rigida. Scales of the ovulate aments ascending : cone-scales with thick appendages, the spines incurved. 4. P. pungens. 1. P. echinata Mill. A tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark very rough and coarsely furrowed. Leaves in 2 's or 3's, deep-green, 8-12 cm. long, slender; sheath 10-15 mm. long: cones 5-6.5 cm, long, ovoid when open, each scale- appendage armed with a slender spine. — N. Eare, apparently only near Man- heim. — Sandstones and shales. — Short-leaf. Yellow-pine. 2. P. virginiana Mill. A tree becoming 36 m. tall, the bark rough, flaky, the twigs glaucous. Leaves in 2's, deep-green, 4-7 cm. long, rather stout; sheaths 5-8 mm. long: cones 5-7 cm. long, ovoid when open, each scale-appendage with a curved spine. — N.S. Eather common, usually in poor soil on ridges. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sceub-pine. Jersey-pine. 3. P. rigida Mill. A tree becoming 25 m. tall, the bark very rough, the twigs yellow. Leaves in 3's, bright-green, 6-12 cm. long; sheaths 10-15 mm. long: cones 4—7 cm. long, globose-ovoid or depressed when open. — N.S. Eather rare, usually on rocky ridges. — Sandstones and shales, schists, and more com- mon on serpentine. — Pitch-pine. 4. P. pungens Lamb. A tree becoming 18 m. tall, the bark rather smooth but flaky. Leaves in 2's, bright-green, 5-10 cm. long, stout; sheaths less than 1 cm. long: cones 8-12 cm. long, very persistent, globose-ovoid or depressed when open. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eare, confined to the dry precipitous river banks and neighboring islands. — Schists. — Table-mountain-pine. 2. STROBUS Opiz. Leaves needle-like, in 5 's, mostly with 1 fibro-vascular bundle each. Cones drooping: scales leathery, with neither dorsal appendages nor spines. Seeds samara-like. 1. S. Strobus (L.) Small. A tree becoming 52 m. tall, with relatively smooth bark and approximately whorled branches. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, glaucous, very slender: cones narrow, 1-2 dm. long, often curved. — N.S. Not common, growing generally as solitary specimens in woodlands. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Spr. — White-pine. 3. TSUGA Carr. Leaves separate, distichously spreading: blades linear, glaucous beneath. Pollen-sacs opening transversely. Ovulate aments with inconspicuous bracts. Cones drooping. 1. T. canadensis (L.) Carr. A tree becoming 31 m. tall. Leaves loosely spreading, 6-14 mm. long, obtuse at the apex: staminate flowers about 2 mm. in diameter: cones 18-23 mm. long; scales suborbicular : seed-wings mainly less than 1 cm. long. — N.S. Eather common, generally in ravines. — Sand- stones and shales, schists. — Spr. — Hemlock. Spruce-pine. Family 2. JUNIPERACEAE. Jukiper Family. Mostly evergreen, often resiniferous shrubs or trees, with fibrous shreddy bark. Leaves mainly appressed scales, sometimes subulate and spreading. Ovulate aments with bractless scales. Ovules erect. Cone of dry often peltate scales, or baccate or drupaceous. Seed wingless, or winged, the wing a portion of the testa. TYPHACEAE. 3 Aments axillary, the ovulate with smaller scales at the top : leaves subulate and spreading on mature branches. 1. Juniperus. Aments terminal, the ovulate with larger scales at the top : leaves scale-like and appressed on mature branches. 2. Sabixa. 1. JUNIPERUS [Tourn.] L. Leaves in 3's, subulate, neither imbricate nor appressed, glandless. Staminate ament axillary. Ovulate aments with the ovules alternate with the scales. 1. J, communis L. An erect shrub, or small tree. Leaves slender, 10-20 mm. long, spreading: cones 6-8 mm. in diameter. — Pare, generally on creek banks. Mostly confined to a grove on the shales and sandstones near Eeinholds and a few trees on the Conestoga creek below Lancaster on limestone, and scattered on the serpentine barrens. — Spr. — Juniper. 2. SABINA Haller. Leaves scale-like, except sometimes on twigs, ap- pressed, often imbricate, each with a gland in the back. Staminate aments terminal on branchlets. Ovulate aments with ovules opposite the scales. 1. S. virginiana (L.) Antoine. A conic tree becoming 30 m. tall. Scale- like leaves, 4-ranked, 1-4 mm. long, acute: cones ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, annual: seeds 3-4 mm. long, smooth. — Common, most abundant in hilly districts. — Spr. — Cedar. Eed-cedar. Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE. Fruit Plants. Carpel, or pistil, formed by the union of the margins of one, or of several, rudimentary leaves; within the cavity thus formed the ovules are borne and the seeds matured. Cotyledon 1 : leaf-blades with the primary or lateral veins parallel : stem endogenous. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Cotyledons typically 2 : leaf -blades with the veins netted : stem exogenous. Subclass 2. Dicotyledones. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Stem consisting of a ground mass of soft tissue in which bundles of wood-cells are irregularly placed. Early leaves alternate. Order PANDANALES. Perennial, aquatic or marsh herbs, with elongate rootstocks. Leaves with narrow blades. Flowers in naiTow or globular spikes or racemes. Perianth of scales or bristles. Androecium of 2-7 stamens. Gynoecivim 1- or 2-carpellai-y. Fruit nut-like. Racemes cylindric : perianth of bristles : gynoecium stipitate. Fam. 1. Typhaceae. Spikes (heads) globular: perianth of scales: gynoecium sessile. Fam. 2. Spaeganiaceae. Family 1. TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family. Raceme solitary and terminal, subtended by deciduous bracts, the staminate portion uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Pistil stipitate: stigma spatulate, oblong or rhomboidal. 1. TYPHA [Tourn.] L. Plants growing in ST;\'amps. Leaves erect, or rarely floating, narrowly elongate. Mature pistillate raceme terminal, cylindrie, compact. — Sum. — 'T'at-tail. Eeed-mace. 4 ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Pollen-grains simple : pistillate part of the rachis with persistent pedicels 1 mm. long or less. 1. T. angustifolia. Pollen-grains in 4"s : pistillate part of the rachis with persistent pedicels 2-3 mm. long. 2. T. latifolia. 1. T. angustifolia L. Stem slender, 1.5-3 m. tall: leaf -blades 5-15 mm. wide: spike brown, the pistillate portion 0.5-1.5 cm. thick, separated from the staminate: stigmas narrow: nutlets terete. — Eare, in shallow water or mud. 2. T. latifolia L. Stem stout, 1-2.5 m. tall: leaf -blades 10-25 mm. wide: spike dark-brown or black, the pistillate portion 2..5-3 cm. thick, contiguous to the staminate : stigmas spatulate or rhomboidal : nutlets furrowed. — Common, in ponds and still water. Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family. Spikes in racemes or panicles, or spicate, their bracts persistent. Perianth of scales. Pistil sessile : stigma subulate, sometimes oblique. 1. SPARGANIUM [Tourn.] L. Plants growing in low grounds or deep water. Leaves erect and triangular-keeled at the base or floating and flat. — Sum. — Bur-reed. Achenes fusiform, the body stalked. Inflorescence branched, the branches geniculate and bearing 3 or more staminate spikes. 1. S. androcladum. Inflorescence simple, or if branched the branches strict and bearing less than 3 staminate spikes. 2. S. atnericanum. Achenes obovoid or obpyramidal, sessile. 3. S. eurycarpum. 1. S. androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Plants 2-7 dm. tall, branched: stami- nate heads mostly less than 1 cm. thick: fruit-heads 1-2 cm. thick: achene-body 6-7 mm. long, abruptly narrowed at the apex, long-stipitate. — N.S. Common, in shallow water. — Sandstones and shales, schists. 2. S. americanum Nutt. Plants 2-8' dm. tall, simple, the lower flower-heads sometimes peduncled: achene-body about 5 mm. long, short-stipitate, gradually narrowed at the apex. — M. Bare, in shallow water. — Limestones. 3. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Plants 8-20 dm. tall: staminate heads about 1 cm. thick: fruit-heads 2.5-3 cm. thick: achene-body 7-8 mm. long, rounded or depressed at the apex, sessile. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in shallow water. Order NAIADALES. Perennial, aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves various, sometimes mere phyllodia. FloAvers usually symmetrical. Perianth wanting or imperfect. Androecium usually of 1^ stamens. Gynoecium simple or several- carpellary. Gynoecium of distinct carpels : anthers with petal-like connectives : leaf -blades not spiny-toothed. Fam. 1. Zankichelliaceae. Gynoecium of united carpels : anthers with inconspic- uous connectives : leaf-blades spiny-toothed. Fam. 2. Naiadaceae. Family 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Pondweed Family. Aquatic caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, filiform,__or with blades, entire. Flowers perfect or monoecious, in spikes or clusters from a spathe. Androecium of 1, or mostly 2-A, distinct stamens. Gynoecium of several distinct carpels. Fruit a cluster or spike of drupelets. 1. POTAMOGETON [Tourn.] L. Herbs growing mostly in fresh water. Leaves various, the submerged and the floating ones usually different. Flowers ZANNICHELLIACEAE. perfect, spicate. Stamens 4, with appendaged anthers, together, spicate, sessile. — Pondweed. Stipules axillary, free from the rest of the leaf. Plants with both submerged and floating leaves. Submerged leaves without blades. Submerged leaves with blades. Submerged leaves with linear or nearly linear blades. Leaf-blades with coarse cellular reticulation in the middle. Leaf-blades with inconspicuous cellular reticula- tion. Submerged leaves with lanceolate, oblong or oblance- olate blades. Submerged leaves with petioles, the blades nar- rower than those of the floating ones. Submerged leaves sessile or nearly so, the blades broader than those of the upper. Plants with submerged leaves only. Leaf-blades broad. Leaf-blades perfoliate, entire ; drupelets abruptly short-beaked. Leaf-blades sessile, serrulate : drupelets gradually long-beaked. Leaf-blades narrow, linear or filiform. Leaf-blades linear, over 1 mm. wide : drupelets crested. Leaf-blades 3-veined : plants without propagat- ing buds. Leaf-blades many-veined : plants with propagat- ing buds. Leaf-blades narrowly linear or linear-filiform, less than 1 mm. wide : drupelets crestless. Stipules adnate to the blades, or to the petioles, of the sub- merged leaves. Plants with submerged and floating leaves : drupelets crested. Plants with submerged leaves only : drupelets crestless. Leaf-blades setaceous or filiform, entire : druplets obscurely beaked. Leaf-blades linear, serrulate : drupelets prominently beaked. Carpels 4. Drupelets 4 1. P. natans. 2. P. epihydrus. 3. P. heterophyllus. 4. P. americanus. 5. P. alpinus. 6. P. pcrfoliatus. 7. P. crisp us. 8. P. compresstis. 9. P. ohtusifolius. 10. P. pvsillus. 11. P. diversifolius. 12. P. pectinatus. 13. P. RobMnsii. 1. P. natans L. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones phyllodia, the float- ing ones with ovate to oval blades 4-9 cm. long, rounded or subcordate at the base : drupelets obovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long, scarcely keeled. — Susquehanna and tributaries. Bather common, in still water. — Sum. 2. P. epihydrus Eaf. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones with linear 5-nerved blades, the floating ones with oblong, elliptic, or obovate blades 3-8 cm. long: drupelets globose-obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, with an elevated shoulder back of the beak, the middle keel sharp. — ■ Susquehanna and tributaries. Eather rare. — Sum. 3. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones narrowed upward, the floating with oval or elliptic blades, 1.5-4 cm. long, abruptly pointed: drupelets 2-3 mm. long, with a horizontal shoulder back of the beak, indistinctly 3-keeled. — Creeks and Susquehanna. Eather common, in still water. — Sum. 4. P. americanus Cham. & Schlecht. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones with elongate blades, the floating ones with oblong to elliptic long-petioled blades 4r-15 cm. long, usually acute : mature spikes 2.5 cm. long, terminating peduncles 5-8 cm. long : drupelets 3.5-4 mm. long, the middle keel prominent. — Susquehanna and tributaries. Eather common, in slow-flowing water. — Sum. and fall. 5. P. alpinus Balbis. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones with mostly linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate blades, the floating ones with mostly spatu- late to oblanceolate blades 2-12 cm. long: peduncles thinner than the stem: drupelets about 2.5 mm. long, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp. — Susquehanna. Rather rare, in still water. — Sum. 6 ALISMACEAE. 6. P. perfoliatus L. Leaves all submerged; blades suborbicular to orbicular- ovate, 2-4 em. long, usually obtuse and serrulate at the apex, cordate-perfoliate, 13-23-veined : drupelets 2.5-3 mm. long, obscurely 3-keeled. — Susquehanna and tributaries. Bather rare, in flowing water. — Sum. and fall. 7. P. crispus L. Leaves 2-ranked; blades mainly oblong to linear-oblong, 3-10 cm. long, serrulate, obtuse, crisped, sessile or partly clasping, 3-7-veined: drupelets 5-6 mm. long, acuminate-beaked, 3-keeled, the prominent even middle keel ending in a spur at the base. — Susquehanna and Conestoga Creek. Rare, in slow-flowing water. — Sum. 8. P. foliosus Eaf. Leaves not 2-ranked; blades linear or filiform, 1.5-5 cm. long and 3-veined, acute: drupelets mostly 4 together, 1.5-2 mm. long, abruptly short-beaked, the middle keel crest-like, sinuate-undulate and usually extended into a shoulder at each end. — Susquehanna. Eare, in slow-flowing water. — Sum. 9. P. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; blades linear, obtuse, but often mucronate, mostly 3-veined, the midrib broad: mature spikes con- tinuous: drupelets about 3 mm. long, 3-keeled, the middle keel often undulate. — Susquehanna and tributaries. Eather rare, in slow-flowing water. — Sum. 10. P. pusillus L. Leaves 2-8 cm. long; blades very narrowly linear or linear- filiform, 3-veined, acute: spikes globular, not interrupted: drupelets about 2 mm. long, the middle keel not crest-like, or obsolete. — Susquehanna and tribu- taries. Eather rare, in slow-flowing or still water. — Sum. 11. P. diversifolius Eaf. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones linear- setaceous and 1-veined, the floating ones elliptic, oval or oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long: drupelets about 1 mm. long, cochleate, the middle keel crest- like, usually with 7 or 8 teeth. — Susquehanna, creeks and ponds. Eather common, in slow-flowing or still water. — Spr. and sum-. 12. P. pectinatus L. Leaves 2.5-15 cm. long; blades setaceous or filiform, attenuate, 1-veiued, sometimes obscurely so: spikes interrupted: drupelets 3-4 mm. long, crestless. — Susquehanna. Eather rare, in flowing water. — Sum. 13. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Leaves 7-13 cm. long; blades linear, acuminate, many-veined: spikes interrupted: drupelets about 4 mm. long and fully i as wide, narrowed at the base, prominently beaked, 3-keeled. — Susquehanna. Eare, in flowing water. - — Sum. and fall. Family 2. NAIADACEAE. Naias Family. Mostly fresh-water herbs. Leaves mainly opposite : blades mostly toothed, the bases dilated. Flowers dioecious, axillary : staminate, a double perianth and a single stamen : pistillate, a gynoecium consisting of an ovary, a style and 2 or 3 stigmas. Fruit drupaceous. 1. NAIAS L. Submerged plants with usually much-branched stems. Leaves numerous, the margins prominently or inconspicuously toothed. 1. N. flexills (Willd.) Eostk. & Schmidt. Stems slender: leaves many; blades linear, mainly acuminate, minutely serrulate: drupelets 3-4 mm. long, oblong. ■ — Susquehanna and tributaries. Eare, in slow-flowing water. — Sum. — Naiad. Order ALISMALES. Marsh or aquatic herbs. Leaves alternate, mere phyllodia, or with dilated blades. Flowers regular. Perianth of sepals, and usually also of petals. Androecium of 3-6 stamens or more. Gynoecium of 3-many carpels. ALISMACEAE. 7 Family 1. ALISMACEAE. Water-plantain Family. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves basal, the blades flat, often with basal lobes, or mere phyllodia. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious, whorled. Sepals herbaceous. Petals tender, white or pink. Gynoecium of few to many carpels. Style manifest. Fruit a head of flattened carpels. Carpels borne In one series : achenes verticillate. 1. Alisma. Carpels borne in several series : achenes capitate. 2. Sagittaeia. 1. AliISMA L. Leaves without basal lobes. Flowers perfect, in com- pound panicles. Stamens mostly 6. Achenes in 1 whorl. 1. A. subcordatum Eaf. Leaf-blades ovate, usually broadly so, or orbicular- ovate, mostly pointed: sepals suborbicular, about 2.5 mm. long at maturity: petals 2-4 mm. long: fruit-heads 3-4 mm. wide; achenes less than 2.5 mm. wide, the beak below the top. — Common, in shallow water and swamps. — Spr.-f all. — Water-plantain. 2. SAGITTAE.IA L. Leaves often with basal lobes, sometimes lobeless or mere phyllodia. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the upper ones usually staminate. Stamens mainly numerous. Achenes numerous, in dense heads. — Sum. and fall. — Arrow-head. Wampee. Filaments dilated, pubescent. Pistillate flowers pedicelled : achene with a minute horizontal beak below the top of the body. 1. S. graminea. Pistillate flowers sessile : achene with a large, ascending beak at the top of the body. 2. 8. rigida. Filaments slender, glabrous. Achenes with liorizontal or nearly horizontal beaks. Inflorescence-rachis, bracts, pedicels, and sepals glabrous. 3. S. latifolia. Inflorescence-rachis, bracts, pedicels, and sepals pubescent. 4. S. pubescens. Achenes with erect beaks. 5. 8. longirostra. 1. S. graminea Michx. Leaf -blades linear, lanceolate, or elliptic, 5-15 cm. long, or wanting: scapes 1-6 dm. tall, with few-many flower-whorls: bracts ovate, united to about the middle: fruit-heads less than 10 mm. thick: achenes 1.5 mm. long, winged, the minute beak horizontal. — Susquehanna valley and adjacent parts. Rather rare, in sand or shallow water. Chiefly on schists. 2. S. rigida Pursh. Leaf -blades linear to broadly ovate, sometimes with basal lobes, 5-20 em. long: scapes weak, 1-8 dm. long, with 5-9 flower-whorls: fruit- heads 8-15 mm. thick, sessile or nearly so: achenes 3-4 mm. long, winged, the beak ascending. — Conestoga Creek and tributaries. Rather rare, usually in shallow water. — Limestones. 3. S. latifolia "Wilkl. Leaf -blades broad, 15-40 cm. long, glabrous, the basal lobes narrower and rather shorter than the terminal one: scapes 3-6 dm. tall: pedicels of pistillate flowers much longer than the acute bracts: fruit-heads 15-30 mm. thick: achenes about 3 mm. long, the beak ascending or recurved. — Common, in swamps, ponds, or shallow water along streams. 4. S. pubescens Muhl. Leaf-blades 8-25 cm. long, with the terminal lobe more rounded than in no. 3, puberulent or hirsute: scapes 3-6 dm. tall: pedicels of pistillate flowers about as long as the obtuse bracts or slightly longer: fruit- heads 8-15 mm. thick: achenes 2-3 mm. long, the beak horizontal or somewhat declined. — M.S. Rather rare, in swamps and wet places. — Limestones, schists. 5. S. longirostra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. Leaf -blades 10-25 cm. long, the terminal lobe broadly ovate, the basal lobes as long but narrower: scapes 4-8 dm. tall, with a few flower-whorls: bracts acuminate: fruit -heads 12-18 mm. thick, short-pedicelled: achenes 4 mm. long, with facial wings, the dorsal wing partially crenate, the beak erect. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Rare, usually in shallow water. — Schists. 8 ELODEACEAE. Order HYDROCHARITALES. Perennial aquatic herbs with rootstocks. Leaves usually with blades. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, or rarely perfect, from spathes. Perianth double, or corolla wanting. Androecium of 1-12 stamens. Gynoecium 3-15-carpellary. Ovary inferior. Fruit capsular or baccate. Family 1. ELODEACEAE. Tape-grass Family. Plants with leafy stems, or leaves basal, often greatly elongate. Gynoecium 2-5-carpellary, the ovary 1-celled. Acaulescent herbs : leaf-blades greatly elongate : staminate flowers with 1-3 stamens. 1. Vallisneria. Caulescent herbs : leaf-blades relatively short : staminate flowers with 9 stamens. 2. riiiLOTRiA. 1. VALLISNURIA [Mich.] L. Fresh water herbs. Leaves basal, with elongate ribbon-like blades. Flowers dioecious", the staminate numerous, crowded on a spadix, the pistillate few, each solitary at the end of an elongate spiral scape. Fruit sidjtended by the spathe. 1. V. spiralis L. Leaf -blades narrowly linear, 1-18 dm. long: staminate flowers inconspicuous: pistillate flowers floating: spathe 1-2 cm. long: fruit cylindrie, 3-15 cm. long. ■ — Susquehanna and tributaries. Common, in flowing water. — Sum. — Eel-grass. Tape-grass. 2. PHILOTRIA Eaf. Fresh water herbs. Leaves cauline, opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious, polygamous, or perfect, the staminate with 9 stamens, the perfect with 3-6 stamens, the pistillate slender-pedicelled. Fruit subtended by the spathe. — Sum. — Water-weed. Leaf-blades oblong or ovate-oblong, mostly 1 cm. long or less. 1. P. canadensis. Leaf-blades linear, mostly over 1 cm. long. 2. P. angustifolia. 1. P. canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Leaf -blades 4-15 mm. long, relatively broad, serrulate to the base, sometimes obscurely so: spathes 10-18 mm. long. — N.S. Bather common, in still or slow-flowing water. 2. P. angustifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Leaves usually less crowded than those of P. canadensis, the upper ones mostly 1-2 cm. long, longer and narrower than the lower ones; blades linear to linear-lanceolate, entire below the middle, remotely toothed above, acuminate. — Susquehanna. Eather rare, in slow- flowing or still water. Order POALES. Mostly perennial caulescent or acaulescent plants, known as grasses and sedges. Stems sometimes conspicuously jointed. Leaves alternate, mostly sheathing at the base : blades usually narrow and elongate, entire or nearly so. Flowers variously disposed in a simple or compound inflores- cence, perfect or rarely monoecious or dioecious, incomplete, inconspicu- ous, borne in the axils of chaffy bracts or scales (glumes). Fruit a cary- opsis (grain) or an achene, or rarely a nut, or baccate. Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with un-united margins : stems mostly hollow : fruit a grain (caryopsis). Fam. 1. Poacbae. Leaves 3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins : stem solid : fruit an achene. Fam. 2. Cyperaceae. POACEAE. Family 1. POACEAE. Grass Family. Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely shrub-like or tree-like plants. Stems (culms) usually hollow, the nodes closed. Leaves with a scai'ious ring (ligule) at the sheath-oriflee. Inflorescence of spikes, racemes, or panicles. Spikelets of 2-many 2-ranked imbricate bracts (scales), the upper ones bearing a flower surrounded by a bract-like organ (palet) which is placed with its back to the axis (rachilla), which is often thickened and appears as a hard projection (callus) at the base of the scale. Flowers perfect, staminate, or pistillate. Stamens 1-6, rarely more, usually 3. Fmit sometimes nut-like. — The following treatment of the grasses is based on that published in my Flora of the Southeastern United States.—/. K. S. A. Spikelets falling from the pedicel entire (see also nos. 22, 27, 33 of section B), naked, or enclosed in bristles or a bur-like involucre, or immersed in the internodes of a readily disarticulating rachis, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered the lower flower staminate ; no upper empty scales : rachilla not extending beyond the uppermost scale. Spikelets terete or somewhat dorsally compressed ; empty scales manifest : hilum punctiform. Flowering scale, and palet, hyaline, thin, much more delicate in structure than the thick-membranous to coriaceous empty scales. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in the upper part of the same spike. Tribe I. Maydeae. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, the former perfect, the latter sometimes perfect, more commonly with a staminate flower, often empty or re- duced to one or two scales, or occasion- ally wanting. Flowering scale, at least that of the perfect flower, similar in texture to the empty scales, or frequently thicker and firmer, never hyaline and thin. Spikelets much compressed laterally ; empty scales none or rudimentary : hilum linear. B. Spikelets with the empty scales persistent, the rachilla hence articulated above them (below them in nos. 22, 27, 33, and the spikelet falling entire), 1-many-flowered : frequently the upper scales are empty : rachilla often produced be- yond the uppermost scale. Spikelets borne in open or spike-like panicles or racemes, usually upon distinct and often long pedicels. Spikelets 1-flowered. Empty scales 4 : palet 1-nerved. Empty scales 2 (rarely 1) : palet 2-nerved. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Flowering scales usually shorter than the empty ones, the awn dorsal and usually bent. Flowering scales usually longer than the empty ones, the awn terminal and straight, rarely dorsal, sometimes wanting. Spikelets in two rows : On one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes or racemes. On opposite sides of an axis which is often articulated, forming equilateral spikes. Tribe X. Hordeae. Tribe II. Anduopogoxeae. Tribe III. Paniceae. Tribe IV. Oryzeae. Tribe Tribe V. VI. Phalarideab. Agrostideae. Tribe VII. Aveneae. Tribe IX. Festuceae. Tribe VIII. Chlorideae. Tribe I. MAYDEAE. Fertile spikelets imbedded in the internodes of the thick rachis. 1. Tripsacum. Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE. Racemes singly disposed : apex of the rachis-internodes a translucent cup-shaped, entire or irregularly toothed ap- pendage. 2. SCHIZACHYRIUM. 10 POACEAE. Racemes disposed in pairs or more : apex of the racliis- internodes not appendaged. Inflorescence of spilse-lilie sillvy racemes. 3. Andropogon. Inflorescence paniculate. 4. Sokghasteum. Tribe III. PANICEAE. Spilselets naked, not involucrate. Empty scales 2. Spikelets ovate to orbicular, plano-convex, usually obtuse, rarely acute. Spikelets lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Empty scales 3. Empty scales not awned. Spikelets in very slender one-sided racemes which are usually whorled or approximate. Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes, the latter never whorled, commonly distant. Empty scales awned or awn-pointed. Spikelets involucrate. Involucre of numerous bristles. Involucre of two spine-bearing valves. Tribe IV. ORYZEAE. Spikelets monoecious : tall reed-like grasses. Spikelets perfect. Tribe V. PHALARIDEAE. Third and fourth scales awnless. Third and fourth scales awned on the back. 5. Paspalum. 6. Syntherisma. 6. Syntherisma. 8. Panicum. 7. echinochloa. 9. Chaetochloa. 10. Cenchrus. 11. ZlZANIA. 12. HOMALOCENCHEUS. 13. Phalaris. 14. Anthoxanthum. Tribe VI. AGROSTIDEAE. Flowering scale indurated when mature and very closely embracing the grain, or at least firmer than the empty scales. Rachilla not extending beyond the palet. Flowering scale 3-awned. 15. Flowering scale 1-awned. Awn twisted. 16. Awn not twisted. Flowering scale broad : awn deciduous. 17. Flowering scale narrow : awn persistent. 18. Rachilla extending beyond the palet. 19. Flowering scale usually hyaline or membranous at ma- turity, at least more delicate than the empty ones : grain loosely enclosed. Inflorescence a spike. Rachilla of the spikelets articulated above the empty scales which are therefore persistent. Flowering scale slightly exceeding the empty ones. 20. Flowering scale much shorter than the empty ones. 21. Rachilla of the spikelets articulated below the empty scales, hence deciduous, entire. 22. Inflorescence an open or spike-like panicle. Grain not permanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet : pericarp opening readily when mature. Grain permanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet : pericarp adherent. Palet ] -nerved and 1-keeled : stamen 1. Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled : stamens 3. Flowering scale with long hairs at the base. 25. Flowering scales naked at the base. 26. Aristida. Stipa. Oeyzopsis. Muhlenbergia. Brachyelytrum. Heleochloa. Phleum. Alopecurus. 23. Sporoeolus. 24. CiNNA. Calamagbostis. Ageostis. Tribe VII. AVENEAE. Spikelets readily deciduous as a whole. 27. Nothoholcus. Spikelets with the empty scales persistent, the flowering scales deciduous. Flowering scale awned below the teeth. Flowers all perfect. Grain free, unfurrowed : spikelets less than 1 cm. long. Flowering scales erose-toothed or shortly 2- lobed at the apex. 28. Deschampsia. POACEAE. 11 Flowering scales cleft or 2-toothed, the teeth extending into awns. Grain furrowed, adherent to the scale : spikelets exceeding 1 cm. in length. Flowers various, the upper perfect, the lower stami- nate and with the scale strongly awned. Flowering scales awned between their usually awned teeth. Tribe VIII. CHLORIDEAE. Spikelets deciduous as a whole. Spikelets with at least the empty scales persistent. Spikelets with one perfect flower. Spikelets with 2 or 3 perfect flowers. 29. Trisetum. 30. AVENA. 31. Arrhenatherum. 32. Danthonia. 33. Spartina. 34. Atheropogon. 35. Eleusine. Tribe IX. FESTUCEAE. Flowering scale 1-3-nerved, or rarely with faint additional intermediate nerves. Lateral nerves of the flowering scale pilose. Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous. Second empty scale similar to the first. Second empty scale very dissimilar to the first, broad and rounded at the summit. Flowering scales 5-many-nerved. Spikelets with two or more of the upper scales empty, broad and enfolding each other. Spikelets with the upper scales flower-bearing, or smal- ler and empty. Empty basal scales 3-6. Empty basal scales 2. Spikelets borne in fascicles which are arranged in a glomerate or interrupted panicle. Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes but not in fascicles. Stigmas inserted at or near the apex of the ovary : spikelets small. Flowering scales with the nerves parallel. Flowering scales with the lateral nerves converging above toward the mid- nerve. Flowering scales strongly keeled on the back, pubescent on some or all of the nerves : hilum punctiform. Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below : hilum linear. Stigmas plainly inserted below the apex of the ovary : spikelets large. 3G. Tridens. 37. Eragrostis. 38. Sphenopholis. 39. Melica. 40. Uniola. 41. Dactylis. 43. Panicularia. 42. POA. 44. Festuca. 45. Bromus. Tribe X. HORDEAE. Spikelets singly arranged at the rachis-nodes. Spikelets with the flowering scales with their backs to the rachis : empty scale 1. Spikelets with the flowering scales with their sides to the rachis : empty scales 2. Spikelets 2-6 at each rachis-node. Empty scales usually as long as the flowering ones. Empty scales wanting or minute. 46. LoLiuM. 47. Agroptron. 48. Eltmus. 49. Hystrix. 1. TRIPSACTJM L. Tall perennial monoecious grasses, with stout root- stocks, and spicate inflorescence. Spikes articulated, elongate. Staminate spike- lets 2-flowered, in pairs at each joint of the upper portion of the axis, of 4 scales, the outer 2 empty, coriaceous and shining, the inner 2 thinner, each en- closing a hyaline palet and a flower consisting of 3 stamens. Pistillate spike- lets l-flowered, in excavations in the lower internodes of the rachis, the outer scale very hard, thick and shining, concealing the more delicate remaining scales, the fourth scale enclosing a flower with a slender style. Stigmas 2, exserted. Grain enclosed in the appressed outer scale and the internode. 12 POACEAE. 1. T. dactyloides L. Steins 1-3 m. tall: leaf -blades 6 dm. long or less, 1-4 cm. wide: spikes in 2's-4's, 1-3 dm. long: pistillate spikelets 7-10 mm. long; stami- nate spikelets 7-10 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, on river banks and inlands. — Schists. — Spr. — Gama-grass or Sesame-grass. 2. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees. Annual or perennial grasses, tufted, or from rootstoeks, with flat or involute leaf-blades, and spike-like racemes, singly dis- posed, terminating the stem or its branches. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate. Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, sometimes pubescent, the remainder of the scales hyaline, the fourth scale entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a straight, contorted or spiral awn; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate spikelet sterile, of 1 or 2 scales, or wanting. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. 1. S. scoparium (Michx.) Nash. Plants green or purplish, sometimes glaucous. Stems tufted, 4.5-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5 dm. long or less, 8 mm. wide or less: racemes 3-6 cm. long: sessile spikelet 5-7 mm. long, the awn geniculate, 8-15 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet 2-4.5 mm. long. — Common, in old fields and on roadsides. — Sum. and fall. — Broom-grass. Beard-grass. 3. ANDROPOGON [Eoyen] L. Perennial grasses, tufted or from elongate rootstoeks, with flat or involute leaf -blades, and spike-like racemes, disposed in pairs or sometimes in 3 's or more, terminating the stem or its branches, and often protruding from the side of a membranous spathe-like sheath. Spikelets sometimes with a ring of short hairs at the base, in pairs at each node of the articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate. Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often pubescent, the remainder of the scales usually hyaline, the fourth scale entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a straight contorted or spiral awn, or sometimes awnless; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate spikelet usually sterile, of 1 or 2 scales, sometimes of four scales and enclosing a staminate or more rarely a perfect flower, or frequently entirely wanting, the first scale rarely short-awned. Stamens 1-3. — Beard-grass, Broom-grass. Sand-grass. Pedicellate spikelet much smaller tban the sessile one, sterile, with 1 or 2 scales. Inflorescence with its branches many times divided, the lower ones elongate, thus forming a corymbiform mass or masses : upper stem-leaves usually ex- ceeding the inflorescence. 1- A. corymbosus. Inflorescence with its branches not much divided and the lower branches not excessively elongate, hence long and narrow : upper stem-leaves usually shorter than the inflorescence. 2. A. virginicus. Pedicellate spikelet as large as the sessile one or larger, con- sisting of 4 scales, with a staminate flower, or rarely a per- fect flower. 3. A. furcatus. 1. A. corymbosus (Chapm.) Nash. Stems 4-10 dm tall: stem-leaves with blades 3 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, rough: spathes very rough, tightly en- rolled around the peduncle: racemes in pairs, 2-3 cm. long: sessile spikelet 4-5 mmi. long, the awn 12-13 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet usually present as a subulate scale. — N. M. Eather rare, mostly in swamps. — Fall. 2. A. virginicus L. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall : leaf -blades 4 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide: spathes 3-5 cm. long, extending beyond the racemes: racemes in pairs, 2-3 cm. long: sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, the awn straight, 10-15 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or rarely present as a minute scale. — Eather common, especially in old fields. — Fall. 3. A. furcatus Muhl. Stems 1-2 m. tall : leaf -blades 6 dm. long or less, 12 mm. wide or less: racemes in 2's-6's, 5-10 cm. long: sessile spikelet 7-10 mm. long. POACEAE. 13 the awn 7-15 mm. long, geniculate, twisted at the base; pedicellate spikelet as large as the sessile, staminate, awnless. — Common, generally in rather moist soil. — Sum. and fall. 4. SORGHASTHUM Nash. Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf- blades and terminal panicles with the primary branches usually solitary and branched from the base, hence appearing as if whorled. Sessile spikelets dor- sally compressed, of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often hairy, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter long-awned, the awn spiral at the base. Pedi- cellate spikelets wanting, or very rarely present as a minute rudiment, usually only the hairy pedicels present, a single one at the side of each sessile spikelet, or 2, one on each side, at the end of the branches. Stamens 3. 1. S. nutans (L.) Nash. Stems 1-2.5 m. tall: leaf -blades 6 dm. long or less, 13 mm. wide or less, very rough: panicle 2-5 dm. long, loose, the apex usually nod- ding: spikelet 6-8 mm. long, lanceolate, the awn 1-1.5 cm. long. — N. S. Com- mon, in old fields and on roadsides. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Indian- grass. Wood-grass. 5. PASPAIjUM L. Usually perennial grasses with flat leaf -blades and an. inflorescence composed of one or more unilateral racemes, arranged singly, in pairs, or in panicles. Spikelets 1 -flowered, obtuse, or rarely short-acuminate, nearly sessile or short-pedicelled, alternately disposed, singly or in pairs, in 2 rows on one side of a narrow and usually wiiiged rachis. Scales 3, rarely 4, the 2 outer, rarely 3, empty, membranous, usually equal in length, the flowering scales glabrous and shining, more or less convex, with its back turned toward the rachis, at length indurated, enfolding a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Plants without raceme-bearing branches from the uppermost sheath. Spikelets oval, % as thick as broad or more, the outer scales firm. 1. P. laeve. Spikelets circular or nearly so, about ^^ as thick as broad, the outer scales very thin. 2. P. circulare. Plants with raceme-bearing branches from the uppermost sheath. 3. P. Muhleniergii. 1. P. laeve Michx. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths compressed, glabrous; blades short, those on the stem usually less than 1.5 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, pubescent above near the base: racemes 2 or 3, spreading, 4-8 cm. long: spikelets glabrous, oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide. — Common, in pas- tures and fields and on roadsides. 2. P. circulare Nash. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths hirsute with long hairs, compressed ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 5-8 mm. wide, glabrous beneath or hirsute along the midnerve, the upper surface hirsute with long hairs: racemes 2-4, spreading or ascending, 4-6 cm. long: spikelets glabrous, about 2.5 mm. in diameter. — S. Eare, in moist soil. — Schists. 3. P. Muhlenbergli Nash. Stems tufted, at first erect, finally reclining, 4-8 dm. tall, smooth and glabrous: leaf -blades 0.5-2 dm. long, rarely longer, usually 7-11 mm. wide, or sometimes narrower, ciliate on the margins with usually long hairs, more or less pubescent on both surfaces with long hairs: racemes 5-10 cm. long: spikelets glabrous, about 2 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, oval or broadly obovate. — - Eather common, in fields and thickets. 6. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Annual grasses, with flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence composed of spike-like racemes which are disposed in whorls, or scattered and approximate, at the summit of the stems. Spikelets narrow, acute, 14 POACEAE. in 2 's or 3 's on one side of the flat and winged or triangular rachis, one of the spikelets generally longer-pedic^lled than the rest. Scales 3 or 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first small or wanting, the fourth scale chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Cr-^b-grass. Finger-grass. Rachis of the racemes merely angled : first scale wanting or rarely rudimentary. 1. 8. filiforime. Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles winged. Foliage glabrous : spikelets usually of 3 scales. 2. 8. humifusum. Foliage pubescent : spikelets of 4 scales. .3. S. sanguinale. 1. S. filiforme (L.) Nash. Stems 1.5-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-20 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, erect: racemes 2-5, 2-10 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate: spikelets about 1.8 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, appressed-pubescent with long glandular-tipped hairs. [^Panicum 'filiforme L.] — Common, on roadsides and in fields. — Sum. and fall. 2. S. humifusum (Pers.) Eydb. Stems 2-5 dm. long: leaf -blades 1.5-15 cm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide: racemes 2-5, 2-8 cm. long: spikelets slightly exceeding 2 mm. long, appressed-pubescent, the second about equalling the third, the fourth deep chestnut-brown when mature. — Eather rare, in waste grounds and fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. 3. S. sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Stems 1 m. long or less: lower leaf -sheaths densely papillose-hirsute; blades 4-20 cm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute: racemes 3-10, 5-18 cm. long: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, appressed-pubescent, the second scale about \ as long as the spikelets, the fourth yellowish-white when mature. — Common, in cultivated and waste grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. 7. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Often tall grasses, with flat leaf -blades, the inflorescence composed of several to many unilateral more or less spreading spike-like racemes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, lanceolate to ovate or orbicular- ovate, crowded in small clusters or racemes in 2 rows on one side of the flat rachis. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, spiny-hirsute or hispid externally, the first much shorter than the spikelet, often awn-pointed, the second and third awn-pointed or awned (rarely awnless), the latter bearing the longer awn and rarely enclosing a palet and sometimes also a staminate flower; fourth scale chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, acute or acuminate, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. 1. E. Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5-6 dm long, 6^25 mm. wide: panicle of 5-15 branches: spikelets ovate, about 4 mm. long, exclusive of the awn, hispidulous, hispid on the nerves. — Common, in cultivated soil. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Barnyard-grass. 8. PANICUM L. Annual or perennial grasses, varying much in habit, with elongate or flat and broad leaf -blades, and the spikelets in open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, lanceolate, oblong, ovate to obovate or glo- bose, obtuse to acute or acuminate. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first and second empty, the first usually much shorter than the spikelet, some- times minute, the third one empty or enclosing a shorter hyaline palet and often also a staminate flower; fourth scale shorter and usually more obtuse than the others, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. — Panic-grass. POACEAE. 15 2. P. philadelphicum. 3. P. flexile. 4. P. miliaceum. 5. P. dichotomiflorum. 6. P. viryatum. 9. P. agrostoides. P. lonyifolium. P. stlpitutum. 10. P. unccps. Leaves elongate: spikelets lanceolate to ovate, commonly the former, acute or acuminate. Lower leaf-sheaths terete or but little flattened, not keeled. Stems finally branched : plants without long rootstocks or stolons. Sheaths very pubescent. Spikelets lanceolate, 3 mm. long or less. Stems stout : panicle usually included at the base, its many branches repeatedly divided and bearing numerous spikelets. 1. P. capillar e. Stems slender : panicle exserted, its few branches but little divided and bear- ing comparatively few spikelets. Spikelets 2 mm. long, acute. Spikelets 3 mm. long, acuminate. Spikelets ovate, 5 mm. long or more. Sheaths glabrous. Stems simple, from long stout rootstocks. Lower leaf-sheaths much compressed, broad, keeled, often equitant. Plants with no long rootstocks. Fourth scale of the spikelet sessile. Ligule naked : stems finally much branched. Ligule ciliate : stems simple or nearly so. Fourth scale of the spikelet distinctly stalked. Plants with long scaly rootstocks. Leaves not elongate, except in nos. 11 and 12 : rosulate tufts of leaves often present in the fall : spikelets oval to obovate or globose, obtuse, or rarely acutish (acute in no. 12). Middle leaf-blades of the main stem less than 1.5 cm. broad, usually less than 1 cm., the base rounded or truncate, rarely subcordate, sometimes nar- rowed. Leaf-blades elongate, erect or nearly so, narrow, dis- tinctly narrowed toward the base, especially the lower ones. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, acute, glabrous. Leaf-blades not elongate, lanceolate, not manifestly narrowed toward the base. Stems, leaf-blades and sheaths glabrous, or the latter two parts merely ciliate on the margins. Spikelets glabrous. Nodes of the stem naked. Nodes of the stem densely barbed. Spikelets pubescent. Stems, leaf-blades, or sheaths, or all of them pubescent. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less. Leaf-blades glabrous, or sometimes pubes- cent beneath. Spikelets about 1.25 mm. long : stems glabrous. Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long: stems puberulent. Leaf-blades strongly pubescent beneath, usually also above. Hairs on the lower surface long and stiff. Hairs on the lower surface soft and copious. Spikelets exceeding 3 mm. in length. Middle leaf-blades of the main stem 1.5 cm. wide, often 3 cm., the base cordate and clasping. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long: panicle oblong and dense : stems simple. Spikelets more than 2 mm. long : panicle ovoid and open : stems branched. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. Leaf-sheaths papillose-hispid, especially the short terminal ones on branches. Spikelets 3 mm. long or more. Nodes naked. Nodes manifestly and copiously barbed. 11. P. Hnearifolium. 12. P. depauperatum. 13. P. dichotomum. 14. P. microcarpon. 19. P. sphaerocarpon. 15. P. Liiidlieimeri. 22. P. Ashei. 16. P. Huachucae. 17. P. tennesseense. 18. P. Scrihnerianum. 20. P. polyanthes. 21. P. commutatum. 24. P. clandestinum. 23. P. latifolium. 25. P. Boscii. 16 POACEAE. 1. P. capillare L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, simple, or branched near the base, stout: leaf-sheaths usually purplish, papillose-hirsute; blades 1.5-8 dm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, pubescent: primary panicle 2-3.5 dm. long, the lateral panicles smaller: sptkelets very numerous, 2-2.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate. — Common, in waste grounds and cultivated soil. — Sum. and fall. 2. P. philadelphicum Bernh. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, slender, somewhat branched at the base : leaf -sheaths hirsute ; blades 5-10 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, erect, pubescent: panicle 10-23 cm. long: spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic, acute. — S. Eather rare, borders of woodland. — Schists. — Sum. and fall. 3. P. flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Stems erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, slender: leaf- sheaths papillose-hirsute; blades 10-23 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, erect, long- acuminate, pubescent: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long: spikelets about 3 mm. long, acuminate. — M. Bare, in moist soil, Dillerville swamp. — Limestones. — Sum. and fall. 4. P. millaceum L. Stems erect or decumbent, 3 dm. tall or more: leaf -sheaths papillose-hirsute; blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, pubescent: panicle rather dense, 1-2.5 dm. long: spikelets 5 mm. long, acuminate. — M. Eather rare, in waste or cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Millet. 5. P. dichotomiflorum Michx. Stems at first erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple, later decumbent, 1-1.5 m. long, branched at all the upper nodes: leaf -sheaths loose, glabrous, somewhat flattened; blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 4-20 mm. wide: panicle pyramidal, 1-4 dm. long: spikelets 2-3 mm. long, lanceolate, acute. — Common, on roadsides and in moist soil. — Sum. and fall. 6. P. virgatum L. Glabrous. Stems erect, 9-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades elon- gate, 3 dm. long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, flat: panicle 1.5-5 dm. long: spike- lets ovate, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm. long. — Common, in moist pastures, and on roadsides and river banks. — Sum. and fall. 7. P. agrostoides Muhl. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, much branched, compressed: leaf- blades 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide: panicle pyramidal, 1-3 dm. long, its branches spreading: spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, acute, straight. — -Frequent, in moist grounds. — Sum. and fall. 8. P. longifolium Torr. Stems 3-6.5 dm. tall, slender, usually simple: leaf- blades 2-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long: spikelets 2 mm. long, acuminate. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. and fall. 9. P. stipitatum Nash. Stems erect, 9-15 dm. tall, much branched: leaf- blades 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate : panicle pyramidal, 1-3 dm. long: spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, acuminate, the fourth scale on a delicate stalk about 0.5 mm. long. — Common, in pastures and moist soil. — Sum. 10. P. anceps Michx. Stems erect, 4-15 dm. tall, branched: leaf -blades 3 dm. long or more, 4-10 mm. wide: panicles 1.5-3 dm. long: spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, curved at the apex. — Common, in meadows and low grounds. — Sum. 11. P. linearlfolium Scribn. Stems tufted, slender, erect, simple, 1.5-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades elongate, 7-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: primary panicle loose and open, 4-10 cm. long: spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent with spreading hairs. — Common, in dry soil, mostly on banks. — Sum. 12. P. depauperatum Muhl. Stems erect, 3 dm. tall or less, simple: leaf -blades 8-15 cm. long, elongate, 1-4 mm. wide: primary panicle much exserted, 2-8 cm. long, usually linear: spikelets 3-4 mm. long, glabrous, acute. — Common, on dry banks. — Sum. 13. P. dichotomum L. Light green, glabrous, or the lower nodes sometimes barbed. Stems tufted, slender, 2-6 dm. tall, rarely taller, finally much branched about the middle: leaf -blades widely spreading, linear-lanceolate, the primary POACEAE. 17 ones 4-8 cm. long, usually 4-8 mm. wide, rarely wider, those on the branches much smaller, often involute: panicle 4-8 cm. long, broadly ovate: spikelets rather few, 1.75-2 mm. long and 0.8-1 mm. wide, elliptic, glabrous. — Common, on roadsides and in thickets. — Sum. 14. P. microcarpon Muhl. Glabrous. Stems densely tufted, at first erect, finally much branched and decumbent, the nodes strongly barbed with silky some- what reflexed hairs: primary leaf -blades spreading, sometimes somewhat re- flexed, usually 6-10 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, lanceolate, the blades on the branches much smaller: panicle finally much exserted, 7-11 cm. long, oval: spikelets 1.5-1.8 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. broad, elliptic, glabrous. [P. nitidum var. harhulatum (Michx.) Wood.] — Rather common, in moist grounds and thickets. — Sum. 15. P. Lindlieimeri Nash. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, glabrous, finally much branched: leaf -blades erect, glabrous, or the lower surface sometimes minutely pubescent with short hairs, ciliate at the base, the primary ones 2-8 cm. long, 3-S mm. wide, lanceolate, firm, the blades on the branches much smaller: panicle 3-8 cm. long, broadly ovoid: spikelets about 1.5 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide, obovoid. — ■ S. Frequent, on dry sandy banks. — Schists. — Sum. 16. P. Huachucae Ashe. Stems at first erect and simple, later profusely branched and leaning or ascending, glabrous or pubescent : leaf -sheaths hirsute, often papillose ; blades hirsute, especially beneath, erect or spreading, those on the main stem 5-8 cm. long, those on the branches much shorter: primary panicle less than 8 cm. long, ovoid: spikelets hardly 2 mm. long. [P. pubescens A. Gray, not Lam.] — Common, in dry soil. — Sum. 17. P. tennesseense Ashe. Stems tufted, 4-6 dm. tall, rather weak and ascend- ing, papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs, finally much branched and prostrate: leaf -sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs; blades ascending, lanceolate, the upper surface with scattered hairs, the primary blades 4-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, those on the branches much shorter and spreading with the upper surface nearly glabrous: panicle 7-10 cm. long, ovoid, its branches ascending: spikelets 1.7-2 mm. long, 0.8^0.9 mm. wide, elliptic or obovoid. — M. S. Eather rare, in dry soil. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. 18. P. Scribnerianum Nash. Stems tufted, erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall, simple, finally dichotomously branched above: leaf -sheaths strongly papillose-hispid; blades 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, spreading, glabrous: primary panicle ovoid, 4-8 cm, long: spikelets turgid, obovoid, about 3 mm. long, glabrous, or some- times pubescent with short spreading hairs. - — S. Eather rare, in dry thickets. — ScJiists. — Sum. and fall. 19. P. sphaerocarpon Ell. Stems generally erect, simple or somewhat branched at the base, 2.5-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-10 cm. long, 4-14 mm. wide, rough above, smooth beneath, the margins cartilaginous and minutely serrulate, ciliate toward the base: panicle ovoid, 5-10 cm. long: spikelets less than 2 mm. long, nearly spherical, or a little longer than thick, obtuse. — M. S. Eather rare, in dry woods and thickets. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. 20. P. polyanthes Schult. Stems generally erect, 6-9 dm. tall, simple, gla- brous: leaf -blades 1-2 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, long-acuminate, smooth, cor- date-clasping and sparingly ciliate at the base: panicle 7-20 cm. long, ovoid to oblong: spikelets 1.5 mm. long, obovoid to nearly spherical, numerous, puberu- lent. — Common, along the Susquehanna. In dry thickets or woods. — Lime- stones, schists. — Sum. 21. P. commutatum E. & S. Stems tufted, glabrous, erect, 3-6 dm. tall, finally rather sparingly branched: leaf -blades ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous, cordate and clasping at the base, those on the stem larger than the basal ones, 5-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate: panicle 5-10 cm. long, broadly ovoid: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, obtuse or acutish, Lancaster County Flora 2. 18 POACEAE. pubescent. — S., especially along the Susquehanna. Rather rare in woods. — Schists. — Sum. and fall. 22. P. Ashei G. Pearson. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, erect, usually sparingly branched, rarely much branched and prostrate, puberulent: leaf -blades lanceo- late, sparsely ciliate at the base, with long hairs, usually 5-8 cm. long, 6-10 mm, ■vvide, a little cordate at the base, the upper blades about the same length, the lower ones shorter, the early basal blades ciliate: panicle 5-7 cm. long: spike- lets about 2.3 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, elliptic. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Bather rare, in woods. — Schists. — Sum. 23. P. latifolium L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, or somewhat branched above: leaf -blades 7-18 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at the base, acuminate, ciliate: panicle 8-15 cm. long: spikelets 3-4 mm. long, turgid, oval to obovoid, pubescent. — Frequent, in woods. — Sum. 24. P. clandestinum L. Stems tufted, 6-14 dm. tall, the branches clothed with the papillose-hispid overlapping leaf -sheaths : leaf -blades ciliate at the cordate and clasping base, the primary ones 1-2 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, lanceolate, those on the branches ovate-lanceolate and usually less than 1 dm. long: primary panicle long-exserted, 9-12 cm. long, broadly ovate, the later panicles wholly or partially concealed in the sheaths: spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long and about 1.3 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with spreading hairs. — M. S. Eather common, in moist soil. — Liinestones, schists. ■ — Sum. 25. P, Boscii Poir. Stems tufted, erect, pubescent or glabrous, finally branch- ing: leaf -sheaths glabrous, or softly pubescent; blades ovate-lanceolate, cordate and clasping at the base, glabrous or pubescent, 6-12 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide: panicle 6-12 cm. long: spikelets 4-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, the scales dis- tant, pubescent with long weak hairs. — Rather common, in woods. — Sum. 9, CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat, sometimes complanate, leaf-blades and dense terminal cylindric spike-like or narrowly thyrsoid panicles. Spikelets with one or a cluster of 2-several sterile barbed bristle-like persistent branches. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first often very short and together with the larger second one empty, the third scale frequently longer than the second, empty, or rarely enclosing a palet and also sometimes a staminate flower, the fourth scale usually shorter than the spikelet, chartaceous, glabrous, shining, often transversely rugose, finally indu- rated, obtuse, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongate. Stigmas plumose. [Setaria Beauv., not Achar.] — Foxtail. Foxtail-grass. Inflorescence with the spikelets racemosely arranged : bristles 5-16 at the base of each spikelet, involucrate. 1. C. (jlauca. Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters or on branches : bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet, not involucrate. Bristles downwardly barbed. 2. C. verticillata. Bristles upwardly barbed. Panicle usually 1 cm. thick or less : bristles commonly green : spikelets about a mm. long. 3. C. viridis. Panicle usually 2-3 cm. thick : bristles usually purple : spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long. 4. C. italica. 1, C. glauca (L.) Scribn. Stems tufted, 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5 dm, long or less, 4-8 mm. wide, glaucous, at least the lower ones pilose near the base on the upper surface: racemes dense, about 1 cm. in diameter, 2-10 cm, long: spikelets broadly ovoid, 3 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, the acute flowering scale striate, coarsely transversely rugose. — Common, in waste and cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Pigeon-grass. POACEAE. 19 2. C. verticillata (L.) Scribn. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect or ascending: leaf- blades 7-18 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide: bristles flexuous, 3-3 mm. long: spikelets narrowly elliptic-ovate, acute, 2-2.5 mm. long, the flowering scale rounded at the shortly apiculate apex, smooth, or with very fine transverse wrinkles below the middle. — M. Eather rare, in waste places and cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — ■ Limestones. — Sum. 3. C. viridis (L.) Scribn. Stems tufted, 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3 dm. long or less, 4-10 mm. wide: panicles 2-10 cm. long, green: bristles 1-1.5 cm. long: spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic. — Common, in waste and cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Bottle-grass. 4. C. italica (L.) Scribn. Stems simple, or branched at the base: leaf -blades long-acuminate, 2^ dm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, rough: panicles dense, cylindric, S-20 cm. long, 2-3 cm. in diameter, obtu?e or truncate at both ends: bristles 1-3, 3-10 mm. long, often shorter than the spikelets or nearly wanting: spike- lets elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long. — Eather rare, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Hungarian-grass. 10. CENCHRUS L. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat, convolute or complanate leaf-blades and terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-6, in an ovate or globose involucre, consisting of two thick hard valves which are exteriorly armed with stout spines and sometimes also with basal bristles which are thickened at the base, the involucres articulated to the rachis and readily deciduous, carry- ing the persistent spikelets with them. Scales 4, awnless, the first and second empty, the first small or minute, the third equalling or longer than the second, enclosing a palet and also sometimes a staminate flower, the fourth scale chartaceous, firmer, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles often connate at the very base. Stigmas plumose. 1. C. carolinianus Walt. Stems at first erect, later prostrate and forming mats, 2-6 dm, long, branching: leaf -blades 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide: spikes 3-6 cm. long: involucres 6-20, 3-5 mm. broad, enclosing 2 spikelets, pubescent, the spines 3-4 mm. long : spikelets 6-7 mm. long. — Eather common, in sandy soil. — Sum. and fall. — Bur-grass. Sand-bur. Sand-spur. Cockspur. 11. ZIZANIA [Gronov.] L. Tall robust annual monoecious aquatic grasses, with broad flat leaf -blades and ample terminal panicles. Spikelets of two kinds, articulated below the scales, 1-flowered, each with a more or less prominent cartilaginous ring at the base, narrow, the staminate readily deciduous, on the more or less spreading lower branches, the pistillate tardily deciduous, on the erect or appressed upper branches of the panicle. Scales 2, the first empty, the second enclosing a flower but no palet: scales of the staminate spikelets mem- branous, concave, acute or awn-pointed ; those of the pistillate spikelets linear, firmer, involute, the first long-awned, longer than the awn-pointed second. Stamens 6. Styles nearly distinct. Stigmas plumose with short hairs. 1. Z. aquatica L. Stems 1-3 m. tall: leaf -sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades 1.5-8 dm. long, 5-25 mm. broad, usually rough: panicle 2-3 dm. long: staminate spikelets 7-8 mm. long: pistillate spikelets 12-20 mm. long, the awn 2.5-5 cm. long. — Susquehanna valley. On the shores of the river and low islands. — Sum. and fall. — Wild-rice. Indian-rice. Water-oats. 12. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg, Grasses of wet situations, with flat leaf-blades and usually open, rarely contracted, terminal panicles, the branches 20 POACEAE. of which are slender. Spikelets often with a cartilaginous ring at the base, articulated below the scales, compressed, 1-flowered. Scales 2, compressed- keeled, somewhat rigid, awnless, the first scale empty, usually ciliate on the keel, broader than the second which encloses a perfect flower but no palet. Stamens 1-6. Styles short or slender, distinct. Stigmas plumose with branched hairs. [Leersia Sw., not Hedw.] — Cut-grass. Panicle-branches singly disposed, usually less than 8 : stamens 1 or 2. 1. H. virginicus. Panicle-branches, at least the lower ones, in whorls or approxi- mate in pairs, usually exceeding 15 : stamens 3. 2. H. oryzoides. 1. H. virginicus (Willd.) Britton. Stems 6-13 dm. tall, slender, pubescent at the nodes: leaf -blades erect or ascending, 3-20 cm. long, 2-11 mm. wide: panicle 6-20 cm. long, its branches finally spreading, slender : stamens 2. — Eather common, in swamps and wet places. — Sum. and fall. — White-grass. 2. H. oryzoides (L.) Poll. Stems 8-15 dm. tall, often rooting at the lower nodes: leaf -blades 6-20 cm. long, 5-13 mm. wide: panicle 1-2 dm. long: spike- lets 4-4.5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. broad, the keels aculeate, the surface hispidu- lous: stamens 3. — Eather common, in swamps. — Sum. and fall. — EiCE cut- grass. 13. PHALARIS L. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf -blades and terminal panicles which are cylindric and spike-like, capitate, or densely thyrsoid and somewhat interrupted. Spikelets articulated above the empty scales, compressed, 1-flowered, crowded. Scales 5, the 2 lower persistent, larger than the rest, thin-paleaceous, compressed-keeled, the keel usually more or less winged, sometimes wingless, awnless; third and fourth scales shorter, very thin and narrowly lanceolate, sometimes reduced to bristles, or rarely one of them wanting; a fifth scale chartaceous, at length indurated, awnless, sometimes pointed, obscurely 3-5-nerved, the midnerve sometimes obsolete, enclosing a faintly 2-nerved palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Outer scales of the spikelets not winged : panicle elongate. 1. P. arundinacea. Outer scales of the spikelets winged : panicle short. 2. P. canariensis. 1. P. arundinacea L. Stems erect, 6-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-14 mm. wide, smooth or rough: panicle 7-20 cm. long, its branches erect or ascending: spikelets 5-6 mm. long. Eather common, in wet places. — Sum. — Eeed canary-grass. 2. P. canariensis L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect: leaf -blades 5-30 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, very rough: panicle ovoid or oblong, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. in diameter: spikelets 6-8 mm. long. — Common, in waste places about towns and cities. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Canary-grass. 14. ANTHOXANTHXJM L. Erect aromatic annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf -blades and terminal usually dense spike-like panicles. Spikelets articulated above the empty scales, 1-flowered, narrow, a little compressed, crowded. Scales 5, the 2 outer persistent, empty, acute, mucronate, or short- awned, the second longer than the others, the third and fourth scales much shorter, empty, narrow, keeled, awned at the middle or near the base, the fifth scale shorter than the remainder, hyaline, obtuse, awnless, enclosing a 1 -nerved palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas elongate, plumose. POACEAE. 21 1. A. odoratum L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect, tufted: leaf -blades 1-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 2-6 cm. long: spikelets 8 mm. long. — Common, in fields and pastures. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Sweet vernal-grass. 15. AKISTIDA L. Tufted grasses, with narrow and often convolute or setaceous leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles, which are sometimes nearly racemose. Spikelets 1 -flowered, narrow. Scales 3, the outer 2 mem- branous, persistent, empty, narrow, keeled, awnless, usually longer than the third scale which is of firmer texture, narrow, rigid, strongly convolute about the 2-nerved palet and the perfect flower, often with a prominent callus at the base, 3-awned from the apex, the generally spreading awns glabrous to plumose the central awn commonly flexuous, coiled, or bent, the lateral awns often shorter, occasionally very short and erect, the 3 awna sometimes more or less connate at the base and the column thus produced articulated to the scale. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Poverty-grass. Wire-grass. Central awn coiled at the base. 1. A. dichotomu. Central awn not coiled at the base. First scale shorter than the second. 2. A. gracilis. First scale longer than the second. 3. A. pvrpurascens. 1. A. dichotoma Michx. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-9 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide or less: panicle 3.5-7 cm. long, the branches erect: spikelets 7-9 mm. long, the 2 outer scales about equal in length, or the first a little the shorter, usually awn-pointed, the flowering scale 5-7 mm. long, the lateral awns very short, erect, the central awn spreading, the straight portion 2-5 mm. long, rarely longer. — Common, in dry soil. — 'Sum. and fall. 2. A. gracilis Ell. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, slender: leaf -blades 3-12 cm. long, 1 mm. wide or less: panicle 5-15 cm. long, its short branches appressed: spike- lets 5-7 mm. long, the 2 outer scales usually awn-pointed, the flowering scale 5-6 mm. long, more or less hispidulous, especially on the keel, the central awn spreading, 6—10 mm. long, the lateral awns erect, 1—3 mm. long. — N. Eare, in sandy soil. — Sandstones and shales. — Sum. 3. A. purpurascens Poir. Stems 3-& dm. tall: leaf -blades 0.5-2 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, long-acuminate: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, its branches appressed: spikelets 9-12 mm. long, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, the first one usually exceed- ing the second, occasionally equalling it, the flowering scale 6-8 mm. long, the awns more or less spreading, especially the central one which is 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the lateral awns from § as long to nearly equalling it. — Lower Susque- hanna valley. Bather rare, on the banks of the river. — Schists. — Sum. and fall. 16. STIPA L. Tufted grasses, with convolute or flat leaf-blades and terminal contracted or open, often slender, panicles. Spikelets narrow, 1- flowered, usually few and large, or sometimes smaller and numerous. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, narrow, keeled, acute, rarely awned, the third scale tightly convolute about the 2-nerved or 2-keeled palet and the perfect flower, rigid, narrow, the apex usually attenuated into a more or less geniculate awn (or rarely 2-toothed or shortly 2-cleft, with the awn strict and arising between the teeth) which is often spiral or twisted at the base, and generally deciduous at the articulation to the scale, rarely not articulated and persistent. Stamens 3, or rarely fewer, the anthers very often barbellate at the apex. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Feather-grass. 1. S. avenacea L. Stems 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades involute-filiform: panicle 1-2 dm. long, its branches lax and finally spreading: empty scales of the 22 POACEAE. spikelet 8-12 mm. long; flowering scale shorter, black, hairy at the base, and with a ring of short hairs at the top, the awn 4-7 cm. long, bent, loosely spiral below. — Susquehanna valley. Rather rare, on dry banks. — Schists. — Sum. — Black oat-grass. 17. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Sparingly tufted grasses, with flat or convolute leaf -blades and narrow, often contracted, panicles. Spikelets broad, 1-flowered. Scales 3, the 2 outer ones nearly equal, awnless, the third scale broad, shorter or longer than the outer ones and terminating in a deciduous awn. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. O. melanocarpa Muhl. Plant glabrous, the stems 4-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-3.5 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide: panicle 7.5-30 cm. long: spikelets, excluding the awns, 7-9 mm. long, the awn about twice or thrice as long: body of the third scale shorter than the outer scales, becoming dark-colored. - — M. Kare, on shaded creek banks. — Limestones. — Sum, — Mountain-eice. 18, MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Perennial or rarely annual grasses, vari- ous in habit, with flat or often involute leaf -blades, and terminal contracted or open panicles, which are often slender, densely thyrsoid, or almost spike-like, or difl'use with long capillary branches. Spikelets 1-flowered, small. Scales 3 (or rarely 4), the outer 2 empty, persistent, membranous or hyaline, from minute to almost equalling the third scale, keeled, acute, mucronate or rarely short- awned, the second occasionally 3-toothed, the third scale somewhat rigid, convo- lute about the 2-keeled hyaline palet and the perfect flower, at the apex entire or rarely 2-toothed, obtuse, acute, mucronate to loug-awned, the awn very often capillary, a fourth awned scale very rarely present. Stamens usually 3, rarely fewer. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Panicle contracted, its branches erect or nearly so : spikelets on short pedicels. Empty scales at least V2 as long as the spikelet. Flowering scale not awned, but sometimes awn-pointed. Empty scales not awned, about % as long as the flowering scale, acute. Empty scales long-acuminate, awn-pointed or awned. Empty scales about as long as tlie flowering scale, sharp-pointed, about 3 mm. long. Empty scales exceeding the flowering scale, usually twice as long, awned, about 5 mm. long. Flowering scale long-awned, the awn usually twice as long as the scale. Empty scales about equalling the flowering scale. Empty scales %-% as long as the flowering scale. Empty scales minute, the first one often wanting. Panicle open, its branches filiform, spreading or ascending : spike- lets on very long capillary pedicels. 1. M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, slender: leaf -blades rough, those on the stem 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, those on the branches 2-8 cm. long and about 2 mm. wide: panicle 7-15 cm. long, slender: empty scales about 1 mm. long, the flowering one obtuse, scabrous, the midnerve usually excurrent as a short tip. — M. Eather rare, in woods. — Limestones, sand- stones and shales. — Sum. 2. M. mexicana (L.) Trin. Stems 6-12 dm. long, erect, or often prostrate, much branched: leaf -blades rough, those on the stem 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the branch blades smaller: panicle 5-15 cm. long, contracted: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales somewhat unequal, acuminate or short-awned, rough, especially on the keel, the third scale acuminate, rough. — Rather com- mon, in fields and fence rows. — Sum. and fall. 1. M. sobolifera. 0 M. mexicana. 3. M. racemosa. 4. 5. 6. M. M. M. um'brosa. tenuiflora. Schreberi. 7. M. capillaris. POACEAE. 23 3. M. racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, usually much branched: leaf -blades 5-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 5-12 cm. long, usually dense and interrupted: spikelets much crowded, the empty scales acuminate, 4-6 mm. long, including the awn, the flowering scale ^-g as long, acuminate, the strongly scabrous midnerve exeurrent as a short point. [M. glomeraia Trin.] — S. Bare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. and fall. 4. M. umbrosa Scribn. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, branched: leaf -blades 5-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 7-18 cm. long: empty scales of the spikelet 2.5-3 mm. long, awn-pointed, rough, the third scale equalling or some- what exceeding the outer ones, very rough, attenuate into a slender awn 2-4 times its length. — S. Eather rare, in moist soil. — Schists. — Sum. and fall. 5. M. tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P. Stems 0-9 dm. tall, erect, slender: leaf- blades 6-lS cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, slender: empty scales of the spikelet unequal, $-§ the length of the flowering scale, awn- pointed, rough, the flowering one 2.5-3 mm. long, rough, bearing an awn 2-4 times its length. [M. Willdenovii Trin.] — M. Bare, in woods and thickets. — • Limestones. — ■ Sum. 6. M. Schreberi Gmel. Stems 3-9 dm. long, decumbent, diffusely branched: leaf -blades 4-9 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, rough: panicle 5-20 cm. long, slender: empty scales of the spikelet minute, the lower one often wanting, the flowering scale, exclusive of the awn, about 2 mm. long, the awn 1-4 mm. long. — S. Rather rare, in dry soil. — Schists. — Sum. and fall. 7. M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Stems erect, wiry, tufted, 5-12 dm. tall: leaf- blades long, often involute when dry, 1-3 mm. wide: panicle 1.5-4 dm. long: spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 3.5-4 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, the empty scales usually 4 as long as the spikelet or less, commonly bearing a short awn, the flowering scale bearing an awn longer than its body, sometimes 2 em. long. [M. caespitosa Chapm.] — S. Rather rare, in rocky or sandy soil. — Schists. — Fall. 19. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Tall perennial grasses, with rather broad flat leaf -blades and a terminal narrow panicle, its branches few, erect and filiform. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, the rachilla produced beyond the flower into a long glabrous stipe which sometimes bears a small scale at its apex. Scales 3 (or rarely 4), the 2 outer empty, persistent, very small, the first minute, sometimes almost wanting, the third scale elongate, rather rigid, acuminate into a long erect awn and enclosing a somewhat short dorsally sulcate 2-nerved palet of similar texture and a perfect flower, a fourth scale some- times terminating the rachilla-prolongation. Stamens 2. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas elongate, plumose. 1. B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-13 cm. long, 6-18 mm. wide, rough: panicle 5-15 cm. long, slender: flowering scale exclusive of the awn, 9-12 mm. long, rough, the awn erect, 2-2.5 cm. long. — Rather common, in woods and on moist banks. — Sum. 20, HELEOCHLOA Host. Tufted or creeping, perennial grasses, with flat leaf -blades and usually contracted panicles. Spikelets flattened, 1-flowered. Scales 3, awnless, the 2 outer ones unequal, empty, ciliate-keeled, acute, the third scale fully as long as the outer scales, otherwise similar. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. H. schoenoides (L.) Host. Plant glabrous, the stem and branches pros- trate or nearly so, 1-5 dm, long: leaf -blades 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle spike-like, 1.5-4 cm. long, partially enclosed in a leaf -sheath: spikelets 24 POACEAE. crowded, 2.5 mm. long; scales l-nerved, acute. — M. Eather rare, in waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. 21. PHLEUM L. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal, often long-pedunculate, dense spike-like panicles, which are from elongate, narrow and cylindric, to short, oblong or nearly ovoid. Spikelets crowded, 1-flowered, compressed. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, mem- branous, compressed-keeled, obliquely truncate at the summit, awned, the third scale much shorter, hyaline, truncate and denticulate at the apex, enclosing a narrow palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles dis- tinct, rather long. Stigmas plumose. 1. P. pratense L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 7-23 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide: spike cylindric, 3-18 cm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter: empty scales of the spikelet, exclusive of the awn, 2.5 mm. long, the awn less than i their length. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. — Sum. — Timothy. 22. ALOPECinitrS L. Annual or perennial grasses, erect, or decumbent at the base, with flat and lax or rather rigid or convolute leaf -blades, and dense terminal spike-like cylindric panicles. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales, readily deciduous, l-flowered, compressed, crowded. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, acute, sometimes short-awned, usually more or less united at the base, compressed-keeled, the keel ciliolate or somewhat winged, the third scale broad, hyaline, obtuse, bearing a short awn or point on the back, the margins sometimes united into a short tube at the base, enclosing a perfect flower and sometimes also a hyaline keeled palet. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, or rarely more or less united at the base. Stigmas elongate, somewhat plumose with short hairs. 1. A. myosuroides Huds. Stems 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 4-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: spike 4-10 cm. long, 4—8 mm. in diameter: empty scales of the spikelet narrowly winged, 4-5 mm. long, the flowering scale equalling or slightly exceeding the empty ones, the awn inserted near the base and about twice its length, bent. — S. Rare, in fields near Pleasant Grove. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Foxtail. 23. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Perennial or rarely annual grasses, varying much in habit, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and terminal panicles, which are contracted, sometimes cylindric and spike-like, often elongate, or open and diffuse. Spikelets small, sometimes minute, 1-flowered, or very rarely 2-4- flowered. « Scales 3, rarely 4-6, membranous, acute or obtuse, rarely awn- pointed or short-awned, the 2 outer empty, the flrst shorter than the second, the remaining scale or scales longer or about equalling the second scale, enclos- ing a perfect flower, and a 2-nerved, often deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted, palet which is equal in length to, or a little shorter than, the scale, rarely awned and exceeding it. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Sum. and fall. — Rush-grass. Dropseed. Upper leaf-sheaths enclosing panicles which are usually concealed or sometimes partially protruding : terminal panicle contracted, narrow. 1. 8. clandestinus. Flowering scale appressed-pubescent below with long hairs. Flowering scale glabrous. 2. S. asper. Upper leaf-sheaths not enclosing panicles. 3. 8. heterolepis. 1. S. clandestinus (Spreng.) A. Hitehc. Stenia 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 7-35 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, attenuate into a long slender involute tip: panicle 5-13 POACEAE. 25 cm. long: spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the empty scales unequal, acute, the flowering scale appressed-pubescent below, much longer than the second one and much exceeded by the long-acuminate palet. — M. Rare, in dry soil. — Limestones. 2. S. asper (Michx.) Kunth. Stems 4-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide: panicle 2-3 dm. long, usually more or less included in the upper leaf -sheath: spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the scales obtuse, the first about § as long as the second, the flowering scale glabrous, considerably exceeding the second one, about equalling the palet or a little shorter or longer than it. — M. Rare, in sandy soil. — Limestones. 3. S. heterolepis A. Gray. Stems 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades involute-setaceous: panicle 7-25 cm. long: spikelets 4-5.5 mm. long, the empty scales unequal, acuminate, the lower subulate, about i as long as the broad second one, some- times awn-pointed, the flowering scale obtuse or acute. — S, Very rare, on dry banks. — Schists. 24. CINNA L. Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf -blades and long terminal contracted or open panicles, often nodding, its branches slender and usually drooping. Spikelets numerous, flattened, l-flowered, the rachilla articu- lated below the empty scales. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, keeled, acute, the third one similar in texture, stalked, bearing just below the some- what obtuse apex a short awn or awn-like point, the scale enclosing a slightly smaller 1-nerved keeled palet, the keel minutely ciliate, and a perfect flower. Stamen 1. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. C. arundinacea L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5-3 dm. long, ^14 mm. wide: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long: scales of the spikelet acute, rough, the flowering scale slightly exceeded or equalled by the second, usually bearing an awn about 0.5 mm. long from the 2-toothed apex. — Rather common, in moist woods and along streams. — Sum. and fall. — Wood reed-grass. 25. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Erect usually perennial grasses, with gen- erally flat, sometimes involute leaf-blades, and terminal contracted or open panicles. Spikelets numerous, 1-flowered, commonly small, the rachilla usually prolonged beyond the flower, the prolongation either pilose throughout, the usual state, or with a terminal tuft of long hairs. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, narrow, keeled, acute or acuminate, the third scale much shorter than the others, very thickly hyaline, with a basal ring of hairs which are from one-half as long as the scale to somewhat exceeding it, rarely very short or almost wanting, bearing a usually delicate dorsal awn which is rarely twisted at the base, and enclosing a small narrow thinly hyaline palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Reed bent- GRASS. Rachilla with its prolongation hairy the whole length. 1. C. canadensis. Rachilla with its prolongation hairy only at the top. 2. G. cinnoides. 1. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long or more, 2-8 mm. wide: panicle 1-2 dm. long, open, usually purplish, naked at the base: spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; flowering scale with a delicate awn, the basal hairs equalling or a little shorter than the scale. — N. S. Fre- quent, in swamps. — Sandstones and schales, schists. — Sum. — Blue- joint GRASS. 2. C, cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn. Stems 9-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long or more, 4-10 mm. wide: panicle 7-18 cm. long, contracted: spikelets 6-8 mm. 2. A. Schiceinitzii. 3. A. hyemalis. 4. A. perennans. 26 POACEAE. long, the scales very hispidulous, the outer ones about equal, acuminate and awn- pointed, the flowering scale obtuse, the basal hairs from i--% its length, the awn stout, exceeding or equalling the scale. [C. Nuttalliana Steud.] — S. Eather rare, in swamps. — Schists, — Sum. 26. AGROSTIS L. Annual or perennial usually tufted grasses, with flat or setaceous leaf -blades and terminal often slender contracted or open panicles with numerous branches. Spikelets very numerous, small, 1-flowered, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, membranous, keeled, acute, awnless, the third one shorter, thin-hyaline, awnless, or sometimes bearing a slender dorsal often geniculate awn, enclosing a perfect flower and frequently also a short very thin hyaline palet rarely more than i as long as the scale, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens usually 3. Styles distinct, very short. Stigmas plumose. — Bent-grass. Palet of the spikelet conspicuous, at least % as long as the scale. 1. A. alha. Palet inconspicuous, minute, or wanting. Stems weak, usually decumbent and often prostrate at the base : leaf-blades lax : panicle oblong, the spikelets about 1.5 mm. long. Stems, and usually also the leaf-blades, erect. Branches of the panicle capillary, elongate, commonly dividing above the middle. Branches of the panicle not elongate, dividing at the middle or below it. 1. A. alba L. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, often stoloniferous: leaf -blades 5-20 cm. long, 2-^ mm. wide: panicle 5-23 cm. long, usually open, or sometimes con- tracted after flowering, green or purplish: spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, the empty scales about equal, acute, hispidulous on the keel. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Eed-top. 2. A. Schweinitzii Trin. Stems 3-8 dm. long from a decumbent or prostrate base, weak: leaf -blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, lax: panicle 1-2 dm. long, open, oblong, its branches widely spreading, the branchlets and pedicels divergent: spikelets 1.5-2 mm, long, the empty scales hispidulous on the keel. — S. Frequent, in woods and low grounds. — Schists. — Sum. and fall. — Thin- GEASS. ■ 'f 3. A. hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, slender: leaf -blades 5-13 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, usually erect, roughish: panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, usually purplish, the very rough capillary branches ascending or spreading, often droop- ing, the lower ones 7-15 cm. long: spikelets 1.5-2 mm, long. [A. scabra Willd.] — Common, on dry banks. — Sum. — Hair-grass. 4. A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, tufted, rather slender: leaf -blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, its ascending branches 3.5-8 cm. long: spikelets about 2 mm. long, on appressed pedicels. [Agrostis intermedia Scribn., not Balb.] — M. Eather rare, in woods. — Quartzite. — Sum. 27. NOTHOHOLCUS Nash. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaf-blades and terminal spike-like contracted or open often interrupted panicles. Spikelets crowded, 2-flowered, the lower flower perfect, the upper one staminate, the rachilla articulated below the empty scales. Scales 4, the 2 outer empty, keeled, the first 1-nerved, acute, the second broader, 3-nerved, acute or short-awned, the third and fourth scales shorter than the second, mem- branous, at length rigid, enclosing flowers, the former awnless, the latter bear- ing a slender dorsal awn which is often hooked when dry; palet narrow, 2- keeled. Stamens 3, styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. POACEAE. 27 1. N. lanatus (L.) Nash. Softly and densely pubescent. Stems 4-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2.5-15 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide: spikelets 4 mm. long; the upper one awn-pointed, the flowering scales 2 mm. long, glabrous, shining, the upper one 2-toothed and bearing a finally hooked awn just below the apex. — Common, in moist fields and meadows. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Velvet-grass. 28. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Perennial grasses, with narrow convolute or flat leaf-blades and terminal contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2- flowered, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales and prolonged beyond the flowers. Scales 4, the 2 outer empty, persistent, keeled, acute, membranous, usually somewhat shining, the flowering scales thin-membranous, almost hyaline, entire or toothed, acute, obtuse, or truncate and denticulate at the apex, each bearing a slender dorsal straight or geniculate awn which is twisted at the base; palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. — • Hair-grass. Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate : leaf-blades flat. 1. D. caespitosa. Flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acute or obtuse : leaf-blades involute. 2. D. flexuosa. 1. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide, the basal ones numerous, those on the stem 5-15 cm. long: panicle open, 7-23 cm. long, naked at the base: spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex, the awns somewhat shorter or a little longer than the scale. — M. S, Eare, in swamps. — Limestones, schists. — • Sum. 2. D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. Stems 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades involute-setaceous, the basal very numerous: panicle open, 5-20 cm. long, flexuous: spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long, the flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acutely toothed at the apex, the awns bent and twisted, much exceeding the scale. — Susquehanna valley. Common, on dry or rocky hills. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. 29. TRISETUM Pers. Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaf- blades and terminal spike-like contracted or open panicles. Spikelets usually 2-flowered, rarely 3-6-flowered, the flowers perfect, or the upper one staminate, the rachilla glabrous or pilose, articulated between the flowering scales and prolonged beyond them. Scales 4, rarely 5-8, keeled, the 2 outer empty, membra- nous, unequal, acute, entire at the apex, awnless, persistent, the flowering scales usually shorter, sometimes longer, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth acuminate and often terminating in a bristle or slender awn, awned, or the lower flower- ing scale rarely awnless, the awn often twisted, inserted below the apex and arising between the teeth; palet hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. T. pennsylvanicum (L.) B.S.P. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1 dm. long or less, 1-4 mm. wide: panicle 6-15 cm. long, its branches erect or ascending: spikelets of four scales, the empty ones about equal, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, the second one hispidulous or nearly glabrous. — M. S. Rather rare, in swamps and wet places. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. 30. AVENA [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial grasses, varying in habit, with usually flat leaf -blades and terminal contracted or open panicles. Spikelets generally large, erect or pendulous, usually 2-several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, the rachilla articulated between the fertile flowers, the lower flowers perfect, 28 POACEAE. the upper ones often staminate or wanting. Scales 4-several, rarely 3, the 2 outer empty, membranous, exceeding or shorter than the flowering geales, persistent, the flowering scales 5-9-nerve(l, rounded on the back, the apex fre- quently shortly 2-toothed, the scales enclosing perfect flowers and bearing a dorsal twisted geniculate awn, the upper empty ones or those infolding stami- nate flowers awnless; palet 2-cleft or 2-toothed, narrow. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain deeply furrowed, usually pubescent. 1. A. sativa L. Annual. Stems 8-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades flat, 2.5 dm. long or less, 5-10 mm. wide or more: panicle usually 1.5-4 dm. long: empty scales of the spikelet 2-3 cm. long, acuminate, the flowering ones shorter, awned or awnless. — Common in fields and waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Oat. 31. ABRHENATHERUM Beauv. Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf- blades and terminal open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower staminate, the upper one perfect or pistillate, the rachilla articu- lated above the empty scales and prolonged beyond the flowers. Scales 4, the 2 outer empty, persistent, thin-membranous, keeled, the flowering scales more rigid, somewhat toothed at the apex, the lower one bearing near the base a long dorsal twisted and geniculate awn, the upper scale awnless, or short- awned below the apex; palet 2-keeled, hyaline, narrow. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain hardly sulcate. 1. A. elatius (L.) Beauv. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, leaf-blades 6-30 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide: panicle 1-3 dm. long: empty scales of the spikelet unequal, the flowering scales about 8 mm. long. [A. avenaceum Beauv.] — M. Rather common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Tall oat-grass. 32. DANTHONIA DC. Usually perennial grasses, various in habit, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and terminal dense and contracted or open diffuse panicles. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate, the rachilla pilose, articulated between the scales and prolonged beyond them. Scales 5-many, the 2 outer empty, persistent, usually extending beyond the flowering scales, rarely shorter, keeled, acute or acuminate, the flowering scales rounded on the back, the margins often ciliate, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth often awned, with an awn arising between the teeth which is more or less flattened and very often twisted at the base and frequently geniculate, the remaining scales often small and enclosing a palet only, or empty; palet obtuse or 2-toothed, 2-keeled, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. Stems 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2 mm. wide or less, usually involute, the lower ones 1-1.5 dm. long: panicle 2-5 em. long: spikelets 5-8-flowered, the empty scales 8-10 mm. long, the flowering scales broadly oblong, sparingly appressed-pubescent with silky hairs. — Eather common, in dry soil, especially in pastures and on dry hills. — Sum. — Wild oat-grass. 33. SPAHTINA Schreb. Often tall grasses, with flat or convolute leaf- blades and spicate inflorescence, the spikes one-sided, the rachis extending beyond the spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile or nearly so, much crowded and imbricated in 2 rows. Scales 3, firm-membranous, the 2 outer empty, narrow, very unequal, keeled, the flowering scale equalling or a little longer and POACEAE. 29 broader than the second scale; palet thin or almost hyaline, enclosing a perfect flower, obscurely 2-nerved, scarcely included in the scale which it often slightly exceeds. Stamens 3. Styles elongate. Stigmas 2, thread-like, papillose or shortly plumose. 1. S. Michauxiana A. Hitchc. Stems 6-18 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3 dm. long or more. 6-1-4 mm. wide: spikes 5-30, 5-13 cm. long: spikelets strongly imbri- cated, 12-14 mm. long, the empty scales strongly hispicl on the keel. — Susque- hanna valley. Common, in wet ground. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. and fall. — Slough-grass. Marsh-grass. 34. ATHEROPOGON Muhl, Perennial grasses, with narrow flat leaf- blades and an inflorescence composed of numerous scattered short few-flowered spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile, crowded in 2 rows, imbricated, the rachilla extending beyond the flower, its summit bearing scales or awns. Scales 3 or more, the 2 lower empty, unequal, narrow, acute, keeled, the third scale thinner and broader, 3-toothed at the apex, the teeth more or less awned, enclosing a narrow hyaline 2-toothed palet and a perfect flower, the small upper scales empty, awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. A. curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-30 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less: spikes 6—16 mm. long, widely spreading or re- flexed: spikelets 4-12, diverging from the rachis, 7-10 mm. long. [Bouteloua racemosa Lag.] — Conestoga and lower Susquehanna valleys. Eare, on dry banks. — • Limestones, schists. — Sum. 35. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Annual, or perennial and creeping, grasses, with flat leaf-blades, and an inflorescence composed of normally several spikes ar- ranged digitately or approximately with sometimes an additional single spike below. Spikelets numerous, much crowded, imbricated, sessile, alternate in 2 rows, several-flowered, the flowers perfect, or the upper ones staminate. Scales several, obtuse or acute, flattened, keeled, thin, the 2 lower empty, a little shorter than the others, the remaining scales usually more obtuse, each of the lower ones enclosing a scarcely shorter compressed 2-keeled palet and a flower, the terminal scales empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. E. indica (L.) Gaertn. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades 7-30 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: spikes 2-10, 2-8 cm. long: spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 3-6-flowered. — ■ Common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of the Old World. Sum. — Goose-grass. Yard-grass. 36. TE.IDENS E. & S. Usually perennial grasses, with flat or involute leaf-blades and the inflorescence composed of open or contracted and some- times spike-like panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 5-many, membranous, sometimes firmer, the 2 lower empty, keeled, obtuse to acuminate, usually shorter than the rest, some- times longer: flowering scales 3-nerved, the midnerve or all the nerves excurrent, the midnerve and the lateral nerves or the margins pilose, the apex entire or shortly 2-toothed, the teeth obtuse to acute, the callus short and obtuse; palet shorter than the scale, compressed, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, dis- tinct. Stigmas plumose. 1, T. flava (L.) A. Hitchc. Stems 5-16 dm. tall: leaf-blades elongate, the basal and lower ones 2-6 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, the uppermost one 6-20 cm. 30 POACEAE. long: panicle loose and open, 1.5-4 dm. long: gjiikelets numerous, 5-8-flowered, 7-10 mm. long; empty scales acute, 1-nerved; flowering scales about 4 mm. long, the apex 2-tootlied between the excurrent nerves. [Triodia cuprea Jacq.] — ■ Common, on roadsides, and in fields and fence rows. — Sum. — Tall red-top. 37. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Low or tall annual or perennial tufted rarely dioecious grasses, the stems sometimes prostrate or creeping, with flat or convo- lute leaf-blades and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets numerous, arranged singly or in fascicles, 2-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or unisexual. Scales 4^many, membranous, compressed, keeled, the 2 lower empty, unequal, the remaining scales larger, 3-nerved, obtuse or acute at the apex; palet shorter than the scale, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, often incurved and persistent on the rachilla after the fall of the scale. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Stems not creeping : flowers perfect. Annuals. Spikelets 2-5-flowered. Pedicels and branches of the panicle short : stems usually branched above. 1. E. Frankii. Pedicels and branches of the diffuse panicle long and capillary : stems branched only at the base. 2. E. capillaris. Spikelets more than 5-flowered. Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide or less : palets remaining attached to the continuous rachls for some time after the flowering scales have fallen. Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the lateral nerves faint or wanting : spikelets about 1 mm. wide. 3. E. pilosa. Flowering scales firm, usually dull purple or green, the lateral nerves very prominent : spikelets about 1.5 mm. wide. 4. E. Purshii. Spikelets exceeding 2 mm. wide : palets falling with the flowering scales and the internodes of the rachis. 5. E. major. Perennial. 6. E. pectinacea. Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes. 7. E. hypnoides. 1. E. Frankii Steud. Stems 1.5-4 dm. tall : leaf -blades 5-13 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle 5-15 cm. long, open: spikelets ovate, 2-3 mm. long, 3-5-flowered, the flowering scales acute, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long, their lateral nerves obscure. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eare, on sandy shores and islands. — Fall. 2. E. capillaris (L.) Nees. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, slender: leaf -blades 7-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle diffuse, 1-4 dm. long: spikelets ovate, 2-3 mm. long, 2-4-flowered, the flowering scales acute, 1.5 mm. long, their lateral nerves obscure. — Rather common, in dry soil. — Sum. and fall. 3. E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-13 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less: panicle 5-15 cm. long, its branches finally spreading, often hairy in the axils: spikelets 5-12-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, the flowering scales acute, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long, thin. — Eather com- mon, in cultivated grounds and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. 4. E. Purshii Schrad. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades 3-9 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less: panicle 7-20 cm. long, open, naked in the axils: spikelets 5-15- flowered, 3-8 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, the flowering scales acute, firm, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, on the river shore. — Sum. 5. E. major Host. Ill-scented. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-1& cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 5-15 cm. long: spikelets 8-35-flowered, 5-16 mm. long and about 3 mm. wide, the flowering scales obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent. [E. megastachya Link.] — Common, in waste places and cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. POACEAE. 31 6. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, rigid: leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide: panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, strongly bearded in the axils: spikelets 5-15-flowered, 3-8 mm. long, the flowering scales about 1.75 mm. long, their lateral nerves very prominent. — S. Eather rare, in dry soil. — Schists. — Sum. 7. E. hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Stems 2-5 dm. long, creeping and rooting at the nodes: leaf -blades commonly 1-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide: panicle 1.5- 5 cm. long: spikelets 10-35-flowered, 4-16 mm. long, the flowering scales 1.5-2 mm. long, glabrous, those of the pistillate spikelets more sharply acute than those of the staminate. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in wet sand on the river shore and islands. — Sum. 38. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Tufted perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and usually narrow and contracted, or sometimes open panicles. Spikelets numerous, 2-3-flowered, shining. Scales 4 or 5, membra- nous, the 2 outer empty, the first very narrow, 1-nerved, acuminate, the second much broader, obovate when spread out, obtuse, truncate, and sometimes apicu- late at the apex, 3-nerved, the remaining scales narrower, obtuse or somewhat acute; palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. [Eatonia Endl. Not Eaf.] Empty scales usually unequal, the first commonly shorter and not more than | as wide as the second. Second scale obovate in side view, rounded at the summit. 1. 8. oMusata. Second scale oblanceolate in side view, acute or acutish at the apex. 2. S. pallens. Empty scales usually equal, the first at least 3 as broad as the second. 3. S. nitida. 1. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, glabrous or pubescent: leaf -sheaths and blades usually rough, the latter 2.5-23 cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide, rarely wider: panicle 5-15 cm. long, dense and usually spike-like, sometimes purple: spikelets crowded, 2.5-3 mm. long. — S. Eather rare, in woods. — Schists. — Sum. 2. S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 6-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 7-18 cm. long, often nodding at the summit, lax: spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, the flowering scales narrow, acute. — M. Eare, on dry banks. — Limestones. — Sum. 3. S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. Stems tufted, slender, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-8 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less: panicle 5-15 cm. long, lax, its branches spreading at flowering time, finally erect: spikelets 3 mm. long. [E. Dudleyi Vasey.] — Eather rare, in woods. — Sum. 39. MELICA L. Perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf -blades and contracted or open panicles which are sometimes almost racemose. Spikelets few-many, erect or nodding, 1-several-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 3-several, the 2 lower empty, membranous, or hyaline, obtuse or acutish, unequal in length, the flowering scales larger, membranous, the lateral nerves vanishing at the broad hyaline margin, acute or obtuse at the apex, the remaining scales empty, gradually smaller, convolute and involving each other and forming a clavate to obovoid mass; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. M. mutica Walt. Stems 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-10 mm. wide: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending: spike- lets 7-9 mm. long, about 2-flowered, nodding, on flexuous pubescent pedicels, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, usually very obtuse. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, on the river hills. — Schists. — Sum. 32 POACEAE. 40. UNIOLA L. Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles, the branches sometimes nodding. Spikelets many, erect, or sometimes nodding, laterally compressed, 2-edged, 3- many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 6-many, compressed-keeled, sometimes winged, the lower 3-6 empty, gradually enlarging, the flowering scales many-nerved, similar to the upper ones of the lower empty scales but larger, the remaining scales, if any, empty; palet somewhat rigid, 2-keeled, the keels narrowly winged. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1, U. latifolia Michx. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide: panicle lax, 1.5-2.5 dm. long: spikelets many-flowered, oval to ovate, much flattened, 2.5-4 cm. long, on long capillary pendulous pedicels, the flower- ing scales 9-12 mm. long, ciliate-hispid on the winged keel. — Susquehanna valley. Rather rare, on the river shore and islands. — Schists. — Sum. — Spike- grass. 41. DACTYLIS L. Perennial usually tall grasses, with flat leaf -blades and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets in head-like clusters which are unilaterally arranged and crowded at the ends of the branches, 3-5-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 5-7, keeled, the 2 lower empty, unequal, mucronate, the second the larger, the flowering scales larger, more rigid, the keel ciliate and excurrent as a mucro or short awn; palet nearly as long as the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. 1. D. glomerata L. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 7-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 7-20 cm. long: spikelets in dense capitate clusters, 3-5-flowered, the flowering scales 4-6 mm. long, rough, pointed or short-awned, ciliate on the keel. — Common, on roadsides and in fields and orchards. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Orchard-grass. 42. POA L. Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, with flat leaf- blades and open sometimes contracted panicles, the branches often drooping. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, the flowers perfect, or rarely unisexual, the glabrous or rarely somewhat pilose rachilla articulated between the flowers. Scales 4-8, membranous, keeled, acute or obtuse, awnless, the 2 lower empty, persistent, the flowering scales usually longer, frequently pubescent on the callus and the mid- nerve and marginal nerves, the hairs often long and curled; palet shorter than the scale, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Meadow-grass. Spear-grass. Blue-grass. Annuals or biennials : stems densely tufted, low, usually less tlian 3 dm. long. 1. P. annua. Perennials : stems usually exceeding 3 dm. tall. Plants green with no long rootstocks. Flowering scales with long crimped hairs at the base. Flowering scales with only the midneive pubescent. 2. P. trivialis. Flowering scales with the midnerve and lateral nerves pubescent. Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent only below the middle. Flowering scales 2-3 mm. long : basal leaves usually relatively short. 3. P. pratensis. Flowering scales 4-5 mm. long : basal leaves very long, often equalling the stem or nearly so. 4. P. hrachyphylla. Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent the whole length, or nearly so. 5. P. sylvestris. POACEAE. 33 Flowering scales with no crimped liairs at the base. (i. P. autiimnalis. Plants dull bluish green, with long stout often branch- ing rootstocks : stems much compressed. 7. P. compressa. 1. P. annua L. Stems 5-30 cm. tall: leaf-blades 1-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide: panicle 1-10 cm. long, it branches spreading: spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-5 mm. long, the flowering scales 2.5-3 mm. long. — Common, in cultivated grounds and fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spr.-fall. — Low spear-grass. 2. P. trivialis L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths very rough; blades 5-18 cm. long, 2—4 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1-1.5 dm. long: spikelets 2-3-flowered, 3 mm. long, the scales acute, the flowering scales 2-3 mm. long, 5-nerved, the intermediate nerves prominent. — Occasional, in waste places and meadows. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. 3. P. pratensis L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-6 mm. wide, those on the stem 5-15 cm. long, the basal much longer: panicle 6-20 cm. long, usually pyramidal: spikelets 3-5-flowered, 4-5 mm. long, the scales acute, the flowering scales 3 mm. long, 5-nerved. — Common, in fields, pastures and woods. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Kentucky blue-grass. 4. P. brachyphylla Schult. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-4 mm. wide, abruptly acute, those on the stem 1-10 cm. long: panicle 6-13 cm. long, its branches widely spreading or often reflexed, spikelet-bearing at the ends: spike- lets 3-6-flowered, 5-7 mm. long, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, the intermediate nerves prominent. — M. S. Bather rare, on rocky banks. — Lime- stones, schists. — Spr. 5. P. sylvestris A. Gray. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-6 mm. wide, those on the stem 4-15 cm. long, the basal much longer: panicle 7-18 cm. long, the branches spreading or ascending, sometimes reflexed when old, spikelet-bearing at the ends: spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2-4 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, obtuse. — M. S. Rather rare, in damp woods. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. 6. P. autumnalis Muhl. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2 mm. wide or less, those on the stem 4-15 cm. long, the basal much longer: panicle 7-22 cm. long, the branches long and slender and spikelet-bearing at the ends: spikelets 3-5- flowered, 5-6 mm. long, the flowering scales rounded or retuse at the apex, 3-4 mm. long, pubescent on the lower part of the internerves. — S. Eare, in woods. — Schists. — Spr. 7. P. compressa L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-10 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide: panicle usually contracted: spikelets 3-9-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 2-2.5 mm. long, obscurely 3-nerved. — Common, in cultivated grounds, waste places, and woods. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Canada BLUE-GRASS. 43. PANICULARIA Fabr. Usually perennial, rarely annual, sometimes aquatic grasses, with commonly flat leaf -blades and open or contracted panicles, the branches sometimes drooping. Spikelets usually numerous, ovate to linear, few-many-flowered, the glabrous rachilla articulated between the perfect flowers, the upper flowers sometimes imperfect. Scales few-many, awnless, the 2 lower empty, obtuse or acute, unequal, the flowering scales longer, obtuse to truncate and denticulate, rarely acute or acuminate at the more or less hyaline apex, convex on the back but not keeled, usually prominently nerved, the nerves vanishing at the hyaline margin; palet 2-keeled, equalling or shorter than, rarely exceeding, the scale. Stamens 3. Style short, distinct. Stigmas plu- mose. — ' Manna-grass. Lancaster County Flora 3. 34 POACEAE. Spikelets ovate or oblong, 8 mm. long or less. Flowering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not sharply nerved. 1. P. canadensis. Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved. Panicle elongate, its branches erect or appressed. 2. P. Torreyana. Panicle not elongate, its branches usually spreading or ascending, sometimes drooping. Spikelets 3 mm. long or less : branches of the panicle often drooping. 3. P. nervata. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long : branches of the panicle as- cending or spreading. 4. P. grandis. Spikelets linear, 12 mm. long or more. 5. P. fluitans. 1. P. canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze. Stems 6-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5-3.5 dm. long, 4-8 mm. vride: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, open, the slender branchea drooping: spikelets 5-12-flowered, 5-8 mm. long, the flowering scales broad, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse or abruptly pointed. — N. S. Rather rare, in swamps. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Eattlesnake-grass. 2. P. Torreyana (Spreng.) Merrill. Stems 6-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide: panicle elongate, usually nodding at the summit, 1.5-3 dm. long: spikelets 3-4-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse or acutish. — N. Eare, in swamps. — Sandstones and shales. — Sum. and fall. 3. P. nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide: panicle 7-20 cm. long, often purple, the branches spread- ing, ascending, or often drooping: spikelets 3-7-flowered, 2-3 mm. long, the flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or rounded. — Eather common, in swamps and low woods. — Sum. — Fowl meadow-grass. 4. P. grandis (S. Wats.) Nash. Stems 9-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-3 dm. long or more, 6-16 mm. wide: panicle 2^ dm. long, the lower branches 1-2 dm. long: spikelets 4-7-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2 mm. long. — 5. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. — Eeed meadow-grass. 5, P. fluitans (L.) Kuntze. Stems 1-1.5 m, long: leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long or more, 4—12 mm. wide, rough, often floating: panicle 2-4.5 dm. long, its branches finally ascending: spikelets 7-13-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, thick, oblong, rounded or truncate at the erose apex, hispiduloua. — N. S. Rare, in swamps. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. 44. FESTUCA L. Usually perennial, rarely annual, tufted grasses, with flat or convolute sometimes setaceous leaf -blades and contracted often spike- like or open panicles which are sometimes nearly racemose. Spikelets 2-several- flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate, the rachilla articulated between the flowers. Scales 4-several, membranous, the 2 lower empty, unequal, acute, keeled, the flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below, acute or rarely obtuse, usually more or less awned, occasionally awnless, the remaining scales if any, empty; palet a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles very short, distinct, terminal or nearly so. Stigmas plumose. — Fescue-grass. Plants annual : stamens 1 or 2. 1. P. octoflora. Plants perennial : stamens 3. Panicle open, its branches at maturity ascending or spreading : spikelets usually less than 6-flowered. Panicle branches elongate, spikelet-bearing toward the end. 2. F. nutans. Panicle branches not elongate, spikelet-bearing from at or below the middle. 3. p. Shortii. Panicle contracted, its branches erect or appressed : spikelets often 10-flowered. 4. p_ elatior POACEAE. 35 1. F. octoflora Walt. Stems 1-5 dm. tall; leaf -blades 4-8 cm. long, involute: panicle or raceme often one-sided, 2.5-15 cm. long, contracted: spikelets 6-13- flowered, 6-10 mm. long, the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 3-5 mm. long, acuminate into an awn nearly as long as itself or shorter, or sometimes awnless. — Eather common, in dry soil. — Sum. 2. F. nutans Willd. Stems 6-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long: spikelets lanceolate, 3-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 3-4 mm. long. — Eather rare, in woods. — Sum. 3. F. Shortii Kunth. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-2.5 dm. long. 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 7-18 cm. long: spikelets broadly obovate when mature, 3-6- flowered, 5-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long. — M. S. Eather rare, in swamps. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. 4. F. elatior L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide: panicle 1-4 dm. long: spikelets .5-10-flowered, 9-12 mm. long, the flowering scales acute or short-pointed, 5-6 mm. long, indistinctly 5-nerved. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Meadow-fescue. 45. BE.OMUS L. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually closed leaf- sheaths, flat blades and contracted or open sometimes almost racemose panicles, the branches often nodding. Spikelets usually large, often drooping, few-many- flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones imperfect. Scales few-many, membranous, the 2 lower empty, persistent, narrow, unequal, acute or the second sometimes short-awned; flowering scales longer and often broader, rounded on the back, at least below, usually awned, rarely awnless, the straight or rarely recurved awn dorsal and inserted just below the 2-toothed or shortly 2-cleft apex; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Ovary crowned by a villous appendange, at the base of which arise the very short but distinct styles. Stigmas plumose. — Brome-grass. Chess. Cheat. Lower empty scale 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved. Flowering scales glabrous, or pubescent on the margins. 1. B. ciliatus. Flowering scales densely pubescent all over the back. 2. B. purgans. Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the upper 5-9-nerved. Flowering scales awned. Flowering scales pubescent. 3. B. Ealmii. Flowering scales glabrous, sometimes slightly roughened. Leaf-sheaths glabrous : nerves of the turgid fruiting scales obscure. 4. B. secalinus. Leaf-sheaths softly and densely pubescent with re- flexed hairs : nerves of the flowering scales promi- nent. 5. B. racemosus. Flowering scales not awned, nearly as broad as long. 6. B. hrizaeformis. 1. B. ciliatus L. Stems 7-12 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths retrorsely short -pilose or almost glabrous; blades lax, 2.5-4 dm. long and about 1 cm. wide: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, the lower branches drooping: spikelets 5-9-flowered, 15-22 mm. long, the flowering scales 10-12 mm. long, pubescent on each side for about f the length, the awn straight, slender, 3-5 mm. long. — S. Eather rare, in thickets. — Schists. — Sum. 2. B. purgans L. Stems 7-15 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths usually coarsely retrorsely pubescent; blades 1..5-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide: panicle lax, nodding, 1.5-3 dm. long: spikelets 7-11-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long, the flowering scales 10-12 mm. long, pubescent all over the back, the awn straight, 4:-6 mm. long, -r- M. S. Eather common, in woods and thickets. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. 3. B. Kalmli A. Gray. Stems 4.5-10 dm. tall : leaf -sheaths villous ; blades 0.5- 1.8 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide: panicle 5-15 cm. long: spikelets 6-10-flowered, 1.2-2.5 cm. long, the flowering scales about 8 mm. long, densely silky, the awn 2-3 mm. long. — W. Eare, in woods, near Conewago. — Sandstones and shales. — Sum. — Wild-chess. 36 POACEAE. 4. B. secalinus L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths commonly glabrous; blades 5-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 5-10 cm. long: spikelets turgid when in fruit, 6-10-flowered, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, rough toward the apex, awnless, or bearing a straight awn 8 mm. long or less between the obtuse short teeth. — Common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Cheat. Chess. 5. B. racemosus L. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, commonly puberulent just below the panicle: leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, rather densely pubescent; blades 7-14 cm. long, pubescent, or sometimes glabrous above: spikelets 1.5-2 cm. long, acute, 5-9-flowered, the flowering scales elliptic, 6-8 mm. long, smooth or rough, the awn 5-8 mm. long, arising just below the apex. — -Common, in thickets, fields and waste places, and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. 6. B. ■brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Stems 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths softly villous; blades 0.3-1.8 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 3.5-20 cm. long, the branches drooping: spikelets few, 1.3-2.5 cm. long, the flowering scales very broad, 6-8 mm. long, awnless. — S. Eare, in fields and thickets near Smithville. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. 46. LOLIUM L. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and terminal simple usually elongate spikes. Spikelets with the edge (backs of the scales) to the rachis, scattered, erect, alternate, sessile and solitary in the rachis-excavations, compressed, several-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones imperfect, the rachilla articulated between the flowers. Scales rigid, rounded on the back, obtuse to acuminate, awned or awnless, the nerves connivent above or confluent into the awn, the lower scale of the lateral spike- lets and the 2 lower scales of the terminal spikelet empty, narrow, longer than the remaining scales, thin ; flowering scales short, imbricate ; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, very short. Stigmas plumose. — Darnel. Eye-grass. Empty scale shorter than the spikelet. Flowering scales awnless. 1. L. perenne. Flowering scales awned. 2. L. m'tiltiflorum. Empty scale equalling or extending beyond the flowering scales. 3. L. temulentum. 1. L. perenne L. Stems 1.5-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-13 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: spike 7-20 cm. long: spikelets 5-10-flowered, 8-12 mm. long, the empty scale strongly nerved, the flowering scales 4-6 mm. long, acuminate, awnless. — Eather common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Com- mon-darnel. 2. L. multiflorum Lam. Stems 6-10 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths glabrous; blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide: spikes 2-3 dm. long: spikelets 20-30, 1.5-2 cm. long, the flowering scales bearing an awn equalling or a little shorter than the body. — Eather rare, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Italian rye-grass. 3. L. temulentum L. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: spike 1-3 dm. long: spikelets 4-8-flowered, 1-2 cm. long, the empty scale strongly nerved, the flowering scales awned or awnless. — Eare, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Bearded-darnel. 47. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and terminal usually rigid 2-4-sided spikes. Spikelets compressed, with the side (edge of the scales) toward the continuous or rarely articulated rachis, sessile, alternate, single in the rachis-excavations, ap- pressed or oblique to the rachis, several-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or POACEAE. 37 the upper ones imperfect, the raehilla articulated between the flowers. Scales several-many, the 2 lower empty, the flowering ones broader, rigid, rounded on the back, obtuse to acuminate, awned or awnless, the nerves connivent at the apex or confluent into the awn, the remaining scales, if any, empty; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled, the keels usually ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Wheat-grass. 1. A. repens (L.) Beauv. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, from a long rootstock: leaf -blades 7-30 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide: spike 5-20 cm. long: spikelets 3-7-flowered, the empty scales strongly 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awn-pointed, sometimes obtuse, the flowering scales glabrous, acute or short-awned. — Bather common in cultivated grounds and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Couch-grass. Quitch-grass. Quick-grass. 48. ELYMUS L. Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat or convolute often rigid leaf -blades and a terminal cylindric dense spike which is sometimes interrupted and usually covered with long awns. Spikelets numerous, sessile, crowded, usually in alternate pairs, sometimes in 3 's or more, at each node of the continuous rachis, 2-several-flowered (rarely 1-flowered). Scales 4-several (rarely 3). the 2 lower empty, rigid, awn-like, subulate, or linear, persistent, awn-pointed or awned, those at each node forming an apperent involucre, the flowering, usually in pairs, rarely in 3 's, sessile, the clusters alternate or opposite, acute, usually awned, rarely awnless, the remaining scales if any smaller and empty; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Lyme-grass. Wild-rye. Empty scales narrowly subulate: spike relatively slender. 1. E. striatus. Empty scales linear or linear-lanceolate : spike relatively stout. Flowering scales glabrous. 2. E. virginicus. Flowering scales pubescent. Empty scales linear, thick, the awn usually shorter than the body. 3. E. hirsutiglumis. Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, thin, the awn as long as the body or longer. Flowering scales hirsute. 4. E. canadensis. Flowering scales minutely hispidulous. 5. E. glabrifiorus. 1. E. striatus Willd. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths glabrous or hirsute; blades 1-2. .5 dm. long. 4-10 mm. wide : spike 6-12 cm. loner, often nodding, slender : spikelets 1-3-flowered, the empty scales 2-2.-5 cm. long, including the slender rough awn, 1-3-nerved, the nerves, and often the whole scale, hirsute, the flowering scales about 6 mm. long, hispid, each bearing a slender awn 1.5- 3 cm. long. — S. Bather rare, on roadsides and in woods. — Schists. — Sum. 2. E. virginicus L. Stems 6-9 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths sometimes pubescent, the uppermost u.sually inflated and enclosing the base of the spike; blades 1-3.5 dm. long, 4-16 mm. wide: spike 5-18 cm. long, broad, stout, upright: spikelets 2-3-flowered, the empty scales very thick and rigid, lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, including the short awn, 5-7-nerved, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, each bearing a rough awn 4-18 mm. long, or rarely awnless. — Bather common, in moist thickets or on banks. — Sum. 3. E. hirsutiglumis Seribn. & Sm. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: blades 2-3 dm. long, 8-18 mm. wide: spike 6-15 cm. long, stout: spikelets 2-5-flowered, the empty scales linear, 10-12 mm. long, thick, 3-5-nerved, the nerves hirsute, each acumi- nate into an awn as long as or shorter than the body of the scale, the flowering scales lanceolate, 8—10 mm. long, each acuminate into a rough awn 12-16 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Bather rare, on the river shores and islands. — Schists. — Sum. 38 CYPEEACEAE. 4. E. canadensis L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long or more, 4-20 mm. wide: spike 1-3 dm. long, nodding: spikelets 3-5-flowered, the empty scales awl-shaped, rigid, 3-5-nerved, 16-32 mm. long, including the slender rough long awn, the flowering scales 8-14 mm. long, nearly glabrous to hirsute and each bearing a slender rough awn 2-5 cm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Eather common, on river banks. — Sum. 5. E. glabrlflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball. Stems 5-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide: spike erect or nodding, 1-1.5 dm. long, some- times glaucous: spikelets crowded, the empty scales 11—15 mm. long, each bear- ing an awn about 2 cm. long, the flowering scales 9-12 mm. long, hispidulous, each bearing an awn 2-3 cm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in rich woods and thickets. — Schists. — Sum. 49. HYSTRIX Moench. Usually tall grasses, with simple stems, flat leaf- blades and terminal spikes. Spikelets numerous, at length spreading, 2-several- flowered, usually in pairs, rarely in 3 's, sessile, the clusters alternate on opposite sides of the continuous rachis, the rachilla articulated below the flowering scales. Scales 2-several, the 2 lower empty, subulate, wanting in all but the lowest spikelets, the flowering scales lanceolate, rigid, convolute, rounded on the back, the nerves confluent into the long awn; palet somewhat shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, adherent to the palet when dry. 1. H. Hystrix (L.) Millsp. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide: spike 7-18 cm. long: spikelets 8-12 mm. long, exclusive of the awn, the, flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, each acuminate into an awn about 2.5 cm. long. — • Eather common, on wooded banks and in rocky thickets. — Sum. — BOTTLE-BRtrSH, Family 2. CYPEEACEAE. Sedge Family. Grass-like or rush-like caulescent or seapose herbs, often perennial by long rootstocks. Stems or scajDes (culms) slender, solid or rarely hollow, triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Leaves 3-ranked, with closed sheaths : blades narrow. Flowers perfect or imperfect, ar- ranged in spikelets, one (rarely 2) in the axil of each scale (glume, bract), the spikelets solitary or clustered, 1-many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricate, persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, com- posed of biistles, or scale-like parts, rarely calyx-like, or wanting. Androe- eium of 1-3 stamens, or rarely more. Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled. Styles, or stigmas, 2 or 3, the former often more or less united. Fruit a lenticular, plano-convex, or 3-angled achene. Spikelets with at least 1 perfect flower. Spikelets perfect. Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked. Perianth present, the members bristle-like : achene beaked. 1. Ddlichium. Perianth wanting : achene beakless. 2. Cyperus. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricate. Style-base not at all or only slightly thickened, deciduous. Perianth-members conspicuously elongate. 3. Eeiophoeum. Perianth-members not conspicuously elongate. 4. Sciepos. Style-base markedly swollen, peristent as a tubercle, or deciduous. Perianth present. 5. Eleochaeis. CTPEKACEAE. 39 Perianth wanting. Achenes tuberculate at the apex. 6. Pimbristylis. Achenes not tubercuhite. 7. Stenophxllus. Spikelets polygamous. Stigmas 3 : style deciduous. 8. Mariscus. Stigmas 2: style persistent. 9. Rxnchospoba. Spikelets with monoecious or dioecious flowers. Achene not enclosed In a utricle (perigynium). 10. Scleria. Achene enclosed in a utricle (perigynium). 11. Carex. 1. DUIjICHIUM L. C. Kich. Perennial caulescent herbs, with terete, hollow, conspicuously jointed stems. Lower leaves mere sheaths. Spikes axil- lary, pedunclecl. Spikelets 2-ranked, flat, very narrow, 6-10-flowered. Scales 2-ranked, carinate, decurrent. Perianth of 6-9 retrorsely barbed bristles. Sta- mens 3. Style persistent. Stigmas 2. Achenes narrow, beaked. 1. D. anindinaceum (L.) Britton. Stems 3-10 dm. tall: leaves numerous; blades flat, 2-8 cm. long, spreading or ascending: spikelets narrowly linear, spreading, 1-2.5 cm. long; scales lanceolate, acuminate, strongly several-nerved, appressed, brownish: bristles rigid, longer than the achene: achenes linear- oblong. [D. spathaceum (L.) Pers.] — Occasional in swamps. — Sum. 2. CYPERUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves basal: blades narrow. Scapes simple, triangular, with one or more bracts at the summit forming an involucre to the simple .or compound, umbellate or capi- tate inflorescence. Eays of the umbel sheathed at the base, usually very unequal. Spikelets flat or nearly terete, the scales falling away from the rachis as they mature or persistent and the spikelets falling away from the axis of the head or spike with the scales attached. Scales 2-ranked, all flower-bearing, or the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style deciduous. Stigmas 2 or 3. Achene beakless. — Galingale. Style-branches or stigmas 2 : achene lenticular. Achenes suborblcular, the superficial cells oblong. 1. C. flavescens. Achenes oblong to obovoid, the superficial cells quadrate. Splkelet-scales dull : style-branches or stigmas con- spicuously exserted : stamens 2. 2. C. diandrus. Splkelet-scales shining : style-branches or stigmas scarcely exserted : stamens 3. 3. C. rivularis. Style-branches or stigmas 3 : achenes three-angled. Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened spikelets. Splkelet-scales with recurved awn-tips : plants an- nual. 4. C. inflexus. Splkelet-scales acute or mucronate : plants perennial. Spikelets mainly reddish-brown ; scales with las mucronate tips. 5. C. dentatua. Spikelets mainly straw-colored or pale-brown ; scales with acute tips. 6. C. esculentus. Scales and rachis of the spikelets falling away. Achenes narrowly linear-oblong, 2%-4 times as long as thick. Spikelets decidedly flattened, several-many-flow- ered. 7. C. strigostis. Spikelets nearly terete, 1-few-flowered. Spikelets borne in a loose spike. 8. C. refractus. Spikelets borne in a dense or head-like spike. Spikes globular : spikelets spreading. 9. C. ovtilaris. Spikes cyllndrlc to oval or obovoid : spikelets becoming refracted. 10. C. lancastriensis. Achenes oblong or obovoid, less than twice as long as thick. 11. C. filiculmis. 1. C. flavescens L. Annual. Leaves yellowish-green: scapes very slender, tufted, 7-30 cm. tall: spikelets linear, yellow, many-flowered, flat, 8^18- mm. long, the clusters terminal and sessile, or on 1-4 short rays: scales short. 40 CYPEKACEAE. appressed, twice as long as the achene: stigmas 2: aehenes orbicular or orbicular- obovoid, black, obtuse, shining. — Common, in low grounds. — Sum. and fall. 2. C. diandrus Torr. Annual. Leaves deep-green : scapes tufted, slender, 5-40 cm. tall: spikelets 8-18 mm. long, linear-oblong, acute, flat, many-flowered: scales short, green or brown, or with brown margins, obtuse, 1-nerved, thin, dull: stigmas 2, much exserted: aehenes lenticular, oblong, dull. — Eather rare, in swampy places. • — • Sum. and fall. 3. C. rivularis Kunth. Similar to the next preceding species: scapes slender, tufted: spikelets linear or linear-oblong, acutish, 8-20 mm. long: scales dark- green or brown, or with brown margins, appressed, thick, shining, obtuse: stigmas 2, scarcely exserted: aehenes oblong or oblong-obovoid, lenticular, dull, — M. S. Eather common, in low grounds. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. and fall. 4. C. inflexus Muhl. Annual, fragrant in drying. Leaves bright-green: scapes slender or almost filiform, tufted: umbel sessile, capitate or 1-3-rayed: spikelets linear-oblong, 6-10-flowered, 4-6 mm. long: scales light-brown, lanceolate, several-nerved, each tapering into a long, recurved awn: stigmas 3: achene 3- angled, narrowly obovoid, mucronate, brown. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in wet sandy soil. — Schists. 5. C. dentatus Torr. Perennial. Leaves light-green: scapes 2-5 dm. tall: umbel somewhat compound: spikelets few, light reddish-brown, linear, very flat, many-flowered, mostly blunt, 10-20 mm. long, nearly 4 mm. wide: scales thin, keeled, 5-7-nerved, mucronate: ffchene 3-angled, obovoid, less than 1 mm. long, mucronate, light-brown, much shorter than the scale. — Susquehanna valley. Eather common, in sand, on the river shore and low islands. — Sum. 6. C. esculentus L. Perennial. Leaves light-green : scapes 3-8 dm. tall : umbel 4-10-rayed, often compound: spikelets numerous in loose spikes, straw-color or yellowish-brown, flat, spreading, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide, many- flowered: scales rather acute, 3-5-nerved: achene obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, obtuse, 3-angled. — Common in moist fields; a troublesome weed in places. — Sum. 7. C. strigosus L. Perennial. Leaf-blades rough-margined, 4-6 mm. wide: scapes rather stout, 3-9 dm. tall: umbel several-rayed, some of the primary rays often 10-15 cm. long, their sheaths terminating in two bristles: spikes oblong or ovoid: spikelets flat, linear, 8-19 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 7-15-flowered: scales straw-colored, strongly several-nerved, appressed: aehenes linear-oblong, 3-angled, about 2 mm. long, acute, about J as long as the scale. — Common, in swamps and waste places. — Sum. 8. C. refractus Engelm. Perennial. Leaf-blades 5-8 mm. wide, rough-mar- gined: scapes stout, smooth, 3-9 dm. tall: umbel 6-13-rayed, usually compound, the longer rays sometimes 20 cm. long, their sheaths terminating in 1 or 2 short teeth: spikes lax: spikelets very narrowly linear, loosely spicate, acute, 1-2 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, 3-6-flowered, the upper spreading, the lower refiexed : scales yellowish-green, closely appressed, Q'-ll-nerved: aehenes linear, about 3 mm. long, obtuse and apiculate, about 5 times as long as thick, and i as long as the scale. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, on dry banks. — Sum. 9. C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Perennial. Leaf -blades smooth: scape usually strict, smooth, 2-8 dm. tall, longer than the leaves: umbel simple, few-rayed: spikes globose, 8-14 mm. in diameter, very dense, the spikelets radiating in all directions: spikelets 4-7 mm. long, usually 3-flowered: scales green, several- nerved: aehenes linear-oblong, 3-angled, about 1.5 mm. long, 1-3 times as long as thick. — S. Eather rare, in old fields and on dry banks. — Schists. — Sum. 10. C. lancastriensis Porter. Perennial. Leaf -blades 1 cm. wide or less: scapes slender, smooth, 3-8 dm. tall : umbel 5-9-rayed : spikes oval, obtuse, 1-2.5 cm. long: spikelets densely clustered, 8-10 mm. long, linear, nearly terete, 2-6- CYPEEACEAE. 41 flowered, the lower reflexed, the middle ones spreading, all separating from the axis at maturity: scales green, several-nerved: achenes linear, 2.5-3 mm. long, apiculate, 2-3 times as long as thick, § as long as the scale. — Susquehanna valley. Common, on the dry river shores and islands. — Schists. — Sum. 11. C. filiculmis Vahl. Perennial. Leaf -blades 2-4 mm. wide: scape smooth, slender, often wiry, ascending or reclined, 1.5 dm. long: spikelets densely clustered in a sessile head, or in 1-7 peduneled heads, linear, acute, 5-11- flowered, subterete or compressed, 5-12 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less: scales pale-green, 7-11-nerved, appressed: achenes oblong or obovoid, fully 2 mm. long, 3-angled, dull gray, about twice as long as thick. — S. Occasional, in sand near Peach Bottom. 3. EE.IOPHORUM L. Bog herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stems erect, triangular or nearly terete. Leaves with linear blades, or 1 or 2 of the upper mere bladeless sheaths. Spikelets terminal, solitary^ capitate, or in umbels, subtended by an involucre of 1-several bracts, or naked. Scales spirally imbri- cate, usually all flower-bearing. Perianth of 6 or many^ filiform smooth soft bristles, white or brown, the bristles straight or crisped, much exserted. Sta- mens 1-3. Style deciduous. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled, often broad. 1. E. virglnicum L. Stems stiff, smooth, 4-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades narrowly elongate-linear, flat: bracts of the involucre spreading or deflexed: spikelets several or numerous in a dense terminal cluster, erect, or the outer spreading: scales acute, brown with a green center: perianth-bristles numerous, dingy- brown or copper-colored, about 3 times as long as the scale: achenes linear- oblong, acute, apiculate, brown. — E. S. Common in swamps. — Quartzite, schists. — Sum. — Cotton-grass. 4. SCIRPUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial small or large caulescent or scapose herbs, the leaves sometimes reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets few- many-flowered, terete or flattened, solitary, capitate, spieate, or umbellate, often subtended by an involucre. Scales spirally imbricate or nearly 2-ranked, the 1-3 lower sometimes empty. Perianth of 1-6 slender or rigid bristles or rarely wanting. Stamens 2 or 3. Style not swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the achene, or its base persistent. Stigmas 2 or 3. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex. — Bulrush. Club-rush. Involucre of a single bract, or wanting. Spikelets solitary, terminal. 1. 8. planifolius. Spikelets typically several or numerous, often apparently lateral. Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral. Scapes bluntly .3-angled : plants annual. 2. S. debilis. Scapes acutely 3-angled : plants perennial. 3. 8. americanus Spikelets several or numerous, In umbels or umbel- like clusters. 4. 8. validus. Involucre of 2 or more bracts with flat blades. Spikelets relatively large, few-several, capitate or umbel- late. 5. 8. flin-iatiUs. Spikelets relatively small, very numerous, umbellate. Perianthl-bristles downwardly barbed, or wanting : spikelets in umbellate heads. Perianth-bristles equalling the achene or slightly exceeding it : leaf-blades 6-16 mm. wide. Spikelet-scales obtuse : perianth-bristles barbed throughout. 6. S. siilvaticus. Spikelet-scales acute : perianth-bristles barbed above. Perianth-bristles twice as long as the achene : leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide. Pei-ianth-bristles smooth or merely pubescent : umbel decompovmd. Spikelets sessile, borne in small heads. Spikelets, or some of them, distinctly peduneled. 7. 8. atrovirens. 8. 8. polyplujUus. 9. 10. 8. 8. cyperinus. Erioohorum. 42 CYPEEACEAE. 1. S. planifolius Muhl. Perennial. Scapes tufted, slender, 3-angled, 1.5-4 dm. tall: leaves various, the lower sheaths with short blades, the upper terminating in a flat narrowly linear blade as tall as the scape : spikelet solitary, ovoid or oblong, 5-7 mm. long, several-flowered, the involucral bract usually overtopping it : scales yellowish-brown, except the green midvein, ovate-lanceolate : perianth- bristles 4-6, upwardly barbed, usually about as long as the achene: stigmas 3: achene broadly oblong, 3-angled, 1.5-2 mm. long, smooth, light-brown. — M. Occasional, in woods. — Quartzite. — Spr. 2. S. debilis Pursh. Annual. Scapes slender, tufted, terete or nearly so, 1.5 -5 dm. high: sheaths obliquely truncate, the upper ones rarely bearing short subu- late blades: spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2-12, ovoid-oblong, many-flowered, appearing lateral : scales light yellowish-brown with a green midvein, broadly ovate, obtuse or acute: perianth-bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, fully as long as the achene: stigmas 3 or rarely 3: achenes plano-convex, broadly obovoid or orbicular, 1.5-2 mm. long, smooth or slightly roughened, dark-brown, shining, mucronulate. — - M. S. Bare, in swamps, on river shores and low islands. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. and fall. 3. S. americanus Pers. Perennial. Scapes stout, sharply triangular, stiff, 3-11 dm. tall: sheaths bearing 1-3 linear, keeled blades, shorter than the scape: spikelets oblong-ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, in clusters of 2-7, appearing lateral: scales broadly ovate, brown, often emarginate or 2-cleft, the midvein extended into a subulate awn: perianth-bristles 2-6, downwardly barbed, shorter than the achene: achenes obovoid, plano-convex, about 2.5 mm. long, smooth, dark-brown. — M. S. Bather rare, in swamps or low grounds. — Limestones, schists. ■ — Sum. 4. S. validus Vahl. Perennial. Scapes stout, light-green, terete, 1-3 m. tall: sheaths bladeless or nearly so: involucral bract shorter than the umbel: umbel compound, appearing lateral, its primary rays 3-10 cm. long: spikelets becoming oblong-cylindric, in mostly capitate clusters of 2-5, 5-16 mm. long: scales sub- orbicular, ciliate, mucronate: perianth-bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, equal- ling or longer than the achene: stigmas 2: achenes plano-convex, obovoid, mostly 2 mm. long or less, black or nearly so, mucronate. — Common, in swamps. — Sum. 5. S. fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. Perennial, 1-2 m. tall. Leaves elongate; blades 8—20 mm. wide, long-attenuate: umbel terminal, compound, the rays mostly re- curved-spreading: spikelets oblong, ovoid, or oblong-cylindric, 15-25 mm. long, solitary or clustered : scales terminating in a curved tip : i^erianth-bristles 6, rigid, as long as the achene or somewhat shorter: stigmas 3: achenes 3-angled, obovoid, dull. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, on river shores and islands. — Schists. — Sum. — Eiver-bulrush. 6. S. sylvaticus L. Perennial, 1-2 m. tall. Leaves elongate; blades 1-1.6 cm. wide, rough-margined: umbel terminal, sometimes 3 dm. broad, about 3 times compound, the rays ascending or recurved: spikelets ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 3-5 mm. long, in clusters at the ends of the raylets: scales obtuse, brown with a green center: perianth-bristles 6, downwardly barbed, slightly exceeding the achene: achenes broadly oblong or obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, 3-angled, nearly white. — E. S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists, quartzite. — Sum. 7. S. atrovirens Muhl. Perennial, leafy, 5-12 dm. high. Leaf -blades elongate, bright-green, 6-15 mm. wide, rough-margined: spikelets ovoid-oblong, 3.5-9 mm. long, densely capitate at the ends of the rays or raylets: scales greenish-brown, 1.5-2 mm. long, the midvein excurrent: perianth-bristles usually 6, downwardly barbed above, about as long as the achene : achenes oblong-obovoid, 1 mm. long, 3-angled, pale-brown, dull. — Common, in swamps. — Sum. and fall. 8. S. pol5T)hyllus Vahl. Perennial, very leafy, 3-11 dm. tall. Leaf -blades pale- green, 4-6 mm. wide, rough-margined: spikelets ovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, capitate at the ends of the raylets : scales 1-1.5 mm. long, bright-brown, mostly obtuse and mucronulate : perianth-bristles 6, downwardly barbed above the middle, twice as CYPEEACEAE. 43 long as the achene: aclienes obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, S-augled, with a broad face and narrower sides, dull. — N. Eather rare, in swamps. — Sandstones and shales. — Sum. and fall. 9. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Perennial. Stems smooth, stiff, 2 m. tall or less: leaves elongate; blades stiff, 3-6 mm. wide, rough-margined: umbel terminal, decompound, the rays at length somewhat drooping: spikelets ovoid-oblong, 3-5 mm. long, in capitate clusters of 3-15 : perianth-bristles 6, entangled, much longer than the achene, conspicuously exserted beyond the scales, and grayish- brown at maturity: achenes 3-angled, barely 1 mm. long, nearly white. — Com- mon, in swamps. — Sum. and fall. 10. S. Eriophorum Michx. Similar to the next preceding species in habit. Involucre more ferruginous at the base; umbel with laxer branches, the rays elongate and drooping at the ends: s]iikelets ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 3.5-6 mm. mostly 4.5 mm. long, more deeply colored, at least some of them distinctly peduncled. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. and fall. 5. ELEOCHAHIS E. Br. Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves reduced to sheaths, or the lowest very rarely blade-bearing. Scapes simple, terete, flattened, variously angled, or fluted. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, without an involucre, or rarely with 2 small bracts. Scales spirally imbricate. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed, or wanting. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas 2 or 3. Achene lenticular or biconvex, or 3-augled, but sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid, each tubercled by the persistent style-base. — Spike-rush. Style-branches, or stigmas, 2 : achene lenticular or biconvex. Annual plants with fibrous roots. Spikelets twice as long as thick or less : perianth-bristles much longer than the achene : tubercle ^{^ as long as the achene. 1. E. ohtusa. Spikelets elongate : perianth-bristles as long as the achene or shorter : tubercle V4 as long as the achene. 2. E. Engelmannii. Perennial plants with horizontal rootstocks. Tubercle of the achene flat-conic or ovate. Scape and spike stout : tubercle ovate. 3. E. palustris. Scape and spike slender : tubercle conic. 4. E. glaucescens. Tubercle of the achene swollen, bulb-like. 5. E. SniaUii. Style-branches, or stigmas, 3 : achene 3-angled, or turgid. Achene cancellate, narrow. 6. E. acicularis. Achene papillose or nearly smooth, broad. Tubercle depressed : perianth-bristles ^2 as long as the achene, or wanting. 7. E. tenuis. Tubercle subulate : perianth-bristles longer than the achene. 8. E. intermedia. 1. E. obtusa Schult. Annual. Scapes tufted, relatively stout, rather deep-green, nearly terete, 0.5-5 dm. tall: spikelet ovoid or oblong-ovoid, obtuse, many-flowered, 3-13 mm. long: scales obovate, oblong-obovate, or oblong-orbicular, rounded, brown, each with a broad green midvein and scarious margins; perianth-bristles 6-8, deciduous, longer than the achene: achenes pale-brown, shining, lenticular, obovoid-oblong, smooth, 1 mm. long or more; tubercle deltoid, acute, com- pressed, scarcely constricted at the base, about i as long as the achene. — Com- mon, in wet soil. — Sum. 2. E. Engelmannii Steud. Annual, similar to the next preceding species, but commonly taller, sometimes 5 dm. high. Spikelet cylindric, obtuse or rather acute, 4-20 mm. long, many-flowered: scales ovate, pale-brown with a green midvein and narrow scarious margins, obtuse: perianth-bristles about 6, not longer than the achene, or very short or wanting: achenes obovoid or cune- ate-obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, brown, smooth, lenticular; tubercle broad, low, covering the top of the achene, less than i its length. — W. Eather rare, in wet soil. — Sandstones and shales. — Sum. 44 CYPEEACEAE. 3. E. palustris (L.) E. & S. Perennial. Scapes not tufted, 3-15 dm. tall, stout, striate: spikelet conic-eylindric, 10-25 mm. long, thicker than the scape, acute: scales ovate-oblong, reddish-brown, except the whitish margin and the greenish midvein, or pale-green: perianth-bristles usually 4, much longer than the achene, downwardly barbed, or wanting: achenes obovoid, lenticular, about 2 mm. long, yellowish, about twice as long as the ovate tubercle. — Susquehanna valley. Frequent, on the river shore and low islands. — Sum. 4. E. glaucescens (Willd.) Schult. Perennial. Scapes tufted, slender, 1-9 dm. long, bright- or deep-green: spikelet oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, acute or rather obtuse: scales brown or dark-green, blunt, or acute in age: perianth-bristles usually 4, about as long as the achene or shorter, or nearly wanting: achenes lenticular, obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, excluding the narrow conic tubercle, brown. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in wet sandy places. — Sum. 5. E. Smallii Britton. Perennial. Scapes slightly tufted, rather stout, 4-7 dm. tall: spikelet cyliudric, about 1.5 cm. long, about as thick as the scape, acute: scales oblong-lanceolate, acuminate: perianth-bristles usually 4, downwardly barbed, about as long as the achene, including the tubercle: achenes obovoid, lenticular, about 1.5 mm. long^ dark-brown; tubercle bulb-like, one fourth as long as the achene-body and about one half as wide, constricted at the base. — Susquehanna valley. Frequent, in shallow water about sandy islands and shores. — Sum. and fall. 6. E. acicularis (L.) E. & S. Perennial. Scapes tufted, filiform, capillary, or setaceous, obscurel.y 4-angled and grooved, 5-20 cm. long: spikelet com- pressed, narrowly ovate or linear-oblong, acute, 3-10-flowered, 3-10 mm. long, 1 mm. wide: scales thin, obtuse, or the upper acutish, pale-green, usually with a narrow brown line on each side of the midvein: perianth-bristles 3-4, fugacious, shorter than the achene: achenes obovoid-oblong, 0.5 mm. long, pale, 3-angled with a rib on each angle and 6-9 lower facial ribs connected by the fine ridges; tubercle conic, acute, i as long as the achene-body. — Eather rare, in swamps and low grassy places. — Sum. 7. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schult. Perennial by rootstocks. Scapes tufted, filiform, mostly erect, 4-angled, 2-4 dm. tall: spikelet oblong, acutish, many-flowered, 6—10 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter: scales thin, obtuse, chestnut-purple, except the greenish midvein, the margins scarious: perianth-bristles 2-4, shorter than the achene, fugacious, or wanting: achenes obovoid, about 1 mm. long, obtusely 3-angled, yellow to brown, irregularly ridged-reticulate or papillose, more or less persistent on the rachis of the spikelet after the scales have fallen; tubercle depressed-conic. — M. S. Eather rare, in swamps or low grounds. — Limestones, scliists. — Sum. 8. E. intermedia (Muhl.) Schult. Annual. Scapes very slender, densely tufted, diffusely spreading and partially decumbent, 1-4 dm. long: spikelet ovoid-oblong, acutish, 8-20-flowered, 3-7 mm. long: scales purple-brown, except the greenish midvein, tardily deciduous: perianth-bristles 6, longer than the achene, downwardly barbed, persistent: achenes obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, 3-angled, light-brown, finally reticulate, fully twice as long as the conic-subulate, tubercle. — M. S. Eare, in the Dillerville swamp and near Quarryville. — Sum. 6. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Spikeleta umbellate or capitate, several-many-flowered, terete, involucrate. Scales spirally imbricate, mostly deciduous, all flower-bearing. Perianth wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style pubescent or glabrous, with its base dilated or swollen, wholly deciduous at maturity. Stigmas 2-3. Achenes lenticular, or 2-angled, reticu- late, cancellate. striate or ribbed. — Fall. CYPEEACEAE. 45 Style-branches, or stigmas, 2 : achene lenticular. riants perennial : leaf-blades involute : stamens 2 or 3 : splkelets obtuse. 1. F. puherula. Plants annual : leaf-blades flat or nearly so : stamen 1 : splkelets acute. 2. F. Buldiviniana. Style-branches, or stigmas, 3 : achene 3-angled. Umbel simple or sparingly branched : splkelets stout, ovoid or oval, obtuse. 3. F. geminuta. Umbels much branched : splkelets narrow, often linear- oblong, acute. 4. F. autumnalis. 1. F. puberula (Michx.) Vahl. Plant thickened at the base. Leaves erect ; blades involute, tlius often very slender, their sheaths green or purple-tinged, pubes- cent : scapes slender, 3-6 dm. tall : bracts of the involucre mostly 2-4, minutely pubescent, stiff: umbel with the central spikelet sessile: spikelets ovoid, 5-10 mm. long: scales thiunish, brown, with pale keel-like excurrent midribs, broad, minutely pubescent : achenes obovoid, about 1 mm. long, cancellate, brownish. — S. Bare, in low grounds. — Schists. 2. F. Baldwiniana Torr. Plant tufted. Leaves pale-green; blades flat, 1 mm. wide: scapes slender, flattened, striate, 5—40 cm. long: spikelets ovoid or ovoid- oblong, 6-12 mm. long: scales ovate, pale greenish-brown: stigmas 2: achenes lenticular, obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, brown, longitudinally ribbed, the tubercled ribs connected by fine cross-lines. — S. Eare, in moist soil. — Serpentine. 3. F. geminata (Nees) Kunth. Plant lower than in the following species, leaves often shorter : umbel mostly simple : spikelets, or most of them, capitate and sessile, ovoid or oval, obtuse : achenes fully 0.5 mm. long, markedly reticulate. — Lower Susquehanna valley. In wet ground, on an island, near Peach Bottom. 4. F. autumnalis (L.) E. & S. Plants 0.7-4 dm. tall. Leaves glabrous; blades narrowly linear, flat, 1-2 mm. wide : scapes densely tufted, flat : spikelets linear- oblong, acute, 6-40 mm. long: scales ovate-lanceolate, acutish. strongly mucro- nate, greenish-brown : stigmas 3 : achenes obovoid, about 0.5 mm. long, nearly white, smooth or indistinctly reticulate, the 3 angles ridged. — Eather common, in moist soil. 7. STENOPHYLLUS Eaf. Annual scapose herbs. Leaves basal: blades narrowly linear or filiform, the sheaths ciliate or pubescent. Spikelets umbel- late, capitate, or solitary, involucrate. Scales spirally imbricate, mostly decidu- ous. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2 or 3. Style glabrous, the swollen base per- sistent as a tubercle on the achene. Stigmas 2 or 3. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. 1. S. capillaris (L.) Britton. Leaves shorter than the scape, their sheaths with long hairs: scapes filiform, densely tufted, 5-40 cm. tall: involucral bracts setaceous : spikelets narrowly oblong, 5-8 mm. long, several in a terminal umbel : scales puberulent, dark-brown except the green keel: stigmas 3: achenes obovoid, yellow-brown, rounded or truncate, nearly 1 mm. long, transverse-wrinkled; tubercle depressed. — Common, in wet soil and on roadsides. — Sum. 8. MABISCUS [Hall.] Zinn. Perennial herbs, similar to Bynchosporae in habit. Spikelets oblong or ovoid, few-flowered, few together in clusters. Scales imbricate, the lower empty, the middle ones mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper one with a perfect flower. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2 or sometimes 3. Style deciduous from the summit of the achene. Stigmas 2-3. Achene ovoid to globose, smooth or longitudinally striate: tubercle wanting. 1, M. mariscoides (Muhl.) Kimtze. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, stiff, smooth, obscurely 3-angled: leaves very narrow, with long compressed tips: umbels 2-4, com- pound: sijikelets oblong, 5 mm. long, clustered on the stiff raylets: scales chest- 46 CYPEEACEAE. nut-brown, acute: achenes ovoid, about 2 mm. long, acute, longitudinally striate. — M. Bare, mostly in the Dillerville swamp. — Sum. — Twig-rush. 9. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Caulescent herbs, mostly perennial by root- stocks. Leaves few: blades narrow, flat or involute. Spikelets ovoid, oblong, or fusiform, variously clustered. Scales thin, 1-nerved, imbricate, usually mucro- nate by the excurrent midvein, the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect. Perianth of 1-24 (mostly 6) barbed or scabrous bristles, or wanting. Stamens commonly 3. Stigmas 2. Achene lenticular, often turgid, smooth, cancellate or transversely wrinkled, crowned with the base of the style (tubercle), or in some species with the whole style. — Beak-rush. Perianth-bristles retrorsely barbed. Spikelet-scales white or pale: perianth-bristles 9-15. 1. R. alba. Spikelet-scales brown : perianth-bristles 6. Achene oblong or obloiag-ovoid : leaves with filiform blades. 2. R. capillacea. Achene obovoid : leaves with flat linear blades. 3. R. glomerata. Perianth-bristles upwardly barbed. 4. R. cymosa. 1. R. alba (L.) Vahl. Pale-green: stems slender, 1.5-6 dm. tall: leaves much shorter than the stem; blades very slender: spikelets whitish or pale-green, nar- rowly oblong or lanceolate, in 1-4 dense clusters, 4-6 mm. long: scales acute: perianth-bristles 9-15, about as long as the achene and tubercle: achenes obo- void-oblong, fully 1.5 mm. long, smooth, pale-brown; tubercle lanceolate, fully i as long as the achene-body. — Rather common, in swamps. — Sum. and fall. 2. R. capillacea Torr. Deep-green: stems slender, 1-4.5 dm. tall: leaves much shorter than the stems; blades filiform: spikelets few, chestnut-brown, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, in 1-3 lax clusters, 4—6 mm. long: scales mucronate: peri- anth-bristles 6, or rarely 12, stout: achenes oblong to oblong-ovoid, 1.5-2 mm. long, minutely wrinkled, brown, short-stipitate ; tubercle lanceolate, about A the length of the achene-body. — M. Rare, in the Dillerville swamp. — Sum. 3. R. glomerata (L.) Vahl. Deep-green: stems 3-10- dm. tall: leaf -blades flat, rough-margined : spikelets oblong, narrow at both ends, 3-4 mm. long, in 3-7 corymbose-capitate axillary clusters: scales lanceolate, dark-brown: achenes obovoid, above the slender base, about 1.5 mm. long, smooth, dark -brown; tubercle subulate, nearly as long as the achene. — Rather rare, in swamps. — Sum. and fall. 4. R. cymosa Ell. Light-green: stems tufted, 3-11 dm. tall: leaf -blades flat, smooth: spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 3 mm. long, sessile or nearly so, capitate in 2's-7's on the ultimate axillary and terminal branches: scales dark-brown, broadly ovate: achenes broadly obovoid or orbicular-obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, transversely wrinkled; tubercle conic, about as high as wide, ^-i as long as the achene. — ^S. R-ather rare, in swamps. — Schists, serpentine. — Sum. and fall. 10. SCLERIA Berg. Perennial or rarely annual, caulescent herbs. Spike- lets small, in terminal, or terminal and axillary fascicles, or rarely inter- ruptedly glomerate-spicate. Flowers monoecious, the fertile spikelets 1-flowered, the staminate many-flowered. Scales loosely imbricate, the 1-3 lower ones, and sometimes also the upper ones of the pistillate spikelets empty. Perianth want- ing. Stamens 1-3. Stigmas 3. Ovary often supported by a disk (hypogy- nium) . Achenes globose or ovoid, crustaceous, enamel-like, or bony, white. — Nut-rush. Inflorescence of a single terminal cluster, or of several terminal and lateral clusters. Achene smooth. 1. S. triglomerata. Achene ridged, reticulate, or papillose. Achene irregularly ridged or reticulate. CYPEEACEAE. 47 Spikelet-clusters sessile or nearly so : achene gla- brous. 2. fif. reticularis. Spikelet-clusters, at least the lower ones, filiform- peduncled : achene pubescent. 3. S. setacca. Achene papillose. 4. 8. pauriflora. Inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spicate. 5. S. verticillata. 1. S. triglomerata Michx. Perennial. Stems 4-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades flat, glabrous or nearly so, roughish, 3-9 mm. wide: spikelets terminal, and usually also 1 or 2 lower peduncled ones: achenes ovoicl or ovoid-globose, above the hypogynium, obtuse, bony, smooth, bright-white, shining, 2-3 mm. high ; hypogy- nium low, papillose-crustaceous. — S. Rather rare, in woods and swainps. — Schists, serpentine. — Sum. 2. S. reticularis Michx. Perennial. Stems 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades narrowly linear, glabrous or nearly so, 2-3 mm. wide: spikelets in a terminal cluster and also in 1-3 remote axillary sessile or nearly sessile clusters: achenes globose, dull-white, reticulate, 1 mm. in diameter, glabrous. — S. Rare, in swamps. — Serpentine. — Sum. 3. S. setacea Poir. Perennial. Stems spreading or diffuse, 3-6 dm. long: leaf -blades linear, nearly flat, glabrous, 3-8 mm. wide: spikelets in a loose terminal cluster, and also in 1-3 filiform-stalked drooping axillary ones: achenes globose above the hypogynium, somewhat pointed, 2-2. .5 mm. in diameter, irreg- ularly rugose-reticulate with low ridges, the ridges pubescent. — S. Rare in low grounds. — Schists. — Sum. 4. S. pauciflora Muhl. Perennial, pubescent. Stems slender, usually tufted, 2-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades narrowly linear, less than 2 mm. vsdde, the upper elongate and often overtopping the stem: spikelets in a small terminal cluster and also in 1 or 2 axillary ones: achenes globular, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, papillose, the lower papillae elongate and reflexed : hypogynium obtusely tri- angular, supporting 6 distinct tubercles. ■ — S. Rather rare, in dry soil. — Schists, serpentine. — Sum. 5. S. verticillata Muhl. Annual. Stems very slender or filiform, 1-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades very narrowly linear, 0.5-1 mm. wide, erect, weak, shorter than the stem: spikelets in several separated clusters: achenes globose, fully 1 mm. in diameter, with sliort transverse ridges or somewhat reticulate: hypogynium none. — M. Rare, in swamps. — Limestones. — Sum. and fall. 11. CAKEX L.^ Perennial grass-like herbs. Culms (stems or scapes) mostly 3-angled and tufted. Leaves 3-ranked. Bracts elongate or very short, subtending the spikes, or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of small bracts (scales). Spikes either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, or sometimes bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers. Peri- anth wanting. Staminate flowers of 3 stamens: filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil with a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of a sac-like bractlet or second bract called the perigynium (utricle), which completely encloses the achene. Achene 3-angled or lenticular. — Sedge. A. Achenes lenticular and stigmas 2 : lateral spikes sessile ; terminal spike partly pistillate, or if staminate, the lateral spikes short or heads dioecious. Vignea. Spikes always with staminate flowers at apex. Perigynia 2-5 mm. long, the beak not exceeding the body. Spikes usually ten or less, green or reddish-brown tinged : sheaths loose, or if tight neither red-dotted nor transversely rugulose. I. Muhlenbergianae. Spikes numerous, yellow or brown : sheaths tight, the opaque part either red-dotted or transversely rugulose. ' Contributed by Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie. 48 CYPEEACEAE. Perlgynia plano-convex, yellowish : opaque part of leaf-sheath transversely rugulose. Perlgynia thick, much rounded on outer surface, brownish : opaque part of leaf sheath not transversely rugulose. Perlgynia 4-9 mm. long, spongy at base : beak exceeding the body. Spikes with staminate flowers at base, rarely en- tirely staminate or pistillate. Perlgynia spongy at base, the body not wing- margined. Perlgynia not spongy at base, the body wing- margined. . Achenes triangular or lenticular ; if lenticular the lateral spikes elongate and peduncled, and terminal spike staminate. Eucarex. Scales bract-like : achenes strongly constricted at the base. Scales not bract-like : achenes not strongly con- stricted at the base. Spike solitary, the perlgynia rounded and beak- less at the apex. Spikes one to many ; when one, the perlgynia not as above. Perlgynia triangular, membranous, closely en- veloping the achene, nerveless, or 2-ribbed, pubescent or puberulent, stipitate : bracts sheathless or nearly so. Perlgynia obtusely triangular : foliage not pubescent. Perlgynia acutely triangular : foliage pubes- cent. Perigynia not as above, or if so, bracts strongly sheathing. Lowest bract strongly sheathing : perigynia beakless to beaked, entire, oblique or emarginate at the apex ; or long-beaked and apex hyaline, becoming bidentate, teeth weak. Bracts with obsolete or rudimentary blades. Bracts with well-developed blades. Pistillate spikes short-oblong to linear, erect, or if drooping the spikes short and the perigynia acutely tri- angular : terminal spike staminate. Perigynia with few to many strong nerves, or nerveless. Perigynia tapering at the base, tri- angular, closely enveloping the achene. Rootstock long-creeping. Rootstock not long-creeping. Perigynia rounded at the base, sub- orbicular in cross-section, loosely enveloping the achene. Perigynia finely many-striate. Perigynia tapering at the base, constricted at the apex, obtusely triangular, closely enveloping achene. Perigynia rounded at both ends, in cross-section suborbicular. Pistillate spikes elongate-linear to cylin- dric, slender-peduncled, the lower ones drooping. Perigynia beakless or short-beaked. Perigynia conspicuously or strongly beaked. Lowest bract sheathless, or if sheathing, perigynia with strongly bidentate non- hyaline apex, and stiff teeth. Perigynia or foliage (at least lower sheaths) pubescent; perigynia beakless, or beak not strongly bidentate. II. MULTIFLOKAE. III. Paniculatae. IV. Stenoehynchae. V. Elongatae. VI. OVALES. VII. Phyllostachyae. VIII. Polytrichoideae. IX. Montanae. X. Tkiquetrae. XI. Peddnculatae. XII. Paniceae. XIII. Laxiflorae. XIV. Granulares. XV. Oligocaepae. XVI. Griseae. XVII. Gracillimae. XVIII. Debiles. XIX. Virescentes. CYPERACEAE. 49 Perigynia and foliage glabrous, or if pubescent the beak of perigyniuui strongly bideutate. Perigynia rougli papillose, conspicuously beaked. Perigynia not rough-papillose. Achenes lenticular : stigmas two. Scales obtuse to acuminate, not long-aristate. Scales broad, long-aristate. Achenes triangular : stigmas three. Perigynia beakless or very short- beaked. Scales dark-tinged. Scales not dark-tinged. Perigynia with strongly bidentate beaks. Perigynia coriaceous, little if any inflated, often pubescent : bracts sheathless. Perigynia membranous or papery, from little to much inflated, never pubescent (rarely his- pidulous). Perigynia lanceolate, many- nerved, tapering to the beak. Perigynia broader, strongly- ribbed, abruptly contracted into the beak. Perigynia less than 10 mm. long. Perigynium-body ovoid or globose, not truncately contracted. Perigynia coarsely rib-. bed. Perigynia finely and closely ribbed. Perigynium-body obovoid or obconic, truncately contracted into the prominent beak. Perigynia 10 mm. long or longer. XX. Anomalae. XXI. RiGIDAE. XXII. Cryptocarpab. XXIII. Atratae. XXIV. Shortianae. XXV. HlRTAE. XXVI. FOLLICULATAE. XXVII. Physocaepae. XXVIII. Psbudo-Cypereae. XXIX. Squaeeosae. XXX. LUPULINAB. I. Muhlenbeegianae. Sheaths tight, inconspicuously if at all septate-nodulose. Perigynia corky-thickened at the base, usually widely radiating or reflexed at maturity. Perigynium-beak smooth : scales acuminate, deciduous : spikes mostly ap- proximate. Perigynium-beak minutely roughened : scales obtuse or acutish, persistent. Perigynia not corky-thickened at the base, spreading or ascending. Head 15-36 mm. long, the lower spikes distinct. Head 8-20 mm. long, the spikes densely capitate. Sheaths loose and membranous, easily breaking, conspicu- ously septate-nodulose. A single species in our range. A single species in our range. II. Multifloeae. III. Paniculatae. 1. C. retroflexa. 2. C. rosea. G. Mtihleniergii. G. cephalophora. 5. C. sparganioides. 6. C. vulpinoidea. 7. C. prairea. IV. Stenoehynchae. Opaque part of sheaths conspicuously transversely rugulose. Opaque part of sheaths not transversely rugulose. 8. G. stipata. 9. C laevi-vaginata. V. Elongatae. Perigynia 4-5.5 mm. long, ascending or appressed, the body not margined. Lancaster County Flora 4. 10. G. bromoides. 60 CYPEEACEAE. Perigynia shorter, usually spreading at maturity, thin- margined. Perigynia little exceeding the scales : entirely staminate spikes numerous. Perigynia much exceeding the scales : entirely staminate spikes normally absent. Perigynia beak 1/5-^4 the length of the scarcely ser- rulate body, the teeth very short, the suture on inner side inconspicuous : scales very obtuse to acutish. Perigynia beak % to nearly the length of the strongly serrulate body, strongly bidentate, the suture conspicuous : scales often sharper. Perigynium-body lanceolate to broadly ovate, narrowed into a beak more than half its length, inconspicuously nerved on inner face. Perigynium-body suborbicular, abruptly con- tracted into a beak less than half its length, conspicuously nerved on inner face. VI. OVALES. Perigynia narrowly to broadly lanceolate, at least 2 V> times as long as wide. Leaf-blades at most 3 mm. wide, those of sterile shoots few, ascending. Leaf-blades broader, those of sterile shoots numerous, widely spreading. Tips of perigynia appressed or ascending : spikes 7-12 mm. long. Tips of perigynia widely spreading or recurved : spikes 4-8 mm. long. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice as long as wide. Perigynia strongly exceeding the scales. Perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 3-4 mm. long. Perigynia ovate to reniform, 4 mm. or more long. Spikes approximate or scattered, the head stiff : scales obtuse or acutish. Spikes in a moniliform flexuous head : scales long-pointed. Perigynia equalled by the scales. VII. Phtllostachyae. Body of perigynium oblong : pistillate flowers usually 3-10. Body of perigynium globose : pistillate flowers usually 2-3. VIII. POLYTRICHOIDEAE. A single species in our range. IX. MONTANAE. None of the culms short and hidden among the bases of the leaves. Lower leaves reduced to sheaths : lower sheaths but little flbrillose : plants not stoloniferous. Lower leaves blade-bearing : lower sheaths usually strongly flbrillose : plants stoloniferous. Plants long-stoloniferous : staminate spike 12-24 mm. long. Plants little stoloniferous : staminate spikes 4-12 mm. long. Many of the culms short and hidden among the bases of the leaves. A single species in our range. X. Teiqueteae. XI. Peduncdi.atae. A single species in our range. 11. C. stcrilis. 12. C. interior. 13. C. Leersii. 14. C. incomperta. 15. C. scoparia. 16. C. trihuloides. 17. C. cristatella. 18. C straminea. 19. O. festvcacea. 20. C. Tiormathodes. 21. C. foetiea. 22. C. Willdenovii. 23. C Jamesii. 24. C. leptalea. 25. 0. communis. 26. C. pennsylvanica. 27. C. varia. 28. C. umhellata. 29. C. hirtifolia. 30. C pedunculata. XII. Paniceae. Perigynium-beak none or very short, often bent. Fertile culm-blades 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide : perigynia more CYPERACEAE. 51 than 3 mm. long : spikes oblong or linear-oblong. Fertile culm-blades usually 3-5, 2-3.5 mm. wide : peri- gynia less tiian 3 mm. long : spikes linear. Perigynium-beak straight, prominent, Vi-''^ length of body. XIII. Laxiflorae. Perigynia acutely triangular, short-tapering at the base. Leaf-blades very smooth (except edges), the larger ones 12 mm. wide or more, those of fertile culm much smaller than those of the sterile : perigynia smooth. Leaf-blades hispidulous on veins, 10 mm. wide or less ; those of fertile culm moderately smaller tlian those of the sterile : perigynia minutely roughened. Perigynia short-beaked : second bract and leaves usually exceeding culm : blades 2.5-5 mm. wide, erect. Perigynia beakless or nearly so; second bract and leaves usually exceeded by the culm ; blades 4-8 mm. wide, spreading. Perigynia obtusely triangular, long-tapering at the base, smooth. Pistillate scales very truncate ; larger blades 15-40 mm. wide. Pistillate scales acuminate to strongly cuspidate : larger blades narrower. Spikes elongate, 8-20-flowered, the lower ones nor- mally on erect, stiff peduncles. Perigynia obovoid ; beak abruptly bent, minute : sterile shoots developing conspicuous culms. Culms stout : sheaths loose, the margins crisped : staminate spike short-stalked or sessile. Culms slender : sheaths rather tight, the margins little if at all crisped : staminate spike long- or rarely short-stalked. Perigynia obovoid or fusiform, with straight or oblique conspicuous beaks : sterile shoots reduced to tufts of leaves. Spikes short, 5-10-flowered, the lower ones on capil- lary, spreading or drooping peduncles. 31. C. Mcadii. 32. C. tetanica. 33. C. polymorpha. 34. C. platyphijUa. 35. C. digitalis. 3G. C. laxiculmis. 37. C alhursina. 38. C. hlunda. 39. C. laxiflora. 40. C. anceps. 41. C. styloflexa. A single species in our range. XIV. Geanulaees. XV. Ol.IGOCAEPAE. Sheaths smooth : perigynia 2.5-4 mm. long. Sheaths rough-pubescent : perigynia 4.5-5 mm. long. 42. C. granulans. 43. C. oligocarpa. 44. C. Hitchcockiana. XVI. Geiseae. Perigynia elliptic, 1.5 mm. wide : leaf-blades 4 mm. wide or less : bract-sheaths rough, and peduncles very rough. 45. C. conoidca. Perigynia oblong, 2 mm. wide : leaf-blades 3-7 mm. wide : bract-sheaths smooth, and peduncles nearly so. Leaf-blades not glaucous : larger spikes usually less than 12-flowered: lower scales usually equalling perigynia. 46. C. grisea. Leaf-blades glaucous : larger spikes more than 12- flowered : lower scales shorter than perigynia. 47. C. glaucodca. XVII. Geacillimae. Plants glabrous : perigynia 4 mm. long or less. Perigynia rounded at the apex, beakless. 48. C. graciUima. Perigynia sharp-pointed at the apex, short-beaked. 49. C. prasina. Sheaths, and often foliage, pubescent : perigynia 4-5 mm. long. 50. C. Davisii. XVIII. Debiles. A single species in our range. 51. C. flexuosa. XIX. Vibescentes. Perigynia densely pubescent. Leaves exceeding the culms : lowest bract setaceous, 0.5 mm. wide : pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric : perigynia obovoid. 52. C. Swanii. 52 CYPEEACEAE. Culms exceeding the leaves : lowest bract leaflet-like, U.5-3 mm. wide : pistillate spikes lineai--cylindric : perigj'nia elliptic. Perigynia glabrous at least at maturity. Perigynia much flattened, rounded at the apex, lightly nerved. Perigynia swollen, nearly orbicular in cross-section, pointed at the apex, coarsely nerved. Perigynia 2 mm. long, brownish-green : scales not rough-cuspidate. Perigynia longer, green : scales rough-cuspidate. A single species In our range. XX. Anomalae. XXI. RiGIDAE. Culms very strongly tufted, slender, very rough above : perigynium-beak very short, not twisted. Culms tufted and short-stoloniferous, stout at the base, smooth above : perigynium-beak prominent, twisted when dry. XXII. Ceyptocarpae. Sheaths rough-hispid : lower pistillate scales tapering into awn. Sheaths smooth : lower pistillate scales abruptly contracted into awn. A single species in our range. A single species in our range. XXIII. Atratae. XXIV. Shortianae. XXV. HiRTAE. Perigynium-beak much shorter than body, the teeth 1 mm. long or less. Perigynia glabrous. Perigynia densely pubescent. Perigynium-beak with hyaline orifice at length some- what bidentate : staminate spike usually one, ses- sile or short-stalked. Perigynium-beak with non-hyaline strongly bidentate orifice : staminate spike long-stalked. Leaf-blades flat, more than 2 mm. wide. Leaf-blades involute, 2 mm. wide or less. Perigynium-beak, including teeth, nearly as long as the body, the teeth 1.5 mm. long or more. XXVI. FOLLICULATAE. A single species in our range. XXVII. Physocarpae. Pistillate scales (except rarely the lowest) not rough- awned. Beak of perigynium smooth. Beak of perigynium rough. Pistillate scales rough-awned. 53. C. virescens. 54. C. complanata. 55. C. caroliniana. 50. C. Busfiii. 57. C. scabrata. 58. C. stricta. 59. C. torta. 60. C. gynandra. 61. C. crinita. 62. C. Buxhaumii. 63. C. Shortiana. 64. C. lacustris. 65. C. vestita. 66. C. lanuginosa. 67. C. lasiocarpa. 68. O. trichocarpa. 69. C. folliculata. 70. O. monile. 71. G. huUata. T2. O. lurida. XXVIII. Pseudo-Cypereae. , Perigynia suborbicular in cross-section, more or less in- flated. Perigynia obtusely triangular, scarcely inflated, closely enveloping achene. XXIX. Squarrosae. Scales exceeding perigynia : terminal spike small, normally staminate. Scales much shorter than perigynia : terminal spike stami- nate at base, pistillate above. 73. O. hystricina. 74. C. comosa. 75. G. Frankii. 76. C. squarrosa. CYPEEACEAE. 53 XXX. LUPULINAE. Pistillate spikes globose or subglobose : style straight. Scales strongly awned : pistillate spikes l-12-flowere(l : leaf-blades 2.5-7 mm. wide. 77. c. intttmesccns. Scales obtuse to slightly cuspidate : pistillate spikes 6-30-flowered : leaf-blades 5-9 mm. wide. 78. C. Asa-Orayi. Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric : style abruptly bent. 70. C. lupulina. 1. C. retroflexa Muhl. Leaves mostly shorter than the culm; blades 1-2.5 mm iu width: culms slender, 2-5 dm. tall: lower bract bristle-form: spikes 4-8 subglobose, 4-10-flowered, the upper all close together: staminate flowers termi nal : scales ovate, acuminate, deciduous, about i as long as the perigynia : peri gynia ovate, radiating or reflexed at maturity, about 3 mm. long, smooth compressed, but biconvex, corky-thickened at base, each tapering upwardly into a 2-toothed beak about J the length of the body. — M. Eather rare, in thickets — Limestones. — Spr. 2. C. rosea Schk. Leaves soft ; blades flat, 1-2.5 mm. wide or less, shorter than the culm: culms slender or filiform, rough above, 3-7 dm. long: lower bract 1—6 cm. long: spikes 2-8', subglobose, 3-8 mm. in diameter, 2-15-flowered: scales ovate-oblong, white-hyaline, obtuse or acutish, persistent, I as long as the perigynia: perigynia ovate-lanceolate, flattish, bright-green, radiately spread- ing, nerveless, shining, 2-4 mm. long, each narrowed into a stout 2-toothed roughened beak about % the length of the body. — Common, in woods. — Sum. 3. C. Muhlenbergii Schk. Leaves usually shorter than the culm; blades 2-5 mm. wide, somewhat involute in drying: culms slender, erect, 3-angled, rough, at least above, 3-9 dm. tall: bracts bristle-form, very short: spikes 4-10, ovoid or subglobose, close together in an oblong head, the lower distinct: scales ovate- lanceolate, rough-cuspidate or short-awned, narrower and about length of the perigynia: perigynia broadly ovate-oval, 3 mm. long, strongly nerved to nearly nerveless, ascending or spreading, each with a short 2-toothed beak. — N. M. Eather rare, on dry hillsides. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. — Spr. and sum. 4. C. cephalophora Muhl. Leaf -blades 2-4 mm. wide: culms slender, rough above, 2.5-7 dm. tall : bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form : spikes few, sub- globose, clustered in a short-oblong head 8-20 mm. long: scales ovate, rough- cuspidate or awned, the body strongly exceeded by perigynia: perigynia ovate, 2.5 mm. long, pale, nerveless or very faintly few-nerved, each tipped with a 2-toothed beak about i the length of the body. — M. Eather common, on dry hillsides. — Spr. and sum. 5. C. sparganioid.es Muhl. Leaf-blades flat, 2.5-10 mm. wide, the lower very short; sheaths white or pale: culms rough, 3-angled, 5-9 dm. tall: spikes 6-12, oblong or subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, the upper aggregated, the 2-4 lower ones commonly separated : lower bracts developed : scales ovate, acute or cuspi- date, at least as long as the body of the perigynia: perigynia flat, ovate, 3 mm. long, spreading or radiating, pale, narrowly wing-margined, usually few-nerved on the outer face, the rough 2-toothed beak i the length of the body. — Eather rare, in woods and thickets. — Sum. 6. C. vtilplnoidea Michx. Many leaves exceeding the culm; blades 2-5 mm. wide: culms stiff, 3-angled, rough above, 3-12 dm. tall: bracts bristle-like, numerous: spikes ovoid-oblong, 4-8 mm. long, very numerous in a cluster, 3-13 cm. long: scales lanceolate, acuminate or awned, about as long as the perigynia, but narrower: perigynia ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, greenish-yellow, flat, several- nerved on the outer face, nerveless or faintly 1-3-nerved on the inner, each tipped with a lanceolate 2-toothed beak about i as long as the body. ■ — ■ Common, in low meadows or swamps. — Sum. 7. C. pralrea Dewey. Leaves light-green, mostly shorter than the culm; blades plicate, 1-3 mm. wide: culms 3-10 dm. tall, very rough near the top: spikes 54 CYPEEACEAE. mainly brown, strongly separate and forming a flexuous head, 4-8 dm. long: bracts small or obsolete : scales ovate, thin, acute or short-awned : perigynia ovoid, light-brown, 2.5-3 mm. long, hard, plump, nearly flat on inner face, usually exceeded by the scales, the beak rather shorter than, the body. — M. Rare, in the Dillerville swamp. — Limestones. — Sum. 8. C. stipata Muhl. Leaves green; blades flat, 4—8 mm. wide; sheaths strongly septate, the opaque part thin, strongly transeversely rugulose, easily breaking: culms stout at base, sharply 3-angled, 4-12 dm. tall: bracts bristle-form or wanting: spikes numerous, yellowish-brown, in a terminal oblong cluster 3-10 cm. long, the staminate flowers few, always terminal: scales ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the perigynia : perigynia lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, each tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak 1-2 times as long as the body. — Common, in meadows and swamps. — Sum. 9. C, laevi-vaginata (Kiiken.) Mackenzie. Leaves light-green; blades flat, 3-6 mm. wide; sheaths sparingly septate, the opaque part thickened at the mouth, not transversely rugulose, not easily breaking: culms little thickened at the base, sharply 3-angled, 4-8 dm. tall: bracts inconspicuous: sjaikes numerous, yellowish-green, in a terminal linear-oblong or oblong cluster, 2.5-G cm. long, the staminate flowers few, always terminal: scales ovate or lanceolate, acumi- nate, much shorter than the perigynia: perigynia lanceolate, 4.5-5 mm. long, each tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak longer than the body. — M. Frequent, in meadows and swamps. — Limestones. — Sum. 10. C. 'bromoides Schk. Leaves soft ; blades 2 mm. wide or less, flat : culms slender, very rough above, 2—6 dm. long: bracts subulate or bristle-form, the lowest commonly elongated: spikes 3-7, narrowly oblong-cylindric, 7-18 mm. long, erect or ascending, mostly close together, the staminate flowers either basal, basal and terminal, or both: scales oblong-lanceolate, green, brownish tinged, obtusish to acuminate, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia linear- lanceolate, pale, little margined above, strongly several-nerved, 4-5.5 mm. long, the inner face flat, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak at least \ as long as the body. — M. Rare, in wet woods. — Limestones. — Sum. 11. 0. sterilis Willd. Leaves shorter than the culm; blades 1-2 mm. wide: culms slender, 2-4.5 dm. tall, rough, at least above: spikes 3-8, subglobose or short-oblong, about 5 mm. thick: staminate flowers usually numerous at the bottom of the upper spike, or whole spikes staminate, or plants occasionally quite dioecious: scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia, obtuse or acutish: perigynia ovate, compressed, appressed or ascending, or in extreme age spread- ing, little exceeding scales, rough edged above, the teeth short and suture on inner face little developed, 2.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, several-nerved on outer face, obsoletely nerved on inner face, each tapering into a sharp-edged 2-toothed rough beak not 3 as long as the body. — M. Rare, in swamps. — Limestones. ■ — Early sum. 12. C. interior Bailey. Similar to C. Leersii in habit. Leaves shorter than the culm; blades 1-2 mm. wide: culms slender, wiry, 2-6 dm. tall: spikes 2-4, nearly globular, 4 mm. in diameter: scales ovate, obtuse to acutish, conspicu- ously shorter than the perigynia: perigynia soon spreading, ovate, 2.25 mm. long or less, faintly few-nerved on the outer face, nearly nerveless on the inner, plump, each abruptly contracted into a roughened 2-toothed beak ^ to i as long as the very sparingly serrulate body, the teeth very short and suture on inner face not conspicuous. — M. Rather rare, in wet places. — Limestones. — Sum. 13. C. Leersii Willd. Light-green: leaves usually exceeding culm; blades 0.5- 1 mm. wide : culms very slender, 1.5-3 dm. tall, smooth or very nearly so throughout: spikes 2-5, 2-8-flowered, more or less strongly separate: staminate flowers at base of terminal spike conspicuous: scales ovate, acute or short- cuspidate, much shorter than perigynia: perigynia light-green, 3-3.5 mm. long, plano-convex, obscurely nerved on inner face, widely spreading, tapering or CYPERACEAE. 55 narrowed into a rough beak more than half the length of the body, the teeth and suture on inner face conspicuous. Our plant is C. Leersii angustata (Carey) Mackenzie. — N. Occasional, in boggy meadows. — Sandstones and shales. — Sum. 14. O. incomperta Bickn. Deep-green: leaves usually exceeding culm; blades 1-2 mm. wide : culms slender, 2-3 dm. tall, rough at least above : spikes 3-6, subglobose, 5-15-flowered, approximate or a little separate, about 5 mm. thick: staminate flowers at base of terminal spike conspicuous: scales ovate, acute or short-acuminate, much shorter and narrower than perigynia: perigynia deep- green, 2.5-3 mm. long, plano-convex, many-nerved on inner face, widely spread- ing or reflexed, the body broadly ovate or ovate-orbicular, abruptly contracted into a rough beak, half the length of the body, the teeth and suture on inner face conspicuous. — Occasional, in swamps and swampy woods. — Spr. 15. C. scoparia Schk. Culms slender, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall, roughish above: leaf- blades less than 3 mm. wide, those of sterile shoots few, ascending: spikes 3-10, oblong, narrowed at both ends, bright-brown, 6-16 mm. long, aggregated into an ovoid head or separated : scales thin, brown, acute or acuminate, shorter than the perigynia: perigynia lanceolate, 4-6.5 mm. long, rather less than 2 mm. wide, narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved on both faces, each tapering into a serrulate 2-toothed beak. — Rather common, in moist soil. — Sum. 16. 0. tribiiloides Wahl. Culms 2-9 dm. tall, roughish above: leaf -blades flat, 3-8 mm. wide, those of sterile shoots numerous, widely spreading: lower bract bristle-form : spikes 6-20, obovoid or top-shaped, varying to suborbicular, blunt, 7—12 mm. long: scales lanceolate, whitish, acute, about J as long as the peri- gynia: perigynia lanceolate, greenish-brown, flat, 3.5—5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, appressed or ascending, several-nerved on both faces, each with a sharply 2- toothed rough wing-margined beak. — Rather common, in moist soil. — Sum. 17. C. cristatella Britton. Culms 2.5-7.5 dm. tall, roughish above, overtopping the leaves: leaf -blades flat, 3-7 mm. wide, those of sterile shoots numerous, widely spreading: spikes 6-15, globose or subglobose, greenish or brownish, 4-S mm. long, aggregated into a cylindric or oblong head: scales lanceolate, whitish, much shorter than the perigynia: perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late, 3-4 mm. long, squarrose at maturity, narrowly wing-margined, several- nerved on both faces, each tapering into a serrulate 2-toothed beak. — Occa- sional, especially in the Susquehanna valley. — Sum. 18. C. straminea Willd. Cxdms slender, 3-7.5 dm. tall, roughish above, the top commonly nodding: leaves shorter than the culm; blades 2 mm. wide or less, long-pointed: bracts short or the lower bristle-form and exceeding its spike: spikes 3-&, slightly longer than thick, narrowed at the base, slightly obovoid, 4—5 mm. thick: scales lanceolate, acute, shorter and narrower than the peri- gynia : perigynia ascending or spreading, ovate, 3-4 mm. long, green, strongly several-nerved on the outer face, fewer-nerved or nerveless, on the inner, wing-margined, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak shorter than the body. — Rather rare, in meadows. — Sum. 19. C. festucacea Schk. Culms slender or stoutish, 3-12 dm. tall, erect, rough- ened beneath head: leaves shorter than the culm; blades 2-4 mm. wide: bracts short or wanting: spikes 3-10, in a stitf head, approximate or separate, 7-15 mm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, rounded or narrowed at base: scales ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, shorter and narrower than the perigynia: perigynia spreading or ascending, orbicular to broadly ovate, 4-4.5 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, thickish, sirongly nerved on outer face, nerveless or nearly so on inner face, green, strongly wing-margined, the rough bidentate beak one-third the length of the body. — Occasional, in low woods and swamps. — Sum. 20. C. hormathodes Fernald. Culms very slender, 3-9 dm. tall, the summit often nodding, usually strongly roughened above: leaves shorter than culm; 56 CYPEEACEAE. blades usually less than 2 mm. wide : sheaths without conspicuous white band : bracts narrow and bristle-form : spikes in a monilif orm flexuous head, 3-9, ovoid, 7-16 mm. long, commonly clavate at base: scales lanceolate, long-acumi- nate or aristate, narrower than but nearly equalling perigynia : perigynia ascend- ing, narrowly to broadly ovate, 4-6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, thin, strongly about 10-nerved on each face^ brownish at maturity, strongly wing-margined, the rough bidentate beak half length of body. — S. Occasional, in wet meadows and swamps. — Schists. — Spr. 21. C. foenea Wilkl. Culms 3-10 dm. tall, erect or nodding, little roughened above, exceeding leaves: leaf -blades 2^ mm. wide: sheaths with conspicuous white band: bracts short or wanting: spikes 4-15, in a monilif orm or flexuous head, subglobose, narrowed at base, 6-18 mm. long^ 5-6 mm. wide : scales silvery-hyaline, ovate, acute to acuminate, about equalling perigynia and con- cealing them: perigynia ovate, appressed or loosely ascending in age, 3-4.5 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, narrowly wing-margined, strongly several-nerved on both faces, tapering into a short rough 2-toothed beak half length of body. — S. Frequent, in rocky woods. — Schists. — Sum. 22. C. Willdenovii Schk. Leaves glabrous and pale-green, often 3-6 dm. long, much overtopping the spikes; blades 2-3 mm. wide, the lowest reduced to sheaths: culms 2-25 cm. high: spikes 1-5, androgynous, or sometimes completely staminate (the pistillate flowers usually 3-10), about 1.2 cm. long, appearing nearly basal, one of them or more on long filiform stalks: scales lanceolate, acute, acuminate or awned, hyaline-margined, finely several-nerved, the lower 1 or 2 commonly bract-like: body of the perigynium oblong, smooth, 2-3 mm. long, narrowed into a 2-edged rough beak of about its own length. — M. Rare, in thickets. — Limestones. — Spr. 23. C. Jamesii Schwein. Similar to the next preceding species, but the leaf- blades rather narrower, soft, spreading or ascending: spikes androgynous, the terminal staminate portion slender, the pistillate flowers only 1-4 and slightly separated: lower scales bract-like, the upper shorter and sometimes not exceeding the perigynia: body of the perigynium globose, 2 mm. in diameter, abruptly tipped by a subulate rough beak of more than its own length. • — M. Rather rare, on dry banks and in thickets. — Limestones. — Spr. 24. C, leptalea Wahl. Leaves light-green and glabrous; blades not over 0.5 mm. wide: culms filiform, smooth, 1.5-6 dm. long: spike solitary, terminal, androgynous, linear, 4-16 mm. long: stigmas 3: perigynia few, linear-oblong, 3.5-5 mm. long, light-green, many-nerved, obtuse and beakless: scales mem- branous, the lowest sometimes becoming bract-like. — M. E. Rare, in swamps and low grounds. — Limestones^ quartzite. — Spr. and sum, 25. C. communis Bailey. Plants not stoloniferous. Leaves light-green, shorter than the culms, the lower reduced to scarcely fibrinous sheaths; blades 2^ mm. wide: culms slender, roughish above, 1.5-5 dm. long: lower bract 0.6-5 cm. long: staminate spike short-stalked, 4-25 mm. long: pistillate spikes 2-4, short- oblong, 3-10-flowered: scales green, ovate, mostly acute: perigynia obovoid, rather less than 2 mm. long, pale, pubescent, each with a subulate 2-toothed beak i the length of the body. [C. pedicellate (Dewey) Britton.] — Rather rare, in dry soil. — Spr. and sum. 26. C. pennsylvanica Lam. Plants stoloniferous. Leaves dark-green or dull- green, the lower blade-bearing; blades 1-3 mm. wide, the old sheaths persistent and fibrillose: culms 1.5-6 dm. tall: lower bract rarely over 1 cm. long: staminate spike sessile or very short-stalked, 12-24 cm. long: pistillate spikes 1-4, short-oblong, 4-20-flowered, sessile: scales ovate, purplish, acute or cuspi- date: perigynia obovoid, about 2 mm. long, pubescent, 1-ribbed on each side, each with a 2-toothed beak about I the length of the body or in some forms longer. — Common, in dry soil. — Spr. CYPEEACEAE. 57 27. C. varia Mubl. Plants cespitose and scarcely stoloniferous. Leaf-blades 1-2.5 mm. wide, shorter or longer than the culm: culms filiform, erect or some- what spreading, 1-4 dm. long: lower bract scale-like or subulate, rarely 2 cm. long: stamiuate spike 4-12 mm. long, sessile, usually rather prominent: pistillate spikes 1-4, 3-7 mm. long: scales ovate, green or purplish-tinged, cuspidate: perigynia oblong-ovoid, pubescent, about 2 mm. long, narrowed at the base, each with a subulate minutely 2-toothed beak commonly i the length of the body. — Eather common, on hillsides and in woods. — Spr. 28. C. umbellata Schk. Plants short-stoloniferous. Leaves light-green, usually much exceeding the culms; blades 1-3 mm. wide, slender, ascending, the old sheaths fibrillose: culms tufted and matted, filiform, 2. .5-15 cm. long: staminate spike commonly conspicuous: jjistillate spikes 1—3, filiform-stalked from the basal sheaths or 1 or 2 of them sessile or very nearly so at the base of the stami- nate spike, ovoid-oblong, 4-12 mm. long: scales acuminate or short-awned, the lower hiding the perigynia: perigynia oval, pubescent, 3-angled, the body 1.5- 2.5 mm. long, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak of nearly its length or much shorter. — M. Eare, in dry soil. — Qvartzite. — Spr. 29. C. hirtifolia Mackenzie. Plants stoloniferous, pubescent all over. Leaves light-green, usually shorter than the culms; blades flat, 3-9 mm. wide: culma tufted from matted bases: staminate spike narrow, sessile or nearly so: pistil- late spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindric, G-22 mm. long, the lower short-stalked, the ' upper sessile or nearly so: scales obovate, thin, rough-cuspidate: perigynia oblong-obovoid, sharply triangular, about 4 mm. long, densely pubescent, more slender at the narrowed apex than at less narrowed base, about as long as the scales. — [C. pubescens Mubl.] — M. Occasional, in meadows and ravines. — Limestones. — Spr. 30. C. pedunculata Muhl. Plants forming dense mats. Leaves bright-green, mostly longer than the culms; blades flat, 2-4 mm. wide: culms 0.5-3 dm. tall, strongly purplish-tinged at base: upper bracts with reduced blades: staminate spike ctalked, commonly 1-1.5 cm. long, often with few pistillate flowers at the base: pistillate spikes 2-4, remote, 3-8-flowered, slender-stalked, often staminate at apex: scales obovate, cuspidate, purplish-tinged: perigynia obovoid, sharply triangular above, about 4 mm. long, obscurely obliquely beaked, spar- ingly puberulent or becoming glabrous, the lower surpassed by the scales. — M. Eare, in woods. — Limestones. — Spr. 31. 0. Meadii Dewey. Similar to the following species. Culms stouter, very rough, 2-4.5 dm. tall, usually with 6-10 developed leaf -blades, 3.5-7 mm. wide: bracts short, not overtopping the spikes: staminate spike long-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong or linear-oblong, S-30-flowered, dense, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, erect, stalked or the upper one sessile: scales ovate, green with purple-brown margins: perigynia obovoid, many-nerved, more than 3 mm. long, each tipped with a minute slightly bent beak. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Serpentine. — Sum. 32. C. tetanica Schk. Light-green and glabrous. Eootstocks deep-seated, elon- gate. Culms slender, rough above, 1..5-6 dm. tall, usually with 3-5 developed leaves: leaf -blades 2-3.5 mm. wide: bracts narrow, elongate: staminate spike stalked: pistillate spikes 1 to 3, erect, distant, linear, 6-20-flowered, 2.5 cm. long or less, or the lower filiform-stalked and drooping: scales ovate- oblong: perigynia oblong, obovoid, many-nerved, less than 3 mm. long, tapering to an entire orifice, beakless or minutely beaked. — Eather rare, in low woods and meadows. — Sum. 33. C. polyniorpha Muhl. Eather dark-green from matted elongate stout rootstocks. Culms stiff, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-4 mm. wide, nearly erect: bracts usually little longer than the pistillate spike : staminate spikes 1 or rarely 2, long-stalked: pistillate spikes one or two, erect, short-stalked or sessile, densely 12-25-flowered, 1..5-4 cm. long, 8 mm. thick: scales red-brown, some- 58 CYPERACEAE. what shorter than the perigynia: perigynia ovoid-oblong, obscurely 3-angled, 5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. in diameter, the beak i as long as the body, straight, conspicuous, the orifice oblique. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Spr. and sum. 34. C. platyphylla Carey. Leaves pale-green and glaucous, those of sterile culms much larger than those of fertile culms; blades elongate, 9-25 mm. wide, very smooth (except edges): culms 1-4 dm. long, spreading or reclining: staminate spike peduncled: pistillate spikes 2-4, all but the upper one slender-peduncled, erect, distant, loosely 4-10-flowered: scales acute to short-awned : perigynia acutely triangular, short-tapering at base, oblong, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, many- nerved, smooth, abruptly bent at the apex. — M. Rare, in thickets. — Lime- stones. — Spr. and sum. 35. C. digitalis Willd. Leaves bright-green; blades 2.5-5 mm. wide, hispidu- lous on veins, erect: culms weak, slender, 1-4.5 dm. long, usually exceeded by second bract and leaves: staminate spike stalked: pistillate spikes 2-4, linear, loosely alternately 3-12-flowered, 1-3 cm. long, the lower filiform-stalked, spreading or drooi^ing: scales acute, acuminate or short-awned: perigynia oblong, minutely roughened^ sharply triangular, many-nerved, 3 mm. long, more than 1 mm. thick, the short beak slightly oblique. — M. S. Eather rare, in woods. ■ — Schists, quartzite. — Spr. and sum. 36. C. laxiculmis Schwein. Leaves glaucous or at times green, spreading, his- pidulous on veins; blades elongate, 4-12 mm. wide: culms slender, ascending or diffuse, 1.5-6 dm. long, usually exceeding second bract and leaves: staminate spike long-stalked: pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, 5-10-flowered, 6-12 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick, drooping from long hair-like stalks or the upper short- stalked: perigynia ovoid-oblong, sharply 3-angled, short-tapering at base, many-nerved, minutely roughened, 3-4 mm. long, scarcely beaked, longer than the ovate green cuspidate or short-awned scales. — M. Eather rare, in woods and thickets. — Spr. 37. C. albursina Sheldon. Leaves deep-green; blades 7-40 mm. wide, soft: culms 1-5 dm. long, strongly flattened and winged above: staminate spike sessile or nearly so : pistillate spikes 2-4, the lower peduncled and distant, the upper approximate and sessile or nearly so: scales broadly oblong, half the length of the perigynia^ very truncate, white, except the green midrib: peri- gynia obtusely triangular, long-tapering at base, obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, many- nerved, the beak abruptly bent. — S. Eare, in woods. — Schists. — Spr. 38. C. blanda Dewey. Leaf -blades 3-14 mm. wide, soft : culms loosely erect, coarsely cellular, nearly smooth, flattened, 1.5-6 dm. tall: sterile shoots develop- ing conspicuous culms: bract-sheaths loose, the margins much crisped: stami- nate spike usually short-stalked or sessile: pistillate spikes 2-4, the upper two contiguous, the lower more or less remote, oblong or linear-oblong, erect, 6-16 mm. long, rather closely 8-25-flowered : perigynia as in C. laxiflora Lam. — Frequent, in rich woods and thickets. — Spr. 39. C. laxiflora Lam. Leaf -blades 3-7 mm. wide, soft: culms slender, roughish above, 1.5-6 dm. long, the sterile shoots developing conspicuous culms: bract- sheaths tight, the margins little crisped: staminate spike usually stalked: pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, linear-cylindric, 3-4 mm. thick, all slender-stalked, spreading or the upper erect and sessile, loosely several-many-flowered: scales ovate with broad white scarious margins, acute, cuspidate or awned: perigynia obovoid, obtusely triangular, long-tapering at base, more or less oblique, 2.5-3 mm. long, strongly many-nerved, each tapering into a short outwardly bent entire beak. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Spr. 40. C. anceps Muhl. Plants similar to C. laxiflora in habit, but usually larger, deep-green, the sterile shoots not developing conspicuous culms: leaf -blades, at least those of the lower leaves, 5-20 mm. wide, usually less than 3 dm. long: CYPEExiCEAE. 59 culms nearly smooth, densely cespitose, slightly winged: stamiuate spike con- spicuous, usually stalked: pistillate spikes few, remote, usually 2.5-4.5 cm. long, loosely flowered : scales ovate to obovate, with wide scarious margins, abruptly short-awned: perigynia appressed- ascending, obtusely triangular, narrowly obovoid or ellipsoid, 3.5 mm. long, more or less striate, narrowed at each end, the beak straight or slightly curved. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Spr. and sum. 41. C. styloflexa Buckl. Leaf -blades 3-6 mm. wide, shorter than the culm: culms slender, smooth, 3-8 dm. long, usually loosely cespitose: bracts short: staminate spike usually long-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, loosely 5-10- flowered, 10-20 mm. long, the lower drooping on filiform stalks: scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, cuspidate or short-awned, usually reddish-brown tinged, shorter than the perigynia: perigynia elliptic-fusiform, 3-angIed, many- nerved, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, tapering into the slender beak. — Eare, in thickets. — Schists. — Spr. and sum. 42. C. granularis Muhl. Culms tufted, slender, smooth or nearly so, 1.5-7 dm. long: leaves slightly glaucous; blades 3-9 mm. wide, the basal shorter than the culm: bracts overtopping spikes: staminate spike sessile or short-stalked: pistillate spikes 3-5, erect or slightly spreading, 1-3 cm. long, 5 mm. thick, many-flowered, stalked or the upper sessile: scales ovate, acute or cuspidate: perigynia ovoid or obovoid, strongly many-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, each with a short, bent or nearly straight beak. — Common, in moist meadows and woods. — Spr. and sum. 43. C. oligocarpa Schk. Culms slender, roughish, 1.5-5 dm. long: leaf -blades 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, soft: sheaths smooth: bracts similar to the leaves: staminate spike long-stalked or nearly sessile: pistillate spikes 2-4, erect or nearly so, distant, loosely 2-8'-flowered, 8-24 mm. long, less than 4 mm. thick, the lower filiform-stalked: scales ovate, cuspidate or short-awned: perigynia obovoid, pale, 2.5-4 mm. long, each narrowed into a short entire beak. — M. Eare, in woods and thickets. — Limestones. — Spr. 44. C. Hitchcockiana Dewey. Culms slender, 3-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-7 mm. wide: bracts foliaceous, overtopping the spikes, the sheaths rough pubes- cent: staminate spike commonly solitary, stalked: pistillate spikes 2-4, erect, loosely 1-6-flowered, 1-2.5 mm. long: scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, longer than the perigynia, rough awned: perigynia obovoid, green, 4.5-5 mm. long, obliquely short-beaked. — M. Occasional, in woods and thickets. — Limestones. — Spr. 45. C. conoidea Schk. Culms slender, 5-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-4 mm. wide: lower bracts similar to the leaves, their sheaths rough: staminate spike long- stalked: pistillate spikes 1-3, distant, erect, oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, 5 mm. thick, the lower long-stalked: peduncles very rough: scales broadly ovate, each con- tracted into a rough awn, the lower longer than the perigynia, the upper shorter than or equalling them: perigynia oblong, obtusely 3-angled, acute, beakless, 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, the orifice entire. — Eather rare, in swamps and meadows. ■ — Sum. 46. C. grisea Wahl. Culms smooth or nearly so, 3-7.5 dm. long: leaves light- green, rarely slightly glaucous, 4-7 mm. wide : bracts similar to the leaves, much overtopping the spikes, their sheaths smooth: staminate spike sessile, or nearly so: pistillate spikes 3-5, oblong, 8-25 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick, the lower slender-stalked and distant: scales cuspidate or awned, the lower usually equal- ling perigynia : perigynia 5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, beakless. — Common, in thickets and woods. — Sum. 47. C. glaucodea Tuckerm. Similar to C. grisea, but pale and very glau- cous. Culms 1.5-6 dm. long: leaf -blades 4-10 mm. wide: bracts foliaceous: staminate spike sessile or nearly so : pistillate spikes 3-5, erect, densely flowered. 60 CYPEKACEAE. the larger usually more than 12-flowered, the lower slender-stalked: perigynia oblong, 3-4 mm. long, beakless, nearly twice as long as the scales. — S. Not common, in dry fields and banks. — Schists, serpentine. — Sum. 48. C. graclUima Schwein. Culms glabrous, 3-10 dm. long: leaves dark-green, glabrous; blades 3-9 mm. wide, shorter than the culm: lower bract foliaceous: spikes 3-5, 2-6 cm. long, nearly 4 mm. thick, filiform-stalked and drooping, the upper one partly or wholly staminate: scales ovate-oblong, pale, mostly i as long as the perigynia : perigynia ovoid-oblong, rounded at apex, beakless, few-nerved, glabrous, 3 mm. long or less. — S. Bather rare, in meadows. — Serpentine. — Spr. 49. C. prasina Wahl. Leaves light-green; blades flaccid, roughish, 2.5-5 mm, wide: culms glabrous, slender, slightly roughened above, 3-angled, 3-7 dm. long: lower bract similar to the leaves, commonly overtopping the spikes: stami- nate spike short-stalked, often partly pistillate : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, narrowly linear-cylindric, drooping, the low^er filiform-stalked, 2-6 cm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, rather loosely many-flowered: scales ovate, acute, acuminate, or short- awned, pale-green, shorter than the perigynia : stigmas 3 : perigynia light- green, ovate-lanceolate, nerveless or nearly so, 3-4 mm. long, each tapering into a slender, minutely 2-toothed beak. — N. S. Rare, in rich woods and meadows. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. 50. C. Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Culms 3-9 dm. long: sheaths and often foliage pubescent. Leaves pubescent ; blades 3-6 nmi. wide : lower bract foliaceous : spikes 3-5, clustered, or the lower one distant, 6 mm. in diameter, 1-3.5 cm. long, at length spreading or drooping, the terminal one staminate at the base: scales ovate-lanceolate, long-awned, shorter or longer than the perigynia: peri- gynia much swollen, strongly several-nerved, 4—5 mm. long, each with a short minutely 2-toothed loeak. — M. Rare, in moist meadows and thickets. — Lime- stones. — Spr. and sum. 51. C, flexuosa Muhl. Culms rough above, 1-9 dm. long: blades 2-5 mm. wide: staminate spike short-stalked, sometimes partly pistillate: pistillate spikes 2—4, linear, 3-4 mm. thick, filiform-stalked and spreading or drooping: scales ovate or oblong, i as long as the perigynia or longer, usually tawny- tinged, obtuse to short cuspidate: perigynia spindle-shaped, membranous, sessile, glabrous, faintly few-nerved, obtusely 3-angled, 4.5-6.5 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. [C. tenuis Rudge.] — S. Rather rare^ in woods. — Schists. — Sum. 52. C. Swanii (Fernald) Mackenzie. Culms slender, rough above, 1.5-5 dm tall: leaves light-green, pubescent, especially the sheaths; blades 2.5 mm. wide, nari'owly linear-elongate: lower bract setaceous, 0.5 mm. wide, much exceeding spikes: spikes 2-5, short-stalked, oblong-cylindric, erect or nearly so, 6-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. in diameter, the terminal one staminate below: scales oblong- ovate, cuspidate, slightly shorter than the perigynia: perigynia 3-sided, 2 mm. long, obovoid, pubescent, green, beakless, the orifice entire. [C virescens authors, not Muhl.] — Common, in thickets. — Sum. 53. C. virescens Muhl. Similar to the next preceding species, but taller and more spreading. Lower sheaths strongly reddened: culms exceeding leaves: lowest bract leaf-like, 0.5-3 mm. wide, somewhat exceeding spikes. Leaves pubescent; blades 3-4 mm. wide: spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric, rather loose, 3 mm. in diameter, the terminal one staminate below, the lower one commonly filiform- stalked: scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia: perigynia elliptic, strongly several-ribbed, narrowed at each end, 2 mm. long, rather more than 1 mm. thick. [C. costata Schwein; C. costellata Brit.] — S. Rather rare, on moist banks. — Schists. ■ — Sum. 54. C. complanata Torr. Culms rough above, 1.5-9 dm. long: leaves bright- green or light-green, pubescent; blades 2-4 mm. wide: spikes 2-5, dense, erect, CYPEEACEAE. 61 sessile or very nearly so, 6-20 mm. long, usually clustered, the terminal one staminate at the base : scales ovate, short-cuspidate or obtuse : perigynia oval or obovoid, flattened, not inflated, imbricate, rounded at apex, green or green- ish-brown, few-nerved, slightly pubescent when young, glabrous when mature, 1-2 mm. long, the orifice entire : achene elliptic-obovoid, its summit not bent. [C. hirsuia Muhl.] — Common, in meadows and thickets. — Sum. 65. C. caroliniana Schw. Culms slender, rough above, 3-8- dm. tall: leaves glabrous except on sheaths; blades 2-3 mm. wide: spikes 2-4, dense, erect, sessile or very nearly so, 8-18 mm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, clustered, the termi- nal one staminate at base: scales ovate, brown, mucronate: perigynia obovoid, squarrose, swollen, orbicular in cross-section, pointed at apex, brown, coarsely nerved, glabrous at maturity, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. in diameter, the orifice entire or emarginate: achenes pyriform. — N. Frequent, in meadows and woodlands. — Sandstones and shales. — Sum. 56. C. B'ushii Mackenzie. Culms slender, roughish above, 4-8 dm. tall: sheaths pubescent; blades 2-3 mm. wide, glabrous or pubescent beneath: spikes 2-3, dense, erect, sessile or very nearly so, 6-20 mm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter, clustered, the terminal one staminate at base : scales lanceolate, strongly rough-cuspidate: perigynia obovoid, ascending, swollen, orbicular in cross- section, pointed at apex, green, coarsely nerved, glabrous at maturity, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. in diameter, the orifice entire or emarginate: achenes obo- void, tipped with a bent style. — S. Frequent, in swamp, meadows, and rich woods. — Schists, serpentine. — Spr. 57. C. scabrata Schwein. Culms rough above, 3-10 dm. tall: leaves very rough above; blades much elongate, 5-18' mm. wide: bracts similar but narrower: staminate spike short-stalked: pistillate spikes 3-6, erect, the upper short-stalked, the lower sometimes spreading or drooping, all linear-cylindric, densely many- flowered, 1.5-5 cm. long, 5-9 mm. in diameter: scales lanceolate, acute or short- awned, prominently nerved, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia greenish- brown, ovoid, somewhat inflated, 3-4 mm. long, strongly several-nerved, papil- lose, each tipped by a long minutely 2-toothed or obliquely cut beak. — N. Bather rare, in moist woods. — Sandstones and shales. — Spr. and sum. 58. C. stricta Lam. Leaves rarely overtopping the culm; blades very rough- margined, 2-4 mm. wide : basal sheaths prominently filamentose : culms slender, stiff, in dense clumps, sharply 3-angled, very rough above, 3-11 dm. tall: lower bract similar to the leaves: staminate spikes solitary or sometimes 2, stalked: pistillate spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric, often staminate at the top, densely flowered, or loose at the base, 1.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, sessile or the lower stalked: scales dark, with green margins and midvein, oblong or lanceo- late, appressed: stigmas 2: perigynia ovate-elliptic, acute, faintly few-nerved, 2.5 mm. long, minutely beaked, the orifice entire or nearly so. — Common, in swamps. — Spr. 59. C. torta Boott. Leaf -blades about 4 mm. wide; sheaths not filamentose: culms stout at base, smooth or slightly scabrous above, 4-10 dm. long, short- stoloniferous : lower bract commonly foliaceous: staminate spike usually one, stalked: pistillate spikes 3-5, erect, spreading or drooping, linear, 2-7.5 cm. long, about 4 mm. in diameter, often loosely flowered toward the base: scales ovate-oblong, dark with green midvein, shorter and mostly narrower than the perigynia: stigmas 2: perigynia oblong or narrowly ovate, green, nerveless, narrowed and more or less tvsristed above when dry, 2-3 mm. long. — Rather rare, creek-beds. — Sum. 60. C. g37iianclra Schwein. Similar to the following species in habit. Leaves glabrous, the sheaths finely roughened, not glaucous; blades 4—12 mm. wide: pistillate spikes 2-10 cm. long, narrowly cylindric: scales lanceolate, tapering into awn, rough, ascending, strongly 3-ribbed, 2-4 times as long as the peri- gynia : perigynia oblong or elliptic, faintly few-nerved or nerveless, com- 62 CYPERACEAE. pressed, little inflated, 3-4 mm. long, and about i as broad, each tapering to an acute entire orifice. — W. S. Rather rare, in low grounds. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. 61. C. crinita Lam. Culms 3-angled, 5-13 dm. tall: leaves not glaucous; sheaths smooth; blades rough-margined, 3-10 mm. wide, the lowest very short and sheathing: staniinate spikes 1 or 2, stalked: pistillate spikes 2-o, narrowly cylindric, 2-11 cm. long, 6-12 mm. in diameter, stalked, drooping: scales green, abruptly contracted into a rough awn, spreading, 2-6 times as long as the peri- gynia: stigmas 2: perigynia broadly obovoid, obtuse, 2-3.5 mm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, nerveless, inflated, the walls thin, each abruptly tipped by a short entire beak. — Rather common, in wet places. — Sum. 62. C. Buxbaumii Wahl. Culms slender, stiff, sharp-angled, rough above, 3-9 dm. tall: leaves rough; basal sheaths strongly filameutose ; blades erect, 2-4 mm. wide: spikes 2-7, oblong or cylindric, erect, all sessile and close together, or the lowest sometimes distant and short-stalked, 8-40 mm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the terminal one staminate at the base or rarely throughout: scales ovate, awn-tipped, black or dark-brown with a green midvein, longer than the perigynia: perigynia elliptic or obovate, flat, ascending, 3-4 mm. long, light- green, faintly few-nerved, beakless, the apex minutely 2-toothed. — M. S. Rather rare, in swamps. — Limestones, schists, serpentine. — Spr. and sum. 63. C. Shortiana Dewey. Culms slender, rough above, 3-10 dm. tall, usually overtopped by the upper leaves: leaves roughish; blades elongate, 4-8 mm. wide: bracts short, narrow, rarely much exceeding the spikes: spikes 3-7, liuear- cylindrie, densely many-flowered, 1-3 cm. long, 4-5 mm. in diameter, erect, the lower stalked, uppermost staminate at base: stigmas 3: perigynia dark-brown, compressed, 2-edged, orbicular or obovoid, nerveless, 2 mm. long, ridged at apex, each abruptly minutely beaked, equalling or shorter than its scale, which is hyaline, scarious-margined, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, persistent, the orifice of the perigynium entire or very nearly so. — W. On moist banks near Conewago. — ■ Sandstones and shales. — Spr. and sum. 64. C. lacustris Willd. Culms smooth, 5-10 dm. tall, purplish-tinged and filamentose at base, the lower sheaths of fertile culms not blade-bearing: leaf- blades elongate, 5-12 mm. wide, usually exceeding the culm : staminate spikes 1-5, linear: pistillate spikes 2-5, cylindric, 3-10 cm. long, about 10 mm. in diameter, the upper erect, sessile or nearly so, the lower stalked: scales lanceo- late or oblanceolate, long aristate or acute, purplish-tinged, the lower longer, the upper equalling or shorter than the perigynia: perigynia narrowly ovoid, 6 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, firm, scarcely inflated, strongly nerved, ascending, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak, the teeth usually erect. [C. riparia authors.] — S. Rare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. 65. C. vestita Willd. Strongly stoloniferous. Culms strict and slender, 4—8 dm. tall, rough above: leaves not overtopping the culm; blades 3-5 mm. wide: bracts similar, but narrower, short, rough: staminate spike usually solitary, sessile or short-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-5, oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, erect, commonly staniinate at the summit, sessile, or the lower ones short-stalked: perigynia ovoid, densely pubescent, less than 2 mm. in diameter, prominently few-ribbed, each tapering gradually into a short conic somewhat 2-toothed beak, white-hyaline at orifice, slightly shorter than or equalling the ovate, mostly acute, membranous scales. — E. S. Rare, in swamps. — Schists, quart zite. ■ — Sum. 66. C. lanuginosa Michx. Culms slender, but usually rather stouter than those of C. lasiocarpa, sharp-angled and rough above. Leaves and the lower bracts elongate; blades not involute, 2-4 mm. wide, sometimes overtopping the culms: staminate spikes 1-3, long-stalked, sometimes pistillate at the base: pistillate spikes 1-3, usually distant, sessile or the lower slender-stalked, cylindric, 5-7 mm. in diameter : scales acuminate or aristate. — M. S. Rather rare, in swamps. — Limestones, schists, serpentine. — Sum. CYPERACEAE. 63 67. C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. Culms very slender, erect, smooth, obtusely angled, 5-9 dm. long. Leaf-blades very narrow, involute, 2 mm. wide or less, rough- margined, not overtopping the culm: lower bracts similar to the leaves, upper bracts filiform: staminate spikes 1-3, commonly 2, stalked: pistillate spikes 1-3, cylrndric, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, erect, sessile or the lower distant and short-peduncled: scales ovate, membranous, acute or short- awned, shorter than or equalling the perigynia: perigynia green, ascending, oval- ovoid, densely pubescent, faintly nerved, about 2 mm. in diameter, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. [C. filiformis authors. Not L.] — M. Eare, in swamps. — Limestones. — Sum. 68. C. trichocarpa INIuhl. Culms usually 6-8 dm. tall, smooth below, very rough above: leaf -blades elongate, rough-margined, 3-6 mm. wide: staminate spikes 2-6, long-stalked : pistillate spikes eylindrie, densely flowered except at the base, 2-lb cm. long, 1-1.6 cm. in diameter, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect, the lower slender-stalked: scales hyaline, acute to aristate: stigmas 3: peri- gynia ovoid, pubescent in our form, many-ribbed, 8-10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, each tapering into a long conspicuously 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spreading. — M. Rare, in wet meadows near Lancaster. — Limestones. — Sum, 69. C. folliculata L. Yellow or yellowish. Culms erect or reclining, 4—10 dm. long: leaf -blades 4-16 mm. wide: pistillate spikes 2-5, usually distant, all except the uppermost slender-stalked, the lower often nodding: bracts commonly overtopping the spikes : stigmas 3 : perigynia lanceolate, slightly inflated, rather prominently many-nerved, 12-16 mm. long, about 3 mm. in diameter near the base, each tapering from below the middle into a slender 2-toothed beak, longer than the awned scarious-margined persistent scale, the teeth nearly erect. — Rather rare, in swamps. — Sum. 70. C. monile Tuckerm. Culms 4-9 dm. tall, not spongy at base, acutely angled and very rough above: leaves and bracts narrow and elongate; blades 3-6 mm. wide: staminate spikes 1-4, usually 2 or 3, slender-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-3, 2.5-25 cm. long, 7 mm. wide, eylindrie: stigmas 3: perigynia inflated, broadly ovoid, 5-8 mm. long, 8-10-nerved, each abruptly contracted into a slender 2- toothed smooth beak, longer than the scale. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. 71. C. buILata Schk. Culms slender, 3-9 dm. high, roughish above: leaves and bracts very narrow and elongate; blades rarely more than 4 mm. wide, rough-margined: staminate spikes mostly 2, long-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-3, light-green, oblong or oblong-cylindric, many-flowered, 2-5 cm. long, 9-18 mm. in diameter: stigmas 3: perigynia much inflated, ovoid. 5-8 mm. long, each abruptly contracted into a slender rough 2-toothed beak, dull or shining, strongly nerved, longer than the acuminate to obtusish scale. — S. Eare, in s-wamps. — Spr. 72. C. lurida Wahl. Culms slender, 2-9 dm. tall : leaves elongate, rough ; blades 4-7 mm. wide: staminate spike short- or long-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-4, mostly oblong-cylindric, 2-6 cm. long, 14-20 mm. in diameter, the upper sessile, the lower peduncled: perigynia inflated, ovoid, each tapering into a long slender beak, ascending or the lower spreading, 6-9 mm. long, thin, yellowish-green, conspicuously ribbed, longer than the rough-awned scale. [C. tentaculata Muhl.] — Common, in swamps. — Sum. 73. C. hystricina Muhl. Culms 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-8 mm. wide: staminate spike slender-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-4, oblong-cylindric, dense, 1-6 cm. long, 10-14 mm. in diameter, the lower slender-stalked and drooping: stigmas 3: perigynia ascending, somewhat inflated, ovoid-conic, 5-7 mm. long, strongly 15-20-nerved, each tapering into a slender 2-toothed beak, equalling or the upper longer than the narrow rough-awned scales. — Common, in swamps. — Sum. 64 CYPEEACEAE. 74. C. comosa Boott. Culms commonly stout, 3-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades 6-14 mm. wide: staminate S])ikes short-stalked: pistillate spikes 2-6, all spreading or drooping, 3-7 cm. long, bristly, 12-14 mm. in diameter: scales mostly shorter than the perigynia, rough-awned : stigmas 3 : perigynia lanceolate, little in- flated, strongly reflexed when mature, each tapering into a slender prominently 2-toothed beak, the teeth subulate and recurved-spreading. — Susquehanna valley. Eare, in wet places. — Sum. 75. C. Frankii Kunth. Culms stout, smooth, leafy, 3-7 dm. tall: leaves rough- ish ; blades and similar bracts elongate, overtopping culm, 3-8 mm, wide : stami- nate spike usually small and inconspicuous: pistillate spikes 3-6, exceedingly dense, cylindric, erect, 1-4 dm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the upper nearly or quite sessile, the lower slender-stalked : scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigynia: stigmas 3: perigynia green, slightly inflated, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter, few-nerved, obconie with a depressed summit from which arises the subulate 2-toothed beak. — Eather common, in swamps and meadows. — Sum. and fall. 76. C. squarrosa L. Culms slender, rough above on the angles, 6-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades elongate, 3-6 mm. wide, rough-margined: spikes 1-3, erect, stalked, oval, exceedingly dense, 1.5-3 cm. long, 1-2 cm. in diameter, the upper one club-shaped, staminate at the base or sometimes for A its length or more: stigmas 3 : perigynia yellowish-green, becoming tawny, the lower reflexed, somewhat inflated but firm, obovoid, about 3 mm. in diameter, few-nerved, each truncately contracted into a subulate minutely 2-toothed beak, twice as long as the lanceolate-acuminate or awn-tipped scale. — Eather rare, in wet places. — Sum. 77. C. intumescens Eudge. Deep-green. Culms slender, 4-9 dm. high: leaf- blades elongate, roughish, 2. .5-7 mm. wide: bracts similar, overtopping the culm: staminate spike mostly long-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-3, sessile or short- stalked, globose or nearly so : scales narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or aristate, about i as long as the perigynia: stigmas 3: style straight: perigynia 1-12, spreading or the upper erect, 10-20 mm. long, much inflated, about 5 mm. in diameter above the base, many-nerved, each tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat spreading. — Eather rare, in swamps. — Sum. 78. C. Asa-Grayi Bailey. Deep-green. Culms 5-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades elon- gate, dark-green, 5-9 mm. wide: bracts similar to the upper leaves, usually much overtopping the culm: staminate spike mostly long-stalked: pistillate spikes 1 or 2, dense, about 2.5 cm. in diameter, 6-30-flowered : scales ovate or lanceolate, obtuse or slightly cuspidate, scarious, about J as long as the peri- gynia : stigmas 3 : style straight : perigynia ovoid, glabrous or hispidulous, much inflated, many-nerved, about 7 mm. in diameter, each tapering to a sharp 2- toothed beak. [C. Grayi Carey.] — M. S. Eare, on wet hanks. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. 79. C. lupulina Muhl. Culms stout, 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades elongate, nodu- lose, 5-16 mm. wide, the upper ones, and the similar bracts much overtopping the culm: staminate spikes solitary or rarely several: pistillate spikes 2-5, densely many-flowered, oblong, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 2.5 cm. or more in diameter: scales acuminate or aristate, ^ as long as the perigynia : stigmas 3 : style ab- ruptly bent: perigynia ascending, much inflated, many-nerved, 10-20 mm. long, 4-7 mm. in diameter above the base, each tapering from below the middle into a subulate 2-toothed beak. — Eather common, in swamps. — Sum. Order ABALES. Perennial, frequently bog or aquatic herbs; in Lemnaccae, mere float- ing thalloid bodies. Leaves mainly basal. Flowers complete or incom- AEACEAE. 65 plete, borne on a spadix accompanied by a spathe, or in Lemnaceae 1 or few in a pouch in the plant-body. Perianth inconspicuous or wanting. Fruit baccate or utricular. Plants normal, with the flowers on a spadix, this sometimes subtended by or partly enclosed in a spathe. Fam. 1. Araceae. Plants reduced to small floating thalloid structures, with one or few flowers. Fam. 2. Lemnaceae. Family 1. ARACEAE. Arum Family. Fleshy mostly acaulescent plants. Leaves with simple or divided blades. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious. Perianth of 4-6 scale- like members, or wanting. Androecium of 4—10 stamens. Gynoecium of 1 carj^el, or of several united carpels. Fruit a berry or a utricle. Flowers monoecious or dioecious : perianth wanting. Leaf -blades palmately divided : spathe involute below, hooded above : spadix included, terete or obscurely angled. 1. Arisaema. Leaf-blades pedately divided : spathe convolute throughout : spadix exserted, more or less flattened or 2-edged. 2. Muricauda. Flowers perfect : perianth of several scale-like members. Spadix surrounded by a spathe. 3. Spathyema. Spadix naked, merely subtended by a spathe. Spadix terminating the club-shaped scape. 4. Orontium. Spadix borne somewhat laterally on the leaf-like scape. 5. Acorus. 1. ARISAEMA Mart. Herbs of swamps or woods, with corms. Leaf- blades palmate, 3-5-divided. Scape permanently erect. Spadix clavate or cylindric, the fertile portion partially flower-bearing. Spathe cornucopia-like. Fruits red. — Spr. and sum. — Jack-in-the-pulpit. Indian-turnip. Hood of the spathe brown with light stripes : naked portion of the spadix clavate : fruits 8-12 mm. in diameter. 1. A. triplujlhtm. Hood of the spathe black or red-brown : naked portion of the spadix cylindric : fruits 4-5 mm. in diameter. 2. A. pusillum. 1. A. triphyllum (L.) Torr. Plants mostly over 4 dm. tall: leaf -segments 8-30 cm. long; blades dull, rather abruptly short-acuminate: spathe-blade short- acuminate, often striped with purple or brown and green within : fruits 8-12 mm. thick. — Common, in swamps and on moist hillsides. 2. A. pusillum (Peck) Nash. Plants mostly less than 3 dm. tall: leaf -segments 5-12 cm. long: spathe-blade short-acuminate, red-brown or almost black within: fruits 4—5 mm. thick. — E. S. Rather rare, in swamps. — Quartzite, schists. 2. MURICAUDA Small. Herbs with corms: leaf -blades pedate, 5-17- divided. Scapes permanently erect. Spadix whip-like, the fertile portion covered with flowers. Stamens 4. Spathe wholly convolute. Fruits red. 1. M. Dracontium (L.) Small. Leaf -segments cuneate to oblanceolate, 1-3 dm. long: spathe 3-10 cm. long: fruits 6-8 mm. thick. — Common in low alluvial grounds. — Spr. — Green-dragon. Dragon-root. 3. SPATHYEMA Eaf. Coarse swamp herbs with cordate leaf -blades, the petioles, and the scapes partially underground. Spadix oblong or globular, enclosed in the thick cochleate, colored spathe, the scape rigid. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 4 hooded members. Fruits immersed in the spadix. 1. S. foetida (L.) Eaf. Plant garlic-scented, glabrous: leaf -blades 2-5 dm. long, often 3 dm. broad : scapes erect, mainly subterranean : spathe preceding the leaves, 8-15 cm. long, beaked, mottled: fruit-head persistent, 9-15 cm. in Lancaster County Flora 5. 66 LEMNACEAE. diameter, the berries green. — Common, in swamps and low meadows. — Spr. — Skunk-cabbage. 4. ORONTIUM L. Swamp herbs. Leaves with relatively narrow blades. Spadix terminal, elongate, subtended by the thin spathe, the scape pliable, soon weak. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 4-6 scale-like members (6 below, 4 above). Fruits not immersed. 1. O. aquaticum L. Eootstock deeply buried. Leaf-blades oblong or elliptic, 1-3 dm. long : spadix golden-yellow, 2-6 cm. long. — Eather rare, in swamps, ponds or streams. — Spr. — Golden-club. Bog-torches. Fire-leaf. 5. ACORUS L. Swamp or meadow herbs with aromatic rootstoeks. Leaves with linear blades. Spadix lateral, elongate, at the base of the linear spathe. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 concave members. Fruits crowded. 1. A. Calamus L. Eootstock horizontal: leaves 5-20 dm. tall: scape resembling the leaves : spathe erect : spadix yellowish, 3-8 cm. long. — Common, in low grounds and swamps. — Spr. and sum. — Calamus. Sweet-flag. Family 2. LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family. Floating herbs, consisting- chiefly of very small, often minute, fleshy structures, sometimes with 1 or several roots. Propagative pouches 1 or 2 in each body. Flowers monoecious, one or two staminate and one pistillate in a propagative pouch. Staminate flowers consist of 1 stamen. Pistillate flowers consist of 1 carpel. Fruit a utricle. Root solitary, without a flbro-vascular bundle : plant-body inconspicuously nerved. 1. Lemna. Roots several, each with a flbro-vascular bundle : plant-body con- spicuously nerved. 2. Spirodela. 1. LEMNA L. Plant-body disk-like, inconspicuously nerved. Anther-sacs opening transversely. Utricle somewhat flattened, often ribbed. — Sum. — Duckw^eed. Plants growing in large submerged masses: bodies long-stipitate. 1. L. trisulca. Plants floating, more or less detached; bodies sessile. 2. L. minor. 1, L. trisulca L. Eoot-sheath acute: plant-bodies both submerged and aerial, often falcate, 5-10 mm. long, acute: aerial plants smaller than the submerged and short-stalked, cavernous; submerged plants with twisted stipes. — M. Eare, in ponds. — Limestones. 2. L. minor L. Eoot-sheath obtuse: plant-bodies elliptic, obovate, or sub- orbicular, 2-4 mm. long, mostly 3-nerved, commonly keeled on the back and papillose on the midrib : seeds 12-15-ribbed. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in ponds. 2. SPIRODELA Schleid. Plant-body disk-like, conspicuously several- nerved. Anther-sacs opening lengthwise. Utricle lenticular, with winged margins. 1. S. polyrhlza (L.) Schleid. Plants mostly sterile and perennial. Eoots 4-16: plant-body obovate or suborbieular, 2.5-8 mm. long, 5-15-nerved: seeds smooth. — N. M. Eather common, in ponds and along streams. — Sandstones and shales^ limestones. — Sum. COMMELTNACEAE. 67 Order XYRIDALES. Terrestrial, commonly bog herbs, or epiplij'tes. Leaves often basal : blades prevailingly narrow. Inflorescence usually not a spadix, but often with a spathe-like bract or a spathe. Flowers mostly complete. Corolla regular or nearly so (except in some genera of Commelinaceae and Pontederiaceae). Gynoecium compound, superior or rarely inferior. Fruit a capsule or utricle, or baccate. Seed with mealy endosperm. Inflorescence without a spathe : ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentae. Fam. 1. XXEIDACEAE. Inflorescence with a spathe : ovary mostly 3-celled. Calyx and corolla of very different members : sta- mens free. Fam. 2. Commelinaceae. Calyx and corolla of quite similar members and partially united : stamens partially adnate to the perianth. Fam. 3. Pontederiaceae. Family 1. XYRIDACEAE. Yellow-eyed grass Family. Leaves basal : blades thiekish. Flowers perfect, in a compact termi- nal spike. Sepals 3. the two lateral firm, keeled and often appendaged, persistent, the third larger, deciduous. Petals 3, fugacious. Androecium of 3 stamens usually alternating with 3 staminodia : anthers linear. Gynoecium 3-earpellary. Fruit a capsule. 1. XYRIS [Gronov.] L. Eigid herbs of bogs, swamps, and pinelands. Leaves not forked at the tip, imbricate at the base of the scape. Flowers aggregated in a spike with closely imbricate scale-like bracts. Corolla yellow or white. Anthers narrow, the sacs opening lengthwise. — Sum. — Yellow- eyed GRASS. Lateral sepals wingless, ciliate. 1. X. flexuosa. Lateral sepals winged, the wing incised or eroded above the middle. 2. X. caroliniana. 1. X. flexuosa Miihl. Leaves narrowly linear, 5-30 cm. long, acute, straight or spirally twisted: scapes 2-6 dm. tall, more or less spirally twisted, nearly terete below, 2-edged above, smooth: spikes oval or subglobose, 5-10 mm. long: lateral sepals margined, 4-5 mm. long; keel ciliate and bearded at the apex. — S. Frequent in swamps. — Serpentine. 2. X. caroliniana "Walt. Leaves linear, attenuate, smooth, the longer fully i as long as the scape: scapes 1-6 dm. tall, flattened and 2 edged above, the edges smooth: spikes oval or ovoid, 6-9 mm. long, obtuse; bracts loosely imbri- cate in few series and splitting in age: lateral sepals 4—5 mm. long: wing narrower than the sepal-body incised-toothed or eroded beyond the middle. — S. Eare, in s^'amps. — Scliists. Family 2. COMMELINACEAE. Spiderwort Family. Annual, or ours perennial, caulescent, succulent herbs. Leaves alter- nate, sheathing at the base. Flowers perfect, the mostly umbel-like cymes involucrate. Calyx of 3 persistent herbaceous sepals. Corolla of 3 equal or unequal delicate petals. Androecium of 5-6 stamens, sometimes 2 or 3. mere staminodia. Gynoecium 2- or 3-carpellary. Styles united. Fruit a loculicidal 2- or 3-valved capsule. Petals alike in shape: polliniferous stamens 6. or rarely 5. 1. Tradescantia. Petals unequal in size and shape : polliniferous stamens 3, or rarely 2. 2. Commelina. 68 PONTEDEKIACEAE. 1. TRADBSCANTIA [Eupp.] L. Plants mostly erect. Leaf-blades usually relatively long and narrow. Cymes in involucres of 1-3 leaf -like bracts. Petals nearly equal. Capsules sessile. 1. T. virginiana L. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, green: leaf -blades mostly 2-7 dm. long, nearly flat : bracts usually much shorter than the leaves : pedicels 2.5-5.6 cm. long, villous: sepals 12-18 mm. long, villous, thin in age: petals blue: cap- sule 5-7 mm. long. — Frequent in moist soil, commonly on the banks of streams. — Spr. — Spiderwort. 2. COMMELINA [Plum.] L. Plants mostly spreading. Leaf -blades rela- tively short. Cymes borne in a specialized folded involucre. Perianth irregular. Corolla blue. Stamens 3 or rarely 2. Capsules hidden in the spathe. — Sum. — Day-flower. Dew-flower. Spathes not united at the base. 1. C. comnitmis. Spathes united at the base. Each cavity of the ovary with 2 ovules. 2. C. virginica. Ventral cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules ; dorsal cavity with 1 ovule. 3. C. hirtella. 1. C. communis L. Stem or branches 3-10 dm. long: leaf -blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate: spathes 2-4 cm. long, mainly about twice as long as wide : capsules 6-7 mm. long. In waste grounds and about gardens; becoming a nuisance in some places. — Nat. of the tropics. 2. C. virginica L. Stem or branches 3-9 dm. long: leaf -blades lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so, 3-10 cm. long, mostly acuminate: spathes 2-3 cm. long, acuminate : capsules 4-5 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Frequent, on open banks. — ScJiists. 3. C. hirtella Vahl. Stem 2-12 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched: leaf- blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, often scabrous: spathes usually clustered, triangular or ovate-triangular, 2-2.5 cm. long, acute: capsules 7-8 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. In rich mud along the river shore. — Schists. Family 3. PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-weed Family. Bog or aquatic herbs with rootstocks. Leaves alternate : blades dilated, narrow, or mere phyllodia. Flowers 1 or several from a bract- like spathe. Calyx and corolla of rather similar partially united members. Androecium of 3-6 stamens : filaments unequally adnata to the perianth- tube. Gynoecium 3-carpellary but sometimes with a 1-celled ovaiy. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle or a many-seeded capsule. Stamens 3 : flowers few : perianth salverform. Stamens equal : anthers narrow, erect : leaf-blades narrow. 1. Zosterblla. Stamens unequal : anthers broad, versatile : leaf-blades broad. 2. Heteranthera. Stamens 6 : flowers many : perianth 2-lipped. 3. Poxtedbria. 1. ZOSTEREIjLA Small. Aquatic plants with regularly leafy stems. Spadix 1-flowered. Perianth yellow, regular, the lobes narrow, nearly equal. Stamens 3, equal: anthers narrow, erect. Ovary 3-celled: style conspicuously swollen under the stigma. Ovules numerous. Capsule many-seeded. 1. Z. dubia (Jacq.) Small. Stem and branches elongate: leaf -blades mainly 4r-ll cm. long: perianth-lobes linear, 8—12 mm. long: capsules 4-6 mm. long. — Susquehanna and tributaries. Eather rare, in still shallow water. — Sum. — Water star-grass. MELANTHACEAE. 69 2. HETEKANTHERA E. & P. Plants of muddy places, with rootstocks from which arise short branches bearing a cluster of leaves and a peduncle with a bract. Spadix l-few-flowered. Perianth white or blue, the calyx-lobes narrower than the corolla-lobes. Stamens 3, unequal, 1 of them with a longer filament and a larger anther than the others: anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled: styles barely if at all thickened under the stigma. Ovules numerous. Capsule many-seeded. 1. H. reniformis R. & P. Leaf-blades reniform or orbicular-reniform, 1.5-6 cm. broad: spadix 2-5-flowered : perianth white or blue; tube 7-10 mm. long: capsules mostly ] cm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Common, in shallow places in the river. — Sum. — Mud-plantain. 3. PONTEDERIA L. Bog herbs. Leaf-blades narrow or broad, on taper- ing petioles. Spadix many-flowered. Perianth 2-lipped, the lobes nearly equal. Anthers versatile. Ovary 1-celled. Seed solitary. 1. P. cordata L. Leaves with tapering petioles and deltoid to ovate blades 10-20 cm. long: perianth bright-blue or white; tube 7-10 mm. long; limb 3-5 mm. broad, the lobes shorter than the tube, the upper one with 2 yellow spots. — Susquehanna valley. Common, in shallow water. — Sum. — Pickerel-w^eed. Order LILIALES. Relatively fleshy, gi'ass- or sedge-like herbs, rarely vines or trees. Leaves various, mostly with flat blades, sometimes scale-like or terete. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, complete, regular or in few cases irregular. Perianth of 3 or 6 members, or rarely of 4, these more or less readily distinguished into calyx and corolla, sometimes partially united. Gynoecium of 3, or rarely 2, united carpels. Ovary superior or nearly so. Fruit various, commonly a capsule or a berry, sometimes berry-like. Styles present, distinct or united : stigmas terminal. Styles distinct: capsule septicidal and rarely also loculicidal. Fam. 1. MELANTHACEAE. Styles united, often very short or obsolete during anthesis : capsule primarily loculicidal. Sepals or petals chaffy. Pam. 2. Juncaceae. Sepals and petals not chaffy. Herbs with bulbs, corms or rootstocks. Plants with bulbs or corms. Flowers in umbels, at first included in and later subtended by a scari- ous involucre. Fam. 3. Alliaceae. Flowers solitary or racemose without an involucre. Fam. 4. Liliaceae. Plants with elongate rootstocks. Fam. .5. Convallariaceae. Shrubby plants with woody caudices, or trees. Fam. G. Dracaenaceab. Styles wanting : stigmas introse, sometimes elongate. Flowers perfect : bracts whorled. Fam. 7. Trilliaceae. Flowers dioecious : bracts alternate. Fam. 8. Smilacaceae. Family 1. MELANTHACEAE. Bunch-flower Family. Pex-ennial herbs with long or short rootstocks. Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal: blades flat or plicate. Flowers borne in a terminal simple or branched inflorescence, or solitary. Perianth of 3 sepals and 70 MELANTHACEAE. 3 petals. Androecium of 6, or rarely 9-12 stamens. Gynoeeium 3-carpel- lary: styles distinct. Fruit capsular, septicidal and rarely also loculicidal. Plants with dioecious flowers : anthers oblong or ovoid. 1. Chamaelirium. Plants with perfect or polygamo-monoecious flowers : anthers cordate or reniform. Sepals and petals glandless. Inflorescence racemose : flowers perfect. 2. Cheospeema. Inflorescence paniculate : flowers polygamo-monoecious. Ovary wholly superior : styles slender : petals obtuse. 3. Veratkum. Ovary inferior at the base : styles very short and stout : petals acuminate. 4. Stenanthium. Sepals and petals with glands at or near the base. 5. Mblanthium. 1. CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. Fleshy caulescent herbs. Leaves relatively few, the cauline much narrower than the basal. Flowers dioecious, in a bracted spike or raceme. Sepals and petals clavate-spatulate, those of the staminate flowers much longer than those of the pistillate, all 1-nerved. Ovules 6-12 in each cavity. •1. C. luteum (L.) A. Gray. Stem 2-12 dm. tall, simple: basal leaves spread- ing; blades spatulate to oblong-spatulate, 5-20 cm. long: staminate perianth white ; pistillate green : capsules 7-10 mm. long. — Common in moist thickets. — Schists. — Sum. — Blazing-star. Devil 's-bit. 2. CHBOSPEEMA Eaf. Stout caulescent herbs. Leaves many at the base of the stem, few and small above; blades elongate, flat. Flowers perfect in a thick raceme. Sepals and petals white, glandless. Carpels united below the middle. Capsule with 3 spreading lobes. 1. C. muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. Stem 3-14 dm. tall, sparingly leafy: leaf -blades linear: raceme 5-15 cm. long, about i as thick: sepals oval or sub- orbicular, 3-3.5 mm. long: petals oblong, 4-5 mm. long: capsules broader than high, the carpels turgid, 4-6 mm. long. — N. S. Not common, in thickets and woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Crow-poison. 3. VERATRUM [Tourn.] L. Coarse herbs. Leaves mainly cauline; blades broad, plicate. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, paniculate, the pan- icle-branches pubescent. Sepals and petals glandless, greenish, yellow, brown, or purple, the latter larger than the former. Capsule narrow. Seeds winged. 1. V. viride Ait. Stem 6-25 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval, or narrower on the upper part of the stem: panicle-branches ascending: sepals and petals yellowish- green: petals 11-14 mm. long. — N. S. Conunon, in swamps. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Spr. — Indian-poke. American white-hellebore. 4. STENANTHIUM Kunth. Graceful caulescent herbs. Leaves mainly basal: blades elongate, channeled. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, panicu- late, the panicle-branches glabrous. Sepals and petals white or green, glandless. Seeds angled. 1. S. robustum S. Wats. Stem 10-20 dm. tall, stout: blades of the lower leaves over 10 mm. wide: panicle plume-like: petals of the pistillate flowers 7-8 mm. long: capsules fully 10 mm. long, erect. — Extreme S. Eare, in swamps near Pleasant Grove and New Texas. — Serpentine. — Sum. 5. MELANTHIUM L. Coarse caulescent herbs. Leaves mainly basal: blades linear or slightly dilated. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, panicu- late, the panicle-branches pubescent. Sepals and petals white, cream-colored, or greenish, each with 2 glands above the claw. Seeds winged. — Sum. — Bunch-flower. JUNCACEAE. 71 Blades of the sepals and petals oblong, entire, the filaments adnate to the base of the claws : leaf-blades linear or nearly so. 1. M. virgitiicwn. Blades of the sepals and petals suborbicular or reniform, un- dulate to crisped, the filaments adnate the whole length of the claws : leaf-blades manifestly broadest above the middle. 2. M. latifoUum. 1. M. virginicum L. Stem 7-17 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear, attenuate: pan- icle narrow, 1-5 dm. long: perianth greenish-yellow: sepals and petals with claws about I as long as the blades. — N. S. Eather common, in moist woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. 2. M. latifollum Desv. Stem 5-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades broadened above the middle, acute or acuminate: panicle 2-6 dm. long: perianth whitish: sepals and petals with claws nearly as long as the blades. — S. Rare, in woods. — Serpentine. Family 2. JUNCACEAE. Rush Family. Perennial or sometimes annual herbs, usually grass-like in habit. Leaves with flat blades, or terete. Flowers scattered along the inflores- cence-branches, or in dense heads. Calyx of 3 chafi!y sepals. Corolla of 3 petals nearly or quite similar to the sepals. Androecium of 3 or 6, or rarely 4 or 5 stamens. Gynoecium 3-carpellary. Ovary 1-3-celled. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, or opening irregularly. Seeds sometimes appendaged. Leaf-sheaths open: capsule 1- or 3-celled with axial or parietal placentae: seeds many. 1- Juncus. Leaf-sheaths closed: capsules 1-celled with basal placentae: seeds 3. 2. .Juxcoides. 1. JUNCUS [Tourn.] L. Glabrous or merely scabrous herbs. Leaves terete or with flat but thick blades. Bracts subtending the flowers, mostly en- tire. — Sum. — EuSH. Lower bract of the inflorescence terete, not markedly channeled, erect, appearing like a continuation of the scape, the inflorescence thus appearing lateral. I. Effusi. Lower bract of the inflorescence not appearing like a continuation of the scape, the inflorescence therefore usually appearing terminal. Leaf-blades with their flat surface facing the stem, or terete or channeled, not provided with node-like septa. Flowers bracteolate, borne singly on the inflorescence- branches, or sometimes clustered, but never capitate. II. Bcfoxii. Flowers not bracteolate, capitate on the inflorescence- branches, ni. Marginati. Leaf-blades either terete and not flattened, or flattened or compressed, with the flat surfaces not facing the stem, hollow and provided with septa. Stamens 6, one facing each sepal and each petal. l\ . Articdlati. Stamens 3, one facing each sepal. V. Acuminati. I. EFFUSI. Sepals and petals green or straw-colored : stamens 3 ; anthers as long as the filaments. 1- •/• effusi. Sepals and petals chestnut-brown on either side of the midrib : stamens 6 ; anthers longer than the filaments. 2. ./. halticus. II. BUFONII. Annual plants. 3. J. hiifonius. Perennial plants. Auricles of the leaf-sheaths membranous or scarious, whitish. Primary bracts shorter than the inflorescence : leaf-auricles membranous, rarely if at all pro- longed beyond the insertion. 4. J. sccundus. Primary bracts longer than the inflorescence : leaf-auricles scarious, markedly prolonged beyond the insertion. 5. -/. tenuis. Auricles of the leaf-sheaths cartilaginous, yellow or yellow-brown. 6. J. Dudleiji. 72 JUNCACEAE. III. MARGINATI. Plants erect : inflorescence commonly 5-15, usually 5-10- flowered. 7. ./. tnarginatus. IV. ARTICULATI. Plants with globose heads : sepals shorter than the petals : capsules subulate. 8. J. nodosus. V. ACUMINATI. Capsules subulate. 9. J. scirpoidcs. Capsules oblong to ovoid. Seeds tapering at both ends and caudate. Petals less than 3 mm. long : heads 2-7-flowered : capsule usually much longer than the petals. 10. J. hrachycephalus. Petals 3 mm. long or more : heads many-flowered : capsule about as long as the petals. 11. J. canadensis. Seeds abruptly narrowed at both ends and merely apiculate. Sepals and petals 2.5-3.5 mm. long : capsule ovoid- lanceolate in outline, broadly acute and mucro- nate, about as long as the perianth. 12. J. acuminatus. Sepals and petals 2-2.5 mm. long : capsule linear- lanceolate in outline, obtuse and merely apiculate, exceeding the perianth. 13. J. dehills. 1. J. effusus L. Scapes 5-12 dm. tall, striate near the top: leaf -blades obsolete, or mere acicular rudiments: inflorescence open: flowers perfect: mature peri- anth 2.5-3 mm. long: sepals and petals lanceolate: capsules obovoid, readily dehiscent, rounded at the apex. — Common, in swamps. 2. J. balticus Willd. Scapes 2-11 dm. tall: leaves mere bladeless sheaths: panicle mostly narrow : flowers perfect : sepals lanceolate, 3^ mm. long : petals similar to the sepals but slightly shorter: capsules 3.5-4 mm. long, about equal- ling the sepals, beaked. — M. Bare, in the Dillerville swamp. — Limestones. 3. J. bufonius L. Stems mostly less than 2 dm. tall: leaf -blades flat, or invo- lute on small plants: panicle difi'use: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, acuminate: petals linear-oblong, obtuse, shorter than the sepals: stamens less than i as long as the perianth: capsules oblong. — Rather rare, on roadsides. 4. J. secimdus Beauv. Scapes 1-4 dm. tall: flowers permanently approximate: sepals becoming 3.5 mm. long: petals green, longer than the sepals, about as long as the capsule. — S. Eare, in swamps and on muddy banks. — Schists. 5. J. tenuis Willd. Scapes 2-9 dm. tall: auricles of the leaf -sheath scarious: sepals lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acuminate: petals slightly broader than the sepals, much longer than the ovoid or obovoid capsule: anthers much shorter than the filaments. — Common, in swamps and low grounds. 6. J. Dudleyi Wiegand. Scapes 3-10 dm. tall: auricles of the leaf -sheaths cartilaginous: sepals 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, becoming very firm: petals shorter than the sepals, acuminate, slightly longer than the oval capsule: sta- mens 6; anthers shorter than the filaments. — N. Eare, on hillsides near Mt. Hope. — Sandstones and sJiales. 7. J. marginatus Eostk. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall, somewhat bulbous at the base: blades of the basal leaves 1-3 mm. wide: heads relatively large, commonly 5-15 together: sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute: petals obovate or oblong-obovate, obtuse, slightly longer than the sepals, slightly longer than the obovoid capsule: stamens 3. — S. Eare, in moist grounds. — Schists. 8. J. nodosus L. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, borne singly on the rootstock: cauline leaves 2-4; blades slender, conspicuously septate: sepals lanceolate-subulate, 3-3.5 mm. long: petals longer than the sepals, acuminate: capsules manifestly surpassing the perianth, short-beaked. — M. Eare, in the Dillerville swamp. — Limestones. 9. J. scirpoides Lam. Stems 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades terete, 2-3 mm. thick, the septa complete: sepals subulate-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: petals slightly ALLIACEAE. 73 shorter than the sepals: capsule slender, exceeding the perianth. — Lower Sus- quehanna valley. Eather rare, on river banks and sandy islands. — Schists. 10. J. brachycephalus Engelm. Stem 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades terete, 2 mm. thick or less: heads scattered or rarely solitary: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 2-2..5 mm. long, acute: petals about i longer than the sepals: capsules oblong, stout, longer than the petals. — M. Rare, in the Dillerville swamp. — Limestones. 11. J. canadensis J. Gay. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: heads many-flowered, rather crowded: sepals lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long: petals longer than the sepals, attenuate, nearly as long as the stout capsule: capsules narrowly conic: seeds long-tailed at each end. — N. Rather rare, in low grounds. — Sandstones and shales. 12. J. acuminatus Michx. Stems 2-8 dm. tall: heads generally 5-12-flowered: sepals lanceolate-subulate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: petals slightly shorter than the sepals: capsules about equalling the sepals, ovoid: seeds acute at both ends. — Eather common, in moist soil. 13. J. debilis A. Gray. Stems 2-4 dm. tall: heads generally 2-6-flowered: sepals narrowly lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long: petals nearly equalling the sepals: capsules oblong, exceeding the sepals and petals. — N. Rare, in moist soil. — Sandstones and shales. 2. JUNCOIDES Adans. Pubescent herbs. Leaf -blades flat and relatively thin, or sometimes involute. Bracts subtending the flowers usually lacerate or denticulate. — Spr. — Wood-rush. Peduncles or pedicels terminated by one or few flowers. ]. J. CaroUnae. Pedimcles or pedicels terminated by a spike-like cluster. 2. J. campestre. 1. J. Carolinae (S. Wats.) Kuntze. Plants 1-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades flat, 3-9 mm. wide, cilliate, and webbed on both surfaces, gland-like at the blunt tip: flowers solitary or 2 together: sepals, and petals, 3.5-4 mm. long, lanceolate: anthers longer than the filaments : capsule ovoid, surpassing the perianth. — M, Rare, on shaded banks of creeks. — Limestones. 2. J. campestre (L.) Kuntze. Plants 1-5 dm. tall: leaves webbed throughout: sepals, and petals, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm. long: capsule shorter than the perianth. — Common, in woods and thickets. Family 3. ALLIACEAE. Onion Family. Perennial herbs with coated bulbs or conns. Leaves basal or mainly so : blades typically narrow. Flowers in a terminal umbel subtended by a scarious involucre at the top of the simple scape or stem. Perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals, persistent. Androecium of 6 stamens. Gynoecium 3-carpellary. Ovary superior. Styles united. Frait a loculicidal capsule. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity : scape, or stem, accompanied by leaves. 1. Allium. Ovules 1 in each ovary-cavity : scape not accompanied by leaves. 2. Validallium. 1. ALLIUM [Tourn.] L. Alliaceous herbs. Leaf -blades narrow, some- times hollow or keeled. Perianth white or variously colored. Stamens with nearly equal filaments or alternately appendaged. — Sum. — Onion. Garlic. Umbels nodding: plants acaulescent. 1- ^- cernuum. Umbels erect : plants caulescent. Bulbs membranous-coated : filaments dilated and the alternate ones appenflaged. 2. A. rineale. Bulbs fibrous-coated : filaments merely dilated at the base. S. A. canadense. 1. A. cernuum Roth. Scapes 2-6 dm. tall, 2-edged: umbel nodding; pedicels becoming 2-3 cm. long : sepals acute : petals oval, rounded or erose at the apex, 74 LILIACEAE. 4.5-6 mm. long: capsules 4-5 mm. long. — Eather common, on banks and dry hillsides. — Wild-onion. 2. A. vineale L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaves terete: umbel erect, the flowers ivholly or partially replaced with bulblets : perianth green, pink, or purple : sepals mainly ovate, 4-5 mm. long: petals slightly longer than the sepals: filaments opposite the petals with 2 lateral appendages. — Common, in old fields. — Field-garlic. 3. A, canadense L. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: umbel erect, with most of the flowers replaced with bulblets: perianth pink or white: sepals oblong to oblong-lanceo- late, 4-5 mm. long: petals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, slightly longer than the sepals, acute or acutish at the apex: filaments alternately longer and shorter. — Eather rare, in thickets and meadows. — Wild-garlic. 2. VAIilDAIiLIUM Small. Alliaceous herbs. Leaf -blades dilated. Peri- anth Mhite or pale. Stamens unequal, the filaments alternately subulate and lanceolate. 1. V. tricoccum (Ait.) Small. Leaves vernal; blades oblong to oblong-elliptic, 1-3 dm. long: scapes 1—4 dm. tall: umbel erect: perianth white: sepals oblong, 5-7 mm. long, obtuse: petals oval, longer than the sepals, somewhat shorter than the filaments: capsule about 6 mm. broad. — Lower Susquehanna valley. In rich woods on islands. — Schists. — Sum. — Wild-leek. Family 4. LILIACEAE. Lily Family. Perennial mainly caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate to whorled, sometimes all basal : blades entire or essentially so. Flowers solitary or variously clustered. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals, together with the sepals sometimes partially united into a tube. Androecium of 6 stamens, the anthers distinct. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Sepals, and petals, distinct. Anthers not intror.se : plants with scaly or solid bulbs. Anthers versatile : seeds flat. 1. Lilitjm. Anthers erect : seeds globose. 2. Ebythroxiom. Anthers introrse : plants with coated bulbs. 3. Oknithogalum. Sepals, and petals, more or less united. Perianth globular to urceolate, with tooth-like lobes. 4. Muscaei. Perianth funnelform, with spreading or recurved lobes. 5. Hemerocallis. 1. LILIUM L. Tall caulescent herbs with scaly bulbs. Leaf-blades flat, relatively short. Perianth showy, the sepals, and petals, distinct. Filaments slightly adnate to the sepals and petals : anthers versatile. — Sum. — Lily. Flower, or flowers, erect : sepals and petals narrowed into claws. 1. L. pliiladelpMcum. Flower, or flowers, horizontal or nodding : sepals and petals without claws. Sepals and petals with spreading tips : leaf-blades finely roughened on the edges and nerves beneath. 2. L. canadense. Sepals and petals with recurved tips : leaf-blades smooth. 3. L. sui)erbum. 1. L. philadelphicum L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaves mainly whorled; blades narrowly elliptic to linear, 3-10 cm. long: sepals 5-6 cm. long, with oblong, elliptic, or oval blades: petals with broader blades than the sepals or some- times ovate : capsules 2-4 cm. long. — Common, in thickets. 2. L. canadense L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaves mainly whorled; blades lan- ceolate to oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate, rough- ened on the margins and the veins beneath: flowers usually few: sepals and petals red or yellowish, often variegated, usually spotted, 4.5-7.5 cm. long, the LILIACEAE. 75 upper portion spreading: capsules 3-5 cm. long. — Rather rare, in wet thickets and meadows. 3. L. superbum L. Stems 8-25 dm. tall: leaves maiiily whorled; blades elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or nearly linear, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, smooth: flowers usually many: sepals and petals orange, red, or orange-yellow, usually purple- spotted. 6-10 cm. long, recurved from below the middle: capsules 3-5 cm. long. — S. Not very common, in low grounds. — Schists. 2. ERYTHRONIUM L. Low herbs with deeply buried corms and sub- terranean stems. Leaves generally 2; blades dilated. Perianth white or colored, the sepals and petals distinct. Filaments nearly free : anthers erect. — Spr. — Dog 's-tooth violet. Styles united to above the middle, topped by 3 spreading or recurved stigmas : perianth white, pinli or purplish within. 1. E. albidum. Styles wholly united : stigma terminal : perianth yellow within. 2. E. americanum. 1. E. albidum Nutt. Leaf-blades oblong to elliptic. 5-15 cm. long, often mottled: scape 1-3 dm. tall: sepals and petals white, pink, or purplish, curved: stigmas spreading or recurved: capsule 1-2 cm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eare, in moist soil. — Schists. 2. E. americanum Ker. Leaf-blades oblong to elliptic, 10-15 cm. long, com- monly mottled: scape 1-3 dm. tall: sepals and petals green or greenish without, yellow within or rarely partly red, 3-3.5 cm. long, recurved: stigmas erect: capsule 1-1.5 cm. long. — Common, on moist banks. 3. ORNITHOGALUM [Tourn.] L. Scapose succulent herbs with coated bulbs. Leaf-blades narrow, elongate. Corymb or raceme bracted. Sepals and petals white or greenish without, nearly equal. Filaments flattened. Anthers versatile. Style shorter than the ovary. Ovules several or numerous in each carpel. — Spr. Inflorescence corymbose : filaments unappendaged. 1. O. umhellatum. Inflorescence racemose : filaments appendaged. .2. O. nutans. 1. O. umbellatum L. Scapes 1-3.5 dm. tall: leaf -blades usually paler-green near the midrib, 2-5 cm. wide: flowers erect: sepals and petals oblong to oblong- lanceolate, 10-20 mm. long: filaments subulate to subulate-lanceolate: anthers oblong. — Common, in fields and woods. Nat. of Eu. — Stak-of-Bethlehem. 2. O. nutans L. Scapes 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades evenly green, 6-11 mm. wide: flowers nodding: sepals and petals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 27-35 mm. long: filaments broadly winged and toothed near the anthers: anthers linear. — N. M. Eare, in fields. Nat. of Eu. 4. MUSCAEI [Tourn.] Mill. Scapose succulent herbs with coated bulbs. Leaf -blades elongate^ channeled. Racemes dense, inconspicuously bracted. Peri- anth globular to urceolate, commonly deep-blue. Filaments adnate to the peri- anth-tube up to near the anthers. Anthers nearly as wide as long. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Capsules 3-angled or 3-winged. — Spr. — Grape-hyacinth. Perianth oblong-urceolate : anthers borne alternately high and low on the perianth. 1. M. hotryoidcs. Perianth globular : anthers borne evenly on the perianth. 2. M. racemosum. 1. M. botryoides (L.) Mill. Plants 8-25 cm. tall: leaves erect; blades mostly 6-8 mm. wide: perianth mostly 2.5-4 mm. long; lobes as long as wide, about equal : style shorter than the ovary. — Bather common, about gardens and in meadows. Nat. of Eu. 2. M. racemosum (L.) Mill. Plants 11-28 cm. tall: leaves recurved; blades mostly 2-4 mm. wide: perianth 4.5-5.5 mm. long; lobes broader than long, un- 76 CONVALLAEIACEAE. equal: style about as long as the ovary. — Occasional, in meadows and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. 5. HEMEEOCALLIS L. Acaulescent herbs, with thickened coated bulbs. Leaf -blades elongate-linear. Perianth yellow or orange, funnelform, the lobes broad, longer than the tube. Filaments adnate to the perianth-tube. 1. H. fulva L. Plants 1-2 m. tall: leaf -blades mostly 1.5-2 cm. wide: peri- anth mainly tawny-orange; tube about 3 cm. long: corolla-lobes 8-10 cm. long, red near the center, orange near the tips, the margins involute, crisped : capsules obovoid, 4-6 cm. long. — Common, in meadows and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Day-lily. Family 5. CONVALLARIACEAE. Lily-of-the-valley Family. Perennial herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal, sometimes scale-like. Flowers in a terminal cluster, raceme, or panicle, or axillaiy. Calyx of 2 or 3 sepals. Corolla of 2 or 3 petals, together with the se^oals sometimes partially united. Androeeium of 4 or 6 stamens. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels. Fruit a berry or rarely a tardily dehiscent capsule. Sepals and petals distinct or essentially so. Flowers axillary : leaves scale-like : branchlets proliferous. 1. Asparagus. Flowers terminal, sometimes apparently axillary : leaves, or most of them, not scale-like : plants not proliferously branched. Flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle : perianth white or whitish. Sepals and petals 3 each : stamens 6 : gynoecium 3- carpellary. 2. Vagnera. Sepals and petals 2 each : stamens 4 : gynoecium 2- carpellary. 3. Unifolium. Flowers solitary in the axils : perianth yellow or yel- lowish. Sepals and petals with ridges on either side of a deep nectary : capsule obovoid or turbinate, 3-lobed. 4. Uvularia. Sepals and petals without ridges or nectary : capsule elliptic or oval, 3-winged. 5. Oakbriella. Sepals and petals partially united into a tube. 6. Polygonatum. 1. ASPARAGUS [Tourn.] L. Caulescent herbs, the branches plume-like on account of the minute branchlets clustered in the axils of the scales. Leaves scale-like. Flowers mainly solitary in the axils, nodding. Berry nodding. 1. A. officinalis L. Stem at first scaly and succulent, becoming slender and firmer, 4-20 dm. tall: sepals and petals 4-7 mm. long, linear or nearly so, the latter broader than the former: berries red, 6-& mm. in diameter. — Eather common, in fence-rows and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Asparagus. 2. VAGNERA Adans. Herbs with simple stems. Leaves several. Flow- ers in a terminal raceme or panicle. Sepals and petals of a linear, lanceolate, or oblong type. Filaments dilated or inflated. Stigma obscurely 3-lobed or nearly entire. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity. Berries spreading. — Sum. — Wild-spikenard. Inflorescence paniculate : sepals and petals linear. 1. V. racemosa. Inflorescence racemose : sepals and petals oblong to lanceolate. 2. V. stellata. 1. V. racemosa (L.) Morong. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, oblong- lanceolate, or elliptic, 5-20 cm. long, sessile: panicle 3-10 cm. long, many- flowered: sepals and petals white, 1.5-2 mm. long: berries globular, 4-6 mm. long, red, or spotted with purple. — Common, in woods and thickets. CONVALLAEIACEAE. 77 2. V. stellata (L.) Morong. Stems 2-5 dm. tall: leaves minutely pubescent; blades ovate, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 7-14 cm. long: sepals about 4 mm. long: petals 5-5.5 mm. long: berries 7-10 mm. in diameter, green with black stripes or black. — Lower Susquehanna valley. In woods, chiefly on islands in the river. 3. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Herbs with simple stems. Leaves few. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Filaments filiform or subulate. Stigmas 2. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity. Berries spreading. 1. U. canadense (Desv.) Greene. Stem 5-15 cm. tall: leaves 2 or 3; blades ovate to lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, truncate or subcordate at the base: sepals and petals 2.5-3.5 mm. long: berries globular, about 4 mm. in diameter, red- speckled. — Bather common, in moist woods. — Spr. — Tavo-leaved Solomon 's SEAL. 4. UVULARIA L. Herbs with terete forking stems. Leaf-blades per- foliate, membranous, smooth-margined. Sepals and petals acuminate. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovary nearly globular. Seeds about i covered with the thin aril. 1. U. perfoliata L. Stem 1-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or oval, or slightly broadened upward, 3-6 cm. long: pedicels 5-25 mm. long: anther-connectives acute : capsules about 1 cm. long. — Common, in rich woods. — Spr, — Bellwort. 5. OAKESIEIjLA Small. Herbs with angled forking stems. Leaf -blades sessile, leathery, scabrous-margined. Sepals and petals blunt. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovary oblong. Seeds with a swollen spongy raphe. 1. O. sessilifolia (L.) Small. Stem 1-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades elliptic to oblong, 3-8 cm. long, thin: sepals and petals 1.5-2 cm. long, nearly linear: capsules oval 1.5-2.3 cm. long. Common, in moist woods and on banks. — Spr. — Bell- wort. 6. POLYGONATUM [Tourn.] Mill. Herbs with jointed rootstocks and simple stems. Leaves spreading: blades sessile. Flowers 1 or few terminating axillary peduncles, drooping. Perianth white or greenish: lobes erect or nearly so. Filaments adnate to the middle of the perianth-tube or above it. Berries globular, blue or nearly black. Seeds flattened. — Spr. — Solomon 's-seal. Filaments rough, adnate to the perianth-tube for about % its lengtli. 1. P. hiflorum. Filaments smooth, adnate to the perianth-tube for about % its length. 2. P. commutatum. 1., P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Stems 2-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, pubescent beneath: peduncles commonly 2- flowered: perianth 8-12 mm. long: berries 6-8 mm. in diameter. — Common, in moist woods and on banks. 2. P. commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. Stems 3-25 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, oblong-lanceolate, oval, or oval-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, glabrous: peduncles usually more than 2-flowered: perianth 10-20 mm. long: berries 8—12 mm. in diameter. — S. Eather common, in rich soil, especially near streams. — Schists. Family 6. DRACAENACEAE. Yucca Family. Shrubby plants or trees, with woody, generally copiously leafy, caudices. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, firm or rig-id, sometimes filif- erous. Flowers in racemes or jjanicles terminating scape-like stems. 78 TEILLIACEAE. Calyx of 3 generally white or pale sepals. Corolla of 3 petals nearly similar to the sepals. Androeeium of 6 stamens. Gynoecium superior, of 3 united carpels. Style stout, sometimes obsolete during anthesis. Fruit a primarily loeulicidal capsule, sometimes indehiscent or baccate. 1. YUCCA [Eupp.] L. Caudex commonly leafy throughout. Flowers perfect, relatively large, in panicles or racemes. Sepals and petals several- nerved, deciduous. Ovules numerous. Capsule dehiscent^ or baccate. Seeds black. 1. Y. filamentosa L. Caudex short: leaves firm, 3-6 dm. long, stiiHy erect or spreading, with curly fibers: panicle-branches usually glabrous: capsules 5-6 cm. long : seed lustrous, about 7 mm. long. — M. Eare, on banks of the Little Chiquesalunga Creek. Escaped from gardens. Nat. southward. — Sum. — Bear-grass. Adam's-needle. Family 7. TRILLIACEAE. Trillium Family. Perennial herbs Avith rootstocks. Leaves in a whorl on the stem, or basal and wanting on the mature plant: blades broad. Bracts leaf-like in a whorl at the top of the scape or peduncle. Flowers perfect, solitary or in a terminal cluster. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals more or less different from the sepals. Androeeium of 6 stamens. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Stigmas 3. Ovules several in each ovary-cavity. Fruit baccate. Flowers several in an umbel-like cluster : sepals and petals nearly alike : flowering stem with a whorl of leaves and a whorl of bracts. 1. Medeola. Flowers solitary : sepals and petals very different : flowering stem (scape) with only a whorl of leaf-like bracts. 2. Trillium. 1. MEDEOLA [Gronov.] L. Caulescent herbs, with long brittle rootstocks. Leaves and bracts with thinnish blades. Pedicels slender, more or less declined. Anthers shorter than the filaments. 1. M. virginica L. Stem 2-9 dm. tall: leaves 4-10; blades elliptic, spatulate, or obovate, 5-15 cm. long: bracts smaller than the leaves: sepals and petals greenish, 9-11 cm. long: berries spheroidal, 8-15 mm. thick, dark-purple. — Common, in moist woods. — Spr. — Indian cucumber-root. 2. TRILLIUM L. Scapose herbs with firm corm-like rootstocks. Leaves and bracts with thick blades. Pedicels stout, or solitary flower sessile. Anthers longer than the filaments. — Spr. — "Wake-robin. Birthroot. Stigmas stout, tapering, the tips recurved : anthers stout : petals less than 4 cm. long : berry ovoid. Stamens overtopping tlie stigmas ; filaments mostly less than % as long as the anthers. 1. T. erectum. Stamens overtopped by the stigmas ; filaments mostly over % as long as the anthers. 2. T. cernuum. Stigmas slender, of equal diameter throughout, mostly erect or spreading : anthers slender : petals over 4 cm. long : berry subglobose. 3. T. grandiflornm. 1. T. erectum L. Scape 3-6 dm. tall: bracts 8-18 cm. long; blades rhombic, often broader than long: pedicel 3-10 cm. long, erect or nearly so: sepals oblong or lanceolate, 2-3.5 cm. long: petals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, brown-purple or nearly white: anthers 5-9 mm. long: berry purple or nearly black. — Common, in rich woods along the river and creeks. 2. T. cernuum L. Scape 2-6 dm. tall : bracts 6-12 cm. long ; blades sometimes decidedly wider than long: petals white, broadly ovate: anthers 8-10 mm. long: berry purple. — Frequent, in rich woods along the river and creeks. SMTLACACEAE. 79 3. T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Scape 2-5 dm. tall: bracts 6-14 cm. long; blades oval or rhombic-oval, acuminate: pedicel 5-8 cm. long, erect or nearly so: sepals lanceolate. 2.5-5 cm. long, acute: petals oblanceolate or obovate-lanceo- late, white or pink, or later rose, crisped : berry erect, 2-2.5 cm. thick. S. Abundant, in rich woods near Haines. — Schists. Family S. SMILACACEAE. Smilax Family. Perennial amied or unarmed vines. Leaves alternate: blades several- ribbed and netted-veined, commonly persistent: petiole usually beai-ing a pair of appendages. Flowers dioecious, in axillary peduneled umbels. Perianth regular, usually green, that of the staminate flowers larger than that of the pistillate. Stems herbaceous, annual, imarmed : ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity. 1. Nemexia. Stems woody, perennial, prickly : ovule solitary in each ovary-cavity. 2. Smilax. 1. NElMEXIA Eaf. Leaf-blades membranous. Flowers carrion-scented. — Spr. — Carrion-flower. Leaf-blades glabrous beneath : sepals of the staminate flowers oblong or linear. 1. N. hcrbacea. Leaf-blades pubescent beneath : sepals of the staminate flowers ovate or obovate. 2. N. pulvcrulenta. 1. N. herbacea (L.) Small. Stems elongate: leaf -blades ovate, triangular- lanceolate or lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, short-acuminate, 7-9-nerved, rounded or truncate at the base: mature pistillate peduncles long and slender, mostly longer than the leaves: pedicels slender: staminate perianth 7-8 mm. wide: sepals oblong or linear, acutish: petals linear or nearly so: berries 6-8 mm. in diameter. — Common, in thickets. 2. N. pulverulenta (Michx.) Small. Stems elongate, stout: leaf -blades ovate to elliptic-ovate, 8-15 cm. long, short-acuminate, usually 9-nerved, cordate at the base: mature pistillate peduncles relatively short and stout, shorter than the leaves: pedicels stout: staminate perianth 9-11 mm. wide: sepals ovate or obovate: berries 8-10 mm. in diameter. — S. Eather rare, in thickets. 2. SMILAX [Tourn.] L. Leaf-blades leathery. Flowers not carrion- scented, often fragrant. — Spr. — Green-brier. Cat-brier. Horse-brier. Peduncles of the pistillate plants much longer than the subtending petioles : sepals and petals of the pistillate flowers mostly over 3 mm. long. Leaf-blades glaucous beneath : fruit-bearing pedicels slightly shorter than the peduncles : berries glaucous. 1. 8. glauca. Leaf-blades green on both sides : fruit-bearing pedicels much shorter than the peduncles : berries not glaucous. 2. 8. hispula. Peduncles of the pistillate plants shorter than the petioles or barely surpassing them : sepals and petals of the pistillate flowers mostly less than 3 mm. long. 3. S. rotundifolia. 1. S. glauca Walt. Leaf -blades broadly ovate, 3-9 cm. long, thickish, rounded or cordate at the base: pedicels 6-12 mm. long: sepals and petals of the stami- nate flowers 5-6 mm. long: anthers as long as the filaments or longer: berries 6-8 mm. in diameter, glaucous. — Common, in thickets. 2. S. hispida Muhl. Leaf-blades broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, .5-15 cm. long, thinnish, rough-edged, obtuse or subcordate at the base, or sometimes cuneately narrowed to the petiole: pedicels 4-8 mm. long: sepals and petals greenish- yellow, those of the staminate flowers 4-5 mm. long: berries about 6 mm. in diameter, bluish-black. • — M. Eather rare, in thickets along creeks. — Lime- stones. 3. S. rotundifolia L. Leaf-blades broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, 3-8 cm. long, or those of vigorous shoots suborbicular and much larger, abruptly pointed, 80 LEUCOJACAEAE. thick, smooth-edged : sepals and petals light-green, those of the staminate flow- ers 6-7 mm. long : berries bluish-black, 6-7 mm. in diameter, glaucous. — Common, in woods and thickets. Order AMARYLLIDALES. Perennial herbs or vines. Leaves with narrow or dilated blades. Flowers perfect or dioecious, complete. Perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals, these distinct or partially united. Androecium of 3 or 6 stamens. Gynoecium mostly 3-carpellary, the ovaiy wholly or partially inferior. Stamens 6. Upright herbs : flowers perfect. Fam. 1. Lbocojaceae. Twining vines : flowers dioecious. Fam. 2. Tamaceae. Stamens 3. Fam. 3. Ixiaceab. Family 1. LEUCOJACAEAE. Amaryllis Family. Herbs, commonly succulent, with rootstocks, bulbs, or corms. Leaves alternate, wholly or mainly basal. Flowers perfect, the perianth some- times with a crown. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals, together with the sepals partially united into a tube. Androecium of 6 stamens, the filaments sometimes united into a crown. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary inferior or half -inferior. Styles united. Ovules numerous. Plants with corms or short rootstocks : perianth without a crown. Ovary, and capsule, half-inferior : capsule loculicidal. 1. Aleteis. Ovary, and capsule, wholly inferior : capsule circumscissile. 2. Hypoxis. Plants with coated corms : perianth with a crown. 3. Narcissus. 1. ALETRIS L. Herbs with thick rootstocks and scape-like stems. Basal leaves spreading. Flowers in an interrupted spike or raceme. Perianth white to yellow, campanulate, cylindric, or obovoid, granular: lobes much shorter than the tube. Filaments adnate to the middle of the perianth or above it. 1. A. farinosa L. Stem 3-12 cm. tall: blades of the basal leaves narrowly oblong or elliptic, or elongate and broadly linear, 5-30 cm. long: perianth white or cream-colored, 7-10 mm. long; lobes ovate: style elongate: capsules ovoid, slender-beaked. — S. Eather rare, on dry banks. — Schists near serpentine. — Sum. — CoLic-ROOT. Star-grass. 2. HYPOXIS L. Acaulescent herbs with corm-like rootstocks. Leaves with elongate-linear or nearly filiform blades. Scapes slender, sometimes tufted. Flowers solitary or clustered. Perianth mainly yellow. Filaments adnate to the base of the perianth. 1. H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. Leaf -blades linear, mostly less than 4 mm. wide, sparingly hirsute, prominently 1-nerved: perianth-lobes oblong to elliptic, 6-7 mm. long, yellow within : capsules 4-5 mm. long. — N. S. Frequent, in dry often sandy soil. — Shales arid sandstones, schists. — Sum. — Star-grass. 3. NABCISSUS [Tourn.] L. Acaulescent herbs with coated corms. Leaves erect or nearly so : blades elongate-linear. Scape terminated by a single flower, or by a cluster, the flowers horizontal or nodding. Perianth white or variously colored: tube short, produced at the base of the lobes into a cup-like or funnel- form crown: lobes mostly more or less spreading. 1. N. Pseudo-Narcissus L. Plants 2-5 dm. tall: leaves erect; blades linear, flat, nearly as tall as the scape: calyx-lobes and corolla-lobes oblong to ovate, TAMACEAE. 81 2.5-3.5 cm. long, pale-yellow: crown carapanulate, deep-yellow, mostly longer than the perianth-lobes, the toothed edge more or less spreading: anthers much shorter than the filaments: capsules obovoid, mostly 1.5-2 cm. long. — Eare, locally naturalized. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Daffodil. Family 2. TAMACEAE. Yam Family. Perennial vines with rootstoeks. Leaves often opposite, or whorled near the base of the stem : blades ribbed and netted-veined. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, or rarely perfect, in axillaiy clusters. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals resembling the sepals. Androecium of 3-6 stamens, imperfect in pistillate flowers. Gynoeeium of 3 united carpels, imperfect in staminate flowers. Ovary inferior. Styles 3. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Fruit a 3-winged, 3-valved capsule, or baccate. 1. DIOSCOEEA [Plum.] L. Upper leaves alternate: blades mainly cor- date. Flowers rather inconspicuous. Sepals and petals mainly green or whitish, those of the pistillate flowers persistent. — Early sum. — Wild yam-root. Lower leaves typically alternate; blades green or pale-pubescent beneath: pistillate racemes many-fruited. !■ D. villosa. Lower leaves whorled in 4's to 7's ; blades glaucous beneath : pistillate racemes few-fruited. 2. D. glauca. 1. D. villosa L. Eootstocks slender, elongate, rarely forked, with few more slender lateral branches: lower petioles glabrous or sparingly pubescent at the apex: leaf -blades broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, mostly 6-13 cm. long, more or less pubescent beneath or sometimes glabrous: pistillate racemes many- flowered: fruits numerous, suborbicular, varying to orbicular-obovate or obreni- f orm, 2 cm. long or less. — Occasional, in moist thickets and woods. 2. D. glauca Muhl. Eootstocks stout, over 1 cm. thick, often forked and with many short stout lateral branches: lower petioles densely pubescent at the apex: leaf-blades ovate to orbicular-ovate, or rarely ovate-lanceolate, sometimes undu- late, glaucous and usually finely pubescent beneath: staminate sepals oval: pistillate racemes few-flowered: fruits few, suborbicular to broadly obovate or obrenif orm, 2-3.5 cm. long. — Frequent, in thickets and rich woods. Family 3. IXIACEAE. Iris Family. Perennial, mostly caulescent herbs with short or long rootstoeks. Leaves equitant, mostly elongate. Flowers perfect, mostly regular, arising from spathe-like bracts. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla similar to the calyx or of 3 veiy different members. Androecium of 3 stamens, the filaments partially adnate to the perianth. Gynoeeium of 3 united carpels. Ovary inferior. Styles entire or divided, sometimes petal-like. Ovules few or numerous. Fruit a loculicidal 3-valved capsule. Styles alternate with the stamens. Filaments distinct : seeds drupe-like. 1. Gemmingia. Filaments wholly or partially united : seeds dry. 2. Sisyrinchium. Styles opposite or arching over the stamens. 3. Ieis. 1. GEMMINGIA Fabr. Caulescent herbs with horizontal rootstoeks. Leaf-blades folded. Flowers in corymbose cymes. Sepals and petals pink or reddish, nearly equal, distinct or nearly so, persistent and coiled on the capsule. 1. G. chinensis (L.) Kuntze. Stem 3-13 dm. tall: leaf -blades with the faces united above the middle: sepals and petals oblong to elliptic, 2.5-3.5 cm. long: Lancaster County Flora 6. 82 TAMACEAE. capsules 2-2.5 cm. long: seeds black, shining. — Eather common, on dry hills and roadsides, and in fence-rows. Nat. of Asia. — Sum, — Blackberry-lily. 2. SISYRINCHIUM L. Scapose herbs with rootstocks. Leaf -blades flat. Flowers in 1 or more clusters arising from usually 2 bracts (spathe). Sepals and petals blue, white, or yellow, nearly equal, distinct, deciduous. — Sum. — Blue-eyed grass. Scape simple and terminated by the sessile or nearly sessile spathe or spathes. 1. S. angustifolium. Scape branched or bearing 2 or more terminal peduncles. 2. ;S'. graminoides. 1. S. angustifolium Mill. Plants tufted, 1-4 dm. tall or more, glaucous. Leaf -blades 1-3 mm. wide, usually serrulate roughened: scapes twice as long as the leaves, about as wide, wing-margined: spathes mostly green, sometimes purplish, the outer bract 2-6 cm. long, clasping for 2-6 mm. at its base, much larger than the inner one: pedicels stiff and nearly erect: perianth violet-blue, 10-12 mm. long: staminal column 4-6 mm. high: capsules 4-6 mm. high, oblong- globose: seeds dark-brown, 1-1.5 mm. long, obovoid-oblong, with shallow pits, or nearly smooth. — M. Eather common, in fields and grassy thickets. — Lime- stones. 2. S, graminoides Bicknell. Plants often not tufted, 1.5-6 dm. high, bright- green, turning dark when dry. Leaves thin and grass-like, ^-f the height of the scape; blades 1.5-6 mm. wide, the edges like those of the scape minutely serrulate: scapes thin, wing-flattened, as broad as the leaf -blades, mostly fork- ing into two peduncles 5-20 cm. long, subtended by a conspicuous bract : spathes green, flat, the subequal or unequal bracts acute or acuminate, 15-20 mm. long, the interior scales much shorter: perianth blue, 10 mm. long: capsules thin- walled, subglobose, 3-6 mm. high, on slender spreading pedicels: seeds numerous, about 1 mm. in diameter, globose, pitted. — Common, on grassy banks. 3. IBIS [Tourn.] L. Herbs with long rootstocks. Leaf-blades narrow. Flowers often solitary, usually not long-stalked. Sepals and petals usually showy, united below, the sepals recurved, the petals usually smaller and erect or nearly so. — Flag. Matted herbs, the flower-stems less than 1 dm. tall, covered with leaves : outer and inner perianth-lobes nearly equal. 1. /. verna. Upright herbs, the flower-stems usually over 3 dm. tall : outer perianth-lobes larger than the inner. Stem terete : leaf-blades less than 1 cm. wide : capsule sharply angled. 2. /. prismatica. Stem with 1 angle : leaf-blades mostly over 1 cm. wide : cap- sule obscurely angled. 3. I. versicolor. 1. I. verna L. Leaf -blades narrowly linear, elongating in age, mostly 5-7 mm. wide: flowers violet-scented: perianth violet-blue or rarely white; tube barely as long as the bracts, about as long as the lobes : capsule 12-15 mm. long. — S. Bare, on roadside banks near Wakefield. — Schists. — Sum. 2. I. prismatica Pursh. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades less than 1 cm. wide: flowers long-pedicelled: perianth blue, variegated mainly with white, the outer lobes spatulate, about 4 cm. long: capsule 2.5-4 cm. long, acute-angled, — S, Not common, in swamps near the serpentine barrens. — Spr. 3. I. versicolor L, Stem 8-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades mostly over 1 cm. wide: flowers short-pedicelled : perianth blue or lilac, variegated with white or yellow, or purple, the outer lobes spatulate to ovate-spatulate, 7-9 cm, long : capsule 3-4 cm. long, obscurely angled. — Common in swamps. — Spr. and sum. ORCHIDACEAE. 83 Order ORCHIDALES. Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs. Leaves usually fleshy, sometimes scale- like. Flowers mostly perfect and complete, very irregular. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals. Gynoecium compound. Ovary inferior. Seeds numerous. EndospeiTu wanting. Family 1. ORCHIDACEAE. Orchid Family. Perennial mostly succulent herbs. Leaves basal or cauline, often sheathing at the base. Sepals 3, one median, two lateral. Petals 3, one median and often greatly specialized ("lip"), two lateral ("petals"). Androecium of 1 or more stamens adnate to the style, the 2-8 pollinia wa:sy or powdery. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels, the ovaiy twisted. Fruit capsular. Anthers 2 : lip a large inflated sac. Plants caulescent : leaves several glabrous : stigma broadest at the base. Plants acaulescent : leaves 2, basal : lip with a fissure down the front : sterile stamen glandular-pubescent : stigma broadest at the apex. Anther 1 : lip various. Pollinia developing caudicles at the base of the anther which are connected with the glands of the rostel- lum : filament very short and broad : anther per- sistent. Stigma flat, unappendaged. Glands of the stigma enclosed in a pouch. Glands of the stigma naked, not enclosed in a pouch. Glands covered with a thin membrane which is deciduous with them. Glands without a membrane. Valves of the anther not enclosing the glands below : lip not tubercled. Lip entire or shallowly lobed. Lip cut-toothed or fringed. Valves of the anther enclosing the glands below by the infolding of the margins : lip with a median tubercle. Stigma appendaged. Pollinia without appendages : filaments mostly thin and brittle, the anther therefore usually deciduous. Flowering branch terminating the main axis of the plant. Leaves convolute in the bud. Anther rounded or very blunt, usually much exceeding the rostellum. Lip free, spurless or with a short spur. Plants scapose : leaves mere broad basal scales : bracts whorled : lip promi- nently 3-lobed. Plants caulescent : leaves solitary or several : bracts not whorled : lip entire, toothed or shallowly lobed. Flowers typically solitary, terminal : lip crested, sessile. Flowers axillary, racemose : lip not crested, clawed. Lip adnate to the base of the elongate column, gibbous at the base. Anther as long as the rostellum and lying upon it, rarely with a long tip and thus exceeding the rostellum. Pollinia not in distinct masses : petals nar- row : lip not saccate. Pollinia in several distinct masses : petals broad : lip saccate. Leaves duplicate in the bud. Leaf-blades not plaited in the bud. lip with a rounded opening : sterile stamen 1. Cypeipeditjm. 2. FiSSIPES. 3. Galeorchis. 4. COELOGLOSSUM. Lysias. Blephaeiglottis. 7. Perulabia. 8. Gtmnadeniopsis. 9. ISOTRIA. 10. POGONIA. 11. Triphora. 12. Arethusa. 13. Ibididm. 14. Peramium. 84 OECHIDACEAE. Stem leafy : column with a distinct foot : petals much narrower than the sepals. Scape sheathed only near the base : lip prominently lolled : anther upright. 15. Malaxis. Scape sheathed to near the middle : lip not prominently lobed : anther in- clined. 16. LiPARIS. Stem scaly : petals as broad as the sepals or nearly so : column without a distinct foot. 17. COEALLOERHIZA. Leaf -blades plaited in the bud : column broadly winged above. 18. Limodordm. Flowering branch terminating a side branch of the plant. 19. Aplectrdm. 1. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Caulescent herbs with fibrous roots. Leaves several: blades plaited. Lip a horizontal sac. Stamens appressed, the free tips directed forward. — Spr. — Ladies '-slipper. Moccasin-flower. Lip white : blade of the sterile stamen of a lanceolate type. 1. C. candidum. Lip yellow : blade of the sterile stamen of an ovate type, vary- ing to oblong-ovate, triangular-ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Sterile stamen with a triangular-ovate blade less than 1 cm. long, obtuse : lip pale-yellow : flowers fragrant. 2. C. pcirviflortcm. Sterile stamen with an oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate blade over 1 cm. long, acute : lip golden-yellow : flowers not fragrant. 3. C. puhescens. 1. C. candidum Muhl. Stem 1.5-3 dm. tall : leaf -blades narrowly ovate, oblong, or elliptic, 6-13 cm. long: median sepal lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 cm. long, greenish and purple-spotted: petals colored like the sepals but longer and narrower: lip white, except for purple stripes within, 1.5-2 cm. long. — Occa- sional, in swamps and low woods. 2. C. parviflorum Salisb. Stem 3-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades elliptic to oval, 6-12 cm. long: sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long: petals longer and narrower than the sepals: lip 2-3 cm. long: capsule-body 2-2.5 cm. long. — Eather rare, in moist thickets and woods. 3. C. pubescens Willd. Stem 3-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or elliptic, 9-15 cm. long: sepals ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate: petals linear or attenuate, longer than the sepals: lip 3.5-5 cm. long: capsule-body 3.5-4 cm. long. — Rather common, in woods. 2. FISSIPES Small. Acaulescent herbs with fibrous roots. Leaves mostly 2 : blades plaited. Lip a drooping sac. Stamens spreading, the free tips at right angles to the column. 1. F. acaulis (Ait.) Small. Leaves 1-3 dm. long; blades oblong, elliptic, or oval: scape 1-5 dm. tall: sepals oblong to lanceolate, 3-4 cm. long: petals narrower and longer than the sepals: lip pink or rarely white, obovoid, 4-6 cm. long : capsule 3.5-4 cm. long. — Common, in woods. — Spr. — Moccasin-flower. 3. GALEOECHIS Eydb. Acaulescent fleshy herbs with tuberous roots. Flowers in a spike. Perianth ringent. Sepals and petals converging. Lip broad, spurred. Stigmas hollow, the glands enclosed in a pouch. 1. G. spectabilis (L.) Eydb. Leaves usually 2; blades oblong-elliptic, elliptic, or oval, 7-14 cm. long: scape 1-3 dm. tall, the spike 3-12-flowered: perianth violet-purple or white: lip 10-13 mm. long, slightly shorter than the spur: cap- sules 2-2.5 cm. long. — Rather common, in woods and on shaded banks. — Spr. — Showy-orchis. 4. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman. Caulescent herbs with biennial branched tubers, the stem leafy. Flowers relatively small, in a terminal spike. Peri- OECHIDACEAE. 85 anth green or greenish. Sepals and petals converging, tlie petals much nar- rower than the sepals. Lip narrow, 2-3-lobed at the apex, the spur much shorter than the lip. 1. C. bracteatum (Wilkl.) Pari. Stem 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-ovate to oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long: bracts surpassing the flowers: sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: petals nearly linear or linear-filiform: lip narrow, 6-8 mm. long: capsules 8-10 mm. long. — N. W. Bare, in damp soil. Sandstones and shales, quartzite. — Spr. and sum. 5. LYSIAS Salisb. Caulescent herbs, the stem scape-like, scaly. Flowers in a spike or a raceme. Perianth white or greenish. Sepals spreading, rela- tively broad, the lateral ones longer and narrower than the median one. Petals much smaller than the sepals, entire or erose. Lip narrow, entire, the spur longer than the lip. Anthers with diverging sacs whose beak-like bases project forward. 1. L. orbiculata (Pursh) Eydb. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: basal leaves 2, flat on the ground; blades orbicular to oval, 1-3 dm. long: sepals greenish-white, the median one suborbicular or reniform, 5-6 mm. long, the lateral ones ovate, 8-10 mm. long: petals reflexed, 7-8 mm. long: lip nearly linear, 12-15 mm. long, obtuse, the spur 2.5-4 cm. long: capsules about 1.5 cm. long. — S. Very rare, in damp woods near Wakefield, not far from the station for Trientalis. — Schists. — Sum. — Eound-leaved orchis. 6. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS Eaf. Caulescent herbs, the stem leafy. Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth white, yellow, orange, purple, or violet-purple. Sepals spreading or reflexed. Petals toothed or lacerate, or rarely entire. Lip fringed, or 3-lobed, the lobes toothed or lacinate. Spur often longer than the lip. Anthers with widely separate sacs, their narrow beak-like beases supported on the arms of the stigma, projecting forward and upward. — Sum. — Fejnged- ORCHis. Showy-orchis. Petals fringed at the apex : lip not 3-lobed. 1. B. ciliaris. Petals entire, crenulate or merely erose : lip 3-lobed. Petals entire, linear : lip with narrow lobes. 2. B. lacera. Petals crenulate or erose, dilated upward : lip with dilated lobes. Lobes of the lip fimbriate or fringed : petal-blade toothed on the sides. Lip 7-10 mm. long : lateral sepals 5-6 mm. long : petals 5-7 mm. long. 3. B. psycodes. Lip 14-20 mm. long : lateral sepals 9-11 mm. long : petals 9-12 mm. long. 4. B. grandiflora. Lobes of the lip incised or erose : petal-blade erose at the tip or entire. 5. B. peramoena. 1. B. cilaris (L.) Eydb. Stem 5-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long: perianth yellow or yellow-orange: lateral sepals orbicular-ovate to orbicular-obovate, 6-8 mm. long: petals linear, oblong-linear or spatulate, 5-7 mm. long, sharply toothed at the apex: lip ovate in outline, copiously fringed; spur 15-25 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in swamps. — Schists. 2. B. lacera (Michx.) Eydb. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to lanceo- late, 8-20 cm. long: perianth greenish-yellow: lateral sepals ovate to orbicular- ovate, 5-6 mm. long: petals linear, 5.5-6 mm. long, entire: lip 12-15 mm. long, each narrow lobe terminating in a fringe of several processes; spur 14-16 mm. long. — S. Not common, in swamps and low grounds. — Schists. 3. B. psycodes (L.) Eydb. Stem 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 5-25 cm. long: perianth lilac: lateral sepals ovate, 5-7 mm. long: petals with broad claws: lip with a spur 13-16 mm. long. — S. Eare, in wet meadows. — Schists. 86 OKCHIDACEAE. 4. B, grandiflora (Bigel.) Kydb. Stem 3-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong- obovate or oblong to lanceolate, 8-30 em. long: perianth lilac-purple: lateral sepals ovate, 9-11 mm. long: petals with narrow claws: lip with a spur 20-30 mm. long. — S. Rare, in rich woods. — Schists. 5. B. peramoena (A. Gray) Eydb. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long: perianth violet-purple: lateral sepals broadly ovate to suborbicular, 7-10 mm. long : petals as long as the sepals or nearly so, spatu- late, or the body orbicular-obovate, entire or erose: lip 14-18 mm. long, the lobes cuneate or flabellate, incised or erose; spur 20-25 mm. long. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Sdiists. 7. PEBULAEIA Lindl. Caulescent herbs with thick fibrous roots, the stem leafy. Flowers relatively small, in a terminal spike. Perianth yellowish or greenish. Sepals and petals spreading, all relatively broad. Lip lanceo- late to ovate or suborbicular, usually with a lobe on each side near the base, and a median tubercle, the spur longer than the blade. Anthers with horizontal valves opening upward, dilated at the base, thus forming a cavity enclosing the orbicular gland. 1. P, flava (L.) Farwell. Stem 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, 0.7-3 dm. long: bracts often shorter than the very small flowers: sepals and petals 3 mm. long: lip suborbicular or broadly oval in outline, 3.5-4 mm. long: spur about i as long as the ovary. — S. Common, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. 8. GYMNADENIOPSIS Eydb. Caulescent herbs. Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth white, greenish^ pink, or orange-yellow. Sepals distinct, the lateral ones slightly inequilateral. Petals mostly smaller than the sepals, undu- late, sinuate-lobed or erose. Lip entire, 3-lobed at the apex, or crenulate or erose. Anthers with parallel approximate sacs, and naked contiguous glands. Stigma with 2 or 3 appendages at the beak. 1. Gr. clavellata (Michx.) Eydb. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, rather naked above: leaves scale-like except 1 or 2 near the middle of the stem or below it; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long: perianth whitish or greenish: lateral sepals ovate to oval, 2-3.5 mm. long: petals 3-4 mm. long, sinuately 3-lobed: lip slightly dilated upward, 3-5 mm. long; spur clavate. — N. S. Common, in wet thickets and swamps. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. 9. ISOTE.IA Raf. Scapose herbs with elongate roots. Leaves reduced to scales at the base of the scape. Scape topped by a whorl of spreading leaf- like bracts. Flowers solitary or 2 together. Perianth purple or greenish. Sepals nearly equal, much longer than the petals. Petals broader than the sepals. Lip 3-lobed at the apex, sessile, crested along the middle. Capsule erect. 1. I. verticillata (Willd.) Eaf. Scapes 2-4.5 dm. tall: blades of the whorled bracts mainly elliptic to oval or obovate, 2.5-8 cm. long: lateral sepals narrowly linear, 30-50 mm. long or longer: petals linear, 15-20 mm. long: lip-body 10-15 mm. long, terminating in 2 lateral lobes and a middle broad lobe: capsule 2-3 mm. long. — E. S. Common, in rich woods. — Schists. — Spr. 10. POGONIA Juss. Caulescent herbs with cord-like roots. Leaves mostly solitary or 2 on the stem. Flowers solitary or 3 together. Perianth mainly pink, rose, or lilac. Sepals nearly equal, slightly longer than the petals. Petals broader than the sepals. Lip fringed or crisped near the apex, crested, not lobed. Capsule erect. ORCHIDACEAE. 87 1. P. ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Stem 2-5 dm. tall: blades of the cauline leaves obloEg-lanceolate to elliptic, 3-8 cm. long: lateral sepals linear-elliptic or narrowly oblong, 16-20 mm. long, acute: petals elliptic or oblong-cuneate, 14^16 mm. long, obtuse: lip longer than the petals, blunt at the rounded fringed apex. — E. S. Rare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. 11. TRIPHOEA Nutt. Caulescent herbs, with fleshy tubers. Leaves several, with relatively broad blades. Flowers several, axillary to leaf-like bracts. Perianth mainly purple. Sepals nearly equal, about as long as the petals. Petals about as broad as the sepals, but narrower at the base. Lip dilated above the claw, 3-lobed, crestless. Capsules drooping. 1. T. trianthophora (Sw.) Eydb. Stem 5-30 cm. tall: leaf -blades suborbicular to ovate, 5-20 mm. long: flowers nodding: lateral sepals linear-oblong to linear-elliptic, 13-15 mm. long: lip 12-14 mm. long, the claw shorter than the blade: capsules 10-14 mm. long. — W. Rare, in rich woods near Shenk's Ferry. — Limestones. — Sum. — Nodding-cap. 12. AE.ETHUSA [Gronov.] L. Scapose herbs with corms. Leaves mere elongate sheathing scales, or the upper one sometimes with a narrow blade. Flower usually solitary at the top of the scape. Perianth mainly rose-purple. Lateral sepals slightly curved. Petals similar to the lateral sepals but shorter. Lip dilated, recurved, crested. Capsule erect. 1. A. bulbosa L. Leaf with a linear blade 10-15 cm. long: scape 1-3 dm. tall: lateral sepals broadly linear to narrowly oblong, 35-43 mm. long, acute: lip 25-30 mm. long, with 2 shallow lateral lobes and a larger middle lobe, toothed or fringed at the apex: capsule 20-25 mm. long. — E. S. Rare, in swamps, near Beartown and Smithville. — Schists, quartsite. — Spr. 13. IBIDIUM Salisb. Caulescent herbs. Leaves various, the basal and lower cauline with narrow blades, the upper cauline leaves mere sheathing scales. Flowers in a terminal sjiiral spike. Perianth pale. Median sepal and petals coherent: lateral sepals erect. Lip erect, or spreading at the tip, bearing 2 basal callosities, the lower portion folded around the very short column. Stigma with a 2-f orked beak. — Ladies '-tresses. Flowers merely alternate, apparently secund from the spiral twisting of the rachis. Stem scaly : leaves basal ; blades short, broad, fugaceous. Root solitary : lip white, of an ovate type, erose-crisped from below the middle to the apex. 1. /. Beckii. Roots clustered : lip green, except the crisped margin, of an oblong type, wavy-crisped at the apex. 2. /. gracile. Stem leafy below : blades of the leaves narrow, elongate, persistent. Lip of an ovate type, dilated at the base, pubescent without. 3. /. vernale. Lip of an oblong type, not dilated, glabrous without. 4. /. praecox. Flowers 3-several-ranked, the rachis not conspicuously twisted. Lip of an ovate type, tlie callosities prominent, usually curved : plants usually fall-flowering. 5. /. cernuum. Lip of a quadrate type, the callosities imperfect, mostly in the edge of the lip-base : plants usually vernal-flowering. G. /. plantagineiim. 1. I. Beckii (Lindl.) House. Stem 1-3 dm. tall, from a single root: blades of the basal leaves ovate or oblong, 1-3 em. long, early decaying: perianth white: lateral sepals broadly lanceolate, about 3 mm. long: petals broadly spatulate or oblong-spatulate: lip ovate to orbicular-ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, the callosities directed backward. — Occasional, in dry or sandy soil. — Sum. and fall. 2. I. gracile (Bigel.) House. Stem 2-6 dm. tall, from a cluster of roots: blades of the basal leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, early 88 OECHIDACEAE. decaying: perianth green and white: lateral sepals lanceolate, 4-4.5 mm. long: petals linear : lip oblong, 4-4.5 mm. long, the callosities directed sideways. — Common, on roadsides, banks, and open hillsides. — Sum. 3. I. vemale (Engelm. & Gray) House. Stem 1.5-5.5 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves elongate, linear, sometimes broadly so, 7-15 cm^ long : peri- anth mostly yellowish: lateral sepals lanceolate, 6-10 mm. long: petals linear or linear-oblong: lip ovate, 6-8 mm. long, the callosities incurved. — Occasional, in sandy or gravelly soil. — Sum. and fall. 4. I. praecox (Walt.) House. Stem 2-8 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves elongate, linear or nearly so, 5-30 cm. long: perianth white: lateral sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long: petals linear: lip oblong, 5-7 mm. long, the callosities straight. — S. Occasional, in wet grassy meadows. — Schists. — Sum. 5. I. cernuum (L.) House. Stem 2-7 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves linear to narrowly oblong, oblong-lanceolate or sometimes linear-oblanceo- late, 8-30 cm. long: perianth white or yellowish: lateral sepals lanceolate, 9-10 mm. long: lip ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly 8-11 mm. long, the callosities incurved. — Common, in wet places and damp thickets. — Sum. and fall. 6. I. plantagineum (Eaf.) House. Stem 1-4 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves broadly linear to oblong, 5-15 cm. long: perianth mainly white: lateral sepals narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: petals linear, about as long, as the sepals: lip quadrate-oblong, 5-5.5 mm. long, the slender callosities rather spreading. — M. S. Rare, in meadows and along streams. — Limestones, schists. — Spr. and sum. 14. PERAMIUM Salisb. Caulescent herbs with scape-like stems. Leavea various, those near the base of the stem with dilated blades, those higher up mere sheathing scales. Flowers in a spike. Perianth very inequilateral. Lip sessile, sac-like, with a small blade and a large saccate base. 1. P. pubescens (Willd.) MacM. Plant 1.5-5 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate, 2-5 cm. long: lateral sepals about 5 mm. long: petals about as long as the sepals, obtuse: lip 4 mm. long, the edge undulate. — Occasional, in woods. — Sum. — Eattlesnake-plantain. 15. MAIjAXIS L. Scapose herbs with corms. Leaves mainly elongate sheaths, the upper one bearing a dilated blade at the top. Flowers in a term- inal raceme. Perianth white or greenish. Lateral sepals slightly inequilateral. Petals linear-filiform or filiform, shorter than the sepals. Lip broad, cordate at the base, sometimes lobed at the apex. 1. M. imifolia Michx. Leaves mostly solitary; blades oblong, ovate, or oval, 2-6 cm. long : scape 1-3 dm. tall : raceme stout : lateral sepals ovate or oblong- ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, obtuse: lip about 2.5 mm. long, the 2 lateral lobes much longer than the middle one : capsule 5-6 mm. long. — S. Not very common, in rich woods. — Schists. — Sum. — Adder 's-mouth. 16. LIPABIS L. C. Eich. Scapose green herbs with corms. Leaves 2 or more at the base of the scape with wide blades, accompanied by several scales. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth greenish. Lateral sepals narrow, nearly equilateral. Petals elongate-linear or filiform, longer than the sepals. Lip free, dilated, undulate or erose, sometimes with tubercles at the base. — Spr. — TWAYBLADE. Lip with an undulate blade 2.5-3.5 mm. wide : petals narrowly linear. 1. L. Loeselii. Lip with an erose blade 12-13 mm. wide : petals linear-filiform. 2. L. liliifoUa. y OKCHIDACEAE. 89 1. L. Loeselii (L.) L. C. Rich. Leaf -blades elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-17 cm. long: scape 0.5-2 dm. tall: lateral sepals lanceolate, about 4 mm. long: petals 6-7 mm. long: lip about 4 mm. long, the blade siiborbicular, abruptly- pointed: capsules oblong, 10-14 mm. long. — S. E. Rare, in ravines. — Schists. 2. L. liliifolia (L.) L. C. Rich. Leaf-blades ovate, oval, or oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm. long: scape 1-3 dm. tall: lateral sepals linear-lanceolate or nearly linear, about 11 mm. long: petals 11-13 mm. long: lip 11-13 mm. long, the blade obovate-cuneate to suborbicular, erose, abruptly pointed: capsules clavate- oblong, 12-18 mm. long. — N. S. Common, on wet banks and in woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. 17. CORALLORRHIZA [Haller] R. Br. Caulescent succulent purplish, brownish, or reddish herbs with coral-like rootstocks. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth variously colored. Lateral sepals slightly inequilateral, often curved. Petals rather smaller than the sepals, somewhat narrowed at the base. Lip dilated, the blade undulate or lobed. — Coral-root. Lip not lobed, often erose or crisped. Lip short-clawed or clawless, the blade short-tipped : column narrowly winged. 1. C. odontorhiza. Lip long-clawed, the blade notched : column broadly winged. 2. C. Wisteriana. Lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or directed forward. Lip shallowly 3-lobed : spur obsolete. 3. G. CoraUorrhiza. Lip deeply 3-lobed : spur prominent. 4. C. maculata. 1. C. odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. Stem 1-3 dm. tall: raceme 4-10 cm. long: lateral sepals linear or nearly so, 3-4 mm. long: lip 4-4.5 mm. long, the blade obovate or oval-obovate, with erose-crisped margins and an abrupt acute tip: capsules 6-7 mm. long. — S. Common, in rich woods. — Schists. — Fall. 2. C. Wisteriana Conrad. Stem 2-3.5 dm. tall: raceme 3-10 cm. long: lateral sepals linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long: petals oblong-spatulate : lip 8-10 mm. long, the blade broadly oval to broadly obovate, notched at the apex: capsules 9-11 mm. long. — M. Rare, in woods. — Quartzite. — Spr. 3. C. CoraUorrhiza (L.) Karst. Stem 1-3 dm. tall: raceme 2-10 cm. long: lateral sepals linear-spatulate, 3-4 mm. long: petals mostly spatulate: lip 3-4 mm. long, the blade with 2 shallow lateral lobes below the middle and an ovate middle lobe: capsules 8-10 mm. long. — M. S. Rare, in woods. — Limestones, schists. — Spr. 4. C. maculata Raf. Stem 2-5 dm. tall: raceme 5-20 cm. long: lateral sepals linear to linear-oblong, 6-9 mm. long: petals oblong to oblong-spatulate: lip 6-8 mm, long, the blade with 2 prominent lateral lobes. — N. S. Not very common, in rich woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Fall. 18. LIMODORUM L. Scapose herbs with corms. Leaves few, consisting of several sheathing scales, and one with an elongate blade. Flowers in a terminal raceme-like spike. Perianth mainly purple, pink-purple, or white. Lateral sepals inequilateral, shorter than the median one. Petals nearly equi- lateral, somewhat narrowed at the base. Lip with 2 minute lateral lobes and a dilated often stalked middle lobe, bearded with clavate hairs. 1. L. tuberosum L. Leaf-blade narrowly linear to narrowly oblong, 1-4 dm. long: scape 2-9 dm. tall: perianth pink-purple: lateral sepals half -orbicular, 15-17 mm. long, acute: petals 16-18 mm. long, the blades oblong to lanceolate: middle lobe of the lip mostly less than 10 mm. wide, flabellate, nearly truncate: column-wings rhombic. — S. Rare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. — Grass-pink. 90 SALICACEAE. 19. APLECTE-UM Nutt. Caulescent herbs with a chain of corms. Leaf solitary terminating the corm, decaying before the lateral scaly stem arises. Flowers few in a terminal raceme. Perianth brownish-yellow mixed with purple. Lateral sepals narrow, slightly curved. Petals slightly longer than the sepals. Lip dilated, 3-lobed, 3-ridged above the claw, spurless. Capsules drooping. , t j , 1. A. hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Leaf autumnal, or slightly earlier; blade elliptic, 4-20 cm. long: flower-stem vernal, 2-6 dm. tall: lateral sepals linear-spatulate, 10-13 mm. long: petals spatulate: lip 11-12 mm. long, the blade with 2 oblong- ovate lateral lobes and a suborbicular crenulate middle lobe: capsules 2-2.5 cm. long. — Not common, in rich woods. — Spr. — Adam-and-Eve. Putty-root. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. Stems consisting of pith, wood, and bark (endogenous in rare eases). Early leaves opposite. Series 1. CHORIPETALAE. Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting. Order PIPERALES. Herbs of wet or moist places, usually with rootstocks, or shrubs or trees. Leaves with simple blades. Flowers perfect or unisexual. Perianth wanting. Androecium of several stamens. Gynoecium of 1, or of several distinct or united carpels. Fruit baccate, drui^aceous, capsular, or nut-like. Family 1. SAURURACEAE. Lizard's-tail Family. Herbs with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, sometimes basal. Flow^ers spicate or racemose. Androecium of 3-9 stamens. Gynoecium of 3 or 4 distinct or nearly distinct carpels. Stigmas simple. Fruit capsular. 1. SAUE.URUS [Plum.] L. Marsh herbs. Leaf-blades membranous, cor- date. Eaceme with a drooping tip, the bractlets adnate to the pedicels or to the ovaries. Carpels 3 or 4. Mature carpels veiny, opening introrsely. 1. S. cemuus L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, acuminate, petioled: racemes 1-2 dm. long: filaments clavate, about 4 mm. long : fruit depressed, the carpels about 2 mm. high. - — Common, in streams. — Sum. — Lizard 's-tail. Order SALIC ALES. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate : blades simple, entire or toothed. Flowers dioecious, in aments, the staminate consisting of an androecium of 2 or more stamens, the pistillate consisting of a gynoecium of 2 or 4 united carpels. Ovules numerous. Fruit capsular. Family 1. SALICACEAE. Willow Family. Shrubs or trees, with soft wood. Leaf-blades very narrow to very broad. Aments erect or drooping, the bracts mostly eiliate or toothed. Capsules narrowed to the apex. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs. SALICACEAE. 91 Bracts incised: disli cup-Iilse : stamens usually 10 or more, rarely 6-8: stigmas elon- gate and expanded : winter buds witli several scales. 1. Populus. Bracts entire : disk merely 1 or more axillary glands : stamens less tlaan 10 : stigmas short, not expanded : winter buds with 1 scale each. 2. Salix. 1. POPULUS [Tourn.] L. Trees, the buds with several scales. Leaf- blades palmatcly veined, relatively long-petioled. Stamens more than 10, or rarely 6 or S : anthers purple or red. Ovary sessile. Stigmas dilated. — Spr. — Poplar. Cottonwood. Petioles much flattened laterally. Leaf-blades ovate or suborbicular : capsules conic, slender : scales pubescent. 1. 1'. c/randidcntata. Leaf-blades deltoid or somewhat reniform : capsules ovoid to subglobose, thick : scales glabrous. Stamens 6-8 : branches erect. 2. P. italica. Stamens 50 or more : branches spreading. 3. P. deltoides. Petioles terete or channeled. Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so when mature, not lobed 4. P. candicans. Leaf-blades persistently white-tomentose beneath, 3-5 lobed. 5. P. alba. 1. P, grandidentata Michx. Tree becoming 25 m. tall, the bark fissured: leaf- blades ovate, 6-10 cm. long, sinuate-dentate : middle lobe of the ament-bracts much shorter than the body: capsules 4—7 mm. long. — N. S. Eather rare, in woods. — ' Sandstones and shales, schists. 2. P. italica Moench. Tree with a fastigiate top, commonly 25 m. tall : leaf- blades deltoid or subrhomboid, crenate or crenate-serrate : staminate aments 2-5 cm. long: stamens 6-8': capsules 6-S mm. long [P. dilatata Ait.]. — S. Not common, on roadsides and along streams. Nat. of Eu. — Lombardy-poplar. 3. P. deltoides Marsh. Tree becoming 45 m. tall, the top not fastigiate: leaf- blades ovate to deltoid, acute or acuminate, serrate or crenate-serrate: staminate aments 8-12 cm. long: stamens numerous: capsules 8-10 cm. long. — N. M. Bare, on roadsides and in fields. Nat. southward and westward. — Necklace- poplar. 4. P. candicans Ait. Tree sometimes 30 m. tall, the bark ridged: leaf -blades broadly ovate, 6—15 cm. long, acuminate, crenate: staminate aments with incised bracts: pistillate aments elongate, the flowers short-pedicelled: capsules ovoid, 8-11 mm. long. — M. Eather rare, on roadsides and in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Balm-of-Gilead. 5. P. alba L. Tree becoming 35 m. tall, the bark pale, becoming rough: leaf- blades ovate to suborbicular, .5-10 cm. long, white-tomentose beneath: staminate aments 3-5 cm. long, the anthers purple : pistillate aments about twice as long as the staminate: capsules conic. — N. M. Eather common, on roadsides and in waste places. Nat. of Eu. — White-poplar. Silver-leaved poplar. 2. SAIilX [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, the buds with a single scale. Leaf -blades pinnately veined, relatively short-petioled. Stamens 2, or rarely 1-7 : anthers yellow or reddish. Ovary stipitate : stigmas not dilated. — Spr. — Willow. Capsules glabrous, at least at maturity. Stamens 3-7 : filaments pubescent at the base : bracts yellow, caducous. Pedicels 3-5 times as long as the glands. Stipules and petioles glandless. 1. 8. nigra. Stipules and petioles prominently glandular. 2. 8. lucida. Pedicels about twice as long as the glands. 3. 8. fragiUs. Stamens 2. Filaments pubescent at the base : bracts caducous. Pedicels 1-3 mm. long at maturity. Styles wanting : leaves with linear or linear- lanceolate blades. 7. 8. interior. 92 SALICACEAE. Styles manifest, but short : leaves with lanceo- late blades 3. 8. fragilis. Pedicels less than 1 mm. long at maturity : stig- mas sessile. Branches erect or spreading : leaf-blades lanceo- late. 4. 8. alia. Branches drooping : leaf-blades linear-lanceolate. 5. 8. babylonica. Filaments glabrous : bracts persistent. 6. S. cordata. Capsules variously pubescent. Filaments distinct. Capsules markedly pedicelled. Leaf-blades not densely pubescent beneath at ma- turity. Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate. Filaments pubescent : capsules glabrate. 7. 8. interior. Filaments glabrous : capsules permanently pubescent. 8. 8. petiolaris. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate. 9. 8. discolor. Leaf-blades densely white-pubescent beneath. Leaves with the blades white-tomentose beneath. Mature pistillate aments 2-3 cm. long : leaf- blades 5-10 cm. long. 10. 8. humilis. Mature pistillate aments about 1 cm. long : leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long. 11. S. tristis. Leaves with the blades silvery-silky beneath. 12. S. sericea. Capsules subsessile. 13. 8. viminalis. Filaments united. 14. 8. purpurea. 1. S. nigra Marsh. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the twigs brown: leaf -blades narrowly lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, acute at both ends, or acuminate at the apex, pale beneath: staminate aments with finely pubescent, blunt bracts: cap- sules 4 or 5 times as long as the pedicels. — Common, in low grounds and along streams. — Black-willow. 2. S. lucida Muhl. Shrub, or tree becoming 6 m. tall, the twigs yellowish- brown: leaf -blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 6-12 em. long, acuminate : staminate aments 2-5 em. long, stout : capsules ovoid, 4.5-6.5 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in moist soil. — Schists. — Shining-willow. 3. S. fragilis L. Tree becoming 25 m. tall, the twigs brown : leaf -blades lanceo- late, 8^15 cm. long, glabrous, more or less glaucous beneath: capsules long- conic, 4.5-5 mm. long. — Common, in low grounds and moist soil. Nat. of Eu. 4. S. alba L. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the twigs olive-green or yellow (blue or bluish in S. alba coerulea) : leaf -blades often pale, lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, more or less silky (glabrous, and twigs brilliant-yellow, in S. alba vitellina) : capsules ovoid, 3-5 mm. long. — Frequent, along streams, and about dwellings. Nat. of Eu. — White-willow. 5. S. babylonica L. Tree becoming 20 m. tall, the twigs greenish: leaf -blades narrowly lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, tapering at the base: capsules turgid, 2-3 mm. long or smaller. — Frequent, about dwellings, and along streams. Nat. of Eu. — Weeping-willow. 6. S. cordata Muhl. Shrub becoming 5 m. tall, the twigs mostly brown or gray-brown: leaf -blades mainly oblong-lanceolate, 7-9 cm. long, green beneath: staminate aments about 2 cm. long: pistillate aments 3-6 cm. long: capsules ovoid. — Frequent, along streams. 7. S. interior Eowlee. Shrub, or tree becoming 9 m. tall, the twigs brown to green: leaf -blades mainly linear-lanceolate, mostly 6-10 cm. long, remotely toothed, glabrous or nearly so: staminate aments 6-10 cm. long, with ovate to obovate bracts : capsules conic or ovoid-conic. — Susquehanna valley. Common, on the river shore and islands. — Schists. — Sand-bab willow. 8. S. petiolaris J. E. Smith. Shrub becoming 4 m. tall, the twigs purplish: leaf -blades lanceolate, 4—9 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, serrulate: stami- nate aments slender, mostly less than 2 cm. long: capsules ovoid-oblong below the beak, 4-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the pedicels. — N. M. Eather common, in swamps and wet lands. — Saiidstones and shales, limestones. MYRICACEAE. 93 9. S. discolor Muhl. Shrub, or small tree 7 m. tall, the twigs purple or gray- ish: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, mostly acute at both ends or obtuse at the base, glaucous beneath: staminate aments stout, mostly over 2 em. long: capsules conic, 5-10 mm. long, much longer than the pedicels. — M. S. Rather rare, in swamps. — Limestones, schists. — Glaucous- willow. 10. S. humilis Marsh. Shrub becoming 2.5 m. tall, the twigs purplish or gray- ish: leaf -blades narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, entire or den- ticulate, whitish beneath: staminate aments over 1 cm. long: capsules 7-8 mm. long. — Common, in low grounds and on banks. — Prairie-willow. 11. S. tristis Ait. Shrub usually less than 1 m. tall, the twigs mostly grayish: leaf-blades oblanceolate to linear-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, undulate, hoary on both sides: staminate aments less than 1 cm. long: capsules 5-6 mm. long. — S. Frequent, in open woods and thickets. — Schists. — Dwarf gray- willow. 12. S. sericea Marsh. Shrub, the twigs purplish, silky : leaf -blades lanceolate, often narrowly so, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate: staminate aments 1.5-2 cm. long: capsules ovoid-oblong, about 4 mm. long, silky. — M. Frequent, in swamps. — Limestones. — Silky-willow. 13. S. viminalis L. Shrub, or small tree, the twigs green or pale-brown: leaf- blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, attenuate, lustrous-pubes- cent beneath: staminate aments 2.5-3.5 cm. long: capsules elongate-conic, 6-8 mm. long, puberulent. — M. S. Frequent, in low grounds near house yards. Nat. of Eu. — Osier. 14. S. purpurea L. Shrub, or tree becoming 4 m. tall, the twigs brownish: leaf -blades oblong to oblanceolate or spatulate, 4-7 cm. long, serrulate near the apex, pale beneath: staminate aments about 2 cm. long: anthers pale, turning black: capsules densely tomentose, ovoid-conic, about 5 mm. long. — M. Eather rare, in swamps. Nat. of Eu. — Purple-willow. Order MYRICALES. Shrubs or small trees, usually aromatic. Leaves alternate : blades simple, sometimes toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, the staminate in long aments, each flower consisting of an androecium of 2-8 stamens, the pistillate in short aments, each flower consisting of a gynoecium of 2 united carpels on a bract subtended by 2 bractlets and surrounded by 2-8 scales. Stigmas 2. Ovule solitary. Fruit a nut, the epiearp often waxy. Family 1. MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family. Shrubs or trees. Leaves resinous-dotted. Aments scaly-bracted. Perianth wanting. Ovary 1-celled. Nut short and thick. Leaf-blades pinnatifid ; stipules present : scales surrounding the ovary 8, subulate, conspicuous. 1. Comptonia. Leaf-blades entire or toothed ; stipules wanting : scales surround- ing the ovary 2-4, very short, inconspicuous. 2. Cekothamnus. 1. COMPTONIA Banks. Monoecious shrubs. Leaf -blades pinnatifid. Pis- tillate aments bristly. Fruit not drupe-like, surrounded by a bur-like involucre. 1. 0. peregrina (L.) Coulter. Shrub 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 4-11 cm. long, the segments obtuse: staminate aments 1-3 cm. long, the bracts 3-4 mm. long: pistillate aments bur-like: nut ovoid, 5 mm. long, shining. — N. S. Common, in thickets and on roadsides. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Spr. — Sweet-fern. 94 JUGLANDACEAE. 2. CEEOTHAMNUS Tidestrom. Dioecious shrubs. Leaf-blades entire or merely toothed. Pistillate aments not bristly. Fruit globose, drupe-like, with a fleshy waxy epicarp. 1. 0. carolinensis (Mill.) Tidestrom. Shrub 1-3 m. tall: leaf -blades elliptic, oblong, oblanceolate, or obovate, 2-10 cm. long, shallowly toothed towanl the apex: staminate aments 1-1.5 cm. long: nuts 4-5 mm. in diameter. — M. Rare, in the Dillerville swamp. — Limestones. — Spr. — Bayberry. Wax- myrtle. Myrtle. Order JUGLANDALES. Aromatic trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate : blades pinnate. Flowers monoecious, the pistillate in lateral aments on the twigs of the preceding year, with a 2*-6-lobed calyx bearing several rows of stamens, or the calyx obsolete. Pistillate flowers terminal, consisting of an involucrate incom- pletely 2-4-celled gynoeeium: calyx partially adnate to the gynoeeinm. Fruit drupe-like, the nut enclosed in an indehiscent or dehiscent husk. Seed oily. Family 1. JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family. Aromatic trees with hard wood. Leaves with unequally pinnate blades. Staminate aments solitary or chistered. Involucre of the fruit dry or juicy. Staminate aments stout, simple, sessile or short-stalked : husk indehiscent : nut sculptured 1. Juglans. Staminate aments slender, branched, long-stalked : husk dehiscent : nut not sculptured 2 Hicoeta. 1. JUGLANS L. Bark furrowed. Pith in plates. Leaflets conduplieate in vernation. Staminate aments simple: anther-connective conspicuous. — Spr. — Walxut. Anther-connective a round tip : fruit elongate, viscid-pubescent : nut 4-angled. 1. J. cinerea. Anther-connective crown-like : fruit round, glabrous : nut not angled. 2. J. nigra. 1. J. cinerea L. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the heart-wood pale: leaflets 11-17; blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 6-12 cm. long: staminate aments 6-15 cm. long: fruits 8-12 cm. long, usually acute: nut 2-celled below the middle, the ridges thin and brittle. — Common, in woods and on rocky hill- sides. — Butternut. White-walnut. 2. J. nigra L. Tree becoming 50 m. tall, the heart-wood dark-brown: leaflets 15-23; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 8-10 cm. long, rounded or subcordate at the base: staminate aments 5-10 cm. long: fruits 5-8 cm. in diameter: nut 4-celled below the middle, sculptured, the ridges thick, firm. — Common, in rich soil. — Black-walnut. 2, HICORIA Raf. Bark close or scaly. Pith solid. Leaflets involute in vernation. Staminate aments branched. Anther-connective inconspicuous. — Spr. — Hickory. Bud-scales valvate : lateral leaflets mostly falcate. 1. H. cordiformis. Bud-scales imbricate : lateral leaflets not falcate. Middle lobe of the staminate calyx much longer than the lateral : husk of the fruit freely splitting to the base. Bark close, but rough : foliage scurfy or pubescent. 2. H alha. Bark shaggy, separating in long plates : foliage glabrous or puberulent. 3. 4. H. H. laciniosa. ovata. 5. H. microcarpa. 6. H. glabra. JUGLANDACEAE. 95 Leaflets 7-0 : nuts pointed at both ends. Leaflets 3-5 : nuts rounded or notched at the base. Middle lobe of the staminate calyx usually about equal to the lateral : husk of the fruit not freely splitting to the base. Bark shaggy : fruit mostly subglobose : nut thin-shelled : seed sweet. Bark close: fruit mostly obovoid : nut thick-shelled: seed bitter. 1. H. cordiformis (Wang.) Britton. Tree becoming 30 ni. tall, the close bark with shallow furrows and flat ridges : leaflets 5-9 ; blades of the lateral ones lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, falcate: staminate aments slender, 7-13 cm. long: fruits subglolsose, 2.5-3 cm. long, slightly 6-ridged, the thin husk tardily 4-valved: nut smooth, thin-walled, the seed bitter. — Common, in low grounds. — Bitter-nut. Swamp-hickory. 2. H. alba (L.) Britton. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark with flat ridges: leaflets 7-9 ; blades of the lateral ones oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long: staminate aments stout. 10-15 cm. long: fruits globose-obovoid, 4-6 cm. in diameter, the husk very thick : nut angled, thick-shelled, the seed sweet. — Common, in woods. — - Mocker-nut. White-heart hickory. 3. H. laciniosa (Michx.) Sarg. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark separating in narrow plates: leaflets 7-9, or rarely 5; blades of the lateral ones oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long: staminate aments stoutish, 9-20 cm. long: fruits broadly oblong or oblong-obovoid. 5-8 cm. long, the husk very thick: nut broadly oblong, thick-shelled, the seed sweet. — M. Rare, along the Conestoga Creek, near Lancaster. (Not recently collected.) — Limestones. — King-nut. 4. H. ovata (Mill.) Britton. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark separating in large plates: leaflets 5, or rarely 7; blades of the lateral ones oval to oblong- lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long: staminate aments stout, 6-12 cm. long: fruits sub- globose, 3-5 cm. thick, the husk thick; nut slightly angled, thin-shelled, the seed sweet. — Not very common, except along the river, and creeks. — Shet.!,- BARK. Shag-bark hickory. 5. H. microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. Tree becoming 25 m. tall, the bark sep- arating in thin plates: leaflets 5-7; blades of the lateral ones oval, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, 6-14 cm. long: staminate aments slender, 7-14 cm. long: fruits subglobose, 2-2.5 cm. thick, the husk thin: nut barely angled, thin-shelled, the seed sweet. — Common, in woods. 6. H. glabra (Mill.) Britton. Tree becoming 60 m. tall, the close bark in flat ridges: leaflets mostly 3-7, the blades of the lateral ones oblong or oblong- lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate, green beneath, glabrous: staminate aments 6-10 cm. long: fruits subglobose, obovoid or pyriform, 3.5-5 cm. long: the husk thinnish : nut angled, thick-shelled, the seed astringent. — N. M. Common, in woods. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. — Pig-nut. Order FAGALES. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate : blades simi^le. Flowers monoe- cious or rarely dioecious, at least the staminate borne in aments, the pis- tillate sometimes with an involucre which becomes a bur or cup in fruit. Calyx usually present. Corolla wanting. Truit a nut or rarely a samara. Staminate and pistillate flowers In aments : fruit never with a bur or cup. Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, without a calyx : pistillate flowers with a calyx. Pam. 1. Corylaceae. Staminate flowers 2-3 together in the axil of each bract, each with a calyx : pistillate flowers without a calyx. Pam. 2. Betuiaceab. Staminate flowers in aments : pistillate often solitary, the involucre becoming a bur or cup. Pam. 3. Fagaceae. 96 JUGLANDACEAE. Family 1. CORYLACEAE. Hazel-nut Family. Shrubs or trees, the wood close-grained. Leaves deciduous: blades mostly doubly-toothed. Staminate aments drooping, with each bract sub- tending one flower, the calyx wanting. Pistillate aments not drooping, each bract bearing 2 or 3 pistils, the involucre of a bract and 2 scales. Fruit consisting of one or more accrescent bracts each subtending or in- closing 1-3 nuts. Staminate flowers without bractlets : pistillate flowers numerous, in elongate aments : nuts small, subtended by or Inclosed in a bract : stamens many. Fruiting bracts flat, 3-lobed, the terminal lobe toothed. Fruiting bracts bladder-like. 2. Ostrya. Staminate flowers with bractlets : pistillate flowers few, in heads : nuts large, in leaf-like involucres : stamens few. 3. Corylus. 1. CAE.PINUS [Tourn.] L. Trees or shrubs, the bark smooth. Staminate aments solitary, the bracts acute, ciliate. Pistillate aments with 3-lobed bracts at maturity. 1. C. caroliniana Walt. Shrub, or tree becoming 13 m. tall, the bark blue- gray: leaf -blades oblong, varying mainly to ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-14 cm. long, glabrous above: staminate aments 2-5 cm. long: mature bracts of the pistillate amenta hastate, 2-3 cm. long : nuts 5-6 mm. long. — Common, gen- erally in rocky places near streams. — Spr. — • Blue-beech. 2. OSTRYA [Mich.] Scop. Shrubs or trees, the bark scaly. Staminate aments clustered, the bracts blunt, not ciliate. Pistillate aments with lobeless bracts. 1. O. virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Shrub, or tree becoming 18 m. tall, the bark rough: leaf -blades mainly oblong, elliptic or oval, 3-13 cm. long, slightly pubes- cent, or glabrate above: staminate aments 3-8' cm. long: mature bracts of the pistillate aments oblong to ovate, 1.5-2 cm. long: nuts 6-7 mm. long. — Not common, usually in rocky woods. — Spr. — Lever- wood. Hop-hornbean. Ibon- WOOD. 3. CORYLUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, the bark smoothish. Staminate aments with acuminate bracts. Pistillate amenta with foliaeeous bractlets at maturity, these are dilated, or sometimes formed into a beaked involucre. — Spr. — Hazel-nut. Mature bractlets distinct, leaf-like, incised. 1. 0. americana. Mature bractlets united, prolonged into a narrow beak. 2. C. rostrata. 1. C. americana Walt. Shrub 1-4 m. tall: leaf -blades thickish, oval or sub- orbicular, varying to ovate or obovate, 5-15 cm. long: staminate aments 6-10 cm. long, the bracts broadly oval or nearly so, acuminate: each bractlet of the pistillate aments becoming foliaeeous and lobed. — Common, in thickets. 2. C. rostrata Ait. Shrub 1-2 m. tall: leaf -blades thinnish, oblong or oval, varying to obovate, 4-12 cm. long, coarsely serrate and sharply serrulate: staminate aments 2-5 cm. long, the bracts rhomboid-obovate, apieulate: each bractlet of the pistillate aments developing a beaked tubular involucre. — N. S. Bather rare, in stony soil, especially on banks of streams. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Beaked-hazelnut. Family 2. BETULACEAE. Birch Family. Shrubs or trees, the wood close-grained. Leaves deciduous: blades with 2-several series of teeth. Staminate aments drooping, with each bract FAGACEAE. 97 subtending 2 or 3 flowers, the calyx present. Pistillate aments seldom drooping, the bracts membranous or thickened and woody, each bearing 2 or 3 pistils, the calyx wanting. Fruit a cone-like aggregate of the accres- cent bracts each of which subtends a nut. Stamens 2 : bracts of the mature pistillate aments membranous, 3-lobed deciduous with the nuts. 1. Betula. Stamens 4 (3-6) : bracts of the mature pistillate aments thickened and woody, persistent. 2. Alnus. 1. BETULA [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, the bark often aromatic. Staminate flowers with 2 stamens, the anther-sacs separated. Bracts of the pistillate aments 3-lobed, thin and appressed or ascending at maturity. — Spr. — Birch. Fruiting aments peduncled : samaras wider than long. 1. B. nifjra. Bark brown : leaf-blades shining above : mature pistillate bracts with 2 short broad divergent lateral lobes : nut with triangular-obovate or cuneate wings. 2. if. lenta. Bark yellowish or silvery : leaf-blades dull above : mature pistillate bracts with 2 ascending lateral lobes : nut with orbicular-obovate wings. 3. B. alleghcnicnsis. 1. B. nigra L. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the younger bark silvery or yellow: leaf -blades rhombic-ovate, 3-6 em. long^ broadly cuneate at the base, more or less tomentose beneath except in age: staminate aments with suborbicular bracts: mature pistillate aments 3-4 cm. long, less than 1 cm. thick, the bracts 6-7 mm. long, tomentulose: wings of the fruit reniform, ciliate. Common, along streams. — Eiver-birch. Eed-birch. 2. B. lenta L. Tree becoming 25 m. tall, the bark brown: leaf -blades ovate, oblong-ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, rounded or cordate at the base, silky on the nerves beneath: staminate aments with ovate bracts: mature pistillate aments 1.5-3 cm. long, over 1 cm. thick, the bracts 5-6 mm. long and quite or nearly as wide, usually glabrous: wings of the fruit triangular-obovate or cuneate, not ciliate. — • Common, in woods and on hillsides. — Sweet-birch. Cherry-birch. Black-birch. 3. B. allegheniensis Britton. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark yellowish or silvery: leaf -blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, rounded or cordate at the base, pubescent on the nerves beneath: staminate aments with ovate or oval-ovate bracts: mature pistillate aments 1.. 5-2.5 cm. long, very stout, the bracts 7-9 mm. long, quite or fully as wide, ciliate : wings of the fruit orbicular- obovate. — Susquehanna valley and tributary streams and in neighboring ravines ; also in the Welsh mountains. — Schists, quartzite. — Southern Yel- low-birch. 2. ALNUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, the bark astringent. Staminate flowers with 3-6 stamens, the anther-sacs connected. Bracts of the pistillate aments not lobed or obscurely so, woody and spreading at maturity. 1. A. rugosa (Du Eoi) Spreng. Shrub, or tree becoming 13 m. tall: leaf- blades thickish, obovate or oval, 4-10 cm. long: mature pistillate aments 1.5-2 cm. long, the bracts 3-lobed: nuts 1.5 mm. long, sharp-margined. — Common, in low woods and thickets. — Winter and Spr. — Alder. Smooth-alder. Family 3. FAGACEAE. Beech Family. Shrubs or trees, the wood usually coarse-grained. Leaves sometimes persistent : blades simple, entire, toothed, or lobed. Staminate aments elongate or globular, the calyx of 4—7 partially united sepals. Pistillate Lancaster County Flora 7. 98 FAGACEAE. flowers solitary or several together, each subtended by a bristly involucre, the sepals thick. Fruit a bur-like or cup-like involucre, enclosing or sub- tending 1 or more nuts. Staminate aments globose, drooping on slender bracted peduncles : nuts S-angled or 3-winged. 1. Fagus. Staminate aments elongate, slender. Staminate aments erect or ascending : nuts 1-3, included in a very spiny involucre. 2. C.\st.\nea. Staminate aments drooping : nut seated in an involucre of im- bricate scales. 3. Queecus. 1. FAGUS [Tourn/] L. Shrubs or trees, with close-grained wood. Leaf- blades toothed. Staminate aments globular, pendulous: calyx 4-7-lobed: stamens 8-16. Pistillate flowers 2-4 together: calyx 4-5-lobed. Staminodia wanting. Ovary 3-celled: stigmas 3, filiform. Mature involucre with fleshy spines, enclosing the nuts. Nuts 2-4, 3-angled or 3-winged. 1. F. grandifolia Ehrh. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark smooth, pale: leaf -blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 5-14 cm. long: staminate aments 1-1. .5 cm. in diameter, long-peduncled: ripe involucre ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, short-peduncled : nut ovoid, narrowly winged, edible. — Common, in woods. — Spr. — Beech. 2. CASTANEA [Tourn.] Hill. Shrubs or trees, with porous wood. Leaf- blades toothed, the teeth slender-tipped. Staminate aments elongate, spreading : calyx 6-lobed: stamens 10^-20, the filaments greatly elongate. Pistillate flowers several : calyx 6-lobed. Staminodia present. Ovary imperfectly 6-celled : stigmas 6, slender. Mature spiny involucre, including the nuts. Nuts 2 or 3, or sometimes solitary. — Sum. Leaf-blades glabrous at maturity : nuts usually 3 in an involucre, flattened. 1. C. dcntata. Leaf-blades permanently pubescent beneath : nuts usually solitary, not flattened. 2. C. pumila. 1. C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark furrowed: leaf -blades narrowly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 10-30 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, glabrous: neck of the hypanthium longer than the body: ripe involucre 5-10 cm. in diameter: nuts mostly 2, 3 or 5 together, 2-2.5 em. long. — Common, in woods and on hillsides. — -Chestnut. 2. C. pumila (L.) Mill. Shrub, or tree becoming 16 m. tall, the bark smooth: leaf-blades oblong to obovate, 7-14 mm. long, acute or rounded at the apex, white-tomentose beneath: neck of the hypanthium shorter than the body: ripe involucre 3-4 cm. in diameter: nuts usually solitary, 1-1.5 cm. long. — S. Not very common, on dry hills. Grows abundantly only in a few stations on the schist hills. — Chinquapin. 3. QUEECUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, with coarse-grained wood. Leaf -blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Staminate aments drooping: calyx 4-7- lobed: stamens 6-12, the filaments relatively short. Pistillate flowers solitary or several: ovary usually 3-celled: stigmas 3, dilated. Mature scaly involucre saucer-like or cup-like, subtending the nut, or rarely enclosing it. — Spr. — Oak. Leaf-blades, or their lobes, bristle-tipped : styles elongate : nuts often pubescent within. Leaf-blades entire, not dilated at the apex. 1. Q. Phellos. Leaf-blades dilated at the apex or pinnately lobed or pinnatifld. Leaf-blades broadened upward, 3-lobed near the apex. 2. Q. marylandica. Leaf-blades pinnatifld or pinnately lobed. Leaf-blades green and glabrous on both sides. Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped. 3. Q. palustris. 4. Q. rubra. 5. Q. coccinea. 6. Q. velutina. 7. Q. nana. FAGACEAE. 99 Cup less than 18 mm. wide : lobes of the leaf- blades much longer than the width of the body. Cup over 18 mm. wide : lobes of the leaf- blades about as long as the width of the body. Cup of the acorn turbinate or hemispheric. Leaf-blades pubescent beneath. Cup of the acorn turbinate : leaf-blades brown- or rusty-pubescent beneath. Cup of the corn saucer-shaped : leaf-blades gray- or white-pubescent beneath. Leaf-blades, or their teeth or lobes, without bristles (except on shoots) : nuts often glabrous within. Leaf-blades toothed or shallowly lobed. Acorns sessile. Shrub or small tree : leaf-blades mostly broadest above the middle. 8. Q. prinoidcs. Tall tree: leaf-blades mostly broadest below the middle. 9. Q. Mithlenheryii. Acorns peduncled. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, or about equal- ling them. 10. Q. Prinus. Peduncles much longer than the petioles. 11. Q. bicolor. Leaf-blades prominently or deeply lobed. Mature leaf-blades more or less pubescent beneath : cup fully % as long as the nut. Tapper scales of the cup awned forming a fringe around the nut. 12. Q. iiiacrocarpa. Upper scales of the cup not awned. 13. Q. stcllata. Mature leaf-blades glabrous and pale or glaucous be- neath : cup shallow. 14. Q. alba. 1. Q. Phellos L. Tree becoming 25 m. tall: leaves sometimes partly persistent; blades linear-oblong or narrowly^ elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, shining and glabrous at maturity, entire: acorns sessile or nearly so; cup saucer-shaped, 10-15 mm. wide; nut subglobose, often depressed or globose- ovoid, about 1 cm. long. — S. Rare, on dry hills. — Schists. — Willow-oak. 2. Q. marylandica Muench. Tree becoming 20 m. tall, the bark very rough: leaf -blades broadly or narrowly obovate in outline, 8-17 cm. long, 3-5-lobed or with a single dilated terminal lobe, brownish-pubescent beneath: acorns sessile or short-stalked; cup depressed-hemispheric, 15-20 mm. wide; nut subglobose or ovoid, 10-20 mm. long. — S. Very common, on dry hills. — Serpentine, schists. — Black-jack. Barren-oak. 3. Q. palustris Du Eoi. Tree becoming 6 m. tall, the lower branches reflexed: leaf-blades broadly oval, varying to ovate or obovate in outline, 6-15 cm. long, merely pubescent in the vein-axils beneath, deeply pinnatifid, the lobes oblong, lanceolate, or triangular: acorns short-stalked; cup saucer-shaped, 12-15 mm. wide; nut subglobose, 10-15 mm. long. — Common, mostly in moist woods. — Savamp Spanish-oak. Pin-oak. 4. Q. rubra L. Tree becoming 50 m. tall, the lower branches spreading: leaf- blades oval, varying from ovate to obovate in outline, 10-20 cm. long, -with tufts of hairs in the vein-axils beneath, pinnately 5-7-lobed, the lobes ascending, the sinuses rounded: acorns short-stalked; cup saucer-shaped, 25-35 mm. wide"; nut ovoid, 25-30 mm. long. — Common, in woods. — Red-oak. 5. Q. coccinea "Wang. Tree becoming 50 m. tall: leaf -blades oval, varying to oblong or obovate in outline, 10-20 cm. long, glabrous, except the tufted vein- axils beneath, pinnately 5-7-lobed, the lobes usually toothed: acorn sessile or short -stalked; cup turbinate, 15-20 mm. wide, more or less constricted at the base; nut ovoid or oblong-ovoid, mostly 10-20 mm. long. — Common, in dry soil. — Scarlet-oak. 6. Q. velutina Lam. Tree becoming 50 m. tall: leaf -blades oval or obovate In outline, 10-30 cm. long, usually rusty-pubescent beneath, pinnately lobed, the lobes coarsely bristle-toothed: acorn sessile or nearly so; cup turbinate or hemispheric-turbinate, 20-25 mm. wide; nut globose-oblong or ovoid, 15-25 mm. long. — Common, in woods. — Black-oak. Yellow-barked oak. Quercitron. 100 FAGACEAE. 7. Q. nana (Marsh.) Sarg. Shrub rather intricately branched, or tree becoming 7 m. tall : leaf -blades obovate or oval in outline, 6-12 cm. long, with white or pale-gray tomentum beneath, pinnatifid into 3—5 triangular or deltoid lobes: acorns short-stalked or nearly sessile; cup saucer-shaped (or shallow-turbinate), 14-18 mm. wide; nut ovoid-globose or depressed, 10-15 mm. long. — S. Com- mon, on dry hills. — Schists, serpentine. — Bear-oak. Black sckub-oak. 8. Q. prinoides Willd. Shrub, or tree becoming 6 m. tall: leaf -blades obovate or oblanceolate, or rarely nearly oblong, 5-15 cm. long, coarsely toothed, cuneate or rarely rounded at the base, finely gray-tomeutose beneath: acorns sessile or nearly so; cup hemispheric, 13-18 mm. wide; nut oblong-ovoid, 15-25 mm. long. — S. Not very common, dry hills. — Schists. — Scrub chestnut- oak. 9. Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm. Tree becoming 50 m. tall, the bark scaly: leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, coarsely serrate, with usually somewhat flaring teeth, minutely pubescent beneath or glabrate: acorns sessile or nearly so; cup hemispheric, about 15 mm. wade; nut ovoid, about 15 mm. long. — Chestnut-oak. Yellow-oak. 10. Q. Prinus L. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark close: leaf -blades oblong to oval, varying to broadest slightly above or below the middle, 15-20 cm. long, coarsely crenate-serrate, gray-tomentulose beneath: acorns short- peduucled; cup hemispheric, 12-35 mm. wide; nut ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 25-35 mm. long. — Common, in dry rocky woods. — Chestnut-oak. 11. Q. bicolor Willd. Tree sometimes becoming 36 m. tall: leaf -blades obovate to oblong-obovate, 5-20 cm. long, coarsely toothed or shallowly lobed, usually cuneate at the base, densely white-tomentose beneath: acorns long- stalked; cup saucer-shaped or depressed-hemispheric, 20^25 mm. wide, with some of the bracts prolonged ; nut oblong or oblong-ovoid, 20-25 mm. long or slightly longer. — S. Common, in low grounds. — Schists. — Svfamp white- oak. 12. Q. macrocarpa Michx. Tree becoming 55 m. tall: leaf -blades obovate to spatulate in outline, 10-30 cm. long, finely tomentose beneath the pinnate lobes, spreading, the terminal lobe largest and usually coarsely crenate: acorns long-stalked; cup deep-hemispheric or globular, 20-40 mm. wide, the upper scales Avith filiform tips ; nuts subglobose or broadly oblong, 30-50 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley and tributary streams. Eare, on shaded banks. — Over- cup-oak. Mossy-cup oak. Bur-oak. 13. Q. stellata Wang. Tree becoming 30 m. tall: leaf -blades broadly obovate in outline, 10-20 cm. long, finely tomentose beneath with gray or yel- lowish hairs, pinnatifid into usually broad diverging lobes: acorns often clus- tered; cup hemispheric and contracted at the base, 15-20 mm. wide; nut ovoid, 15-20 mm. long. — S. Common, in dry soil. — Schists, serpentine. — Post-oak. Iron-oak. 14. Q. alba L. Tree becoming 45 m. tall : leaf -blades obovate in outline, 10-20 cm. long, glaucous and finally glabrous beneath, pinnatifid into 3-9, usually 7, ascending narrow lobes: acorns short-stalked; cup saucer-shaped or shallow- hemispheric, woody-tuberculate, 15-20 mm. wide; nut oblong-ovoid, 15-25 mm. long. — ■ Common, in woods. — White-oak. Order URTICALES. Shrubs or trees, or herbs. Leaves alternate, or in the ease of herbs often opiDOsite : blades simple, entire, toothed, or divided. Flowers various, not in aments. Calyx present. Corolla wanting. Androeeium often of as many stamens as there are sepals. Gynoecium of a single carpel or of 2 united carpels. Fruit an aehene, a samara, a drupe, or a syncarp. URTICACEAE. 101 Fruit an achene, the achenes sometimes in tlie accrescent sepals and forming a syncarp. Flowers not on a receptacle : fruit not syncarps : sepals neither thick and juicy nor enveloping achenes. Style or stigma 1 : the latter sometimes tufted : ovule erect : filaments inflexed in the bud. Fam. 1. Urticaceae. Styles or stigmas 2 : ovule pendulous : filaments erect in the bud. Fam. 2. Caxnabinaceae. Flowers on the outside or inside of a receptacle : fruits syncarps or syconiums : sepals accrescent, en- veloping the achenes. Fam. 3. Artocarpaceae. Fruit a samara or a drupe, sometimes nut-like. Fam. 4. Ulmaceae. Family 1. URTICACEAE. Nettle Family. Herbs or shrubby plants, often with stinging hairs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or rarely lobed. Flowers dioecious, monoecious, or polygamous, cymose. Calyx of 2-5 distinct or partially united sepals. Androecium of 2-5 stamens. Gynoeeinm a single carpel. Fruit an achene. Sepals of the pistillate flowers distinct or slightly united, not investing the achene. Stigma subulate, not tufted : ovary, and achene. oblique. 1. Urticastruji. Stigma tufted : ovary, and achene, equilateral. Flowers not involucrate. Pistillate flowers with 4 sepals : staminodia wanting. 2. Urtica. Pistillate flowers with 3 sepals : staminodia present. 3. Adicea. Flowers involucrate. 4. Parietaria. Sepals of the pistillate flowers united, the tube wholly investing the achene. 5. Boeiimeria. 1. URTICASTRUM Fabr. Perennial herbs with stinging hairs. Leaves alternate: blades toothed. Pistillate flowers with a calyx of 5 sepals and an oblique ovary. 1. U. divaricatum (L.) Kuntze. Stem 2-12 cm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oblong, or elliptic, 5-20 cm. long, long-petioled: panicles spreading, the lower stami- nate, the upper pistillate: sepals oblong, or broader in the pistillate flowers: achene oblique, about 3 mm. in diameter, exserted. — Common, in thickets and in woods. — fSum. — Wood-nettle. 2. URTICA [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial often coarse herbs with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite: blades toothed or inciseddobed. Pistillate flowers with a calyx of 4 sepals and an equilateral ovary. — Sum. — Nettle. Stems sparingly bristly : petioles fully % as long as the width of the leaf-blades. 1. U. gracilis. Stems densely bristly : petioles less than i/o as long as the width of the leaf-blades. 2. V. dioica. 1. U. gracilis Ait. Stem 6-28 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate, occasionally broadly so, 6-15 cm. long, acuminate, serrate: sepals hispidulous: achenes fully 1 mm. long. — Rather rare, in fence-rows and on river banks. 2. U. dioica L. Stem 6-13 dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-12 em. long, prominently incised-serrate, cordate, sometimes deeply so: sepals sof t-hispidulous : achenes fully 1 mm. long. — Eather common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sttnging-nettle. 3. ADICEA Eaf. Annual or perennial erect succulent herbs. Leaves mainly opposite: blades toothed, 3-ribbed. Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the pistillate flowers 3, equal, slightly broader at the apex, not enclosing the achene, each accompanied by a staminodium. Stigma tufted. 1. A. pumila (L.) Eaf. Stem 1-7 dm. tall, very watery: leaf -blades ovate to elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, coarsely crenate-serrate, long-petioled: sepals lanceo- 102 • CANNABINACEAE. late: achenes ovoid, about 2 mm. long. — Common, in moist shaded places. — Sum. — Clearweed. Eichweed. i. PARIETAEIA [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial flimsy succulent herbs. Leaves alternate : blades entire. Flowers polygamous, in clustered involucrate axillary cymes, the involucres of 2-6 more or less united bracts. Stigma tufted. 1. P. pennsylvanica Muhl. Stems 1-4 dm. long, finely pubescent, simple or branched: leaf -blades lanceolate to elliptic or sometimes broader, 1-6 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the base : sepals acute : achenes oval, fully 1 mm. long. — S. Bather common, on dry banks. — Schists. — Sum. — Pellitory. 5. BOEHMERIA Jacq. Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite: blades toothed, often 3-ribbed. Flowers monoecious, in clusters on branches, the pistillate with 4 united sepals surrounding the ovary. Stigma elongate. Achene included in the horseshoe-like accrescent calyx. — Sum. and fall. — False-nettle. Staminate calyx about 3 mm. wide ; sepals acute': leaf-blades leathery, finely ser- rate : petioles much shorter than the blades. 1. B. scabra. Staminate calyx about 2 mm. wide : sepals obtuse : leaf-blades relatively thin, coarsely serrate : petioles as long as the blades or little shorter. 2. B. cylindrica. 1. B. scabra (Porter) Small. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, typically rough-pubescent: leaf-blades firm, ovate to elliptic-ovate, or the lower ones orbicular to reni- form, 2-5 cm. long, or rarely larger, short-petioled: flower-clusters mostly contiguous: inflorescence-branches short: achenes mostly about 1.5 mm. wide. — S. Eather common, in moist grounds and swamps. — Schists. 2. B. cylindrica (L.) Willd. Stems 2-13 dm. tall, typically smooth and gla- brous: leaf -blades pliable, ovate to lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, long-petioled : flower-clusters mostly separate: inflorescence-branches elongate: achenes mostly about 1 mm. wide. — N. M. Eather common, in moist soil. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. Family 2. CANNABINACEAE. Hemp Family. Annual or perennial, often coarsely pubescent herbs. Leaves oppo- site or sometimes alternate: blades toothed, lobed, or divided. Flowers dioecious, the pistillate in braeted spikes, with an entire perianth, and a gynoecium of 2 united carpels, the ovary 1-eelled. Fruit an achene. Stem twining : leaf-blades usually 3-lobed : fruit a drooping cone with thin imbricate bracts. 1. Humclus. Stems erect : leaf-blades 3-7-parted : fruit spicate on stiff branches. 2. Cannabis. 1. HUMTJLUS L. Perennial vines. Leaves opposite: blades serrate or lobed. Pistillate flowers 2 together in ament-like drooping spikes which become cone-like at maturity. 1. H. Lupulus L. Stem and branches pubescent with recurved hairs: leaf- blades orbicular or ovate in outline, 3-15 cm. in diameter, 3-6-lobed and serrate, or merely serrate: mature pistillate spikes 3-8 cm. long, ovoid to cylindric : achenes subglobose, 2-3 mm. in diameter. — Eather common, in thickets and fence-rows. Nat. of Eurasia. — Sum. — Hop. 2. CANNABIS [Tourn.] L. Annual coarse herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate: blades digitately divided. Pistillate flowers solitary, in the axils of leaf -like bracts, disposed in elongate spikes at maturity. ULMACEAE. 103 1. C. sativa L. Stem 1-4 m. tall, rougli-pubesceut, the inner bark tough: leaf-blades 4-15 cm. long, the divisions 5-11, linear or linear-lanceolate, ser- rate, acuminate: mature pistillate spikes leaf y-bracted : achenes oval, 4^5 mm. long. — Bather common, in moist places and fence-rows. Nat. of As. — Sum. — Hemp. Family 3. ARTOCARPACEAE. Mulberry Family. Shrubs or trees, the sap milky. Leaves mostly alternate : blades equi- lateral, entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in ament-like spikes or enclosed in a receptacle, the staminate with 3 or 4 stamens, the i^istillate with a calyx of 3-5 sepals which greatly enlarge and subtend or envelope the achene: gynoeeium of 1 or of 2 united carpels; styles or stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit a syncarp or syconium. Stigmas 2, short : pistillate spilies cylindric. 1. Morus. Stigmas solitary, elongate : pistillate spikes globose. 2. Papyeius. 1. MORUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, with scaly bark. Leaves de- ciduous: blades commonly serrate, sometimes lobed. Staminate flowers in cylindric spikes: sepals 4, the lateral ones larger than the others: stigmas 2, short. Fruit cylindric, the achenes included in the calyx. — Spr. — Mulberry. Fruits wliite or pinkish : leaf-blades glabrous and sparingly pubescent about the veins beneath. 1. M. alba. Fruits deep-red or purplish : leaf-blades soft-pubescent beneath. 2. If. ruhra. 1. M. alba L. Tree 5-12 m. tall, with sparingly pubescent twigs: leaf -blades blades ovate to oval or oval-ovate, 6-20 cm. long, softly pubescent beneath: staminate spikes 1-2 cm. long: fruit subglobose to oval-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, white or pinkish. — Common, on roadsides and in thickets. Nat. of Eu. — White-mulberry. 2. M. rubra L. Tree becoming 20 m. tall, with early glabrous twigs: leaf- blades ovate to oval or oval-ovate, 6-20 cm. long, softly pubescent beneath: staminate spikes 4-8 cm. long: fruit cylindric, 3-6 cm. long, deep-red or pur- plish. — Common, in fields and woods. — Eed-mulberry. 2. PAPYKIUS Lam. Trees with smooth bark. Leaves deciduous: blades serrate, often lobed. Staminate flowers in cylindric spikes, with 4 sepals and 4 stamens. Pistillate spikes globose: calyx 4-lobed: stigma 1, elongate. Fruit globular, each achene protruding from the persistent calyx. 1. P. papyrifera (L.) Kuntze. Tree, resembling the red-mulberry, sometimes 15 m. tall, with hirsute-tomentose twigs: leaf -blades ovate, 8—16 em. long: fruits globular, 2-3 cm. in diameter, the protruding achenes reddish or orange. — M. N. Frequent, on roadsides and about dwellings. — Nat. of As. — Spr. — Paper-mulberry. Family 4. ULMACEAE. Elm Family. Shrubs or trees, the sap watery. Leaves alternate : blades inequi- lateral, commonly toothed. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or monoecious, variously disposed. Calyx of 4 or 5, or rarely 3-9, partially united sepals. Androecium of usually as many stamens as there are sepals, Gynoeeium of 2 united carpels. Fruit a samara or a drupe, or nut-like. Fruit a samara : anthers extrorse : embryo straight. 1. Ulmus. Fruit a drupe : anthers introrse : embryo with conduplicate cotyledons. 2. Celtis. 104 POLYGONACEAE. 1. ULMTJS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, with furrowed bark and some- times winged branches. Leaves deciduous: blades toothed. Calyx campanu- late. Ovary sessile or nearly so, smooth, but sometimes pubescent. Samara orbicular to oblong. — Spr. — Elm. Samaras notched : buds acute : leaf -blades glabrous and nearly fsmooth above, spar- ingly pubescent beneath : flowering pedicels longer than the calyx. 1. TJ. americana. Samaras rounded : buds rounded : leaf-blades very scabrous- pubescent : flowering pedicels shorter than the calyx. 2. U. ftilra. 1. U. americana L. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the twigs typically fine- pubescent: leaf -blades oval to ovate, 5-10 cm. long, sometimes slightly rough above: flower-clusters lax, the pedicels long: calyx shallowly lobed: samara oval or obovate, 10-20 mm. long, the wings long-ciliate, narrowed at the base. — Common, on roadsides and along streams.. — White-elm. American-elm. 2. U. fulva Michx. Tree becoming 25 m. tall, the twigs densely pubescent, the inner bark mucilaginous: leaf -blades ovate, oval, or obovate, 8-19 cm. long, very rough-pubescent on both sides: flower-clusters dense, the pedicels short: samara suborbicular, 14-17 mm. in diameter, finely pubescent, the wings eciliate, broad at the iDase. — Common, in rich woods and along streams. — Slippery-elm. Eeb-elm. 2. CELTIS [Tourn.] L. Unarmed shrubs or trees, the bark often warty. Leaves deciduous: blades entire or toothed, very inequilateral. Calyx rotate, the lobes much longer than the tube. Stigmas 2, entire. Drupe subglobose. — Spr. — Hackberry. Nettle-tree. Sugarberry. Twigs glabrous : leaf-blades smooth or nearly so above. 1. C. occidcntalis. Twigs pubescent : leaf-blades very rough above. 2. C. crassifolia. 1. C. occidentalis L. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the twigs glabrous: leaf- blades ovate or rarely oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, smooth or nearly so above: drupes globose or subglobose, 7-10 mm. in diameter, orange, purple or nearly black. — Eather common, especially on the river hills, and along creeks. 2, C. crassifolia Lam. Tree similar to C. occidentalis in habit : leaf -blades ovate, firm, 3-12 cm. long, scabrous above: drupes oval to subglobose, 7-10 mm. in diameter, red-purple or nearly black. — M. Occasional, in rich soil. — Limestones, quartzite. Order POLYGONALES. Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate, or sometimes oppo- site or wliorled, mostly entire : stipules present, usually as a sheath. Flowers perfect, monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, variously disposed. Hypanthium long or short. Calyx of 2-5 sepals, which sometimes develop keels or wings. Corolla wanting. Androecium of 2-9 stamens. Gynoe- cium of 2 or 3 united carpels, the ovary superior. Ovule orthotropous. Fruit an achene. Family 1. POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family. Plants various in habit. Leaves with manifest, usually sheathing, stipules, and inflorescence not involucrate, or the stipules obsolete and the inflorescence involucrate. Stigmas tufted. 1. Rumex. Stigmas not tufted. POLYGONACEAE. 105 Leaf-blades jointed at the base : ocreae 2-lobed, becoming lacerate : filaments, at least the inner, dilated. 2. Polygonum. Leaf-blades not jointed at the base : ocreae various, not 2- lobed : filaments slender. Ocreae cylindric, truncate. Sepals 4 : calyx curved : stamens 4 or 5. 3. Tov.\ea. Sepals 5 : if fewer, the stamens more than 5 : calyx not curved. 4. rERSic.\Ri.\. Ocreae oblique, more or less open on the side facing the leaf. Herbs various in habit, not vines : sepals neither keeled or winged. Racemes collected into terminal corymbs : embryo dividing the endosperm by an S-shaped curve : plants smooth. 5. Pagopirum Racemes not in terminal corymbs : embryo slender, at one side of the endosperm : plants prickle-armed. 6. Tracaulon. Vines with twining stems : outer sepals winged or keeled. 7. Tiniaria. 1. RUMEX L. Annual or perennial fleshy herbs. Leaves alternate, with brittle ocreae. Flowers in panicles, perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, the hypanthium-base conspicuously jointed to the pedicel. Sepals green, 6, un- changed or the 3 inner developing wings, one or all of which usually bear a callosity. Stamens 6. Stigmas peltate, tufted. Achene exserted or included, smooth or granular, usually more or less margined. — Dock. Calyx unchanged in fruit: achenes exserted, granular. 1. R. AcctoseUa. Calyx accrescent, the inner sepals developing into wings : achenes included, smooth. Sepal-wings entire, more or less undulate. Only one of the 3 sepal-wings bearing callosities. 2. R. altissimus. All of the 3 sepal-wings bearing callosities. 3. R. crispvs. Sepal-wings fringed with spiny teeth. 4. R. oititsifolius. 1. R. Acetosella L. Plants glabrous, 1-6 dm. tall: blades of the lower leaves 2.5-15 cm. long, hastate, the auricles entire or toothed: sepals green, 1 mm. long: achenes ovoid, 3-angled, about 1.5 mm. long. — Common, in fields and dry soil. — Spr. and fall. • — Field-sorrel. Sheep-sorrel. Often a pernicious weed. 2. R. altissimus Wood. Plants 6-12 dm. tall, the panicle-branches densely flow-ered : lower stem-leaves 1-3 dm. long ; blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceo- late, scarcely crisped: sepal-wings triangular-ovate, 4-5 mm. long, longer than wide, scarcely cordate : achenes about 3 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Frequent, on river banks. — Schists. — Spr. — Pale-dock. Peach- leaved DOCK. 3. R. crispus L. Plants 3-11 dm. tall, the panicle-branches rather closely flowered: lower stem-leaves 1.5-3 dm. long; blades oblong to oblong-lanceo- late, much crisped: flower-clusters contiguous: sepal-wings ovate to orbicular- ovate, 4-5 mm. long: achenes fully 2 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Curled-dock. 4. R. obtusifolius L. Plants 6-12 dm. tall, the panicle-branches nearly erect: lower stem-leaves 3-5.5 dm. long; blades oblong to broadly oblong-lanceolate, deeply cordate, somewhat crisped: flower-clusters mostly contiguous, not leafy bracted: sepal-wings ovate-hastate, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, with 3-5 teeth: achenes fully 2 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Bitter-dock. Often a troublesome weed. 2. POLYGONUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial, erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves alternate, jointed near the top of the ultimately lacerate ocreae. Flowers in axillary clusters which are sometimes aggregated near the ends of the branches. Sepals green to pink or white, the outer ones sometimes cor- rugated in age. Stamens 3-8, often 5-6. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled. — Sum. — Knotweed. Doorweed. Knotgrass. 106 POLYGONACEAE. Flower-clusters separate, scattered more or less throughout the plant. Sepals with white, pinlj, or purplish margins : plants mainly prostrate, pale, bright- or bluish-green. 1. f. neylectum. Sepals with yellowish-green margins : plants mainly diffuse, yellowish-green. L'. V. erectum. Flower-clusters approximate on the branches, forming long, raceme-like panicles : plants erect. 3. P. tenue. 1. P. neglectum Besser. Plants bright- or bluish-green, the branches ulti- mately prostrate or procumbent, 1-6 dm. long: leaf -blades thin, narrowly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or linear, less than 2 cm. long, acute or acuminate: ocreae very thin: sepals about 1.5 mm. long: achenes about 2 mm. long. — Common, about dwellings, and on roadsides and in waste places. Nat. of Eu. 2. P. erectum L. Plants yellowish-green, the branches spreading or decum- bent, 1-12 dm. long: leaf -blades much larger than in the preceding species, mainly 2-6 cm. long, oblong, elliptic, oval, or somewhat broadened upward: ocreae rather sordid: sepals about 3 mm. long, often corrugated in age: achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, dull. — Common, about dwellings, in waste places and on moist banks, 3. P, tenue Michx. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, the branches wiry: leaf -blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 0.5-3 cm. long, each with 2 lateral impressions on either side of the midrib: flowers short-pedicelled: sepals becoming 2.5-3 mm. long : achenes ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long. — Common, in dry places or rocky soil. 3. TO VARA Adans. Annual erect herbs. Leaves alternate, not jointed at the fringed ocreae. Flowers in lax remote clusters borne on virgate branches. Sepals more or less colored, 4, the 2 lateral ones overlapping the others. Stamens 4, and alternating with the sepals, or 5, the fifth one opposite the lower sepal: filaments slender. Stigmas 2. Achene lenticular. 1. T. virginlana (L.) Adans. Stem strigose, 3-14 dm. tall, virgately branched or simple: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-16 cm. long: sepals ovate to rhombic-ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long: styles longer than the ovary: achenes 3.5-4 mm. long, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, invested in the nodding calyx. — Common, on shaded banks and in thickets. — Sum. 4. PERSICABIA [Tourn.] Adans. Annual or perennial, erect or spread- ing herbs. Leaves alternate, not jointed at the cylindric naked or fringed ocreae: blades narrowed at the base. Flowers borne in spike-like panicles. Sepals w'hite or colored, 5, neither winged nor keeled. Stamens 4-8 : filaments slender. Stigmas 2 or so-metimes 3. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled, included. — ■ Sum. Raceme usually solitary and terminal : plants mainly aquatic. Leaf-blades more or less acuminate at the apex, pubescent : panicles long and slender. 1. P- Muhlenhergii. Leaf-blades obtuse or merely acute at the apex, glabrous : panicles short and stout. 2. P. amphibia. Racemes several or numerous : plants mostly terrestrial. Ocreae naked or fringed, not spreading at the top : coty- ledons accumbent. Ocreae truncate and naked at maturity. Racemes erect : achenes orbicular or wider than long. 3. P. pennsylvanica. Racemes drooping or with drooping tips : achenes broadly oblong or ovoid. 4. /'. lapathifolia. Ocreae fringed with bristles. Panicles short, stout, compact. 5. P. Persicaria. Panicles slender, elongate, lax or interrupted. Calyx not glandular-punctate. 6. P. hydropiperoides. Calyx glandular-punctate. Panicles erect : achenes smooth, shining. 7. P. punctata. Panicles drooping : achenes granular, dull. 8. P. Hydropiper. Ocreae with spreading fringed tops : cotyledons incumbent. 9. /'. orientalis. POLYGONACEAE. 107 1. P. Muhlenbergii (S. Wats.) Small. Perennial, generally strigose, creeping: leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, rounded or cordate at the base: ocreae eciliate: panicles compact, 3-10 cm. long: ocreolae ciliate and pubescent: sepals rose-colored, not punctate, about 4 mm. long: achenes 2.5-3 mm. long. — Common, on muddy shores. 2. P. amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray. Perennial, glabrous, at least when mature, floating: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, rounded or narrowed at the base: ocreae eciliate: panicle dense, mostly 1.5- 2.5 cm. long: ocreolae eciliate and glabrous, or inconspicuously pubescent: sepals bright rose-colored, not punctate : achenes lenticular, orbicular-oblong, about 3 nun. long. — Susquehanna river. Eare, in still water. 3. P. pennsylvanica (L.) Small. Annual, the upper branches finely glandu- lar-pubescent: leaf -blades lanceolate, 4-22 cm. long: ocreae eciliate: panicles stout, erect: ocreolae eciliate or nearly so: sepals pink or light-purple, not punctate: style short: achenes flat-lenticular, 3-3.5 mm. high, shining, short- beaked. — Common, in waste places, on roadsides and in cultivated grounds. 4. P. lapathifolia (L.) S. F. Gray. Annual, glabrous or nearly so: leaf- blades lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so, 5-20 cm. long: ocreae eciliate: pan- icles slender, nodding: ocreolae eciliate: sepals whitish to rose-colored, finely punctate: achenes flat-lenticular, about 2 mm. long. — S. Common, especially in the Susquehanna valley. Nat. of Eu. 5. P. Persicaria (L.) Small. Annual, glabrous or partially pubescent: leaf- blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2-18 cm. long, often with a central blotch: ocreae fringed: panicles stout: ocreolae ciliate: sepals pink, purple, green, or reddish, not punctate: achenes turgid-lenticular or 3-angled, 2-2.5 mm. long. — Common, in cultivated grounds and waste places, and on road- sides. Nat. of Eu. — Lady's-thumb. 6. P. hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small. Perennial, strigillose in parts: leaf- blades lanceolate, varying to oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 4-13 cm. long: ocreae long-fringed, sparingly strigose: panicles slender, erect: ocreolae short-fringed: sepals deep-pink or greenish, not punctate: achenes 3-angled, 2-2.5 mm. long, shining. — Common, in waste places and swamps. — Mild WATER-PEPPER. 7. p. punctata (Ell.) Small. Annual or perennial, usually glabrous: leaf- blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-16 cm. long: ocreae long-fringed: panicles linear, mostly continuous during anthesis: ocreolae fringed: sepals whitish or green, punctate: achenes 3-angled or turgid-lenticular, about 2.5 mm. long, shining. — Common, in swamps and low grounds. — Water smart- AVEED. 8. P. Hydropiper (L.) Opiz. Annual, glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades nar- rowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1.5-9 cm. long: ocreae fringed: panicles slender, nodding: ocreolae short-fringed: sepals greenish, punctate: achenes turgid-lenticular or 3-angled, dull, about 3 mm. long. — Common, in moist soil and on wet banks. — Water-pepper. Common-smartweed. 9. P. orientalis (L.) Vilm. Annual, tall, more or less hispid: leaf -blades ovate to broadly oblong, 6-25 cm. long: ocreae spreading and ciliate at the top: panicles stout, nodding: ocreolae ciliate: sepals dark rose-colored, not punctate : achenes lenticular, orbicular, about 3 mm. long. — Occasional, on roadsides and about dwellings. Nat. of As. — Prince 's-feather. 5. FAGOPYRUM [Tourn.] Gaertn. Annual erect smooth herbs, the stems terete. Leaves alternate, not jointed at the oblique ocreae: blades has- tate or cordate at the base. Flowers borne in branching racme-like panicles. 108 POLYGONACEAE. Sepals white, 5, unchanged at maturity. Stamens 5-8: filaments filiform. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled, exserted. 1. F. Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Stem 1-9 dm. tall, slightly pubescent about the nodes: leaf -blades hastate, 2.5-8 cm. long: panicles persistently flowering: sepals becoming 2.5-3 mm. long: achenes 5-6 mm. long. — Occasional, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Buckwheat. 6. TRACATJLON Raf. Annual or perennial, prickle-armed, reclining- climbing herbs. Leaves alternate, not jointed at the oblique ocreae. Flowers borne in spike-like or capitate panicles. Sepals often slightly colored, 5 or 4, neither keeled nor winged. Stamens 5-8: filaments slender. Stigmas 2 or 3. Achene lenticular or 3-angled, included. — Sum. — ■ Tear-thumb. Leaf-blades sagittate: achenes 3-angled. 1. T. sagittatum. Leaf-blades hastate : achenes lenticular. 2. T. arifolium. 1. T. sagittatum (L.) Small. Leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong, 1-12 cm. long, the basal lobes acute: ocreolae 3-5 mm. long: sepals becoming 4 mm. long: stamens 8 : achenes 3-3.5 mm. long. — Common, in wet places and meadows. 2. T. arifolium (L.) Eaf. Leaf-blades hastate, 2-18 cm. long, the basal lobes spreading, acuminate: ocreolae about 2 mm. long: sepals becoming 4 mm. long: stamens 6: achenes 4 mm. long. — Common, in wet thickets and meadows. 7. TINTARIA Eeichenb. Annual or perennial, unarmed twining vines. Leaves alternate, not jointed at the oblique ocreae. Flowers borne in branch- ing raceme-like panicles or in axillary clusters. Sepals white or yellowish, 5, the outer ones keeled or winged at maturity. Stamens 8: filaments slender. Stigmas 3. Achenes 3-angled, included. — Sum. and fall. Outer sepals keeled at maturity: achene granular and dull. 1. T. Convolvuhis. Outer sepals developing conspicuous wings : achene smooth and shining. Sepal-wings not incised : achenes over 3.5 mm. long. 2. T. scandcns. Sepal-wings incised : achenes less than 3.5 mm. long. 3. T. crtstatum. 1. T. Convolvulus (L.) Webb. & Moq. Stem and branches trailing or twin- ing, green or purple-tinged: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-sagittate, or those of the upper ones sagittate, 1.5-6 cm. long: ocreae rough-edged: sepals mealy- granular, the outer becoming longer than the inner: achenes about 3.5 mm. long. — Common, in moist places and fields. Nat. of Eu. — Black-bindweed. 2. T. scandens (L.) Small. Stem and branches twining, purplish: leaf- blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 4—12 cm. long: ocreae with rough ridges: mature hypanthium and calyx 12-15 mm. long: achenes 4-4.5 mm. long. — Common, in thickets and fence-rows. — Hedge-buckwheat. False-buckwheat. 3. T. cristatum (Engelm. & Gray) Small. Stem and branches twining, green or purplish : leaf -blades ovate to triangular, 1-6 cm. long : mature hypanthium and calyx 6.5-7.5 mm. long: achenes 3 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Rather common, on river banks. Order CHENOPODIALES. Herbs, often partially woody, or shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite, occasionally scale-like. Flowers mostly perfect, sometimes monoecious or dioecious. Calyx usually i^resent, the sepals mainly sepa- rate. Corolla wanting, or present and of minute or large petals. Androe- cium of 1-several stamens. Gynoeeium a single carpel or of several united CHENOPODIACEAE. 109 carpels, the ovary mostly superior. Fruit au acliene, a utricle, a capsule, or a berry, or sometimes an antliocarp. Fruit a utricle, achene, or berry, sometimes an anttiocarp, not valvate, or merely circumscissile. Fruit utricular, the carpels not whorled. Bracts not scarious : stipules wanting. Fam. 1. Chenopodiaceae. Bracts, or stipules, scarious. Stipules wanting : sepals scarious. Fam. 2. Amaeantiiaceae. Stipules present : sepals herbaceous or scari- ous-margined. Fam. 3. Corrigiolaceae. Fruit baccate, the carpels whorled. Fam. 4. Phytolaccaceae. Fruit a capsule dehiscent by apical or longitudinal valves. Ovary several-celled : corolla wanting. Fam. 5. Teteagoniaceae. Ovary 1-celled : corolla mostly present. Sepals 2 : leaves mostly alternate. Fam. 6. Poetulacaceae. Sepals 4 or 5 : leaves mostly opposite. Sepals distinct : ovary sessile : petals not clawed. Fam. 7. Alsinaceae. Sepals united : ovary stipitate : petals clawed. Fam. 8. Caryophyllaceae. Family 1. CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family. Herbs or woody plants. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades simple. Flowers perfect, polygamous, monoecious, or dioecious, mostly in elongate spikes or panicles. Calyx of 1-5 persistent sepals. Corolla wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals. Gynoecium of 2 or more united carpels. Ovary 1-eelled. Fruit a utricle, sometimes achene- like. Flowers perfect : calyx always present. Sepals hooded, usually keeled at maturity : embryo forming a circle : mealy plants, odorless or heavy scented. 1. Chenopodium. Sepals flat or merely concave : embryo not forming a circle : glandular plants, aromatic. 2. Ambeina. Flowers dioecious or monoecious : calyx wanting in the pistil- late flowers. 3. Ateiplex. 1. CHENOPODIUM [Touru.] L. Odorless or heavy-scented non-glandu- lar herbs, ours annuals. Leaves alternate: blades entire to coarsely toothed, often mealy-coated. Sepals hooded. Anther-sacs commonly separate. Ovary often depressed. — Goosefoot. Pigweed. Seed horizontal. Seed and pericarp firmly attached together. Flowering branches longer than the accompanying leaves : mature sepals keeled. Leaf-blades coarsely shallow-toothed or entire, gradually narrowed at the base. Inflorescence dense : mature calyx 2. .5-3 mm. broad : utricle fully 1.5 mm. wide : leaf-blades decidedly mealy beneath. 1. C. ulhum. Inflorescence lax : mature calyx 2-2.5 mm. wide : utricle less than 1.5 mm. wide : leaf-blades scarcely, if at all, mealy. 2. C. lanccolatum. Leaf-blades sinuately deep-toothed, with the teeth salient, rounded or cordate at the base. 3. C. hybridnm. Flowering branones shorter than the accompanying leaves : mature sepals not keeled. 4. O. murale. Seed and pericarp easily separable from one another. 5. C. Boscianum. Seed vertical. 6. C. glaucum. 1. C. album L. Plants stout, pale-green, copiously mealy, 6-30 dm. tall: leaf- blades ovate and somewhat rhombic to broadly lanceolate, coarsely toothed, 2-8 cm. long: inflorescence compact, the flower-clusters mostly contiguous, becom- ing 6-8 mm. thick: seeds about 1.5 mm. wide. — Common, in waste places, and cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Lamb 's-quakters. 110 CHENOPODIACEAE. 2. C. lanceolatum Muhl. Plants slender, 5-20 dm. tall, bright-green, slightly mealy: leaf -blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, or ovate on the lower part of the stem, 2-5 cm. long, shallowly toothed or entire: inflorescence more open than in C. album, and mature flower-clusters somewhat smaller: seeds slightly over 1 mm. wide. — Bather common, in cultivated grounds and waste places. — Sum. and fall. 3. C. hybridum L. Plants bright-green, 5-13 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-hastate, 5-16 cm. long, sinuately 3-U-toothed : inflorescence rather lax, the flower-clusters contiguous or ultimately separate: seeds fully 1.5 mm. wide. — S. In woods, on island at Peach Bottom. — Schists. — Sum. — Maple- leaved GOOSEFOOT. 4. C. murale L. Plants deep-green, somewhat mealy, 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades rhombic-ovate, 2-8 cm. long, coarsely, sharply and irregularly toothed: panicles terminal and lateral, the small flower-clusters numerous and close: seeds barely 1.5 mm. wide. — M. S. Rather common, in waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. 5. C. Boscianum Moq. Plants light-green, often minutely mealy when young, 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, thin, the lower ones often sinuate: panicle-branches very slender, spreading, the flower-clusters scattered, relatively small: seeds 1.5 mm. wide. — S. Eather common,' in woods and thickets. — Schists. — Sum. 6. C. glaucum L. Plants mealy-glaucous, 0.5-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate to oblong, broadly linear or ovate in outline, mostly 1-5 cm. long, sinuate- dentate, green or yellow-green above, whitish beneath: inflorescence compact, the flower-clusters at first inconspicuous in the leaf -axils, ultimately elongate and more conspicuous : seeds less than 1 mm. wide. — Eather rare, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Oak-leaved goosefoot, 2. AMBRINA Spach. Aromatic glandular herbs. Leaves alternate: blades mainly toothed, pinnatifid or pinnately lobed, not mealy. Sepals flat or concave. Anther-sacs commonly contiguous. Cyvary often elongate. — Sum. Flowers not glomerate : leaf -blades pinnately lobed : calyx glandular-pubescent. 1. A. Botrys. Flowers glomerate : leaf -blades repand-toothed or entire : calyx glabrous. 2. A. ambrosioides. 1. A. Botrys (L.) Moq. Stem 1-6 dm. tall, the branches erect or spreading: leaf -blades oblong to ovate, 1-5 cm. long, the lobes entire or toothed: panicle- branches cymose : utricle partially enclosed : seeds less than 1 mm. wide. — Susquehanna valley. Frequent, on the river shore. Nat. of Eu. — Jerusalem- oak. Feather-geranium. 2. A. ambrosioides (L.) Spach. Stem 5-8 dm. tall, the branches sometimes decumbent : leaf -blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, those of the stem-leaves 3-15 cm. long, undulate to repand-dentate: panicle-branches spike-like : utricle wholly enclosed : seeds 0.7-0.8 mm. wide. — Common, ic waste places. Nat. of trop. Am. — Mexican-tea. Wormseed. 3. ATKIPLEX [Tourn.] L. Scaly herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite: blades often angulate or toothed. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate bractless, the pistillate bracted. Calyx herbaceous. Utricle wholly or partially surrounded by the crested, tubercled, or winged accrescent bracts. 1. A. hastata L. Plants light-green or purplish, the stems 3-8 dm. long: leaf -blades triangular-hastate to hastate-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long: mature bracts ovate to deltoid, 4-5 mm. long, with toothed edges and spiny faces. — M. Occasional, in waste places. Nat. of the coastal region. — Sum. — Orache. AMAEANTHACEAE. Ill Family 2. AMAEANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate: blades entire or nearly so. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, in spikes or panicles, with scarious or colored bracts. Calyx of 2-5 mostly distinct sepals. Corolla wanting. Androecium of 5, or fewer, distinct or monodelphous stamens. Gynoecium of 2 or more united carpels. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a utricle or pyxidium, or rarely baccate. 1. AMARANTHUS [Tourn.] L. Herbs (ours annuals). Leaves alter- nate: blades entire. Flowers polygamous, monoecious, or dioecious, densely spicate or clustered, each subtended by mostly S bracts. Sepals 2-5. Fila- ments distinct. Stigmas 2 or 3, distinct. Ovule solitary. Utricle circum- scissile, irregularly opening or indehiscent. Sum. and fall. — Amaranth. Pigweed. Flowers, at least the upper ones, in dense terminal spikes. Stems unarmed, without spines at the leaf-axils. Spikes strict : sepals mostly obtuse. 1. A. retroflexus. Spikes drooping : sepals mostly acute. 2. A. liyhridus. Stems furnished with a- pair of spines at each leaf-axil. 3. A. spwosus. Flowers in small axillary clusters usually surpassed by the leaves. 4. A. yraedzans. 1. A. retroflexus L. Stems 3-30 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceo- late or lanceolate above, 5-15 cm. long: staminate calyx 3.4-3.6 mm. long: pis- tillate calyx 3.5-4 mm. long; sepals linear-oblong to linear-cuneate. - — Common, in cultivated grounds and waste places. Nat. of trop. Am. — Fall. — Green- amaranth. 2. A. hybridus L. Stems 5-25 dm. tall, not spiny : leaf -blades ovate to ovate- lanceolate or elliptic, 3-12 cm. long: staminate calyx 1.7-1.9 mm. long: pis- tillate calyx 1.7-2 mm. long; sepals narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate. — Common, in cultivated grounds and waste places. Nat. of trop. Am. — Sum. and fall. 3. A. spinosus L. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, spiny: leaf -blades ovate or rhombic- ovate, or lanceolate, the ujDper 1.5-8 cm. long: staminate calyx 2-2.7 mm. long: pistillate calyx 2-2.5 mm. long ; sepals broadened upward, abruptly pointed. — Frequent, in waste places on roadsides and in fields. Nat. of trop. Am. — Sum. — Thorny-amaranth. 4. A. graecizans L. Stems 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate, obovate, or oblong, 1-3 cm. long: staminate calyx 1.4-1.6 mm. long: pistillate calyx 1.8-2.2 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate. — Common, in cultivated grounds and fields. Nat. of trop. Am. — Sum. — : Tumble- aveed. Family 3. CORRIGIOLACEAE. Whitlow-wort Family. Herbs, but often firm or woody at the base. Leaves opposite, stipu- late: blades entire. Flowers perfect, cymose. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, which are sometimes awned or cuspidate at the apex. Corolla wanting. Androecium of 4 or 5 stamens borne on the margin of the minute or long hypanthium. Gynoecium mostly 2-carpellary. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a utricle or an achene. Seed solitaiy. 1. ANYCHIA Michx. Annual herbs, with much-branched stems. Leaves with narrow or rather broad blades. Cymes diffuse. Sepals flattish, mucro- nate. — Sum. — Forked-chickweed. 112 POKTULACACEAE. Stem and branches glabrate : utricle surpassing tlie calyx : seed orbicular, fully 1 mm. wide. 1. A. canadensis. Stem and branches pubescent : utricle usually as long as the calyx : seed oval, less than 1 mm. wide. 2. A. polygonoides. 1. A. canadensis (L.) B.S.P. Stems 0.5-4 dm. tall, forked above: leaf -blades thin, obloug to elliptic, 0.5-2 cm. long, typically obtuse: sepals oblong to nar- rowly ovate, becoming 1 mm. long. — Common, in dry open places and on partially shaded hillsides. 2. A. polygonoides Kaf. Stems 0.5-3 dm. tall, often diffusely forked through- out: leaf -blades thick, typically acute: sepals ovate, often broadly so, becoming 1.5 mm. long. — Common, in dry ojjen places and on rocky hills. Family 4. PHYTOLACCACEAE. Pokeweed Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate : blades entire, rather fleshy. Flowers perfect or dioecious, in racemes or panicles. Calyx of 4 or 5 sejials. Corolla wanting. Anclroecium of 4-8 stamens, or more, borne below the ovary. Gynoecium 1-many-carpellary. Fruit baccate. 1. PHYTOLACCA [Tourn.] L. Eelatively large or stout plants. Flowers paniculate, the panicles often raceme-like. Sepals broad, spreading under the compound fruit. 1. P. americana L. Plants 1-3 m. tall, the branches green, magenta, or purple: leaf -blades mainly ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 9-30 cm. long: calyx 5-6 mm. wide: berries 7-10 mm. wide, their length less than the length of their stalks: seeds about 3 mm. long. — Common, in waste places and cultivated grounds. — Spr.-fall. — Poke. Inkberry. Scoke. Pigeon-berry. Family 5. TETRAGONIACEAE. Carpet-weed Family. Herbs, firm or succulent, or partially woody plants. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes apparently whorled. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or unisexual, regular or nearly so. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Corolla wanting (in our species), Androecium of 4 or 5 hypogynous or perigy- nous stamens, or sometimes fewer, or more numerous. Gynoecium of 2-several united carpels. Ovary superior or partly inferior. Fruit a capsule or pyxis, or baccate or nut-like. 1. MOLLUGO L. Annual slender herbs. Leaves alternate, sometimes apparently whorled: blades narrow. Sepals 5, hyaline-margined, glabrous. Stamens 3-5. Styles 5, short. 1. M. verticillata L. Branches slender, prostrate, 4-30 cm. long: stem- leaves 1-3 cm. long : blades spatulate : sepals oblong, becoming 2.5-3 mm. long: filaments 2.5-3 mm. long: capsules oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long. — Common, in waste places and cultivated grounds. — Spr.-fall. • — Indian-chickweed. Family 6. PORTULACACEAE. Purslane Family. Herbs, mostly fleshy or succulent, or partially woody. Leaves alter- nate or opposite: blades entire. Flowers perfect, regular. Calyx of 2 sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5, or rarely more, fugacious petals. Androecium of as many stamens as there are petals, or fewer or more. Gynoecium of 3 or more united carpels. Ovary superior or inferior, 1-celled. Fruit a capsule or pyxis. ALSINACEAE. 113 Ovary and capsule superior : capsule 3-valvea. Sepals deciduous : stamens more numerous tlian the sepals, or petals • capsules many-seeded. 1. talindm. Sepals persistent : stamens as many as the sepals, or petals ■ capsules few-seeded. 2. Claytonia. Ovary and capsule wholly or partly inferior : capsule circumsclssile. 3. Portulaca. 1. TALINUM Adans. Perennial sometimes partially woody herbs, the stem and branches mostly terminating in wiry peduncles. Leaves terete or flat. Flowers erect. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 5 or more. Style elongate. Ovules many on a stalked placenta. 1. T. teretifolium Pursh. Plant 1-2.5 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-6 cm. long, narrow: bracts conspicuously prolonged backward: corolla blue or purplish, 2-3 cm. wide: stamens 15-30: capsules 4-5 mm. in diameter. — S. Frequent, on serpentine hills.- — Sum. 2. CLAYTONIA [Gronov.] L. Perennial or annual fleshy herbs, the weak stems often arising from tuber-like corms. Leaves flat. Flowers spread- ing or nodding. Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5. Style elongate. Ovules few, on a sessile placenta. 1. C. virginica L. Plants 5-25 cm. tall: leaf -blades narrowly linear, some- times very narrow, 6-14 cm. long: sepals becoming 4—7 mm. long: petals 9—13 mm. long: seeds about 2.5 mm. wide. — Common, in woods. — Spr. — Spring- beauty. 3. PORTULACA [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial succulent herbs. Leaves flat or terete. Flowers erect. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4-6. Style short ; stigmas 3-8, slender. Ovules many on a basal placenta. — Portulaca. 1. P. oleracea L. Plants prostrate: leaf -blades cuneate to obovate, 1-3 cm. long, rounded at the apex: petals yellow, 4-8 mm. long, notched: capsules 5-9 mm. long. — Common, in cultivated grounds and waste places. — Spr.-fall. — Purslane. Pussley. Family 7. ALSINACEAE. Chickweed Tamily. Herbs, sometimes woody at the base. Leaves opposite : blades entire. Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent, distinct sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 elawless petals, or wanting. Androecinm of twice as many stamens as sepals, or fewer. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Ovaiy superior. Fruit a capsule subtended by the calyx. Stipules present. 1. Tissa. Stipules wanting. Petals entire, toothed, or slightly notched. Stigmas as many as the sepals. 2. Sagina. Stigmas fewer than sepals. Petals toothed : flowers in umbel-like cymes. 3. Holosteum. Petals entire or emarginate : flowers in dichotomous or capitate cymes or solitary. Capsules opening by as many valves as there are stigmas. 4. Alsinopsis. Capsules opening by twice as many valves as there are stigmas. Seeds not strophiolate : capsule many-seeded. 5. Arenaeia. Seeds strophiolate : capsule few-seeded. 6. Moehringia. Petals 2-cleft or 2-parted. Capsules relatively short, ovoid or oblong. 7. Alsine. Capsules relatively long, cylindric. 8. Cerastium. 1. TISSA Adans. Annual, biennial, or perennial, diffuse herbs. Leaf- blades narrow. Flowers in raceme-like cymes. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, or fewer, entire, or wanting. Stamens 2-10. Stigmas slender. Lancaster County Flora 8. 1J4 ALSINACEAE. 1. T. rubra (L.) Britton. Plants more or less branched at the base, the branches often depressed, 3-12 cm. long, finely glandular-pubescent above: leaf -blades linear, 5-22 mm. long, flat : sepals linear to linear-lanceolate, be- coming 3 mm. long: petals red, ovate or rhombic, mostly shorter than the sepals: capsules about as long as the calyx. — M. Eather rare, in waste places and fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Sand-spurry. 2. SAGINA L. Annual or perennial diminutive herbs. Leaf -blades subulate to filiform. Flowers axillary. Sepals 4 or 5, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, about as large as the sepals, or wanting. Stamens 5, or sometimes 3-10. Stigmas short. Capsule longer than the sepals. 1. S. decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Plants 2-10 cm. tall, very slender: leaf- blades linear-subulate, 2-8 mm. long: pedicels erect, very slender: sepals ovate or oval, about 1.5 mm. long: petals wanting or rudimentary: capsules oblong-ovoid, about twice as long as the calyx. — Bare, on hillsides, near Safe Harbor. — Scliists. — Sum. — Pearlwort. 3. HOLOSTEUM [Dill.] L. Annual tender herbs. Leaf -blades flat. Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, emarginate or toothed. Stamens 5, or 3. Stigmas slender. Capsule narrow, partly enclosed in the calyx. 1. H. umbellatum L. Plants 8-40 cm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or oblaneeolate below, to oblong or lanceolate above, 1-3 cm. long: sepals lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long: petals 5.5-6.5 mm. long, toothed: capsules 5-6 mm. long. — M. S. Common, in fields, woods, and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Jagged- CHICKWEED. 4. ALSINOPSIS Small. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades subulate or sometimes flat, but narrow. Flowers in cymes. Sepals 5, often fleshy. Petals 5, entire or emarginate. Stamens usually 10. Stigmas typically 3, slender. Capsule with as many valves as stigmas. 1. A, stricta (Michx.) Small. Stems 1-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear-subulate, 5-10 mm. long: sepals ovate, about 2.5 mm. long: petals about thrice as long as the sepals : capsules nearly twice as long as the sepals. — M. Eare, on rocky hillsides and cliffs. —Limestones. — Sum. — Sandwort. 5. AREiNARIA L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades flat, broad or sometimes narrow. Flowers axillary or cymose. Sepals 5, firm, often ribbed. Petals 5, entire or notched, or wanting. Stamens typically 10. Stigmas 3, or rarely 2-5. Capsules with twice as many valves as stigmas. 1. A. serpyllifolia L. Plants l-A dm. tall, diffuse: leaf -blades ovate to broadly elliptic, 2-6 mm. long, minutely ciliate: sepals lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long: petals oblong-ovate to elliptic, about 2 mm. long: capsules about 3 mm. long. — Common, in dry places and woods. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Sandwort. 6. MOEHRINGIA L. Perennial herbs. Leaves few: blades flat, usually broad and relatively large. Flowers few, the axillary stalks elongate. Sepals 4 or 5, herbaceous, not ribbed. Petals 4 or 5, broad or narrow, longer than the sepals or shorter. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles mostly 3, elongate. Capsule fully as long as the calyx or shorter, few-seeded. 1. M. lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Plants reclining or diffuse, 1-3 dm. tall, the stem and branches slender: leaf -blades thin, oblong to oval, 1-2.5 cm, long, obtuse, ciliate: sepals oblong to oval, about 2 mm. long: petals twice as long as the sepals, short-clawed: capsules ovoid, about twice as long as the calyx. — M. Eare, chiefly in the Dillerville swamp, Lancaster. — Limestones. — Sum- ALSINACEAE. 115 7. ALSINE L. Annual or perennial weak herbs. Leaf-blades succulent. Flowers eymose or axillary. Sepals 5 or 4, ribless. Petals 5 or 4, 2-cleft or 2-parted, rarely wanting. Stamens 10 or fewer. Stigmas 3-5, slender. Capsule barely exceeding the sepals, with twice as many valves as stigmas. — Chickweed. Starwort. Switchavort. Leaf-blades broad, or relatively so, ovate, oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, not attenu- ate : cymes not lax and open. Stem, branches, and peduncles pubescent : lower leaves with petioles. Corolla shorter than the calyx : stamens less than 8 : capsule exceeding the calyx. 1. A. media. Corolla longer than the calyx : stamens 10 : capsule shorter than the calyx. IV a. pubcra. Stem, branches, and peduncles glabrous : lower leaves without petioles. 3. A. uliginosa. Leaf-blades narrow, narrowly linear-lanceolate to almost linear, attenuate : cymes conspicuously lax and open. 4. A. longifoUa. 1. A. media L. Stems 1-3 dm. long, often growing in mats: leaf -blades ovate, 0.5-2 cm. long: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, soft-tipped: petals shorter than the sepals: capsules 4-5 mm. long, longer than the calyx. — Common, in cultivated grounds and woods. Nat. of Eu. All year. 2. A, pubera (Michx.) Britton. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, finely pubescent: leaf- blades ovate, oblong, or elliptic, 14 cm. long, or those on the sterile branches 5-10 cm. long: sepals ovate to broadly oblong-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long: petals longer than the sepals: capsules 3-4 mm. long, shorter than the calyx. — S. Frequent, in rich mould on river hills. — Schists. — Spr. 3. A. uliginosa (Murr.) Britton. Stems 1-4 dm. long, weak, often matted, mostly simple: leaf -blades oblong to lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long: petals usually shorter than the sepals: capsules 3-4 mm. long, longer than calyx. — S. Not common, on wet banks and in spriug-runs, especially along the Susquehanna, and the Octoraro Creek. — Schists. — Spr. 4. A. longifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Stems 1.5-4.5 dm. long, glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1.5-7 cm. long: sepals lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, acute, firm-tipped: petals as long as the sepals or somewhat longer: capsules 5-6 mm. long, longer than the calyx. — Common, in wet places or swamps. — Spr. 8. CEKASTIUM L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades herbaceous. Flowers eymose. Sepals 5, or 4, ribless. Petals 5, or 4, notched or 2-cleft, or rarely wanting. Stamens 10 or fewer. Stigmas 5 or 4, stout. Capsule much exceeding the calyx. — Mouse-ear chickweed. Corolla shorter than the calyx or slightly longer. Bracts scarious or scarious-margined. Plants annual : capsules nearly straight, less than 8 mm. long. 1. C. semidecandrum. Plants perennial : capsules curved upward, over 8 mm. long. 2. C. vulgatum. Bracts herbaceous. Cymes glomerate, the pedicels very short : capsule about twice as long as the calyx or less. 3. C. viscosum. Cymes lax, the pedicels very long : capsule fully twice as long as the calyx. 4. G. loiKjipcdunculdtntn. Corolla twice as long as the calyx or nearly so. Capsule less than twice as long as the calyx : blades of the cauline leaves linear to linear-lanceolate. .5. C. arrcnse. Capsule over twice the length of the calyx : blades of the cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblong. 6. G. velutinum. 1. C. semidecandrum L. Plants 5-15 cm. tall, viscid-villous : blades of the upper leaves obovate or elliptic, 5-10 mm. long: sepals lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. 116 ALSINACEAE. long, acuminate: petals oblong, about as long as the sepals: capsules 5-7 mm. long. • — S. Common, in dry pastures. — Schists, serpentine. — Sum. 2. C. VTiIgatum L. Plants 8-50 cm. tall, pubescent and somewhat clammy: blades of the upper leaves oblong, narrowly elliptic or ovate, 5-35 mm. long: sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse: petals narrowly obovate: capsules 9-11 mm. long. — Common, in pastures and fields. — Sum. 3. C. viscosum L. Plants 8-40 cm. tall, viscid-villous : blades of the upper leaves oval or obovate, 8-25 mm. long: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acute: petals elliptic-oblong, shorter than the sepals or slightly longer: cap- sules 7-9 mm. long. — Common, in meadows and moist soil. — Spr. 4. C. longipedunculatum Muhl. Plants 8-50 cm. tall, clammy-villous : blades of the upper leaves oblong^ linear-oblong, or lanceolate, 9-60 mm. long: sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acute: petals oblong or linear- oblong, somewhat longer than the sepals, or wanting: capsules 9-13 mm. long. ■ — M. S. Common, in moist thickets and woods. — Limestones, schists. — Spr. 5. C. arvense L. Plants 9-40 cm. tall, soft-pubescent: blades of the upper leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, 25-30 mm. long: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 mm, long, acutish: petals cuneate, scarcely twice as long as the sepals: capsules 8-10 mm. long, less than twice the length of the mature calyx. — Common, in dry stony places and on cliffs. — Spr. 6. C. velutinum Raf. Plants 15-40 cm. tall, copiously soft-pubescent, or becoming glabrous in age: blades of the upper leaves mostly narrowly lanceo- late to oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, flat : sepals oblong to ovate-olalong, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, obtuse: petals broadly cuneate, about twice as long ns the sepals: cap- sules 12-14 mm. long, fully twice as long as the mature calyx. — Susquehanna valley and S. Frequent or common, on rocks or in stony soil. — Spr. and sum. Family 8. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family. Herbs with stems usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite: blades often with connate bases. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or rarely dioecious. Calyx of 4 or 5 partially united sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 distinct petals, the claws in the calyx-tube, the blades often appendaged at the base. Androecium of usually 8 or 10 distinct stamens. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Ovary often stalked. Fruit a capsule opening by apical valves. Calyx-tube with 5 ribs, nerved or nerveless : styles 2. Petals unappendaged : calyx with bractlets at the base. 1. Dianthus. Petal appendaged at the base of the blade : calyx without bractlets. 2. Saponaria. Calyx tube with at least twice as many ribs as lobes : styles 3 or more. Styles 3 or rarely 4. 3. Silene. Styles 5. Calyx-lobes relatively small, short : petals alternate with the styles ; blades appendaged. 4. Lychnis. Calyx-lobes foliaceous, elongate : petals opposite to the styles ; blades unappendaged. 5. Ageostemma. 1. DIANTHUS L. Perennial or rarely annual herbs. Leaf -blades usually narrow. Flowers perfect, sessile. Calyx narrow: tube equally striate. Petals 5: blades narrow. Ovary elongate. Capsule narrow, sessile. 1. D. Armeria L. Stem 2-8 dm. tall, minutely pubescent: blades of the cauline leaves linear, 3-8 cm. long: calyx pubescent, 19-22 mm. long; lobes lanceolate, acuminate: petal-blades oblong to cuneate, 5-6.5 mm. long, mainly pink, toothed: capsules 13-15 mm. long. — Eather common, on roadsides and in fields. — Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Pink. Deptford-pink. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 117 2. SAPONARIA L. Ammal or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades often broad. Flowers pedicclled. Calyx narrow: tuba terete. Petals 5: blades narrow. Ovary elongate. Capsule-bodies cylindric or oblong, short-stipitate. 1, S. officinalis L. Stems 3-9 dm. long, often decumbent: leaf -blades elliptic to lanceolate, 3-11 cm. long: calyx 20-25 mm. long; lobes triangular to lanceo- late: petal-blades cuneate, 15-18 mm. long, entire, pink or white: capsule-bodies 12-20 mm. long. — Common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — SoAPwoRT. Bouncing-bet. 3. SILENE L. Annual or jierennial herbs. Leaf-blades various, com- monly narrow. Flowers mostly pedicelled. Calyx narrow or becoming inflated: tube 10-many-nerved. Petals 5 : blades often toothed at the apex. Ovary somewhat elongate. Capsule-body much longer than thick. — Campion. Catchfly. Annual or biennial plants. Foliage pubescent: stem viscid. 1. S. noctiflora. Foliage glabrous, sometimes glutinous about the nodes of tbe stem. Inflorescence paniculate: mature calyx ovoid. 1'. >S'. antinhina. Inflorescence corymbose : mature calyx clavate. .3. >S'. Armcria. Perennial plants. Calyx inflated. Leaves in whorls of 4"s : petals laciniately cleft ; append- ages wanting. 4. 8. stellata. Leaves opposite : petals 2-cleft ; appendages present. 5. 8. alba. Calyx merely filled with the capsule. Inflorescence not leafy-bracted : calyx ultimately globular. 6. 8. latifolia. Inflorescence leafy-bracted : calyx ultimately long. 7. 8. caroliniana. 1. S. noctifl.ora L. Stem 2-8 dm. tall, closely pubescent: leaf -blades spatulate to elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long: calyx-tube prominently ribbed, ultimately 12-15 mm. long: petal-blades 9-11 mm. long, white or nearly so: capsules 15-20 mm. long. — S. Eare, on roadsides, near Rawlinsville and Pleasant Grove. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. 2. S. antirrhina L. Stem 2-8 dm. tall, with glutinous patches near the nodes: leaf -blades linear to linear-oblong, or the lower ones elliptic, 2-8 cm. long: calyx-tube 5.5-7.5 mm. long, ultimately ovoid or oval: petals white or pink; blades cuneate to linear, 6-8 mm. long: capsules 6-8 mm. long, not stipitate. — Common, in waste places and cultivated grounds. — Sum. — Sleepy- catchfly. 3. S. Armeria L. Stem 2-7 dm. tall, glaucous: leaf -blades spatulate to oblong, lanceolate, or ovate, 2-9 cm. long: flower-clusters compact: calyx-tube ultimately 15-19 mm. long, clavate ; lobes ovate, very short : petals rose-pink or white ; blades cuneate to obovate, 5-8 mm. long : capsules long-stipitate, the body 7—8 mm. long, oblong to cylindric. — S. Eather rare, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Sweet-william catchfly. 4. S. stellata (L.) Ait. f. Stem 3-12 dm. tall, usually minutely pubescent: leaf -blades ovate to lanceolate, 4^12 cm. long: calyx becoming 10-16 mm. long; lobes about i as long as the tube: petals white, 1.5-2 cm. long; blades laciniate: capsule-body subglobose to ovoid-globose, 6-8 mm. long. — Common, in thickets and on wooded hillsides. — ■ Sum. — Starry-campion. 5. S. alba Muhl. Stem 3-8 dm. tall, sometimes minutely pubescent: leaf- blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or slightly broadest above the middle, 4-15 mm. long: calyx becoming 14-16 mm. long: lobes about i as long as the tube: petals white, 2-2.5 em. long; blades cleft: capsule-body oblong to ovoid, 9-11 mm. long. — S. Eare, on river shores and on islands. ^ — Schists. — Spr. and sum. 118 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 6. S. latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Eendle, Stem 1.5-5 dm. tall, glaucous: leaf- blades oblong-spatulate to oblong, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 2—8 cm.* long: flower-clusters lax: calyx becoming 13-17 mm. long, ultimately dis- tended, conspicuously veined; lobes broad, ^-J as long as the tube: petals white, 14-18 mm. long; blades cuneate, cleft: capsule-body ovoid, 10-13 mm. long, short-stipitate. — S. Common, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Bladder- campion. 7. S. caroliniana Walt. Stem 1-2.5 dm. tall, closely pubescent: leaf -blades spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, or the upper ones lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long: calyx becoming 2-2.5 cm. long, ultimately distended; lobes ovate, very short: petals white or pink; blades 12-15 mm. long, entire: capsule-body oblong to ovoid, 9-11 mm. long. — • S. Not very common, on rocky hillsides and wooded slopes. — Schists. — Spr. — Wild-pink. 4. LYCHNIS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs similar to Silene in habit. Flowers pedicelled and mostly erect. Calyx becoming more or less inflated, 10-nerved. Petals 5: blades entire, cleft, or laciniate, generally ap- pendaged. Ovary more or less elongate. Capsule as long as thick or longer. — Campion. Corolla white or pink : calyx-lobes acuminate : capsule conic-ovoid. 1. L. alba. Corolla red : calyx-lobes acute : capsule globose. 2. L. dioica. 1. L. alba Mill. Plants 1 m. tall or less, the stem usually branched throughout, fine-pubescent : leaf-blades spatulate to oblong, oval, or lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long: calyx becoming 14-21 mm. long; lobes triangular to ovate, J-J as long as the tube: petals white or rarely pink; blades reniform to broadly cuneate: capsules conic-ovoid, the opening narrow. — S. Eare, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — White-campion. 2. L. dioica L. Plants mostly 3-8 dm. tall, the stem often branched at the base, with soft spreading hairs: leaf -blades oval, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate, 2.5-9 cm. long: calyx becoming 15-19 mm. long; lobes lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, about -J as long as the tube: petals red or rarely white; blades cuneate: capsules globose, the opening wide. — S. Rather rare, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Red-campion. 5. AGROSTEMMA L. Annual coarse herbs. Leaf-blades very narrow. Flowers long-peduncled. Calyx becoming swollen : tube 10-ribbed. Petals 5 : blades broad, unappendaged. Ovary about as thick as long. Capsule slightly elongate. 1. A. Glthago L. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, appressed-pubescent : leaf -blades linear, 4—12 cm. long: calyx becoming 5—6 cm. long; lobes linear, acuminate, longer than the copiously pubescent tube: petals 30-35 mm. long; blades cuneate to obovate, purple or magenta: capsules 181-22 mm. long. — Common, in grain fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Corncockle. Corn-rose. Order RANALES. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves mostly without stipules, with entire, toothed, or dissected blades, in aquatics often various on the same plant. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious. Calyx and corolla of distinct sepals and petals. Gynoecium of 1 or several distinct or united carpels. Ovary superior. Fruit various. Stamens usually numerous, the anther-sacs opening by slits. Land plants, except in Ceratophyllaceae and some Ranunculaccac: leaf-blades not peltate. EANUNCULACEAE. 119 Flowers perfect or monoecious, if dioecious on neither vines nor lierbs : with simple leaves. Plants with minute axillary monoecious flowers : anthers with horn- like appendages. Fam. 1. Ceiwtopiiyllaceae. Plants with perfect or rarely dioecious flow- ers : anthers not with horn-like appendages. Carpels one or more, distinct at least at maturity. Sepals 3-15 : petals about as many : plants if shrubby not with pulpy fruit : endosperm even. Fam. 2. Ranunculaceae. Sepals 3 : petals 6 : fruit pulpy : endo- sperm channeled. Fam. 3. Annonaceae. Carpels more or less coherent or united into cone-like structures, or immersed in the pulpy receptacle. Sepals valvate. Fam. 3. Annonaceae. Sepals imbricate. Fam. 4. Magnoliaceae. Flowers dioecious : vines with simple leaves. Fam. 5. Menispeemaceae. Water plants : emersed or floating leaves with pel- tate blades. Carpels several and distinct. Fam. 6. Cabombaceae. Carpels united into compound pistil. Fam. 7. Nympiiaeaceae. Stamens few and definite, the anther-sacs opening by hinged valves except in Podophyllum. Fam. 8. Podopiiyllaceae. Family 1. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. Hornwort Family. Annual aquatic herbs. Leaves whorled : blades cleft or finely dis- sected. Calyx of 6-12 narrow toothed or cleft sepals. Coi'olla wanting. Androecium of 10-24 stamens with short filaments. Gynoeeium 1-carpel- lary : stigma subulate. Fruit an aohene, sometimes spine-armed. 1. CEKATOPHYLLUM L. Submerged plants with sessile leaf-blades, the divisions mostly thrice forked. 1. C. demersum L. Stems 3-12 dm. long: leaves rather rigid; blades 1-2- times forking: sepals oblong to ovate-oblong, erose: stamens slightly exserted: style and stigma exserted : achenes 5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Eare, in shallow water. — Sum. — Hornwort. Family 2. RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family. Herbs or woody vines. Leaves alternate (opposite in Clematideae) : blades simple or compound. Calyx of 3-5 distinct, imbricate sepals (val- vate in Clematideae) . Corolla of about as many petals as there are sepals, occasionally more, or wanting. Androecium of several or many hypogy- nous stamens. Gynoeeium of 1, several, or many distinct carpels. Finiit an achene or a follicle, or baccate. Fruit a follicle or a berry : carpels with several ovules, or with only 1 or 2 ovules in Hydrastis. Flowers regular. Leaf-blades palmately nerved or palmately compound. Fruit baccate : sepals inconspicuous, fugaceous. 1. Hydrastis. Fruit follicular : sepals conspicuous, persistent during anthesis. 2. Caltha. ' Leaf-blades pinnately or ternately compound or decom- pound. Petals without spurs, or wanting. Fruit dry follicles : racemes elongate. 3. Cimicifuga. Fruit berry-like follicles : racemes short. 4. Actaea. Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs. 5. Aquilegia. Flowers irregular, the posterior sepal, and posterior petals, spurred. G. Delphinium. Fruit an achene : carpels with a single ovule each. Flowers, or their pedicels or peduncles, subtended by invo- lucres. Involucre close under the calyx : bracts entire. 7. Hepatica. 120 EANUNCULACEAE. Involucre remote from the calyx, bracts toothed, divided or compound. Styles subulate : leaf-segments sessile. 8. Anemone. Styles wanting : leaflets stalked. 9. Stndesmon. Flowers not subtended by involucres. Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal : sepals imbricate. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, palmately lobed or dis- sected. Achenes transversely wrinkled : petals white. 10. Batrachium. Achenes not transversely wrinkled : petals yellow, at least without. 11. Ranunculus. Leaf-blades ternately decompound. 12. Thalictrum. Leaves opposite: sepals petal-like, valvate. Petals wanting : peduncles many-flowered. 13. Clematis. Petals present (in our species), smaller than the sepals : peduncles 1-flowered. 14. Atragene. 1. HYDRASTIS Ellis. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades palmately lobed. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, fugaceous. Petals vranting. Filaments clavate, white. Carpels several, 2-ovuled, in fruit forming a head of berries. 1. H. canadensis L. Plants pubescent, mostly 2-4 dm. tall: blade of the cauline leaf becoming 8-24 cm. wide: bract leaf -like: sepals ovate: fruit-head 14-16 mm. thick; berries 5-6 mm. long, crimson. — Bather rare, in rich woods and thickets. — Spr. — Orange-root. Golden-seal. -2. CAliTHA [Eupp.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades entire or toothed. Flowers few or solitary. Sepals few, yellow, pink, or white, deciduous. Petals wanting. Filaments filiform. Carpels few or many, several-ovuled, in fruit forming a whorl of leathery green follicles. 1. C. palustris L. Plants glabrous, 2-6 dm. tall: blades of the cauline leaves similar to those of the basal but smaller, reniform to orbicular-reniform, 4-9 cm. wide: sepals yellow, oblong to oval-orbicular, 1.5-2 cm. long: follicles 10-12 mm. long. — Eather common, in swamps and low meadows. — Spr. — Marsh- marigold. 3. CnvnCIFUGA L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades decompound. Flowers numerous, in long racemes. Sepals 2-5, deciduous. Petals 1-8, clawed, notched at the apex. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Carpels few or solitary, many-ovuled, becoming dry follicles. 1. C. racemosa (L.) Nutt. Plants 10-25 dm. tall: terminal leaflets 3-lobed, 4-16 cm. wide: follicles puberulent and often pubescent, the beak recurved. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Sum. — Black-snakeroot. Bugbane. Black-cohosh. 4. ACTAEA L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades ternately compound. Flowers rather many, in short racemes. Sepals 3-5, deciduous. Petals 4—10, clawed, not notched. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Carpel solitary, many-ovuled, becoming a baccate follicle. 1. A. alba (L.) Mill. Plants 4-11 dm. tall: terminal leaflets mostly longer than wide and scarcely lobed, cuneate or rounded at the base: follicles white, about as thick as long, on spreading red stout pedicels: seed about 4 mm. long. — S. Eather rare, in rocky woods along the Susquehanna. — Schists. — Spr. — Baneberry. 5. AQUILEGIA [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades ternately compound, the segments broad. Flowers mostly drooping. Sepals 5, equal, petal-like. Petals cornvicopia-like. Stamens numerous, the inner ones stami- nodia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled, in fruit forming a head of follicles. RANUNCULACE AE. 1 2 1 1. A. canadensis L. Plants 2-6 dm. tall: leaflets, or their divisions, cuneate: sepals ovate, scarlet without, 10-14 mm. long: spurs scarlet vrithout, 2.5-3 cm. long, the ends swollen : follicle-bodies mainly 15-20 mm. long. — Common, in woods and on rocky banks. — Spr. — Columbine. 6. DELPHINIUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial erect herbs. Leaf- blades palmately lobed or dissected, the segments narrow. Flowers spreading. Sepals 5, the posterior one spurred. Petals 2 or i, the 2 posterior ones s^Durred. Filaments dilated below. Carpels few or solitary, sessile, many-ovuled, be- coming dry follicles. 1. D. Ajacis L. Plants 1 m. tall or less, branched: leaf -blades with short and diverging segments: sepals blue, with suborbicular to reniform or broadly ovate blades: posterior petals 10-12 mm. long, excluding the spur: follicle- bodies 13-20 mm. long, pubescent, stout-tipped. • — M. Eather common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Larkspur. 7. HEPATICA [Rupp.] Hill. Perennial scapose tufted herbs. Leaf- blades 3-lobed, persistent. Flowers solitary on each scape, subtended by a calyx-like involucre. Sepals several, petal-like. Petals wanting. Achene- cluster seated in the involucre. 1. H. Hepatica (L.) Karst. Leaf-blades becoming 6-8 cm. wide, the middle lobe typically reniform: bracts of the involucre ovate to oblong, obtuse: sepals blue, purple or white, 7-12 mm. long: achene-bodies ovoid-oblong or oblong, about 3 mm. long. — Common, in rocky woods and thickets. (Eurasia.) — Spr. — Hepatica. Liver-leaf. 8. ANEMONE [Tourn.] L. Perennial scapose herbs with rootstocks. Leaf -blades lobed, divided, or dissected, not persistent. Flowers subtended by a foliaceous involucre. Sepals 4-20, petal-like. Petals wanting. Filaments filiform. Achene-cluster long-peduncled. — Anemone. Fruit-head elongate : achenes densely long-woolly : sepals greenish. 1, A. Virginian a. Fruit-head globular : achenes glabrate or finely pubescent : sepals white. Achenes numerous ; bodies broadly winged, suborbicular : bracts of the involucre sessile. 2. A. canadensis. Achenes few ; bodies wingless, oblong : bracts of the invo- lucre petioled. 3. A. quinquefolia. 1. A. virginiana L. Plants 5-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-parted, the divisions sharply lobed, incised and toothed: bracts of the involucre similar to the leaves: sepals greenish, mostly 8^13 mm. long, concave: head of fruit oblong. — Common, in thickets and woods. — Sum. 2. A. canadensis L. Plants 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-lobed, the divisions incised and sharply toothed: bracts of the involucre similar to the leaves: sepals white, 12-18 mm. long: head of fruit globular, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter: achenes 7-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide. — M. Eare, in low meadows. — Lime- stones. — Sum. 3. A. quinquefolia L. Plants 1-2.5 dm. tall: leaf -divisions mainly lobed or parted: bracts of the involucre similar to the leaves: sepals white, mainly 1-1.5 cm. long: head of fruit globular, 1 cm. in diameter or less: achenes slightly less than 4 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. — Common, in moist places and woods. — Spr. — Wood-anemone. 9. SYNDESMON Hotfmg. Perennial scapose herbs with tuberous roots. Leaf-blades 2-3-ternate. Flowers in an umbellate cluster, the involucre foli- 122 RANUNCULACEAE. aceoiis. Sepals 5-10^ petal-like. Petals wanting. Filaments clavate. Achene- cluster peduncled. 1, S. thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. Plants 1-2.5 dm. tall: leaflets 1-2.5 cm. long, mostly 3-lobed: sepals 5-10^ white or pinkish, 9-15 mm. long: achenes 4^6 mm. long, or sometimes longer, ribbed. — Common, in moist places and thickets. — Spr. and sum. — Rue-anemone. Wild-rose. 10. BATBACHIUM S. F. Gray. Perennial aquatic or ditch herbs. Leaf- blades dissected or palmately lobed, the segments often narrow. Flowers on peduncles opposite the leaves. Sepals 5. Petals usually 5, mainly white, each claw with a pit. Stamens several-many. Achenes oblique, compressed, trans- verse-wrinkled, often nearly or quite beakless. 1. B. trichophyllum (Chaix) Bosch. Leaves flaccid, 3-5 cm. long, the seg- ments mostly 10-15 mm. long; stipules short and broad, pubescent: petals 5-8 mm. long : head of achenes 4-5 mm. in diameter. — N. Rare, in springs and spring-runs. — Limestones. (Eurasia). — Sum. — White wateb-crowfoot. 11. RANUNCULUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs, Leaf- blades entire, lobed, or divided. Flowers solitary or variously disposed. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals as many as the sepals or more, or rarely fewer, each with a pit near the base. Carpels several or numerous. Achenes generally flattened, smooth, papillose, or echinate. — Buttercup. Crowfoot. Mud plants : leaves with entire or shallowly toothed blades. Achenes minutely beaked : stems trailing. Achenes subulate-beaked : stems erect or ascending. Terrestrial plants : leaves with all or some of the blades lobed or divided. Basal leaves with all or some of the blades crenate. Basal leaves with cordate blades : foliage glabrous or nearly so : receptacle pubescent. Basal leaves with truncate or cuneately narrowed blades : foliage pubescent : receptacle glabrous. Basal leaves with all blades lobed or divided. Foliage glabrous : stem hollow : flowers relatively small. Foliage more or less pubescent : stem not hollow : flowers relatively lai'ge. Beak of the achene hooked. Beak of the achene straight or slightly curved. Achenes with beaks less than % as long as the achene-bodies. Petals about as long as the sepals : head of fruit oblong or cylindric. Petals much longer than the sepals : head of fruit subglobose. Stems spreading and creeping, stolon- iferous. Stems erect, not stoloniferous. Sepals spreading. 9. Sepals reflexed. 10. Achenes with beaks over % as long as the achene-bodies, tlie beaks sometimes par- tially deciduous. Plants stoloniferous : foliage glabrous or nearly so. 11. Plants not stoloniferous : foliage copiously pubescent, except sometimes in age. Stems with silky or appressed pubes- cence : achene not thick-margined : filaments dilated upward. , 12. Stems with spreading pubescence : achene thick-margined : filaments not dilated upward. 13. 5. R. reptans. R. ohtusiusculus. R. abortivus. R. micrdnthus. R. sceleratus. R. recurvatus. 7. R. pcnnsylvanictis. 8. R. repens. R. acris. R. bulbosus. R. scptentrionalis. R. fascicularis. R. hispidus. RANUNCULACEAE. 123 1. R. reptans L. Stems slender, creeping, 0.5-1.5 dm. long: leaf -blades spatu- late, oblong, or linear, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, entire or nearly so: petals 4-7, 3-4 mm. long: head of fruit globose or depressed, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter: achene- body turgid, about 1.5 mm. long, the minute beak persistent. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in moist sand. — Spr. and sum. — Creeping-spearwort. 2. E. obtusiusculus Eaf. Stems stout, glabrous, 3-12 dm. long: leaf -blades linear to lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, denticulate or entire: petals 5-7, 5-8 mm. long: head of fruit globose or nearly so, 4.5-6 mm. thick, or longer: achene- body orbicular-obovoid, about 2 mm. long, the subulate deciduous beak hori- zontal. — N. M. Rare, in wet soil. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. — Sum. — Water-plantain spearwort. 3. R. abortivus L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: blades of the lower leaves reniform to suborbicular, 2-4 em. wide, mostly crenate: petals pale-yellow, 2-3 mm. long: head of fruit oblong to cylindric: achene-body fully 1.5 mm. long, very minutely beaked. — Common, in moist ground and thickets. — Spr. — Small-flowered crowfoot. 4. R. micranthus Nutt. Stems typically more slender than in B. abortivus, pubescent: blades of the lower leaves cuneate to ovate, 1-3 cm. long, mostly creuate-lobed or parted: petals light-yellow, 2-3 mm. long: head of fruit oblong to ovoid-oblong: achene-body barely 1.5 mm. long, minutely short- beaked. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Common, in woods and on rocky hill- sides. — Schists. — Spr. 5. R, sceleratus L. Stems stout, 1.5-6 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf- blades thick, the divisions cuneate, lobed: sepals ovate to suborbicular: petals bright-yellow, 3-5 mm. long: head of fruit cylindric to oblong, the receptacle glabrous or sparingly pubescent: achene-body fully 1 mm. long, minutely beaked, thick-margined, the faces uneven. — Common, in wet places and swamps. — Spr. — Celery-leaved buttercup. Ditch-crowfoot. 6. R. recurvatus Poir. Stem slender, 1.5-7 dm. tall, hirsute: leaf -blades thinnish, the divisions rhombic to ovate, toothed and sometimes also lobed; sepals mainly lanceolate: petals pale-yellow, 3-5 mm. long: head of fruit globular, the receptacle hispid: achene-body fully 2 mm. long, long-beaked, thin-margined, the faces granular. — Common, in rich woods and swamps. — Spr. — Hooked-buttercup. 7. R. pennsylvanicus L. f. Stems erect, 3-7 dm. tall, hispid: leaf -blades thinnish, the divisions relatively narrow, irregularly sharp-toothed: petals pale-yellow, 2-4.5 mm. long: head of fruit cylindric to oblong: achene-body about 2 mm. long, prominently beaked. — Susquehanna valley. Rather rare, in low grounds along the river. — Spr. and sum. — Bristly-buttercup. 8. R. repens L. Stems creeping, 1-8 dm. long, hirsute or glabrate: leaf- blades thickish, the divisions broad, coarsely toothed or lobed: petals bright- yellow, 10-13 mm. long: head of fruit globose: achene-body 3 mm. long, minutely beaked, narrow-margined. — S. Not common, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Creeping-buttercup. 9. R, acris L. Stems 2-11 dm. tall, loosely pubescent: leaf -blades mostly 3-divided, the divisions broad, sharp-toothed, the middle division not stalked: petals bright-yellow, about 1 cm. long: head of fruit globose: achene-body about 3 mm. long, obscurely margined, minutely fine-beaked. — N. M. Rare, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Meadow-buttercup. 10. R. 'bulbosus L. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall, rather appressed-pubescent : leaf- blades thick, the divisions broad, blunt-toothed: petals bright-yellow, 7-11 mm. long: head of fruit globose: achene-body about 3 mm. long, prominently margined, minutely stout-beaked. — Common, on roadsides and in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Bulbous-buttercup. 124 RANUNCULACEAE. 11. R. septentrionalis Poir. Stems 3-12 dm. long, glabrous or pubescent: leaf -blades thickish, the divisions iucised-toothed and often lobed: petals bright-yellow, 10-14 mm. long: head of fruit globose to oval: achene-body 4-5 mm. long, wide-margined, the slender beak shorter than the body. — Common, in low grounds and swamps. — Spr. — Swamp-buttercup. 12. B. fascicularis Muhl. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, densely silky: leaf -blades thick, those of the lower leaves with typically cuneate-flabellate lobed or parted divisions: petals 8-14 mm. long: head of fruit globose: achene-body 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly margined, the beak as long, slender. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Spr. — Early-crowfoot. 13. R. hispidus Michx. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, hirsute or villose-hirsute : leaf- blades pubescent, those of the lower leaves generally 3-parted, the divisions suborbicular to cuneate, incised, lobed, or sometimes parted: petals 9-16 mm. long: head of fruit globose to oval: achene-body 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly margined, the beak about i as long as the body. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Spr. 12. THAIjICTRUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades ter- nately decompound. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, often numer- ous. Sepals 4-5. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous, conspicuous. Carpels commonly few. Achenes ribbed or nerved, sometimes stipitate. — Meadow-rue. Stamens drooping : filaments filiform ; anthers linear : achenes ribbed, sessile. 1. T. dioicum. Stamens spreading : filaments spatulate ; anthers oblong : achenes ridged, short-stipitate. 2. T. polygamum. 1. T. dioicum L. Plants 3-6 dm. tall: cauline-leaves with long petioles; blades of the leaflets thin, the terminal ones 1.5-3 cm. wide, lobed: carpels sessile: achene-bodies 3-4 mm. long, abruptly beaked, blunt-ribbed. — Common, on rocky hillsides. — Spr. — Early meadow-rue. 2. T. polygamum Muhl. Plants 9-30 dm. tall: cauline leaves sessile; blades of the leaflets thinnish, prominently lobed, green beneath, the terminal one mainly 1.5-4 cm. wide: achene-body 4-5.5 mm. long, gradually beaked, sharp- ridged. — Common, in swamps and low meadows. — Sum. — Tall meadow-rue. 13. CLEMATIS L. Perennial vines. Leaf -blades 3-several-foliolate. Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious, in broad paniculate cymes. Sepals relatively small, but petaloid, without a border, thin, spreading, white or pale. Petals wanting. Stamens spreading: anthers short, blunt. Carpels several. Achenes with silky or plumose styles. 1. C. virginiana L. Plants sparingly pubescent or glabrate: leaves mainly 3-foliolate: sepals whitish, thin, 8-12 mm. long: achene-bodies 4-5 mm. long, very inequilateral. — Common, in thickets and along streams. — Sum. — Virgin 's-bower. 14. ATRAGENE L. Perennial vines. Leaf-blades several-foliolate. Flowers solitary on axillary branches. Sepals mostly 4, thin, petal-like, large, veiny. Petals small, spatulate. Stamens numerous, erect, the outer more or less petal-like; anthers oval. Carpels several. Achenes with long plumose styles. 1. A. americana Sims. Stems purple, trailing or diffuse: leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-9 cm. long, mostly toothed or somewhat lobed: sepals purplish-blue, 3-5 cm. long: petals 8-13 mm. long: achene-bodies 3-4 mm. wide, with style-tips 3-4 cm. long. — Eare, on rocky hillsides and in rocky woods. — Spr. — Bell-rue. MAGNOLIACEAE. 125 Family 3. ANNONACEAE. Custard-apple Family. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious. Calyx of 3, or 2, sepals. Corolla of mostly 6 petals much larg-er than the sepals, those of the inner series smaller than those of the outer, or wanting. Androecium of many stamens, the anthers tenuinating in a blunt glandular appendage. Gynoecium of few or many distinct carpels. Fruit a simple or aggregate berry. 1. ASIMINA Adans. Ill-scented plants. Leaves mostly deciduous: blades broadened upward. Petals 6, much larger than the sepals, spreading, becoming purple. Carpels few: style subulate. Fruits drooping. 1. A. triloba (L.) Dunal. A shrub or tree 3-12 m. tall: leaf -blades cuneate to obovate-cuneate or oblong-cuneate, or rarely obovate, 10-30 cm. long: pedicels 10-20 mm. long in anthesis: inner petals less than 20 mm. long: seeds 20-25 mm. long. — Eather common, on river and creek banks. — Spr. — Papaav. Family 4. MAGNOLIACEAE. Magnolia Family. Shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate, sometimes apparently whorled : blades entire, toothed, or whorled. Flowers perfect or monoe- cious. Calyx of 3 petaloid sepals or rarely more. Corolla of 5 imbricate -petals as large as the sepals or larger, or more. Androecium of many stamens or rarely of few. Gynoecium of several or many distinct carpels. Fruit a cone of accrescent carpels which become baccate or follicular, or samara-like. Leaves not lobed, sometimes merely auricled at the base : mature carpels dehiscent berries. Leaves 4-lobed : mature carpels samara-lil Limestones. — ■ Swamp rose- mallow. 3. H. militaris Cav. Plants 9-20 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades ovate to broadly lanceolate in outline, 6-16' cm. long, serrate-dentate and hastately 3-5-lobed: bractlets 1.5-2 cm. long: calyx-lobes ovate: petals pink with a purple blotch: capsules 1.5-2.5 cm. long. — S. Islands of the lower Susquehanna. — Schists. — Halberd-leaved rose-mallow. 4. H. Trionum L. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, hispid: leaf -blades ovate to suborbicu- lar in outline, pedately 3-5-lobed or 3-5-parted, the lobes coarsely toothed or incised: bractlets about 1 cm. long: calyx-lobes triangular: petals yellow or whitish with a purple or brown-jjurple blotch : capsules about 1.5 cm. long. — 5. Common, in cultivated fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. • — • Flower-of- AN-HOUR. Order HYPERICALES. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves various. Flowers mostly perfect, complete and regular (irregular in Violaceae), sometimes involucrate. Calyx of distinct or essentially distinct sepals. Corolla of distinct petals, rarely wanting. Androecium of usually numerous stamens, but sometimes as few as 5. Gynoecium of several united carpels. Ovary superior, mostly with parietal placentae. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Corolla regular ; petals often inequilateral. Styles distinct, or partially united or coherent until maturity : seeds with little or no endosperm. Fam. 1. Hypeeicaceae. Styles wholly and permanently united : seeds with copious endosperm. Fam. 2. Cistaceae. Corolla irregular ; petals very unequal, one of them spurred. Fam. 3. Violaceae. Family 1. HYPERICACEAE. St. John's-wort Family. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite: blades mostly punctate, entire or nearly so, sometimes scale-like. Flowers perfect. Calyx of 4 or 5 some- times unequal sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 yellow or pink petals. Androe- HYPEEICACE AE. 191 cium of feAv or many stamens, sometimes grouped, the groups sometimes alternating with glands. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Fruit a capsule. Sepals 4, in more or less unequal pairs : petals mostly 4. 1. Ascyeum. Sepals and petals mostly 5. Petals yellow. Leaves with flat more or less spreading blades. 2. Hypericum. Leaves reduced to erect or appressed minute or slightly elongate scales without blades. ?>. Sarothba. Petals pink, sometimes tinged with green or purple. 4. TriadenuM. 1. ASCYRUM L. Shrubs. Sepals 4, very unequal. Stamens not in groups. Styles relatively short. Capsule included in the calyx. — St. Peter 's- WORT. 1. A. hypericoides L. Plants diffuse : leaf -blades narrowly oblong-obovate, spatulate, or linear, 5-15 mm. long: outer sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, 7-9 mm. long, the inner much smaller than the outer: petals linear-oblong: cap- sules 7-8 mm. long. — S. Common, on dry banks. — Schists. — Sum. — St. Andrew 's-cross. 2. HYPERICUM [Touru.] L. Herbs or shrubs. Sepals 5, essentially equal. Stamens mostly in groups. S.tyle relatively long. Capsule not included. — Sum. — St. John 's-wort. Styles 3. or rarely 4 : capsule 3-celled or rarely 4-celled : stigmas slender or slightly thickened. Herbs : stems simple or sparingly branched. Stamens few, 5-12. Leaf-blades linear, .3-veined, not clasping. 1. H. cnnadense. Leaf-blades oblong to ovate, 5-nerved, clasping. 2. //. tnutUum. Stamens numerous, 15-40. Capsules 3-celled : stamens grouped : petals with black dots or lines. Petals pale-yellow, with dots and lines : stem terete. 3. H. wacxdatum. Petals deep-yellow, with marginal dots : stem flattened. 4. H. perforatum. Capsules 1-celled : stamens not grouped : petals with- out dots. 5. H. ellipticum. Shrub : stems bushy-branched. 6. H. proUflcum. Styles 5 : capsule 5-celled : stigmas discoid. 7. S. Ascyron. 1. H. canadense L. Plants 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-nerved: sepals lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long: petals 3-6 mm. long: capsules 4—8 mm, long, acute. — N. S. Common, in moist sandy soil. — Sandstones and shales, schists. 2. H. mutilum L. Plants 1-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-ovate to ovate, or .sometimes oblong, 5-nerved: sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate: petals about 3.5 mm. long: capsules 2-3 mm. long, obtuse. — Common, in moist places. 3. H. maculatum Walt. Plants 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades leathery, ovate to oblong-ovate or nearly oblong, 1-6 cm. long, obtuse, punctate: sepals lanceo- late, 3-4 mm. long, acute: corolla pale-yellow, 8-13 mm. wide; petals delicate, copiously black-dotted : capsules ovoid, 3-6 mm. long. — Common, in dry fields and on hillsides. 4. H. perforatum L. Plants 4-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear-oblong, 5-20 mm. long, glandular-punctate, those of the main stem usually subtending leafy branches: sepals linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acute, glandular-punctate: corolla deep-yellow, 19-24 mm. wide ; petals toothed on one side from the middle to the apex, bearing black glands near the teeth: capsules ovoid, oblique, 6-8 mm. high. — Common, in dry fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. 5. H. ellipticum Hook. Plants 1-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to oval or slightly broadest above the middle, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse, sessile and often 192 CISTACEAE. slightly clasping: cymes few-flowered: sepals oblong to oblong-obovate, 4-5.5 mm. long: petals bright-yellow, 7-10 mm. long: capsules globose-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, obtuse. — S. Islands and sandy shore of the Susquehanna. — Schists. 6. H. prolificum L. Plants shrubby, 3-12 dm. tall, the branches narrowly 2- winged : leaf-blades narrowly oblong or rarely lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, short- petioled: cymes few-flowered, short-peduncled, in cylindric panicles: sepals mostly obovate, 4-6 mm. long: petals deep-yellow, 8-10 mm. long: capsules conic or narrowly ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, acute. — Susquehanna valley. Fre- quent, on shores and islands. — Shrubby St. John 's-wort. 7. H. Ascyron L. Plants mostly 1-2 m. tall: leaf -blades ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, clasping: cymes few-flowered: sepals ovate, 7-11 mm. long: petals bright-yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long : capsules conic, 2-3 cm. long. — M. S. Islands and shore of the Susquehanna, and along the Little Conestoga. — Limestones, schists. 3. SAROTHRA L. Partially succulent annual herbs. Sepals 5, equal or nearly so. Stamens grouped. Styles relatively long. Capsule exserted. 1. S. gentianoides L. Stems 1-5 dm. tall: leaves scale-like, appressed, often subulate or those on the lower part of the stem sometimes linear or narrowly oblong: sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long: corolla yellow, 4-8 mm. broad : stamens 5-10 : capsules conic; 4-5 lum. long. — Common, in sandy and gravelly soil. — Sum. — Pineweed. Orange-grass. 4. TRIADENUM Eaf. Herbs, resembling species of Hypericum. Sepals 5, equal. Stamens mostly 9, grouped in 3 's, the filaments of each group well united. Styles relatively long. Capsule exserted. 1. T. virginicum (L.) Eaf. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic, or ovate, 2-10 cm. long, obtuse, clasping: sepals lanceolate to oblong, 5-6 mm. long, acute: petals obovate to oblanceolate or nearly oblong, 8-10 mm. long, acute, delicately nerved : capsules oblong, 8-10 mm. long. — N. S. Eare, in swamps. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Marsh St. John 's-wort. Family 2. CISTACEAE. Rock-rose Family. Shrubs or partially woody plants. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades simple. Flowers generally perfect. Calyx of 3-5 persistent sepals. Corolla of 5 or 3 often fugaeeous petals, or wanting. Androecium of 6 or more stamens. Gynoecium of usually 3 united carpels. Fruit a capsule. Petals 5, vellow, fugaeeous, or wanting : stigmas not fimbriate. 1. Ceocanthemom. Petals 3, not yellow, marcescent-persistent : stigmas fimbriate. 2. Lechea. 1, CROCANTHEMUM Spach. Erect plants. Leaf -blades linear or wider. Flowers complete and showy, and with many stamens in the early part of the season, inconspicuous and with few stamens later or sometimes all conspicu- ously petaliferous. Ovules pendulous. Capsules of the petaliferous flowers larger than those of the apetalous ones. — Eock-rose. 1. C. canadense (L.) Britton. Stems 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, linear- oblong, or oblanceolate, nearly sessile, 1.2-3 cm. long, rough and dark-green above, paler and canescent beneath: petaliferous flowers with 30 stamens and 30-60 ovules, their corollas 1.8-3 cm. wide^ their capsules ovoid or obovoid and 6-8 mm. long: apetalous flowers appearing later, axillary, nearly sessile, with 4 stamens and 6-20 ovules, their capsules about 4 mm. in diameter: seeds papillose. — Common, on dry banks and in stony soil. — Spr. and sum. — Frost-weed, VIOLACEAE. 193 2. LECHEA Kalm. Erect plants with many very leafy shoots at the base of the stem in the fall. Leaf -blades narrow, or those of the leaves on the shoots often broad and short. Flowers complete, minute. Corolla purplish or greenish. Ovules erect. Capsules all alike. — Sum. — Pinweed. Capsules oblong : pedicels over 1.5 mm. long : calyx glabrous at maturity. 1. L. racemulosa. Capsules globular : pedicels 1 mm. long or less : calyx perma- nently pubescent. 2. L. villosa. 1. L. racemulosa Michx. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall, the branches divergent or ascending: stem-leaves with oblong or linear-oblong blades narrowed at the base, 8-18 mm. long; leaves of the basal shoots smaller than the stem-leaves: panicle sparsely leafy: flowers not close together: inner sepals broadly oblong, about 1.5 mm. long: petals linear-oblong, about 1.5 mm. long: pods oblong or nearly so, longer than the sepals. — M. S. Common, on dry banks and road- sides. — Quartzite, schists. 2. L. villosa Ell. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, the branches ascending: stem-leaves with oblong or elliptic blades 15-25 mm. long; leaves of the basal shoots broader than the stem-leaves: panicle-branches ascending: flowers close together: inner sepals broadly oblong, 1.5-1.8 mm. long: petals linear-oblong, about 1 mm. long: pods globose, about 1.5 mm. in diameter. — M. S. Occasional, on the river shore, and along the Conestoga. — Limestones, schists. Family 3. VIOLACEAE. Violet Family. Herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades simple. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx of 5 nearly equal sepals. Corolla of 5 unequal petals. Androeeium of 5 converging or syngenesious stamens. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Fruit a capsule. Sepals auricled at the base : lower petal spurred : stamens distinct. 1. Viola. Sepals not auricled at the base : lower petal not spurred : stamens united. 2. Cubelium. 1. VIOLA [Tourn.] L. Scapose or caulescent herbs, with short or elon- gate rootstocks. Leaf-blades narrow or broad, often of a cordate type. Flowers various: petaliferous ones appearing in spring, solitary on elongate peduncles; later cleistogamous flowers appear which produce fruits with abun- dant seed. Corolla mostly violet, purple, yellow, or white. Stamens 5 in each petaliferous flower, the two lower ones with appendages that project into the sac or spur of the lower petal; these two stamens alone develop in the cleistogamous flowers. Capsule often nodding, elastically 3-valved. — Allied species freely hybridize; the hybrids show marked vegetative vigor, but im- paired fertility. — Violet. — The following treatment of Viola is taken from that written by Professor Ezra Brainerd for my Flora of the Southeastern United States. (Second Edition, 1913.) —J.K.S. Plants acaulescent : leaves and scapes from a rootstock or from runners. Flowers without marked fragrance : native plants. Corolla violet or purple : plants without stolons. All petals beardless : cleistogamous flowers wanting. 1. V. pcdata. Lateral petals bearded : cleistogamous flowers present. Cleistogamous flowers ovoid, on short prostrate peduncles : capsules usually brown. All, or all except the early and late, leaves with lobed, parted or divided blades. All leaves, except sometimes the first leaf of spring, with palmately 5- 11-Iobed or -parted blades. Lancaster County Flora 13, 194 VIOLACEAE. Plants with villous foliage : seeds brown. Plants with nearly or quite glabrous foliage : seeds buff. Earliest and latest leaves with entire or merely toothed blades, the others usu- ally 'pedately 3-7-lobed, -parted or -divided. All leaves with entire or merely toothed blades. Plants with nearly or quite glabrous foliage. Plants with markedly pubescent foliage. Leaves with villous petioles and lower blade-surface : seeds dark-brown. Leaves with hirsutulous upper and glabrous lower surface : seeds buff. Cleistogamous flowers on ascending or erect peduncles. Cleistogamous flowers ovoid, on long ascend- ing peduncles : capsules brown. Cleistogamous flowers subulate or sagittate, on erect peduncles : capsules green. Spurred petal glabrous ; lateral petals bearded with clavate hairs : leaves gla- brous ; blades broadly ovate-cordate, toothed. Spurred petal villous at the base; lat- eral petals bearded with capillary hairs. Plants with finely pubescent foliage. Plants with nearly or quite glabrous foliage. Leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, incised at the base. Leaf-blades deltoid to broadly ovate, coarsely toothed at the base. Corolla white or yellow and sometimes dark-streaked : plants stoloniferous. Corolla white. Cleistogamous flowers on prostrate peduncles, their capsules ovoid, commonly reddish- brown : plants of cold ravines and low rich woods. Cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles, their capsules ellipsoid, green : plants of open bogs or swamps. Leaf-blades broad. Leaf-blades broadly cordate-ovate : seeds 1 mm. long. Leaf-blades oblong to ovate : seeds 1.5 mm. long. Leaf-blades narrow, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic. Corolla yellow. Flowers very fragrant : naturalized plant. Plants caulescent : flowers axillary. Style-tip slender or enlarged, but not hollow at the apex : stipules entire or bristly toothed. Style-tip swollen : corolla-spur short : stipules nearly entire. Petals yellow. Basal leaves usually 1-3 : plants sparingly pubes- cent. Basal leaves usually wanting : plants markedly pubescent. Petals white within, usually violet without. Style-tip slender : corolla-spur at least twice as long as thick : stipules bristly toothed. Spur short, less than 8 mm. long : lateral petals bearded. Corolla white or cream-colored. Corolla violet-blue. Spur elongate, over 10 mm. long : lateral petals beardless. Style-tip markedly swollen, the globose apex hollow : stip- ules foliaceous, pectinate at the base. 2. V. palmata. 3. V. Stoneana. 4. V. triloia. 5. V. papilionacea. 6. V. sororia. 7. V. liirsuUtla. 8. V. afjfnis. 9. V. cucullata. 10. V. fimbriatula. 11. V. sagittata. 12. y. emarginata. 13. V. Manda. 14. V. pollens. 15. V. priinulifolia. 16. V. lanceolata. 17. V. rotundifolia. 18. V. odorata. 19. V. eriocarpa. 20. V. puhescens. 21. V. canadensis. 22. V. striata. 23. V. conspersa. 24. V. rostrata. VIOLACEAE. 195 Blades of the upper leaves and of the terminal stipule- lobe entire or nearly so : petals twice as long as the sepals or less ; lateral ones narrow. 25. V. Bafinesquii. Blades of the upper leaves and of the terminal stipule- lobe markedly toothed : petals over twice the length of the sepals, the lateral ones broad. 26. V. tricolor. 1. y._ pedata L. Plant nearly glabrous: rootstock short, erect: leaf -blades 3-divided, the lateral divisions pedately 3-5-parted or cleft, the segments linear to spatulate, often 2-4-toothed or -cleft near the apex; the leaf -blades of early spring and of late autumn often smaller and less deeply dissected: corolla 2-3 cm. broad, the upper petals dark-violet, the three lower lilac-purple (or all petals lilac-purple in V. pedata lineariloba), all beardless: the orange tips of the stamens large and conspicuous at the center of the flower: capsules green, glabrous: seeds copper-colored: apetalous flowers wanting, but petaliferons frequent in late summer and fall. — N. S. Common, on dry banks. — Sand- stones and shales, schists. — Birdfoot -violet. 2. V. palmata L. Leaf-blades palmately 5-11-lobed or -parted, the segments variously toothed or cleft, the middle segment usually widest; petioles, and veins of the lower leaf -surf ace villous, the upper surface often glabrous: sepals ovate-lanceolate, rather blunt: corolla violet-purple, 2-3 cm. broad: cleistog- amous flowers on prostrate peduncles, their capsules ovoid, mottled with brown, S-12 mm. long: seeds brown. — Common, in dry rich woods. 3. V. Stoneana House. Similar to V. palmata in habit, glabrous, except for few fine hairs on the leaf -margins and veins: leaf -blades palmately 3-parted or 3-divided, the divisions 2-3-cleft into dilated toothed segments: peduncles often as tall as the leaves: petals violet, paler toward the tips, the outer ones bearded, the spurred one glabrous: cleistogamous flowers on short prostrate peduncles, their capsules ovoid, mottled with purple: seeds buff. — E. Occa- sional, in moist woods and on banks. — Quartzite, schists. ■4. V. triloba Schwein. Earliest leaf-blades, and those put forth in late sum- mer, broadly cordate-ovate, usually uncut, sparsely pubescent or glabrate; those unfolding at petaliferous flowering, densely villous beneath like the petioles, 3-lobed or rarely 3-parted, the middle segment broad, the lateral lunate, divaricate, often coarsely toothed or pedately cleft, the upper subdivision nar- row; blades 10-15 cm. wide when mature: peduncles mostly glabrous, shorter than the leaves: outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, slightly ciliate: petals deep-violet: cleistogamous capsules ovoid, purplish: seeds buff or brown. — Frequent, in dry rich woods. 5. V. papillonacea Pursh. Plants glabrous, commonly robust, from a stout horizontal branching rootstock: leaf -blades often 12 cm. broad, sometimes deltoid in outline above the cordate base, sometimes rounded and abruptly pointed; petioles often sparingly pubescent: outer sepals ovate-lanceolate: corolla deei)-violet, white or greenish-yellow at the base, sometimes wholly white, the odd petal often narrow and boat -shaped, usually glabrous: cleistog- amous flowers ovoid, on horizontal peduncles usually underground but length- ened and erect when the capsules ripen: capsules ellipsoid or cylindric, green or reddish-brown, 10-15 mm. long: seeds 2 mm. long, dark-brown. — Common, in moist meadows and woods, and about dwellings. 6. V. sororia Willd. Leaf -blades broadly cordate-ovate, villous-pubescent especially on the under surface when young, and on the petioles, often 10 cm. wide when mature: vernal flowers on peduncles about the length of the leaves: outer sepals ovate-oblong, commonly obtuse, all finely ciliate below the middle and on the short rounded auricles: corolla violet to lavender and occasionally white: cleistogamous capsules usually mottled with brown: seeds dark-brown, 2 mm. long. — Occasional, in moist meadows and on shaded banks, and about dwellings. 196 VIOLACEAE. 7. V. Mrsutula Brainerd. Plants of small size: leaf -blades frequently ap- pressed to the ground, 2-5 cm. wide, cordate-ovate to reniform, obtuse, purplish and glabrous beneath, silvery pubescent above, often purple-veined and mottled with different shades of green : flowers on peduncles exceeding the leaves : corolla reddish-purple: apetalous flowers small, ovoid, on short prostrate peduncles, developing ovoid capsules 6-8 mm. long, purplish, bearing each 20-30 light-brown seeds. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on shaded banks. — Schists. 8. V. affinis LeConte. Plant nearly glabrous: leaf -blades that unfold at vernal flowering narrowly cordate-ovate and commonly attenuate toward the apex, becoming 4-6 cm. wide in summer, the margin noticeably crenate-serrate ; petioles slender: corolla violet with the white base conspicuous, the spurred petal more or less villous: cleistogamous flowers small, ovoid, on rather long ascending peduncles: capsules oblong, 5-8 mm. long, usually reddish-brown, sometimes green, either glabrous or clothed with minute dense pubescence: sepals half the length of the capsule, with small appressed auricles: seeds normally buff. — Frequent, in moist meadows and low woods, and along streams. 9. V. cucullata Ait. Plant glabrous: leaf-blades, except the earliest, cordate- ovate, acute or subacuminate, often 9 cm. wide when mature: peduncles com- monly much exceeding the leaves: sepals narrowly lanceolate: corolla violet- blue, darker-colored at the throat, the lateral petals with strongly clavate beard, the spurred petal glabrous, generally somewhat shorter than the lateral ones: cleistogamous flowers long and slender, on erect often elongated peduncles: capsules ovoid-cylindric, green, 10-15 mm. long, but little exceeding the long- auricled sepals : seeds nearly black, 1.5 mm. long. — Common, in wet places. 10. V. fimbriatula J. E. Smith. Eootstock becoming long and stout, usually erect: earliest leaf -blades ovate, obtuse, the later ones ovate-oblong, acute, finely pubescent, obscurely crenulate toward the apex, the basal lobes often sharply toothed, incised or auriculate: scapes commonly exceeding the leaves, auricles of the sepals somewhat spreading and ciliate : corolla violet-jDurple : capsviles green, ovoid, 6-10 mm. long: seeds brown: cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. — E. Occasional, on dry banks. — Quartzite. 11. V. sagittata Ait. Plant usually glabrous, except the often ciliate leaves, or finely pubescent throughout : leaf -blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, becoming 4-8 cm. long, hastately or sagittately toothed or cleft at the base; the earliest and those produced in late summer often deltoid-ovate, obtuse, merely crenate at the base : sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute, glabrous : corolla violet- purple: capsules 8-14 mm. long, containing 50-70 brown seeds. — N. S. Com- mon, in dry places and on roadsides and banks. — Sandstones and shales, schists. 12. V. emarginata (Nutt.) LeConte. Plant glabrous: mature leaf -blades del- toid or broadly ovate, the base truncate or subcordate, often decurrent, obscurely crenate-serrate above the middle, coarsely toothed or incised below: corolla violet-blue, the petals sometimes emarginate: cleistogamous capsules ellipsoid, 8-14 mm. long: peduncles erect, somewhat shorter than the leaves: seeds brown. — Frequent, in dry woods and on hillsides. 13. V. blanda Willd. Leaf -blades cordate-ovate with narrow sinus, commonly acute, often acuminate, glabrous except for minute scattered hairs on the upper surface; petioles, and scapes, usually tinged with red: lateral petals beardless, the upper pair often long, narrow, and strongly reflexed, sometimes twisted: cleistogamous capsules ovoid, dark-purple: seeds dark-brown, minutely rugose, acute at base, 1.5 mm. long: plants freely producing, in summer, slender leafy runners. [F. LeContea/na G. Don.] — N. S. Occasional, in cool ravines and on shaded slopes. — Sandstones and shales, schists. VIOLACEAE. 197 14. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. Leaf-blades broadly cordate-ovate, obtuse or rarely acute, glabrous on both sides; petioles and scapes often dotted with red in summer and more or less hirsutulous: lateral petals usually bearing a small tuft of hairs, the upper petals broadly obovate : seeds 1 mm. long, almost black. [F. blanda of recent authors, not of Willd.] — N. S. Occasional, in springy places and along streams. — Sandstones and shales, scMsts. 15. V. primulifolia L. Plant often quite glabrous, but usually more or less pubescent especially toward the base of the petioles: leaf -blades oblong or ovate, the base slightly cordate, rounded or tapering, obscurely crenate-serrate; petioles often broadly winged above: flowers white: capsules green, their peduncles erect as in V. lanceolata: seeds reddish-brown, 1.5 mm. long. — N. S. Frequent, in moist open grounds. — Sandstones and shales, schists. 16. V. lanceolata L. Stolons leafy, often hearing apetalous flowers: leaves and scapes glabrous, 5-8 cm. high at time of vernal flowering; later leaves with lanceolate or elliptic blades, 10-15 mm. wide, 7-15 cm. long, obscurely crenulate. gradually tapering into margined, often reddish, petioles: sepals broadly lanceolate, acute: lateral petals usually beardless: cleistogamous cap- sules 6-12 mm. long, on erect peduncles but usually shorter than the leaves: seeds dark-brown. — E. S. Eather rare^ in moist meadows. — Quartsite, schists. 17. V. rotundifolla Michx. Eootstock long and stout, jagged with the per- sistent bases of former leaves: runners short, usually without roots or leaves, bearing 1-4 cleistogamous flowers : leaf -blades oval or orbicular, cordate with short and narrow sinus, repand-erenulate, at vernal flowering sparsely hirtellous, 2-3 em. wide, in midsummer mostly glabrate, 6-10 cm. wide, prostrate: corolla bright-yellow, the three lower petals with brown veins, the lateral ones bearded; style clavate, abruptly capitate, beakless: capsules ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, closely dotted with purple : seeds nearly white. — N. S. Eare, in dry or rocky woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. 18. V. odorata L. Plant producing above ground leafy stolons rooting freely at the nodes: leaf -blades broadly cordate-ovate, finely pubescent: flowers violet or white, very fragrant: style hook-shaped: capsules from apetalous flowers broadly ovoid, angled, pubescent, purple: seeds large, cream-colored. — Com- mon, on roadsides and about dwellings. Nat. of Eu. — Sweet-violet. English- violet. 19. V. eriocarpa Schwein. Plant glabrous except for minute pubescence along veins on lower leaf -surf aces and on upper parts of petioles and stem: stems ascending, commonly 2-4 from one rootstock: radical leaves 1-5; blades cor- date-reniform, on long petioles; cauline leaves only on upper half of stem; blades broadly ovate, subcordate, acuminate, the uppermost smaller, truncate, nearly sessile ; stipules ovate to lanceolate, nearly entire, glabrous, tardily scarious : sepals narrowly lanceolate : lateral petals bearded : capsule ovoid, woolly or sometimes glabrous: cleistogamous flowers on short peduncles from axils of upper leaves: seeds brown, 2.5 mm. long. [V. scabriuscula Schwein.] — • Common, in low open woods. — Smooth yellow- violet. 20. V. pubescens Ait. Plant softly pubescent: stems 2-3 dm. high, often solitary: leaves, either cauline, 2-4, near the summit, or occasionally a long- petioled root-leaf is present ; blades broadly ovate, cordate or truncate-decur- rent at the base, crenate-dentate, somewhat pointed; stipules large, ovate- oblong: sepals narrowly lanceolate: lateral petals bearded: capsules ovoid, 10-12 mm. long, glabrous or sometimes woolly: seeds brown, 2.5 mm. long. — Common, in dry rich woods. — Downy y^ellow-violet. 21. V. canadensis L. Stems usually 3-4 dm. high, minutely pubescent: leaf- blades cordate-ovate, pointed, serrate; stipules sharply lanceolate: sepals slender, acuminate, spreading: lateral petals bearded, the spurred petal yellow at the base and striped with fine dark lines: capsules subglobose, 6-10 mm. 198 ■ VIOLACEAE. long, often downy or puberulent : seeds brown. — N. Eare, in woods. — Sand- stones and shales. — Canada-violet. 22. V. striata Ait. Stems several, ascending, 15-30 cm. long when in flower, in late summer often 6 dm. long, decumbent : leaves glabrous or nearly so ; blades cordate-ovate, 2-4 cm. broad, usually acuminate, finely crenate-serrate; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate: sepals ciliolate, narrow, attenuate: corolla white or cream-colored: style beaked: capsules ovoid, glabrous, 4-6 mm. long: seeds light-brown. — Common, in low thickets and woods. 23. V. conspersa Eeichenb. Eootstock oblique, often much branched: stems, at time of vernal flowering, 8-16 cm. high: lower leaf -blades cordate-orbicular, obtuse, the upper ones cordate-ovate, crenate, subacuminate, becoming 2-4 cm. wide: flowers numerous, usually pale-violet, sometimes white, raised above the leaves on axillary peduncles 5-8 cm. long: cleistogamous flowers in summer on short peduncles from the same axils that bore vernal flowers, or from axils of later leaves of the lengthened stem : styles bent downward at the tip and slightly hairy: seeds light-brown. — Common, in low woods and shaded grounds. 24. V. rostrata Pursh, Stems often numerous, commonly 1-2 dm. high: leaf- blades orbicular to broadly ovate, cordate, nearly or quite glabrous, serrate, the upper acute or pointed: petaliferous flowers borne on long peduncles above the leaves: petals spotted with darker-violet, all beardless, the spur slender, 10-12 mm. long: later cleistogamous flowers with minute or aborted petals and on short peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves: style straight, beakless, glabrous: capsules ovoid, 3-5 mm. long, glabrous: seeds light-brown. — N. Occasional, in woods. — Sandstones and shales. — Long-spurred violet. 25. V. Rafinesctuii Greene. Plant annual, glabrous, with the slender stem often branched from the base: leaf -blades small, the lowest 6-10 mm. wide, orbicu- lar, on slender petioles, the upper obovate to linear-oblanceolate, sparsely crenulate, attenuate at the base; stipules pectinately cut, the upper segment elongated, narrowly spatulate, mostly entire ; internodes usually exceeding the leaves: flowers small, but the obovate bluish-white to cream-colored petals nearly twice the length of the lanceolate sepals: seeds light-brown, 1.2 mm. long. — Common, on banks and roadsides and in fields. 26. V. tricolor L. Similar to the preceding but stouter, often 3 dm. high, erect or branching and decumbent: leaf -blades ovate on the lower part of the stem, lanceolate or oval above, noticeably crenate or crenate-serrate; stipules laciniate or pinnatifid, the upper lobe usually much enlarged, oblanceolate, crenate: corolla much longer than the lanceolate sepals, mostly yellow, violet, purple, or white, or variegated : capsules obovoid or oval. — Occasional, about gardens and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Pansy. 2. CUBELIUM Eaf. Caulescent herbs. Leaf-blades relatively broad. Corolla green. Style bent above the ovary. Capsule several-seeded. 1. C. concolor (Forst.) Eaf. Plant pubescent, 3-9 dm. high: leaf -blades oblong or elliptic, tapering to a short petiole; stipules linear: flowers on short recurved peduncles, 1-3 in the axils: petals 3.5-4.5 mm. long: capsules oblong, 1.5-3 cm. long: seeds ovoid, 4-5 mm. long. — M. S. Occasional, in rich woods. — Limestones, quartzite, schists. — Spr. — Green-\iolet. Order PASSIFLORALES. Herbs, vines, or shrubby plants, or succulent trees with milky sap. Leaves alternate: blades entire or lobed. Flowers perfect or dioecious. Calyx of 4 or 5 more or less united sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 distinct or united petals, sometimes accompanied by a fringed crown, or rarely want- OPUNTIACEAE. 199 ing. Androecium of 5 stamens, or of 10 stamens in 2 equal rows. Gynoe- cium of 3-5 carpels. Ovary superior. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Family 1. PASSIFLORACEAE. Passion-flower Family. Herbs, tendril-bearing vines, or shrubby plants. Leaves with entire or lobed, simple or rarely compound, blades. Corolla mostly rotate. Stamens 5 : filaments usually monadelphous around the gynoecium. Fruit baccate. 1. PASSIFLOEA L. Perennial vines. Leaf-blades entire, lobed, or parted. Crown filamentous, single, double, or triple. Anthers versatile. 1. P. lutea L. Twigs finely pubescent or glabrous: leaf -blades 3-15 cm. broad, mostly obtuse, glabrous: cymes 1-flowered: sepals 8-12 mm. long: corolla greenish-yellow, about 2 em. broad: berries 10-15 mm. in diameter, purple. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Frequent, in woods, on the river shore and islands. — Schists. — Early sum. — Passion-flower. Order OPUNTIALES. Succulent tyjDically spine-armed herbs, shrubs, or trees, nearly leafless or essentially so, or leafy rigid herbs with more or less specialized hairs. Flowers perfect. Hypanthium present. Calyx of 4 or 5, or of many sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5, or of many petals. Androecium of usually many stamens, in several series or gi-oujDs, sometimes partially reduced to staminodia. Gynoecium of 4, or 2-several united carpels. Ovary inferior. Fruit baccate or capsular. Family 1. OPUNTIACEAE. Cactus Family. Succulent plants typically spine-armed and often with cushions of bristles or hairs at the base of the spines. Leaves mostly wanting or obsolete. 1. OPUNTIA [Touru.] Mill. Plants conspicuously jointed, with separated usually spine-bearing areolae. Flowers arising from the cushions of remote bristles of the areolae. Style cylindric. 1. O. Opuntia (L.) Coulter. Stems prostrate, the joints orbicular to obovate, 5-10 cm. long: leaves thick, 4-5 mm. long: bristle-cushions rather remote, usually unarmed: bristles few, yellowish-green: spines few, when present soli- tary, less than 2.5 cm. long, variegated: flowers pale-yeJlow, 5-6 cm. broad: fruit obovoid or clavate-obovoid, 2-3 cm. long: seeds 5 mm. long, thick- margined. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Local, on rocks on Mountain island. Peach Bottom. — Schists. — Spr. and early sum. — Prickly-pear. Indian-fig. Order THYMELEALES. Shrubs or trees, or partially herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite or alternate, the blades simple, rarely mere scales, or obsolete. Flowers per- fect, polygamous, or dioecious, regular or nearly so. Calyx of 5 or fewer sepals. Corolla wanting (in our species). Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals or twice as many. Anthers opening by slits 200 DAPHNACEAE. or hinged valves. Gynoecium a single cai'pel. Ovary superior. Ovule mostly solitary. Fruit usually baccate or drupaceous. Anthers opening by slits : plants not aromatic. Fam. 1. Daphnacbab. Anthers opening by hinged valves : plants aromatic. Fam. 2. Lauraceae. Family 1. DAPHNACEAE. Mezereon Family. Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbs, often pubescent. Leaves opposite or alternate : blades entire. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, sometimes with 4 or 5 scales within. Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals or twice as many. Gynoecium seated in the bottom of the hypanthium. Style usually eccentric. 1. DIRCA L. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers appearing before the leaves. Sepals usually shorter than the hypanthium. Filaments slender. Ovary 1-celled: style filiform. Drupe slightly elongate. 1. D, palustris L. Shrub 0.5-2 m. tall: leaf -blades oval or obovate, 4-8 cm. long: flowers lemon-yellow: hypanthium 7-8 mm. long: sepals very short: drupe oval, 7-9 mm. long, red. — M. Rather rare, in woods and thickets along creeks. — Limestones. — Spr. — Moose-wood. Leather-wood. Family 2. LAURACEAE. Laurel Family. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades entire or lobed. Flowers in open or congested cymes. Perianth of 6 (rarely 4—10) sepals in 2 series. Androecium of usually more stamens than there are sepals, in 2-4 series, those of the third series usually glandular-appendaged, those of the fourth series mostly mere staminodia. Gynoecium a single carpel. Ovary 1-eelled. Fruit drupaceous. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : flowers borne in peduncled corymb-like racemes. 1. Sassafras. Anthers 2-celled, 2-vaIved : flowers borne in sessile or nearly sessile clusters. 2. Benzoin. 1. SASSAFRAS Nees. Trees. Leaves alternate, dioecious: blades lobed or individually entire. Flowers in axillary peduncled corymb-like racemes. Style columnar: stigma depressed. Drupe somewhat elongate. 1. S. Sassafras (L.) Karst. Large tree with ridged bark: leaf -blades 3-lobed or rarely entire or 2-lobed: flowers greenish-yellow: sepals 6, narrowly oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long: drupes oval, 8-10 mm. long, red or orange. — Common, on dry hills and in woods. — Spr. — Sassafras. 2. BENZOIN Fabr. Shrubs or trees, strong-scented. Leaves alternate, deciduous: blades entire. Flowers in sessile cluster-like or umbel-like cymes. Style slender-columnar. Drupes somewhat elongate. 1. B. aestivale (L.) Nees. Shrub 1-3 m. tall, the branches glabrous: leaf- blades thin, obovate, oval or elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, pale beneath: flowers yellow, in clusters before the leaves : calyx 6-8 mm. wide ; sepals obtuse : drupe oval, about 1 cm. long, red. — • Common, along streams and in moist soil, usually in thickets. — Spr. — Spice-bush. Fever-bush. Benjamin-bush. Order MYRTALES. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes aquatic or amphibious. Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers regular or irregular, complete or much reduced. Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary or adnate to it. LYTHEACEAE, 201 Style present, simple or compound : stigma terminal. Anthers opening by pores. Fam. 1. Melastomaceae. Anthers opening by longitudinal valves. Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. Fam. 2. Ltthraceae. Hypanthium adnate to the ovary or mainly so. Fam. 3. Epilobiaceae. Style wanting : stigmas sessile. Fam. 4. Gunneraceae. Family 1. MELASTOMACEAE. Meadow-beauty Family. Herbs, shnibs, or trees. Leaves opposite : blades with 3-several ribs. Flowers perfect. Calyx of 3-6 sepals surmounting the hypanthium. Corolla of 3-G oblique petals. Androeeium of C-12 stamens, those opposite the i^etals sometimes abortive. Gynoeeium of mostly 4 united carpels. Ovary enclosed in or adnate to the hyi^anthium. Fruit baccate or cap- sular. 1. BHEXIA L. Perennial herbs •with, rootstocks. Leaf-blades usually 3-5-ribbed. Hypanthium urceolate, prolonged beyond the ovary. Sepals 4, persistent. Petals 4, deciduous. Ovary 4-celled, free. Capsule included, 4- valved. — Deergrass. 1. R. virginica L. Stems 2-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-elliptic, oval, lan- ceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long: sepals lanceolate or triangular- lanceolate: petals bright -purple, 11-17 mm. long: capsules 7-10 mm. long. — S. Bare, in moist sandy soil. — Schists. — Sum. — Meadow-beauty. Family 2. LYTHEACEAE. Loosestrife Family. Herbs, shrubs, or tropical trees. Leaves mostly opposite : blades usually entire. Flowers perfect. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, commonly with accessory teeth. Corolla of 4 or 5 petals, or wanting. Androeeium of few or many stamens : anthers versatile. Gynoeeium of mostly 2-6 i;nited eariDels. Ovary 2-6-eelled, or rarely 1-eelled, free from the hypanthium. Fruit a capsule, included in the hypanthium. Hypanthium campanulate or turbinate, becoming hemispheric or globose. Herbs : flowers mostly solitary in the axils : capsule septicidal : stamens 4. 1. ROTALA. Shrubs : flowers in axillary cymes : capsule loculicldal : stamens 8-10. 2. Decodon. Hypanthium elongate, cylindric or tubular. Flowers regular : hypanthium symmetrical. 3. Lttheum. Flowers irregular : hypanthium oblique. 4. Paesonsia. 1. ROTALA L. Annual leathery-succulent herbs. Leaf-blades narrow, entire. Flowers usually solitary in the axils. Sepals with accessory teeth. Petals usually 4. Stamens 4. Style very short. 1. B. ramosior (L.) Koehne. Stems 0.5-4 dm. long: leaf -blades oblong to linear or spatulate, 1-3 cm. long: sepals acute: petals minute: capsules 2.5- 3.5 mm. in diameter. — Mostly on islands and shores of the Susquehanna, and swamps in the southern part. — ■ Sum. 2. DECODON J. F. Gmel. Aquatic shrubs. Leaves deciduous: blades entire. Flowers in axillary peduneled cymes. Sepals 5-7, alternating with small teeth. Petals 5-7. Stamens 10 or rarely 8, alternating short and long, the longer exserted. Capsule loculicidally 3-6-valved. 1. D. verticillatus (L.) Ell. Stems arching, mostly 4-16 dm. long: leaf- blades lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-20 cm. long: sepals acuminate: petals purple, lanceolate to ovate, 7-9 mm. long: capsules about 5 mm. in diameter. 202 EPILOBIACEAE. — S. Eiver valley near Safe Harbor. — Schists. — Sum. — Swamp-loosesteife. Water- AviLLow. 3. LYTHE.UM L. Herbs or shrubs. Leaf -blades entire. Flowers axil- lary or in terminal spikes or racemes. Sepals 4-6, alternating with spreading teeth. Petals 4-6, nearly equal. Stamens adnate to the lower part of the hypanthium. Embryo with aurieled cotyledons. 1. L. Salicaria L. Plant perennial, 1 m. tall or less, with finely pubescent branches: leaf -blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3-11 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate and clasping at the base: panicle many- flowered, showy: hypanthium 5-6 mm. long, ribbed: sepals deltoid, A-i as long as the slender, subulate appendages: petals magenta, oblong or nearly so, 8-10 mm. long: capsule oblong, shorter than the hypanthium. — W. Swamps, near Columbia. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Loosestrife. 4. PABSONSIA P. Br. Herbs or woody plants, mostly clammy-pubescent. Leaf -blades entire. Flowers axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes. Sepals 6, alternating with small teeth. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens adnate to near the top of the hypanthium. Embryo with orbicular cotyledons. 1. P. petiolata (L.) Eusby. Plants annual, 1-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceo- late to ovate-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long: petals purple, mostly ovate, the upper ones 4.5-5.5 mm. long: capsules 6-8 mm. long. — Common, in fields and woods, and on roadsides. — Sum. — Clammy-weed. Family 3. EPILOBIACEAE. Evening-primrose Family. Herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades simple. Flowers typically perfect. Hypanthium often elongate. Calyx of 2-6, usually 4, sepals. Corolla of 2-9, usually 4, petals, or rarely wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as the sepals, or twice as many. Gynoe- cium of several, usually 4, united carpels. Ovary 1-6-celled, usually 4- celled, inferior. Styles united. Fruit capsular or nut-like. Floral whorls of 4 parts or more. Fruit a many-seeds capsule, opening by valves or by a pore, or by the breaking down of the walls. Hypanthium not prolonged beyond the ovary. Seed naked, i. e., without a tuft or hairs. Leaves opposite : stems prostrate, creeping or floating : flowers sessile or nearly so : corolla wanting or very small. 1. Isnaedia. Leaves alternate : stems erect : flowers peduncled : corolla showy. 2. Ludwigia. Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 3. Chamaenerion. Hypanthium prolonged beyond the ovary. Seeds with a tuft of silky hairs. 4. Epilobium. Seeds naked or merely tuberculate. Flowers with all the stamens equal in length. 5. Oenotheea. Flowers with the alternate stamens longer. 0. Kneiffia. Fruit indehiscent, nut-like. 7. Gaura. Floral whorls of 2 parts. 8. Circaea. 1. ISNABDIA L. Perennial succulent herbs. Leaf -blades relatively wide. Flowers axillary. Sepals 4, broad. Petals minute, reddish to greenish, or wanting. Filaments very short. Ovary short. Style wanting or nearly so. Capsule obovoid or turbinate. 1. I. palustris L. Stem diffusely branched: leaf-blades spatulate to oval or ovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: hypanthium glabrous: sepals triangular: petals want- ing or minute and reddish : capsules 3-4 mm. long. — Common, in swamps. — Sum. — Marsh-purslane. Water-purslane. EPILOBIACEAE. 203 2. LUDWIGIA L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades narrow, entire or rarely shallowly toothed. Flowers axillary or terminal. Sepals generally persistent. Petals usually 4. Ovary usually 4-celled. Capsule cylindrie or prismatic to globose. — False-loosestrife. 1. L. alternifolla L. Plants 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long: sepals ovate: petals about equalling the sepals: capsules slightly winged on the angles, 5-7 mm. long. — Common, in wet places. — Sum. — Seedbox. 3. CHAMAENERION Adans. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire or nearly so. Flowers irregular, in showy racemes. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, entire. Stamens 8, declined. Stigmas 4. Capsule elongate, obtusely angled. Seeds comose. 1. C. angustifolium (L.) Scop. Plants 5-25 dm. tall, often clustered: leaf- blades lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long: corolla purple or sometimes white; petals 1-1.5 cm. long: capsules 5-7.5 em. long: coma of seeds about 10 mm. long. — Occasional, in woods and thickets and on hillsides. — Sum. — Fire-weed. Willow-herb. 4. EPIIiOBIUM L. Perennial herbs or somewhat woody plants. Leaf- blades entire or toothed. Flowers solitary, spicate, or racemose. Sepals 4, short, deciduous. Petals 4, pink or white, often notched. Stamens 8. Stigmas 4, or united and clavate. Capsules elongate, 4-sided. Seeds comose. — Sum. and fall. — Willow-herb. Stem and branches terete : leaf-blades linear to lanceolate, revolute, essentially- entire. Corolla small, about 1 cm. wide : leaf-blades petioled : plants canescent. 1. E. Uneare. Corolla large, about 1.5 cm. wide : leaf-blades sessile : plants glandular-pubescent. 2. E. strictum. Stem and branches with decurrent ridges below the leaf-bases : leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, flat, serrate. 3. E. coloratum. 1. El. lineare Muhl. Plants 3-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear or nearly so, 2.5-5 cm. long : flowers erect : sepals 2-3 mm. long : petals 4-5 mm. long, shallowly notched: capsules 3.5-5.5 cm. long: seeds about 1.5 mm. long. — S. Eare, in moist grounds. — Schists. 2. E. strictum Muhl. Plants 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate to linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, entire or obscurely toothed, veiny, sessile: sepals 3-4 mm. long: petals cuneate, about 8 mm. long, deeply notched: capsules 5-7 cm. long: seeds about 2 mm. long. — M. Rare, Dillerville swamp, Lancaster. — Limestones. 3. E. coloratum Muhl. Plants 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long: flowers generally nodding: sepals 2.5-3.5 mm. long: petals 3-4 mm. long, shallowly notched : capsules 4.5-6 cm. long. — Common, in low grounds. 5. OENOTHEEA L. Annual or biennial large herbs. Leaf -blades undu- late or toothed. Buds erect. Flowers nocturnal, spicate. Sepals elongate. Corolla yellow. Capsules 4-sided, tapering. [Onagra Adans.] — Sum. — Even- ing-primrose. Sepals less than 3 cm. long, the free tips subulate, less than 4 mm. long : corolla 2-5 cm. wide. 1. O. biennis. Sepals over 3 cm. long, the free tips filiform, over 5 mm. long : corolla 8-12 cm. wide. 2. O. rjrandiflora. 1. O. biemils L. Stems 13-25 dm. tall, hirsute: leaf -blades oblong to lanceo- late, 2.5-15 cm. long, repand-denticulate : petals bright-yellow, 1-2.5 cm. long: capsules narrowly oblong-conic, 18-25 mm. long, nearly terete. — Common, on roadsides and in thickets. 204 , EPILOBIACEAE. 2. O. grandiflora Ait. Similar to 0. hiennis, but larger throughout, sometimes 3 m. tall: petals 4-6 cm. long, golden-yellow: capsules linear-conic, 3-4 cm. long, 4-sided. — Occasional, on roadsides and in fence rows. Nat. of Ala. 6. KNEIFFIA Spach. Annual or perennial small herbs. Leaf-blades entire or shallowly toothed. Buds mostly erect. Flowers spicate, diurnal. Petals yellow. Ovary clavate or stout. Capsule clavate or with an oblong or ovoid body, 4-winged, or 4-angled. Seeds not tubercled. — Sum. — Sundrops. Capsules clavate. Young inflorescence erect : capsules pubescent : petals over 1 cm. long. Pubescence of the capsule of straight spreading hairs : pedicel-like base longer than the capsule-body whose thick wings are pubescent. 1. K. longipediceUata. Pubescence of the capsule of minute curved hairs : pedicel-like base shorter than the capsule-body whose thin wings are often glabrous. 2. K. linearis. Yoimg inflorescence nodding at the tip : capsules glabrous or nearly so : petals less than 1 cm. long. 3. K. ptimila. Capsules oblong or nearly so. 4. K. fruticosa. 1. K. longipediceUata Small. Stems puberulent or short-hirsute, 3-8.5 dm. tall: basal leaves with spatulate or obovate-spatulate blades 3.5-7.5 cm. long: stem-leaves few; blades linear-lanceolate, 2.5-6.5 em. long, entire, sometimes undulate: sepals hirsute, 12-19 mm. long: petals mostly over 2 em. long: capsule-body narrowly obovoid, 6-10 mm. long, hirsute. — Occasional, in low grounds. 2. K. linearis (Michx.) Spach. Stems puberulent, short-pilose or nearly gla- brous, 1.5-5 dm. tall: basal leaves with spatulate or broadly oblanceolate blades, 5-8 em. long, entire or nearly so: stem-leaves usually few; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, slightly toothed: sepals about 1 cm. long, pubescent: petals mostly 1.5-2 cm. long: capside-body oblong- clavate, 7-14 mm. long, canescent. — S. Occasional, in the Susquehanna valley and adjacent parts. — Schists. 3. K. pumlla (L.) Spach. Stems puberulent, 2-6 dm. tall: basal leaves with oblanceolate or spatulate blades: stem-leaves few or many; blades oblong, linear or elliptic, 2-8 cm. long, entire or very nearly so : sepals 5-7 mm. long : petals 6-9 mm. long: capsule-body obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 6-12 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so. — • W. S. Not very common, in moist sandy places. — Sandstones and shales, schists. 4. K. fruticosa (L.) Eaimann. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, green or purple, puberu- lent: leaf -blades lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, 2.5-10 cm. long, mostly denticulate: sepals 15-20 mm. long: petals 2-3 cm. long: capsule-body oblong, 6-9 mm. long, prominently winged. ■ — • Common, in dry soil. 7. GAURA L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Flowers spicate or racemose. Hypanthium narrow, somewhat prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals unequal, with clawed blades. Stamens 8, declined. Style declined. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a cup-like border. Fruit ribbed or angled, often with a pedicel-like base. 1. G. biennis L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, villous-hirsute : leaf -blades lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, remotely denticulate or merely undulate: buds pubescent: base of the hypanthium villous: sepals 8-9.5 mm. long: petals white, sometimes turning pink, 7-11 mm. long: fruit elliptic to oval-elliptic, 6-10 mm. long, more or less hirsute. — Eather common, in dry soil and along streams. - — • Sum. 8. CIBCAEA [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite: blades mostly toothed, petioled. Flowers racemose. Sepals 2. Petals 2, notched. NYSSACEAE. 205 Stamens 2, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1-2-celled. Fruit obovoid, usually bristly with hooked hairs. 1. C. lutetiana L. Plants 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate, 5-10 cm. long, remotely denticulate: pedicels 4-8 mm. long: corolla about 3 mm. broad: fruits broadly obovoid, about 4 mm. long, with stiff hairs. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Sum. — Enchanter 's-nightshade. Family 4. GUNNERACEAE. Water-milfoil Family. Perennial, or rarely annual, aquatic or amphibious herbs. Leaves alternate or whorled: blades entire to dissected, often of 2 kinds on the same plant. Flowers perfect or monoecious. Calyx of 2-4 sepals. Corolla of 2-4 small petals, or wanting. Androeeium of 1-8 relatively large stamens. Gynoecium of 1, or of 2-A, sometimes united, carpels. Ovary inferior. Stigmas 1-4. Fruit an angled, ribbed, or winged nutlet or drupe. 1. PKOSEE.PINACA L. Herbs with creeping stems. Leaves alternate: blades toothed or pectinate-pinnatifid, the lower ones more finely dissected. Flowers perfect, axillary. Petals wanting. 1. P. pectinata Lam. Leaf -blades pectinate or pectinate-pinnatifid: fruits 3,5-4 mm. long, the angles rather obtuse. — M. Rare, in swamps along the Conestoga near Lancaster. — Limestones. — Sum. ■ — ■ Mermaid-weed. Order AMMIALES. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, or vines. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades simple or compound. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, often borne in umbels. Calyx of typically 5 small sepals surmounting the hypanthium. Corolla of typically 5 petals, or wanting. Androeciimi of as many stamens as sepals. Gynoecium 2-carpellary or rarely several-1- carpellaiy. Ovary inferior. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, or diy (a cremocarp). Fruit drupaceous or baccate : gynoecium 1-several-carpellary, if 2-carpellary, stig- mas introrse. Styles single or united: ovule with a dorsal raphe: leaves mostly opposite; blades entire or merely toothed. Fam. 1. Nyssaceae. Styles distinct : ovule with a ventral raphe : leaves mostly alternate ; blades lobed or compound. Fam. 2. Hederaceae. Fruit dry, a cremocarp : gynoecium 2-carpellary : stigmas terminal. Fam. 3. Ammiaceae. Family 1. NYSSACEAE. Dogwood Family. Shrubs or trees, or rarely partly herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite or alternate : blades usually entire. Flowers perfect or unisexual, borne in naked or involucrate, open or congested cymes. Calyx of mostly 4 or 5 sepals. Corollas of 4 or 5, or rarely more, petals, or wanting. Androeeium of usually as many stamens as sepals. Gynoecium of 1 carpel or of 2-4 united carpels. Styles single or ui:iited. Fnait mostly a drupe, or baccate. Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious : stigmas lateral : drupe with a 1-celled, 1 -seeded stone. 1. Nyssa. Flowers perfect : stigmas terminal : drupe with a 2-celled, 2-seeded stone. Flowers in open cymes, not subtended by an involucre : fruit surmounted by the style, globular, not red. 2. Svida. Flowers in a head, subtended by a large involucre : fruit sur- mounted by the calyx, elongate, red. 3. Cynoxylon. 206 HEDERACEAE. 1. NYSSA L. Shrubs or trees, with terete branches. Leaves alternate, deciduous. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, on spreading peduncles, the staminate with 5-several sepals and .5-many stamens, the pistillate with 5 sepals and a 1- celled pistil. Drupe somewhat elongate. — Tupelo. 1. N. sylvatica Marsh. Tree becoming 50 m. tall: leaf -blades oval or obovate, or rarely oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long: flowers slender-peduncled, green: drupes oval, 15-17 mm. long, dark-blue. — Common, in dry soil. — Spr. ■ — ^ SouR-GUM. Black-gum, Pepperidge. 2. SVIDA Opiz. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate. Flowers in naked erect corymb-like cymes. Sepals 4, minute. Petals 4, white, spreading. Stamens 4. Drupe globular or depressed. — Spr. or early sum. — Cornel. DoGV^^ooD. Leaves opposite, remote : drupes white or pale- or light-blue. Drupes blue : leaf-blades copiously pubescent beneath, at least when young. Leaf-blades orbicular or ovate-orbicular : sepals deltoid. 1. 8. circinata. Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate : sepals lanceolate. 2. 8. Amomum. Drupes white : leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so beneath. 3. 8. candidissima. Leaves alternate, approximate at the end of the branches : drupes deep-blue or blue-black. 4. 8. altcrnifoUa. 1. S. circinata (L'Her.) Small. Shrub 3 m. tall or less with green twigs: leaf- blades oval, or somewhat ovate to suborbicular, 5-15 cm. long, acute or short- acuminate, sparingly pubescent but green above, pale and rather copiously woolly beneath: cymes dense, 4-9 cm. wide: sepals deltoid, acute: petals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long: stamens exceeding the petals: drupes globose, about 5 mm. in diameter, light-blue. — M. Eare, along the Conestoga above Lancaster. — Limestones. 2. S. Amomum (Mill.) Small. Shrub with purple twigs: leaf -blades lanceo- late to broadly ovate, 3-13 cm. long, silky and often somewhat rusty beneath: drupes 6-8 mm. in diameter, pale-blue. — Common, in moist thickets and along streams. — Kinnikinnik. Silky-cornel. 3. S. candidissima (Marsh.) Small. Shrub with gray twigs: leaf -blades ellip- tic or lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long: sepals triangular: petals oblong to oblong- lanceolate : drupes subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter. — N. E. Rather rare, in thickets and on roadsides. — Sandstones and shales. 4. S. altemifolia (L. f.) Small. Shrub, or tree sometimes 9 m. tall: leaf- blades elliptic or oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 5-15 cm. long, whitish beneath, prominently ribbed: petals oblong-ovate: drupes depressed-globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, blue-black. — N, Rather rare, in woods and thickets. — Sandstones and shales. 3. CYNOXYLON Raf. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers per- fect, in conspicuously involucrate heads. Sepals 4, broadly ovate to oblong. Petals 4, greenish or yellow-green, recurving. Stamens 4. Drupe elongate. 1. C. floridum (L.) Raf. Shrub, or tree sometimes 15 m. tall, with very rough black bark: leaf -blades elliptic to oval, 6-18 cm. long, pale beneath: involucral bracts white or pink, obovate, 4-6 cm. long: petals linear. 3-4.5 mm. long: drupes oblong to oval, about 15 mm. long, red. — Common, in woods and on hillsides. — Spr. — Flowering-dogwood. Family 2. HEDERACEAE. Ivy Family. Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate: blades simple or compound. Flowers perfect or polygamous, often umbellate. Calyx of 5 sepals, or obsolete. Corolla of 5 or 10 stamens. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Styles distinct. Fruit a berry or a druj^e. AMMIACEAE. 207 Umbel simple: plants scapose, the bracts whorled : styles 2 or 3. 1. Panax. Umbel compound : plants caulescent, the leaves alternate : styles 5. 2. Aealia. 1. PANAX L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades palmately compound. Scape topped with a T\horl of bracts quite similar to the leaves. Umbel simple. Ovary mostly 2- or 3-celled. Styles distinct. Fruit red, yellowish or yellow. Rootstock globular : leaflets sessile, obtuse : berries yellow. 1. P. trifolium. Rootstock fusiform : leaflets stalked, acuminate : berries bright- crimson. 2. P. quinquefoUum. 1. P. trifolium L. Plants 1-2 dm. tall: bracts 3: leaflets 3, the blades oblong or elliptic, 1-8 cm. long : petals white : berries 4-5 mm. broad. — Common, in damp places in woods. — Spr. — Dwarf-ginseng. Ground-nut. 2. P. quinquefolium L. Plants 2-4 dm. tall: bracts 3 or 5: leaflets 5-7, the blades obovate, or those of the basal leaflets oval or suborbicular, 2-12 cm. long: petals greenish; berries 8-10 mm. broad. — Eare, in rich woods. — Sum. — Ginseng. 2. AEALIA [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes prickle-armed or spiny. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately or ternately com- pound. Umbel compound. Ovary mostly 5-celled. Styles distinct or united at the base. Fruit black. — Spikenard. Sarsaparilla. Umbels few, in terminal corymbs or few-rayed umbels. Plants with elongate rootstocks, a peduncle or a leaf, or both, arising together at intervals from the rootstock: anthers globular. 1. A. nudicatiUs. Plants with leafy branches arising from the rootstocks : anthers oblong. 2. A. hispida. Umbels numerous, in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Large unarmed herb : leaflets membranous : hypanthium cam- panulate : anthers globular. 3. A. racemosa. Shrub or small tree, with prickle-armed stems : leaflets leathery : hypanthium broadly turbinate : anthers oblong. 4. A. spinosa. 1. A. nudicaulis L. Plants 2-3.5 dm. tall, sparingly soft-pubescent or gla- brous: leaf usually solitary: inflorescence overtopped by the leaf: berries 6-8 mm. in diameter : seeds 4.5-5 mm. long, very flat. — Common, in woods and on rocky hillsides. - — Spr. and sum. — Wild Sarsaparilla. 2. A. hispida Vent. Plants 2-9 dm. tall, bristly pubescent: leaves several or many: inflorescence overtopping the leaves: berries rather smaller than those of A. nudicaulis: seeds 2.5-3 mm. long, swollen. — E. S. Eather rare, in thickets and rocky woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Wild- elder. Bristly-sarsaparilla. 3. A. racemosa L. Herb 1-2 m. tall, unarmed: blades of the leaflets mem- branous: hyi^anthium campanulate: petals rather shorter than the hypan- thium: berries 4-5 mm. in diameter: seeds about 2.5 mm. long. — Common, in rich woods. — Sum. — Spikenard. 4. A. spinosa L. Shrub or small tree, prickle-armed: blades of the leaflets leathery: hypanthitim broad-turbinate: petals longer than the hypanthium: berries 6-7 mm. in diameter : seeds about 4 mm. long. — Locally escaped from cultivation. — Sum. — Prickly-ash. Toothache-tree. Hercules '-club. Family 3. AMMIACEAE. Carrot Family. Herbs with hollow stems. Leaves typically alternate : blades dissected, or sometimes merely toothed, or entire. Flowers perfect or polygamous, umbellate. Calyx of 5 tooth-like sepals, or obsolete. Corolla of 5 petals. Androecium of 5 stamens. Gynoecium of 2 vmited carpels, often with a stylopodium. Fruit dry, a cremoearp, the ribbed or winged carpels separating at maturity. 208 AMMIACEAE. 1. Hydkocotyle. Washingtonia. Cerefolium. 7. CONIUM 8 14 bupleurdm. Aegopodium. oxypolis. Hekacleom. Angelica. Daucus. Pastinaca. Fruit with obscure or obsolete oil-tubes. Fruit strongly flattened laterally. Fruit not strongly flattened laterally, sometimes turgid. Seed-face concave. Stylopodium conic. Fruit bristly-pubescent. Fruit smooth and glabrous. Stylopodium obsolete or flat. Fruits turgid, prominently ribbed : leaf-blades dissected. Fruits of an oblong type, inconspicuously ribbed : leaf-blades entire, perfoliate. Seed-face essentially flat. Fruit with distinct oil-tubes. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs of the carpels more or less strongly winged. Stylopodium conic. Fruit not notched at the apex, the carpels not very flat. Fruit notched at the apex, the carpels very flat. Stylopodium obsolete or flat. Corolla white. Fruit spineless. Fruit armed with barbed spines. Corolla yellow. Fruit more or less flattened laterally, sometimes slightly dorsally flattened. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Stylopodium conic. Leaf-segments, at least those of the upper leaves, narrowly linear or filiform. Leaf-segments neither narrowly linear nor fili- form. Seed-face concave or grooved. Seed-face flat. Fruit short, often as wide as long. Fruit elongate-oblong. Stylopodium obsolete or flat. Corolla white. Corolla yellow. Fruit with winged ribs. Fruit with merely filiform ribs. Oil-tubes more than one on the intervals. Stylopodium conic. Stylopodium flat or obsolete. Fruit without ribs, spiny. Fruit ribbed, spineless. Carpel-ribs filiform. Carpel-ribs corky, at least the lateral ones. Oil-tubes continuous around the seed cavity : stylopodium flat. Oil-tubes 2-3 in the intervals : stylo- podium obsolete. 1. HYDKOCOTYLE [Tourn.] L. Perennial amphibious herbs. Leaves solitary at each node. Umbels simple or proliferous. Sepals manifest. Petals valvate. Carpels with distinct ribs, and oil-bearing tissues beneath the epi- dermis. — Sum. — Marsh-pennywort. Water-pennywort. 6. COEIAKDEUM. 3. Chaeeophyllum. 11. 12. CiCDTA. Deeinga. 9. Celeei. 17. 10. Thaspium. ZlZIA. 16. LiGUSTICDM. 2. Sanicula. 13. Taenidia. 8. Bufleueum. 15. SlUM. Umbels nearly sessile : leaf-blades shallowly lobed. Umbels long-peduncled : leaf-blades deeply lobed. 1. H. americana. 2. H. ranunculoides. 1. H. americana L. Leaf -blades reniform, 2-5 cm. wide, crenate-lobed : petals less than 1 mm. long: fruits 1-1.5 mm. wide, sharply ribbed, oval in cross- section. - — • Common, in swamps. 2. H. ranunculoides L. f. Leaf-blades reniform to orbicular-reniform, 2-5 cm. wide, deeply lobed: petals over 1 mm. long: fruits 2.5-3 mm. wide, obscurely ribbed, oblong in cross-section. — Eare, in wet places, especially abundant in the Susquehanna valley. 2. SANICULA [Tourn.] L. Biennial or perennial, glabrous or nearly glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate: blades pinnatifid or palmately 3-7-f oliolate : AMMIACEAE. 209 leaflets toothed or incised. Umbels irregular, compound, few-rayed. Bracts of the involucres resembling the leaves. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals white, yel- lowish, or purple. Fruit subglobose or oblong, somewhat dorsally flattened, armed with hooked bristles : carpels ribless : oil-tubes usually 5. — Sum. — Snake-root. Black snake-root. Sanicle. Plants perennial : stamens and style much exserted : fruits mostly over 6 mm. long. 1. 8. niarylandica. Plants biennial : stamens and style included : fruits mostly less than 6 mm. long. 2. 8. canadensis. 1. S. marylandica L. Stems 4.5-13 dm. tall, mostly simple below the inflo- rescence: leaves bluish-green: involucels of scale-like bractlets: petals slightly longer than the sepals : fruits obovoid, not stipitate. — Common, in woods and thickets. 2. S. canadensis L. Stems 3-13 dm. tall: divisions of the leaf -blade cuneate- obovate to narrowly oblong: involucre of minute bracts: fruits subgobose, 3-5 mm. long, very short-stipitate. ■ — Common, in woods and thickets. 3. CHAEROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L. Annual herbs. Leaf-blades ter- nately decompound, the segments narrow. Umbels irregular, compound. Invo- lucres of 1 or 2 bracts, or usually wanting. Involucels of several small bracts. Sepals obsolete. Petals white, usually unequal, inflexed at the apex. Fruit elongate: carpels 5-angled, the angles equally ribbed: oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 in the inner face. 1. C. procumbens (L.) Crantz. Plants decumbent or spreading: umbels few- flowered : fruits narrow, about 8 mm. long, glabrous. — Frequent, in rich woods along the Conestoga and the Susquehanna. — Spr. — Chervil. 4. CEREFOLIUM [Eivin.] Haller. Annual herbs, resembling Chaero- phyllum. Leaf -blades ternately decompound, the segments small. Umbels com- pound, regular or nearly so. Involucre of toothed or compound bracts. In- volucels of narrow, mostly entire, bractlets. Sepals obsolete. Petals white, usually nearly or quite equal, inflexed at the apex. Fruit elongate. Carpels more or less angled, but not ribbed: oil-tubes wanting. [Anthriscus Bernh.] 1. C. Cerefolium (L.) Britton. Plants 1 m. tall or less, often weak-stemmed: leaf -blades broad, the segments rather numerous, thin: imabels long-peduncled, the rays few, 2-4 mm. long: petals white, obovate, 1.5-2 mm. long: fruits linear-subulate, 8-10 mm. long, shining slender-beaked. — M, Locally abun- dant on moist banks. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. ■ — • Chervil. 5. WASHINGTONIA Eaf. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades ternately com- pound, the segments broad. Umbels loose, compound. Involucres and invo- lucels of few bracts or bractlets, or wanting. Sepals obsolete. Petals white, inflexed at the apex. Fruits elongate : carpels 5-angled, with barely equal ribs : oil-tubes obsolete or wanting. — Spr. — Sweet-cicely. Rachis of the leaf-blades glabrous or with short hairs : stylopodium and styles fully 3 mm. long. 1. W. longistylis. Rachis of the leaf -blades with villous hairs : stylopodium and styles about 1 mm. long. 2. TT. Claytonii. 1. W. longistylis (Torr.) Britton. Boots sweet-aromatic: foliage finely pubes- cent : fruits 15-18 mm. long. — Common, in rich woods. 2. W. Claytonii (Michx.) Britton. Eoots slightly if at all aromatic: foliage more copiously pubescent than in W. longistylis : fruits 18-20 mm. long. — Common, in rich woods. Lancaster County Flora 14. 210 AMMIACEAE. 6. CORIANDEUM [Tourn.] L. Annual slender herbs. Leaf -blades pin- nately dissected. Umbels compound. Involucres wanting. Sepals acute, un- equal. Petals white, often unequal, broadest above the middle. Fruit sub- globose, not constricted at the commissure: carpels with 5 delicate ribs: oil- tubes solitary under the secondary ribs. 1. C. sativum L. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline and basal leaves with coarse-toothed, incised, or lobed segments, those of the upper leaves with narrowly linear segments: umbel-rays 4-8, 12-21 mm. long: pedicels 1-3 mm. long: fruits subglobose or ovoid-glolaose, 3-3.5 mm. long: carpels slightly ribbed. — M. Occasional, in waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Coriander. 7. CONIUM L. Biennial large herbs with spotted stems. Leaf-blades broad, pinnately decompound. Umbels compound, the rays unequal. Invo- lucres and involucels inconspicuous, of entire, scarious-margined bracts or bractlets. Sepals minute or obsolete. Petals white, somewhat unequal, broadest above the middle, inflexed at the apex. Fruit short and thick: carpels with prominent wavy ribs: oil-tubes wanting. 1. C. maculatum L. Plants 1-2 m. tall, the stem usually much branched : leaf- blades broad, the segments very numerous: umbels rather long-peduncled ; rays 2-4 cm. long: petals white, obovate or cuneate. mostly about 1 mm. long: fruits ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long. — M. Frequent, in waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Poison-hemlock. 8. BUPLEURUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire. Umbels compound. Involucre wanting (in our species). Involucels conspicuous, of entire bractlets. Sepals obsolete. Petals broad, yellow or greenish. Fruit oblong or oval: carpels with slender ribs and no oil-tubes in our species. 1. B. rotundifolium L. Plants 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, ovate or ellii^tic, 2-8 cm. long, perfoliate: corolla yellow: fruits 3-3.5 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. broad. — Occasional, on roadsides and in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Thorough- WAX. 9. CELEE.I Adans. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades pinnate or ternately decompound. Umbels compound. Involucres present or wanting. Sepals obsolete or minute. Petals white, broad. Fruit somewhat smooth or tuberculate: carpels 5-angled or 5-ribbed, with 1 oil-tube in each interval or 2 in the inner face. 1. C. graveolens (L.) Britten. Stems 2-9 dm. tall: leaf-segments cuneate to suborbicular, incised and toothed: petals 0.5-1 mm. long: fruits ovoid, about 1.5 mm. long. [Apium graveolens L.] — M. Occasional, on roadsides and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Celery. 10. ZIZIA Koch. Perennial erect herbs. Leaf-blades 3-foliolate or ter- nately compound, or the basal ones sometimes simple. Umbels compound, the central umbellet sessile. Involucres wanting. Involucels of a few bractlets. Sepals prominent. Petals yellow. Fruit somewhat elongate, laterally flattened : carpels with 5 slender wingless ribs and an oil-tube in each interval and under each rib. — Spr. and sum. — Meadow-parsnip. Fruits oblong : basal leaves with ternately 2-3-compound blades. 1. Z. aurea. Fruits ovate or oval : basal leaves with merely toothed cordate blades. 2. Z. cordata. AMMIACEAE. 211 1. Z. aurea (L.) Koch. Blades of the basal leaves ternate; segments oblong- ovate to lanceolate: umbels with 9-25 rays: fruits oblong, about 4 mm. long. — Common, in wet places. — Golden-alexanders. 2, Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. Blades of the basal leaves ovate to orbicular, 3-10 cm. long, crenate: fruits ovate or oval, about 3 mm. long. — Common, in moist places. 11. CICUTA L. Perennial herbs with tuberous roots. Leaf-blades pin- nately compound or decompound. Umbels compound. Involucres of few bracts or wanting. Involucels of several small bractlets. Sepals acute. Petals white. Fruit short : carpels with 5 corky ribs, and oil-tubes in each interval and 2 in the linear face. Sum. and fall. — Water-hemlock. Plants not bulblet-bearing : leaf-segments of a lanceolate type. 1. C. maciilata. Plants bulblet-bearing : leaf-segments of a linear type. 2. C. iulbifera. I.e. maculata L. Plants stout, 1-2 m. tall: leaf -blades 1-6 dm. long, the veins ending in the notches of the segments: fruits with lateral ribs mani- festly much larger than the others and wedge-shaped in section, and contiguous. — Common, in swamps. — Spotted-cowbane. Musquash-root. 2. C. bulbifera L. Plants slender, mostly 1 mm. tall or less: leaf -segments linear to narrowly linear-lanceolate, sharply few-toothed: umbels few-rayed (or replaced by clusters of bulblets) : petals white, orbicular-obovate, less than 1 mm. long: fruits globose-ovoid, about 1.5 mm. long. — Occasional, in the Susquehanna valley and along tributary streams. 12. DEE/INGA Adans. Perennial herbs with fibrous roots. Leaf-blades 3-foliolate. Umbels irregular, compound. Involucres and involucels wanting. Sepals obsolete. Petals white. Fruit elongate: carpels with 5 low ribs, and an oil-tube beneath each rib and in each interval. 1. D. canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Plants 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oval, or elliptic, 4-10 cm. long, serrate : umbels few-rayed : fruits oblong, 4-6 mm. long, often curved. — Common, in thickets and waste places. — Spr. and sum. — Il0NE"\V0RT. 13. TAENIDIA Drude. Perennial herbs with fibrous roots. Leaf -blades pinnate or ternately compound. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels wanting: sepals obsolete or minute. Petals 5, their tipsi inflexed. Fruit ob- long: carpels 5-angled, with slender ribs and 3 oil-tubes in the intervals. Seeds nearly terete except the flat face. 1. T. integerrima (L.) Drude. Plants 3-& dm. tall, from a tough root: leaflets ovate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, entire: umbel-rays 10-20, elongate: corolla yellow: fruits broadly oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long. — M. Fre- quent, along the Conestoga above Lancaster. — Limestones. — Spr. — PiM- pernell. 14. AEGOPODIUM L. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaf-blades ternate, the leaflets or segments large, toothed. Umbel compound, the rays equal or nearly so. Involucres and involucels of narrow bracts and bractlets, or want- ing. Sepals minute or obsolete. Petals white, equal or nearly so, broadest above the middle, inflexed at the apex. Fruit short, but longer than thick: carpels turgid, the angles margined : oil-tubes wanting. 1. A. Podagrarla L. Plants 3-11 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched: leaflets oblong or elliptic to ovate, 2. .5-9 cm. long, serrate, incised or lobed: 212 AMMIACEAE. umbels long-peduncled ; rays 2-4 cm. long: petals white, obovate or orbicular- obovate, 1-1.5 mm. long: fruits conic-ovoid, about 4 mm. long. — M. Occa- sional, on roadsides and in thickets near Lancaster. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — GOUTWEED. 15. SIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades pinnately com- pound. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels of narrow bracts and bractlets. Sepals small, acute. Petals white. Fruit stout, somewhat laterally flattened: carpels ribbed, the intervals with 1-3 oil-tubes. Seeds 5-angled. 1. S. cicutaefolium Schrank. Plants 5-18 dm. tall: leaflets 7-17, linear, oblong, or lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, sharply serrate (submersed leaves some- times finely dissected) : fruits orbicular to oblong-orbicular, 3-3.5 mm. long. — Frequent, in the Susquehanna valley. • — Sum. — Water-pabsnip. 16. LIGUSTICUM L. Perennial herbs with large roots. Leaf-blades ternately compound. Umbels compound. Involucres of a few narrow bracts. Involucels of numerous narrow bractlets. Sepals obsolete. Petals white, broadened upward. Fruit more or less elongate: carpels with sharp prominent ribs and 2-6 oil-tubes in each interval. 1. L. canadense (L.) Britton. Stems 5-20 dm. tall: leaflets oblong, elliptic- oval, or ovate, 3-8 cm. long, coarsely toothed: fruits oblong, oval, or ovate, 4-6 mm. long, the ribs narrow-winged. — S. Eare, in rich woods. — Schists. — Sum. — Angelico. Nondo. 17. THASPIUM Nutt. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades 3-foliolate or ter- nately compound, or those of the basal leaves sometimes simple. Umbels compound. Involucre of few bracts. Involucels of many bracts. Sepals present. Petals yellow or purple. Fruit longer than wide: carpels with winged ribs and 2-6 oil-tubes in each interval. — Sum. — Meadow-parsnip. Petal-blades less than 1 mm. long : leaves with ternate blades : leaflets relatively thick, crenate. 1. T. trifoUatum. Petal-blades over 1 mm. long : leaves with biternate blades : leaflets relatively thin, incised or lobed. 2. T. iarhinode. 1. T. trifoUatum (L.) A. Gray. Stems 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -segments ovate to lanceolate, serrate: corolla dark-purple (or deep-yellow in T. trifoUatum aureum) : fruits globose-ovoid, about 4 mm. long. — - M. Eare, in the Dillerville swamp, Lancaster. — Limestones. 2. T. barbinode (Miehx.) Nutt. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -segments commonly ovate, coarsely toothed, cleft, or parted: corolla pale- or light-yellow: fruits oblong or oval, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous. — Common, in moist places. 18. ANGELICA L. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaf -blades pinnate or decompound. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels present or want- ing. Sepals small or obsolete. Petals white or greenish, broadest above the middle. Fruit longer than broad: carpels wath the dorsal and contiguous ribs prominent, and broadly winged lateral ribs: oil-tubes solitary or several in the intervals and 2-10, or more, in the inner face. — Sum. and fall. — Angelica. Fruit glabrous : branches of the umbel glabrous or nearly so : leaves with acute or acutish segments. 1. A. atropurpurea. Fruit pubescent : branches of the umbel copiously pubescent : leaves with obtuse segments 2. A. villosa. 1. A. atropurpurea L. Plant 11-21 dm. tall, the stem dark-purple: leaflets 2.5-7.5 cm. long; blades thick, ovate to lanceolate, coarsely serrate: umbel- AMMIACEAE. 213 rays 2.5-7.5 cm. long: pedicels 10-16 mm. loug: corolla white or greenish- white : fruits oblong to oval-orbicular, 6-6.5 mm. long, glabrous. — Occasional, in low grounds. 2. A. villosa (Walt.) B.S.P. Plants 6-1& dm. tall: leaflets 2-5 cm. long, the blades thickish, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oval, 2-5 cm. long, serrate: umbel-rays 2-5 cm. long: pedicels 3-4 mm. long: corolla white: fruits orbicu- lar or orbicular-obovate, 4.5-5 mm. long, pubescent. — Common, in dry thickets and woods. 19. OXYPOLIS Eaf. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades pinnate or ternate, or rarely reduced to hollow septate phyllodia. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels present. Sepals acute. Petals white. Fruit longer than broad, dorsally flattened: carpels with the dorsal and contiguous ribs thin, and winged lateral ribs, the latter nerved near the inner part of the wing: oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2-6 in the inner face. 1. O. rigidior (L.) Eaf. Plants 5-18 dm. tall: leaves with relatively short, often broad, leaflets; blades entire or saliently toothed, pale beneath: umbel usually many-rayed: fruits oblong or oval, 5-6.5 mm. long, pale-winged. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. 20. PASTINACA L. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaf -blades pinnately compound. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels usually wanting. Sepals obsolete. Petals yellow. Fruit somewhat longer than broad, much dorsally flattened: carpels with the dorsal and contiguous ribs slender, and thin lateral wings: oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2-4 in the inner side. 1. P. sativa L. Plants coarse, strong-scented, 6-20 dm. tall: leaf -segments ovate or oblong, crenate-serrate, incised or lobed: fruits obovate, oval, or orbicular-oval, 5-6 mm. long. — Common, on roadsides and in waste places. — Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Wild-paesnip. 21. HEKACLEUM L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades ternately compound. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels of few, often deciduous, bracts and braetlets or the former wanting. Sepals minute or obsolete. Petals white, broadest above the middle, those of the outer and inner flowers different in shape. Fruit usually longer than broad, strongly dorsally flattened: carpels with the dorsal and contiguous ribs slender, and broadly winged lateral ribs, the latter nerved near the outer edge: oil-tubes solitary in each interval, and 2-4 in the outer face, rarely extending beyond the middle of the carpel. 1. H. lanatum Mi'chx. Plants coarse and heavy-scented, 6-25 dm. tall: leaf- blades 1-4 dm. long, the segments sharply toothed: umbel-rays 8-30, stout, 3-15 cm. long: fruits oval to obovate-oval, 8-12 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. — Sum. — Cow-parsnip. 22. DAUCXJS [Tourn.] L. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaf-blades pin- nately decompound. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels various, or wanting. Sepals minute or obsolete. Petals white or rarely colored, often unequal, broadest above the middle, inflexed at the apex. Fruit longer than broad: carpels with 5 low primary ribs and 4 winged secondary ribs which are also armed with a row of barbed bristles: oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs and 2 on the inner face. — Carrot. 1. D. Carota L. Plants hispid, 4-12 dm. tall: leaf -segments very numerous: umbel-rays many : corollas unequal in size and the central one often purple : 214 PYROLACEAE. petals unequal: fruit 3-4 mm. long, the wings prickly. — Common, in fields and waste places. — Sum. — Wild-carrot. Series 2. GAMOPETALAE. Petals more or less united, or occasionally distinct, or very rarely wanting. Order ERICALES. Herbs, unclersbrubs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes humus-plants or saprophytes. Leaves alternate, often evergreen : blades simple. Flowers mainly perfect and eomiDlete. Calyx of 2-8, usually 5, partially united sepals. Corolla of 2-8, usually 5, mostly united petals. Androecium of as many or twice as many stamens as petals, sometimes partially reduced to staminodia: filaments mostly free. Gynoecium of several united carpels. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Gynoecium superior : fruit capsular, sometimes fleshy but not truly baccate or drupaceous. Corolla of essentially distinct petals. Herbaceous perennials with persistent green leaves. Pam. 1. Pyrolaceae. Herbaceous saprophytes destitute of green leaves Fam. 2. Monoteopaceae. Corolla of manifestly united petals. Pam. 3. Ericaceae. Gynoecium Inferior : fruit baccate or drupaceous. Pam. 4. Vacciniaceae. I Family 1. PYROLACEAE. Wintergreen Family. Perennial evergreen herbs, with elongate rootstocks. Leaves alter- nate, mostly near the base of the stem : blades leathei-y. Flowers in tei'uiinal clusters or solitaiy, sometimes irregular. Calyx of 4 or 5 per- sistent sepals. Corolla often white or pink, of 4 or 5 essentially distinct, wax-like petals. Androecium of twice as many stamens as there are petals : anthers inverted in anthesis. Gynoecium of 4 or 5 united carpels : stigTiias united. Fruit a 4- or 5-valved loculieidal capsule. Style elongate : flowers racemose : filaments unappendaged : capsule opening from base to top. 1. I'ikola. Style very short : flowers corymbed or umbeled : filaments append- aged at the base: capsule opening from top to base. 2. Ciiimaphila. 1. PYROLA [Tourn.] L. Leaves with broad blades. Flowers in elongate racemes. Filaments unappendaged and glabrous. Capsule nodding, the valve- margins cobwebby. — Sum. — Wintergreen. Shin-leaf. Stamens converging : style straight : anthers not contracted below the opening. 1. i'. sccuncla. Stamens declined : style declined : anthers contracted below the opening. Leaf-blades lustrous : sepals oblong or lanceolate. 2. /'. americana. Leaf-blades not lustrous : sepals ovate to triangular. Anther-horns long : leaf -blades orbicular, leathery, mostly shorter than the petioles. 3. P. cMorantlia. Anther-horns very short and stout : leaf-blades oval, mem- branous, mostly longer than the petioles. 4. P. clUptica. 1. P. secunda L. Plants mostly 1-1.5 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oval, or orbicular-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, acute or mucronate, shallowly serrate, longer than the petioles: calyx 1.5-2 mm. long; sepals ovate to ovate-oblong: petals oblong or ovate-oblong, 4-6 mm. long: anthers 1.5 mm. long: capsules 4-5 mm. wide. — Very rare. Collected many years ago, perhaps in the western or northern part of the county. MONOTROPACEAE. 215 2. P. americana Sweet. Plants 2-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades tliickish, 2-5 cm. long, mostly shorter than the petiole: sepals 2-3 mm. long: petals obovate to orbicular-obovate, 7-9 mm. long: capsules 6-7 mm. wide. — Common, in woods. 3. P. chlorantha Sw. Plants mostly 1.5-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades suborbicular, varying to oval or reniform, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, undulate, or obscurely toothed, mostly shorter than the petioles: sepals deltoid: petals suborbicular to orbicular-obovate, 6.5-9 mm. long: anthers 2.5 mm. long: capsules 7-9 mm. wide. — Turkey Hill, along the Susquehanna. — Limestones, schists. 4. P. elliptlca Nutt. Plant 1-3 dm. tall: leaf-blades thinnish, 3-9 cm. long, mostly longer than the petiole: sepals triangular-ovate: petals oblong to oblong-obovate, 5.5-7 mm. long : capsules 5-6 mm. wide. — Common, in woods. 2. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. Leaves with relatively narrow blades. Flowers in corymbs. Filaments with pubescent or erose-ciliate appendages at the base. Capsule erect, the valve-margins glabrous. — Sum. — Pipsissewa. Sepals longer than wide : petals ciliolate all around : filament-appendages pubescent. 1. C. macidata. Sepals wider than long : petals erose-ciliolate and jagged at the apex : filament-appendages erose-ciliate. 2. C. utniellata. 1. C. maculata (L.) Pursh. Plant 7-22 cm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate or sometimes broader, 2-5 cm. long, variegated: sepals rounded at the apex, ciliolate: petals 10-12 mm. long: filament-appendages narrow. — Common, in woods. — Spotted-wixtergreen. 2. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Plant 9-32 em. tall: leaf-blades oblanceolate, cuneate, or obovate-cujaeate, 2-10 cm. long, not variegated: sepals not rounded at the apex, erose: petals 9-11 mm. long: filament -appendages broad. — Common, in woods. — Prince 's-pine. Family 2. MONOTROPACEAE. Indian-pipe Family. Saprophytic or humus herbs, with matted roots. Stems scape-like, simple. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in racemes, or solitary, nod- ding. Calyx of 2-6 deciduous sepals. Corolla white or colored, of 3-6 petals, or wanting. Androecium of 6-12 stamens : anthers with valves or pores. Gynoecium of 4—6 united carpels: stigma capitate, disc-like, or funnelform. Fruit a 4— 6-valved loculicidal capsule. Flower solitary : anthers opening by 2 pores : plant white or pale pink, drying black. 1. MONOTEOPA. Flowers several : anthers unequally valvate : plant yellowish or red. 2. IIypopitys. 1. MONOTROPA L. White or pale-pink wax-like herbs. Flowers color- less. Sepals 2-4, unequal. Petals 5 or 6, dilated at the apex. Gynoecium glabrous. 1. M. uniflora L. Plant 1-3 dm. tall, black when dry: sepals spatulate or ob- long-spatulate, 10-16 mm. long: erose at the apex: petals 17-18 mm. long. — Common, in rich woods. — Sum. — Indian-pipe. Corpse-plant. 2. HYPOPITYS Adans. Colored fragrant herbs. Flowers in a terminal raceme, deep-pink, yellow, red, or crimson. Sepals and petals 5 each in the earliest flower, 3 or 4 in the later ones. Gynoecium pubescent. — Sum. and fall. — Pine-sap. False beech-drops. Stigma not retrorsely bearded : style sparingly pubescent : sepals and petals with short cilia. 1. H. americana. Stigma retrorsely bearded : style copiously pubescent : sepals and petals with long cilia. 2. H. lanuginosa. 216 ERICACEAE. 1. H. americana (D.C.) Small. Plants tawny or yellow, finely pubescent or nearly glabrous, 1-3 dm. tall: sepals 7-10 mm. long: petals sparingly pubes- cent: capsules oval or oblong-oval, 7-10 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in woods. 2. H. lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt. Plants deep pink and crimson, markedly or copiously pubescent, 0.5-3.5 dm. tall: sepals 6-9 mm. long: petals markedly pubescent : capsules globular, 4-5 mm. long. — Common, in woods and thickets. Family 3. ERICACEAE. Heath Family. Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs. Leaves often persistent : blades com- monly leathery. Flowers typically perfect. Calyx of 4-7 distinct or partially united sepals. Corolla of 4-7 distinct or partially united petals, sometimes slightly 2-lipped. Androecium of as many or twice as many stamens as there are petals : anthers opening by pores, chinks, or valves. Gynoeeium of 2-7 united carpels. Fruit a capsule, or sometimes baccate or drupaceous. Capsule septicidal : anthers unappendaged. Anthers opening by pores : corolla not salverform : erect shrubs or trees : capsules dry. Flowers from scaly buds : corolla irregular : seeds winged. Corolla of a funnelform type : leaves deciduous ; blades gland-tipped. 1. Azalea. Corolla of a campanulate type : leaves persistent ; blades not gland-tipped. 2. Rhododendron. Flowers not from scaly buds : corolla regular : seeds not winged. 3. Kalmia. Anthers longitudinally dehiscent : corolla salverform : pros- trate and creeping slightly shrubby plants : capsules fleshy. 4. Epigaba. Capsule loculicidal, sometimes enclosed in the fleshy accrescent hypanthium and calyx {Gaultheria) . Calyx dry, not accrescent : fruit dry, not berry-like. "Capsules not angled, the valve-margins not thickened : calyx-lobes imbricate, at least in the bud. 5. Eubotkys. Capsules angled or the valve-margins thickened : calyx-lobes valvate or separate in the bud. Filaments appendaged : corolla of a cylindraceous- campanulate type. 6. Neopieris. Filaments unappendaged : corolla of an urceolate type. 7. Aesenococcus. Calyx fleshy, accrescent : fruit fleshy, berry-like. 8. Gaultheria. 1. AZAIjEA L. Erect deciduous-leaved shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades sometimes bristle-toothed. Calyx deciduous: lobes 5, conspicuously ciliate. Corolla variously colored, funnelform: tube elongate: limb 2-lipped. Stamens 5 or rarely 10, conspicuously exserted: anthers with terminal pores. Style declined. Capsule elongate. Corollas expanding before the leaves ; limb deep-pink or purple. 1. A. nudiftora. Corollas expanding after the leaves ; limb white or pale-pink. Calyx-lobes ovate to triangular-ovate : leaves with the midrib strigillose beneath. 2. A. viscosa. Calyx-lobes lanceolate to linear : leaves with the midrib gla- brous beneath. 3. A. arhorescens. 1. A. nudiflora L. Shrub 0.5-3 m. tall, the twigs tomentulose and strigose- hispid: leaf -blades oblong to obovate, 3-10 cm. long, hispidulous beneath: pedicels 10-20 mm. long: corolla deep-pink to purple, or rarely white; tube about 2 cm. long: capsules 1-3 cm. long, strigose or hirsute-strigose. — Com- mon, in woods. — Spr. — Honeysuckle. Pinxter-flower. 2. A. viscosa L. Shrub 1-3 m. tall, the twigs hispidulous: leaf-blades oblong to elliptic-oblanceolate, cuneate, or obovate, 2-6 cm. long, strigillose beneath: calyx-lobes 1-2 mm. long: corolla white or pale-pink; tube 2-2.5 cm. long: anthers about 2 mm. long: capsules 1.5-2 cm. long, slender, rather strigose, gradually narrowed at the apex. — N. S. Common, in moist thickets. — Sand- stones and shales, schists. — Spr. and sum. — Swamp-honeysuckle. Clammy- azalea. EEICACEAE. 217 3. A. arborescens Pursh. Shrub, or tree becoming 6 m. tall^ the twigs gla- brous: leaf -blades elliptic, oval, oblanceolate, or cuneate, 4-10 cm. long, gla- brous beneath: calyx-lobes 4-6 mm. long: corolla white or pale-pink; tube 2.5-3 cm. long: anthers about 3 mm. long: capsules 1-2 cm. long, stout, bristly-glandular, abruptly narrowed at the apex. — Islands and shores of the Susquehanna. — Schists. — Late spr. and early sum. — Smooth-azalea. 2. RHODODENDRON L. Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate: blades leathery, not ciliate. Calyx persistent : lobes broad and short. Corolla variously colored, campanulate : tube very short ; limb 2-lipped. Stamens usually 10, slightly exserted, with terminal pores. Style declined. Capsule elongate. '-''! 1. R. maximum L. Shrub, or tree becoming 12 m. tall, the twigs glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, bright- green: calyx-lobes 4-6 mm. long: corolla white or pink, mottled with yellow or orange, 3-6 cm. wide. — Ravines, near the Susquehanna and rarely near other large streams. — Sum. — Great-laurel. 3. KATiMIA L. Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled : blades entire. Calyx persistent : lobes 5, leathery. Corolla regu- lar, white, pink, purple, or crimson, rotate, the lobes obtuse : tube short, with 10 sacs. Stamens 10: filaments elastically straightening at maturity: anthers short, attached near the top. Capsule spheroidal. — Sum. — Laurel. Corolla about twice as long as the calyx : inflorescence lateral : sepals not ciliate. 1. E. angustifolia. Corolla several times as long as tlie calyx : inflorescence termi- nal : sepals ciliate. 2. E. latifolia. 1, K. angustifolia L. Shrub 2-12 dm. tall, the twigs glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades oblong to lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, pale beneath: calyx-lobes ovate to oblong-ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long: corolla purple to crimson, 6-8 mm. wide: filaments 3-4 mm. long: capsules 3-3.5 mm. wide. — S. Rare, on moist banks near New Texas. — Schists. — Sheep-laurel. Lambkill. Wicky. 2. K. latifolia L. Shrub, or tree becoming 12 m. tall, the twigs often fuzzy when young : leaf -blades elliptic to oval, 5-12 cm. long, glabrous, dark-green : calyx-lobes oblong to oblong-ovate, about 2 mm. long: corolla white or pink, 20-25 mm. wide: filaments 10-12 mm. long: capsules 5-7 mm. wide. — Com- mon, in dry woods. — Mountain-laurel. Calico-bush. Spoon-wood. 4. EPIGAEA L. Evergreen creeping undershrubs. Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers perfect or dioecious, in axillary clusters. Calyx-lobes 5, persistent, but scarcely accrescent. Corolla white or pink, salverform, the limb 5-lobed. Filaments slender, with a tuft of hairs near the middle: anthers oblong-ovoid, awnless. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed. 1. E. repens L. Stem and branches 5-30 cm. long, hirsute: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-ovate or suborbieular, 2-10 cm. long, finely reticulate : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate: corolla about twice as long as the calyx; lobes ovate: capsules spheroidal, 5-lobed. — N. S. Common, in dry woods and on banks. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Spr. — Trailing-arbutus. Mayflower. 5. EUBOTRYS Nutt. Deciduous-leaved shrubs with rigid stems and branches. Leaves alternate: blades finely toothed. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx-lobes very short. Stamens 10, included: anthers awned. Capsule depressed. 218 ERICACEAE. 1. E. racemosa (L.) Nutt. Shrub 1-4 m. tall, the twigs glabrous, at least in age: leaf -blades oblong or elliptic, 2-7 cm. long: calyx-lobes triangular, becoming triangular-lanceolate or deltoid-ovate: corolla 8-9 mm. long: anthers much shorter than the filaments: capsules 4-5 mm. wide. — S. Eare, in swamps and lower Susquehanna valley. — Schists. — Spr. — Fetteb-bush. 6. N£OPIEIMS Britton. Deciduous-leaved shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers in clusters or leafless branches. Calyx-lobes 5, much longer than the tube. Corolla white or pink, cylindraceous-campanulate, 5- lobed. Filaments appendaged near the top : anthers awnless. Capsules of an ovoid type. 1, N, mariana (L.) Britton. Deciduous-leaved shrub 1-2 m. tall: leaf-blades membranous, oblong to oval, or broadened upward, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate: flower-clusters lateral: calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate, acute: corolla white or pinkish, 10-12 mm. long, less than twice as long as the calyx: cap- sules 7-9 mm. long, rib-angled. — S. Eare, in dry soil or woods. — Schists. — Spr. — Stagger-bush. 7. ARSENOCOCCUS Small. Deciduous-leaved shrubs with more or less pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades membranous or thickish. Flower- clusters in terminal panicled racemes. Calyx-lobes broad, short, persistent. Corolla urceolate, usually globular or depressed, with very short spreading or recurved lobes. Filaments thickened below the anthers, uuappendaged. Cap- sule depressed, usually spheroidal, not angled. 1. A. ligustrinus (L.) Small. Desiduous-leaved shrub 1-4 m. tall: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic, or obovate, 3-7 cm. long, entire or indistinctly serrulate: corolla mostly over 3.5 mm. long, not appressed: capsules globular, mainly 3-4 mm. wide. — N. S. Common, in dry woods and thickets. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Male-berry. 8. GAULTHERIA L. Evergreen undershrubs, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, approximate near the ends of the branches: blades shallowly toothed. Flowers axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, persistent and accrescent. Corolla urceolate, 5-lobed. Filaments dilated near the base, pubescent : anthers awned. Capsule enclosed in the accrescent fleshy calyx. 1. G. procumbens L. Plants 3-15 cm. tall: leaf -blades oval or elliptic, vary- ing to ovate or obovate, 1.5-6 cm. long, serrate: calyx-lobes ovate: corolla white, 6-7 mm. long; lobes recurved: fruit globular, 7-11 mm. thick, red or white, spicy. — Common, in moist woods. — Sum. — Wintergreen. Creep- ING-WINTERGREETSr. CHECKERBERRY. Family 4. VACCINIACEAE. Huckleberry Family. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate : blades simple. Flowers perfect, regular, solitaiy or variously clustered, drooping. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 usually partially united petals. Androecium of tAviee as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes. Gynoeeium of several united carpels, the ovary vidioUy inferior or half inferior. Fruit a berry or drupe. Ovary 10-celled : fruit a berry-like drupe with 10 nutlets. 1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 4-5-celled : fruit a many-seeded berry. Petals more or less united : berries blue or black : erect shrub or trees. Anthers exserted, awned : corolla campanulate. 2. Polycodium. Anthers Included, awnless : corolla globose, ovoid, urceo- late or cylindric. 3. Vaccinium. Petals distinct : berries red : trailing and creeping under- shrubs. 4. Oxycoccus. ERICACEAE. 219 1. GAYLUSSACIA H.B.K. Shrubs. Leaves deciduous: blades entire, commonly reticulate-veiny. Flowers in lateral racemes. Sepals 5. Corolla campanulate, globular-campanulate, or conic. Stamens included: anthers tubu- lar at the top, unappendaged. Drupe globular, nodding, with 10 nutlets. — Huckleberry. Anthers several times as lung as the filaments, the tubular appendages much longer than the sacs. 1. (?. dumosa. Anthers slightly if at all longer than the tilaments, the tubular appendages scarcely if at all longer than the sacs. Corolla campanulate to globular-campanulate : drupes blue, glaucous. 2. G. frondosa. Corolla conic, sometimes becoming cylindraceous : drupes black, not glaucous. 3. G. taccata. 1. G. dumosa (Andr.) Nutt. Shrub 1-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval, obovate, or oblanceolate, or rarely narrower, 2-4 cm. long: hypanthium and sepals minutely glandular-pubescent: corolla 5-6 mm. long: drupes 6-8 mm. in diameter. — S. Frequent, mostly in sjjhagnous swamps. — Schists. — Sum. — Dwarf-huckleberry. 2. G. frondosa (L.) T. & G. Shrub 10-30 dm. tall, with puberulent foliage, at least when young: leaf -blades oblong-oblanceolate, ovate, oval, or obovate, glaucous and globular-resiniferous beneath: hypanthium and sepals glabrous: anthers about as long as the filaments : drupes 8-10 mm. in diameter, blue. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Early s'um. — Blue-tangle. 3. G. baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. Shrub 3-11 dm. tall, with sticky-resinous foliage: leaf -blades elliptic, oval, or oblong, 2-4.5 em. long: hypanthium and sepals resinous-atomiferous: corolla red or reddish-green, 5-6 mm. long: drupes 6-10 mm. in diameter, black. — N. S. Common, in dry woods and thickets. — Early sum. — Black-huckleberry. 2. POLYCODIUM Eaf. Shrubs. Leaves mainly deciduous: blades entire. Flowers in leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals 5. Corolla open-campanu- late: lobes not contiguous in the bud. Stamens exserted: anthers tubular at the top and appendaged. Berry globular or pyriform, often mawkish, green or yellowish, few-seeded. — Spr. — Buckberry. Squaw-hucklebekry. Deer- berry. Leaf-blades green beneath, the hairs inconspicuous : berries green or yellowish. 1. P. stamineum. Leaf-blades glaucous beneath, the hairs pale or white : berries glaucous. 2. P. candicans. 1, P. Stamineum (L.) Greene. Plants 1-2 m. tall. Leaf -blades oblong to elliptic, varying to oblong-lanceolate or oblong-cuneate, 7-8 cm. long, green and inconspicuously pubescent beneath: corolla about 5 mm. long: filaments slightly longer than the anther-sacs: berries about 10 mm. in diameter. — S. Common, in thickets and woods. — Schists. 2. P. candicans (C. Mohr) Small. Plants 1-2 m. tall. Leaf -blades narrowly oblong or elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, narrowly subcordate or truncate at the base, glaucous and pubescent beneath with pale or white hairs: filaments decidedly longer than the anther-sacs : berries fully 10 mm. long, glaucous. — E. Fre- quent, in woods on the Welsh mountains. — Quartsite. 3. VACCINIUM L. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves mostly deciduous: blades entire or slightly toothed. Flowers in racemes or clusters. Sepals 5. Corolla ovoid, cylindraceous, or campanulate-oblong. Stamens included: anthers tubular at the apex, unappendaged. Berry globular, blue or black. — Blueberry. 220 ERICACEAE. Corolla cylindric or nearly so, twice or thrice as long as thick. 1. V. corymhosum. Corolla urn-shaped, oblong or cylindric-oblong, once or twice as long as thick. Leaf-blades not glaucous beneath : twigs green. Berries black : leaf-blades entire or essentially so, pubescent beneath. 2. V. atrococcum. Berries glaucous : leaf-blades manifestly serrulate, gla- brous or nearly so. 3. V. angustifolium. Leaf-blades glaucous beneath : twigs yellowisli. 4. V. vaciUans. 1. V. corymljosum L. Plant 1-4 m. tall, the twigs glabrous or nearly so : leaf- blades oblong to elliptic, 2.5-8 cm. long, entire, pubescent on or near the veins beneath: corolla white or pale-pink, cylindric or narrowly ovoid, 8-12 mm. long : berries 6-10 mm. in diameter, deep-blue and glaucous. — Common, in moist thickets. — Spr. — High-blueberry. Swamp-blueberry. 2. V. atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller. Plant 0.4-4 m. tall, the twigs finely pubescent: leaf-blades oval to elliptic, or sometimes slightly broadest above the middle, 2-7 cm. long, entire, dark-green above, pubescent beneath: corolla yellowish or greenish-white, and sometimes red-tinged, ovoid-campanulate, 4-8 mm. long : berries 6-8 mm. in diameter, not glaucous. — Common, in moist thickets. — Spr. — Black high-blueberry. 3. V. angustifolium Ait. Plant mostly 2-3 dm. tall, the twigs minutely pubescent: leaf -blades oblong or elliptic, varying to broadest above or below the middle, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, acute at both ends, eiliate, pubescent on the mid- rib or veins beneath: sepals deltoid: corolla white or pinkish, long-campanulate, 4-6 mm. long: berry globular, 6-10 mm. in diameter, glaucous, very sweet. [F. pennsylvanicum Lam.] — M. Eare, in open woods, near Fruitville. — ■ Limestones. — Spr. — Low-blueberry. Early-blueberry. Sweet-blueberry. 4. V. vaciUans Kalm. Plant 1-12 dm. tall, the twigs glabrous: leaf -blades oval, broadly oblong, or sometimes ovate to obovate, 2-5 cm. long, more or less distinctly serrulate, glabrous beneath: corolla greenish-yellow, and sometimes red-tinged, cylindric-oblong, 4-7 mm. long: berries 4-7 mm. in diameter, blue and glaucous. — Common, in dry places. — Early sum. — Late sweet-blue- berry. 4. OXYCOCCUS Hill. Vines. Leaves persistent: blades entire. Flowers solitary or several together on terminal peduncles. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, pink or red, distinct. Stamens conspicuously exserted. Anthers termi- nating in long tubes. Berry mainly globose, rarely elongate or depressed, red. 1. O. macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. Stems trailing and creeping, sometimes 1 m. long: leaf -blades oblong, rarely varying to ovate or orbicular, 6-14 mm. long, revolute: sepals fully as broad as long: petals lanceolate to oblong-lanceo- late, 7-9 mm. long : berries 1-2 cm. in diameter, acid. — E. S. Rare, in wet sandy soil. — Schists. — Sum. — Cranberry. Order PRIMULALES. Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate or opposite, some- times all basal. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, variously disposed. Calyx of 2-several partially united sepals. Corolla of 2-several distinct or partially united petals. Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals or petals, sometimes accompanied by staminodia. Gynoecium of 4-6 united carpels, or rarely more. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, or rarely an achene or a utricle. PRIMULACEAE. 221 Family PRIMULACEAE. PpniuosE Family. Herbs, various in habit. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, sometimes all basal : blades entire, toothed, or rarely dissected. Flowers perfect. Calyx of 4-9 partially united sepals, commonly persistent. Corolla of 4r-9 partially united petals, or rarely wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals and alternate with them, sometimes with staminodia. Gynoecium a single pistil, with centi'al placentae. Style single. Fruit a 1-eelled 2-8-valved capsule. Ovary superior. Corolla-lobes erect or merely spreading: anthers not sagittate. Plants with a whorl of leaf-like bracts subtending the inflorescence : corolla white. 1. Trientalis. Plants without a whorl of bracts subtending the inflo- rescence : corolla colored. Capsule opening lengthwise, not nodding. Androecium without staminodia : filaments united below the middle : anthers ovoid. 2. Lysimachia. Androecium with staminodia : filaments distinct or essentially so : anthers linear. 3. Steironema. Capsule clrcumscissile, nodding, 4. Anagallis. Corolla-lobes reflexed : anthers sagittate. 5. Dodecatheon. Ovary half-inferior. 6. Samolus. 1. TKIENTAIjIS L. Perennial caulescent herbs vv'ith slender rootstocks. Leaves mostly reduced to minute scales on the scape-liie stem. Flowers soli- tary or clustered at the top of the stem, slender-pedicelled, subtended by a whorl of leaf-like bracts. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla rotate: lobes much longer than the tube. Filaments slender. Anthers narrow, curved. Capsule short. 1. T. horealis Eaf. Plants 5-2-5 cm. tall, slender: leaves (scales) remote, mostly 2-8 mm. long : bracts leaf -like, 5-10 ; blades elliptic to elliptic-lanceo- late, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate at both ends: pedicels filiform, 2-5 cm. long: sepals linear: corolla 1.5-2 cm. wide; lobes oblong or elliptic, acuminate: cap- sules 3— i mm. in diameter. - — ■ S. Rare, in woods near "Wakefield. — Schists. — Spr. — Star-flower. Chickweed-wintergreen. 2. LYSIMACHIA [Tourn.] L. Perennial or rarely annual herbs, the foliage glandular-punctate. Leaves opposite or apparently whorled. Corolla yellow, rotate or nearly so : lobes entire, acute or obtuse. Filaments partially united. Staminodia wanting. Anthers ovoid. — Sum. — Loosestrife. Calyx-lobes ovate : stem and branches creeping. 1. L. Nummnlaria. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear : stems erect. Flowers in a terminal raceme, the racemes sometimes leafy bracted : corolla streaked. Inflorescence extending nearly the length of the plant : flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts. 2. L. quadrifolia. Inflorescence a terminal virgate raceme : flowers axillary to small bracts. 3. L. tcrrcstris. Flowers in a terminal panicle : corolla without dots or streaks. 4. L. ridf/aris. 1. L. Nummularia L. Stem and branches 1-7 dm. long: leaf -blades sub- orbicular, 0.8-3 cm. long: calyx-lobes ovate, 8-9 mm. long, cordate at the base: corolla-lobes 11-14 mm. long, obovate to ovate: capsules about 4 mm. thick. — Common, on moist banks, and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Moneywort. 2. L. quadrifolia L. Stem 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate to oval, 1.5-9 cm. long: pedicels shorter than the bracts: calyx-lobes lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, acuminate: corolla-lobes oblong to ovate-oblong, exceeding the calyx: capsules 2.5-3 mm. thick. — Common, in thickets and woods. 222 PEIMULACEAE. 3. L. terrestris (L.) B.S.P. Stem 5-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate, oblong- lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 2-6 cm. long, abruptly smaller near the inflorescence: pedicels longer than the bracts: calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, about 2 mm. long: corolla-lobes oblong-lanceolate: capsules about 2 mm. thick. — Common, in wet sandy soil and swamps. 4. L. vulgaris L. Stems commonly 1 m. tall or less, softly fine-pubescent: leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, 5.5-13 cm. long, acute or slightly acuminate: flowers short-pedicelled : calyx-lobes lanceo- late, dark-margined, acuminate : corolla deep-yellow, 1.5—2 cm. wide ; lobes ovate or oblong-ovate: capsules 3.5-4.5 mm. in diameter. — S. Shore of the Susque- hanna at Tuequan. Nat. of Eu. 3. STEIRONEMA Eaf. Perennial herbs, the foliage not glandular-punc- tate. Leaves opposite. Corolla yellow, rotate: lobes erose or erose-ciliate, mucronate. Filaments distinct or nearly so, alternating with manifest stami- nodia. Anthers linear. — Sum. — Loosestrife. Bracts with ovate blades : leaf-blades rounded or cordate at the base. 1. S. ciliatum. Bracts with linear, oblong or narrowly lanceolate blades : leaf-blades narrowed at the base. 2. 8. lanccolatum. 1. S. ciliatum (L.) Eaf. Stem 2-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oblong-ovate or broadly lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, like the petioles ciliate: calyx-lobes nar- rowly lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long: corolla-lobes ovate or obovate, erose-ciliate: capsules about 5 mm. thick. — Common, in damp thickets. 2. S, lanceolatum (Walt.) A. Gray. Stem 2-6 dm. tall: lower cauline leaves with oblong or lanceolate blades; upper cauline leaves much longer than the lower ones, the blades mainly linear, 3-10 cm. long, the petiole-like bases only or mainly ciliate near the stem: calyx-lobes 4-5 mm. long: corolla-lobes 5-8 mm. long: staminodia ovate: capsules 2.5-3 mm. thick, — S. Eare, in sandy soil, islands at McCall 's Ferry. — Schists. 4. ANAGALLIS [Tourn.] L. Annual or rarely perennial herbs of culti- vated or waste places. Leaves mostly opposite: blades thinnish. Corolla rotate, longer than the calyx; lobes dilated. Filaments pubescent: anthers oblong. 1. A. arvensis L. Stem and branches 5-30 cm. long: leaf -blades ovate, or oval, 5-20 mm. long, entire, sessile: calyx-lobes lanceolate, about 2 mm. long: corolla scarlet or rarely white (blue in A. arvensis coerulea), 5-7 mm. wide; lobes glandular-ciliate : capsules about 4 mm. in diameter, on recurved pedicels. — Common, in sandy soil and in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Pooe-man's weather-glass. Shepherd's weather-glass. Pimpernel. 5. DODECATHEON L. Perennial scapose herbs of cliffs or bluffs. Leaves on a short caudex: blades entire to coarsely toothed. Flowers showy, in a terminal umbel, nodding. Calyx-lobes reflexed in anthesis. Corolla with a very short tube and reflexed longer lobes. Stamens erect. 1. D. Meadia L. Leaf -blades spatulate to oblong, 5-20 cm. long, entire to coarsely crenate: scapes overtopping the leaves: calyx-lobes linear to linear- lanceolate, much longer than the tube: corolla pink-purple or almost white; petals 1-1.5 cm. long: capsules oblong-cylindric, 1.2-1.5 cm. long, much longer than the calyx. — M. S. Occasional, on rocky hillsides along the Conestoga Creek and the Susquehanna. — Limestones, schists. — Spr. — Meadia. Shoot- ing-star. American-cowslip. 6. SAMOLUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial caulescent herbs of wet places. Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers in simple or branched. OLEACEAE. 223 sessile or nearly sessile, racemes. Calyx perigynous: sepals 5. Corolla perig- ynous : lobes 5, imbricate, with staminodia at the sinuses. Stamens 5 : fila- ments very short, adnate to the base of the very short corolla-tube. Ovary and capsule half-inferior. 1. S. floribundus H.B.K. Plant glabrous, 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate to oval or obovate, 3-15 cm. long: sepals ovate or triangular-ovate, barely 1 mm. long, acute: corolla white, 3 mm. wide; lobes oblong: capsules 2.5-3 mm. in diameter. — M. Rare, in wet soil, along the Conestoga Creek. — Limestones. — Sum. — • Water-pimpernel. Brookweed. Order EBENALES. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, opiDosite, or wborled : blades simple. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious. Calyx of 3-12 par- tially united sepals. Corolla of 3-12 partially united petals. Androecium of as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes or twice as many, or more, sometimes accompanied by staminodia. Gynoecium of 3-several united carpels. Fruit capsular or baccate. Family 1. EBENACEAE. Eboky Family. Shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly alternate : blades entire. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx of 3-7 partially united sepals, persistent, accrescent. Corolla of 3-7 partially united petals, often urceolate. Androe- cium of 3 or 4 times as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes. Gynoe- cium of 3-several united car^oels. Fruit a beriy, or sometimes capsular. 1. DIOSPYKOS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves scattered: blades entire. Calyx 3-7-lobed. Stamens with pubescent filaments and anthers opening lengthwise. Berry spheroidal or elongate. 1. D. virginiana L. Shrub, or tree becoming 35 m. tall, the bark very rough: leaf -blades ovate, oval, or elliptic, 8-20 em. long, acute or acuminate : corolla 8-13 mm. long ; lobes renif orm : berries 3-4 em. in diameter, astringent when green, yellow or reddish and sweet when ripe. — Common, in fields, thickets and open woods. — Sum. — Persimmon. Order OLEALES. Shrubs, trees, undershrubs, or herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite, or rarely alternate or whorled : blades simple or pinnately compound. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious. Calyx of 4 or more partially united sepals, or wanting. Corolla of 2-6 distinct or partially united petals, or wanting. Androecium of 2-4 stamens partially adnate to the corolla wdien it is present. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels, the ovary superior. Fruit a capsule, a samara, or a beriy, usually 1-celled by suppression. Family 1. OLEACEAE. Olive Family. Woody or partially woody plants with erect or climbing stems. Leaves predominatingly opposite: blades simple and entire or toothed, or pin- nately compound. 224 OLEACEAE. Fruit a samara : leaf-blades pinnately compound. 1. Fraxinds. Fruit fleshy, a drupe or a berry : leaf-blades simple. Corolla of nearly distinct petals : flowers in drooping panicles. 2. Chionanthus. Corolla of united petals : flowers in erect panicles. 3. Ligusteum. 1. FEAXINUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite: blades unequally pinnate. Flowers polygamous, dioecious, or rarely perfect, in clus- ters or panicles. Calyx unequally 4-lobed, or obsolete. Corolla of 2-4 petals, or wanting. Stamens 2 or rarely 3 or 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Samara winged at the tip or all around. — Spr. — AsH. Samara-wing extending along the sides of the slender body. 1. F. pennsylvanica. Samara-wing terminal on the stout body. Samara-body long, several times as long as thick, tapering to the base ; wing with decidedly curved sides : leaves glabrous. 2. F. amcricana. Samara-body short, about twice as long as thick, abruptly narrowed at the base ; wing with parallel or almost parallel sides : leaves pubescent. 3. F. hiltniorcana. 1. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. Tree becoming 26 m. tall, the twigs pubescent or glabrous: leaflets .5-7; blades of the lateral ones lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or elliptic, .5-15 cm. long, undulate or irregularly serrulate: samaras 2-6 cm. long, the wing linear or nearly so. — Common, in low grounds. — Eed-ash. 2. F, americana L. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the twigs glabrous: leaflets 5-9 ; blades of the lateral ones lanceolate, oblong, or elliptic, 5-15 cm. long, relatively thin, entire or shallowly toothed: samaras 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the wing linear-spatulate or oblong-spatulate, terminal or nearly so on the oblong- cylindric body. — Common, in low rich woods and on hillsides. — White-ash. 3. F. biltmoreana Beadle. Tree becoming 18 m. tall, the twigs densely soft- pubescent: leaflets 7-9; blades of the lateral ones ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 7-14 cm. long, relatively thick, entire or obscurely toothed: samaras 3.5-5 cm. long, the wing linear or nearly so, terminal or nearly so on the stout elliptic body. — S. Occasional, especially at McCall 's Ferry. — Schists. 2. CHIONANTHUS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite: blades simple. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in drooping festoon-like panicles. Calyx deeply 4-lobed. Corolla white: lobes narrow, many times longer than the tube. Sta- mens 2 : filaments adnate to the corolla-tube. Stigma notched or 2-lobed. Drupe oval to subglobose. 1. C. virginica L. Shrub, or tree rarely 10 m. tall: leaf-blades oval, oblong, or elliptic, varying to obovate, 5-15 cm. long: panicles 5-20 cm. long: calyx- lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute: petals linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: drupes 1.5-2 cm. long, deep-purple or nearly black. — S. Eather common, in damp woods. — Schists. — Spr. — Fringe-tree. Old-man's beard. Flowering-ash. Sun- flower-tree. 3. LIGUSTRUM [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite: blades simple. Flowers perfect, in erect panicles. Calyx shallowly 4-lobed or nearly truncate. Corolla white or greenish, funnelform: lobes broad, about as long as the tube. Stigmas 2 : filaments adnate to the corolla-tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Drupe mostly subglobose. 1. L. VTilgare L. Shrub becoming 3 m. tall: leaves tardily deciduous; blades oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 1-6 cm. long, entire: calyx fully 1 mm. long : corolla 4-6 mm. long : drupes 6-8 mm. in diameter, black. — M. S. Common, on roadsides and in thickets. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Privet. Prim. GENTIANACEAE. 225 Order GENTIANALES. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes aquatic or humus plants or vines. Leaves mainly ojiposite : blades simple or 3-foliolate. Flowers mostly perfect, solitary or in cymes. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals, or more or fewer. Corolla of 5 partially united petals, or moi'e or fewer. Androe- cium of as many stamens as there are eorolla-lobes : filaments often par- tialh' adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium of 2 more or less united earjiels. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Leaves opposite : corolla-lobes convolute or imbricate in the bud. Fam. 1. Gentianiaceae. Leaves alternate : corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate. Fam. 2. Menyakthaceae. Family 1. GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family. Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, or rarely shrubs. Leaves typically opposite : blades entire, sometimes connate. Flowers perfect, solitary or variously clustered. Calyx of 2, 4 or 5, or more, partly united sepals, persistent. Corolla of 4 or 5, or more, partly united petals, vary- ing from rotate to tubi;lar. Androecium of as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes, the filaments partly adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium of 2 united cai-pels. Fruit a capsule. Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud : leaves vpith dilated blades present. Style filiform, mostly deciduous : anthers recurving or twisting at maturity. Stigmas roundish, much shorter than the style. 1. Centaurium. Stigmas linear or nearly so, about as long as the style. 2. Sabbatia. Style stout, short or wanting : anthers straight at maturity. Corolla without plaits in the sinuses of the lobes : calyx without an Interior membrane. 3. Anthopogox. Corolla with plaits in the sinuses of the lobes : calyx with an interior membrane. 4. Dasystephana. Corolla-lobes imbricate in the bud : leaves, or those of stem, reduced to scales. Calyx-lobes 2, broadened upward : petals well united. 5. Obolaria. Calyx-lobes 4, narrowed upward : petals slightly united. 6. Baetonia. 1. CENTAURIUM Hill. Annual, biennial, or sometimes perennial, rela- tively small herbs. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5, keeled. Corolla white, or commonly deep-pink or rose-purple, salverform: lobes 4 or 5, shorter than the tube, often strongly involute and thus acuminate. 1. C. pulchellum (Sw.) Druce. Stem 3-25 cm. tall: blades of the upper leaves oblong to ovate, 5-20 mm. long, obtuse: calyx 6-8 mm. long: corolla 9-10 mm. long; lobes oblong-ovate, 5-6.5 nmi. long, obtuse: capsule 7.5-8 mm. long. — Common, on roadsides and in waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Centaury. 2. SABBATIA Adans. Annual or biennial, relatively slender herbs. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx-lobes 4-12, narrow. Corolla white, or of pale tints, often with a distinct eye, rotate: lobes entire, longer than the tube. 1. S. angularis (L.) Pursh. Stem 3-8 dm. tall: blades of the upper leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1..5-3 cm. long: flowers fragrant: calyx 7-8 mm. long; lobes much longer than the tube: corolla typically deep-pink; lobes 10-18 mm. long: capsules 4.5-5,5 mm. long. — N. E. Eather common, on serpentine especially. — Sum. — Eose-pixk. Bitter-bloom. 3. ANTHOPOGON Neck. Annual, biennial, or rarely perennial herbs. Flowers solitary at the ends of the stem and its branches, the whorls mostly Lancaster County Flora 15. 226 GENTIANACEAE. of 4 parts each. Calyx relatively large: lobes keeled, unequal, the inner ones broader than the outer and hyaline or scarious-margined. Corolla salverform- funnelform: lobes shorter than the tube, without plaits in the sinuses. Stigmas very broad. 1. A. crinitum (Froel.) Eaf. Stem 2-5 dm. tall, mostly branched: leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, mainly 2-5 cm. long, partly clasping: calyx 25-30 mm. long: corolla sky-blue, 4-5 cm. long; lobes fimbriate: capsule about 3 cm. long. — M. S. Eare, in swamps and moist thickets. — Limestones, schists. — Fall. — Fringed-gentian. 4. DASYSTEPHANA Adans. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Flowers in a comjjact terminal cyme and axillary cymes or solitary, the whorls mainly of 5 parts each. Calyx persistent: lobes minute or foliaceous, essentially equal. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or clavate, with neither glands at the base of the tube nor filaments at the base of the lobes: lobes much shorter than the tube, with plaits at the sinuses. Stigmas narrow. Cap- sule stipitate. — Fall. — Gentian. Calyx-lobes spatulate to linear-lanceolate : corolla-lobes about as long as the plaits. Calyx-lobes ciliolate-scabrous : corolla rose-purple to blue. 1. D. Saponaria. Calyx-lobes smooth and glabrous : corolla greenish-white or purplish-greeu. 2. D. villosa. Calyx-lobes elliptic, oval or ovate : corolla-lobes minute or obsolete. 3. B. Andrewsii. 1. D. Saponaria (L.) Small. Stem 3-8 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades lanceo- late to oblong or elliptic, 2.5-7.5 cm. long: calyx 15-20 mm. long; lobes spatu- late to linear-spatulate, mainly shorter than the tube: corolla blue or purplish- blue, 3.5-4 cm. long; lobes mainly shorter than the plaits: capsule-body fully 1.5 cm. long. — S. Eather common, on moist shaded banks. — Schists. — SOAPWORT-GENTIAN. 2. D. villosa (L.) Small. Stem 1-6 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades spatulate to obovate, oblong, or oval, 2-8 cm. long: calyx 25-30 mm. long; lobes linear to linear-spatulate, longer than the tube: corolla greenish- white or purplish- green, 4.5-5 cm. long; lobes much longer than the plaits: capsule-body 2.5-3 cm. long. — S. Eather rare, in open woods. — Schists. — Sampson 's-snake- ROOT. 3. D. Andrewsli (Griseb.) Small. Stem 3-6 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mainly 4-9 cm. long: calyx 8-18 mm. long; lobes elliptic, oval, or ovate, shorter than the tube, unequal: corolla blue, or purplish, or rarely white, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; lobes minute or obsolete : plaits conspicuous : capsule-body 2-2.5 cm. long. — Common, in swamps and moist thickets. — Closed-gentian. 5. OBOLAE/IA L. Perennial small, but stout herbs. Leaves mere dilated scales. Flowers in spike-like cymes, each subtended by a dilated bract. Calyx-lobes 2, dilated upward. Corolla white, pinkish, or purplish, broadly funnelform: lobes 4, about as long as the tube. 1. O. virginica L. Plant purplish-green, 5-20 cm. tall: leaves (scales) 5-10 mm. long, the upper ones broadened upward, longer than the lower ones: calyx- lobes spatulate or oblong-spatulate : corolla 7-10 mm. long; lobes nearly as long as the tube, acute : capsules .5-6 mm. long. — S. Eare, in rich woods. — Schists. — Spr. — Pennywort. 6. BABTONIA Muhl. Annual or biennial, slender herbs. Leaves mere narrow scales. Flowers in racemose or panicled cymes, or solitary, each sub- APOCYNACEAE. 227 tended by a narrow bract. Calyx-lobes 4, keeled, narrowed upward. Corolla white or yellowish, rotate : lobes 4, longer than the tube. — Sum. and fall. Corolla-lobes oblong, more or less erose, abruptly pointed : branches and pedicels stiff. 1. B. virginica. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate : branches and pedicels lax. 2. B. lanccolata. 1. B. virginica (L.) B.S.P. Plant 1-4 dm. tall: leaves (scales) opposite, or alternate on small plants: calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate-subulate: corolla yellowish-white ; lobes mostly 2-2.5 mm. long : capsules 3-5 mm. long. — S. Rare, on grassy banks. — Schists, 2. B. lanceolata Small. Plants 2-6 dm. tall: leaves (scales) opposite or alter- nate: calyx-lobes similar to those of B. virginica: corolla greenish- white ; lobes mostly 2.5-3 mm. long : capsules 4-5 mm. long. — S. Eather rare, in swamps. — • Schists. Pamily 2. MENYANTHACEAE. Buckbean Family. Perennial aquatic or bog herbs. Leaves alternate : blades simple or 3-foliolate. Flowers perfect, solitary, or in clusters or racemes. Calyx of 5 partly united sepals. Corolla wliite or colored, rotate, or funnelform. Androeeium of 5 stamens, with the filaments partly adnate to the corolla- tube. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels. Style very short. Fruit a capsule, sometimes indehiscent. 1. MENYANTHES [Tourn.] L. Bog herbs with stout rootstocks. Leaves erect: blades 3-foliolate. Eaceme or panicle erect. Calyx persistent: lobes 5. Corolla funnelform, deciduous: lobes as long as the tube or longer, bearded within. Filaments slender. Anthers curved. Capsule erect, short, opening irregularly. 1. M. trifoliata L. Eootstock sheathed: leaflets 3-11 cm. long; blades oblong to obovate, sessile: scape 1-3 dm. tall: bracts fleshy: calyx-lobes ovate-lanceo- late to lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long: corolla white or reddish, 8-11 mm. long: capsules subglobose, 6-7.5 mm. in diameter, apiculate. — M. Eare and local, in Dillerville swamp and along the Conestoga Creek above Lancaster. — Lime- stones. — Spr. and sum. — Buckbean. Order ASCLEPIADALES. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, commonly with a milky juice. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades entire. Inflorescence eymose, sometimes umbellate. Calyx of usually 5 partially united sepals. Corolla of 5 partially united petals. Androeeium of mostly 5 distinct or motiadelphous stamens, par- tially adnate to the corolla in Asclepiadaceae and accompanied by a 5- lobed crown. Pollen granular or in waxy masses. Gynoecium of usi;ally 2 carpels sometimes united only at the apex. Stigma terminal. Fruit a pair of follicles, or drupaceous. Styles united : stamens distinct : pollen loosely granular. Fam. 1. Apocynaceae. Styles distinct : stamens monadelphous : pollen united into waxy masses. Fam. 2. Asclepiadaceae. Family 1. APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family. Perennial herbaceous or Avoody plants, with mostly diehotomous eymose inflorescence. Androeeium of mostly 5 stamens, with the anthers 228 ASCLEPIADACEAE. converging around the stigma or slightly adhering to it, not accompanied by a crown. Gynoecium of 2 carpels, the styles and stigmas, and sometimes the carpel-bodies, united : two carpels usually maturing. Anthers imfippendaged at the base, not connected with the stigma : corolla-lobes sinistrorsely convolute: flowers axillary to leaf like bracts. 1. Vinca. Anthers appendaged at the base, converging around the stigma and partially adherent to it : corolla-lobes dextrorsely convolute : flowers in terminal cymes. 2. Apocynum. 1. VINCA L. Trailing or creeping herbs. Leaves opposite. •Corolla- tube dilated at the mouth. 1. V. minor L. Stems 2-7 dm. long: leaf -blades ovate to oblong, 1.5-4 cm. long: calyx-lobes lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long: corolla blue; tube 9-10 mm. long; lobes undulate-truncate.- — Eather common, on banks near dwellings. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Periwinkle. Myrtle. 2. APOCYNUM [Tourn.] L. Upright herbs. Leaves opposite: blades relatively broad. Corolla campanulate to ureeolate, with entire appendages near the base, the lobes erect or recurved, narrow. — Sum. — Dogbane. Indian-hemp. Corolla pink, 5-9 mm. long : lobes revolute : stamens nearly as long as the coroUa- tul3e. 1. A. (indrosdcviifoHum. Corolla white or greenish, 2.5-4 mm. long : lobes erect or nearly so : stamens much shorter than the corolla- tube. Leaf-blades narrowed at the base, distinctly petioled. Corolla greenish, 3.5-4 mm. long ; follicles 12-20 cm. long. 2. A. canuahininn. Corolla white, 2.5-3 mm. long : follicles 6-9 cm. long. 3. A. album. Leaf-blades, at least those of the stem-leaves, with broad cordate-clasping bases, sessile. 4. A. siMricum. 1. A. androsaemifolium L. Plants 3-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oljlong, or oval, 4-11 cm. long: cymes rather long: calyx-lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long: corolla-lobes nearly as long as the tube: follicles 10-17 em. long. — Common, in thickets. 2. A. cannabinum L. Plants 8-18 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long: cymes rather dense: calyx-lobes lanceo- late, 2.5-3 mm. long: corolla-lobes about half as long as the tube: follicles 12- 20 cm. long. — Common, in thickets. 3. A. album Greene. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, with spreading often glaucous branches: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic, or ovate-oblong, 2.5-8 cm. long, acute at both ends, or rounded at the base, short-i^etioled : cymes rather lax: calyx- lobes lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, acuminate : corolla white or whitish, 3-4 mm. long ; lobes ovate, erect or nearly so : follicles 6-9 cm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Frequent, in rocky places. 4. A. siblricum Jacq. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, with ascending usually glaucous branches: leaf -blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, 3-9 cm. long, abruptly pointed, those of the cauline leaves subeordate or cordate at the base, sessile or nearly so: cymes rather dense: calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate or subulate. 2.5-3.5 mm. long, acuminate: corolla greenish- white, 3-4 mm. long; lobes ovate, erect or nearly so: follicles 11-14 cm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Rather common, in rocky places. Family 2. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family. Perennial herbaceous or woody plants, with usually umbel-like cymes. Androecium of usually 5 stamens, with the anthers more adherent to the ASCLEPIADACEAE. 229 stigma than in Apocynaeeae, the filament-appendages fonning a crown. Gynoeeinm of 2 carpels with the stigmas united : one carpel usually maturing. Erect or spreading herbs : polliniii pendulous : stigma neither saucer-shaped nor cup- shaped. Hoods of the crown without horns. 1. Acerates. Hoods of the crown each with a projecting horn. 2. Asclepias. Vines : pollinia horizontal : stigma saucer-shaped or cup-shaped. ."?. Vixcetoxicum. 1. ACERATES Ell. Erect or spreading herbs, with narrow or relatively iiairow loaf-lilades. Calyx-lobes .5. Corolla rotate: lobes reflexed. Hoods of the crown api)roxiniate to the anthers, the column very short or stout. 1. A. vlridiflora (Eaf.) Eaton. Plants 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval to oblong, 4-6 em. long: corolla-lobes .5-6 mm. long: hoods 3-4 mm. long: column very short: anther-wings about 4 mm. long: poUinium-bodies 2-.3 mm. long: seed-coma 2..5-.3 cm. long. — N. S. Common, in dry soil. — Sandstones and shales, schists, and especially common in serpentine. — Sum. — Green- MILKWEED. 2. ASCLEPIAS [Tourn.] L. Erect or spreading herbs, with narrow or broad leaf -blades. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla rotate: lobes reflexed. Hoods of the crown (corona) approximate to the anthers, or nearly so, not adnate to the anther-column, the horn mainly adnate only to the base of the hood. Anther- wings salient at the base. Pollinia longer than the caudicles. — Sum. — Milkweed. Silkweed. Corolla and hoods orange-yellow : leaves, or some of them, alternate. Stems decumbent or procumbent : leaves, at least the upper ones, opposite ; blades mainly oblong. 1. A. decutnhens. Stems erect or ascending: leaves mainly alternate ; blades lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceolate. 2. A. tuhcrosa. Corolla and hoods red, purple, green or white : leaves oppo- site or whorled. Leaf-blades broad. Follicles erect on deflexed pedicels. Leaf-blades sessile and sometimes clasping. Leaf-blades rounded or abruptly narrowed at the apex : hoods broad, truncate and blunt- mucronate, the horn exserted. 3. A. amplcxicaulis. Leaf-blades acuminate : hoods narrow, obtuse or acutish, the horn not exserted. 4. .4. rubra. Leaf-blades petioled. Corolla colored. Corolla dark-purple : hoods narrow, obtuse : petals less than twice as long as the crown. 5. .4. purpuresccns. Corolla paler : hoods broad, truncate or broadly rounded : petals over twice as long as the crown. Leaf-blades not acuminate at both ends : hoods rounded and slightly auricled, the horns scarcely exserted. 6. .4. sijrlaca. Leaf-blades decidedly acuminate at both ends : hoods truncate and prominently auricled, the horns long exserted. 7. .4. cxaltnta. Corolla white. 8. .4. variegata. Follicles erect on erect pedicels. Leaves all opposite : hoods slightly auricled. Leaf-blades typically lanceolate or oblong-lan- ceolate : plant glabrous or puberulent. 9. A. incarnata. Leaf-blades typically oblong : plant copiously pubescent. 10. .4. pulchra. Leaves, at least the main ones, whorled in 4's or 6"s : hoods prominently auricled. 11. .4. quadrifoUa. Leaf-blades narrow, linear or nearly so, usually elongate. 12. .4. vcrtlciUata. 1. A. decumbens L. Stems decumbent or procumbent, 3-6 dm. long, hirsute or hispid: leaf-blades mainly oblong above the more or less hastate ba?e, 3-19 cm. 230 ASCLEPIADACEAE. long: corolla -lobes 6-7 mm. long: horn arising above the hood-auricles: follicles mostly over 10 cm. long. — Occasional, in dry soil. 2. A. tuberosa L. Stems mostly erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. tall, hirsute: leaf- blades lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 3-9 cm. long: corolla-lobes 5-6 mm. long: horn arising opposite the hood-auricles: follicles mostly less than 10 cm. long. — N. S. Common, in fields and on roadsides. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — • Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root. 3. A. amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades horizontal, oblong or elliptic, 6-12 cm. long: corolla-lobes greenish or greenish- purple, 7-9.5 mm. long: hoods about 4 mm. long, exceeding the androecium, shallowly lobed; horn subulate, much exserted: anther-wings twice as long as wide : follicles 10-16 cm. long. — S. Not very common, on roadsides. — Schists. 4. A. rubra L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades ovate, ovate- lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long: corolla-lobes purple-red, or rarely purplish-green, 7-8 mm. long: hoods lanceolate, about 6 mm. long, narrowed to the apex; horn nearly as long as the hood: follicles 9-11 cm. long. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. 5. A. purpurascens L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, becoming glabrous: leaf -blades mainly oblong-ovate, 9-20 cm. long: corolla-lobes purple, 8-10 mm. long: hoods 4.5-5.5 mm. long, fully twice as long as the androecium, oblong-ovate at the entire apex ; horn much shorter than the hood : anther- wings nearly as wide as long : follicles 10-12 cm. long. — Common, on roadsides and in thickets. — Purple-milkweed. 6. A. syriaca L. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, becoming glabrous: leaf -blades hori- zontal, oblong or oblong-ovate, 9-15 cm. long: corolla-lobes greenish-purple, 6-8 mm. long: hoods 3-4 mm. long, about equalling the androecium, broadly rounded; horn subulate, about as long as the hood: anther-wings much longer than wide : follicles 7-9 cm. long. — Common, in fields and fence-rows. — Common-milkweed. 7. A. exaltata (L.) Muhl. Stems 9-15 dm. tall, sometimes pubescent in lines above: leaf-blades mainly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long: corolla- lobes flesh-colored or bluish, 7-8 mm. long: hoods 3.5-4 mm. long, about equal- ling the androecium, erose-truncate ; horn with a much exserted subulate in- curved tip: anther-wings much longer than wide: follicles 12-16 cm. long. — Not common, in thickets and on roadsides. — Poke-milkweed. 8. A. variegata L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, sometimes pubescent above: leaf- blades typically oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 6-14 cm. long: corolla-lobes white, 6-8 mm. long: hoods about 3 mm. long, rounded, much exceeding the androecium; horn very broad, with a horizontal tip: anther-wings nearly as wide as long: follicles 10-13 cm. long. — N. S. Common, in woods. — Quarts- ite, schists. 9. A. incamata L. Stems 6-11 dm. tall, glabrous or puberulent: leaf -blades mainly oblong-lanceolate, 4-17 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so: corolla-lobes pink or rarely white, 4-6 mm. long: hoods oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, somewhat exceeding the androecivmi ; horn slender, much longer than the hood : follicles 7—9 cm. long. — Common, in low meadows and SAvamps and on roadsides. — Swamp-milkweed. 10. A. pulchra Ehrh. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, closely pubescent: leaf -blades broadly lanceolate to oblong, 6-12 cm. long, pubescent: corolla-lobes rose- purple or rarely white, 5-6 mm. long: hoods oblong, about 2.5 mm. long, slightly exceeding the androecium; horn slender, much longer than the hood: follicles 5-7 cm. long. — N. S. Common, in low meadows and swamps. — Sandstones and shales, schists. ASCLEPIADACEAE. 231 11. A. quadrifolia Jacq. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, sometimes puberulent: leaf- bkules ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-10 em. long: corolla-lobes pink or nearly white, about 5 mm. long: hoods ovate-oblong, A-5 mm. long, about twice as long as the androecium; horn slender, much shorter than the hood: follicles 10-12 cm. long. — Common, in woods. 12. A. verticiUata L. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, commonly pubescent in lines: leaf- blades narrowly linear to linear-filiform, 2-6 cm. long: corolla-lobes greenish- white, 3-4 mm. long: hoods about 1 mm. long^ about equalling the androecium or shorter, with erect auricles within; horn slender, much exceeding the hood: column mostly less than 1 mm. long : follicles 7-10 cm. long. — Common, in dry soil and fields. 3. VINCETOXICUM Walt. Stout vines with broad leaf-blades. Calyx- lobes longer than the corolla-tube. Corolla rotate or campanulate: lobes often relatively long. Crown saucer-shaped or cup-like, sometimes lobed, single or double. Stigma flat or depressed. 1. V. oblicLUum (Jacq.) Britton. Leaf -blades broadly ovate to orbicular- ovate, 7-20 cm. long, the basal lobes mostly forming a closed sinus by the over- lapping edges: calyx-lobes about 3 mm. long: corolla reddish-purple; lobes 9-14 mm. long: crown with the longer lobes truncate or emarginate: follicles 7-8 cm. long: seeds about 7 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, in woods and thickets. — Sum. — Angle-pod. Order POLEMONIALES. Herbs, or sometimes shrubs or trees, the plants of some groups para- sitic. Leaves with dilated blades, or scale-like. Flowers mainly perfect. Calyx of partially united sepals. Corolla of partly united petals, regular or irregular. Androecium of as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes, or fewer, sometimes partly represented by staminodia, or partly obsolete. Gynoeeium of 2 distinct or several united carpels. Ovary superior. Fruit a capsule, a berry, or a drupe, or a group of nutlets, or utricle-like. Stamens 5. Fruit capsular or baccate : ovary not 4-lobed. Styles or stigmas distinct. Ovary 1-2-celled, or rarely 4-celled : stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled or 4-celled. Corolla unappendaged within : plants with well-developed leaves, at least if vines. Fam. 1. Convolvulaceae. Corolla appendaged within : parasitic twining plants with scale-like leaves. Fam. 2. Cuscutaceae. Ovary 1-celled. Fam. 3. Hydroleaceae. Ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3. Calyx-lobes imbricate : corolla mostly plaited in the bud. Fam. 1. Convolvulaceae. Calyx-lobes valvate : corolla merely con- volute in the bud. Fam. 4. Polemoniaceae. Styles or stigmas wholly united. Median axis of the gynoeeium in the same axis as the stem : seeds mostly pitted. Fam. 5. Solanaceae. Median axis of the gynoeeium not in the axis of the stem : seeds mostly tuberculate. Fam. 10. Rhixanthaceae. Fruit drupaceous, or of 2 or 4 nutlets. Fam. 6. Boraginaceae. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or 1 or 2. Carpels ripening into a group of 4 nutlets, an achene or a drupe. Style apical on the lobeless ovary. Ovary 2-celled. Fam. 7. Verbenaceae. Ovary 1-celled. Fam. 8. Phrymaceae. Style ansmg between the 4 lobes of the ovary. Fam. 9. Lamiaceae. Carpels ripening into a capsule. 232 CONYOLVULACEAE. Placentae of the ovary axial. Ovai'y 2-celled, or rarely 3-5-celled. Corolla-lobes imbricate : capsule not elas- tically dehiscent. Fam. 10. Rhinanthaceae. Corolla-lobes convolute : capsules elas- ticallv dehiscent. Fam. 11. Acanthaceae. Ovary l-cel'led. Fam. 12. Pinguiculaceae. Placentae of the ovary parietal. Herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants : leaves scale-like : foliage not green. Fam. 13. Orobanchaceae. Trees, shrubs or woody vines, or herbs, but not parasitic : leaves not scale-like : foli- age green. Ovary and capsule 2-celled : trees, shrubs or woody vines : seeds winged. Fam. 14. Bignoniaceae. Ovary and capsule l-celled : herbs : seeds wingless. Fam. 15. Maetyniaceae. Family 1. CONVOLVULACEAE. Morning-glory Family. Annual or perennial herbs or vines, or rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, without stipules: blades various. Flowers perfect, regular, sol- itary or eymose. Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals, equal or unequal, in one or two series. Corolla superior, convolute in aestivation, its limb often entire. Androecium of 5 stamens, partially adnate to the corolla- tube, alternate with the lobes. Gynoecium free, of two united carpels. Ovary 2-4-celled (rarely 5-celled or l-celled by the breaking down of the septa). Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity, often villous. Stigmas ovoid or subglobose. Stamens and style exserted : corolla salverform. 1. Qdamoclit. Stamens and style included : corolla funnelform. Calyx-lobes coriaceous or membranous, not elongate : ovary 2- or 4-celled. 2. IroMOEA. Calyx-lobes herbaceous, elongate, usually pilose : ovary 3-celled. 3. Phaebitis. Stigmas filiform or oblong-cylindrlc. 4. Cona'olvulus. 1. QUAMOCLIT [Tourn.] Moench. Annual (ours) or perennial vines, with twining, glabrous stems. Blades entire, lobed, or divided. Flowers in axillary cymes or solitary. Calyx-lobes equal or nearly so. Corolla scarlet, salverform : tube narrowly funnelform ; limb spreading, shorter than the tube. Ovary 2- or falsely 4-celled. Capsules usually 4-ceIled and 4-seeded. — Sum. and fall. Leaf-blades pinnately parted, the segments narrow : calyx-lobes obtuse or mucronate. 1. Q. QuaniocUt. Leaf-blades entire : calyx-lobes acuminate. 2. Q. coccinea. 1. Q. Quamoclit (L.) Brittou. Leaf -blades 2-10 cm. long; segments narrowly linear: pedicels elavate: calyx-lobes appressed to the corolla-tube: corolla-tube clavate, 2. .5-3 cm. long; lobes ovate or triangular. — M. Occasional, in waste places. Nat. of trop. Am. — Cypress-vine. 2. Q. coccinea (L.) Moench. Leaf-blades ovate, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate, angled or entire: peduncles usually stouter than the pedicels: calyxdobes oblong: corolla scarlet or orange, rarely white; tube 2-4 cm. long; limb cup- like, 1.5-2 cm. broad. — S. Eather rare, in fields. Nat. of trop. Am. 2. IPOMOEA L. Annual or perennial, climbing or trailing vines, or rarely upright plants. Leaf -blades entire, angled, or divided. Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles or in cymes. Calyx-lobes coriaceous or membranous, rarely fleshy. Corolla funnelform, the limb usually spreading. Capsules mostly septifragally 2- or 4-valved. Seeds often pubescent. — Sum. and fall. — MORNING-GLOBY. CONVOLVULACEAE. 233 Calyx-lobes obtuse: corolla-limb over 5 cm. wide. ]. /. pandurata. Calyx-lobes acute or acuminate : corolla-limb less than 5 cm. wide. 2. I. lacunosa. 1. I. pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Mey. Perennial by a huge root: stems gla- brous or glabrate, trailing or twining: leaf -blades ovate, often fiddle-shapecl, 3-10 em. long: peduncles 5-10 cm. long, 1-5-flowered: calyx-lobes oblong, 12-18 mm. long, obtuse, erect, imbricate and forming a tube: corolla 7-10 cm. broad; tube lavender within. — Common, in waste places and cultivated grounds. — Wild potato-vine. Man-of-the-earth. 2. I. lacunosa L. Annual : stems twuuing, sparingly hirsute or glabrate : leaf- blades ovate, entire or 3-lobed, 2-7 cm. long, deeply cordate: peduncles 1-3- flowered : calyx-lobes oblong or ovate, 10-12 mm. long, acute or acuminate: corolla 1.5-2 cm. long; limb often purple-margined. — Susquehanna valley. Frequent, on islands. — Schists. 3. PHARBITIS Choisy. Annual (ours), or perennial, climbing or trail- ing vines. Leaf -blades entire, lobed, or angled. Calyx-lobes equal or unequal, herbaceous, each with a pubescent base and a narrow tip. Corolla white, blue, or purple, funnelform. Ovary 3-5-celled. Seeds smooth. — Sum. and fall. — Morning-glory. Calyx-lobes 1-1.5 cm. long, the tips acute or acuminate. 1. P. purpurea. Calyx-lobes 2-3 cm. long, the tips elongate. 2. P. hederacea. 1. P. purpurea (L.) Voigt. Stems twining: leaf -blades ovate or orbicular- ovate, 6-18 cm. long, short-acuminate, cordate: calyx-lobes 10-15 mm. long: corolla 5-7 cm. long; limb purple or sometimes pink, blue, white, or varie- gated, 4-6 cm. broad. — Common, in waste places. Nat. of trop. Am. — Common morning-glory. 2. P. hederacea (L.) Choisy. Stems twining: leaf -blades 5-12 cm. long, deeply 3-lobed; lobes acuminate: peduncles usually shorter than the petioles: calyx-lobes 2-3 cm. long, the bases ovate or oval: corolla 3-4.5 cm. long, deep- blue, or the tube white ; limb about 3 cm. broad. — S. Occasional, in cultivated grounds. Nat. of trop. Am. 4. CONVOLVULUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or (ours) perennial, trailing or twining vines. Leaf-blades usually hastate or cordate at the base. Flowers solitary, or clustered on axillary peduncles. Calyx naked or subtended by bracts. Calyx-lobes equal or the outer longer. Corolla funnelform or campanu- late. Ovary 1- or 2-celled. Ovules 4. Capsule globose or nearly so. Seeds glabrous. — Sum. — Bindweed. Calyx enclosed by 2 large bracts which subtend it. Stems trailing or twining. Leaf-blades broadly hastate or triangular-hastate : corolla single. 1. C. americaniis. Leaf-blades narrowly hastate : corolla double. 2. 0. joponinis. Stems erect or ascending. 3. C. spithameus. Calyx without bracts. 4. G. arvcnsls. 1. 0. americanus (Sims) Greene. Stems twining, 1-3 m. long, glabrate. Leaf-blades broadly hastate or ovate-hastate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate or apiculate: peduncles as long as the leaves or longer: bracts 2-3 cm. long: corolla pink or rose-purple, 5-7 cm. broad. — Common, in thickets, fields, and fence-rows. — Hedge-bindaveed. 2. C. japonicus Thunb. Similar to C. americanus in habit, but usually smal- ler: leaf -blades narrowly hastate: corolla double, pink, mostly 4-5.5 cm. wide. — E. Occasional, in fields. Nat. of Japan. 234 CUSCUTACEAE. 3. C. spithameus L. Stems finely pubescent, 1-7 dm. long: leaf-blades oblong-ovate or fiddle-shaped, 4—10 cm. long^ rounded or subcordate at the base: peduncles usually from the lower axils: bracts 1.5-3 cm. long: corolla white or pink, 4-6 cm. long. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. 4. O. arvensis L. Stems branched at the base, the branches prostrate or low- twining: leaf -blades oblong, ovate-sagittate, or linear-hastate, 1-5 cm. long: peduncles shorter than the leaves: calyx-lobes oval or suborbicular, 3-3.5 mm. long: corolla white or pink, 1.5-2 cm. long. — M. Common, in fields and waste places, and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Field-bindweed. Family 2. CUSCUTACEAE. Dodder Family. Herbaceous i3arasitic vines, with pale foliage. Leaves mere alternate scales. Flowers perfect, eymose. Calyx of 4 or 5 distinct or partly united sepals. Corolla regular, of 4 or 5 partly united petals, usually bearing fringed scales below the sinuses. Androecium of 4 or 5 stamens, the filaments partly adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium of 2 partly united carpels, the styles distinct, or partly united: stigmas capitate. Capsule circumscissile or indehiscent. 1. CUSCUTA [Tourn.] L. Annual, slender, yellow or reddish vines twin- ing on herbs and shrubs and adhering to the bark by means of suckers. The plants arise from the ground, but later become wholly parasitic, the stems and branches often matted. — • Dodder. Love-vine. Scales within the corolla merely crenulate : stigmas slender : capsule circumscissile. 1. G. Epilinum. Scales within the corolla fringed : stigmas capitate : capsule utricle-like. Sepals partially united. Flowers sessile or essentially so : corolla persistent around the base of the fruit. Calyx-lobes obtuse : corolla-scales ovate, fringed. 2. C. arvensis. Calyx-lobes acutish : corolla-scales obsolete or of several processes. 3. C. Polygonoritm. Flowers markedly pedicelled : corolla surrounding or capping the fruit, or deciduous. Capsule depressed : corolla-scales shorter than the corolla-tube. 4. G. Gephalanthi. Capsule globose and umbonate : corolla-scales exceed- ing the corolla-tube. 5. G. Oronovii. Sepals distinct, accompanied by nearly similar bracts. 6. C. compacta. 1. C. Epilinum Weihe. Branches slender, lax: flowers in dense heads: corolla 2-2.5 mm. long; lobes acutish, about i the length of the tube: scales less than i the length of the corolla-tube, divided, the lobes crenulate near the top: capsules about 3 mm. long. — S. Found in a field of flax, New Texas. Nat. of Eu. Not recently collected. — Flax-doddeb. 2. C. arvensis Beyrich. Branches slender, loosely matted : corolla 2-2.5 mm. long; lobes acute or acuminate, as long as the tube: scales short-fringed all around: capsules barely 2 mm. long. — S. Eare, on herbs. 3. C. Polygonorum Engelm. Branches rather coarse, often loosely matted: corolla about 2 mm. long; lobes acute, longer than the tube: scales obsolete, usually of 1-3 processes on either side of the filament: capsules 2.5-3 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on herbs. 4. C. Cephalanthi Engelm. Branches rather coarse, seldom matted: corolla about 2 mm. long; lobes obtuse, about -J as long as the tube: scales fringed mainly near the tip : capsules 3.5-4.5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occa- sional, on shrubs and tall herbs. HYDEOLEACEAE. 235 5. 0. Gronovii Wilkl. Branches slender, sometimes matted: corolla about 3 mm. long; lobes obtuse, somewhat shorter than the tube: scales sparingly fringed at the top, more sparingly so on the sides: capsules about 3 mm. long. — Common, on bushes and herbs. 6. C. compacta Juss. Branches stoutish, often widely matted: corolla about 4 mm. long; lobes obtuse, much shorter than the tube: scales fringed mainly near the top : capsules 3-3.5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. — Common, on shrubs. Family 3. HYDEOLEACEAE. Water-leaf Family. Annual or perennial herbs, or shi'ubby plants. Leaves alternate or op- posite: blades toothed, lobed, or dissected, or rarely entire. Flowers purple, in seorpioid racemes, or in cymes. Calyx of 5 partly united sepals. Corolla regular, of 5 partly united petals, the tube often appendaged within. Androecium of 5 stamens, the filaments partly adnate to the corolla. Gynoecium 2-carpellary. Fruit a capsule. CoroHa-lobes convolute In the bud : ovary-placentae dilated. Calyx not much enlarged at maturity : stamens exserted. 1. IIVDnoPHi'LLUiI. Calyx much enlarged at maturity : stamens included. 2. Nyctelea. Corolla-lobes imbricate in the bud : ovary-placentae narrow. 3. Phacelia. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades lobed, pinnatitid, or pinnately divided. Cymes long-peduncled. Calyx but little changed in fruit. Corolla white or colored. Filaments surpassing the corolla- lobes, bearded at the middle. Seeds reticulate. — Water-leaf. Calyx imappendaged : lobes linear : plants perennial. Leaf-blades pinnatitid or pinnately lobed. 1. H. virginicum. Leaf-blades palmately lobed. 2. II. canadense. Calyx with reflexed appendages at each sinus ; lobes lanceo- late : plants biennial. 3. H. appendiculatum. 1. H. virginicum L. Plants 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -segments coarsely toothed or incised: cymes open: calyx-lobes linear, about 5 mm. long, much longer than the tube: corolla white or purplish, 8.5-10 mm. long; lobes rounded at the apex. — Common, in rich woods. — Spr. and sum. 2. H. canadense L. Plants 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -lobes coarsely toothed or again lobed: cymes open: calyx-lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, much longer than the tube : corolla white, 9-10 mm. long, the lobes notched at the apex. — Sus- quehanna valley. Occasional, in rich soil, on the river shore and islands. — Schists. — Sum. 3. H. appendiculatum Michx. Plants 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -lobes coarsely toothed, acute or acuminate: cymes open: calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate or subulate- lanceolate, much longer than the tube: corolla 9-11 mm. long; lobes rounded at the apex. — M. Bare, in rich soil. — Limestones. — Sum. 2. NYCTELEA Scop. Annual herbs. Leaf-blades pinnately divided or 1-3-pinnatifid. Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx accrescent. Corolla white or bluish, commonly smaller than the calyx. Filaments included, often unequal, not dilated. Styles united. 1. N. Nyctelea (L.) Britton. Plants 0.5-3 dm. tall, ultimately diffusely branched: leaf -blades with spreading segments: pedicels 1-2 cm. long: calyx- lobes triangular-lanceolate, becoming 7-8 mm. long: corolla 4-6 mm. long: capsules 5-6 mm. in diameter, pubescent. — Susquehanna valley. — Occasional, in rich soil, on the river shore and islands. — Spr. 236 POLEMONIACEAE. 3. PHACELIA Juss. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades toothed or dissected. Flowers in scorpioid racemes or cymes. Calyx slightly accrescent. Corolla white or variously colored: lobes entire to fimbriate. Filaments not dilated at the base. Styles partly united. — Spr. Corolla-lobes entire : filaments longer than the corolla : capsules 2.5-3 mm. long. 1. P. duMa. Corolla-lobes fimbriate : filaments about as long as the corolla : cap- sules about 4 mm. long. 2. P. Purshii. 1. P. dubia (L.) Small. Plants 0.5—1: dm. tall, often diffuse, strigillose, as well as glandular: stem-leaves with 3-5 short broad lobes: calyx-lobes narrowly oblong or nearly so, 3-4 mm. long: corolla mainly pale-lilac, 5-6 mm. long; appendages obsolete: stamens longer than the corolla: ovary and style-base pubescent : capsules 2. .5-3 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Common, on rich hillsides and in thickets. — Schists. 2. P. Purshii Buckl. Plants 1-3 dm. tall, with rather stiff stems: stem-leaves with 5-9 lanceolate or oblong lobes: calyx-lobes linear to oblong-spatulate, 4-5 mm. long : corolla light-blue or rose-colored, 6-7 mm. long ; lobes short- fimbriate; appendages manifest: filaments about as long as the corolla: capsules about 4 mm. long. — ■ Susquehanna valley. Eare, near Safe Harbor. — Schists. Family 4. POLEMONIACEAE. Phlox Family. Annual or perennial herbs, or woody plants. Leaves opposite or alter- nate : blades various. Flowers perfect, in variously disposed cymes. Calyx of 5 partly united sepals. Corolla of 5 partly nnited petals, mostly rotate, funnelform, or salverform. Andi'oecium of 5 stamens, partly adnate to the corolla. Gynoecium 3-carpellary. Frnit a capsule mostly included in the calyx. Calyx not accrescent, the tube distended or ruptured by the capsule : stamens not declined. 1. Phlox. Calyx accrescent, the tube not distended by the capsule : sta- mens declined. 2. Polesionidm. 1. PHLOX L. Herbaceous or woody, erect, diffuse, or creeping plants. Leaves mainly opposite: blades entire. Corolla salverform. Filaments un- equally adnate to the corolla-tube. Calyx-lobes fully as long as the tube. Plants with prostrate sterile shoots : leaf-blades obtuse, acute, or acutish. 1. /'. diraricata. Plants without prostrate sterile shoots : leaf-blades acuminate. 2. P. pilosa. Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. Shrubby plants with prostrate stems and branches, in dense mats : leaves clustered ; blades very narrow. 3. P. siihnlata. Herbaceous plants with erect stems and branches, not matted : leaves not clustered ; blades broad. Calyx-lobes lanceolate or triangular-l.nnceolate. 4. P. maculata. Calyx-lobes subulate and awn-tipped. 5. P. paniculata. 1. P. divaricata L. Leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, entire, sessile, the upper ones sometimes cordate ; those of the shoots often longer, sometimes broadest above the middle, sessile: calyx 6-10 mm. long; lobes linear-subulate, curved at maturity: corolla lavender or bluish; tube 1-1.5 em. long; limb 2.5-3 cm. broad, the lobes apiculate or notched: cap- sules subglobose, 4-5 mm. long. — Common, in rich woods. — Spr. — Blue- phlox. 2. P. pilosa L. Leaf-blades linear to narrowly lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, attenuate, sessile: corymbs becoming lax: calyx about 1 cm. long; lobes subu- late-setaceous, as long as the tube or longer: corolla pink-purple or white; SOLANACEAE. 237 tube 1-1.5 cm. long, more or less pubescent; limb 2 cm. broad, the lobes obo- vate or cuneate, sometimes apiculate: capsules globose-oblong, about 5 mm. long. — S. Eare, in low thickets, near Pleasant Grove. — Schists. — Spr. 3. P. subulata L. Leaf-blades linear or linear-subulate, 1-1.5 cm. long, acute, sessile: calyx 8-9 mm. long, pubescent like the stem; lobes lanceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the tube: corolla purple, pink, or white; tube 1-1.5 cm. long; limb 1.6-2 cm. broad, the lobes cuneate, emarginate or slightly notched: cap- sules oblong-ovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long. — S. Abundant, on serpentine hills. — Spr. — Ground-pink. Moss-pink. 4. P. maculata L. Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, or linear, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate, becoming parchment-like in texture, sessile or nearly so: panicles cylindric, 1-4 dm. long, often glandular-pubescent: calyx mostly deep-green; lobes lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, about i as long as the tube: corolla pink-purple; tube 1.5-2 cm. long; limb 2-2.5 cm. broad; the lobes orbicular-obovate or broadly cuneate : capsules broadly oblong, 4 mm. long. — Connnon, in swamps. — Early sum. — Wild sweet-avilliam. 5. P. paniculata L. Leaf-blades elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or narrowly ob- long-elliptic, S-20 cm. long, acuminate, undulate, narrowed into margined petioles or nearly sessile: panicles corymbose-pyramidal: calyx glandular or sparingly pubescent; lobes subulate, shorter than the tube: corolla pink-purple or white; tube about 2 em. long, 1.5-2 mm. thick; limb 1-5-17 mm. broad, the lobes obovate or cuneate-obovate : capsules oval, 4-5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, in thickets. — Sum. 2. POLEMONIUM [Touru.] L. Herbaceous plants with rootstocks. Leaves alternate: blades pinnate. Corolla funnelform to almost rotate. Fila- ments equally adnate to the corolla, declined. — Greek-valerian. 1. P. reptans L. Plants 3-7 dm. tall: leaf-segments oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. long: calyx 5-6 mm. long and with ovate lobes during anthesis, becoming 10-13 mm. long, and with lanceolate lobes at maturity: corolla blue; lobes spatulate to obovate, about as long as the tube: capsules oval or ovoid-oval, 5-7 mm. long. — Common, in rich thickets. — Spr. Family 5. SOLANACEAE. Potato Family. Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate : blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Calyx of 5 (4-6), more or less united sepals. Corolla of 5 (4-6), more or less united petals. Androeeium of 5 (4— (3), stamens, the filaments partly adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium 2-carpellary or 3-5-carpel- larv. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Fruit a berry. Corolla plicate : lobes usually Induplicate. Berry enclosed in the accrescent calyx : anthers not connected. Sepals nearly distinct, auricled : ovary 3-.5-celled. 1. Physalodes. Sepals united to near their tips, not auricled : ovary 2-celled. 2. Physalis. Berry seated in the little changed calyx (except in Sola- num rostratum) : anthers converging or connate. Anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or short slits. 3. Solanum. Anther-sacs opening lengthwise and introrsely. 4. Lycopersicox. Corolla little, if at all, plicate ; lobes imbricate. 5. Lycium. Fruit a capsule. Capsule prickle-armed : calyx circumscissile at the base. R. Datura. Capsule unarmed : calyx not circumscissile. 7. Petdnia. 1. PHYSALODES Boehm. Annual herbs. Leaf-blades sinuate or lobed. Flowers axillary, nodding. Calyx acressent : lobes cordate or sagittate, con- verging, inflated. Corolla open-campanulate, slightly 5-lobed. Ovary 3-5- celled. 238 SOLANACEAE. 1. P. Physalodes (L.) Britton. Plants nearly glabrous, 3-9' dm. tall: leaf- blades ovate, oval, or oblong, 5-15 cm. long, angulate-lobed or sinuate: calyx 1.5 cm. long, becoming 3.5 cm. long; lobes broadly ovate: corolla blue or violet, about 2.5 cm. wide: berries 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. — Bather common, in cultivated and waste grounds and on roadsides. Nat. of Peru. — Sum. — Apple-of-Peru. 2. PHYSALIS L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire or sinuate. Flowers axillary, nodding, mostly solitary. Calyx bladder-like at maturity: lobes short and converging. Corolla mainly yellow or whitish, often dark in the center. Ovary 2-celled. — Sum. — Ground-cherry. Plants annual, with fibrous roots. Foliage manifestly pubescent even in age : berry yellow or green. 1. P. priiinosa. Foliage glabrous, at least in age : berry red or purple. 2. P. subglabrata. Plants perennial by rootstocks and roots. Leaves glabrous. 2. P. subglabrata. Leaves pubescent. Stem strigose with flat hairs : berry reddish. 3. P. virginiana. Stem clammy-pubescent with spreading hairs : berry yellow. 4. P. lieteropliylla. 1. P. pruinosa L. Sterns stout, generally erect or often ascending and obtusely angled, finely villous or viscid: leaf -blades firm, 3-10 cm. long, finely pubes- cent, ovate-cordate, generally very oblique at the base, and deeply sinuate- toothed, the teeth broad and often obtuse: peduncles 2-4 mm., at maturity about 1 cm. long: calyx villous or viscid; lobes as long as the tube, narrow, but without subulate tips : corolla 3-8 mm. in diameter : anthers yellow or tinged with purple: fruiting calyx firm, pubescent, reticulate, 2-3 cm. long, ovoid-cordate : berry yellow or green. — Bare, in rich soil. 2. P. subglabrata Mack. & Bush. Stems 0.5-1.5 m. tall, dichotomously branched, glabrous or sometimes slightly pubescent with sparse and short hairs on the upper parts: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often very oblique at the base and more or less acuminate, entire or reisand-denticulate, 6-10 cm. long: peduncles slender, often in pairs, 1-2 cm. long, generally longer than the flower: calyx glabrous, or minutely ciliolate; lobes ovate-lanceolate or tri- angular, sometimes broadly ovate and unequal, generally equalling the tube: corolla yellow or greenish-yellow with a purplish throat, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diam- eter: anthers tinged with purple: fruiting calyx at first somewhat 10-augled and sunken at the base, at maturity, often filled with or even burst by the large red or purple berry. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. 3. P. virginiana Mill. Kootstock fleshy: stems 0.5-1 m. tall, dichotomously branched, somewhat angular, pubescent with appressed hairs, sometimes some- what glandular, or in some forms nearly glabrous: leaf -blades ovate-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, 3-6 cm. long, generally sinuately dentate, often yellowish- green : calyx strigose-hirsute, or at least puberulent ; lobes triangular or broadly lanceolate, nearly equalling the tube in length : corolla sulphur-yellow with purplish spots, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter: fruiting calyx pyramidal-ovoid, 5-angled and sunken at the base : berry reddish. — Occasional, in rich, often dry soil. 4. P. heterophylla Nees. Eootstock slender: stems 0.5-1 m. tall, erect, or later generally decumbent and spreading, viscid and glandular-villous with moderately long jointed flat hairs: leaf -blades generally over 5 cm. long, usually broadly cordate, often acute and very rarely with an acumination, thick, sinuately toothed, or sometimes subentire: calyx long-villous ; lobes tri- angular, generally shorter than the tube: corolla 1-1.5 cm. in diameter: berry yellow. — Occasional, in rich soil, especially in fields. SOLANACEAE. 239 3. SOLANUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs, or vines. Leaf- blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers variously clustered. Calyx sometimes accrescent. Corolla rotate, of various colors: lobes longer than the tube. Anthers narrow, converging or united, much longer than the filaments. — Sum. Climbing vine : berries red. 1. 8. Dulcamara. Upright or spreading herbs : berries not red. Plants glabrous or simply pubescent, not prickle-armed : corolla white. 2. S. nigrum. Plants stellate-pubescent, prickle-armed : corolla violet or yellow, or rarely white. Berry not enclosed in the calyx : anthers equal : perennial plants. 3. s. carolinense. Berry enclosed in the accrescent calyx : anthers imequal : annual plants. 4. 8. rostratum. 1. S. Dulcamara L. Partially woody climber: leaf -blades ovate, 3-10 cm. long, entire or with 1 or 2 basal lobes, thin: corolla white or blue, 8-10 mm. long; lobes lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate: berries oval, 9-15 mm. long. — Common, in thickets and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Bittersweet. 2. S. nigrum L. Herbaceous annual, 1-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 2-8 cm. long, undulate or deeply repand: calyx-lobes fully 1 mm. long : corolla white ; lobes lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate : berries subglobose, 4-8 mm. in diameter, black. — Common, in waste places and fields. — Commox- NIGHTSHADE. 3. S. carolinense L. Herbaceous perennial, 2-7 dm. tall, hirsute or rough- pubescent : leaf -blades oblong to ovate in outline, 5-12 cm. long, sinuate or pinnately sinuate-lobed, the lobes of a triangular type : calyx spinescent ; lobes lanceolate, often narrowly so, acuminate : corolla violet or rarely white, 25-30 mm. wide; lobes ovate: berries globular, 10-15 mm. in diameter, orange-yellow. — M. S. Common, in fields and on roadsides. — Horse-nettle. 4. S. rostratum Dunal. Herbaceous annual, hoary- or yellowish-pubescent, 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades mostly ovate or oval, 1-2-pinnatifid, 5-22 cm. long: calyx spinescent ; lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate : corolla yellow, about 25 mm. wide ; lobes ovate to lanceolate, shorter than the tube : berries enclosed. — • M. Occasional, on roadsides and along railroads. Nat. of the Plains. — Buffalo-bur. 4. LYCOPEESICON Mill. Annual or perennial heavy-scented herbs. Leaf-blades 1-2-pinnately divided. Flowers in cymes. Calyx not accrescent. Corolla rotate, yellow: lobes longer than the tube. 1. L. Lycopersicon (L.) Karst. Plants clammy-pubescent, 3-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, the divisions ovate to oblong, coarsely toothed or incised: calyx-lobes narrow, acute: corolla mainly 1.5-2 cm. wide: berries depressed, mainly 5-15 cm. wide, and red or yellow. — Occasional, in culti- vated grounds. Nat. of trop. Am. — Sum. — Tomato. Love-apple. 5. LYCIUM L. Shrubs or woody vines, commonly spiny. Leaf -blades thick, flat or sometimes terete, entire. Flowers axillary, sometimes clustered. Calyx markedly lobed. Corolla white or colored, funnelform, salverform, or nearly campanulate: lobes longer than the usually short tube, or shorter. Filaments adnate to the lower part of the corolla-tube, pubescent below: anthers shorter than the filaments. Stigma dilated. 1. L. halimifolium Mill. Plant irregularly branched, sometimes vine-like: leaves herbaceous, 1.5-5 cm. long; blades oblong, oval, ovate, lanceolate, or spatulate: calyx-lobes ovate to somewhat triangular, obtuse: corolla purplish or greenish; lobes 4-5 mm. long: berries oval or ovoid, orange or orange-red, 240 BORAGINACEAE. 10-15 mm. long. — Common, near dwellings or gardens, or in fence-rows. Nat. of Eu. — Early sum. — Matrimony-vine. 6. DATURA L. Herbs (ours annual), or shrubs or trees. Leaf -blades undulate or lobed. Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx tubular, sometimes prismatic, more or less lobed. Corolla white or colored, funuelform. Filaments slightly unequal. 1. D. Stramonium L. Plant green or purple-tinged, 2-12 dm. tall: leaf- blades ovate to oblong, 10-20 cm. long, sinuate or laciniate-toothed: calyx 3-5 cm. long; lobes 5-7 mm. long: corolla white, violet, or lavender, 6-10 mm. long: capsules 4-6 cm. long, the prickles equal or the lower ones rather shorter than the upper. [D. Tatula L.] — Eather common, in waste places. Nat. of trop. — Sum. — Thorn-apple. Jimson-weed. Jamestown-weed. Stramonium. 7. PETUNIA Juss. Herbs. Leaf -blades entire. Flowers solitary in the axils. Sepals united to below the middle. Corolla white or colored, funnel- form or salverform. Filaments unequal, 4 of them didynamous. 1. P, axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P. Stem and branches rather stout, clammy- pubescent : leaf -blades oblong to ovate-oblong, 3-6 cm. long, those of the lower leaves petioled: calyx 1.5-2 cm. long; lobes mostly oblong: corolla white, almost salverform ; limb mostly 4-5 cm. wide. — M. Occasional, in waste places. Nat. of Brazil. — Sum. Family 6. BORAGINACEAE. Borage Family. Herbs or shrubby plants, the foliage usually bristly pubescent. Leaves alternate: blades mostly entire. Flowers typically perfect, the spikes or racemes often scorpioid. Calyx of 4 or 5 slightly united sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 partly united petals. Androecium of 4 or 5 stamens, the fila- ments partly adnate to the corolla. Gynoecium of 4 nearly distinct carpels, the style arising from between the lobes. Fruit of 4 or fewer nutlets. Corolla regular. Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. Nutlets spreading, covered with prickles. Nutlets erect or incurved, with prickles on the back or angles. Nutlets unarmed. Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacles : free por- tions of the filaments elongate. Nutlets attached to the receptacles by their bases : free portions of the filaments very short. Nutlets each with a small flat scar where attached : scales in the throat of the corolla broad. Corolla funnelform or salverform ; lobes obtuse, spreading, broad. Racemes without bracts : calyx-lobes about as long as the tube. Racemes with bracts : calyx-lobes much longer than the tube. Corolla slightly longer than the calyx : style as long as the ovary or longer. Corolla much longer than " the calyx : style much elongate. Corolla tubular ; lobes acute or acuminate, erect, narrow. Nutlets each with a large hollow scar where at- tached : scales in the throat of the corolla narrow. Corolla tubular. Corolla rotate. Corolla irregular. 1. Cynoglossum. 2. Lappula. 3. Meetexsia. 4. Myosotis. 5. LlTIIOSPEEMUM. 6. Batschia. 7. Onosmodium. 8. Symphytum. 9. Borago. 10. ECHIDM. BOEAGINACEAE. 241 1. CYNOGLOSSUM [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial pubes- cent herbs. Calyx manifestly accrescent. Corolla much longer than the calyx. Style relatively long. Fruit surpassing the calyx. — Sum. Stem copiously leafy to the top : corolla slightly longer than the calyx : nutlets flat. 1. C. officinale. Stem terminated by a long peduncle : corolla much longer than the calyx : nutlets convex. 2. C. vivfjinicum. 1. C. officinale L. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long: calyx-lobes becoming 6-S mm. long or more: corolla reddish-purple or rarely white, mostly S-10 mm. v\-ide; lobes reniform: nutlets smooth between the spines. — Common, in dry soil, on roadsides, and in thickets. Nat. of Eu. — Hound 's-tongue. 2. C. virginicum L. Stems 2-11 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval to oblong, 8-32 em. long: calyx-lobes becoming 3-4 mm. long: corolla white or purplish, 7-8 mm. wide; lobes ovate: nutlets coarsely wrinkled between the spines. — Eather common, in dry soil, on roadsides, and in thickets. — Wild-comfrey. 2. LAPPULA [Eivinius] Moeneh. Annual, biennial, or perennial, often hirsute or hispid, herbs. Calyx scarcely accrescent: lobes spreading at maturity. Corolla scarcely as long as, or a little longer than the calyx. Style relatively short. Fruit much longer than the calyx. 1. L. virginiana (L.) Greene. Plants 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones 10-20 cm. long: calyx-lobes becom- ing 2-2.0 mm. long: corolla-tube about 1.5 mm. long, the appendages reni- form : fruit about 4 mm. wide ; nutlets papillose and spiny. — Common, in thickets. — Sum. — Beggar 's-lice. Stick-weed. Bur-seed. 3. MEKTENSIA Eoth. Perennial glabrous (ours) herbs. Calyx scarcely, if at all, accrescent. Corolla showy, conspicuously longer than the calyx. Style and free portion of the filaments elongate. Fruit much longer than the calyx. 1. M. virginica (L.) DC. Stems often clustered, 2-6 dm. tall: leaves 5-20 cm. long; blades oblong-elliptic to oval: calyx 2-3 mm. long, becoming 5-6 mm. long; lobes oblong to lanceolate or ovate: corolla blue or rarely white, 2.5-3 cm. long, the cup-like limb 10-15 mm. wide, shallowly lobed: nutlets ovoid, 2.5 mm. long. — Frequent, in rich woods and low grounds. — Spr. — Lungwort. Virginia-cowslip. 4. MYOSOTIS [Eupp.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial, pubescent herbs. Calyx slightly accrescent. Corolla manifestly longer than the calyx. Style and free portions of the filaments short. Fruit surpassed by the calyx. — Spr. and sum. — Forget-me-not. Scorpion-grass. Calyx open at maturity, pubescent with straight hairs : perennial plants. 1. M. laxa. Calyx closed at maturity, pubescent with hooked hairs : annual or biennial plants. Pedicel longer than the mature calyx : style slender, about as long as the ovary : calyx regular. 2. M. arvcnsis. Pedicel shorter than the calyx : style stout, very short : calyx 2-lipped. 3. M. viroinica. 1. M. laxa Lehm. Stems 1-5 dm. long: leaf -blades spatulate to oblong-lance- olate: pedicels 5-10 mm. long: calyx-lobes triangular to triangular-lanceolate: corolla mainly pale-blue; lobes about 1 mm. long: nutlets about 1 mm. long. — Common, in spring-runs and muddy places. Lancaster County Flora 16. 242 BOEAGINACEAE. 2. M. arvensis (L.) Willd. Stems 1-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long: calyx becoming 3-4 mm. long; lobes equal or nearly so: corolla blue or sometimes white; lobes over i as long as the tube: nutlets about 1.5 mm. long. — S. Eare, in low grounds. — ScMsts.. 3. M. virginica (L.) B.S.P. Stems 1-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades similar to those of M. (U'vetisis, 1-3 cm. long: pedicels 1-3 mm. long: calyx becoming 6-7 mm. long; lobes slightly unequal: corolla white; lobes less than J as long as the tube: nutlets about 1.5 mm. long. — Common, on dry hills and in fields. 5. LITHOSPEE,]yrUM [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Calyx slightly enlarged at maturity. Corolla slightly longer than the calyx, white, greenish, or yellowish. Style as long as the ovary or somewhat longer. Fruit surpassed by the calyx. — Spr. and sum. — Gromwell. Annual or biennial plants : corolla white or whitish, slightly surpassing the calyx, not appendaged in the throat : nutlets dull. 1. L. arvense. Perennial plants : corolla pale yellow or yellow-white, surpass- ing the calyx, appendaged in the throat : nutlets shining. 2. L. latifolium. 1. L. arvense L. Stems and branches 1-8 dm. long: leaf -blades linear- oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, acutish: calyx-lobes narrowly linear to linear-subulate, 8-10' mm. long, revolute: corolla white or pinkish; lobes i-^ as long as the tube: nutlets about 3 mm. long, pitted and wrinkled. — Common, in fields and on dry hills. — Corn-gromwell. 2, L. latifolium Michx. Stem and branches 3-7 dm. tall: blades of the cauline leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 4—12 cm. long, acuminate: calyx-lobes narrowly linear, becoming 8-10 mm. long, flat : corolla yellow-white or pale- yellow; lobes over 5 as long as the tube: nutlets ovoidj 3—3.5 mm. long, smooth, — M. Eare, in fields and on roadsides. 6. BATSCHIA G. F. Gmel. Perennial herbs, with colored roots. Calyx nearly unchanged at maturity. Corolla much longer than the calyx (except in cleistogamous flowers), yellow. Style many times longer than the ovary. Fruit surpassed by the calyx, the nutlets mainly ovoid. 1. B. canescens Michx. Plants 1-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear to oblong or ovate-oblong, 9-21 mm. long: calyx-lobes linear or nearly so, becoming 3-5 mm. long: corolla orange-yellow; tube 9-11 mm. long: nutlets about 2.5 mm. long. — W. Frequent, in woods. Nat. of the West. — Sandstones and shales. — Sum. — PuccooN. 7. ONOSMODIUM Michx. Perennial herbs with hard roots. Sepals nearly distinct. Corolla much longer than the calyx, without appendages in the throat, the lobes relatively long. 1. O. virginianum (L.) DC. Stems strigose-hispid, 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 2.5-12 cm. long, obtuse or acutish: calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceolate, becoming 6-S mm. long: corolla yel- lowish, 8-10 mm. long; lobes subulate-lanceolate, somewhat shorter than the tube : nutlets about 3 mm. long. — Common, in thickets and open woods. — Sum. — False-gromavell. 8. SYMPHYTUM L. Perennial herbs with mucilaginous roots. Sepals manifestly united into a tube. Corolla much longer than the calyx, with long appendages in the throat, the lobes relatively short. 1. S. officinale L. Stems and branches 3-10 dm. tall, hirsute: leaf -blades ob- long, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, or sometimes ovate, 8-30 cm. long: calyx- VERBENACEAE. 243 lobes acuminate, each with an ovate to lanceolate body: corolla yellowish or purplish, 10-15 mm. long; lobes ovate, obtuse, the appendages lanceolate: nutlets 3-4 mm. long. — Occasional, on roadsides and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — CoMFREY. Healixg-hebb. 9. BORAGO L. Annual or perennial herbs. Corolla rotate, regular or nearly so, the throat appendaged. Free portions of the filaments short. 1. B. officinalis L. Plant 2-10 dm. tall, hirsute: leaf -blades oblong to oblong- ovate, 4-9 cm. long, shallowly toothed, on winged petioles: cymes few-many- flowered: calyx bristly; lobes linear-lanceolate, 10-13 mm. long: corolla blue or rarely white, 3-4 cm. wide; lobes ovate-lanceolate: nutlets 4-5 mm. long, tubercled. — M. Occasional, on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Borage. 10. ECHIUM [Tourn.] L. Biennial or perennial herbs. Corolla funnel- form, markedly irregular, the throat imappendaged. Free portion of the filaments elongate. 1. E. vulgare L. Plants 3-7 dm. tall, bristly-pubescent: leaf -blades linear- oblanceolate below, linear to linear-lanceolate above, 2-15 cm. long: calyx- lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, becoming 8-12 mm. long: corolla blue or purplish, or rarely white ; lobes 5-6 mm. long : style pubescent : nutlets about 3 mm. long, wrinkled. Common, in old fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Viper 's-BUGLOSS. Blue-devil. Blueweed. Family 7. VERBENACEAE. Vervain Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Stems commonly angled. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled : blades simjale or rarely compound. Calyx of 4 or 5 partially or wholly united sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 partially united petals, sometimes 2-lipped. Androecium of 2 or 4 stamens, the filaments more or less adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium 2-4-earpellary, the style ter- minal. Fruit baccate or drupaceous or an aggregate of 2 or 4 nutlets. Corolla nearly regular ; lobes 5 : fruit of 4 nutlets. 1. Verbena. Corolla 2-lipped ; lobes 4 : fruit of 2 nutlets. 2. Phyla. 1. VERBENA [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaf- blades entire, toothed or parted. Flowers in elongate, often very slender spikes, the bracts narrow. Calyx mainly tubular, 5-lobed. Corolla white or colored, salverf orm : lobes 5, unequal. Anthers unappendaged. Fruit an aggregate of 4, often narrow, nutlets filling the calyx. — Sum. — Verbena. Vervain. Bracts inconspicuous, shorter tlian tlie calyx or the corolla. Spikes slender, continuous by the imbricate fruits. Spikes sessile or nearly so : corolla-limb 8-9 mm. wide : plants densely soft- pubescent. 1- V. stricta. Spikes peduncled : corolla-limb 2.5-6 mm. wide : plants sparingly pubescent or glabrous. Leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate : nutlets smooth or nearly so. 2. V. hastata. Leaf-blades linear-spatulate to linear : nutlets reticu- late. 3. V. angustifoHa. Spikes very slender, becoming interrupted, the fruits, at least, not imbricate. Leaf-blades merely toothed : corolla white. 4. V. vrticaefolia. Leaf-blades pinnately 1-2-cIeft or incised : corolla purple or blue. 5. r. offJcinaUs. Bracts conspicuous, much longer than the calyx and corolla. 6. V. bracteosa. 1. V. stricta Vent. Perennial, 2-12 dm. tall, densely pale-pubescent: leaves 3-10 cm. long; blades suborbicular, oval, or oblong, serrate or incised: spikes 244 PHRYMACEAE. compact and stout: calyx becoming 5 mm. long: corolla deep-blue or purple; limb 8-9 mm. wide: nutlets oblong, 2.5 mm. long, or sometimes longer. — Frequent, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of tlie XVest. — Hoary-verbena. 2. V. hastata L. Perennial, 4-15 dm. tall, roughish-pubescent : leaves 4-14 cm. long: blades lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate and often incised or hastate at the base: spikes relatively slender and compact: calyx becoming 2.5 mm. long: corolla violet-blue; limb 2.5-3.5 mm. wide : nutlets linear, 1.5-2 mm. long. — Common, in moist fields and meadows. — Blue-verbena. 3. V. angustifolia Michx. Perennial, 1-5 dm. tall, puberulent or sparingly pubescent: leaves 2-12 cm. long; blades linear-spatulate to linear-oblong or linear, distantly or coarsely serrate: spikes slender: calyx becoming 4 mm. long: corolla blue or purple; limb 5-6 mm. wide: nutlets linear, 3 mm. long. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. 4. V. urticaefolia L. Annual or perennial, 4-15 dm. tall, pubescent; leaves 8-21 cm. long; blades broadly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, or sometimes ovate to oval, coarsely crenate-serrate : spikes loosely-fruited: calyx becoming 2.5 mm. long: corolla white; limb 3-4 mm. wide: nutlets oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long. • — Common, in moist fields and meadows. — White-verbena. 5. V. officinalis L. Annual, 2-6 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaves 2-6 cm. long; blades of the lower ones 1-2-pinnatifid and incised: spikes very slender: calyx 2 mm. long : corolla blue or purple ; tube mostly less than 3 mm. long ; lobes mainly rounded: nutlets broadly oblong, about 1.5 mm. long. — M. S. Not common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — - European-verbena. 6. V. bracteosa Michx. Annual, the prostrate or procumbent branches 1-5 dm. long, hirsute: leaves 1-6.5 cm. long; blades pinnatifid, 2-3 cm. long: spikes thick, sessile, continuous or mainly so: calyx becoming 3-4 mm. long: corolla purple or bluish; limb 2-2.5 mm. wide: nutlets linear, 2-2.5 mm. long. — S. Occasional, along railroad tracks. Nat. of the West. 2. PHYLA Lour. Perennial procumbent or creeping herbs. Leaf-blades toothed or lobed. Flowers in congested axillary spikes, the bracts cuneate to flabellate. Calyx short, flattened, 2-lobed. Corolla 2-lipped: tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. Fruit as broad as long. 1. P. lanceolata (Michx.) Greene. Branches creeping, 1-4 dm. long: leaf- blades elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long: spikes 9-15 mm. long; bracts erose-eiliolate: corolla about 3 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Fre- quent, on sandy islands and shores. — Schists. — Sum. — Frog 's-fruit. Family 8. PHRYMACEAE. Lopseed Family. Perennial herbs, with angled stems. Leaves opposite : blades toothed. Flowers in slender spikes or spike-like racemes. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals, 2-lipped, the upper lip very short. Corolla white and magenta-tinged, of 5 partially united petals, 2-lipped, the lower lip 3- lobed. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels, the style bent at the base. Fruit an achene included in the de- flexed accrescent calyx. 1. PHBYMA L. Caulescent herbs with spreading branches. Leaf -blades broad, coarsely toothed, petioled. Spikes or racemes elongate, the small flowers opposite. Achene in the bottom of the calyx. 1. P. Leptostachya L. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, sparingly branched above, re- flexed-pubescent : leaf -blades ovate to elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-15 LAMIACEAE, 245 cm. long: calyx 3-5 mm. long, accrescent; tube ribbed, little longer than the slender upper lobes during anthesis: corolla white and magenta-tinged, about 8 mm. long: achenes -±-5 mm. long. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Sum. — • LoPSEED. Family 9. LAMIACEAE. Mint Family. Herbs or woody plants, often aromatic. Stems 4-sided. Leaves op- posite or w'horled : blades simple, entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers per- fect, in open or compact cymes. Cah'x of 5 partly united sepals, regular or 2-lipped. Corolla of 5 partly united petals, 2-lipped or nearly regular. Androecium of 2 or 4 stamens, the pairs often unequal. Gynoecium 2- earjDellary. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit of 4 nutlets included in the calyx. Ovary of 2 united carpels, 4-Iobed : style not basal : nutlets laterally attached. Corolla very irregular ; limb nearly 1-lipped, the upper lip very short. 1. Teuceium. Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped, the lobes nearly equal. Calyx nearly regular : stamens only slightly exserted, nearly equal. 2. Isanthus. Calyx decidedly 2-lipped : stamens conspicuously ex- serted, didynamous. 3. Trichostema. Ovary of 4 distinct or nearly distinct carpellary lobes : style basal : nutlets basally attached. Calyx with a crest on the upper side or on the upper lip : lips 2, entire. Calyx without a crest on the upper side : lips not entire. Stamens included. Anther-sacs divergent. Anther-sacs contiguous and confluent. Stamens exserted. Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped ; lips different, the upper concave. Anther-bearing stamens 4. Upper pair of filaments longer than the lower. Anther-sacs parallel or nearly so. Anther-sacs diverging. Calyx l)arely 2-lipped, with 5 nearly equal lobes : erect herbs. Calyx 2-lipped. with unequal lobes : trailing herbs. Upper pair of filaments shorter than the lower. Calyx manifestly 2-lipped. Calyx merely with 3-10 lobes. Tube of the calyx faintly nerved, inflated at matiu'ity. Tube of the calyx prominently o-lO- nerved, not inflated at maturity. Nutlets 3-sided, truncate above. Calyx-lobes not spine-tipped. 12. Lamidji. Calyx-lobes spine-tipped. 13. Leonueus. Nutlets nearly terete, rounded above. Anther-bearing stamens 2. Connective of the anther elongate, bearing a perfect sac at one end and a rudimen- tary one at the other. Connective short : anther-sacs confluent. Corolla regular, or if 2-lipped, the upper lip flat or not concave. Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters ; these sometimes forming terminal spike-like ra- cemes or panicles. Corolla 2-lipped. Filaments curved, converging under the upper lip of the corolla. Anther-bearing stamens 2. 17. Hedeoma. Anther-bearing stamens 4. Corolla-tube strongly bent. 18. Melissa. 4. Scutellaria. SiDERITIS. Mabeubidm. Agastache. 8. Nepeta. 9. Glecoma. 10. Peunella. 11. Deacocepiialum. 14. Stachys. 15. Salvia. 16. MONAEDA. 19. 20. Satueeia. Clinopodium. 21. 23! 24. Origanum. Thymus. KOELLIA. CUNILA. 25. Lycopus. 26. Mentha. 27. COLLINSONIA. 28. Perilla. 246 LAMIACEAE. Corolla-tube straight. Calyx with 5 nearly equal lobes, not 2-lipped. Calyx 2-lipped. Filaments straight, often spreading. Anther-bearing stamens 4. Anther-sacs divergent. Calyx equally 5-lobed : erect herbs. Calyx 2-lipped : creeping herbs. Anther-sacs parallel. Anther-bearing stamens 2. Corolla regular with 4-5 lobes. Anther-bearing stamens 2 : foliage not aromatic. Anther-bearing stamens 4 : foliage aro- matic. Flowers in loose terminal panicles. Stamens 2 : lower lip of corolla fringed : native species. Stamens 4 : lower lip of corolla not fringed : naturalized species. 1. TEUCRIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial strict herbs. Leaf-blades toothed, riowers in raceme-like panicles. Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla mainly pink, very irregular: upper lip minute, split: lower lip 3-lobed, projecting beyond the upper one: tube relatively long. Stamens lying against the upper side of the corolla. 1, T. canadense L. Stem 2-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades relatively thin, ovate to oblong-ovate, 6-14 cm. long, pubescent beneath: calyx becoming 6-8 mm. long; lower lobes acuminate: corolla purplish or pink, 15-20 mm. long: nutlets about 2.5 mm. long, wrinkled. — Common, in fields and waste places, and on roadsides. — Sum. — WoOD-SAGE. Germander. 2. ISANTHTJS Michx. Annual herbs. Leaf-blades entire or sparingly toothed. Flovrers in axillary cymes. Calyx nearly regular. Corolla nearly regular, the lobes spreading. Stamens slightly ascending. 1. I. brachiatus (L.) B.S.P. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, viscid-pubescent: leaf- blades elliptic to linear-elliptic, 1-4 cm. long: calyx becoming 5-6 mm. long; lobes lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate : corolla blue ; lobes mainly ovate : nutlets 2-2.5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Frequent, on low islands and shores. — • Schists. — Sum. — • False-pennyroyal. 3. TE.ICHOSTEMA L. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaf-blades entire or repand. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx very irregular, 2-lipped. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip longer and narrower than the lower lip. Stamens lying against the lower corolla-lip. 1. T. dichotomum L. Plants 1-20 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-lanceo- late, 2-7 cm. long: calyx becoming 5-6 mm. long; lobes acuminate: corolla blue to white, about 5 mm. long: nutlets 1.5-2 mm. long. — Common, in dry fields. — ■ Sum. — Bastard-pennyroyal. Blue-curls. 4. SCUTELLARIA L. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaf -blades entire or toothed. Flowers axillary or in racemes. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip crested. Corolla blue, violet, pink, or white, with a long curved tube, 2-lipped, the upper lip arching. — Skullcap. Nutlets wingless : fruit very slightly elevated on the small gynobase. Corolla less than 1 cm. long : flowers in secund elongating lateral racemes. 1. 8. lateriflora. Corolla over 1 cm. long : flowers not in secund elongating racemes. LAMIACEAE. 247 Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Leaves with tootlied blades. Corolla over 2 cm. long, copiously pubescent : seeds about 1 mm. long. 2. 8. incana. Corolla less than 2 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so : seeds about 2 mm. long. 3. 8. pilosa. Leaves, at least those above the middle of the stem, with entire blades. 4. 8. intcgrifoUa. Flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts. Rootstock tuber-bearing : corolla less than 1.5 cm. long, thrice as long as the calyx or less, the upper lip much shorter than the lower. 5. 8. parvula. Rootstock not tuber-bearing : corolla over 1.5 cm. long, several times as long as the calyx, the upper lip about equalling the lower. G. 8. galenculata. Nutlets winged : fruit elevated on a slender gynobase. 7. 8. nervosa. 1. S. lateriflora L. Plants erect or reclining, 2-10 dm. long, glabrous, or puberulent above: leaf -blades thinnish, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, coarsely serrate: calyx becoming 3-4 mm. long: corolla 6-7 mm. long: nutlets about 1 mm. long. — Common, in moist soil. — Sum. — Mad-dog skullcap. 2. S. incana Muhl. Plants 5-12 dm. tall, finely pubescent: leaf -blades 4-12 cm. long, serrate or crenate-serrate : calyx becoming 6-7 mm. long: corolla 15-20 mm. long; lower lip 6-8 mm. wide: nutlets 1.5 mm, long. — N. S. Not very common, in thickets. — Sandatones and shales, schists. — Sum. 3. S. pilosa Michx. Plants 1-6 dm. tall, finely pubescent: leaf -blades ovate, oval, or deltoid-ovate, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, coarsely crenate : calyx becoming about 5 mm. long: corolla 12-13 mm. long; lower lip 5-7 mm. wide: nutlets 1 mm. long. — • Common, in woods and meadows. — Sum. 4. S. integrifolia L. Plants 2-6 dm. tall, softly pubescent: blades of the lower leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, coarsely crenate, those of the upper ones oblong to oblong-lanceolate or linear, entire: calyx becoming 6-7 mm. long: corolla 21-25 mm. long; lower lip shallowly notched: nutlets fully 1 mm. long. — Rather common, in pastures and thickets. — Early sum. 5. S. parvula Michx. Plants 0.5-3 dm. tall, glabrous or minutely pubescent: leaf-blades broadly ovate to lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, shallowly toothed or entire: calyx becoming 5-6 mm. long: corolla about 11 mm. long; lower lip 4-4.5 mm. wide : nutlets 1 mm. long. — M. S. Common, in dry soil. — Lime- stones, quartzite, serpentine. — Early sum. 6. S. galenculata L. Plants 2-9 dm. long, sometimes finely pubescent: leaf- blades oblong-lanceolate to oblong, 2-6 cm. long, shallowly serrate: calyx be- coming 6-7 mm. long: corolla 16-20 mm. long; lower lip about 5 mm, wide: nutlets 1.5-2 mm. long. — Not very common, in swamps. — Sum. 7. S. nervosa Pursh. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, minutely pubescent: leaf -blades suborbicular to oval, or lanceolate above, 2-4 cm. long, undulate or coarsely serrate: calyx becoming about 5 mm. long: corolla 9-12 mm. long, the lower lip about 5 mm. wide : nutlets 1-2 mm. long. — M. Rare, in woods. — Sand- stones and shales, limestones. — Early sum. 5. SIDERITIS [Tourn.] L. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite: blades entire or toothed. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx slightly 2-lipped: tube 5-10-ribbed: lobes spine-tipped, the middle one of the upper lip usually broader than the others. Corolla yellow, white, or pink, slightly longer than the calyx, 2-lipped: upper lip entire or lobed: lower lip longer, with a broad middle lobe. Nutlets obovoid. 1. S. romana L. Annual, softly pubescent, the stem and branches 0.5-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades obovate to oblong, 1-3 cm. long, crenate, sessile or nearly so: calyx 7-9 mm. long; lobes shorter than the tube, the middle one of the upper 248 LAMIACEAE. lip ovate, all subulate-tipped: corolla white or pinkish, slightly exceeding the calyx ; middle lobe of the lower lip renif orm : nutlets fully 1 mm. long. — S. Bare, in fields, Nat. of Eu. — Spr. 6. MABRUBIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial low or diffuse herbs. Leaf- blades toothed, often rugose. Flowers in dense axillary clusters. Calyx nearly regular, 10-lobed; lobes slender, spreading or recurved, sometimes unequal. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip ei-ect: lower lip spreading, the broad middle lobe much larger than the 2 lateral ones. Filaments scarcely longer than the anthers. 1. M. vulgare L. Plant 2-9 dm. tall, white-woolly: leaf -blades suborbicular, oval, or ovate, 1— ± cm. long, crenate, rugose: calyx 4-.5 mm. long; lobes hooked: corolla white, 5-6 mm. long; upper lip deeply notched: nutlets about 2 mm. long. — Eather common, in waste places and on roadsides, Nat. of Eu, — Sum. — HOARHOUND, 7. AGASTACHE Clayt. Perennial tall herbs. Leaf -blades many-toothed, not rugose. Flowers many in dense panicles. Calyx nearly regular, scarcely ribbed, 5-lobed: lobes erect, the upper ones sometimes broader than the lower. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower lip with 2 small lateral lobes and a large spreading middle lobe. Filaments elongate. — Sum. — Giant-hyssop, Calyx-lobes barely acute : corolla greenish-yellow : bracts acute or acutlsh. 1. A. ncpcioides. Calyx lobes acuminate : corolla purplish : bracts acuminate. 2. A. scrophulariaefoUa. 1. A. nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 m. tall: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long: calyx 5-6 mm. long; lobes ovate or oblong-ovate: corolla 7-9 mm. long, slightly exceeding the calyx: nutlets minutely pubescent. — Common, in thickets and woods. 2. A. scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze. Stems finely hirsute, 1-2 m. tall: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic above: calyx 6-7 mm, long; lobes lanceolate: corolla 6-8 mm. long, much exceeding the calyx: nutlets hispidulous. — N. M, Frequent, in woods and fence-rows. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. 8. NEPETA L. Annual or perennial, erect or diffuse herbs. Leaf- blades toothed or incised. Flowers in axillary clusters which are sometimes borne in racemes. Calyx slightly irregular, 15-ribbed, 5-lobed: lobes rela- tively long, the upper lobes slightly longer than the lower. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower lip spreading, the larger middle lobe toothed. Fila- ments relatively long. 1. N, Cataria L. Plants pale-green, 3-11 dm. tall, closely pubescent: leaf- blades ovate to triangular-ovate, 4-7 cm. long, crenate or serrate- crenate, mostly cordate: calyx 5-6 mm. long; lobes subulate or lanceolate-subulate: corolla pale, 6-7 mm. long: nutlets about 1 mm. long. ^ — Common, in waste places, and fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Cat-mint. Catnip. 9. GLECOMA L. Perennial creeping herbs. Leaf -blades toothed. Flow- ers in axillary clusters. Calyx slightly 2-lipped, 15-ribbed, 5-lobed: lobes unequal, relatively short. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower lip spread- ing, the large middle lobe notched. Filaments relatively short. 1. G, hederacea L. Plants dark-green, the branches 1-11 dm. long, hirsute: leaf -blades renif orm to suborbicular, 2^ cm. in diameter, coarsely crenate: calyx 5-7 mm. long; lobes subulate-tipped: corolla blue or white, 10-15 mm. LAMIACEAE. 249 long: nutlets about 1.5 mm. loug. — Commou, near dwellings, in tMckets and on hillsides. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Ground-ivy. Gill-over-the-ground. 10. PRUNELLA L. Perennial erect or diffuse herbs. Leaf -blades toothed or laciniate. Flowers mostly in compact panicles. Calyx 2-lipped: upper lip with 3 broad lobes: lower lip with 2 narrow lobes. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip arched: lower lip with the broad middle lobe generally toothed. Filaments relatively long, 2 of them forked at the apex. — Self-heal. Leaf-bkules entire or shallowly toothed: calyx over 10 mm. long; lobes of the lower lip subulate. 1. 1'. vulgaris. Leaf-blades, at least the upper ones, pinnatifld : calyx less than 10 mm. long ; lobes of the lower lip lanceolate. 2. P. laciniata. 1. P. vulgaris L. Stems 0..5-4 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate, oblong, or lanceo- late, 2-7.5 cm. long, undulate: bracts mostly reniform: calyx 6-8 mm. long; lobes of the upper lip mueronate : corolla purj^le or white, mainly 14-18 mm. long : nutlets about 2 mm. long. — Common, in fields, thickets and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Heal-all. 2. P. laciniata L. Plants similar to P. vulgaris in habit, but often hoary- pubescent: blades of the stem-leaves more or less pinnatifld: corolla white or pale. — M. S. Occasional, in flelds and lawns. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. 11. DE.ACOCEPHALUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial, erect or reclining herbs. Leaf-blades typically narrow, usually toothed, at least near the apex. Flowers in spike-like racemes. Calyx essentially regular: lobes 5, shorter than the tube. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip arched, entire: lower lip 3-lobed. Sta- mens 4: filaments elongate, one pair at least glabrous. [Physostegia Benth.] — Sum. — False-dragon-head. Leaf-blades entire or bluntly toothed: stem naked above: lateral lobes of the lower corolla-lip often entire. 1. D. denticulatum. Leaf-blades sharply toothed : stem leafy above : lateral lobes of the lower corolla-lip often toothed. 2. D. virginianum. 1. D. denticulatum Ait. Stems 3-9 dm. long: leaves few; blades spatu- late to oblong, 2-14 cm. long, thick, repand-crenate, mostly obtuse: calyx-lobes deltoid : corolla 20-25 mm. long : nutlets about 2 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on islands and shores. — Schists. 2. D. virginianum L. Stems 3-15 dm. long: leaves many; blades narrowly oblong to linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, thickish, saliently serrate or incit^^ed-serrate, mostly acuminate or acute: calj'x-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate: corolla 25-30 mm. long: nutlets about 3 mm. long. — Sus- quehanna valley. Frequent, on low islands and shores. — Schists. 12. LAMIUM L. Annual, biennial (ours), or perennial, diffuse herbs. Leaf-blades broad, toothed or incised. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx somewhat irregular: lobes 5, the upper ones usually the larger. Corolla blue or white, 2-lipped: upper lip entire or merely notched: lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe with a dilated blade, the lateral lobes with slender tips. Sta- mens 4 : filaments pubescent. — Dead-nettle. Leaf-blades sessile or partly clasping on the upper part of the stem : corolla abruptly bent at the throat ; lateral lobes of the lower lip rounded. 1. L. amplexicaule. Leaf-blades petioled on the upper part of the stem : corolla curved at the throat; lateral lobes of the lower lip lobed. 2. L. puruurcum. 1. L. amplexicaule L. Stems and branches decumbent, sparingly retrorse- pubescent: leaf-blades suborbicular to orbicular-reniform, 1-3.5 cm. wide, 250 LAMIACEAE. crenate-lobed : calyx becoming 5-6 mm. long: corolla purple, 13-17 mm. long; tube slender, the lower lip with mucronate lateral lobes and a cuneate middle lobe: nutlets slender, less than 1 mm. wide. Common, in cultivated and waste grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Spr.-fall. — Henbit. 2. L. purpureum L. Stem and branches finely i)ubescent, the branches often creeping: leaf -blades ovate, orbicular or reniform, 1-3 cm. long, crenate, cor- date at the base, mostly long-petioled : calyx becoming 9-11 mm. long; lobes lanceolate-subulate, about as long as the tube: corolla purple or purplish, 11- 15 mm. long; tube stout, straight, the lower lip with a reniform middle lobe: nutlets stout, fully 1 mm. wide. — M. Occasional, in shaded places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Dead-nettle. 13. LEONUE-US L. Annual, biennial, or perennial, erect herbs. Leaf- blades broad, toothed or parted. Flowers in dense axillary cymes. Calyx somewhat irregular: lobes firm, slender. Corolla 2-lipped, not curved: upper lip erect or nearly so: lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe much larger than the lateral ones. Stamens 4 : filaments pubescent. — Sum. — Motherwort. Calyx much shorter than the corolla : corolla purple, pubescent within : blades of the lower cauline leaves lobed. 1. L. Cardiaca. Calyx as long as the corolla : corolla pink, glabrous within : blades of the lower cauline leaves coarsely toothed. 2. L. Marruhiastrum. 1. L. Cardiaca L. Perennial, 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades orbicular to oblong, 2-10 cm. long, the lower ones palmately 3-5-lobed, with incised-serrate divi- sions, upper ones 3-lobed or entire: calyx-lobes exceeded by the corolla: corolla 9-10 mm. long: filaments villous. — Common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. 2. L. Marrubiastrum L. Biennial, 5-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to oblong- ovate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long: calyx-lobes equalling the corolla: corolla 7-8 mm. long: filaments puberulent. — S. Occasional, on shaded banks of the Octo- raro Creek. Nat. of Eu. 14. STACHYS [Tourn.] L. Annual or (ours) perennial, erect or spread- ing herbs. Leaf -blades entire or toothed. Flowers in continuous or interrupted panicles. Calyx nearly regular: lobes 5, shorter than the tube. Corolla mainly purple, 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe somewhat larger than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing: anthers short. — Sum. — Hedge-nettle. Leaf-blades narrowed at the base. 1. 8. amhigua. Leaf-blades, all or some of them, cordate or truncate at the base. Foliage copiously pubescent : corolla-tube slightly longer than the calyx : calyx-lobes slender-subulate. 2. 8. palustris. Foliage glabrous or almost so : corolla-tube much longer than the calyx : calyx-lobes lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate. Inflorescence glabrous or nearly so : calyx-lobes glabrous or nearly so, ultimately lax : upper corolla-lip essentially glabrous and eciliate. 3. - .1^ 27. COLLINSONIA L. Perennial erect herbs. Leaf-blades toothed. Flowers in panicles. Calyx 2-lipped: upj^er lip with 3 short lobes: lower lip with 2 longer lobes. Corolla 2-lipped, elongate. Stamens 2, exserted. 1. C. canadensis L. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, from a thick hard root: leaf- blades thickish, oblong, elliptic, or oval, 9-16 cm. long, rather coarsely dentate- serrate: calyx becoming 5-7 mm. long: corolla about 1.5 cm. long, yellowish: nutlets obscurely reticulate, nearly 2 mm. in diameter. • — Common, in moist woods and thickets. — Sum. — Horse-balm. Stone-root. 28. PEEHiLA L. Annual erect herbs. Leaf -blades often coarsely toothed. Flowers in spike-like panicles. Calyx 2-lipped: uper lip with 3 broad lobes: lower lip with 2 longer lobes. Corolla slightly 2-lipped: upper lip broad: lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe the largest. Stamens 4, included. 1. P. frutescens (L.) Britton. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, minutely pubescent: leaf- blades ovate or oval, 4-10 em. long, serrate or crenate-serrate : calyx 2-2.5 mm., becoming 6 mm. long; lower lobes lanceolate: corolla 3-3.5 mm. long, white, with a ring of hairs within; lobes obtuse: nutlets prominently reticu- late, nearly 1.5 mm. in diameter. — Occasional, near dwellings and on road- sides. Nat. of As. — Sum. Family 10. RHINANTHACEAE. Figwort Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Stems commonly terete. Leaves opposite or whorled, or alternate : blades entire, toothed, or divided. Flowers perfect, axillary, or spieate or racemose. Calyx regular or rarely 2-lipped, of 4 or 5 more or less united sepals. Corolla mostly irregular, of 4 or 5 par- tially united petals. Androecium of 4, usually didynamous stamens, the fifth one often represented by a staminodium. Gynoeeium 2-carpellaiy. Ovary 2-eelIed. Fruit capsular or rarely baccate. Upper lip, or lobess, of the corolla external in the bud (except in Mimulus), or wanting. Leaves prevailingly alternate. 1. Veebascum. Leaves prevailing opposite. Corolla-tube with a spur or sac on the lower side near the base. EHINANTHACEAE. 257 Leaf-blades palmately veined and palmately lobed. 2. Cymbalahia. Leaf-blades pinnately veined and entii'e. 3. Linaria. Corolla-tube with neither spur nor sac. Filaments 5, 4 anther-bearing, 1 sterile (staminodium) and different from the others. Staminodium a scale, adnate to the upper side of the corolla-tube : corolla short, with 4 erect lobes. Staminodium elongate : corolla long. Filaments longer than the staminodium : seeds winged. Filaments shorter than the staminodium : seeds wingless. Filaments 2 or 4. Trees : flowers large, in large panicles : corolla decurved. Herbs : flowers small, not in panicles : corolla not decurved. Anther-bearing filaments 4, or rarely .*$. Anther-bearing filaments 2. Filaments short and stout, or almost wanting. Filaments elongate and slender. Lower lip, or lobes, of the corolla external in the bud. Sepals distinct or essentially so. Corolla rotate or campanulate : stamens not surpassing the corolla-lobes. Corolla tubular and somewhat salverform : stamens exserted. Sepals almost wholly, or only partially, united into a tube. Corolla various, but only slightly 2-lipped : stamens not ascending under the upper lip. Corolla fuunelform : capsule exserted. Anther-sacs awned at the base : corolla yellow. 13. Dasystoma. Anther-sacs awnless : corolla rose-purple, pink, or white. 14. Corolla salverform : capsule mostly in the calyx. 15. Corolla strongly 2-lipped : stamens ascending under the upper lip. Anther-sacs unlike, the Inner pendulous. 16. Castilleja. Anther-sacs alike, parallel. Ovules 1-2 in each cavity of the ovary : capsules 1-4-seeded. 17. Ovules several to many in each cavity : capsules many-seeded. IS. 4. SCROPH r LABIA. 5. Chelone. 6. Pextstemox. 7. PAtLOWNIA. 8. MiMULUS. 9. 10. Gratiola. Ilysanthes. 11. Veronica. 12. Leptandra. Agalinis. buchnera. Melampyrcm. Pedicularis. 1. VESBASCUM [Tourii.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaf- blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid, sometimes decurrent. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla slightly irregular: lobes longer than the tube, the lower lobes larger than the upper. Stamens 5, ex- serted. Style declined. Capsule oblong to subglobose. — Sum. and fall. — Mullen. Stem glabrous or mostly glandular above : racemes interrupted : or depressed. Stem densely pubescent : racemes continuous, at least above : capsule ovoid or oblong. Stem angled : leaf-blades crenate : capsules 4-6 mm. long. Stem winged : leaf-blades entire : capsules 7-10 mm. long. capsule subglobose 1. V. Blatturia. 2. r. Li/chnitis. 3. V. Thapsiis. 1. V. Blattaria L. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, sometimes glandular above: leaf- blades oblong to ovate, 2-12 cm. long, doubly serrate-crenate : pedicels glan- dular: calyx-lobes linear to linear-elliptic, 4.5-6.5 mm. long: corolla white or yellow, 3-4 cm. wide : capsule globose or depressed, 6-8 mm. in diameter. — Common, in old fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Moth-mullex. 2. V. Lychnitis L. Stems 8-20 dm. tall, tomentose with short hairs: leaf- blades narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate on the lower part of the stem, elliptic or lanceolate above, crenate: pedicels tomentulose: calj'x-lobes lanceo- late to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: corolla yellow; longer lobe 4-6 mm. long: capsules oblong or ovoid-oblong, 4-6 mm. long, much exceeding the calyx. — N. Eare, in thickets and on roadsides, Nat. of Eu. — White-mullen. Lancaster County Flora 17. 258 EHINANTHACEAE. 3. V. Thapsus L. Stems 3-18 dm. tall, woolly with long matted hairs: leaf- blades spatulate to elliptic-spatulate on the lower part of the stem, oblanceo- late to elliptic-obovate above, eutire: pedicels woolly: calyx-lobes triaagular- lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long: corolla yellow or rarely white; longer lobe 8-11 mm. long : capsules ovoid, 7-10 mm. long, slightly exceeding the calyx. — Com- mon, in old fields and thickets. Nat. of Eu. — Common-mullen. 2. CYMBALAE.IA Medic. Perennial creeping or diffuse herbs. Leaf- blades broad, mostly palmately lobed. Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils. Calyx-lobes slightly longer than the tube. Corolla 2-lipped, short-spurred, the throat nearly or wholly closed by a palate. Stamens 4: filaments glabrous. Capsule with 2 apical pores. Seeds sharply ridged-wrinkled. 1. C. Cymbalaria (L.) Wettst. Stem and branches trailing or creeping, gla- brous, succulent: leaf -blades suborbicular to reniforni, 0.5-3 cm. wide, the lobes broad: calyx 2-2.5 mm. long; lobes lanceolate: corolla blue or lilac, 8-10 mm. long ; spur 1.5-2 mm. long : pedicels becoming recurved : capsules sub- globose, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter. — S. Occasional, on damp stone walls. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Kenilworth-ivy. Coliseum-ivy. 3. LINAEIA [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial erect herbs. Leaf-blades narrow, entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube. Corolla 2-lipped, spurred, the throat partly closed by a palate. Stamens 4: filaments glabrous. Cap- sule with subapical pores. Seeds angled or wrinkled. — Sum. — Toad-flax. Corolla blue: plants annual or biennial: leaves few. 1. 7y. canadensis. Corolla yellow : plants perennial : leaves numerous. 2. L. Linaria. 1. L. canadensis (L.) Dumort. Stem 1-6 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades narrowly linear: calyx-lobes linear or linear-oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long : corolla 5-7 mm. long ; lateral lobes of the lower lip rounded ; spur mostly 4-5 mm. long : capsules about 2.5 mm. long. — S. Occasional, on dry banks. — Schists. — Blue toad-flax. 2, L. Linaria (L.) Karst. Stems 1-10 dm. tall, glaucous: leaf -blades linear or nearly so : calyx-lobes ovate, 3-4 mm. long : corolla 2.5-3 cm. long ; spur nearly as long as the lower lip: capsules 9-12 mm. long. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Snapdragon. Butter- and-eggs. Eamsted. 4. SCE-OPHULAHIA [Tourn.] L. Perennial stiff herbs. Leaf -blades toothed or incised. Flowers in panicled cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, relatively broad. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower lip glabrous, shorter than the upper one, the middle lobe recurved. Stamens 4: filaments short: anthers glabrous. Staminodium clavate. Capsule exceeding the calyx. — Sum. — FiGWORT. Corolla dull without : staminodium-fllament deep-purple. 1. 8. mari/Iandioa. Corolla lustrous without : staminoidium-filament greenish-yellow. 2. 8. leporella. 1. S. marylandica L. Stems 1-2 m. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, serrate or crenate-serrate: corolla 6-8 mm. long : filaments mainly filiform : capsules 4-6 mm. long. — Common,, in woods and on roadsides. 2. S. leporella Bicknell. Stems 0.5-1.5 m. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf- blades ovate, ovate-hastate, or lanceolate, 5-20 mm. long, incised-serrate or deeply-incised: corolla 8-10 mm. long: capsules 7-10 mm. long. — S. Kather common, in woods and on roadsides. — Schists. RHINANTHACEAE. 259 5. CHELONE [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades toothed. Flow- ers in congested racemes. Calyx-lobes 5, broad. Corolla 2-lipped, slightly open at the mouth: lower lip with 3 relatively small lobes. Stamens 4: fila- ments pubescent, nearly equally adnate to the corolla: anthers villous. Stami- nodium elongate. Capsules surpassing the calyx. — Turtle-head. 1. C. glabra L. Stems 3-18 dm. tall, mostly branched: leaf -blades broadly linear to oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, 6-17 cm. long, rather coarsely toothed, narrowed at the base: calyx 8-10 mm. long: corolla 25-30 mm. long: stami- nodium pubescent at the base : capsules 10-12 mm. long. — Common, in swamps and low grounds. — Fall. — Balmony. Snakehead. 6. PENTSTEMON [Mitchell] Soland. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or rarely dissected. Flowers borne in racemose or paniculate cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, longer than the tube, sometimes toothed. Corolla 2- lipped, the lips more or less spreading. Stamens 4 : filaments unequally adnate to the corolla. Staminodium elongate. Capsule surpassing the calyx. — Beard- tongue, Stem glabrous below the inflorescence. Corolla purplish : tube not gibbous above the point of enlargement. 1. P. Pentstemon. Corolla white or pinkish ; tube gibbous above the point of enlargement. 2. P. Digitalis. Stem pubescent or puberulent. Stem hirsute : cauline leaves with prominent salient teeth. 3. P. hirsutus. Stem puberulent : cauline leaves with appressed or obscure teeth. 4. P. palUdiis. 1. P. Pentstemon (L.) Britton. Stem 3-10 dm. tall: blades of the upper cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to broadly linear, 8-17 cm. long, undulate or slightly toothed: calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, erect: corolla purplish, 16-18 mm. long: capsules 5-6 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. — Sum. 2. P. Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Stems 3-10 dm. tall: blades of the upper cauline leaves oblong, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, entire or remotely toothed: calyx-lobes lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, spreading or recurved: corolla white or pinkish, 20-30 mm. long: capsules 7-9 mm. long. — S. Occa- sional, in fields and thickets, — Schists. — Sum. 3. P. hirsutus (L.) Willd. Stems 2-7 dm. tall: blades of the upper cauline leaves oblong to lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, more or less prominently toothed: calyx-lobes 5-6 mm. long, ovate to lanceolate: corolla iiurplish, 19-23 mm. long : capsules 7-9 mm. long. — Common, on dry banks. — Early sum. 4. P. pallidus Small. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: blades of the upper cauline leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, rather remotely shallow- toothed: calyx-lobes ovate, becoming triangular, about 3 mm. long: corolla white or purplish, 20-25 mm. long: capsules 5-6 mm. long. — S. Rare, on roadsides near Quarryville. — Schists. — Sum. 7. PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zuce. Trees resembling Catalpa. Leaf-blades ample, entire or 3-lobed. Flowers in large panieled cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, shorter than the tube. Corolla slightly 2-lipped, both lips spreading. Sta- mens 4: filaments about equally adnate to the corolla. Staminodium want- ing. Capsule woody, exceeding the calyx. 1. P. tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. Large tree: leaf -blades ovate to suborbicular, 1.5-4 dm. long, densely pubescent beneath, cordate, long-petioled: calyx 10-14 260 EHINANTHACEAE. mm. long: corolla violet, 4.5-5,5 cm. long, pubescent; lobes rounded: capsules ovoid, 3-4 cm. long, acute : seeds winged. — Occasional, in thickets and on roadsides. Nat. of As. — Early sum. — Karri. 8. MIMULUS L. Annual or perennial, erect herbs. Leaf-blades shal- lowly toothed. Flowers axillary. Calyx nearly regular : lobes much shorter than the tube. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip 2-lobed, erect or spreading: lower lip 3-lobed, sjjreading. Stamens 4: filaments about equally aduate to the corolla. Staminodium wanting. Capsule included in the calyx. — Sum. and fall. — MONKEY-FLOVFER. Calyx with minute lobes and broad truncate sinuses : leaf-blades petioled. 1. M. alatus. Calyx with lanceolate lobes i/i-^ as long as the tube and acute sinuses : leaf-blades sessile. 2. M. ritigens. 1. M. alatus Soland. Stems 2-10 dm. tall, square or 4- winged: leaf-blades elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long: pedicels 4-winged: calyx 12-15 mm. long, scarcely distended by the capsule: corolla 20-25 mm. long; middle lobe of the lower lip oval. — Common, in swamps. 2. M. ringens L. Stems 3-13 dm. tall, flattened: leaf-blades lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 5-20 cm. long: pedicels 2-winged: calyx 15-20 mm. long, manifestly distended by the capsule: corolla 25-30 mm. long; middle lobe of the lower lip orbicular or renif orm-orbicular. — Common, in swamps. 9. GRATIOLA L. Annual or perennial, rather succulent herbs. Leaf- blades entire or shallowly toothed. Flowers axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, often unequal, sometimes toothed, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 2. Stamiuodia mostly fccale-like. or vrauting. Capsule globular to broadly ovoid. 1, G. virginiana L. Stem viscid-puberulent, or pubescent above, 1-3 dm. tall: leaf-blades elliptic-spatulate to elliptic or oblong, 1.5-5 cm. long, undulate or shallowly toothed, often acute: calyx-lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, 4-4.5 mm. long: corolla 8-11 mm. long; tube yellowish; lips whitish, the lower one deeply notched : capsules acute. — Common, in mud or sand. — Sum. — Hedge- HYSSOr. 10. ILYSANTHES Eaf. Annual or biennial, diffuse herbs. Leaf -blades entire or shallowly toothed. Flowers axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, entire. Corolla 2-lipped, mainly blue: upper lip erect: lower lip spreading. Stamens 2. Staminodia elongate, glandular, except the small lobe near the apex. Cap- sules oblong to narrowly ovoid. — Sum. — False-pimpernel. Sepals as long as the capsule or longer : pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts. 1. /. attcnuata. Sepals shorter than the capsule : pedicels longer than the subtend- ing bracts. 2. I. dubia. 1. I, attenuata (Muhl.) Small. Stem 1-5 dm. tall, often much-branched: leaf-blades oblong to ovate, or oblanceolate to obovate below, 1-3 cm. long, shallowly serrate : calyx-lobes 4-5 mm. long, mostly ciliolate : corolla 8-10 mm. long: capsules 3.5-4.5 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on shores and low islands. — Schists. 2. I. dubia (L.) Barnhart. Stems 1-2 dm. tall, often much-branched: leaf- blades obovate to oblong, or ovate above, 0.6-2 cm. long, entire or nearly so : calyx-lobes 3-4 mm. long, mostly eciliate: corolla 5-7 mm. long: capsules 4-5 mm. long. — Common, in mud and low grassy places. EHINANTHACEAE. 261 11. VERONICA [Tourn.] L. Animal or perennial, diffuse or creeping herbs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers axillary or in racemes. Calyx-lobes 4, or rarely 5, nearly equal, much longer than the tube. Corolla rotate, the lower lobe usually narrower than the others. Stamens 2, borne on either side of the upper corolla-lobe : filaments divergent. Capsule flattened. — Speedwell. Flowers solitary and axillary, the subtending bracts leaf-like, and similar to the leaves. Pedicels as long as the subtending bracts or longer : annual plants. Cqrolla longer than the calyx : capsules nearly twice as wide as high. 1. V, Tourncfortii. Corolla not longer than the calyx : capsules barely broader than high. Leaf-blades of an ovate type, toothed : calyx- lobes elliptic to lanceolate. 2. T'. agrestis. Leaf-blades orbicular to reniform, lobed : calyx- lobes ovate. 3. V. hedcraefolia. Pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts. Annual : capsules notched or obcordate. Foliage pubescent : capsules obcordate. 4. V. arvcnsis. Foliage glabrous or glandular : capsules orbic- ular and slightly notched. 5. T. peregrina. Perennial : capsules merely refuse or truncate. 6. V. serpyllifoUa. Flowers in axillary racemes : bracts small. Foliage pubescent : species of dry soil. 7. V. offtcinaUs. Foliage glabrous or glandular : species of low grounds 01" brooks. Leaf-blades broad : capsule swollen, many-seeded. Stem-leaves with petioled blades : capsules mostly over 3 mm. long, 2-lobed. 8. V. americana. Stem-leaves with sessile blades : capsules mostly less than 3 mm. long, shallowly notched. 9. V. AnagalHs-aquatica. Leaf-blades narrow : capsule flat, few-seeded. 10. V. scutellata. 1. V. Tournefortii C. C. Gmel. Stems branched, 1-4 dm. long: leaf -blades ovate to orbicular-ovate or oval-ovate, 8-15 mm. long, serrate: pedicels longer than the bracts: calyx-lobes elliptic to lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long: corolla blue, 9-11 mm. wide: capsules nearly reuiform, 7-8 mm. wide, many-seeded. — Oc- casional, in cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. 2. V. agrestis L. Stems 0.5-3 dm. long: leaf -blades ovate to suborbicular or deltoid, 5-15 mm. long, crenate or serrate: pedicels becoming as long as the bracts: calyx-lobes elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 3-5 mm. long: corolla 5-7 mm. wide: capsules orbicular and sharply notched, 7-8^ mm. wide, 1-2-seeded. — Bare, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Field-speedwell. 3. V. hedcraefolia L. Stems branched at the base, the branches reclining or decumbent, often matted, sparingly pubescent: leaf -blades reniform or orbicular-reniform, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, 3-5-lobed, rounded or cordate at the base, rather long-petioled : pedicels as long as the leaves or slightly shorter : calyx- lobes ovate, 3-4.5 mm. long, acute: corolla 3-4 mm. wide, much shorter than the calyx: capsules depressed, swollen, slightly 2-lobed, 5-6 mm. broad, 2-4- seeded. — M. Common, in shaded banks along the Conestoga Creek. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Ivy-leaved speedwell. 4. V. arvensis L. Stems 0.5-3 dm. long: leaf -blades ovate to oval, 5-12 mm. long, crenate or incised : pedicels shorter than the bracts : calyx-lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 mm. long: corolla 1.5-2 mm. wide: capsules about 3 mm. wide. — Common, in waste places and cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Corn-speedwell. 5. V. peregrina L. Annual, 0.5-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblanceolate to oblong or linear, 1-3 cm. long, the lower ones, at least, toothed : calyx-lobes linear or slightly broadened upward: corolla 2-3 mm. wide: capsules 4 mm. wide, 262 EHINANTHACEAE. glabrous. — Common, in cultivated grounds. — Sum. — Purslane-speedwell. Neckayeed. 6. V. serpyllifolia L. Perennial, spreading, 0.5-2.5 dm. long: leaf -blades suborbicular, oval, or oblong, 5-15 mm. long, entire or crenate: calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-cuneate, nearly glabrous: corolla 2-3 mm. wide: capsules 3 mm. wide, pubescent. — Common, in waste places. — Early sum. — Thyme- leaved SPEEDWELL. 7. V. officinalis L. Perennial, creeping, 0.5-3 dm. long: leaf -blades oblong to oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 0.5-4 cm. long, serrate: calyx-lobes oblong, pubescent: corolla 5-8 mm. wide: capsules 3-3.5 mm. wide, truncate or retuse. — Common, in dry fields and open woods. — Sum. — Common-speedwell. 8. V. amerlcana Schwein. Perennial, glabrous, 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, serrate: calyx-lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long: corolla 4-5 mm. wide: capsules 3-3.5 mm. wide, 2-lobed. — Common, in streams and swamps. — Sum. — American- BROOKLIME. 9. V. Anagallis-aquatica L. Perennial, glandular-pubescent above, 2-9 dm, tall: leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong, 2-12 cm. long, finely serrate or nearly entire: calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long: corolla 4-5 mm. wide: capsules 2.5-3 mm. wide, minutely notched. — M. Occasional, in swamps and ditches. — Limestones. — Spr. and sum. — Water-speedwell. 10. V. scutellata L. Perennial, the stem often stoloniferous at the base, glabrous: leaf -blades linear to linear-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, acuminate, entire or shallowly toothed, sessile: peduncles shorter than the leaves: pedicels filiform: calyx-lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm, long, acute: corolla 6.5-9 mm. wide, surpassing the calyx: capsules reniform, notched at the apex, 4-4.5 mm. broad. — Susquehanna valley. Eare, in swamps near Collin 's Ferry. — Sum. — Marsh-speedwell. 12, LEPTANDRA Nutt. Perennial, erect herbs. Leaf-blades elongate, toothed. Flowers in erect spike-like racemes. Calyx-lobes 4, narrow. Corolla tubular and somewhat salverform: lobes broad, much shorter than the tube. Stamens 2, exserted: filaments erect, glabrous. Capsule narrow. 1. L, virginica (L.) Nutt. Stems 3-18 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, 4-13 cm. long, finely serrate: calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm. long: corolla white or pink, 5-6 mm. long; lobes ovate: capsules oblong or oval, 3-4 mm. long. — Common, in swamps and damp meadows. — Sum. — Culver 's-root. Culver 's-physic. 13. DASYSTOMA Eaf. Annual, biennial, or perennial, simple or spar- ingly branched herbs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Flowers axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, mostly about as long as the tube or longer. Corolla f unnelf orm : lobes shorter than the tube. Stamens 4, included : filaments pubescent. Capsule ovoid, oval, or elliptic. — False-foxglove. Annual or biennial : corolla pubescent or glandular witliout. 1. D. Pcdicularia. Perennial : corolla glabrous witbout. Stem pubescent : capsule narrow, pubescent, the body about half included in the calyx-tube. 2. D. flava. Stem glabrous, sometimes glaucous : capsule turgid, glabrous, with only the abruptly narrowed base in the calyx-tube. 3. D. virginica. 1. D. pedicularia (L.) Benth. Stem 3-12 dm. tall, puberulent, or sparingly glandular-pubescent above: leaf -blades 2-6 cm. long, pinnatifid, the segments coarsely toothed or incised: calyx-lobes coarsely toothed: corolla 2.5-3 cm. long: capsules 12-15 mm. long. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Late sum. EHINANTHACEAE. 263 2. D. flava (L.) Wood. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong, 4-14 em. long, repand or coarsely toothed, or rarely pinnatifid on the lower part of the stem : calyx-tube turbinate at maturity : corolla 3-4 cm. long : cap- sules ovoid-conic, about 15 mm. long. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Sum. — Downy false-foxglove. 3. D. virginica (L.) Britton. Stems 8-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate-lanceo- late to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 9-20 cm. long, 1-2-pinnatifid : calyx- tube 5-6 mm. wide in anthesis : corolla bright-yellow, 3-4 cm. long : capsules oval or oval-ovoid, 10-15 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in woods near McSpar- ran. — Schists. — Late sum. — Smooth false-foxglove. 14. AGALINIS Raf. Annual or perennial, mostly slender herbs. Leaf- blades narrow or scale-like, entire. Flowers axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, mostly shorter than the tube, often minute. Corolla funnelform, slightly 2-lipped: lobes shorter than the tube. Stamens 4, included: filaments pubescent. Style filiform. Capsule globular. [Gerardia L. in part.] Flowers short-pedicelled : corolla-tube over 1 cm. long. Corolla over 2 cm. long : larger anthers about 4 mm. long. 1. A. purpurea. Corolla less than 2 cm. long : larger anthers about 3 mm. long. 2. A. paupcrciila. Flowers flliform-pedicelled : corolla-tube less than 1 cm. long. Corolla rose-purple ; lobes rounded : bracts long. 3. A. tenuifolia. Corolla pink; lobes notched: bracts short. 4. A. decewloha. 1. A. purpurea (L.) Pennell. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, smooth or slightly scabrous: blades of the upper cauline leaves linear, mostly less than 3 mm. wide: calyx- tube 3-4 mm. long; lobes about i as long as the tube: corolla 2-2.5 cm. long: capsules 4—5 mm. long. — Common, on banks and in open woods. — Fall. 2. A. paupercula (A. Gray) Britton. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, smooth, sometimes with several stiff branches above: leaf -blades linear, scabrous: calyx-tube 3-4 mm. long; lobes about i as long as the tube: corolla 1-1.5 cm. long: capsules 5-7 mm. long. — M. Common, in the Dillerville swamp, Lancaster. — Lime- stones. — Sum. 3. A. tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf, Plants darkening in drying: stems 1-6 dm. tall, smooth: leaf -blades linear, smooth or nearly so: calyx-tube campanulate in anthesis, 2-3 mm. long: corolla about 1 cm. long: capsules about 4 mm. long. — N. S. Common, in fields and open woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Fall. 4. A. decemloba (Greene) Small. Plants not darkening in drying: stems 2-7 dm. tall, often scabrous: leaf -blades linear-spatulate: calyx-tube turbinate in anthesis, 2-3 mm. long; lobes minute: corolla about 1 cm. long: capsules 3-4 mm. long. — S. Rare, on roadside bank near New Texas. — Schists. — Fall. 15. BUCHNERA L. Biennial or perennial, erect herbs. Leaf -blades usually toothed. Flowers spicate. Calyx-lobes 5, broad, much shorter than the tube. Corolla blue or white, salverform: tube narrow: limb oblique. Stamens mainly 4, included. Style short. Capsule ovoid. 1. B. americana L. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, hispid: blades of the stem-leaves oblong to lanceolate, 2-9 cm. long, commonly sharp-toothed: calyx-lobes J to i as long as the tube, the upper ones lanceolate, acuminate: corolla purple; tube villous : capsitle ovoid. — S. Rare, on gravelly banks near Pleasant Grove. — Schists. — Sum. — Blue-heabts. 16. CASTILLEJA Mutis. Annual or perennial, often partly parasitic herbs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers spicate or racemose. 264 ACANTHACEAE. Calyx tubular or spatbe-like, laterally flattened: lobes nnequal. Corolla very strongly 2-lipped: upper lip nnich longer than the minutely 3-lobed lower lip. Capsule equilateral. 1. C. coccinea (L.) Spreng. Stems 1-6 dm. tall: blades of the stem-leaves narrow, often 3-8 cm. long: bracts red or scarlet, or rarely yellow: calyx-lobes quadrate-oblong: corolla pale-yellow, about as long as the calyx: capsules narrowly oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long. — Occasional, in sv^-amps. — Spr. and sum. — Painted-cup. 17. MELAMPYRUM [Tourn.] L. Annual slender herbs. Leaf-blades entire, or toothed near the base. Flowers axillary or in leafy racemes. Calyx campanulate: lobes 4, about as long as' the tube. Corolla whitish, 2-lipped: upper lip arched : lower lip 3-lobed. Style elongate. Capsule beaked. — Spr. and sum. 1. M. lineare Lam. Stem 1-3 dm. tall: leaves numerous; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long: bracts ciliate-toothed near the base: upper calyx-lobes mainly shorter than the tube: corolla mostly less than 10 mm. long: filaments adnate to the lower part of the corolla-tulae, much longer than the anthers: capsules long-beaked. — N. S. Common, in woods and thickets. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Cow-wheat. 18. PEDICULAEIS [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial, stout herbs. Leaf-blades pinnatifid to pinnately parted. Elowers spicate or race- mose. Calyx of 5 equally or unequally united sepals: lobes shorter than the tube. Corolla strongly 2-lipped: upper lip helmet-like, laterally flattened: lower lip 3-lobed. Capsule oblique or curved, beaked. — Lousewort. Leaf-blades pinnately parted : capsule linear-lanceolate, thrice as long as the calyx. 1. P. canadensis. Leaf-blades shallowly pinnatifid or toothed : capsules ovoid, little longer than the calyx. 2. P. lanceolata. 1. P. canadensis L. Stem 1-4 dm. tall: stem-leaves 2-5 cm. long; blades oblong to lanceolate: calyx 5-7 mm. long: corolla ochroleucous and tinged with red or purple, about 1.5 cm. long: capsules about 2 cm. long, long- beaked. — Common, in thickets and woods. — Spr. — Wood-betony. 2. P. lanceolata Michx. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: stem-leaves 5-12 cm. long; blades oblong to lanceolate: calyx fully 10 mm. long: corolla straw-colored, about 2 cm. long : capsules about 1 cm. long, minutely beaked. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Late sum. Family 11. ACANTHACEAE. Acanthus Family. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled: blades simple. Flowers jDerfeet, irregular. Calyx of usually 5 partly united sepals. Corolla of 5 partly united petals, 2-lipi5ed or sometimes essen- tially regular. Androecium of 4 didynamous, or of 2 equal stamens, one pair being abortive or obsolete. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels. Ovary 2-eelled. Ovules commonly 2 in each cavity. Fruit a capsule, often with a stipe-like base, the valves opening elastically. Corolla nearly regular : stamens 4. 1. Ruellia. Corolla 2-lipped : stamens 2. 2. Diantheea. 1. BUELLIA [Plum.] L. Perennial caulescent herbs, or shrubs. Leaf- blades entire or toothed. Elowers axillary or sometimes in terminal clusters. PINGUICULACEAE. 265 Calyx 5-]obe(l, the lobes narrow. Corolla nearly regular. Capsules 6-20-seedecl. 1. R. strepens L. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, glabrous or finely pubescent: leaf- blades ovate to oblong, 5-15 cm. long: corolla blue or nearly white, 5-6 cm. long: capsules 10-15 mm. long. — Eare, along the Conestoga Creek, near Lan- caster. — Limestones. — Sum. 2. DIANTHERA [Gronov.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire or rarely toothed. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes narrow or slender. Corolla strongly 2-lipped: upper lip entire or 2-lobed: lower lip 3-lobed. Capsules mostly 4-seeded. 1. D. americana L. Stems 3-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades linear to linear-lanceo- late or narrowly oblong, 5-15 cm. long: peduncles ascending, about as long as the leaves or longer: spikes 1-3 cm. long, continuous: calyx-lobes linear, 4-5 mm. long : corolla white, pink, or purplish : capsules 1.5-2 cm. long. — Common, in streams. — Sum. - — • Water- willow. Family 12. PINGUICULACEAE.i Bladderwort Family. Herbs, growing in water or in wet places. Leaves submersed and dis- sected, sometimes resembling rootlets and often bladder-bearing, or aerial, entire, or rarely w-anting. Scaj^es naked or minutely scaly, one-many- flowered. Flowers irregular, perfect. Calyx of 2-5 herbaceous sepals. Corolla 2-lipped : tube spurred or saccate. Androecium of 2 stamens, adnate to the base of the corolla-tube on its upper side. Filaments flat- tened, twisted. Anthers confluently 1-celled. Gynoecium a single 1-celled laistil, with a free-central, usually globose placenta. Style thick. Stigma often 2-lipped, the lips unequal. Ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule, 2- valved or irregularly dehiscent. Seeds numerous. 1. UTRICULARIA L. Aquatic or terrestrial scapose herbs. Stems hori- zontal, creeping on the surface of the ground in wet places, or in shallow water, free-swimming. Leaves commonly finely dissected, bladder-bearing, often reduced, rarely wanting. Flowers solitary or racemose. Sepals 2, slightly united. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip produced into a spur at the base. Capsule commonly irregularly dehiscent, several- or many-seeded. — Sum. — Bladderwort. Scapes solitary at the nodes of elongate, more or less free-swimming stems. 1. U. vulgaris. Scapes solitary or several together, the stems radiating from their bases and often more or less root-ilke. 2. U. gibba. 1. U. vulgaris L. Stems submersed, leafy, 3-12 dm. long: leaves numerous, alternate ; lilades 2-3-pinnately dissected into filiform segments, usually bear- ing numerous bladders; bladders when full_y developed 3-5 mm. long: scapes 1-3 dm. tall: racemes 5-10-flowered: pedicels recurving at maturity: corolla yellow, 12-15 mm. broad, the lower lip slightly 3-lobed; spur not appressed, horn-like, slightly curved, shorter than the lower lip: capsules many-s-eeded. — Susquehanna valley. In water. 2. U. gibba L. Stems radiating from the base of the scape or scapes, several cm. long, delicate, root-like: leaves scattered, sparingly divided; segments capillary, with few minute bladders: scapes 2-10 cm. tall: racemes 1-3-flowered, usually 2-flowered: pedicels very slender, erect or ascending: corolla yellow, 5-7 mm. broad ; spur obtuse, shorter than the lower lip. — Susquehanna valley. In very shallow water. ^ Contributed by Dr. John Hendley Barnhart. 266 BIGNONIACEAE. Family 13. OROBANCHACEAE. Broom-rape Family. Parasitic, commonly perennial herbs, without green coloring matter. Leaves alternate, scale-like. Flowers perfect, or rarely dioecious, sometimes cleistogamous and complete on the same plant. Calyx of 4 or 5 partly united sepals, sometimes spathe-like. Corolla of 4 or 5 partially united petals, the limb irregular or 2-lipped. Androeeium of 4 didynamous stamens partially adnate to the corolla. Gynoecium of 2, or rarely of 3, united carpels. Ovaiy 1-eelled. Ovules mostly numerous. Fruit a cap- sule. Seeds wingless. Flowers perfect and complete throughout. Calyx irregular, spathe-like, the lower side split, the upper with 3 or 4 tooth- like lobes : stamens exserted. 1. Conopholis. Calyx regular or nearly so, with 2-5 equal or unequal lobes : stamens included. 2. Thalesia. Flowers various, cleistogamous on lower part of spike, complete but mostly sterile above. 3. Leptamnium. 1. CONOPHOLIS Wallr. Yellow or brownish herbs, with very stout stems and inflorescence. Leaves numerous. Flowers sessile, yellowish, crowded in the spike. 1. C. americana (L. f.) Wallr. Plants clustered, 1-2 dm. tall: leaves (scales) ovate to lanceolate, 10-12 mm. long: calyx 7-9 mm. long, erose-toothed : co- rolla yellowish or pale-yellow, 10-12 mm. long: capsules ovoid, 10-15 mm. long. — Eather common, in rich woods. — Spr. — Squaw-root. Cancer-root. 2. THALESIA Eaf. Pale or pink herbs, with short, mostly subterranean stems. Leaves few. Flowers solitary on long pedicels, often more deeply colored than the foliage. 1. T. uniflora (L.) Britton. Plants 5-16 em. tall: leaves (scales) ovate to obovate, 5-10 mm. long: calyx 4-11 mm. long; lobes lanceolate, about as long as the tube: corolla cream-colored and purple-tinged, 14-18 mm. long; lobes oblong to obovate: capsules conic-ovoid, about 10 mm. long. — Eather com- mon, in rich woods. — Spr. — Broom -rape. Cancer-root. 3. LEPTAMNIUM Eaf. Dark-purplish or yellowish-brown herbs, with branching stems. Leaves very few. Flowers racemose or paniculate, paler than the stem, separated. 1. L. virginianum (L.) Eaf. Plants 1-4 dm. tall: leaves (scales) few at the base of the plant: complete flowers larger than the cleistogamous ones: calyx 2.5-3 mm. long; lobes triangular to ovate-triangular, shorter than the tube: corolla 10-13 mm. long; upper lip notched; lobes of the lower lip acute: capsules 3-5 mm. long. — Common, under beech trees. — Spr. — Beech-drops. Cancer-root. Family 14. BIGNONIACEAE. Trumpet-creeper Family. Shrubs, trees, woody vines, or rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled, often tendril-bearing: blades simple or pinnately compound. Flowers perfect, usually showy. Calyx of usually 2 more or less united sepals. Corolla 5-lobed, irregular, or 2-lipped. Androeeium of 5 stamens wdth 1 or 3 of them reduced to staminodia, or of 4 didynamous stamens. Anthers with mostly divaricate sacs. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, or 2-celled by the meeting of the placentae. Ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged or appendaged. Corolla highly colored : leaf-blades compound : vines or rarely herbaceo«s plants. 1. Bignoxia. Corolla white and somewhat spotted : leaf-blades simple : trees. 2. Catalpa. PLANTAGINACEAE. 267 1. BIGNONIA [Touru.] L. Vines. Leaf-blades unequally pinnate: leaf- lets with toothed blades. Flowers clustered. Calyx tubular-campanulate, nearly equally 5-lobed. Corolla tubular-funnelform. Capsule stout, fusiform. Seeds nienibrauous-winged. 1. B. radicans L. Stout vine: leaves many, 2-2.5 dm. long; leaflets 7-11, the blades oval, ovate, or elliptic, 2-6 cm. long, coarsely serrate: calyx 14-18 mm. long; lobes triangular to triangular-ovate: corolla red or orange, 5-9 cm. long: capsules fusiform, 10-18 cm. long. — S. On the Octoraro Creek. — Schists. — Sum. — Trumpet-flower. Trumpet-creeper. 2. CATAIiPA L. Shrubs or trees, with scaly bark. Leaves deciduous: blades broad, membranous. Flowers paniculate. Calyx 2-lobed. Corolla cam- panulate, 2 -lipped, the tube abruptly expanded into the throat. Capsule slender, elongate. Seeds fimbriate-winged. — Catalpa. 1. C. Catalpa (L.) Karst. Tree becoming 20 m. tall: leaf -blades ovate, 1-3 dm. long: calyx 8-12 mm. long; lobes abruptly pointed: corolla 2.5-3.5 cm. long; throat eampanulate: capsules 1.5-4 dm. long. — Occasional, on road- sides and in thickets. Nat. of the West and South. — Sum. — Bean-tree. Cigar-tree. Indian cigar-tree. Family 15. MARTYNIACEAE. Unicorn-plant Family. Annual or perennial, stocky herbs, with stout weak stems. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate : blades undulate or lobed. Flowers perfect, irregular, in racemes. Calyx of mostly 5 well-united sepals, oblique, the lobes short. Corolla of 5 partly unitecl petals : tube often decurved : limb 5-lobed, oblique. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens (or the posterior pair mere staminodia). Gynoeeium 2-carpellary. Ovary 1-eelled^ the placentae parietal. 1. MARTYNIA L. Annual or perennial, very stout, herbs with clammy pubescence. Leaf-blades broad. Corolla declined, the limb oblique. Capsule 2-valved, the body crested, terminating in a curved or hooked beak. 1. M. louisiana Mill. Annual, densely viscid-pubescent: leaf -blades sinuate, 0.5-3 dm. wide, petioled: flowers not fragrant: calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse: corolla-lobes undulate: capsule stout, 8-15 cm. long, curved, separating into 2 elastically spreading valves, the beak longer than the body. — Occasional, in waste places and about gardens. — Nat. of the Mississippi valley. — Sum. — Unicorn-plant. Eam 's-horn. Proboscis-flower. Order PL ANT AGIN ALES. Annual or perennial herbs, or partially woody plants. Leaves wholly or mainly basal, or crowded on a simple or branched caudex : blades typically 1-several-ribbed. Flowers jjerfeet, monoecious or dioecious, spi.eate. Calyx of 4 (3-5), partly united sepals. Corolla of 4 (3-5), partly united scarious and veinless petals. Androecium of 4 or 2 stamens, (or of 1 stamen). Gynoeeium typically 2-carpellary. Ovaiy superior. Fruit capsular, usually a pyxis. Family 1. PLANTAGINACEAE. Plantain Family. Herbs. Leaf-blades typically 1-several-ribbed. Calyx-lobes, and corolla-lobes, 4. Style and stigma elongate. 268 PLANTAGINACEAE. 1. PLANTAGO [Tonrn.] L. Caulescent or usually aeaulescent herbs. Leaf-blades broad or uarrow. Spikes usually elongate. Filaments partially adnate to the corolla-tube. — Plantain. Plants aeaulescent : spikes terminating basal scapes. Corolla-lobes erect, and converging over the top of the pyxis. 1. P. vinjiiiica. Corolla-lobes permanently spreading or reflexed. Pyxis 2^-seeded. Plants annual : spike conspicuously long-bracted. 2. P. aristata. Plants perennial : spike inconspicuously short-bracted. 3. P. lanccoJata. Pyxis many-seeded. Pyxis conic to oblong-conic, circumsclssile below the middle. 5. P. major. Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle. 6. P. arciuiria. Plants caulescent : spikes terminating axillary peduncles. 4. P. Rvgclil. 1. P. virginica L. Annual or biennial, very variable, glabrate to rather coarsely pubescent. Leaves basal, spreading or ascending, 1-15 cm. long; blades spatu- late to obovate or elliptic, obtuse or acutiph, entire or repand-denticulate, 3-5- nerved, narrowed into margined petioles or nearly sessile: scapes erect or as- cending, 0.5-20 dm. tall, much surpassing the leaves: spikes dense, sometimes interrupted below : flowers dioecious : bracts linear-lanceolate to lanceolate : calyx-lobes oblong or ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse, scarious-margined, sur- passing the bracts: corollas various, those of staminate flowers with spreading lobes, those of pistillate floAvers with lobes usually unequally erect after ferti- lization: pyxis ovoid or oval-ovoid, 1.5-2 mm. long, circumscissile at about the middle: seeds 2-4, 1.3 mm. long, golden-yellow. — Common, in old fields and on dry banks. — Spr. and sum. 2. P. aristata Michx. Annual, deep-green, glabrate to villous. Leaves nearly, basal, 5-25 cm. long ; blades linear, acuminate, entire and callous-tipped, nar- rowed into margined petioles, 3-5-nerved : scapes erect, solitary or several together, 10-15 cm. tall, rigid, surpassing the leaves : spikes dense, 2-15 cm. long, more or less pubescent but not woolly: bracts linear, puberulent, 1-3 cm, long, surpassing the flowers by many times their length: flowers perfect: calyx-lobes spatulate-oblong or cuneate, 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse, the outer herbaceous, the inner widely scarious-margined : corolla glabrous ; lobes ovate or orbicular-ovate, 2 mm. long, obtuse, cordate: pyxis slightly narrowed up- ward, 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly surpassing the calyx-lobes, circumscissile at the middle: seeds 2, 2-3 mm. long, dark-brown. — S. Eare, in fields. Nat. of the West. — Sum. 3. P. lanceolata L. Perennial, very variable, pubescent. Leaves basal, often numerous, 4-30 cm. long; blades linear-elliptic to broadly elliptic, acute and callous-tipped at the apex, or acuminate at both ends, 3-7-nerved, entire or denticulate, narrowed into margined petioles, which are dilated and hairy at the base: scapes erect or nearly so, 1-7 dm. tall, ridged: spikes cylindric, dense, 1-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick: bracts rhombic, 4-5 mm. long, the tips bent: flowers perfect: calyx-lobes 2-3 mm. long, broadly oblong to oval, obtuse, the 2 lower ones usually united, their midribs closely subparallel: corolla glabrous; lobes broadly lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long: pyxis oblong, 3 mm. long, slightly longer than the calyx-lobes, circumscissile at about the middle: seeds 2, fully 2 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Eib-gras.s. English-plantain. Ripple-grass. 4. P, Bugelli Decne. Perennial, bright-green, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Leaves basal, 5-40 cm. long; petioles flatened or channeled on the upi er f^ide, usually purple at the base; blades broadly ovate to oblong, longer than the petioles or sometimes shorter, 5-7-nerved, entire or shallowly toothed, cune- ately or abruptly narrowed at the base: scapes erect or ascending, solitary or several together, often surpassing the leaves, 10-50 cm. tall: spikes 2-30 cm. long, sometimes broadly bracted at the base: bracts fully half as long as the calyx-lobes, acute: flowers perfect: calyx-lobes oblong, acute, 2-2.5 mm. LOEANTHACEAE. 269 long, keeled, often searious-margined : corolla glaVjrous ; tube slightly sur- passing the calyx; lobes spreading: pyxis conic or oblong-conic, 4-4.5 mm. long, circumseissile below the middle: seeds 4-9, 1.5-2 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. — Spr. and sum. 5. P. major L. Perennial, bright-green, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Leaves basal, 5-35 em. long; petioles flattened or channeled on the vipper sur- face, usually green at the base; blades ovate or oval, or rarely oblong, obtuse or aeutish, 5-7-nerved, entire or coarsely toothed, rounded or cordate at the base: scapes erect, solitary or several together, surpassing the leaves, 8-40 cm. tall, rarely with several leaves under the spike, sometimes branched: spikes 4-20 cm. long, dense : bracts ovate, barely equalling the calyx-lobes : flowers perfect : calyx-lobes ovate to obovate, obtus-e, not keeled, searious-margined: corolla inconspicuous; tube about as long as the calyx; lobes spreading or reflexed: pyxis ovoid, about 3 mm. long, slightly surpassing the calyx-lobes, circum- seissile at the middle : seeds 6-18, 0.7 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Common-plantain. 6. P. arenaria W. & K. Annual, hirsute, 1-5 dm. tall: leaves numerous, mostly cauline, 2—8 cm. long; blades narrowly linear, often obscurely toothed: spikes axillary, or umbellately clustered, oblong or cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, dense: bracts with a broad body and a slender tip: calyx-lobes 3-4 mm. long, the anterior ones broadly spatulate, the posterior ones lanceolate: corolla gla- brous ; lobes lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long : pyxis oblong. — S. Eare, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum, Order SANTALALES. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, mostly root- or tree-parasites. Leaves with expanded blades or scale-like. Flowers inconspicuous, perfect or imper- fect. Calyx present, but often a mere border. Corolla jDresent or wanting. Andi'oecium of as many stamens as there are sepals or petals, or twice as many. Gynoecium of several united carpels : ovary more or less inferior. Fruit a drupe, a nut, or a berry. Leaves opposite : fruit a berry : tree-parasite. Fam. 1. Loranthaceae. Leaves alternate : fruit a drupe or a nut : root-parasite. Fam. 2. Santalaceae. Family 1. LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family. Green parasitic herbs or shrubs, growing mostly on woody plants. Leaves typically opposite, sometimes scale-like. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, regular. Calyx of minute sej^als, or obsolete. Corolla of 2-6 more or less united petals. Androecium of 2-6 stamens. Gynoecium com- pound, often 2-carpellary, but the inferior ovary 1-celled. Fniit baccate. 1. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Shrubs. Leaves with flat leathery blades, or scale-like. Flowers mostly dioecious, spicate, the staminate with a stamen at the base of each broad petal, the pistillate with the ovary adnate to the hypanthium. Berry juicy. 1. P. flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. Branches pubescent, terete: leaf -blades mainly oval-spatulate : hyi^anthium globular during anthesis: berries white: seeds ovoid, fully 2 mm. in diameter. - — S. Eare, on black-gum trees near Martic Forge. ■ — ■ Sum. — Mistletoe. American-mistletoe. Family 2. SANTALACEAE. Sandal-wood Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, parasitic on the roots of other plants. Leaves opposite or alternate : blades entire. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or 270 EUBIACEAE. dioecious, the staminate clustered, the pistillate often solitary. Calyx of 3-6 sepals. Corolla wanting. Androecium of 3-6 stamens opposite the sepals on the edge of the hypanthium. Gynoecium compound. Fruit mostly drupaceous. 1. COMANDRA Nutt. Herbs with long rootstocks. Leaves alternate: blades narrow. Flowers perfect, eymose. Style columnar: stigma capitate. Drupe crowned with the persistent calyx. 1. C. umbella^ta (L.) Nutt. Plants 2-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, oval, or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3.5 cm. long: sepals oblong-ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long: sta- mens i as long as the sepals : drupe about 5 mm. in diameter. — Eather com- mon, in thickets and on banks. — Spr. and sum. — Bastard-toadflax. Order RUBIALES. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite, sometimes whorled. Flowers perfect or polygamous, axillary or eymose. Hypanthium present. Calyx of 2 or more, often small sepals. Corolla of 3 or more partially united petals. Androecium of as many stamens as there are petals or twice as many. Gynoecium 2-several-carpellary. Ovary wholly or partially in- ferior. Fruit a capsule, a beny, or a drupe. Leaves with stipules adnate to the stem between the leaf-bases. Fam. 1. RuBiACEAE. Leaves without stipules, or if present the stipules are adnate to the petiole. Fam. 2. Capeifoliaceab. Family 1. RUBIACEAE. Madder Family. Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves opposite or whorled, with interpetiolar, sometimes foliaceous stipules. Flowers perfect or polyg- amous, regular or nearly so. Calyx of 3-6, or more, sepals surmounting the hypanthium, or obsolete. Corolla of 3-6, or more, more or less united petals. Androecium of as many stamens as there are petals and alternate with them. Gynoecium 2-several-carpellary. Fruit a capsule, a drupe, or a berry. Cavities of the ovary with several or many ovules : seeds several or many. 1. HOUSTONIA. Cavities of the ovary with a single ovule each : seed solitary. Flowers in dense heads : shrubs or trees. 2. Cephalanthus. Flowers solitary or in an open Inflorescence : herbs or undershrubs. Ovule, or seed, with a basal attachment : flowers paired, the ovaries united. 3. Mitchella. Ovule, or seed, with a lateral attachment : flowers not paired, the ovaries distinct. Stipules relatively small or inconspicuous, more or less cleft. 4. Diodella. Stipules foliaceous, usually resembling the leaves. Sepals minute or obsolete : corolla rotate. 5. Galium. Sepals prominent : corolla funnelform. 6. Sheraedia. 1. HOUSTONIA L. Annual or perennial, erect or creeping herbs. Leaf- blades narrow or broad. Flowers in open or compact cymes. Sepals 4, com- monly narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform: tube long: lobes mostly shorter than the tube. Stamens 4: filaments adnate to above the middle of the corolla-tube. Style slender. Capsules seated on or in the hypanthium, flattened. EUBIACEAE. 271 Peduncles and pedicels solitary : creeping plants : corolla salverform. 1. H. caerulea. Peduncles and pedicels aggregated in cymes : erect plants : corolla funnelform. 2. H. longifolia. 1. H. caerulea L. Plants often in mats, slender, 2-15 cm. tall: leaf -blades oval, ovate or spatulate, 2-5 mm. long: corolla lilac, blue, or white, except tlie yellow eye; lobes 5-7 mm. long: capsules 3-4 mm. wide. — Common, in damp grassy places and meadows. — Spr. and sum. — Bluets. Innocence. 2. H. longifolia Gaertn. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, often tufted, stoutish: blades of the stem-leaves linear to linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 1-.3 cm. long: sepals linear-subulate to lanceolate-subulate, 1.5-2 mm. long, slightly longer than the hypanthium : corolla pinkish or bluish ; tube about 4 mm. long : cap- sules 2-2.5 mm. thick. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on rocky banks. — Sum. 2. CEPHAIiANTHUS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaf -blades thinnish. Flow- ers in capitate cymes. Sepals usually 4, rounded. Corolla with a long tube and usually 4 short lobes. Stamens usually 4: filaments adnate to the throat of the corolla: anthers oblong or nearly so. Nut-like fruits obpyramidal, in a firm globose head. 1. C. occidentalis L. Shrub or small tree : leaf -blades oblong, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, short-petioled : flower-heads globose, 2.5-3.5 cm. thick: sepals about 0.5 mm. long: corolla white, about 10 mm. long; lobes ovate to oblong-ovate: nutlets 7-8 mm. long. — Common, in swamps and low thickets. — Sum. — Buttonbush. 3. MITCHELLA L. Undershrubs with creeping stems. Leaf -blades leathery. Plowers in pairs, the hypanthia coalescent. Sepals usually 4, short. Corolla with a relatively long tube and usually 4 short lobes. Stamens 4: filaments adnate to near the top of the corolla-tube: anthers oblong. Drupes paired. 1. M. repens L. Stem and branches matted, 1-4 dm. long : leaf -blades ovate to orbicular, or elliptic, 8-30 mm. long: sepals deltoid, less than 1 mm. long: corolla white or pinkish; tube 9-12 mm. long; lobes ovate to oblong: fruit globular, 7-10 mm. thick, red or white, aromatic. — Common, in damp woods or on shaded banks. — Spr. — Twin-berry. Partridge-berry. 4. DIODELLA Small. Annual diffuse herbs. Leaf-blades soft-herba- ceous. Flowers axillary. Sepals 4. Corolla with a relatively short thick tube and 4 broad lobes. Stamens 4: filaments adnate up to the top of the corolla- tube, the free portions very short: anthers oval or ovoid. Stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Capsular fruit crustaceous, lobed. 1. D. teres (Walt.) Small. Stem or branches 1-4 dm. long, spreading or creeping, pubescent: leaf -blades linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long: sepals 4, acute, 1.5-2 mm. long: corolla white or pinkish; tube 5-6 mm. long; lobes ovate to oblong-ovate: fruits obovoid, 2-3 mm. long. — N. S. Common, on dry sandy banks. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Button-weed. 5. GALIUM L. Perennial, or sometimes annual, weak spreading herbs. Leaves with blades and stipules about equal in size. Flowers in simple or branched cymes. Sepals usually obsolete. Corolla rotate, with 3-5 lobes. Stamens 3-5. Fruit globular or didymous. — Bedstraw. Cleavers. 5. G. lanceolata. 6. 7. a. G. boreale. tinctoriiim. 8. G. asprellum. n. -0. G. G. conchtmim. trifloriivi. 272 RUBIACEAE. Annual plants : fruits bristly. 1- G. Aparlnc. Perennial plants : fruits smooth, glabrous, or bristly. Corolla yellow. 2. G. Wirtgenii. Corolla white, greenish or purple. Endosperm of the seed deeply lunate or annular in cross- section : leaves various. Fruits uncinate-hispid. Flowers few, borne in lax cymes : corolla green- ish or greenish-white : leaf -blades broad. Fruits pedicelled : mature carpel-bodies less than 2 mm. long. 3. G. pilosum. Fruits sessile or nearly so : mature carpel-bodies over 2 mm. long. Upper leaves with oblong or ovate-lanceolate blades : corolla-lobes 1.5-2 mm. long. 4. G. circaezans. Upper leaves with lanceolate blades : co- rolla-lobes 2.5-3 mm. long. Flowers numerous, borne in compact cymes : corolla bright white : leaf-blades narrow. Fruits smooth or nearly so. Endosperm shallow-lunate, or flat, sometimes nearly circular in cross-section. Fruits glabrous or nearly so. Stem retrorsely hispid : leaf-blades broad : bracts bristle-tipped. Stem smooth or nearly so : leaf-blades narrow : bracts not bristle-tipped. Fruits uncinate-hispid. 1. G. Aparine L. Plants reclining, 1-15 dm. long, the stems retrorse-scabrous or prickly: leaves, and stipules, with linear-spatulate blades 1-8 cm. long, the uj^per side with short stout hairs: corolla white; lobes ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, acute : fruits 3-5 mm. thick, densely uncinate-hispid : endosperm nearly annular in cross-section. ■ — ■ Common, in cultivated and waste grounds. — Spr. and sum. — Goose-grass. Cleavers. 2. G. Wirtgenii F. Schultz. Plants 2-7 dm. tall, the stems smooth, with rather long internodes above : leaves, and stipules, with linear roughish blades 9-21 mm. long, soon deflexed: lower branches of the inflorescence very short: corolla yellow; lobes ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, glabrous: fruits scarcely 1 mm. broad, usually glabrous. — S. Rare, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Yellow- BEDSTBAW. 3. G. pilosum Ait. Plants 3-8 dm. tall, the stems hirsute, 4-angled above the swollen nodes: leaves, and stipules, with oval-ovate or elliptic blades 8-10 mm. long, sparingly pubescent, pellucid-punctate beneath: corolla greenish or purplish; lobes ovate to lanceolate, about 1.5 mm. long: fruits about 4 mm. thick, uncinate-hispid: endosperm lunate in cross-section. — Common, in fence- rows and thickets. — Sum. 4. G. circaezans Michx. Plants 2-4 dm. tall, the stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent: leaves, and stipules, with elliptic-ovate or oval blades 15-30 mm. long, or more, sparingly pubescent : corolla greenish ; lobes ovate, acute, less than 2 mm. long: fruits about 5 mm. thick, uncinate-hispid: endosperm lunate in cross-section. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Sum. - — Wild-liquorice. 5. G. lanceolatum Torr. Plants sparingly pubescent in parts: stem branched at the base, mostly 2.5-6 dm. tall: leaves, and stipules, shorter than the inter- nodes, 30-75 mm. long; blades of the upper leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late, acute or slightly acuminate, sparingly j)ubescent, especially on the veins beneath, 3-ribbed: flowers few, sessile on the spreading cyme-branches: corolla glabrous or nearly so, 3-5 mm. broad, greenish, becoming purple; lobes 4, slender-tipped : fruits as in G. circaezans. — Not very common, in rocky woods. — ■ Sum. — Wild-liquorice. 6. G. 'boreale L. Plants glabrous or nearly so: stems often tufted, 1 mm. tall or less, strict: leaves and stipules in 4's, mostly 1.5-4 cm. long; blades linear to linear-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, 3-ribbed, ciliolate, pale beneath: CAPEIFOLIACEAE. 273 flowers numerous, in a compact panicle: corolla white, 3.5-4.5 mm. broad; lobes acute or slightly acuminate: fruits 2-2.5 mm. broad, minutely bristly. — Xot very conunon, in dry thickets and rocky hillsides. — Sum. 7. G. tinctoriura L. Plants 1.5-2.5 dm, tall, the stem glabrous or nearly so: leaves and stipules mostly in 4 's, with linear-lanceolate blades 15-25 mm. long : flowers 2 or 3 in terminal clusters: corolla white; lobes about 1 mm. long: fruits 1.5-2.5 mm. thick, smooth: endosperm annular in cross-section. — Com- mon, in swamps and wet thickets. — Spr. and sum. 8. G. asprellum L. Plants reclining, the stems 3-16 dm. long, retrorsely sca- brous or prickly: leaves and stipules in 6 's, with oblong-spatulate to elliptic blades 1-2 cm. long, the margins and midrib scabrous: flowers very numerous: corolla white; lobes fully 1.5 mm. long: fruits about 2.5 mm. thick, smooth and glabrous. — Common, in thickets. — Spr. and sum. — Eough-bedstraw. 9. G, concinnum T. & G. Plants glabrous or near so: stems diffusely spread- ing, mostly 1-3 dm, tall, slightly scabrous-angled: leaves and stipules in 6's, as long as the internodes or shorter, mostly 1-2 cm, long; blades linear or slightly broadened upward, acute, scabrous-margined, 1-nerved: flowers rather few, greenish-white, on slender-filiform pedicels: corolla 2-2.5 mm. broad; lobes 4 : fruits 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, smooth. — W. S. Occasional, in thickets near streams and in rocky woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. 10. G. triflorum Michx. Plants reclining, sweet-scented in drying, the stems 3-10 dm. long, sparsely hispid or rarely glabrous: leaves and stipules in 6's, with broadly linear to elliptic blades 1-8 cm. long, the margins and midrib hispid: flowers relatively few, 3 together on the ultimate peduncles: corolla greenish or yellowish-white; lobes fully 1.5 mm. long: fruit about 3 mm. thick, uncinate-hispid : endosperm circular in cross-section. — Occasional, in thickets and woods. — Spr. and sum. Sweet-scented bedstbaw, 6. SHEE.ARDIA L. Annual, slender, caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite, with the stipules whorled: blades entire. Flowers subtended by involucres of united bracts. Sepals minute, shorter than the hypanthium. Corolla pink or blue, funnelform, 4- or 5-lobed, Filaments adnate up to the sinuses of the corolla-lobes. Fruit twin, of 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels, 1. S. axvensis L. Plants with slender diffuse finely pubescent branches: leaves, and stipules, 5-18 mm, long; blades obovate to elliptic or oblong, bristle-tipped: sepals deltoid, about 1 mm, long: corolla pink or blue, 3,5-4 mm. long; lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate: fruits 2-2,5 mm, long, — S. Occasional, in fields, Nat, of Eu, — Sum, — Field-maddek, Family 2, CAPEIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family. Shrubs, trees, vines, or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite: blades entire, toothed, or pinnate. Flowers mostly perfect, in teiininal or axil- laiy cymes, or axillaiy. Calyx of mostly 4 or 5 minute or foliaceous sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 partly united petals, often iiTegular, Androe- cium of 4 or 5 stamens : filaments partly adnate to the corolla-tube, Gynoe- cium 2-5-carpellaiy. Ovary inferior. Fruit baccate, drupaceous, or capsular. Corolla rotate to urceolate : stigma 2-.5-lobed, sessile. Leaf-blades pinnate : drupe berry-like with 3-5 nutlets. 1. Sambucus. Leaf-blades simple : drupe with 1 nutlet. 2. Viburnum. Corolla tubular to tubular-campanulate, sometimes with a 2- lipped limb : st.vle elongate. Flowers axillary : herbs. 3. Triosteum. Lancaster County Flora 18. 274 CAPEIFOLIACEAE. Flowers in axillary or terminal clusters or open cymes : shrubs or vines. Fruit baccate : seeds few. Corolla regular or nearly so ; tube short. 4. Symphoricaefos. Corolla irregular ; limb 2-lipped ; tube elongate. Flowers in pairs each of which terminates an axillary peduncle, accompanied by a pair of bracts and bractlets. 5. Nintooa. Flowers in whorls at or near the ends of the branches, the bracts and usually some of the upper leaves connate-perfoliate. 6. Lonicera. Fruit capsular : seeds numerous. 7. Diervilla. 1. SAMBUCUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, with pithy stems. Leaf- blades pinnate. Flowers in thyrsoid or flat-topped cymes. Sepals minute. Anthers oblong or oval. Ovary 3-5-celled. Drupes with 3-5 nutlets. — Spr. — Elder. Cymes compact, rounded : fruits red. 1. 8. puiens. Cymes flat-topped : fruits purple to black. 2. S. canadensis. 1. S. pubens Michx. Shrub: leaflets 5-7, the blades lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate, or nearly oval, 5-15 cm. long: cymes thyrsoid: corolla 4-5 mm. wide : drupes 4-6 mm. in diameter. — Susquehanna valley and banks of the Octoraro Creek. On shaded hillsides. — Red-berried elder. 2. S. canadensis L. Shrub or small tree: leaflets 5-11, the blades oblong to ovate or oval, 3-14 cm. long, serrate with incurved teeth: cymes merely con- vex : corolla 5-6 mm. wide : drupes 4-6 mm. in diameter. — Common, in waste places, woods, and thickets. — Common-elder. 2. VIBURNUM [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, the stems not pithy. Leaf- blades simple. Flowers in round-topped cymes. Sepals minute. Anthers oblong. Ovary 1-celled. Drupes with a single nutlet. — Spr. and early sum. — Arrow-wood. Leaf-blades palmately veined or lobed. 1. V. acerifoUnm. Leaf-blades pinnately veined. Cymes manifestly peduncled. Leaf-blades coarsely dentate. Lower surface of the leaf-blades glabrous or merely tufted in the vein-axils. 2. V. dentatum. Lower surface of the leaf-blades stellate-pubescent. 3. V. venosum. Leaf-blades entire or irregularly erose-crenulate. Peduncle as long as the cyme or longer : leaf-blades shining above. 4. V. nudum. Peduncle shorter than the cyme : leaf-blades dull above. 5. V. cassinoides. Cymes sessile or nearly so. Leaf-blades prominently acuminate, serrate. 6. V. Lentago. Leaf-blades obtuse or merely acute, serrulate. 7. V. priinifolitim. 1. V. acerifolium L. Erect shrub: leaf -blades prominently 3-Iobed, 4-10 cm. long: sepals reniform, about 0.5 mm. long: hypanthium glabrous or nearly so: corolla-lobes mostly reniform: drupes oval, 9-10 mm. long, black or purple- black. — Common, in woods and thickets. 2. V. dentatum L. Shrub: leaf -blades suborbicular, oval, or ovate, sharply dentate, 3-8 cm. long: corolla-lobes reniform: filaments much exceeding the corolla-lobes: drupes globose-ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, deep-blue or nearly black. — Common, in woods and thickets. 3. V. venosum Britton. Shrub: leaf -blades thickish, suborbicular, broadly ovate, or elliptic, crenate-dentate, 4-9 cm. long, dull: corolla 5-8 mm. wide: filaments slightly exceeding the corolla-lobes: drupes globose-ovoid, 6-7 mm. long, deep-blue. — E. S. Occasional, in swamps. — Quartzite, schists. CAPEIFOLIACEAE. 275 4. V. nudum L. Shrub: leaf -blades thick, oval, ovate, oblong, broadly lanceo- late, or oblanceolate, undulate or obscurely toothed, 5-15 cm. long, shining: corolla 4.5-6 mm. wide : filaments much exceeding the corolla-lobes : .drupes oval to subglobose, 6-10 mm. long, deep-blue. — E. S. Occasional, in swamps. — Schists. — Withe-rod. 5. V. cassinoides L. Shrub or small tree: leaf -blades thickish, ovate-elliptic, ovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, imdulate or ereuate, 2.5-10 cm. long: corolla 4—5 mm. wide : filaments much exceeding the corolla-lobes : drupes ovoid or globose-ovoid, 6-9 mm. long, deep-blue or rarely pink. — S. Occasional, about swamps. — Schists. — Withe-rod. 6. V. Lentago L. Shrub or tree : leaf -blades ovate to obovate or rarely sub- orbicular, finely and sharply serrate, 4-10 cm. long: sepals mostly acute or acutish : corolla-lobes ovate : filaments twice as long as the corolla or nearly so : drupes oval, 10-12 mm. long, bluish-black. — S. Occasional, on banks of creeks. — Schists. — Nannyberry. Sheepberry. Wild-raisin. 7. V. prunifolium L. Shrub or tree : leaf -blades thinnish, oval varying to ovate or obovate, or rarely suborbieular, finely, sometimes obscurely, serrulate, 2.5-5 cm. long: sepals obtuse: corolla-lobes suborbieular: filaments much less than twice as long as the corolla : drupes oblong, sometimes broadly so, 7-9 mm. long, bluish-black under the bloom. — Common, in thickets and woods. — Black-haw. 3. TRIOSTEUM L. Herbs with simple stems. Leaf-blades entire, some- times connate-perfoliate. Flowers axillary. Sepals foliaceous. Filamenta adnate to the lower part of the corolla-tube. Anthers linear. Ovary 3-5-celled. Drupes leathery or fleshy. — Sum. — Horse-gentian, Feverwort. Leaf-blades narrowed to the sessile or slightly connate-perfoliate bases. Leaves over thrice as long as broad: corolla yellowish. 1. T. angustifolium. Leaves less than thrice as long as broad : corolla dull-red. 2. T. aiirantiaciim. Leaf-blades with broadly dilated connate-perfoliate bases. 3. T. perfoliatiim. 1. T, angustifolium L. Stem hirsute or softly hispid, 3-9 dm. tall: blades of the upper leaves usually narrowly elliptic, varying to lanceolate or oblanceo- late, 3-15 cm. long: sepals 8-10 mm. long: corolla 12-15 mm. long: drupes about 10 mm. long. — M. S. Occasional, on edges of thickets. — Limestones, schists. 2. T. aurantiacum Bieknell. Similar to T. angustifolium in habit: blades of the upper leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 15-25 cm. long: sepals 12-20 mm. long: corolla 14-20' mm. long: drupes 12-14 mm. long. — S. Frequent, on rich hillsides along the Susquehanna. — Schists. 3. T. perfoliatum L. Stems softly pubescent: blades of the upper leaves ovate to broadly oval, 10-25 cm. long: sepals 11-15 mm. long: corolla 12-15 mm. long: drupes 8-12 mm. long. — Eather common, in rich soil. — Wild- coffee. Tinker 's-wEED. 4, SYMPHORICAEPOS [Dill.] Ludwig. Shrubs with much branched stems. Leaf -blades entire, or lobed on shoots. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Sepals minute. Filaments adnate to the top of the corolla-tube. Anthers oblong. Ovary 4-celled. Drupe berry -like, fleshy, with 2 nutlets. — Sum. — Snow-berry. Style glabrous : drupes white : corolla pale. 1. 8. raccmosus. Style pubescent : drupes red or purple : corolla dark. 2. S. Symphoricarpos. 1. S. racemosus Miehx. Shrub 1-2 m. tall, the twigs and leaves glabrous: leaf -blades elliptic or suborbieular, 3-6 cm. long: flowers short -pedicelled : corolla white or pinkish, 6-7 mm. long: drupes 6-10 mm. long, — E. Eare, in thickets. 276 CAPEIFOLIACEAE. 2, S. Symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Shrub 1-2 m. tall, the twigs aud leaves pubescent: leaf -blades ovate, oval, or elliptic, 1-4 cm. long, or rarely larger: flowers sessile or nearly so: corolla greenish-red, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: drupes 3-4 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in thickets. Nat. of the W. — Coral-berky. Indian-currant. 5. NINTOOA Sweet. Woody vines. Leaf-blades entire. Flowers in pairs terminating axillary peduncles, accompanied by 2 foliaceous bracts and 2 small bractlets, the hypanthia distinct. Sepals slender or subulate. Corolla relatively long: tube not gibbous: limb 2-lipped. Berries distinct. 1. N. japonica (Thunb.) Sweet. Diffusely creeping or climbing vine: leaf- blades oblong, ovate, or orbicular-ovate, 2-5 cm. long; corolla white or pink, becoming yellow; tube about 2 cm. long: stamens and style exserted: berries subglobose or oval, 4-6 mm. long, black. — Common, on roadsides and open banks, and in waste places. Nat. of Japan. — Sum. — Japanese-honey- suckle. 6. LONICERA L. Woody vines. Leaf -blades entire, or lobed on shoots. Flowers in sessile axillary clusters. Hypanthium short. Sepals minute. Co- rolla mostly 2-lipped: tube more or less gibbous at the base. Berries clustered. — Spr. and sum. — HONEYSUCKLE. Corolla ringent, with a prominently 2-lipped limb : filaments adnata up to the lower lip : stamens and style long-exserted. 1. L. dioica. Corolla trumpet-shaped, with an almost regular limb : filaments not adnate up to the base of the upper lobe : stamens and style slightly exserted. 2. L. sempervirens. 1. L. dioica L. A diffuse or twining vine, the twigs glabrous: leaf -blades oblong, ovate, oval, or obovate, 5-12 cm. long: corolla yellowish-green, tinged with purple; tube 10-12 mm. long. — M. Occasional, on rocky banks along the Conestoga Creek. — Limestones. 2. L. sempervirens Ait. A twining vine, the twigs glabrous: leaf -blades nar- row or broad, mostly 3-& cm. long: corolla scarlet or yellow, 3-4 cm. long, the lower lip slightly narrower than the lobes of the upper lip. — M. S. Occa- sional, on banks or creeks. — Limestones, schists. — Trumpet-honeysuckle. 7. DIERVILLA [Tourn.] Mill. Shrubs. Leaves with mostly toothed blades. Flowers in dichotomous cymes. Hypanthium elongate. Sepals 5, narrow. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Capsule elongate. 1. D. Diervilla (L.) MacM. Shrub 5-15 dm. tall, the twigs terete: leaf- blades oval to oblong-ovate, 3-15 cm. long: sepals 4-5 mm. long: capsules gradually long-beaked. — N. S. Frequent, in rocky woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Spr. and sum. — Bush-honeysuckle. Order VALERIAN ALES. Caulescent or rarely acaulescent, succulent, coarse or woody plants. Leaves opposite: blades entire, toothed, or divided. Flowers mainly per- fect. Calyx of partly united sepals, pappus-like, or obsolete. Corolla of 2-5 partly united petals. Androecium of usually fewer stamens than there are petals. Gynoecium 1-3-carpellary. Ovary inferior, 2 of the carpels commonly abortive. Fruit an achene, or nut-like. Gynoecium 3-carpellary, but with two of the cavities empty: flowers not in Invo- lucrate heads. Fam. 1. Valbrianaceae. Gynoecium 1-carpellary : flowers in dense involucrate heads. Fam. 2. Morinaceae. VALERIANACEAE. 277 Family 1. VALERIANACEAE. Valerian Family. Annual or perennial, caulescent, succulent herbs. Leaves opposite: blades entire or pinnately divided. Flowers in variously disposed cymes. Calyx of 3-5 sepals, or sometimes pappus-like, or obsolete. Corolla of 3-5 partially united petals : tube often swollen or spurred. Androeeium of 1^ stamens : filaments adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium 3-cari3ellai-y but only 1 carpel fructiferous. Ovary inferior. Fruit a kind of leatheiy or eiaistaceous nutlet. Sepals becoming bristle-like or awn-like : fruit 1-celIed : tall herbs often with divided leaf-blades. 1. Valeriana. Sepals minute or wanting : fruit 3-celled : low herbs with un- divided leaf-blades. 2. Valerianella. 1. VALERIANA [Touni.] L. Perennial heavy-scented herbs or vines. Leaf -blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, in compact cymes. Calyx with an inrolled limb which ultimately expands and develops 5-15 plumose bristles. Corolla funnelform or salverform. Stamens 3 or fewer. Fruit 1-celled, the 2 abortive carpels appearing as 4 ridges. 1. V. pauciflora Miehx. Plants 1 m. tall or less: blades of the basal leaves ovate or triangular-ovate, mostly toothed: bracts 4-8 mm. long: inflorescence congested: corolla pale-pink; lobes less than J as long as the tube: fruit oblong, 5-6 mm. long. — M. S. Rather rare, in rich woods. — Limestones, schists. — Late spr. — Valerian. 2. VAIiERIANELLA [Tourn.] Mill. Annual, vernal, succulent herbs, the stems diehotonious. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, in clustered or corymbose cymes. Calyx shallowly lobed or obsolete. Corolla funnelform. Stamens 3. Fruit with the abortive carpels more or less elongate. — Spr. and sum. — Corn-salad. Lamb 's-lettuce. Corolla blue or purplish : fruits about twice as broad as thick : species introduced. 1. V. Locusta. Corolla white : fruits about as broad as thick : species native. Fruits with the fertile portion fully as wide as the sterile portion. 2. V. radiata. Fruits with the fertile portion much smaller and narrower than the sterile portion. Empty cavities dilated and divergent, forming a saucer- shaped body notched at both ends. 3. T'. patellaria. Empty cavities contiguous, with an oblong depression between them. 4. V. Woodsiana. 1. V. Locusta (L.) Beteke. Stems 1-4 dm. tall: blades of the stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate: corolla 2 mm. long: fruits about twice as long as thick. — N. M. Common, in thickets, meadows and waste grounds. Nat. of Eu. 2. V. radiata (L.) Dufr. Stems 2-7 dm. tall: blades of the upper stem- leaves oblanceolate to oblong or ovate : fruits obovoid-tetragonal. — M. S. Common, on moist banks and meadows. — Limestones, schists. 3. V. patellaria (Sulliv.) Krok. Stems 1-4 dm. tall: blades of the upper stem-leaves similar to those of V. radiata: empty carpels of the fruits with a saucer-shaped body notched at each end. — M. Frequent, in meadows and low grounds. — Limestones. 4. V. Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. In habit and leaves resembling V. radiata: fruits about 2 mm. long, with the fertile portions much smaller and narrower than the sterile, the cavities of this latter contiguous, with an oblong depres- sion between them. — Occasional, in low grounds. 278 MORINACEAE. Family 2. MORINACEAE. Teasel Family. Annual or perennial, often prickly herbs, or woody plants. Leaves opposite: blades entire, toothed, or dissected. Flowers perfect, each sub- tended by an involucel, commonly crowded on a receptacle and involucrate. Calyx a cup-like border or of several bristles. Corolla of 2-5 partially united petals, sometimes 2-lipped. Androecium of 2^ stamens: filaments adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium 1-carpellary. Ovary inferior. Fruit an achene crowned with a calyx. 1. DIPSACUS [Tourn.] L. Coarse prickly herbs. Leaf -blades often connate-perfoliate. Flower-heads globular or elongate. Involucral bracts rigid. Calyx cup-like, sometimes 4-lobed. Corolla tubular-funnelform. Ovary en- closed in the involucel. Achenes 8-ribbed. — Teasel. 1. D. sylvestris Huds. Biennial, 1-2..5 m. tall: blades of the stem-leaves lanceolate, entire: heads ovoid, 5-6 cm. long, the involucral bracts linear-lan- ceolate, rough: calyx fully 1 mm. long: corolla 11-13 mm. long; lobes 4, lilac, broadly ovate : stamens exserted : achenes about 5 mm. long. — N. M. Rather common, in waste places and fence corners. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Wild- teasel. Order ARISTOLOOHIALES. Herbs, shrubs, or vines. Leaves alternate : blades mostly cordate or hastate. Flowers perfect, often conspicuous. Hypanthium mostly adnate to the ovary. Calyx regular or very irregular. Corolla wanting or rudi- mentary. Androecium of as many stamens as there are calyx-lobes or more. Gynoecium of usually 6 united carpels. Fruit a capsule. Family 1. ASARAOEAE. Birthwort Family. Perennial herbs, shrubs, or vines. Leaves alternate : blades sometimes lobed, generally cordate. Flowers perfect, regular or very irregular. Calyx usually colored, the tube often bent or inflated. Androecium of 6- many stamens. Gynoecium of 4-6 united carpels. Ovary mostly inferior. Fruit capsular. Acaulescent herbs : calyx regular, persistent : capsules fleshy. 1. Asarum. Caulescent herbs or vines : calyx irregular, deciduous : capsules dry. 2. Aeistolochia. 1. ASABUM [Tourn.] L. Acaulescent gingerous herbs. Leaves in pairs: blades not lustrous. Flower-stalks arising between the petioles. Hypanthium angled, pubescent. Sepals deciduous. Capsule inferior. Seeds turgid. — Spr. — • Wild-ginger. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, not reflexed, longer than the hypanthium. 1. A. canadense. Sepals triangular, merely acute, reflexed, about as long as the hypanthium. 2. A. reflexum. 1. A. canadense L. Leaf-blades reniform, 6-15 cm. wide, the sinus closed: hypanthium thinly pubescent: sepals abruptly acuminate, the tubular portions curving upward. — S. Occasional, on rocky hillsides along the Octoraro Creek. — Schists. 2. A. reflexum Bieknell. Leaf-blades reniform, 6-14 cm. wide, the sinus open : flowers smaller than those of the preceding species : sepals 8-10 mm. long, early reflexed, obtuse at the tip. — Common, in rich woods. CUCUEBITACEAE. 279 2. ARISTOLOCHIA [Tourn.] L. Caulescent herbs, shrubs, or vines. Leaves with narrow or broad blades. Flowers irregular, often S-shaped or resembling a "dutch pipe," the calyx usually coralloid. Hypanthium often ribbed. Ovary inferior. Styles united into an angled column. Capsules pen- dulous. — BlRTHWORT. 1. A. Serpentaria L. Plants dark-green, 1-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-lan- ceolate to oval-lanceolate or rarely lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long: flowers about 1 cm. long: hypanthium S-shaped, inflated at both ends: calyx-limb obtusely 3-lobed : capsule about 10 mm. in diameter. — Common, in woods. — Spr. — ViRGINIA-SNAKEROOT. Order C AMP ANUL ALES. Herbs or rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves mainly alternate: blades simple, entire or divided. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious, sometimes irreg'ular. Hypanthium well developed. Calyx of several dis- tinct or partly united sepals. Corolla of several distinct or partly united petals. Androecium of 1-5 stamens. Anthers distinct or connate. Gynoe- cium of 1-several united carpels, the ovary wholly or partly inferior. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Endosperm wanting : flowers monoecious or dioecious : plants mainly vines. Fam. 1. CUCDHBITACEAE. Endosperm present : flowers perfect or mainly so. Corolla regular : anthers separate. Fam. 2. Campanulaceae. Corolla split on one side and otherwise more or less irregular : anthers united around the style. Fam. 3. Lobeliaceae. Family 1. CUCUEBITACEAE. Gourd Family. Vines, usually tendril-bearing. Leaves alternate : blades palmately or pedately veined, and commonly lobed. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of 4 or 5, or rarely 6, distinct or partly united sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5, or rarely 6, distinct or partly united petals, sometimes adherent to the calyx. Androecium of 3 stamens (2 anthers 2-celled and 1 anther 1- celled), or rarely of 1, 2, 4, or 5 stamens. Filaments sometimes united. Anthers straight or bent. Gynoecium 1-several-carpellary. Styles united. Fruit a fleshy or partly di-y berry (pepo). Fruit bladder-like, dehiscent : ovary 2-3-celled : ovules few, erect or ascending. 1. MiCEAMPELIS. Fruit not bladder-like, indehiscent : ovary 1-celled : ovules solitary, pendulous. 2. Sicvos. 1. MICRAMPELIS Kaf. Annual or perennial vines. Leaves with angu- late or lobed blades. Flowers monoecious. Corolla rotate, relatively small. Pistillate flowers usually solitary, with staminodia. Ovary echinate. Stigmas lobed. Berry echinate, fibrous within, the rind tough. Seeds not filling the cavities. — Mock-apple. 1. M. lobata (Michx.) Greene. Stem and branches tender: leaf-blades 4-15 cm. long, palmately 3-5-lobed, the lobes triangular-ovate to lanceolate: sepals 2—4 mm. long : corolla rotate, 7-9 mm. wide ; lobes lanceolate : berries inflated, oblong to globose-oblong, 3-4.5 mm. long, bursting at the apex. — Susque- hanna valley. Frequent, in thickets. — Sum. — Wild balsam-apple. 2. SICYOS L. Annual vines. Leaves mth angulate or lobed blades. Flowers monoecious. Corolla rotate, relatively small. Pistillate flowers clus- 280 CAMPANULACEAE. tered, without stamiiiodia. Ovary bristly or prickly. Berry bristly. Seeds filling the cavity. 1. S. angulata L. Stems and branches viscid-pubescent: leaf-blades 6-15 cm. wide, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the lobes distinctly toothed: hypanthium flattish: sepals of the staminate flowers triangular, 3-5 mm. long: corolla rotate, white, striped with green, 10-12 mm. wide: berries clustered, ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long. — Common, in waste places and thickets. — Sum. — Nimble-kate. Stab- cucumber. Family 2. CAMPANULACEAE. Bellflower Family. Herbs or woody plants. Leaves alternate: blades enth'e, toothed, or iobed. Flowers perfect, regular, sometimes dimorphous. Calyx of 5 sepals, or fewer in eleistogamous flowers. Corolla of 5 partly united petals. Androecium of 5 distinct stamens. Gynoecium 2-5-carpellary, the ovary more or less inferior. Fruit capsular. Corolla campanulate or funnelform : inflorescence racemose or paniculate. 1. Campanula. Corolla rotate : inflorescence spicate. Style declined : flowers complete throughout. 2. Cajipanulastkum. Style straight : flowers various, the earlier ones eleis- togamous. 3. Speculaeia. 1, CAMPANTJLA [Tourn.] L. Perennial or sometimes annual herbs. Leaf -blades entire to Iobed. Flowers perfect, all alike and complete. Hypan- thium relatively short in age. Corolla campanulate to funnelform. Stamens included. Capsules opening by lateral or basal perforations or valves. — Bellfloaver. Corollas over 12 mm. long. Stem-leaves with linear blades : basal leaves with orbicular or ovate-orbicular blades : sepals subulate : capsules of a turbinate type. 1. C. rotundifoHa. Stem-leaves and basal leaves with ovate or ovate-lanceolate blades: sepals lanceolate: capsules hemispheric. 2. C. rapuncnloldes. Corollas less than 10 mm. long. 3. C. aparinoidcs. 1. O. rotundifolia L. Stems glabrous or nearly so, nearly 1 m. tall or less, diffuse: basal leaves with orbicular or ovate-orbicular, often toothed, long- petioled blades cordate at the base ; stem-leaves linear, entire : sepals subulate, longer than the hypanthium: corolla blue or purplish-blue, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; lobes broadly ovate to reniform: capsules turbinate to obovoid-turbinate, 5-6 mm. long: seeds 1 mm. long. — M. S. Occasional, on rocky creek-banks. — Limestones, schists, serpentine. — Spr. — Bluebell. Harebell. 2. C. rapunculoides L. Stem sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 1 m. tall or less, commonly simple: leaf -blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceo- late, 4-11 cm. long, serrate or crenate-serrate, those of the lower leaves rounded or subcordate at the base, and long-petioled, those of the upper ones narrowed at the base and sessile or nearly so: sepals lanceolate, as long as the hypanthium or longer: corolla blue, 2.5-3 cm. long; lobes ovate to ovate- lanceolate, much shorter than the tube: capsules hemispheric, 5-7 mm. long, ribbed : seeds fully 1 mm. long. — S. Occasional, on roadsides and in fields. — Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Creeping-bellflower. 3. C. aparinoides Pursh. Stems 2-6 dm. long, prickly throughout: leaf -blades 1-3.5 cm. long, those of the upper leaves linear to lanceolate: sepals ovate to triangular-ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long: corolla white or pink, 5-8 mm. long: capsules globose-obovoid : seeds about 0.5 mm. long, smooth. — Common, in swamps and spring-runs. — Sum. — Marsh-bellflower. LOBELIACEAE. 281 2. CAMPANTJLASTEUM Small. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaf-blades toothed. Flowers perfect and complete. Hypanthium elongate in age. Co- rolla rotate. Stamens exserted. Capsule opening by subapical valves. Seeds flattish, broad, margined. 1. C. americanum (L.) Small. Plants 2-20 dm. tall, often widely branched: blades of the upper leaves usually lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate: sepals linear-subulate, 6-10 mm. long: corolla blue or white; lobes 10-13 em. long: capsules turbinate-clavate, 8-10 mm. long: seeds oval, about 1.5 mm. long. — Common, in thickets and open woods. — Sum. 3. SPECULARIA [Heist.] Fabr. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaf -blades toothed. Flowers dimorphous, the earlier ones with 3 or 4 sepals and unde- veloped corollas, the later ones with 5 sepals and rotate corollas. Capsules prismatic. — Venus 's looking-glass. Sepals of the showy flowers lanceolate : capsule short, broad. 1. S. perfoUata. Sepals of the showy flowers linear : capsule elongate, narrow. 2. S. Speculum. 1. S. perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Stems 1-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades suborbicular to triangular-ovate: corolla blue, 10-15 mm. wide: capsules oblong-prismatic or obconic, 5-6 mm. long: seeds oval, about 0.5 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. - — Sum. 2. S. Speculum (L.) A. DC. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above : leaf -blades obovate, oblanceolate, oblong, or ovate-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, undulate-crisped, sessile: calyx of the petaliferous flowers with 5 narrowly linear sepals which are shorter than the hypanthium: corolla blue, about 2 cm. wide: capsules slender-fusiform, 1-1.5 cm. long: seeds oblong, fully 1 mm. long. — S. Rare, in fields near Wakefield. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. Family 3. LOBELIACEAE. Lobelia Family. Herbs, or rarely trees, the sap often milky. Leaves alternate : blades entire, toothed, or parted. Flowers perfect, or rarely dioecious, irregular Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla more or less 2-lipped, tli€ tube open on one side. Androecium of 5 stamens, the filaments sometimes cohering. Gynoecium mostly 2-carpellary, the ovary more or less inferior. Fruit capsular or baccate. 1. LOBELIA [Plum.] L. Annual or i^erennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire or toothed. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Hypanthium mostly ribbed. Sepals entire or often glandular-toothed, sometimes with basal ap- pendages. Corolla variously colored or white: upper lip 2-lobed: lower lip 3- lobed. Anthers in a ring around the style, 2 often smaller than the others. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule 2-valved. Corolla red ; tube over 2 cm. long : style and androecium over .S cm. long. 1. L. cardinnlif!. Corolla blue or rarely white ; tube less than 2 cm. long : style and androecium less than 3 cm. long. Corolla, exclusive of the lower lip, over 10 mm. long. Anthers glabrous at the tip : calyx-appendages long, acute. 2. L. si/philitica. Anthers bearded at the tip : calyx-appendages short, rounded. 3. L. pubcrida. Corolla, exclusive of the lower lip, less than 10 mm. long. Flowers short-stalked : stem-leaves with relatively broad blades. Capsule partly inferior, 2.5-3 mm. long. 4. L. spicata. Capsule wholly inferior, 5-8 mm. long. 5. L. inflata. Flowers long-stalked : stem-leaves with very narrow blades. 6. L. Kalmii. 282 AMBEOSIACEAE. 1. L. cardinalis L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, simple: blades of the lower leaves oblong to oblong-spatiilate, serrate or dentate : sepals linear to linear-subu- late: corolla-lobes on either side of the cleft linear-oblanceolate : capsule hemi- spheric, short-beaked : seeds mostly over 1 mm. long. — Common, in moist places and on creek-banks. — Late sum. — Cardinal-flower. 2. L. syphilitica L. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, sparingly pubescent, often branched : leaf-blades oblanceolate to elliptic or lanceolate, 2. .5-20 cm. long, coarsely serrate or sinuate-dentate: sepals bristly ciliate, acuminate from a broad base, each with large acute basal auricles: corolla light-blue, or rarely white; tube about 1.5 cm. long; lobes of the lower lip narrow, gradually pointed: seeds wrinkled. — Common, in meadows and along streams. — Fall. — Great- lobelia. 3. L. puberula Michx. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, softly pubescent: leaf -blades oblanceolate to obovate, oblong, lanceolate, or ovate, 2-10 cm. long, finely toothed: sepals sometimes bristly, lanceolate, 7-9 mm. long, each with small rounded basal auricles: corolla bright-blue; tube about 1 cm. long; lobes of the lower lip broad, abruptly pointed: seeds tuberculate. — S. Frequent, in low grounds and thickets. — Schists. — Fall. 4. L. spicata Lam. Stems 1-12 dm. tall, pubescent, at least near the base : leaf-blades spatulate, obovate, or suborbicular at the base of the stem, ob- lanceolate to lanceolate above, 1-10 cm. long, crenate-dentate or nearly entire: sepals linear-subulate, 3-5 mm. long, not auricled at the base: corolla blue, 6-9 mm. long : capsules 2.5-3 mm. long. — Common, in moist fields and meadows. — Sum. 5. L. inflata L. Stems 1-10 dm. tall, pubescent: leaf-blades obovate to oval or ovate, 2-9 cm. long, crenate: sepals linear, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, entire: corolla lilac, 6-8 mm. long : capsules 5-8 mm. long, inflated. — Common, in dry soil and thickets. — Sum. and fall. — Indian-tobacoo. 6. L. Kalmii L. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, glabrous: basal leaves with spatulate blades, upper cauline leaves narrowly linear, 1-4 cm. long, entire: flowers slender-pedicelled : hypanthium turbinate, becoming obovoid and 5-6 mm. long: sepals subulate or lanceolate-subulate, entire, 2.5-3 mm. long: corolla light-blue, about 1 cm. long : capsules 6-7 mm. long. — M. Eare, in the" Dillerville swamp, Lancaster. — Limestones. — Sum. — Brook-lobelia. Order CARDUALES. Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves mainly alternate : blades entire, toothed, or divided. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious, few or many aggregated on a receptacle and surrounded with an involucre or the involucre rarely obsolete. Calyx 1 or 2 rows of bristles or scales, or a mere border or a crown, or obsolete, or wanting. Corolla of several more or less united petals or wanting. Androecium of usually 5 stamens, the anthers converging or united. Gynoecium mostly of 2 united carpels. Ovary inferior. Styles or stigmas mostly 2. Fruit an aehene. Flowers with tubular corollas, or those of the outer ones prolonged into ligules. Stamens distinct, the anthers merely converging about the stigma. Stamens united by their anthers, thus forming a tube Fam. 1. Ambrosiaceae. around the stigma, except in Kuhnia. Fam. 2. Carduaceae. Flowers with each corolla prolonged into a ligule. Fam. 3. Cichoriaceae. Family 1. AMBROSIACEAE. Ragweed Family. Annual or perennial herbs, or woody plants, often weedy. Leaf- blades entire, lobed, or divided. Flowers in inconspicuous heads, the bracts CAEDUACEAE. 283 of the pistillate heads distinct or sometimes united and accrescent into a bur. Fruit-produciug flowers apetalous or with much reduced corollas. Achenes subtended by or enclosed in an involucre. Pappus wanting or obsolete. Bracts of the staminate involucres distinct : pistillate involucres bur-lilte. 1. Xanthidm. Bracts of the staminate involucres united : pistillate involucres not bur-like. 2. Ambrosia. 1. XANTHIUM [Tourn.] L. Coarse, sometimes spiny herbs. Leaf- blades toothed or lobed. Mature pistillate involucre copiously and evenly spiny. — Sum. and fall. — Clotbur. Burweed. Cocklebur. Leaf-blades much longer than broad : leaf-bases accompanied by 3-pronged spines : fruits usually 1-beaked or beakless. 1. X. spinosum. Leaf-blades as broad as long or but little longer : leaf-bases without spines: fruits usually 2-beaked. 2. X. americaniim. 1. X. spinosum L. Plants spiny, 2-12 dm. tall: leaf -lobes lanceolate, mostly 3-lobed, white- or pale-pubescent beneath: fruits 10-13 mm. long. — S. Eare, in waste grounds. Nat. of trop. Am. 2. X. americanum Walt. Plants glabrate or finely pubescent, 2-13 dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate to deltoid, 5-30 cm. long, rather coarsely toothed and more or less distinctly lobed: fruits oblong, 15-20 mm. long, thickly beset with slender hooked spines. — Common, in waste places and on roadsides. 2. AMBROSIA [Tourn.] L. Weed-like herbs, ours annual. Leaf -blades toothed, lobed, or divided. Mature pistillate involucre tuberculate or spiny near the top. — Sum. and fall. — Eagweed. Leaves opposite ; blades palmately 3-5-lobed or merely toothed : receptacle naked. 1. A. triflda. Leaves alternate and opposite ; blades 1-2-pinnatifid : recep- tacle chaffy. 2. A. clatior. 1. A. trifida L. Stems hirsute or hispid, 8-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades deeply 3-5-lobed or sometimes merely toothed, 8-30 cm. long: pistillate heads clus- tered at the base of leaf -like bracts: fruits turbinate or obovoid, 8-10 mm. long, with several tubercles at the base of the beak, — Common, on roadsides and in moist soil. — Great-ragweed. Horse-cane. 2. A. elatior L. Stems hirsute, 3-18 dm. tall or diffuse: leaf -blades mainly bipiunatifid or pinnately parted, 3.5-12 cm. long: fruits 3-3.5 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. — Eagweed. Eoman-wormwood. Hog- weed. Family 2. CARDUACEAE. Thistle Family. Herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees. Flowers borne in heads, the mar- ginal ones commonly dilSering from the central ones in having a 1-sided more or less elongate corolla-limb. Pappus usually present, often con- spicuous. Stigmatic lines at the base of the stigma or below the middle. Stigmas filiform or subulate, hispidulous. Tribe I. Vernonieae. Stigmas more or less clavate, papillose-puberulent. Tribe II. Eupatokieae. Stigmatic lines extending to the tip of the stigma or to the appendages. Anthers without elongate appendages at the tip. Anther-sacs tailed at the base. Tribe IV. Inuleae. Anther-sacs not tailed at the base. Receptacle naked. Bracts of the involucre well imbricate. 284 CAEDUACEAE. Stigmas of the perfect flowers with terminal appendages. Stigmas of the perfect flowers with truncate or hairy or papillose tips. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous. Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious. Bracts of the involucre little if at all imbricate, except when the broad outer ones overlap the inner. Receptacle chaffy. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, some- times foliaceous. Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious. Anthers with elongate, cartilaginous, mostly con- nate appendages at the tip. Tribe III. Asteeeae. Tribe VI. Helenieae. Tribe VII. Anthemideae. Tribe VIII. Senecioneab. Tribe V. Heliantheae. Tribe VII. Anthemideae. Tribe IX. Ctnaeeae. 1. Vernonia. 2. Elephantopus. 3. Edpatoeium. 4. conoclinium. 5. MiKANIA. 6. Laciniaeia. 7. KUHNIA. Teiee I. VERNONIEAB. Heads not glomerate and involucrate : pappus double : corollas regular. Heads glomerate and involucrate : pappus single : corollas irregular. Tribe II. EUPATORIEAE. Achenes 3-5-angled, ribless. Erect herbs : involucral bracts more than 4. Receptacle flat : corollas white, pink, or purple. Receptacle conic or hemispheric : corollas blue or violet. Climbing vines : involucral bracts 4 or fewer, or rarely more. Achenes 8-10-ribbed or 8-10-striate. Heads spicate or racemose : corollas pink to purple : bracts of the involucre smooth or faintly striate. Heads corymbose : corollas pale : bracts of the involucre striate-nerved. Tribe III. ASTEREAE. Heads with perfect, at least not dioecious, flowers : ray-flowers usually present. Ray-flowers with yellow corollas, (white in SoUdago bicolor). Pappus, at least that of the disk-flowers, double, the outer series of scales or short-bristles, the inner of capillary bristles. Pappus wholly of capillary bristles. Bracts of the involucre broad, longitudinally ribbed. Bracts of the involucre narrow, not ribbed. Receptacle pubescent, fimbrillate : ray-flowers more numerous than those of the disk. Receptacle alveolate : ray-flowers fewer than those of the disk. Ray-flowers with white or colored corollas, not yellow. Pappus a mere crown, or of 2-4 awns and short bristles. Pappus, at least in the disk, of numerous capillary bristles. Pappus mainly of a single series of bristles. Bracts of the involucre in 3-many-series. Ray with few flowers, the ligules inconspicu- ous : involucre narrow ; bracts thick, firm. 13. Seeicocaepds. Ray with usually many flowers, the ligules conspicuous : Involucre turbinate, hemi- spheric or globose ; bracts thin, herbaceous. 9. 10. 11. Cheysopsis. Oligoneueon. Euthamia. solidago. 12. BOLTONIA. Bracts of the involucre in 1 or 2 series. Heads conspicuous : ray-flowers several- numerous ; ligules longer than the diam- eter of the disk. Heads inconspicuous : ray-flowers few ; lig- ules shorter than the diameter of the disk. Pappus manifestly double, the bristles of the inner series longer than those of the outer. Involucre of 2-4 series of bracts : ligules of the ray white or nearly so : achenes broad : leaf-blades several-ribbed. 14. ASTEE. Eeigeeon. Leptilon. 17. DOELLINGEEIA. CAEDUACEAE. 285 Involucre of 5-6 series of bracts : ligules of the ray violet, or rarely white : achenes nar- row : leaf-blades 1-rlbbed. Heads with dioecious flowers : ray-flowers wanting. 18. lONACTIS. 10. Bacchaeis. Tribe IV. INULEAE. Ray-flowers wanting : disk-flowers with white or whitish co- rollas : heads relatively small. Receptacle chaffy : involucre of few bracts. 20. Gifola. Receptacle naked : Involucre of many bracts. Plants dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Pappus-bristles of the staminate flowers thickened above : plants stoloniferous. 21. Antennaeia. Pappus-bristles not thickened : plants not stolon- iferous. 22. Anaphalis. Plants not dioecious : flowers all fruit-producing. 23. Gnaphalium. Ray-flowers present ; corollas yellow : heads relatively large. 24. Inula. Teibb V. HBLIANTHEAE. Disk-flowers perfect, but not fruit-producing. Achenes short, thick or turgid : pappus wanting. Achenes obcompressed, 3-ribbed. Achenes laterally compressed, closely striate. Achenes markedly "flattened : pappus present, sometimes obsolete. Ray conspicuous : ligules yellow, spreading : heads mostly showy. Ray-flowers in 2 or 3 series : achenes falling away free. Ray-flowers in 1 series : achenes adnate to 2 or 3 bractlets and falling away with them. Ray inconspicuous : ligules white or whitish, erect or nearly so : heads not showy. Disk-flowers fruit-producing. Corollas of the ray persistent on the achenes. Corollas of the ray deciduous, or wanting. Pappus a mere crown or a cup, or of few teeth, awns, or bristles. Achenes, at least those of the disk, not compressed : bractlets of the receptacle mostly concave or clasping. Bractlets of the receptacle mere chaffy subulate awns or bristles : ray-flowers with white ligules. Bractlets of the receptacle broad, concave or clasping. Receptacle conic to columnar. Receptacle flat or convex. Achenes not much flattened, wingless, erect : leaves not decurrent. Achenes flattened, winged, widely spread- ing : leaves decurrent. Achenes very flat : bractlets of the receptacle flat or at least not clasping. Pappus of 2 flmbriolate awns, scales of teeth, or a mere border or obsolete. Pappus of 2-0 awns or teeth, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid. Pappus of numerous scales. 30. POLYMNIA. POLYMNIASTECIM. SiLPIIIUM. Cheysogonum. Paethenium. Heliopsis. 31. Veebesina. 32. RUDBECKIA. 33. Helianthus, 34. RiDAN. 35. Coreopsis. 36. 37. BiDENS. Galinsoga. Teibe VI. HELENIEAE. A single genus in our range. 38. Helenium. Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE. Receptacle chaffy. Heads small : involucre not flattened, obovoid to campanu- late : achenes flattened. Heads large : involucre depressed, hemispheric : achenes terete or angled. Receptacle naked or sometimes merely pubescent. Ray-flowers normally present. Ray-flowers wanting. 39. Achillea. 40. Anthemis. 41. Cheysanthejium. 42. Tanacetcm. 286 CAEDUACEAE. Tribe VIII. SENECIONEAE. Leaves opposite, sometimes mainly basal : pappus-bristles rigid. 43. Arnica. Leaves alternate : pappus-bristles soft. Corollas white or pink : ray-flowers wanting. Heads with various flowers, the marginal pistillate, those of the disk perfect. 44. Erechtites. Heads with all flowers perfect. Involucre of about 5 main bracts. 45. Mesadenia. Involucre of 12-15 main bracts. 46. Stnosma. Corollas yellow : ray-flowers usually present. 47. Sbnecio. Tribe IX. CYNAREAE. Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their bases, not oblique. Receptacle not honeycombed, bristly. Achenes pubescent, without a rim at the top. 48. Xeranthemum. Achenes glabrous, with a rim at the top. Bracts of the involucre with hooked tips : leaves with unarmed blades, not bristly. 49. Arctium. Bracts of the involucre not hooked : leaves spine- armed and often bristly. Pappus-bristles plumose. 50. Cirsium. Pappus-bristles not plumose. 51. Cardods. Receptacle deeply honeycombed, not bristly. 52. Onopordon. Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle. 53. Centaurea. 1. VEKNONIA Sehreb. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades mostly toothed, often narrow. Heads not involucrate. Corolla-lobes lanceolate. Anther-appendages lanceolate to oblong. Pappus double, the outer series of scales or stout bristles, the inner of numerous capillary bristles. 1. V. noveboracensis (L.) Willd. Stems 1-3 m. tall: leaf -blades linear- lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, finely serrate or nearly entire: involucres hemispheric, about 6 mm. high; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with filiform tips arising abruptly from the body^ which in the inner bracts about equal the tip in length: corolla about 10 mm. long: achenes 4-4.5 mm. long. — Common, in low grounds and thickets. — Sum. — Iron-weed. 2. ELEPHANTOPUS [Yaill.] L. Perennial scapose or caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades shallowly toothed. Heads involucrate. Corolla-lobea linear-lanceolate. Anther-appendages deltoid to ovate. Pappus single, of several rigid bristles terminating scale-like bases. 1. E. carolinianus Willd. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, rather hirsute: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic, or oval, 5-15 cm. long, crenate-serrate or repand: inner bracts of the involucre 8-10 mm. long, acute: achenes 3.5-4 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley and adjacent parts. Frequent, in thickets. — Schists. — Sum. — ■ Elephant 's-foot. 3. EUPATORIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial or rarely annual herbs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades entire^ toothed, or dissected. Heads borne in corymbs. Involucres campanulate to cylindric. Corolla-lobea ovate or triangular. Anther-appendages ovate. Aehene angled. Pappus of capillary bristles. — Sum. — Thoroughwort. Leaves opposite or alternate, or rarely in 3's in 1 or 2 narrow-leaved species. Leaf-blades manifestly petioled. Leaf -blades acuminate : corollas less than 3.5 mm. long. 1. E. nrticaefolium. Leaf-blades obtuse or abruptly acute : corollas over 4 mm. long. 2. E. aromaticum. Leaf-blades sessile or essentially so, or connate-per- foliate : heads less than 9-flowered. Leaf-blades neither connate-perfoliate nor connate- clasping. CAEDUACEAE. 287 Base of the leaf-blade not broader than the rest of the blade or gradually narrowed. Leaf-blades linear, entire or shallowly and irregularly toothed. 3. E. hyssopifolium. Leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong, ovate, or oval, markedly toothed. 4. E. Torrcyanum. Base of the leaf-blade broadly rounded, cordate, truncate, or broadly cuneate. Leaf-blades crenate, crenate-serrate or cre- nate-dentate : involucral bracts narrow, acute, acuminate or apiculate. Branches of the inflorescence alternate : leaf-blades coarsely few-toothed. 5. E. verhcnaefoUtnn. Branches of the inflorescence opposite : leaf-blades more finely and evenly toothed. Leaf-blades about as broad as long, truncate or subcordate at the base. G. E. rotundifolium. Leaf-blades manifestly longer than broad, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base. 7. E. pubescens. Leaf-blndes sharply serrate : involucral bracts broad, obtuse. 8. E. sessilifoUum. Leaf-blades connate-perfoliate : heads over 9-flowered. 9. E. perfoUatum. Leaves whorled in 3's to 6's : blades relatively broad. Leaf-blades crenate, the teeth somewhat apiculate : co- rollas about 5 mm. long. 10. E. trifoliattm. Leaf-blades serrate : corollas about 7 mm. long. 11. E. purpureum. 1. E. urticaefolium Eeichard. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, puberulent or glabrate: leaf-blades thin, ovate or rarely ovate-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acuminate, coarsely serrate: bracts of the involucre linear, ciliolate at the apex, the inner 3-3.5 mm. long: corollas 3 mm. long: anthers longer than the filaments: achenes 2-2.5 mm. long. — Common, in woods and thickets. — White- snakeroot. 2. E. aromaticum L. Stems 3-15 dm. tall, puberulent or minutely pubescent: leaf-blades thickish, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, obtuse or acute, crenate: bracts of the involucre linear, ciliate, the inner 4-4.5 mm. long: corollas 4.5-5 cm. long, ciliate : achenes 2.5-3 mm. long. — M. S. Eare, in thickets. — Qiiartzite, serpentine. 3. E. hyssopifolium L. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, puberulent: leaf -blades linear, 2-6 cm. long, sometimes undulate : bracts of the involucre oblong to linear or linear-lanceolate, ciliolate, mostly obtuse, the inner 5-5.5 mm. long: corollas 3.5-4 mm. long: achenes 2.5-3 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, in thickets. — Schists. 4. E. Torreyanum Short. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, finely pubescent: leaf -blades broadly linear to oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate to laciniate: bracts of the involucre mainly oblong to linear-oblong, ciliate, the inner 5-5.5 mm. long: corollas 3 mm. long: achenes 3 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eare, on wooded hillsides. — Schists. 5. E. verbenaefolium Michx. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, finely pubescent: leaf- blades ovate to lanceolate, 2-12 cm. long, serrate: bracts of the involucre abruptly short-pointed, the inner mostly linear-oblong, 4-4.5 mm. long: achenes about 2 mm. long. — M. S. Frequent, in moist grounds or swamps. — Schists, quartsite. 6. E. rotundifolium L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, tomentulose: leaf -blades sub- orbicular to orbicular-ovate, 2-4 cm. long, crenate or crenate-dentate : inter- mediate bracts of the involucre acuminate, the inner ones 5.5-6 mm. long: corollas about 3 mm. long: achenes fully 2 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in swamps. — • Schists, 7. E. pubescens Muhl. Stems 3-15 dm. tall, canescent-tomentulose: leaf- blades ovate, 2-10 cm. long, serrate or incised-serrate: intermediate bracts of the involucre abruptly pointed, the inner ones 5.5-6 mm. long: corollas about 3 mm. long : achenes 2-2.5 mm. long. — S. Common, in thickets. — Schists. 288 CARDUACEAE. 8. E. sessilifolium L. Stems 4-15 dm. tall, tomentulose above: leaf -blades lanceolate, 8-25 cm. long, creuate-serrate, connate-perfoliate: bracts of the involucre obtuse, the inner 4.5-5 mm. long: corollas 3 mm. long: achenes 3-3.5 mm. long. — Common, in thickets and open woods. — Upland-boneset. 9. E. perfoliatum L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, tomentulose above: leaf-blades lanceolate, 8-25 cm. long, crenate-serrate, connate-perfoliate: inner bracts of the involucres acuminate, 6-6.5 mm. long: corollas 4 mm. long: achenes 2 mm. long, or mostly shorter. — Common, in meadows and thickets. — Boneset. 10. E. trifoliatum L. Stems 8-21 dm. tall, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, often purple: leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 15-20 cm. long, ere- nate: outer bracts of the involucre puberulent, the inner usually not ciliolate: corollas about 5 mm. long: achenes 4-4.5 mm. long. — S. Frequent, in moist thickets and woods. — Schists. 11. E. purpureum L. Stems 9-34 dm. tall, sometimes sparingly pubescent: leaf-blades narrowly oblong, ovate-lanceolate, oval, or ovate, 9-30 cm. long, serrate: outer bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly so, the inner ciliate: corollas about 7 mm. long : achenes 5.5-6 mm. long. — Common, in moist soil or meadows. — Joe-pye weed. 4. CONOCLINIUM DC; Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite: blades toothed or j^arted. Heads in open or compact corymbs. Involucres campanu- late or hemispheric. Corolla narowly funnelform: lobes deltoid to ovate. Androecium mostly included: anther-appendages ovate, obtuse. Achene angled. Pappus of a few capillary bristles. 1. C. coelestinum (L.) DC. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, appressed-pubescent : leaf- blades ovate to deltoid-ovate, or rarely triangular-lanceolate, 3-12 em. long, crenate or serrate-crenate : inner bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, 2.5-3 mm. long: corollas barely 3 mm. long: achenes barely 1.5 mm. long. — M. S. Common, in moist places and thickets. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. — Mist- flower. 5. MIKANIA Willd. Perennial vines. Leaves opposite: blades of a hastate or deltoid type, mostly toothed. Heads in corymbs. Involucre cylin- drie. Corolla with a campanulate throat: lobes lanceolate to triangular-ovate. Androecium exserted: anther-appendages ovate. Achenes angled. Pappus of many capillary bristles. 1. M. scandens (L.) Willd. Plants finely pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaf- blades deltoid-ovate to hastate, 5-8 cm. long, undulate or angulately lobed: bracts of the involucre 5-5.5 mm. long, acuminate or abruptly pointed: corolla about 4 mm. long : achenes 2-2.5 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in thickets and swamps. — • Schists. — Sum. — • Climbing hemp- vine. 6. LACINIABIA Hill. Perennial, typically simple herbs with thick root- stocks. Leaves alternate, often numerous: blades narrow, entire. Heads in spikes, racemes, panicles, or rarely in cymes. Involucres ovoid to cylindric or turbinate. Corolla-throat narrow-funnelform, much longer than the slightly narrower tube: lobes lanceolate. Anther-appendages entire or notched. Achenes short, ribbed. Pappus of many barbellulate or plumose bristles. — BUTTON-SNAKEROOT. BlAZING-STAR. Bracts of the involucre with broad appressed tips : involucre few-flowered. 1. L. spicata. Bracts of the involucre with narrow spreading tips : involucre many-flowered. 2. L. squarrosa. CARDUACEAE. 289 1. L. spicata (L.) Kuntze. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, sometimes sparingly hirsute: blades of the lower leaves linear: intermediate bracts of the involucre oblong- ovate; inner bracts 8-9 mm. long, broadly linear: corollas 6.5-7.5 mm. long; lobes glabrous. — S. Frequent, in low grounds. — Schists, serpentine. — Fall. 2. L. squarrosa (L.) Hill. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, pubescent: blades of the lower leaves linear: inner bracts of the involucre 15-22 mm. long, acuminate: corollas 24-27 mm. long; lobes pubescent within. — S. Eare in thickets, — ScJtists. — • Sum. 7. KUHNIA L. Perennial pubescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, resinous-dotted. Heads in open or compact clusters. Involucres narrow-cylindric. Corolla narrowly funnelform, the tube and throat scarcely distinguishable: lobes triangular to lanceolate. Anther-appendages ovate, obtuse. Aehenes columnar, striate. Pappus of many capillary bristles. 1. K. eupatorioides L. Stems 5-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-10 cm. long, nar- rowed at the base and sessile or nearly so: inner bracts of the involucre linear, 5—7 mm. long: corollas about 6 mm. long: aehenes 4-5 mm. long. — M. Common, on rocky banks of the Conestoga near Lancaster. — Limestones. — Sum. and fall. — False-boneset. 8. CHE.YSOPSIS Nutt. Biennial or perennial pubescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades narrow or broad, mostly entire. Heads solitary or in a terminal corymb. Involucres ovoid to turbinate, the bracts narrow. Eay- flowers with conspicuous ligules. Disk-corollas with a narrow funnelform throat. Anther-appendages lanceolate. Stigmas subulate. Aehenes flattened. Pappus double, of numerous bristles, 1. C. mariana (L.) Nutt. Stems cobwebby-villous, 1-6 dm. tall: blades of the cauline leaves spatulate to elliptic or oblong: inner bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, somewhat acuminate, 8-9 mm. long: filaments shorter than the anthers : disk-corollas 8—9 mm. long : ligules oblong, 6-9 mm. long. — S. Rather common, in dry soil. ■ — ■ Schists. — Fall. — Golden-aster. 9. OLIGONEURON Small. Perennial herbs, pubescent at least in the inflorescence. Leaves alternate: blades entire or nearly so. Heads in a terminal corymb. Involucres campanulate, several-flowered: bracts broad, rounded at the apex, the inner much longer than the outer. Ray-flowers few: corollas with a very long tube and a yellow ligule. Disk-corollas with a funnel- form throat and a shorter tube : lobes lanceolate. Filaments nearly as long as the anthers or longer. Stigmas oblong or ovate-oblong. Aehenes stout, ribbed. Pappus of many capillary bristles. 1. O, rigidum (L.) Small. Stems 4-15 dm, tall, rough-pubescent: leaf -blades thick, those of the upper stem-leaves oblong to ovate, 2-13 cm. long, closely pubescent, shallowly toothed or essentially entire: bracts of the involucre pubescent, the outer ovate: disk-corollas 5.5-6.5 mm. long: aehenes 12-15- ribbed. — W. S. Common, in dry soil, Nat, of w, N. A. — Fall. 10. EUTHAMIA Nutt. Perennial herbaceous plants. Leaves alternate: blades elongate, herbaceous. Heads many, in corymbs. Involucres narrow, few-several-flowered: bracts various, the outer ones linear or nearly so. Ray- flowers few: corolla with a slender tube and a very small ligule. Disk-corollas with a funnelform throat, and tube of about equal length: lobes lanceolate. Anthers as long as the filaments or longer. Stigmas lanceolate. Pappus of capillary bristles. Lancaster County Flora 19. 290 CAEDUACEAE. 1. E. graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Plants 13-14 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear, mainly over 4 mm. wide: heads in dense clusters: involucres campanulate, the inner bracts 3.5—4 mm. long : achenes pubescent. — Common, in fields and thickets. — Late sum. 11. SOLIDAGO L. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades various, mostly toothed. Heads relatively small, paniculate or thyrsoid. Invo- lucres campanulate, turbinate, or cylindric, few-several-flowered. Bracts vari- ous, the inner narrow, at least relatively so, and much longer than the outer. Eay-flowers few: corollas with a slender tube and a yellow or rarely white ligule. Disk-corollas with a funnelform or campanulate throat and a tube nearly or quite as long: lobes lanceolate. Anthers nearly or quite as long as the filaments. Stigmas mostly lanceolate. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of rough capillary bristles. — Goldenrod. Heads in axillary short or raceme-like clusters subtended by leaf- Stem and branches terete : stem-leaves with relatively narrow, blades. Stem and branches angled : stem-leaves with relatively broad, deeply toothed, blades. Heads in a terminal inconspicuously bracted panicle or tliyrsus. Tips of the involucral bracts, at least some of them, spread- ing or recurved. Tips of the involucral bracts erect or appressed. Inflorescence nearly equilateral, the branches erect or as- cending : heads not secund on the branches. Bracts of the involucre decidedly obtuse. Achenes glabrous. Stems copiously pubescent. Achenes columnar : ray-flowers with white ligules. Achenes dilated upward : ray-flowers with yellow ligules. Stems glabrous or merely puberulent. Achenes pubescent. Bracts of the involucre acute or acutish. Inflorescence 1-sided, the branches spreading or recurved : heads secund. Leaf-blades pinnately veined, not 3-ribbed. Internodes of the stem prominently angled below the leaves. Internodes of the stem terete or essentially so. Stem manifestly pubescent, rarely only in lines. Ray-flowers 3 or 4 : leaves glabrous ; blades entire, narrow. Ray-flowers 6-9 : leaves pubescent ; blades toothed, broad. Stem glabrous, at least below the inflorescence. Branches of the inflorescence pubescent. Ray-flowers mostly 6-8 : involucre cylin- dric, few-flowered : achenes pubescent. Ray-flowers mostly 3-5 : involucre cam- panulate, many-flowered : achenes glabrous. Branches of the inflorescence glabrous. Involucre less than 5 mm. high. Involucre over 5 mm. high. Leaf-blades manifestly 3-ribbed. Stem glabrous. Stem pubescent. Cauline leaves with relatively long blades, acuminate or attenuate. Cauline leaves with relatively short blades, ob- tuse or merely acute. lilje bracts, shallowly toothed, 1. S. caesia. 2. 8. flexicauUs. 3. S. sqiiarrosa. 4. S. Mcolor. 5. 8. liisinda. 6. S. speriosa. 7. S. raccmosa. 8. S. piiberula. 9. 8. pattila. 10. S. odora. 11. 8. rugosa. 12. 8. ithnifolia. 13. S. arguta. 14. 8. juncea. 15. 8. neglecta. 16. /Sf. serotina. 17. 8. canadensis. 18. 8. nemoralis. 1. S. caesia L. Stems 3-11 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the u^jper cauline leaves spatulate to broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, 6-14 cm. long, serrate, glabrous : inner bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long. — Common, in woods and on banks. — Fall. CAEDUACEAE. 291 2. S. flexicaulis L. Similar to S. caesia in habit: blades of the cauline leaves elliptic, sometimes narrowly so, 2.5-3 cm. long, sharply serrate, pubes- cent about the veins beneath, except sometimes in age: inner bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, 4-4.5 mm. long. — Common, on the river hills and along creeks. — Fall. 3. S. squarrosa L. Stems 4-15 dm. tall, usually somewhat pubescent above: blades of the lower cauline leaves oval to ovate, coarsely toothed and 1-2 dm. long, of the upper smaller and shallowly toothed or undulate: inner bracts of the involucre oblong: disk-corollas with lanceolate lobes. — Frequent, in woods along the Octoraro Creek. — Schists. — Sum. 4. S. bicolor L. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, pale-hirsute: blades of the lower cauline leaves obovate, oval, elliptic or spatulate, shallowly crenate-serrate and 1-2 dm. long, of the upper smaller and elliptic, oblong, or oblanceolate : inner bracts of the involucre oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long, obtuse: disk-corollas 3.5-4 mm. long. — • Common, in woods and thickets — Late sum. 5. S. hispida Muhl. Similar to S. bicolor in habit, the stems often densely hirsute: inner bracts of the involucre broadly linear, 4-4.5 mm. long: disk- corollas 4.5-5 mm. long. — N. Frequent, on dry hillsides. — Sandstones and shales. — • Late sum. 6. S. speciosa Nutt. Stems 7-19 dm. tall, glabrous, at least below: blades of the lower cauline leaves elliptic to oval and 1-2 dm. long, of the upper smaller and mainly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, all shallowly toothed: inner bracts of the involucre linear-spatulate, 5-6 mm. long: disk-corollas 3.5-4 mm. long. — N. Occasional, on hillsides. — Sandstones and shales. — Fall. 7. S. racemosa Greene. Stems tufted, 1-4.5 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the cauline leaves spatulate to linear, 2-8.5 em. long or smaller above, acute or acuminate, shallowly serrate or entire: inner bracts of the involucre linear- cuneate to nearly linear, 4-5 mm. long, acute or acutish : achenes pubescent^ — Lower Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on rocky islands. — Schists. — Fall. 8. S. puberula Nutt. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, puberulent: blades of the lower cauline leaves spatulate to oblanceolate and appressed-serrate or crenate- serrate, of the upper oblanceolate to elliptic or linear-elliptic: inner bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm. long, acute : achenes glabrous. — N. S. Not very common, in dry places. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Fall. 9. S. patula Muhl. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the lower cauline leaves spatulate to elliptic or oblong and serrate, of the upper oblong to oblanceolate or elliptic, all scabrous above: inner bracts of the involucre linear, 4.5-5 mm. long: disk-corollas about 4 mm. long. — Frequent, in moist grounds and meadows. — Fall. 10. S. odora Ait. Stems 5-13 dm. tall, minutely pubescent: blades of the lower cauline leaves linear-spatulate to linear-oblong, of the upper lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or linear, all entire : inner bracts of the involucre narroAvly linear-lanceolate, glabrous, 4-5 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Com- mon, in thickets. — Schists. — Late sum. 11. S. rugosa Mill. Stems 3-22 dm. tall, pubescent: blades of the lower cauline leaves spatulate to oblong or elliptic, of the upper elliptic, lanceolate, or oblong-ovate, all sharply toothed : inner bracts of the involucre linear or oblong- linear, 4.5-5 mm. long, the intermediate ones lanceolate. — Common, on dry banks and in thickets. — Fall. 12. S. ulmifolia Muhl. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the lower cauline leaves spatulate, elliptic or oblong, of the upper elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, all serrate: inner bracts of the involucre linear, 4-4.5 mm. long, or rarely shorter. — Common, in thickets and open woods. — Fall. 292 CAEDUACEAE. 13. S. arguta Ait. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the lower cauline leaves spatulate to oblong, elliptic, oval, or ovate, of the upper mainly elliptic and more finely serrate than those of the lower leaves : inner bracts of the invo- lucre linear-spatulate, 4.5-5 mm. long, the intermediate ones linear. — - Com- mon, in woods and on banks. — Fall. 14. S. juncea Ait. Stems 4-15 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the lower cauline leaves spatulate to oblong or elliptic and shallowly serrate, of the upper mainly elliptic or sometimes linear-lanceolate, or nearly linear and finely serrate or merely undulate : inner bracts of the involucre narowly linear, 4-5 mm. long. — Common, in moist soil and open woods. — Sum. 15. S. neglecta T. &. G. Stems 8-18 dm. tall, usually glabrous at least below: blades of the lower cauline leaves spatulate, of the upper elliiitic or elliptic- lanceolate, shallowly toothed, or merely undulate above: inner bracts of the involucre linear, 4-4.5 mm. long, obtuse, ciliolate. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Fall. 16. S. serotina Ait. Stems 6-25 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the lower cauline leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or elliptic, of the upper elliptic, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate and serrate: inner bracts of the involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, about 3.5 mm. long. — Common, in moist places and thickets. — Fall. 17. S. canadensis L. Stems 6-25 dm. tall, pubescent: blades of the lower cauline leaves oblong or elliptic or broadened upward, of the upper oblong- lanceolate to lanceolate and sharply serrate or nearly entire: inner bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, 3-3.5 mm. long. — Common, in waste places and thickets. — Fall. 18. S. nemoralls Ait. Stems 1-9 dm. tall, pubescent: blades of the lower cauline leaves mainly spatulate and ajapressed-serrate, of the upper oblanceo- late to narrowly elliptic and less prominently toothed or entire : inner bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, 3.5-4 mm. long. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. — Fall. 12. BOLTONIA L'Her. Perennial tall herbs. Leaves alternate: blades entire, sessile or decurrent. Heads many, widely panicled. Involucres broadly campanulate to hemispheric, many-flowered: bracts narrow or sometimes partly dilated. Eay-flowers often numerous: corollas with a short tube and narrow ligules. Disk-corollas with a narrowly funnelform throat and short tube: lobes triangular. Anthers as long as the filaments or longer. Achenes flattened, broadest above the middle, the margins sometimes winged. Pappus a ;series of short scales usually accompanied by 2-4 bristles. 1. B. asteroi^es (L.) L'Her. Plants 1-2 m. tall: blades of the upper leaves oblong to linear, 3-12 cm. long: outer bracts of the involucre linear-lanceo- late, 2-3 mm. long, the inner slightly longer: ligules linear, white or pale, 5-6.5 mm. long: disk 6-12 mm. wide: corollas about 2 mm. long, the throat about as long as the tube. — Susquehanna valley. Common, on low islands and sandy or gravelly shores. — Sum. 13. SERICOCARPUS Nees. Perennial low herbs. Leaves alternate : blades entire or toothed. Heads in corymbs. Involucres campanulate to cylindric, several-flowered: bracts broad, or the inner ones sometimes rather narrow. Ray-flowers several: corollas with a long tube and a narrow, white or pink ligule. Disk-corollas with a narrowly funnelform throat and a long tube: lobes lanceolate. Anthers slightly longer than the filaments or shorter: ap- CAEDUACEAE. 293 pendages lanceolate. Achenes flattened, 1-nerved, Pappus of numerous sca- brous bristles. — • Sum. — White-topped aster. Leaf-blades entire, those of the cauline leaves narrow : inner involucral bracts obtuse. 1. S. UnifoHus. Leaf-blades toothed, those of the cauline leaves broad : inner involucral bracts acute. 2. 8. astcroides. 1. S. linifolius (L.) B.S.P. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 2-7 dm. tall: blades of the upper leaves linear, 2-6 cm. long: involucres 4-6 mm. long; inner bracts often erose at the green tips: disk-corollas 4-5 mm. long: ligules 5-6 mm. long: pappus whitish. — S. Occasional, on dry banks. — Schists. 2. S. asteroides (L) B.S.P. Stems pubescent, 3-8' dm. tall: blades of the upper leaves ovate, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long: involucres 6-9 mm. long; inner bracts broadly linear, rough-edged above: disk-corollas 5-6 mm. long : ligules whitish, 6-8 mm. long : pappus brownish. — ■ Common, in woods and thickets. 14. ASTEB [Tourn.] L. Perennial, or rarely annual, branching caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades narrow or broad, entire or toothed, those of the rootstock, base of the stem and upper parts of the plant often very differ- ent. Eadical leaves often appear from rootstocks remote from the flowering plant. Heads radiate, in corymbs, racemes or panicles, or rarely solitary. Involucres hemispheric, campanulate, cylindric, or turbinate : bracts in several series, with erect, spreading or recurved tips. Eay-flowers pistillate, with white, pink, purple, blue, or violet ligules. Disk-flowers perfect : corollas yellow, becoming red, brown, or purple: lobes 5, broad. Achenes slightly flattened, nerved or ribbed. Pappus of numerous bristles in one, or rarely two, series. — Aster. Blades of the basal and lower cauline leaves relatively broad, of an ovate or cordate type, and with long petioles, the upper cauline essentially similar, but shorter- petioled or even sessile. Upper cauline leaves various, but the blades not cordate-clasping ; petioles of the lower leaves not dilated-clasping. Ray-corollas with white, pink, or violet ligules. Ligules white or occasionally pinkish, usually 2-toothed : pubescence not glandular. Involucres not cylindric ; bracts broadly obtuse or rounded at the apex : basal leaves few, with small blades, or wanting. Blades of most of the leaves of an ovate-lanceolate type ; blades of the branch-leaves mostly short. 1. A. divaricatus. Blades of most of the leaves of an oblong- lanceolate type ; blades of the branch- leaves elongate. 2. A. tenchrosus. Involucres cylindric ; bracts tapering to the blunt apex : basal leaves numerous, with large blades. 3. A. Schrebcri. Ligules violet, usually 3-toothed : pubescence glandular. 4. A. macrophijlltts. Ray-corollas with blue or purple ligules. 5. A. cordifoUns. Upper cauline leaves with clasping blades or clasping dilated petioles. 6. A. ttndulatits. Blades of the basal and lower cauline leaves relatively nar- row, and with more or less contracted petiole-like bases, the upper cauline with sessile or clasping blades. Blades of the cauline leaves clasping by auriculate-cor- date bases. Stem and branches conspicuously pubescent, often rough-pubescent. Cauline leaves with entire blades. Stem and branches rough-pubescent : involucres campanulate. Leaves rough-pubescent : stem widely branched above. 7. A. patens. Leaves soft-pubescent : stem narrowly branched above. 8. A. phlogifolius. 294 CAEDUACEAE. Stem and bi-anches hirsute : involucres liemi- spheric. Cauline leaves, at least the lower ones, v^ith toothed blades. Stem and branches glabrous, or inconspicuously pu- bescent above. Leaves with sharply serrate blades. Leaves abruptly contracted into broad petiole- like bases, which are often dilated near the stem. Leaves tapering to the base. Leaves with entire blades, or sometimes with an occasional sharp tooth. Blades of the cauline leaves with merely sessile or , essentially sessile blades. Ray-corollas with violet ligules : leaf-blades short and broad. Ray-corollas with white, or sometimes pink or pur- plish, ligules. Flower-heads scattered : peduncles elongate, con- spicuously scaly. Flowers-heads racemose or paniculate : peduncles not copiously scaly. Involucral bracts obtuse : stem, branches, and leaves, rough-pubescent. Involucral bracts acute or merely obtusish : stem, branches, and leaves, glabrous or softly pubescent. Flower-heads in secund racemes or panicles. Blades of the cauline leaves oblong to lanceolate, serrate or dentate. Blades of the cauline leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, minutely hack- toothed. Flower-heads not in definitely secund ra- cemes or panicles. Cauline leaves with linear entire blades. Cauline leaves with broader toothed blades. Heads less than 16 mm. across the ligules. Heads over 16 mm. across the ligules. Ligules of the ray mostly white: leaf-blades thinnish. Ligules of the ray bluish-violet : leaf-blades firm. 9. .4. Noime-Angliae. 10. A. puniceus. 10. A. puniceus. 11. A. prenanthoides. 12. A. laevis. 13. A. Radula. 14. A. dumosus. 15. A. multiflorus. 16. A. lateriflortts. 17. A. vimineiis. 18. A. ericoides. 19. A. Tradescanti. 20. A. panlculatiis. 21. A. salicifoUus. 1. A. divaricatus L. Stems tufted, 4-6 dm. tall, assurgent, flexuous, terete, glabrate at maturity: leaf -blades thin, smoothish, slender-petioled, ovate-lan- ceolate, closely and saliently dentate with sharp teeth, incurved-acuminate, the basal sinus moderately large, broad and deep : leaves of the inflorescence typically small, sessile, short, ovate-acute to short-oval, nearly entire: corymb broad, flattish, repeatedly and widely forked, the slender branches long, divergent: heads 18-25 mm. broad: young involucre short-cylindric ; bracts broad, ciliate, the rounded or subtruneate tips with a broad green spot: ray- flowers chiefly 6-9; ligules white, or rarely roseate or slightly crimson: disk turning reddish-brown — Common, in thickets and on hillsides. 2. A. tenebrosus Burgess. Stems glabrate, striate, wide-branched: leaf -blades large, very thin and smooth, broadly oblong and conspicuously cut with coarse remote acuminate curvescent teeth, then abruptly long-acuminate and entire; most leaves with a broad rounded sinus and slender petiole; those of the inflorescence prolonged, lanceolate, subentire and sessile: inflorescence broadly corymbose, often proliferously branched: outer involucral bracts green, acute, elongate-triangular, the others linear, obtusish: rays long, usually 9-12: disk pale-yellow, turning purplish-brown. — Eesembles A. divaricatus, but is larger and thinner in all its parts, and with a different leaf -form. — N. Occasional, on wooded hillsides. — Sandstones and shales. 3. A. Schreberi Nees. Stems 7-11 dm. tall, often purple-tinged, with elon- gate internodes: radical leaves, usually in wide colonies; blades reniform-ovate CAEDUACEAE. 295 to triangular-ovate, 8-17 cm. long, with a somewhat square basal sinus, thin but firm, with scattered hairs above, pubescent on the veins beneath, the teeth rather coarse, sharp: upper stem-leaves with ovate-oblong to lanceolate blades and short-winged petioles, or the uppermost ones sessile, acuminate : inflo- rescence glabrous or sparingly pubescent, flattish or irregularly convex: heads about 1 em. high: peduncles rather long and slender: involucral bracts mostly obtuse, green-tipped: ray-flowers about 10; ligules 8-11 mm. long, white or pink. — S. Occasional, in thickets along the Octoraro Creek. — Schists. — Sum. 4. A. macrophyllus L. Stems 6-9 dm. tall, reddened, angular: radical leaves developed in large colonies, usually 3 to each rootstock, larger and coarser than the similarly shaped lower eauline leaves (which are developed a subsequent year from the same rootstock) ; blades broad, cordate with a large irregular sinus, rough above, harsh, thick, the teeth broad, curved, somewhat crenate: upper stem-leaves with oblong blades and short broadly winged petioles, those of the uppermost sessile, acute : inflorescence strigose and glandular, broadly corymbose, irregular: heads 15-30 mm. broad: peduncles short, rigid, thickish: involucral bracts conspicuously green-tipped, the outer acute, the inner oblong, obtuse: ray-flowers about 12-16; ligules 10-14 mm. long, chiefly lavender, sometimes violet, or rarely pale: disk turning reddish-brown. — S. Occasional, on wooded hillsides and in thickets. — Schists. 5. A. cordifolius L. Stems 3-15 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so, much- branched and bushy: leaf -blades thin, rough, more or less pubescent, sharply serrate, acuminate, those of the basal and lower eauline leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate-cordate, 5-12 cm. long, those of the upper eauline leaves short- petioled or sessile, ovate or lanceolate: heads very numerous, small, 12-18 mm. broad, handsome : involucre turbinate to cylindric ; bracts oblong-linear, obtuse or obtusish, green-tipped, appressed: ray-flowers 10-20; ligules 6-8 mm. long, blue or violet, sometimes pale, rarely white : pappus whitish. — Common, in woods and thickets. 6. A. undulatus L. Stems stiff, 3-10 dm. tall, closely rough-pubescent, divari- cately branched above: leaf -blades usually thick, rough on both sides when dry, pubescent beneath, dentate, undulate or entire, acute or acuminate, those of the radical leaves small, orbicular to ovate, soft-downy; the lower eauline leaves ovate, with cordate base, 5-12 cm. long, the naked petioles expanding into a clasping base at least in some leaves; middle eauline leaves similar, lanceolate or oblong; upper eauline leaves sessile or clasping, chiefly lance- oblong; branch-leaves subulate, small and abruptly reduced: heads numerous, racemose and somewhat secund on the spreading branches, 16-20 mm. broad: involucre broadly turbinate; bracts linear-oblong, slightly pubescent, acute or acutish, their broad green tips appressed: ray -flowers 8-15; ligules usually pale-violet, 6-10 mm. long: pappus whitish. — Common, on dry Jsanks and in woods. 7. A. patens Ait. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, slender, rough, divergently branched: leaf-blades sessile, ovate-oblong or oval, rough-pubescent, thick and somewhat rigid, strongly auriculate-clasping at the broad base, entire, acute, or the lower ones obtuse, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, those of the branches much smaller and bract-like, their margins rough-ciliate: heads 25 mm. broad or more, solitary at the ends of the branches: involucre campanulate; bracts linear-oblong, finely pubescent or scabrous, often somewhat glandular, their green acute tips spreading: ray-flowers 20-30; ligules purplish-blue or deep-violet, 8-12 mm, long : pappus tawny. — Common, in dry soil. 8. A. phlogifolius Muhl. Similar to A. patens in habit but when well devel- oped much taller, more slender and soft: leaves larger; blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, entire, thin or membranous, acuminate at the apex, strongly auriculate-clasping at the base, roughish above, pubescent beneath, usually 296 CAEDUACEAE. narrowed below the middle, sometimes 15 cm. long: heads usually numerous, 3-5 cm. broad, panicled or somewhat racemose on the branches : involucre cami^anulate ; bracts lanceolate, glabrate, rather loose, with herbaceous tips: ray-flowers numerous; ligules purple-blue. — Eesembles A. patens; but softer and taller; heads larger; inflorescence narrow; leaves elongate. — S. Occa- sional, in thickets and open woods, — Schists. 9, A. Novae-Angliae L. Stems stout, 6-25 dm. tall, hispid, corymbosely branched above, very leafy: leaf -blades oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute, pubes- cent, 5-12 cm. long, each clasping by an auriculate base : heads numerous, 3-5 . cm. broad, clustered at the ends of the branches: involucre hemispheric; bracts linear-subulate, somewhat unequal, green, spreading, pubescent and more or less glandular-viscid: ray-flowers 40-50; ligules linear, 10-16 mm. long, violet-purple (typically a royal-purple, rarely replaced by rose-color or white) : pappus becoming reddish-white. — Lower Susquehanna valley and along tribu- tary creeks. — Schists. 10, A. puniceus L. Stems 9-25 dm. tall, usually stout, purplish, broadly corymbose or racemose above, hispid ■ with hairs arising from a reddened tubercular base: leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate, sessile and clasping by a broad or narrowed base, sharply serrate (or some upper ones entire), usually very rough above, pubescent on the midrib beneath: heads generally nvmierous, 2-4 cm. broad: involucre nearly hemi- spheric; bracts linear or oblong, attenuate, in about 2 series, glabrous or ciliate, green, loose, spreading, nearly equal, sometimes broadened: ray-flowers 20-40; ligules light-violet (sometimes purplish or pale), 10-14 mm. long, showy : pappus nearly white. — Common, in swamps and along streams. 11, A, prenanthoides Muhl. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, glabrous or pubescent in lines above, flexuous, much branched: leaf -blades thin, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, sharply and coarsely serrate, scabrous above, glabrous or nearly so beneath, acuminate, abruptly narrowed below into a broad-margined entire petiole, the base dilated and auriculate-clasping: heads usually numerous, 25 mm. broad or more: involucre hemispheric; bracts linear, acute, green, spread- ing, in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter: ray-flowers 20-30; ligules violet, 8-12 mm. long: pappus tawny: achenes pubescent. — Unlike other asters in its leaf-form, characteristically a suborbicular base and an ovate-acuminate end, connected by a strap-like middle. — Lower Susquehanna valley and along tribu- tary creeks. — Schists. 12, A. laevis L. Stems 6-12 dm, tall, usually stout, glabrous, often glaucous, branched or simple: leaf -blades thick and almost leathery, very smooth, entire or with an occasional sharp tooth, slightly rough-margined, the upper all sessile and strongly cordate-clasping, oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate, acute or obtusish, 2-10 cm. long; those of the basal and lower cauline leaves gradually narrowed into winged petiolar bases, those of the branches often small and scale-like: heads usually numerous, about 25 mm. broad: involucre campanulate; bracts rigid, acute, appressed, broadly green-tipped, in several series: ray-flowers 15-30; ligules blue or violet: pappus tawny: achenes glabrous or nearly so. — Eemarkable among asters for its smooth, cool, polished surfaces. — Not very common, in damp soil and thickets. 13, A, Kadula Ait. Stems 3-14 dm. tall, glabrous, or puberulent above, sim- ple or sparingly corymbose: leaves relatively few; blades oblong, varying to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, rough and often rugose above, finely pubescent beneath, serrate, sessile: heads showy, 3.5-4.5 cm. broad: involucre hemispheric; bracts linear or somewhat broader and dilated near the apex, finely pubescent, the tips often recurving in age: ray-flowers 20-30; ligules violet or rose-purple : achenes glabrous : pappus whitish. — S. Occasional, in swamps. — Schists. CAEDUACEAE. 297 14. A. dumosus L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous or very nearly so, paniculately much-branched: leaf-blades firm, those of the stem lin'ear or liDear-Ianeeolate, 2-7 cm. long, entire, acute or obtusish, roughly margined, often reflexed, those of the branches very numerous, small and scale-like, those of the basal 'leaves spatulate, dentate: heads 8-14 mm. broad, terminating the usually divergent slender branches and branchlets, usually numerous: involucre broadly campanu- late; bracts linear-subulate, appressed, in about four series, obtuse, with green spatulate tips tapering at the apex: ray-flowers 15-30; ligules' white (rarely pale-pink or pale-violet), 4 mm. long: pappus white: achenes minutely pubescent. — S. Occasional, on rocky banks of streams. — Schists. 15. A. multiflonis Ait. Stems 3-20 dm. tall, strict, much-branched and bushy, the branches ascending or spreading: leaf -blades rigid, linear, entire, mostly obtuse, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, strigose or glabrate, those of the cauline leaves 1-2.5 cm. long, those of the branches very small and crowded: heads 6-8 mm. broad, densely crowded, nearly sessile: involucre turbinate, 4-6 mm. high; bracts coriaceous, pubescent, in 3 or 4 series, their short green tips obtuse or mucronate, spreading: ray-flowers 10-20; ligules white, 3-4 mm. long: pappus becoming brownish-white. — Common, in thick- ets and on banks. 16. A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Stems 3-15 dm. tall, puberulent or nearly glabrous, slender, divergently branched, often bushy: basal leaves few; blades ovate, short-petioled; cauline leaves numerous; blades broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, mostly acuminate, serrate, those of the branches smaller, oblong or linear-oblong: heads 6-10 mm. broad, racemosely unilateral on the branches, short-peduncled or sessile, usually numerous and crowded: involucre turbinate; bracts linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, in about 4 series, their short green tips appressed or slightly spreading: ray-flowers numerous; ligules short, whitish or pale-purple, rounded at the apex: disk- flowers purple: pappus white. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on islands and shores. 17. A. vimineus Lam. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so, slender, divergently branched : cauline leaves linear-acuminate, 7-12 cm. long, regularly minutely hack-serrate, slightly narrowed at the sessile base, those of the branches much smaller: heads very numerous, 6-10 mm. broad, generally densely racemose-secund, short-peduncled: involucre broadly turbinate; bracts linear, acute or acutish, green-tipped, appressed: ray-flowers numerous; ligules about 4 mm. long, narrowly linear, white, often roseate in fading: pappus white. — M. Occasional, in moist grassy places. — Limestones. 18. A. ericoides L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous or very nearly so. paniculately branched, usually bushy, the branches racemose, and the branchlets often some- what secund : leaf -blades firm or rigid, those of the basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, dentate, narrowed into margined petioles, glabrous or eijiate. those of the cauline leaves narrowly linear, acute, entire, 2-7 cm. long, those of the branches linear-subulate, numerous: heads usually very numerous, 8-12 mm, broad : involucre campanulate to hemispheric ; bracts coriaceous, closely ap- pressed, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate, green- tipped, in about 3 series: ray-flowers 15-25; ligules white or purplish-tinged: pappus white. — Common, in fields and waste places. 19. A. Tradescanti L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, slender, paniculately branched, the branches usually ascending and often pubescent in lines: cauline leaves numerous; blades linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate, narrowed to the sessile base, glabrous or nearly so on both sides, commonly thin, sharply serrate in the middle with low teeth, or sometimes entire: heads very numerous, racemose but not secund on the branches, 10-16 mm. broad: involucre hemispheric to broadly turbinate, 4-6 mm. high; bracts linear, acute, appressed, green-tipped, in 4 or 5 series: ray-flowers numerous; ligules white 298 CARDUACEAE. or nearly so, 4-6 mm. long : pappus white. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on islands and shores. 20. A., paniculatus Lam. Stems 6-25 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so, panicu- lately much branched: leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile or slightly clasping base, glabrous, thin, roughish-margined, those of the cauline leaves sparingly serrate in the middle, or sometimes very nearly entire, the upper and those of the branches gradually smaller: heads numerous, 16-20 mm. broad: involucre nearly hemispheric, 6-8 mm. high; bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, appressed, green-tipped, in 4 or 5 series: ray-flowers numerous; ligules white (or faintly tinged with violet), 6-8 mm. long: pappus white or nearly so. — Common, in moist thickets and ditches, 21. A. salicifolius Lam. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, rather slender, paniculately much branched, usually very leafy, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent above: leaf -blades somewhat firm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, rough- margined, acute or acuminate, narrowed and sessile or slightly clasping at the base, entire or sparingly dentate with low teeth, glabrous or nearly so, those of the lower leaves sometimes with petiole-like bases, those of the branches gradually smaller: heads numerous, 16-25 mm. broad: involucre broadly turbi- nate; bracts linear-oblong, appressed, in 4 or 5 series, their green tips acute or obtusish: ray-flowers numerous; ligules violet, or violet-purple, or some- times white, 6-8 mm. long : pappus white. — M, Occasional, in waste places and on roadsides. — Limestones. 15. EEIGERON L. Annual, biennial, or perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, sometimes mostly basal: blades entire or toothed. Heads solitary or numerous, conspicuously radiate. Involucres broad, many-flowered: bracts narrow, the inner broader than the outer ones. Eay-flowers numer- ous: corollas with a slender tube and a narrow pink, violet, purple, or white ligule. Disk-corollas with a funnelform throat and a usually shorter tube: lobes deltoid. Anthers as long as the filaments or longer. Stigma short. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles or bristles and scales. — Fleabane. Plants perennial by offsets or stolons : pappus single. Ray-flowers less than 100 ; ligules rather wide : inflorescence simple. 1. E. pulchcllns. Ray-flowers over 100 ; ligules very narrow : inflorescence compound. 2. E. philadelphiciis. Plants annual or biennial : pappus double. Larger involucral bracts longer than the ligules : upper stem-leaves with sharply toothed blades : ray-flowers with pink ligules. 3. E. annuus. Larger involucral bracts shorter than the ligules : upper stem-leaves with entire blades : ray-flowers with white ligules. 4. E. ramosus. 1. E. pulchellus Michx. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, villous or hirsute-villous : blades of the basal leaves obovate, spatulate or elliptic: outer bracts of the invo- lucre finely pubescent; inner bracts acuminate, 5-5.5 mm. long: ray-flowers 50-65; ligules violet or bluish-purple: disk-corollas 4-4.5 mm. long. Com- mon, on shaded banks. — Spr. — Robin 's-plantain. 2. E. philadelphicus L. Stems 1-12 dm. tall, softly hirsute: blades of the basal leaves spatulate to oblong, coarsely toothed : outer bracts of the invo- lucre minutely hispidulous; inner bracts acute, 2.5-3 mm. long: ray-flowers 100 or more ; ligules pink or rose-purple : disk-corollas 1.5-2 mm. long. — Com- mon, in low pastures. — Spr. and sum. 3. E. annuus (L.) Pers. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, loosely pubescent: blades of the basal leaves oval, oblong, or lanceolate, coarsely toothed or incised: bracts of CARDUACEAE. 299 the involucre with few long hairs: llgules of the ray pink, purplish or rarely •white : disk-corollas less than half the length of the larger iuvolucral bracts. — ■Common, in fields and thickets. — Sum. — Daisy-fleabane. Sweet-scabious. 4. E. ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P. Stems 2-10 dm. tall, appressed-pubescent: blades of the basal leaves spatulate to oblong, shallowly toothed: bracts of the involucre with many short hairs: ligules of the ray white or rarely pale-pink: disk-corollas over half the length of the larger involucral bracts. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. — Sum. — Daisy-fleabane. 16. LEPTILON Raf . Annual or biennial herbs. Leaves alternate : blades Jiarrow, entire or sparingly toothed. Heads several or numerous, inconspicu- ously radiate or discoid. Involucres usually campanulate or cylindric, few- flowered: bracts very narrow, the inner much longer than the outer ones. Eay- flowers few: corollas with a very slender tube and a minute ligule. Disk- -coroUas with a campanulate or a cylindraceous throat and a long tube: lobes deltoid. Pappus of many brittle capillary bristles in 1 series. 1. L. canadense (L.) Britton. Stems 3-20 dm. tall, paniculate above, gla- brate or sparingly hirsute: leaf-blades spatulate to linear or nearly so, ciliate near the base: longer bracts of the involucre 3-3.5 mm. long: disk-corollas 2.5-3 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. — Sum. and fall. — HoRSE-vTEED. Butter-weed. 17. DOELLINGEEIA Nees. Perennial relatively tall herbs. Leaves Alternate: blades relatively broad, veiny, entire or nearly so. Heads in a terminal corymb. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, several-many- flowered : bracts various, the inner scarcely wider than the outer but much longer. Eay-flowers few or several: corollas with a long tube and a white or cream-colored ligule. Disk-corollas with a funnelform throat and a long tube: ■lobes lanceolate. 'Pappus of 2 distinct series, the outer series of short bristles or scales, the inner of elongate capillary bristles. — White-toppped aster. Ligules narrow, less than 2 mm. wide : achenes thick, ribless, less than 1 mm. wide : involucre of rather lax slightly overlapping bracts Involucral bracts acute or acutlsh, the inner linear, ciliate at the tip. 1. D. vmhrllnta. Involucral bracts obtuse, the inner oblong, ciliate. 2. D. humilis. Ligules broad, over 3 mm. wide : achenes much flattened, ribbed, over 1 mm. wide : involucre of firmer much overlapping bracts. 3. D. infirma. 1. D. umbellata (Mill.) Nees. Stems 6-25 dm. tall, corymbose above: blades of the upper leaves membranous, elliptic, usually narrowly so, or linear-lan- ceolate, usually acuminate: inner bracts of the involucre 3-4 mm. long: pappus soft. — N. S. Common, on shaded banks and in thickets. — Late sum. 2. D. humilis (Willd.) Britton. Similar to D. timhellata in habit, but more stocky: blades of the upper leaves shorter, firm, elliptic, ovate, or oval, acute: inner bracts of the involucre 4-5 mm. long: pappus soft. — S. Occasional, in swamps. — Schists. ■ — Fall. 3. D. infirma (Michx.) Greene. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, often widely branched: ■blades of the upper leaves elliptic to oval, varying to broadest above or below the middle, short-acuminate: inner bracts of the involucre 3-4 mm. long: disk-corollas 3-4 mm. long : pappus rigid. — S. Occasional, on dry banks. Schists. — Late sum. 18. lONACTIS Greene. Perennial low rigid herbs. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, entire. Heads few in a corymb or rarely solitary, conspicu- ously radiate. Involucres campanulate to turbinate, many-flowered: bracts 300 CAEDUACEAE. narrow, the inner ones several times longer tlian the outer. Eay-flowers several, witla. bright-colored elongate ligules. Disk-corollas yellow, with a slender tube and a longer funnelform throat, the lobes deltoid. Pappus of slender bristles in 2 indistinct series, the outer bristles the shorter. 1. I. lineariifolia (L.) Greene. Stems tufted, 1.5-6 dm. tall, rough-pubescent: leaf-blades linear-spatulate to linear, 1..5-.3 cm. long, scabrous-margined: inner bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, 6-8 mm. long: ligules bright-violet or rarely white, 8-15 mm. long. — Eather common, in dry soil or on rocky banks. — Fall. 19. BACCHAEIS L. Perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate : blades leathery, entire or toothed. Heads dioecious, often clustered, discoid. Invo- lucres ovoid to campanulate, many-flowered: bracts of the staminate invo- lucres smaller than those of the pistillate. Corollas various, those of the staminate with a funnelform throat and a long tube: lobes lanceolate, those of the pistillate flowers filiform. Pappus of the staminate flowers shorter than that of the pistillate. 1. B. halimifolia L. Shrub 9-40 dm. tall, resinous: leaf -blades suborbicular to obloug or linear-elliptic, some of them, at least, coarsely toothed: pistillate involucres about 6 mm. long ; inner bracts oblong-spatulate. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Serpentine. — Fall. — Not recently collected. — Groundsel-tree. Groundsel-bush. 20. GIFOLA Cass. Annual caulescent herbs resembling Gnaphalium. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, entire. Heads discoid, in small dense, some- times proliferous, clusters. Involucres narrow, sessile: bracts scarious, in several series. Eeceptacle subulate to conic, chaffy. Pistillate flowers margi- nal, fruit-producing, with filiform corollas and rudimentary or no pappus. Perfect flowers central, few, with tubular corollas and hair-like pappus. An- thers sagittate at the base. Achenes terete or slightly flattened. 1. Gr. gemianica (L.) Dumort. Plants silvery-pubescent, 5-35 cm. tall, the stem or branches usually proliferous above: leaves numerous, erect; blades lanceolate to linear, 1-2 cm. long, acute: involucres 3-3.5 mm. high; bracts ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate: achenes about 0.8 mm. long. • — Eare, in dry soil. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Herba-impia. Cot- ton-rose. 21. ANTENNAEIA Gaertn. Perennial woolly stoloniferous herbs. Leaves alternate, those of the short caudex different from those of the flower- ing stem: blades entire. Heads in a terminal cluster, or rarely solitary. Involucres turbinate to campanulate, many-flowered: bracts with petaloid tips,, those of the staminate involucres larger than those of the pistillate. Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Pappus-bristles united at the base. — Spr. — Everlasting. Ladies '-tobacco. Plants with prostrate stolons which are conspicuously leafy only at the tips : blades- of the basal leaves cuneate to cuneate-spatulate. 1. A. ncglccta. Plants with assurgent stolons which are conspicuously leafy throughout. Basal leaves relatively small, mainly less than 5 cm. long ; blades l-nerved, spatulate to obovate. 2. A. neodoica. Basal leaves relatively large, mainly over 5 cm. long ; blades 3-5-nerved, oblong or obovate. 3. A. plantaginifolia. 1. A. neglecta Greene. Stolons prostrate at the tip, scaly except at the tip' flowering stems 4 dm. tall or less: blades of the basal leaves cuneate to cuneate- CAEDUACEAE. 301 spatulate, 2.5-4.5 cm. long: heads capitate or ultimately racemose: outer bracts of the pistillate involucre linear : stigmas crimson. — Common, on dry banks and in fields. 2. A. neodioica Greene. Stolons ascending at the tip, copiously leafy: flower- ing stems -i dm. tall or less: blades of the basal leaves spatulate to obovate, 1-3 cm. long: heads corymbose: outer bracts of the pistillate involucre oblong: stigmas pale. — Common, on dry banks. 3. A. plantaginifolla (L.) Eichards. Basal leaves 3-5 em. long; blades oblong or obovoate: flowering stems 15-50 cm. tall, or shorter on the staminate plants; heads corjnnbose: outer bracts of the staminate involucre 5-5.5 mm, long, narrowed above : styles crimson. — Common, in dry soil and open woods. 22. ANAPHAIiIS DC. Perennial, erect herbs. Leaves alternate: blades narrow, entire. Heads in a terminal corymb. Involucres broad, turgid, many- flowered: bracts pearly- white, obtuse. Flowers dioecious, the staminate with a slender or filiform corolla. Pappus-bristles of the fruit-producing flowers distinct, that of the sterile flowers not thickened at the apex. — Everlasting. 1. A. margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Plants woolly, 2-8.5 dm. tall: leaf- blades linear or nearly so, 5-15 em. long, attenuate: iuvohu-res pearly white; outer bracts oblong, the inner spatulate: staminate corollas 3.5-4 mm. long. — N. S. Not very common, in dry soil. — Quartzite, schists, — Sum. 23. GNAPHALIUM L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades entire, sometimes deeurrent. Heads in ojaen or glomerate cymes, panicles, or corymbs. Involucres ovoid to cylindric, several-many- flowered: bracts various, the inner longer and usually narrower than the outer. Pistillate flowers marginal: corollas filiform. Perfect flowers central: corollas with a cylindric-funnelform throat and a slender tube: lobes ovate to deltoid. Anthers mostly longer than the filaments. Pappus a series of capillary bristles. — Sum, — Cudvteed. Everlasting. Pappus-bristles distinct, falling away separately. Plants erect, tall : inflorescence corymbose or paniculate : achenes glabrous. 1. O. ohtusifolium. Plants diffuse, low : inflorescence capitate : achenes puberu- lent. 2. G. uliginosum. Pappus-bristles united at the base, falling away together : achenes hispidulous. 8. G. purpureum. 1. G. obtusifolium L. Annual, 2-6 dm. tall: cauline leaves 2-10 cm. long; blades oblong-linear to linear, the upper surface glabrous or glabrate: heads corymbose-paniculate : involucre 6-7 mm. high ; inner bracts glabrous. — Com- mon, in fields and thickets. 2. G. uliginosum L. Plants 0.5-3 dm. tall, lanate: leaf -blades spatulate or oblanceolate to linear, mostly 1-3 cm. long, entire: heads in terminal capitate clusters which are subtended by leaf -like woolly bracts: involucres 2-2.5 mm. high; bracts oblong-ovate to linear, acute. — S. Occasional, in dry or sandy soil. — Schists. LOVt^-CUDWEED. 3. G. purpureum L. Plants white-woolly or silvery, 1-4 dm, tall: leaf-blades spatulate to linear, 2-8 cm. long: heads in sessile axillary clusters, these in virgate panicles : outer bracts of the involucre oblong. — Common, in sandy soil. 24, INUIiA L. Perennial, often large herbs. Leaves alternate: blades broad, toothed. Heads in open panicles or corymbs, usually showy. Invo- lucres hemispheric or campanulate, many-flowered: bracts usually narrow and 302 CARDUACEAE. elongate. Ray-flowers often numerous: corollas with a long tube and a narrow yellow ligule. Disk-corollas with a eylindric- funnelform throat and a long tube: lobes lanceolate. Anthers longer than the filaments. Pappus of several capil- lary scabrous bristles. 1. I. Helenium L. Plants 5-20 dm. tall, pubescent: blades of the cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, mainly 9-20 cm. long: inner bracts of the involucre 15-17 mm. long: ligules of the ray 2-3 cm. long: achenes 4-5 mm. long. — Occasional, on roadsides and in fence rows. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Elecampane. 25. POLYMNIA L. Perennial widely branched herbs. Leaves opposite or mainly so: blades broad, pinnately veined. Heads inconspicuously radiate. Involucre small, double, the outer series of bracts loose, the inner ones variously shaped. Ray-flowers inconspicuous, the corollas with pubescent tubes and white, greenish, or pale-yellow, wide ligules. Disk-flowers with long abortive ovaries, the corollas with broadly funnelform throats and relatively long, ciliate lobes. Stigma stout, thickened under the tip. Anther-body broader than the appendage. Achenes slightly obcompressed, not oblique, 3-ribbed. Pappus wanting. 1. P. canadensis L. Stems 5-15 dm. tall: leaves 1-2 dm. long; blades oblong, oval, or ovate: intermediate bracts of the involucre short-acuminate: ligules greenish or whitish, inconspicuous, or obsolete: achenes about 3 mm. long, obtuse-angled. — Susquehanna valley. Rare, in rich soil. — Sum. — Leaf-cup. 26. POLYMNIASTRUM Small. Perennial large herbs. Leaves oppo- site: blades very broad, palmately veined. Heads conspicuously radiate. Invo- lucre large, the outer series of bracts foliaeeous, the inner narrower. Ray- flowers conspicuous, the corollas with pubescent tubes and yellow narrow ligules. Disk-flowers with short abortive ovaries, the corollas with cylindra- ceous throats and short, ciliate lobes. Stigma slender, not thickened under the tip. Anthers shorter than the filaments, the body narrower than the appendage. Achenes somewhat laterally compressed, oblique, finely striate. 1. P. Uvedalia (L.) Small. Stems 1-3 m. tall: leaves 1-5 dm. long; blades 3-5-lobed or angled: outer bracts of the involucre ovate to elliptic, 9-14 mm. long: ray-flowers with yellow ligules 15-20 mm. long: achenes 5-6 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley, and along tributary streams. Occasional, in shaded places. — Sum. — Leaf-cup. 27. SILPHIUM L. Perennial, usually large, caulescent herbs, often resin- ous. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades entire, toothed, or 1-2-pinnately parted, sometimes connate-perfoliate. Heads radiate. Involucres campanu- late or hemispheric, many-flowered: bracts broad, in few series. Receptacle flat or nearly so, with numerous bractlets subtending the disk-flowers. Ray- flowers pistillate, fruit-producing: corollas with a very short tube: ligules yel- low or rarely white. Disk-corollas with a very short tube, a long throat and broad lobes. Achenes flat and broad, 2-winged. Pappus wanting or of 2 small awns confluent with the wings of the achene. 1. S. trifoliatum L. Plants 1-2 m. tall, the stem smooth and glabrous: leaves mostly whorled in 3's; blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 8-11 cm. long, remotely serrate or nearly entire: heads often numerous: involucres campanu- late ; bracts oblong-lanceolate to ovate and oblong, the inner ones obtuse : ligules CARDUACEAE. 303 yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long: achenes obovate or oblong-obovate, 8-10 mm. long, narrowly winged. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Rare, in sandy soil. — Schists. — Sum. — • Rosin-weed. 28. CHRYSOGONUM L. Perennial depressed small herbs. Leaves oppo- site: blades toothed. Heads erect. Involucre hemispheric: bracts distinct, the outer foliaceous. Ligules of the ray- corollas yellow. Disk-flowers with short abortive ovaries and corollas with a very short tube and funnelform throat. Filaments less than half as long as the anthers. Style glabrous. Achenes wingless. Pappus a half cup-shaped crown. 1. C. virginianum L. Stems hirsute: leaf -blades oblong, ovate or oval, 2-5 cm. long, long-petioled: involucre hirsute; outer bracts 7-10 mm. long: ligules of the ray mostly 9-11 mm. long: achenes 4-4.5 mm. long. — S. Rare, on hillsides along the Octoraro Creek. — Schists. — Spr. and sum. 29. PARTHENIUM L. Perennial or annual herbs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades toothed, pinnatifid, or dissected. Heads inconspicuously radiate. Involucre depressed to globular: bracts appressed, broad, Ray- flowers usually 5 : ligules small or minute, white or whitish. Lobes of the disk-corollas ovate, ciliate. Anthers longer than the filaments. Achenes flattened. Pappus of 2 or 3 scales, or awns. 1. P. Hysterophorus L, Plants annual. 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to ovate in outline, the segments linear, oblong or ovate: involucres saucer-like, 4-5 mm. broad: disk-corollas 1-1.5 mm. long, or slightly more: achenes obo- void, 1.5-2 mm. long. — S. Rare, in fields. Nat. of the s. w. U, S. and Mex. — Sum. 30. HELIOPSIS L. Perennial, or rarely annual, caulescent, tall herbs. Leaves opposite: blades broadest below the middle, toothed. Heads radiate, solitary or in open corymbs. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric: bracts short, in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy. Ray-flowers pis- tillate, fruit-producing, enveloped in the bractlets: corollas with a very short tube and a long throat. Achenes 3-4-angled. Pappus a low crown, 1-4 teeth, or wanting. — Sum. — Ox-eye. Leaf-blades smooth : pappus wanting, or of 2-4 short teeth. 1. H. helianthoides. Leaf-blades rough : pappus crown-like, or of 1-3 sharp teeth. 2. H. scahra. 1. H, helianthoides (L.) B.S.P. Stem and branches smooth and glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades thinnish, ovate to lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, sharply serrate : heads showy, the rounded disk usually over 1 cm. high : involucral bracts inconspicuously pubescent: ligules bright-yellow, 2-4 cm. long: achenes nearly 4 mm. long. — Common, on banks and in meadows. 2. H. scabra Dunal. Stem and branches scabrous-hispidulous : leaf -blades thick, deltoid to ovate or broadly lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, serrate: heads very showy, the conic disk 1.5-2 cm. high: involucral bracts cinereous-pubescent: ligules bright-yellow, 2-4 cm. long : achenes nearly 5 mm. long. — M. Occa- sional, in fields and thickets. Nat. of w. N. A. 31. VEEBESINA L. Annual diffuse herbs. Leaves opposite: blades nar- row, entire or sparingly toothed. Heads small, inconspicuously radiate. Invo- lucres hemispheric or campanulate: bracts broad, those of the outer series scarcely larger than those of the inner. Ray-flowers several: ligules white, in- conspicuous. Disk-flowers several : corollas with a short tube and a longer 304 CAEDUACEAE. f unnelf orm throat : lobes deltoid. Anthers oblong, longer than the filaments, the appendages ovate. Stignias broad. Achenes stout, 3-4-angled, or some- what flattened in the disk. Pappus wanting or a mere toothed crown. 1. V. alba L. Stem and branches 2-9 dm. long, finely pubescent: leaf-blades elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, or narrower, 3-10 cm. long, sessile: involucres broadly campanulate, the larger bracts about 4.5 mm. long: achenes about 2.5 mm. long. — Not very common, along streams and in low grounds. Sum. 32. KUDBECKIA L. Perennial or rarely annual or biennial often pubescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Heads erect. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, many-flowered: bracts spreading or reflexed, often unequal. Eeceptacle conic or convex. Eay-flowers several : ligules yellow, rarely discolored or crimson, spreading or drooping. Disk-flowers crowded: corollas with a short tube and a longer throat: lobes deltoid or ovate. Anthers longer than the filaments. Achenes 4-angled, flat- topped. Pappus merely a low crown or obsolete. — Cone-fItOWEr. Leaf-blades deeply lobed, cleft or divided : disk cylindric or conic, yellowish or gray. 1. R. laciniata. Leaf-blades entire or toothed : disk ovoid or globular, purple or dark-brown. Stigma-tips subulate. Involucre of narrow bracts much sliorter than the ligules of the ray-flowers. 2. B. hirta. Involucre of foliaceous bracts as long as the ligules of the ray-flowers or longer. 3. R. Brittonii. Stigma-tips obtuse. 4. R. fulgida. 1. R. laciniata L. Stems 6-20 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: blades of the upper leaves less deeply lobed than those of the lower, or merely cleft: bracts of the involucre oblong to lanceolate: ligules of the ray 2-4 cm. long: disk becoming cylindric or long-conic. — Common, in thickets and open waste places. — Late sum. 2. R. hirta L. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, hirsute or hispid: blades of the upper leaves oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, or nearly linear: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong: ligules of the ray 20-35 mm. long: disk 10-18 mm. wide. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. westward. — Sum. — Yelloav-daisy. Black-eyed Susan. 3. R. Brittonii Small. Stems 5-8 dm. tall, hispid or hirsute-hispid: blades of the upper leaves mostly ovate to oblong-ovate, rather coarsely toothed or shallowly crenate : bracts of the involucre oblong to lanceolate : ligules of the ray 25-35 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eare, on wooded hillsides. — ■ Schists. — Sum. 4. R. fulgida Ait. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, hirsute or somewhat hispid: blades of the lower leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or cuneiform, remotely toothed or entire : bracts of the involucre linear to linear-lanceolate : ligules of the ray 9-15 mm. long: disk 1-1.5 cm. wide. — S. Occasional, in thickets, low grounds and swamps. — Schists. — Fall. 33. HELIANTHUS L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades entire or toothed. Heads erect or nodding. Involucre cylindric, hemispheric, or saucer-shaped: bracts narrow or broad, the tips usually lax. Eay-flowers several or many: ligules yellow or rarely purple, usually conspicuous, very rarely obsolete. Disk-flowers crowded: corollas yel- low or purple, with a very short tube abruptly dilated into the longer throat: lobes ovate or deltoid. Stigmas slender. Achenes flattened and somewhat CARDUACEAE. 305 4-aiigled, embraced by the bractlets. Pappus of 2 awns or scales, sometimes accompanied by smaller awns, all deciduous. — Fall. — Sunflower. Leaf-blades petioled or with petiole-like bases. Main stem smooth and glabrous. Bracts of the involucre much surpassing the top of the disk. 1. //. dccapetalus. Bracts of the involucre about equalling the top of the disk. 2. H. strumosns. Mam stem pubescent. Leaf-blades prevailingly ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 3. H. tubcrosus. Leaf-blades ijrevailingly lanceolate. Leaves mostly alternate; blades narrowed at the base : achenes narrow, cuneate-oblong. 4. H. yUjantcns. Leaves mostly opposite : blades obtuse at the base : achenes broad, obovoid. 5. n. amUguus. Leaf-blades sessile and partly clasping. 6. H. divaricatus. 1. H. decapetalus L. Stems 5-16 dm. tall, glabrous below the infioreseence: leaf-blades membranous, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, coarsely serrate: bracts of the involucres linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long: ligules of the ray 2.5-3 cm. long: disk about 1.5 cm. broad. — Common, in moist thickets and along streams. 2. H. strumosus L. Stems 6-18 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so to the in- florescence: leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, whitish beneath: bracts of the involucre lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, the inner ones scarcely dilated: ligules of the ray 2.5-4 cm. long: disk 1.5-2 cm. broad. — Common, on dry banks and in thickets. 3. H. tuberosus L. Stems 6-30 dm. tall, scabrous to hirsute: leaf -blades ovate to lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, shaJlowly or coarsely toothed : bracts of the involucres linear to linear-lanceolate, the inner 12-21 mm. long: ligules of the ray 2.-5-4 cm. long: disk 15-20 mm. broad. — Common, in rich soil, waste places and fence-rows. 4. H. glganteus L. Stems 9-30 cm. long, scabrous and hispidulous at least above: leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, .5-15 em. long, toothed or nearly entire : bracts of the involucre lanceolate or elliptic- lanceolate, the inner 13-18 mm. long: ligules of the ray 1.5-2 cm. long: disk 10-15 mm. broad : achenes cuneate-oblong, 1.5-2 mm. wide. — Common, in low grounds. — Jerusalem-artichoke. 5. H. ambiguus (T. & G.) Britton. Similar to E. giganteus in habit, but less harshly pubescent: leaves mostly opposite; blades lanceolate, rounded at the base: bracts of the involucre attenuate, reflexed at maturity: achenes obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. wide. — S. Rare, in thickets near Pleasant Grove. — Schists. 6. H. divaricatus L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, commonly smooth and glabrous: leaf-blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so: bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long: disk 10-15 mm. broad. — N. S. Frequent, in thickets. — Sandstones and shales, schists. 34. EIDAN Adans. Perennial rather coarse tall herbs. Leaves alter- nate or opposite : blades usually toothed and decurrent. Heads several or numerous. Involucre narrow: bracts few, spreading or recurving, becoming lax. Eay-flowers few: ligules yellow or white, or wanting. Disk-corollas with a f unnelf orm throat rather abruptly contracted into the shorter tube : lobes lanceolate. Filaments slightly shorter than the anthers. Pappus of 2 more or less spreading awns, accompanied by 2 or 3 smaller awns, or scales. 1. R. altemifolia (L.) Britton. Plants 6-25 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or elliptic, 9-30 cm. long: disk-corollas 5 mm. long: achene-body with ciliate wings. — Common, in moist thickets and on roadsides. Lancaster County Flora 20. 306 CAEDUACEAE. 35. COKEOPSIS L. Annual or ours perennial herbs. Leaves various. Heads conspicuously radiate. Involucres eampanulate to hemispheric: bracts distinct or nearly so, the outer narrow. Eay -flowers several: corollas with yellow, discolored, or pink ligules. Disk-corollas with a funnelform throat and a stout tube. Filaments mostly shorter than the anthers. Achenes with entire or pinnate wings, or wingless. — Tickseed. 1. C. tripteris L. Plants 8-30 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf-blades deeply 3-5-divided, the divisions elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, or those of the upper leaves entire : outer involucral bracts linear, 2-3 mm. long : ligules elliptic-oblong, yellow: achenes elliptic-oblong, 5-6 mm. long. — Lower Sus- quehanna valley. Frequent, on the river-shore and islands. — Schists. — Late sum. 36. BIDENS L. Annual or biennial, or rarely perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate : blades entire, toothed or divided. Heads erect or nodding. Involucres double, the outer bracts foliaeeous, the inner appressed. Eay-flowers few, with white or yellow ligules, or wanting. Disk-corollas with a short tube and a longer throat: lobes mostly deltoid. Achenes flat, terete, or 4-angled. Pappus of 2^ rigid, barbed awns. — BUK- MARIGOLD. Achenes spindle-shaped, gradually tapering above : ligules of the ray-flowers nearly white or yellowish-white. 1- B. bipinnata. Achenes flattened, broadest above the middle : ligules of the ray-flowers yellow. Rays inconspicuous and caducous or wanting. Leaves usually undivided : pappus-awns 3 or 4. Disk-corollas pale, 4-lobed : achene-margins strongly, retrorsely barbed throughout: involucre long. 2. B. comosa. Disk-corollas orange, 5-lobed : barbs of the achene- margins few, directed both ways : involucre short. 3. B. connata. Leaves 3-5-divided : pappus-awns 2. 4. B. frondosa. Rays showy or conspicuous. Leaf -blades undivided : pappus-awns 2-4, retrorsely barbed. Outer involucral bracts exceeding the disk, folia- eeous : ray-flowers with ligules twice the length of disk or less : achenes dilated at the summit. 5. B. cernua. Outer bracts rarely exceeding the disk : ray-flowers with ligules 2-4 times the length of disk : achenes not dilated above. 6. B. laeris. Leaf-blades pinnately divided : pappus-awns 2 or none. 7. B. trichosperma. 1, B. bipinnata L. Stem glabrous or nearly so, 4-angled, branched and rather slender, 3-17 dm. high: primary leaf -segments thin, deltoid, the ultimate one lanceolate, incised or lobed: outer involucral bracts 7-10, linear, shorter than the acute inner ones: rays few, the ovaries awnless and glabrous, the ligules yellowish- white or nearly white, about equalling the disk, mostly entire: disk- corolla 5-lobed: stamens included: achenes spindle-shaped, in fruit much longer than the involucre, the outer slightly shorter; awns 3-4, yellow, retrorsely barbed. ■ — Common, in waste ground and thickets. — Fall. 2. B. comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand. Stem pale throughout, stout, 3-8 dm. high, glabrous, the branches short, stout: leaves undivided, 8 cm. long, elliptic- lanceolate, regularly serrate, acute, each attenuate into a margined petiole, or the upper sessile: heads large: peduncles short and stout: outer bracts of the involucre 6-8, often 2-5 times the length of the disk, erect: rays wanting: disk-corollas funnelform, pale-yellow, 4-lobed: stamens includoLl: achjenes large and flat, 8-10 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, brown or olive, nearly smooth and glabrous, the 3 long awns retorsely barbed. — M. Occasional, in wet places. — ■ Limestones. — Fall. CAEDUACEAE. 307 3- B. connata MiiFil. Stem tall, sparingly branched, 3-14 dm. high, glabrous, bright-green : leaf-blades undivided or some of the lower deeply parted, lanceo- late to elliptic, acuminate, taperinuf to the petiole, coarsely and saliently serrate: heads medium: outer bracts of the involucre 4-5, linear-spatulate, rarely exceeding the disk, glabrous: rays rarely present, the ligules one-half longer than the disk, the ovaries awnless, and hairy: disk-corollas campanulate above, 5-lobed, orange: achenes 4-6 mm. long, rather narrow and thick, nearly black, covered with yellowish warts; some or all marginal barbs erect; awns 4, slender, with erect or retrorse barbs. — N. M. Frequent, in swamps and low grounds. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. — Fall. — Swamp beggar- ticks. 4. B. frondosa L. Stem slender, bushy-branched, nearly glabrous, 5-10 dm. high or more: leaf -blades pinnately 3-divided or rarely 5-divided, the segments lanceolate, serrate with sharp spreading teeth, acuminate: heads not large: outer bracts of the involucre 6-8, subequal, spatulate, sparsely ciliate, usually exceeding the disk: rays usually present, golden-yellow, the ligules equalling the disk, the ovaries hairy and with 2 short retrorsely barbed awns: disk- corollas orange, 5-lobed: stamens exserted: achenes black, 6 mm. long, 3.25 mm. wide, cuneate, flattish, sparsely hairy and often tuberculate, the barbs on the margins erect, those on the 2 awns either erect or reflexed. — Common, in waste places and fields. — Fall. 5. B, cemua L. Stem low, pale-green, 2-7 dm. high, nearly glabrous, the branches very short, decreasing down the stem: leaf -blades undivided, 6-16 cm. long, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, more or less connate by the broad bases, acuminate, serrate, with coarse distant teeth : heads very large, broader than high, nodding in fruit : outer bracts of the involucre 7-8, unequal, exceed- ing the disk and spreading: rays usually present, bright-yellow, the ligules about one-half longer than the disk, the ovaries glabrous except the margin, and awnless: disk-corollas orange, 5-lobed: achenes narrowly cuneate, slightly dilated at the summit, 4-angled, the margins retrorsely barbed and tuberculate, the awns 4, slender, retrorsely barbed. — Common, along streams and wet soil. — Fall. 6. B. laevis (L.) B.S.P. Stem glabrous, 5-10 mm. high, the branches all toward the summit of the stem, slender, ascending: leaf -blades undivided, 7-13 cm. long, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate with small inconspicuous teeth, acute, con- tracted toward the sessile base: heads medium, nearly globular, erect or nodding in fruit : outer bracts of the involucre 7-8, rarely longer than the disk : rays very large, the ligules 2-3 cm. long, golden-yellow, the ovaries as in the last: disk-corollas orange, 5-lobed: achenes cuneate, neither dilated nor contracted at the top, not tuberculate, the margins and 2-4 awns retrorsely barbed. [B. chrysantliemoides Michx.] — M. Occasional, in moist soil. — ■ Sanistones and shales, and limestones. — Sum. 7. B. trlchosperma (Michx.) Britton. Stem tall and glabrous, much branched, 6-15 dm. high: leaf-blades pinnately divided, with 4-8 narrowly lanceolate, serrate or incised, acute or acuminate segments: heads 4-6 cm. broad: outer bracts of the involucre linear-spatulate. rarely ciliate. equalling the disk: rays several, the ligules bright-yellow, 12-25 mm. long, the ovaries bidentulate at the summit: disk-corollas deep-yellow, 5-lobed: stamens exserted: achenes narrowly cuneate, slightly strigose-ciliate above; awns 2, about equalling the breadth of the achene, erect-barbed. {Coreopsis trichosperma Michx.] — Susquehanna valley. — Late sum. 37. GALINSOGA R. & P. Annual, tender herbs. Leaves opposite: blades toothed. Heads radiate. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric: bracts rela- tively broad. Eay-flowers 4 or 5: corollas with a pubescent tube and broad white ligule. Disk-corollas with a campanulate throat and a tube of about 308 CAEDUACEAE. the same length. Anthers oblong. Achenes nearly or quite as long as the corollas. Pappus of the ray of several bristles or wanting, of the disk of lacerate or fimbriate bristles. 1. G. parviflora Cav. Plants 1-7 dm. tall, often branched: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, petioled: involucre 2-2.5 mm. high; outer bracts ovate, obtuse: ligules white, 1-1.5 mm. wide: disk-corollas about 1.5 mm. long : achenes less than 2 mm. long. — Common, in cultivated grounds and waste jilaces. Nat. of S. Am. — Sum. 38. HELENIUM L. Annual, biennial, or perennial, bitter herbs. Leaves alternate : blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid, often decurrent. Heads soli- tary, few, or numerous. Involucre flattish: bracts spreading or reflexed. Re- ceptacle conic, oblong, or subglobose. Eay-flowers several, the corollas with cuneate ligules. Disk-corollas with broadly ovate lobes. Achenes ribbed. Pappus of 5-8 acuminate or awn-tipped scales. 1. H. autumnale L. Plants 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to elliptic, or slightly broadest above the middle or below it, 3-12 cm. long, rather promi- nently toothed: involucral bracts linear-lanceolate or narrower, 5-7 mm. long: ligules 10-20 mm. long: disk yellow; corollas 3 mm. long. — Common, in swamps and low grounds. — Fall. — Sneezeweed. 39. ACHILLEA [Vaill.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades toothed, pinnatifid, or dissected. Heads small, corymbose. Involucre cam- panulate to obovoid: bracts broad, firm. Eay-corollas with ligules mostly broader than long. Achenes flattened and callous-margined. Pappus wanting. 1. A. Millefolium L. Plants 2-9 dm. tall, villous and cottony: leaves 5-22 cm. long; blades twice or thrice pinnately parted: heads crowded: inner bracts of the involucre oblong, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, ciliate: ray-flowers 4 or 5, the ligules 3-4 mm. wide, white or pink: achenes 1-1.5 mm. long.- — Common, on banks and in meadows and fields. (Eurasia.) — Sum. — Milfoil. Yarrow. 40. ANTHEMIS [Mich.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades pinnatifid or dissected. Heads relatively large, mostly scattered. Involucre hemispheric: bracts relatively long. Eay-corollas with elongate ligules. Achenes not flattened. Pappus often crown-like. — Sum. — Chamomile. Leaf-blades 3-pinnately dissected : achenes with tuberculate sides. 1. A. Cotula. Leaf -blades 1-2-pinnateIy parted : achenes with smooth sides. 2. A. arvensis. 1. A. Cotula L. Annual, ill-scented: leaf -blades thrice pinnately dissected, the segments very slender: disk-flowers near the center of the receptacle with bractlets; corollas mostly 2.5 mm. long: achenes tuberculate-roughened: pappus wanting. — Common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — May-weed. Dog-fennel. 2. A. arvensis L. Annual or biennial, not ill-scented: leaf -blades once or twice pinnately parted, the segments relatively coarse: disk-flowers all with bractlets; corollas mostly 2 mm. long: achenes smooth-sided: pappus a narrow border. — Occasional, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — CoRN- chamomile. 41. CHEYSANTHEMUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades toothed, incised, or dissected, the segments coarse. Heads solitary or clustered. Involucre saucer-shaped or hemispheric: bracts CAEDUACEAE. 309 rather narrow, but mostly broadeued upward. Kay-corollas with ligules longer than wide. Filaments adnate to the corolla-tube. Achenes terete or angled. Pappus a scaly cup, or wanting. — Sum. — Daisy. Ray conspicuous ; ligules linear : heads few or solitary. 1. C. Leucanthemum. Ray inconspicuous ; ligules oval or obovate : heads numerous. 2. C. Parthenium. 1. C. Leucanthemum L. Plants 2-9 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf- blades spatulate to linear, 2-10 cm. long, serrate or pinnatifid: inner bracts of the involucre 5.5-6.5 mm. long, obtuse: ray-flowers numerous; ligules white or pink, 1-2.5 cm. long: disk yellow: pappus obsolete. — Common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — White-daisy. Ox-eye daisy. 2. 0. Parthenium (L.) Pers. Plants 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades broad, those of the lower ones at least, twice pinnately parted, the divisions incised: inner bracts of the involucre 2.5-3 mm. long, acute: ligules white, 3-5 mm. long: disk cream-colored : pappus a toothed crown. — M. Frequent, on roadsides and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Feverfew. 42. TANACETUM L. Perennial or sometimes annual herbs. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately dissected or divided. Heads corymbose. Involucre hemispheric or saucer-shaped: inner bracts longer than the outer. Filaments partly adnate to the corolla-tube. Achenes angled or ribbed. Pappus a crown-like border. 1. T. vulgare L. Plants 3-10' dm. tall, acrid-aromatic: leaf -blades 5-20 cm. long, with the ultimate segments sharply toothed : involucres 6-8 mm. wide, the inner bracts 4-5 mm. long : corollas yellow : achenes about 2 mm. long. — Common, on roadsides and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Tansy. 43. AKNICA L. Perennial herbs. Leaves typically opposite: blades entire or toothed. Heads solitary or several. Involucre mostly turbinate or campanulate, or broader in age: bracts nearly equal, narrow. Kay-flowera with yellow ligules. Corollas of the disk-flowers tubular, the lobes very short. Achenes ribbed. Pappus a single series of slender bristles. 1. A. acaulis (Walt.) B.S.P. Plants 2-10 dm. tall, hirsute: leaves mainly basal and spreading on the ground; blades oblong to oval or ovate, 5-12 cm. long, shallowly toothed or nearly entire: bracts of the involucre 9.5-11 mm. long, acute: ligules 1.5-2.5 cm. long: achenes 4 mm. long. — S. Bare, in low grounds near New Texas. — Schists. — Sum. 44. EBECHTITES Eaf. Annual herbs. Leaves alternate: blades toothed or pinnatifid. Heads corymbose or paniculate. Involucres narrow and some- what swollen at the base: bracts narrow, flat. Disk-corollas with triangular- lanceolate or deltoid lobes shorter than the narrow throat. Filaments longer than the anthers. Achenes ribbed. Pappus of many white bristles. 1. E. hieracifolia (L.) Eaf. Plants 2-20 dm. tall, watery: leaf -blades spatu- late-oblong to lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, coarsely toothed, incised, or pin- natifid: involucres 12-15 mm. long; bracts narrowly linear: corollas 8-9 mm. long: achenes about 1.5 mm. long. — Common in clearings and fields. — Sum. FiREWEED. 45. MESADENIA Eaf. Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades un- dulate, toothed or somewhat lobed. Heads corymbose. Involucres cylindric to cylindric-ovoid: bracts sometimes winged or keeled. Disk-corollas with linear or linear-lanceolate lobes longer than the campanulate throat. Filaments filiform. Achenes ribbed, glabrous. — Sum. — Indian-plantain. 310 CAEDUACEAE. lieaves green ; blades repand-dentate : stems furrowed, green. 1. M. reniformis. Leaves glaucous ; blades angulate-lobed : stem terete, glaucous. 2. M. atriplicifolia. 1. M. reniformis (Muhl.) Eaf. Stems 9-30 dm. tall: blades of the cauline leaves reniform, 10-60 cm. wide: involucral bracts 8-11 mm. long: achenes about 5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, in woods and thickets. — Schists. — Great indian-plantain. 2. M. atriplicifolia (L.) Eaf. Stems 9-20 dm. tall: blades of the cauline leaves ovate to triangular, or narrower above, angulate-lobed or sharply and coarsely toothed: involucral bracts 8-11 mm. long: achenes 4-4.5 mm. long. — Occasional, in thickets. — Pale indian-plantain. 46. SYNOSMA Eaf. Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades tri- angular to hastate, toothed. Heads corymbose. Involucre nearly cylindric: bracts narrow. Disk-corollas with lanceolate lobes shorter than the funnel- form throat. Filaments enlarged below the anthers. Achenes ribbed, glabrous. 1. S. suaveolens (L.) Britton. Plants 6-15 dm. tall: leaves numerous; blades hastate, 8-20 cm. long, serrate or dentate-serrate: larger bracts of the invo- lucre 10-11 mm. long: corollas 11-12 mm. long: achenes slender, 7-8.8 mm. long. — M. S. Frequent, in thickets and on shaded banks. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. 47. SENECIO [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate : blades entire, toothed, pinnatifid, or pinnately parted. Heads solitary or many. Involucre campanulate to cylindric: bracts flat. Disk-corollas yellow with a funnelform throat and triangular or ovate lobes. Filaments often enlarged below the anthers. Achenes 5-10-ribbed, pubescent or pappillose. — Spr. — Squaw-weed. Eagwort. Eagweed. Groundsel. Blades of the basal leaves cordate or subcordate at the base. 1. S. aureus. Blades of the basal leaves narrowed at the base. Blades of the basal leaves prevailingly spatulate : achenes glabrous. 2. S. oiovatus. Blades of the basal leaves prevailingly oblong : achenes pubescent. 3. S. Balsamltac. 1. S. aureus L. Plants 3-7 dm. tall: blades of the basal leaves 2-12 cm. long, rounded at the apex : involucres 6-7 mm. long ; bracts linear, fully 1 mm. wide : ligules narrow, 5.5-7.5 mm. long. — Common, in low grounds and swamps. 2. S. obovatus Muhl. Plants 1-5 dm. tall: blades of the basal leaves spatu- late to obovate, coarsely toothed or some of them lyrate-pinnatifid : involucres 4-5 mm. long; bracts narrowly linear or subulate-linear: ligules 5-7 mm. long. — N. M. Frequent, in thickets and dry hillsides. — Sandstones and shales, Mmestones. 3. S. Balsamitae Muhl. Plants 2-6 dm. tall: blades of the basal leaves oblong to oblong-spatulate, toothed: involucres 4-5 mm. long; bracts narrowly linear or nearly linear: ligules 4-6 mm. long: achenes about 3 mm. long. — Common, in dry soil and thickets and on roadsides. 48. XERANTHEMUM L. Annual herbs. Leaves alternate: blades nar- row, entire. Heads erect. Involucres campanulate to cylindric: bracts firm, in several series, the outer short and appressed, the inner ones elongate, spread- ing, resembling ligules of a ray. Marginal-corollas 2-lipped. Central-corollas with a short tube and an elongate throat: lobes mostly narrow. Achenes nar- row. Pappus of 5, or rarely of more, elongate scales. 1. X. annuum L. Plants mostly 3-10 dm. tall, the stem and branches floc- cose: leaf-blades linear-spatulate to linear, more copiously pubescent beneath CARDUACEAE. 311 than above: outer bracts of the involucre obovate, apiculate, inner bracts linear-elliptic or elliptic-spatulate to spatulate, 18-25 mm. long, white or pink, acute or apiculate : corollas of the central flowers 4-5 mm. long ; lobes lanceo- late. — S. Occasional, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Immortelles. Everlasting. 49. AKCTIUM L. Biennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades often ample, mainly entire or repand. Heads solitary in the axils or clustered, not con- spicuous. Involucre with many narrow bracts, each hooked at the tip. Fila- ments glabrous. Pappus of short, rigid or scale-like, bristles. 1. A. minus Sehk. Plants 4-16 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, those of the lower cauline leaves 2-4.5 dm. long, all undulate or shallowly toothed: inner bracts of the involucre mostly 7-8 mm. long: corollas purplish: achenes about 4 mm. long. — Common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Burdock. Clotbur. 50. CIRSIUM [Tourn.] Hill. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid, usually spiny. Heads erect, often showy. Involucre with the outer bracts, at least, spine-tipped or spiny-margined. Filaments mostly pubescent. Pappus of elongate capillary plumose bristles in several series. — Sum. and fall. — Thistle. Flowers dioecious: heads small: involucre about 1 cm. thick. 1. C. arvense. Flowers perfect : heads large : involucre about 2 cm. thick or more. Heads not involucrate, but sometimes approximate to one or few leaves. Bracts of the involucre not spine-tipped, the outer ones often cuspidate. 2. C. muticum. Bracts of the involucre, at least the outer ones, spine- tipped. Spines of the involucral bracts appressed or erect. 3. C. odoratum. Spines of the involucral bracts spreading. Inner bracts of the involucre narrow, with flattened soft tips. Leaf-blades, except those near the heads, merely toothed. 4. C. altisaimum. Leaf-blades 1-2-pinnatifld. 5. C. discolor. Inner bracts of the involucre as well as the outer, spine-tipped. 6. C lanceolatum Heads involucrate, completely surrounded by a whorl of copiously spine-armed bracts. 7. C. liorridulum. 1. C. arvense (L.) Scop. Plants often forming mats: stems 2-10 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades spatulate, oblong, or lanceolate in outline, pinnatifid, 4—16 cm. long, rigidly spine-armed, pubescent beneath or sometimes nearly glabrous: outer bracts of the involucre acute, the inner ones narrowly linear, short-acuminate, 9-12 mm. long: corollas mostly 12-15 mm. long. — Common in fields and pastures, and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Canada- thistle. 2. C. muticum Miehx. Stems 8-25 dm. tall, angled, lanuginous or glabrate: leaf-blades oblong to oblong-ovate, 1-2-pinnatifid, mainly 17-40 cm. long, rather weakly spine-armed: outer bracts of the involucre obtuse or cuspidate, the inner ones narrowly linear, short-acuminate, 27-29 mm. long: corollas mostly 28-30 mm. long. — Rather common, in meadows and fields, and on road- sides. — Swamp-thistle. 3. C. odoratum (Muhl.) Petrak. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, tomentulose: leaf -blades oblanceolate, 1-2-pinnatifid: outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate, slender- tipped, the inner bracts 45-55 mm. long: corollas 50-55 mm. long. — Not very common, in fields and low grounds. — Pasture-thistle. 4. C. altlssimum (L.) Spreng. Stems 9-30 dm. tall, downy: blades of the basal or lower cauline leaves oblong to elliptic, or broadest above or below the middle, densely white-tomentose beneath : outer bracts of the involucre with tips 312 CAEDUACEAE. about i as long as the body, the inner bracts 28-30 mm. long; corollas 37-40 mm. long. — Not very common, in thickets and fields, 5. C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Similar to C. alUssimum in habit, but seldom over 20 dm. tall: leaf-blades mainly oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, densely white-tomentose beneath: outer bracts of the involucre with tips about as long as the body, the inner bracts 25-28 mm. long; corollas 33-35 mm. long. — Rather common, in thickets and on roadsides. 6. C. lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Stems 8-15 dm. tall, pubescent: leaves crowded; blades lanceolate, 1-2-pinnatifid, grayish-woolly beneath: outer bracts of the involucre gradually narrowed into slender tips, the inner bracts very narrowly linear and attenuate: corollas 32-35 mm. long. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Common-thistle. 7. C. horridulum Michx. Stems 3-11 dm. tall, woolly: leaf-segments with spreading spines: inner bracts of the involucre 40-45 mm. long: corollas 40-48 mm. long, yellow : anthers mostly shorter than the filaments. — M. S. Occa- sional, in low grounds, swamps and pastures. — Limestones, schists. — Yellow- thistle. 51. CAE.DUUS [Tourn.] L. Herbs resembling Cirsium in habit, usually annual or biennial, the stems spiny-winged by the decurrent leaves. Heads often nodding. Involucre ovoid to globose, many-flowered, its bracts narrow, in many series, often partly reflexed. Filaments papillose-pubescent. Pappus of many naked or merely roughened bristles. — Plumeless-thistle. 1. C. nutans L. Biennial, pubescent: leaf -blades mostly 1-2 dm. long, pin- natifid or bipinnatifid, copiously spiny-margined, scarcely paler beneath than above, or sometimes pale-pubescent: head solitary, nodding: involucre hemi- spheric, 2-2.5 cm. long; bracts narrow, mostly lanceolate, the outer minutely spine- tipped and reflexed, the inner with softer lax tips and erect: corollas purple or white, 16-20 mm. long: achenes about 3 mm. long, truncate, curved, — S. Eare, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Musk-thistle. 52. ONOPOEDON [Vaill.] L. Annual or biennial, caulescent, coarse herbs, with winged stems and branches. Leaves alternate: blades sinuate or pinnatifid, spinescent, conspicuously decurrent. Heads large, erect. Invo- lucre ovoid, globular, or depressed: bracts numerous, narrow, mostly spine- tipped. Eeceptacle honeycombed, not bristly. Corollas mostly purple: throat shorter than the slender tube : lobes narrow. Achenes short, slightly broadened upward. Pappus longer than the achene, the bristles not plumose. 1, O, Acanthium L. Plants 1.5 m. tall or less, lanate: stem-wings spiny like the leaf -margins : leaf-blades mostly 1-2.5 cm. long, lanate on both sides: involucres 3-4 cm. wide ; bracts firm, the inner 2-3 cm. long, the outer shorter, reflexed : achenes narrowly obovoid, 4.5-5 mm. long, wrinkled. — M. Rare, in fields and wate places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Scotch-thistle. Cotton- thistle. 53. CENTAUEEA L. Annual (ours), or perennial, herbs. Leaves alter- nate: blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Heads relatively small. Invo- lucre with irregularly toothed or fimbrillate outer bracts, the intermediate ones, at least, often armed with spines. Anthers sagittate at the base, with appendages at least i as long as the sacs. Achenes flattened or 4-angled. Pappus of scales or bristles in several series, or obsolete. — Sum. — Star- thistle. CICHOEIACEAE. 313 Bracts of the involucre, or some of them, with an elongate apical spine. 1. C. solstitiaUs. Bracts of the involucre not spine-armed. Bracts entire or sparingly lacerate. 2. C. Jacea. Bracts, or some of them, regularly pectinate at the tip. Stem and leaves white-floccose : blades of the lower leaves entire. 3. 0. Cyanus. Stem and leaves inconspicuously pubescent : blades of the lower leaves pinnatifid. 4. G. maculosa. 1. C. solstitialis L. Plants 3-6 dm. tall, with woolly stems: blades of the stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, entire or merely toothed: involucres ovoid or subglobose, about 1.5 em. long; bracts various, the intermediate ones with long, slender, yellow spines: corollas yellow. — S. Occasional, in fields. Nat. of Eu. 2. C. Jacea L. Plants 8 dm. tall or less, with sparingly pubescent stems: leaf -blades entire or toothed, often remotely so: involucres subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. long; bracts various, the outer paler, contracted near the middle, the others brown, constricted above the middle, all more or less lacerate near the tips: corollas 15 mm. long, or the outer ones larger, rose-purple. — S. Occa- sional, in fields. Nat. of Eu. 3. C. Cyanus L. Plants 1 m. tall or less, with glabrous or sparingly floccose stems: leaf-blades (or segments) narrowly linear: involucres ovoid, 11-14 mm. long; outer and middle bracts deltoid, ovate, or lanceolate, with the scarious margins sharp-toothed; inner bracts linear or linear-lanceolate: corollas 11-13 mm. long, or the outer ones larger, pink, blue, or violet: achenes about 3 mm. long. — • M. S. Occasional, in fields. Nat. of Eu. 4. C. maculosa Lam. Plants 1 m. tall or less, with floccose stems: leaf-blades pinnatifid, or the larger ones pinnately parted and with pinnatifid segments: involucres ovoid, about 1 cm. long: outer and middle bracts ovate, firm- pointed, ciliate at the dark tips; inner bracts narrowly linear: corollas 13-15 mm. long, or the outer ones larger, whitish, pink, or purplish: achenes about 2 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in fields. Nat. of Eu. Family 3. CICHOEIACEAE. Chicory Family. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, or i^artially woody plants. Leaves alternate : blades entire, toothed, or parted. Flowers perfect, all alike, borne in heads. Corolla ligulate, the 1-sided limb mostly 5-lobed at the apex. Stigmas unappendaged. Achenes smooth, papillose, or spiny. Pappus of simple hair-like bristles. Achenes smooth or merely papillose. Achenes cylindric or prismatic. Heads, or ligules, pale, cream-colored, or purple, nodding. 1. Nabalus. Heads, or ligules, yellow, orange, or red, erect. Pappus of white bristles : involucral bracts in 1 row. 2. Crepis. Pappus of tawny bristles : involucral bracts in more than 1 row. 3. Hieiucium. Achenes flatfened. Achenes narrowed at the top or beaked. Achenes thin or flat, each prolonged into a slender, often filiform beak. 4. Lactuca. Achenes thick, beakless, sometimes with a mere neck. .5. MuLGEDiUM. Achenes truncate at the top. 6. Sonchcs. Achenes tuberculate or spinulose, or with spine-like processes. 7. Leontodon. Pappus of scales, or scales and bristles, or wanting. Pappus at least in part of plumose bristles. Receptacle naked. Plume-ln-anches of the pappus not interwebbed. 8. PiCRis. Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. 9. Tragopogon. Receptacle chaffy. 10. Hypochaeris. 314 CICHORIACEAE. Pappus of scales, or of both scales and pliimeless bristles, or wanting. Ligules yellow or orange. Annual plants : achene of a turbinate type : pappus- scales large, accompanied by as many bristles. 11. Krigia. Perennial plants : achene of an oblong type : pappus- scales minute, accompanied by more numerous bristles. 12. Cynthia. Ligules white, pink, blue, or purple. 13. Cichoeidm. 1. NABALUS Cass. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaf-blades toothed, lobed, pinnatifid, or divided. Heads nodding. Involucre cylindric or nearly so : main bracts nearly equal in length, Achenes oblong to columnar. — Sum. and fall. — ■ Eattlesxake-koot. White-lettuce. Involucres slender, about 2 mm. thick, 5-7-flowered, light-green : pappus light straw- colored. 1. N. altissimus. Involucres stout, 3-6 mm. thick, 8-16-flowered, deep-green, glau- cous, or purple. Pappus cinnamon-brown : corollas mostly whitish. 2. N. alius. Pappus straw-colored or light-brown : corollas mostly purplish. Larger bracts of the outer involucre lanceolate : pappus surpassing the inner involucral bracts. 3. N. serpentarius. Larger bracts of the outer involucre ovate or triangular- ovate : pappus and inner involucral bracts about equal in length. 4. JV. trifoliatvs. 1. N. altissimus (L.) Hook. Stems 9-21 dm. tall, glabrous, glaucous: leaf- blades denticulate, or lobed or divided and with denticulate or lobed divi- sions: involucres less than 3 m. thick, the outer bracts of the involucre deltoid to ovate, 1-2 mm. long, the inner ones 9-10 mm. long, light-green, glabrous: ligules greenish or yellowish. — N. S. Not very common, in low thickets. — Sandstones and shales, schists. 2. N. albus (L.) Hook. Stems 3-16 dm. tall, glabrous, glaucous: leaf -blades, or the divisions, coarsely toothed: outer bracts of the involucre ovate, 2-3 mm. long, the inner ones 10-12 mm. long, dark-green, glabrous: ligules dull-white or cream-colored. — Common, in woods and thickets. 3. N. serpentarius (Pursh) Hook. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, glabrous: larger leaf- blades pinnately lobed: inner bracts of the involucre 9-11 mm. long, often ciliate at the tip : pappus straw-colored. — S. Eather common, in thickets. — Schists. — Lion 's-foot. 4. N. trifoliatus Cass. Stems 8-26 dm. tall, glabrous: larger leaf -blades pedately lobed: inner bracts of the involucre 9-11 mm. long, wholly glabrous: pappus light-brown. — S. Common, in woods. — Schists. — Gall-of-the-earth. 2. CBrEFIS L. Annual or biennial herbs, resembling Eieracium, with glabrous or sparingly pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades mostly repand or pinnatifid. Heads few-many-flowered, paniculate or corymbose. Involucres narrow: bracts usually in a single row or in several rows. Corollas yellow. Achenes narrow. Pappus of white soft hairs. 1. C. tectorum L. Plants usually branched at the base, 2-4 dm. tail, sparingly pubescent: leaf-blades oblong, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate in outline, runci- nate-pinnatifid, usually sagittate-auriculate at the base: involucres 9-10 mm. high; bracts hirsute-hispid, acute: corollas 10-11 mm. long: achene-body oblong or somewhat fusiform, about 2 mm. long, ribbed. — S. Occasional, in alfalfa fields. Nat. of Eu. — Fall. — Hawksbeard. 3. HIEEACIUM L. Perennial caulescent or scapose herbs. Leaf -blades entire or toothed. Heads erect. Involucres usually narrow: main bracts unequal in length. Achenes oblong, fusiform, or columnar. — Hawkv5^eed. CICHOEIACEAE. 315 Stems regularly leafy to the broad, more or less effuse panicle : leaf-blades not of a spatulate type. 1. H. paniculutum. Stems more or less scape-like, corymbose or narrowly cylindric- paniculate above : leaves mainly basal, or on the lower part of the stem, some of the lower blades of a spatulate type. Achenes columnar. Longer involucral bracts glabrous or nearly so. Stems nearly naked, glabrous : peduncles glabrous or sparingly glandular-pubescent. 2. B. venosum. Stems leafy and pubescent at least below : peduncles densely glandular-pubescent. 3. H. marianum. Longer involucral bracts copiously pubescent. 4. H. scabrum. Achenes fusiform or constricted below the summit. 5. H. OronovU. 1. H. paniculatum L. Plants often glaucescent, 3-12 dm. tall, the stem villous at the base: leaf -blades linear-elliptic to broadly elliptic: involucres 4-5.5 mm. high, the longer bracts pubescent mainly near the tip. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Late sum. 2. H. venosum L. Stems scape-like, 3-6 dm. tall, glabrous, corymbosely branched above : leaves mainly basal, or 1 or 2 on the stem ; blades obovate or spatulate, 5-15 cm. long, commonly purple-veined, undulate or repand-denticu- late, more or less villous on the veins beneath: peduncles slender, often slightly glandular-pubescent: involucres 6-8 mm. long; inner bracts linear, tapering to the apex : achenes columnar, about 3 mm. long. — Common on banks and in open woods. — Sum. — Eattlesnake-weed. Poor-Eobin 's plantain. 3. H. marianum Willd. Stems rather stout, 5-10 dm. tall, softly hirsute below, more or less widely branched into a corymbose panicle: leaves basal, and few or several along the stem ; blades spatulate to oblong-obovate or nearly oblong, 6-20 cm. long, ciliate, undulate or repand-denticulate: peduncles densely glan- dular-pubescent: involucres 6-7 mm. long; inner bracts narrowly linear-lanceo- late, glabrous or slightly pubescent : achenes columnar, 2.5 mm. long. — M. Occasional, on banks and in open woods. — Limestones. — Spr. 4. H. scabrum Michx. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, hirsute-hispid below, paniculately branched and glandular-hirsute above, leafy to the inflorescence: leaf -blades thickish, spatulate to obovate or oblong, 3-12 em. long, undulate or repand- denticulate: panicle commonly elongate: peduncles rather rigid: involucres 5-6 mm. long; inner bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate: achenes columnar, 2-2.5 mm. long. — Common, in woods and on roadsides. — Fall. 5. H. Gronovii L. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, more or less pubescent with slender hairs, paniculately branched above, leafy below, rather naked near the panicle: leaves commonly hirsute; blades spatulate to oblong, oval or obovate, 4-15 cm. long, undulate or repand: panicle ample or sometimes much reduced: peduncles glandular-pubescent: involucres 5-7 em. long; inner bracts linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate : achenes fusiform, 3-3.5 mm. long. — Common, on gravelly banks and in woods. — Simi. and fall. 4. IiACTUCA L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, the stems stout. Leaf-blades mostly relatively broad, entire, toothed, or pinnatifid, sometimes spiny-margined. Heads erect. Involucres cylindric to ovoid. Achenes flat- tened, slender-beaked. — Sum. and fall. — Lettuce. Wood-lettuce. Wild- lettuce. Heads mostly less than 12-flowered : achene-bodies several-nerved. Leaf-blades pinnatifid. 1- L. Scariola. Leaf-blades merely toothed. 2. L. virosa. Heads mostly more than 12-flowered: achene-bodies 1-nerved. Leaf-blades entire or nearly so: achene-body mostly less than 3 mm. long. 3. L. sagittifoHa. Leaf -blades, except those of the upper leaves, pmnatifld : achene-body mostly over 3 mm. long. 4. L. canadensis. 316 CIOHOEIACEAE. 1. L. Scariola L. Stem nearly or quite glabrous, 4-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to lanceolate in outline, pinnatifid, bright-green: inner bracts of the involucre 8-10 mm. long, linear-oblong: outer corollas 8-9 mm. long: aehene- body abruptly narrowed at the apex. — S. Rare, on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Prickly-lettuce. 2. L. vlrosa L. Stem hirsute below, 6-20 dm. tall : leaf-blades oblanceolate to oblong, merely denticulate, glaucous: inner bracts of the involucre 12-15- mm. long, narrowly linear: outer corollas 11-12 mm. long: achene-body gradu- ally narrowed at the apex. — Rather common, in waste places and on road- sides. Nat. of Eu. 3. L. sagittifolia Ell. Stems 9-30 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the stem- leaves 8-30 cm. long, irregularly dentate: involucres 10-20 mm. long, th& inner bracts narrowly linear or nearly so: ligules yellow or reddish: achene- body 2.5-3 mm. long, longer than the beak. — Susquehanna valley. Frequent, on shaded banks. 4. L. canadensis L. Stems 9-30 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: blades of the stem-leaves 10-30 cm. long, sinuate-pinnatifid : involucres 10-12 mm. long, the inner ones linear-lanceolate: ligules yellow: achene-body 3-4 mm. long, about as long as the beak. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. — Wild- lettuce. Horse-weed. 5. MULGEDIUM Cass. Herbs resembling Lactuca in habit. Achenes thick, beakless. — Sum. and fall. — Lettuce. Blue-lettuce. rappus bright-white : blades of the stem-leaves neither auriculate nor clasping. Leaf-blades toothed : achene-body not narrowed into a neck. 1. M. villosum. Leaf-blades pinnatifid : achene-body narrowed into a slender neck. 2. M. fioridannm. Pappus brown : blades of the stem-leaves auriculate and clasping. 3. M. spicatinn. 1. M. villosum (Jacq.) Small. Stems 9-20 dm. tall: blades of the stem-leaves irregularly dentate, 8-20 cm. long: inner bracts of the involucre linear-lanceo- late: ligules blue: achenes 4 mm. long. — N. Frequent, in open woods and thickets. • — • Sandstones and shales. 2. M. floridanum (L.) DC. Stems 10-30 dm. tall: blades of the stem-leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, 2-45 cm. long: inner bracts of the involucre linear: ligules blue : achenes 6-7 mm. long. — Common, in thickets and on banks. 3. M. spicatum (Lam.) Small. Stems 9-35 dm. tall: blades of the stem-leaves lobed or pinnatifid (merely denticulate in M. spicatum integri folium) : ligules white, yellowish, or bluish : achenes 4-5 mm. long. — Rather common, in thickets and open woods. 6. SONCHUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial tall caulescent herbs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid, sometimes spiny margined. Heads erect. Involucres ovoid or svibglobose. Achenes flattened. Pappus deciduous. — Spr.-f all. — Sow-thistle. Leaf-auricles rounded : achenes smooth and 3-ribbed. 1. 8. asDcr. Leaf-auricles acute : achenes transverse-wrinkled and striate. 2. 8. oleraceus. 1. S. asper (L.) All. Stems 2-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades with rigid-tipped teeth : achenes 2-2.5 mm. long, margined, ribbed and smooth. — N. M. Com- mon, in fields and on roadsides. — Nat. of Eu. 2. S. oleraceus L. Stems 1-18 dm. tall: leaf -blades more divided than in 5. asper, with soft-tipped teeth: achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, scarcely margined,, striate and transverse-wrinkled. — Common, in waste places and fields. Nat. of Eu. CICHORIACEAE. 317 7. LEONTODON L, Perennial low acaulescent herbs. Leaf-blades sin- uate-toothed or runcinate-pinnatifid, or rarely entire. Heads solitary. Invo- lucre thick, scaly. Achenes not much flattened. Pappus persistent. — Spr.- f all. — Dandelion. Inner involucral bracts unappendaged : achenes brown or olive-green. 1. L. Taraxacum. Inner involucral bracts appendaged at the tip : achenes red or red-brown. 2. L. erythrospermum. 1> L. Taraxacum L. Leaf-blades sinuate or coarsely pinnatifid, often Ivrate. the lobes broad: heads 3-5 cm. wide, the ligules orange-yellow: involucral bracts green, the outer ones long, reflexed: achene-body bluntly spinulose near the top : pappus white. — Common, nearly everywhere. Nat. of Eu. 2. L. erythrosperraus (Andrz.) Eichw. Leaf -blades pinnatifid or pinnately divided, runcinate, the lobes narrow: heads 2-3 cm. wide, the ligules light- yellow: involucral bracts glaucous, the outer ones short, ascending or spread- ing : achene-body sharjjly spinulose near the apex : pappus dirty-white. — M. Occasional, on lawns and in waste places. Nat. of Eu. 8. PlCmS L. Annual or biennial caulescent coarse herbs. Leaves alter- nate: blades entire or sinuate, often partially clasping. Heads many-flowered, loosely corymbose. Involucres rather broad: bracts in several series and of different shapes. Corollas yellow. Achenes stout, with rough ribs. Pappus of more or less plumose hairs. — Fall. Outer bracts of the involucre narrow : achenes scarcely if at all beaked : pappus- bristles slightly plumose. 1. P. hieracioides. Outer bracts of the involucre ovate: achene long-beaked: pappus-bristles copiously plumose. 2. P. echioides. 1. P. hieracioides L. Stems somewhat hispid: leaf -blades mostly lanceolate or linear, sinuate: outer bracts of the involucre linear, smaller and narrower than the inner: corollas 9-11 mm. long; tube glabrous: achenes oblong, beak- less or nearly so : pappus slightly plumose. — S. Occasional, in fields near Wakefield. Nat. of Eu. 2. P. echioides L. Stems hirsute: leaf -blades spatulate to oblong or lanceo- late, entire or undulate: outer bracts of the involucre ovate, longer and broader than the inner: corollas 14-15 mm. long; tube pubescent: achenes oblong, beaked : pappus copiously plumose. — S. Occasional, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Ox-tongue. 9. TRAGOPOGON [Tourn.] L. Biennial or perennial erect caulescent, rather coarse herbs. Leaf-blades narrow, long-attenuate, often sheathing at the base. Heads erect. Involucres relatively narrow: bracts elongate, often surpassing the disk. Achenes terete or 5-angled, the inner at least slender- beaked. 1. T. porrifolius L. Stems 4-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades clasping or sheathing at the base: peduncles gradually enlarged upward: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 30-40 mm. long: achenes slender-fusiform, 3.5-4 cm. long. — N. M. — Frequent, in fence-rows and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Salsify. Oyster-plant. 10. HYPOCHAERIS L. Perennial or rarely annual, scapose herbs, the scapes often minutely scaly. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Heads showy, erect, long-peduncled. Involucres cylindric to campanulate: bracts in several unequal series, the outer ones very small, the inner ones with dorsal 318 CICHORIACEAE. crests near the apex. Corollas yellow. Stigmas slender, filiform-clavate. Achenes fusiform, the inner ones, at least, slender-beaked. Pappus single, the- bristles plumose. 1. H. radicata L. Plants perennial, 2-6 dm. tall: leaves mostly 4-17 cm- long, hirsute; blades spatulate in outline, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid: heads 2.5-4 cm. wide: corollas with very narrow ligules: achenes fusiform,, the bodies 3-3.5 mm. long, spinulose, those of the inner ones at least shorter than the filiform beaks. — S. Occasional, in wet pastures. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. 11. KRIGIA Schreb. Annual herbs. Leaves mainly basal; blades nar- row, toothed or pinnatifid. Heads slender-peduncled. Involucre narrow : bracts narrow, reflexed at maturity. Corollas light-yellow. Achenes decidedly broadened upward. Pappus of 5 scales about i as long as the aehene and also of 5 or 10 bristles. 1. K. virginica (L.) Willd. Plants 0.3-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate to nearly linear, 2-12 cm. long: involucres mostly less than 7 mm. long: corollas 6-7 mm. long : achenes fully 1.5 mm. long, finely ribbed. — Common, in open sandy places. — Spr. — Dwarf-dandelion. 12. CYNTHIA D. Don. Perennial herbs. Leaves mainly basal: blades narrow or broad, entire, repand, or pinnatifid. Heads long-peduncled. Invo- lucre stout: bracts narrow, reflexed at maturity. Corollas bright-yellow.. Achenes not broadened upward. Pappus of 10-15 minute scales and more numerous bristles. 1. C. virginica (L.) D. Don, Plants 1-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate, oblong or oval, not elongate, entire or repand or slightly lyrate-piniiatifid: involucres mostly over 8 mm. long: corollas 10-12 mm. long: achenes 2 mm. long, coarsely ribbed. — N. Occasional, in meadows. — Sandstones and shales.. — Sum. — Cynthia. 13. CICHORIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial rigid herbs. Leaf-blades toothed or pinnatifid, or crisped. Heads sessile or nearly so. Involucre firm or rigid: outer bracts sjareading, the inner erect. Achenes 5-ribbed or 5-angled. Pappus of 2 or 3 rows of scales. — • Chicory. Succory. 1. C. Intybus L. Tap-root elongate, tough. Stem 3-15 dm. tall, rit^'dly wide- branched: blades of the stem-leaves oblong to lanceolate, pinnatifid, toothed,, or entire: involucres 10-12 mm. long; bracts lanceolate to linear, the outer glandular-ciliate: corollas sky-blue or white: ligules 10-20 mm. long: achenes 2-2.5 mm. long. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat of Eu. — Sum^ — ■ Common-chicory. Blue-sailors. LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES PUBLISHED IN THIS FLORA. Zosterella Small. (Diminutive of Zostera, refeiTing to the habit of the type si^ecies.) Zosterella dubia (Jaeq.) Small. CommeUna dubia Jaoq. Arsenocoecus Small. (Greek, male-beiiy, referring to the common name of the plant.) Arsenocoecus ligustrinus (L.) Small. Vaccinium ligustrinum L. Agalinis deeimloba (Greene) Small. Gerardia decimloba Greene. Diodella teres (Walt.) Small, Diodia teres Walt. Polymniastrum Small. (Latin, referring to the relationship to the genus Polymnia.) Polymniastrum Uvedalia (L.) Small. Polymnia Uvedalia L. no INDEX. Abutilon, 189 Acalypha, 178 acanthaceae, 264 Acanthus Family, 204 Acer, 184 ACERACEAE, 184 Aeerates, 229 Achillea, 308 Acorus, 66 Actaea, 120 Adam-and-Eve, 90 Adam 's-needle, 78 Adder 's-mouth, 88 Adicea, 101 Adlumia, 129 Aesculaceae, 184 Aesculus, 184 Agalinis, 263 Agastaehe, 248 Aegopodium, 211 Agrimonia, 151 Agrimony, 151 Agropyron, 36 Agrostemma, 118 Agrostis, 26 Ailanthns, 175 AiLANTHus Family, 175 Alder, 97 Black, 182 Smooth, 97 Aletris, 80 Alfalfa, 162 Alisma, 7 Alismaceae, 7 Alismales, 6 Allegheny-vine, 130 Alliaceae, 73 Allium, 73 Alnus, 97 Alopecurus, 24 Alsike-clover, 163 Alsinaceae, 113 Alsine, 115 Alsinopsis, 114 Althaea, 189 Shrubby. 190 Alum-root, 142 Alyssum, 136 Sweet, 136 Yellow, 136 Amaranth, 111 Green, 111 Thorny, 111 Amaranthaceae, 111 Amaranth Family, 111 Amaranthus, 111 Amaryllidales, 80 Amaryllis Family, 80 Ambrina, 110 Ambrosia, 283 Ambrosiaceae, 282 Amelanchier, 154 American-brooklime, 262 American-cowslip, 222 American-elm, 104 American-holly, 183 American-ivy, 188 American-mistletoe, 269 American-pennyroyal, 252 American white-helleljore, 70 American wood-isitraw- berry, 149 Ammiaceae, 207 Ammiales, 205 Amygdalaceae, 156 Amygdalus, 157 Anagallis, 222 Anaphalis, 301 Andropogon, 12 Anemone, 121 Eue, 122 Wood, 121 Angelica, 212 Angellico, 212 Angiospermae, 3 Angle-pod, 231 Annonaceae, 125 Antennaria, 300 Anthemis, 308 Anthopogon, 225 Anthoxanthum, 20 Anthyllis, 163 Anychia, 111 Aplectrum, 90 Apocynaceae, 227 Apocynum., 228 Apple, 153 Common, 154 C'rab^ 154 Love, 239 Mock, 279 Thorn, 240 Apple Family, 153 Apple-of-Peru, 238 Aquifoliaceae, 182 Aquilegia, 120 Arabidopsis, 134 ArabiSj 138 Araceae, 65 Arales, 64 Aralia, 207 Arbutus, 217 Trailing, 217 Arctium, 310 Arenaria, 114 Arethusa, 87 Argemone, 129 Arisaema, 65 Aristida, 21 Aristolochia, 279 Aristolochiales, 278 Armoracia, 133 Arnica, 309 Arrhenatherum, 28 Arrow-head, 7 Arrow-wood, 274 Arsenococcus, 218 Artichoke, 305 Jerusalem, 305 Abtocarpaceae, 103 Arum Family, 65 Asaraceae, 278 Asarum, 278 asclepiadaceae, 228 Asclepiadales, 227 Ascyrum, 191 Ash, 224 Flowering, 224 Prickly, 224 Eed, 224 White, 224 Asimina, 125 Asparagus, 76 Aster, 293 Golden, 289 White-topped, 299 Atheropogon, 29 Atragene, 124 Atriplex, 110 Avena, 27 Avens, 150 Azalea, 216 Clammy, 216 Smooth, 217 Baccharis, 300 Balloon-vine, 185 Balm, 252 Lancaster County Flora 21 321 322 INDEX. Balm, Bee, 251, 252 Horse, 256 Lemon, 252 Balm-of-Gilead, 91 BalmoBy, 259 Balsam-apple, 279 Wild, 279 Balsaminaceae, 174 Baneberry, 120 Baptisia, 161 Barbarea, 134 Barnyard-grass, 14 Barren-oak, 99 Barren-strawberry, 150 Bartonia 226 Basil, 252, 253 Basswood, 188 Bastard-pennyroyal, 246 Bastard toad-flax, 270 Batracliium, 122 Batschia, 242 Bayberry, 94 Bayberry Family', 93 Beak-rush, 46 Beaked hazel-nut, 96 Bean, 169 Wild, 170 Bean-tree, 267 Bean-vine, 170 Beard-grass, 12 Beard-tongue, 259 Bearded-darnel, 36 Bear-grass, 78 Bear-oak, 100 Bedstraw, 271 Eough, 273 Sweet-scented, 273 Yellow, 272 Bee-balm, 251, 252 Bee-tree, 188 Beech, 98 Beech-drops, 215, 266 False, 215 Beech Family, 97 Begger 's-lice, 241 Beggar-ticks, 165, 307 Swamp, 307 Bellflower, 280 Creeping, 280 Marsh, 280 Bellflower Family, 280 Bell-rue, 124 Bellwort, 77 Benjamin-bush, 200 Bent-grass, 26 Benzoin, 200 Betony, 264 Wood, 264 Betula, 97 Betulaceae, 96 Bieuculla, 130 Bidens, 306 Bignonia, 267 BiGNONIACEAE, 266 Bindweed, 233 Field, 234 Hedge, 233 Birch, 97 Black, 97 Cherry, 97 Red, 97 Eiver, 97 Southern yellow, 97 Sweet, 97 Birch Family, 96 Bird-cherry, 157 Birdfoot-violet, 195 Bird's-foot trefoil, 164 Birthroot, 78 Birthwort, 279 BiRTHWORT Family, 278 Bishop 's-cap, 143 Bitter-bloom, 225 Bitter-cress, 137 Bitter-dock, 105 Bittersweet, 239 Black-alder, 182 Blackberry, 147 Sand, Blackberry-lily, 82 Black-bindweed, 108 Black-birch, 97 Black-cohosh, 120 Black-eyed Susan, 304 Black-gum, 206 Black-haw, 275 Black high-blueberry, 220 Black-huckleberry, 219 Black-jack, 99 Black-maple, 185 Black-medic, 162 Black-mustard, 135 Black oat-grass, 22 Black-raspberry, 147 Black scrub-oak, 100 Black-snakeroot, 120, 209 Black-walnut, 94 Black-willow, 92 Bladder-campion, 118 Bladdernut, 184 Bladdernut Family, 184 Bladderwort, 265 Bladderwort Family, 265 Blazing-star, 70, 288 Bleeding-heart, 183 Blephariglottis, 85 Bloodroot, 128 Blue-beech, 96 Bluebell, 280 Blueberry, 219 Black high, 220 Early, 220 High, 220 Late sweet, 220 Low, 220 Swamp, 220 Sweet, 220 Blue-cohosh, 127 Blue-curls, 246 Blue-devil, 243 Blue-eyed grass, 82 Blue-grape, 187 Blue-grass, 32 Bhie-hearts, 263 Blue- joint grass, 25 Blue-lettuce, 316 Blue-phlox, 236 Blue-sailors, 318 Blue-tangle, 219 Blue toad-flax, 258 Blue-verbena, 244 Bluets, 271 Blueweed, 243 Boehmeria, 102 Bog-torches, 66 Boltonia, 292 Boneset, 288 Upland, 288 False, 289 Borage, 243 Borage Family, 240 boraginaceae, 240 Borago, 243 Bottle-brush, 38 Bottle-grass, 19 Bouucing-bet, 117 Bowman 's-root, 147 Box-elder, 185 Brachyelytrum, 23 Brasenia, 126 Brassica, 135 Brassicaceae, 130 Bristly-buttercup, 123 Bristly-sarsaparilla, 207 Brome-grass, 35 Bromus, 35 Brook-lobelia, 282 Brookweed, 223 Broom, 162 Scotch, 162 Broom-grass, 12 Broom-rape, 266 Broom-rape Family, 266 Buchnera, 263 Buckbean, 227 INDEX. 323 BucKBEAN Family, 227 Buckberry, 219 Buckeye, 184 Buckeye Family, 184 Buckthorn, 18G Buckthorn Family, 186 Buckwheat, 108 Buckwheat Family, 104 Buflfalo-bur, 239 Bugbane, 120 Bugle-weed, 254 Bulbous-buttercup, 123 Bulrush, 41 Bunch-flower, 70 Bunch-flower Family 69 Bupleurum, 210 Burdock, 310 Bur-grass, 19 Bur-marigold, 306 Burnet, 152 Burning-bush, 183 Bur-oak, 100 Bur-reed, 4 Bur-reed Family, 4 Bursa, 132 Bur-seeds, 241 Burweed, 283 Bush-clover, 167 Bush-honeysuckle, 276 Butter-and-eggs, 258 Buttercup, 121 Bristly, 123 Bulbous, 123 Celery-leaved, 123 Creeping, 123 Hooked, 123 Meadow, 123 Swamp, 124 Butterfly-pea, 169 Butterfly-weed, 230 Butternut, 94 Butter-weed, 299 Button-ball, 145 Buttonbush, 271 Button-snakeroot, 288 Button-weed, 271 Button-wood, 145 Cabombaceae, 126 Cactus Family, 199 Calamagrostis, 25 Calamus, 66 Calico-bush, 217 Callitrichaceae, 181 Callitriche, 181 Caltha, 120 Campanula, 280 Campanulaceae, 280 Campanulales, 279 Campanulastrum, 281 Campion, 117, 118 Bladder, 118 Red, 118 Starry, 117 White, lis Campion-catchfly, 117 Canada blue-grass, 33 Canada-thistle, 311 Canada-violet, 198 Canary-grass, 20 Cancer-root, 266 Cannabinaceae, 102 Cannabis, 102 Caper Family, 139 Caper-spurge, ISO Capnoides, 130 Capparidaceae, 139 Caprifoliaceae, 273 Cardamine, 137 Cardinal-flower, 282 Cardiospermum, 185 Carduaceae, 283 Carduales, 282 Carduus, 312 Carex, 47 albursina, 58 aneeps, 58 Asa-Grayi, 64 blanda, 58 bromoides, 54 bullata, 63 Bushii, 61 Buxbaumii, 62 caroliniana, 61 cephalaphora, 53 communis, 56 comosa, 64 complanata, 60 conoidea, 59 costata, 60 cost ell ata, 60 erinita, 62 cristatella, 55 Davisii, 60 digitalis, 58 festucacea, 55 filiformis, 63 flexuosa, 60 foenea, 56 follicnlata, 63 Frankii, 64 glaucodea, 59 gracillima, 60 granularis, 59 Grayi, 64 grisea. 59 gynandra, 61 Carex, hirsuta, 61 hirtiflora, 57 Ilitchcockiana, 59 hormathodes, 55 hystricina, 63 incomperta, 55 interior, 54 intumeseens, 64 Jamesii, 56 lacustris, 62 laevi-vaginata, 54 lanuginosa, 62 lasiocarpa, 63 laxiculmis, 58 laxiflora, 58 Leersii, 54 leptalea, 56 lupulina, 64 lurida, 63 Meadii, 57 monile, 63 Muhlenbergii, 53 oligocarpa, 59 pedicellata, 54 pedunculata, 57 penns,ylvanica, 56 plat,yphylla, 58 pol.ymorpha, 57 prairea, 53 prasina, 60 puhescens, 57 retroflexa, 53 riparia, 62 rosea, 53 scabrata, 61 scoparia, 55 Shortiana, 62 sparganioides, 53 squarrosa, 64 stipata, 54 straminea, 55 stricta, 61 styloflexa, 59 Swanii, 60 tenuis, 60 tetanica, 57 torta, 61 tribuloides, 55 trichocarpa, 63 umbellata, 57 varia, 57 vestita, 62 virescens, 60 virescens, 60 vulpinoidea, 53 Willdenovii, 56 Carpet-weed Family, 112 Carpinus, 96 Carrion-flower, 79 324 INDEX. Carrot, 213 Wild, 214 Carrot Family, 207 Oaryophyllaceae, 116 Cassia, 159 Cassiaceae, 158 Castalia, 127 Castarea, 98 Castilleja, 263 Castor-bean, 179 Castor-oil plant, 179 Catalpa, 267 Cat-brier, 79 Catchfly, 117 Campion, 117 Sleepy, 117 Sweet-Tvilliam, 117 Cat-gnt 164 Cathartolinum, 173 Cat-mint, 248 Catnep, 248 Cat-tail, 3 Cat-tail Family, 3 Oauaophyllum, 127 Ceanotlius, 186 Cedar, 3 Celandine, 128 Celastraceae, 183 Celastrus, 183 Celeri, 210 Celery, 210 Celery-leaved buttercup, 123 Celtis, 104 Cenchrus, 19 Centaurium, 225 Centaury, 225 Cephalanthus, 271 Cerastium, 115 Ceratophyllaceae, 119 Ceratophyllum, 119 Cercis, 159 Cerefolium, 209 Cerothamnus, 94 Chaerophyllum, 209 Chaetochloa, 18 Chamaecrista, 159 Chamaenerion, 203 Chamaerilium, 70 Chamaesyce, 179 Chamomile, 308 Corn, 308 Charlock, 135 Cheat, 35 Checkerberry, 218 Cheeses, 189 Cheirinia, 135 Chelidonium, 128 Chelone, 259 Chenopodiaceae, 109 Chenopodiales, 108 Chenopodium, 109 Cherry, 157 Bird, 157 Choke, 158 Fire, 157 Morello, 158 Perfumed, 157 Pigeon, 157 Bum, 158 Sour, 158 Sweet, 158 Wild 158 Wild-black, 158 Wild-red, 157 Cherry-birch, 97 Chervil, 209 Chess, 35 Chestnut, 98 Chestnut-oak, 100 Chicken-grape. 187 Chickweed, 114, 15 Forked, 114 Indian, 112 Jagged, 114 Mouse-ear, 115 Chickweed Family, 113 Chickweed-wintergreen, 221 Chicory, 318 Common, 318 Chicory Family, 313 Chimaphila, 215 Chinquapin, 98 Chionanthus, 224 Chokeberry, 154 Choke-cherry, 158 Choripetalae, 90 Chrosperma, 70 Chrysanthemum, 308 Chrysogonum, 303 Chrysopsis, 289 Chrysosplenium, 43 CiCHORIACEAE, 313 Cichorium, 318 Cicuta, 211 Cigar-tree, 267 Cimicifuga, 120 Cinna, 25 Cinquefoil, 149 Cireaea, 204 Cirsium, 311 CiSTACEAE, 192 Clammy-azalea, 216 Clammy-weed, 139, 202 Claytonia, 113 Clearweed, 102 Cleavers, 271 Clematis, 124 Climbing-bittersweet, 184 Climbing-fumitory, 130 Climbing hemp-vine, 288 Clinopodium, 252 Clitoria, 17 Clo?ed-gentian, 226 Clotbur, 283, 310 Clover, 162 Alsike, 163 Bush, 167 Crimson, 163 Italian, 163 Eabbit-foot, 163 Bed, 163 Stone, 163 Sweet, 162 White, 163 Olub-rush, 41 Cocklebur, 283 Cockspur, 19 Cocksi3ur-thorn, 156 Coeloglossum, 84 Cohosh, Black, 120 Blue, 127 Colic-root, 80 Coliseum-ivy, 258 Collinsonia, 256 Columbine, 121 Comandra, 270 Comfrey, 241, 243 Wild, 241 Commelina, 68 Commelinaceae, 67 Common-apple, 154 Common-chicory, 318 Common-darnel, 36 Common-elder, 274 Common-flax, 172 Common-milkweed, 230 Common morning-glory, 233 Common-mullen, 258 Common-nightshade, 239 Common-peach, 157 Common-pear, 153 Common-plantain, 269 Common-smartweed, 107 Common-speedwell, 262 Common-thistle, 312 Comptonia, 93 Cone-flower, 304 Conium, 210 Conoclinium, 288 Conopholis, 266 Convallariaceae, 76 convolvulaceae, 232 Convolvulus, 233 INDEX. 325 Coral-berry, 276 Coral-root, 89 Corallorrhiza, 89 Coreopsis, 306 Coriander, 210 Coriandrum, 210 Corn-chamomile, 308 Corncockle, 118 Cornel, 206 Silky, 206 Corn-gromwell, 242 Corn-salad, 277 Corn-speedwell, 261 Corn-rose, 118 Corpse-plant, 215 CORRIGIOLACEAE, 111 CORYLACEAE, 96 Corylus, 96 Cotton-grass, 41 Cotton-rose, 300 Cotton-tMstle, 312 Cottonwood, 91 Couch-grass, 37 Cowbane, 211 Spotted, 211 Cow-cress, 132 Cow-parsnip, 213 Cowslip, 222 American, 222 Virginia, 241 Cow-wheat, 264 Crab-apple, 154 Crab-grass, 14 Cracca, 164 Cranberry, 220 Cranesbill, 171 Wild, 172 Crataegus, 155 Creeping-bellflower, 280 Creeping-buttercup, 123 Creeping-spearwort, 123 Creeping-thyme. 253 Creeping-wintergreen, 218 Crepis, 314 Cress, Bitter, 137 Cow, 132 Field, 132 Marsh, 133 Mouse-ear, 134 Penny, 132 Spring, 137 Wall, 134 Water, 133 Winter, 134 Yellow, 133 Crimson-clover, 163 Crocanthemum, 192 Crotalaria, 161 Crowfoot, 121 Ditch, 123 Early, 124 Small-flowered, 123 Crowfoot Family, 119 Crow-poison, 70 Cubelium, 198 CUCURBITACEAE, 279 Cudweed, 301 Low, 301 Culver 's-physic, 262 Culver 's-root, 262 Cunila, 254 Curled-dock, 105 Currant, 144 Indian, 144 Wild-black, 144 Cuscuta, 234 CUSCUTACEAE, 234 CuSTARD-APPLE FAMILY, 125 Cut-grass, 20 Cymbalaria, 258 C'ynoglossum, 241 Cynoxylon, 206 Cynthia, 318 Cyperaceae, 38 Cyperus, 39 Cypress-spurge, ISO Cypress-vine, 232 Cypripedium, 84 Cytisus, 161 Dactylis, 32 Daffodil, 81 Daisy, Ox-eye, 309 White, 309 Yellow, 304 Daisy-fleabane, 299 Dame 's-violet, 134 Dandelion, 317 Dwarf, 318 Danthonia, 28 Daphnaceae, 200 Darnel, 36 Dasystephana, 226 Dasystoma, 262 Datura, 240 Daucus, 213 Day-flower, 68 Day-lily, 76 Dead-nettle, 249 De«odon, 201 Deerberry, 219 Deergrass, 201 Delphinium, 121 Dentaria, 137 Deptford-pink, 116 Deringa, 211 Deschampsia, 27 Devil 's-bit, 70 Dew-flower, 68 Dianthera, 265 Dianthus, 116 Dicotyledoxes, 90 l^iervilla, 276 Diodella, 27 Dioscorea, 81 Diospyros, 223 Dipsacus, 278 Dirca, 200 Ditch-crowfoot, 123 Ditch-stonecrop, 142 Dittany, 254 Dock, 105 Bitter, 105 Curled, 105 Pale, 105 Peach-leaved, 105 Splatter, 126 Dodder, 234 Flax. 234 Dodder Family, 234 Dodecatheon, 222 Doellingeria, 299 Dogbane, 228 Dogbane Family, 227 Dog-fennel, 308 Dog's-tooth violet, 75 Dogwood, 206 Flowering, 206 Poison, 182 Dogwood Family, 205 Doorweed, 105 Downy yellow-violet, 197 Draba, 136 Dracaenaceae, 77 Dracoeephalum, 249 Dragon-root, 65 Dropseed, 24 Drosera, 139 Droseraceae, 139 DrjTuocallis, 149 Duchesnea, 149 Duckweed, 66 Duckweed Family, 66 Dulichium. 39 Dutchman 's-breeches, 130 Dwarf-dandelion, 318 Dwarf-ginseng, 207 Dwarf gray-willow, 93 Dwarf -huckleberry, 219 Early-blueberry, 220 Early-crowfoot, 124 Early meadow-rue, 124 Early-saxifrage, 142 326 INDEX. Ebknaceae, 223 Ebenales, 223 Ebony Family, 223 Echinochloa, 14 Echium, 243 Eel-grass, 8 Eglantine, 153 Elder, 274 Box, 185 Common, 274 Poison, 182 Eed-berried, 274 Wild, 207 Elecampane, 302 Eleocharis, 43 Elephantopus, 286 Elephant 's-foot, 286 Eleusine, 29 Elm, 104 American, 104 Eed, 104 Slippery, 104 White, 104 Elm Family, 103 Elodeaceae, 7 Elymus, 37 Enchanter 's nightshade, 205 English-hawthorn, 155 English-plantain, 268 English-violet, 197 Epigaea, 217 Epilobiaceae, 202 Epilobium, 203 Eragrostis, 30 Erechtites, 309 Ericaceae, 216 ErI GALES, 214 Erigeron, 298 Eriophorum, 41 Erodium, 172 Eruea. 135 Erysimum, 133 Erythroninm, 75 Eubotrys, 217 Euonymus, 183 Eupatorium, 286 "JEUPHORBIACEAE, 178 EUPHORBIALES, 177 !European-verbena, 244 E u r 0 IP e a n wJood-straw- berry, 149 Euthainia, 289 Evening-primrose, 203 Evening-primrose Fam- ily, 202 Everlasting, 300 Fabaceae, 160 Fagaceae, 97 Fagales, 95 Fagopyrum, 107 Fagus, 98 Faleata, 169 False-acacia, 165 False beech-drops, 215 False-boneset, 289 False-buckwheat, 108 False dragon-head, 249 False-flax, 132 False-foxglove, 262 Downy, 263 Smooth, 263 False-gromweE, 242 False-indigo, 161 False-loosestrife, 203 False-madder, 273 False-mermaid Family, 175 False-nettle, 102 False-pennyroyal, 246 False-pimpernel, 222, 260 Feather-geranium, 110 Feather-grass, 21 Fescue-grass, 34 Festuca, 34 Fetter-bush, 218 Fever-bush, 200 Feverfew, 309 Feverwort, 275 Field-cress, 132 Field-garlic, 74 Field-sorrel, 105 Field-speedwell, 261 Figwort, 258 FiGWORT Family, 256 Filipendula, 151 Fimbristylis, 44 Finger-grass, 14 Fire-cherry, 157 Fire-leaf, 66 Fireweed, 203, 309 Fissipes, 84 Five-finger, 149 Flag, 82 Flax, 172 Common, 172 Yellow, 173 Flax-dodder, 234 Flax Family, 172 Fleabane, 298 Daisy, 299 Floerkea, 175 Flowering-ash, 224 Flowering-dogwood, 206 Flowering-raspberry, 147 Flowering-wintergreen, 176 Flower-of-an-hour, 190 Forget-me-not, 241 Forked-chickweed, 111 Fowl meadow-grass, 34 Foxglove, False, 262 Fox-grape, 188 Foxtail, 18, 24 Foxtail-grass, 18 Fragaria, 149 Frangulaceae, 186 Fraxinus, 224 Fringed-gentian, 226 Fringed-orchis, 85 Fringe-tree, 224 Frog 's-f ruit, 244 Frost-grape, 187 Frost-weed, 192 Fumaria, 130 Fumariaceae, 129 Fumitory, 130 Fumitory Family, 129 Galactia, 168 Galeorchis, 84 Galingale, 39 Galinsoga, 307 Galium, 271 GaU-of-the-earth, 314 Gamma-grass, 12 Gamopetalae, 214 Garden-balsam, 175 Garlic, 73 Gaultheria, 218 Gaura, 204 Gaylussacia, 219 Gemmingia, 81 Gentian, 226 Closed, 226 Fringed, 226 Horse, 275 Soapwort, 226 Gentianaceae, 225 Gentianales, 225 Geraniaceae, 171 Geraniales, 171 Geranium, 171 Feather-leaved, 110 Eock, 142 Wild, 171 Geranium Family, 171 Germander, 246 Geum, 150 Giant-hyssop, 248 Gifola, 300 Gill-over-the-ground, 249 Ginseng, 207 Dwarf. 207 Glaucous-willow, 93 INDEX. 327 Glecoma, 248 Gleditsia, 159 Glyceue, 169 Gnaphalium, 301 Goat's-me, 164 Golden-aster, 289 Golden-club, 66 Goldenrod, 290 Golden-saxifrage, 143 Golden-seal, 120 Gooseberry. 145 Smooth, 145 Gooseberry Family, 144 Goosefoot, 109 GoosEFOOT Family, 109 Goose-grass, 29, 272 Gourd Family, 279 Goutweed, 212 Grape, 187 Blue, 187 Chicken, 187 Fox, 188 Frost, 187 Pigeon, 187 Plum, 188 Eiverside, 187 Sand, 187 Sugar, 187 Summer, 187 Winter, 187 Grape Family, 186 Grape-hyacinth, 75 Grass Family, 9 Grass-pink. 89 Gratiola, 260 Great-laurel, 217 Great-lobelia, 282 Great indian-plantain, 310 Great-ragTveed, 283 Green-amaranth, 111 Green-brier, 79 Green-dragon, 65 Green-milkweed, 229 Green- valerian, 237 Green-violet, 198 Gromwell, 242 Corn, 242 False, 242 Grossularia. 144 Grossulariaceae, 144 Ground-cherry, 238 Ground-ivy, 249 Groundnut, 169. 207 Ground-pink, 237 Groundsel, 310 Groundsel-bush, 300 Groundsel-tree, 30O Gum, 206 Black, 206 Gum, Sour, 206 GUNNERACEAE, 205 Gymnadenopsis, 86 Gymnospermae, 1 Hackberry, 104 Hair-grass, 26, 27 Halberd-leaved rose-mal- low, 190 Hamamelidaceae, 144 Hamamelis, 144 Hardhack, 146 Hard-maple, 185 Harebell, 280 Haw, 155 Black, Hawksbeard, 314 Hawkweed, 314 Hawthorn, 155 English, 155 Hazel-nut, 96 Beaked, 96 Hazel-nut Family, 96 Heal-all, 249 Healing-herb, 243 Heath Family, 216 Hedeoma, 252 Hederaceae, 206 Hedge-bindweed, 233 Hedge-hyssop, 260 Hedge-mustard, 134 Hedge-nettle, 250 Helenium, 308 Heleochloa, 23 Helianthus, 304 Heliopsis, 303 Hemerocallis, 76 Hemlock, 2 Poison, 210 Water, 211 Hemp, 103 Indian, 228 Hemp Family, 102 Henbit, 250 Hepatica, 121 Heracleum, 213 Herba-impia, 300 Hercules '-club, 207 Hesperis, 134 Heteranthera, 69 Heuehera, 142 Hickory, 94 Shag-bark, 95 Swamp, 95 White-heart, 95 Hicoria, 94 Hieracium, 314 High-blueberry, 220 High-mallow, 190 Hoarhound, 248 Water, 254 Hoary-pea, 164 Hoary-verbena, 244 Hog-peanut, 170 Hogweed, 283 Holly, 182 American, 183 Holly Family, 182 Holostcum, 114 Homaloeenchrus, 19 Honewort, 211 Honey-locust, 159 Honevsuckle, 216, 276 Bush, 276 Japanese, 276 Swamp, 216 Trumpet, 276 Honeysuckle Family, 273 Hooked-buttercup, 123 Hop-clover, Low, 163 Yellow, 163 Hop-hornbeam, 96 Hop, 102 Hop-medic, 162 Hornwort, 119 Hornwort Family, 119 Horse-balm, 256 Horse-brier, 79 Horse-cane, 283 Horse-chestnut, 184 Horse-gentian, 275 Horse-mint, 251, 253 Horse-nettle, 239 Horseradish, 133 Horse-weed, 299, 316 Hound 's-tongue, 241 Houstonia, 270 Huckleberrv, 219 Black, 219 Dwarf, 219 Squaw, 219 Huckleberry Family, 218 Humulus, 102 Hungarian-grass, 19 Hydrangea, 143 Hydrangeaceae, 143 Hydrangea Family, 143 Hydrastis, 120 Hydrocharitales, 7 Hydrocotyle, 208 Hydroleaceae, 235 Hydrophyllum, 235 Hypericaceae, 190 Hypericales, 190 Hypericum, 191 328 INDEX. Hypochaeris, 317 Hypopitys, 215 Hypoxis, 80 Hyssop, 260 Giant, 248 Hedge, 260 Hystrix, 38 Ibidium, 87 Ilex, 182 Ilysanthes, 260 Impatiens, 174 Inclian-chickweed, 112 Indian cigar-tree, 267 Indian cucumber-root, 78 Indian-currant, 276 Indian-fig, 199 Indian-grass, 13 Indian-hemp, 228' Indian-mallow, 189 Indian-physic, 147 Indian-pipe, 215 Indian-pipe Family, 215 Indian-plantain, 309 Great, 310 Pale, 310 Indian-poke, 70 Indian-rice, 19 Indian-strawberry, 149 Indian-tobacco, 282 Indian-turnip, 65 Indigo, False, 161 Wild, 161 Inkberry, 112 Innocence, 271 Inula, 301 lonactis, 299 lonoxalis, 173 Ipomoea, 232, 233 Iris, 82 Iris Family, 81 Iron-oak, 100 Ironweed, 286 Ironwood, 96 Isanthus, 246 Isnardia, 202 Isotria, 86 Italian-clover, 163 Italian rye-grass, 36 Ivy, American, 188 Coliseum, 258 Ground, 249 Kenilworth, 258 Poison, 182 Ivy Family, 206 Ivy-leaved speedwell, 261 Ixiaceae, 81 Jack-in-the-pulpit, 65 Jagged-chickweed, 114 Jamestown-weed, 240 Japanese-honeysuckle, 276 Jersey-pine, 2 Jerusalem-artichoke, 305 Jerusalem-oak, 110 Jewel-weed Family, 174 Jimson-weed, 240 Joe-Pye weed, 288 Judas-tree, 159 Juglandaceae, 94 juglandales, 94 Juglans, 94 JUNCACEAE, 71 Juncoides, 73 Juncus, 71 June-berry, 154 Juniper, 3 juniperaceae, 2 Juniper Family, 2 Juniperus, 3 Kalmia, 217 Karri, 260 Kenilworth-ivy, 258 Kentucky blue-grass, 33 King-nut, 95 Kinnikinnik, 206 Kneiffia, 204 Knotgrass, 105 Knotweed, 105 Koellia, 253 Koniga, 136 Krigia, 318 Kuhnia, 289 Laciniaria, 288 Lactuca, 315 Ladies '-slipper, 84 Ladies '-tobacco, 300 Ladies '-tresses, 87 Lady's-thumb, 107 Lambkill, 217 Lamb 's-lettuce, 277 Lamb 's-quarters, 109 Lamiaceae, 245 Lamium, 249 Lappula, 241 Larkspur, 121 Late sweet-blueberry, 220 Lathyrus, 170 Lauraceae, 200 Laurel, 217 Great, 217 Mountain, 217 Sheep, 217 Laurel Family, 200 Laurel-magnolia, 125 Long-spurred violet, 198 Leaf-cup, 302 Leather-wood, 200 Lechea, 193 Lemna, 66 Lemnaceae, 66 Lemon-balm, 252 Leontodon, 317 Leonurus, 250 Lepidium, 132 Leptandra, 262 Leptilon, 299 Lespedeza, 167 Lettuce, 315, 316 Blue, 316 Prickly, 316 White, 314 Wild, 315 Wood, 315 Leucojaceae, 80 Leucothoe, 217 Lever-wood, 96 Ligusticum, 212 Ligustrum, 224 Liliaceae, 74 Lilium, 74 Lily, 74 Water, 127 Lily Family, 74 Lily-ot^-the -Valley Family, 76 Lime-tree, 188 Limnanthaceae, 175 Limodorum, 89 Linaceae, 172 Linaria, 258 Linden, 188 Linden Family, 188 Linn, 188 Linum,, 172 Lion's-foot, 314 Liparis, 88 Liriodendron, 125 Lithospermum, 242 Live-for-ever, 141 Liver-leaf, 121 Lizard 's-tail, 90 Lizard 's-tail Family, 90 Lobelia, 281 Brook, 282 Great, 282 Lobeliaceae, 281 Lobelia Family, 281 Locust, 164 Locust-tree, 165 Lolium, 36 Lombardy-poplar, 91 Lonicera, 276 Loosestrife, 202, 221 INDEX. 329 Loosestrife, False, 203 Swamp, 202 Loosestrife Family, 201 Lopseed, 245 LoPSEED Family, 244 LOKANTHACEAE, 269 Lotus, 164 Lousewort, 264 Love-apple, 239 Love-vine, 234 Low-blueberry, 220 Low bop-clover, 163 Low spear-grass, 33 Lucerne, 162 Ludwigia, 203 Lungwort, 241 Lupine, 161 Lupinus, 161 Lychnis, 118 Lyeium, 239 Lycopersicon, 239 Lycopus, 254 Lyme-grass, 37 Lyre-leaved sage, 251 Lysias, 85 Lysimachia, 221 Lythraceae, 201 Lythrum, 202 Madder Family, 270 Mad-dog scullcap, 247 Magnolia, 125 Laurel, 125 Magnoliaceae, 125 Magnolia Family, 125 Mahaleb, 157 Malaceae, 153 Malaxis, 88 Male-berry, 218 Mallow, 189 High, 190 Indian, 189 Marsh, 189 Eose. 190 Mallow Family, 188 Malus, 153 Malvaceae, 188 Malvales, 188 Mandrake, 127 Manna-grass, 33 Man-of-the-earth, 233 Maple, 184 Black, 185 Hard, 185 Eed, 185 Eock, 185 Silver, 185 Sugar, 185 Swamp, 185 Maple, White, 185 Maple Family, 184 Maple-leaved goosefoot, 110 Mariscus, 45 Marrubium, 248 Marsh-bellflower, 280 Marsh-cress, 133 Marsh-grass, 29 Marsh-mallow, 189 Marsh-marigold, 120 Marsh-pennywort, 208 Marsh-purslane, 202 Marsh St. John 's-wort, 192 Marsh-speedwell, 262 Martynia, 267 Martyniaceae, 267 Matrimony-vine, 240 May-apple. 127 May-apple Family, 127 May-cherry, 154 Mayflower, 217 May-weed, 308 Mazzard, 158 Meadow-beauty, 201 Meadow-beauty Family, 201 Meadow-buttercup, 123 Meadow-fescue, 35 Meadow-grass, 32 Meadow-parsnip, 210, 212 Meadow-rue, 124 Early, 124 Tall, 124 Meadow-sweet, 146 Medeola. 78 Media, 222 Medic, 162 Black, 162 Hop, 162 Medicago, 162 Meibomia, 165 Melampyrum, 264 Melanthaceae, 69 Melanthiuni, 70 Melastomaceae, 201 Melica, 31 Melilot, 162 White, 162 Yellow, 162 Melilotus, 162 Melissa, 252 Menispermaceae, 126 Menispermum, 126 Mentha, 255 Menyanthaceae, 227 Menyanthes, 227 Mermaid- weed, 205 Mertensia, 241 Mesadenia, 309 Mexican-tea, 110 Mezereon Family, 200 Micrampelis, 279 Micranthes, 142 Mikania, 288 Milfoil, 308 Milk-pea, 169 Milk-purslane, 179 Milkweed, 229 Poke, 230 Purple, 230 Swamp, 230 Milkweed Family, 228 Milkwort, 176 Milkwort Family, 176 Millet, 16 Mimulus, 260 Mint, Cat, 248 Horse, 251 Mountain, 253 Mint Family, 245 Mist-flower, 288 IMistletoe. 269 American, 269 Mistletoe Family, 269 Mitchella, 271 Mitella, 143 Miter-wort, 143 Moccasin-flower, 84 Mock-apple, 279 Mock-orange, 144 Mock-pennyroyal, 252 Mocker-nut, 95 Moehringia, 114 Mole-plant, 180 Mollugo, 112 Monarda, 251 Moneywort, 221 Monkey-flower, 260 MONOCOTYLEDONES, 3 Monotropa, 215 Monotropaceae, 215 Moonseed, 126 MoONSEED Family, 126 Moose-wood, 200 Morello-cherry, 158 Morinaceae, 278 Morning-glory, 232 Common, 233 Morning-glory Family, 232 Moms, 103 Moss-pink, 237 Mossy-cup oak, 100 Mossy-stonecrop, 141 Motherwort, 250 330 INDEX. Moth-muUen, 257 Mountain-laurel, 217 Mountain-mint, 253 Mountain-rice, 22 Mouse-ear chickweed, 115 Mouse-ear cress, 134 Mud-plantain, 69 Muhlenbergia, 22 Mulberry, 103 Paper, 103 Bed, 103 White, 103 Mulberry Family, 103 Mulgedium, 316 Mullen, 257 Common, 258 Moth, 257 White, 257 Muricauda, 65 Muscari, 75 Musk-thistle, 312 Musquash-root, 211 Mustard, 135 Black, 135 Hedge, 134 Tumble, 134 Wormseed, 135 Mustard Family, 130 Myosotis, 241 Myricaceae, 93 Myricales, 93 Myrtales, 200 Myrtle, 94, 228 Myrtle-spurge, 180 Nabalus, 314 Naiad, 6 Naiadaceae, 6 Naiadales, 4 Naias, 6 Naias Family, 6 Nannyberry, 275 Narcissus, 80 Necklace-poplar, 91 Neckweed, 262 Negundo, 185 Nemexia, 79 Neopieris, 218 Nepeta. 248 Nettle, 101 Dead, 249 False, 102 Hedge, 250 Horse, 239 Nettle Family, 101 Nettle-tree, 104 New-Jersey tea, 186 Nightshade, 239 Common, 239 Nimble-Kate, 280 Ninebark, 276 Nintooa, 276 Nodding-cap, 87 Nondo, 212 Nonesuch, 162 Norta, 134 Northern prickly-ash, 175 Nothoholcus, 26 Nut-rush, 46 Nyctelea, 235 Nymphaea, 126 Nymphaeaceae, 126 Nyssa, 206 Nyssaceae, 205 Oak, 98 Barren, 99 Bear, 100 Black, 99 Black scrub, 100 Bur, 100 Chestnut, 100 Iron, 100 Mossy-cup, 100 Over-cup, 100 Pin, 99 Post, 100 Eed, 99 Scarlet, 99 Scrub, 100 Scrub chestnut, 100 Swamp Spanish, 99 Swamp white, 100 White, 100 Willow, 99 Yellow, 100 Yellow-barked, 99 Oakesiella, 77 Oak-leaved goosefoot, 110 Oqt, 28 Obalaria, 226 Oenothera, 203 Old-man's beard, 224 Oleaceae, 223 Oleales, 223 Oligoneuron, 289 Olive Family, 223 Onion, 73 Onion Family, 73 Onopordon, 312 Onosmodium, 242 Opulaster, 146 Opuntia, 199 Opuntiaceae, 199 Opuntiales, 199 Orache, 110 Orange-grass, 192 Orange-root, 120 Orchard-grass, 32 Orchidaceae, 83 Orchidales, 83 Orchid Family, 83 Origanum, 252 Ornithogalum, 75 Orobanchaceae, 265 Orontium, 66 " Orpine Family, 141 Oryzopsis, 22 Osier, 93 Ostrya, 96 Oswego-tea, 251 Over-cup oak, 100 OXALIDACEAE, 173 Ox-eye, 303 Ox-eye daisy, 309 Ox-tongue, 317 Oxycoccus, 220 Oxypolis, 213 Oyster-plant, 317 Padus, 158 Painted-cup, 264 Pale-dock, 105 Pale indian-plantain, 310 Palemoniaceae, 236 Panax, 207 Pandanales, 3 Panic-grass, 14 Panicularia, 33 Panicum, 14 Pansy, 198 Papaver, 128 Papaveraceae, 128 Papaverales, 128 Papaw, 125 Paper-mulberry, 103 Pappoose-root, 127 Papyrius, 103 Parietaria, 102 Parthenium, 303 Parthenocissus, 188 Parsnip, Cow, 213 Meadow, 210, 212 Water, 212 Wild, 213 Parsonsia, 202 Partridge-berry. 271 Partridge-pea, 159 Paspalum, 13 Passiflora, 199 Passifloraceae, 199 PassifloraleSj 198 Passion-flower, 199 Passion-flovfer Family, 199 Pastinaca, 213 INDEX. 331 Pasture thistle, 311 Paulownia, 259 Pea 'Butterfly, 169 Hoary, 164 Milk, 169 Pea Family, 160 Pea-vine, 170 Peach, 157 Common, 157 Peach-leaved dock, 105 Peanut, Hog, 169 Pear, 153 Common, 153 Prickly, 199 Pearlwort, 114 Pedicularis, 264 Pellitory, 102 Pencil-flower, 165 Penny-cress, 132 Pennyroyal, 252 American, 252 Bastard, 246 False, 246 Mock. 252 Pennywort, 208, 226 Marsh, 20S Water, 208 Penthoraceae, 141 Penthorum, 142 Pentstemon, 259 Pepper-grass, 132 Peppermint, 256 Pepperidge, 206 Peramium, 88 Perfumed-cherry, 157 Perilla. 256 Periwinkle, 228 Persicaria, 106 Persimmon, 223 Perularia, 86 Petty-spurge, 180 Petunia, 240 Phacelia, 235 Phalaris, 20 Pharbitis, 233 Phaseohis, 169 Philadelphus, 144 Philotria. 8 Phleum, 24 Phlox, 236 Blue, 236 Phlox Family, 236 Phoradendron, 269 Phyrma, 244 Phrymaceae, 244 Phyla, 244 Phyllanthus, 178 Physalis, 238 Physalodes, 237 Phytolacca, 112 Phytolaccaceae, 112 Pickerel-weed, 69 Pickerel-weed Family, 68 Pieris, 317 Pigeon-berry, 112 Pigeon-cherry, 157 Pigeon-grape, 187 Pigeon-grass, 18 Pig-nut, 95 Pigweed, 109, 111 Pimpernel, 211, 222 False, 222, 260 Water, 223 PiNACEAE, 1 PiNALES, 1 Pine, 1 Jersey, 2 Pitch, 2 Scrub, 2 Short-leaf, 2 Spruce, 2 Table-mountain, 2 Yellow, 2 White, 2 Pine Family, 1 Pine-needles, 172 Pine -sap, 215 Pineweed, 192 PiNGUICULACEAE, 265 Pink, Deptford, 116 Ground, 237 Moss, 237 Eose, 225 Wild, 118 Pinus, 1 Pin-oak, 99 Pinweed, 193 Pinxter-flower, 216 PiPERALES, 90 Pipsissewa, 215 Pitch-pine, 2 Pitcher-plant, 140 Plane-tree, 145 Plane-tree Family. 145 Plantaginaceae, 267 Plantaginales, 267 Plantago, 268 Plantain, 268 Common, 269 English, 268 Poor-Kobin 's, 315 Eobin's, 298 Plantain Family, 267 Platanaceae, 145 Platanus, 145 Pleurisy-root, 230 Plum, 157 Wild red, 158 Wild yellow, 158 Plum Family, 156 Plum-grape, 188 Plumeless-thistle, 312 Poa, 32 POACEAE, 9 Poales, 8 Podophyllaceae, 127 Podophyllum, 127 Podostemaceae, 141 Podostemon, 141 Pogonia, 86 Poinsettia, 180 Poison-dogwood, 182 Poison-elder, 182 Poison-hemlock, 210 Poison-iv.y, 182 Poison-oak, 182 Poison-sumac, 182 Poke, 112 Poke-milkweed, 230 PoKEWEED Family, 112 Polanisia, 139 POLEMONALES, 231 Polemonium, 237 Polycodium, 219 Polygala, 176 Fringed, 176 POLYGALACEAE, 176 POLYGALALES, 176 POLYGONACEAE, 104 POLYGONALES, 104 Polygonatum, 77 Polygonum, 105 Polymnia, 302 Polymniastrum, 302 Pondweed, 5 Pondweed Family, 4 Pontederia, 69 Pontederiaceae, 68 Poorman 's weather-glass, 222 Poor-robin's plantain, 315 Poplar, 91 Yellow, 126 Poppy, 128 Corn, 129 Field, 129 Garden, 129 Opium, 129 Prickly, 129 Smooth-fruited, 129 Poppy Family, 128 Populus, 91 Porteranthus, 146 332 INDEX. Portulaca, 113 PORTULACACEAE, 112 Post-oak, 100 Potamogeton, 4 Potato Family, 237 Potentilla, 149 Poverty-grass, 21 Prairie-willow, 93 Prickly-ash, 175, 207 Northern, 175 Prickly-lettuce, 316 Prickly-pear, 199 Prim, 224 Primrose Family, 221 Primulaceae, 221 Primulales, 220 Prince 's-feather, 107 Prince 's-pine, 215 Privet, 224 Proboscis-flower, 267 Proserpinaca, 205 Prunella, 249 Prunus, 157 Puccoon, 242 Purple-milkweed, 230 Purple-willow, 93 Purslane, 113 Marsh, 202 Milk, 179 Water, 202 Purslane Family, 112 Purslane-speedwell, 262 Pussley, 113 Putty-root, 90 Pyrola, 214 Pyrolaceae, 214 Pyrus, 153 Quamoclit, 232 Queen-of-the-prairie, 151 Quercitron, 99 Quercus, 98 Quick-grass, 37 Quitch-grass, 37 Eabbit-foot clover, 163 Radicula, 133 Eadish, 135 Ragweed, 283, 310 Great, 283 Ragweed Family, 282 Ragwort, 310 Eam's-horn, 267 Ramsted, 258 Ran ALES, 118 Ranunculaceae, 119 Ranunculus, 122 Raphanus, 135 Raspberry, 147 Black, 147 Flowering, 147 Red, 147 Rattle-box, 161 Rattlesnake-grass, 34 Rattlesnake-plantain, 88 Rattlesnake-root, 514 Rattlesnake-weed, 315 Red-birch, 97 Reb-bud, 159 Red-campion, 118 Red-cedar, 3 Red-clover, 163 Red-elm, 104 Red-maple, 185 Red-mulberry, 103 Red-oak, 99 Red-raspberry, 147 Red-root, 186 Red-top, 26 Reed bent-grass, 25 Reed canary-grass, 20 Reed-mace, 3 Rhamnales, 186 Rhamnus, 186 Rhexia, 201 Rhinanthaceae, 256 Rhododendron, 217 Rhus, 181 Ribes, 144 Rice cut-grass, 20 Richweed, 102 Ricinus, 178 Ridan, 305 Ripple-grass, 268 River-birch, 97 River-bulrush, 42 Riverside-grape, 187 River-weed, 141 RivER-WEED Family, 141 Robinia, 164 Robin 's-plantain, 298' Rocket, 134 Rock-geranium, 142 Rock-maple, 185 Rock-rose, 192 RocK-ROSE Family, 192 Roman-wormwood, 283 Rosa, 152 ROSACEAE, 145 ROSALES, 140 Rose, 152 Corn, 118 Cotton, 300 Rock, 192 "Wild, 122 Rose Family, 145 Rose-mallow, 190 Rose-mallow, Halberd-leaved, 190 Swamp, 190 Rose-pink, 225 Rosin-weed, 303 Rotala, 201 Rough-bedstraw, 273 Round-leaved orchis, 85 Rubacer, 147 rubiaceae, 270 Rubiales, 270 Rubus, 147 Rudbeckia, 304 Rue, Bell, 124 Meadow, 124 Rue-anemone, 122 Rue Family, 175 Ruellia, 265 Rum-cherry, 158 Rumex, 105 Rush, 71 Rush Family, 71 Rush-grass, 24 Rutaceae, 175 Rye-grass, 36 Rynchospora, 46 Sabbatia, 225 Sabina, 3 Sage. 251 Lyre-leaved, 251 Wood, 246 Sagina, 114 Sagittaria, 7 St. Andrew 's-cross, 191 St. John 's-wort, 191 Marsh, 192 Shrubby, 192 St. John 's-wort Family, 190 St. Peter 's-wort, 191 Salicaceae, 90 Salicales, 90 Salix, 91 Salsify, 317 Salvia, 251 Sambueus, 274 Samolus, 222 Sampson 's-snakeroot, 226 Sandalwood Family, 269 Sand-bar willow, 92 Sand-blackberry, 148 Sand-bur, 19 Sand-grape, 187 Sand-grass, 12 Sand-spur, 19 Saud-spurrv, 114 Sandwort, 114, 115 INDEX. 333 Sanguinaria, 128 Sanguisorba, 152 Sanicle, 209 Sanicula, 208 Santalaceae, 269 Santalales, 269 Sapindaceae, 185 Sapindales, 181 Saponaria, 117 Sarothra, 192 Sarraceniaceae, 140 Sarraceniales, 139 Sarsaparilla, 207 Bristly 207 Wild," 207 Sassafras, 20O Satureia, 252 Saururaceae, 90 Saururus, 90 Savory, 252 Summer, 252 Saxifragaceae, 142 Saxifrage, 142 Early, 142 Golden, 143 Swamp. 142 Saxifrage Family, 142 Scarlet-oak, 99 Scarlet-strawberry, 149 Scarlet-thorn, 156 Schizachyrium, 12 Scirpus, 41 Scleria, 46 Scoke, 112 Scorpion-grass, 241 Scotch-broom, 162 Scotch-thistle, 312 Scrophnlaria, 258 Scrub chestnut-oak, 100 Scrub-pine, 2 Scurvy-grass, 134 Scutellaria, 246 Sedaceae, 141 Sedge, 47 Sedge Family, 38 Sedum, 141 Seedbox 203 Self-heal, 249 Seneca-snakeroot, 177 Senecio, 310 Senna, 159 Wild, 159 Senna Family, 158 Sensitive-pea, 159 Sensitive-plant, 159 Wild, 159 Sericocarpus, 292 Service-berry, 154 Sesame-grass, 12 Shag-bark hickory, 95 Sheepberry, 275 Sheep-laurel, 217 Sheep-sorrel, 105 Shell-bark, 95 Shepherd 's-purse, 132 Shepherd 's weather-glass, 222 Sherardia, 273 Shin-leaf, 214 Shining-willow, 92 Shooting-star, 222 Short-leaf pine, 2 Showy-orchis, 84, 85 Shrubby-althaea, 190 Shrubby-bittersweet, 184 Shrubby St. John's-wort 192 Sicyos, 279 Sideritis, 247 Side-saddle-flower, 140 Silene, 117 Silkweed, 229 Common, 230 Silky-cornel, 206 Silphium, 302 Silver-leaved poplar, 91 Silver-maple, 185 Simaroubaceae, 175 Sinapis, 135 Sisymbrium, 133 Sisyrinchium, 82 Slum, 212 Skullcap, 246 Mad-dog, 247 Skunk-cabbage, 66 Sleepy-catchfly, 117 Slippery-elm, 104 Slough-grass, 29 Small-flowered crowfoot, 123 Smilacaceae, 79 Smilax, 79 Smilax Family, 79 Smooth-azalea, 217 Smooth-gooseberry, 145 Smooth-winterberry, 183 Smooth yellow-violet, 197 Snakehead, 259 Snakeroot, Black, 120 Button, 288 Sampson's, 226 Seneca, 177 Virginia, 279 White, 287 Snapdragon, 258 Sneezeweed, 308 Snow-berry, 275 Soapberry Family, 185 Soapwort, 117 Soapwort-gentian, 226 Solanaceae, 237 Solanum, 239 Solidago, 290 Solomon 's-seal, 77 Sonchus, 316 Sorghastrum, 13 Sorrel, 105 Field, 105 Sheep, 105 Sour-cherry, 158 Sourgrass, 174 Sour-gum, 206 Southern yellow-birch, 97 Sow-thistle, 316 Sparganiaceae, 4 Sparganium, 4 Spartina, 28 Spathyema, 65 Spear-grass, 52 Spearmint, 256 Spearwort, Creeping, 123 Water-plantain, 123 Specularia, 281 Speedwell, 261 Common, 262 Corn, 261 Field, 261 Ivy-leaved, 261 Marsh, 262 Purslane, 262 Thyme-leaved, 262 Water, 262 Spermatophyta, 1 Sphenopholis, 31 Spice-bush, 200 Spiderwort, 68 Spiderwort Family, 67 Spike-grass, 32 Spikenard, 207 Spike-rush, 43 Spindle-tree, 183 Spiraea, 146 Spirodela, 66 Splatter-dock, 126 Spondiaceae, 181 Spoon-wood, 217 Sporobolus, 24 Spotted-cowbane, 211 Spotted-wintergreen, 215 Spring-beauty, 113 Spring-cress, 137 Spruce-pine, 2 Spurge 179 Caper, 180 Cypress, 180 334 INDEX. Spurge, Flowering, 179 Myrtle, 180 Petty, 180 Spurge Family, 178 Squaw-huckleberry, 219 Squaw-root, 266 Squaw-weed, 310 Squirrel-corn, 130 Stachys, 250 Staff-tree, 184 Staff-tree Family, 183 Stagger-bush, 218 Staphylea, 184 Staphyleaceae, 184 Star-cucumber, 280 Star-flower, 221 Star-grass, 80 Star-of -Bethlehem, 75 Star-thistle, 312 Starry-campion, 117 Starwort, 115 Steeple-bush, 146 Steironema, 222 Stenauthium, 70 Stenophyllus, 45 Stitehwort, 115 Stick-weed, 241 Stinging-neetle, 101 Stipa, 21 Stone-clover, 163 Stoneerop, 141 Mossy, 141 Stone-root, 256 Stork 's-bill, 172 Stramonium, 240 Strawberry, 149 American wood, 149 Barren, 150 European wood, 149 Indian, 149 Scarlet, 149 Yellow, 149 Strawberry-bush, 183 Strobus, 2 Strophostyles, 170 Sturshum, 133 Stylipus, 150 Stylosanthes, 165 Sugarberry, 104 Sugar-grape, 187 Sugar-maple, 185 Sugar-tree, 185 Sumac, 181 Dwarf, 182 Poison, 182 Smooth, 182 Staghorn, 182 Sumac Family, 181 Summer-grape, 187 Summer-savory, 252 Sundew, 139 Sundew Family, 139 Sundrops, 204 Sunflower, 305 Sunflower-tree, 224 Svida, 206 Swamp beggar-ticks, 307 Swamp-blueberry, 220 Swamp-buttercup, 124 Swamp-hickory, 95 Swamp-honeysuckle, 216 Swamp-loosestrife, 202 Swamp-maple, 185 Swamp-milkweed, 230 Swamp rose-mallow, 190 Swamp-saxifrage, 142 Swamp Spanish-oak, 99 Swamp-thistle, 311 Swamp white-oak, 100 Sweet-alyssum, 136 Sweet-bay, 125 Sweet-birch, 97 Sweet-blueberry, 220 Sweetbrier, 153 Sweet-cherry, 158 Sweet-cicely, 209 Sweet-clover, 162 Sweet-fern, 93 Sweet-flag, 66 Sweet-scai)ious, 299 Sweet-scented bedstraw, 273 Sweet vernal-grass, 21 Sweet-violet, 197 Sweet-william, 237 Wild, 237 Sweet-william catchfly, 117 Sycamore, 145 Symphoricarpus, 275 Symphytum, 242 Syndesmon, 121 Synosma, 310 Syntherisma, 13 Table-mountain pine, 2 Taenidia, 211 Talinum, 113 Tall meadow-rue, 124 Tall oat-grass, 28 Tall red-top, 30 Tamaceae, 81 Tanacetum, 309 Tansy, 309 Tape-grass, 8 Tape-grass Family, 7 Tare. 170 Tea, New Jersey, 186 Oswego, 251 Tear-thumb, 108 Teasel, 278 Wild, 278 Teasel Family, 278 Tetragoniaceae, 112 Teucrium, 246 Thalesia, 266 Thalictrum, 124 Thaspium, 212 Thimbleberry, 147 Thin-grass, 26 Thistle, 311 Canada, 311 Common, 312 Cotton, 312 Musk, 312 Pasture, 311 Plumeless, 312 Scotch, 312 Sow, 316 Star, 312 Swamp, 311 Yellow, 312 Thistle Family, 283 Thlaspi, 132 Thorn, Cockspur, 156 Scarlet, 156 Washington, 156 Thorn-apple, 240 Thorny-amaranth, 111 Thorough-wax, 210 Thoroughwort, 286 Three-seeded mercury, 178 Thyme, 253 Creeping, 253 Thymeleales, 199 Thyme-leaved speedwell, 262 Thymus, 253 Tickseed, 306 Tick-trefoil, 165 Tilia, 188 Tiliaceae, 188 Tiliales, 69 Timothy, 24 Tinker 's-weed, 275 Tissa, 113 Tithymalopsis, 179 Tithymalus, 179 Toad-flax, 258 Bastard, 270 Blue 258 Tobacco, 2 Indian, 282 Ladies', 300 Toothache-tree, 175-207 INDEX. 335 Toothwort, 138 Touch-me-not, 174 Tovara, 106 Toxicodendron, 182 Tracaulon, 108 Tradescantia, 68 Tragopogon, 317 Trailing-arbutus, 217 Tree-of-heaven, 176 Trefoil, 162 Bird's-foot, 164 Tick, 165 Triadenum, 192 Trichostema, 246 Tridens, 29 Trientalis, 221 Trilliaceae, 78 Trillium, 78 Trillium Family, 78 Triosteum. 275 Triphora, 87 Tripsacum, 11 Trisetum, 27 Trumpet-creeper, 267 Trumpet-creeper Fam- ily, 266 Trumpet-flower, 267 Trumpet-honeysuckle, 276 Trumpet-leaf, 140 Tsuga, 2 Tulip-tree, 126 Tumble-mustard, 134 Tumble-weed, 111 Tupelo, 206 Turnip, 135 Turtle-head, 259 Twayblade, 88 Twig-rush, 46 Twin-berry, 271 Two-leaved Solomon's- seal, 77 Typhaceae, 3 TJlmaceae, 103 Ulmus, 104 Umbrella-tree, 125 Unicorn-plant, 267 Unicorn-plant Family, 267 Unifolium, 77 Uniola, 32 Upland-boneset, 288 Urtiea, 101 Urticaceae, 101 Urticales, 100 Urticastrum, 101 Utricularia, 265 Uvularia, 77 Vacciniaceae, 218 Vaccinium, 219 Vagnera, 76 Valerian, 277 Greek, 237 Valeriana, 277 Valerian ACEAE, 277 Valerian ALES, 276 Valerian Family, 277 Valerianella, 277 Validallium, 74 Vallisneria, 8 Velvet-grass, 27 Velvet-leaf, 189 Venus' looking-glass, 281 Veratrum, 70 Verbascum, 257 Verbena, 243 Blue, 244 European, 244 Hoary, 244 White, 244 Verbenaceae, 243 Verbesina, 303 Vernonia, 286 Veronica, 261 Vervain, 243 Vervain Family, 243 Vetch, 170 Spring, 170 Vetehling, 170 Viburnum, 274 Vicia, 170 Vinca, 228 Vincetoxicum, 231 Viola, 193 Violaceae, 193 Violet, 193 Birdfoot, 195 Canada, 198 Downy yellow, 197 English, 197 Green, 198 Long-spurred, 198 Smooth yellow, 197 Sweet, 197 Violet Family, 193 Violet wood-sorrel, 173 Viper 's-bugloss, 243 Virginia-cowslip, 241 Virginia-creeper, 188 Virginia-snakeroot, 279 Virginia-stonecrop Family, 14 Virgin 's-bower, 124 Vitaceae, 186 Vitis, 187 Waahoo. 183 Wahoo, 188 Wake-robin, 78 Waldsteinia, ]50 Wall-cress, 134 Walnut, 94 Walnut Family 94 Wampee, 7 Wartweed, 180 Washingtonia, 209 Washington-thorn. 156 Water-carpet, 143 Water-cress, 133 Water-hemlock, 211 Water hoarhound, 254 Water-leaf, 235 Water-leaf Family, 235 Water-lily, 127 Water-lily Family, 126 Water-milfoil Family, 205 Water-oats, 19 Water-parsnip, 212 Water-pennywort, 208 Water-pepper, 107 Water-pimpernel, 223 Water-plantain, 7 Water-plantain Family, 7 Water-plantain spearwort, 123 Water-purslane, 202 Water-shield, 126 Water-shield Family, 126 Water-smartweed, 107 Water-speedwell, 262 Water star-grass, 68 Water-starwort, 181 Water- star^vort Fam- ily, 181 Water-weed, 8 Water-willow, 202, 26-5 Wax-myrtle, 94 Waxwork, 184 Weather-glass, 222 Poor-man 's, 222 Shepherd's, 222 Weeping-willow. 92 Wheat-grass, 37 White-campion, 118 White-clover, 163 White-daisy. 309 White-elm, 104 White-grass, 20 White-heart hickorv, 95 White-lettuce, 314 ' ' White-maple, 185 White-melilot, 162 White-mulberry, 103 336 INDEX. "White-miillen, 257 White-oak, 100 White-pine, 2 White-poplar, 91 W^hite-snakeroot, 287 White-thorn, 155 White-topped aster, 292 White-verbena, 244 White-walnut, 94 White water-crowfoot, 122 White-willow, 92 White-wood, 126, 188 A\1iitlow-grass, 137 Whitlow-wort Family, 111 Wicky, 217 Wild balsam-apple, 279 Wild-bergamot, 252 Wild black-cherry, 158 Wild black-currant, 144 Wild-carrot, 213 Wild-cherry, 158 Wild-chess, 35 Wild-coffee, 275 Wild-comfrey, 241 Wild-cranesbill, 172 Wild-elder, 207 Wild-garlic, 74 Wild-geranium, 3 71 Wild-ginger, 278 Wild-indigo, 161 Wild-leek, 74 Wild-lettuce, 315 Wild-liquorice, 272 Wild-marjoram, '253 Wild oat-grass, 28 W^ild-onion, 74 Wild-parsnip, 213 Wild-pink, 118 Wild potato-vine, 233 Wild-rasin, 275 Wild red-cherry, 157 Wild red-plum, 158 Wild-rice, 19 Wild-rose, 122 Wild-rye, 37 Wild-sarsaparilla, 207 Wild-senna, 159 Wild sensitive-plant, 159 Wild-spikenard, 76 Wild sweet-william, 237 Wild-teasel, 278 Wild water-pepper, 107 Wild yam-root, 81 Wild yellow-plum, 158 Willow, 91 Black, 92 Dwarf gray, 93 Glaucous, 93 Prairie, 93 Purple, 93 Sand-bar, 92 Shining, 92 Water, 202 Weeping, 92 White, 92 Willow Family, 90 Willow-herb, 203 Willow-oak, 99 Wineberry, 148 Winterberry, 182 Smooth, 97 Winter-cress, 134 Winter-grape, 18'7 Wintergreen, 214, 218 Flowering, 176 Spotted, 215 WlXTERGREEN FAMILY, 214 Wire-grass, 21 Witch-elm. 144 Witch-hazel, 144 Witch-hazel Family, 144 Witherod, 275 Wood-anemone, 121 Wood-betony, 264 Woodbine, 188 Wood-grass, 13 Wood-lettuce, 315 Wood-nettle, 101 Wood reed-grass, 25 Wood-rush, 73 Wood-sage, 246 Wood-sorrel, 173 Violet, 173 Yellow, 174 Wood-sorrel Family, 173 Wormseed, 110 Wormseed-mustard, 135 Xanthium, 283 Xyridaceae, 67 Xyridales, 67 Xyris, 67 Yam Family, 81 Yard-grass, 29 Yarrow, 308 Yellow-alyssum, 136 Yellow-barked oak, 99 Yellow-bedstraw, 272 Yellow-cress, 133 Yellow-daisy, 304 Yellow-eyed grass, 67 Yellow- EYED grass Family, 67 Yellow-flax, 173 Yellow hop-clover, 163 Yellow-melilot, 162 Yellow-oak, 100 Yellow-pine, 2 Yellow pond-lily, 126 Yellow-poplar, 126 Yellow-strawberry, 149 Yellow-thistle, 312 Yellow wood-sorrel, 174 Yucca, 78 Yucca Family, 77 Zannichelliaceae, 4 Zanthox;ylum, 175 Zizania, 19 Zizia, 210 Zosterella, 68 AKNOUKCEMENT DESCRIPTIVE FLORAS By JOHN KUNKEL SMALL, Ph.D., Sc.D. Flora of the Southeastern United States. First Edition. . . $5.00 Prepaid Expressage (Special rate) 52 cents extra Contains descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ten- nessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and the Indian Territory, and in Oklahoma and Texas east of the one-hundredth meridian. With analytical keys to the species and higher plant- groups, habitats, and general geographical distribution. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Second Edition, revised and enlarged $4.00 Prepaid Expressage (Special rate) 52 cents extra Flora of Miami $2.15 Contains descriptions of the seed-plants growing naturally in the Everglades, southern peninsular Florida, with analytical keys to the species and higher plant-groups. Habitats and extra-limital geo- graphical distribution for the Florida Keys and West Indies are given. Flora of Lancaster County $2.23 Contains descriptions of the seed-plants growing naturally in Lan- caster County, Pennsylvania. A field-book with analytical keys to the species and higher plant-groups, habitats, and geographical and geological distribution of species. (In collaboration with J. J. Carter.) Florida Trees $1.10 A hand book of the native and naturalized trees of Florida, with ana- lytical keys to the species and higher plant-groups, notes on the habitats, and geographical distribution within the state, and reference to the continental and West Indian distribution of the species. Flora of the Florida Keys $2.15 Contains descriptions of the seed-plants growing naturally on the islands of the Florida reef, f lom Virginia Key to Tortugas, with analyt- ical keys to the species and higher plant-groups, habitats of the species, and geographical distribution, and reference to the occurrence of the species on the Everglade Keys and in the West Indies. Shrubs of Florida $1.10 A hand-book containing descriptions of the native and naturalized shrubs of Florida, with analytical keys to the species and higher plant-groups, also habitats and geographical distribution of the species within the state, and reference to the occurance of the species on continental North America and in the West Indies. A Monograph of the North American Species of the Genus Polygonum $6.00 Contains descriptions of the species of the genus Polygonum growing naturally in North America, with analytical keys. Quarto, with 178 • pages, and 84 full page plates, 69 plates illustrating the species, and 15 plates illustrating the comparative anatomy of the stem. Remit by P. O. or Express Money Order, or Draft on N. Y. Subscriptions may be sent to John K. Small Perry Avenue and 207th Street Bedford Park. New York City New York Botanical Garden Library QK 131 .S6 gen Small, John Kunkel/Flora of Lancaster Co 5185 00128 7448