perth te Phage es Pee, Wes — SH BPH VY ; 2Y7 f es: a4) fo pus ypeuog, eS ea THE FLORA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA THE FLORA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA BY HENRY N. RIDLEY, C.M.G., F.R.S., F.L.S. LATE DIRECTOR OF GARDENS AND FORESTS, STRAITS SETTLEMENTS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY J. HUTCHINSON, F.LS. Vor. 1—POLY PETAL: PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS LIBRARY Rew YORK Bete tS AL Se aA LONDON PEEVE 6c. COy LTD, 6 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN 1922 OKBS47 R49 v1 Printep IN Great BriTAIN BY RicHarp Cray & Sons, LiMiTED, BUNGAY, SUFFOLK, CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PAGE AREA AND PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA : ; : : : : A ib. BOTANICAL AREAS : 7 : : : 2 x1 NAMES OF PLACES . ; : : . : 5 i KANE BOTANISTS AND COLLECTORS . : F , ee RLY, LITERATURE, ETC. . : é : : . $a Aes 5 PLAN OF THE WORK ; ; ‘ : ; eee 3.4 SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS OF THE FLORA E : Phas 2-411! ORDER I. RANUNCULACEZ it II. DILLENIACEZ . ‘ f i P , ; 3 III. MAGNOLIACEZ . : : 3 ; : pe IV. WINTERACEZ . : : : . : : 18 V. SCHIZANDRACE 1 : : ; : I~ 20 VI. ANONACEZ ; : : - : : ns EE VII. MENISPERMACE : ; ; . ; . Oe VIII. NYMPHHACEZ . ; j : ‘ P Pome IX. CRUCIFERE ‘ ; P > A , eos es X. CAPPARIDEZ . : 2 : : ; sayy WEG XI. VIOLACEZ . ; : : $ 5 ., | 326 Mails -PITTOSPOREE, . : : E E : « , £35 XIII. POLYGALACEZ . : : 2 , , ASF XIV. CARYOPHYLLACEE . : : . 149 XV. PORTULACACEE . 5 3 ; ' , 3 £40 XVI. HYPERICINEZ . : : ‘ : : Se XVII. FLACOURTIACEZ. . : , . E . 155 XVIII. GUTTIFERZ : . A : : ; J X66. XIX. TERNSTREMIACE# . . ° = - 192 vi ORDER XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX, XL. XLI. XLII. XLII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. CONTENTS. DIPTEROCARPACEZ . ANCISTROCLADACEZ BIXACEZ . . MALVACEZ STERCULIACE/ZE TILIACEZ GONYSTYLACE LINE MALPIGHIACEZ OXALIDACE/® BALSAMINACEZ . RUTACE# . . SIMARUBACEZ OCHNACEZ BURSERACE# MELIACEZ CHAILLETIACEZ OLACINEZ ILICINEZE CELASTRINEZ RHAMNEZ AMPELIDEZ SAPIN DACEZ STAPHYLEACEZ . - . SABIACEZ ANACARDIACE . CONNARACEZ: LEGUMINOSZ ROSACEZ SAXIFRAGACEZ DROSERACEZ CRASSULACE Zz HAMAMELIDEZ: HALORAGEZ RHIZOPHORACE.E LEGNOTIDZ . PAGE 209 250 252 253 266 290 321 323 326 329 335 340 360 364 368 382 415 419 437 443 461 469 487 511 512 317 544 555 665 681 687 688 689 692 692 696 ORDER EVi. LVII. LVIII. LIX. LX. LXI. LXII. LXIII. LXIV. LXV. LXVI. LXVII. LXVIII. LXIX. LXX. LXXI. LXXII. INDEX ERRATA CONTENTS. ANISOPHYLLE# . COMBRETACEZ . MYRTACEZ ° MELASTOMACE . LYTHRACEZ . . ONAGRACEZE SAMY DACEZ ° . TURNERACEZ PASSIFLORACEE CUCURBITACE# . » BEGONIACEZ ° ° DATISCACE ; CACTACEZ: FICOIDE#: . UMBELLIFERZ: ARALIACE/E CORNACEZE vii PAGE 700 723 fees 760 819 826 829 837 838 842 853 864 865 866 868 872 889 897 918 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, LIBRARY, Given by N. L. BRITTON, INTRODUCTION Area.—The Malay Peninsula as understood in this work com- prises the whole area of mainland south of Lat. 7° N. to the island of Singapore, and the small islands within twelve miles of it in Lat. 1° N. Included in it are also the islands of Penang, Lankawi, Terutau and the Pulau Adang group on the west coast and the numerous small islands adjacent to the coasts both east and west. The whole area is approximately 52,820 square miles. Climate.—Lying so near the equator, the climate is hot and very wet. The average maximum temperature throughout the penin- sula is 90° Fahr., the average minimum (just before sunrise) is 70° Fahr. The variation in temperature in Singapore is between minimum 71° and maximum 87°. At each rise of 1000 feet elevation there is roughly a decrease of 3°, and at 7000 feet the maximum is about 70°, the minimum 50°. However, as much as 93° has been recorded at a height of 6335 feet. Rainfall—tTaking the rainfall for nine years, the highest average at Thaiping was 163°53 inches per annum, the lowest average 70:22. In Singapore the rainfall varies from 82 inches to 123 inches in the year, and in the low country in the Federated Malay Straits it is about go inches. The North-East Monsoon commences about November, the South-East in the end of April or May. Rain falls on most days of the year, and in the south of the Malay Peninsula south of 6° N. there is no dry season, the only variation being that the heaviest rainfalls take place in December to the first fortnight of February, and in May there is often a short dry spell. The air in the very dense and lofty forests which cover the centre of the Malay Peninsula is very humid at all times, the sun hardly penetrating the thick foliage. North of Lat. 6° there is a considerable change of climate and a marked dry period occurs. I have seen the herbaceous plants in the rice-fields of Alor Sta quite dried up in February, but at present here have been no records kept of temperature or rainfall in this =part of the peninsula. n> eology.—The Geology of the Malay Peninsula is as yet very dacompletely known, but some valuable papers on it have been 1X Ecbl x INTRODUCTION, published by Mr. Scrivenor, notably one in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 1xix, p. 343, June 1913, from which I condense the following brief account. The oldest rocks im situ are the limestone rocks of the Raub series associated in Pahang with volcanoes. These, together with some calcareous shales, are apparently of Carboniferous age. The limestone rocks of the Malay Peninsula form detached masses on both sides of the main masses of granite from the north as far south as the Batu caves in Selangor on the west side and to Gunong Senyum in Pahang on the east side; north of the Batu caves we find these masses at Goping, Kwala Dipang, Ipoh, Lenggong in Perak and Gunong Geriang in Kedah, and in the northern part of our area a great part of the Lankawi islands and Terutau and many rock masses in Perlis near Kanga are of the same formation; on the east side we have also Gunong Senyum and Kota Glanggi in Pahang, and Biserat in Jalor. Beyond our area we find great masses of limestone running through Trang and southern Siam to Tenasserim, Mergui, and up to Burma, the Shan States, Tonkin, and Laos, and limestones of the same age are known to occur in Sumatra, Borneo, Timor, and Rotti islands. From north of Alor Sta in Kedah commences the main granite range which occupies the centre of the peninsula with outlying branches to Penang, the Dindings, Gunong Keledang, and as far south as Jelebu. Another granite ridge, the Benom Range, runs parallel to this on the east side from south of Kelantan into Negri Sembilan, and between these runs a range of foothills of quartzite ; smaller granite ranges lie south of the end of the main range. Quartzite hills occur from the Kinta Valley to the Klang river mouth, and from the middle of Tringganu, including Gunong Tahan, lies an outcrop of quartzite running to the south of Rumpin. The - quartzite forms also the main rocks of Pulau Tiuman and Singapore. The hills of Bukit Timah and Bukit Mandai, however, are of granite. These quartzite masses are called by Scrivenor the Gondwana rocks, while the granite is Mesozoic, dating sometime after the Trias and before the Eocene period. The weathering of the main Gondwana outcrop of quartzite and shales in Pahang accounts for the large area of sandy country on this coast. Some Tertiary coal-deposits occur in Selangor, the flora of which, so far as I have seen it, much resembles that of the present- day Malay flora. The great alluvial flat on the west coast of Selangor and Perak appears to be of very modern geological date. It extends westwards from the main chain for about thirty-six miles to the sea and con- sists mainly of stiff clays, generally yellow and ferruginous, con- taining masses of ironstone, formed by the iron-depositing bacterium, Crenothrix. The soil of the west coast-line, being thus argillaceous with but few sandy spots, accounts for the large area of mangrove INTRODUCTION. Xi swamp and the absence of the sandhill flora so well represented on the east coast, where mangroves are nearly absent. The western alluvial flat is covered with a dense low-lying forest, while on the eastern coast the flat country forest is more open, and sandy plains covered with scattered bushes and patches of wood cover considerable areas. These sandy patches occur from Kelantan southwards to the east corner of Singapore, and bear a very different flora from that of the west coast. Botanical Aveas——The whole area of the Malay Peninsula as included in this work falls botanically into two divisions, differing largely in climate, soil, and flora. The northern portion from the above-mentioned boundary line southwards to the mouth of the Kedah River, including the islands of Lankawi and Terutau, possesses a very distinct flora, having close relations with that of the Siamese territory south of Tenasserim and Mergui, upwards of forty genera being represented in this area which are unknown south of this line, while more than sixty genera well represented in the south part of the peninsula are missing. A few of these northern plants have crept down the coast as far as Province Wellesley and Pahang, probably (speaking geologically) in recent years, while some of the southern types have travelled as far north as Burma, where they are scantily represented. ‘‘ One can gather from the flora that at no great distance of time the Malay Peninsula (the Golden Chersonese) was cut off from Burma south of Kedah by the sea’ (Ridley, ‘‘ Account of a Botanical Expedition to Lower Siam,” Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 57, p. 59). This is confirmed by the geology of the country so far as is known, and by early tradition. The soil of this area is sandy, with scattered masses of limestone rocks, and there appears to be a regular dry season which is absent from the south of the peninsula. The Pulau Adang group of islands, lying west of Terutau, however, contains more features of the southern flora and but little of the northern. The northern portion of our area is much smaller than the southern, and has only been botanically explored on the west side. South of this line the whole flora and climate is altered. The greater part of this area is or was one continuous dense forest of large trees, many of which are 150 feet tall, making a thick canopy of foliage through which the sun’s rays penetrate only here and there. On the highest boughs are many epiphytes, orchids, ferns, and other plants, while below is a dense mass of shrubs, seedling trees, palms, both erect and climbing, and a certain number of herbaceous plants. The proportion of trees and shrubs to herbaceous plants is very large, whereas in the northern part the plants are largely herbs and low shrubs, with very few trees over 80 feet high, while ferns, abundant in the south, are scarce. The climate is very wet, rain ' falling nearly every day, in fact this region is a typical example of the Tropical Rain Forest region, such as occurs also in Western xii INTRODUCTION. Africa and South America, but the Malayan forests are much denser than in either of these countries. This forest continues approxi- mately uniform from the alluvial plains to about 3000 feet altitude, where the trees usually become smaller and do not attain the lofti- ness and bulk of those of the lower hills and plains, and many orders, such as Anonacee, Dipterocarpacee, Myristicacee, and Aroidee, disappear. The highest mountains that have been botanically explored, and which are believed to be the highest in the peninsula, are Gunong Tahan in Pahang, 7188 feet, and Gunong Kerbau in Perak, 7160 feet. The upper part of the former is a large sandstone plateau bearing a very distinctive flora, having the closest affinities with that of Mt. Kinabalu in Borneo. The flora of Gunong Kerbau is typically Malay peninsular. There is no trace in either of these mountains of the Himalayan palzarctic plants so characteristic of the lofty hills of Java and Sumatra, but this flora appears in the Telom valley in the Batang Padang district at 4000 feet altitude, where occur Viola, Sanicula, Ophiopogon, Disporum, and several other plants of this flora. Such evidence as there is goes to show in this a former connection with Sumatra rather than directly with the Himalayas. Along the coast-line on the west are often extensive patches of mangrove swamp, the flora consisting of Rhizophoras two species, Bruguieras four, Cavapa, and Avicennia, behind which is usually a patch of sand with Lumnitzera, Podocarpus, Cynometra, etc. On the east coast the country is more sandy and mangroves are scarce, only occurring in patches in the river-mouths. The characteristic trees here are Casuarina and Thespesia, bushes of Scevola, and the eee grass Spinifex, with Ipomea biloba creeping over the sand. Distribution, etc—Some attempt has been made in this work to indicate the comparative abundance of the different species and their distribution, but it is impossible, without a much more com- plete census of the flora than is or will be practicable for many years, to get a real idea of the abundance or rarity of most species. Many trees especially, by no means rare, have been seldom collected on account of the rarity of their flowering or of some difficulty (such as their immense height) of procuring specimens. Where a plant is recorded from all or nearly all the States it may be considered common. It must be remembered that the parts of the peninsula which have been explored by any botanist are but a very small proportion of the whole area, and though Singapore, Malacca, Penang, and a good part of Selangor and Perak have been fairly well examined, most of the rest of the peninsula has been either explored on short expeditions or not visited at all. Where a species is known definitely to occur outside the Malay Peninsula its distribution is given, where no such data are given it is to be understood that so far as is known INTRODUCTION, xlil the plant is endemic, 7.e. confined to the Malay Peninsula. The number of these endemics is exceptionally large, being upwards of 3000 species, or about half the species recorded. But the adjacent lands, especially Sumatra, west and south Borneo and the southern Siamese regions, have as yet been very scantily explored, and further investigations will probably reduce the number of endemics considerably. Owing to the very extensive clearing of the forests, especially in Singapore and Malacca and parts of Selangor and Johor, since the evolution of the cultivated rubber industry, a certain number of species have been either rendered very rare or probably entirely exterminated. Considerable areas which in 1890 were covered with a continuous almost impenetrable forest, probably now would not be found to bear a single indigenous plant. All flowering plants known certainly to occur or to have occurred in the peninsula in a wild state are recorded and described, as well as all aliens which have established themselves sufficiently to pro- pagate themselves naturally, but plants only known to occur in gardens are excluded, though the more conspicuous and well-known garden plants are mentioned where necessary. Names of Places.—The names of localities given are in most cases readily found on the map of the Malay Peninsula as published by the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, but I have failed to trace a few given by Kunstler and Scortechini. The latter collector seldom gave any specific locality on his collecting tickets, and his spelling and script where he did so make it difficult to identify his localities, e. g. one locality often given by him is quoted in books as Horum ; I have reason to believe this means Arang Para near Gunong Bubu, in Perak. In a few cases I have given the English name instead of the Malay name where it is better known, e. g. Kedah Peak for Gunong Jerai, and Mt. Ophir for Gunong Ledang. The latter mountain is all through referred to Malacca territory, as it always was formerly included in Malacca; politically, however, it is now in the State of Johor. The following Malay words for localities, etc., are constantly used :— Bukit : ; : etal Gunong : ; ; ¢ . Mountain Sungei : : F : 5 River Kwala ‘ : : ; . Mouth of river Un. ® : : : 2 . Source of river Tanjong ‘ 3 ; : a ape Palau : i : : . = Island Ginting ; : . ‘ . Pass Tasek . : : : : oS ieake Teluk . ' c : : . Bend in a river Dusun a . : : ~, Orchard xiv INTRODUCTION. Kampong, campong. : . Village Padang : : ; . Field, flat place Rimbah : : : : . Forest Hutan : ; . Woods Belukar 5 Secondary jungle Native Names and sas Lawiiefe dey have been obtained, the Malay names of plants as used in the peninsula have been given, as these are often useful to local botanists, for many of them are thoroughly well known to all Malays and strictly used for definite plants. To every name as given here the affix Poko (tree or shrub) or Akar (climber) is to be added, according to the habit of the plants. Grasses and small herbaceous plants are usually known as Rumput. Pakis signifies a fern, and is supposed to be a variant of Paku, also used for ferns, which literally means a nail, and refers to the circinate vernation of a fern, and as a cycad has a similar vernation it is also called Pakis. Lumut (moss) is sometimes applied to moss- like plants, as the aquatic Utvicularias. Sakat signifies an epiphyte, but the Javanese word Angrek is now generally used for epiphytic orchids. Buah (fruit), Daun (leaf), Bunga (flower), Akar (root as well as climber), are commonly used when referring to these parts ofaplant. The special wses of the plants described are added when of interest, but fuller accounts will be found in papers on the timbers, the fruits, poisons and materia medica of the Malays, published in the Straits Agricultural Bulletin and other local works. Botanists and Plant Collectors in the Malay Peninsula.—I have given the names of the collectors of various species, partly on account of the interest that attaches to the older ones, and partly because the types of species are so frequently based on specimens collected in this country by certain collectors. Where no collector’s name is given, it is to be understood that the plant was collected by the author. The earliest voyagers to mention the plants of Malacca are Linschoten (‘‘ Voyages to the East Indies,” 1583) and Garcia da Orta (“ Historia Aromatum,”’ 1593), who mention in these works a number of useful plants, chiefly fruits and spices that they met with in their travels. The first regular collector of herbarium specimens was WILLIAM ROXBURGH, jun., son of the well-known W. Roxburgh; he collected plants in Penang in 1802. NATHANIEL WALLICH, Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Gardens, visited Singapore and Penang in 1822, and made extensive collections there which were largely distributed and the study-set was incorporated in the Indian collections belonging to the Hon. East India Company. A lithographed catalogue (quoted Wall. Cat.) of these plants was published, and the study-set is now in the Kew Herbarium. He was assisted in this collection by several botanists, including W. Jack and G. Porter. INTRODUCTION. XV WILLIAM JACK, who collected in Singapore and Penang in 18109, described a number of species in the Malayan Miscellanies, published at Bencoolen, Sumatra, which rare work has been reprinted in the papers relating to Indo-China, vol. 1. p. 209, with notes by Hooker and Mr. D. F. Hervey, published by the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. é GEORGE PoRTER, a schoolmaster in Penang, who was later in charge of the Botanic Gardens of Ayer Hitam in Penang, also sent plants to Wallich, which were incorporated in the Wallichian collections, and GEORGE FINLAYSON, a surgeon to the East India Company, during his travels on an Embassy to Siam, 1821-22, took the opportunity of collecting plants in the forests of Penang, the Dindings, and Singapore, which collections were also sent to Wallich. ; Mention, however, must be made of an earlier botanist :— Dr. WILLIAM HUNTER, who published an account of pepper cultivation in Penang in the Asiatic Researches in 1803. He published also an account of Gambir cultivation in Tvans. Linn. Soc. in 1807. He wrote, too, a manuscript account of the plants of Prince of Wales Island (Penang) in 1802 or 1803. This paper, preserved in the British Museum, was published by the author of this work in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Asiatic Society, No. 53, in 1909. Mr. W. E. PHILLIPS, who was Governor of Penang from 1820 to 1826, was interested in botany, and sent a number of plants to Sir William Hooker. These are now in the Kew Herbarium. Lapy DaLHousiE, during her residence in Penang between 1829 and 1832, sent a small collection*also to Sir W. J. Hooker, which included the rare Pteris Dalhousia and Lycopodium Dalhousie. CoL. GEORGE WARREN WALKER collected plants in Singapore and Penang about 1837. His collections are at Kew and in the Natural History Museum. HuGcH CuMING (1791-1865) visited Singapore somewhere between 1835 and 1839, and was apparently the first botanist to ascend Mt. Ophir. He made very extensive collections, but at that time chiefly in the Philippines, and apparently only made flying visits to the Malay Peninsula. His collections are at Kew and the British Museum. WILLIAM GRIFFITH, born 1810, was assistant surgeon to the East India Company in 1832, and collected plants extensively in Assam, Burma, Bhutan, and Afghanistan. He came to Malacca in 1841 and collected largely there, ascending Mt. Ophir, but returned to Calcutta after a year to take temporary charge of the Botanic Gardens there during Wallich’s absence. He returned to Malacca in December, 1844, but, attacked by hepatitis, died in February, 1845. Considering the short time—little over two years—that he spent in Malacca, the extent of his collections and xvi iNTRODUCTION. writings on the flora is surprising. His collections are mainly at Kew. Tuomas Loss was a plant collector for Veitch about 1847. He visited the Himalayas, Borneo, and Java, and came to Singapore and Penang in 1848. He collected a good number of herbarium specimens besides living plants, and these were distributed later labelled Singapore, Lobb, and Java, Lobb, regardless of their original localities. Some labelled Singapore were undoubtedly obtained in the Himalayas, but most are Penang plants. Str WiLiiAM Norris, Recorder of Penang, was a friend and fellow-traveller of Griffith. He collected plants in Penang and Malacca and sent a collection to Gardner of Ceylon, who named the genus Norrisia after him, and he also sent specimens to Sir William Hooker in 1849. Dr. THOMAS OXLEY resided in Singapore in 1843 and left in 1857, dying in England in 1886. He wrote papers on Botany published in Logan’s Journal, and his name is associated with several plants—Durio oxleyanus, etc. SURGEON-GENERAL ALEXANDER CARROLL MAINGAY. Born 1836. Arrived in Malacca in 1862, and was magistrate in charge of the jail till 1869, when he left for Rangoon, where he was also in charge of the jail, when he was killed in a mutiny the same year. He was in Singapore and also in Penang some part of his time, and made most important collections in all these places. His Herbarium with four volumes of botanical notes and drawings is preserved at Kew. It comprises the largest series of plants collected in the Malay Peninsula (only approached by Griffith’s collections) up to that date. Many plants he obtained*in Malacca have not been re-dis- covered and are perhaps extinct, owing to the extension of cultiva- tion. His name is commemorated by the genus Maingaya, and also associated with many other species. HERMANN KUNSTLER, a German, was employed by Dr. King in collecting plants, first in Singapore and then in Perak, from 1881 to 1886. His collections, with excellent descriptive tickets, were invaluable, and were distributed to several herbaria. He collected chiefly in the Thaiping Hills, near Goping, on Gunong Bubu and other localities in south Perak. He left the Malay Peninsula about 1886 and died in Australia. FATHER BERTHOLD SCORTECHINI was a Roman Catholic missionary priest who came from Australia (where he had formerly collected plants) to Perak before 1884. He resided at the Perak Residency and collected extensively. His collections went to Calcutta and, like Kunstler’s, were distributed thence. The dis- tribution-tickets seldom bear any notes or localities, and I have had some difficulty in identifying his localities when he does give them. He obtained many plants which have never been re-collected. He died in 1886. INTRODUCTION. Xvil LEONARD WRAY, I.S.O., was appointed Superintendent of the Government Hill Garden in 1881, and Curator of the State Museum, Thaiping, 1883. He collected plants in the Thaiping Hills and made expeditions to the Batang Padang district, to Gunong Tahan with H. C. Robinson, and to other localities. His collections were distributed from Calcutta. He retired in 1908. HENRY JAMES MuRTON arrived in Singapore in 1875 and re- mained in charge of the Gardens till 1880. He collected a number of plants, visiting Kedah, Gunong Pulai in Johor, and Gunong Bubu in Perak. A few specimens remain in the Kew Herbarium, but the greater number and his manuscript flora of Singapore have disappeared. He died in Bangkok in 1881. NATHANIEL CANTLEY succeeded Henry J. Murton in charge of the Gardens in 1880 and started the Herbarium there. He em- ployed native collectors in Singapore, Malacca, and Negri Sembilan, and also collected in Singapore and other parts. His herbarium is still at Singapore Botanic Gardens. Many of the specimens were unfortunately unlocalised, but the collection was a very valuable one. He died in Tasmania in 1888. The genus Cantleya is named after him. RICHMOND WILLIAM HULLETT, born 1843, headmaster of the Raffles School, was a good amateur collector at about this period, 1880. He collected in Singapore, Mt. Ophir, and Johor, and also in Java and Borneo, and made important additions to our knowledge of the flora. The genus Hullettia was named after him. He ceased collecting plants about 1888 and made over his herbarium to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. He died in England in 1914. After the death of Cantley, the author took charge of the Botanic Gardens in Singapore in 1888 and commenced collecting plants on as large a scale as possible. Having charge of the Colonial forests from 1888 to 1902, I had large opportunities of collecting in Singapore, Malacca, the Dindings, and Penang during the forest work, and also made expeditions to Johor, Negri Sembilan, Selangor, Perak, Province Wellesley, Kedah, and as far north as Setul, on the west coast, and to Pahang and Kelantan on the east coast. I retired in I9g12, but later spent several winters in the Malay Peninsula con- tinuing my researches. During my residence in Singapore I was materially assisted by a number of persons interested in botany, as well as officials on the staff of the Gardens and Forest Departments. CHARLES CURTIS was in charge of the Penang Botanic Gardens from 1884 to 1903 when he retired. He collected the flora of Penang and published a list of the plants of Penang in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Asiatic Society, vol. xxv, p. 67. He also made large collections in the Lankawi islands and Terutau and the _ Trang district, and also collected on the Hermitage Hill and Sungkai River in Perak. Many species of plants are named after him, as well as the genus Curtisina. FLM.P., x b XVIii INTRODUCTION. WALTER Fox, assistant in the Singapore Gardens, collected a small number of plants in Muar, and RoBERT DERry, while in charge of the Gardens and Forest Department in Malacca, obtained a large collection of Malacca plants. Two Eurasian assistants in the Forest Department, S. GOoDENOUGH and HOLMBERG, added many specimens obtained during their forest work in Singapore and Malacca. LiguT. H. J. KELSsALt (now Lieut.-Col., D.S.O.) made an im- portant collection in an expedition from the east to the west coast of Johor in company with Harry LAKE in 1897, and also collected on Bukit Hitam in Selangor. ALFRED DENT MAcHADO, miner and planter, sent plants from Legeh, Kwala Lipis, and Kamuning, in Perak. He died in 1910. Borassus Machadonis is named after him. E. Rostapo sent the only plants known from Tringganu. Str WALTER Napier, Attorney-General, obtained specimens from Negri Sembilan, including Webera Napieri. WARREN D. BARNES made a collection on K’luang Terbang in Pahang in 1900. He died in Hongkong in IgII. ; Dr. JoHN D. GIMLETTE sent a number of plants from Kota Bharu and Kwala Lebir in Kelantan, and published a useful book on Malay poisons and charm-cures, 1915, besides other works on local diseases and materia medica. ALFRED M. Burn-Murpocnu, born 1868, was Conservator of Forests in the Malay Peninsula from 1904 till his death in Selangor in March, 1914. He collected a certain number of plants and published two numbers of “ Trees and Timbers of the Malay Peninsula,’ 1911-1912. His name is associated with Alpinia Murdochii. MOHAMMED HaniFf, overseer in the Penang Gardens from 1892 and in complete charge of them from 1912. He collected plants in Penang and also in Lankawi, Kedah, and on Gunong Kerbau in Perak, and has made many valuable additions to our knowledge of the flora. HERBERT C. Ropinson, director of the Federated Malay States Museums from 1903, and Mr. CuartEs BopEN K1oss did in- valuable work in their explorations of the mountains of the peninsula. Mr. Robinson was the first man to ascend Gunong Tahan in Pahang, the highest mountain in the peninsula, bringing down with him the first collection of plants made above the altitude of 6000 feet. He and Mr. Kloss also collected plants on the moun- tains of Perak, Selangor, and Kedah, and in Lankawi islands and other places. Without these two collectors we should have known but little of the highland flora of the peninsula. I had the pleasure of accompanying them on several of their explorations, notably to Telom and Temengoh, Gunong Tahan, and Pulau Adang. Accounts of their botanical collections are published in the Journals of the INTRODUCTION. Xix Linnean Society and of the Federated States Museums. The genus Klossia and very many species are associated by name with these energetic collectors. Other plants have been contributed by Mr. J. H. Burxi1, Director of the Botanic Gardens, from Pulau Tiuman and elsewhere, and Mr. J. C. Evans, of the Forest Depart- ment of the Federated Malay States, sent plants from Pahang, and Mr. F. W. Foxwortuy, of the Forest Department, sent a large series from the Malay States. Literature, etc—To save space, references are only given to certain works, viz. the references to the original description of the species, references to King’s “‘ Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula,’ and the “Annals of the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta,” and to Hooker’s “‘ Flora of British India,’’ which work contained all the species known in the Malay Peninsula at the date it was written. References are also given to good figures of the plants described. The works mentioned give a full series of references from other works, as well as the synonyms which, unless necessary, are also excluded. King’s “ Materials” were published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, in different volumes, between the years 1889 and 1908, when he died, and Mr. J. S. Gamble continued the work, he previously having assisted Dr. King in some of the orders of Gamopetale. The Leguminosae, Convolvulacee, Labiata, and a few other orders were described by Sir David Prain, Sonerila by Dr. Stapf, A canthacee and Gentianacee by Mr. C. B. Clarke, and the Gesnervacee by the author of this work, all of these were published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. The Apetale and Gymnosperms, exclusive of the Euphorbiacee and the Urticacee, were described by Mr. Gamble in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. The Monocotyledons were described by the author in three volumes independently under the title of ‘‘ Materials for a Flora of the Malay . Monocotyledons by H. N. Ridley, Singapore, 1907 to 1908.” The separate copies of King’s and Gamble’s “ Materials ’’ were paginated twice: on the top of the page is the pagination of the original article in the Journal, at the bottom of the page is the pagination of the ‘‘ Materials” as a separate work. As the separate issue is rare and out of print, I have quoted the original pagination of the Journal. This is quoted as King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng., the ee being given at the commencement of an Order or series of rders. ; Hooker’s ‘“‘ Flora of British India ” is quoted as Hook. fil. F.B.I. The letters /.c. after a reference signify the last quotation of the work (locus citatus) referred to, thus: Clarke, F.B.1. l.c. 27 signifies C. B. Clarke in Hooker’s “ Flora of British India,’ volume (last quoted), page 27. XX INTRODUCTION. Roxb. Fl. Ind. . : : . Roxburgh’s “ Flora Indica.” Bot. Mag. i ; , . Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. LesPT: : : ; : . Hooker’s “ Icones Plantarum.” Wight Ic. . F ; , . Wight’s ‘“ Icones Plantarum.” Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. . . Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. . : . Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum. Journ. Linn. Soc. : ; . Journal of the Linnean Society. I have received advice and assistance in many points from Mr. J. S. Gamble and from the various members of the Kew Herbarium Staff. H. N. RIDLEY. May, 1922. PLAN OF THE WORK (Provisional—May, 1922.) ANGIOSPERME ~ ba . _ DICOTYLEDONES ae POLYPETALE : : : : é nd. SONS! VT ; GAMOPETALZ : : : . . 7 VOL. It APETALE . F ‘ 3 ' : 8 AVION... TLE BexOCOTYEEDONHS . = . . =. » °% to ; VOLS. IV NOSPERMZE : ; ; f AND V BDICES . . . : ; ‘ : ; : : al af a Xx1 ee ate? igh 5 ag i SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS (As in May, 1922.) Division: ANGIOSPERMA. Flowering plants with the ovules enclosed in an ovary with a stigma. Group: DICOTYLEDONES. Plants with reticulate-nerved leaves. Petals, sepals, stamens and carpels in twos, fives, or multiples of these (except ANONACEZ VI, perianth segments usually in threes.) Seeds with 2 cotyledons. Section (A.) POLYPETALZ. Perianth of 2 whorls, sepals and petals (petals occasionally absent by abortion). Petals free not connate in a tube. Sub-section (i), THALAMIFLORZ Calyx free from the ovary. Petals in one or more series, inferior. Stamens usually indefinite on a torus (receptacle). Ovary free, superior. (Orders I—X XVI.) I. RANuUNCULACE#. Sepals 5. Petals in one series. Stamens many. Achenes (or follicles) apocarpous. Only climbers in this region. II. Di1LtentAcE#. Trees or climbers, one herb. Sepals persistent. Stamens numerous. Flowers showy, white or yellow. Follicles apocarpous, III. Macnoriace#. Trees or shrubs. Stipules large covering buds. Flowers large, white or yellow. Stamens numerous; anthers narrow. Carpels numerous, separate spirally on an elongate axis. IV. WINTERACE#. Trees or shrubs, aromatic. Stipules none. Flowers small, axillary. Sepals 1 or 2 series. Petals many series. Stamens many to 15; anthers sub-globose. Carpels in one whorl, V. ScHIzANDRACE®. Lianes. Stipules none. Flowers unisexual. Sepals and petals 9 to 15. Stamens numerous, connate. Fruit a fleshy mass of carpels, Xxiil XXIV MIE XIII. AVIII. XIX. 2 XXI. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. ANONACE#. Trees or lianes. Sepals and petals in threes; petals in 2 rows. Stamens indefinite, very short. Pistils several. Carpels usually stalked, drupes on a torus (in one genus follicular). Seed ruminate. MENISPERMACE#. Climbers. Flowers very small unisexual. Sepals 6. Petals 6 or fewer. Stamens 6. Carpels 3 to 6, one-ovuled. Drupe, seed ruminate, often reniform. NYMPH#ACE#. Aquatic herbs. Sepals, petals and stamens indefinite. Carpels few or many in an obconic torus. Leaves peltate (Water lilies). CRUCIFER@. Herbs. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6 or 4. Ovary dimerous. Fruit a 2-valved pod. CAPPARIDEZ. Herbs, shrubs, trees. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens many. Ovary 2- to 6-celled on a stalk (Gyno- phore). Leaves usually digitate. Fruit a berry or capsule. VIOLACE#. Herbs or shrubs. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5; anthers connivent round ovary and appendaged. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers usually irregular. PITTOSPORE#. Trees (orshrubs). Sepals5. Petals5. Stamens 5, not connivent. Flowers regular. Fruit capsule. POLYGALACE#. Shrubs, herbs or trees. Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 5o0r3. Stamens 8 orfewer. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit drupe, berry, capsule or samara. ; CARYOPHYLLACE@. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Sepals free or connate. Petals as many or absent. Stamens as many or twice as many. Placenta central. Fruit capsule. PORTULACACE2. Succulent herbs. Sepals 2 to 5. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or many. Ovary half inferior; style 3- to 8-fid; capsule many-seeded. HyYPERICINE#. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens many in bundles. Ovary of 3 to 4. carpels; styles 2 to 4. Fruit capsular. FLACOURTIACE#. Trees, shrubs or climbers. Flowers small usually unisexual. Petals often suppressed. Stamens 5 to many. Ovary 1-celled; styles 1 to 6. Fruit baccate or capsular. GUTTIFERZ. Trees exuding gum. Leaves opposite coria- ceous. Flowers often unisexual. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens many, often connate in bundles. Fruit, drupe or berry. TERNSTROEMIACE#. Trees or shrubs not gummy. Leaves alternate: Flowers bisexual. Sepals 3 to 5. Petals 5. Stamens many, free. Styles 3 to 5. Fruit, berry or capsule. DIPTEROCARPACE2. Gigantic resinous trees. Leaves alter- nate, coriaceous. Flowers panicled. Sepals 5, free or connate. Petals 5, contort. Stamens Io to 36. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2inacell. Fruit, drupe, usually winged by the enlarged sepals. ANCISTROCLADACE%. Hooked climbers. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers small, panicled. Calyx tubular adnate to fruit, accrescent. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 5 to 10. Ovary 1 cell, t ovule; style globose or oblong. Fruit winged by enlarged sepals. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. XXV XXII. Bixace#. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, often lobed. Sepals 5. Petals large 5. Stamens numerous on a torus; anthers with 2 pores or valves. Style 1. Capsule 2- to 5-valved. Seeds numerous, small arillate or woolly. XXIII. Matvacez@. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate often lobed. Petals 5, large. Stamens numerous joined in a tube; anthers 1-celled. Fruit capsular. XXIV. STERCULIACE#. Herbs, shrubs, trees. Flowers often unisexual and petals suppressed. Stamens connate; anthers bilocular. Fruit a capsule. XXV. Tiriace#. Trees, shrubs, herbs. Leaves entire. Sepals 3 to 5. Petals as many. Stamens numerous free on a torus, 2-celled. Ovary 2- to to-celled. Fruit, drupe, berry or capsule. XXVI. GoNyYSTYLACE#. Tree. Leaves coriaceous alternate. Sepals valvate 5, connate hairy. Petals numerous linear simple, bifid or trifid shorter than the calyx. Stamens many from calyx base. Ovary 5- or 4-celled; ovule 1 inacell. Stigma clubbed. Fruit woody dehiscing. Seeds 1 or 2, large. Sub-section (ii). DIscIFLORz, _ Calyx free from ovary. Petals in one row. Stamens definite in or round a fleshy disc often lobed or of glands. (Ovders XXVII—XLV.) ~ XXVII. Linez. Climbing shrubs, trees, or herbs. Leaves alternate. 4 Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, Io, or 20, connate at base with 5 glands outside. Ovary 3- to 5-celled; ovules 1 to 2 in a cell; styles 3 to 5 more or less connate. Fruit capsular or drupe. XXVIII. Marpicuiace#. Climbers, small trees, or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Sepals 5. Petals 5, clawed often toothed. Disc inconspicuous. Stamens 10, connate at base. Carpels 3 (2 or 4); ovules I in each; styles 3. Fruit of 3-winged carpels or drupe. XXIX. OxaLtmpAacE#. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves pinnate rarely simple. Flowers regular. Sepals imbricate, 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-lobed; ovules 1, 2, or many in a cell; styles 5, distinct. Fruit capsule or berry. XXX. BaLsaMINACE#. Herbs. Leaves simple, usually opposite. Flowers irregular. Sepals petaloid, 3 to 5, one spurred. Petals 3, 2 side ones bilobed. Stamens 5; filaments very short. Ovary 5-celled; ovules many. Capsule explosively dehiscing. XXXI. Rutace#. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, often com- pound, glandular. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5 imbricate. Stamens as many or twice as many. Disc between stamens and ovary. Carpels 4 to 5 free or connate. Styles free or connate. Fruit, berry or of 2 or more dehiscing cocci. XXXII. SrmaRUBACE#. Trees or shrubs, bark bitter. Leaves pin- nate or simple. Flowers regular. Calyx 3- to 5-lobed. Petals 3 to 5. Disc annular or cup-shaped. Stamens as many or twice as many as petals. Ovary 2- to 5-lobed or carpels free 3 to 5; ovules usually solitary; styles 2 to 3. Fruit, drupe, capsule, or samara. XXV1 XXXITI. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. 4 XXXVIII. XXXIX. XLI. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. OcuNACE®. Shrublets, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, coriaceous often serrulate. Flowers usually showy. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricate. Petals 5 (or 4 or 10). Torus large. Stamens 4 to many. Ovary 2-to I1o-lobed, I- to to-celled ; style 1, Fruit 3 to 10 drupes on enlarged torus, or berry. BURSERACE#. Trees or shrubs. Resinous. Leaves pinnate. Flowers small racemed or panicled. Calyx 3- to 5-lobed. Petals 3 to 5. Disc annular or cup-shaped. Stamens usually twice the petals on edge or base of disc. Ovary 2- to 5- locular; ovules 2 in a cell; style short. Fruit drupe or capsular. MELIACE#. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Calyx 4- to 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5 (3 to 7). Stamens 8 to Io in a tube on base of disc. Anthers sessile in tube mouth. Disc ringed or tubular, Ovary 3- to 5-celled; ovules usually 2 in cell; style 1. Stigma simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds few, large, round, usually arillate or (Cedrela) winged. CHAILLETIACEZ. Shrubs or trees, often climbing. Leaves simple alternate, stipulate. Flowers small in cymes axillary. Sepals 5. Petals 5, bilobed. Stamens 5. Disc 5 glands or 5-lobed.. Ovary 2- to 3-celled. Drupe. OLACINE#. Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves simple, alternate, rarely opposite. Cymes or racemes axillary. Flowers small, green or white. Calyx 4- to 5-toothed. Petals 4 to 5 (rarely 6) free or connate. Stamens equal or twice as many opposite petals. Ovary 3- to 5-celled; ovules 2 to 3. Fruit a drupe, I-celled. Seed 1. ILIcINE#, Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple. In- florescence axillary cymose. Flowers very small, white or pink. Calyx 4- to 5-lobed. Petals 4 (to 6) connate at base. Stamens as many attached to corolla. Anthers oblong. Disc o. Ovary ovoid 4- to 6-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in cell; style short oro. Berry small of 4 to 8 pyrenes. CELASTRINEZ. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple opposite or alternate. Inflorescence cymose. Flowers small, green or white. Calyx 4-to 5-lobedimbricate. Petals 4 to 5 imbricate. Stamens 3 to 5 (rarely 2 to 10) on disc. Disc large, flat. Ovary sessile on disc, 3- to 5-celled; ovules usually 2 in a cell; style simple. Stigma entire or lobed. Fruit various. RHAMNACEZ#, Shrubs erect or climbing, often spiny. Leaves simple alternate or opposite. Flowers small in axillary cymes, green or yellow. Calyx-tube obconic with 4 to 5 small lobes. Petals 4 to 5. Stamens 4 to 5, opposite petals. Disc thick or lining calyx. Ovary 3- (or 2- to 4-)celled, free or immersed in disc; ovule 1 in cell; style simple. Stigma simple or 3-lobed. Fruit drupe, capsule, or samara. AMPELIDE#. Shrubs or climbers. Leaves alternate, pinnate, or simple, Cymes panicled or raceme, opposite leaves. Flowers small, green or red. Calyx 4- to 5-toothed. Petals 4 to 5 free or cohering, Stamens 4 to 5 opposite petals. Disc between stamens and ovary. Ovary 5- to 6-celled immersed in disc; ovules 1 to 2incell; style short oro, Stigma round. Fruit a berry, ~ FG SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. XXVIli XLII. SapinpDACE#. Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alter- nate compound. Flowers small white, green, pink. Sepals 4 to 5 free or connate imbricate. Petals 0 to 5, often unequal. Disc often unilateral. Stamens usually 8 within disc. Ovary entire or lobed 3- (or I- to 4-)celled; style 1 (rarely 2 to 3), terminal or from between lobes; ovules 1 to 2 in cell. Fruit, drupe or capsule. XLII. STAPHYLEACE#. Trees (or shrubs). Leaves opposite, com- pound. Flowers small, white, panicled. Sepals and petals 5 each. Stamens 5. Disc flat or ring-like. Ovary 2- to 3 lobed ; styles 3, freeorconnate. Fruit, a berry, 3-celled. Seeds few or many albuminous. XLIV. Sapiace#. Shrubs or trees, rarely climbing. Leaves alter- nate simple or pinnate. Flowers small or minute. Calyx 4- to 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5imbricate. Disc annular. Stamens 4 or 5 opposite petals, often only 2 fertile; filaments clubbed. Anther connective wide; cells dehisce transversely. Ovary 2- to 3-celled or lobed; ovules 1 to 2 ina cell; styles free or connate, Carpels in fruit 1 or 2 drupaceous. XLV. ANACARDIACEA. Trees with caustic resin. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound. Flowers small, green, white or pink, often unisexual. Calyx 3- to 7-lobed. Petals 3 to 7 (or 10). Disc annular. Stamens twice the number of petals from base of disc, often some sterile. Ovary 1-celled (rarely 2- to 5-celled) ; stylestto3. Fruit, drupe orindehiscent nut, sometimes winged with calyx-lobes. Sub-section (iii), CALYCIFLORZ, (a) Calyx-tube enclosing or adnate to ovary. Petals, one vow insert on calyx-tube. (Orders XLVI—LII.) XLVI. ConnarAcE#. Lianes or small trees. Leaves alternate pin- nate. Flowers racemed or panicled, small. Calyx 4- to 5- lobed. Petals 5, linear-oblong imbricate. Stamens 5 to to. Disc o or surrounding stamens. Carpels 5 (rarely 1 to 3), I-celled. Styles slender. Capsule a follicle. Seed 1, arillate. XLVII. Lrcuminos#. Trees, shrubs, climbers, herbs. Leaves alter- nate compound stipulate. Flowers large or small, irregular (Mimosee regular). Sepals 4 to 5, free or connate. Petals 5 (or fewer). Stamens as many or numerous free or connate. Ovary t1-celledcarpel; styler. Fruita pod (rarely drupaceous), 2-valved. Seeds 1 to many, hard, XLVIII. Rosacea#. Trees or shrubs (or herbs), Leaves simple or compound alternate. Stipules2. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed lined by disc. Petals on edge of disc 5. Stamens many. Ovary of one or more carpels connate and adnate to calyx-tube; ovules 2 in capel; styles 1 or more, Fruit a drupe, apple, or many drupelets on a torus. XLIX. SaxIFRAGACE®. Shrubs, trees, or herbs. Calyx 5- to 12-lobed, free or adnate to ovary. Petals 4 to 5. Stamens as many or twice. Disc between stamens and ovary. Ovary of 2 to 5 carpels more or less separate; styles as many, more or less connate. Fruit, capsule or berry. Seeds usually minute. XXVIii SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. L. DRosERACE#. Insectivorous herbs. Leaves rosulate or scattered, covered with sticky hairs. Flowers small racemed. Calyx tubular 4- to 8-lobed. Petals 4 to 8, spathulate. Stamens as many. Ovary globose or ovoid, 1-celled; styles 3 to 5. Capsule many-seeded. LI. CrassuLacE@. Herbs fleshy. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers cymose. Calyx 3- to 5-lobed or tubular. Petals as many. Stamens perigynous as many or double. Carpels as many as petals, free, 1-celled. Ovules very many; follicles membranous. LII. HAMAMELIDE#. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers capitate. Sepals and petals various or 0. Ovary inferior or half inferior of 2 carpels connate at base, tips free; ovules I or many. (b) Ovary quite inferior included and adnate to calyx-tube. Style one, rarely move. Leaves simple. (Orders LIII-LX.) LIII. Harorace#. (Occurrence doubtful.) Herbs or shrublets. Flowers minute, often unisexual and incomplete. Carpels I- seeded. LIV. RuizopHoracE#. Mangrove trees. Leaves opposite, coria- ceous. Stipulate. Seed germinating in calyx, emitting a long root. LV. LecGnotip#. Trees. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Flowers small. Stamens 8 to 12. Ovary many-ovuled (half inferior in Gynotroches). Fruit baccate or drupe. LVI. ANISOPHYLLE#. Shrubsandtrees. Leavesalternate. Flowers very small. Ovary quite inferior; styles 3 to 4. Fruit drupe. LVII. ComBretace#. Climbers or trees. Flowers small. Petals 5 or quite suppressed. Stamens 5to1o. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 2to6. Fruit drupe or 4- to 6-winged samara. Seed I. LVIII. Myrtace#. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Stamens indefinite. Ovary I- to 2-celled; ovules 2 to many. Fruit, drupe or capsule. LIX. MeErastomMace#. Herbs, shrubs, trees. Leaves’ opposite, usually 3-nerved. Sepals imbricate. Stamens definite; anthers opening by terminal pores. Berry, capsule or drupe. LX. LytHrRAcE#. Herbs, shrubs, trees. Leaves opposite, entire. Sepals valvate. Stamens definite. Ovary usually free from sepals, 2- to many-celled; ovules and seeds many. LXI. ONAGRACE#. Herbs (shrubs or trees). Leaves often toothed. Sepals valvate. Stamens definite. Ovary 2- or 1-celled, quite inferior. Capsule. « (c) Ovary inferior, unilocular, placentas parietal. Styles more or less divided (except Samydaceg@). Leaves often lobed. Flowers unisexual. LXII. Samypace#. Shrubs or trees. Flowers small. Leaves alter- nate. Stamens 4 to 15 with alternating staminodes or glands. Petals o to 15. LXIII. TurRNERAcCE&. Herbs, bisexual. Petals showy. Stamens 5. Ovary free from calyx; styles 3. Stigmas fan-shaped. LXIV. LXV, LXVI. EXV IL. LXVIII. LXIX. LXX. LXXI. LXXII. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. bob PASSIFLORACE&. Climbers, bisexual (one a tree). Leaves alter- nate, often lobed. Petals usually large, a corona in the mouth of the tube. Stamens 3 to 5. Ovary free on a stalk; style trifid. Fruit berry or capsule, many-seeded. (Modecca unisexual.) CuCURBITACE#. Herbs, climbing. Leaves alternate, Flowers unisexual, yellow or white. nate. Style divided (or simple). lobed. Stamens 3; anthers con- Ovary quite inferior. BEGONIACE#. Herbs unisexual. Leaves alternate. Flowers white or pink. Sepals 2. Petals 2, all petaloid. Stamens numerous, connate. Ovary 3-to5-celled; styles3to5. Fruit angled or winged, usually capsular. DatiscacE#. Trees (or herbs). Leaves alternate. Flowers unisexual, small. Petals o (or 8). Ovary 1-locular; ovules many; styles 2 to 8. Fruit capsular. CactacE#&. Fleshy shrubs, spiny, no leaves. Petals and stamens indefinite. Fruit berry. (Introduced only.) FicoipE#. Herbs, some fleshy, not spiny. Leaves simple. Petals 5 or o (in Sesuvium sepals coloured). Stamens 5. Ovary inferior. Fruit capsule. (d) Ovary inferior, 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Styles free. Flowers in umbels. UMBELLIFERZ&. Herbs. Leaves often dissect. indehiscent carpels. Fruit in 2 dry ARALIACEZ. Shrubs. or palmate. trees. Leaves Fruit fleshy with 2 seeds. CORNACEZ#. ‘Treesorshrubs. in panicles. usually alternate, Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers Fruit a drupe, 1- to 2-seeded. Section (B.) GAMOPETALZ. Petals connate in a tube. LXXITI. LXXIV. LXXV. LXXVI. LXXVII. LXXVIII. Ovary inferior, 2- ov more-celled. CAPRIFOLIACEZ. Shrubs, usually exstipulate. corymbs. Leaves opposite. RUBIACE#. Herbs, shrubs, trees. Flowers often axillary in cymes. Composit#.’ Herbs, shrubs, trees. Flowers small in involu- crate heads. Ovary t-celled, 1-ovuled. Calyx-limb reduced to a pappus or o. Leaves alternate, often dissect. Flowers in Stipules conspicuous. Leaves opposite, entire. STYLIDE#. Herbs. Flowers irregular. Stamens 2 connate with the style. Leaves radical or scattered on stem, alternate. GooDENOVI1#. Herbs and shrubs. irregular. Stamens 5, free. LOBELIACE2. Herbs. round the style. Leaves alternate. Flowers Flowers irregular. Stamens connate Fruit berry. XXX LXXIX. LXXX. LXXXI. LXXXII. LXXXIII. LXXXIV. LXXXYV. LXXXVI. LXXXVII. LXXXVIII. LXXXIX, XC. XCI. Cry XCIII. XCIV. XCV. XCVI. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. CAMPANULACE®. Herbs. Flowersregular. Stamens 5. Seeds numerous. VACCINIACE®. Shrubs. Leaves often serrate. Anthers opening by pores or tubular. Resemble Evicacee except inferior ovary. Fruit berry. Ovary superior. Corolla regular. ErIcAcE#. Shrubs or trees. Flowers showy. Anthers opening by pores. Fruit capsular (rarely baccate). Monotrore#. Leafless parasites. Petals 3, free. Stamens 6. EpAcRIDE#, Heath-like shrubs. Flowerssmall. Anther split- ting longitudinally. Fruit in our species a small drupe. PLUMBAGINEZ. Herbs. Calyx sticky. Ovary ‘1-celled, I- ovuled. Placenta central. Sepals 3 to 4. PLANTAGINE. Herbs. Leaves basal. Flowers small, scarious in a spike or head. Stamens long, slender. Ovary 2-celled, many ovuled. Capsule circumsciss. Seeds several. MyrsInE&. Trees and shrubs. Leaves rather small, pink or white, glandular. Ovary with central placenta. simple. Flowers Fruit a drupe. SAPOTACE%. Big trees, laticiferous. Corolla-tube short. Stamens as many as lobes or double, attached to corolla. Fruit a berry or drupe. EBENACE#. Trees. Flowers unisexual, sexes different in shape. Stamens free from corolla. Berry. STYRACE@. Trees and shrubs. Corolla-tube usually short. Stamens twice as many, or more. Ovary 1, few-seeded. Drupe. OLEACE#. Shrubs, erect or climbing, or trees. Stamens 2. Fruit, drupe. ApocyNAcE®. Trees or climbers, rarely herbs, laticiferous. Corolla-tube usually long, lobes contort. Stamens and lobes 5. Fruit, drupe or capsule with seeds plumed. ASCLEPIADE#. Climbing or epiphytic herbs, laticiferous. Flowers small, tube short. Stamens connate into a column with style. Fruit capsular. Seeds plumed. LOGANIACEZ. Herbs, climbers, or trees. Stamens and corolla- lobes 4 to 5. Ovary bilocular. Resemble Rubiacee, except that the ovary is superior or half superior. GENTIANACE#. Herbs (some floating aquatic). Leaves in terrestrials opposite. Stipules o. Corolla-lobes contort. Capsule bivalved or irregularly dehiscing. HYDROPHYLLACE2#. Herb. Leaves alternate. Corolla-lobes imbricate (or contort). Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2. Capsule 2-valved or irregularly dehiscing. BoRAGINE#. Shrubs, trees, or herbs. Flowers panicled or in scorpioid cymes. Stamens as many as petals. Styles 2 or 1, two cleft. Ovary 2-celled.. Fruit of 2 pyrenes, I- to 2-seeded or 4-seeded. ae Bel ale Tena Pan. UT ert <. XCVII. XCVITII. XCIX. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. XXX1 CONVOLVULACE#. Climbers. Corolla plicate. Stamens 5, on corolla-tube. Fruit capsular, globose or baccate. Seeds*few, large. CARDIOPTERID#. Herbaceous climber or tree. Flowers small. Sepals and petals imbricate. Fruit a winged samara. SOLANACE#. Herbs or shrubs. Corolla plicate. Carpels many-seeded. Fruit berry or capsule. Seed small. Corolla ivvegular. Upper stamens smaller or reduced to a staminode. C. CI. CIII. CIV. CV. CVI. CVII. CVIII. SCROPHULARINE&. Herbs, rarely shrubs, leafy. Ovary 2- locular. Capsule many-seeded. OROBANCHACE®. Leafless parasites. Ovary t-celled, pla- centas parietal. LENTIBULARIEZ. Aquatic or marsh herbs with minute bladders on branches at base. Ovary t-celled; placenta basal, central. GESNERACE#. Herbs, terrestrial or epiphyte. Leaves alter- nate or rosulate. Flowers showy. Capsule usually slender. Seed small, numerous, sometimes plumed. Fruit a dry berry in Cyrtandra. BIGNONIACE#. Trees or climbers. Leaves compound. Seeds winged. Fruit a long bivalved capsule. PEDALINE%. Herbs. Leaves entire. Capsule many-seeded, oblong. Seeds small. ACANTHACE®. Herbs or shrubs or climbers. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 to 4. Capsule bivalved. Seeds discoid on elastic retinacula, VERBENACE®. Shrubs, trees, or herbs. Ovary entire. Fruit of 2 to 4 pyrenes in pulp. Lapiat#. Herbs often aromatic; stems 4-angled’ Ovary 4-lobed. Fruit of 4 nutlets. Section (C.) APETALA. Perianth simple of one whorl of leaves or absent. CIX. CX. Flowers bisexual. NycTaGINE#. Shrubs or herbs, rarely trees. Périanth tubular; base persistent in fruit. Carpel 1. Style 1. AMARANTACE#. Herbs. Perianth scarious. Ovary I-celled; style often 3-fid. Fruit a utricle. PoLyGoNAcE®. Herbs. Leaves sheathing at base. Perianth pink or white. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded; style 2- to 3-fid. ARISTOLOCHIACE®. Shrublets or climbers. Perianth tubular. Ovary inferior. Fruit capsular. Cytinace®. Leafless parasites. Ovary inferior or half inferior. XXXii CXIV. CXV. CXVI. CXVII. CXVIII. CXIX. CXX. CXXI. CXXII. CXXIII. CXXIV. CXXV. CXXVI. CXXVII. CXXVIII. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. Flowers unisexual. NEPENTHACE#. Scandent shrubs. Flowers in racemes. Fruit capsular. Leaves ending in pitchers. Seeds winged. PIPERACE#. Herbs. Leaves entire. Flowers minute usually bisexual, no perianth. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit drupe. Leaves toothed. Flowers minute, Stamens I to 2. Ovary inferior; CHLORANTHACEZ. Herbs. unisexual. Perianth o. ovule I. MyRIsTICACcCEm. Trees. Flowers small, unisexual. Perianth 2- to 4-lobed. Stamens connate from perianth base. Ovary I, in perianth base, 1-celled, t-ovuled. Fruit, drupe splitting. Seed large, covered with red aril. Monimiace#&. Treesorshrubs. Flowersunisexual. Perianth cup-shaped, 2- or more-lobed. Stamens embedded in a disc lining it, very many. Ovaries many, I-seeded. Fruit, berry or drupe. LAURINE#. Trees (one leafless parasitic climber), unisexual. Perianth 4- to 6-lobed in 2 series. Stamens as many or more; anthers opening by valves. Drupe. HERNANDIACE#. Trees or climbers. Leaves alternate. Flowers small, unisexual or bisexual. Perianth superior 4- to 8-lobed. Stamens 3 to 5, opening by valves or introrse. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit winged or calyx an enlarged cup. Flowers bisexual to CXX VII. PROTEACE®. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Perianth tubular; lobes 4 to 5. Stamens as many. Style very long. Drupe. THYMELEACE#. ‘Trees and shrubs. Leaves opposite. Peri- anth tubular; lobes 4 or 5. Drupe. ELEAGNACE#. Scandentshrub. Leaves silvery scaly beneath, alternate. Perianth small, constrict above ovary; lobes 4. Stamens 8. Drupe. LORANTHACE#. Shrubby parasites. Perianth often coloured, tubular splitting on one side, 5-lobed. Ovary inferior, Drupe. SANTALACE#. Shrubs or trees. Flowers very small. Ovary inferior. Drupe or capsule. OPILIACE#. Shrubs. Flowers very small, bisexual. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Petals gamo- sepalous or free. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit drupe. BALANOPHORACES. Fleshy parasites, leafless, red or yellow. Flowers unisexual. EUPHORBIACE#. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Flowers unisexual. Perianth single, double or o. Stamens numerous, connate. Ovary 3-celled. Styles3. Fruit splitting into bivalved cocci, 3-seeded or fleshy with 3 seeds. Often laticiferous. CXXIX. CXXX. CXXXI. CXXXII. Gx x XIII. CXXXIV. Embryo with a single cotyledon. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. XXXiil URTICACE#. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Trees _ laticiferous. Flowers very small in unisexual heads or spikes or cymes, or mixed in a cupped receptacle (Figs).. Perianth 2- to 4-lobed. Ovary t-celled, 1-ovuled. Styles 2. JUGLANDACE#. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Unisexual. Inflores- cence of catkins. Perianth o. Stamens many. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit (in our species) winged. Myricace#. Shrubs and trees. Inflorescence a catkin, uni- sexual. No perianth. Stamens 2tomany. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Drupe. CASUARINE#. Trees. Branches slender, jointed, no leaves. Inflorescence spiked. Perianth 1- to 2-lobed, minute. Stamens 1. Head of fruit cone-like, separate fruits capsular. Seed winged. : CUPULIFER#. Trees. Inflorescencespicate. Perianth minute oro, Stamensmany. Ovary inferior, 3- to 5-celled, 2 ovules in cell. Nut in or on an involucre, ringed or spiny (Oaks and chestnuts). SALICINE#. Shrubs or trees. Catkins unisexual. Perianth of scales. Stamens 2 to many. Ovary I-celled. Capsule 2- _to 4-valved. Seed very small, plumed (Willows). Group: MONOCOTYLEDONES. Perianth trimerous. Leaves parallel-veined ; vascular bundles irregularly scattered in the stem. CXXXV. CXXXVI. CXXXVII. CXXXVIII. CXXXIX. CXL. CXLI. CXLII. CXLITI. FILM.P., 5 Ovary inferior. Perianth petaloid. HyYDROCHARIDE2., Aquatic herbs, Flowers regular, usually unisexual, Stamens 3 to 12. ORCHIDE#. Herbs often epiphytic. Flowers irregular. Stamens and pistil united in acolumn; anther1. Capsule, seeds very many, minute. ZINGIBERACE#. Herbs, rarely epiphytic. Stamen I, Style 1, free. MARANTACEZ. Herbs. Flowers irregular. Capsule, seeds few. Flowers irregular. Stamens 1-celled on a petaloid lobe. Staminodes petaloid, one hooded, one lip-like. Capsule, seeds few. CANNACE&. Herbs. Sepals 3. Petals 3 in a tube at base. Staminodes petaloid; anther 1-celled, on one side of a petaloid lobe. LowracE&. Herbs. Flowers irregular, lip large. Stamens 5. Musace#. Gigantic herbs. Flowers tubular. Calyx 3- to 5-lobed split on one side. Petal 1. Stamens 5. Fruit in our species baccate. APOSTASIACE2. Herbs. Flowers regular. Stamens connate at base; anthers 2 or 3. Style free except at base. Capsule or berry. AMARYLLIDACE®. Herbs, tuberous or bulbous. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals similar 6. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled; style simple, long, free to base. Capsule. c XXX1V SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. CXLIV. Taccace#. Herbs, tuberous or rhizomed. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals similar. Stamens encluded, hooded, 6. Ovary 1-celled. Berry. CXLV. DroscorEACE&. Usually tuberous, unisexualclimbers. Sepals and petals small, green. Stamens 6 or 3. Fruit trigonous or 3-winged (one genus erect, flowers larger, bisexual). Ovary superior. Flowers petaloid. CXLVI. RoxpurcHiace®. Herbs, often scandent. Sepals 2. Petals 2. Stamens 4. Ovary I-celled. Capsule bivalved. CXLVII. Litiacr#. Herbs or shrubs. Sepals 3. Petals 3, similar. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit, capsule drupe or berry. CXLVIII. PonTEDERIACE#. Aquatic herbs. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 6 similar, blue or pink. Stamens 6. Fruit capsular. CXLIX. PuityprRAcE&. Herbs. Leaves sword-shaped. Flowers irre- gular. Sepals larger than petals, 4. Stamen 1. Ovary superior. Sepals herbaceous. Carpels connate, CL. XyRIDE#. Herbs. Leaves radical grassy. Flowers in a head of brown bracts. Sepals glumaceous, 3, 2 or o. Petals 3, yellow, connate below in a tube. CLI. CoMMELINACE#. Herbs. Sepals herbaceous 3. Petals very thin 3. Stamens 6 (or less). Capsule containing 1 to few seeds. Carpels free. CLII. AtismMaceE#. Aquatic herbs. Flowers regular. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Carpels several, separate. CLIII. TriuripE#. Minute leafless epiphytes. Flowers unisexual. Sepals and petals 3 to 8, connate at base. Stamens in male 2to6. Pistils in female numerous, free. CLIV. Narapace#. Submerged herbs. Flowers axillary, unisexual. Perianth transparent, tubular. Stamen 1. Carpel I. Oblong seed 1. Ovary superior. Perianth small, rigid or fleshy, not petaloid. CLV. FLAGELLARIACE#. Herbs or woody climbers. Leaves entire. Stamens 6. CLVI. Patmace#. Trees or shrubs. Leaves rigid, pinnate or fan- shaped, lobed. Sepals and petals coriaceous or fleshy, 6. Stamens 6 or more. Ovary 1- to many-celled, usually 3-celled. Fruit a drupe or berry. Ovary superior. Sepals and petals none or reduced to scales. CLVII. PanpDANACE#. Shrubs. Leaves stiff, thorny, linear. Flowers unisexual in spadices (elongate or compact spikes), no perianth. Carpels solitary or connate, numerous in heads, woody. CLVIII. ArompE#. Herbs or shrubby erect or climbing. Leaves not stiff or armed. Spadices solitary in a convolute spathe. Flowers unisexual on the same spike or bisexual. Perianth o, or 3 to 9 scales. = eyes SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS. XXXV CLIX. Lemnace#. Minute lenticular or sub-globose floating herbs, no stem. Flowers minute in a spathe. Stamens I to 2. Flowers sessile in heads or spikelets. Bracts glumaceous. Perianth lobes glumaceous or 0, very small. CLX. ErRiocaAuLaceE#. Herbs. Flowers unisexual, crowded in flobose white involucrate heads. Perianth segments 4 or 6 in 2 whorls, minute. Ovary 3- or 2-celled. CLXI. Restiace#. Stiff herbs. Flowers usually unisexual in spike- lets. Perianth segments 6, glumaceous. Ovary 3-celled. CLXII. Cyprrace@. Herbs. Culms triangular or terete, pithy. Flowers uni- or bisexual in spikelets, numerous. Glumes (bracts) imbricate. Perianth usually o (occasionally 3 to 6 scales or bristles). CLXIII. GRAMINE#. Grasses, herbaceous except the bamboos, culms terete, hollow (except Saccharum, etc.). Flowers in spikelets usually bisexual. Glumes usually several in a spikelet. Perianth o. Stamens 3 to 6, elongate. Ovary t-celled, 1-seeded. Division : GYMNOSPERME&. Trees, shrubs, climbers. Flowers unisexual in spikes or cones. Perianth 0, except Gnetacee. Ovary and style 0. Ovule nude. CLXIV. GNETACEH. Trees orlianes. Leaves broad, entire. Perianth in male bilobed, in female tubular. Stamens in a column. Drupes. CLXV. CoNIFER#. Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually linear entire. Female flowers in a catkin or cone or solitary. Fruit a cone, seed winged or when flowers solitary, drupe. CLXVI. CycapE#. Stem a thick trunk. Leaves pinnate, at top only. Inflorescence a large cone. Male scales covered with 1-celled anthers. Female scales usually woolly, toothed with ovules in the notches. Drupe large. « ee eu Pe : ee est se fay ap heme See ; F is J a fate har: Oa, \ hj leo ape en re |: ae ies 7" ae en i e tes 7. a a = FLORA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA VOLUME I OrpDER I. RANUNCULACEZ£. Perennial herbs or climbing shrubs. Leaves (alternate) or opposite, simple or compound. Flowers regular, bisexual. Sepals 4, 5 or more, often petaloid. Petals 5 or more or absent. Stamens indefinite, free. .Carpels numerous, distinct, each with a solitary pendulous or erect ovule. Seed with a minute embryo in abundant endosperm. Only section in our area Clematidee, climbing shrubs with opposite leaves. Abundant in temperate and cold regions, rare in the tropics and usually at high altitudes. Genera 30. Species 300. Petals none, climbing by the petiole. ; : . I. CLEMATIS Petals many, narrow, linear, spreading - : . 2. NARAVELIA 4. CLEMATIS, L. Woody climbers. Leaves opposite, simple (or compound) climbing by the petiole. Sepals 4 to 8, valvate, petaloid. Petals o. Stamens numerous. Carpels many with long feathery tails. Species about 100, chiefly in temperate climates. (x) C. smilacifolia Wall. Asiat. Research, xiii. 414; Bot. Mag. t. 4259; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lviii. (2), 363. A slender climber with simple ovate leaves, rarely pinnate, ‘blunt, base broad, sub-cordate, 5- to g-nerved, coriaceous, entire or serrate, 3 to 10 in. long, 1:5 to 5 in. wide; petioles as long. Panicles axillary, few-flowered, 6 to 12 in. long. Flowers 1 to I-5in. wide. Sepals 4 or 5, oblong, pale brownish yellow, tomentose outside, deep purple within. Filaments linear, yellow. Achenes flat, pubescent with feathery tails, 2 in. long. Hab. Low country in open places, rare. Johor, Kota Tinggi; Pulau Tinggi. Penang; Road to Sungei Penang at iooo ft. altitude (Curtis). Dustrib. India, Siam, Malay islands. 2. NARAVELIA, DC. Woody climbers, slender. Leaves opposite, tri-foliate, terminal leaflet forming a tendril. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 6 to 12, narrow, FLM.P., 1. B 2 I. RANUNCULACE. [Naravelia. linear, longer. Achenes long, stipitate, with long bearded tail. Indo-Malaya, species 3. Flowers in panicles; leaves 4 to 6 in. long . ; . (1) N. laurifolia Flowers solitary or in threes, axillary; leaves 2 in. long (2) N. axillaris (x) N. laurifolia Wall. Cat. 4685; Hook. fil. F.B.I.i.7; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 360. Long climber young parts only pubescent. Leaflets broadly ovate, acuminate entire, 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 wide, deep green. Panicles lax many-flowered, 6 in. long, 8 in. across. Sepals lance- olate, -I in. long, blunt glabrous. Petals linear narrow, :5 in. long, Fic. 1.—WNaravelia laurifolia. apple green. Stamens numerous yellow. Achenes cylindric gla- brous, tails silky. Hab. Not rare, from 400 ft. to 2000 ft. altitude, in thickets. From Selangor, Semangkok Pass north to Perak, Penang and Tomoh (Machado). Distrib. Whole Indo-Malayan regions. A pretty climber, flowers scented like orange blossom. (2) N. axillaris Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 60. Slender pubescent climber. Leaflets ovate, 2 in. long, 14 in. wide or solitary toothed, or trilobed larger; nerves pubescent. Flowers solitary axillary or in threes. Sepals -1 in. long, green. Naravelia.| I, RANUNCULACE&. 3 Petals linear clubbed, green. Stamens numerous yellow. Pistils hairy. Hab. Hedges in rice-fields. Perlis at Kanga (Ridley). Orver Il. DILLENIACEZ. Trees, shrubs or climbers, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate simple, toothed or entire exstipulate. Flowers in panicles or racemes, yellow or white, often large and showy. Sepals 5, imbricate persistent. Petals 5, rarely 3 or 4, deciduous. Stamens many, hypogynous, multiseriate, anthers introrse. Carpels r to 5 free, or cohering. Styles distinct, ovules solitary or many attached to the ventral suture. Fruit of coriaceous dehiscent or indehiscent follicles. Seeds r to many, usually arillate, albuminous. Tropics of both hemispheres. (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Iviii. (2), 4.) Tribe 1. DELIME®. Woody climbers; filaments dilated upwards. Carpel 1 : - - : : : : 5) tig ADOT EHUN Carpels 2 to 5 2. TETRACERA Tribe 2. DILLENIEZ#. " Herb, shrubs or trees; filaments not dilated. Herb, stemless; leaves radical : 3. ACROTREMA Trees or shrubs ; follicles dehiscing expanding; seeds conspicuously ‘arillate . : 4. WoRMIA Trees ; follicles not expanding nor dehiscing enclosed in the thickened pulpy sepals; seeds not arillate . 5. DILLENIA 4. DELIMA, L. Woody climbers. Leaves scabrid, obovate. Flowers small, white, panicled numerous. Sepals 5. Petals 2 to 5. Stamens numerous, filaments dilated upwards, anther-cells much diverging. Carpels solitary. Style subulate, ovules 2 to 3. Follicles ovoid t-seeded. Seed arillate. Species 1, tropical Asia. (1) D. sarmentosa L. DC. Prodr. i. 69; Bot. Mag. ¢. 3058; Hook, fil. FBI. 1. 31; King, lc. 362. Leaves obovate, ovate or lanceolate-entire or serrate, pilose scabrid; nerves 11 to g pairs, 2:5 to 3°5 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles -4to-5in. Flowers very numerous, fragrant, } to } in. across, in large spreading panicles. Sepals rounded, hairy on edge. Petals ovate-orbicular, white. Stamens and pistil white, the latter becom- ing red. Follicle -5 in. long, ovoid, beaked, hairy. Hab. River banks and forest edges. Common over the whole peninsula (except Singapore) from Johor, Sungei Tebrau, north to Siam. Dzystrib. India, Malaya, China. Native names: Ampelas putih; Ampelas hari betina ; Ampelas Tikus. Use: Leaves used for smoothing wood. Only the form hebecarpa, with hairy fruit occurs here. D. levis, Maingay, King, l.c. is Tetvacera borneensis, Miq. 4 II]. DILLENIACE2. [Tetracera. 2. TETRACERA, L. Climbing shrubs with scabrid leaves. Flowers in terminal or lateral panicles, moderately large, white. Sepals 4 to 6. Petals as many. Stamens many, filaments dilate upwards, anther-cells distant. Carpels 3 to 5 rarely 1, developed only. Ovules many, in 2 series. Follicles coriaceous ovate or fusiform, seeds I to 5, aril fimbriate. Species about 30, all tropical regions. Follicles ovoid 3 to 5 developed ; medium sized. Leaves lower ones at least 3 to 6 in. wide. Leaves glabrous; panicles short pubescent . . (1) T. macrophylla Leaves pubescent beneath; panicles long velvety . (2) T. grandis Leaves small up to 2 in. wide. Leaves obovate pubescent beneath; panicle short . (3) T. lucida Leaves elliptic-lanceolate glabrous; follicles °5 in. long, shining. Leaves toothed; panicles terminal 5- to 6-flowered (4) T. assa Leaves entire; panicles dense 1 to 2 in. axillary . (5) T. sylvestris Follicles small 2; panicles lax, many-flowered, flowers smaller. Leaves very stiff shining entire; panicle terminal 6 to g in. long. Nerves beneath rather prominent, transverse ner- vules inconspicuous; panicles very lax g in. long (6) T. sumatrana Nerves beneath strongly elevate, nervules invisible ; panicle lax 6 in. long ; (7) T. fagifolia Leaves thin toothed; panicles axillary and terminal 4in.longorless . . (8) T. fragrans Leaves stiff coriaceous entire, transverse nerves conspicuous. Follicles 1 or 2 long fusiform and beaked : ; . (9) T. borneensis (1) T. macrophylla Wall. Cat. 6628 (T. macrocarpa Wall. in sched.); Hook. fil. F.B.I.1. 32; King, l.c. 363. A rough climber. Leaves broadly elliptic, lower ones very large, 5 to 7 in. long, tip rounded almost truncate, base cuneate 3°5 In. wide; nerves 13 pairs, strong, glabrous, stiffly coriaceous; petioles 1-6 in. long, stout. Panicle 9 in. long, rather dense, pubes- cent. Flowers numerous, nearly 1in. across. Sepals obovate obtuse, ribbed, short pubescent, edges ciliate, inside silky. Follicles 2 to 3 ovoid beaked smooth, glabrous, hardly longer than the sepals. Hab. Edges of forests and dry woods, very common but rarely flowering. Singapore to Penang. Disitvib. Sumatra. Native names: Ampelas (Mempelas) Rimbah; A. Lidah Kuching; A. Gajah; A. Rimau. (2) T. grandis King, l.c. 362; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), p. 115, 1. 129. ‘ ik tate tree. Young branches and inflorescence velvety to- mentose. Leaves large, coriaceous, elliptic to slightly obovate, tip truncate, edges crenate or undulate towards tip, base rounded glabrous above, tomentose beneath; nerves 14 pairs; 8 to Io in. Tetracera.| II. DILLENIACEZ. 5 long, 5:5 in. wide; petioles -5 in. long. Panicle lateral or terminal, over I ft. long, velvety, flowers peduncled. Sepals 5, ovate, sub-acute, ribbed and tomentose, -5 in. long. Petals as long, nar- rower. Follicles ovoid, glabrous, with a slender curved beak. Hab. Perak, no locality (Scortechini), very rare, only once collected. If, as Scortechini says, this is a tree, it is the only one in the genus. The specimens somewhat resemble T. macyvophylla Wall., but the whole inflor- escence is velvety. (3) T. lucida Wall. Cat. 6631. T. euryandra Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 32 (not Vahl) King, l.c. 362. _ Woody climber, young parts pubescent. Leaves stiff, obovate to oblong obtuse, entire, lower ones large, 6 in. long, 2:5 in. wide, upper ones crowded, I in. long and as wide, apex truncate or rounded, base broad; nerves 5 pairs; above glabrous, beneath strigose on midrib and nerves; petioles-1 in. long, pubescent. Panicles terminal and axillary compact, few branched I to 3 in. long, pubescent. Sepals elliptic to oblong, -2 in. long, hairy on both surfaces. Petals oblong, little longer, obtuse, white. Follicles I or 2, ovoid, :2 in. long. Hab. Borders of woods. Singapore and Malacca. Common but seldom flowering. var. lanuginosa Ridl. 20 to 30 ft. long, epiphytic, leaves narrowed at the base, obovate, margins sinuate; panicles and sepals thickly red woolly. Hab. Perak, Larut below 200 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Apparently confined to the Malay Peninsula, 7. euvyandva Vahl., is a very different species from New Caledonia. (4) T. assa DC. Syst. Veg. i. 402; Hook. fil. F.BI.1i. 63; King, l.c. 362. T. trigyna Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 645. A rather slender woody climber never tall, often forming bushes in open country. Leaves ovate-lanceolate obscurely sinuate or toothed, glabrous except the nerves beneath, 2 to 5 in. long, 1 to I-5 in. wide. Panicles axillary and terminal, 1 to 2 in. long, few- flowered. Sepals glabrous within, obovate, usually tipped red. Petals obovate, pure white or flushed pink, +3 in. long. Stamens numerous long, tipped rose pink. Carpels usually 2, ovoid beaked glabrous, -5 in. long. Hab. Common over the whole peninsula in open ground, orchards and in hedgerows. Distrib. Java, Siam, Cochin-China. Native names: Ampelas; P’las payah; Mempelas Minyak. Use: The stems are twisted into ropes. T. tvigyna Roxb., collected in Penang, was erroneously referred by Hooker to T. /evis Vahl., of India and Ceylon. Types in Herb. Kew show that it was T. assa. (5) T. sylvestris Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 8. A tall woody forest climber 60 ft. long. Leaves oblong cuspidate not scabrid, entire narrowed to the blunt base, 3 to 6 in. long, 1-5 to 3 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 6 II, DILLENIACEZ. [Tetracera. 1'5 to 2 in. long, few-flowered. Sepals 4, obovate pubescent, silky inside and on edges, green. Petals -4 in. long, spathulate white. Stamens very numerous, white, short. Carpels 4, green. Follicles -5 in. long, shining glabrous, 2 or 3. Hab. In forests low country, Singapore, Garden Jungle; Changi. Malacca (Maingay); Merlimau. Negri Sembilan, Tampin. Selangor near Batu Caves. Perak, Tapa (Wray). Dzstrib. Borneo. (6) T. sumatrana Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. i. 689. A tall woody climber. Leaves coriaceous, smooth lanceolate, base cuneate, scabrid above; quite glabrous, 3 to 5 in. long, 2 in. wide; nerves 8 pairs; petioles °5 in. long, slender. Panicle lax, 6 to 8 in. long, tomentose, branches few distant. Sepals silky, hairy on the edge and in the middle on the inner side. Petals as long, orbicular. Hab. Rare in forests, Singapore, in the Garden Jungle and at Selitar. Penang on Government Hill (Curtis). Distrib. Sumatra. (7) T. fagifolia Bl. Bijdr. 4; Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 10. Strong woody climber. Leaves ovate-lanceolate entire, base round, rigid, glabrous; nerves 8 pairs, prominent beneath; 3 to 5 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles -4 in. long. Panicle terminal, lax, rather stout, 6 in. long, silky hairy. Flowers numerous, small. Sepals -1 in. long, silky on the edge and in the centre inside. Petals twice as long. Stamens short. Hab. Not common. In forests, Singapore, Garden Jungle and Selitar (Ridley). Dzstrib. Java. (8) T. fragrans Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 62. A low sarmentose shrub. Leaves elliptic or oblanceolate, edges at the tip sinuate or dentate, 3 to 6 in. long, 2 to 2-75 in. wide; nerves g to II pairs. Panicle lax, 6 to Io in. long, hairy. Flowers half an inch across, numerous, fragrant. Sepals ovate, glabrous except the ciliate margin. Petals oblong, white. Carpels 2, glabrous. Hab. North region, Perlis and Setul on open heaths. Disirib. Siam. (9) T. borneensis Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iv. 76. Delima levis, Maingay MSS. King, l.c. 362. Climber. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic acute, entire base cuneate or rounded, coriaceous, glabrous above, pubes- cent beneath, midrib strigose; nerves 8 to 9g pairs, prominent; 5 to 7°5 in. long, 2 to 2-5 in. wide; petioles -8 in. long, winged. Panicles longer than the leaves, dense, not spreading, many-flowered, 6 in. long, tomentose. Sepals rounded, silky within, edge ciliate. Petals short. Follicles I or 2, elongate, conic, acuminate with a long point -5 in. long, -12 in. through at the base, glabrous. Hab. Very rare, only collected by Maingay in Malacca, April 10, No. 1570. Distrib. Borneo. A true Tetvacerva with only one or two follicles, which are peculiar in their unusual length and form. Acrotrema.| Il. DILLENIACEA. a 3. ACROTREMA, Jack. Herbs with woody rhizomes and large, rosulate, membranous leaves with sheathing stipules. Scape short axillary. Sepals 5, hairy. Petals 5, fugacious, yellow. Stamens numerous in three bundles alternating with the carpels; filaments filiform; anthers with porous dehiscence. Pistils 3. Styles subulate recurved. Ovules 2 or more. Follicles 3, irregularly dehiscing. Seed with membranous aril, testa crustaceous, pitted. S. India, Ceylon and Malay Peninsula, ro species, 8 of which are Cinghalese. (1) A.costatum Jack, Mal. Misc. i. No. 5, p. 36; King, l.c. 363. Stem usually short to 6 in. long. Leaves obovate dentate ciliate, base narrowed sagittate, hairy, deep green often with a grey central line, or marked with red, 4:5 to 12 in. long, 2°3 to 4 in. wide, spreading flat. Scape 2-5 to 3-5 in. long, erect 8- to 10-flowered, setose reddish. Flowers opening singly, an inch across, bright yellow. Sepals ovate-lanceolate acute, hairy, setose. Hab. In dense wet forest on rotten leaves or on rocks. Common from Johor to Kedah, Lankawi islands and Kelantan. Absent from Singapore and Malacca. 4. WORMIA, Rottb. Trees or shrubs. Leaves broad, coriaceous, ovate or obovate; nerves many, parallel; petioles winged or not. Flowers large, yellow, rarely white, in terminal racemes or few-branched panicles. Sepals 5, persistent closing over the fruit after fertilization, and expanding again with the dehiscence. Petals 5, obovate, thin. Stamens indefinite in several series, outer row usually longer than the inner; anthers linear, opening by 2 pores. Carpels 5 to Io. Ovules numerous. Follicles cartilaginous, dehiscent along the inner face and widely expanded, pink or more rarely white. Seeds black with a red aril. Species about 20, tropical Asia to Australia, one in Madagascar. A. Alate. Petioles strongly winged enclosing bud. Flowers large, yellow, young parts nearly glabrous . (1) W. subsessilis Flowers large, yellow, young parts white floccose . (2) W. suffruticosa Flowers small, white : , ‘ 3 (3) W. albiflos B. Exalate. Petioles terete, not winged; mee quite glabrous. Flowers 3 to 4 in. across : , ‘ . (4) W. oblonga Flowers 2 in. across i : : . (5) W. pulchella Midrib beneath and petiole hairy (6) W. parviflora Leaves hairy beneath (7) W. tomentella (1) W. subsessilis Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. i. 618; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 315, t.9; Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. ‘Br. 54, Pp. 4- 8 II. DILLENIACEZ. [Wormia. A very large shrub 20 ft. tall, rooting by its branches and form- ing large thickets. Shoots and leaves (except for a few hairs on the midrib) glabrous. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse mucronulate, distinctly serrate, base broad, 8 to 12 in. long, 6 to 7 in. wide; petioles 14 in. long, strongly winged. Raceme of 5 or 6 flowers. Bracts lanceolate, pink, -5 in. long. Flowers 5 in. across. Sepals 5, ovate-obtuse, ciliate, outer pair red. Petals 5, obovate, Fic. 2.—Wormia subsessilis. yellow. Stamens white, outer row shorter, yellow. Carpels 7. Follicles when expanded conspicuous, rose pink, sutures white, I in. long. Seeds } in. long, black, aril scarlet. Hab. Common in swampy open country in the south, in Singapore and Johor and Pahang. Disirib. Banca and Borneo. Native names: Simpoh Gajah; Simpoh Ayer. (2) W. suffruticosa Griff. Notule iv. 706; Ic. iv. t. 6496; Ridl. l.c. 5; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 364 (in part). A shrub, straggling up to Io ft., not rooting by the branches, Wormia.] Il, DILLENIACES. 9 usually 4 to 6 ft. tall. Young parts including inflorescence floccose with white hairs. Leaves obovate, more dentate, base broader than in W. subsessilis, sparsely hairy; petioles hairy. Racemes stouter and woolly. Sepals hairy on the edge. Petals larger, more obovate, bright yellow. Stamens white. Hab. Open wet country. Singa- pore at Stagmount and Jurong. Johor, Sedenah. Common in Malacca. Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Cantley). Selangor, Rawang (Goodenough). Native names: Champurna; Simpoh Ayer. (3) W. albiflos Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 6. A large pubescent shrub. Leaves elliptic, oblong narrowed to the rounded base, tip acute, edges serrate; nerves 24 pairs; 7 to 10 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide, pubescent above, densely tomentose beneath ; petioles I to 1-5 in. long, sheathing softly pubescent. Panicles from upper axils; peduncles 3 in. long with 2 branches, pubescent. Sepals 5, obovate rounded, pubescent, -5 in. long. Petals obovate, glabrous, white, -5 in. long. Stamens numerous, subequal, glabrous. Carpels silky. Hab. Rare in wet woods at Tebing Tinggi, Johor (Ridley). (4) W. oblonga Wall. Cat. 951; Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 35. A tree about 40 ft. tall, glabrous except the sparsely tomentose young branches. Leaves oblong or elliptic acute at both ends, deep green, entire to serrate; nerves 9 to 12 pairs; 6 to 8 in. long, 3 to5 in. wide; petioles 1-5 in. long, channelled. Racemes terminal or axillary, few-flowered, tomentose. Flowers 3 to 4 in. across. Sepals ovate, tomentose. Petals obovate, clawed, light yellow. Carpels 8 to 10. Hab. Open lowland country and edges of woods. A very handsome floriferous tree. Pahang, Malacca (very common), Selangor, Perak, Prov. Wellesley and Kedah. Dzystrib. Sumatra. Native names: Simpoh Ayer; Kambai hutan; Simpoh Padi. (5) W. pulchella Jack, Mal. Misc. ii. 70; Hook. fil. F.B.I.1. 36; King, l.c. 865. A much-branched spreading tree about 4o ft. tall. Leaves obovate to obovate-oblong obtuse entire coriaceous, dark green shining, retuse, glabrous; nerves 5 to 7 pairs; 2:5 to 4 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles channelled, -75 in. long. Pedicels slender, 2 in. long. Flowers 2 in. across, solitary axillary, pale yellow. Sepals broadly ovate, glabrous. Petals ovate. Stamens short, oblong, blunt, -4 in. long, rose pink. Seeds with red aril. Hab. Damp places in open country, Singapore, Malacca, Pahang, Perak. Disiib. Sumatra and Borneo. (6) W. parviflora Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 6. A small tree. Branches pubescent. Leaves broadly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, membranous, base narrowed, tip acute, edge nearly entire; nerves 18 pairs, reticulations conspicuous, glabrous above except midrib, beneath hairy; petioles slender, -5 to I in. long, pubescent. Flowers few, small on short peduncles, -5 in. 10 Il. DILLENIACEE. [| Wormia. long, pedicels 1 in. long. Bracts linear, densely hairy. Sepals obovate, 4 in., densely hairy. Petals obovate crisped, little longer. Stamens, inner series longer, glabrous. Hab. Rare and only known from Malacca, at Merlimau and Ayer Panas, collected by Derry and Curtis. Native name: Simpoh Bukit. (7) W. tomentella Mart. Malesia, ii. 159; Ridl. Journ. Roy. as. S06. S. Br 54; ps5. A tree 40 ft. tall, stem 2 to 3 feet through, with a large crown; branches pubescent. Leaves elliptic, obtuse at both ends, entire; nerves 13 pairs; glabrous above, hairy beneath; 6 to Io in. long, 5 in. wide; petioles I to 2 in. long, pubescent, channelled. Racemes axillary, 6 in. long, pubescent. Sepals oblong obtuse, dull red, glabrous, rin. long. Petals broad spathulate, rounded, 1:5 in. long, “75 in. wide, light yellow. Stamens yellow, inner series longer, reddish, with 2 pores. Carpels 7, glabrous, red. Follicles widely expanding, white. Hab. Borders of jungle, Singapore, Bukit Timah; Garden Jungle. Johor, Tebrau Road. Distrib. Borneo. 5. DILLENIA, L. Trees or large shrubs, resembling Wormia, but the flowers are more often solitary, and the carpels more numerous. The sepals after fertilization close over the carpels, and do not spread again, becoming often pulpy. The follicles do not expand and are indehis- cent, cohering, the seeds exarillate. Species about Io, tropical Asia, Australia. Flowering with the leaves, flowers large. Flowers 6 to g in. across, white; fruit very large (1) D. indica Flowers 2 to 5 in. wide, yellow, flowering before leaves. Leaves 4 in. long, oblong, blunt, velvety beneath . (2) D. ovata Leaves 8 in. long, elliptic rounded, sparsely pubescent (3) D. aurea Leaves 18 in. long, lanceolate denticulate, Bs nerved . (4) D. grandifolia Leaves 10 to 18 in. long, "obovate- -elliptic, "many nerved (5) D. reticulata Flowers small, 1 in. across, appearing with leaves. Leaves hairy; petals yellow; small tree (6) D. meliosmeefolia Leaves glabrous; petals 0; big tree (7) D. Scortechinii (1) D. indica L. Sp, Pl. 535; Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 36; hang, l.c. 366. A tree 20 to 4o ft. tall with red bark; branches tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous above and strongly ribbed, bright green, beneath pubescent; nerves 30 to 40 pairs, conspicuous, 8 to 12 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide; petioles I to 1-5 in. long, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary, axillary, 6 to g in. across, on tomentose pedicels 2 to 3 in. long. Sepals orbicular, concave, green, fleshy. Petals white, obovate-oblong, Dillenia.] Il, DILLENIACES. EE very caducous. Inner stamens longer. Carpels 20. Stigmas lanceolate, recurved. Fruit 6 in. in diameter. Sepals much thickened. Carpels follicular mucilaginous, seeds many, small reniform, hairy. Hab. River banks, wild; often planted else- where. Singapore. Malacca. Pahang, river bank, Pulau Tawar. Perak, Temengoh. Kelantan, Lebir river. The wild form here has smaller flowers than the Indian form. Native name: Simpoh or Chimpuh. Use. The pulp of the fruit used as a hair-wash. (2) D. ovata Wall. Cat. 945; Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 36 ; King, l.c. 366. A rather straggling laxly branched tree, about 15 ft. tall; branchlets tomentose. Leaves coriaceous ovate or obovate rounded, tip rounded or emarginate, minutely toothed or entire; nerves 16 to 20 pairs, pubescent above, otherwise glabrous, beneath tomen- tose, 3-7 to 7 in. long, 2-75 to 3:5 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long, tomen- tose. Flowers solitary, 6 to 8 in. across, very showy, on tomentose peduncles 2:5 in. long. Sepals ovate, tomentose outside. Petals obovate, brilliant yellow, caducous. Hab. Rare on sandy or rather dry spots. Pahang, Tahan river. Selangor, Kwala Kubu. Perak, Temengoh. Penang (Wallich). (3) D. aurea Sm. Ex. Bot. 93 t. 92; Hook. fil. F.B.I. 1. 37; mime, 1.c. 367. D. ornata, Wail. Pl. As. Rar. 1. 21. t. 33. A low wide-branched tree, young parts silky. Leaves obovate blunt or acute crenate dentate, glabrous above except the nerves, 20 pairs, pubescent puberulous beneath, 5 to 8 in. long, 3 to 4:5 wide ; petioles 1-25 to 2 in. long, sheathing at base. Flowers solitary on shortened branches, 4 to 5 in. across, bright yellow on I in. peduncle. Sepals oblong-obtuse, pubescent when young, later glaucous. Petals obovate. Stigmas1o. Hab. North of the penin- sula on open rocky spots. Setul and Pulau Adang (Ridley). Distrib. Siam, India. (4) D. grandifolia Wall. Cat. 946; Hook. fil. F.BI. 1.38; King, Me. 308. - A low straggling tree (or fide Keith, 45 ft. tall), shoots densely silky. Leaves oblong-lanceolate-acute, serrate glabrous above except the pubescent midrib, densely softly tomentose beneath, nerves 50 pairs; 14 in. long, 6 in. wide; petioles 3 in. long, pubescent. Flowers produced before the leaves, showy, axillary solitary. Sepals oval rounded, hairy. Petals oblong, spathulate, 2-5 in. long, I in. wide at tip, bright yellow. Carpels 12, greenish yellow. Hab. Rare, north of the peninsula on dry hillsides. Kedah, near Alor Sta. “ Mons convalt. dula’’ Penang (Wallich); Malacca (Griffith). Distrib. Siam. Griffith’s specimens are leaves only, and therefore doubtful. Wallich’s locality may mean Former Convalescent Hill. (5) D. reticulata King, l.c. 367. A medium-sized or large tree. Leaves very coriaceous, obovate- 12 Il, DILLENIACEZ. [Dillenia. elliptic, base truncate cordate, above glabrous except nerves, beneath pubescent midribs and nerves very prominent, reticulations con- spicuous ; nerves 32 to 36 pairs; 10 to 18 in. long, 7 to 12 in. wide; petioles 2 to 3 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 10- to 12- flowered, pubescent outside. Petals oblong, 1-5 in. long. Carpels g, puberulous. Hab. Rare. Province Wellesley. Perak (Scorte- chini). Dzstrib. Tongka. (6) D. meliosmefolia Hook. fil. F.BJI. i. 36; Ridl. Journ. dey. As: Sac. S; B7..54. p. F- A tall slender tree. Leaves soft bright green, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, obovate-lanceolate to elliptic-acute, entire or minutely serrate base acute; nerves 14 to 18 pairs, 5 to 8 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long. Flowers axillary, solitary, 3 in. across, on peduncles 2 in. long, tomentose. Sepals 5, ovate silky. Petals 5, oblong obtuse narrowed at base 1:5 in. long, -5 in. wide, lemon yellow. Stamens outer 2 or 3 rows shorter, yellow, inner longer, white. Carpels 10, white. Fruit, sepals swollen pulpy acid yellow, not spreading. Carpels soft sweet, with 6 seeds, exarillate. Hab. Thick forests, not rare. Malacca to Pahang and Perak. Native names: Simpoh Bukit; Simpoh hutan; Simpoh jantan. Uses: The acid sepals and sweet carpels eaten by Sakai. (7) D. Scortechinii Ridl. l.c. 7. Wormia Scortechinii King, l.c. 306. W. Kunstleri King, l.c. 366. A tall tree 60 ft. high with red bark, emitting stilt-roots at the base. Leaves coriaceous obovate-oblong, undulate crenate, base narrowed, shining glabrous above except nerves, 26 to 30 pairs, pubescent minutely pubescent beneath; 4 to 6:5 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles -5 to 2 in. long. Panicles pubescent 4 in. long, of which the peduncle is 2:5 in.; pedicels -2 in. long. Flowers 1 in. across apetalous. Sepals 5, green ovate coriaceous silky puber- ulous. Stamens short and broad subequal. Carpels 3 to 5, usually 4. Fruit as in meliosmefolia but green, glabrous and less pulpy, 1 in. long. Hab. Dense forest, Singapore, Garden. Jungle. Perak (Scortechini) ; Goping (Kunstler). This plant has apparently no petals. Orper III. MAGNOLIACE. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Stipules large, deciduous, protecting the buds. Flowers large solitary white or yellow (rarely purple). Sepals and petals in whorls of 3 or more. Stamens indefinite, free; anthers introrse, long, narrow. Carpels indefinite, spirally arranged on an elongated axis, free. Ovules solitary. Fruits follicular woody rarely connate in a fleshy mass, axis much elongated. Seed, 1 in a carpel, often pendulous on a long funicle, Magnolia.| III. MAGNOLIACEZ. 13 endosperm oily, embryo minute. Chiefly in temperate regions, and in the mountains in the tropics. _ Carpels persistent on the axis, dehiscing dorsally, q woody. Carpels contiguous with stamens. Flowers terminal. Fruit cylindric, ovules 2 : : : . I. MAGNoLia Fruit ovoid, ovules 6 or more * P . 2. MANGLIETIA Carpels separate from stamens by an internode. Flowers axillary : : : ; 3 : Carpels separating from the axis, dehiscing ventrally. Flowers terminal : . F i ? . 4. TALAUMA Fruit pulpy, indehiscent carpels not separate. . 5. AROMADENDRON 1. MAGNOLIA, L. Trees or shrubs. Buds enclosed in convolute stipules connate in pairs. Flowers large, terminal white or pink. Sepals 3. Petals 6 to 12 in. long, 2 to 4 whorls. Stamens numerous in many rows, filaments flat, anthers introrse. Carpophore sessile. Carpels many on a long axis, 2-ovuled. Fruit an elongate axis with persistent adnate dorsally dehiscing follicles. Seeds pendulous with a long funicle, testa fleshy, albumen oily. Temperate and tropical E. Asia, temperate N. America, about 16 species. (1) M. Maingayi King, /.c. 369; Ann. Bot. Gard. Caic. iii. (2) 208, pl. 45B. A shrub about 6 ft. tall, occasionally a tree up to 20 ft. Young branches and inflorescence hairy. Leaves membranous oblance- olate-oblong to obovate, acuminate, base narrowed, rounded above light green glabrous, beneath glaucous; midrib villous; nerves 16 to 20 pairs, 6 to 8 in. long, 2:5 to 3 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long. Flowers solitary terminal shortly peduncled. Bud ovoid, stipules villous. Sepals 3, oblong blunt, 1-5 in. long. Petals 6, oblong, white, 2 in. long, -5 in. wide. Ovaries villous. Fruit cylindric, I°5 in. long, -6 in. through. Follicles ovoid, -35 in. long, villous. Hab. Dense forest, usually at high altitudes, but occurring at little above sea level, up to 4500 ft. Not common. Singapore: Garden Jungle, one plant, perhaps introduced. Perak : Thaiping Hills and Gunong Batu Putih at 4500 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang Hill at 3000 ft. altitude. 3. MICHELIA , 2. MANGLIETIA, Bl. Trees or shrubs of the habit of Magnolia but with ovoid fruits and carpels 6-ovuled. Sepals 3. Petals 6 or more, 2 or more seriate. Stamens very numerous; anthers linear adnate introrse. Carpophore sessile. Ovaries many in an ovoid head. Carpels per- sistent, dehiscing dorsally. Tropical Asia, species about 5. Leaves 7 in. wide; nerves deep, sunk above strongly, elevate beneath (1) M. Sebassa 14 III. MAGNOLIACEZ. [Manglietia. Leaves obovate 3 in. wide; nerves fine ‘salaaaes pro- minent . (2) M. glauca Leaves 3 in. or less long, 1 in. wide. Flowers -5 in. long . : ; : - (3) M. Scortechinii (1) M. Sebassa Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iv. 71; King, l.c. 370; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. (2), 211, is 54. A shrub. Young branches, petioles and hood of calyx villous. Leaves coriaceous oblong or oblanceolate-acute, narrowed at base, glabrous, bullate; nerves 14 to 20 pairs; 11 to 14 in. long, 4-5 to 7 in. wide; petioles I in. long, thickened at base. Flowers solitary, terminal on villous peduncles 2 to 3 in. long. Sepals and petals . about 9g, fleshy obovate to oblong clawed, nearly 2 in. long, pale yellow. Filaments very stout. Pistils about 20. Carpels oblong. Hab. Rare. Once collected at Ulu Kal in Perak by Kunstler at 1500 ft. altitude. Dvystvib. Sumatra. (2) M. glauca Bi. in Verh. Bat. Gen. ix. 149; Bl. Fl. Jav. Magnoliacee, 22 t. 6; King, l.c. 370; Ann. Bot. Gard: Calc. iii. (2), 213, pl. 56. A tall glabrous tree. Leaves coriaceous oval to obovate-oblong ~ glaucescent beneath; nerves 12 to 14 pairs; 5 to 7 in. long, 2-5 to 3 in. wide; petioles -75 to 1-5 in. long. Flowers terminal solitary, gs long on pedicels 1 to 1-5 in. long. Sepals and petals 9, greenish yellow, oblong, sub-acute. Filaments short. Pistils numer- ous. Fruit ovoid as big as a hen’s egg, glabrous. Seeds with a red fleshy aril. Hab. Rocky Hills, from 200 to 3000 ft. altitude. Perak: Thaiping Hills, at 3000 ft. altitude (Kunstler), Kedah Peak at 500 ft. at Geroon (Bell and Haniff). Penang, The Spout (Haniff). Distrib. Java, Sumatra, Celebes and Cochin-China. (3) M. Scortechinii King, /.c. 370; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. (2), 213; pl. 56. A tree. Young branches, stipules under surface of leaves pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous lanceolate narrowed to both ends, shining, reticulations distinct minute; nerves I2 pairs, 3°5 in. to 4 in. long, 1-25 in. wide; petioles -3 to ‘4 in. long. Flowers solitary, axillary on ringed peduncles, short, hood rufous, silky. Sepals and petals about 12 similar, -5 in. long, linear-lanceolate. Stamens linear. Fruit ovoid on a short carpophore, pubescent, carpels 6 to 8. Ovules solitary. Hab. Perak. No locality (Scor- techini). Noticeable for its very small leaves and flowers. 3. MICHELIA, L. Trees. Leaves as in Magnolia. Flowers axillary, solitary and terminal small. Sepals and petals narrow linear acute, all similar g to 15 in 3 or more rows. Stamens numerous. Carpophore stalked, carpels usually many. Ovules 2 or more. Follicles woody, I to many in a lax or dense spike dehiscing dorsally. Seeds 6 or Michelia.] III. MAGNOLIACER. 15 fewer, Indo-Malaya. Two species are common in gardens, M. champaca L., the Chempaka with narrow lanceolate leaves and yellow fragrant flowers, a native of India, and M. longifolia B1., the white Chempaka, Chempaka putih, with larger and broader leaves and longer white flowers, a native of Java. (1) M. montana Bil. in Verh. Bat. Gen. ix. 153; Bl. Fl. Jav. Magnoliacee, 15, t. 5; King, l.c. 371; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. (2) 218, pi. 68. A glabrous tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous obovate narrowed at both ends dark green; nerves 12 pairs, 6 to 7-5 in. long, 4 in. broad petioles +75 in. long. Flowers white, fragrant, 1-5 in. across, solitary axillary or terminal peduncle ‘5 in. long. Sepals and petals 8, oblanceolate or lanceolate-acute. Stamens 18 to 24. Pistils 3 to 4. Follicles usually 1, subglobular pyriform, woody 3 in. long, walls -5 in. thick. Seeds4or5. Hab. Mountains. Rare. Perak at Goping (Kunstler). Kedah Peak at Geroon (Bell and Haniff). Dzsivib. Himalaya and Java. , 4. TALAUMA, Juss. Trees or shrubs. Leaves and inflorescence as in Magnolia. Flowers usually large, white. Sepals 3. Petals 6 or more in 2 or more whorls. Stamens numerous in many whorls; anthers linear introrse. Carpophore sessile; ovaries indefinite 2-ovuled, spicate. Stigmas decurrent. Carpels woody separating from the axis at the ventral suture and dehiscing, so that the seeds remain attached to the axis by a cord. Species about 20, tropical Asia and S. America and West Indies. Carpels pubescent or woolly. Leaves over 4 in. wide, obovate or elliptic. Flowers 2 in. long; peduncle woolly . E . (1) T. lanigera Leaves 3 in. wide, elliptic. Flowers 1 in. long; peduncle glabrous : . (2) T. mutabilis Leaves oblong-lanceolate; peduncle glabrous . (3) T. Kunstleri Carpels glabrous. Leaves very large, stiff coriaceous. Petals 3 in. long ; : ; ; : . (4) T. Singapurensis Leaves narrow lanceolate, thin. Petals -75 in. long . ; : ; ; . (5) T. longifolia (1) T.lanigera Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 40; King, l.c. 372; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. ili. (2), 202, pl. 42. A tree about 20 ft. tall, with erect branches. Young leaves, branches and petioles, peduncles, stipule covering the bud and ovaries brown villous. Leaves coriaceous oblong-oblanceolate abruptly cuspidate base narrowed, deep green shining glabrous except midrib beneath, g to 12 in. long, 2-5 to 4 in. wide; petioles 1 to I-5 in. long. Sepals and petals white. Sepals 2 in. long, acuminate obtuse. Petals smaller. Pistil woolly. Fruit 3 to 4 in. long, 2 in. 16 III. MAGNOLIACEZ. [Talauma. through. Carpels woolly on the back. Hab. In mountain districts, Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Maingay, Griffith). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Penang Hill, Moniot’s Road, etc. (Maingay, Curtis). (2) T. mutabilis B/. Fl. Jav. Magnoliacee, 35, t. 10-11, 12, fig. B.; King, l.c. 373; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. (2), 203, pl. 44. A shrub about 6 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate- acute at each end sub-coriaceous shining light green; nerves 12 pairs, 5 to 8 in. long, 2-25 to 2-75 in. wide; petioles -75 to 1 in. long minutely muriculate. Flowers solitary, terminal; on a glabrous peduncle 1-5 in. long. Stipular bracts fuscous villous. Sepals 3, broadly ovate. Petals 6 in 2 whorls broader, obovate, concave, 1:25 in. long, -5 in. wide. Fruit ovoid 1-5 to 2 in. long, pubescent at first, then glabrous, follicles rhomboid lenticelled with recurved beaks. Hab. In hill woods. Perak, Penang on West Hill (Curtis 1022). Kedah Peak (Bell and Haniff) at 2500 ft. altitude. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago. Cultivated in Gardens, Singapore. (3) T. Ku~stleri King, l.c. 373; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. (2), 204, pl. 41B. A tree 25 to 30 ft. tall, glabrous except the peduncle and pistils. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; acuminate at both ends, shining ; nerves Io to 14 pairs ; 6 togin. long, 1-75 to 2-5 in. across; petioles -5 to I-25 in. long, slender, base thickened. Flower terminal, ovoid, on peduncles, pubescent, -85 in. long. Sepals 3, and petals 6, broadly elliptic, waxy white, fleshy. Anthers sessile -5 in. long. Carpels 6 to 8 linear, pubescent. Fruit ovoid, acute, 1-25 in. long, -75 in. through, green, follicles -75 to I in. long, beaks short, stout, sub-terminal. Hab. Mountains at from 3000 to 4oo0 ft. altitude. Perak, Larut Hills. Kedah, on Kedah Peak (Kunstler). (4) T. Singapurensis Rid/. Kew Bulletin, 1914, p. 323. A big shrub about 2o ft. tall. Leaves large, stiffly coriaceous, young ones and midrib of adults hairy, oblanceolate-acuminate ; nerves 14 to 15 pairs sub-horizontal, reticulations conspicuous on both sides, 15 to 16 in. long, 4:5 in. wide; petioles 1 to I-5 in. long. Pedicel stout, 3 to 4 in. long, brown silky-hairy. Sepals broad ovate-lanceolate silky. Petals lanceolate-acuminate, fleshy, 3 in. long, *75 in. wide at base, white. Stamens 1-5 in. long, acuminate. Ovaries glabrous. Fruit 3-2 in. long. Carpels 1-5 in. long, base broad, pustular, woody. Style convolute at tip. Seeds 2, irregu- larly elliptic or flat, smooth, pale brown. Hab. In low-lying forest swamps. Singapore, Selitar district (Ridley). This has the habit of T. gigantifolia Miq., of Sumatra and Borneo, but has longer petioles and the pistils are quite glabrous. (5) T. longifolia Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vii. 38. T. mutabilis, var. longifolia Bl. Fl. Jav. Magnoliacea, 37. Shrub Io to 12 ft. tall. Leaves thin coriaceous glabrous lanceolate long acuminate narrowed to base; nerves 7 pairs, fine, Talauma.| III. MAGNOLIACEE, 17 reticulations fine conspicuous, 6 to 8 in. long, I-7 to 2-5 in. wide; petioles -5 in. long. Bud ellipsoid beaked appressed, silky. Petals oblong, blunt, cream or pale yellow, +7 in. long, -3 in. wide. Fruit glabrous, pustular 1-5 in. long. Carpels about 6, beaked. Hab. Mountains. Kedah Peak, about 3900 ft. altitude (Robinson, Haniff). Disinib. Moulmein, Pungah, Java. 5. AROMADENDRUM, Bl. A tall tree. Leaves lanceolate, coriaceous, small. Flower soli- tary, large, terminal, white. Sepals lanceolate, narrow. Petals Fic. 3.—Aromadendrum elegans. numerous, narrow, linear. Stamens numerous, slender, half as long as the petals. Carpels connate in a short cone. Fruit obovoid, fleshy, indehiscent, carpels connate. Referred by Miquel and Bentham to Talawma, but very dis- tinct in the numerous, narrow petals, resembling those of Michelia, and the pulpy indehiscent fruit, and connate carpels. One species, native of the Malay Peninsula and Java. (1) A. elegans Bi. Bijdy. 8. Talauma elegans Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iv. 70. A lofty straight-stemmed tree about 60 to 80 ft. tall. Leaves finely reticulated dark green elliptic acuminate at each end, thinly FI.M.P., t. Cc 18 III. MAGNOLIACEA. [Avomadendrum. coriaceous, 3 to 4 in. long, r to 1-5 in. wide. Flowers 2 in. long, fragrant. Sepals lanceolate glabrous narrow acuminate. Petals linear acuminate white. Fruit 3 in. long, obovoid, apex rounded, base narrowed, fleshy smooth green outside, white inside; seeds pink. Hab. Dense forest. Probably not rare, though seldom col- lected. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca, Selandor road (Derry). Penang on Government Hill (Curtis). Distrib. Java. Native name: Chempaka hutan. OrpvEer IV. WINTERACEZE. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, often aromatic, gland-dotted exstipulate. Flowers small, pink or white in axillary fascicles. Sepals 1 (or 2) series. Petals in several series. Stamens several, anthers small, sub-globose. Carpels in 1 whorl, few. Fruits capsular. Seeds shiny, endosperm copious, embryo minute. Species about 35, Australia, Malay Isles, S. America to Florida. ILLICIUM, L. Shrubs or treelets. Leaves usually small coriaceous or mem- branous entire. Flowers bi- or uni-sexual, solitary or fascicled in the axils, or on the stem, yellow, white or rose-pink, small. Sepals 3 to 6. Petals 9, 3 or many seriate. Stamens indefinite; filaments thick; anthers introrse. Pistils indefinite in xz whorl, r-ovuled. Fruit of radiating leathery green follicles. Seeds compressed with hard shining testa. North America, China, Cambodia. Leaves thin coriaceous distinctly nerved. Stamens 9 to 13 : z : : : . (1) I. cambodianum Leaves thick coriaceous nerveless. Stamens 30 to50_ . - : : : . (2) I. evenium (1) I. cambodianum Hance, Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 240; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, i. pl. 4; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 374; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. (2), 200, fl. 38B. A large shrub, very variable. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3 or 4, dark green oblanceolate to obovate-lanceolate-acuminate, 3 to 4:5 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles under -5 in. long. Flowers axillary or in old plants fascicled on the stem, rose colour or white, I in. across or less; pedicels stout or slender. Sepals 3 or 4, ovate round edge ciliate or not. Petals 9, ovate-oblong blunt. Stamens g to 13 inasingle row. Follicles 8 to 12, radiate beaked, -4 to +5 in. long. Seeds flat ovoid, base truncate, polished brown. Hab. In woods on mountains, especially near streams from 3000 to 5000 ft. altitude. Common and variable. var. tenutfolia Ridl. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate thin almost membranous; pedicels very slender. Flowers small +5 in. Illicium.] IV. WINTERACEZ. 19 across. Sepals 3 small ones at the base, 3 to 4 upper much larger, edges ciliate. Hab. Shady spots. Pahang, Telom cascade; Gunong Tahan ; Selangor, Menuang Gasing (Kloss). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Kedah Peak (Bell and Haniff), form with white flowers in fascicles on trunk. var. crassifolia Ridl. Leaves lanceolate to obovate, thick, coriaceous. Pedicels short, fleshy, thick. Flowers larger up to I in. wide. Lowest sepals broad, as big as the upper ones, often glabrous. Hab. On more exposed spots. Malacca, Mt. Ophir; Pahang, K’luang Terbang (Barnes) ; Gunong Berembun, near Telom ; Gunong Tahan. Selangor, Bukit Kutu (flowers fascicled on stem) ; } ea: ae Fic. 4.—Illicium cambodianum. Gunong Menkuang (Robinson) ; Sempang mines, Semangkok Pass. Perak, Gunong Kerbau (Haniff); Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). This is the typical form from Cambodia. (2) I. evenium King, /.c. 374. A small glabrous tree. Leaves very coriaceous smooth; nerves invisible opposite in whorls of three, oblanceolate to obovate-oblong, tip shortly acuminate, base elongate cuneate to a short thick petiole; 3-5 to 5 in. long, 1-25 to 2 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long. Flowers unisexual globular, 2 in. across on pedicels I in. long, solitary or in few-flowered racemes. Sepals 8 or 9, round fleshy similar. Stamens 30 to 50 in several rows; filaments shorter than anthers. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). Very rare, only once collected, in male flower only. 20 V. SCHIZANDRACE. [Kadsura. OrpER V. SCHIZANDRACE. Climbers shrubby. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers axillary solitary unisexual small pink. Sepals and petals g to 15, outer sepaloid. Stamens numerous, more or less connate into a fleshy mass. Anthers short. Carpels numerous, few ovuled, in fruit crowded into a fleshy mass. Species about 27 in 2 genera, indo-Malaya, China, Japan, Southern United States. KADSURA, Kaempfer. Glabrous leaves, with entire leaves. Flowers unisexual, rose pink, white or yellow, small, axillary or from the stem on short bracteolate peduncles. Sepals and petals g to 12 imbricate in 3 rows. Male flower. Stamens 5 to 15 or more ina spiral; fila- ments very short, free, or sub-connate; anthers free or connate. Female flower, ovaries many, densely imbricate. Stigma sessile, ovules 2 to 4. Fruit a globose fleshy head of 1-seeded carpels. Seeds 1 to 2. Temperate and tropical Asia, species about 7. Stems stout smooth; leaves ovate, base cuneate. Flowers pink : e : ; : : (1) K. scandens Stems stout corky ; leaves ovate, base rounded. Flowers pink ‘ ; . 4 : : . (2) K. cauliflora Stems slender; leaves smaller lanceolate. Flowers cream colour . , ‘ ; S . (3) K. lanceolata (1) K. scandens Bi. Fl. Jav. Schizandree, 9, t. 1; King, l.c. 375; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. (2), 221, pl. 71. A big liane 30 to 4o ft. or more long, bark dark striate. Leaves coriaceous broadly ovate to ovate-oblong-acuminate, base rounded sub-decurrent ; nerves 5 pairs, dark green, 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide; petioles rin. long. Flowers axillary and from the trunk on bracteolate peduncles, rose pink, -5 in. wide. Sepals 3, triangular connate at base. Petals ovate-oblong blunt, fleshy. Stamens in males numerous short cuneate equal on an ovoid fleshy receptacle. Ovaries in females numerous. Stigmas sessile elongate. Fruit 2 to 2:5 in. through, sub-globose. Carpels sessile globose beaked less than -5 in. in diameter. Hab. Common in forests at low elevations. Singapore; Malacca (Griffith). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill (Burkill). Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler). Penang Hill (Curtis). Distrib. Malay Islands. Native names: Akar Kapala Patong; Akar Dama Daura. Use. A decoction of the roots is used for rheumatism. (2) K. cauliflora Bl. Fl. Jav. Schizandrea, ii. t. 2; King, l.c. 375; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. (2), 222, pl. 72. A big liane with pale corky bark, 80 ft. or more long and about 3 in. through. Leaves ovate rounded, tip shortly acuminate, base rounded; nerves 3 to 7 pairs; 6 to 7 in. long, 3:4 to 4:5 in. wide; petioles I to 1-5 in. long. Flowers from the trunk. Sepals and Kadsura.] V. SCHIZANDRACE. 2t petals larger and more ovate than in K. scandens, -3 in. long, obtuse. Carpels on pedicels -5 in. long. Hab. Dense forest at low altitudes. Singapore, Garden Jungle, etc., common; Perak (Scortechini). Penang Hill at 2000 ft. altitude (Curtis). Dvstrib. Java, Sumatra. The flowers look like very small pink roses. (3) K. lanceolata King, /.c. 376. Slender woody climber. Leaves thin coriaceous ovate to ovate- lanceolate-acuminate; nerves 12 pairs, faint; 3 to 4 in. long, I°5 in. wide; petioles -35 in. long. Flowers solitary, axillary globose, -25 in. through. Sepals 3, triangular. Petals 9, larger round or ovate, Fic. 5.—Kadsura scandens. cream colour. Ripe fruit -75 in. through. Carpels numerous ovoid. Hab. Perak, Thaiping Hills, 500 to rooo ft. altitude (Kunstler, Scortechini). OrpER VI. ANONACE/E. Trees rarely very large, shrubs or lianes. Leaves alternate, simple, entire. Flowers solitary or in fascicles, bisexual, rarely unisexual, seldom large, purple, green, white or yellow. Sepals 3, usually valvate, free or connate. Petals 6 hypogynous, in 2 whorls, often unequal, inner whorl occasionally absent (flowers dimerous in Disepalum). Stamens usually indefinite, crowded on the torus ; filaments short or 0; anthers oblong, the connective produced into 22 VI. ANONACEZ. an appendage. Pistils 1, or usually more, apocarpous; style very short or 0; ovules one or more. Fruit of I, usually many, sessile or stalked carpels I- or many-seeded, usually baccate, very rarely dehiscent (Anaxagorea, Xylopia). Seed large more or less flattened, testa crustaceous, usually shining. Albumen dense, ruminate, with several series of horizontal plates, embryo small. Tropics, chiefly of the Old World; genera 45, species 500 to 600, abundant in the lowland forests of the Malay region, becoming very scarce about 2000 ft. altitude. Commonly known by the Malays as Pisang-Pisang or variants of this (lit. bananas), on account of the bunch of carpels suggesting bananas. The uses of the plants of this order indigenous here are very limited. They have few medicinal properties, and the timber is usually too small to be of value, the only really big tree being Mezzettia leptopoda. Drepananthus, Xylopia, some Polyalthias, etc., are used in house- building, for rafters or poles. Cultivated here for their fruits are the Anonas of South America: A. sguamosa, Nona Srikaya; A. muricata, Durian B’landa; Sri Kaya Blanda; Nona blanda; A. reticulata, Nona Kapri, and, as a roadside or village tree for its flowers, Canangium odoratum, the Kenanga, probably native of the Philippine Islands. Its soft timber is also used for tom-toms. Artabotrys odoratissimus, a climber cultivated for its fragrant flowers, is also to be found in Chinese gardens. The Anonacee of the peninsula were described in the “ Materials” for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula, by Sir George King, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, \xi. (2), in 1892, and in the Amnals of the Botanic Gardens of Calcutta, iv., quoted Journ. As. Soc. Beng. and Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc., respectively. i. Uvaria@. Petals 2 in 2 rows, one or both rows imbricate in bud; stamens many, anther-cells concealed by a flat appendage; ovaries indefinite. Sepals imbricate; trees or shrubs. Flowers small globular, usually unisexual on the older branches or trunk; ovules 6, indefinite. Ovules many; torus conic . ‘ ‘ I. STELECHOCARPUS Ovules 6 to 8; torus flat : 2. SAGERZA Flowers large, bisexual 3 : ‘. ; 3. GRIFFITHIA Sepals valvate; climbers. Flowers small, on trunk or branches; ovules 6 to 8, F : : ‘ ; 4. CYATHOSTEMMA Flowers usually large, expanding flat on branches. Ovules many . F : 5. UVARIA Ovules I to 2; flowers rather small ; 6. UVARIELLA Flowers medium, petals not expanding ; ovules TeLOl2 : . : - : : 7. ELLIPEIA ii. UNONE#. Petals valvate in bud flat, or base only concave, inner petals similar to outer; stamens many, with overlapping appendages; ovaries indefinite, rarely few. VI. ANONACE. 23 Flowers trimerous. Petals connivent at concave base, covering stamens and ovaries. Trees; ovaries I to 3, ovules sical flowers rather large . : 8. CYATHOCALYX Trees; ovaries many; ovules 4 or “more; flowers small 9. DREPANANTHUS Climbers with hooked peduncles ; flowers rather large . : . . 10. ARTABOTRYS Petals flat; carpels indehiscent. Trees ; ovules many in 2 rows; stamen- appendages acute . II, CANANGIUM Shrubs, half climbing; ovules 6 in 1 row; petals sometimes connate and reduced to2 12. DESMos Trees; ovules 1 to 2 . 13. POLYALTHIA Climbers ; flowers solitary rather small . 14. SPHHROCORYNE Shrubs ; fruit follicular dehiscent . : 15. ANAXAGOREA Flowers dimerous ; sepals 2; petals very narrow 16, DISEPALUM iii. MITREPHOREH. Petals valvate, outer spreading; inner concave con- nivent different, arching over stamens; stamens and pistils numerous and anther appendages overlapping except Ovophea. Trees. Inner petals clawed. Inner petals connivent, not vaulted; flowers rather large . : ¢ 3 . 17. GONIOTHALAMUS Inner petals vaulted, longer than outer; stamens6 . 18. OROPHEA Inner petals vaulted, little longer than outer; stamens numerous : ‘ : . I9. MITREPHORA Inner petals not clawed. Flowers small, globose; petals sub-equal . 20. PoPoWIA Climbers; flowers long; petals narrow, inners much shorter : : : : . 21. OXYMITRA iv. XYLOPIEZ. Petals valvate thick connivent, outers long, narrow or broad, inners small but similar. Climbers; outer petals eee ane a or long, yellow, pubescent . . 22. MELODORUM Scandent; petals ovate, blunt; " ovules many . 23. RAUWENHOFFIA Trees ; outer petals narrow linear, sub-glabrous . 24. XYLOPIA v. MitiusEz#. Petals valvate, outers often very small; stamens definite loosely imbricate; ovules 1 or many; flowers usually solitary; trees or shrubs. Ovaries indefinite. Sepals and outer petals very small, inner petals large. Ovules 1 to 2; stamens numerous with broad appendages; flowers solitary. : 25. PH#ANTHUS Ovules 1 to 4; stamens often few ; appendage compressed, small; flowers usually solitary 26. MILIUSA Petals all larger than sepals saccate at base . 27. ALPHONSEA Ovaries solitary or 2; fruit large; flowers very small, clustered on boughs. Outer petals valvate, inner imbricate, petals ovate . . 28. KINGSTONIA All petals valvate, linear; gigantic trees . 29. MEZZETTIA 24 VI. ANONACEZ. [Stelechocarpus. 1. STELECHOCARPUS, BI. Trees with coriaceous leaves. Flowers unisexual, fascicled on the old wood. Sepals 3, small, elliptic to orbicular, imbricate. Petals very coriaceous, round, concave. Stamens in male indefinite ovoid. Ovaries6ormore. Stigmasessile. Carpels globose berried, 4 to 6 seeds. Torus conical. 3 to 4 species, Malayan. Leaves pellucid-punctate membranous . A , . (1) S. punctatus Leaves coriaceous not pellucid-punctate : A . (2) S. nitidus (1) S. punctatus King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. (2), 4; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iv. 4, pl. I. A tree 20 to 30 ft. tall, branchlets puberulous. Leaves mem- branous elliptic-ovate acuminate, base rounded, above glabrous except the pubescent midrib; beneath puberulous or glabrous, reti- culations distinct ; nerves 12 to 14 pairs, bold beneath; 7 to Io in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide; petioles -15 to -2 in. long, pubescent stout. Male flowers in fascicles from trunk; buds turbinate, -5 in. across; peduncles r to 1-5 in. long, stout, puberulous. Sepals very cori- aceous rounded concave pubescent outside. Petals very cori- acecus rounded glabrous; outer 3 puberulous outside; inner smaller. Anthers sessile flat connective not produced. Hab. Perak (Kunstler), not seen. S. Burahol Bl., a native of Java, is recorded from Singapore, Lobb. Lobb’s localities are always unreliable, and he probably collected the plant in Java. (2) S. nitidus King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 5; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 4, pl. 2. S. Schefferi Boerl. Ic. Bogor, 89, pl. 71. A tree 30 to 60 ft. tall; stem 6 to 8 in. through, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous dark green oblong-lanceolate shortly acuminate, | base acute; nerves deeply impressed on upper surface, bold below, inarching within the margin; 6 to g in. long, -18 to 3-25 in. wide; petioles -35 in. long. Male flowers fascicled on the trunk, pale pink tinged with black; peduncles stout, I to 1-5 in. long, scurfy, puberulous. Sepals very coriaceous shortly oblong obtuse con- nate at base, puberulous. Petals larger, outer -5 in. long, ovate rounded, very thick and hard, inner smaller. Female flowers like the males, but no stamens, very numerous silky ovaries. Carpels broad ovoid obtuse, 2:5 in. long, 1-75 in. wide, puberulous, black. Seeds 8 in 2 rows, flat, 1-25 in. long, -5 in. thick. Hab. Limestone rocks in forests up to 800 ft. altitude; Perak, Gunong Pondok (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Sumatra. 2. SAGERZA, Dalz. Trees glabrous. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers uni- or bi-sexual, fascicled on tubercles on the old wood (or solitary axillary). Sepals orbicular to ovate, imbricate. Petals 6, in 2 series, imbricate, Sagerea. | VI. ANONACEZ. 25 sub-equal, concave-orbicular. Stamens 6 to 21 imbricate in 2 or more series, broad oblong fleshy; anther-cells dorsal, oblong; connective produced. Ovaries 3 to 6; style short ; stigma capitate ; ovules 6 to 8, on ventral suture. Carpels globose, stalked. Species 6, tropical Asia. Leaves large, base round : : : - ; . (zr) S. elliptica Leaves 6 by 1:25, base narrow (2) S. lanceolata (1) S. elliptica Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 93; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 7; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 6, pl. 34. S. Hookeri Pzerre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 15. A big tree glabrous, branchlets angled. Leaves very cori- aceous large narrow oblong acute or obtuse, base rounded; nerves 14 to 16 pairs, very faint; 8 to 12 in. long, 2-25 to 3:25 In. wide; petioles -15 in. long, very thick. Flowers unisexual, solitary, axillary or below several fascicled on the large branches or trunk, white or red, small; pedicels -25 in. long. Sepals small, semi- orbicular, glabrous, edges ciliate. Petals thick ovate-orbicular concave glabrous edges ciliate, -25 in. long, inner smaller. Stamens 12 to 18, appendages quadrate. Ovaries in female 3, glabrous, ovules 8. Carpels sub-sessile globose 1 in. through. Seeds several. Hab. Rare and little known. Penang (Wallich, Maingay). Dzysirib. Burma. (2) S. lanceolata Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. Yo. Tree. Leaves thin stiff coriaceous lanceolate blunt shortly narrowed to the base, shining; nerves faint, about 8 pairs, irregu- larly inarching; 6 in. long, 1-5 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Flowers small, in tufts below the leaves. Bracts numerous, hairy, ovate, -I in. long. Pedicels -5 in. long. Sepals ovate connate at base small. Petals oblong with round tips, edge ciliate, imbricate, ‘15 in. long. Stamens 20 very short linear-oblong, glabrous. “Carpels 3, ovoid, ovules 10 in 2 rows. Fruit globose ”’ (Miquel). Hab. Pahang, Baloh Residency, Kwantan (Coll. F. G. Yeop. Comm. Foxworthy). Distrib. Borneo. Native name: Melilen. The texture of the leaves is as in S. elliptica, but they are much smaller, lanceolate and narrowed to base. 3. GRIFFITHIA, Maing. Trees or shrubs. Flowers axillary solitary or in pairs, large. Sepals broad, short, imbricate. Petals 6, imbricate ovate, inner 3 smaller and much thicker than the outer, excavated at the base. Stamens numerous, elongate, connective truncate, anther-cells linear dorsal. Ovaries numerous; ovules I or 2 basal. Style fili- form. Stigma broadly clavate. Species 3, Malay Peninsula only. Allied to Polyalthia (macrantha and its allies) in form of flowers and ovaries, but with imbricate petals and sepals. Griffithia, Wight and Arnott (Rubiacee), has long been reduced to Randia. 26 VI. ANONACE. [Griffitia. Leaves glabrous or glabrescent beneath. Flowers 2-5 to 3 in. long . : : : . (zr) G. magnolisepetala Flowers 1 in. lon : : ; , ; . (2) G. cupularis Leaves softly pubescent beneath . . . (3) G. fusca (1) G. magnolizpetala Maing. MSS. in King’s Ann. Bot. Gard.. Calc. l.c. 9, pl. 218. Polyalthia magnolieflora Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 64; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1xi. (2), 54. A tree 30 to 40 ft. tall, 10 to 15 in. through; branchlets tomen- tose. Leaves thinly coriaceous obovate-oblong shortly acuminate, base rounded, above glabrous; nerves 15 to 20 pairs, sub-horizontal prominent beneath, pubescent on both sides, transverse nervules distinct, beneath glabrescent ; 8 to 12 in. long, 2-5 to 3-5 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long, tomentose, stout. Sepals coriaceous connate to middle broad ovate acute tomentose. Petals white coriaceous, ~ oval or ovate-lanceolate acute, tomentose. Ovaries hirsute. Car- pels 1:5 in. long, short-stalked, oblong acuminate at each end. Hab. Dense rocky jungle at 1500 to 2500 ft. altitude. Malacca (Maingay) ; Perak (Kunstler). (2) G. cupularis King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 9, Pl. 2109. ; A shrub to ft. to a tree 50 ft. tall; branchlets pubescent. Leaves membranous oblong acuminate slightly narrowed to the rounded base, above glabrous except pubescent midrib, beneath midrib and 12 to 14 pairs of nerves prominent puberulous; 6 to g in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Flowers solitary or 2, silvery white or yellow on branches, about 1 in. long; pedicels tomentose with several large sheathing orbicular bracts. Sepals semi-orbicular quite obtuse tomentose outside greenish yellow, -25 in. long. Petals thick coriaceous tomentose, outers ovate broad obtuse I in. long; inners short thicker, base excavate. Ovaries 12 villous; ovules I or 2. Carpels ovoid or sub-globose, blunt, -8 in. long, tomentose, light brown to silvery; stalks -35 in. long. Seed 1. Hab. Low hilly ground in dense jungle. Perak, Thaiping Hills, dense jungle at 300 to 1500 ft. altitude, and Gunong Bubu range (Kunstler). (3) G. fusca King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 10, pl. 220. Small tree Io to 20 ft. tall; branchlets tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong to oblanceolate-acute, base rounded above, glabrous beneath, pubescent; nerves 12 to 16 pairs, oblique pro- minent, 6 to 18 in. long, 1-75 to 2-75 in. wide; petioles -2 to °3 in. long, stout. Flowers solitary extra-axillary. Sepals slightly im- bricate ovate sub-acute tomentose outside. Petals thick concave ovate-oblong cream-colour or deep yellow, outer 1 in. long, inner shorter and narrower, tomentose outside. Appendages flat. Ovaries few, villous, 1-ovuled. Carpels ovoid, densely minutely tomentose, dark mauve, I in. long, -75 in. through. Hab. Dense mixed jungle 400 to 600 ft. altitude. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Cyathostemma. | VI. ANONACEZ. 27 4. CYATHOSTEMMA. Big lianes. Flowers in di- or tri-chotomous cymes from the old wood, sub-globose, small. Sepals 3, connate, hirsute. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, sub-equal, bases fleshy, valvate, tips imbricate. Torus flat, edge convex. Stamens many short linear; anthers connec- tive oblique, incurved. Ovaries many; style cylindric glabrous ; ovules many. Carpels oblong-ovoid, many-seeded. Species about 6, Malayan. Flowers all hermaphrodite. Flowers in elongate cymes from trunk . (1) C. viridiflorum ( Flowers fascicled 10 to 14, or in axillary pairs; midrib pubescent 2) C. Wrayi Flowers 2 to 3 fascicled extra- axillary; midrib — glabrous . i ‘ : . (3) C. Hookeri Flowers dimorphous, “some female ; : i (4) C. acuminatum (1) C. viridiflorum Griff. Notule iv. 707, Ic. Pl. 4, t. 650; Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 57; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 8; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. pl. 37. A big woody liane 80 ft. or more long with black bark. Leaves coriaceous obovate-elliptic or oblong, base rounded minutely cordate, dull green glabrous; nerves 8 to I1 pairs; 6 to Io in. long, 2-5 to 4 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Cymes branched 2 to 4 in. long from the lower part of the liane, tomentose. Flowers -5 in. across, few. Sepals rounded connate for most of their length tomentose. Petals ovate sub-acute puberulous coriaceous, never expanding, base green, tips orange. Stamens cinnamon brown, appendages obliquely truncate. Ovaries numerous, pubes- cent. Carpels orange, oblong obtuse, 1-25 to 1-5 in. long, stalk as long or shorter. Seed 8 to 10, smooth, ovoid. Hab. Low country to 500 ft. altitude. Common in woods, Singapore, Garden Jungle ; Bukit Timah. Johor; Malacca (Maingay). var. Scortechiniit. C. Scortechinii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c.g. Calyx alittle less deeply cut. Fruit on shorter stalks. Hab. Perak, at Goping (Kunstler). Native name : Akar Mupisang. (2) C. Wrayi King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 9; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 12, pl. 39. A liane 20 to 60 ft. long; young branches pubescent. Leaves membranous broadly oblanceolate shortly obtusely acuminate, narrowed towards base, glabrous on both sides except the midrib ; nerves 8 to Io pairs, inarching twice within the margin ; 7 to 9 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Flowers in fascicles of Io to 14 on tubercles on the old wood, or in axillary pairs -5 in. across, waxy muddy yellow; pedicels -25 to -4 in. long, pubescent. Sepals broadly ovate spreading rufous-puberulous outside, -I in. long. Petals concave, outer whorl ovate-orbicular acute; inner smaller, blunter and more imbricate. - Stamens numerous, appen- dages truncate, 4- to 5-sided, covering the anthers. Ovaries 28 VI. ANONACE. [Cyathostemma. numerous, oblong, pubescent at base only. Carpels reddish ovoid glabrous, -4 to -6 in. long; pedicels slender as long. Seeds I or 2, ovoid or plano-convex. Hab. Hill forests, apparently locally com- mon. Selangor, Weld’s Hill (Foxworthy). Perak, Thaiping Hills; Goping (Kunstler, Scortechini, Wray). (3) C. Hookeri King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 10; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 13, pl. 40. Uvaria parviflora Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 103, Hook. fil. F.B.I. 1. 51. A liane 40 to 8o ft. long, glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves membranous broadly oblanceolate to ovate-elliptic acute or bluntly acuminate, base rounded or sub-cuneate; nerves g to Io pairs, inarching; 5:5 to 7 in. long, 2:25 to 2-75 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long. Flowers -25 in. across, in extra-axillary fascicles or cymes of 2 or 3, yellow, on puberulous pedicels -3 to -4 in. long. Sepals spreading broadly ovate sub-acute, -1 in. long. Petals concave; outer whorl little longer than sepals, narrower obovate contracted at base, puberulous outside; inner whorl narrower, thicker, oblique. Stamens numerous, appendages thick incurved. Ovaries numerous, puberulous. Carpels numerous, oblong or ovoid blunt glabrescent, «75 to 1-75 in. long, -6 to -g in. diameter ; pedicel I°5 to 2 in., stout. Seeds 6 in one row, oblong. Hab. Local, in forest up to tooo ft. altitude. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Penang, Government Hill (Phillips, Curtis). Dzstvib. Borneo. (4) C. acuminatum King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 10; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. i.c. 13, pl. 14. A liane; young branches puberulous. Leaves membranous oblanceolate-oblong cordate-acuminate, base acute, glabrous except the puberulous midrib; nerves Io to II pairs, curved; 8 to g in. long, 2:2 to 2-5 in. wide; petioles -15 in. long, tomentose. Herma- phrodite flowers in pubescent cymes, 4 to 6 in. long; pedicel as long as the branches. Bracts numerous distichous oblong. Flowers ‘4 to -5 in. across; pedicels short. Sepals triangular, obtuse. Petals as in wividiflorum. Stamens, appendages thick, incurved. Ovaries with conical stigmas. Female flowers, cymes shorter, few-flowered, I-5 in. long, pubescent. Sepals broadly triangular cordate acute, pubescent. Petals, outer whorl ovate-triangular sub-acute; inner row smaller. Stamens o. Ovaries as in hermaphrodite, but stigma larger, not conical. Hab. Very rare. Upper Perak (Wray). 5. UVARIA, L. Scandent or sarmentose shrubs, often stellately pubescent. Flowers terminal or leaf-opposed, rarely axillary, cymose or solitary, crimson, purple or yellow. Sepals 3, valvate, often connate at the base. Petals 6, lanceolate-orbicular or ovate, imbricate in 2 whorls similar, sometimes connate at the base. Stamens indefinite, appen- dage ovoid-oblong or truncate. Torus flat or depressed, pubescent. Uvaria.] VI. ANONACEZ. 29 Ovaries indefinite, linear-oblong; styles short and thick. Ovules many in 2, rarely I row. Carpels many, cylindric, smooth, few- or many-seeded. Tropical Asia and Australia, a few African, _ about IIo species. (a) Flowers ovey -5 in. wide in short sub-teryminal or lateral cymes. Anther appendage small, flat, oblique. Flowers 1 in. across, yellow; leaves beneath glabrous except nerves i : : (1) U. Larep Flowers over 1 in. long, cream; petals broad; Dubious species. Flowers axillary, very small, re- sembling those of Cyathostemma leaves beneath tomentose . ; ; j (2) U. dulcis Flowers over 1 in. long, red, petals broad; leaves glabrous, coriaceous ' : . (3) U. Lobbiana Anther appendage half as long as anthers, flat, oblique truncate. Flowers 1-5 in. across, red; leaves sub-glabrous beneath . : : Z ; : : (4) U. macrophylla Flowers 3 in. across, purple red; leaves stel- late tomentose beneath . i : é (5) U. purpurea Anther appendage slightly or not produced. Whole plant stiffly hairy ; flowers red (6) U. hirsuta Whole plant soft, tomentose : Z . (7) U. Curtisii Anther appendage broad quadrate, outer anthers staminodes; bush or climber, tomentose; flowers 1 in. long, purple . ‘ 3 . (8) U. Ridleyi (0) Flowers terminal racemes umbelled. Leaves rather small, glabrous . ; ‘ . (9) U. pauci-ovulata Leaves large, strong reticulate and tomentose beneath . 3 : : : : . (10) U. Scortechinii (c) Flowers small under +5 in. wide. Leaves small, lanceolate-acute, glabrous . (11) U. micrantha Leaves large, oblong glabrous when adult . . (12) U. excelsa Leaves 4 in. long, pubescent beneath, minutely pustular above : ‘ (13) U. astrosticta ( 14) U. sub-repanda (1) U. Larep Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 370; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 13; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 16, pl. 14. A liane 20 to 40 ft. long; young branches and petioles covered with scaly stellate hairs. Leaves membranous, elliptic or sub- ovate, short, acuminate, base rounded, glabrous except on the midrib on both faces and nerves beneath tomentose; nerves Io to 12 pairs inarching, 5 to 8 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles -2 to -3 1n. long. Peduncles half-way between the leaves -1 in. long, I- to 2- flowered. Pedicels -75 in. long. Bracts 1-2 in. long, reniform. Flowers 1:5 to I-75 in. across. Sepals small, -2 in. long, reniform connate, pubescent, reflexed. Petals oblong-lanceolate, sub-acute, 75 in. long, puberulous, pale yellow. Anthers sessile in few rows, appendages short, oblique. Pistils numerous, angled, puberulous. Carpels numerous, cylindric-oblong, pubescent, 1-25 to 1:5 in. long, ‘5 in. through. Stalks 1-25 to 1-5 in. long, tomentose. Seeds Io, 30 VI. ANONACEZ. [Uvaria. in 2 rows. Hab. Rare. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Dis- tvib. Sumatra. (2) U. dulcis Dunal, Anonacee go, t. 13; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 14; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 18, pl. 8. A big liane 80 to roo ft. long; young branches ashy-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous elliptic or oval-acute, base rounded, minutely cordate, above stellate-pubescent, 4:5 in. to 7 in. long, 2:5 to 3:5 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long, stout. Peduncles -5 in. long, lateral 1-flowered, 1 to 3 together. Bracts ovate, deciduous; buds ovoid- globose, woolly. Flowers 1-25 to 1-5 in.’across, pale yellow. Sepals broadly triangular tomentose. Petals broadly ovate sub-acute, tomentose above, pubescent beneath. Stamens numerous, appen- dages large, oblique. Ovaries numerous, tomentose. Torus de- pressed-hemispheric, tomentose. Carpels numerous, oblong-ovoid, obtuse tuberculate and stellate-tomentose; stalks I in. long. Hab. Forests. Not very common. Malacca, Selandor, etc. Perak, Goping and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Dindings, Lumut. Penang, Moniot’s road (about tooo ft. altitude). Distrib. Java. Native name: Pisang-Pisang hitam. (3) U. Lobbiana Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 100; Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 49; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 15; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 10, Pl. 9. A big liane 100 to 150 ft. long, young parts pubescent. Leaves sub-coriaceous oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute or shortly acumi- nate, base rounded sub-cordate, glabrous except midrib on both sides; nerves 13 to 16 pairs, 4 to 7 in. long, 1-5 to 2:25 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Peduncles -25 in. long, 2- to 3-flowered, ter- minal or leaf opposed, tomentose, with a large round amplexicaul bract to each flower. Flowers 1 to 1-2 in. across, red. Sepals connate into a cup, tomentose. Petals coriaceous (often 7 or 8), nearly equal, oval-obovate blunt, minutely tomentose. Anthers ‘I in. long, appendages obliquely truncate, outer row sterile. Pistils pubescent, 4-angled. Carpels numerous, globular to ovoid pubes- cent, I in. long, -5 to -75 in. wide; stalks.slender, 1-5 to 2 in. long. Seeds 4 to 10 plano-convex. Hab. In forests, not rare. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca, Pringit (Griffith, Maingay). Selangor; Perak, Goping (Kunstler), Penang Hill. Dzstvib. Sumatra. (4) U. macrophylla Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 663; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. li. ¢. 122; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 16; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 19, pl. 10. U. cordata Wall. Cat. 6486. A woody liane from Io to 60 ft. or more long, young branches and petioles tomentose. Leaves coriaceous elliptic-oblong or obovate blunt or shortly acuminate, base rounded sub-cordate, above glabrous, except midrib and nerves tomentose, beneath tomentose; nerves 11 to 18 pairs; 4:5 to Io in. long, 2:5 to 4 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Peduncles tomentose, extra-axillary or terminal, 3- to 5-flowered; bracts oval, rounded. Flowers dark . Es ee a ee eC oT" => Uvaria.] VI. ANONACEZ. arr red, 1:5 in. across. Sepals connate into a cup; edge wavy. Petals longer, sub-rotund blunt coriaceous, brown tomentose below, pubescent above. Anthers -3 in. long, appendages nearly half as long, obliquely truncate. Ovaries tomentose. Torus woody, hemi- spheric I in. across, pubescent in fruit. Carpels oblong, blunt at both ends, glabrous orange, «75 to 1:25 in. long ; stalks -5 to Lin. long. Seeds numerous, oval. Hab. Common in woods and open country all over the peninsula. Singapore, Changi. Malacca, Ching (Griffith). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunst- ler). Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Dvzsivib. Burma, Ceylon and Java. (5) U. purpurea Bl. Bijdr. 11; Bl. Fl. Jav. Anonacee 13, t. I and 7. 13 A.; Hook. fil. F.BJI. i. 47; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lc. 17; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 21, pl. 12. U. grandiflora Roxb. Pioind. 0. 665; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i: t. Tat. A climbing or sarmentose liane, never very thick, bark black, young parts stellate pubescent or tomentose. Leaves thickly membranous glabrous above, stellate-tomentose beneath, deep green shining, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic acute or acuminate, base rounded or cordate; nerves I4 to 17 pairs, 4:5 in. to IT in. long, 2:5 to 3:75 in. wide; petioles hairy, :15 to -25 in. long. Peduncles I to 1°5 extra-axillary, I- to 2-flowered. Flowers showy, 3 to 3°5 in. across. Sepals ovate-obtuse, pale green, hairy. Petals spreading flat coriaceous lanceolate or oblong-acute, I-75 in. long and -7 in. wide, nearly equal, deep madder red. Anthers -3 in. long brownish flesh colour, appendages conspicuous, oblong, irregular. Pistils numerous, tomentose. Stigmas covered with a waxy yellow gum. Torus depressed hemispheric, pubescent. Carpels numerous, oblong- cylindric obtuse minutely tomentose, orange colour, stalked, 1-5 to 2:5 in. long, -5 in. through; stalks -5 to 1 in. long. Hab. Borders of woods and roadsides, a sarmentose plant; in dense forest climb- ing high on the trees. Common often in open country. Singapore, Changi. Malacca, Ayer Panas and Ching (Griffith) ; Nyalas (Derry) ; Selandor; Pahang. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Kwala Rumpin (Wray). Ulu Bubong and Larut (Kunstler). Prov. Wel- lesley, Krian. Penang (Porter, Jack); Batu Feringhi. Singora (Annandale). Distrib. Malay Islands, S. China. Native name: Pisang-Pisang. The most showy and conspicuous in the genus. King’s variety tuberculata has rough tubercled fruit. It was collected at Goping by Kunstler. (6) U. hirsuta Jack, Mal. Misc. i. (2), 46; Bl. Fl. Jav. Anonacee, 22, t.5; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 18, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. Lc. 22, pl. 14. A tall slender liane twining by twisting its branches round supports to 80 ft., or more. Young branches, petioles and most of the other parts of the plant covered with stiff red hairs. Leaves 32 VI. ANONACEZ. [Uvaria. coriaceous elliptic to oblong-acute, base rounded or cordate, hairy on both sides; nerves 9 to 14 pairs; 4 to 7 in. long, 2-25 to 3-25 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Peduncles extra-axillary terminal, 1 to 2 in. long, I- or 2-flowered. Bracts lanceolate. Sepals ovate- acute connate hairy reflexed. Petals crimson red, rather fuga- cious, ovate acute, -5 in. long, hairy below. Anthers -15 in. long, appendages short obtuse. Pistils tomentose. Carpels numerous, cylindric blunt, 2 to 3 in. long, brownish orange, hairy; stalks 1 to I-25 in. Torus hemispheric, all hairy. Hab. In forests in the low country. Singapore, Garden Jungle, etc. Malacca. Selangor, Sungei Buluh. Dindings. Perak, Gunong Bubu 1500 to 2000 ft. altitude (Kunstler) and Ulu Bubong. Penang, The Nest (Curtis). Kelantan, Kota Bharu. Distrib. Malay Archipelago, Burma. (7) U. Curtisii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \xvi. (2), 19; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 23, pl. 24a. A large liane; young branches tomentose. Leaves oblong- lanceolate-acuminate, base rounded, above glabrous except the tomentose midrib, beneath stellate-tomentose; nerves 7 to 12 pairs, 4 to g in. long, 1-7 to 3-25 in. wide; petioles -15 to -2 in. long. Flowers solitary or in pairs axillary white; pedicels 1 to I-75 in. long, tomentose. Bract ovate. Sepals broadly ovate spreading, tomentose outside, puberulous inside, -35 in. long. Petals thinly coriaceous white, subequal ovate-oblong blunt, *5 In. long, puberulous. Stamens connective truncate; no appen- dages. Ovaries numerous, tomentose; ovules 12 in 2 rows. Hab. Rare in forests. Muar; Biawak (Curtis); Perak, on Ulu Bubong (Kunstler) ; Penang, Government Hill at 2000 ft. altitude (Curtis). (8) U. Ridleyi King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 19; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 23, pl. 24B. A bush in open country, a rather slender climber about 15 to 20 ft. long, on edges of woods ; young parts stellate-tomentose. Leaves sub-coriaceous_ elliptic-oblong-acuminate, base round, stellate hairy all over; nerves 10 to I5 pairs; 3 to 5 in. long, 1-3 to 2 in. wide ; petioles -15 in. long; stellate-tomentose. Flowers usually dull purple, 2 or 3 in extra-axillary cymes, -75 to I-2 in. across; pedicels *3 to -4 in. long. Bract large orbicular amplexicaul. Sepals orbicular connate into a 3-toothed cup stellate-tomentose outside. Petals sub-orbicular or oblong blunt sub-equal pubescent. Stamens, outer row sub-quadrate, sterile, appendages broad. Carpels ovoid or obovoid blunt pubescent pulpy and sweet, 1-2 to I°5 in. long, stalks 1 in. long. Seeds numerous in 2 rows, oval. Hab. On heathy open country a bush, on edges of woods a climber. Singa- pore, Toas; Bukit Mandai. Johor, Sungei Tebrau. Pahang, Pekan (Ridley). Setul, Batu Bunga (form with deep red flowers). The fruit is quite sweet and eatable. (9) U. pauci-ovulata Hook. fil. F.BJ.i. 51; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 20; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 25, pl. 16. * iM ' i _ Uvaria.] VI. ANONACES. 33 A lofty climbing liane, forming a large mass on tree-tops; young branches densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, stiff, narrowly elliptic to oblong obtuse or bluntly acuminate, base round or cordate, above glabrous, below pubescent; nerves Io to I4 pairs; 2-5 to 6 in. long, I-25 to 3 in. wide. Racemes terminal, umbellate, few-flowered, 1-5 to 2:5 in. long, tomentose. Bracts numerous imbricate, round or ovate tomentose. Flower 1:5 in. across: Sepals small, -3° in. long, orbicular connate half-way, tomentose outside, puberulous within. Petals much larger con- nivent ovate rounded blunt, inner 3 narrower, tomentose outside, pubescent inside. Anthers cuneate, appendages short truncate. Pistils longer stellate hairy; ovules 1 to 3. Carpels numerous, sub-globose mucronate tomentose, -35 to °5 in. through, stalk -5 to -75 in. long, slender. Seeds 1or2. Hab. In dense forests probably common, but difficult to get. Johor; Gunong Pulai. Malacca (Maingay). Penang, highlands (Curtis). (10) U. Scortechinii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 20; Ann. Bo Gard, Calc. lc. 25, p. 7. Sarmentose, flexuous shrub; young branches and petioles densely rusty-floccose. Leaves coriaceous elliptic to elliptic-round, blunt, base rounded, above glabrous except nerves, tomentose beneath ; nerves and reticulations prominent, red-hairy; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, doubly inarching within the edge, 4 to 7 in. long, 2:5 to 4 in. wide ; petioles -2 to -4 in. long. Flowers 1-5 in. across in terminal umbels of 2- to 3- or many-flowered panicles, 4 in. long; peduncles -5 to -75 in. long. Bracts numerous, ovate-orbicular, covered like the branches of inflorescence with flocculent tomentum. Sepals fleshy triangular sub-acute, lower third connate pubescent. Petals I in. long, connivent; outer 3 ovate-round, quite blunt, tomentose- pubescent on both sides, inner 3 obovate, clawed, pubescent out- side, glabrous inside except a broad pubescent band. Anthers sessile, appendages truncate, almost peltate. Pistils several with a few stellate hairs. Ovules 2 to 3. Hab. Very rare. Perak (Scortechini). (1x1) U. micrantha Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 103; Hook. fil. FBT. i. 51; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 21; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. lc. 26, pl. 18. Large liane; young branches tomentose, adult glabrous, dark with pale warts. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong-lanceolate, base rounded or slightly cuneate, glabrous except pubescent midrib ; nerves very inconspicuous 12 to I5 pairs; 2°5 to 5°5 in. long, -8 to I-4 in. wide; petioles -15 in. long. Peduncles terminal or axillary, very short, 2- to 4-flowered, tomentose. Bracts orbicular. Flowers -4 in. across, greenish yellow. Sepals round pubescent outside. Petals broadly ovate sub-obtuse minutely tomentose outside, pubescent inside. Anthers very pale rose. Carpels numer- ous, ovoid globose, round at each end stalked, glabrous, 2- to FI.M.P., 1. b 34 VI. ANONACEZ, [Uvaria. 4-seeded. Seeds plano-convex. Hab. Forests up to about 2500 ft. altitude. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Thaiping Hills at the Tea Gardens ; Lankawi islands, Terutau (Haniff) ; Penang, Telok Bahang and Balik Pulau (Curtis). (12) U. excelsa Wall. Cat. 6477; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lc. 22; Ann. Bot. Gard Calc. l.c. 30, pl. 26. Mitrephora excelsa Hook. fil. FB. 1. 79. A liane 30 to roo ft. long; young pants stellate-pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves coriaceous oblanceolate obovate-oblong to ellip- tic acuminate, base minutely cordate, above glabrous except the puberulous midrib, beneath tomentose; nerves Io pairs; 3°5 to 7°5 in. long, 1-5 to 4 in. wide; petioles -3 to -5 in. long, pubescent. Flowers white, -35 to -4 in. across, axillary or in contracted cymes, below the leaves; pedicels -2 in. long, tomentose. Bracts large close to flower. Sepals semi-orbicular acute valvate, tomentose outside. Petals imbricate only at tips thick concave pubescent on both faces, outer broadly ovate acute, little larger than the sepals, inner about as large as the sepals. Anthers numerous, appendages thick sub-quadrate pubescent. Carpels sub-globular obovoid blunt tomentose, I-I in. long, -g in. wide. Seeds 14 in 2 rows, flat, half- oval. Hab. Forests. Perak; Goping and Larut (Kunstler). Malacca; Selangor. Penang (Wallich, Curtis). Dzstvib. Cochin- China. Aberrant in the petals being imbricate at the tips only. (13) U. astrosticta Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 370; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 8; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 23; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 3A. Young branches deciduously stellate-tomentose with hairs intermixed. Leaves coriaceous oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base rounded above scaberulous, nerves sometimes pubescent, beneath tomentose, later stellate pubescent; nerves 12 to 16 pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, 1-5 to 1-8 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Peduncle extra- axillary, -3 in. long, 2- to 3-flowered, stellate-tomentose with 2 or 3 sub-rounded bracts. Flowers -6 in. across. Sepals reniform sub- acute united half-way. Petals nearly 3 times as long, broadly oval slightly obovate sub-acute pubescent. Anthers 3 outer ones barren, appendages flat, truncate. Torus hairy. Hab. Very rare. Perak (Scortechini). Dzstvib. Sumatra. (14) U. sub-repanda Wail. Cat. 6483; Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 50; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 23; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 32, pl. 117. Tree. Young parts pubescent, branches very slender. Leaves thin obovate-oblong acute, base round cordate, midrib above pubescent, otherwise glabrous; nerves Io to 14 pairs, fine elevate beneath; 5 to 7:5 in. long, 2 to 2-5 in. wide; petioles -15 to -25 in. long, scaly. Flowers axillary stellate-tomentose +5 in. across; pedicel -75 in. long. Bracts sub-orbicular. Sepals broad and short, Uvaria.| VI; ANONACEZ. 35 hairy. Petals ovate, small. Stamens narrow with erect oblong appendages. FPistils hairy slender; no style; ovules numerous in one row. Hab. Singapore (Wallich). Penang, Pulau Betong reserve (Curtis). The habit and foliage are very like that of Cyathostemma Hookeri, but the flower is tomentose. Curtis describes this as a tree; I do not think it is an Uvaria at all, but I have seen no really adult flowers nor fruit. The stellate pubescence is peculiar. 6. UVARIELLA, Ridl. Climbers with the habit and flowers of Uvaria. Flowers small extra-axillary solitary or few. Petals sub-similar. Stamens numerous with short broad appendages. Pistils hairy, 1-ovuled. Style o. Carpels oblong or ovoid; stigma terminal. Seed 1. Species 4, India, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula. (1) Uvariella leptopoda Rid/. Ellipeia leptopoda King, Journ. wis, 500. beng. |.c. 25; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. L.c. 33, pil. 29. A liane, 50 to 70 ft. long; young branches and petioles covered with ashy tomentum. Leaves coriaceous obovate-oblong blunt, or with a short blunt point, narrowed to the cordate base, above sparsely stellate-pubescent when young, glabrous except the midrib when adult, beneath softly densely tomentose; nerves Io to 12 pairs; 3°5 to 5 in. long, 2:25 to 2-5 in. wide; petioles -2 to -25 in. long. Peduncles extra-axillary, +5 in. long. Flowers 3 to 4 on short pedicels. Bracts round hooded, all with the sepals stellate-tomentose. Flower -75 in. wide. Sepals often 4, semi-orbicular, blunt, connate below. Petals three times as long as the sepals, ovate-round obtuse pubescent on both sides, dark crimson. Anthers very small, appendages flattened oblique. Carpels numerous ovoid-rounded oblique, with a lateral beak, ashy pubescent, stalks slender, 1-5 to 2°5in. long. Seed ovoid, flattened on one side. Hab. Rare. Johor at Pinerong (Cantley). Perak, Larut to 300 ft. altitude (Kunstler). 7. ELLIPEIA, Hook. and Thom. Climber. Flowers yellow in terminal racemes. Petals connivent not spreading, outer 3 much larger than inner 3, all foveolate at base. Stamens numerous, appendages large. Pistil hairy; ovule 1 ventral. Style distinct and rather large. Carpels 1-seeded, stalked ; style lateral. Species 1, Malayan. The other species referred to this genus later by, Hooker and by King are separated, E. nervosa Hook., and FE. pumila King, being Popowias, E. glabra Hook., a Polyalthia and E. leptopoda an Uvariella. (1) E. cuneifolia Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 104; Hook. fil. Heel, ¢. 1025; FB. 1. 52; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 25; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 32, pl. 29. A very lofty liane, as long as 150 ft.; young branches tomentose, 36 VI. ANONACEZ. [Eliipeia. at length glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong or obovate- oblong abruptly shortly acuminate, base rounded or sub-cordate, above glabrous light green shining, midrib and nerves tomentose, below puberulous or glabrescent ; nerves 16 to Ig pairs, conspicuous beneath; 4 to 7 in. long, 1:5 to 3 in. tomentose. Flowers +75 to I in. across, yellow in short tomentose panicles. Bracts ovate, bracteoles round; pedicels -25 to -4 in. long. Sepals small, sub- orbicular connate below, yellow tomentose. Petals connivent in a cone-shaped mass; outer 3 much larger than sepals, round pubescent on both sides; inner 3 not much larger than sepals, round pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Anthers sessile, short, appendages broad round truncate. Carpels numerous, ovoid oblique blunt yellow tomentose, stalks long. Seed ovoid. Hab. Dense forest. Common. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca (Maingay) ; Tabong (Griffith). Selangor, Semangkok Pass, 2000 to 3000 ft. altitude (Curtis). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). 8. CYATHOCALYX, Champ. Trees. Leaves glabrous, rather thin. Flowers fascicled, medium size to rather large. Sepals united at base. Petals 6, biseriate, valvate, bases concave. Stamens indefinite, truncate. Ovaries I to 6; ovules many. Stigma large. Carpels large oblong, many- seeded, pericarp thick, woody. Species about 10, Indo-Malaya. Flowers small; petals narrow lanceolate-acuminate . . (1) C. virgatus Fruit oblong : : : ; ; : - . (2) ©. Maingayi (1) C. virgatus King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 28; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 37, pl. 44. Unona virgata Bl. Bijdr. 14; Bl. Fl. Jav. Anonacee, 43, t. 19 and 258. Meiogyne virgata Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 11. 12. A tree 20 to about 60 ft. tall, nearly glabrous except the flowers. Leaves membranous, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, light green, above glabrous shining, beneath pubescent on the 8 or g pairs of nerves, 4 to 6:5 in. long, 1:25 to 2-75 in. wide; petioles -25 to -35 in. long, pubescent. Flowers in axillary sub-sessile fascicles of 2 or 3. Sepals connate at base, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, tomentose, short. Petals tomentose-silky cream colour, tinted with purplish at base, eventually widely expanded, outer -75 in. long, lanceolate long- acuminate, inner base orbicular concave long-acuminate -5 in. long. Stamens purplish, appendages short, obliquely truncate. Pistils 4 to 6, hairy. Torus conic truncate pubescent. Carpels I or 2, divergent, oblong-ovoid blunt at both ends, tomentose black, 2 to 3 in. long, I to 1-5 in. through. Seeds & to Io, elongate, sub-reniform. Hab. In woods, often by streams, usually a small tree with slender twiggy branches. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Larut (Kunstler), Penang. Dvsirib. Java. = TC Cyathocalyx.] VI. ANONACEZ. a (2) C. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 53; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 29; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 38. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall, branches puberulous, otherwise glabrous. Leaves elliptic to oblong, often caudate-acuminate, base round or cuneate; nerves 13 to 15 pairs; 5-8 in. to 8-8 in. long, 2-75 to 3°75 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long. Flowers 1 to 3, racemose axillary ; pedicels -05 to -75 in. long. Sepals ovate sub-acute puberulous -4 in. long. Petals green, with a reddish yellow spot at base, obovate shortly clawed puberulous, inner row sub-concave. Stamens, appendages flat orbicular oblique. Ovaries 3, pubescent; style lateral. Carpels brown, 1 or 2 globular, 1-75 in. through, pubescent. Seeds 10. Hab. In low country forest. Malacca (Maingay); Ayer Panas (Derry and Griffith). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Native name: Medang Tanjong. 9. DREPANANTHUS, Maing. Tall, slender, straight trees with straight projecting branches. Leaves large pubescent beneath. Flowers small yellowish white in crowded racemes on very short tubercles, on the old wood of the branches. Sepals 3. Petals 6, valvate in 2 series sub-equal, bases concave connivent, limb erect ovate or cylindric. Stamens many cuneate; anthers linear, cells lateral, appendages very small. Pistils 4to12. Stigma sub-sessile. Ovules 4 or more in 2 rows. Carpels globular. Seeds several. Species 3, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Petals and sepals sub-equal; petals ovate-oblong broad (1) D. pruniferus Petals longer than sepals, sub-cylindric narrow . . (2) D. ramuliflorus Petals linear-oblong narrow keeled. : ; . (3) D. carinatus (x) D. pruniferus Maing. in Hook. fil. F.BJI. i. 56; King, mourn. As. Soc. Beng. j.c. 38; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. t.c. 40, £65. Z A tree 40 to 50 ft. tall, with stout spreading branches, pubescent at first. Leaves coriaceous elliptic to oblong acute or obtuse, base rounded sub-cordate, above glabrous except the tomentose midrib and 14 to 16 pairs of nerves, pubescent beneath, finally glabrous, 7°5 to 14 in. long, 3 to 6:5 in. wide; petioles -5 to I-5 in. long, stout. Racemes 6- to 8-flowered; pedicels -5 to -75 in. long, tomentose. Bracts oblanceolate. Flowers -75 in. long, yellowish white. Sepals and petals sub-equal, or petals little longer, tomen- tose. Sepals ovate-oblong. Petals outer ovate-oblong broad sub- acute, constricted above the claw; inner closely connivent, much constricted above the claw, tips broad. Pistils silky. Carpels 6 to 8, sessile globose pubescent, I to 1-25 in. through. Seeds oblong, numerous, flat. Hab. Inlowland forest. Common. Singa- pore. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy), Penang Hill (Curtis). Native names ; Antoi hitam and Antoi kuning. Use; In house-building. 38 VI. ANONACE2. [Drepananthus. (2) D. ramuliflorus Maing. in F.B TI. Llc. 56; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 39; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 49, pl. 66. A tree resembling D. pruniferus, but bigger. Flowers -4 to +5 in. long, white crowded in very short fascicles on tubercles on the branches below the leaves; pedicels -3 in. long. Sepals triangular acuminate tomentose. Petals, both rows similar, claw concave connivent tomentose, limbs fleshy, narrow sub-cylindric curved, connivent or spreading, pubescent. Pistils 5, oblong. Carpels globose tomentose or oblong, -75 in. through. Seeds about 7, ovoid, plano-convex, flattened, chestnut colour, -50 in. long, +3 in. wide. Hab. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca, not rare here, about Ayer Panas and Sungei Hudang. Native name: Antoi putih. (3) D. carinatus Rid. Tree, softly hairy. Leaves sub-coriaceous ovate or oblong acute, base round, above smooth, beneath glaucescent and glabrous, “shortly thickly hairy ; nerves IO pairs, 6 in. long, 2-75 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long. Flowers solitary on branches; peduncle short thick hairy -25 in. long with a large round convolute bract. Sepals broad, almost reniform, -12 in. long, -25 in. wide, hairy. Petals oblong-linear blunt, keeled on back, pubescent constricted above the silky claw; -75 in. long, -12 in. wide. Stamens short oblong, appendages small. Ovaries 5, hairy; stigmas longer than stamens. Fruit very young, small, silky. Hab. Selangor, Sungei Buluh (Fox- worthy). Native name: Malak. 10. ARTABOTRYS, R.Br. Sarmentose or climbing shrubs, seldom very stout. Leaves coriaceous usually small, dark green shining. Flowers solitary or more often fascicled on flattened, woody, recurved peduncles by which the plant climbs. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6 in 2 series, white or yellowish rarely green or pink, bases concave, connivent: limb lanceolate or sub-terete, generally narrow. Stamens oblong or cuneate, appendages short or long; anther-cells dorsal. Pistils few or many; style oblong or columnar. Ovules 2, erect. Carpels baccate. Species 40, tropical Africa and East Asia. Easily recognized by the peculiar flattened hooked branches by which the plants climb. i. PLATYPETALA. Petals broad, flat, lanceolate. Flower under 1 in. long. Petals very fleshy, elliptic, blunt; leaves thin, Flowers 1 in. long. Leaves elliptic, coriaceous, 3 to 6 in. long : (4 8 to 14 in. long : (1) A. grandifolius Petals coriaceous lanceolate- acuminate: ‘leaves thick, 2 in. long . (2) A. Seortechinii Petals elliptic, blunt: leaves thin, lanceolate, caudate . : : : : : (3) A. pleurocarpus ) A. venustus Artabotrys. ] VI. ANONACEZ. 39 Leaves elliptic ee strong-nerved, 6 to 8 in. long : c : : Flowers over 1 in. long. Leaves oblong-elliptic coriaceous, blunt . (5) A. Wrayi ( Leaves oblong-acuminate, thinly coriaceous. ( : ; é : ( ( 5) ) A. crassifolius A. oblongus ) Flowers 2 in. long A. Lowianus 6 i 8 Flowers 1°75 in. long ; : 9) A. oxycarpus ii, ANGUSTIPETAL®. Petals narrow linear or Eline dilate at base. Petals linear flat, thick blunt, not dilate at base . (10) A. gracilis Petals cylindric dilate at base. Leaves rather thin, 3 to 6 in. long, elliptic acuminate; flowers 1 to I: 25 in. long . (11) A. Maingayi Leaves stiff oblong- lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long; flowers -4 in. long (12) A. suaveolens Dubious species. Leaves rather thin, very strongly ribbed . : ; ; (13) A. costatus (1) A. grandifolius King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. t. i. pl. 2, gE ann. Bot. Gard. Calc: Ic. 39, pl. 46. A big liane 60 to 80 ft. long, glabrous except the flowers. Leaves thinly coriaceous pellucid-punctate elliptic-oblong to obovate sub-acute; base cuneate; nerves Io to 12, inarching -25 in. from the edge; 8 to 14 in. long, 3 to 5 in. wide; petioles -4 in. long, stout. Petals very fleshy tomentose, outer 3 broadly elliptic, sub-acute, -75 in. long, -4 in. broad, inner 3 obovoid, tips incurved, shorter light brown. Carpels on a hemispheric torus, I in. across, on a stout 3 in. long peduncle, numerous elliptic-ovoid mammillate I°5 in. long, I in. through; stalk -5 in. long, pericarp hard. Seed 1, ellipsoid blunt pale wrinkled. Hab. Low country forest, rare. Perak, Goping at 500 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (2 ) A. Scortechinii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 32; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 40, pl. 48. A glabrous liane. Leaves thinly coriaceous ovate-lanceolate shortly acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 9 to II pairs inarching "I in. from the edge, 2-25 in. long, -9 to 1-3 in. wide; petioles 2 in. long. Peduncle 3- or 4-flowered; pedicels -5 in. long, puberulous. Bracts at base small ovate. Flowers -6 to -8 in. long. Sepals very coriaceous triangular acuminate connate at base, pubescent, ‘25 in. long. Petals coriaceous broadly lanceolate acuminate tomentose, inner 3 smaller. Appendages of anthers broad. Torus flat silky. Pistils glabrous. Hab. Veryrare. Perak (Scortechini), ‘Lankawi (Curtis). (3) A. pleurocarpus Maingay in Hook. fil. F.BdI. 1. 54; ge Journ. As. Soc. Beng. i.c. 32; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 41, pl. 4 x liane, glabrous except the flowers. Leaves coriaceous oblance- olate- -oblong, tip abruptly shortly acuminate, base narrowed, shining and reticulate; nerves 10 pairs; 4 to 6:5 in. long, I-5 to 2-25 in. wide ; petioles ‘15 in. long. Peduncles flat stout much hooked densely pubescent. Flowers 1-5 in. long. Sepals broad ovate 40 VI. ANONACE#. (Artabotrys. blunt. Petals sub-equal flat elliptic-oblong blunt pubescent, outer row I to 1-35 in. long; inner smaller. Pistils many. Carpels broadly elliptic, mammillate narrowed to a short, stout stalk, -75, in. long. Seeds 2. Hab. Forests. Rare. Malacca (Maingay). Perak (Scortechini). (4) A. venustus King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 32; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 41, pl. 50. A big liane 30 to 8o ft. long; young parts at first puberulous. Leaves coriaceous glabrous shining elliptic to elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, base rounded; nerves 7 to Io pairs inarching "I to -2 in. from edge; 3-5 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to -25 in. long. Peduncles extra-axillary, rather slender in flower, thicker in fruit, tomentose, with 3 or 4 flowers; -75 in. to I in. long; pedicels slender, -5 to -r in. long. Sepals broadly triangular sub-acute green with red hair outside, glabrous inside, ‘I5 in. long. Petals tomentose outside, outer 3 ovate-lanceolate, sub-acute, inner 3 shorter, narrower, all pale yellow. Anthers short, appendages orbicular flat green. Pistils 10, oblong green. Carpels about 6, obovoid narrow at the base sessile, 2 in. long, green ribbed. Seeds 2, plano-convex, flesh colour, about 1 in. long and -6 in. wide. Hab. In hill forests. Perak; Thaiping Hills at 1000 ft. to 1500 ft. altitude ; Goping (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Siam. (5) A. Wrayi King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 37; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 48, pl. 64. A big climber ; young branches rufous-tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous large oblong-elliptic or elliptic shortly acuminate, base rounded, boldly reticulate, sub-bullate beneath, softly pubescent ; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, inarching within the edges; 8 to 12 in., 2-75 to 5 in. wide; petioles -35 in. long, stout tomentose to glabres- cent. Peduncles short, sometimes straight when young and curving in fruit, glabrous, pedicels ‘x in. long, tomentose. Flowers I in. long. Sepals broadly ovate acuminate, -5 in. long, silky, tomentose outside, glabrous within. Petals sub-equal, ovate-oblong sub- acute contracted above the claw, silky except inside of the claw. Pistils numerous. Carpels obovoid tapering to base, tip mucronate, sessile densely tomentose, nearly 1 in. long. Hab. Low country; Singapore, Garden Jungle and roadsides near Tanglin. Perak, Waterfall, Thaiping. Remarkable for its large leaves. (6) A. crassifolius Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 54; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 33; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 42, pl. 51. A big climber; young branches rusty-tomentose. Leaves very coriaceous elliptic to oblong blunt or shortly mucronate, base acute or rounded, above glabrous, beneath pubescent, becoming glabrous; nerves g to Io pairs, 6 to 6:5 in. long, 1-75 to 2-75 in. wide; petioles -3 to -4 in. long, stout. Peduncles stout flat much a Artabotrys. | VI. ANONACEZ. 4I hooked; pedicels -3 to -4 in. long, tomentose thick. Bracts ovate. Flowers 1:25 in. long, yellow. Sepals ovate-lanceolate blunt pubescent on both sides. Petals coriaceous oblong-lance- olate densely tomentose on both sides, outer three larger. Carpels 8 sessile on a sub-globose torus on a very stout peduncle, ovoid or obovoid glabrous 1:25 to 1-65 in. long, -75 to I-15 in. through. Seeds 2 oblong compressed -g in. long and 6 in. wide. Hab. Not very rare in dense forest. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Burma. (7) A. oblongus King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 33; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 42 A glabrous climber 50 to 70 ft. long, young branches and inflores- cence only pubescent. Leaves coriaceous oblong acuminate, base acute; nerves Io to I2 pairs, inarching twice or thrice within the edge; 6-5 to g in. long, 2:5 to 3 in. wide; petioles -4 in. long. Peduncles stout, pubescent with 3 or 4 pedicels, I in. long. Flowers I-35 in. long, light yellow. Sepals triangular acute red-pilose on both sides, :25 in. long. Petals base saccate, blade lanceolate sub-acute, tomentose on both surfaces, claw partly glabrous, partly white-haired. Anther-appendages flattened, oblong. Ovaries few, glabrous. Hab. Lowland forest. Rare. Perak, Larut Hills at 500 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (8) A. Lowianus King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 34; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. p. 43, pl. 54. A stout climber, glabrous except the flower. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 8 to Io pairs, inarching -2 in. within the margin; 3-5 to 6 in. long, 1:25 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Peduncles extra-axillary, 2- to 3-flowered; pedicels -5 to -75 in. long, all glabrous. Sepals triangular acute glabrous, -25 in. long. Petals puberulous elliptic-lanceolate obtuse, 3 outers 1°75 in. long, inners smaller. Appendages of anthers rounded. Pistils many, glabrous. Carpels sessile, ovoid. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). Very rare. (9) A. oxycarpus King lie as Ms..o0c. Beng. 1c..34; Ann: Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 44, pl. 5 A stout climber 60 to Pe ft. long, glabrous except the flower. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, base cuneate; nerves 6 to 8 pairs; -3 to *5 in. long, 1:25 to 1-5 in. wide. Peduncles -75 in. long, glabrous ; pedicels 2-75 in. long. Flowers green, turning yellow 1:5 to 1-75 in. long. Sepals small broadly ovate acute, -2 in. long. Petals much longer lanceolate obtuse pubescent, inner 3 smaller. .Torus small silky. Pistils glabrous. Carpels numerous sessile glabrous nar- rowly elliptic tapering to both ends, tip caudate, I to 1-2 in. long, ‘4 in. through. Seeds 2, plano-convex, :25 in. long. Hab. Not common in forests. Perak, Larut Hills, 500 to rooo ft. altitude (Kunstler). Kelantan, Chaning Woods (Ridley). 42 VI. ANONACEZ. [Artabotrys. (10) A. gracilis King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 35; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 46, pl. 60. A slender climber 60 to 80 ft. long, glabrous except the petals. Leaves thinly coriaceous ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base cuneate ; nerves 7 to 8 pairs inarching within the edge; 2-5 to 3 in. long, I to 1-75 in. wide; petioles -15 to -2 in. long. Peduncles much hooked, 4- to 6-flowered; pedicels -35 in. long. Flower -3 to +4 in. long. Sepals very coriaceous, semi-orbicular, concave. Petals sub- equal curved tomentose, outer 3 flattened linear thick, inners obtusely 3-angled base swollen, smaller. Appendages of anthers broad. Pistils 3 to 4, oblong; stigmas large. Torus villous. Car- pels 3 to 4 sessile yellow obovoid glabrous, -8 in. long, +7 in. through. Seeds 2 compressed-ovoid. Hab. Lowland forests. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Selangor near Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Thaiping and Ulu Selama (Kunstler). (11) A. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 55; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 35; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 45, pl. 58. A climber 40 to 80 ft. long, glabrous except the flowers. Leaves thinly coriaceous deep shining green elliptic acuminate at both ends; nerves 7 to g pairs; 3°5 to 6 in. long, 1-35 to 2 in. wide; petioles -25 to-5 in. long. Peduncles flat curved glabrous. Flowers yellowish white, 1 in. long fascicled; pedicels -5 to 1-5 in. long, pubescent. Sepals small, obtuse, -2 in. long. Petals, outer linear- oblong obtuse, the saccate base small, I to 1-25 in. long, -25 to -35 in. broad, inner smaller and narrower. Pistils 3 to 4 ovoid. Carpels sessile elliptic-globose mammillate glabrous yellow, 2-5 in. long, 1:5 in. through. Seeds 2, plano-convex, testa stony. Hab. Common in the south in woods, but seldom flowering. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Malacca (Maingay). (12) A. suaveolens Blume, Fl. Jav. Anonacee, 62, t. 30, 31D; Hook. fil. F.BI.i. 55; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 36; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 46, pl. 61. A tall climber 50 ft. or more long; stem black, usually glabrous except the petals, occasionally puberulous on the underside of the leaves and peduncles. Leaves thinly coriaceous dark shining green oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate-acute shortly acuminate, base acute, 3°5 in. long; petioles short. Peduncles thin hooked at first, thickening strongly as they age, glabrous or puberulous, with 5 to 15 flowers on pedicels, -3 to -45 in. long. Flowers -4 in. long, white creamy, tomentose. Sepals ovateacute,-Iin.long. Petals dilate at base, limb cylindric or clubbed erect, tips incurved. Anthers brown, appendages ‘broad oblique. Carpels few, ellipsoid, obtuse, base narrowed, glabrous, -4 to -5 in. long, -25 in. through. Seed 1, ellipsoid, testa granular. Hab. The commonest species, very flori- ferous in October in forests. Singapore (abundant) to Penang. Disirib. Chittagong, Mergui, Burma, Malay islands. Native name: Akar Chenana. Artabotrys. ] VI. ANONACEZ. 43 (13) A. costatus King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 37; Ann. Bot. Gard. Caic. |.c. 47; pl. 63. A climber 15 to 80 ft. long; young branches pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate shortly acuminate, base cuneate above, glabrous shining, midrib tomentose, beneath puberulous when young; nerves 12 to 14 pairs, boldly inarching *3 in. from the edge with an outer series of arches; 7 to g in. long, 2°5 to 3-25 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Peduncles rather small hooked. Carpels 2 to 5, sessile, ellipsoid, glabrous. Seeds 2. Hab. Forests in the lowlands. Singapore, Mandai. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tampin. Ferak, Goping; Gunong Keledang and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). 41. CANANGIUM, Baill. Tall trees with large membranous leaves. Flowers large or small, solitary or fascicled in short axillary cymes. Sepals 3, ovate- valvate. Petals 6, thin sub-equal green or yellow long flat, valvate. Stamens linear; anther-cells approximate extrorse; ap- pendages lanceolate acute. Pistils many; stigmas sub-capitate ; ovules numerous in 2 rows. Carpels many juicy stalked. Seeds many, testa black, crustaceous pitted, sending spinous processes into the albumen. Species 3, Burma to New Guinea and Philippines. Leaves glabrous; flowers over 2 in. long Leaves glabrescent; flowers 1 in. long : : : Leaves ovate to orbicular, woolly beneath deciduous; flowers large ; : : é : : Dubious, glabrous; flowers 1 in. long; petals blunt . 1) C. odoratum 2) C. Scortechinii ( ( (3) C. latifolium (4) C. monosperma (x) C. odoratum Baill. Hist. des Planies, i. 213. The well-known Kenanga of the Malays, is not wild in the peninsula, only occurring in gardens and orchards, where planted. It is readily known by its large flaccid fragrant flowers, at first green, gradually becoming yellow, and its dark green, eventually black, pulpy fruit with the black-pitted seed. Rumphius’ genus Cananga was pre-Linnean and thus is not retained, as Aublet unfortunately transferred this suitable name to a South American plant of a different genus. (2) C. Scortechinii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 42; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 51, pl. 68. A tall tree 30 to 40 ft. high, with puberulous branchlets becom- ing soon glabrous and dark coloured. Leaves membranous ovate base broad rounded, apex acuminate, at first pubescent, later glabrescent, gland-dotted ; midrib and nerves 6 to 7 pairs appressed- pubescent ; 2-5 to 6 in. long, 1-5 to 3 in. wide. Cymes short, few- flowered. Flowers 1 to 1-25 in. long; pedicels under 1 in. long pubescent; bracteoles median ovate -25 in. long. Sepals ovate 44 VI. ANONACEZ. [Canangium. sub-acute pubescent, +35 in. long. Petals sub-equal linear-obtuse, claw short thickened pubescent. Stamens with bulbous appendages tapering to a point. Pistils numerous, oblong, glabrous except the base. Ovules 6 to 8. Hab. Rare in forests. Malacca, at Sungei Hudang (Derry). Perak, Kwala Dipang (Scortechini). Native name: Kasidang. (3) C. latifolium Pierre, MS.; C. Brandesanum, Safford Bull. Fore. Club, xxxix. 506. Unona latifolia Hook. fl. &.Bd eee King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 58, fl. 78. U. Brandisianum Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 19. Tree 30 to 50 ft. tall; branchlets grey tomentose; leafless when in flower. Leaves membranous ovate to orbicular blunt, base round, glabrescent above, grey, tomentose beneath; nerves 7 to 9 pairs, 2°to 5 in. long, 1-65 to 3:5 in. wide; petioles -4 in. long. Flowers 1 to 2, extra-axillary; peduncle -5 to 1 in. long, with a lanceolate bract. Sepals oblong ovate acute connate at base. Petals oblong-lanceolate, inner row shorter, green tomentose. Stamens few; appendages ovate acute erect. Styles elongate. Carpels 20, oblong, -5 in. long ; stalks thick, -4in. long. Seeds3. Hab. In dry places in the north in open country. Lankawi isles (Curtis). Perlis at Kanga. Distrib. Burma and Cambodia. Pierre named this after Sir Dietrich Brandis. Safford, unfortunately, in putting it into the genus Canangium, altered Brandisianum into the meaning- less Brandesanum. (4) Cananga ? monosperma Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 57. Large tree with thick stem, half-way up the hill and about 5 ft. tall and as thick as the thumb at the top, glabrous, bark pale. Leaves thinly coriaceous broadly elliptic shortly bluntly acumi- nate, base cuneate oblique, glabrous; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, very slender and faint, midrib channelled and elevate beneath; 3-5 to 4°5 in. long, 1 to 3 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long, thick. Flowers solitary axillary on short -2 in. long peduncles. Sepals small ovate obtuse connate at base. Petals, outer valvate coriaceous broad ovate pubescent narrowed at base -4 in. long; inner rather nar- rower, more oblong. Anthers short broad cuneate, cells dorsal, appendages broad truncate. Style o. Ovules numerous in 2 rows. Disc hairy. Fruit fusiform 1-seeded, -25 in. long, pedicel very short. Hab. Penang Hill (Maingay). I have failed to find this plant on Penang Hill, nor has any other collector met with it. I hardly think it can be a Cananga, perhaps nearer Cyathocalyx. 12. DESMOS, Lour. Unona Hook. fil. and King, not of Linné. Shrubs, erect or scandent. Flowers solitary axillary or leaf- opposed, pedicelled. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6 or 3, sometimes 2, valvate, Stamens many cuneate; appendages globose or truncate, ee ii i Mc Desmos.] VI. ANONACEE. 45 ovaries many. Style ovoid or oblong, ovules 2 to 8 in I row. Carpels many, long and constrict between seeds. Seeds 2 to 6. Species 20, tropical Asia. i. EupEsmos. Petals 6 in 2 rows. Flower axillary; leaves glabrous : ‘ . (x) D. Dunalii Flower opposite leaf; leaves glabrous. Pedicel 4 to 6 in. long; leaves hardly glaucous beneath : (2) D. Cochinchinensis Pedicel 1 to 2 in. long. Leaves quite glaucous beneath . ; . (3) D. chinensis Leaves hairy, tomentose. : : . (4) D. dumosa ii. DASYMASCHALON. Petals 3 or 2, long and often connate. Flowers broad 3 in. long; carpels many-seeded ; pedicels short : , : 2 : Flowers narrow, 6 in. long; pedicels very long; carpels 1-seeded . : - é : (5) D. dasymaschala (6) D. filipes (1) D. Dunalii Safford, Bull. Torr. Club, xxxix. 506. Unona Dunalii Wall. Cat. 6425; Hook. fil. F.B.I.1.58; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1xi. (2), 43; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 54, pl. 71. A climber 60 to too ft. long. Leaves thickly membranous elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate, base rounded above, glabrous beneath and slightly glaucous, with occasionally a few hairs on the midrib; nerves Io to 12 pairs; 3 to 4 in. long, 1-2 to 1-75 in. wide; petioles -2in long. Flowers axillary solitary, 1-25 to 1-4 in. long on pedicels -35 to -5 in. long, slender pubescent, a minute bract in the middle. Sepals broadly ovate acute puberulous, -25 to -3 in. long. Petals narrowly oblong-lanceolate, sub-acute pube- rulous or glabrous yellow, 1 to 1-25 in. long, inner ones smaller. Carpels numerous, glabrous, 1-25 to 1-75 in. long, constricted between the 3 to 5 ovoid joints, yellow turning black, on stalks tin. long. Hab. Dense jungle and tops of limestone hills. Malacca (Griffith). Penang (Wallich and Curtis), Muka Head. Perak, Trong; Goping and Kol, 500 to 1800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Disinb. Chittagong. (2) D. Cochinchinensis Loureiro, Fl. Cochinchine, 1. 352. Unona Desmos Dunal. Anonacee 112, Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 59; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 44; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 55, pl. 73. . A slender climber 20 to 30 ft. long, or an erect shrub. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong-acute or acuminate, base rounded, glabrous beneath pale; nerves 12 to 14 pairs; 4:8 to 8-8 in. long, 1-65 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles -35 in.long. Flowers solitary extra-axillary I-35 to 1-75 in. long, green to dark yellow on a slender peduncle -4 to -6 in. long. Sepals ovate acuminate pubescent, +3 in. long. Petals ovate-lanceolate pubescent; the outer ones 2 in. long, -85 in. wide, inner ones smaller. Carpels numerous, 5 to -75 in. long, glabrous constrict between 2 to 5 oval joints, stalked. Hab. Open places and thickets. Malacca, Brisu (Derry). Pahang, Kwala 46 VI. ANONACE. [Desmos. Semantan. Selangor. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich) ; Telok Bahang (Curtis). Jalor (Gwynne Vaughan). Kedah, Alor Sta. Kelantan, Kampong Kota (Gimlette). Dzstvib. Assam, Assam, Cochin-China. Native names: Akar Sugi-Sugi; Larak Salai. Use: A decoction of roots for fever. (3).D. chinensis Loureiro, Fl. Cochinchine, i. 352. Unona discolor Vahl, Symb. ii. 63, t. 36; Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 59; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 44; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. Le. 56, pl. 74. A shrub or climber 40 to 80 ft. long. Leaves membranous oblong to oblanceolate acute, base rounded, above glabrous, beneath glaucous glabrous or pubescent; nerves 8 to Io pairs; 3 to 7°5 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Flowers solitary extra- axillary, 2 to 2°5 in. long, at first green becoming yellow; peduncle I to 2 in. long, slender pubescent. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, nearly glabrous, -4 to -6 in. long. Petals narrow lanceolate, glabrous or silky. Pistils oblong, hairy. Carpels numerous, -75 to 1-5 in. long, glabrous or pubescent, constricted between the 2 to 5 oval joints; stalks -25 in. long. Hab. Open country and borders of woods and thickets. Common up to r8o0o ft. altitude. Singapore, Reservoir woods; Garden Jungle. Malacca, Bukit China Road (Maingay) ; Ayer Panas (Goodenough). Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Perak, Waterloo (Curtis) ; Kwala Dipang (Curtis) ; Batang Padang (Kunst- ler). Kedah. Lankawi, Tasek Enak (Haniff). Jalor, Biserat (Gwynne Vaughan). Distrib. East Himalaya, Burma, Malay isles, China. Native names: Kenanga hutan; Akar Darah; A. Mariam; A. Singa; Poko Sikenchong. Use. A decoction used for dysentery. (4) D. dumosa Safford l.c. 506. Unona dumosa Roxb. Fl. Ind. H670; Hook. fi, £:B1>17 13x. A large climber; young branches tomentose. Leaves mem- branous broadly-ovate to oblong-ovate or oblanceolate-oblong blunt or sub-acute, base rounded, when young purplish tomentose on both sides, when adult glabrescent, except midrib; nerves Io to 12 pairs; 2 to 5:25 in. long, 1:25 to 2:5 in. wide; petioles -15 to 3 in. long. Flowers solitary, leaf-opposed or extra-axillary, 2 to 25 in. long, greenish yellow, on pedicels -5 to -75 in. long, tomentose. Bracts near the base ovate. Sepals cordate or ovate acute tomentose -4 in. long. Petals obovate-spathulate to broadly ovate-lanceolate acuminate at both ends, densely pubescent at first. Carpels numer- ous glabrous, -75 to 14 in. long, constricted between the 2 to 3 ovoid joints, yellow turning dark purple. Hab. Not rare in open country and thickets. Singapore in Tanglin. Malacca; Perak at Thaiping and Relau Tujor (Wray); Goping (Kunstler) ; Dindings, Lumut; Kelantan, Chaning Woods. Distrib. Assam. Native names : Akar Pisang-Pisang Padi; Akar Kinching Juhu. (5) D. dasymaschala Safford l.c. 507. Unona dasymaschala Desmos}| VI. ANONACES. 47 Bl. Fl. Jav. Anonacee 55, t. 27; Hook. fil. F.BI.i.61; King, Journ. fsesoc. Beng. ).c. 47; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 50, pl. 81. A shrub or treelet, about 12 ft. tall, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong or elliptic-oblong acute or acumi- nate, base round or narrow, above glabrous dull green, beneath glaucous, midrib pubescent velvety; nerves, 10 to 12 pairs, 4°5 to 6 in. long, 1-5 to 3 in. wide; petioles -1 in. long, pubescent or brown velvety. Flowers axillary solitary pendent; pedicels -75 to 1-75 in. long. Sepals short broadly triangular, -15 in. long, pubescent. Petals 3, light orange cream colour ovate acute to lanceolate-acuminate, often twisted and usually connate for the greater part of their length, usually glabrous, 3 in. long, -4 to -5 in. wide. Anthers oblong, tips cuneate, white tipped with pink. Pistils densely villous. Carpels numerous, moniliform, joints 5 or 6 oval, -35 in. long, pubescent or glabrous. Hab. Woods and thickets; the commonest species, variable in amount of pubescence and size of flowers. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Timah; Jurong. Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, Sungei Buluh (Foxworthy). Perak, Thaiping (Wray) ; Goping (Kunstler). Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis). Province Wellesley, Bukit Juru (Curtis). Penang, Pulau Adang. Kedah. Kelantan. var. Wallichit Hook. fil. Branches tomentose. Johor, Tanjong Bunga; Perak, Goping (Kunstler), B’landa Mabok (Wray) ; Province Wellesley, Bukit Juru (Curtis). Dzstvib. Burma, Siam, Java, Sumatra. Native names: Jari Ayam; Kenanga Paya; Chenang hutan; Larut Api; Chin Ching. (6) D. filipes Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 6. Unona filipes Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xli. 287. U. longiflora King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. pl. 80 (flowering spray only), not of Roxburgh. A tree 10 to 20 ft. tall; bark black. Leaves elliptic acute, base round, thin coriaceous glaucous beneath, 9 to Io in. long, 4 in. wide ; nerves 15 pairs; petioles -5 in. long. Flowers solitary axillary brown or crimson on filiform pedicels 23 in. long. Sepals deltoid- ovate ‘1 in. long. Petals elongate linear-acuminate base wider, tips twisted, 6 in. long -5 in. wide at base. Stamens triangular ovate. Pistils flask-shaped, densely hairy. Carpels numerous, about 20, not moniliform, ellipsoid 1-seeded, -6 in. long, -4 in. through on stalks, +5 to 1-5 in. long. Hab. Forests; usually 2500 ft. to 3000 ft. altitude, but sometimes in the low country. Selangor, Menuang Gasing (Kloss). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler, Wray). Kelantan, Kota Bharu. King confused this very distinct plant with the Indian U. longiflora Roxb., and took his descriptions in the Materials and Annals of Calcutta Gardens, mainly from Indian specimens. 48 VI. ANONACEZ. [ Polyalthia. 13. POLYALTHIA, Blume. Trees or occasionally shrubs. Leaves usually coriaceous. Sepals 3, valvate or sub-imbricate. Petals 6 in. 2 series, ovate to linear, flat, or the inner ones slightly vaulted. Torus convex. Stamens cuneate; anther-cells extrorse. Pistils indefinite; ovules I to 5, basal and erect, or sub-basal and ascending. Carpels 1-seeded, drupaceous. Species 50, tropical Asia, a few in Africa and Australasia. (a) Flowers on tubercles on the stem. Petals narrow lanceolate to linear. Flowers solitary, 3 in. long, glabrous; fruit 1-5 in. long)... : : ; ; : . (1) BP. Wrayi Flowers several, 2 in. long, pubescent; fruit 1 in. jong ©. (2) P. desmantha Flowers, petals very narrow, linear, ‘crowded on trunk; fruit red, tomentose . . (3) P. stenopetala (b) Flowevs mostly on branches (some also on atari tubercles). Petals narrow lanceolate about 2 in. long. Leaves thin not glaucous. Trees nearly ey Flowers flesh colour or brown (4) P. Beccarii Flowers yellow or orange; pedicels I- 50 in. long : . (5) P. cauliflora Pedicels - +5 in. long ; flowers smaller. (6) P. pyenantha Branches and fruit large, short pedicelled red, hairy (7) P. cinnamomea Leaves stiff, rigid glaucous beneath. (8) P. sumatrana Dwarf shrub, leaves broad . (9) P. pumila Petals very narrow, linear, about 2: 50 in. |. long, not spreading a (10) P. angustissima Petals very narrow, linear, about 5 in. long, spreading . (11) P. asteriella Petals very small, under *5 in. long, lanceolate ; ) leaves glaucous : : Be Ge Flowers very small, hardly -5 in. w ide. Leaves narrow linear acuminate; fruit and flowers glabrous (13) Leaves lanceolate, narrow ; fruit glabrous (14) Leaves lanceolate- acuminate; petals lance- olate, hairy . : 2 | (15), P. hina (16) ( ( P. hypoleuca P. dumosa P, parviflora Leaves lanceolate; petals oblong ovate. Petals hairy ; fruit hairy Leaves oblong-lanceolate, shortly narrowed at [BRISA SF : Leaves oblong, base minutely cordate (c) Flowers 1 in. long in clusters on the branches ; branches hairy. P. montana 17) P. Kunstleri 18) P. obliqua Leaves bullate, 12 to14in. long; shrub. (19) P. bullata Leaves lanceolate 6 in. long, not bullate, hairy beneath : Z : . (20) P. velutinosa (d) Flowers rather oy quite large, on ae Tee Petals broad, thin-textured, on the boughs. Flowers 4 in, across (adult) ; leaves when young hairy . A . : A : . (21) P. Scortechinii eS ee ee Polyalthia.) VI. ANONACEA. 49 Flowers nearly 3 in. wide (adult); leaves all glabrous : A : ; (22) P. canangioides Petals broad and blunt, oblong, coriaceous. Flowers solitary, terminal over 2 in. long. (23) P. pulchra Flowers solitary extra-axillary, 1 in. long, pubescent . : ; : ar (24) P. oblonga Flowers solitary extra-axillary, golden hairy (25) P. chrysotricha Flowers solitary axillary, 2 in. long; sepals and petals very broad and thick . (26) P. macrantha (ec) Flowers on boughs in fascicles. Leaves thin coriaceous; midrib above velvety (27) P. Hookeriana Leaves stiff coriaceous, oblong-acuminate; nerves fine ‘ : : : : : . (28) P. sclerophylla Leaves stiff coriaceous, broad elliptic; nerves prominent ; ; : . (29) P. pachyphylla (f) Flowers in short-bvanched cymes on the boughs. Cymes 2 in. long; flowers 1 in. long . : . (30) P. Curtisii (g) Flowers fascicled on trunk about 1 in. long, pedicelled. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate about 1 in. long . . (31) P. glomerata Leaves very large oblong 12 to 15 in. long, over 6in. wide . . : ; 5 . (32) P. lateriflora (h) Flowers on short, stout branches on trunk. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, 4 to 6 in. long; fruit large, clavate . ‘ : ; . (33) P. macropoda Leaves oblong sub-cordate, 12 x 6 in.; flowers very large. F ; : : . (34) P. congregata (i) Flowers on long subterranean shoots several feet long : é 3 é é : . (35) P. hypogeea (1) P. WrayiRidi. Unona Wrayi Hemsl. Hook. fii. Ic. Pl.t. 1553, King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \xi. (2), 47; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. ic, 60, pl. 82. A tree 4o ft. tall, with slender tomentose branches. Leaves thickly membranous, elliptic-oblong acuminate or obtuse, base rounded, glabrous above except the pubescent midrib, beneath puberulous; nerves 8 to 10 pairs inarching in two arches; 5°5 to 7-5 in. long, 2 to 2:65 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long, tomentose. Flowers in fascicles from tubercles on the large branches, 3 to 3:5 in. long, on slender pedicels -75 to -g in. long, white, becoming claret colour or brick red. Sepals ovate-lanceolate sub-acute °3 in. long, puberulous. Petals linear-lanceolate acuminate, *3 in. long, puberulous outside, -3 in. wide. Pistils numerous pubescent ; ovules 3 or 4, superposed. Carpels red ovoid or oblong obtuse glabrous, I to 1-25 in. long, on stalks -5 to -75 in. long. Seeds 3, oval, rugulose, ‘6 in. long. Hab. Perak, Lenggong; Kinta (Kunstler) ; Ulu Kenering (Wray). Very near P. desmantha, but flowers solitary, longer and nearly glabrous. (2) P. desmantha Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 6; FLM.P., 1. E 50 VI. ANONACEZ. [Polyalthia. Unona desmantha Hook. fil. F.B.JI. i. 61; King, Journ. As. Soe. Beng. l.c. 60, pl. 83. A small tree; young branches pubescent. Leaves coriaceous elliptic-oblong to oblanceolate shortly acuminate, base acute above glabrous except the pubescent midrib, beneath paler puberulous, especially on nerves; nerves 8 to 11 pairs; 5 to 8 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles Io in. long. Flowers densely crowded on large tuber- cles on stem and larger branches ; peduncles -75 in. long, puberulous. Sepals ovate acute, -3 in. long. Petals linear-oblong acuminate, base not dilate, I to I-5 in. long, -2 in. wide, inner row narrower, orange colour. Ovules 3 to 5 superposed. Carpels globose, glabrous -5 in. through; stalks r in. long. Hab. Sandy woods. Singapore (Maingay); Changi; Chan Chu Kang. Johor, Sedenah. Malacca (Maingay) ; Selangor. Perak, Gunong Bubu and Selama (Kunstler) ; Dindings, Pangkor; Telok Sera (Curtis). (3) P. stenopetala Riedl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 6. P. crinita Ridl. 1.c. Unona stenopetala Hook. fil. and Thom. FI. an 136; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 49; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. lc. 61, pl. 85. U. crinita Hook. ean FBT. 1. 61; King, Aner Gard. Calc. l.c. pl. 84. A slender tree 20 to 35 ft. tall; branchlets tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong-obovate or oblanceolate-acuminate, base narrowed cordate, glabrous except the pubescent midrib, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide; nerves 7 pairs, doubly inarching, slender; petioles very short. Flowers pedicelled in hairy tufts of 2 to 8 branchlets on tubercles on stem and branches, salmon colour or brick red. Sepals lanceolate acuminate connate at base, pubescent outside, -4 to *5 in. long. Petals narrow linear slightly wider at base pubescent, 1:25 to 3 in. long. Stamens numerous, connective broad flat. Ovaries 4 to 7 villous, ovules 4 or 5. Carpels sub-globular or ovate brown tomentose at first, -5 to -65 in. long, -5 in. through. Seeds I to 3, discoid rugulose. Hab. In dense forests, Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; Petaling; Ginting Sempah. Perak, Kenering (Wray); Lenggong; Ulu Temengoh. Dindings, Bruas. Native name: Jambol Chichit. ) P. Beccarii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 65; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. I.c. 81, pl. IIOB. A small tree 10 to 30 ft. tall; branchlets tomentose. Leaves sub-coriaceous, narrow oblong to oblong-lanceolate, glabrous shining ; midrib pubescent above, tomentose beneath; nerves 6 or 7 pairs inarching far from the edge; 3 to 4:5 in. long, “75 to 1-35 in. wide ; petioles -1 in. long, tomentose. Flowers 1-50 in. long, pendent from branches or trunk in tufts; pedicels slender, pubescent, I in. long. Sepals ovate obtuse -15 in. long, pubescent. Petals cinna- mon brown, with a pink blotch at the base inside, linear oblong acute, pubescent. Stamens flesh colour. Ovaries pubescent 2- ovuled. Carpels numerous oval -3 in. long, white becoming red Polyalthia.) VI. ANONACEA. 51 and finally claret colour, stalks -75 in. long. Seed oblong, trans- versely wrinkled and grooved longitudinally on each side. Hab. Lowland woods, Singapore. Johore. NegriSembilan. Perak, Din- dings. Pahang. Kelantan. Native names: Poko Ruseh; Buah Larat Merah. Distrib. Sumatra and Borneo. (5) P. cauliflora Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 138; Hook. fil. F.BI.i. 60. P. Teysmanni Boerl. Ic. Bogor. 1. t. 107. Small tree, 12 to 30 ft. tall, 3 in. through. Leaves resemb- ling those of P. Beccarii, lanceolate acuminate acute, base cuneate, glabrous, 6 in. long, 1-75 in. wide; nerves prominent beneath, 7 pairs, inarching within the margin; petioles -I in. long. Flowers solitary or several together, pendulous from branches, yellow or orange; pedicels very slender, 1°50 in. long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, -I in. long, pubescent. Petals narrow linear acute, base slightly wider, pubescent outside. Stamens, appendages ovate. Carpels ellipsoid -4 in. long, pubescent; stalks 5 in. long. Hab. Woods in the lowlands. Not rare. Singapore (Wallich Uvaria cauliflora, No. 6476); Bukit Timah; Garden Jungle. Johor, Kwala Tebing Tinggi. Pahang, Tahan River. Selangor, Sepang. Distvib. Sumatra, Borneo and Billiton. (6) P. pycnantha King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1xi. (2), p. 67. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 116 bis. Unona pycnantha Hook. fil. Pats 1s 60. Tree. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves coriaceous _ elliptic- oblong or oblong-lanceolate-acuminate, base blunt, glabrous above, beneath paler, and midrib puberulous, 6 to g in. long, 2°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long, pubescent. Flowers in tufts on old wood; pedicels -25 in long, pubescent. Sepals ovate acute, -2 in. long. Petals linear blunt, bases of inner ones concave, °5 to °75 in. long, silky outside. Torus flat-topped, glabrous. Ovules 2, superposed. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). . The flowers are in a very young state, with very short pedicels. The foliage is exactly like that of P. cauliflova, and I suspect that it is merely a state of this. (7) P. cinnamomea Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 138; Hook. wie BI. i, 65; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. i.c. 66; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 81, pl. 114. A tree 20 to 60 ft. tall; branchlets tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous narrowly oblong to oblanceolate tapering to each end, acute shining glabrous above, slightly pubescent beneath; midrib tomentose, nerves I2 to 14 pairs, inarching; 4:5 to 7-5 in. long, I:25 to 2:25 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long, tomentose. Flowers sub-sessile solitary or in pairs on the old wood, 2 to 2-25 in. long, dull red; peduncles very short tomentose. Sepals sub-orbicular, -25 in. long, tomentose. Petals linear-oblong, sub-acute, pubescent outside, 2 to 3 in. long. Anthers numerous, appendages flat 52 VI. ANONACE. [Polyalthia. truncate. Pistils oblong, pubescent. Torus tomentose. Carpels pytiform, +75 in. to x in. long, -5 to -75 in. through, densely tomen- tose; stalks very short. Seeds 2. Hab. Forests; not common. Singapore, Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, Weld’s Hill (Foxworthy). Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis). Native names: Sugao; Sigumpet Hutan. Use: Rafters and firewood. (8) P. sumatrana King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 53; Ann. Fic. 6.—Polyalthia sumatrana. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 66, pl. 69. Guatteria sumatrana Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. Supp. 380. E A medium-sized tree 30 to 60 ft. tall, glabrous except the flowers. Leaves coriaceous oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base acute, glab- rous beneath; nerves 15 to 20 pairs, very slender; 4-5 in. to 6-5 in. long, 1-25 to I-75 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Flowers green or yellowish, 1-4 to 1-75 in. long, solitary or 2 or 3 in fascicles below the leaves or axillary; pedicels -6 to -g in. long. Sepals very small semi-ovate. Petals narrow linear-oblong sub-acute or ee ee E—————————EeEeEEeEeEeEOeeeeeeeeeereeee error rrr mC — Polyalthia.| VI. ANONACES. 53 obtuse puberulous, outer ones slightly longer than inner ones, ‘15 to -2 in. wide. Ovaries glabrous with 1 ovule. Stigma hairy. Carpels ovoid, 1 in. long, -6 in. through, pinkish red mottled darker; stalks +5 to -6 in. long. Hab. Singapore, Selitar. Selangor, Negri Sembilan and Perak to 2500 ft. altitude, Goping and Larut (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Borneo and Sumatra. (9) P. pumila Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 12. A dwarf shrub 1 ft. tall; stem black hairy. Leaves nearly sessile, coriaceous, elliptic or oblanceolate, base broad, glabrous above, hairy beneath; nerves 12 pairs; 8 to Io in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles hairy, :25 in. long. Flower solitary, axillary sub- sessile, orange colour. Sepals triangular lanceolate blunt hairy ‘I in. long. Petals linear-lanceolate sub-acute, dilate at base silky, 1-25 in. long, -I in. wide, inner ones longer (1-50 in. long) than outer ones, narrower glabrescent. Stamens minute, appendages rounded. Ovaries few. Stigmas silky. Hab. In woods Johor, Gunong Janeng (Kelsall). Dindings, Telok Sera (Ridley). Native name: WKenanga Merah. _ The smallest species of any Anonaceous plant known to me. (10) P. angustissima Rvdl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 11: Slender tree: 20 ft. tall. Leaves glabrous, thinly coriaceous, 3 in. long, -I in. across, young ones rose pink; nerves inconspicuous, 6 pairs; petioles -12 in. long, pubescent. Flowers pendulous on branches, on golden pubescent pedicels -r in. long. Sepals -or in. long, lanceolate-acuminate golden-hairy. Petals linear acuminate very narrow, base gibbous, hairy cherry pink tipped yellowish, 2°50 in. long, -or in. wide. Stamens quadrate, few in 3 whorls, white. Ovaries 7 to 12, hairy. Carpels few, 2 or 3 globose, °3 in. _ long, glabrous red; pedicels -r in. long. Seed x oblong brown. Hab. Sandy woods in the south. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Timah (Ridley). Johor, Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall). Native name: Sisik Managon. (11) P. asteriella Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 169. Tree. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous lanceo- late-acuminate base cuneate; nerves Io pairs, elevate beneath, 6 in. long, 3 in. wide or less; petioles :2 in. long. Flowers few on a short pubescent hairy peduncle with small oblong bracts; pedicels hairy, -5 in. long. Sepals short ovate. Petals linear fleshy, very narrow from a broader base, -2 in. long. Stamens numerous, appendages flat. Pistils about 6, hairy; style very short. Stigma rather large. Hab. Perak: Thaiping Hills (Ridley). The spreading short narrow blunt petals are unlike anything else. (12) P. hypoleuca Hook. fil. F.BJ. i. 63; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 52; Ann. Bot. Gard. Catc. l.c. 66, pl. 88. A tree 50 to 80 ft. tall, glabrous except the flowers. Leaves 54 VI. ANONACEZ. (Polyalthia. coriaceous oblong-oblanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, base acute; nerves many pairs usually invisible when dry; 2:5 to 5 in. long, -75 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles -2 to -3 in. long. Flowers -3 to -4 in. long, light green or yellow, solitary or fascicled from the axils of fallen leaves; pedicels -15 in. long, tomentose. Sepals very small triangular pubescent. Petals linear-oblong obtuse pubescent on both sides. Carpels few, or solitary elliptic-oblong obtuse black, -8 in. long; stalks -I to -25 in. long. Hab. Forests, Singapore (Maingay). Malacca (Maingay). Negri Sembilan, Per- hentian Tinggi. Selangor, Klang (Foxworthy). Perak, Goping and Larut (Kunstler). Penang, Batu Feringi (Curtis). Dzsérib. Borneo. Native name: Melian. (13) P. dumosa King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 52; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 64, pl. 86A. Shrub glabrous except the flowers. Leaves thinly coriaceous lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base rounded; nerves 8 to g pairs faint; 2:5 to 3-25 in. long, -5 to -9 in. wide; petioles less than -I in. long. Flowers solitary, leaf-opposed, -3 to +35 in. long; pedicels -3 to -4 in. long. Sepals broad ovate acute or acuminate glabrescent. Petals sub-equal narrow oblong-acuminate, puberulous inside. Stamens numerous, appendages very broad rhomboid truncate. Ovaries very few pubescent. Stigma broad hairy. Carpels 1 or 2, ovoid-globose red, -25 to -3 in. long. Hab. Perak. No localities given, at 1200 ft. altitude (Wray, Scortechini). Remarkable for its very narrow leaves. (14) P. parviflora Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 49. Small tree; young parts brown hairy. Leaves thinly cori- aceous glabrous except midrib, scurfy on back, lanceolate-acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 6 pairs, inarching far from margin; 3 to 4 in. long, -75 to 1°50 in. wide; petioles -12 in. long, hairy. Tlowers solitary axillary sub-sessile; pedicels short hairy. Sepals ovate- lanceolate, half as long as the petals, hairy. Petals white linear oblong obtuse, -12 in. long, hairy on both sides. Stamens very numerous, appendages rounded. Carpels oblong to _ globose sessile hairy at tip, -3 in. long. Hab. Selangor, Menuang Gasing (Kloss). Adang Islands, Pulau Tengah, and on Lankawi Island at Kwala Malacca (Ridley). (15) P. hirta Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 168. Small tree. Branchlets hairy. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, base round; nerves slender elevate inarching about 7 pairs; 4°5 in. long, I in. wide, midrib hairy, rest glabrous; petiole hairy -05 in. long. Flowers solitary sub-sessile, -5 in. wide. Sepals lanceolate acute hairy. Petals triangular lanceolate hairy outside. Stamens rather few, appendages broad. Pistils 6, hairy; style short but distinct; stigma broad sub-orbicular. Ovule 1. Hab. Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis). Polyalthia. ] VI. ANONACE. 55 (16) P. montana Riedl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xli. 288. Tree. Young parts hairy. Leaves lanceolate acuminate blunt, base narrowed, coriaceous glabrous, 5 to g in. long, 1-8 in. wide; nerves 8 pairs; petioles pubescent, -2 in. long. Flowers solitary, "5 in. across. Sepals ovate hairy. Petals purple oblong ovate, blunt hairy outside, glabrous inside, outer shorter than inners. Stamens oblong, appendages elliptic small. Ovaries few, hairy. Stigmas glabrous. Carpels ellipsoid hairy, or pustulate when the hairs are fallen, half an inch long, on stalks -I in. long. Hab. Selangor, Ulu Langat (Kloss). The flower is often male only, with no pistils. It differs from P. dumosa King in the hairy petals and small oblong connectives. (17) P. Kunstleri King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 55; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 69, pl. 878. A shrub or tree 30 to 40 ft. tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate shortly and bluntly acuminate, base narrowed, above glabrous, beneath puberulous on midrib and nerves; nerves 6 to 12 pairs inarching -I in. to -2 in. from the margin, prominent beneath, 4:5 to 8 in. long, I°5 to 2:35 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long, pubescent. Flowers solitary or in pairs -4 in. across, tomentose; pedicels -25 in. long. Sepals ovate triangular obtuse broad, nearly as long as the petals. Petals broad oblong-ovate. Stamens numerous, appen- dages flat, truncate. Carpels numerous, ovoid-globular apiculate, *3 in. long, waxy red; stalks slender, -5 in. long, pubescent. Hab. Dense jungle on low hills. Pahang, Sungei Tahan. Perak, Batang Padang (Kunstler). Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis). (18) P. obliqua Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 138; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 63; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c.77, pl. LOOB. Tree. Leaves sub-sessile, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate acuminate or acute, base unequally cordate, thinly coriaceous; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, inarching -1I5 in. from the edge, 4 to 6:5 in. long, 1-5 to 2-2 in. wide; petioles less than -1 in. long. Flowers small, -4 in. across, solitary, extra-axillary, very shortly pedicellate. Sepals broadly triangular blunt pubescent, less than half as long as the petals. Petals lanceolate sub-equal obtuse silky outside. Stamens numerous, appendages large flat. Ovaries few. Carpels oblong, narrowed at the base, -50 in. long. Seeds 2. Hab. Malacca (Griffith and Maingay). (19) P. bullata King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 64; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c.-79, pl. 3. A shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall; branches golden hairy. Leaves thinly coriaceous bullate, narrow oblong-acuminate, base cordate auricled, above glabrous except midrib, beneath midrib and nerves 25 to 40 pairs sparsely golden-hairy, nerves twice inarching, prominent; 12 to 14 in. long, 2°75 to 3°35 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long, pubescent. Flowers solitary, terminal or axillary, 1 in. long; pedicels as long, 56 VI. ANONACEZ. (Polyalthia. pubescent. Sepals small lanceolate pubescent, -25 in. long. Petals narrow linear pubescent. Stamens numerous, appendages orbicular. Ovaries few, pubescent. Carpels_ globular-ovoid puberulous, -4 in. long; stalks -2 in. long. Seeds 2, plano-convex rugose. Hab. Woods. Rare. Pahang, Tahan River. Selangor, Dusun Tua; Ulu Selangor. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Native name: TYonkat Ali. The specimen given by King as “ Singapore, Ridley,’ was collected by Cantley and the locality is doubtful. (20) P. velutinosa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 64. Tree 20 to 30 ft. tall; branchlets red-hairy. Leaves lanceolate- oblong acute, base rounded, thinly coriaceous, above glabrous, beneath sparingly on the midrib and 12 pairs of nerves red-hairy, 6 in. long, I-5 in. wide; petioles -1 in. long, densely hairy. Flowers solitary, sessile on the branches. Sepals broad, triangular-ovate hairy, -12 in. long. Petals linear oblong, sub-acute velvety outside, I-25 in. long. Ovaries 1-ovuled. Carpels 12 to 15, ovoid sessile brown velvety. Torus hairy. Hab. Lankawi on Gunong Raya (Haniff). Allied to P. bullata, but the flowers and leaves smaller and the petals narrower. (21) P. Scortechinii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 56; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 69, pl. 95. Small tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong or oblong-elliptic acute, base rounded or sub-acute, glabrous except midrib and nerves pubescent ; nerves 8 to II pairs prominent beneath, inarching near the edge; 4 to 8 in. long, 1-15 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long, pubescent. Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary; pedicels -5 to -75 in. long, tomentose. Bracts in middle of pedicels rather large. Sepals small triangular pubescent. Petals flaccid, sub-equal oblong-lanceolate acute, margins wavy, minutely pubescent on both sides, 1-5 to 2 in. long, green, becoming at length yellow. Ovaries pubescent ; stigma large glabrous. Carpels numerous ovoid pubescent, -3 in. long; pedicels pubescent, -75 in, long. Hab. In forest. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Johor. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Goodenough). Perak, Bera; Goping and Larut (Kunstler). Native names: Jangkang Hutan; Kenanga Hutan. (22) P. canangioides Boerl. Ic. Bogor. i. 105. P. Jenkinsii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 56; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 70, pl. 96, not of Hooker. Monoon canangioides Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 18. Tree 20 to 30 ft. tall, 12 in. through. Leaves membranous, glabrous oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base rounded; nerves 7 pairs, inarching some way from the edge; 4 to 7 in. long, 1-35 to 3 in. wide; petioles -2 to -3 in. long. Flowers large pale green becoming cream colour, solitary axillary, I-75 to 3 in. across; Polyalthia.] VI. ANONACEE. 87 pedicels -6 in. long. Sepals sub-orbicular, puberulous. Petals rather thin, broad lanceolate or oblanceolate to 3 in. long, 1-25 in. wide, narrowed at the base, puberulous or glabrous. Ovaries pubescent; ovule x. Carpels oblong, numerous, apiculate, -4 in. long; stalks slender, -4 in. long. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Malay Archipelago. This differs from P. Scortechinii in the smaller flowers (apparently adult) and always glabrous leaves. I am not sure that it is anything but a state of Scortechinii. — (23) P. pulchra King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 55; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 68, pl. 94. A medium-sized or small tree about 30 ft. tall, glabrous except the flowers. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate, base acute, minutely muriculate, 4:5 to 6 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Flowers large solitary terminal, 2 in. or more across, dirty white with a purple spot at the bases of the petals, very fragrant. Sepals ovate acute glabrous, ‘6 to -75 in. long. Petals sub-equal ovate-elliptic sub-acute. Stamens numerous; appendages broad sub-orbicular, pubescent. Ovaries oblong, pubescent; style short, cylindric. Carpels numer- ous, elliptic-ovoid glabrescent purple, stalks 1-5 in. long, crimson. Seed 1, elliptic. Hab. Mountain woods to 5000 ft. altitude or more. Pahang, Gunong Tahan. Selangor, Menkuang Lebah (Robinson). Perak, Welds Rest, Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). var. angustifolia King, /J.c. Leaves narrower, I-75 in. wide; petals narrow lanceolate, I-75 in. long. Hab. Perak, Gunong Bubu at 5000 ft. altitude (Wray). One of the very few mountain A nonacee. (24) P. oblonga King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 65; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 80, pl. 113. A small tree 10 to 15 ft. tall; young branches tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous sub-sessile oblong to oblong-lanceolate shortly acuminate, base minutely cordate unequal, glabrous above, puberulous beneath; midrib pubescent, nerves 14 to 20 pairs; 9 to T4 in. long, 3°5 to 5 in. wide; petioles -15 in. long, tomentose. Flowers solitary from small tubercles, 1:25 to 1-75 in. across, Sepals semi-orbicular acute connate pubescent. Petals waxy ' light yellow, oblong tapering to the sub-acute tip, pubescent on both sides. Carpels 10 to 20, ovoid or orbicular pubescent or sub- glabrous, -3 to -35 in. long; -6 to -75 in. wide. Seed 1, ovoid or 2 plano-convex. Hab. Mountain forests. Perak, Larut Hill ranges and Gunong Pondok at I000 to 2000 ft. altitude (Kunstler) ; Hermitage Hill (Curtis). Penang Hill (Curtis). (25) P. chrysotricha Ridl. n.sp. Branches golden-hairy. Leaves oblong-obovate acute, base 58 VI. ANONACEZ. (Polyalthia. shortly cordate, glabrous, 13 in. long, 5 in. wide; petioles and extreme bases of midrib above hairy, ‘15 in. long. Flowers solitary extra-axillary with several lanceolate golden-hairy bracts. Pedicels *5 in. long, golden-hairy. Sepals ovate blunt, °5 in. long, golden- hairy outside. Petalsandstamensnotseen. Pistils very numerous, densely silky golden-hairy; no style, stigma small. Hab. Selangor, Menuang Gasing (Kloss). I have only seen a single incomplete flower, peculiar from the large sepals and very numerous ovaries. I am not sure it is a Polyalthia, but, if so, it is near P. oblonga. (26) P. macrantha King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 54; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 68, pl. 93 Tree 60 to 70 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous oblong or elliptic- oblong acute, base cordate, glabrous; nerves 20 to 24 pairs; 12 to 18 in. long, 4°5 to 7°5 in. wide; petioles *4 in. long, thick. Flowers solitary, axillary waxy, cream colour, 2°5 to 4°5 in. across; pedicels 1'5 to 2 in. long. Sepals ovate-orbicular obtuse connate at base puberulous corrugate. Petals oblong-elliptic large blunt fleshy puberulous, 1°3 to 2°9 in. long; inner ones smaller. Stamens numerous, appendages truncate. Ovaries few, puberulous. Carpels elliptic-ovoid, blunt, I to 1°25 in. long, *75 in. through. Hab. Forests. Perak, Larut Hills at 300 ft. altitude (Kunstler). 27) P. Hookeriana King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 57; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 71, pl. 97. A tree 20 to 70 ft. tall; young parts pubescent. Leaves mem- branous obovate-elliptic or oblanceolate shortly acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous except the nerves, Io to II pairs, and midrib pubescent on both surfaces; 5 to 7 in. long, 2°25 to 3°25 in. wide, petioles -15 to ‘2 in. long, tomentose. Flowers yellowish red in pairs from peduncles with abortive flowers at the base, extra- axillary; pedicels *5 to °75 in. long, pubescent. Bracts 1 to 2, ovate. Sepals broad ovate concave, free or nearly so to the base, pubescent outside, 2 in. long. Petals yellowish sub-equal ovate or obovate-oblong sub-acute puberulous, nearly rin. long. Stamens very short, appendages thick truncate-orbicular. Ovaries oblong, puberulous, t-ovuled; stigma sessile large lobed. Carpels numerous, ovoid, apiculate, base narrow, red, °65 in. long, stalks 1°2 in. long. Hab. Hilly forests, Perak, Larut and Batang Padang district (Kunstler). Pahang, Bukit Goh (Foxworthy). (28) P. sclerophylla Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 65; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 59; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 74, pl. 103. A small glabrous tree. Leaves stiff coriaceous oblong acute, base cuneate; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, slender, reticulations distinct ; 6 to 18 in. long, 1°5 to 2°6 in. wide; petioles °5 in. long. Flowers fascicled on trunk, 2 in. across, green: peduncles I to 1°5 in. long, pubescent; bracts small, orbicular. Sepals ovate obtuse, short. Petals, linear oblong obtuse puberulous, 1°6 in. long. Ovaries pilose. Polyalthia.| VI. ANONACEZ. 59 Carpels elliptic-oblong, 1 to 1°5 in. long; stalks 1 to 1°5 in. long. Hab. Malacca (only collected by Maingay). (29) P. pachyphylla King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 66; Ann. Bot. Gard. Caic. l.c. 82, pl. 115. A tree 50 to 100 ft. tall; branchlets pubescent. Leaves stiffly coriaceous elliptic-oblong sub-acute, base rounded, glabrous except midrib tomentose beneath at the base; nerves II or 12 pairs; 4°5 to 7°5 in. long, 1°75 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles °35 to ‘5 in. long, tomentose. Flowers few in tufts from old wood; pedicels 2 in. long, tomentose. Sepals semi-orbicular short tomentose. Petals pale green nerved, oblanceolate sub-acute or obtuse, pubescent outside, tomentose inside, outers shorter and narrower, ‘9 to 1°5 in. long, *3 to °5 in. wide. Stamen-appendages truncate. Ovaries numerous glabrous; stigma sessile, puberulous. Carpels numerous obovoid blunt, 1°75 in. long, I in. through with a short stalk. Seeds 2. Hab. Perak, Larut Hills below 500 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (30) P. Curtisii Rid. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. II. Ellipeia glabra Hook. fil. F.B.I.1.52; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 26; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 34, pl. 278. A tree; young branches and inflorescence brown, pubescent. Leaves coriaceous oblong or elliptic, base round or acute, glabrous; nerves 9 pairs, 4 to 5°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Cymes shortly peduncled, axillary 3- to 4-flowered, 1 to I°5 in. long, golden-hairy. Flowers 1°5 in. across. Bracts oblong, sub-amplexicaul. Sepals ovate-lanceolate acute, ‘25 in. long. Petals, outer linear-oblong hairy outside, sub-acute I to I°5 in. long; inner shorter obtuse spathulate obovate. Pistils strigose above, I-ovuled. Carpels sub-globose, °65 in. long; stalk -75 to 1°25 in. long. Seed oblong with a deep longitudinal furrow. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). (31) P. glomerata King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 61; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 75, pl. 106. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves membranous, elliptic or oblong acute, base slightly cuneate, reticulate, glabrous except puberulous midrib; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, not inarching, slender; 4 to 6 in. long, 1°8 to 2°6 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to °35 in. long. Flowers 2°5 in. long, 20 to 30 together on a stem tubercle; pedicels 1°5 to 2°5 in. long, slender, puberulous. Bracts ovate-lanceolate. Sepals lanceolate acuminate, bases broad connate. Petals linear-oblong, base slightly concave, minutely tomentose; inners slightly smaller. Stamens, appendages orbicular sub-convex. Ovaries few, oblong, hairy. Hab. Perak, Thaiping Hills 2800 to 3000 ft. altitude (Kunstler); Sira Rimau (Yapp). D¢sivib. Sumatra and S. Siam at Trang. (32) P. lateriflora King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 58, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 73, pl. 102. Guatteria lateriflora Bl. Bijdr. 20; Fl. Jav. Anonacee, p. 100, ¢. 50 and 52D. 60 VI. ANONACEZ. [Polyalthia. Tree 50 to 70 ft. tall, glabrous except flowers. Leaves coriaceous elliptic-oblong or oblong abruptly acute, base rounded sub-cordate unequal; nerves 12 to 16 pairs, prominent; 8 to 15 in. long, 2°5 to 7 in. wide; petioles stout, *3 in. long. Flowers fascicled on stem and branch tubercles 1°25 in. to 2 in. long, greenish yellow; pedicels pubescent, bi-bracteate, 1°25 to 1°75 in. long. Sepals ovate-orbicular short densely tomentose outside. Petals greenish yellow, dull crimson at base, oblong-lanceolate tapering to a sub- acute tip; outer ones shorter than inner, minutely pubescent. Carpels ovoid-elliptic, blunt, base narrowed, 1°25 in. long, °7 in. through ; stalks stout, 1°25 to2in.long. Hab. Singapore (Maingay). Perak : Ulu Bubong and Larut Hills (Kunstler). Dzstrib. Java. (33) P. macropoda King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 60; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 74, pl. 104. P. clavigera, King, l.c.; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 75, pl. 105. A tree 30 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves rather thin oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base acute, midrib pubescent, otherwise glabrous; nerves 8 to 9 pairs, prominent; 3°5 to 5°5 in. long, 1°4 to 2°I in. wide; petioles 25 in. long. Flowers: fascicled on tubercles near the stem-base, pink and white, x in. long; pedicels 1 in. long. Sepals ovate acute corrugated. Petals elliptic blunt, coriaceous puberulous. Stamens numerous, appendages transversely elongate. - Carpels on a large rounded woody torus, oblong fusiform, tapering at each end, bright orange colour, narrowed into the stalk, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long including the stalk. Seed 1, elongate-ovoid, grooved. Hab. Dense forests, usually in rocky places. Singapore: Bukit Timah; Selitar. Perak, Goping and Ulu Kal (Kunstler); Penang, Richmond Pool. I cannot separate King’s two species, and believe that Beccari’s Polyalthia anomala from Matang, Sarawak, is the same plant. (34) P. congregata King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 61; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 76, pl. 107. A tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong- elliptic acute narrowed to the rounded base, glabrous except the puberulous midrib; nerves 13 to Ig pairs, prominent beneath; 6 to 16 in. long, 3°75 to 7 in. wide; petioles ‘3 to ‘4 in. long, stout. Flowers large, white, in woody cymes from the trunk; pedicels 1:25 to 1°75 in. long. Bract orbicular. Sepals broadly ovate- triangular concave corrugate, puberulous outside, *5 in. long. Petals thick ovate-elliptic sub-acute, puberulous except at base; outers 1°5 to 3 in. long, ‘65 to I in. wide, inners narrower. Stamens numerous; appendages truncate oblique. Ovaries 20 to 30, strigose; stigma oblong pubescent. Carpels elliptic beaked pubes- cent, narrowed into the short stalk. Hab. Wet woods, usually on limestone, Selangor, Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak. Perak, Goping and Larut (Kunstler). Polyalthia.) VI. ANONACEA. 6 (35) P. hypogeea King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c.62; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 76, pl. 107. Tree 25 to 30 ft.; young parts densely tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong or elliptic-oblong or obovate, base narrowed round, glabrous; nerves 18 to 22 pairs, prominent beneath; 10 to 20 in. long, 3 to 7 in. wide; petioles ‘4 in. long, stout, tomentose. Flowers on pubescent branches 1 to 8 ft. long from the trunk-base, cream colour, “75 to I in. long; pedicels "75 to 1°5 in. long. Bracts tomentose, one lanceolate median, one sub-orbicular near the flower. Sepals broad triangular-ovate acute tomentose, ‘25 in. long. Petals narrow oblong sub-acute pubescent outside, inners smaller. Stamens numerous, appendages broad convex oblique. Ovaries few villous; stigma large, ovoid. Carpels ovoid dark velvety greenish brown. Hab. Hill woods in Perak, 500 to 3400 ft. altitude. Thaiping Hills and Gunong Batu Putih (Kunstler). Easily distinguished by its long subterranean flower branches, EXCLUDED SPECIES P. NITIDA Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 64, was based on a fruiting specimen from Tavoy (Wail. Cat. 6439) and a flowering specimen which may not be the same species labelled “‘ Singapore Lobb.” P. SIMIARUM var. ANGUSTIFOLIA King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 58. The plants so labelled by King in Herb. Kew bear no resemblance to the Indian P. simiarum either in flowers or leavés; one sheet is undoubtedly P. Hookeriana King. The other consists of leaves of some species unknown to me, and detached carpels identical with those of P. lateriflora. P. ABERRANS Maing. Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 67 is Spherocoryne aberrans Rid. P. sUB-CORDATA Bl. See Miliusa amplexicaulis Ridl. 14. SPHZZAROCORYNE, Scheff. Scandent shrubs or small trees. Leaves coriaceous or membran- ous. Flowers solitary axillary rather small. Sepals ovate valvate. Petals, outer ones much larger ovate; inner ones ovate much smaller, base flat, not excavate. Stamens numerous oblong, appendages flat truncate. Pistils longer, projecting. Ovaries hairy; styles cylindric, glabrous. Stigma bi-lobed. Ovules 1 or 2. Carpels sub-globose on long stalks. Seed 1, oblong. Species 3, Siam, Cambodia, Sumatra. (1) S.aberrans Rrdl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 7. Poly- althia aberrans Hook. fil. F.BI.i. 67; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 63; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 78, pl. 109A. Unona Mesnyi Prerre Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 17. A slender climber 30 to roo ft. tall. Leaves membranous glaucous beneath, lanceolate acuminate glabrous; nerves 14 to 18 pairs 62 VI. ANONACE#. [Spherocoryne. fine; 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1°4 to 1°8 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to °25 in. long. Flowers *5 to 75 in. across, on peduncles 1 in. long. Sepals connate into a three-angled cup. Petals ovate-orbicular acute, outer ones "35. in. long, pubescent, inner ones half as large. Carpels on a peduncle 2 in. long and with pedicels over 1 in. long, oblong or ovoid, *5 in. long. Seeds r or 2, ovoid. Torus globose. Hab. Forests. Malacca (Maingay) ; Kemandor (Burkill). Selangor, Ulu Selangor (Kunstler). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). 15. ANAXAGOREA, St. Hil. Shrubs or treelets. Leaves thin, dotted. Flowers small, green, leaf-opposed solitary. Sepals 3, valvate connate at base. Petals 3 or 6, sub-equal (inner row sometimes wanting). Stamens in- . definite. Ovaries few; ovules 2, collateral sub-basal. Carpels follicular curved club-shaped, with a long stalk. Seeds I or 2, hard, shining, black, plano-convex. Species about 8, Tropical Asia and America. Petals 6 : : : : : z : . (1) A. luzonensis Petals 3 : : : ‘ é : ; . (2) A. Seortechinii (1) A. luzonensis A. Gray, Bot. U.S. Expl. Exped. 27; Hook. ji. F.BdI. i. 68;- King, fourn. As. Sov. Beng. 1c. 68; Ana year Gard. Calc. l.c. 84, pl. 118A. Rhopalocarpus fruticosus Teysm. and Binn, Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 22, t. 2, fig. B. Glabrous shrub. Leaves membranous oblong- elliptic- oblong acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 7 to 8 pairs; 5 to 7 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles 25 to °35 in. long. Flowers °5 in. long; pedicels ‘25 in. long. Bracts 1 to 2, amplexicaul. Sepals round obtuse. Petals 6, elliptic-obtuse white. Carpels I to Io, cuneate clavate apiculate, ‘9 in. long, follicular portion °4 in. long. Hab. Rare. Penang Hill at 300 ft. altitude. Malacca (Maingay). Distrib. Burma, Ceylon to Malay Archipelago. (2) A. Scortechinii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 68; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 85, pl. 119. A bush or shrubby tree 30 to 40 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous elliptic-oblong, abruptly acuminate, slightly narrowed to the base; nerves 7 to g pairs; 6 to 8 in. long, 2°5 to 35 in. wide; petioles -3 to ‘4 in. long. Flowers ‘75 in. long, green, pedicels °3 in. long. Sepals ovate acute pubescent. Petals 3, much larger, oblong- lanceolate sub-acute, pubescent outside, fleshy. Ovaries numerous pubescent. Carpels 5 or 6, stalks 1 in. long, sulcate; follicles I°5 in. long, ovoid curved apiculate. Seeds pear-shaped plano- convex ‘5 in. long, polished black. Hab. Woods, Pahang, Tahan woods. Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, Kanching Camphor forest ; Dusun Tua. Perak, Larut Hills; Goping (Kunstler); Batu Kurau (Scortechini) ; Gapis Pass (Curtis). Lankawi. Natwe names: Pali Anaxagorea. | VI. ANONACES. 63 Monyet; Bunga Lerak. Use: The natives put the seeds among clothes (Burkill). This has much larger fruit and flowers than A. luzonensis Gray. 16. DISEPALUM, Hook. fil. Shrubs or treelets. Leaves oblong. Flowers few terminal. Sepals 2, large concave valvate. Petals 4, spathulate narrow, incurved, on the margin of the torus. Stamens numerous, appen- dage broadly orbicular. Ovaries 10 to 15, ovoid; style short terete; stigma small. Ovule 1. Species 4, Malay Peninsula and islands. ~ i EZ UA Fic. 7.—Disepalum anomalum. (1) D. anomalum Zook. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 156, t. 20A. D. longipes King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1.t. 69; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 86, pl. I18B. A small tree 30 to 4o ft. tall. Leaves membranous oblong acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 7 to Io pairs; 4 to 7 in. long, I°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles 25 in. long. Flowers long-pedicelled, solitary or in pairs. Sepals ovate blunt. Petals linear-spathulate, all green. Stamens dark red. Ovaries hairy. Carpels ovoid, ‘4 in. long, obtuse, narrowed at base on pedicels 2 in. long. Hab. Borders of woods and thickets. Johor, on Gunong Pantai (Kunstler), not rare. Dindings at Bruas. Dzystvib. Borneo. 17. GONIOTHALAMUS, Blume. ‘Small trees or shrubs. Leaves usually coriaceous. Flowers solitary or fascicled often on old wood; peduncles with scaly, 64 VI. ANONACEA. (Goniothalamus distichous bracts. Sepals 3, valvate, outer thick flat; inner smaller shortly clawed, cohering in a vaulted cap over the stamens and ovaries. Stamens many, linear-oblong; anther-cells dorsal; appendages oblong or truncate. Ovaries many; style cylindric; stigma simple or bifid. Ovules 1 or 2 superposed (rarely 4). Carpels t-seeded. Species about 50, East Asia. Slender shrubs; flowers axillary, small, green; leaves membranous; ovules I or 2. Leaves oblong narrow, base short narrowed; nerves inconspicuous; style slender Leaves long-caudate, base narrow; ete very short : Leaves elliptic, abruptly caudate - Leaves sub-coriaceous, lanceolate narrowed both ends Tall, evect shrubs ; flowers large; leaves coriaceous. (1) G. subevenius ( ( ( Flowers very large yellow; petals 2-5 in. long . (5 ( ( ( ) G. tenuifolius ) G. caudifolius G. Wrayi G. giganteus Flowers about I in. long. Leaves oblanceolate, 12 in. long, strong-nerved Leaves elliptic, very coriaceous, 6 to 8 in. long; nerves very inconspicuous 3 G. malayanus Leaves oblong cuspidate, very coriaceous, 6 to 8 in. long; nerves very inconspicuous Leaves rather oblong-oblanceolate; conspicu- ously nerved. ) ) 6) G. macrophylius ) ) G. Tapis Flowers -5 in. long . : . (9) G. Kunstleri Flowers 1:5 in. long; sepals large ; . (10) G. Scortechinii Flowers 1:5 in. long; sepals small; Pas acuminate . (11) G. fulvus Tree. Leaves over 12 in. long, pubescent beneath; flowers large : (12) G. Curtisii Big tree. Flowers large, ae in masses at base of trunk : : : : . (13) G. Ridleyi Shrub. Ovules and seeds re ‘ : : . (14) G. uvarioides (1) G. subevenius King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 71; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 89, pl. I21B. Shrub or treelet, to 30 ft. tall, branchlets puberulous. Leaves membranous, narrow, oblong, acuminate at each end; nerves Io to 12 pairs, invisible or very faint; 3°5 to 6°5 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide ; petioles °2 in. long. Flowers solitary, axillary, “75 to *9 in. long, pale green; pedicels 4 to °6 in. long. Bracts o. Sepals broadly ovate-acuminate pubescent, °3 in. long. Petals thinly coriaceous puberulous, lanceolate acute, inner ones half as large as outer ones, shortly clawed. Stamen- appendages broad orbi- cular. Ovaries narrow oblong; stigma entire. Carpels ovoid to oblong glabrous, °5 to °75 in. long; stalks ‘35 to 45 in. long. Hab. Thick forest, Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Kedah Peak (Haniff). Kelantan, Chaning Woods. 2) G. tenuifolius King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 71; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 89, pl. 122A. A bush or treelet 6 to 8 ft. tall glabrous. Leaves membranous ook, Goniothalamus. | VI. ANONACES. 65 lanceolate acuminate, base acute; nerves 8 to II pairs inarching within the margin, faint; 4°5 to 7 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Flowers axillary solitary; pedicels slender *35 to ‘45 in. long. Bracts 2. Sepals free membranous green nerved ovate-acute, -75 to II in. long. Petals green, thinly coriaceous broad lanceolate acuminate, narrowed at base, outer ones I to 1°2 in. long, inner ones less than half as long ovate-acumi- nate clawed pubescent. Stamens, appendages broad, pubescent. Ovaries few, I- or 2-ovuled; style long; stigma funnel-shaped toothed. Carpels ovoid enveloped in calyx, *4 to ‘5 in. long; stalks 2.3m, long. Seeds 1 or 2. Hab. In forests, Selangor, Sungei Buluh. Perak, Thaiping Hills 2000 to 3000 ft. altitude; Sungkai River (Kunstler). Dindings, Lumut. wax. aryborescens King, /.c. A tree 15, to. 25 ft. tall. Petals coriaceous pubescent small. Hab. Perak, Larut Hills at 2000 to 3000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (3) G. caudifolius Ridl. Kew Bulletin, 1914, p. 324. Shrub? Branches slender velvety pubescent. Leaves elliptic acute or caudate, apex obtuse, base shortly cuneate or rounded, membranous glabrous, 4°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; nerves 7 to Io pairs, depressed above, elevate beneath; petioles ‘1 in. long. Flowers solitary extra-axillary on branches, pedicels thick, ‘2 in. long, glabrous. Sepals ovate acute, hairy on edges, bases broad *3 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, veined and reticulate. Petals, outer ones lanceolate, ‘6 in. long pubescent, inner ones ovate, *3 in. long obtuse pubescent. Stamens numerous, narrow linear, appendages broadly conic, blunt. Ovaries numerous, glabrous. Hab. Perak, Pondok Tanjong (Burn-Murdoch). (4) G. Wrayi King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 78; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 99, pl. 142. Small tree or shrub 3 to 12 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves mem- branous lanceolate or oblanceolate acuminate at each end; nerves 14 to 18 pairs, slender, very inconspicuous; 4°5 to g in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to ‘25 in. long. Flowers solitary on branches or pedicels *35 in. long. Sepals membranous reticulate, ovate acuminate, puberulous outside, 2 in. long. Petals sub- coriaceous puberulous greenish yellow, outer ones narrow lanceolate acuminate, bases thickened, ‘65 to °75 in. long, inner ones half as long, ovate acuminate. Anthers shorter than ovaries, appendages long acuminate. Ovaries 20, hairy; I- or 2-ovuled; style stout; stigma truncate. Carpels obovoid-oblong, apiculate, ‘6 in. long. Seed 1, rarely 2. Hab. Perak; very common in the hill woods, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). (5) G. giganteus Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 109; Hook. fil. F.BI.i. 75; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 73; Ann. Bot. Gard. Caic. l.c. 93, pl. 130. A tall, slender tree 30 to 70 ft. high. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous FLM.P., 1. F 66 VI. ANONACE#. [Goniothalamus. above, puberulous beneath, oblong acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 10 to 14 pairs, very slender, 6 to ro in. long, 2°25 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long, deeply channelled. Flowers very large 3 to 5 in. long, golden yellow, from the axils of leaves pendu- lous; pedicels I in. long pubescent. Sepals ovate acute pubescent, *5 in. long. Petals coriaceous pubescent ovate-oblong, inner ones ‘6 in. long, ovate acute, golden silky. Stamens very numerous. Ovaries hairy, 2-ovuled; style long, slender; stigma 2-lobed. Carpels about 20, oblong tapering to the stalk, 1°25 to 1°5 in. long, ‘6 in. through; stalk stout 75 in. long. Seeds 1 or 2. Hab. In thin woods; common; a very handsome species. Singapore, Johor, Malacca, Pahang, Perak, Penang, Lankawi. Native names : Penawar hitam (lit. black drug); Galang hitam. (6) G. macrophyllus Hook. fil. F.BJ. 1. 74; King, Journ. Ais. Soc. Beng. 1.c. 76;--Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. lic. 96, Prema Polyalthia macrophylla Bl. Fl. Jav. Anonacee@, 79, t. 39. Leaves coriaceous large oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate, base sub-acute or rounded ; nerves 16 to 20 pairs, slightly prominent beneath; ro to 18 in. long, 2°5 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles ‘6 to I in. long, stout. Flowers slightly supra-axillary or pendulous from branches below the leaves, I or 2, green; pedicels °35 in. long. Sepals broadly ovate acute connate at base, °65 in. long, puberulous. Petals coriaceous, outer ones oblong-lanceolate acute, I to 1°5 in. long, inner ones half as long, ovate acuminate, edges ciliate. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 12 to 18, glabrous, 1-ovuled. Stigma bilobed. Carpels globular obovoid glabrous *4 in. long. Hab. Common in woods all over the peninsula. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Griffith). Selangor, Sempang, Semangkok. Perak, Goping and _ Larut (Kunstler). Penang: West Hill (Curtis). Pulau Adang. Dzysirib. Sumatra, Java. Native names: Penawar hitam; Bongsoi. Use: In native medicine; the wood is aromatic. (7) G. malayanus Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 107; F.B I. i. 975; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 74; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 94, pl. 128B. A small glabrous tree, 15 to 20 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous oblong-elliptic to oblong abruptly acuminate, base cuneate; nerves faint, 12 to 15 pairs; 5°5 to g in. long, 1°5 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long, channelled. Flowers solitary pink or green from below the leaves; pedicels *35 to ‘5 in. long, pubescent. Sepals ovate- triangular acuminate, connate at base, pubescent, °25 in. long. Petals coriaceous, outer ones broad ovate acuminate, minutely tomentose, keeled outside, I to 1°25 in. long; the inner ones one- third aslong. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 15, hairy; ovules 3 to 4; style long, slender; stigma sub-capitate, bilobed. Carpels narrow, oblong apiculate narrowed to each end glabrous, 1°5 in. long, °5 in. across; stalks thick -1 in. long. Seeds 2 to 3, flat ovoid black. Hab. Common in woods. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Pulau Damar. = Goniothalamus. | VI. ANONACE. 67 Muar. Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, Rantau Panjang (Kloss); Gunong Mengkuang (Kloss). Perak, Goping, and Gunong Malacca (Kunstler). Dindings. Kelantan. Dvsivib. Banca and Borneo to the Philippines. Native names: Kenanga hutan; Mupisang. (8) G. Tapis Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 371; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 77; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 99, pl. 140. A shrub or tree 15 to 4o ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous oblong abruptly acuminate, base rounded or cuneate; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, thin very indistinct, 5°5 to g in. long, 2°5 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long. Flowers yellow, solitary or fascicled on the branches, pedicels 4 in. long. Sepals free ovate acute pubescent, -4 in. long. Petals coriaceous puberulous; outer ones ovate-lanceolate, thickened and contracted at the base, 1°75 in. long, inner ones 65 in. long. Appendages conic. Ovaries hairy; stigma sub-discoid, 2- to 3-lobed. Carpels obovoid sub-sessile, -4 to °5 in. long. Hab. Woods, Singapore, Selitar; Jurong. Muar, Biawak (Curtis). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis). Penang: West Hill (Curtis). Distrib. Borneo, Sumatra. Native name: Galai. (9) G. Kunstleri King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c.73; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 90, pl. 124. A shrub 4 to 1o ft. tall; branchlets puberulous. Leaves thinly membranous oblanceolate abruptly acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous; midrib puberulous, nerves Ir to 13 pairs, inarching within the margin; 6 to g in. long, 2 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles ‘35 in. long, puberulous. Flowers solitary super-axillary, pedicels ‘15 in. long. Sepals broadly ovate acute nerved and reticulate thinly membranous green, °3 to ‘4 in. long. Petals sub-coriaceous yellow or orange, outer ones lanceolate acuminate, puberulous °8 to 1°25 in. long, inner ones one-third as long, ovate acute pubescent. Stamens many, appendages flat broad pubescent. Carpels crowded ovoid, 4 in. long. Hab. Woods, 500 to 2000 ft. altitude. Perak at Goping (Kunstler). Province Wellesley. Penang: Waterfall (Curtis). (10) G. Scortechinii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 77; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 99, pl. 141. Shrub or small tree glabrous except the flowers. Leaves mem- branous oblanceolate blunt or very shortly acuminate, narrowed to the rounded (rarely cuneate) base; nerves 18 to 24 pairs, inarching close to the edge; Io to 15 in. long, 2°75 to 4 in. wide; petioles ‘*3 in. long. Flowers solitary on the lower part of the stem, pale greenish white, on pedicels ‘5 in. long. Sepals membranous large orbicular-ovate obtuse or sub-acute connate, ‘65 to I in. long, waxy cream colour. Petals coriaceous puberulous, very little longer than the sepals, inner ones ovate acute, *5 in. long. Anthers numerous, appendages conic. Ovaries puberulous 1-ovuled; stigma 2- or 3-lobed. Carpels oblong, glabrous, narrowed to the short stalks, -45 in. long; stalks ‘2 to ‘25 in. long. Hab. Woods below 68 VI. ANONACEZ. [Goniothalamus. 500 ft. altitude. Pahang, Bentong (Foxworthy). Perak, Gunong Pondok and Thaiping (Kunstler). Penang Hill (Curtis). Native. name: Bunga Chenang. (11) G. fulvus Hook. fil. F.B.I.i.75; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. bc GA, Shrub. Branchlets rufous-pubescent. Leaves membranous oblong-lanceolate obtuse, above glabrous, beneath puberulous or glabrous; nerves 14 to 16 pairs, 7 to 10 in. long, 2°5 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles thick, ‘5 in. long. Flowers solitary axillary; pedicels ‘25 in. long, puberulous. Sepals broad ovate obtuse pubescent, connate at base, ‘15 in. long. Petals coriaceous, densely silky, outer ones oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate long-acuminate, 1 to I’°5 in. long, inner ones ‘3 in. long, ovate acute, golden-silky. Stamens numerous, appendages convex, puberulous. Ovaries pubescent ; style cylindric, glabrous. Stigma bifid. Hab. Malacca (Griffith). Pahang, Rumpin (Foxworthy). ~ (12) G. Curtisii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 75; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 96, pl. 135. A shrub or small, slender tree. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves thickly membranous narrow oblong to obovate-oblong abruptly acuminate, base rounded, glabrous above except the puberulous midrib, beneath puberulous; midrib and nerves (28 to 30 pairs) tomentose, nerves very prominent inarching; 9 to 15 in. long, 3 to 5°5 in. wide; petioles *35 in. long, pubescent, channelled. Flowers solitary extra-axillary; pedicels decurved hairy stout, °6 in. long. Sepals stiffly membranous pink nerved reticulate- pubescent, °75 to I in. long, connate into a cup with 3 ovate acute teeth. Petals coriaceous velvety green to yellow, tinged red, outer ones broad lanceolate acuminate, 1°25 to 1°75 in. long, inner ones more than’ one-third as long, ovate acuminate. Stamens, appendages acute conical. Ovaries numerous pubescent, I-ovuled. Carpels ovoid acute hooked, points pubescent, °75 in. long, stalks ‘r in. long, stout. Hab. Dense forests. Selangor. Batu Caves; Menuang Gasing (Kloss); Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Ulu Kerling, Waterloo, etc. (Kunstler, Curtis). Very distinct in its large leaves, often widest near the tip, with very numerous parallel nerves. (13) G. Ridleyi King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 76; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 98, pl. 138. G. Prainianus King, l.c. 72; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 90, pl. 123. A tree about 20 ft. tall, 6 in. through. Leaves membranous broad elliptic abruptly acuminate, base sub-acute, glabrous except the midrib, puberulous on both sides; nerves puberulous, 6 pairs; 8 to 12 in. long, 3°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long, puberulous. Flowers very abundant on tubercles at the base of the stem, forming a pile, on pedicels 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, coriaceous dull red brown to a ———————=— eee lh Goniothalamus.] VI. ANONACEZ. 69 bright rose pink. Sepals ovate-elliptic obtuse, °6 in. long, puberu- lous. Petals, outer ones elliptic-oblong or ovate obtuse or sub- acute with a broad thick claw, 1°65 to 2 in. long, inner*ones con- nate, ‘6 in. long, obovate, claw narrow. Stamens yellow, numerous, appendages conic. Ovaries narrow; style cylindric, puberulous; stigma bilobed, white. Carpels globular green, an inch through; stalks 2 to 3 in. long, forming a head of fruit as big as a cricket -ball. Hab. Rocky Woods, Singapore, Bukit Timah. Malacca. Dindings. Perak, Chanderiang; Gunong Bubu (Kunstler); Batu Kurau (Curtis). Native name: Banitan. The mass of flowers at the base of the tree is often very large and is usually covered with earth by the ants, which abound in and on the flowers, and probably pollinate them. JI am quite unable to separate G. Prainianus King, which seems to be based on the young flowers only. (14) G. uvarioides King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 78; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. i.c. 100, pl. 143. A shrub 6 to 15 ft. tall, glabrous except flower and fruit. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong slightly obovate, narrowed towards the rounded base; nerves 22 to 25, rather horizontal, inarching near the margin; 10 to 15 in. long, 3 to 6 in. wide; petioles ‘4 in. long. Flowers near the base of the stem, on stout pedicels °35 in. long. Sepals small coriaceous pubescent semi-orbicular, ‘2 in. long. Petals very coriaceous, yellow, outer ones lanceolate pubescent, I°5 in. long, inner ones similar, r to 1°2 in. long. Appendages conic. Ovarieshairy. Carpels oblong acute at each end puberulous, I°5 in. long, °65 in. through; stalks -7 in. long. Seeds 4, com- pressed, rugose, °5 in. long. Hab. Very little known, based on fruiting specimens from the Ulu Slim and Ulu Bubong in Perak and a Borneo specimen in flower. A fruiting plant I found in Chaning Woods, Kelantan, appears to be this species. 18. OROPHEA, BI. Trees of medium size or shrubs. Flowers usually small, axillary fascicled or cymose, white or pink. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, valvate, outer three ovate, inner three clawed and spathulate and cohering at their edges into a conic cap, occasionally oblong approximate in the middle and diverging at the tips. Stamens definite, 6 to 12, ovoid, fleshy; anther-cells dorsal, large, appendages conic. Staminodes 0 or 3 to 6. Ovaries 3 to 15; style short or o. Ovules 4. Carpels I- or more-seeded, globular, oblong or elongate, jointed. Species about 25, tropical Asia. Inner petals vaulted. Stamens 12; stem hairy; carpels globose (1) O. setosa Stamens 6. Stem hairy; carpels globose. : . (2) O. hirsuta Stem glabrous; carpels elongate, jointed (3) O. enterocarpa Stem red-velvety; flowers ere or elon- gate, jointed 4) O. maculata 70 VI. ANONACE. [Ovophea. Inner petals slightly vaulted; flowers very small, carpels globose. : ; . (5) O. gracilis Inner petals spreading, not vaulted. Stamens Io to 12. Inner petals hastate; fruit globular . ; . (6) O. hastata Inner petals linear-oblong; fruit ovoid 5 . (7) O. dodecandra Stamens 6. Inner petals cuneiform; fruit cylindric (8 (1) O. setosa King, Journ. As. Soc. Bae. l.c. 80; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 102, pl. 131B. A shrub 4 to 6 ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent and covered with long brown bristles. Leaves membranous oblong to oblong- lanceolate-acuminate, base rounded, sparingly bristly on both sides, especially on the midrib and nerves; lower surface also pubescent; nerves 8 to Io pairs inarching near the edge; 5°5 to 7'5 in. long, 2 to 2°75 in. wide ; petioles ‘05 in. long, bristly. Flowers solitary extra-axillary ‘2 in. across; pedicels slender, °75 in. long, pubescent. Sepals sub-orbicular blunt. Petals, outer ones broadly ovate sub-acute, pubescent outside; inner ones longer vaulted, claw narrow shorter than the trapezoid-sagittate limb, pubescent on back and edges. Male flower. Stamens numerous, appendages broadly truncate. Carpels 4 or 5, sessile globose or oblong- globose, *3 in. through, pubescent and bristly. Seed 1, rarely 2. Hab. Woods from 500 or 1200 ft. altitude, Negri Sembilan, Bukit Danau (Cantley). Perak, Gunong Pondok (Kunstler). Native name: Pialu. Use: A decoction of the roots used in malaria. (2) O. hirsuta King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 81; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 104, pl. 146A. A shrub 3 to 12 ft. tall. Branchlets red-hairy. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong or slightly obovate acuminate, base minutely cordate; above glabrous, beneath hairy, midrib bristly; nerves 8 tog pairs, very faint; 3°5 to 4°5 in. long, 1°24 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘05 in. long, bristly. Peduncles extra-axillary, °5 in. long, I- to 3-flowered, hairy; pedicels °75 in. long, hairy. Bracts minute, several. Flowers ‘5 in. across, dark red, base white. Sepals broad ovate acute hairy outside. Petals, outer ones larger broad obovate blunt hairy outside, 15 in. long; inner ones ‘25 in. long, claw narrow longer than limb, glabrous, limb trapeziform vaulted thick glabrous outside, pubescent within. Stamens 6, in one row. Ovaries 6, ovoid glabrous; ovules 1 to 2. Carpels 4 to 5, globular yellow hairy, -4 in. long; stalks ‘rt in. long. Hab. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Rare. Native name: Supucha Pelandok. Use: The plant is chewed with betel-nut in cases of cough. (3) O. enterocarpa Maing. in Hook. fil. F.BI.i.92; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 106, pl. 148A. Tree 10 to 30 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves membranous elliptic- acuminate base rounded; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, slender, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1'2 to 1'°5 in. wide; petioles ‘r in. long. Flowers extra- ) O. cuneiformis Orophea. | VI. ANONACEZ. 71 axillary; pedicels very slender °75 to 1°25 in. long, pubescent except at base. Bracts several ovate lanceolate. Sepals small ovate acuminate pubescent. Petals, outer ones °5 in. long, ovate acuminate puberulous cream colour; inner ones larger, ‘6 to °75 in. long; claw narrow, yellowish with a reddish band, or dark claret colour, limb elongate trapezoid. Staminodes 6. Stamens 6. Ovaries 6, ovules 2 to 7. Carpels 4 to 6, elongate-cylindric monili- form red, 3 to 5 in. long, ‘3 in. through. Seeds 2 to 7, linear- oblong. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler). (4) O. maculata Scort. in King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 84; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 106, pl. 148B. Shrub 5 to 20 ft. tall. Branchlets red tomentose. Leaves mem- branous elliptic to oblanceolate, caudate acuminate, base rounded above, glabrous beneath, sub-glabrous, midrib and nerves pubes- cent; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, faint; 3°25 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘1 in. long, tomentose. Peduncles 1- to 3-flowered, very slender, °5 to 1 in. long, pubescent. Bracts numerous, linear- oblong. Sepals narrow lanceolate acuminate. Petals, outer ones larger ‘5 in. long, ovate acuminate hairy, mottled red and yellow, or white spotted with pink ; inner ones ‘I in. long, claw long, narrow, pubescent, limb lanceolate acuminate hairy. Staminodes 3, orbicular. Stamens 6, bases hairy. Ovaries 3 to 6, very hairy, 6- to 7-ovuled. Carpels 4 to 6, elongate cylindric puberulous moniliform, red. Seeds 4 to 7, linear-oblong. Hab. In thick woods, usually on limestone rocks. Perak, Goping. Gunong Pondok (Kunstler); Tapah. Pahang, Kota Glanggi and Pulau Chengei, Pahang river. (5) O. gracilis King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 83; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 107, pl. I4QA. Tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Stem 4 to 6 in. through. Leaves mem- branous to thinly coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate obtuse, base cuneate or rounded narrowed, glabrous; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, slender inarching far from the edge, indistinct; 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, ‘9 to I'2 in. wide; petioles ‘05 in. long. Flowers solitary extra-axillary on slender jointed pedicels °75 to rin. long. Bracts several, minute, subulate. Sepals broad ovate sub-acute, base connate. Petals, outer ones larger, ovate acute, ‘15 in. long, white glabrous except edges pubescent; inner ones ‘25 in. long; limb thick trapezoid, edges pubescent, claw shorter glabrous. Stamens 6 in one row, appendages long. Ovaries 4 to 10, ovoid glabrous, 2-ovuled. Carpels 6 to 10 globose, °45 in. long, glabrous brown; stalks ‘25 in. long. Hab. Open jungle on limestone hills, Perak, Goping (Kunstler). (6) O. hastata King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 83; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 107, pl. T40B. Tree, 20 to 4o ft. tall, 5 to 7 in. through, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic caudate-acuminate, base shortly cuneate; nerves 72 VI. ANONACEZ. [Orophea. 6 to 8 pairs, inarching within the edges; 3°5 in. to 5°5 in. long, 1°6 to 2°4 in. wide; petioles ‘1 in. to ‘2 in. long. Peduncles solitary, axillary or extra-axillary, -4 in. long, with several bracts and 3 to 4 flowers on pubescent pedicels. Flowers -4 in. long, dark red, petals tipped yellow. Sepals ovate acute, pubescent outside. Petals, outer ones twice as large, ovate acute, pubescent outside; inner ones °35 in. long, limb hastate triquetrous, edges ciliate; claw long, narrowed to base, glabrous. Staminodes 0. Stamens Io in 2 rows, apiculate. Ovaries 10, oblong, pubescent, 2-ovuled. Carpels 5 to 6, globular, glabrous, *4 in. long, green, mottled dark red; stalks -25 in. long. Seeds solitary. Hab. Dense rocky jungle up to 1000 ft. altitude, Singapore, Bukit Timah forest. Perak; Ulu Slim and Larut (Kunstler). Dindings, Lumut. (7) O. dodecandra Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i‘. 25; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 84; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 108, pl. 150A. Tree 30 to 50 ft. tall. Stem 15 to 20 in. through. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves sub-coriaceous, elliptic caudate acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous; nerves 5 to 6 pairs elevated beneath, inarching ‘25 in. from edge; 3°5 to 5°5 in. long; 1°75 to 2°3 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long, stout, channelled. Peduncles several together, axillary, 4 in. long with 3 to 7 flowers; pedicels as long or longer. Flowers small, dark red. Sepals ovate connate at base. Petals, outer ones broad ovate acuminate, base rounded, ‘15 in. long; inner ones thick, linear-oblong blunt puberulous, apices recurved. Stamin- odes 0. Stamens 12, in 2 rows; appendages prolonged. Ovaries 6 to 8, oblique curved glabrous, 2-ovuled. Carpels ovoid blunt glabrous, °85 in. long, white spotted red. Seed 1, oblong or rounded. Hab. Sea level to 800 ft. altitude in dense forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Selangor, Petaling. Perak at Thaiping and Gunong Bubu (Kunstler) ; Kwala Dipang. (8) O. cuneiformis King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 84; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 108, pl. 150B. A tree 15 to 30 ft. tall. Stem 3 to 4 in. through. Leaves dark green thinly coriaceous oblong or elliptic acuminate; base shortly narrowed rounded cordate, at first sparsely hairy, later glabrous above, pubescent beneath; nerves 8 to 12 pairs with the midrib tomentose, 3°5 to 6 in. long, I°I to 2:2 in. wide; petioles ‘05 in. long, tomentose. Peduncles supra-axillary, slender rufous-tomen- tose, I in.. long. Bracts numerous linear-lanceolate. Flowers 4 or 5; pedicels 3°5 in. long, red-tomentose. Sepals ovate long acuminate. Petals, outer ones ovate acute, white and pink; inner ones cuneiform, sometimes retuse, claw short narrow. Stamin- odes 3, sub-orbicular. Stamens 6, appendages broad, flat. Ovaries 6, oblong villous, 2- to 3-ovuled. Carpels 2 to 4, sessile cylindric not moniliform, 1°5 to 1°75 in. long, °35 in. through. Seeds 2, oblong. Hab. Woods, on limestone hills under tooo ft. altitude. Orophea.| VI. ANONACEZ. 73 Perak, Goping district (Kunstler). Setul, Bukit Rajah Wang. Distrib. Siam, Tongka. 19. MITREPHORA, BI. Trees or shrubs. Leaves sub-coriaceous or coriaceous. Flowers solitary or in racemes usually axillary or leaf-opposed, small, often unisexual. Sepals 3, orbicular or ovate. Petals 6, in 2 series, valvate; outer ones ovate, thin; inner ones clawed, limb ovate or lanceolate, vaulted and cohering. Stamens oblong; anther-cells dorsal, remote; appendages broad, truncate. Ovaries oblong; style oblong or clavate; ovules 4 or more, 2-seriate. Carpels globose or ovoid, stalked or nearly sessile. Species Io, East Asiatic. Flower hermaphrodite I in. or more across, yellow or red : : : : A : . (1) M. Maingayi Flowers unisexual. Flowers on branches, Carpels ovoid not rugulose; nerves 12 to 14 pairs (2) M. reticulata Carpels sub-globular rugulose; nerves 14 to 20 pairs . : : : ; ; 2 . (3) M. macrophylla Flowers on trunk, fleshy . ’ : : . (4) M. crassipetala (4) M. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 77; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 86; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 112, pl. 154. A tree 20 to 50 ft. tall, 6 to 24 in. through; branchlets tomen- tose. Leaves coriaceous ovate or oblong-acuminate, base rounded, glabrous; nerves 6 to Io pairs; 3 to 5°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°2 in. wide; petioles ‘3 to ‘4 in. long. Flowers large and showy, I in. across or more, yellow with red spots, several on a leaf-opposed red-velvety peduncle, with many bracts. Sepals connate ovate acute, tomentose. Petals, outer ones orbicular or obovate, edges undulate, pubescent inside, inner ones shorter cordate with’a long linear claw. Stamens numerous, appendages flat. Ovaries nar- rowed into the styles; ovules 4. Carpels ovoid densely tomentose pale green, 1 in. long, °75 in. through; stalks stout, °75 in. long. Seeds 4. Hab. Borders of woods in open country. Malacca (Maingay). Selangor. Dindings, Bruas; Telok Sera (Curtis). Perak, Thaiping; Goping (Kunstler); Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis, Porter). Disivib. Borneo, Cochin-China. Native name: Maribut Daun Besar. (2) M. reticulata Hook. fil. F.BJI.i. 77; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 87; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 113, pl. 156A. Orophea reticulata Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii.23. Uvaria reticulata Bl. Fl. Jav. Anonacee, 50, t. 24. Tree 20 to 30 ft. tall, stem 4 to 6in. through; branchlets tomen- tose. Leaves membranous narrow oblong acuminate, base cuneate or rounded, reticulate glabrous; midrib pubescent above, setose beneath; nerves 12 to I4 pairs, prominent; 5 to 14 in. long, 2 74 VI. ANONACEZ. | Mitrephora. to 4°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long, swollen. Flowers small, ‘2 in. across, lavender colour or brownish pink, unisexual in few- flowered axillary cymes. Pedicels slender, 1 in. long. Bracts many, small. Sepals ovate acute pubescent. Petals, outer ones twice as large as inner ones ovate obtuse, pubescent; inner ones spoon-shaped, limb ovate acute, claw linear. Stamens numerous in male, appendages rounded broad. Ovaries 3, hairy. In female, staminodes in 2 rows. Ovaries 12, hairy ovoid-cylindric; ovules 4. Stigma large, fleshy. Carpels ovoid wrinkled hoary, ‘8 in. long, 65 in. through; stalk stout, ‘2 in. long. Seeds 2. Hab. Forests, common. Johor, Pulau Tiuman (Burkill). Malacca. Selangor, Batu caves. Perak, Bujong Malacca; Temengoh_hill-woods; Sungkai (Burn-Murdoch). Kelantan, Chaning. Dzsivib. Burma, S. Siam (Trang). Native names: Ringei Jerenang; Kiru; Pisang Pisang Bukit. Use: Timber used for house-building; bark used as soap in Malacca. (3) M. macrophylla Oliv. Ic. Pl. t. 1562; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 87; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 114, pl. 157. Small tree 20 to 30 ft. tall; trunk 6 to 8 in. through; branches puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic-obovate or oblong- lanceolate acute or acuminate; base rounded, puberulous when young, minutely reticulate; nerves 14 to 20 pairs, inarehing, ‘15 in. from margin, prominent beneath; 7 to 13 in. long, 1°75 to 4 in. wide. Flowers °25 to ‘3 in. wide axillary in pairs or cymes, dull purple to dark pink, I to 2 in. long, pubescent, similar to those of M. reticulata. Fruit globose, minutely tomentose, rusty brown, *4 to ‘5 in. through; stalk ‘2 in. long. Seeds several. Hab. Johor. Pahang, Tahan River. Dindings. Selangor, Weld’s Hill (native collector); Perak, Thaiping Hills; Sungkai; Goping, common (Kunstler); Penang, West Hill from about 1500 ft. altitude upwards (Curtis). Native name: Prusat. (4) M. crassipetala Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 13. A tree, glabrous. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate acute, base rounded; nerves elevate beneath, 9 pairs, inarching, 6 to 8 in. long, 2°5 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flowers in racemes ‘5 in. long in clusters on trunk; white. Bracts °05 in. long, ovate. Sepals ovate obtuse, edges ciliate, ‘rin. long. Petals, outer ones ovate, *3 in. long; tip very thick, coriaceous; inner ones connivent spathulate, limb triangular thick. Male flowers, stamens numerous oblong; appendages triangular-ovate. Pistils abortive. Hab. Forests, Pahang on the Tahan River. Rare (Ridley). 20. POPOWIA, Endl. Trees or shrubs. Flowers small sub-globular, usually bisexual, occasionally unisexual, hardly opening, extra-axillary or leaf- opposed nearly sessile, tomentose. Sepals 3, ovate valvate. Popowia.] VI. ANONACEZ. 75 Petals 6, valvate in 2 series, ovate or orbicular, outer ones little longer than the sepals, spreading : inner ones thick, concave con- nivent acute, tip sometimes inflexed, a little longer than the outer ones. Stamens indefinite or definite, short cuneate; anther-cells dorsal, remote, appendages usually broad and flat. Ovaries about 6, ovoid; style large, oblong, straight or curved. Ovules I or 2 on ventral suture, rarely 1, basal. Carpels berry-like, globose or ovoid, stalked. Seeds zr to 3. Species about 20 in Africa, 12 Australia and 1 African. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves glabrous except nerves; flowers very small. Leaves ovate; nerves 6 to 8 pairs . ; ; (1) P. ramosissima Leaves lanceolate; nerves 9 to Io pairs . A (2) P. paucifiora Leaves yellow, tomentose beneath; fruit very large : (3) P. foetida Leaves glabrous above except nerves below, pubes- cent; fruit small ; (4) P. perakensis Leaves puberulous above, pubescent beneath blunt (5) P. fusea Leaves glabrous except midrib, es oe beneath . : ; (6) P. velutina Leaves soft, tomentose all over . (7) P. tomentosa Flowers unisexual. Leaves large, glabrous strongly nerved. Flowers +5 in. across, dense, hairy. Petals short, ovate, inner much pace fruit 25 in. : . (8) P. nervifolia Petals subequal, oblong; fruit - -75 in. ; (9) P. nervosa Flowers -3 in. wide, glabrous; fruit oblong, -5 in. (10) P. pumila (1) P. ramosissima Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 105; Hook. ju. F.B.I.i. 68; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c.92; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. tic. 117, pl. 150B. A small spreading tree Io to 12 ft. tall, 3 to 4 in. through; young branches rufous-pubescent. Leaves membranous coriaceous nearly sessile elliptic to nearly ovate shortly acuminate, base round, glabrous except midrib and nerves 6 to 8 pairs ascending pubescent ; 2°75 in. to ‘4 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide; petioles hairy, ‘05 in. long. Flowers leaf-opposed, 1 to 3 together, ‘2 in. across, white or yellow. Sepals broad, triangular, ovate acute tomentose outside. Petals sub-equal, coriaceous sub-rotund concave, little larger than the sepals, tomentose outside; inner ones little larger than outer ones, tips incurved. Stamens short, appendages broad concave. Ovaries 5 to 6, villous, ovules 1 to 2. Carpels globose, ‘25 to °35 in. long, pubescent, green; stalks ‘o5 in. long. Hab. Forests, sea level to 2000 ft. altitude. Common. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Johor. Pahang, Kota Glanggi. Malacca. Selangor, Petaling. Perak, Thaiping Hills; Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Dindings, Pangkor. Penang (Wallich); Pulau Betong (Curtis). Dzstrib. Sumatra, Borneo, South. Siam at Trang. Native name: Kayu San Tuche. (2) P. pauciflora Maing. in Hook. fil. F.BJI. i. 69; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c.92; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 117, pl. I5QA. 76 VI. ANONACEZ. [Popowia. Tree?, branchlets strigose. Leaves membranous elliptic-lanceo- late acuminate, base acute or obtuse, glabrous above except midrib and nerves, pilose beneath, g to Io pairs, ascending, 5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long, pubescent. Flowers extra- axillary or axillary solitary, ‘25 in. across; pedicels ‘15 to ‘25 in. long, red, strigose. Sepals minute ovate. Petals, outer ones small ovate, inner ones twice as large, sub-orbicular concave, tips inflexed. Stamens many. Ovaries 6, strigose; ovules solitary. Carpels globose sub-sessile glabrous, ‘3 in. long. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Very rare, only known from Maingay’s specimens. (3) P. foetida Maing. in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 69; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 93; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 119, pl. 161A. A large tree 30 to 40 ft. tall; branches pale, branchlets tomentose. Leaves sub-coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, above glabrous except the puberulous midrib, beneath densely yellowish- tomentose; nerves II to 18 pairs, prominent beneath inarching close to margin, ascending 4°5 to 6°5 in. long, 1°6 to 2 in. across; petioles tomentose, ‘2 in. long. Flowers solitary °35 in. long, yellow, pedicels very short. Sepals ‘1 in. long lanceolate ovate. Petals, outer ones ovate-elliptic, obtuse; inner ones larger concave, edges thickened, all tomentose. Stamens about 30. Ovaries strigose, about 6, 2-ovuled. Carpels 1 to 3, very large, oblong-ovoid rounded, sessile, densely shortly yellow-tomentose, 2°25 in. long, 1°5 in. through. Seed 1, oblong, 1°6 in. long, 75 in. through. Hab. Forests. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Derry). Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis). Native name: Pisang Pisang Besar. (4) P. perakensis King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 94; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 120, pl. 1618. A small tree 6 to 15 ft. tall; branchlets tomentose. Leaves large elliptic or oblong shortly acuminate, base narrowed obtuse, above glabrous, except the midrib and nerves 8 to Io pairs, promi- nent beneath, tomentose on both sides, beneath pubescent sub- granular; 5 to 6 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘1 in. long, tomentose. Flowers extra-axillary, in pairs, °3 in. across, silvery grey; pedicels ‘4 in. long, red-tomentose. Sepals semi-orbicular acute tomentose outside. Petals thick ovoid-orbicular acute sub-concave, white silky; inner ones slightly larger than outer ones. Stamens numerous, appendages truncate corrugate. Ovaries 10, nearly glabrous, 2-ovuled. Carpels 8 or more, oblong-ovoid glabrescent, with horizontal constrictions when dry, °5 in. long, ‘25 in. through; stalks -25 in. to ‘5 in. long. Seeds 2. Hab. Dense forest. Perak, Thaiping Hills from the waterfall to 2000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (5) P. fusca King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 94; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 120, pl. 162A. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall; stem 6 to Io in. through; branchlets purplish brown, tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, oval-oblong obtuse Popowia. VI. ANONACEZ. Th or sub-acute, base rounded, above puberulous, beneath pubescent, midrib and nerves 8 to It pairs, prominent brown tomentose both sides; 2°5 in. to 3°5 in. long, 1°4 to 1°8 in. wide; petioles thick, ‘2 in. long, tomentose. Flowers fascicled extra-axillary, °25 in. across, on pedicels ‘15 to ‘25 in. long, tomentose. Sepals ovate- obtuse tomentose outside. Petals rounded thick and fleshy, both series equal, tomentose outside, puberulous inside. Carpels 3 to 4, globose green with a brown gloss, °25 in. through on stalks ‘1 to ‘2 in. long, tomentose. Seed 1. Hab. Dense bamboo forests and lowland mixed forest. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Perak at Ulu Kerling at 500 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (6) P. velutina King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 94; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 120, pl. 162B. Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall, 6 to 8 in. through. Leaves glossy dark green velvety, elliptic-oblong acute or acuminate, slightly narrowed to rounded base, above granular sparsely hairy, beneath softly pubescent, midrib and nerves 6 to 7 pairs, indistinct, tomentose on both surfaces; 3 to 5 in. long, 1°4 to 1°8 in. wide; petioles ‘I in. long. Flowers I to 2, extra-axillary, ‘25 in. across; pedicels densely tomentose. Sepals broad, ovate sub-acute, tomentose outside, persistent. Petals sub-equal, thick sub-orbicular, tomentose out- side. Carpels few, I to 3, ovoid blunt, slightly narrowed at base, velvety-pubescent, ‘5 in. long, °35 in. through; stalks ‘2 in. long, tomentose. Seed 1, rugose. Hab: Dense jungle, limestone districts at 500 to 800 ft. altitude. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). (7) P. tomentosa Maing. in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i.70; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 95. Shrub 6 to 15 ft. tall; stem 2 to 3 in. through or less; branchlets tomentose. Leaves elliptic-oblong obtuse or sub-acute, base rounded, sub-coriaceous, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to I’g in. across, softly pubescent-tomentose on both sides, much so beneath; nerves g to ro paifs, slender; petioles ‘1 in. long. Flowers extra-axillary sub-sessile or shortly stalked, -25 in. across, white. Sepals ovate connate. Petals villous outside, outer ones ovate thick, inner ones larger, thick and concave. Stamens 25. Ovaries 7 to 9, oblong pubescent; ovules 2. Carpels globose, pubescent, °5 to “75 in. long; stalks °35 in. long on peduncle enlarged to ‘5 in. long, tomentose. Seeds 2. Hab. Forests lowland. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca (Maingay). Brisu; Ayer Panas. Selangor, Batu caves. Perak, Ulu Kerling, open bamboo forests (Kunstler). Dindings, Gunong Tungul. Penang Moniot’s Road. Native name : Chingau. ‘ (8) P. nervifolia Maing. in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 60; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 95; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 121, pl. 164. Small tree 15 to 20 ft. tall; stem 2 to 3 in. through; branchlets pubescent. Leaves coriaceous oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous above, nearly so beneath, 78 VI. ANONACE. [Popowia. midrib and nerves pubescent; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, prominent, as are reticulations; 5°5 to 8°5 in. long, 2 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles *35 to ‘5 in. long, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers 1 to 2, extra- axillary, *5 to °75 in. across; white or pink; pedicels tomentose, "15 to ‘25 long, bracts 2, nearly as large as sepals. Sepals ovate- orbicular acute thick villous, tomentose outside. Petals, outer ones larger tomentose outside, inner ones longer, tips inflexed, tomentose. Stamens numerous, appendages rhomboid. Ovaries numerous, hairy. Carpels numerous, cylindric-ovoid apiculate, narrowed at base, strigose, °5 in. long, ‘25 in. through; stalks 2 to ‘3 in. long ona globular torus. Hab. Forests, to rooo ft. altitude. Johor, Gunong Janeng (Kelsall). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Sulu (Cantley). Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Thaiping Hills. Selangor, Ginting Bidai. Penang, Pulau Butong at 300 ft. altitude (Curtis). Native names: Pasa Achong; Mumpisang Batu. Use: In house- building. ) P. nervosa Rid/. Ellipeia nervosa Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 52; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 27; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 35, pl. 33. A tree up to 20 ft. tall; branchlets glabrous. Leaves coriaceous with pellucid dots, elliptic to lanceolate-oblong acute at both ends, tip sometimes acuminate, above glabrous, beneath sparsely strigose with distinct reticulations; nerves Io to 12 pairs; 8 to 12 in. long, 2 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles *35 to ‘5 in. long, glabrous. Flowers unisexual, solitary or in pairs, extra-axillary, °75 in. across, globose ; pedicels ‘I to 2 in. long, pilose, stout. Sepals ovate acute pubescent. Petals white, pubescent, spreading imbricate, much longer, outer ones broad ovate-oblong, blunt; inner ones shorter and narrower, oblong. Stamens in male flowers numerous. Pistils in females many. Carpels numerous, ovoid apiculate, narrowed into stalk, orange (rose red according to Wray), 1 in. long, °5 in. through, glabrous on °75 to I in. stalks. Hab. In lowland forest to 3000 ft. altitude. Common. Johor. Malacca. Pahang. Selangor. Perak and Penang. Native names: Poko Girah; Kenchong; Larak. Use: In house-building. The leaves of this tree very closely resemble those of P. nervifolia. (10) P. pumila Ridl. Ellipeia pumila King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 27; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 34, pl. 32. A shrub 2 to 8 ft. tall; young branches tomentose. Leaves coriaceous oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, apex acuminate, base acute, above glabrous, beneath sparsely pubescent ; nerves 9 pairs, faint, 4°5 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to °35 in. long, pubes- cent. Flowers I or 2, extra-axillary sub-sessile, °75 in. across; pedicels ‘x in. long, coarsely hairy. Sepals much shorter than the petals, ovate sub-acute, strigose-pubescent outside. Petals im- bricate, white, lanceolate hairy-strigose outside, glabrous inside, Popowia.| VI. ANONACE. 79 outer ones at first much shorter, later sub-equal to the inner ones. Male flowers; stamens numerous, appendages truncate, pistils 0. Female, stamens fewer; pistils 10, pubescent, 1-ovuled. Carpels 4 to 5, sub-cylindric tapering to both ends, °75 in. long, ‘25 in. through, granular-strigose; stalks ‘15 in. long, tomentose; torus very small. Seed solitary. Hab. In forests, not common. Selangor, near Klang Gates. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tampin (Robinson). Perak, Ulu Bubong and Chanderiang (Kunstler). 21. OXYMITRA, Bl. Climbers woody, usually slender, red-tomentose. Leaves oblong obovate large, glaucous beneath. Flowers, leaf-opposed or extra- axillary, moderately large; buds conic. Sepals 3, valvate, connate at base. Petals 6, valvate in 2 series, outer ones long, flat or triquetrous narrow, connivent, coriaceous, usually yellow, inner ones much smaller, ovate-lanceolate or oblong or narrow, connivent. Stamens many, linear-oblong, truncate; anther-cells dorsal, remote. Ovaries oblong, strigose; style oblong. Ovules 1 or 2, sub-basal. Carpels stalked, 1-seeded. Species 30, Asia and Africa. Outer petals flat. Leaves broad, elliptic ‘ - 3 é . (1) O. affinis Leaves narrow, sub-glabrous’. j ; . (2) O. fornicata Outer petals concave. Pedicels long, slender 3 : ; a . (3) O. filipes Pedicels very short. Leaves large, obovate. Sepals elliptic, nearly half as long as petals . (4) O. ealycina Sepals very small, sub-orbicular . (5) O. latifolia Leaves oblong-elliptic not obovate. Outer petals broad : . (6) O. biglandulosa Outer petals narrow, linear- lanceolate . . (7) O. glauca (1) O. affinis Hook. fil. F.BJI.i. 70; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 98; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c., pl. 168A. Climber; branchlets rusty-tomentose. Leaves sub-coriaceous, oblong-elliptic or slightly obovate acute or shortly acuminate, base round, above glabrous except the midrib pubescent on both sides, beneath glaucous pubescent especially on midrib and promi- nent nerves 8 to 14 pairs, 3°5 to Io in. long, 1°25 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long, tomentose. Flowers solitary on pedicels 25 to *45 in. long, yellow. Sepals slightly connate at base, broad ovate, sub-acute, pubescent, °5 in. long. Petals flat, very unequal ; outer ones thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate sub-acute, pubescent on both sides, 1°5 to 1°75 in. long, ‘4 to ‘6 in. wide; inner ones thickly coriaceous, ovate sub-acute, ‘5 in. long, pubescent outside. Carpels cylindric blunt pubescent, °5 to ‘8 in. long, °3 in. through; stalks pubescent, ‘2 in long, Seeds x. Hab. Lowland forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Malacca, Selandor, etc. (Maingay, 80 VI. ANONACE#. [Oxymitra. Cantley). Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Southern Siam. Native name: Akar Larak. (2) O. fornicata Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 71; var. glabra. Branches slender, nearly glabrous. Leaves oblong; base narrow, blunt, tip cuspidate, glabrous; nerves 13 pairs, slender; 6 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Flowers very short pedicelled, extra-axillary. Sepals ovate ribbed hairy. Petals, outer ones flat lanceolate golden-silky, inner triangular-ovate. Fruit oblong, *5 in. long. Hab. In forests, not common. Penang: Fic. 8.—Oxymitra filipes. in Herb. Kew (probably Phillips). Pulau Adang (Ridley). Dzs- tvib. Silhet, Assam, Cambodia. This plant is remarkable in the genus for its narrow leaves. I have only seen two specimens of the Penang plant, one in fruit, the other in young flower. King refers the former to O. affinis, which it is not. I believe it to be a form of O. fornicata, a native of Assam, Mergui and Cambodia. (3) O. filipes Hook. fil. F.BJI. i. 171; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 99. Branchlets velvety-tomentose. Leaves membranous oblong- lanceolate slightly obovate acute (or acuminate), base sub-cordate, above glabrous or pubescent, beneath sub-glaucous pubescent ; - eT Oxymitra.| VI. ANONACE, 8t midrib and nerves 12 to 14 pairs, above pubescent, beneath tomen- tose, secondary nerves prominent also; 4°5 to 7°5 in. long, 1°4 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to ‘25 in. long, tomentose. Flowers very long and narrow yellow, 1°75 to 2°5 in. long, solitary on extra- axillary peduncles, 3 to 4 in. long, pubescent. Sepals 25 in. long, ovate acute pubescent. Petals, outer ones fleshy narrow trique- trous, base concave; inner ones glabrous, one-fifth length of the outer ones, lanceolate caudate-acuminate. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 1-ovuled. Carpels numerous, brownish green, ovate- cylindric, pubescent, °5 in. long, °25 in. wide; stalks ‘3 in. long. Hab. Forests. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Goping and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). (4) O. calycina King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 99; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 125, pl. 168. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves large, much resembling those of O. latifolia Hook. fil., but more pubescent beneath and more distinctly obovate retuse. Flowers solitary, short pedicelled, very tomentose. Sepals green, ovate-elliptic acute, °6 in. long, °5 in. wide at the base. Petals, outer ones thick lanceolate caudate- acuminate, concave at base, I to 1°25 in. long, tomentose outside; inner ones about 5 in. shorter, connate into an acute cone, puberulous outside. Stamens with smaller appendages than in O. latifolia. Carpels elliptic pubescent, 35 in. long; stalks ‘2 in. long, pubescent. Hab. Forestsin mountains. Perak, Thaiping Hills and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Penang, near the Experimental Nursery, at 2000 ft. altitude (Curtis). (5) O. latifolia Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 145, Hook. fil. F.BI.i.70; King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 126, pl. 1668. Climber 20 to 60 ft. long. Leaves thickly membranous oblong ovate, often slightly obovate obtuse, truncate or retuse, base retuse or cordate, above glabrous except tomentose midrib, beneath glaucous (young leaves plum-colour) softly puberulous; midrib and nerves pubescent, nerves Io to 12 pairs, elevate beneath; 7 to 12 in. long, 3 to 6 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to ‘45 in. long, red tomentose. Flowers solitary, on pedicels ‘25 in. long. Sepals rounded gibbous small, green with short red hairs. Petals outer ones creamy white, fleshy triangular blunt, red-hairy at base, I in. long, ‘5 in. wide at base; inner ones shorter, *g in. long, cream colour, excavate at base, tip fleshy. Stamens white in 5 rows, anthers oblong, appendages recurved. Ovaries 5 rows, brown hairy; stigma thick, recurved. Carpels cylindric-ovoid, narrowed at base, puberulous or not, yellow orange, ‘5 to °75 in. long, °3 to ‘4 in. through; stalk as long. Seed 1. Hab. Borders of forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Selitar, etc. Malacca, Selangor, Perak, Goping (Kunstler) ; Tapah; Relau Tujor (Wray). Penang (Phillips). Kedah, Yan. Lankawi (Curtis). ; (6) O. biglandulosa Scheff. in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxx. F1.M.P., 1 G 82 VI. ANONACEZ:. [Oxymitra. 341; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 100; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. lc. pl. 170. Guatteria biglandulosa B/. Fl. Jav. Anonacee 102, b. 51. Branchlets red-silky. Leaves coriaceous elliptic to oblong acute or shortly acuminate, base rounded, above glabrous, midrib puberulous, beneath sub-glaucous puberulous; nerves 7 to 9 pairs, prominent beneath; 3°5 to 7°5 in. long, 2 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to ‘4 in. long. Flowers solitary extra-axillary, 1 to 1°5 in. long on slender pedicels, 4 in long. Sepals fleshy ovate long acuminate puberulous. Petals. yellow, outer ones lanceolate oblong blunt, base concave, midrib prominent ; inner ones *3 m. long, bases broad, tips long-acuminate. Carpels oblong-ovoid blunt, yellow, °75 in. long, puberulous or not; stalks 5 in. long. Hab. Forests, lowland. Malacca, Merlimau (Cantley); (Griffith, Maingay). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Curtis). Perak, Ulu Kerling; Waterfall Hill, | Thaiping; Goping (Kunstler). Native name: Akar Mupisang hitam. Dzvstrib. Java, Borneo and Sumatra. (7) O. glauca Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 146; Hook. fil. F.B.1.i. 71; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 101; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. pl. I7IA. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous elliptic to lanceolate, blunt or acute, base rounded, above glabrous, except the midrib and nerves pubescent, beneath glaucous glabrous or nearly so; midrib pubescent; nerves 8 to 12 pairs, prominent beneath pubescent, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide. Flowers solitary extra-axillary on slender pedicels ‘5 in. long. Sepals connate at base, broad ovate acuminate pubescent, °25 in. long. Petals, outer ones coriaceous narrow linear-lanceolate sub-acute, base concave, outside pubescent; inner ones, bases sub-orbicular, tips long-acuminate, one-fifth of the length of the flower.. Ovaries hairy, I-ovuled. Carpels many ovoid, *4 in. long and °25 in. through, tomentose; stalks slender, -75 in. long. Had. Forests. Malacca (Maingay). Perak at Simpang; Ulu Kerling; Goping and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Sumatra. 22. MELODORUM, Dunal. Climbing shrubs. Stem rarely stout. Leaves more or less coriaceous, red-pubescent or silky or glabrescent. Flowers terminal, solitary axillary or panicled; buds conic, triquetrous, usually covered with red silky tomentum. Sepals 3, valvate connate, small. Petals 6, in 2 rows, outer ones fleshy or coriaceous, lanceo- late or ovate, trigonous; inner ones fleshy, glabrescent, tips trique- trous, base excavate on the inner face. Stamens many; anther- cells contiguous; appendages more or less flattened, triangular to orbicular. Pistils many; style oblong; ovules 2 cr more. Carpels berried with several seeds. Species about 35, tropical Asia, Africa and Australia. Melodorum.| VI. ANONACE&. 83 i. Eu-MELODORUM. Petals oblong-ovate, under 1 in. long, seeds smooth. Flowers -4 in. to nearly -5 in. long; buds broad pyramidal. Flowers -25 in. long, lax, axillary racemes . («) M, litseeefolium ’ Flowers -4 to °5 in. ene sine or in short cymes 2 : 3 ; (2) M. fulgens Flowers. +5 in. long or more; “buds pyramidal, broad. Flowers racemose; leaves glabrous above; fruit globose. : . (3) M. manubriatum Flowers solitary axillary ; fruit cylindric : - (4) M. eylindricum Flowers racemose. Leaves pubescent above (young), base nar- rowed : , : ? : (5) M. latifolium Leaves glabrous, “smooth above, base broad round : : ‘ : 5 (6) M. Kingii Flowers narrow, pyramidal; fruit tubercled : (7) M. hypoglaucum ii. PyRAMIDANTHE. Outer petals linear-lanceolate, 1-2 to 2 in. long; leaves tomentose beneath. Outer petals densely woolly outside; fruit globose . - : Ss : : . (8) M. lanuginosum Outer petals minutely red-tomentose; fruit oblong - (9) M. Maingayi Outer petals minutely red-tomentose 2 in. “long; fruit ovoid, tubercled; leavessub-glabrous . (10) M. prismaticum Outer petals minute, red-tomentose 75 in. long; oblong : : . (11) M. rubiginosum ili. KentTra. Outer sane as edad as Hone ovate, edges thick; flowers axillary ; seeds pitted. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; fruitovoid;ovules8 . (12) M. elegans Leaves elliptic or obovate; fruit globose; ovules 2 (13) M. pisocarpum (x1) M. litsezefolium King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 103; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. l.c. 132, pl. 173. A strong climber; branchlets rusty-tomentose. Leaves cori- aceous, oblong-ovate to oblong-acute, base rounded, glabrous above, midrib pubescent; beneath hairy pubescent, midrib and nerves 8 to Io pairs, red-tomentose, slender, prominent beneath ; 2°75 to 4°25 in. long, 1°25 to 1°6 in. wide; petioles ‘x to ‘2 in. long. Flowers in lax few-flowered racemes or panicles, 3 to 4 in. long; pedicels ‘25 to ‘35 in. long. Sepals broad ovate acute concave, connate at base, ‘rin. long. Petals broadly ovate acute coriaceous, outer ones ‘2 to ‘3 in. long, rufous-tomentose outside; inner ones smaller, puberulous outside. Stamens numerous, appendages broadly and bluntly triangular. Ovaries few, red, pubescent 4-ovuled. Hab. Open forest. Rare. Perak, Thaiping Hills at 300 to 500 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Distinct in its small flowers in panicles, very near the Chinese MW. glaucescens. Kunstler described it on one ticket as a shrubby tree Io to 15 ft. tall, 3 to 4 in. through. (2) M. fulgens Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 120, King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 104; Ann. Bot. Gard. Caic. l.c. 133, pl. 174. 84 VI. ANONACE#. [Melodorum. A moderate climber; branchlets pubescent. Leaves lanceolate- acuminate or elliptic-lanceolate, base rounded or sub-acute, above glabrous, beneath glabrous or sparsely strigose; nerves 13 to 18 pairs, slender curving; 3 to 4 in. long, 1°2 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long, pubescent. Flowers I to many in a terminal or leaf- opposed cyme; pedicels 3 to 4 in. long, pubescent. Sepals broad ovate sub-acute, connate at base, ‘I in. long, pubescent outside. Petals thick, outer ones flat ovate-oblong sub-acute, red pubescent outside, *5 in. long; inner ones similar but smaller, glabrous and concave at the base, °3 in. long. Stamens numerous, appendages of outer ones lanceolate and as long as the anthers. Ovaries pubescent, 4-ovuled in 2 rows. Carpels ovoid, globose, densely silky tomentose, I to 1°5 in. long, ‘9g in. through; stalks °85 to 1°5 in. long, stout. Seeds oblong. Hab. Open forest-edges. Common. Singapore, Reservoir Woods; Bukit Mandai; Chanchu Kang. Johor. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Derry). Selangor, Bukit Kutu; Kwala Lumpur; Gunong Semangok at 2500 ft. altitude (Curtis). Perak, Tapah (Wray); Larut (Kunstler). Distrib. Malay Isles. Native names: Akar Kep; Akar Singuloh; Akar Larat, Larit or Lerek. (3) M. manubriatum Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 118; Hook. fil. F.BI.1i. 79; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 104; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 134, pl. 176. M. bancanum Scheff. Nat. Tijdr. XXX1. 343. Uvaria manubriata Wall. Cat. 6456. A large climber; branchlets red-tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base rounded, above glabrous except the rufous-hairy midrib, beneath densely red-tomen- tose; nerves 12 to 18 pairs, slender curved, rather prominent beneath; 2 to 4°5 in. long, °75 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles °3 in. long, tomentose. Flowers I or 2 or more in short racemes, on pedicels "25 to "75 in. long, densely red-tomentose, extra-axillary. Sepals ovate broad obtuse, connate at the base, silky outside, *2 in. long. Petals coriaceous, lanceolate to ovate lanceolate obtuse, outer ones densely red-tomentose outside, puberulous in the upper half; inner ones smaller, pubescent at the tip, base concave. Stamens, appendages bluntly triangular. Ovaries numerous oblong, densely silky; ovules 8 in 2 rows. Carpels numerous, ovoid-globose, about 1°25 in. long, densely red-woolly; stalks 2 to 3 in. long. Torus globose, all red-woolly. Seeds 8. Hab. Dense forest. Common. Singapore, Changi; Bedoh. Malacca, Merlimau (Derry); Alor Gajah and Rim Jungle (Griffith). Negri Sembilan. Perak, Tapah (Wray); Gunong Bubu 2000 ft. altitude and Goping (Kunstler). Penang. Distrib. Mergui, Banca. Native names: Akar Jangkang; Akar Larak; Akar Kenchang. (4) M. cylindricum Maing. in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 80; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 106; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 136, pl. 177B. Melodorum.] VI. ANONACEZ. 85 A moderate climber; branchlets rusty-pubescent. Leaves cori- aceous elliptic-oblong acute, base rounded, above glabrous, bright green, beneath golden-silky; nerves 8 to Io pairs, faint; 2°5 to 4 in. long, 1°6 to 1°8 in. wide; petioles +5 in. long. Flowers solitary axillary orange yellow, fragrant. Sepals ovate triangular pubescent, connate. Petals, outer ones triangular-lanceolate, °5 in. long, °3 in. wide, flat with thickened edges; inner ones nearly as long, orange lanceolate acuminate. Stamens numerous, dark rose pink; appen- dages ovate. Pistils honey-coloured, 4 to 6, silky. Carpels cylin- dric, blunt at both ends, brown-silky, I to 1°75 in. long and °35 to “75 in. wide; stalk ‘5 in. long, thick. Seeds many, horizontal. Hab. Common on edges of woods in low country in the south. Singapore. Bukit Timah; Garden Jungle, etc. Johor, Mt. Austin. Selangor, Bukit Kutu and Semangkok Pass (Ridley). (5) M. latifolium Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 116; Hook. fil. F.BJI.i.79; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 105; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 135, pl. 178. Uvaria latifolia Bl. Fl. Jav. Anonacee t. 15. M. spherocarpa Mig. King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 108. A stout climber; branchlets red-velvety. Leaves coriaceous, oblong blunt, base round, above minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous except the tomentose midrib, beneath densely red- tomentose; nerves 16 to 20 pairs, spreading elevate; 3 to. 7°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles -4 to °7 in. long, tomentose thick. Flower-buds conic, in lax axillary racemes or panicles; pedicels -35 to ‘5 in. long, red-tomentose. Sepals broad ovate obtuse, connate in a flat cup, ‘25 in. across, tomentose. Petals fleshy ovate blunt, outer ones ‘4 to ‘7 in. long, tomentose outside, inner ones smaller, glabrous. Stamens, appendages triangular acute. Ovaries about 6, short oblong densely hairy; ovules 6 to 8. Carpels globose to ovoid, brown-tomentose, I to 2°25 in. long, I to 1'2 in. wide; stalks velvety brown, 75 to 1°25 in. long. Seeds about ro, flattened, deep brown; var. ¢ypica, with rather larger flowers and oblong or globular fruit. Rare. In hill woods. Perak, Thaiping Hills. Dvstrib. Java. var. ovoidea with smaller flowers and obovoid fruit. Hab. Com- mon in lowland forest. Singapore, Garden Jungle, Selitar, etc. Malacca, Ayer Panas. Perak, common; Penang. Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Philippines. Native name: Akar Pisang- Pisang Bukit or Buldo. I think King’s M. sph@rocarpa is merely a form of this and probably M. Kingii is also a variety. (6) M. Kingii Boerl. Ic. Bogor. ii. (2), 134. M. parviflorum King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 107, not of Scheffer. A very large climber 150 ft. long, 4 to 6 in. through. Leaves elliptic sub-acute or obtuse, base rounded, coriaceous, above glabrous, beneath brownish scaly-pubescent ; nerves II to 15 pairs, 86 . VI. ANONACEZ. [Melodorum. elevate transverse, nervules conspicuous; 3°5 to 6°5 in. long, 2 to 3 in. across; petioles *5 in. long, thick glabrous. Cymes few- flowered axillary or terminal, dark tomentose; pedicels °5 in. long. Sepals connate with short sub-acute points, small. Petals white tinged with pink; outer ones lanceolate, fleshy, obtuse, 6 in. long, ‘I in. wide at base, outside brown tomentose. Carpels globose, “75 in. to I in. long, velvety brown; pedicels long. Hab. Forests. Not common; Malacca (Cantley). Perak: Ulu Bulong, 400 to 600 ft. altitude and Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Native name: Poko Achar. Use: A decoction of the flowers used for dyspepsia. Possibly only a form of M. latifolium. (7) M. hypoglaucum Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 37; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 106; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. L.c. pl. 160A. A strong climber; branchlets minutely red-pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-acute or shortly acuminate, base rounded, above glabrous except the red-pubescent midrib, beneath hoary-puberulous; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, bold ultimately glabrous and dark; 3 to 5°5 in. long, 1°35 to 2°2 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flowers in axillary racemes of 2 to 3 flowers, or in 10- to 12-flowered terminal panicles on pedicels °5 to ‘8 in. long slender, greenish yellow. Sepals ovate acute concave, connate at base, red-pubescent outside, puberulous inside. Petals coriaceous linear-lanceolate, base dilate concave, outer ones red- tomentose outside, pubescent inside, concave for the whole length, *5 to ‘8 in. long; inner ones one-third shorter, excavate at base only, above triquetrous. Stamens, appendages broad sub-globular. Ovaries 12, oblong golden-silky; ovules 4 to 6 in. long, 2 rows. Carpels globose tubercled, puberulous or not, I in. long. Seeds globose tubercled, puberulous or not, 1 in. long; stalks as long. Seeds 4 or 5, oval. Hab. Hill forests. Perak, Goping and Ulu Bubong and Batang Padang (Kunstler). Native name: Akar Larak Merah. (8) M. lanuginosum Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 117; Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 79; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 108; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. pl. 182. Astrong climber; branchlets red-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, oblong or sub-ovate oblong acute or shortly acuminate, base rounded; above glabrous except the red-tomentose midrib, beneath densely red-woolly; nerves 12 to 20 pairs inarching close to the edge, prominent beneath; 3°5 to g in. long, Ig to 3°5 im. across; petioles -4 to ‘6 in. long, tomentose. Flowers axillary or leaf- opposed solitary, or in racemes of 2 to 4; pedicels stout woolly, *5 in. long. Sepals ovate, red-woolly outside. Petals thick oblong- lanceolate sub-acute, outer ones 1°25 to 2°1 in. long, densely red- woolly; inner ones smaller glabrous, base concave. Stamens @ Melodorum] VI. ANONACEZ. 87 glaucous, above dark shining green; nerves 10 to I2 pairs, very numerous, appendages triangular. Ovaries obovoid, densely red- tomentose, *7 to I in. long, “75 in. through. Seeds about 4. Hab. Open country and forest edges. Common; a very handsome species easily known by its large flowers. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Jurong; Sembawang. Malacca (Maingay); Perak, Thaiping; Blanda Mabok (Wray). Dindings. Pangkor (Curtis). Penang. Lankawi. (9) M. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 80; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 109; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 139, pl. 184A. Climber; branchlets pubescent. Leaves rather stiffly cori- aceous broadly elliptic or oblong shortly acuminate at tip, base rounded, above glabrous, beneath glaucous; nerves 14 to 16 pairs, slender and slightly prominent; 3 to 6 in. long, I°5 to 2°35 in. wide; petioles ‘6 in. long. Flowers solitary axillary, yellow on short 25 in. thick tomentose pedicels. Sepals orbicular sub- acute, quite connate into a saucer ‘25 in. across. Petals coriaceous, outer ones oblong-lanceolate, base broad, °75 to 1°25 in. long, flat keeled down the middle inside, red-tomentose outside, inner ones very small triangular-ovate, glabrous. Stamens numerous, appendages rounded. Ovaries 6, silky. Carpels oblong, slightly tapering to each end, red-puberulous, 1-5 to 2 in. long, °75 in. through; stalks ‘5 in. long. Seeds many. Hab. Forests. Rare. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray at 3600 ft. altitude). Penang (Maingay) ; Bukit Padi at 1500 ft. altitude (Curtis). (10) M. prismaticum Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 121; Hook. jul. F.BI.i.81; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 110; Pyramidanthe rufa Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 39. Oxymitra bassiefolia Teysm. and Binn. in Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. 419. A large climber; branchlets glabrous. Leaves coriaceous oblong abruptly shortly acuminate; base broad rounded, above glabrous except the puberulous midrib, beneath glaucous, finely pubescent or glabrous; nerves 12 to 18 pairs faint, secondary nerves prominent; 4°5 to 8°5 in. long, 2°3 to 3°3 in. wide; petioles *5 to ‘7 in. long. Flowers 1°5 to 2 in. long, orange outside, white inside, hardly opening, axillary solitary; pedicels -3 to ‘6 in. long, red-tomentose. Sepals quite connate into a 3-angled disc, 3 in. across, pubescent outside. Petals, outer ones fleshy orange covered with ochreous scurf, inside greenish cream, linear-lanceolate tri- quetrous, inner ones °3 in. long, triangular ovate acute yellow glabrous. Stamens numerous, white, appendages triangular. Ovaries oblong pubescent; ovules 14 in 2 rows. Carpels ovoid blunt tubercled, 1-4 in. long, °8 in. wide; stalks ‘8 to 1 in. long, stout. Seeds oval black. Hab. Common in forests, Singapore, Garden Jungle; Selitar. Johor. Malacca. Perak, Thaiping; Gop- ing (Kunstler). Penang Hill. Dvstv’b. Banka, Borneo. Naztrve name: Akar Pisang-Pisang Bukit. . 88 VI. ANONACEZ. [Melodorum. (11) M. rubiginosum Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. l.c. 116; Hook. fil. F.BI.i. 79; King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 139, pl. 183. Large climber; branches rusty-tomentose. Leaves thinly cori- aceous oblong to elliptic blunt or rarely minutely cuspidate, base rounded or sub-cordate often unequal, above puberulous thin, glabrous except the tomentose midrib, beneath pubescent; nerves 13 to 22 pairs, prominent beneath; 3 to g in. long, 1°25 to 4 in. wide; petioles 35 to ‘6 in. long, stout tomentose. Flowers solitary or in terminal cymes of 4 to 5 flowers, on stout pedicels ‘6 to ‘8 in. long, red-tomentose. Sepals semi-orbicular, ‘I in. long, connate at base. Petals, outer ones thick elongate lanceolate, thinly brown-tomentose outside, slightly concave glabrous inside, inner ones shorter and narrower sub-triquetrous. Stamens very numerous, appendages large, sub-acute. Ovaries several, silky; ovules silky in 2 rows. Carpels oblong, tapering to base, I to 1°25 in. long, thinly tomentose; stalks about as long. Hab. Rare. Lowland woods, Perak, road to Batu Kurau (Curtis); Goping (Kunstler). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Dzstvib. Silhet to Tenasserim. King makes the Malay plant a variety oblonga, but the Goping plant is exactly Hooker’s Indian plant. Curtis’ Penang plant has smaller stiffer leaves, not oblique at the base. (12) M. elegans Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. l.c. 122; Hook. fl FBI. 1. 82; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. tc. m.; Ann Bee Gard. Calc. l.c. 141, pl. 184B. Uvaria elegans Wall. Cat. 6474A. _ A large but slender climber. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong- lanceolate acuminate, narrowed slightly to rounded base; nerves 12 to 13 pairs, faint; 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, 1 to 1°25 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to *35 in. long. Flower-buds obtusely ovate, axillary solitary or 2 to 3 together, °35 to ‘65 in. long, on slender pedicels, °35 to ‘6 in. - long. Sepals ovate acute connate at base only, outside pubescent, ‘rin. long. Petals, outer ones broadly ovate obtuse red-tomentose outside, yellow hoary-puberulous within, inner ones ‘25 in. long, very thick, triquetrous above. Stamens numerous, appendages thick triangular. Ovaries glabrous; ovules in 2 rows. Carpels ovoid to globose, glabrous, °35 to ‘5 in. long; stalks slender, ‘5 in. long. Hab. Forests, widely spread in the peninsula, Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley). Johor, Sedenak. Malacca, Bukit Rejang (Derry). Perak, Thaiping Hills; Chankat Serdang (Wray). Penang at Telok Bahang (Curtis, Wallich). (13) M. pisocarpum Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 123; Hook. fl. F.BI.1. 82; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lic. 112; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 142, pl. 187A. Uvaria mabiformis Grif. Notule, iv. 709. A glabrous climber. Leaves small, coriaceous elliptic to obovate- elliptic shortly abruptly acuminate, base rounded, underneath indistinct; 2°5 to 4 in. long, 1°25 to 1°8 in. wide; petioles °35 in. Melodorum.| VI. ANONACEZ. 89 long. Flowers axillary solitary or in pairs; pedicels rather stout deflexed puberulous, *25 to °35 in. long. Sepals broadly ovate acute, connate into a triangular cup, puberulous outside. Petals, outer ones thick flat ovate blunt red-tomentose outside, pubescent inside, -3 to ‘4 in. long, inner ones less than half as long, base con- cave, apex triquetrous. Stamens numerous. Carpels globular, glabrous, ‘25 in. through; stalks as long. Seeds 2, plano-convex, dark brown pitted. Hab. Common in forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Bukit Mandai. Malacca, Merlimau; Selandor (Cantley). Negri Sembilan. Perak, Ulu Bubong; Larut (Kunstler); Penang Hill (Curtis). Distrib. Sumatra. Native names: Akar Gintek; Akar Tentawan; Akar Tawan hitam. . 23. RAUWENHOFFIA, Scheff. Scandent shrubs; inflorescence opposite leaves. Leaves cori- aceous. Flowers medium. Sepals 3, valvate, connate. Petals ovate, outer ones larger than inner ones, velvety. Stamens indefinite, widely dilate above anther. Torus convex. Pistils fairly numerous, no style. Stigma rather small. Ovules numerous. Carpels ripe, shortly stipitate, oblong or globose, 1- to 3-seeded. Species 2, Siamese and Malay Islands. (1) R. siamensis Scheff. Ann. Jard. Buitenz. ii. 23. Uvaria Godefroyana Finet, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. Mem. 4, p. 71. Scandent or dwarf shrub. Leaves oblong acute, base round; nerves 10 pairs, obscure beneath, above smooth, shining, 6°6 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Flowers solitary or 2 to 3 together, scurfy, tomentose. Sepals connate, forming a bluntly 3-lobed cup. Petals olive colour, blunt ovate, outer ones little larger than inner, densely appressed, silky hairy *3 in. long. Carpels about 6, oblong to globose, 3-seeded, wrinkled, velvety, °25 in. long. Hab. Sandy heaths, half scandent or bushy. Pahang Pasir Aur, Rumpin (Foxworthy). Kelantan, Kota Bharu (Ridley). Distrib. Siam, Cochin-China. Native name: Pisang-Pisang Ayer. 24. XYLOPIA, Linn. Shrubs or tall trees with coriaceous leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary or cymose, buds triquetrous conic, often slender. Sepals 3, valvate connate, small. Petals 6, valvate elongate, outer ones flat or concave, inner ones nearly as long, triquetrous, base concave. Torus flat or hollow. Stamens numerous, oblong truncate or appendages prolonged; anther-cells often septate. Ovaries I or more. Style long, clavate. Ovules 2 to 6, in I or 2 rows. Carpels long, cylindric or moniliform or short oblong. Seeds several. Species 70 to 80, tropical Asia and Africa. go VI. ANONACE. [Xylopia. Leaves quite glabrous. Leaves 12 in. long, strongly nerved beneath . (t) X. Curtisii Leaves 6 to 7 in. long : - (2) X. oxyantha Leaves 3 to 5 in. long. Ripe fruit tubercled; leaves lanceolate (3) X. dicarpa Fruit smooth; leaves elliptic cuspidate . . (4) X. malayana Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, shining . ; ; . (5) X. pustulata Leaves 3 in. long, midrib beneath obscurely hairy; petals very narrow and long (6) X. stenopetala Leaves pubescent beneath, coriaceous ; nerves incon- spicuous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate 3 in.long acute . - (7) X. elliptica Leaves oblong blunt, 3 in. long ; : . (8) X. fusea Leaves lanceolate caudate, 2 in. long; silky beneath . s ; 2 : : . (9) X. caudata Leaves elliptic sub-acute, 6in. long; petalslong . (10) X. magna Leaves oblong acute, 6 in. long, red-hairy beneath, branches hairy; fruit long, cylindric . . (t1) X. ferruginea Leaves large, thin, obovate or oblanceolate with promi- nent nerves ; petals narrow. Leaves glabrous, oblanceolate . : - . (12) X. olivacea Nerves pubescent, strongly elevate, obovate _ . (13) X. Scortechinii Leaves obovate, hairy all over beneath; very subulate . : g : : ‘ . (14) X. Ridleyi (1) X. Curtisii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 116; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 147. Tree 30 to 4o ft. tall glabrous. Leaves large, very coriaceous, oblong shortly bluntly acuminate; base cuneate oblique, margin undulate, glabrous except midrib, puberulous beneath; nerves sunk above, prominent beneath, 12 to 20 pairs, inarching near the edge, transverse nervules horizontal; 5°5 to ro in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles 35 in. long, stout. Flowers 1 to 2, on stout woody peduncles, ‘4 in. long; pedicels red-tomentose, 2 in. long. Sepals thick ovate acuminate blunt woolly, free nearly to base, ‘2 in. long. Petals linear-lorate obtuse, sub-equal, 7 in. long to I in. wide, tomentose, outer ones wider than inner ones, keeled, base dilated concave. Stamens numerous, appendages oblique truncate. Ovary I, cylindric fluted, glabrous; ovules many. Carpel globose compressed grey woody, 3 in. long, 2°5 in. wide. Seeds flat large, 4to6. Hab. Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Rare. Very peculiar in the large stiff leaves, with very distinct nervation and the large round woody fruit. (2) X. oxyantha Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 85; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c.114; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 144, pl. 188. Atree. Leaves very coriaceous, elliptic ovate or oblong shining, shortly abruptly acuminate, glaucous beneath; nerves 12 to 15 pairs, slender; 6 to 7 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles °35 in. long. Peduncles axillary fascicled, °35 to ‘5 in. long, adpressed- pubescent. Flowers pale green, pubescent. Sepals ovate broad. Petals narrow linear, tapering to the point, 1°25 to 1°5 in. long. Xylopia.]| VI. ANONACEZ. gi Carpels cylindric like those of X. /ferruginea 4 in. long. Hab. Lowland forests. Rare. Singapore (Wallich 6478, Uvaria oxyantha) Sungei Morai. Dzsivib. Borneo. (3) X. dicarpa Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 85; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 114; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 144, pl. 189A. A tree 20 to 25 ft. tall or more, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate acute or acuminate, base acute; nerves I0 pairs very faint, secondaries nearly as distinct; 3 to 4'5 in. long, 1°5 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Flowers solitary or in pairs pendent, 1°5 in. long; pedicels very short. Bracts orbicular, amplexicaul. Sepals ovate obtuse, connate to middle. Petals linear-oblong expanded at base, slightly hoary-pubescent ; inner ones narrower and shorter than outer ones, sub-trigonous. Stamens many, inner rudimentary ; anthers linear septate, appendages rounded. Ovaries 2 to 4 pilose; ovules many. Carpels cylindric blunt at both ends, tubercled, I°5 to 2 in. long, °75 in. through. Seeds 7 or 8, compressed. Hab. Forests. Rare. Singapore (Maingay); Bukit Timah. Perak, Gunong Malacca at 1000 to 1500 ft. altitude, top of limestone hills (Kunstler). (4) X. malayana Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 125; Hook. fil. F.BI.1i. 85; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 115; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 145, pl. 187B. X. Maingayi Hook. fil. and Thom. L.c. 125; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 115; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 146, pl. IQIA. A tall tree; glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate to elliptic, shortly bluntly acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 8 pairs, faint; 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Flowers ‘6 to ‘9 in. long, I to 3 axillary; pedicels red-pubescent, ‘1 in. long. Sepals broad ovate acute puberulous outside, ‘15 in. long. Petals linear, base concave, tip shortly narrowed, pubescent; inner ones slightly smaller and more concave. Stamens numerous, appendages rhomboid, papillose; anthers septate. Pistils 6, hairy, 2-ovuled; styles longer than stamens, glabrous. Carpels red-hairy 3 to 4, oblong blunt narrowed to the stalk, nearly 1 in. long and ‘4 in. through; stalk thick, ‘1 in. long. Seeds about 6. Hab. Common in the south of the peninsula, in thin woods. Singapore, Jurong. Muar (Curtis); Malacca, Bukit Bruang. Negri Sembilan. Perak, Ulu Kal (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Sumatra and Borneo. Native names : Banit Kijang; Kayu B’linchi. Use: In house-building. X. Maingayi, Hook. fil., based on a single specimen of Maingay’s, who considered it the same as X. malayana, seems identical to me. (5) X. pustulata Hook. fil. F.B.J.i. 85; King, Journ. As. Soe. . Beng. l.c. 116; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 146, pl. I9IB. A tree with pustulate brown bark, glabrous. Leaves small coriaceous, elliptic bluntly acuminate, narrowed and acute at base; nerves invisible above, beneath fine, secondaries equally distinct as 92 VI. ANONACEZ. [Xylopia. are reticulations ; 2 to 2°75 in. long, *75 to 1°3 in. wide; petioles ‘I in. long. Flowers 1 to 2 axillary pendent, ‘6 in. long; pedicels very short, tomentose. Bracts orbicular. Sepals short ovate sub-acute pubescent, half connate. Petals narrow linear sub-acute pubescent, dilate at base; inner ones shorter, much narrower, concave base larger. Stamens linear, apiculate, cells septate. Ovaries 5 to 8, hairy. Stigma clavate. Hab. Very rare. Malacca (Maingay). (6) X. stenopetala Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 125; Hook. fl. F.BI.1. 85; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 117; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 148, pl. 193B. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall, glabrescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, shortly bluntly acuminate, base sub-cuneate, above glabrous, beneath glauco-pubescent, finely reticulate; nerves fine, Io to 12 pairs inarching near the edge; 2°5 to 4'5 in. long, 1°1 to I°6 in. wide; petioles ‘rin. long. Flowers 2 to 5, axillary; pedicels slender decurved, *3 to’5 in. long. Sepals very small ovate rounded, connate towards base. Petals narrow linear acuminate pubescent yellowish ; inner ones sub-equal but narrower, 1°2 in. long, ‘5 in broad. Stamens numerous, appendage conic. Ovaries numerous elongate, 6-ovuled; style filiform. Carpels cylindric blunt, nar- rowed to a thick, short stalk, 2°6 in. long, ‘4 in. through. Seeds ito 4. Hab. Hill woods at 600 ft. altitude. Rare; very fragrant. Penang, Government Hill (Curtis). (7) X. elliptica Maing. in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 86; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 117; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 147, pl, 193A. A tree 25 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, small elliptic or ovate or lanceolate, base cuneate, apex acute or sub-acute, above glabrous, beneath grey pubescent; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, very faint; I°5 in. to 3 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide; petioles °2 in. long. Flowers 1 to 3 together axillary, yellowish green, *6 in. to -75 in. long; pedicels ‘1 in. long, pubescent. Sepals ovate sub-acute, united to the middle. Petals tomentose, outer ones linear subulate, base broader, concave, inner ones trigonous, shorter and narrower. Stamens numerous; anthers linear. Ovaries 1 to 3 densely hairy, 4- to 6-ovuled. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Upper Perak (Wray). Penang, Sungei Pinang (Curtis). Native name: Lilan. (8) X. fusca Maing. Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 85; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 116; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 1I90B. X. obtusifolia Hook. fil. L.c.; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lc. 119; Anne Bor. Gard. Calc. 150, pl. 197A. A tree 60 to 8o ft. tall with dark coloured branches and silky buds. Leaves stiffly coriaceous glossy green, brown beneath, coppery pubescent when young, oblong obtuse, base cuneate, glabrous; nerves 8 to g pairs, very faint, inarching within the margin; 2 to 3 in. long, *75 to I in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long, stout. Flowers *75 in. long, extra-axillary solitary or racemed; peduncle '25 to 75 in. long with several bracts. Pedicels -25 in. long, Xylopia.] VI. ANONACEZ. 93 puberulous. Sepals ovate acute, connate about half their length; teeth acute, puberulous outside, ‘1 in. long. Petals linear-oblong, tapering at the tip, white silky, base little dilate; inner ones smaller. Stamens linear not septate, appendages short erect. Ovaries 4 or 5, silky. Carpels oblong-cylindric blunt, reddish brown, 1:25 in. long, in. wide. Seed 3 to 4 globular. Hab. Forests. Malacca (Griffith and Maingay); Perak, Larut (Kunstler). (9) X. caudata Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 125; Hook. fil. F.BI.i. 85; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 117; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 148, pl. 193B. Shrub or small tree, with very slender pubescent “branchlets. Leaves small, lanceolate acuminate obtuse, base cuneate, above glabrous, beneath adpressed silky or glabrous, coriaceous; nerves Io pairs, faint; 1°25 to 2°25 in. long, ‘6 to ‘8 in. wide; petioles ‘rin. long, slender. Peduncles axillary, very short. Flowers small white, 2 to *3 in. long. Sepals ovate sub-acute, connate at base, pubescent outside. Petals linear-oblong blunt, silky pubescent, dilate at base; inner ones slightly narrower. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2, silky; ovules 2. Carpels 1 to 3, sub-globose or oblong pubescent, *3 in. long. Hab. Singapore (Wallich 6452). Malacca (Maingay and Griffith). Pahang, Temerloh (Foxworthy). Native name : Memponai. (10) X. magna Maing. in. Hook. fil. F.BI.i. 84; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 120; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. i.c. 151, pl. 197B. A tree 40 to 60 ft. tall; stem 6 to Io in. through; branchlets tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic sub- acute, base rounded, above shining light green, glabrous except the pubescent midrib, beneath hairy; nerves 10 pairs inarching near the edge, very faint, reticulations as conspicuous; 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles :25 in. long, pubescent. Flowers 2 to 2°5 in. long, solitary or in pairs on red-pubescent pedicels °3 in. long. Sepals ovate acute, connate into a cup, pubescent outside. Petals sub-equal, oblong-linear acuminate, ‘1 in. across, dilate and concave at base, coppery-pubescent. Stamens numerous; anthers linear septate, appendages oblong. Ovaries 15, densely hairy outside, 4-ovuled. Carpels obovoid-oblong blunt, tomentose, green, marked with red and white, 1°4 in. long, °65 in. wide; stalks thick, ‘I5 in. long. Hab. Thick lowland forest. Malacca (Maingay) ; Perak, Larut 500 to 800 ft. altitude and Ulu Kal (Kunstler). Native name: Kudaga hutan. (11) X. ferruginea Hook. fil. F.B.I.i.85; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 120; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 151, pl. 198. Habzelia ferruginea Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 123. A tree 50 to 80 ft. tall, 10 to 24 in. through; branchlets pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, narrow oblong acute, base slightly narrowed rounded sub-cordate, above glabrous dark green, beneath glaucous, pubescent ; nerves 10 to 12 pairs inarching near the edge, prominent 94 VI. ANONACE#. [Xylopia. beneath; 3°5 to 5°5° in. long, I'I to 2 in. wide; petioles °2 in. long, channelled. Flowers solitary or in pairs axillary or extra-axillary, yellow; pedicels red-velvety, ‘5 to °75 in. long. Bracts small, lanceolate. Sepals ovate acuminate, connate at base, pubescent outside, ‘2 in. long. Petals linear fleshy, acute at tip elongate yellow, outer ones red-pubescent outside, puberulous inside, concave at base, 1°25 to 2 in. long; inner ones narrower and thinner, little shorter, puberulous. Stamens 24; anthers linear, appendages broadly oblong. Ovaries numerous, hairy. Carpels red, elongate cylindric, 4 to 5 in. long. Seeds oblong. Hab. Common in forests at low akitudes. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Selitar; Changi. Malacca (Maingay, Griffith). Pahang. Selangor, Rawang (Kloss). Perak, Ulu Bubong and Batang Padang (Kunstler). Dzsivb. Borneo. Native names: Jangkang Merah or Jangkang Paya; Pisang-Pisang Jari. Use: The bark is used for walls and partitions in houses, and the timber for rafters. (12) X. olivacea King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 119; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 150, pl. 196. A tree 15 to 70 ft. tall; stem 4 to 15 in. through. Leaves cori- | aceous, elliptic-oblong, more or less obovate sometimes abruptly short acuminate, base cuneate dark green, glabrous; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, curved, interarching ‘2 in. from edge, prominent beneath ; 3°5 to 8 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long, thick wrinkled. Flowers solitary or in pairs extra-axillary, cream colour to light yellow, green when young; pedicels stout, °5 in. long, tomentose. Sepals thick ovate, connate at base, acute puberulous, ‘rin. long. Petals sub-equal linear, 1°5 in. long, ‘I in. wide, base much expanded, hemispheric, densely tomentose, inner a little shorter. Stamens cuneate, appendages broad. Ovaries few oblong, densely silky, 6- to 8-ovuled. Carpels few globose, minutely tomen- tose, 6 in. through. Seeds 4 or 5, discoid. Hab. Perak, Thaiping Hills up to 500 ft. altitude. Common (Kunstler); Sungkai (Burn- Murdoch). Negri Sembilan, Selaru (Foxworthy). The tree has a spicy smell (Kunstler). (13) X. Scortechinii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 118; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 149, pl. 195. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall, ro to 15 in. through; branchlets tomentose. Leaves coriaceous large, obovate-elliptic to elliptic-oblong shortly abruptly acuminate, base sub-cuneate rounded, above glabrous, beneath sparsely pubescent, especially on midrib; nerves Io to I4 pairs, straight elevate; 4 to 7 in. long, 1°75 to 4 in. wide; petioles °35 in. long, pubescent. Flowers r to 5, fascicled on axillary tubercles pale yellow; pedicels ‘2 to ‘25 in. long, thick tomentose. Sepals free, broad ovate obtuse, brown, pubescent outside. Petals thick, linear obtuse, base concave dilated, pubescent. Stamens numerous, appendages truncate angled. Ovaries few, short, Xylopia.| VI. ANONACE#. 95 pubescent, ovules 4 to 5. Carpels broad ovoid blunt, pubescent eventually glabrous. Seeds 4, discoid, brown. Hab. Dense jungle near limestone, 200 to 300 ft. altitude, Perak at Kwala Dipang (Scortechini and Kunstler). (14) X. Ridleyi King, Journ..As. Soc. Beng. |.c. 121; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 152, pl. 199. A tree 20 ft. tall; branches tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous large, obovate-elliptic, abruptly shortly acuminate, base slightly cuneate, above glabrous, beneath softly tomentose; nerves 12 to 14 pairs, inarching, ‘1 to ‘2 in. from edge, prominent beneath ; 6°5 to 8°5 in. long, 2°75 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles ‘5 to I in. long, thick, tomentose. Flowers extra-axillary on stout branches, 2 to 5 together, green fragrant; pedicels tomentose ‘2 in. long. Sepals ovate, long acuminate, *35 in. long, tomentose. Petals filiform, I‘2 in. long, very narrow, bases widely concave, tomentose. Stamens numerous, appendages 4- to 5-angled. Ovaries ovoid, silky, 4- to 6-ovuled. Hab. Dense forests at low altitudes. Rather rare. Singapore, Bukit Timah and Changi (Ridley). Dzstvib. Borneo. The flowers are scented like Cananga flowers. 25. PHHANTHUS, Hook. fil. Bushes or small trees, with thin membranous leaves. Flowers small, solitary or 2 or 3 together, extra-axillary, pendulous. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 6, valvate, outer ones small like the sepals ; inner ones large flat, coriaceous. Stamens numerous, oblong- quadrate truncate; anther-cells dorsal, distant. Ovaries numerous, I- to 2-ovuled, ascending, basal. Style cylindric or clavate, grooved ventrally. Carpels stalked, 1-seeded. Species 6, one in Burma, one in the Andamans, the rest Malayan. Leaves softly pubescent; flowers over an inch long. C (1) P. nutans Leaves glabrous; flowers 1 in. orlesslong . : : (2) P. lucidus (1) P. nutans Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 147; Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 72; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 122; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 152, pl. 200A. A bush or small tree; branchlets tomentose. Leaves mem- branous, oblong-lanceolate to obovate-elliptic, caudate-acuminate, base narrowed sometimes acute, above glabrous except midrib and nerves tomentose, beneath softly pubescent, midrib tomentose ; nerves 10 to 14 pairs, prominent beneath, inarching near the edge; 5 to g in. long, 1°3 to 4°5 in. across; petioles *3 in. long, tomentose. Flowers on pedicels, *5 to 1°5 in. long, pubescent. Sepals linear lanceolate, ‘2 in. long. Petals, outer ones sepaloid, green; inner ones ovate-oblong acute pubescent, cream colour, *75 to I in. long. Stamens pale green outside; anther-cells white. Carpels ovoid, pubescent, ‘6 in. long, orange or dark red. Hab. Common in 96 VI. ANONACE#. 'Pheanthus. thick woods at no great elevation. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Kranji. Malacca, Bukit Sadanen; Ayer Panas. Sungei Ujong (Cantley). Pahang, Pahang River. Selangor, Batu caves; Sungei Buluh. Dindings. Perak, Thaiping Hills; Slim; Ipoh (Kunstler). Penang Hill 2000 ft. altitude (Curtis). Dzstvib. Sumatra. Native names : Poko Pisang-Pisang Paya or Kechil; Poko Chingkring. (2) P. lucidus Oliv. Hook. fil. Ic. Pl. t. 1561; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 122; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 153, pl. 200B. Usually a bush with straight, black stems and tough bark; branchlets brown-furry. Leaves papery-membranous, dark green above, shiny beneath, oblong-elliptic or lanceolate acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous except midrib pubescent beneath; nerves 8 pairs, rather prominent beneath; 4°5 to 6°5 in. long, 1°25 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Flowers ‘6 to I in. across on pedicels I to 1'25 in. long, puberulous. Sepals ovate acute almost triangular, edged with red fur. Petals, outer ones more lanceolate, otherwise similar to sepals; inner ones thick, oblong-ovate acute green *5 in. long, pubescent both sides. Stamens, appendages square truncate. Ovaries numerous, green, I-ovuled. Carpels oblong fleshy, *6 in. long, °3 in. through, red, smooth and shining dotted all over with shining hairs; stalks °5 to ‘6 in. long. Hab. Thick forests. Common; flowersSeptember. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Tanglin. Johor; Serom. Pahang at Pulau Tawar. Malacca, Bukit Besar; Mt. Ophir. Selangor, Batu caves. Perak, Thaiping Hills; Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Penang Hill at 500 ft. altitude (Curtis). 26. MILIUSA, Lesch. Trees or shrubs. Flowers often unisexual, green or purple, axillary or extra-axillary solitary (fascicled or cymose). Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 6, valvate in two series, outer small like the sepals ; inner larger, when young cohering by the margins, at length free. Torus elongate, cylindric. Stamens definite or indefinite; anther-cells contiguous, ovoid, extrorse; appendages broad. Ovaries indefinite, linear-oblong; ovules 1 to 2, rarely 3 to 4. Species about 12. Leaves narrowed to base. Flowers nearly 1 in. across ; ; ‘ . (1) M. longipes Flowers :25 in. wide 5 . (2) M. parviflora Leaves sub-sessile, unequally bilobed at base . . (3) M. amplexicaulis (1) M. longipes King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 124; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 157, pl. 204. A small bushy tree or shrub 15 to 30 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves membranous shining, oblong-oblanceolate acuminate, base cuneate ; nerves 12 pairs, faint, 5°5 to 7 in. long, 1°75 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles ‘I to ‘15 in. long. Flowers axillary solitary on slender pedicels, Miliusa.] VI. ANONACEZ. 97 *5 to °75 in. long with 3 to 4 lanceolate bracts at base. Sepals and outer petals similar small ovate acute, edges ciliate, green; inner petals much larger, ‘5 to ‘6 in. long, ovate oblong sub-acute, greenish yellow, inside purple. Stamens 18; appendages broad. Ovaries numerous, glabrous. Stigma capitate sessile. Carpels numerous, globular-ovoid, blunt, glabrous, ‘25 to ‘3 in. long; stalks 75 to r in. long. Hab. Dense forest. Singapore on Bukit Timah. Malacca. Woods at the base of Mt. Ophir. Perak, Chanderiang and Kinta (Kunstler). Kedah at Yan. (2) M. parviflora Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 65. A small tree with grey bark. Leaves membranous lanceolate- acuminate, glabrous when adult except the midrib, 2 to 2°5 in. long, “75 to I°5 in. wide; nerves fine, inconspicuous, I2 pairs. Flowers solitary extra-axillary, green; pedicels pubescent ‘5 in. long. Sepals very small ovate acute, pubescent. Petals, outer ones similar to sepals; inner ones ovate-triangular blunt, pubescent outside, ‘12 in. long. Stamens few; anther-cells separate; appen- dages triangular short erect. Ovaries 8, silky. Carpels ‘5 in. long, oblong blunt, ‘25 in. through. Seeds 1 to 3, elliptic. Hab. Lime- stone rocks. Perlis, at Bukit Lagi and Tebing Tinggi (Ridley). (3) M. amplexicaulis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 13. Polyalthia sub-cordata Bl. Fl. Jav. Anonacee t. 33, 36B; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 64. Tree; branches brown-tomentose. Leaves nearly sessile, elliptic-ovate acuminate, base broad, unequally bilobed amplexi- caul, 7 in. long, 3°5 in. wide; nerves 12 pairs, elevated beneath, above glabrous, beneath sparsely hairy, midrib and nerves hairy; petioles ‘r in. long. Flowers axillary in twos or threes; peduncles 25 in. long; ‘pedicels as long, hairy. Bracts small ovate. Sepals ovate acute, edges hairy. Petals, outer ones similar, little longer ; inner ones ovate-triangular fleshy glabrous, edges hairy, ‘I in. long. Stamens in 3 whorls, bases hairy; appendages broad ovate. Pistils several. Hab. Limestone rocks. Perak at Lenggong; Larut (Kunstler). Lankawi at Kwah (Curtis). 27. ALPHONSEA, Hook. fil. Shrubs, medium-sized trees or climbers. Leaves more or less coriaceous, glabrous. Flowers middle-sized or small in leaf-opposed fascicles on the branches, solitary or two or three together silky white or yellowish, buds conic. Sepals 3 valvate, very small. Petals 6 in 2 series, much larger, saccate at the base, sub-triangular valvate sub-equal or the inner ones a little smaller. Torus cylindric or hemispheric. Stamens few, or many whorls; anther-cells dorsal, contiguous; appendages very small or 0. Ovaries I or more; ovules 4 to 8 in 2 rows; style cylindric; stigma rather large. Carpels usually cylindric, several seeded, stalked or sessile. Species g to 10, Indo-Malayan. " FLMP., x, H 98 VI. ANONACE&. [Alphonsea. Leaves pubescent beneath; tree . 2 : . (1) A. Maingayi Leaves glabrous. Trees or shrubs. Buds conic; fruit globose or ovoid . (2) A. lucida Buds globose ; fruit cylindric; leaves 6 in. long (3) A. sub-dehiscens Buds conic; fruit cylindric; leaves 3 in. long . (4) A. cylindrica Climber ; buds conic; leaves stiff, 6 in. _ long, lanceolate (5) A. Curtisii (1) A. Maingayi aes jil. FBI i. 90; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 125; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 161, pl. 205B. A medium-sized tree ; branches spreading, bark black. Leaves coriaceous glabrous, dark shining green, elliptic-oblong to lanceo- late, obtusely acuminate, base rounded; nerves 8 to g pairs, inarching far from the margin, reticulations conspicuous beneath, edges and midrib hairy; 5 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 2°7 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flowers extra-axillary solitary or shortly racemed, peduncles tomentose. Sepals very small sub-orbicular, brown- hairy. Petals silky, pale flesh-colour, outer ones base gibbous, above lanceolate sub-acute, tips recurved, inner ones erect tips shortly recurved, a little smaller, fleshy with a central groove, °75 in. long. Stamens in 3 rows, filaments connate in three bundles; anthers elliptic; appendages 0. Ovaries 7; styles brown-hairy cylindric; stigma orbicular white. Ovules 20. Carpels ovoid, short-stalked, 2 in. long, I in. through, tomentose. Seeds many. Hab. Lowland forest in the South. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca, Selandor (Cantley, Maingay). Pahang, Kwantan, and Negri Sembilan, Senawang (Foxworthy). Native names : Papisang Bukit; Terbak. var. elliptica Ridl. M. elliptica Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 90; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 123; leaves quite glabrous; nerves not so conspicuous and reticulations finer. Flowers less silky. Fruit 2°5 in. long. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). (2) A. lucida King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 126; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 163, pl. 212. A shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, | broadly elliptic abruptly acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, inarching some way from edge, depressed above, prominent beneath, transverse nervules conspicuous beneath; 4°5 to 5°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘3 in. long. Flowers solitary or in racemes of 3; peduncles very short, puberulous °3 to °4 in. long. Sepals triangular-ovate, connate at base, puberulous out- side. Petals yellowish, inner ones slightly smaller than outer ones. Stamens in three rows, shortly apiculate. Ovaries 4 to 5, oblong, pubescent; ovules many in 2 rows; stigma sessile, sub-capitate. Hab. Dense jungle 300 to 500 ft. altitude. Larut (Kunstler). ) A. sub-dehiscens King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 126; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 164, pl. 213 Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall; stem 4 ‘to 5 in. through; branchlets Alphonsea.] VI. ANONACEZ. 99 puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong-lanceolate or elliptic abruptly acuminate, base rounded or cuneate, glabrous on both sides ; midrib channelled above; nerves about 10 pairs, very faint ; 4 to 6 in. long, 1°75 to 2°3 in. wide ; petioles grooved, °25 in. long. Flowers globular, scarcely opening, ‘25 in. across , solitary or in pairs axillary on short thick pedicels with several orbicular bracts. Sepals thick joined into a flat cup, ‘3 in. through; lobes obtuse, broad. Petals larger thick fleshy, silvery grey, orbicular acute concave, pubescent outside; outer ones ‘2 in. across, inner ones smaller. Stamens numerous; appendages large fleshy conical. Torus conic. Pistil 1, puberulous, many-seeded; stigma minute. Carpels elongate clubbed pubescent, I to 1°25 in. long, narrowed to stalk, °25 to*3in. long. Seeds1o. Hab. Rare in dense jungle at 400 to 600 ft. altitude. Perak, Ulu Bera (Kunstler). Dindings, Lumut (Ridley). (4) A. cylindrica King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 127; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 164, pl. 211B. A small tree 20 to 30 ft. tall; stem 3 to 4 in. through; branchlets with soft brown pubescence. Leaves thinly coriaceous ovate- lanceolate to oblong, shortly and rather abruptly acuminate, base rounded, slightly oblique, above glabrous, midrib brown-hairy, beneath sparingly hairy on nerves; nerves 7 to Q pairs, faint ; 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, I'r to 1°5 in. wide; petioles hairy, ‘15 in. long. Flowers 1 to 3 from extra-axillary pubescent peduncles *15 to ‘4in. long. Bracts sub-orbicular, deciduous. Sepals semi-orbicular blunt, connate at base, tomentose outside, cream colour. Petals sub- -equal oblong-ovate or sub-triangular obtuse, waxy white, tomentose, *35 in. long. Stamens in 3 rows; anthers ovate apiculate. Ovaries 3 oblong silky; many ovules in 2 TOWS. Carpels 1 to 2, elongate terete acuminate, pubescent, 1 in. long, ‘2 in. across; dark brown. Hab. Perak, Ulu Bubong in bamboo forest at 400 to 600 ft. altitude. Rare (Kunstler). (5) A. Curtisii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 127; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 166, pl. 215B. A shrub; scandent branchlets yellow pubescent. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, oblong- -lanceolate, acute at both ends, glabrous except the scurfy midrib, finely reticulate, shining; nerves 12 to 15 pairs, faint, inarching some way from the edge; 4 to 5'5 in. long, 1°2 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Peduncles extra-axillary I- to 2-flowered. Flowers ‘1 in. long, buds conic; pedicels *3 in. long, silky. Bracts 1 or 2, orbicular. Sepals connate in a cup, ‘25 in. across, tomentose outside, teeth ovate sub-acute. Petals much larger, oblong-ovate sub-acute, outer ones tomentose on both sides, inner ones narrower, glabrous inside. Stamens numerous; appendages small. Pistils 3, tomentose, many-ovuled. Stigma broad. Hab. Penang at Muka Head. Rare (Curtis). Excluded is A. ventricosa Hook., given as Penang, Wall. Cat. 6458, but the specimens so numbered were from the Calcutta Gardens. It is Assamese. I00 VI. ANONACEZ. [Kingstonia. 28. KINGSTONIA, Hook. fil. Tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous. Flowers fascicled on tuber- cles on branches, bisexual. Sepals 3 persistent ovate acute, connate at base. Petals 6, outer ones valvate, inner ones imbricate. Stamens 15, filaments half as long as the extrorse anther-cells; appendages obliquely truncate. Ovary 1; stigma sessile, peltate crenate; ovules 4 to 6. Carpels globose. ’ Seeds several, 2-seriate. Species I. (1) K. nervosa Hook. fil. F.BJI. i. 93; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 128; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 167, pl. 216A. Leaves oblong to elliptic, acuminate, base rounded, glabrous; nerves 12 to I4 pairs, prominent beneath, 4 to 8 in. long, 1°5 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles -4 in. long, puberulous. Flowers °25 in. long in fascicles of 8 to 10; pedicels slender, *35 to ‘5 in., pubescent. Bracts several orbicular, imbricate at base. Sepals pubescent outside. Petals, outer ones oblong-elliptic concave, tomentose outside, inner ones smaller thick concave, tomentose above. Stamens 15. Ovary oblong pubescent. Carpels ovoid blunt tomentose, 1°5 in. long, 1° in. through. Seeds 4 oblong. Hab. Malacca (Maingay); Ayer Panas (Goodenough). Perak, at 300 ft. altitude (Wray). The imbrication of the inner petals suggests an affinity with Stelechocarpus, but there is only one pistil. 29. MEZZETTIA, Beccari. Vast trees with small coriaceous leaves. Flowers small axillary or from axils of fallen leaves, fascicled or umbelled, green. Sepals 3, ovate valvate. Petals 6, valvate, flat linear, inner series smaller than the outer. Stamens g to 12 in 2 rows; anther-cells lateral introrse; appendages truncate. Torus small, concave, pubescent. Ovary I, ovoid glabrous, contracted to a very short style; ovules 2. Carpels globose or elliptic, pulpy. Seeds 2, extremely hard, large, plano-convex. Species 5 or 6, Malay Peninsula and islands and Africa. Leaves coriaceous; sepals broadly ovate. Outer petals linear : ; , ‘ . (1) M. leptopoda Outer petals ovate lanceolate : : . (2) M. Herveyana Leaves thinly coriaceous; sepals semi- -orbicular ; . (3) M. Curtisii (1) M. leptopoda Oliver, Hook. fil. Ic. Pl. t. 1560; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 129; Lonchomera leptopoda Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 4. tt immense tree over 100 ft. tall with smooth, grey bark. Leaves glabrous, coriaceous, oblong narrowly elliptic acute or obtusely acuminate, base rounded; nerves 8 to g pairs, inarching far from the margin faint; 2°5 to 4 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide; petioles Mezzettia.| VI. ANONACE. IOI "35 in. long. Flowers in fascicles of 2 to 6 on slender pubescent pedicels, -5 to 75 in. long. Sepals broad ovate, connate at base, tomentose. Petals green, tomentose on both sides, outer ones linear obtuse, ‘2 in. long, inner shorter and broader. Ovary ovoid. Fruit globose, 2°5 in. long, light green, pulp firm. Seeds 2, 1°5 in. long, ‘5 in. thick, brown, testa stony, back rounded, inner surface flat, ovoid oblong. Hab. In forests. Common all over the south of the peninsula from Singapore northwards. Native name: Poko Prah. (2) M. Herveyana Oliver, Hook. fil. Ic. Pl. t. 1560; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 129; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 168, pl. 217A. A tree; glabrous. Leaves coriaceous elliptic-oblong acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 10 pairs faint, inarching within margin; 2°5 to 3 in. long, 1 to 1°25 in. wide; petioles *25 to 35 in. long. Flowers crowded in sessile fascicles axillary or extra-axillary, 3 to 8; pedicels 3 in. long, puberulous. Sepals broadly ovate obtuse, connate at base pubescent. Petals, outer ones ovate obtuse flat pubescent, inner ones smaller broad elliptic obtuse, tips incurved. Anthers 12, sessile, obovate-quadrate. Ovary oblong tapering to style. Ovules 2. Hab. Malacca (Hervey). Native name: Meng- kudang. (3) M. Curtisii King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 129; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 2178. : Tree 30 to 4oft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong-lanceolate to oblong shortly acuminate, base cuneate, drying black, glabrous; nerves 10 pairs, faint; 2°5 to 5 in. long, *5 to I°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flowers umbelled fascicled, axillary or extra-axillary on branches below the leaves, 5 to Io in a fascicle; pedicels slender, scurfy, pubescent, *35 to ‘6 in. long. Sepals semi-orbicular, con- nate into a spreading cup, densely tomentose. Petals, outer ones ligulate acute tomentose with a glabrous patch at the base, inner ones less acute and one-third shorter. Anthers sessile 12; appen- dages very broad truncate. Ovary 1, ovoid, 2-ovuled. Carpels sub-globose, 1°5 to 2 in. across, smooth, glaucous. Hab. Penang, Government Hill at 1200 ft. altitude (Curtis). Orpver VII. MENISPERMACE-. Climbing herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or rarely lobed, usually palminerved. Stipules 0. Flowers small or minute white or green, in cymes or racemes, solitary or fascicled, unisexual. Sepals 6, or 3 to 4, or 8 to 12, usually free, imbricate in 2 to 4 series. Petals 6 or 0, or 1 to 5, free or connate. Male flowers, stamens hypogynous, filaments free or connate. Anthers free or connate, 2-celled. Pistillodes minute or o. Female flowers, staminodes 6 or 0. Ovaries 3 (rarely 1 or 6 to 12). Style terminal, simple or 102 VII. MENISPERMACE. [Tinospora. divided. Ovules rx (except Fibraurea, 2) usually amphitropous. Fruit a drupe. Seed hooked or reniform or straight, often curved round an intrusion of the endocarp. Albumen even or ruminate or absent. Cotyledons flat or semiterete. About 32 genera. Ioo species. Tropics generally. King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lvili. (2), 377. (a) Ovaries 3. Drupes with a terminal style-scar; stamens free. Sepals 3 or 6; petals 6; slender climbers; leaves thin, usually herbaceous 1. TINOSPORA Sepals 6, connate; petals 0; slender climber 2. PERIPETASMA Sepals 9; petals 6. : 3. TINOMISCIUM Sepals 6; petals 0; woody liane 4. FIBRAUREA Drupes with sub-basal scar. Woody climbers. Sepals 6; stamens free; flowers in heads 5 5. COSCINIUM Sepals 6; petals 6; stamens free; flowers cymosed : : - ‘ Z ; 6. DIPLOCLISIA Sepals 9; stamens 9, connate; flowers panicled - : : : . . 7. ARCANGELISIA Sepals 8; petals 2; stamens 4 to 8 8. PyCNARRHENA Slender climbing shrubs; leaves not coriaceous. Sepals 9; petals 3 to 6 j g. LIMACIA Sepals 6; petals 4 to 6; stamens 3 ; . Io. TILIACORA Sepals 6; petals 6; ovaries 3 to 6; stamens ORCOLOi ‘ Ir. CoccuLus Sepals 8 to 12; petals’ 4 to 6 : 12. HyPSERPA Sepals 6; petals 6; ovaries 3; styles forked 13. PERICAMPYLUS (b) Ovaries usually 1. Endocarp muricate; leaves peltate. Sepals 6 to 10; petals 3 to 5, free 14. STEPHANIA Sepals 4; petals of male 4, female 1 ; 15. CISSAMPELOS Sepals 4 to 8, connate; anthers on a central column . 16. CYCLEA 1. TINOSPORA, Miers. Weak climbers with loose pale bark often warted. Leaves membranous, rarely sub-coriaceous, cordate or truncate at the base, 3- to 5-nerved. Racemes solitary slender rarely branched. Males several together. Females solitary. Flowers small, green. Sepals 3 to 6, outer series usually smaller than the inner one. Petals 5 or 6, widely cuneate-ovate, very small and involute round the stamens or larger and free. Stamens 6, free. Females, petals minute spathulate-oblong. Staminodes 6, shorter and with the petals adnate to the pistils. Carpels 3, ellipsoid. Style short thick. Stigma ligulate peltate. Drupes 3 or fewer, stalked ellipsoid. Seed flattened moon-shaped, hollowed on ventral side. Albumen ruminate. Species 24, tropical Asia, Australia. Leaves herbaceous; fruit -25 in. long, red. Leaves slightly cordate, base truncate Leaves truncate at base; fruit 1-25 in, mgs yellow. Leaves sub-coriaceous, base round : (1) T. crispa (2) T. macrocarpa (3) T. Curtisii Tinospora.] VII. MENISPERMACE. 103 (1) T. crispa Miers, Contrib. Bot. iii. 34; Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 96. Climber with fawn colour papery warted bark. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate acuminate, base truncate or very slightly cordate, thin light green, 3 to 3°5 in. long, 3 to "15 in. wide; petioles 3°5 in. long. Raceme slender lax. Flowers small green. Males, sepals 3 outer smaller, 3 inner elliptic much larger. Petals very small, involute oblong ovate. Stamens short 6. Females, pistils 3, sub-cylindric. Fruit oblong °3 in. long, yellow or red. Seed smooth. Hab. Cultivated ground, Singapore. Malacca, Pulau Jawa (Griffith); Penang, near Waterfall (Curtis); Perlis, Tebing Tinggi. Distvib. India. Introduced here and more or less culti- vated; very rarely flowering. (2) T. macrocarpa Diels, Pflanzenreich, Menispermacee 14t. Stem asin 7. crisba. Leaves ovate-oblong, base truncate or cordate, acuminate, 3°5 in. long, 3°75 in. wide. Flowers unknown. Drupes oblong cylindric, 1°5 in. long, *7 in. wide; endocarp bony sub-ellipsoid, somewhat warty. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Possibly T. uliginosa Miers, of the Malay Islands, as King suggests, of which I have seen no plants. (3) T. Curtisii Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1920, p. 148. Climber; bark pale, warty. Leaves elliptic ovate, base round minutely cordate, sub-coriaceous; nerves 3 pairs with reticulations elevate beneath; 4 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles r in. long. In- florescence laxly panicled over 12 in. long; branches 3 to 5 in. long, minutely puberulous. Flowers ‘12 in. wide, solitary and a few in short racemes. Pedicels very short. Bracts minute acuminate. Male flowers, sepals 3, round and wide. Petals longer lanceolate acuminate. Stamens 6, filaments short broad linear. Female flowers and fruit unknown. Hab. Penang, Batu Feringhi, near the beach (Curtis). 2. PERIPETASMA, Rid. Slender woody climber. Leaves thin sub-herbaceous, elliptic oblong cuspidate, base round; nerves from base 3. Panicles axillary of long slender racemes, many-flowered. Flowers small. Sepals 6, connate in a campanulate tube, lobes long-acuminate, outer series narrower and thicker than inner ones. Petals o. Stamens 6, base of filament thickened and winged, upper part slender incurved; anther-cells 2, discrete. Pistillode minute, triquetrous. Species I. (1) P. polyanthum Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1920, p. 147. Glabrous. Leaves trinerved with 6 pairs from the midrib, reticulations wide elevate beneath, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles Iin.long. Panicles 12 in. long with many slender racemes, 8 or g in. long. Flowers scattered. Pedicels slender ‘zr in, long. Bracts 104 VII, MENISPERMACE2. [Peripetasma. half as long. Sepals outer narrow lanceolate-acuminate, inner wider, with 2 ribs on each, finely dotted, connate at base. Stamens shorter, incurved. Hab. Lowland woods. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur and Batu Tiga (Ridley). 3. TINOMISCIUM, Miers. Big liane. Leaves coriaceous or membranous, 3- to 5-nerved. Fic. 9.—Tinomiscium petiolare. Racemes solitary or fascicled from the old wood. Flowers white. Males, sepals 9 to 12, 3 outer bract-like, 6 inner narrow oblong. Petals 6 shorter oblong or orbiculate. Stamens 6, opposite petals and as long, free; filaments thick; anther-cellsimmersed; abortive carpels occasionally present. Females, petals and sepals similar ; staminodes 6, lanceolate beaked. Carpels 3, glabrous sub-ovoid. Stigma peltate cerebriform. Drupes 3 or fewer, oblong to ovoid, compressed. Seed obovate with large flat cotyledons. Species 6 to 8, Malayan. Tinomiscium.| VII. MENISPERMACE. 105 (x) T. petiolare Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, vii. 44; Contrib. Bot. iii. 45, pl. 94; Hook fil. F.B.I. 1. 97; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 379; Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 14. Liane 60 to too ft. long much branched; stem ribbed, 2 to 4 in. through, exuding white latex when cut. Leaves coriaceous ovate- oblong, narrowed at base, tip blunt or shortly acuminate, glabrous dark green; nerves from base 3, I or 2 pairs above from midrib; 4'5 to 5°5 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles slender, geniculate 2°5 in. long. Male racemes fascicled from the old wood, 6 to fo in. long. Flowers white ‘3 in. across; pedicels ‘xr in. long. Sepals 3 or 4, green covered like the pedicels with short red hairs. Outer petals 6, linear oblong obtuse, edges white hairy, inner ones 6, short connivent, oblong, edges incurved, white glabrous. Stamens fleshy thickened at base, connective thickened incurved beak-like ; anther-cells wide apart, immersed. No pistillodes. Female in- florescence panicled ‘18 in. long, racemes pubescent 8 in. long. Outer sepals 2; staminodes 6. Fruit oblong elliptic flat, 1 in. long, *5 in. wide (channelled when dry) smooth, dark green with white spots. Hab. Very common in forests and secondary jungle, road- sides, etc. Singapore to Kedah, Alor Sta. Drstvib. Tonkin, Sumatra, Borneo. Nativenames: Akar Langkap; Akar Lumpang; Akar Nasi; A. Lempoyang; A. Mumbulu. Use; As a drug in rheumatism. 4. FIBRAUREA, Lour. Big liane with yellow wood. Leaves coriaceous glabrous ovate to oblong, 3-nerved. Flowers in lax panicles, white or green. Sepals 6 with 3 minute bracts. Petals 3. Stamens 6; filaments clavate; anthers terminal adnate. Female flower staminodes 6; ovaries 3, 2-ovuled. Drupes oblong terete. Seed oblong, blunt grooved down the centre. Albumen horny. Species 4, Cochin- China, Malay Peninsula and Islands. (1) F. chloroleuca Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, xiii. 489; Conirib. Bot. iii. 42, pl. 93; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 380. F. tinctoria Hook. fil. F.B.I.1i. 98, not of Loureiro. Big liane. Leaves ovate oblong, base rounded, apex acuminate ; nerves from base 3, prominent beneath, deep green coriaceous glabrous; 7 in. long, 4 in. wide; petioles 2°5 in. long. Flowers, male, white in lax panicles from old wood, 2 to 6 in. long. Bracts narrow linear acute. Sepals 6, rounded-obovate. Inner petals narrower than outer ones, elliptic. Stamens 6, bluish green. Female flowers green. Carpels 3 obovoid bluish green. Drupe orange colour, elliptic smooth, pulp bitter, 1°5 in. long. Seed oblong, r in. long, grooved deeply on the lower surface, ends rounded. Hab. Very common in hedges and woods. Singapore to Penang. Distrib. Tavoy, Malay Islands to Celebes. Native names: Akar Kinching Kerbau (buffalo urine); Akar Kuning. 106 VII. MENISPERMACE2. [Fibraurea. Use: The wood of the stem and roots formerly used as a yellow dye, and also used in medicine. The whole plant very bitter. 5. COSCINIUM, Colebr. Climbing shrubs, not very stout. Leaves ovate more or less peltate. Flowers in dense globose heads, in racemes or panicles. Sepals 6, orbicular. Petals 3, large spreading elliptic; anthers adnate, outer r-celled, inner 2-celled. Female flower, staminodes 6. Ovaries 3 to 6; styles subulate. Drupes globose; endocarp bony. Seed globose, embracing a globose intrusion of the endocarp. Albumen fleshy ruminate. Embryo straight, cotyledons orbicular. Species 6, Indo-Malayan. Leaves very slightly peltate ovate yellowish tomentose beneath; flower-heads small . i ; . (1) C. Wallichianum Leaves oblong distinctly peltate, tomentum white; flower-heads large . F ; : : . (2) C. Blumeanum (1) C. Wallichianum Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, vii. 37. C. fenestratum Hook. fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. i. 99 (partly) ; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 381. C. Maingayi Pierre Fl. For. Cochinchine, pl. 112. A moderate liane. Stem yellow when cut, tomentose above. Leaves coriaceous ovate-peltate, above glabrous shining, beneath yellowish tomentose; nerves 5, radiating from base, prominent beneath as are the reticulations, with 2 pairs of nerves from the midrib above; 6 to 7 in. long, 4°5 to 6 in. across; petioles woolly, 3 in. long, thick. Male heads of flowers from the branches, in tomentose panicles, 4 in. long; peduncles 1 in. long; heads ‘2 in. across. Outer sepals short, inner ones longer oblong pilose. Drupes globose I in. through, fawn colour, on much thickened branches. Hab. Common in woods, but seldom to be found in flower. Singa- pore, Changi. Malacca (Maingay). Perak. Dzystvib. South India, Ceylon. Native names: Akar Kunyit; Kunyit Babi; Tol (Sakai). Use: In dart poison by the Sakais. (2) C. Blumeanum Miers, Contrib. Bot. iti. 23; Hook. fil. F.B.I. 1. 99; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lc. 381. A woody climber, whitish woolly. Leaves coriaceous, oblong- ovate or oblong shortly acuminate, base rounded quite peltate, above glabrous, beneath white tomentose; nerves 7 radiating from apex of petiole, reticulations proniinent, secondary nerves inarching near the edge; 8 to 15 in. long, 4 to 6 in. wide; petioles 6 to 8 in. long, thickened at both ends. Male inflorescence from the old wood 4 to 5 in. long, woolly-tomentose; branchlets °5 in. long thick. Heads globose ‘5 in. across. Sepals and petals light yellow, silky-tomentose outside, lanceolate sub-spathulate, inner ones narrower. Stamens 6. Hab. Forests. Dindings, Lumut (Curtis). Penang Hill, 200 to 2000 ft. altitude (Wallich, Maingay). Kedah, Alor Sta. Native name: Akar Mengkunyit. Diploclisia.] VII. MENISPERMACE 2. 107 6. DIPLOCLISIA, Miers. Lianes. Leaves deltoid-ovate edge subcrenate, quite glabrous; petioles very long. Inflorescence of pedicellate cymes on a long raceme from the old wood below the leaves. Sepals 6, cuneate elliptic, concave, inner ones broadest. Petals 6 cuneate, embracing the stamens. Stamens 6, filaments thickened upwards; anthers 4-lobed. Carpels 3; style short; stigmas lobed. Drupe large; endocarp with a depression on each side and the back transversely ribbed. Seed horseshoe-shaped. Species 3, Indo-Malaya, China. (1) D. Kunstleri Diels, Pflanzenreich, 227, pl. 77. Cocculus Kunstleri King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 384; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale wv. (2), 116, pl. 131. A strong liane, wood yellow, glabrous. Leaves membranous, rounded ovate obtuse peltate; nerves radiating 7; 2°5 to 4 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles slender, 3 to 3°5 in. long. Inflorescence of several long branches fascicled from the trunk 20 in. long with scattered compound cymes on pedicels *5 in. long. Outer sepals 3, concave oblong elliptic pale, inner 3, wider, yellow shining. Fruit panicles longer. Drupes very fleshy yellow; endocarp woody flat curved pyriform deeply channelled on one face and strongly ribbed on the keel, xr in. long. Rare. Hab. High forest, Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Kelantan on Gunong near Kota Bharu. Distrib. Cochin-China and Borneo. 7. ARCANGELISIA, Becc. Big lianes. Leaves coriaceous, long-petioled, palmate-nerved. Male inflorescence panicled, fruiting rachis thickened. Sepals outer 3 small, inner 8 petaloid spreading. Stamens 9g to 12, fila- ments connate; anthers terminal 4-locellate. Female flowers, staminodes short and thick. Carpels 3. Ovules 2 superposed. Stigma thick triangular. Drupes 1 to 3, large globose-reniform ; endocarp wrinkled or spiny, fibropilose. Seed, albumen ruminate. Species 3, Cochin-China to New Guinea. (1) A. Loureiri Diels, Pflanzenreich, 104. Anamirta Loureiri Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, pl. 110; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. L.c. 379. A big powerful liane, 40 to 60 ft. long. Stem 2 to 5 in. through. Leaves stiffly coriaceous glabrous, ovate to elliptic, cordate or truncate at base, acuminate at top; nerves from the base 3 to 5, with one or two pairs rising from the midrib; 3°25 in. long, 2°75 in. wide; petioles slender, geniculate at base and thickened above, 2°5 in. long. Panicles usually from the trunk slender, 4 to 6 in. long, many-flowered. Bracts triangular. Flowers small white. Sepals 3 triangular ciliate; inner sepals and petals ovate boat- shaped obtuse. Stamens 6 to 9 connate in a globose head. Female 108 VII. MENISPERMACE2. [Arcangelisia. flowers, sepals and petals 6, coriaceous narrow oblong. Staminodes minute scale-like. Carpels 4; stigma sessile papillose. Fruiting panicle thickened; peduncles thick woody. Drupes globose bright yellow, slightly flattened 1:25 in. long; endocarp fibrillose. Seed - albumen ruminate. Hab. Forests, not common. Malacca (Main- gay). Perak, Batu Togoh (Wray); Larut Hills at low altitude (Kunstler). Distrib. Cochin-China. 8. PYCNARRHENA, Miers. Scandent shrubs. Leaves lanceolate to oblong. Cymes axillary © or reduced to 1-flowered pedicels, in fascicles. Flowers minute. Sepals 6 to 9, outer ones ciliate, inner ones larger, innermost sub- orbicular very concave glabrous. Petals 2 to 6 obovate, smaller than the outer sepals. Stamens 2 to 10; filaments very short or hardly any, thickened above; anthers half-immersed globose. Female flower resembling male, but with 2 to 4 ovoid carpels. Stigmas tongue-shaped. Drupes 3 or fewer. Seeds exalbuminous. Species 17, India, China, Malay Islands to Australia. (1) P. fasciculata Diels, Pflanzenreich, iv. 94, fig. 17. Anti- taxis fasciculata Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, vii. 41; Con- wib. Bot. iii. 356, pl..142; Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 106. A. lucida King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 388. A tall slender climber woody, 40 to 60 ft. long. Stem ‘5 in. through. Leaves coriaceous oblong or lanceolate acuminate acute, base blunt narrowed; nerves 6 pairs inarching far from edge; 3 to 4 in. long, 1°25 to I°5 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long. Flowers fascicled, as many as 18 together in male, very small on slender filiform pedicels, 4 in. long, on pubescent axillary tubercles. Male flowers, ‘03 in. long. Sepals, outer ciliate, inner 3 larger concave orbicular. Petals smaller widely obovate. Stamens 2 to 4. Female, pedicels fewer, 2 to 4, robust in fruit, ‘6 in. long. Drupe pear-shaped 4 to 5 in. long, pulpy glabrous, reddish green. Hab. Inforests. Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Gunong Bubong (Kunstler) at 400 to 600 ft. altitude in bamboo forests. Distvib. Cambodia, Siam. 9. LIMACIA, Lour. Woody climbers, medium size. Leaves ovate or oblong, not peltate. Inflorescence of compound cymes, false panicled or racemose. Male flowers, sepals g pubescent, outer bract-like, inner concave larger. Petals 6, smaller. Stamens 6 or 3; fila- ments free obconic. Female flowers, staminodes 6 or 3. Carpels 3 pilose. Stigma sub-trilobed recurved. Drupes 3 to 1, gibbous sub- globose fleshy; endocarp smooth except the transversely wrinkled dorsal band. Species 5, Cochin-China and Malay Islands. Stems and under side of leaves and cymes yene™ tomentose (1) L. velutina Stems and leaves nearly glabrous . . © . (2) L. oblonga Limacia.] VII. MENISPERMACE#. 109 1) L. velutina Miers, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2. vii. 43; Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 100; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 383. A moderate woody climber; branches and leaves covered with golden fur. Leaves variable in size, elliptic to oblanceolate acuminate or cuspidate, base blunt or shortly narrowed, sub- coriaceous; nerves 5 to 6 pairs; 2°5 in. to 5 in. long by 1°6 to 2 in. wide; nerves and midrib and edges at least hairy; petioles *5 to 1°5 in. long. Cymes axillary, several together or solitary, about °5 in. long, golden-tomentose. Flowers small crowded at the top. Sepals ovate eventually spreading tomentose outside. Petals clawed embracing the stamens. All yellow. Stamens 6 pilose; anther-cells brown. Carpels in female flower black-hairy. Stigma pale grey. Drupe ovoid flattened, orange yellow, 1 in. long, pulp orange brown. Seed dark brown. Hab. Common in open country, secondary jungle and thickets. Singapore very common. Malacca, Selangor, Perak, Penang. var. parvifolia Ridl. A form with all the leaves small 2 to 2°5 in. long and ‘8 to 1°3 in. wide. Cymes numerous 5 or 6 together. Penang, Government Hill at 2500 ft. altitude. Dzystrib. Cochin-China, Siam, Tenasserim and Malay Islands. (2) L. oblonga Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2. vii. 43; Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 100; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 382. Rather slender woody climber; stems yellowish-tomentose eventually glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, very variable, the terminal ones lanceolate acuminate, 3 in. long by I in. wide, the lower ones broadly oblong to elliptic sub-acute, base rounded glabrous, 5°5 to 8 in. long, 4°5 to 5 in. wide; nerves 3 or 4 pairs prominent beneath as are the secondaries and the very fine reticulations; petioles “75 to 1'25 in. long. Panicles slender 4 to 5 in. long, extra-axillary in lines of fascicles of 2 to 4, pubescent. Flowers small numerous, greenish yellow. Outer sepals lanceolate, inner sub-orbicular. Petals boat-shaped. Stamens glabrous. Drupe very excentric, over *5 in. long, obovoid flattened. Hab. Thickets in open country. Malacca, Bukit Bruang and Pringit (Griffith). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; Rawang (Kloss). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Penang up to 1200 ft. altitude, Government Hill, common. Native name: - Akar China. 10. TILIACORA, Colebr. Climbing shrubs. Leaves penninerved; petiolesshort. Panicles usually short. Male flowers 6 to 12. Sepals, outer ones bract- like, inner larger obovate elliptic. Petals 4 to 6 minute obcordate. Stamens g to 3, free or more or lessconnate. Females, staminodes 0. Carpels 30 to 6. Drupe gibbous ovoid, compressed grooved on both sides. Albumen ruminate or scanty or 0. Species 15, mostly African, 3 Indian to Penang. IIo VII. MENISPERMACE&. [Tiliacora. (x) T. triandra Diels, Pflanzenreich, 62. Limacia triandra ime fil. and Thom. Fl. Ind. 188; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1¢:7382; Climbing shrubs, rather slender. Leaves shining, coriaceous or sub-coriaceous glabrous, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, tip acuminate acute, base rounded; nerves 4 pairs inarching far from the margin; 4 in. long by 1°5 in. wide; petioles 2 in. long. Racemes axillary solitary pubescent. Flowers very small 1 to 3, in the axil of a pubescent bract. Sepals, outer 6, minute ciliate, inner ones valvate sub-elliptic larger. Petals 4 to 6 obovate or oblong larger. Stamens 3. Female flowers, solitary in axils of bracts of raceme with 6 semi-ovoid carpels on a raised torus. Fruit obovate, yellowish red. Hab. Very rare. Penang, Tanjong Tokong (Curtis). Dzstvib. Tenasserim and Cochin-China. Native names: Akar Kunyit-Kunyit; Akar Kusin. T. acuminata Hook. fil. ‘‘ Singapore, Griffith, in Herb. Hooker,” is doubt- less an error. Griffith was probably never in Singapore at all, and a plant so labelled in Herb. Wallich. from Singapore is not a Menispermaceous plant at all. 11. COCCULUS, DC. Climbing shrubs. Leaves various. Cymes 1 or 2 in axils of leaves. Male flowers, sepals 3, outer small, 3 inner larger con- cave. Petals usually bifid with inflexed edge. Stamens 6 to 9 free. Female flowers, staminodes 6 or 0. Carpels 6 to 3, semi- ovoid; style cylindric. Drupe obovate rounded compressed, with 2 ridged bands on the back. Species 11. Warm regions of Asia, Africa, Polynesia and North America. Glabrous leaves lanceolate, blunt. : ; . (1) C. ovalifolius Hairy leaves deltoid to lanceolate . ; : . (2) C. elegans (1) C. ovalifolius DC. Syst. i. 526. Limacia Kunstleri King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 303. Nephroica sarmentosa Lour. Fl. Cochinchine ii. 692. A slender twiner. Leaves papery lanceolate blunt at both ends, tips micronulate; main nerves I pair from the base and 2 or 3 pairs from the midrib above, very fine, reticulations con- spicuous; 2°5 to 3 in. long, r in. wide, glabrous; petioles *2 in. long pilose. Compound cymes axillary r in. long; rachis and branches pilose. Cymes (branches) ‘2 in. long, often racemiform. Bracts 2. Sepals 3, outer bract-like, 3 inner ovate elliptic. Petals 6, tips bifid with spreading lobes. Female cymes smaller; carpels 6. Drupes compressed horseshoe-shaped, blue black; endocarp with 2, dorsal keels of ribs and tubercles. Hab. Climbing on bushes on the sea-shore in sandy spots. A pretty plant, with its white and yellow flowers. Singapore, Changi. Pahang, Kwala Pahang. Distrib. China, Cochin-China, Java, Philippines and Mascarene Islands. Cocculus.| VII. MENISPERMACE &%. III (2) C. elegans Ridl. Nephroica elegans Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc... BY. 54, p- 15. A slender twining laticiferous hairy herb. Leaves deltoid or lanceolate acute, base rounded, 3-nerved with distinct reticulations, sparsely hairy; 2 in. long, -25 to ‘50 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long, hairy. Racemes axillary, hairy. Sepals, outer ovate obtuse 5, inner ones 3 rounded ovate acute. Petals 6 ligulate oblong with 2 long points. Stamens 6 as long. Hab. Open places, twining on grasses. Dindings at Lumut. Tringanu at Cherating River (Ridley). 12. HYPSERPA, Miers. A slender woody climber. Leaves small coriaceous; nerves palmate. Cymes usually short, rarely panicled. Sepals 8 to 12, outer ones bract-like, inner ones gradually larger, patent, ciliate. Petals 4 to 6 (or 0) obovate fleshy. Stamens 6 to indefinite, free or more or less joined; anthers immersed. Female flowers, stami- nodes various in number; carpels 6 to 3. Stigma oblong-linear. Drupe transversely ovoid; endocarp grooved and ribbed on back. Albumen copious. Species 16, Indo-Malaya, China, Australia and Polynesia. (1) H. cuspidata Mzers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser 2, vii. 40. H. triflora King, l.c. 384 (not of Miers). Limacia cuspidata Hook. PEE BA : 1.200. Slender woody climber with dark green shining coriaceous leaves, oblong to oblong-lanceolate; nerves fine and indistinct; 2°5 to 4°5 in. long, ‘80 to 1°5 in. wide or smaller; petioles ‘3 in. long, appressed hairy as are the branch tips. Cymes ‘3 in. long, axillary, appressed hairy, few-flowered. Flowers small ‘zr in. across, white or yellow. Sepals, outer minute ovate triangular, inner ones larger, obovate. Petals spathulate. Drupes globular ‘2 in. through, red. Hab. In hedges and thickets, not rare. Singapore, Tanglin. Malacca (Maingay). Penang, Batu Feringhi; Pulau Betong (Curtis); Pulau Jerajah (Kunstler). D/stvib. India and Malay Islands. Native name: Akar Minyak. 13. PERICAMPYLUS, Miers. Slender woody climber. Leaves sub-cordate, edge sub-crenate, more or less pubescent; nerves palmate. Cymes, males 3- to 6- fascicled, females solitary or in pairs. Sepals imbricate, 3 outer minute, bract-like, 6 inner obovate. Petals 6 sub-obovate, margins inflexed round the stamens. Stamens free or connate. Female flowers, staminodes 6; terete longer than the petals. Carpels 3. Stigma bifid or doubly bifid. Drupes 3, sub-orbicular flattened ; endocarp with transverse ridges with tubercles. Species 6, Indo- Malaya. 112 VII. MENISPERMACE2. [Pericampylus. Stem and leaves grey tomentose . . (1) P. ineanus Stem sparsely pilose, leaves sparingly puberulous (2) P. membranaceus (1) P. incanus Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, vii. 40; Coninib, Bot, ui. 118, pl. 111; Hook, fil. P-BIsi. 102; Kings, 385; Diels, Pfhlanzenreich, 217, fig. 74. Young branches grey-tomentose. Leaves herbaceous ovate obtuse, base broad truncate, above glabrous, beneath grey-tomen- tose; nerves 5 pairs radiating from base, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long, 1°7 to 2° 4 in. wide; petioles ‘6 in. long, slender tomentose. Compound cymes axillary 2 to 6 together in male, solitary in female, °75 in. long, tomentose. Flowers small fragrant. Males, sepals, outer small sub-ovate, inner ones larger obovate obtuse, green or yellow. Petals spathulate or obovate, hyaline. Stamens free. Females, staminodes short linear. Carpels 3. Drupes 3, transversely obovate; endocarp bony with a linear keel ornate with spines and tubercles. Seed ‘2in. long. Hab. Common in hedges and thickets. Johor. Kota Tinggi; Genuang; Pulau Aur (Fielding). Pahang. Malacca. Pulau Besar and Ayer Panas (Griffith). Selangor. Perak, Sungei Rayah (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich). Kedah. Setul, Bukit Rajah Wang. Kelantan River. Distrib. Indo- Malaya, China. Native names: Akar Gasing-Gasing; A. Gegasing ; A. Jerkasing; Kelesu. (2) P. membranaceus Miers, Ann. Mag. ‘Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, xiv. 122; Contrib. Bot. ii. 122. Cocculus membranaceus Wall. Cat. 4967. A very slender climber, young parts sparingly pilose. Leaves thin membranous ovate, base truncate rounded slightly peltate; nerves 5 pairs, sparingly puberulous, 1°5 in. long by 1°6 in. when full grown. Leaves at the ends of branches ‘4 in. long and wide. Hab. Penang, (in montibus Wallich 4967), also collected here by Gaudichaud and in Java by Hallier and Koorders. Flowers and fruit unknown. 14. STEPHANIA, Lour. Slender woody or herbaceous climbers with ovate or triangular peltate leaves. Inflorescence of false-umbelled simple or compound cymes, branches usually crowded at the tip. Male flowers, sepals 6 to 8 usually sub-equal concave. Petals 3 to 4 obovate or orbi- cular. Stamens connate in a peltate head. Female flowers, sepals 3 to 6. Petals 2 to 4, like those of the males. Carpel I, no style. Stigma lobed. Drupe fleshy; endocarp compressed obovate with 2 rows of spines or tubercles down the back. Seed horseshoe- shaped. Species 32, African and Indo-Malayan and Chinese. Inflorescence from bare stems peduncled compound . (1) §. corymbosa Inflorescence from leaf axils. Leaves ovate acuminate; flowers in small dense heads, discoid A a , ‘ ; . (2) S. capitata Stephania.] VII. MENISPERMACE®. 113 Leaves pubescent beneath ; flowers crowdedinheads (3) §. hernandifolia Leaves thin glaucous beneath; umbel lax, spreading (4) S. rotunda (1) S. corymbosa Walp. Rep. i. 96; Diels, Phlanzenreich, 267. S. ramuliflora Miers, Contrib. Bot. ili. 232. Clypea corymbosa BUS buydr. 2:7. ‘ Glabrous. Leaves membranous to subcoriaceous rounded ovate, base rounded, apex sub-acute 4 to 4°2 in. long, *3 in. wide; petioles 4°5 to 6 in. long; nerves about 11 radiating from petiole apex, beneath glaucescent. Male inflorescence sub-paniculate 2 to 3 in. long. Peduncle 1 in. long. Flowers crowded at ends of branches. Sepals 4, outer linear, puberulous recurved, 4 inner obovate glabrous. Petals 4, conchiform tomentose. Female inflorescence larger com- pound corymbose. Branches about 3 in. long. Drupes flattened obovate with transverse tubercled ridges. Hab. In forests. Rare. Perak, Maxwell’s Hill, at 3000 ft. altitude (Wray). Dvsivb. Sumatra, Java, Borneo. (2) S. capitata Spreng. Syst. iv. Cur. Post. 316; Diels, Pflanzen- reich, 281. Rather a stout species, glabrous. Leaves membranous or papery, ovate to nearly lanceolate, base rounded or sub-cordate, apex acuminate 3 to 5 in. long, 2 to 2°2 in. wide; petioles 2 to 2:2 in. long. Inflorescence very short *4 in. long, simple or few-branched ; peduncles filiform °5 in. long; in females cymules contracted to a discoid head, *2 in. across. Sepals sub-connate yellow. Drupes very crowded, much compressed, obovate red ‘2 in. long, whole head 1°5 in. through. Endocarp with four rows of processes on the -back. Hab. In lowland woods. Johor, Genuang. Perak, Thaiping Hills, about 500 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (3) S. hernandifolia Walp. Rep. i. 96; Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 196 in part. Slender climber more or less pubescent. Leaves membranous ovate, apex acute or acuminate, base rounded, glabrous or partly pubescent, glaucous beneath; nerves about 5, 3 to 4'5 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles 1 to 4 in. long. Inflorescence more or less puberulous; peduncle slender, 2 to 3 in. long, rays of umbel about 6. Sepals 5 to 8 elongate obovate, yellow. Petals 3 or 4 widely obovate. Female heads discoid ‘1 in. across. Drupes flattened when dry; endocarp with transverse ribs with tubercles at eachend. Hab. Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis). Dzstrvib. India, Cochin-China, Malaya, Australia. (4) S. rotunda Lour. Fl. Cochinchine, 608; Diels, l.c. 275. Slender glabrous climber. Leaves ovate obtuse membranous, base rounded; nerves 10, beneath glaucescent, 3 in. long, 2°75 in. wide; petioles 2 to 5 in. long, slender. Inflorescence umbellate ; peduncle slender 3°75 in. long. Branches 6, 1°5 in. long, rays of umbellule ‘3 in. long. Flowers racemose on short slender stalks, ‘I in. across. FLM.P., 1. I 114 VII. MENISPERMACE4. [Stephama. Sepals outer 3, linear oblong narrowed at the base, apex blunt, inner ones ovate-rounded larger 2. Petals 3, lanceolate oblique. Stamens connate in a round stalked disc ; anthers below the flattened top. Hab. Open lowland country in the north. Lankawi, Kuap (Curtis). Perlis, Bukit Lagi and Telor Jambu (Ridley). Dzystrib. Siam, Cochin-China. F, 15. CISSAMPELOS, Linn. Slender climbers. Leaves more or less peltate ovate, hairy or glabrous. Male inflorescence paniculate corymbose, axillary or in compound cymes on axillary branches with reduced leaves. Females few-flowered simple. Male flowers, sepals 4, obovate. Petals forming a cup, rarely free. Stamens connate into a_ column. Female flowers, sepal 1 obovate. Petal 1, shorter. Carpel 1. Drupes often pilose; endocarp with transverse warted ribs on the back. Species over 20, South American and African with one Cosmopolitan. " (1) C. Pareira Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 1031; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 386. Stems and back of leaves softly tomentose or glabrous, orbicular or ovate obtuse, 2 in. long, 2 to 2’5 in. wide; petioles I to 1°5 in. long. Male cymes tomentose 1 in. long or less. Fruit red. Hab. Hedges, not rare. Malacca, Sungei Hudang. Pahang, Pahang River. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Dindings. Province Wellesley, Per- matang Bertam. Penang (Wallich). D¢stvib. Cosmopolitan. Native names : Gasing-Gasing and Gegasing; Akar Mumpanang. 16. CYCLEA, Arnott. . Slender climbing shrubs usually hairy. Leaves cordate to deltoid, oblong more or less peltate. Inflorescence paniculate to sub-racemose, axillary or from the stem. Branches corymbose. Flowers in small heads. Male flowers, sepals connate into a lobed cup. Petals sometimes free, usually connate into a cup. Stamens connate into a column; anther-cells 4 or 5. Female flowers, sepals I or 2 scale-like. Petals 1 or 2, smaller. Carpels globose-ovoid, often hairy. Drupe usually hairy; endocarp sub-compressed, tubercled. Species 1g, Indo-Malaya and China. Leaves ovate acuminate peltate hairy . : : . (1) C. laxiflora Leaves oblong acuminate glabrous : E : . (2) C. elegans (1) C. laxiflora Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, xviii. 20; Diels, Pflanzenreich, l.c. 317. Slender climber, very pilose. Leaves thin ovate peltate acuminate more or less pilose above, stiffly pilose beneath, 3°5 to 6 in. long, 3 to 5°3 in. wide; petioles pilose 2 in. long. Panicle pendulous from the stem, over a foot long, very lax with long branches and many Cyclea.] VII. MENISPERMACE2. 115 flowers. Calyx turbinate glabrous, white or creamy, 4-partite to the middle. Petals 4 linear. Drupes white pilose obliquely horseshoe-shaped obovoid compressed; endocarp with 3 tubercled ridges, ‘2in. long. Hab. Hedges in lowlands up to 4000 ft. altitude in forests. Singapore, Changi; Tanglin; Pulau Ubin. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay). Dindings at Lumut. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Derry, Kunstler); Gunong Kerbau at 4000 ft. altitude (Robinson). Penang Hill (Maingay). Native name: Akar Gasing Bukit. (2) C. elegans King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 387; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc., vii. 116, pl. 132. Climbing shrub nearly quite glabrous. Leaves _lanceolate- ovate acuminate, base cordate or peltate membranous, glabrous; nerves 5 radiating from base, 3 in. long, 1°75 in. wide; petioles I in. long. Panicles slender, solitary, axillary. Male flowers crowded minute. Anthers about 4 broad. Drupe pisiform, slightly compressed; endocarp boldly tubercled. Hab. Perak, Thaiping Hills, 1500 to 2000 ft. altitude, not common (Kunstler). Orpver VIII. NYMPHAACEZ. Aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves usually floating round rarely oblong, often peltate. Scapes 1-flowered, naked. Sepals and petals free hypogynous or adnate to a fleshy disc surrounding or enveloping the carpels. Sepals 3 to 5. Petals 3 to 5 or many. Stamens numerous. Carpels 3 or more in 1 whorl, free or connate or sunk in pits in the disc. Stigmas as many as carpels, peltate or decurrent. Ovules few or many. Fruit of connate carpels, or separate indehiscent carpels, or often an enlarged turbinate disc with the carpels sunk in the crown. Temperate and tropical regions. Genera 8. Species 30 to 40. Carpels confluent with one another; flowers showy white, blue, red or yellow, patent : . I, NYMPH2A Carpels confluent with the disc into a berry; flowers hardly opening, dull brown and pink . my 2e DARCLAYA Carpels irregularly scattered in a turbinate disc ; flowers large, showy . : ; : : ; - . 3. NELUMBIUM 4, NYMPHZA, Linn. Large herbs with creeping rhizome. Flowers expanded floating on long radical scapes, white, red or blue. Sepals 4. Petals in many Series, inner passing into stamens, all adnate to disc. Stamens many; filaments petaloid; anthers small linear. Ovaries many in I series sunk in the fleshy disc forming a many-celled syncarp crowned by connate radiating stigmas. Fruit a berry. Seeds small. Species 20, whole world. Leaves entire or slightly sinuate; flowers white to blue . (1) N. stellata Leaves toothed; flowers white to pink . 5 ; . (2) N. Lotus 116 - VIII. NYMPHEACE. [Nymphea. (x) N. stellata Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1153; Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 114; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lviii. (2), 389. Leaves elliptic deeply cordate, entire or shortly toothed, purple beneath, 6 to 8 in. long. Flowers 1°5 to 6 in. across, white or tinted pale blue. Petals linear lanceolate, 10 to 30. Stamens Io to 50, with long appendages. Common in ditches and back- waters of rivers. Flowers very variable in size from little more than an inch across to about 4 or 6 in., according to depth of water. Hab. Malacca, Sungei Rambei. Dindings, Pangkor (small form). Pahang, Lake Chenei (Fox) large form. Province Wellesley. Perak, Perlis, and Setul. Kelantan, near Kota Bharu. Dvzsinb. Indo-Malaya, Australia. Native names: Ati-Ati Payah; Kelipoh; Teratei Kechil. (2) N. Lotus Linn. Sp. Pl. 511: Hook. fil. F.B1I.i. 114; Bot. Mag. t. 4665, var. pubescens. Leaves peltate deeply cordate, edge distinctly sinuate, toothed, purple and pubescent beneath, g in. across. Flowers 2 to 5 in. wide. Sepals blunt. Petals white to dark pink. Anthers without appendages. Stigmatic rays with clubbed appendages. Hab. Ponds. Malacca (Griffith); Durian Tungul (Burkill), flowers white. Patalung (Gwynne Vaughan), flowers reddish pink. Disirib. India, Malaya. Often cultivated by Chinese and others for ornament; easily known when white-flowered by its strongly toothed leaves. Our form is the variety pubescens with leaves pubescent beneath. 2. BARCLAYA, Wallich. Small aquatic herbs with long villous rootstocks, and floating or erect leaves. Flowers hardly expanding, pinkish. Sepals 5, narrow apiculate, inserted at the base of the ovary. Petals numerous biseriate connate below in a tube confluent with the carpels. Stamens many in many series inserted in the corolla tube; filaments short; anthers pendulous. Ovaries 6 to 8, confluent pink, apex conical ; styles triangular connate into a Io- rayed cone. Berry globose pulpy. Seeds elliptic spiny, albumen floury. Species 4, Burma to Borneo. Leaves rounded cordate, tomentose beneath; sepals tomentose narrow with long glabrous tails (1) B. Motleyi Leaves thin, oblong ovate broad glabrous, base round; sepals narrow (2) B. Kunstleri Leaves oblong obtuse, base cordate glabrous; sepals broad, glabrous tails short . ; . (3) B. longifolia (1) B. Motleyi Hook. a Trans. Linn.. Soc. xxii. 147; tary King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 390. Leaves rather thick, round cordate, blunt = apiculate, glabrous, except the nerves above, tomentose beneath, 3 in. long, 3 to 5 in. Barclaya.] VIII. NYMPHA:ACE. II7 wide; petioles fleshy tomentose reddish 3 to 7 in. long. Peduncle up to 8 or g in. long tomentose. Sepals narrow keeled greenish with red tomentum, 1°25 in. long, ‘15 in. wide. Petals linear, outer series green, inner pink tailed, innermost dark pink incurved blunt, the 2 inmost much shorter triangular incurved violet pink, tip yellow. Stamens yellow. Pistils pink. Fruit 1 in. long ovoid, pink. Seedsmallellipticspiny. Hab. Inslow streamlets in swampy ground in dense forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Maingay); Sungei Hudang (Derry). Pahang. In a mud- Fic. 10.—Barclaya Motleyi. patch above Kwala Teku, Tahan River. Perak (Kunstler, Wray). Penang, Richmond Pool (Haniff). Dzsivib. Sumatra, Borneo. (2) B. Kunstleri Rid/. B. Motleyana var. Kunstleri, King. Glabrous. Leaves thin oblong-ovate, tip round, base slightly retuse 3°75 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles 4°5 in. long. Peduncle 45 in. long. Sepals linear, acuminate I in. long, “I In. wide, shortly apiculate. Petals claret-coloured. Capsule °75 in. long ovoid. Seeds globose echinate. Hab. Perak, Bera (Kunstler). Setul, Bukit Rajah Wang (Haniff). This, in its thin glabrous leaves and globose seeds, is much nearer B. longifolia 118 VIII. NYMPHEACE2. (Barclaya. than B. Motleyi, but the sepals are those of B. Motleyi, as indeed is the whole flower. In the Setul plant some of the leaves are lanceolate cordate. (3) B. longifolia Wall. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 442, t. 18; Hook. fe reBd e255; 1c: Pl. 800, 810. Glabrous. Leaves narrow oblong, all deeply cordate at base, lobes rounded, 6 to 8 in. long, 1 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles 4 to g in. long. Peduncle 6 to 12 in. long, slender. Sepals °75 to 1 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, lanceolate apiculate keeled. Petals oblong-linear | blunt. Fruit sub-globose. Seeds globose, apiculate. Hab. Run- ning streams. Lankawi (Curtis). Dzstvib. Burma, Andamans. 3. NELUMBIUM, Juss. A large aquatic with a stout rhizome. Leaves round peltate glaucous green, on a tall petiole, high above the water. Flowers large rose pink, white or yellow, fragrant. Sepals 4 or 5 caducous. Petals and stamens many hypogynous, many-seriate caducous; anthers with a clubbed appendage. Ovaries many one-celled sunk in the flat top of a turbinate disc, ovules r or 2. Carpels ovoid, loose in the fibrous spongy torus. Seed ovoid, testa leathery. Species 2, r Asiatic, the other West Indian. (1) N. speciosum Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1258; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 647; Wight, Ill. i. t.9; King, l.c. 391. Leaves 1 to 2 ft. across concave glaucous. Peduncles and petioles 3 to 5. ft. long, smooth or prickly. Flowers 4 to 6 in. across. Petals elliptic, rose pink (rarely white or deep rose). Fruiting torus 2 to 4 in. across. Hab. Abundant in ditches in Province Wellesley, and in Pahang near the Pahang River by Pekan in swamps. Frequently cultivated by Chinese, who eat the rhizome and carpels. Possibly not native here. Native names: Seroja; Teratai. OrpEerR IX. CRUCIFER-. Herbs, often annual, or biennial. Leaves herbaceous, mostly radical, entire or lobed. Flowers bisexual, racemed terminal. Sepals 4, in 2 series. Petals 4, hypogynous, arranged crosswise, equal, white, yellow, or pink. Glands usually 4 (or 2 or 6) at base, or forming a lobed ring. Stamens hypogynous 6; filaments sub- ulate; anthers basifixed, sagittate. Ovary of 2 connate carpels; ovules many (rarely few) parietal; style simple. Stigmas 2. Fruit a siliqua or silicula, 2-celled. Seeds sub-globose, usually exalbuminous. Whole world, rare in the tropics. NASTURTIUM, Br. Small herbs, leaves usually lobed. Flowers small, white or yellow. Sepals short. Petals hardly clawed. Pod short or * bs =.) 7. Nasturtium.| IX. CRUCIFER2. 119 elongate terete. Seeds in 2 rows. Species 20 or more, whole world, chiefly temperate regions. (x) N. indicum DC. Syst. Veg. ii. 199; Hook. fil. F.B.I.1. 134. A weed 4 to 8 in. tall glabrous. Leaves runcinate or oblong crenulate simple, decurrent on the petiole, 3 in. long, I in. wide; petioles r in. long winged. Racemes axillary and terminal, 3 to 4 in. long. Flowers yellow, ‘2 in. long. Pods linear spreading I in. long, ‘I in. through. Seeds very numerous. Hab. Occasional weed in waste ground. Singapore, Gardens; Bukit Timah road; Chan Chu Kang. Penang, Convalescent Bungalow. Distrib. Tropical Asia. OrpDER X. CAPPARIDACEZE. Herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing. Leaves simple or palmately 3- to 9- -foliolate. Stipules 2 or 0, sometimes spiny. Flowers solitary, racemed or umbelled, regular or irregular. Sepals 4, free or connate, valvate or imbricate. Petals 4 (rarely 2 or 0), hypogynous or seated on the disc. Stamens 4 to indefinite, hypo- gynous or perigynous or at the base of or on a long or short gyno- phore. Ovary sessile or stalked (on a gynophore) I-celled; style short or 0; ovules indefinite on 2 to 4 parietal placentas. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds angled or reniform exalbuminous. Tropical or sub-tropical countries. Herbs; stamens 6 to 20 sessile on disc. . «I. CLEOME Herbs; stamens 6 adnate to gynophore below, free ‘above 5 : . 2. GYNANDROPSIS Trees or shrubs; stamens indefinite. Climber, petalous : 5 : : - 2) 3. RONDSTA Shrubby, petalous. Petals sessile; stamens inserted on the torus . 4. CAPPARIS Petals clawed; stamens adnate to the gynophore 5. CRATHVA 1. CLEOME, L. Herbs with 3- to g-foliolate leaves. Flowers racemed (or solitary) yellow, white (or pink). Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4. Stamens 6 to 20. Ovary sessile or with a gynophore; ovules many on 2 parietal placentas. Capsules oblong or linear, valves 2, separating from the seed-bearing placentas. Seed reniform. Species about 80, Cosmopolitan. Erect, unarmed herb; flowers yellow, viscid . (x) C. viscosa Slender branched prickly herb; flowers small white . (2) C. aculeata (1) Ci. viscosa Linn. Sp. Pl. 672; Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 170; King, Journ. As Soc. Beng. lviii. (2), 392. Polanisia icosandra W. and A. Prod. 22; Wight. Leste, An erect viscid herb. Leaves 3- to 5-foliolate, leaflets obovate or ovate, lower ones long petioled, upper ones sometimes sub- 120 X.. CAPPARIDACE. ~ [Cleome. sessile. Flowers yellow in terminal corymbs, long-pedicellate. Petals ‘5 in. long. Stamens 12 to 20. Capsule glandular pubescent narrowed to the tip, 2 to 3°5 in. long, erect. Seeds small reniform. Hab. Common weed carried about by cattle, the plants often springing up from their dung. Whole peninsula from Singapore to Lankawi and Kelantan. Dzisitvib. Whole world. Native name: Kutepeng. (2) Cl. aculeata Linn. Syst. ed. 13 iii. 232. Cl. Hullettii King, l.c. 391; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 7, pl. 133A. Herb slightly shrubby about 1 ft. tall, branched prickly puber- ulous. Leaves below trifoliolate petiolate, leaflets obovate, upper ones simple sessile, ovate pubescent, *5 to °75 in. long. Flowers small solitary axillary, °5 in. across, on slender pedicels, greenish white. Stamens 6. Capsule terete green 1°5 in. long. Seeds large muricate. Hab. Singapore. A weed in the town and the Botanic Gardens and fields near Tanglin. Distrib. Native of South America, introduced through Java, rather a small weak form. 2. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. An annual herb, glabrous or glandular pubescent. Leaves 5-foliolate. Flowers racemed. Sepals 4. Petals 4, long-clawed. Stamens 6, filaments adnate below to the gynophore spreading above. Ovary stalked; ovules many. Capsule elongate erect; valves 2, separating from the seed-bearing placentas. Seed reni- form black. Species 10, all tropics. (1) G. pentaphylla DC. Prodr. i. 238; Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 171; King, l.c. 392. About 1 ft. tall. Leaves quinate long-petioled, leaflets sessile obovate or cuneate, I to 1°5 in. long. Flowers white with purple stamens, 35 to ‘8 in. long. Capsules cylindric pointed 2 to 4 in. long. Hab. Waste ground common from Singapore to Kedah. Disinb. Tropics generally. Native names : Maman putih; Maman antu. Use: As a pot-herb, planted among padi in Tringganu as a vegetable. 3. ROYDSIA, Roxb. Large woody climbers, unarmed. Branches spotted white. Leaves simple. Flowers racemed or panicled, yellow. Calyx 6-lobed, segments biseriate. Petals o. Stamens indefinite inserted above the base of the short gynophore. Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Ovules many. Fruit fleshy, 1-celled, 3-valved, 1-seeded. Species to, India, Indo-China. Leaves obovate, cuspidate (1) R. parviflora Leaves oblong, elliptic : ; (2) R. Scortechinii _(1)_R. parviflora Griff. Notule iv. 578; Ic. Pl. As. t. 607, f.1.; Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 409; King, l.c. 396. Woody climber 4 to 8 ft. long. Leaves membranous, oblanceolate Roydsia.] X. CAPPARIDACE 2. T2I to obovate elliptic acuminate, narrowed at the base; nerves 5 or 6 pairs, prominent beneath 3°5 to 4 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘6 in. long. All glabrous. Flowers in racemes, axillary or forming a terminal panicle. Racemes 8 in. long dense-flowered. Sepals 6, velvety on both sides reflexed, ‘x in. long, linear oblong. Stamens 20; filaments equal not compressed. Stigmas 3, globular. Fruit unknown. Hab. Forests, Selangor, Sempang, Semangkok Pass. Province Wellesley on a rock (Kunstler) rare. Distrib. Burma. (2) R. Scortechinii King, l.c. 397; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 120, pl. 139. A climber, glabrous with pale bark. Leaf oblanceolate shortly acuminate to broadly elliptic or elliptic-ovate, narrowed to the base, membranous; nerves 6 or 8 pairs, rather fine, elevate beneath, 5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2'5 in. wide; petioles °75 in. long. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles about 6in. long. Sepals 6, linear-oblong, reflexed or tomentose on both surfaces, ‘1 in. long. Stamens 30; filaments unequal compressed. Gynophore very short. Stigmas 3 ovate. Fruit ovoid smooth yellow, 1°5 in. long, ‘I in. through. Hab. Forests. Selangor, Ginting Bidai. Perak, Larut, rocky jungle at 300 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). 4. CAPPARIS, Linn. Trees or shrubs erect tomentose or climbing often with stipular thorns. Leaves simple. Flowers white or pink often showy. Sepals 4, free, imbricate in 2 series. Petals 4, sessile imbricate. Stamens indefinite inserted on the torus at the base of the long gynophore. Ovary I1- to 4-celled; stigma sessile; ovules many or 2 to 6, on parietal placentas. Fruit fleshy. Seeds many imbedded in pulp. Species 125, all warm climates except N. America. Flowers in simple umbels or racemes axillary. Fruit globose. | Flowers axillary solitary; leaves 1 in. long narrow . : ‘ . (1) C. Larutensis Flowers umbellate terminal; ‘leaves 2 in. long (2) C. diffusa Flowers umbellate axillary ; leaves 2 in. long elliptic : ; : : . (3) C. sepiaria Flowers racemose large; leaves 5 in. long; frtt, 3 to 4 dos % : . (4) C. Scortechinii Fruit globose 1-75 in. through leaves 4 to 5 in. long ; : . (5) C, Kunstleri Flowers supra- axillary i in rows of 2 or 3. Leaves large 5 by 3 in. (6) C. mieracantha Leaves 6 by 3 in. strongly nerved é . (7) C. perakensis Fruit elongate 4 to 7in. long . : e . (8) C. Finlaysoniana Fruit elongate 3 in. long . . (9) C. cucurbitina Flowers in a terminal panicle of umbels, small . (zo) C. paniculata 122 X. CAPPARIDACE&. [(Capparis. (x1) C. Larutensis King, l.c. 393; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 118, pl. 134. Sarmentose or scandent prickly shrub, 30 to 40 ft. long. Branch- lets and petioles minutely tomentose, prickles in pairs short hooked. Leaves glabrous coriaceous oblong-lanceolate obtuse or retuse; nerves faint 5 to 6 pairs, 1 to 1°25 in. long, ‘4 in. broad; petioles ‘2 in. long. Flowers white turning pink, °75 in. across, solitary on pedicels *5 in. long. Sepals fleshy ovate, inner ones round concave. Petals oblong glabrous. Stamens12. Gynophore nearly 2in.long. Fruit globose. Hab. Thickets. Perak, Larut, climbing on trees (Kunstler); Kampar mines, sarmentose bushes (Ridley). (2) C. diffusa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 68. Shrub with slender branches pubescent. Thorns hooked very small. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate glabrous, shortly blunt-acuminate, edges crisped; nerves 5 pairs, 2 in. long, I in. wide; petioles "15 in. long. Umbel terminal 5-flowered; peduncle ‘25 in. long; pedicels filiform, r in. long. Sepals rounded-ovate pubescent "15 in. long. Petals white oblong blunt, hairy outside. Stamens 12. Gynophore filiform °5 in. long. Ovary ovoid conic. Hab. Perlis on limestone rocks at Bukit Lagi. (3) C. sepiaria Linn. Sp. Pl. ed.ii. 720; Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 177; King, l.c. 393. A scandent bush, much branched. Thorns short recurved. Leaves membranous, ovate to oblong, sometimes pubescent; nerves 4 or 5 pairs; petioles ‘05 in. long. Flowers °35 to ‘5 in. across in terminal umbels with slender °5 in. long pedicels. Buds globose. Sepals oblong. Petals narrow white. Ovary apiculate. Gynophore *25 to °5 in. long. Fruit pisiform, black. Hab. In thickets with C. micracantha. North of the peninsula. Kedah, Alor Sta. Common. Distrib. India, Cochin-China, Timor. (4) C. Scortechinii King, l.c. 394; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 118, Al. 135. A climber, young parts and inflorescence red-woolly. Thorns stipular, in pairs hooked. Leaves coriaceous, broad lanceolate- acuminate, much narrowed at base, eventually glabrous; nerves 6 pairs, prominent beneath, 5 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 in. broad; petioles ‘5 in. long. Flowers 1°5 across, on short woody lateral racemes. Bracts petiolate ovate *75 in. long. Sepals round concave tomen- tose outside. Petals pink, broadly elliptic obovate notched. Stamens more than 20. Fruit globose 3°5 to 4 in. through. Gyno- phore 2°5 in. long, 6 in. through. Hab. Dense jungle in hilly spots. Perak, Batang Padang district (Kunstler). Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). (5) C. Kunstleri King, l.c. 396. Scandent, 40 to 60 ft. tall, glabrous. Thorns in pairs stipular short, hardly ‘rin. long. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate acute, narrowed and cuneate at the base; midrib and = 3 Te ee ee ee Capparis.| X. CAPPARIDACEZ. 123 nerves 7 pairs, curving and inarching within the margin, prominent beneath, 4°5 to 5°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long. Fruit solitary axillary globose, 1°5 to 2 in. through deep yellow. Gynophore stout 2°5 in. long; pedicel 1°5 in. long. Hab. Perak, Gunong Bubu, at 400 to 8oo ft. altitude (Kunstler). Flowers unknown. (6) C. micracantha DC. Prodr. i. 247; Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 179; Wang, I.c. 394. Fic, 11.—Capparis micracantha. A thorny bush, glabrous, spines in pairs, stipular, straight. Leaves thinly coriaceous dark green, broadly lanceolate to ovate acutely acuminate, base cuneate or rounded; nerves 7 or 8 pairs, 3 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long. Flowers 2 or 3 together, supra-axillary 1 to 1°5 in. across. Sepals oblong, puberulous. Petals oblong white, the two lower ones with an orange blotch, soon turning deep purple, at the base. Stamens 15 to 20, shorter than the gynophore. Fruit, 2 to 3 in. through 124 X. CAPPARIDACEZ. [Capparis. globose green. Hab. Seashores and sandy spots, chiefly in the north. Johor, Pulau Aor, off the Johor coast. Penang, Pulau Badak and Pulau Tikus. Pulau Adang. Kedah, Alor Sta. Perlis, Kanga. Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Distvib. Burma, Siam. (7) C. perakensis Rid/. C. pubiflora var. perakensis King, /.c. A straggling shrub 5 ft. tall, glabrous, with minute thorns in pairs. Leaves membranous, elliptic-oblong acuminate, base nar- rowed or rounded; nerves 9g or 10 pairs and reticulations prominent, 5 to 7 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles 25 in. thick sulcate. Flowers I in. across, supra-axillary. Bracts narrow acute; pedicels long, slender. Sepals oblong concave, 2 outer ones pubescent outside. Petals white oblong, the 2 posterior united at the base by a gland, pubescent above and round the gland, with a purple blotch. Stamens numerous. Gynophore 1 in. long with ovary pubescent. Hab. In damp shady forests. Perak (Scor- techini). Kelantan, Chaning Woods, Kelantan River. (8) C. Finlaysoniana Wall. Cat. 6992; Hook. fil. F.B.I. 1. 179; King, l.c. 395. Sarmentose-scandent, glabrous. Thorns stipular nearly straight, in pairs, very short, bases broad, tips blunt black. Leaves cori- aceous, broadly lanceolate to elliptic, shortly acuminate; midrib and 7 pairs nerves prominent beneath, 6 to 7°5 in. long, 2°25 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘4 in. long. Flowers solitary or in pairs, large white with a golden spot at the base of the lower petals. Sepals lanceo- late acute. Fruit cylindric, tapering to tip, 4 to 7 in. long, I to I'5 in. wide, red on a gynophore, 1°5 in. long, with a pedicel as long. Seeds, ‘4 in. long, ovoid. Hab. Singapore, sandy open country, Changi, now very rare. Pahang. P’lawan, Rumpin (Foxworthy). Native name: Jambol Merah. (9) C. cucurbitina King, l.c. 395; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. i. (2), 110, pl. 136. A climber, with stout branches nearly glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic lanceolate to lanceolate acuminate, base shortly narrowed or not; nerves 8 or g pairs, prominent beneath inarching ‘I in. or less from edge, secondary nerves conspicuous, 5°5 in. to 7°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long slender. Flowers in fascicles of 2 or 3, on pedicels over I in. long. Sepals ovate lanceolate acuminate puberulous. Petals broadly elliptic obtuse. Stamens 20. Gynophore short. Fruit cylindric, narrowed to base, shortly apiculate, when ripe 3 in. long, 1°25 in. through, orange coloured; gynophore °75 in. long; pedicel 1°25 in. long. Seed ovoid smooth, *4 in. long. Hab. Dense mixed jungle at 500 to 700 ft. altitude. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Dindings (Ridley). (10) C. paniculata Ridl: Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 129. Long slender thorny climber, much branched. Thorns short Capparis.] X. CAPPARIDACEZ. 125 recurved. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic acute, base blunt, 5°5 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘15 in. long. Flowers greenish white, °25 in. across, in umbels of 6 on peduncles, °75 in. long, in a pendent terminal panicle 6 in. long. Sepals outer boat-shaped, inner ones larger, with a thin white edge. Petals connate at base, broad thin. Stamens little longer. Gynophore hardly longer than filaments. Ovary small conic, Fruit pea-shaped small. Hab. In dense forests. Kelantan, near Chaning Estate, Kelantan River. Distrib. Borneo. Sumatra. 5. CRATAVA, Linn. Trees unarmed. Leaves trifoliolate, membranous. Flowers large in terminal racemes, yellowish white. Sepals 4. Petals 4, obovate long clawed. Stamens indefinite, adnate to the base of the gynophore. Ovary on a slender gynophore, 1-celled. Stigma sessile. Ovules many on 2 parietal placentas. Fruit baccate with a woody pericarp. Seeds numerousimbeddedin pulp. Species about 6, tropical countries. Tree; leaflets elliptic, acute, rather stiff; fruit 2 in. long, oblong ; : i : : : - Shrub; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, thin; fruit I in. long, globose . : - ‘ (1) ©. macrocarpa (2) €. religiosa (1) C. macrocarpa Kurz, Journ. Bot. 1874, 195, t. 148, figs. 8 to 10; King, l.c. 398. A fairly large tree, about 60 ft. tall. Leaves membranous, leaflets nearly sessile elongate-oblanceolate acuminate acute, glabrous; nerves about 8 pairs, prominent beneath inarching within margin, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°75 to 3:2 in. across. Flowers in terminal racemes, 2 to 3 in. long. Sepals green ‘2 in. long. Petals white, 1'5 in. long, ‘80 in. wide, ovate clawed, rounded. Stamens pink, 3 in. long. Gynophore as long. Fruit large woody oblong globose, fawn colour with paler spots, 2 or 3 in. long. Seeds ‘4 in. long, ovoid reniform compressed shortly tubercled on the edges. Hab. River banks, not rare. Pahang, Tahan River and Chenei. Malacca, Tampoi: Selandor, etc. Selangor, Batang Berjuntai. Perak, Kwala Kangsa; Kertai River (Kunstler). Penang, Balik Pulau. Distrib. Indo-China. Native names: Kulumbai; Dala. (2) C. religiosa Forst. Prodr. 35; Hook. fil. F.BJ.1. 172. Tree or shrub, not very tall. Leaves deciduous at flowering time, leaflets lanceolate acuminate, narrowed at the base, thinly coriaceous glaucous beneath; nerves about Io pairs, secondary nerves as conspicuous, 4 to 5 in. long, 2 to 2°25 in. wide; petiolules ‘I in. long; petioles 2°25 in. long. Flowers in a short raceme, about 4 in. long. Sepals narrow lanceolate acute ‘2 in. long. Petals obovate round clawed, cream colour, I in. long, ‘5 in wide, 126 X. CAPPARIDACEZ. [Crateva. narrowed somewhat at the tip. Stamens violet, slender. Gyno- phore slender, as long. Fruit globose to ovoid, about 1 in. long. Hab. Malacca, sandhills, Tanjong Kling. Selangor at Pudok. A dwarf form on the sandhills, not more than 4 ft. tall, but flowering. Possibly not native in either place, but it seemed to have estab- lished itself at Tanjong Kling, far away from the village. Plants occasionally are to be seen in gardens. Distrib. India. Native name: Cadat. Orper XI. VIOLACE. Herbs or shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, entire or serrulate, stipulate. Flowers regular or irregular bibracteate. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud equal or unequal. Petals 5 hypogynous, equal or unequal, imbricate or contact in bud. Stamens 5; fila- ments short thick; anthers free or connate, cells often with apical processes, connective broad produced beyond the cells. Ovary sessile superior, 1I-celled; style simple. Stigma capitate or truncate entire or lobed. Ovules many on 3 parietal placentas, anatropous. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds small or very small. Albumen fleshy. Genera 21. Species 240, temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Herbs; corolla irregular; lower petal dissimilar A 4. Vio Shrubs or trees; corolla regular, no staminodes ; . 2. ALSODEIA Herbs, erect; corolla regular; staminodes numerous 2) 3. INBERIA 4. VIOLA, L. Herbs usually stoloniferous. Flowers on 1- rarely 2-flowered peduncles, axillary. Sepals produced at base. Petals erect or spreading, lowest the largest spurred or saccate at the base. Anthers connate, connectives of the 2 lower ones often spurred at the base. Style clavate or truncate. Stigma blunt lobed or cupular. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds ovoid or globose. Species 100, all cool regions. (x) V. serpens Wail. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 449; Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 184; King, l.c. 399. Stoloniferous glabrous (or hirsute). Stems long, leafy. Leaves ovate-cordate blunt or acute, crenate-serrate, 1°5 to 2°3 in. long, 7 to 1°3 in. wide, hairy beneath. Stipules toothed. Sepals acute ‘2 in. long. Corolla pale lavender, lower petals streaked darker violet purple, rarely all white, °5 in. long, spur short rounded. Petals blunt. Capsule ‘4 in. long; valves blunt. Hab. Banks and shady spots, at 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude. Perak, Telom, Ulu Batang Padang on stream banks and in clearings at 4000 ft. alti- tude. Penang, Government Hill at 3000 ft. altitude (now extinct here). Dzstvib. India, Java, Sumatra, China. ee eee Alsodeva.| XI. VIOLACES. 127 2. ALSODEIA, Thouars. Treelets or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite entire or serrate. Flowers smali white or yellow, solitary, racemed or panicu- late, axillary or terminal. Sepals 5,sub-equal. Petals 5 sub-equal sessile. Stamens 5, filaments free or connate, inserted on or inside an annular disc, with long or short dorsal membranous appendages ; anther-cells sometimes with linear processes. Ovary ovoid; style straight. Stigma terminal. Ovules few or many. Capsule 3- valved. Seeds few. Species about 50, tropics generally. i. Prostuesta. Anthers with a subulate appendage from the tip of each cell -and broad dorsal appendages from the connective. Capsule globose bluntly angled, pale, warty; leaves large, glabrous. . (1) A. Wallichiana Capsule ovate acute; leaves broad, glabrous . (2) A. Kunstleriana Capsule unknown. Leaves broad lanceolate, acuminate; with flowers hairy . ‘ ; : ‘ t (3) A. hirtella Capsule globose warty. Cymes very short; flowers small; leaves about 3 in. long glabrous . ; ; : . (4) A. lankawiensis Capsule ovoid glabrous. Cymes very short; flowers small; leaves thin and hairy ; ; ‘ (5) A. dasycaula Capsule valves 1 in. long, boat- -shaped. - Cymes racemose +5 in. long . : - ; (6) A. Wrayi Capsule valves -75 in. long Cymes panicled, 1 in. oe) leaves large 7 in. long . : Z ; . (7) A. Hookeriana Capsule ovoid +5 in. long. Cymes corymbose rem a flowers rather lange! e : i . (8) A. Maingayi Capsule ovoid +75 in. ‘long. Raceme of cymes terminal 4 in. long : . (9) A. cinerea li. PENTALOBA. Anthers with broad appendages from connectives only. Fruit not spiny hairy. Cymes very small; leaves 3 in. long ovate ( Cymes small not peduncled. Leaves lanceolate; capsule silky small ( Leaves oblong; capsule glabrous 1-25 in. long ( Leaves lanceolate, long, acuminate large; capsule +5 in. . gent Cymes corymbose peduncled many- flowered. Flowers :08 in. long; numerous crowded (1 Flowers -15 in. long; leaves 4 in. long . SE l(t Flowers -3 in. long; leaves Io in. long . (1 Capsules covered with soft bristles. Cymes small. Leaves oblong lanceolate; capsule sparsely bristly . : ; . (17) A. capillata Leaves lanceolate acuminate toothed ; capsule densely bristly; anthers with a subulate process from each cell, no appendage to connective . : . (18) A, comosa Leaves, oblong, obovate, toothed ; capsule 2 in. across, densely felted : ; . . (19) A. echinocarpa . lanceclata . pachycarpa ‘ condensa . floribunda A A A. Scortechinii A A A. grandiflora 128 XI. VIOLACEZ. [Alsodeia. (1) A. Wallichiana Hook. fil. F.BJI. i. 187; King, l.c. 400. A glabrous shrub, Io to 15 ft. tall. Leaves membranous, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic acuminate, sometimes serrulate, base rounded; nerves Io to 12 pairs, 9 to 12 in. long, 2°5 to ‘5 in. wide; petioles *5 to 1°5 1n. long. Stipules linear lanceolate °75 in. long. Racemes shorter than petioles. Bracts many, linear. Flowers 4 to 8, yellow, unisexual. Males, sepals acute lanceolate as long as petals. Petals oblong. Filaments short, attached to a 5-lobed disc; anthers ovate, a small point on each lobe in front and a large orbicular one on the back. Females, sepals ovate acute, shorter than petals. Petals oblong, tips recurved. Filaments longer than in males but anthers without pollen. Ovary sessile ovoid-conic. Capsule sub-globular, bluntly 3-angled warty ‘35 in. long; valves blunt. Seeds mottled. Hab. Woods. Johor, Pulau Aor; Pulau Tiuman (Burkill). Malacca, base of Mt. Ophir. Selangor, Batu caves. Perak, Lenggong; Goping (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich). Government Hill (all collectors). Native name: Suntan Tiga. (2) A. Kunstleriana King, I.c. 401; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. vii. 122, pl. 4X. A glabrous shrub or treelet. Leaves sub-coriaceous, oblong- lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed sub-cordate, minutely serru- late or not, rather rough; nerves 14 to 16 pairs, prominent, 6 to IO in. long, 2°25 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. to ‘5in.long. Stipules lanceolate °25 in. long. Flowers, female °3 in. long, white in axillary racemes, very short 3- to 8-flowered. Sepals ovate blunt, edges ciliate, shorter than petals. Petals ovate acute, stiff. Fila- ments short, flat; anthers broad with two linear anterior appendages and one dorsal-, one halberd-shaped, all connivent to a cone over the ovoid-conic ovary. Capsules ovoid °5 in. long; valves narrow pointed. Seeds 1 to each valve, ovoid, white. Hab. Forests. Johor, Gunong Pantai; Gunong Janeng (Kelsall). Pahang River. Malacca, base of Mt. Ophir (Hullett). Selangor, Batu caves. Dindings. Perak, Lenggong; Goping and Gunong Pondok (Kunstler). Native names: Ligoh Sigoniah; Marujan Nunko. (3) A. hirtella Ridl. Kew Bulletin 1914, p. 377. Small tree. Branches, petioles, nerves of leaves and inflorescence covered with stiff hairs. Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate obtuse, base narrowed, unequal, edges serrulate or nearly entire; nerves 16 pairs, 6 to ro in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide, glabrous above, stiffly hairy beneath on midrib and nerves; petioles ‘6 to 1 in. long, hairy. Racemes short axillary 6-flowered. Flowers white. Sepals 3, outer ones orbicular imbricate, hairy outside, strongly ribbed, inner 2 glabrous. Petals little longer oblong obtuse or truncate with a few processes at the tip, glabrous. Stamens glabrous; filaments flat, as long as the anther; anther-cells with elongate processes; dorsal appendage wider ovate acute. Ovary hairy. Capsule *6 in. long, valves ovate sub-acute, hairy pale green. Ser. .)". Alsodeia.] XI. VIOLACE4. 129 Hab. Open forest Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Rare. Distrib. Borneo. (4) A. lankawiensis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 70. Shrub. Stems pale. Leaves coriaceous, 4 to 8 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide, elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed, edge slightly serrulate; nerves g pairs; petioles *5 in. long, glabrous or hairy. Racemes small axillary; pedicels "12 in. long. Flowers as long, unisexual. Males, sepals ovate, edges ciliate. Petals oblong, twice as long. Filaments terete; anthers oblong, with 2 short horns at the tip; appendages (dorsal) reniform, thin. Females, similar but staminodes with narrow lanceolate appendages. Ovary globose; style cylindric, stout. Disc annular. Fruit globose, brown warty. Hab. Lankawi at Kwah and Terutau (Curtis). (5) A. dasycaula Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. i. 391. A. mem- branacea King, l.c. 402; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. vii. 122, pl. I40B. A. hispida Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 50. Tree 20 to 30 ft. high, 4 to 8in. through. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves thin, oblique obovate elliptic, abruptly acuminate, serrate, base narrowed, glabrous except the nerves, 6 to 8 pairs and midrib beneath, 5 to 7 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles pubescent, *5 in. long. Stipules subulate, pubescent, ‘2 in. long. Racemes axillary very short, ‘2 in. long, few-flowered. Sepals 5, unequal ovate, pubescent outside. Petals obovate-oblong obtuse, ciliate. Filaments very short; anthers cordate or reniform, with 2 small subulate processes on the cell tips and a cordate-acuminate appen- dage on the back. Ovary villous; style glabrous. Capsule ovoid glabrous, valves blunt. Seeds globular, caruncle beaked. Hab. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Perlis, Kanga. Pulau Adang. Dvysimib. Sumatra. Native name: Melor Angin. Miquel’s specimens in Herb. Kew and his description of A. dasycaula, l.c. are both poor, but indistinguishable from King’s plant. My A. hispida seems to be a more hairy form only. (6) A. Wrayi King, l.c. 403; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. vii. 124, pl. 142B. Tree 15 to 20 ft. tall. Stem 2 to 3 in. through. Leaves mem- branous, bright green, oblanceolate acuminate, serrulate or not, narrowed to the base, 5°5 to 8 in. long, ‘9 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘I to ‘2 in. long. Stipules linear, ‘1 in. long. Racemes very short, "5 in. long, crowded axillary. Bracts ovate pubescent. Sepals lanceolate, tomentose. Petals oblong obtuse, tomentose on mid- rib. Anthers ovate-cordate with 2 terminal processes and an Ovate acute dorsal process as broad as itself. Ovary and base of style villous. Capsule velvety when young, glabrous when old, valves 1 in. long, boat-shaped. Seed mottled. Hab. Hill woods, Perak, Kenering (Wray); Goping and Thaiping, altitudes up to tooo ft. (Kunstler). BEM Pix. K 130 XI. VIOLACE. [Alsodeia. (7) A. Hookeriana King, l.c. 402; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. vii. 123, pl. 142A. Tree 20 to 30 ft. tall with hanging branches. Leaves mem- branous, glabrous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, entire or serrulate, narrowed to base; nerves 7 to g pairs, curved, 5 to 8 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles 25 in. long. Stipules ovate, ‘I in. long, glabrous. Panicles axillary and below the fallen leaves, numerous, short compact when young, increasing to zr in. and lax when old. Pedicels ‘r in. long. Sepals ovate equal, pubescent. Petals white, ovate obtuse or lanceolate. Fila- ments glabrous as long as the long disc; anthers ovate-cordate, cells with 2 apical points and a dorsal appendage ovate acute, wider than the anther. Ovary pubescent. Capsule ovoid, valves smooth blunt boat-shaped, ‘9 in. long, *3 in. wide. Seeds sub- globose, caruncle papillose pitted. Hab. Hill woods 1800 to 2000 ft. altitude. Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Hermitage Hill. Pahang, Bentong (Foxworthy). Native name: Kayu Chempaka Ayer. (8) A. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 188; King, l.c. 402. A small tree, glabrous. Leaves membranous _ sub-sessile, elliptic acuminate, base cuneate, crenulate, serrate or nearly entire; nerves Io to 12 pairs, prominent as are the secondary parallel nerves, 5 to Io in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles ‘z in. or less long. Cymes °5 in. long on peduncles, '5 to °7 in. long, 8- to 16-flowered. Sepals ‘2 in. long, imbricate, oblong, edges ciliate, outer 3 larger than the inner 2. Petals imbricate ovate, longer, villous in centre. Stamens, filaments short, thick, villous, connective tomen- tose on back; anthers with two setose anterior and one ovate villose sub-terminal dorsal appendage. Ovary and style villous, disc glabrous. Capsule ovoid, nearly glabrous, valves sub-acute *5 in. long. Seeds smooth with a white caruncle. Hab. South of the peninsula; Johor, Ulu Batu Pahat (Kelsall). Malacca (Griffith and Maingay). (9) A. cinerea King, I.c. 403; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. vii. 124, pl. 143A. Shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves membranous, elliptic- ovate or lanceolate acuminate, narrowed to the base, serrulate, drying pale; nerves 8 to Io pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, I°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to °4 in. long. Stipules scarious ovate acute, puberulous, *25 in. long. Panicles terminal, 4 to 6 in. long, narrow with rather distant cymes, ‘2 to ‘4 in. long. Bracts ovate scarious. Sepals ovate ciliate. Petals oblong obtuse, tips undulate or toothed, edges ciliate. Anthers ovate, terminal appendages sub- ulate, dorsal one ovate, from the middle of the back. Ovary glabrous. Capsule ovoid, glabrous, *75 in. long, valves blunt. Seeds globose with an ovoid beaked hilum. Hab. Forests. Perak, Larut Hills at base (Kunstler). var. hirsutiflora King, l.c. 404; sepals tomentose, filaments villous. Perak, Changkat Jerin (Wray). Alsodeia.| XI. VIOLACE. - 131 (10) A. minutiflora Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 71. Shrub. Branches slender, hairy. Leaves ellliptic-ovate to ovate, edges dentate, base cuneate or rhomboid, 1°5 in. long, °75 in. wide, glabrous; petioles I in. long. Flowers solitary axillary with oval bracts at base, white, ‘1 in. long; pedicels ‘25 in. long. Sepals ovate, rounded. Petals lanceolate obtuse. Stamens, anthers elliptic-oblong, appendages lanceolate acute, narrower but little shorter than petals. Style in female flower long, slender with short arms. Capsule ‘5 in. long, valves boat-shaped, beaked by the persistent style. Seeds globose, white ‘12 in. through, 2 in each valve. Hab. Perlis at Kanga (Ridley). Dzsirib. Siam. (11) A. lanceolata Wall. Cat. 4023; Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 188; King, l.c. 404. Shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves membranous, elongate lanceolate, blunt acuminate, base narrowed; nerves 9 to 12 pairs, secondaries transverse, 5 to 8 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Racemes axillary °5 in. long or less, 4- to 6-flowered ; pedicels pubescent. Flowers ‘2 in. long. Sepals ovate blunt, pubescent. Petals lanceolate acuminate, centre villous. Anthers as long as filaments, linear-lanceolate with 1 terminal lanceolate appendage. Ovary villous. Fruit sub-globose, pubes- cent, *35 in. long, valves beaked. Hab. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley). Penang, on Government Hill (all collectors), Common here. Native name: Ina Kechil. (12) A. pachycarpa King, l.c. 408. _. Small glabrous tree 20 to 25 ft. tall. Leaves membranous, oblong to elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, minutely serrate, base narrowed; nerves II to 14 pairs, 5 to 7 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles :4in.long. Paniclesmall dense axillary. Flowers numerous, crowded. Bracts oblong, ciliate at the tip. Outer sepals 3 orbi- cular-ovate, backs silky, edges ciliate, inner 2 more ovate glabrous. Petals ovate obtuse. Filaments shorter than anthers; anthers lanceolate with a narrow lanceolate point at the tip. Ovary cylindric, glabrous; style stout. Stigma discoid. Capsules on short thickened branches, 1°25 in. long, narrowed at the base, valves boat-shaped, separating when ripe into an outer leathery pubescent or glabrous layer and an inner pale cartilaginous one. Seeds angular. Hab. Hill forests. Selangor, Semangkok Pass (Ridley). Perak, Waterloo estate (Curtis). (13) A. Scortechinii King, l.c. 405; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. Wa (2), 126, 21. 144. Shrub or tree 20 to 25 ft. tall. Leaves membranous large, elliptic acuminate to lanceolate serrulate; nerves 12 to 13 pairs, secondaries transverse, 7 to g in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Racemes short sessile condensed, several together, axillary. Bracts ovate. Flowers pedicelled, white, ‘2 in. long. Sepals broadly ovate. Petals oblanceolate acuminate, longer. 132 XI. VIOLACE. [Alsodeia. Stamens, filaments slender, longer than anthers; anthers short ovate with one terminal appendage. Ovary globose, glabrous warty. Capsule ovoid, ‘5 in. long, valves boat-shaped, beaked. Seeds 2, rounded, smooth. Hab. Forests, Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Curtis). Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler). Dzstrib. S. Siam. (14) A. condensa King, l.c. 405; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 126, pl. 145. Glabrous tree 30 to 40 ft. tall, 6 to Io in. through. Leaves membranous, elliptic sub-acute, serrulate, base cuneate unequal ; nerves 13 to 15 pairs, elevate beneath, secondaries transverse, 8 to 14 in. long, 3 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles 25 to°35in.long. Stipules subulate, 35 to °5 in. long. Panicles axillary compact, much branched, 1°75 to 2°5 in. long. Bracts numerous, ovate acute. Flowers pale green, ‘I in. long. Sepals unequal, outer 2 or 3 larger, round, inner ovate pubescent. Petals little longer, ovate villous. Anthers cordate with one ovate appendage. Ovary glabrous. Capsules ovoid pointed, glabrous. Hab. Chanderiang under 800 ft. altitude (Wray); Kedah at Yan (Ridley). (15) A. floribunda King, l.c. 406; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 125, pl. 143B. A shrub 8 to ro ft. tall, or tree to 60 ft. high; young branches tomentose. Leaves membranous, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic acute, more or less serrulate, base rounded, above glabrous except nerves, beneath minutely tomentose; nerves 14 to 16 pairs, secondaries transverse, 4°5 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘I to ‘2 in. long. Stipules lanceolate, pubescent, *25 in. long. Cymes axillary 1°5 in. across, on peduncles, 1 to 1'5 in. long, many- flowered. Flowers yellowish white. Bracts oblong obtuse, pubes- cent. Sepals unequal pubescent, 3 ovate round and 2 ovate. Petals ovate-oblong blunt, tips reflexed. Disc 10-lobed, pilose. Filaments dilate and pilose towards the tip; anthers elongate ovate; appendage terminal ovate. Ovary villous; style puberu- lous. Capsule ovoid pubescent, valves blunt. Hab. Woods, Singa- pore, Ang-mo-kio. Perak, Larut Hills; Goping and Tapa; Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). Dzstrib. Sumatra. (16) A. grandiflora Ridl. Kew Bulletin 1914, p. 377. A shrub about 8 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves large elliptic- lanceolate acuminate, base rounded; nerves 10 pairs with trans- verse secondaries elevate beneath, 8 to Io in. long, 2 to 4 in. across; petioles hardly any. Panicles axillary or extra-axillary, I°5 to 3 in. long. Peduncle over 1 in. long. Flowers numerous, white. Sepals lanceolate sub-acute, edges ciliate, ‘1 in. long. Petals °3 in. long, linear-lanceolate obtuse; midrib silky. Stamens, filaments as long as anthers, hairy; anthers narrow lanceolate acute, with a lanceolate prolongation at the tip. Ovary villous; style cylindric, villous. Disc rather deep, glabrous, 5-lobed. Hab. Woods, Singapore at Ang-mo-kio. Johor, Ulu Batu Pahat (Kelsall). a Se Alsodeia.| XI. VIOLACE. 133 (17) A. capillata King, l.c. 407; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 127, pl. 146A. A shrub 4 to 8 ft. tall. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves mem- branous, lanceolate acuminate at both ends, serrulate, above glabrous except nerves, beneath pubescent ; nerves II pairs bold, 6 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Stipules lanceolate, outside pubescent. Flowers in 3- to 5-flowered small axillary- cymes. Sepals narrow oblong obtuse, tomentose outside. Petals Fic. 12.—Alsodeia echinocarpa. linear-oblong sub-acute, tip reflexed, hairy outside. Stamens glabrous; anthers small ovate, with an ovate acute terminal appen- dage. Ovary villous. Capsule °5 in. long, pubescent densely with soft pubescent spines °5 in. long. Seeds ovoid. Hab. Forests. Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Bujong Malacca and Gunong Keledang. Selangor, Ulu Gombak. Dindings, Lumut and Telok Sera. (18) A. comosa King, l.c. 407; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 127, pl. 1468. Shrub or small tree. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves mem- branous oblong-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, serrulate, base 134 XI. VIOLACE. [Alsodeia. rounded, above glabrous, beneath pubescent; nerves 11 to 14 pairs, 5°5 in. to 7°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Stipules subulate, -3 in. long. Flowers white or yellow. Sepals ovate blunt tomentose. Petals lanceolate acuminate, pubescent outside. Both with terminal tufts of hairs. Filaments shorter than anthers; anthers narrow ovate, each cell with a terminal seta, no appendage. Ovary sparsely villous; style pubescent. Capsule *5 in. long densely covered with soft pubescent spines about °5 in. long. Hab. Forests, Selangor, Dusun Tua; Rawang (Kloss). Perak, Tapa (Wray); Goping (Kunstler). Distrib. Cochin-China. (19) A. echinocarpa Korth. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 360; King, LC. AO7. A bush or small tree as much as 30 ft. tall. Young branches tomentose. Leaves membranous, obovate or ovate-elliptic abruptly acuminate, boldly serrate, base rounded or cuneate, above glabrous except nerves, beneath pubescent; nerves 11 to 15 pairs, promi- nent, 6°5 to g in. long, 2°25 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles ‘x to 2 in. long. Stipules ovate acute ‘25 in. long, acute pubescent. Cymes axillary, pubescent, condensed sessile, 3- to 6-flowered. Bracts lanceolate. Sepals ovate obtuse tomentose. Petals little longer, oblong pubescent outside, white. Stamens and disc glabrous; anthers ovate-cordate, with a small terminal appendage. Ovary villous. Capsule large, I to 2 in. across covered with tomentose felted fibres, valves compressed, blunt, *75 in. long. Seed sub- globose. Hab. Common in woods from Singapore to Tringganu. Disirib. Southern Siam, Borneo, Sumatra and Cochin-China, Laos. Native names: Aho Lumut; Ardani (Penang); Jenta-Jenta; Lalada or Lelada; Sebilik; Segumpa betina; Kayu Rembut; Medang Gombot; Jangut Baong. Use. Seeds as a purgative. 3. NECKIA, Korth. Small herbs with slightly woody erect stems usually simple and more or less covered with bristly hairs (stipules). Leaves lanceolate, serrate. Flowers small, pink or white on long peduncles axillary. Sepals sub-equal. Petals equal. Staminodes dimor- phous, outer setaceous or gland-like, inner Io connate with the stamens into a tube. Stamens, filaments very short; anthers oblong. Ovary many-ovuled. Capsule septicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous. Species about 7, Malay Islands. (t) N. malayana Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 49, p. 11. Whole plant 3 to 12 in. tall. Stipules of red brown bristles ‘25 in. long. Leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends, edges bi-serrate, shortly pale beneath, 1°5 to 7 in. long. Flowers on peduncles 1 in. long. Sepals lanceolate acute, toothed. Petals ovate obtuse, rose pink. Stamens monadelphous, 10. Capsule ovoid acute, longer than sepals. Seed obovoid, punctate. Hab. a 2 a OO ee ee eee ee ee Neckia.] XI. VIOLACEZ. 135 Stream banks in forest. Johor, Gunong Janeng, and Telepak; Gunong Pantai (forma minor, leaves 2°5 in. long, *5 in. wide), Pahang, Tahan River (forma major, leaves 6 in. long, “75 in. wide) (Ridley). Disirib. Lingga island. MLL Ea Wiz WEL. a le Fic. 13.—Neckia malayana. Orper XII. PITTOSPOREZ. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate opposite or whorled, entire, exstipulate. Flowers terminal or axillary, bisexual. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals5, hypogynousimbricate. Torussmall. Stamens 5, opposite sepals; anthers versatile. Ovary 1- to 3-celled; placentas 2 to 5 parietal or 2- to 5-celled by projection of the placentas; style simple. Stigma 2- to 5-lobed. Ovules many parietal or axile anatropous. Fruit capsular. Seeds many, albumen copious. Genera 9. Species about go, Australasian chiefly. (King, /ourn. As. Soc. Beng. lix.) 136 XII. PITTOSPOREZ. [Pittosporum. 1. PITTOSPORUM, Banks. Trees or shrubs. Petals erect, claws connivent or connate. Ovary incompletely 2- to 3-celled; ovules 2 or more on placenta. Capsule i-celled, woody, coriaceous; valves placentiferous in middle. Seeds imbedded in red pulp. Species about 50, Asia, Australia and Polynesia. Leaves membranous; nerves very inconspicuous . (1) P. ferrugineum Leaves coriaceous; nerves prominent, reticulate both sides A , - é Z , ; . (2) P. reticosum Fic. 14.—Pittosporum ferrugineum. (1) P. ferrugineum Ait. DC. Prodr. i. 346; Hook. fil. FBI. i. 199; King, l.c. 129; Bot. Mag. t. 2075. A small tree about 20 ft. tall. Young parts tomentose. Leaves membranous lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acute or acuminate at both ends, edges undulate, dull green backs paler, glabrous; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, yellowish, 2 to 3 in. long, I to 1°5 in. wide. Flowers in short terminal corymbs, yellowish white, °25 in. long, —_— Pittosporum.| XII. PITTOSPOREZ. 137 fragrant. Sepals lanceolate pubescent. Petals linear, tips recurved, pubescent. Ovary cylindric, tomentose; style excentric. Stigma bilobed. Capsule orange coloured. Seed black, aril red. Hab. Dry gravelly spots usually near the sea. Common. Singapore, Johor, Pahang, Malacca, Dindings, Penang, Lankawi isles, Kelantan, Pulau Adang. Distrib. Carimon isles, Burma to Malay Archi- pelago and Australia. Native names: Suroras; Giramong; Chem- purei Ikan; Trang Nok; Bunga Sapong; Pulai Puak. (2) P. reticosum kid. A small tree 10 to 15 ft. tall, bark pale. Leaves opposite, rigid sub-coriaceous glabrous lanceolate, pale beneath; nerves impressed above, strongly reticulate above and beneath, 2 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; petioles pubescent ‘1 in. long, ultimately glabrous. Fruit oval -25 in. long on a slender peduncle 1°5 in. long. Stigma bilobed, lobes globose. Hab. Pahang in thickets on the Padang at 5000 to 6000 ft. altitude (Robinson, Ridley). No flowers of this plant have been seen, but in its stiff reticulate leaves it is quite distinct from any species known. OrpeR XIII. POLYGALACEZ. Herbs, erect or scandent shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate rarely whorled, reduced to scales or 0, simple entire. Stipules o. Flowers irregular bisexual 3 bracteate. Sepals 5 unequal, 2 inner often petaloid. Petals 5 or 3 unequal, inferior usually keel-shaped (keel). Stamens & (rarely 4 or 5) hypogynous, filaments united, rarely free ; anthers opening by terminal pores (rarely by slits). Ovary free I- to 3-celled; style curved. Stigma capitate. Ovules I or more in each cell, anatropous. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded, loculicidally dehiscent or indehiscent, 1-seeded or of 3 indehiscent carpels. Seed strophiolate albuminous. Species 500, the whole world except New Zealand. Herbs or rarely erect shrubs. Capsule dehiscent. Stamens 8, 2 interior sepals petaloid. I. POLYGALA Stamens 4 to 5, leafy annuals . 2. SALOMONIA Stamens 4 to 5, leafless parasites : . 3. EPIRHIZANTHES Climbing shrub; fruit a t-celled, indehiscent samara - : : 4. SECURIDACA Erect trees or shrubs. Stamens 5 united; fruit of 3 samaras 5. TRIGONIASTRUM Stamens 8 distinct; fruit a drupe or berry 6. NANTHOPHYLLUM 4. POLYGALA, L. Herbs or rarely shrubs. Sepals persistent, inner 2 larger, petaloid. Petals 3, united at base with the staminal sheath, the lower one keel-shaped and often crested (the keel). Stamens 8; filaments united for the lower half into a split sheath. Ovary 138 XIII. POLYGALACEZ. [Polygala. 2-celled, 2-ovuled; capsule 2-celled, loculicidal. Seeds usually strophiolate and albuminous. Whole world except Tasmania, about 250 species. Shrubs; flowers axillary. Fleshy plant; fruit winged : : . (1) P. venenosa Woody plant; fruit not winged . . (2) P. pulchra Shrublet ; raceme terminal, erect; flowers white | (3) P. monticola Small herb with small yellow flowers, Pas Oe with narrow lanceolate leaves (4) P. brachystachya Erect herb; leaves ovate; flowers many very small yellow ; ‘ ; . (5) P. cardiocarpa (1) P. venenosa Juss. in Poir Dict-v.. 493 ;- King, tc 130, A glabrous shrubby plant 4 to 6 ft. tall. Leaves thin rather fleshy, lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate acuminate and narrowed at the base; nerves 7 to Io pairs, 5 to 8 in. long, 1'5 to 4 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Racemes axillary pendulous 1 to 3 in. long. Sepals translucent, tipped with pink. Petals white, keel not crested chrofhe yellow withering to violet pink with a crimson keel. Capsule reniform °3 in. long 4-winged all round purple. Seed with scarlet aril. Hab. In mountain forests from 1500 to 5500 ft. altitude. Rarely below this. The form here is the var. vobusta, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. (2), 126. Pahang, Pulau Tawar. Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Kloss) ; Menuang Gasing (Kloss) ; Semang- kok. Perak, Thaiping Hills (all collectors). Gunong Kerbau (Robin- son) ; Gapis Pass (Curtis); Gunong Batu Putih (Wray); Penang, West Hill (Curtis). Distrib. Malay Islands. Nativename: Katum- bit Hitam. (2) P. pulchra Hassk. Flor. xxv. (2); Beibl. 32. Slender woody shrub 4 ft. tall. Leaves membranous thin, oblong-lanceolate; nerves g pairs, 8 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. RacemestI in. long, pendulous. Sepals 2 outer ones, one saccate ovate acute, the other small ovate; petaloid sepals obovate round, ‘25 in. long. Petals 2 short oblong blunt; keel 4-lobed, fleshy not crested. All white tinted yellow. Capsule obovoid orbicular deeply retuse, not winged except at tip, green tipped with purple or nearly all purple, *2 in. long, *3 in. wide. Seed sub-globose, aril scarlet. Hab. Hill woods, Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga. Selangor, Ginting Bidai (Ridley); Ulu Langat (Kloss). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Java and Sumatra. This is easily recognised by the slender woody stem, narrower leaves and smaller flowers. (3) P. monticola Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 803. A simple erect shrublet 2 ft. tall. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, 1'5 in. wide, lanceolate acuminate at both ends, glabrous or with a few hairs; nerves 8 pairs; petioles °5 in. long. Raceme dense erect. Flowers white, keel pink -25 in. long; pedicels very short. Sepals outer ovate rounded pubescent. Petals oblong, keel crested pink Polygala.] XIII. POLYGALACEZ. 139 yellow-edged. Capsule reniform bilobed nearly ‘25 in. across. Hab. Rocky places on mountains 4000 to 6000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Gunong Tahan; Gunong Benom (Barnes). Selangor, Semangkok ; Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). Perak, Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). var. major Ridley. Leaves 6 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles I in, long; raceme g in. long. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Ridley). (4) P. brachystachya Bl. Bijdr. 59; King, l.c. 131. A slender erect or prostrate herb. Branches puberulous angled above, 4 to 6 in. long. Leaves linear-lanceolate bristle-pointed glabrous, ‘4 in. long, ‘05 in. wide. Racemes slender 2 in. long axillary, few-flowered; pedicels nearly as long as flowers. Flowers ‘15 in. long yellow. Petaloid sepals obovate oblong. Petals small, keel narrow at base, apex suddenly dilated trilobed. Capsule sub- orbicular emarginate, edges ciliolate. Hab. In turf, roadsides, and grass plots. Singapore, grass plots in the Gardens; Macpher- son Road. Pahang, Pulau Tawar. Malacca. Sungei Bharu Ulu; Chabau. Tringganu(Yapp). Distrib. JavaandSumatra. Use: An antidote for snake-bite. (5) P. cardiocarpa Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. (2), 293; Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 16. A slender herb branched erect, glabrous 6 in. or more tall. Leaves ovate obtuse 1 to 2 in. long, ‘I in. wide narrowed to the petioles *5in.long. Spikes slender 2in.long. Flowers very numerous ‘I in. long, yellow. Sepals 4 ovate rounded, outers larger. Petals oblong-ovate, keel not crested broad, ovate, tip prolonged. Cap- sule heart-shaped retuse, wings ribbed. Seed elliptic black pustu- late; caruncle small black. Hab. On limestone rocks. Selangor, top of Batu caves rocks. Lankawi Islands (Curtis). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Distvib. Siam and Tenasserim. King’s plant identified as P. triphylla var. glaucescens is this species. Its capsule is not entire, but emarginate, and the flowers are yellow. 2. SALOMONIA, Lour. Small leafy annuals. Flowers minute in dense terminal spikes, pink. Sepals nearly equal, 2 inner somewhat larger. Petals 3, united at the base with the staminal tube, lower keel-shaped galeate not crested. Stamens 4 or 5; filaments united into a sheath for half their length. Ovary 2-celled with one ovule in each cell. Capsule compressed laterally, 2-celled loculicidal, edges toothed. Seed not or hardly strophiolate. Species about 8, east tropical Asia and Australia. (1) S. cantoniensis (2) S. oblongifolia (3) S. ciliata. Leaves ovate, cordate, petioled Leaves sessile, elliptic . : < : Leaves sessile, amplexicaul, edges ciliate (x1) S. cantoniensis Lour. Fl. Cochinchine 14; King, l.c. 132. A branched annual about 6 in. or less tall. Branches winged. 140 XIII. POLYGALACE, [Salomonia. Leaves ovate cordate petioled 3-nerved, ‘25 to ‘4 in. long, ‘25 to *5 in. wide. Spikes numerous terminal, dense above, lax below, I to 3 in. long. Flowers '05 in. long pink. Sepals linear. Capsule flat reniform, edges with short recurved triangular teeth, adhesive. Seeds black. Hab. Common on paths and sandy spots. Singapore. Malacca, Negri Sembilan, Selangor, Penang. Distrib. India, Malay Islands. Native name: Rumput Bua. (2) S. oblongifolia DC. Prod. i. 354; Hook. fil. F.BJI.1i. 207; Deless. Ic. Sel. ii. t. 19; King, l.c. 132. S. obovata Wight. Ill. i. b, Z2B; An erect simple or little branched annual 3 to 6 in. tall. Branches very slightly winged. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, sessile "15 to 14 in. long. Bracts linear. Spikes terminal 1 to 3 in. long. Flowers crowded above pink ‘05 in. long. Sepals nearly equal lanceolate. Capsule reniform, teeth spreading filiform. Hab. Rather rare in dry sandy heaths. Singapore, at Changi. Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur, and Butterworth. Setul Heath (Ridley). Distrib. India and Malay Islands, Siam, Cambodia, Australia. (3) S. ciliata DC. Prod..i. 334; Hook: fu: F.Bd. 4. 20Ge cordata Arn. Pug. Ind. 4; Wight. Ill. 1. t. 22c. A small branched herb, annual 4 to g in. tall. Leaves sessile amplexicaul oblong-ovate sub-acute, base broad, margins ciliate; nerves 3 from the base, ‘25 in. long, 6 in. wide.’ Spikes dense 2 in. long. Flowers very small pink, ‘1 in. long. Sepals sub-equal lanceolate denticulate. Capsule oblong-reniform, teeth spreading filiform. Hab. Sandy country. Rare, on Setul Heath. Distrib. Ceylon. 3. EPIRHIZANTHES, Bl. Flesh-coloured parasitic herbs erect, simple or branched. Branches ascending. Leaves o, represented by small ovate distant scales. Spikes terminal elongate dense, many-flowered. Bracts persistent. Flowers very small sessile. Sepals 5 broadly ovate or lanceolate. Petals clawed, lamina rounded obtuse. Stamens 5 monadelphous, adnate at base to petals. Ovary 2-celled, 2-seeded. Capsule transversely oblong or globose, unarmed. Seed black strophiolate. Species 2, Malayan. (1) E. elongata Bl. Flor. Bot. Zeit. 1825, p. 123; Penzg Ann. Jard. Buwitenz. xvii. 142, pl. xxiv. Salomonia aphylla Gf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. 342; King, l.c. 132. S. parasitica Griff. Notul@ iv. 538. Slender branched herb 3 to 7 in. tall. Spikes very slender. Flowers minute, flesh colour. Bracts very short. Style slender. Hab. In dense dark forest, widely scattered. Johor, Batu Pahat ; Gunong Pantai. Pahang, Tahan Woods. Malacca, Bukit Sadanen. Selangor, Semangkok Pass. Perak, Gunong Kerbau (Robinson at 3500 ft. altitude). Dzstvib. Mergui, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, China. Securidaca.| XIII. POLYGALACEZ. I4I 4. SECURIDACA, L. Climbers. Flowers in terminal panicles or compound racemes (or in simple racemes or axillary), small. Sepals 2, outer boat- shaped, 2 inner large petaloid. Petals 3, lateral ones separate from the crested keel except at the base, upper ones absent. Stamens 8; filaments united; anthers opening by pores. Ovary t-celled r-ovuled. Fruit a broad-winged samara, wing chopper- shaped. Species about 25, chiefly in America, a few Asia and Africa. Leaves ovate oblong to elliptic; flowers we bracts caducous ; (r) S. Tavoyana Leaves elliptic ; flowers in short panicled racemes; “practs persistent. . ‘ / ‘ . ; : . (2) 8. bracteata (1) S. Tavoyana Wall. Cat. 4196 ; Benn. in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 208. Climber. Branches, petiole, back of leaves, and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves thin coriaceous ovate to oblong acute, base round or shortly narrowed, smooth shining above, 4 in. long, 1°5 in. wide or less; petioles ‘2 in. long. Panicle lax spreading 6 in. long. Branchlets pubescent, slender. Bracts very smallcaducous. Flowers ‘25 in. long pink to mauve; upper petal with yellow tip. Sepals short oblong-ovate blunt. Lateral petals adnate to keel at base, keel crested. Samara 3 in. long, wing oblique, tip rounded, strongly veined. Hab. Pahang, Gunong Senyum (J. H.-N. Evans). Dis- tvib. India, Burma, Java, China. (2):S. bracteata Benn. l.c. i. 208° Kong, 16-133: Stout climber puberulous. Leaves elliptic acuminate, base round or shortly narrowed pubescent beneath, 2°5 to 3 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide. Panicles of pubescent short racemes I in. long. Bracts persistent very small. Outer sepals ovate hairy, inner large round. Petals oblong truncate, keel-crest recurved plaited. Samara 3 to 3°4 in. long. Hab. Not common, Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Simpang (Wray). The leaves are more fleshy and thinner than in S. Tavoyana and panicles shorter and fruit smaller. 5. TRIGONIASTRUM, Miq. Tree. Leaves white beneath. Flowers in terminal axillary panicles. Sepals 5, the 2 outer a little larger than inner. Petals 5 unequal, 2 lower partly united forming a keel, odd petal largest, base saccate with a hairy gland. Stamens 5 or 6; filaments united. Ovary hairy 3-locular; ovules pendulous solitary. Fruit of 3 samaroid carpels, each with 1 sced. Species 2, Malay Peninsula and Islands. 142 XIII. POLYGALACEZ. [Trigoniastrum. (1) Tr. hypoleucum Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. i. 395; King, lc. 133; Ann. Hort. Bot. Calc. v. (2), 135, pl. 159. Tree 30 to 7o ft. tall. Stem 15 to 18 in. through. Leaves elliptic lanceolate short acuminate, base narrowed, beneath white, minutely pubescent; nerves 6 pairs prominent, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to 3 in. long. Panicles 3 to 6 in. long. Flowers ‘25 in. across, white. Samaras 2 in. long strongly nerved ; wing rounded °75 in. across, greenish yellow. Hab. Forests, Singapore, Bukit Timah. Johor, Pinerong (Cantley). Negri Sem- bilan. Perak, Larut Hills 600 to rooo ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang, near the Spout (Curtis). Dzstvib. Sumatra. Native names : Marajali; Marasawa. 6. XANTHOPHYLLUM, Roxb. Trees of medium or large size, or bushes. Leaves coriaceous, often light green when dry. Racemes axillary and terminal. Flowers white, pink or yellowish. Sepals 5 sub-equal. Petals 5 or 4, lower keel not crested. Stamens 8, free, 2 attached to base of petals. Ovary often surrounded by a disc, stipitate 1-celled; ovules various. Fruit 1-celled, I-to many-seeded, indehiscent. Seed exalbuminous estrophiolate. Species about 30, mostly Malayan, a few Indian, 1 Australian. Ovary and style glabrous. Ovules more than 4. Leaves, small 3 to 8 in. long. Flowers large :6 in. long. Flowers small -25 in. long A (1) X. Scortechinii Fruit small pulpy orange to black; tree (2) X. Kingii Fruit dry poe green; bush ‘or small tree I) ) ) X. affine ) X. obscurum ) (3 Fruit large as ‘a cricket ball, many seeded . (4 Leaves large bullate; nerves puberulous beneath , ‘ ; Sehr eG Ovules 4 only. Leaves large, 9 to 18 in. long base narrowed ; a bush : (6) X. Hookerianum Leaves large, 9 to 18 in. long, base cordate ; tree . : 4 , ‘ ; - (7) X. venosum Ovary and style pilose. Ovules more than 4. Leaves rufous hairy beneath : : . (8) X. rufum Leaves yellow hairy . (9) X. sulphureum Leaves glabrous small ; fruit large, rind thick glabrous Leaves glabrous 48 in. Tong fruit - ie iO, rind thin tomentose : . (11) X. pulehrum ) ) (10) X. stipitatum (12) Ovules 4 only. Leaves pubescent beneath . . (12) X. puberulum ( Leave glabrous; fruit glabrous rind thick Leaves large elliptic 7 by 3 in. 13) X. Kunstleri ry Ss OO pe I Ee Sy re Xanthophyllum.| XIII. POLYGALACEZ. 143 Leaves elliptic lanceolate 4 by 1:25 . (14) X. Curtisii Fruit glabrous small, smooth; flowers pink; big tree . (15) X. glaucum Fruit glabrous 1 in. through; " flowers few white, small tree (16) X. discolor Leaves glabrous; fruit warty when dry. Leaves 4 in. long, 2 wide elliptic acuminate. (17) X. verrucosum Leaves g in. by 4 in. elliptic (18) X. Wrayii Leaves 2 in. by 1 in. elliptic cuspidate (19) X. palembanicum Leaves glabrous; fruit hairy; leaves elliptic stiff coriaceous large . : : . (20) X. hebecarpum Leaves glabrous; fruit tomentose; leaves elliptic lanceolate small (21) X. Griffithii (1) X. Scortechinii King, Ic. 140; Ann. Hort. Bot. Calc. m2), £30, pl. 163. A glabrous tree 25 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous ovate blunt acuminate, base cuneate, pale shining; nerves 3 pairs, not prominent, 2 to 2°25 in. long, I in. wide; petioles °35 in. long. Racemes axillary 2in. long. Flowers few, ‘5 in. long pink; pedicels '35 in. long. Sepals glabrous, edges ciliolate, outer 3 ovate blunt, inner rounded, Petals broad obovate clawed, keel pubescent ; filaments as long, flat pubescent. Ovary shortly stalked, ovoid glabrous; ovules 6. Fruit globose 2 in. through; pericarp ‘3 in. thick. Hab. Rare, forests. Perak, Relau Tujor (Wray). Penang Hill (Curtis). (2) X. Kingii Chodat. Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. 255. X. ellipticum Benn. in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 211; King, l.c. 140 (not of Miquel). A tree 30 to nearly 60 ft. tall. Leaves shining deep green sub- coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic, shortly blunt acuminate ; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, 2°5 to 4 in. long, 1°2 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flowers in racemes 2 in. long, white turning yellow ‘25 in. long on longer pedicels. Sepals ovate, glabrous unequal dark red. Petals much longer, 25 in. long. Ovary glabrous, stipitate, stipes surrounded by a shallow undulate ring-shaped disc; ovules 10. Drupe sub-globular *5 to °75 in. through, orange turning deep. red; “pulpy sweet. Seed, 1. ab. Not rare in open country and woods. Flowers in January. Singapore, Tanglin. Johor, Sungei Tebrau. Malacca (Griffith). Pahang, Pekan. Selangor, Perak, Ulu Kerling and Ulu Kal (Kunstler). Dzstid. Borneo. (3) X. affine Korth. in Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1. ayt: King, l.c. 142. Usually a large bush, but growing to a tree 30 to 60 ft. tall -glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves thinly coriaceous, drying yellowish green, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, shortly blunt- acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 5 to 8 pairs, 4 to 7 in. long, 1°8 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles *3 to ‘4 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, minutely tomentose 3 to Io in. long. Flowers numerous, white withering yellow °35 in. long; pedicels nearly as 144 XIII. POLYGALACE. [Xanthophyllum. long. Sepals unequal ovate-rounded, tomentose. Petals oblong blunt, glabrous, or base and keel pubescent. Ovary glabrous, stipitate; style pilose; ovules 8 to 18. Fruit hard smooth green, globose *5 to 1°25 in. through. Hab. Edges of woods, thickets and on river-banks. The commonest species, lowlands up to 3000 ft. altitude. Singapore, Malacca, Ayer Panas (Derry, Griffith, Maingay). Selangor, Rantau Panjang (Kloss). Perak, Ulu Bubong; Larut (Kunstler); Thaiping (Wray); Chanderiang (Kunstler). Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis). Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis, Wallich). Dzstvib. Tenasserim, Siam and Borneo, Java. Native name: Limah Berok jantan. (4) X. obscurum Benn. l.c. i. 211; King, l.c. 141. X. insigne Benn. lc. 211; King; t.c. 144. A large tree with deep green shining coriaceous leaves, elliptic blunt, narrowed at base; nerves 5 to 9g pairs, 4:25 to 4-75 in. long, 2 to 2:25 in. wide; petioles -4 in. long. Racemes axillary 1 to 1-5 in. long, few-flowered. Flowers -5 in. long. Sepals oblong blunt, edges ciliate, light green, gibbous at base, 3 outer ones small. Petals oblong sub-spathulate, white often tinted rose pink, -5 in. long. Ovary ovoid glabrous. Fruit globose as big as a cricket-ball or larger, pericarp thick brownish green. Seeds several large embedded in sweet white pulp. Hab. Forests, Singapore, Tanglin, etc., Malacca, Bukit Sabukor. Native name: Buah Kapas. (5) X. bullatum King, /.c. 142. A shrub or small tree. Leaves bullate coriaceous sub-sessile, elliptic-oblong, shortly bluntly acuminate, base cordate sub- auriculate; nerves 10 to 25 bold puberulous, 11 to Io in. long, 4 to 6-5 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long glandular. Panicles many- branched pubescent 6 in. long. Bracts ovate. Flowers -4 in. long. Sepals unequal rounded tomentose, inner ones thin ciliate. Petals ovate rounded, little longer than the sepals, glabrous. Ovary ovoid glabrous. Ovules 8. Fruit globose, glabrous -75 in. through. Hab. Forests, rare. Selangor, Dusun Tua. Perak, Thaiping Hills at base (Kunstler). (6) X. Hookerianum King, l.c. 139. A glabrous shrub. Leaves coriaceous elliptic-oblong, point abrupt I in. long blunt, base slightly narrowed to petiole, nerves 6 to Io pairs, prominent beneath, g to 11 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide; petioles -75 in. long. Flowers -4 in. long; pedicels very short. Sepals sub-equal broadly ovate, tomentose, edges ciliolate. Petals oblong obtuse, glabrous deep yellow, keel pubescent. Filaments flat, puberulous. Ovary sessile ovoid, tomentose; ovules 4. Hab. Rare. Perak at Goping (Kunstler). Pahang, Sungei Lenget, Rumpin (Foxworthy). Native name: Medang Mangas. (7) X. venosum King, l.c. 139. A glabrous tree 25 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, oblong Xanthophylium.| XIII. POLYGALACE2. 145 sub-acute, narrowed to a rounded or cordate base; nerves 14 to 16 pairs prominent beneath and inarching -2 in. from edge, secondary nerves and reticulations fine and distinct, 9 to 14 in. long, 2-5 to 3:25 in. wide; petioles -75 in. to 1 in. long. Flowers -4 in. long in few-branched axillary panicles 3 to 6 in. long. Sepals sub-equal broad ovate puberulous. Petals oblong obtuse, keel pubescent, waxy light yellow or pink. Filaments flat puberulous. Ovary ovoid tomentose 4-ovuled. Fruit globose with conical top, rugose verrucose dark blue black. Hab. Rare in dense jungle, Selangor, Dusun Tua; Rawang (Kloss). Perak, Ulu Bera and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). (8) X. rufum Benn. in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 210; King, l.c. 143. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous elliptic to ovate, or obovate-elliptic suddenly acuminate, glabrous above, paler pubescent beneath; nerves 7 or 8 pairs, 4:5 to 6-5 in. long (point -5 in. long), 2°25 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles -5 in. long. Panicles terminal or axillary, from upper axils, 3 to 7 in. long, tomentose, ends of branches rufous. Flowers -6 in. long. Bracts ovate. Sepals unequal ovate or sub-reniform rufous-tomentose. Petals more than twice as long, oblong blunt glabrous, keel tomentose, reddish brown. Ovary sessile tomentose. Ovules 12 to 16. Fruit +75 in. through, globose, with 4 vertical rufous ridges. Hab. Not rare in Malacca, Selandor; Bukit Bruang. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Sulu (Cantley). Selangor, Bukit Chiraka, Klang (Foxworthy). Dzysirib. Sumatra. Native name: Tuloh Buaya. (9) X. sulphureum King, /.c. 143. A tree 100 to 150 ft. tall. Jeaves coriaceous elliptic oblong, or sub-obovate acuminate, base cuneate above glabrous shining, beneath minutely sulphureous pubescent, especially on midrib and nerves 6 or 7 pairs, 5-5 to 7-5 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in, wide; petioles ‘5 to -65 in. long. Panicles tomentose many-branched axillary or terminal 3 in. long. Sepals unequal ovate-round, minutely tomen- tose, edges ciliate. Petals oblong blunt glabrous, tips pubescent, keel obovate, tomentose yellow. Filaments glabrous. Ovary stipitate 8-ovuled. Fruit globose yellow glabrous. Hab. Old jungle on low hills. Perak, Batang Padang district (Kunstler). ‘(I0) X. stipitatum Benn. l.c. i. 210; King, l.c. 140. A tree 60 to 7o ft. tall. Leaves small sub-coriaceous ovate obtuse, base rounded, 2:5 in. long, -75 in. wide (drying dark) ; nerves indistinct 3 or 4 pairs; petioles -1 in. long. Flowers dull red, few on terminal and axillary glabrous racemes I to 1:5 I. long; pedicels slender longer than the flowers. Sepals sub-equal, oblong blunt. Petals twice as long, spathulate. Ovary on a long stalk as long as itself, pilose; ovules 8 to 12. Fruit 2 or 3 In. long, about 2 in. through, oval dark purple. Hab. Open jungle, not common. Malacca (Maingay, Hervey). Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Bikam, Sungkai (Foxworthy). PUM. P., ts L 146 XIII. POLYGALACE. [Xanthophyllum. (11) X. pulchrum King, l.c. 141; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 138, pl. 164. Shrub or small tree. Leaves coriaceous elliptic acute, or shortly blunt-acuminate, base rounded, above shining, beneath glaucous; nerves 5 or 6 pairs with reticulations prominent, 4 to 8 in. long, 2:25 to 4 in. wide; petioles thick -2 in. long. Racemes axillary rufous-tomentose dense 3 in. long. Bracts broad, ovate concave, coloured. Sepals sub-equal ovate rounded, midrib tomentose, edges ciliate. Petals oblong, -5 in. long, blunt, glabrous, yellowish tinged with pink, keel pubescent. Filaments short, flat, puberulous. Ovary ovoid, pointed tomentose; ovules 12. Disc thin deep, glabrous. Fruit globose, -75 in. through, minutely tomentose green, pericarp crustaceous. Hab. Open jungle, hilly localities. Distrib. Perak, Blanda Mabok (Wray); Larut (Kunstler). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis) and Penara Bukit. (12) X. puberulum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 139. Large shrub. Branches pubescent. Leaves oblong-elliptic or lanceolate cuspidate, shortly narrowed at base, thinly coriaceous 5°5 to 8 in. long, 2-25 to 2°75 in. across; nerves 5 or 6 pairs, elevate beneath, reticulations large, all pubescent; petioles *25 in. long. Flowers white, in short terminal panicles 2 to 3 in. long, pubescent, few-branched. Sepals unequal, ovate obtuse, minutely puberulous. Petals spathulate, glabrous -5 in. long, keel slightly pubescent. Stamens glabrous except at base. Ovary villous, stipitate; ovules 4. Hab. Not common, Selangor, by the stream at Klang gates. Dindings at Lumut (Ridley). (13) X. Kunstleri King, l.c. 139; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 137, pl. 162. A glabrous tree 50 to 8o ft. tall. Leaves large coriaceous elliptic to elliptic-oblong, shortly suddenly acuminate, base rounded or narrowed shining; nerves 8 to Io pairs, prominent beneath as are secondaries and reticulations when dry, 4:5 to 9g in. long, 2°25 to 4:25 in. wide; petioles 6 to ‘75 in. long. Panicle terminal few-branched or racemes stout, 6 in. long. Flowers -6 in. long, Sepals ovate rounded fleshy, midrib thickened minutely tomentose. brown. Petals oblong obtuse, glabrous except pubescent keel,. yellow. Filaments with an ovoid swelling pubescent above the base. Ovary sub-sessile, ovoid, grooved, 4-ovuled tomentose. Fruit globose -65 in. wide, smooth. Hab. Forests in low country. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis). Resembles X. Curtisii, but much more robust, leaves much larger and drying greenish yellow. (14) X. Curtisii King, l.c. 138. A glabrous tree 30 to 60 ft. tall with a dense head of foliage. Leaves coriaceous, deep shining green, ovate-lanceolate acuminate, Xanthophyllum.| XIII. POLYGALACE, 147 base rounded or cuneate; nerves 5 to 6 pairs not very prominent, 3 to 5 in. long, 1 to I-3 in. wide; petioles -4 in. long. Panicles axillary or terminal -3 in. long, buds yellow. Sepals sub-equal, rotund, tomentose. Petals oblong obtuse, glabrous except the keel broadly obovate pubescent. Filaments with an ovoid pubes- cent swelling near base. Ovary sessile, ridged, pubescent; ovules 2 to 4. Disc glabrous fleshy angled. Hab. Forests. Singapore Gardens, in jungle. Malacca, Bukit Bruang (Curtis). Penang, Moniots Road (Curtis). (15) X. glaucum Wall. Cat. 4199; Benn. l.c. i. 209; King, lc. 137. X. microcarpum Chodat, l.c. 263. A big tree with a stout trunk, 30 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves sub- coriaceous, shining above, glaucous beneath, lanceolate to elliptic- lanceolate sub-acite, base narrowed; nerves 8 to Io pairs, 3 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1-4 in. wide; petioles hardly 25 in. long. Flowers -25 in. long, rose pink in terminal racemes or panicles 3 to 4 in. long, lax pubescent or hairy. Sepals unequal, oblong pubescent. Petals glabrous except the keel. Ovary tomentose. Fruit globose 25 in. through, smooth glabrous. Hab. North of the peninsula in open country. Setul and Perlis at Kanga. Distrib. Siam (Trang), Chittagong and Burma. Chodat separates King’s plant as X. micyrocarpum, saying it has ‘“‘ Fructus parvus nec verrucosus nec costatus,’’ a good description of Wallich’s type of X. glaucum. (16) X. discolor Chodat, Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. 257. A small tree, bark grey. Leaves lanceolate oblong acuminate 4 to 5 in. long, 2 in. wide, above smooth, green, beneath glaucous; nerves fine 6 to 7 pairs inarching within margin, base shortly cuneate; petioles -1 in. long. Racemes few axillary and terminal, puberulous -75 in. long few-flowered. Sepals unequal ovate obtuse. Petals -5 in. long, white, glabrous, connate with the very short staminal tube at the base only. Ovary shortly stipitate, pilose. Fruit globose, smooth, green hairy, -75 in. through. Hab. In woods, rare. Singapore in the Garden Jungle and at Selitar. Pahang, Rumpin (Foxworthy). Native name: Sisyor. (17) X. verrucosum Chodat, l.c. 263. X. eurhynchum King, L.c. 137 (not of Miquel). Tree 30 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves sub-coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate acuminate sub-acute or rounded at base; nerves 4 or 5 pairs, 4 to 5°5 in. long, I-75 to 2'5 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long. Flowers -25 in. long in pubescent axillary and terminal racemes 3 in. long, or in few-branched panicles. Sepals unequal, ovate-oblong blunt, tomen- tose. Petals spathulate glabrous except keel. Style and ovary villous; ovules 4. Fruit globose -75 in. across, verrucose green. Hab. Perak, Thaiping; Goping (Kunstler). Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis). Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Distrib. Sumatra. Chiefly distinguished from X. Palembanicum by its much larger leaves. ce 148 XIII. POLYGALACE®. [Xanthophyllum. (18) X. Wrayii King, l.c. 138; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 136, pl. 161. A shrub 3 to 8 ft. or more tall. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves sub-coriaceous, drying yellow green, shining above, elliptic to oblong acuminate, base rounded or narrowed; nerves 10 to 13 pairs, promi- nent, inarching within the edge, 6 to Io in. long, 2:25 to 4:5 in. wide; petioles -3 to -6 in. long. Flowers °35 in. long in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles 3 in. long. Sepals ovate blunt, Fic. 15.—Xanthophyllum Palembanicum. puberulous. Petals oblong, obtuse, puberulous, base pubescent, cream colour. Ovary densely villous on a glabrous stalk, 4-ovuled, disc glabrous. Fruit globose -75 in. through, silky when young, ripe glabrous and warty. Hab. In dense forests in the low country not rare. Perak, Gunong Pondok (Kunstler); Gunong Bubu. Penang Hill (Burkill). Distinguished from X. affine Korth. by the distinctly inarching fewer nerves, villous silky ovary and 4 ovules only. The panicles are also much denser and the fruit wrinkled. Xanthophyllum.| XIII. POLYGALACE2. . 149 (19) X. Palembanicum Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 317; King, lc. 137. X. Maingayi Benn. l.c. 1. 210; King, l.c. 136. A tree 15 to 4o ft. tall, with lanceolate or elliptic caudate- acuminate leaves, base acute; nerves 4 to 5 pairs inarching within the margin, 3 to 4 in. long (tail often 1 in. long), I to 1-3 in. wide, bright dark green; petioles -25 in. long. Racemes axillary few- flowered, I to 1:5 in. long, minutely tomentose. Sepals unequal, oblong obtuse. Petals spathulate glabrous white, keel silky. Ovary and style villous; ovules 4. Fruit green globose glabrous -75 in. through, verrucose and grooved when dry. Hab. Common in woods in the low country. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca (Griffith, Hervey). Pahang. Bentong (Foxworthy). Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler). Penang (Curtis). Dzstvib. Sumatra. The wrinkles in the fruit by which King distinguishes Palembanicum from Maingayi only appear when the fruit is dried, and are of no value as a character. (20) X. hebecarpum Chodat, Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. 263. Leaves elliptic acuminate blunt, thickly coriaceous glabrous, 8 in. long, 4 to 5 in. wide; nerves 5 pairs, prominent beneath, midrib prominent; petioles about 2 in. long. Fruit I in. through, cerebriform, velvety; pericarp -I in. thick. Hab. Rare and very incompletely known. Dindings on Pangkor Island (Curtis, 1639). I have great doubt that this is a Xanthophyllum at all. (21) X. Griffithii Benn. l.c. i. 210; King, l.c. 136. A tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate acute or acuminate, base acute, shining above, sub-glaucous beneath, reticulations and 3 or 4 pairs of nerves distinct, 3 to 4 in. long, I to 1-5 in. wide; petioles thick -35 in. long. Racemes axillary tomentose, 3 to 6 in. long on terminal panicles 6 in. or more long. Flowers -35 in. long, greenish yellow or dark yellow, on short stout pedicels. Sepals broad ovate blunt, tomentose outside. Petals oblong blunt glabrous keel pubescent. Filaments hairy below. Ovary sessile, tomentose; ovules 4, base and style cylindric pilose. Fruit globular tomentose. Hab. Dense forests. Malacca, Batang Malaka. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak up to 6700 ft. alti- tude. Gunong Batu Putih. Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Distrib. Mergui. Native names: Dudali paya; Rawai. * Orper XIV. CARYOPHYLLACE/. Herbs. Leaves opposite, simple entire. Flowers bisexual cymose simple or dichotomous, many- or few-flowered. Bracts opposite, edges or all scarious. Sepals 4 to 5 free (or connate). Petals as many, entire bifid or lacerate (or absent). Stamens 150 XIV. CARYOPHYLLACE#. [Drymaria. 3 to ro insert with the petals; filaments filiform; anthers bilocular. Ovary free 1-celled (rarely 2- to 5-celled). Styles 2 to 5. Ovules 2 to many, from base of ovary or on a central column. Capsule membranous or crustaceous, splitting into as many valves as styles (or with apical teeth). Seeds few or many reniform globose or obovoid. Species 1000, whole world, very rare in tropics. 1. DRYMARIA, Willd. Diffuse herbs. Leaves flat. Flowers pedicelled small in dichotomous cymes terminal (or axillary). Sepals 5, herbaceous edge scarious. Petals 5, 2- to 6-cleft. Stamens 5 or fewer, peri- gynous. Ovary I-celled; ovules many. Styles 3. Capsule 3- valved. Species about 40, I in tropical Asia and Africa, I Australian, the rest American. (x) D. cordata Willd. Roem and Schultes, Syst. Veg. v. 406. A branching diffuse herb, glabrous or nearly so, about 1 ft. tall. Leaves in distant pairs thin ovate rounded, base cuneate, -5 in. long and as wide (or larger); petioles very short. Flowers small in compound cymes terminal. Bracts small ovate. Sepals 5 oblong acute striate green, edges white scarious, -rin. long. Petals5 shorter bifid with lanceolate lobes, white. Stamens shorter slender. Styles 3. Ovary globose; ovules 3 or more. Capsule ovoid- trigonous 3-valved. Seeds many orbicular muricate. Hab. Road- sides or waste ground at 2500 ft. altitude. An alien. Selangor, Semangkok Pass. Abundant in January 1921. I never saw it here before. Distrib. India, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Papua, tropical Africa. OrDER XV. PORTULACACEZ. Herbs rarely shrubby. Leaves opposite or alternate entire, nodes with scarious or hairy appendages. Sepals 2 imbricate. Petals 4 or 5 fugacious hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens 4 to many; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free or half inferior, I-celled; ovules 2 or many. Style 2- to 8-fid. Capsule transversely or by 2 or 3 valves, dehiscent. Seeds I or many. Cosmopolitan chiefly American, about, 125 species. 1. PORTULACA, L. Diffuse succulent herbs; nodal appendages scaly or hairy. Flowers terminal surrounded by a whorl of leaves. Sepals connate below, free part deciduous. Petals 4 to 6. Ovary half-inferior. Style 3- to 8-fid. Ovules many. Capsule crustaceous, dehiscing transversely. Seeds many, reniform. Tropical regions, chiefly American, 2 cosmopolitan weeds. Portulaca.] XV. PORTULACACE2. I51 Flowers in terminal heads; petals 5 . ; ; . (1) P. oleracea Flower solitary terminal; petals 4 . : p . (2) P. quadrifida (x1) P. oleracea Linn. Sp. Pl. 445; Dyer in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 246; King, l.c. 144 Annual fleshy, 6 to 12 in. long, nodal appendages scarious. Leaves cuneate oblong obtuse, often purplish or red, -25 in. to 1:25 in. long, petiolate. Flowers in few-flowered and terminal heads or dichotomous cymes, sessile, surrounded by scarious bracts. Petals 5, yellow. Stamens8to1z. Style 3-to8-fid. Seed punctate. Hab. A common weed of cultivation, or in waste grounds all over the peninsula from Singapore to Perlis. Distrib. All warm countries. Native name: Segan. Use: Asa pot-herb. (2) P. quadrifida Linn. Mantissa, i. 73; Wight, Ill. ii. t. 109; King, l.c.145. P. geniculata Royle, Ill. 221. Annual, stems diffuse, rooting at nodes, nodal appendages pilose. Leaves ovate to lanceolate acute, sub-sessile -2 to +35 in. long. Flower solitary, terminal. Calyx-tube partly immersed in top of axis, surrounded by long silky hairs and 4 bracteoles. Petals 4, yellow. Stamens 8 to 12. Style 4-fid. Seeds tuberculate. © Hab. A weed in towns and garden paths and sandy places by the sea. Singapore, Town; Changi. Malacca. Penang Fort. Pulau Redang (Yapp). Dzstrib. Tropics of Africa and Asia. Native name: Rumput Segan. OrpDER XVI. HYPERICACE/:. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, often gland-dotted. Stipules 0. Flowers solitary or cymose, terminal (rarely axillary). Sepals 5. Petals 5, rarely 4. Stamens indefinite (rarely definite), 3- to 5-adelphous, rarely free, or all connate. Ovary 3- to 5-car- pellary, 3- to 5-celled; styles as many, filiform. Ovules few or many on parietal or axile placentas. Fruit capsular, rarely baccate. Seeds exalbuminous, sometimes winged. Warm and temperate regions of whole world, species about 200. Herb with yellow flowers . : : . I. HYPERICUM. Shrubs or trees; flowers pink or ‘white : é . 2, CRATOXYLON, 1. HYPERICUM, Linn. Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves opposite, usually sub-sessile and punctate. Flowers solitary, cymose or panicled, yellow (rarely white). Sepals and petals 5 each. Stamens free or connate in 3 bundles, alternating with hypogynous glands. Ovary carpels I or more, perfectly 3- to 5-locular. Ovules many, rarely few Capsule septicidally dehiscing. Seeds very small not winged. Species 160, whole world, chiefly in temperate regions. 152 XVI. HYPERICACE. (Hypericum. (1) H. japonicum Thunb. Fl. Jap. 295, t. 31; Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 256; Ridl. Journ. Straits Br. Roy. As. Soc. 54, p. 16. Small glabrous, prostrate or ascending herb, 5 to Io in. tall. Branches slender. Leaves sessile ovate blunt, 1-25 in. long. Flowers solitary axillary -25 in. across on slender ‘peduncles 25 in. long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Petals as long yellow. Stamens free nearly to the base. Capsule elliptic-oblong, or ovoid -1 in. long dehiscing into 3 valves. Hab. In pepper- and rice-fields. Singapore and Penang, Kelantan, Kota Bharu. Distrib. India, China, Japan, Java, Australia and New Zealand. 2. CRATOXYLON, Blume. Shrubs or trees of moderate size. Leaves entire. Inflorescence axillary or terminal cymose. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 3 to 5 bundles, with fleshy alternating glands. Ovary 3-celled; styles distinct; ovules 4 to 8 in. each cell. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds winged. Tropical Asia, about 12 species. Petals sub-persistent, no scales at base . ; . (1) C. polyanthum Petals not persistent with a scale at base. Shrub; flowers in terminal racemes; leaves obovate . . (2) C. microphyllum Trees; flowers in terminal panicles, deep red . (3) C. arborescens Trees; flowers in short axillary cymes flowering with the young leaves. Flowers rose pink, -75 in. long; capsule - -6 in. valve -25 in. across . (4) ©. formosum Flowers white, -6 in. long; capsule 3 in. long : valve «I in. across : : : . (5) ©. Maingayi (1) C. polyanthum Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 175, t. 36; Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 257; Kung, l.c. 145. A medium-sized or tall tree with red stems, and bark flaking off, glabrous 30 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves membranous, lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends; nerves 7 to Io pairs, I°5 to 3°5 in. long, °75 to ‘25 in. wide; petioles ‘1 in. long. Flowers supra-axillary sol.tary or in 2- or 3-flowered cymes, ‘5 in. across. Sepals elliptic obtuse, green. Petals oblanceolate, rose pink. Glands large, fleshy oblong. Capsule little longer than the sepals °5 in. long; valves broad. Seeds obliquely winged. Hab. Open woods in the low country. Singapore, Malacca, Negri Sembilan, Perak and Penang. Dzsivib. India, China, Malay Archipelago to Philip- pines. var. Wightit. King, l.c. 146; C. Wightit. Blume, Mus. Bot. ii. 18; Ancistrolobus sp. Wight. Ill. i. 111. A bush. Leaves oval blunt more coriaceous. Hab. Perak (Kunstler). Setul, sandy heaths. Distrib. Burma, Siam. Native names: Klochus; Beluchus. Cratoxylon.] XVI. HYPERICACE#. 153 (2) C. microphyllum Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. i. 500. A bush. Leaves coriaceous obovate, tip rounded mucronulate, base cuneate decurrent on the petiole, 1°5 to 3 in. long, ‘5 in. wide, beneath glaucous; nerves fine invisible beneath; petioles ‘1 in. long. Racemes terminal 3 in. long. Flowers rather scattered, sometimes 2 on a peduncle. Sepals unequal, oblong-lanceolate stiff, -25 in. long. Petals red ovate rounded, blunt, ‘5 in. long. Basal glands horseshoe-shaped. Stamens shorter than petals. Capsule oblong woody °3 in. long. Seeds linear flat. Hab. Moun- tains at 3000 ft. altitude, rare, only on Mt. Ophir at the Padang Batu (Ridley). Dzstvib. Borneo and Banka. (3) C. arborescens Blume, Mus. Bot. ii. 17; King, l.c. 146. A lofty tree with a straight stem 60 to 8o ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous broadly oblanceolate, obovate-elliptic or oblong-obovate, shortly acuminate, dotted on the back; nerves numerous, fine, parallel inconspicuous beneath, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°25 in. to 2 in. wide; petioles thick, ‘25 in. long. Cymes in terminal panicles 4 to 6 in. long. Flowers °3 in. across. Sepals unequal, ovate rounded, "25 in. long. Petals as long, cuneate deep red with laciniate basal scales. Capsule 25 in. long; valves oblong blunt. Seeds winged all round. Hab. In woods in the low country. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Garden Jungle. Malacca (Griffith). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Burn-Murdoch). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang Hill (Burkill). _ var. Migueni King, l.c. 146; C. cuneatum Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. a2), 517: Small tree. Leaves narrow lanceolate 3 in. long, I'ro in. wide, acuminate. Flowers smaller; buds much smaller. Leaves very finely reticulate in a specimen from Scortechini. Hab. Perak (Wray, Scortechini). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis). Probably a mountain form. Disivib. Burma, Borneo and Sumatra. Native name: Gerongang. Use: Valued as a timber, wood red. (4) C. formosum Benth. and Hook. fil. Gen. Pl. i. 166; King, l.c. 147. Tridesmis formosa Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 179, i Be. A glabrous tree 30 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves membranous, at first lanceolate acute, then broadly elliptic to oblong, acute or rounded, base narrowed, shining, beneath dotted; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°75 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Cymes axillary, 2- or 3-flowered. Flowers °75 in. long on ‘5 in. long pedicels. Sepals elliptic pointed. Petals elliptic clawed, with a narrow scale above the claw, rose pink. Glands oblong crimson. Stamens exsert. Capsules cylindric acute, 6 in. long; valves ‘25 in. across. Seed °*3 in. wing obtuse, obovate, unilateral. Hab. Borders of woods and open country, whole peninsula from Singapore to Perlis. Dzstvib. Siam, Malay Islands to the Philippines. Native name: Mumpat Merah or M. hitam. 154 XVI. HYPERICACEZ. [Cratoxylon. A very beautiful tree. It sheds its leaves before flowering, and as the new leaves appear the flowers are produced. The young leaves are at first lanceolate and deep red, then gradually in a few days become green and oblong. (5) C. Maingayi Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 258; King, l.c. 145; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 138, pl. 165. Tree about 40 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate (young) acute, narrowed to base, 2 in. long, *5 in. wide; adult Fic. 16.—Cratoxylon formosum. elliptic sub-obtuse, 5 in. long, 2°r in. wide; nerves numerous, slender; petioles :25 in. long. Cymes axillary appearing after fall of the leaf. Flowers 3 or 4 in a cyme white; pedicels ‘rin. long. Sepals oblong. Petals -36 in. long elliptic clawed, basal scale lanceolate acute. Capsule ‘3 in. long; valves ‘I in. across. Seeds ‘25 in. long; wing unilateral oblong rounded. Hab. Hill forests, local. Penang, common all over Government Hill, and very conspicuous in flower. Flowers in March. Native name: D’rum. This tree sheds-its leaves as does C. forymosum, and as the young leaves appear so do the flowers. The flowers and fruit are much smaller than in C. formosum and the flowers white. a, CE-orw mee Scolopia.] XVII. FLACOURTIACES. 155 Orper XVII. FLACOURTIACE. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate usually coriaceous.’ Flowers small, usually unisexual in cymes, fascicles or racemes. Sepals free, connate, 5 to 8. Petals 5, often absent. Stamens 5 to 8 or more. Ovary superior; styles free or connate. Disc usually none. Fruit baccate or capsular. Tropics. Flowers bisexual; petals 4 to 6. Stamens numerous; flowers baccate ‘ . I. SCOLOPIA Stamens 5 or 6; fruit capsule . ‘ : . 2, ERYTHROSPERMUM Flowers unisexual. Petals 0, disc present; fruit baccate aes Petals 5 to 8; fruit hard baccate; stamens free. Sepals free 5; petals 5; stamens 5 to8 . 4. HyDNOCARPUS Sepals free 4; petals 8; stamens 20 to 30 . 5. TARAKTOGENOS Sepals connateinacup; stamens free 20to25 .. 6. PANGIUM Sepals connate in a spathe-like limb; stamens . FLACOURTIA TERS ts : . 5 : 3 - 4%. SCAPHOCALYX Sepals connate in a tube; stamens connate in a column i 3 : . : . 8. RYPAROSA 4. SCOLOPIA, Schreb. Spiny or unarmed small tree. Leaves alternate crenulate or entire. Flowers small, bisexual in axillary racemes. Sepals 4 to 6 imbricate. Petals 4 to 6 imbricate. Stamens many with a row of glands outside them; anthers ovoid, the connective produced into an appendage. Ovary I-celled; style 1 erect. Stigma entire or lobed. Ovules few. Berry 2- to 4-seeded. Species about 15, tropics of Africa, Asia and Australia. Racemes 3 to 4 in. long, terminal and axillary . . (1) §. rhinanthera Racemes 1 in. or less, all axillary . : : . (2) 8. Roxburghii (1) S. rhinanthera Clos. Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, viii. p. 252; Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 190; King. l.c. 114. Phoberos rhinanthera Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 189, t. 39. Bush or tree, nearly glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base rounded, obscurely crenate-dentate; nerves 7 pairs fine, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 2'5 in. wide; petioles ‘85 in. long, biglandular at the apex. Racemes axillary and terminal, 3 to 4 in. long pubescent. [lowers about 20, °3 in. across; pedicels short. Sepals 4, ovate-lanceolate tomentose outside. Petals 4, larger round, tomentose on edges and midrib. Stamens indefinite; anthers very small; appendages lanceolate glabrous. Stigma entire. Fruit baccate black. Seeds 2to6. Hab. Usually on sea-shores, but sometimes inland. Singa- pore, Serangoon river bank. Malacca. Selangor, Port Swettenham 156 XVII. FLACOURTIACEZ. [Scolopia. (Haniff). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis). Kedah, Alor Sta. Lankawi, Dayang Bunting (Robinson). Dzvstvib. Java and Borneo, S. Siam. S. crenata Clos., given by King as from Penang and Perak, can hardly be separated, but in any case it is South Indian and the plants referred to it by King are all S. vyhinanthera. Fic. 17.—Scolopia rhinanthera. (2) S. Roxburghii Clos. l.c. 250; Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 190; King, | A ebtie t Boe A glabrous shrub or tree 20 to 30 ft. tall spiny below. Leaves coriaceous ovate to ovate-lanceolate, shortly or rather long acuminate, base cuneate or rounded, edge crenate or nearly entire; nerves 5 pairs decurrent on midrib, 4°5 to 6°5 in. long, 1°75 to 3°3 in. wide; petioles *35 in. long biglandular at tip. Racemes pubescent I in. long or less, 2- to 6-flowered, tomentose. Sepals and petals 5 to 6 each ovate, tomentose, ‘I in.long. Stamens indefinite; appendages ciliate. Ovary ovate. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit sub-globose I in. through. Hab. Forests to 500 ft. altitude. Malacca (Maingay). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Distrib. Burma, Sumatra. Erythrospermum.| XVII. FLACOURTIACE. 157 2. ERYTHROSPERMUM, Lam. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Racemes simple or panicled. Flowers small, bisexual. Sepals 4to6imbricate. Petals 4 to 6 small. Stamens 4 to 6; anthers lanceolate-sagittate, con- nective dilate. Ovary 1-celled; style short. Stigma entire or lobed. Ovules many on 3 to 4 parietal placentas. Capsule cori- aceous 3- to 4-valved. Seeds few; testa coriaceous or fleshy. Species 8, 6 Mascarene, 1 Ceylon, 1 Malay Peninsula. (1) E. Scortechinii King, /.c. 116. Small tree 30 to 4o ft. tall glabrous. Leaves thickly mem- branous oblanceolate-elliptic cuspidate, crenate-serrate, base nar- rowed; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, inarching °25 in. from edge, 4 to 5 in. long, ‘2 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. grooved. Racemes 2 to 4 paniculate, terminal one 3 to 4 in. long in flower, twice as long in fruit. Flowers unknown. Ovary glabrous; ovules 12 to 20; style glabrous. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsules on ‘5 in. long pedicels, globular, smooth °35 in. through. Seed 1 globular with red pulp. Hab. Very rare. Perak, no locality given (Scortechini). 3. FLACOURTIA, Commers. Spiny or unarmed trees with alternate leaves usually more or less crenulate. Flowers unisexual (rarely hermaphrodite) in short axillary racemes or fascicles, small apetalous. Sepals 5. Stamens indefinite, rising from a fine 5-lobed or entire fleshy disc. Ovary flask-shaped; styles 4 to 6 free or connate for part of their length. Fruit baccate, globose with 4 or 5 flat seeds. Species 8, Indo- Malayan. Trees; leaves large. Leaves 6 in. long, 2:5 in. wide, elliptic cuspidate ; styles far apart - : - ; : : Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, I-25 in. wide, lanceolate; styles connate : : ; ; : . (2) F. Cataphracta Bush; leaves small obovate : (3) F. sepiaria (1) F. Rukam Zoll. and Moritz, Verz. 33; Hook. fil. F.BI. merge) King, l.c. 117. A small tree, very thorny below. Leaves elliptic, narrowed at the base, edges crenulate, cusp I in. long; nerves 7 or 8 pairs, 6 to 7 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, membranous glabrous; petioles ‘3 in. long. Flowers unisexual in small axillary fascicles, numerous ; pedicels pubescent. Sepals ovate obtuse, pubescent. Disc 5-lobed, white or yellow. Stamens in male numerous. Pistillode o. Female, as in male but no stamens; disc less lobed. Pistil flask- shaped; styles 4 to 6 spreading. Berry globose; styles widely spreading, °5 in. through, purplish green. Hab. Common in damp lowland woods. Singapore, Johor. A form with fewer nerves (1) F. Rukam 158 XVII. FLACOURTIACEZ. [Flacourtia. and more glabrous flowers occurs at Pekan in Pahang, Tapah and Goping in Perak and in Penang, also in Borneo at Sarawak. var. domestica Ridl. Unarmed tree. Leaves smaller and pubescent on the branches; petioles and nerves beneath. Culti- vated and around villages. Malacca and Perak. Dzvstrib. Borneo, etc. This fruits earlier than F. Cataphracta, in September. The fruit is eatable, but not so good as that of F. Cataphracta. var. evythrocarpa Ridl. Small tree quite unarmed. Leaves broad, ovate acuminate crenate, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles and branches softly pubescent. Flowers not seen. Fruit globose about 4 in. through, bright red, sweet; styles distant 8. In culti- vated ground in Singapore and Penang. A very distinct plant in its absolutely unarmed stem. and bright red sweet fruit. It cannot be F.inermis Roxb., as that has the styles all connate into a star, whereas they are separate in this plant. It is probably a distinct species, but I have only seen one or two trees of it and no flowers. (2) F. Cataphracta Roxb. in Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 30; Pl. Corom. i, 222; ook. feb sl. 1. 103: Kane, Ic. 117. A spiny tree about 20 ft. tall. Stem armed with strong dense branched spines at the base. Branches unarmed. Leaves mem- branous, glabrous lanceolate acuminate crenulate denticulate or entire, dark green (red when young), 3 to 4 in. long, 1°25 in. wide. Flowers unisexual in small axillary tufts. Sepals green ovate, edges hairy. Stamens in males yellow, numerous from a yellow ring-shaped disc. Females as in males, but with a flask-shaped pistil, and a stout cylindric style with 4 recurved arms free only at tip. Fruit globose 4 in. through (rather smaller than . in F. Rukam) dark brown red, pulp greenish yellow enclosing 4 or 5 flat seeds. Hab. Common in all villages. Distvib. Malay Islands. This is the true Rukam and the best eating one. When ripe it is of a firm texture and very astringent, but after rubbing in the hands a short time it becomes quite soft and sweet. The tree is usually at least unisexual. (3) F. sepiaria Roxb. Pl. Corom. i. 48, t. 68; Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 194. Shrub often spiny. Leaves obovate rounded crenate at apex, base narrowed; nerves ascending from base, membranous, glabrous 1°5 in. long, 75 in. wide; petioles slender, *5 in. long. Male flowers small. Sepals ovate. Stamens numerous. Female flowers in short racemes, ‘I in. long with numerous lanceolate bracts; pedicels puberulous ‘zr in. long. Sepals lanceolate acute, ciliate. Style cylindric with 4 to 6 short arms. Fruit *5 in. through. Hab. Open country. Perlis at Kanga. Distrib. India. —— Hydnocarpus. | XVII. FLACOURTIACES. 159 4. HYDNOCARPUS, Gaertn. Trees, medium to large. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, serrate or entire. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes, axillary unisexual. Sepals 5 imbricate. Petals 5 with a scale at base. Males, stamens 5 to 8; anthers reniform with large connectives. Females, stamens sterile or abortive. Ovary I-celled. Stigmas 3 to 6 spreading, lobed. Ovules many, on 3 to 6 parietal placentas. Berry large globose, rind hard. Seeds many in pulp, testa crus- taceous, albumen oily. Species 12, Indo-Malayan. Leaves entire. Flowers small -o05 in.; fruit globose; +75 in. through . ; : : : (1) H. nana Flowers 1 in. across; fruit large globose. Leaves coriaceous, large, elliptic : (2) H. castanea Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate-elliptic (3) H. Curtisii Leaves coriaceous, oblong cuspidate . (4) H. Scortechinii Fruit long, pear-shaped ; flowers -3 in. across (5) H. cucurbitina Fruit, ovoid velvety; flowers -5 in. across (6) H. Wrayi Leaves spiny on edge; flowers rather large (7) H. ilicifolia (1) H. nana King, l.c. 118; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 128, pl. 147. Small tree 10 to 20 ft. tall. Stem 2 to 3 in. through glabrous. Leaves sub-coriaceous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate, _base rounded or cuneate unequal, edges minutely serrulate; nerves 5 to 8 pairs more or less pubescent prominent beneath, 2°5 to 5 in. long, *75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to ‘35 in. long. Stipules linear-lanceolate pubescent. Male cymes short ‘2 in. long pubes- cent. Flowers white ‘25 in. across. Sepals round pubescent, imbricate. Petals smaller fleshy, with long white silky hairs out- side; scales small oblong. Females, solitary on ‘5 in. long pedicels. Ovary tomentose. Stigmas 3 large. Fruit globular, brownish green velvety-tomentose I in. through. Seeds 3 or 4 plano-convex, *5 in. long. Hab. Forests 300 to 1500 ft. altitude. Selangor, Sungei Buluh. Perak, Goping; Tea Gardens; Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Province Wellesley, Permatang Bertam. Penang, Telok Kumba (Curtis). var. pubescens. A pubescent form at Goping, Perak (Kunstler). (2) H. castanea Hook. fil. F.BI.i. 197; King, l.c. 118. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall, 8 to 12 in. through. Leaves stiffly cori- aceous, elliptic or oblong, apex blunt, base blunt unequal; nerves ~ 4 to 9g pairs, strongly elevate, 7 to 14 in. long, 2°5 to 4’5 in. wide; petioles thickened at both ends, geniculate above °75 to 1 in. long. Flowers white, fragrant, in axillary clusters of 2 to 6; pedicels pubescent, 1°25 in. long. Sepals obovate imbricate, outside tomen- tose. Petals ‘6 in. long, linear-oblong; scales linear obtuse. Stamens, filaments subulate; anthers ovate. Females as male, 160 XVII. FLACOURTIACE. [Hydnocarpus. but stamens barren and ovary ovoid tomentose. Fruit 1 to 1°5 in. through, brown-tomentose. Seeds large angular. Hab. Not rare in dense forests. Malacca (Griffith). Pahang, Tahan River, Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; Batu Caves. Dindings, Lumut. Perak, Maxwell’s Hill; Goping (Kunstler). Penang Hill. Lankawi Islands, Gunong Raya (Haniff). Dzstvib. King’s Island, Mergui. Native name: Alai Batu. Fic. 18.—Hydnocarpus Curtisii. (3) H. Curtisii King, l.c. 119; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. vii. 129, 1. 148. A shrub or treelet 15 to 25 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, apex acuminate, base unequally rounded or ' cuneate; nerves 7 to II pairs, elevate beneath, 6 to 12 in. long, 2°25 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long stout. Male flowers in short axillary cymes, *75 in. across. Sepals ovate blunt, minutely pubescent *3 in. long. Petals narrow oblong blunt, ‘5 in. long; scales linear ‘4 in. long. Anthers longer than filaments. Female flowers on shorter pedicels. Ovary long, ovoid tomentose. Stigmas See wey Hydnocarpus.| XVII. FLACOURTIACE&. 161 3 bifid. Fruit globose, light grey, tinged brown, velvety, 1 in. through, 1°5 in. long, with a long ridged papilla. Seeds ‘4 in. long, plano-convex. Hab. Thin stony woods. Penang common, Waterfall, about 600 ft. altitude (Curtis). Lankawi, Burau (Robinson). (4) H. Scortechinii King, l.c. 120. Glabrous tree. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong acuminate, base rounded, unequal; nerves 7 or 8 pairs, 5 to 7 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Cymes small ‘6 in. long, 2- or 3-branched with many bracts. Males on pedicels °75 in. long. Sepals elliptic, blunt, puberulous. Petals smaller; scales nearly as long linear. Anthers narrow. Females on short pedicels. Ovary round below, cylindric above, ridged glabrous. Stigma large. Fruit ovoid, glabrous, 2 in. through. Hab. Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis and Scortechini). (5) H. eee Kye ice 120; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 129, pl. 14 Tree 60 to 80 te tall. Stem 1°5 to 2 ft. through. Leaves cori- aceous (young ones mealy) elliptic-oblong, shortly cuspidate, base rounded; nerves 5 to 6 pairs slender, prominent as are reticula- tions, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles thick °25 in. long. Cymes dicecious *75 to I in. long, axillary, pedunculate branched. Male flowers -3 in. across. Sepals ovate blunt, pubes- cent outside. Petals pale green ovate-round, glabrous; scales nearly as large, edges white, ciliate. Filaments conical; anthers ovate, cordate. Females fewer. Ovary cylindric silky. Fruit obovate-cylindric, tip mammillate, base narrowed, 3 to 5 in. long, dark brown. Seeds 1 or 2'r in. long. Hab. Open jungle. Rare. Perak, at Goping, 500 to 1000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (6) H. Wrayi King, l.c. 121; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 130, pl. 150. Tree 15 to 25 ft. tall. Stem 3 to 5 in. through, puberulous. Leaves coriaceous large elliptic shortly abruptly acuminate, base obtuse, glabrous except midrib and 8 to g pairs puberulous nerves, elevate inarching, reticulations prominent, 8 to Io in. long, 3°5 to 5 in. wide; petioles stout °5 in. long. Flowers male, °5 in. across in very short axillary cymes. Sepals round pubescent. Petals little smaller; scales fleshy cuneate apex toothed. Stamens I5, short glabrous; filaments thickened at base. Fruit narrow ovoid tapering to both ends, 3 in. long, 1°75 in. through, velvety yellow covered with brown fluff; apical mammilla *75 in. long, crowned by 3 bifid stigmas. Seeds “75 in. long. Hab. Forests aw the low country. Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Relau Tujor ray). (7) H. ilicifolia King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 130, pl. 151. A small bushy tree. Leaves coriaceous, oblong acuminate or lanceolate, long-acuminate, edges nearly entire or thorny serrate, FLM.P..1, M 162 XVII. FLACOURTIACEZ. [Hydnocarpus. base acuminate; nerves 7 pairs, reticulations distinct, 3 or 3°5 to 6 in. long, 1°25 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘3 in. long. Flowers in axillary fascicles or racemes. Buds globular, on pedicels *2 in. long, softly golden velvety. Sepals 4, in 2 pairs round concave, brown, imbricate. Petals 4 (or 8) smaller, erose ciliate; scales sub-quadrate. Stamens 20, white; filaments short pubescent. Fruit globular velvety, 1°5 in. through. Hab. On rocky limestone hills, often very abundant. Lankawi at Kwah. Perlis, very common on and round limestone rocks. Dzstrib. Cambodia and Java. 5. TARAKTOGENOS, Hassk. Trees with entire alternate leaves. Flowers in axillary cymes, some bisexual, others male only. Males, sepals 4, in decussate pairs, imbricate round concave. Petals 8 in 2 rows smaller, with a fleshy cuneate scale often dentate at the tip to each petal. Stamens 20 to 32; filaments short; anthers cordate. Female flowers, sepals often 3, petals 6 and stamens 17. Ovary long ovoid sulcate with 4 deflexed stigmatic lobes, 1-celled; ovules many on 4 parietal placentas. Fruit large globose or ovoid with a hard fibrous or woody rind, and several seeds imbedded in pulp. Seeds, testa hard, albumen copious, cotyledons large cordate. Species 3 or 4, Indo-Malayan. Quite glabrous except petals; stamens 20 to 24 . (1) T. Seortechinii Leaves pubescent to tomentose beneath; stamens 32. (2) T. Kunstleri. (x) T. Scortechinii King, /.c. 122. Large glabrous tree. Bark dark coloured. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, lanceolate in equilateral or oblong, edges undulate, apex shortly bluntly acuminate, base narrowed; nerves 4 to 5 ascending, prominent beneath, reticulations prominent, above smooth, 3°5 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles 5 to “75 in. long. Cymes trichotomous I in. long; peduncles °5 in. long axillary. Male flowers ‘5 to ‘6 in. across on pedicels *25 in. to 35 in. long. Sepals round, glabrous. Petals silky outside; scales less than half as long. Stamens 20 to 24; filaments hirsute. Anthers sagittate. Hab. Perak, Bujong Malacca (Scortechini). var. gracilipes, King, l.c. Specimens with smaller leaves and slender pedicels. (2) T. Kunstleri King, l.c. 122; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 131, pl. 152. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, 10 to 15 in. through. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves bright green, coriaceous unequal-sided, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic cuspidate; nerves prominent beneath, puberulous, 5 or 6 pairs, 4°5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles °3 to ‘5 in. long, puberulous. Cymes dense, many-flowered. Male flowers as in Taraktogenos.| XVII. FLACOURTIACEZ. 163 T. Scortechinii. Scales of petals hairy, half as long as petals. Stamens 32, hairy. Female flowers, sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens 17. Ovary ovoid, glabrous 1-celled, with 4 many-ovuled parietal placentas. Stigmas 4 radiating. Fruit globular smooth 2°5 in. through; pericarp green thick, inner part woody. Seeds °75 in. long. Hab. Forest 300 to 2000 ft. altitude (in Sumatra). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Distrib. Sumatra. var. tomentosa. T. tomentosa King, l.c. 123. Leaves hairy beneath. Hab. Perak, Batang Padang (Kunstler). 6. PANGIUM, Reinwdt. A lofty tree about 50 ft. tall. Leaves entire or 3-lobed, ovate- cordate, acuminate. Flowers in axillary racemes, unisexual. Sepals 2 or 3 concave. Petals 5 or 6 with large scales at the base. Male flowers, stamens 20 to 25; filaments broad flat; anthers ovate. Pistillode 0. Females, ovary ovoid, 1-celled, 2 parietal placentas many-ovuled. Staminodes 5 or 6. Stigma sessile 2- to 4-lobed. Fruit large, oblong-ovoid; pericarp woody wrinkled. Seeds many large ovoid. Albumen large oily. One species only. (1) P. edule Reinwdt. Pl. Soc. Ratisbon, ii. 13; Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 205, t. 43; Blume Rumphia, iv. 20, ¢t. 178. Leaves reddish buff pubescent beneath, 6 to 8 in. long, 4 to 5 in. wide; petioles 2 to 4 in. long. Male flowers in racemes 4 in. long, few-flowered. Bracts linear I in. long. Flowers 1°5 in. across, greenish white. Female flowers solitary on a 3-in. peduncle. Fruit from 7 to 12 in. long, 3°75 in. through or more, brown. Seeds 2 in. long, roughly triangular in an oily pulp. Hab. By river- banks and in villages. Selangor, road to Bukit Kutu; Batu Caves. Pahang, banks of Pahang River. Perak, Temengoh; Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Kelantan. Dzisivib. Malay Islands. Native name: Kepayung or Payung. Seeds also known as K’luak. Use : The seeds boiled, cut up and macerated in water are eaten, the oil extracted used in cookery. Fresh seeds and oil contain a poisonous glucoside breaking down and producing prussic acid, used in dart poison by Sakais, and the bark is used as a piscicide (Gimlette, Malay Poisons 76). The oil is also used for attracting fish. 7. SCAPHOCALYX, Ridley. Small trees. Leaves alternate 3-nerved, thin, coriaceous. Flowers unisexual, fascicled from pubescent extra-axillary tubercles on the branches, pedicelled. Calyx spathaceous covering the rest of the flower and splitting on one side or at the top with 4 lobes. Petals narrow, as long as calyx or longer, 5. Stamens 6; filaments short; anthers linear or lanceolate longer. Pistillode 0. Female 164 XVII. FLACOURTIACE2. [Scaphocalyx. flowers unknown. Fruit globose crowned by 6 to 8 minute stigmas. Seeds numerous imbedded in pulp. Species 2, Malay Peninsula. Calyx splitting along one side persistent boat-like . (1) S. spathacea Calyx splitting in 4 at the top; flowers very small . (2) S. parviflora (x1) S. spathacea Ridl. Journ. Bot. (1920), 149. Tree 10 to 25 ft. tall. Leaves elliptic base cuneate, 3-nerved; lateral nerves from midrib to side nerve about 18 pairs, 6 to 8 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘15 in. long. Pedicels slender °5 in. long. Calyx boat-shaped beaked, °4 in. long. Petals linear acuminate, *3 in. long. Stamens 6; filaments very short hairy; anthers linear acuminate, much longer. Fruit white I in. through crowned with 6 to 8 minute stigmas. Seeds numerous. Hab. Forests. Malacca, Bukit Kamuning (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill (Goodenough, Burkill). Selangor, Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill (Foxworthy). (2) Sc. parviflora Ridl. L.c. Leaves as in S. spathacea, but broader, ovate-elliptic acuminate ; lateral nerves I3 pairs, 9 in. long, 4 in. wide; petioles ‘20 in. long. Flowers male, very small *3 in. wide; pedicels rin. Calyx splitting into 4 acute points tipped with hairs ‘15 in. long. Petals 4, little shorter, white, lanceolate acute. Stamens 6; anthers linear lanceo- late; filaments very short. Hab. Perak, Temengoh (Ridley). 8. RYPAROSA, BI. Trees. Leaves entire alternate often glaucescent beneath. Flowers small unisexual. Males in long axillary racemes. Females in shorter racemes or solitary. Calyx globose, at length 3- to 5-cleft. Petals 5 imbricate. Male flowers, filaments united in a column with 5 anthers at the top. Female flowers with large silky scales at the base of the petals, 5 staminodes, a 1-celled ovary, placentas, parietal with 2 ovules. Stigmas 2 or 3 sessile emarginate. Fruit baccate; pericarp tomentose. Seeds ior 2. Species about Io, Malay Peninsula, Java and Sumatra. Racemes axillary on branches long slender. Leaves thick; peduncles short 1-5 in. long. . (1) R. Wrayi Leaves thin; peduncles slender 6 in. long (2) R. Hullettii Leaves narrow, lanceolate; racemes velvety (3) R. Wallichii Racemes axillary and terminal short stout sub- globose : : . ‘ . : . (4) R. Kunstleri Racemes from trunk. Leaves oblanceolate 6 to I0 in. ee racemes dense i . (5) R. Seortechinii Leaves lanceolate pale, I5in. ‘long; racemes lax . (6) R. fasciculata (x1) R. Wrayi King, l.c. 126; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 133, pl. 155. Tree 60 to 70 ft. tall. Stem Io to 24 in. through, glabrous except flowers. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic obtuse, base wa Pte 8 eA HE Ryparosa.| XVII. FLACOURTIACEZ. 165 narrowed; nerves 4 pairs sub-erect and midrib prominent beneath, 6 to Io in. long, 2°5 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles 1 to 1°25 in. long, winged at top. Racemes axillary and from below the leaves 6 to g in. long, elongating in fruit. Flowers dark yellow. Males, pedicel ‘x in. long. Calyx teeth 3, broad ovate, reflexed. Petals 5 oblong-ovate pubescent outside; scales triangular silky. Stamen- tube pubescent; anthers 5 ovate. Females, disc annular with 5 conical staminodes. Ovary globular, pubescent. Stigmas 2 sub- bifid yellow. Fruit globular, *75 in. through, creamy grey with light spots, pubescent, 1-seeded. Hab. Dense jungle 400 to 600 ft. altitude. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). (2) R. Hullettii King, /.c. 126. Glabrous. Leaves membranous, . obovate-elliptic, glabrous, abruptly cuspidate sub-acute, base narrowed, light green above, pale green beneath; nerves 3 pairs ascending and midrib prominent beneath, 5 to 7 in. long, *3 in. wide; petioles 1°5 in. long. Male racemes axillary 12 to 15 in. long, puberulous. Calyx with 3 ovate teeth. Petals 5 ovate; scales densely silky. Staminal tube glabrous; anthers 5 ovate. Female flowers, calyx cup-shaped. Pistil cylindric with a 4-lobed stigma. Fruit fusiform 4-angled reticulate pustular 1°5 in. long. Hab. Dense forest, local and rare. Singapore, Bukit Timah fern valley and Chan Chu Kang. (3) R. Wallichii Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 139. A tree. Branchlets covered with red hair. Leaves glabrous above coriaceous lanceolate-oblong, base slightly narrowed, apex acuminate acute, pale beneath; midrib hairy; nerves 5 pairs elevate beneath, at first hairy, 8 to ro in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles I°5 in. long. Male, spikes 6 to g in. long, rachis hairy. Bracts small lanceolate. Flowers scattered yellow *2 in. across; pedicels ‘25 in. long. Sepals ovate short blunt hairy. Petals 4 or 5 much longer, ovate hairy inflexed; scales half the size of the petals, hairy. Staminal column glabrous; anthers 4 or 5 oblong. Hab. In forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Penang, “ A climber from the hills, October’ (Wallich 78478 and Herb. Finlayson 78474). The spikes in Wallich’s specimens (very young) are borne in the axils of the leaves, in the Singapore plant they are fully developed on the trunk. (4) R. Kunstleri King, l.c. 127; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. Lc. 134, pl. 157. A big tree 40 to roo ft. tall, 15 to 24 in. through, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, glossy dark green, ovate-oblong to oblong bluntly short acuminate, base narrowed beneath, reticulate; mid- rib and nerves 5 to 7 pairs prominent, 5 to 8 in. long, 2°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles 1°25 to 1°75 in. long, swollen and bent at apex. Racemes axillary 1 to 3 together, male ones 6 to 8 in., females 3 to 4 in. long. Male, calyx pubescent, teeth ovate. Petals oblong lanceolate pubescent outside; scales silky. Staminal tube 166 XVII. FLACOURTIACES. [Ryparosa. glabrous. Female, no staminodes. Ovary ovoid angled tomentose. Stigmas obovate. Fruit globular yellow 1°5 in. through. Seeds 5 or 6 oblong, *75 in. long. Hab. Dense forest, 500 to 3000 ft. altitude. Perak, Goping; Batang Padang; Ulu Kerling; Larut Hills (Kunstler). (5) R. Scortechinii King, I.c. 126; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 134, pl. 156. Spreading tree 15 to 40 ft. tall, 6 to 8 in. through. Branchlets and inflorescence rusty. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate shortly acuminate narrowed from middle to base, glabrous dark green above, bluish grey beneath; nerves 5 or 6 pairs and midrib prominent, Io to 15 in. long, 4 to 6 in. wide; petioles 2 to 2°5 in. long thickened and bent at tip. Racemes in tufts from tubercles on stem and branches. Males 8 to 12 in. long, females shorter. Male flowers, calyx tomentose splitting into 3 ovate segments. Petals 4 oblong; scales round silky. Female flowers purple. Ovary tomentose 4-angled; styles 2. I'ruit angled when young, transversely oblong when ripe and 1°5 in. long by I in. wide, velvety brown or black. Seeds 2. Hab. Thick forests under roo0 ft. altitude. Pahang, Kwala Tenok. Selangor, Ginting Bidai. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang, Waterfall. Kelantan, Kwala Lebir. (6) R. fasciculata King, l.c. 127; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. L.c. 135, pl. 158. Big tree 50 to 60 ft. tall. Stem 10 to 15 in. through. Leaves coriaceous glabrous, narrow oblong acuminate, base narrowed, deep green; midrib and nerves 7 pairs and reticulations beneath elevate, 9 to 15 in. long, 2°25 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles 1 to 1°25 in. long. Racemes fascicled on trunk and large boughs, 4 to 7 together, from 6 to 8 in. long. Sepals and petals reflexed, rounded, both tomentose. Stamens glabrous. Female flowers, staminodes conic. Stigmas large, reniform. Fruit sessile, globose-pear-shaped, apex mammillate, tomentose 2 in. long, 1°5 in. through, yellowish green. Seeds about 6. Hab. Dense forest, Malacca, at Selandor. Sungei Ujong, Bumban (Cantley). Perak, Chanderiang and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Native names : Tajam B’lat; Musakana Putih; Rambai Ayam. Orver XVIII. GUTTIFERAE. Trees or shrubs with yellow or greenish resinous juice. Leaves opposite, coriaceous or more rarely membranous. Flowers solitary, fascicled, racemose or panicled, axillary or terminal, white, yellow or red, regular, unisexual or bisexual. Sepals 2 to 6 imbricate or in decussate pairs. Petals 2 to 6, rarely 0, usually imbricate. Male flowers, stamens usually indefinite, free, or filaments connate Garcinia.] XVII. GUTTIFERZ. 167 monadelphous or in as many bundles as there are petals, a rudi- mentary pistil or 0. Female flowers, staminodes various. Ovary I- to 2- or many-celled; style slender or none. Stigmas as many as ovary-cells, free or connate. Ovules I to 2 or many, axile, or erect from cell-base. Fruit baccate, drupaceous, or rarely dehiscent. Seeds large exalbuminous. Tropics of Asia, America and Africa, about 320 species. (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1xix. 147.) Flowers unisexual on different trees; fruit baccate; stigmas sessile F ; , : : . I, GARCINIA Flowers bisexual. Calyx dividing into 2 lobes. ; : 2. OCHROCARPUS Calyx 4- to 5-lobed. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1; flowers white, numerous ; stigma peltate : : : : ; . 3. CALOPHYLLUM Ovary 1-celled; ovules 4; flowers few; stigma 4-fid 4. KAYEA Ovary 2-celled; ovules 4; flowers very large; stigma peltate : : - ; : . 5. MESUA 1. GARCINIA, L. Tree of medium or large size, rarely shrubs, with abundance of yellow resinous latex. Leaves opposite, coriaceous. Flowers solitary or fascicled, axillary or terminal, unisexual. Sepals 4 to 5 decussate. Petals 4 or 5 decussate. Male flowers, stamens indefinite in fascicles or forming a globose or conic mass, rarely free. Pistillodes present or not; anthers sessile or on short fila- ments 2- to 4-celled dehiscing by slits or pores or circumsciss. Females, staminodes free or connate. Ovary 2- to 12-celled. Stigma sessile or sub-sessile peltate, entire or lobed. Ovules solitary in each cell attached to the inner angle. Berry with a fleshy or coriaceous rind. Seeds with a pulpy aril. Species about 100, tropical Asia, Africa and Polynesia. i. Eu-Garcinia. Sepals and petals 4. (2) Stamens in males on both sides of 4 fleshy processes; anthers usually 2-celled (4- celled in G. cuspidata). Flowers very small; anthers 2-celled. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long by -g to 1 in. wide; flowers panicled ; é : : Leaves 2 to 3 in. by 1:75; flowers densely crowded : : : : 2 - Flowers twice as large . ; : : : Leaves lanceolate; flowers in cymes of 3 moderately large . : : : Leaves elliptic blunt, 4 by 3 in.; flowers ‘25 in. long . : : : ; : Anthers 4-celled. Habit of G. vostrata (b) Stamens in male in a 4-lobed mass; anthers 2-celled; leaves and flowers large stiff coriaceous; fruit large; pericarp crus- taceous. , Leaves broad, ovate; nerves conspicuous . (7) G. Hombroniana 1) G. eugenizefolia G. rostrata _ G. merguensis . lanceolata G G. diversifolia G. cuspidata 168 XVIII, GUTTIFERZ. [Garcinia. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate; nerves very slender faint “7 : : , : : . (8) G. penangiana Leaves ovate; flowers very large, pink (no male trees a female with abortive stamens : ‘ (9) @. Mangostana (c) Stamens 2 2-celled in an unlobed mass. Stamens in a. cone . (10) G. Malaccensis Stamens on a stipitate receptacle; ‘leaves strong nerved, sub-coriaceous . : . (11) G. Maingayi (d) Stamens in whorls on a fleshy receptacle. Flowers large red; fruit large pulpy lobed; leaves narrow ; (12) G. atroviridis (e) Stamens on a flat or convex sessile receptacle. Anthers cuneate, connective large, 2-celled. Leaves and fruit large; fruit lobed, pink (13) G. costata Leaves very large, strongly ribbed; fruit apple-like, sessile, green : (14) G. Griffithii Leaves stiff obovate; nerves fine incon- spicuous : (15) G. clusizefolia Leaves large elliptic; fruit green, pulpy: flowers small, fascicled (16) G. banecana Leaves large oblong-elliptic ; flowers - "15 in. wide; stamensinaglobosehead . (17) G. Curtisii Leaves thin; fruit as big as cherry ; anther- cells orbicular : (18) G. Forbesii Leaves 2 in. long lanceolate ; flowers solitary (19) G. montana Leaves 3 in. long elliptic cuspidate flowers sessile, terminal (20) G. Murdochii Leaves 3 in. long ovate, very coriaceous. Flowers solitary axillary . (21) G. monantha Flowers minute in short cymes; leaves elliptic blunt : : : (22) G. minutifiora Anthers 4-celled. Leaves coriaceous ; flowers small ; fruit pulpy, small. Leaves 3 to 6 in. long; stamens sub-sessile ; fruit oblong umbonate : (23) G. nigrolineata Leaves 2 to 3 in. long; stamens ona column; fruit globose, not umbonate . (24) G. globulosa Leaves 4 to 5 in. long; stamen-heads sessile ; fruit elliptic umbonate (25) G Leaves membranous, elliptic acuminate 4 in, long; flowers cuneate (26) G Anthers surrounding a central connective, dehiscing transversely. Leaves sub-coriaceous 2 to 4:75 in. long; flowers female nearly -5 in. wide (27) -G Leaves sub-coriaceous, elliptic 5-5 in. long : flowers -5 in. across, solitary (28) @ Leaves large; nerves sunk above; flowers very smallin fascicles . (29) G. dumosa (30) G ( . parvifolia . Kunstleri . Gaudichaudii . uniflora Leaves thin ovate long- cuspidate 2 in. long ; nerves faint; flowers solitary or paired Dubious ; leaves large ; flower solitary terminal - urophylla ) G. opaca ii. XANTHOCHYMUS. Sepals and petals 5; filaments connate in 5- (or 4-) pedicelled spathulate bodies; anthers at top very small. Leaves very coriaceous 9 to 20 in. long; nerves strong . ; . : ; : . (32) G. nervosa ttl ain lial r* al) etal os weer we Garcinia. ] XVIII. GUITIFERE. 169 Leaves 5 to 10 in. long coriaceous; nerves not strong ; : : : ; - (33) G. dulcis Leaves elliptic coriaceous, 5 in. long; flowers numerous, crowded, rather small _ . . (34) G. glomerata Leaves thin, coriaceous, 8 in. long; flowers crowded in terminal head, large (35) G. Prainiana Leaves coriaceous, 5 in. long; flowers solitary ; fruit large, pear-shaped . ; A - (36) G. pyrifera (1) G. eugeniefolia Wall. Cat. 4873; Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 268; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, vi. pl. 6 (partly); King, l.c. 150. A tree 50 to 60 ft. tall or less. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic acuminate at each end; nerves very fine numerous and parallel, 2 to 3°5 in. long, ‘9 to 1°35 in. wide; petioles -2 to °25 in. long. Male flowers *2 in. across, white in axillary fascicles of 20 to 30. Pedicels -2 in. long. Sepals 4 orbicular, outer pair small, inner as large as petals. Petals 4 orbicular. Stamens numerous forming 4 orbicular-oblong fleshy processes with anthers on both sides. Rudimentary stigma large hemispheric, style cylindric. [Females "25 in. across in axillary peduncled cymes of 3 flowers. Sepals _and petals as in male, no staminodes. Stigma large, sub-papillose nearly covering the ovary. Fruit °75 in. through. Hab. In forests in low country, Singapore. Dindings. Perak. Penang (Wallich). Dzstvib. Tenasserim, Andamans. Native name: Ten- tulang Merah. Use: In house-building. (2) G. rostrata Benth. and Hook. fil. Gen. Plant. i. 174; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, vi. pl. 91B; King, l.c. 151. A tree 30 to 4o ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic- oblong blunt cuspidate, base much narrowed, midrib prominent ; nerves very numerous, sub-horizontal rather distinct, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Male flowers ‘15 in. across in slender lax 3- to 9-flowered cymes fascicled 2 to 4in the axils. Buds depressed globose; pedicels 25 to °35 in. long. Sepals 4, orbicular inner as large as the petals. Petals 4 orbicular, pink or white. Anthers sessile on the sides of 4 fleshy processes; cells 2. Stigma large, discoid. Hermaphrodite flowers in 3-flowered axillary sessile solitary cymes. Sepals, petals and anthers as in male. Stigma sub-sessile discoid. Fruit ovoid sub- orbicular °5 to ‘65 in. long and rather less through, crowned by the discoid stigma. Hab. Woods, not rare. Singapore, Malacca. Province Wellesley. Penang. Dindings. Perak. Dvysirib. Java. Native name: Loli. (3) G. merguensis Wight, Ill. 122; Ic.t.116; Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 267; Pierre, Flor. For. Cochinchine, vi. pl. 68, 69, 91D; King, l.c. 150. Ane Wrayi King, l.c. 152; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 140, pl. 168. A tree 30 to 40 ft. tall. Branches terete. Leaves ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, base cuneate; nerves indistinct, 3 to 3°5 in. long, 1°z to 1°4 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Male 170 XVIII. GUTTIFERZ. [Garcinia. flowers *I5 in. wide in axillary cymes of 3 to 6 flowers; pedicels ‘2 in. long. Sepals 4, outer ones ovate orbicular, inner ones orbicular. Petals 4 orbicular. Anthers on both sides of 4 fleshy processes. Rudimentary style cylindric long. Stigma discoid. In bisexual flowers the petals are orbicular reniform, and the stigma is sessile large convex. In female flowers there are no staminodes, the stigma hemispheric. Fruit globular *75 in. wide covered by the concave smooth stigma. Hab. Common all over Fic. 19.—Garcinia merguensis. the peninsula up to 4500 ft. altitude. Malacca. Pahang. Perak. Singapore. Johor. Penang, road to Waterfall (Curtis). Province Wellesley. LankawilIslands. Distrib. Tenasserim and Cambodia. Use: This yields the Malay varnish, Getah Luli (Wray). Native name: Lulai. (4) G. lanceolata Ridl. n. sp. Small tree. Leaves lanceolate acuminate blunt, base cuneate; nerves over 20 pairs very fine and inconspicuous, 3 in. long, *75 in wide; petioles 1 in. long. Male flowers 3 together in very shortly peduncled cymes; pedicels ‘1 in. long. Sepals orbicular ‘1 in, Garcinia. ] XVIII. GUTTIFERZ. 171 long. Petals orbicular, thin, apparently white. Stamens in 4 broad oblong masses, narrowed at base entirely covering the pistillode ; anthers minute very numerous on both sides. Pistillode large. Stigma very large orbicular convex. Hab. Lankawi, Pulau Terutau at Telok Hudang (Haniff). (5) G. diversifolia King, /.c. 153. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Branches 4-angled yellowish. Leaves lanceolate sub-acute to elliptic shortly bluntly cuspidate, base cuneate; nerves numerous visible above only, 2°5 to 4°5 in. long, I°5 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to -4 in. long. Male flowers °75 in. across in 3- to 6-flowered axillary cymes; pedicels ‘2 to °4 in. long. bracts orbicular. Sepals 4 orbicular, outer ones small, united at base and denticulate, inner ones as large as the petals. Petals 4 ovate orbicular. Stamens numerous on 4 processes; anthers sessile, 2-celled, with thick bifid connectives. Pistillode, style cylindric. Stigma large hemispheric entire, papillose. Female flowers as in males, but cymes fewer-flowered and often terminal. Staminodes 0. Ovary globose. Stigma sessile discoid entire. Fruit sub-globular ‘6 in. through. Hab. Mountains at 3000 to 3500 ft. altitude. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). This has the habit of G. densiflora Wing. (6) G. cuspidata King, l.c. 152. Tree 60 to 70 ft. tall. Leaves elliptic-ovate sub-spathulate cuspidate, base narrowed; nerves sub-horizontal distinct ‘I in. apart, inarching with an intra-marginal nerve, 2°5 to 3°25 in. long, I'I to 1°5 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long. Male flowers 15 in. across in short peduncled axillary 6- to 9-flowered cymes; buds pyriform ; pedicels -3 to ‘6 in. long. Sepals 4 equal, orbicular. Petals 4 white thin orbicular, a little larger. Stamens on both sides of 4 fleshy processes; filaments short and thick; anthers 4-celled. Style cylindric short. Stigma capitate small concealed by the stamens. Hab. Forests, rare. Perak at Selama (Wray) and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Female flowers and fruit unknown. (7) G. Hombroniana Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, vi. pl. 79, jigs. D, E, F,1; King, 1.c.155. G. opaca King, l.c. 160 (mostly). Tree resembling a mangosteen, but more strict with whitish bark, unisexual, about 30 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves oblong to elliptic, slightly narrowed at the base, with numerous parallel slightly ascending nerves, 6 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Male flowers “75 in. across, creamy white. Sepals 2 outer orbicular cherry red as is the pedicel, 2 inner cream, with central-red bar. Petals ovate obtuse, yellow. Stamen-mass 4-lobed. Female flowers, sepals and petals as in male. Ovary short broad, covered by the large sessile pulviniform, slightly lobed stigma. Fruit globose, like a small mangosteen 2 in. across bright pink. Seeds numerous, pulp white acid with a peach flavour. Whole fruit 172 XVIII. GUTTIFERZ. [Garcinia. scented of apples. Hab. Whole peninsula wild or planted, Singa- pore. Malacca. Pahang. Dindings. Province Wellesley. Penang. Distrib. Nicobars. Native names : Mangis Hutan; Barus or Bruas. Use: Fruit eatable but rather acid. (8) G. penangiana Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, vi. pl. 460A; King, l.c. 157. G. fascicularis Wall. Cat. 4053. Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall, 8 to15 in. through. Branchlets 4-angled. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate acuminate blunt, base narrowed; nerves very numerous, fine faint, 4°5 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles °5 in. long. Male flowers in terminal fascicles of 3 to 6; pedicels slender °25 in. to ‘5 in. long. Sepals, outer ones round fleshy -25 in. long red, inner ones larger elliptic obtuse. Petals longer, creamy white. Stamens united into a slightly 4-lobed mass; anthers short, broad. Pistillode 0. Females solitary larger; peduncles thicker. Ovary globular. Stigma large hemispheric corrugate 4-lobed. Fruit globular 1°75 in. long. Seeds few. Hab. Forests usually at about 1000 ft. altitude. Perak, Thaiping Hills. Penang, upper part of the hill. Vesque separates fasciculavis Wall. from G. penangiana King, but the plants seem to me identical. (9) G. Mangostana Linn. Sp. Pl. 635; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, 1.54; King, l.c.156; Bot. Mag. t. 4847. A tree about 20 to 30 ft. tall. Bark smooth. Leaves thickly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong acute, base cuneate, deep shining green; nerves numerous, inarching with a double extra-marginal nerve, 6 to ro in. long, 2°5 to 4:25 in. wide; petioles -75 to 1x in. long. Female flowers 2 in. across, solitary or paired at the ends of branches, on stout *5 in.-long pedicels. Sepals 4 rounded yellowish. Petals 4 ovate dark rosy pink, larger. Stamens 15 to 20, all free, slender with small elliptic white anthers, all abortive. Ovary globular 4- to 8-celled. Stigma sessile 4- to 8-rayed yellow. Fruit depressed globular 3 in. through, deep brown crimson, rind thick rose pink within. Seeds 6 to 8 enclosed in a white juicy aril. Cultivated all over the peninsula. Not known in a wild state. I have never seen a male tree, male flowers or a fertile stamen, though the seeds are almost always fertile. The male flowers described by Rox- burgh and King are doubtful. Native name: Manggis. Use: A very popular fruit, the rind, which is astringent, used in dysentery. (10) G. Malaccensis Hook. fil. F.B.I. 1. 261; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, vi. pl. 78, fig. D; Vesque, Epharm. i. pl. 147. Tree. Branchlets 4-angled, drying dark. Leaves elliptic-oblong, short blunt acuminate, base narrowed; nerves faint, horizontal 4 to 8 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles °4 to °6 in. long chan- nelled. Male flowers 4- to 6-fascicled terminal ; pedicels °35 to °65 in. long, thick. Sepals elliptic-orbicular sub-similar. Petals twice as long, red ovate clawed. Stamens very numerous in a sub-cylindric eee Garcinia.| XVIII. GUTTIFERE. 173 conic mass; anthers broadly ovoid 2-celled, connectives broad. Female flowers 1°5 to 2 in. across terminal solitary. Ovary globose, 8-celled. Stigma sessile convex corrugated, deeply 8-lobed. Hab. Very rare, only known from Maingay’s specimen from Malacca. This closely resembles Hombroniana, but the stigma is lobed. (11) G. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.B.I.1. 267; King, l.c. 158; Prerre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, vi. pl. 17. A tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Branchlets thick 4-angled. Leaves oblong-elliptic tip blunt rounded or shortly apiculate, base cuneate ; nerves 9 to 13 bold elevated, deep green, 4°5 to 9 in. long, 2°25 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles *75 in. long not wrinkled. Male flowers in terminal or axillary peduncled umbels 3 to 12 in a head, 1 to I°25 in. across white or light yellow, whole inflorescence as much as I°5 in. long. Sepals orbicular, outer ones rather smaller than inner ones. Petals larger, ovate-orbicular. Stamens forming a dense globular mass; filaments slender in rows on a stipitate recep- tacle. Pistillode cylindric, discoid stigma. Female flowers soli- tary terminal sub-sessile. Staminodes few. Ovary globose 4- to 6-celled. Stigma large convex papillose slightly 4-lobed. Fruit globular 2 to 2°5 in. through, crowned by the discoid lobed style, which in some forms is borne on a stout grooved style and is 8-lobed. Hab. Forests. Malacca (Maingay). Dindings, Pangkor; Telok Sera (Curtis). Perak, Thaiping Hills in low country (Kunstler). Ulu Leding (Wray). (12) G. atroviridis Griff. in Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 266; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, vi. pl. 80, fig. c; King, l.c. 159. A handsome tree 20 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves deep green (red when young) narrow oblong sharply acuminate, base cuneate; nerves numerous inarching ‘05 to ‘I in. from the edge, 4°5 to 8 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles °6 to *75 in. long. Male flowers 1°25 in. across in terminal clusters of few-flowered cymes; pedicels °25 to *75 in. long. Sepals, outer ones oblong or orbicular, inner ones thin-edged, larger. Petals large bright crimson orbicular-obovate. Stamens, filaments slender inserted in whorls on a fleshy receptacle ; anthers narrow oblong, forming with large convex. Stigma a globose mass. Female flowers terminal solitary. Sepals and petals as in male, but petals smaller. Staminodes attached to an annulus. Ovary cylindric ribbed 12- to 16-celled. Stigma convex, pileate deep red. Fruit 3 in. or more through sub-globose, top flattened with many large ribs and grooves, brilliant orange yellow, juicy. Hab. Wild and occasionally cultivated, in forests at 1500 ft. altitude. Singapore. Johor. Malacca. Perak. Penang. Native name: Asam Gelugur. Use: Fruit dried and eaten in curries or stewed, also used in medicine. (13) G. costata Hemsl. King, l.c. 161. Tree 50 to 70 ft. tall, 12 to 18 in. through. Leaves dark green, thinly coriaceous, elliptic acute, base cuneate; nerves elevate 174 XVIII. GUTTIFER&. [Garcinia. 13 to 18 pairs, 6 to 14 in. long, 3°5 to 6 in. wide; petioles 1 to 15 in. long. Male flowers 1 to 1°25 in. across in terminal cymes of 3 to 5; pedicels stout °25 to °5 in. long. Sepals equal orbicular. Petals larger, pale yellow, tinged reddish, orbicular-ovate. Stamens forming an oblong 4-angled mass with stigma; filaments inserted on a fleshy receptacle; anthers cuneate. Stigma large discoid. Female flowers solitary terminal. Staminodes 12. Ovary grooved. Stigma discoid with radiating grooves. Fruit depressed spheroidal, 3 in. by 2 in. with many grooves, pale rose to crimson. Hab. Forests. Perak, Thaiping Hills 2000 to 3000 ft. altitude and Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). Native name: Glugor. Use: Fruit eaten. In foliage and flowers closely resembling G. Maingayi, but in fruit resembling G. atroviridis. (14) G. Griffithii T. Anders. in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 266; King, Hie: X61; A smooth-barked tree usually about 4o to 60 ft. tall, with angled yellowish branches. Leaves large coriaceous bullate oval or oval-elliptic, light green, base narrowed; nerves 16 to 24 pairs bold, 9 to 16 in. long, 4 to 8 in. wide; petioles ‘6 in. long. Male flowers *75 in. across (hardly expanding) in dense 3- to 10-flowered cymes in leaf axils on tubercles; pedicels -25 in. long. Sepals equal orbicular fleshy. Petals oblong blunt fleshy, green. Stamens 25 to 40 in a square flat-topped mass; anthers broad oblong. Pistil- lode none. Female flowers in few-flowered axillary cymes. Perianth as in males. Staminodes in 4 bundles. Ovary ribbed 12-celled; style short. Stigma peltate papillose, edges crenate. Fruit 3 in. through globose flattened at the top, brownish green, resembling a russet apple, acid. Hab. In woods, common, Singa- pore, Malacca and Perak. Native name: Kandis Gajah. (15) G. clusizefolia Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 140. Tree. Branches black not angled. Leaves stiffly coriaceous obovate, base cuneate; nerves very fine ascending inconspicuous above, almost invisible beneath, 5 to 5°5 in. long, 2°25 to 3 in. wide; petioles °5 in. long stout not rugose. Male flowers in fascicles upon tubercles, axillary 10 or more together, very small. Bracts ovate numerous. Pedicels thick 25 in. long. Sepals 4, 2 outer ones coriaceous, orbicular concave, 2 inner thinner, obovate- oblong. Petals oblong obtuse as long. Stamens connate into a sub-conic mass not lobed; anthers sessile, minute 2-celled; cells separated by the broad triangular connective. Pistillode o. Hab. Mountains, rare, Pahang at Wray’s camp on Gunong Tahan (Ridley). (16) G. bancana Mzg. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 494; King, l.c. 162. A tree 20 to 8o ft. tall. Stem 18 to 24 in. through. Branchlets stout, nodular, black. Leaves coriaceous broadly obovate-lanceo- late, tip rounded or mucronulate, base narrowed to petiole; nerves very numerous, close and parallel, keel prominent, 5 to 7 in. long, —_— Garcinia.] XVIII. GUTTIFERZ. 175 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles winged °75 to 1°25 in. long. Male flowers small ‘r in. long, densely clustered in the axils of fallen leaves, yellow. Bracts very numerous, lanceolate. Pedicels °25 in. long. Sepals orbicular, inner pair smaller. Petals ovate. Stamens numerous in a convex mass; anthers sub-sessile with 2 small oval cells at the end of the transverse connective. Pistillode o. Female flowers similar with 6 to 10 staminodes. Ovary globular. Stigma hemispheric with 8 rays. Fruit fleshy, green ovoid. Hab. Swampy wet forest, occasionally in tidal woods, common. Singapore, Selitar; Changi. Malacca. Johor, Kota Tinggi, river bank. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Dzstrib. Sumatra and Banca. (17) G. Curtisii Ridl. n. sp. Tree. Branches hardly angled. Leaves lanceolate obtuse or acute, base long-narrowed; nerves numerous parallel inarching near the margins, 5 to 10 in. long, 1°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles I in. long. Male flowers in terminal or axillary fascicles with slender pedicels ‘25 in. long. Sepals 4, orbicular sub-equal ‘r in. long. Petals oblong obtuse a little longer. Stamens numerous in a globose head with very short filaments; anthers 2-celled oblong-quadrate with narrow connective. Pistillode o. Hab. Penang, near Waterfall and at Telok Bahang (Curtis 691; 240). (18) G. Forbesii King, /.c. 162. A small tree about 15 ft. tall. Leaves thin coriaceous oblanceo- late short acuminate, base cuneate, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles -3 to’4in. long. Male flowers °25 in. wide in clusters of 3 or 4 axillary. Sepals small round. Petals orbicular crimson. Stamens in a convex mass, the connectives small; anthers sub- sessile sub-orbicular 2-celled. Female flowers solitary. Petals red or orange. Stigma sessile convex covering the ovary, papillose. Fruit pulpy globose as big as a cherry, red. Aril of seeds red. Hab. In lowland forests, Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Manda. Johor, Tanjong Kupang. Pahang Kwala Tenok, Tahan River. Perak, Upper Perak 300 ft. altitude (Wray). Dvstvib. Sumatra. (19) G. montana Ridl. n. sp. A small tree 15 ft. tall. Branches 4-angled. Leaves thickly coriaceous, lanceolate bluntly acuminate; nerves invisible except the midrib, 2 in. long, °75 in. wide or smaller; petioles °3 in. long. Male flowers solitary, terminal *25 in. across greenish yellow, on pedicels ‘12 in. long, thick. Sepals ovate obtuse. Petals rounded. Stamens crowded into a sessile sub-globose head ; anthers numerous, linear. Pistillode 0. Female flowers terminal. Sepals and petals asinmales. Stylecylindric. Stigmacapitate. Berry flask-shaped beaked °75 in. long. Hab. On Mt. Ophir, at 3000 ft. altitude on the Padang Batu (Ridley). (20) G. Murdochii Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 169. Branches slender yellow, angled. Leaves coriaceous elliptic abruptly blunt-cuspidate, base cuneate; nerves very fine, 3 in. 176 XVIII. GUTTIFER. [Garcimia. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles *35 in. long. Flowers solitary terminal, sessile *5 in. wide. Sepals 4. Petals 4 obovate red. Male flowers, stamens in a globose head; anthers peltate cells curved. Female flowers, pistil sub-cylindric. Stigma large cushion-shaped covering pistil, rest as in males. Perak, Bikum reserve (Burn-Murdoch). Distrib. Borneo. (21) G. monantha Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 138. Smalltree. Branchlets grey. Leaves coriaceous ovate or lanceo- late-ovate acutely acuminate 3 in. long, 2 in. wide; nerves 25 pairs indistinct beneath; petioles °5 in. long. Female flowers axillary solitary; peduncles ‘25 in. long. Ovary ‘25 in. long. Stigma large fleshy, circular entire. Hab. Pahang, Gunong Tahan, stream banks at 5500 ft. altitude (Ridley). Males unknown. (22) G. minutiflora Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 169. Tree. Branches rough brown knotted. Leaves coriaceous bright green, elliptic blunt, base cuneate, edge thickened; nerves faint 7 pairs visible above, midrib prominent, 2 in. long, I’I in. wide; petioles ‘15 in. long. Cymes on tubercles on nodes, °20 in. long, 3-branched. Branches yellow angled. Flowers °75 in. long. Sepals 4 ovate yellow. Petals oblong-obovate little larger white. Stamens minute in a globose head; anthers oblong, connectives of moderate size, cells 2 linear. Hab. Rare. Lankawi Islands, Goa chinta (Curtis). Females and fruit unknown. (23) G. nigrolineata Planch. in Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 263; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, vi. pl. 81, fig. F. Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 6 to 8 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; nerves fine; petioles ‘5 in. long. Male flowers umbellate 4 to 10; pedicels 4, ‘1 in. long. Stamens 20 in a compact mass; filaments short; anther-cells 4 connective thick. Pistillode 0. Females larger in fours. Stigmas large papillose convex. Fruit fleshy oblong-globose with a thick style and pustular stigma. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Changi; Sungei Morai. Johor, Gunong Pulai. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, Nyalas (Derry), Bukit Bruang. Dindings, Pangkor. Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Lan- kawi, Kwah. Dvisivib. Carimon Isles, Siam, Burma. Native name: Kandis Jantan. (24) G. globulosa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 20. A straight tree with scaly bark, 60 ft. or more tall. Leaves elliptic acuminate, many-nerved, 2 to 3 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Male flowers in terminal and axillary clusters of 6 or 8, yellow ‘2 in. long. Sepals rounded gibbous. Stamens 20 in a short cylindric column; anthers square at the top. Female flowers larger 4 to 5 in. an umbel axillary and terminal. Sepals rounded orbicular. Stigma sessile round, pustular. Fruit globose orange not umbonate ‘5 in. through. Stigmas almost concealed in a depression. Hab. Common in woods. Singapore, Malacca, Selangor and Perak. Native name: Kandis. Fruit eatable. Garcinia.] XVIII. GUTTIFERAE. 177 (25) G. parvifolia Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 495; Ridl. Journ. oy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 20. Small tree, rather rough barked, 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves dark green thinly coriaceous, elliptic acuminate, base narrowed, tip cuspidate, 4°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles*5in.long. Male flowers axillary in loose heads of 2 or 3. Sepals ovate yellow. Petals oblong spreading *25 in. long, cream colour. Stamens about 30 in a sessile head; filaments oblong short, spreading; anthers quadrate. Females in sessile cymes of 3 to 5. Sepals, outer ovate rounded green, inner smaller, yellow. Petals yellow oblong ‘1 in. long. Staminodes 4 linear, clubbed. Stigma orbicular, edges lacerate with short papille, obscurely 6-lobed. Fruit elliptic, pulpy orange, top umbonate. Stigma minute sunk and concealed; ovary cells 6. Seeds 3 to 5. Hab. Woods, Singapore, not rare, Tanglin. Distrib. Sumatra. (26) G. Kunstleri King, l.c. 165. Shrub 6 to 15 ft. tall. Branches not angled. Leaves mem- branous oblanceolate acuminate; nerves faint, 3°5 to 5 in. long, I°I5 to 1°8 in. wide; petioles :35 to ‘6 in. long. Males ‘15 in. across, in fascicles of 3 to 6. Petals broad ovate. Stamens 15 in a convex mass; anthers 4-celled, connective broad. Temales solitary. Petals o. Stigma convex, papillose ro-lobed. Fruit pulpy orange yellow sub-globose 1°5 in. through. -Hab. Limestone rocks, Perak, Kwala Dipang (Kunstler, Scortechini) ; Tapa (Wray). (27) G. Gaudichaudii Planch. and Triana, Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, xiv. 357; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, pl. 75; Vesque, Epharm. ii. t. 126, 127. G. Scortechini King, l.c. 166. Tree 20 to 4o ft. tall. Branchlets yellowish angled. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, base acute; nerves 5 to 6 pairs inarching ‘2 in. from the edge, conspicuous, 2°75 to 4°75 in. long, 1°5 in. wide, ‘25 in. long. Male flowers *2 in. across, sessile or shortly pedicelled, 3 to 6 on axillary tubercles, cream colour turning pink with age. Sepals orbicular thin. Petals broadly ovate. Stamens Io to 20 on a 4-angled receptacle; anthers with peltate tops, cells round the edge; filaments shorter. Pistil- lode 0. Female flowers nearly ‘5 in. across, axillary solitary. Ovary globose. Stigma sessile, 4-lobed. Fruit globular, pericarp leathery, ‘6 to °75 in. through. Seeds 4. Hab. Perak, Thaiping Hills; Gunong Batu Putih. Penang, Telok Bahang, a shrub (Curtis). Distrib. Cochin-China. var. minor Ridl. Leaves 3 in. long, 1:25 in. wide. Fruit smaller. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Malacca (Griffith). (28) G. uniflora King, l.c. 167. A small tree 8 to ro ft. tall. Branches rather stout. Leaves ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong thinly coriaceous, acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 12 to 20 pairs fine but prominent; 5°5 in. to 7°5 in. long, 2°5 to 4°25 in. wide; petioles °75 to x in. long, thick FLM.P.r. N 178 XVIII. GUTTIFERAE. (Garcinia. channelled. Male flowers °75 in. across, solitary, sessile in the axils of fallen leaves, waxy yellow. Sepals sub-equal, obovate- orbicular, membranous. Petalssmaller orbicular. Stamens numer- ous in a globose mass; anthers sessile peltate dehiscing by a circular infra-marginal slit. Females solitary axillary. Staminodes 0. Stigma convex papillose. Hab. Dense jungle on high rocks at 1500 to 4000 ft. altitude. Rare. Johor, Gunong Pantai. Pahang. Tahan River (Ridley). Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Kunstler). (29) G. dumosa King, l.c. 167. A bush or shrub 3 to 4 ft. tall. Branchlets angled, yellow. Leaves thinly coriaceous ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, base acute, dark green, drying lighter colour ; nerves 7 to g pairs, prominent, 4°5 to 5°5 in. long, I°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Male flowers ‘2 in. across, in dense 6- to 10-flowered fascicles, axillary; pedicels ‘r in. long. Sepals membranous orbicular, outer ones shorter and thicker. Petals smaller fleshy, yellow or yellowish green. Stamens on a receptacle, filaments short; anthers reniform. Pistillode 0. Females in fewer flowered fascicles. Staminodes1o. Stigma convex with 8 radiating ridges. Fruit ovoid pointed. Hab. At altitudes of 100 to 200 ft. Perak, Batu Togoh and Thaiping (Wray). (30) G. urophylla Scort. in King, l.c. 167. A tree 30 ft. tall. Branchlets thinly coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate- caudate-acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 5 pairs, 2°25 to 3 in. long, *7 to 1'2 in. wide; petioles ‘15 in. long. Male flowers ‘2 in. wide, solitary or paired, from axillary tubercles; pedicels ‘1 in. long or less. Sepals sub-equal ovate orbicular. Petals orbicular. Stamens 6 to 12 with flat circular tops; anthers round the edge; filaments fleshy. Pistillode 0. Females axillary solitary. Stamin- odes 6. Ovary cylindric. Stigma convex tabulate, 4-cleft. Fruit ovoid-orbicular *4 in. long, °35 in. wide. Hab. Perak (Scorte- chini) ; Gunong Inas at 3900 ft. altitude (Yapp). Dzstvib. Sumatra. DouUBTFUL SPECIES (31) G. opaca King, l.c. 160. . Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall, 4 to 6 in. through. Leaves thin coriaceous, lanceolate rather long cuspidate, base cuneate ; nerves quite invisible, _ 4 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flowers female, solitary terminal. Petals oblong -25 in. long. Pistil cylindric narrowed at top. Stigma obscurely lobed. Fruit bright red top-shaped, nearly 2 in. long, 1°25 in. through. Hab. Perak. A rare mangosteen tree. Dense jungle near top of Gunong Malacca, 3500 to 4000 ft. altitude (Kunstler 7232). The flower resembles that of G. anomala Planch, but the foliage is totally different. King’s description of G. opaca appears to belong partly to this ee but two out of three specimens so labelled by King are G. Hombroniana : ale flowers not known. a an Se. oe Pie Garcinia. XVIII. GUTTIFERZ. 179 (32) G. nervosa Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 208; King, lic. 169. G. Andersoni Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 270. A medium-sized tree (40 to 8o ft. tall, fde King). Branchlets angled, 2 angles winged. Leaves pubescent beneath, deep green coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, narrowed to the rounded or cordate base; nerves 15 to 20 pairs very prominent beneath, inarching with an intra-marginal nerve ‘1 in. from edge, g to 20 in. long, 3°5 to 7 in. wide; petioles 1°25 in. long. Female flowers °75 in. across, yellowish green, in axillary fascicles of 8 to 10; pedicels 1 to 1°25 in. long pubescent. Sepals 5 unequal, coriaceous pubescent. Petals 5 much larger, orbicular. Disc of 5 fleshy glands with 5 minute staminodes between them. Ovary ovoid 5-celled. Stigma 5-rayed. Fruit ovoid, yellow, blotched red, 2 in. long, 1°5 in. through, with an excentric mammilla and 5-lobed stigma. Seeds 2. Hab. Forests. Not rare, Singapore, Malacca, Selangor and Perak. Dzsivib. Sumatra. (33) G. dulcis Kurz, For. Flora Burma, i. 92; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine vi. 4; King, l.c. 169. Xanthochymus dulcis Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 270; Wight. Ic. 270; Bot. Mag. t. 3088. Medium tree 20 to 40 ft. tall. Branchlets 4-anglec, yellow. Leaves deep green coriaceous ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, base rounded ; nerves 10 pairs, inarching near edge, not very prominent, 5 to 10 in. long, 1°75 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles *4 to ‘6 in. long stout. Flowers globular hardly expanding ‘25 in. across, greenish yellow, unisexual or male and bisexual mixed, in dense many-flowered fascicles in the leaf axils; pedicels ‘25 to °35 in. long. Sepals 4 to 6 orbicular, 3 outer smaller. Petals usually 5, larger. Stamens 40 in pedicelled fan-shaped groups. Disc in male corrugated, fleshy, in female 5-lobed. Stigma in males 0, in bisexuals, 5-rayed. Fruit 2°5 to 3 in. long globular, ovoid or pear-shaped, peduncled, pulpy yellow. Seeds 1 to 5 oblong. Hab. In orchards and village compounds cultivated. Singapore, Perak, etc. Distrib. Malay Islands. Nativename: Mundu. Use: Fruit eaten, raw or cooked. It makes excellent jam. (34) G. glomerata Vesque, DC. Monogr. 320. G. densiflora King, l.c. 171 (not of Vieillara). Tree 60 to 8o ft. tall. Branches 4-angled. Leaves thickly coriaceous, broad elliptic to elliptic-oblong sub-acute or blunt, base cuneate, midrib stout; nerves Io to 12 pairs inarching ‘1 in. from edge, 4°5 to 6 in. long, 2°5 to 3°75 in. wide; petioles *6 in. long channelled. Male flowers *35 in. across, in dense many- flowered clusters, I to 1°5 in. across; pedicels -2 to °35 in. long. Sepals 5, 3 outer larger orbicular puberulous, edges ciliate, inner 2 as large as petals. Petals 5 orbicular, fleshy yellow. Stamens in 5 fan-shaped branches of 12; filaments fleshy; anthers with 2 orbicular cells. Disc corrugated fleshy 5-lobed. Pistillode, style cylindric. Stigma oblong, small. Female flowers and fruit un- known. Hab. Rare in hill jungle. Perak at Goping (Kunstler), 180 XVIII. GUTTIFERZ. [Garcima. (35) G. Prainiana King, l.c. 171. A stout cylindric tree about 30 ft. tall. Branchlets not angled. Leaves deep green coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, narrowed to the rounded or cordate base; nerves 12 to 15 pairs inarching near edge, rather prominent, 4°5 to g in. long, 1°75 to 4 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long, stout. Male flowers ‘4 in. across in dense 6- to 12- flowered terminal cymes. Bracts lanceolate keeled. Sepals 5 orbicular, fleshy. Petals 5 sub-orbicular pink. Stamens in a 5-lobed ring 2-celled. Pistillode globose. Fruit globose flat- topped fleshy yellow, 2 in. through. Stigma smooth concave, sessile. Seeds flat with sweet pulp. Hab. In Campongs and orchards. Perak, Kwala Dipang, Pahang, Temerloh and Pahang River. Native names: Cherapu; Chupu; Chekow; Menchepu. Use: Fruit eaten like mangosteens. Female flowers not seen. (36) G. pyrifera Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 141. A tree. Branchlets yellow angled. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, sub-acute shortly narrowed at the base; nerves very numerous horizontal, meeting in an intra-marginal nerve close to the edge, very fine, margin not thickened, 3°5 to 5°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles very stout wrinkled ‘5 in. long. Male flowers unknown. Females solitary, axillary, from tubercles covered with short ovate bracts. Fruit obovoid-pear-shaped, yellow, 2°5 to 3 in. through, on a 1°75-in. long peduncle. Sepals small ovate. Stigma small 5-lobed, lobes rounded. Seeds 2 or 3 reniform brown, I in. long, °25 in. wide. Hab. Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis 3094). Near but distinct from G, densiflora. 2. OCHROCARPUS, Thouars. Trees with stiff coriaceous leaves. Flowers in fascicles on the branches. Calyx closed before flowering opening into 2 sepals. Petals 4 to 7. Stamens indefinite; filaments filiform. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in a cell; style short stout. Stigma 3-lobed. Berry 1- to 4-seeded. Seeds large. Species 4 or 5, Africa, Madagascar, India, Siam. (x1) O. siamensis T. Anders. F.BI. i. 270. Leaves oblong-lanceolate shortly blunt-acuminate ; main nerves very inconspicuous, very finely and conspicuously reticulate all over, 7 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles thick yellow °75 in. long. Flowers 1 or 2 together °5 in. across, white fragrant. Berry fusi- form about 1 in. long narrowed to both ends with persistent cori- aceous sepals at base. Hab. Langkawi, Burau (Robinson). Dzstrib. Pegu and Siam. Calophyllum.] XVIII. GUTTIFERE. 181 3. CALOPHYLLUM, L. Trees, rarely shrubs, with opposite shining coriaceous leaves with innumerable very ‘slender parallel nerves at right angles to midrib. Flowers bisexual in axillary or terminal panicles white. Sepals and petals 4 to 12, or petals 0, imbricate in 2 or 3 series. Stamens indefinite ; filaments filiform. free or connate at base: anthers 2-celled, dehiscence vertical. Ovary I-celled ; style slender. Stigma small peltate; ovule 1 erect. Drupe with a thin fleshy pericarp. Seed ovoid or globose. About 35 species, chiefly tropical Asiatic, a few American. The generic Malay name for these trees is Bintangor, from Bintang, a star, in allusion to the bright flowers. The timber of all is highly valued in shipbuilding. Series A. No petals. Flowers axillary solitary or in pairs rarely in very short panicles, ey small. Leaves obovate (1) C. parvifolium Leaves lanceolate ; flowers in pairs F (2) C. lanceola Leaves lanceolate; flowers in panicles of 5 (3) C. rupicolum Flowers in axillary fascicles (4) C. Kunstleri Flowers in axillary racemes, quite glabrous. Leaves less than 5 in. long. Leaves ovate to ovate lanceolate ; oe twice as long as flowers . (5) C. pulecherrimum Leaves elliptic oblong ; pedicels as long as flowers E (6) €. Prainianum Leaves elliptic lanceolate ; racemes densely crowded ; pedicels not exceeding flowers (7) C. floribundum Buds, petioles, inflorescence pubescent. Bush. Leaves ovate or elliptic I to 1-5 in. fone. 5 : ; : B : (8) C. pisiferum Trees. Leaves obovate obtuse . (9) C. retusum Trees. Leaves elliptic (10) C. oblongifolium Leaves narrow oblong 3 in. long (11) C. ferrugineum Leaves more than 5 in. long. Leaves narrow elliptic 6 to 12 in. long (12) C. spectabile Midrib only pubescent. (13) C. Curtisii Whole leaf beneath tomentose (14) C. molle Flowers sub-panicled terminal . (15) C. canum Series B. Petals 4 ov more. Leaves elliptic thinly coriaceous : : (16) C, inophyllum Leaves obovate retuse thickly coriaceous . (17) C. inophylloide Leaves elliptic ovate small; petals 4 to6 . (18) C. venustum Leaves elliptic; flowers and fruit small; pews 4 (19) C. foetidum Leaves oblong sub-sessile ; : . (20) C. subsessile Leaves oblong petiolate. Inflorescence rufous tomentose (21) C. Wallichianum Inflorescence glabrous ; flowers +35 in. across ; fruit globose 1 in. through (22) C. Griffithii Flowers 1 in. across; fruit ellipsoid 5 in. long (23) C. macrocarpum Leaves sessile orbicular : (24) C. rotundifolium 182 XVIII. GUTTIFER&. (Calophylium. (x) C. parvifolium Vesque, DC. Monogr. 604. C. microphyllum T. Anders. in F.B.I.i. 272; King, l.c. 173 (not of Choisy). A shrub with angled branchlets. Leaves obovate cuneate or obovate obtuse much narrowed at base, *75 to I'5 in. long, °35 to ‘75 in. wide; petioles ‘1 to ‘2 in. long. Flowers solitary or in pairs axillary, very small. Sepals sub-orbicular. Petals 0. Fruit pea-shaped 25 in. long. Hab. Mountains, Johor, Gunong Pantai. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Griffith, Maingay). (2) C. lanceola Ridl. A small tree. Leaves lanceolate narrowed nearly equally to both ends, tip acuminate obtuse, base acuminate to petiole, 2 in. long, *75 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flowers axillary solitary or in pairs. Perianth unknown. Drupe small globose apiculate ‘25 in. long on slender peduncles °5 to *75 in. long. Hab. Kedah Peak, about 4000 ft. altitude (Ridley 5751). (3) C. rupicolum Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 278. A bush, 6 ft. tall. Branchlets 4-angled. Leaves narrow lanceo- late sub-acuminate, narrowed at base dark green, 2 to 2°5 in. long, *75 in. wide; petioles ‘12 in. long. Panicles short 5-flowered axillary *5 in. long. Flowers -12 in. across. Sepals 4 obovate oblong, tips rounded. Petals 0; filaments short flexuous. Drupe ‘25 in. long, elliptic orange. Seed oblong-elliptic hardly °25 in. long. Hab. Rocky river-banks. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley). (4) C. Kunstleri King, /.c. 174. A tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, 12 to18in. through. Branchlets 4-angled, glabrous except the buds; (branchlets, petioles and base of inflores- cence red pubescent. Leaves narrowly elliptic-oblong obtusely acuminate, base tapering; nerves very close, 3°5 to 5, in. long, 1°25 to I°4 in. wide; petioles -3 to ‘4 in. long. Flowers in solitary axillary fascicles from the axils of older or fallen leaves, 1°5 in. long, 1- to 6-flowered. Bracts at base of pedicels 4 ovate pubescent. Flower ‘25 in. across; pedicels unequal 1 in. long or less. Sepals 4, outer obovate oblong, inner oblong obtuse. Petals o. Drupe oblong-globose, glabrous °3 in. long. Hab. Pahang Kwantan. Perak, Ulu Kerling and Thaiping (Kunstler). Penang, Muka Head; Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). Native name : Buitangor Ara. (5) C. pulcherrimum Wail. Cat. 4848; Hook. fil. F.BI.i.271; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, pl. 104; Kung, l.c. 174. Glabrous tree 20 to 8o ft. tall, 15 to 20 in. through. Branchlets 4-angled. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate bluntly acumin- ate, base long narrowed, 1°75 to 2°5 in. long, ‘8 to 12 in. wide; petioles 3 in. long. Racemes solitary 1 to 2 in. long from axils of older leaves spreading 5- or 6-flowered. Flowers °25 in. across; pedicels °5 in. long. Sepals broadly ovate, inner slightly the larger. Petals o. Hab. Common in forests, Singapore (Wallich 4848) ; Changi. Malacca, Merlimau and Bukit Sabukor. Pahang, Rumpin A Plo ee ey 2 eC! CO reer ee eae ee er Calophylium.] XVIII. GUTTIFERZ. 183 River. Perak. Penang, Muka Head (Curtis); Moniot’s Road. Kedah, Sungei Batu Asap (Haniff). Dzstvib. Cambodia, Sumatra, Borneo. Native name: Bintangor Batu. C. mesuefolium Wallich, Cat. 4850, Singapore, is, I think, a scrap of a seedling of this plant. ‘ i aq = Se ie JES — | OE Q 43 = “WEY Wf, f fj SF, Ze Fic. 20.—Calophyllum pulcherrimum. (6) C. Prainianum King, l.c. 175; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 142, pl. 170. A glabrous tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, 10 to 15 in. through. Leaves elliptic-oblong, shortly bluntly acuminate, base narrowed acute, 3 to 3°5 in. long, I to 1°5 in. wide; nerves fine conspicuous parallel close; petioles -5 in. long. Racemes solitary axillary lax 2 in. long; pedicels -24 to ‘5 in. long slender. Flowers about 7, ‘25 in. across. Sepals 4, outer ones orbicular, inner ones larger thinner orbicular-oblong. Fruit spherical 1 in. diameter. Had. Forests, Singapore, Garden Jungle. Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler), Negri Sembilan, Pengkalan Kempas (Foxworthy). 184 XVIII. GUTTIFERZ. [Calophyilum. (7) C. floribundum Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 272; King, l.c. 175. Tree glabrous. Branchlets glaucous angled. Leaves elliptic- lanceolate bluntly acuminate, base narrowed acuminate; nerves very numerous and close, 1°24 to I'5 in. long, ‘5 to ‘6 in. wide; petioles *25 in. long. Racemes very numerous and short I in. long ; pedicels ‘r in. long or little longer. Flowers ‘25 in. across. Sepals outer broadly ovate, inner as long broadly obovate thinner. Stamens short. Fruit oblong globose ‘25 in. long. Hab. Singapore and Malacca (Maingay). Pahang, Betimbang Chini (Foxworthy). Native names: Bintangor Batu; Bintangor Che Relis. Perhaps a form only of C. pulcherrimum. (8) C. pisiferum Planch. Triana, Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, xiv. 266. A bush with dense branches. Branchlets angled with decurrent - ribs from the petioles, red hairy. Leaves ovate or elliptic obtuse, I to 1°5 in. long, *75 in. wide, base blunt or rounded; nerves close conspicuous on both surfaces, petioles ‘2 in. long hairy. Racemes numerous ‘5 in. long; peduncles hairy. Outer sepals orbicular ‘r in. long obtuse, inner ones longer thinner sub-spathulate blunt. Drupe globose, :25 in. long, creamy yellow. Hab. In swamps, Malacca (Griffith and Maingay). Dystrib. Cochin-China. Confused with the very distinct C. vetusum of Wallich by all botanists except Planchon. (9) C. retusum Wail. Cat. 4846. Tree. Branchlets, buds and peduncles densely hairy. Leaves obovate obtuse or retuse, base cuneate, 2°25 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; nerves very fine above, almost invisible beneath ; petioles °25 in. long. Racemes 6-flowered; peduncles hairy above glabrous 1 in. long; pedicels °25 in. long. Sepals orbicular coriaceous, ‘I in. long, inner ones thinner. Petals 0. Hab. Rare. Singapore (Wallich, Cantley). (10) C. oblongifolium Rid/. C. pulcherrimum vay. oblongi- folum. 1. Anders. in F BLA. 27x: A tree 50 to 60 ft. tall, 15 to 20 in. through. Buds and peduncles and petioles ferruginous-hairy. Leaves elliptic-oblong blunt, long narrowed to base, 2 to 3 in. long, “75 to I in. wide; nerves very fine and close; petioles °5 in. long. acemes axillary 1°5 to 2°5 in. long lax; peduncle hairy; pedicels *5 in. long. Flowers °5 in. across. Sepals oblong ovate, inner ones slightly larger. Petals o. Fruit oblong, rin. long. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Pahang, Sungei Mentiga, Chini (Foxworthy). Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler) Ulu Slim (Kunstler). Differs from C. pulcherrimum Wall. in its hairy buds, peduncles and petioles, and the form of the leaf, the much longer racemes and flowers, nearly twice as large, and the oblong pointed fruit. ) (11) C.ferrugineum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 17. A large tree about 80 or more ft. tall. Branchlets 4-angled. Calophyllum.] XVIII. GUTTIFERAE. 185 Leaves elliptic oblong coriaceous, tip round retuse, glabrous except the midrib red tomentose beneath, 3 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles *5in. long. Racemes spreading axillary 2°5 to 3 in. long. Flowers 8, glabrous; peduncle 1 in. long red-tomentose; pedicels *5 in. long or less. Flowers’25 in. across. Sepals 4, outer ones ovate smaller, inner sub-orbicular. Petals 0. Drupe obovoid narrowed at top glabrous, rin.long. Hab. Forests,rare. Singapore, Garden Jungle (Ridley). (12) C. spectabile Willd. Mag. Berl. 1811, p. 80; T. Anders. foBI.1. 271; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, pl. 107; King, l.c. 175. -C. tetrapetalum Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 608; Wail. Cat. 4843 (Penang). A very lofty tree, 30 to Ioo ft. tall, glabrous except the buds and young parts, which are rufous-pubescent. Leaves oblong obtuse or sub-acute, base narrowed; nerves very numerous, 6 to 12 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles °5 to °75 in. long. Inflorescence axillary umbelliform; racemes ‘2 in. long. Outer sepals orbicular-boat-shaped, inner ones thinner obovate. Petals o. Drupe spherical °75 in. through. Hab. Common in forests. Singa- pore, Malacca. Penang (Wall. 4843), Pahang on Gunong Tahan; Kwantan (Foxworthy). Dzstrib. Malay islands and Cochin-China. (13) C. Curtisii King, l.c. 176. Asmalltree. Young branches, petioles and inflorescence rufous- pubescent. Leaves narrowly elliptic blunt or retuse, base narrowed ; nerves very fine and close, midrib pubescent, 2 to 2°75 in. long, I to 1°4 in. wide; petioles ‘4 in. long. Racemes solitary or in pairs, axillary umbellate dense 3- to 5-flowered,°75 in. long. Bracts at base boat-shaped ferrugineous. Flowers °25 in. across; pedicels ‘2 in. long, lengthening in fruit to ‘5 in. long. Sepals 4, outer oblong sub-obovate rufous-tomentose, inner smaller oblong, sub- glabrous. Petals 0. Fruit ovoid. Hab. Rare. Penang Hill at 500 ft. altitude (Curtis). (14) C. molle King, l.c. 177. A tree 40 to 80 ft. tall. Young shoots, buds, under-surface of leaves and fruit softly tomentose. Leaves narrow oblong gradually - narrowed above to the blunt tip, base rounded or slightly narrowed, above glabrous except midrib, beneath tomentose, 5 to 8 in. long, I'25 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘4 to -6 in. long. Racemes solitary axillary, I in. long, 1- or 2-flowered densely tomentose. Sepals 4 rounded-oblong tomentose. Petals 0. Fruit globular, 1 in. long. ‘Hab. Not common, woods at 1500 to 2000 ft. altitude. Perak, Thaiping 300 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler); Tapa Road (Fox- worthy). Penang, back of Western Hill and Moniot’s Road (Curtis). Disirib. Sumatra. (15) C. canum Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 271; King, l.c. 177. Tree 40 to 8o ft. tall, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves natrow elliptic oblong, bluntly short acuminate, base acute; midrib stout; nerves very fine, 5 to 7 in. long, 1°75 to 2:25 in. wide; 186 XVIII. GUTTIFERZ. [(Calophyllum. petioles *5 to ‘75 in. long. Flowers in terminal pubescent panicles I'5 to 6 in. long, or in axillary racemes, *75 in. across, on pedicels "15 in. long. Sepals orbicular, puberulous outside, inner larger and thinner. Petals 0. Fruit ovoid smooth °75 in. long. Hab. Forests, Singapore, Bukit Mandai. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca (Maingay). Negri Sembilan, Senawang Reserve (Long). Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis). (16) C. inophyllum Linn. Sp. Pl. 732; Wight. Ill. 128; Ic. 77; Hook. fil. F BI. 1. 273; King, lc. 178. A glabrous tree 60 to 80 ft. tall. Main stem short and very stout. Leaves elliptic or obovate-oblong, tip rounded or emar- ginate, base acute, deep shining green, 4 to 6 in. long, 2°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles "75 in. long. RRacemes very many in upper axils, 4- to 6-flowered. Flowers *75 in. wide; pedicels slender, I to 1°75 in. long. Sepals 4, inner pair petaloid. Petals 4 longer; filaments 4-delphous. Ovary stipitate. Fruit globular green I in. through. Hab. Seashores in sandy places common, also often planted. Singapore, Pahang. Malacca, Perak, Penang. Dzvsérib. Seashores of Africa, S. India, Ceylon, Malaya, Australia and Poly- nesia. Native names: Bintangor Bunga; Penaga Laut; Pudik. Use: In shipbuilding for knees of boats. (17) C. inophylloide King, l.c. 178. A glabrous tree, except buds and young pedicels hairy, 60 to 8o ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Leaves thickly coriaceous obovate or obovate oblong, tip retuse or emarginate, edges thickened, narrowed to cuneate base; midrib stout, 3°25 to 4°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles ‘6 to I in. long. Racemes from upper axils, 2 to 3 in. long, few-flowered. Flowers ‘75 in. across. Sepals outer rounded, inner larger petaloid. Petals 4 narrower. Fruit ovoid *75 in. long. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle and. Changi. Perak, Tapa (Burn-Murdoch). Batang Padang district (Kunstler). : (18) C. venustum King, l.c. 180. A small tree rising to 30 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves elliptic- ovate retuse, base cuneate; nerves rather distant, 1°75 to 3 in. long, I to 1°5 in. wide; petioles 3 to ‘4 in. long. Racemes solitary axillary 2°5 in. long, 3- to 5-flowered, spreading. Flowers °5 in. across, on pedicels -75 in. long. Sepals 4 orbicular. Petals 4 to 6 narrower, oblong blunt. Hab. Mountains. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Robinson) at 5000 ft. altitude. Perak, Batang Padang district (Kunstler). (19) C. foetidum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 18. A straight tree about 80 ft. tall and 8 in. through. Leaves elliptic narrowed at base and shortly narrowed to blunt tip, 1°5 to 3°5 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long. Flowers in lax axillary 8-flowered racemes 3 in. long. Flowers *25 in. across foetid; pedicels slender *5 in. long. Bracts very small ovate. Th Diath het tee ’ Sy Calophyllum.] XVIII. GUTTIFERAE. 187 Sepals 4 ovate-lanceolate. Petals 4 obovate-sub-spathulate. Fruit small elliptic :25 in. long. Hab. In forests, Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca, Bukit Bruang (Derry). (20) C. subsessile King, Ann. Bot, Gard. Calc. v. (2), 142, ogee p A glabrous tree 60 to 80 ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Branchlets 4-angled. Leaves elliptic-oblong, tip obtuse or emarginate, base cordate, 3°5 to 6 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles very short and thick ‘r in. long. Racemes solitary axillary few-flowered 3°25 in. long. Flowers °5 in. across on pedicels *25 to °5 in. long. Sepals rounded orbicular. Petals ovate blunt little longer. Fruit globose I in. through, minutely pubescent. Hab. Rare in low wet ground in dense jungle, Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler). (21) C. Wallichianum Planch. and Triana, l.c. 249; Hook. fil. Bed. 1.273; King, l.c..179. A tall tree. Branchlets yellowish 4-angled and with buds, under-surface of young leaves and inflorescence minutely red- tomentose. Leaves narrowly elliptic-oblong, tip blunt acuminate, base acute; midrib slender, 4°5 to 6 in. long, I'5 in. wide; petioles ‘75 in. long rufous. Racemes axillary and terminal, long red- tomentose. Flowers ‘5 in. across; pedicels ‘2 in. long. Sepals 4 orbicular red-tomentose on both sides. Petals 4 cuneate oblong. Fruit 1 in. through globose. Hab. Common in forests, Singapore, Bukit Timah. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Pahang, Rumpin River (Fox- worthy). Malacca, Ayer Panas (Griffith). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Angsi (Kinsey). Penang (Curtis). Native names: Bintangor Merah; Penaga Ayer. (22) C. Griffithii T. Anders. F.BI. i. 273; King, l.c. 179. A fine tall tree, glabrous. Branchlets quadrangular. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong acute or blunt, base cuneate, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘4 to 6 in. long. Racemes solitary axillary 1°5 to 2°5 in. long. Flowers about 7, °35 in. across; pedicels -2 to ‘5 in. long. Sepals 4, outer ones orbicular, inner ones longer and narrower. Petals 4 oblong obtuse. Fruit globose Iin. through. Hab. Onriver-banks in thesouth, not very common, Singapore, Sungei Morai. Johor, Bukit Tana Abang (Kelsall). Malacca, Ching (Griffith). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis). (23) C. macrocarpum Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 273; King, l.c. 179. A tallstraight tree with pendulous branches. Branchlets 4-angled. Leaves narrow oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate bluntly short-acuminate, base narrowed, 5 to 10 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles 1 to 1°25 in. long. Racemes axillary solitary ‘2 in. long, 6- to 1o-flowered. Flowers 1 in. across; pedicels I to 1°25 in. long. Sepals 4, outer ones puberulous outside, inner ones larger oblong petaloid. Petals smaller oblanceolate clawed. Drupe ellipsoid 5 in. long, 3 in. through, dark green. Seed ellipsoid 2 in. long, 1°5 in. through. Hab. Overhanging streams and near the sea, not common, Singa- 188 XVIII. GUTTIFERE. [Calophyllum. pore. Changi. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Malacca. Perak, banks of Bernam River (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Borneo. Native name: Bih- tangor Rimbah. Remarkable for its very large fruit. (24) C. rotundifolium Ridl. Journ. Fed. Mal. States Mus. v. 29. Shrub. Leaves crowded rigidly coriaceous sessile broadly elliptic to orbicular, retuse, base cordate, 2 to 2°5 in. long and as wide. Flowers I or 2 terminal on peduncles °4 in. long. Sepals, outer ones coriaceous orbicular *2 in. long, inner ones oblanceolate obtuse much smaller. Petals obovate clawed, rounded °4 in. long. Fruit unknown. Hab. Mountains at 5000 ft. altitude. Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). DOUBTFUL SPECIES C. marginatum Wall. Cat. 4845. Penang Hill (Porter). Portions of a seedling of some Calo- bhyllum with curious bivalve bud-galls. Quite common in Singa- pore, Penang, etc., but what it eventually becomes I do not know. C. neriifolium Rrdl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 170. Tree. Buds scurfy. Leaves stiff narrow linear-lanceolate blunt, base cuneate, midrib raised on both sides, edge thickened, 3°5 in. long, *5 in. wide; petioles -15 in. long. Fruit oblong globose ‘6 in. long; pedicels °6 in. long apparently solitary axillary. Hab. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Ridley). Perhaps near C. spectabile, but leaves very narrow. I could not get flowers. 4. KAYEA, Wall. Trees or shrubs never large, hardly resinous except the fruit. Leaves opposite more or less coriaceous; nerves few distant. Flowers white or pink bisexual, large and solitary or smaller and collected in terminal panicles. Sepals and petals 4 each, imbricate. Stamens numerous free or connate at base; anthers 2-celled. Ovary I-ceiled; style slender. Stigma 4-fid. Fruit sub-drupaceous dry. Seeds thick. Species 12 or more, tropical Asia. Flowers in panicles terminal . ( Flowers racemose, 1°5 in. across ( Flowers °5 in. across. Leaves broad strongly nerved . - : ; ( Leaves smaller, nerves inconspicuous ( Flowers cymose terminal. Leaves 9 to 18 in. by 3 to 4 in., nerves are flowers 1°25 in. across . : (5) K. grandis Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, nerves strong ; flowers 1° 75 in, wide . : 3 : : : A . (6) K. nervosa racemosa ferruginea TT ae ee urn" A OL IAI OG WIR TNS Kayea.| XVIII. GUTTIFERE. 189 Flowers 1 to 3 terminal and axillary, I in. across; fruit ovoid beaked; pedicel of flowers *75 in. long . : F ; ; 4 F . (7) K. Kunstleri Fruit conic beaked; flowers sub-sessile . (8) K. rivulorum Flowers fascicled terminal ‘1 in. across; pedicel "15 in. long , ‘ : ‘ : - (9) K. parviflora Flowers always solitary very small; leaves 2 to 3°5 in. long; leaves obovate cuspidate . (10) K. caudata Leaves lanceolate acuminate ; ‘ : . (r1) K. elegans (x1) K. rosea Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 22. A mediumi-sized tree. Leaves in distant pairs elliptic cuspidate tip acute, base blunt or shortly narrowed, coriaceous glabrous; nerves 20 to 25 raised beneath, 8 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles "25 to ‘5 in. long, thick. Panicles terminal 1 or 2, 3 in. long. Branches short. Flowers rosy white on pedicels °5 in. long. Sepals, orbicular 25 in. long. Petals ovate longer. Stamens short. Hab. Mountain forests by streams rare. Johore. By streams on Gunong Pantai (Ridley). (2) K. Wrayi King, l.c. 181. A small glabrous tree with thick often whorled branches. Leaves very thickly coriaceous broadly elliptic obtuse or shortly acuminate; nerves prominent beneath only 15 pairs, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles thick -4 in. long. Racemes axillary or terminal 2 to 3 in. long stout, 3- to 5-flowered. Flowers white r to 1°25 in. across; pedicels ‘5 to 1°25 in. long. Sepals orbicular nearly equal, inner pair thinner. Petals much larger broad obovate or orbicular clawed. Stamens much shorter. Hab. Mountain forests. Rare. Perak, Gunong Berumbun at 7000 ft. altitude (Wray). (3) K. racemosa Planch. and Triana, l.c. 269; King, l.c. 181; Poon fil. FBI. 1. 276. A glabrous tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous elliptic- oblong with a short blunt point, base cuneate; nerves 18 to 25 pairs elevate beneath, 6 to 9g in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles “75 in. long. Racemes short *5 in. long few-flowered crowded into heads, terminal or axillary. Flowers *5 in. across. Sepals rounded. Petals thin longer. Stamens numerous short. Hab. Hill forests. Penang (Curtis, Maingay). Perak, no locality (Scortechini). (4) K. ferruginea Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, pl. 99; Ridl. Journ. Roy As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 21. K. Manii King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 144, pl. 174A. A fairly large straggling tree. Leaves coriaceous stiff lanceolate -caudate-acuminate, 3 to 9 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; nerves very fine 10 to 12 pairs, reticulations fine, visible beneath; petioles "25 to *5 in. long. Racemes I or more, axillary or extra-axillary. Flowers 2 or 3; °5 in. across; pedicels thick 5 in. long or less. Sepals orbicular. Petals broadly ovate slightly smaller. Stamens much longer. Fruit 1 in. through, enlarged sepals leathery, scurfy 190 XVIII. GUTTIFER#. [Kayea. outside, polished inside. Hab. Overhanging streams and rivers in forests. Singapore (Wallich 4836, Meswa Singaporiana). Johor, Kota Tinggi; Kwala Sembrong. Pahang near Pekan. Dindings. Disivib. Andamans. Native name: Buah Sembawang. (5) K. grandis King, l.c. 182; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. 143, I Bee : A tree 40 to 8o ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous oblong to elliptic- oblong sub-acute narrowed at base; nerves 20 to 25 pairs promi- nent, 9 to 18 in. long, 3 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles °4 to °75 in. long. Flowers crowded in axillary cymes 6 or more together 1°25 in. across, white ;} pedicels stout *5 in. long. Sepals pale green round, inner ones thinner than outer ones. Petals elliptic-oblong longer. Fruit turbinate 2 to 2°5 in. through, completely enveloped by the thickened sepals. Hab. Not rare in forests. Pahang, Sungei Chenei (Fox). Malacca (Maingay); Nyalas; Selandor. Negri Sembilan, Gunong Berumbun (Cantley). Perak, Gunong Bubu, and Thaiping Hills at 500 to 1000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Dindings, Lumut; Telok Sera. Native names; Chindarahan Gajah; Bunuai. Use: For timber, wood heavy, sinks in water, dark coloured, squares from 5 to 8 in. (Cantley). (6) K. nervosa T. Anders. in Hook. fil. F.BI, 1. 277; King, l.c. 183 in part. Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall and 10 to 15 ft. through. Branchlets hairy scabrid. Leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic obtuse or shortly acumin- ate, base rounded, 3 to 5°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; nerves 12 pairs, elevate beneath, secondaries nearly as much so; _petioles ‘I in. long hairy. Flowers solitary terminal or several axillary, white, I°5 in. across, on peduncles ‘1 in. long. Bracts at base lanceolate acuminate. Sepals unequal, outer ones orbicular, inner ones oblong obtuse twice as big. Petals thin oblong-obovate. Fruit sub-globular beaked leathery, °75 in. through. Hab. Rare in dense jungle in low wet ground. Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler). Distrib. Burma. The Malacca (Maingay) specimens quoted by King as this species are, I think, K. vivuloyum. (7) K. Kunstleri King, l.c. 182; Ann. Bot. Gard Calc., v. (2), 143, pl. 173. K. Curtisii King, l.c. 144, pl. 174B. A large shrub or small tree up to 50 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous in distant pairs elliptic-lanceolate acutely long-acuminate mucronulate, base long narrowed, 4 to 6 in. long, I to 2°25 in, wide; nerves 20 to 24 pairs prominent; petioles ‘25 to ‘4 in. long. Flowers solitary axillary or several together, also terminal, white I'75 in. across; pedicels *75 in. long with several lanceolate sub- ulate bracts at the base. Sepals unequal. Petals oblong acumi- nate ‘5 in. long. Fruit ovoid apiculate to conic-beaked 1°5 in. i i a ee eee ee # Kayea.| XVIII. GUTTIFERA. Tot long. Hab. Forests low down local. Selangor, Sungei Buluh (Foxworthy). Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler). Dindings. Penang, common (Curtis). Native name: Serendah. King separates the shrubby plant of Penang Hill in part from his Kk. Kunstleri, but retains the specimens (1418 Curtis), obviously the same plant, under / Se Be a 2 eee ers CEN Yee nf hele Anneslea. | XIX. TERNSTREMIACES. 193 Peduncles 1-flowered. Fruit half inferior, drupaceous . 1. ANNESLEA Fruit superior ; anthers basifixed ; flowers bisexual. Fruit drupaceous . 2. ADINANDRA Flowers large, long- pedicelled ; “fruit large” . 3. TERNSTR@MIA Flowers small, short-pedicelled; fruit very small. 4. EuRYA Anthers versatile; peduncle 1-flowered. Fruit large, indehiscent 5. PYRENARIA Fruit dehiscent, globose; seed winged 6. SCHIMA Fruit dehiscent, oblong; seed winged 7. GORDONIA Fruit small, dehiscent ; flowers small 8. PENTAPHYLAX Peduncles many-flowered. Climber; flowersunisexual . g. ACTINIDIA Trees (or shrubs) ; flowers bisexual lateral cymose, baccate ; Io. SAURAUJA Flowers in terminal crowded panicles ; "capsule de- hiscing from base ; : ; 5 . 1. ARCHYTZA 1. ANNESLEA, Wall. Glabrous trees or shrubs. Flowers in terminal corymbs, large, white. Sepals 5, lower part fleshy, connate and adherent to ovary. Petals 5 connate by bases. Stamens numerous, filaments short, inserted on a torus; anthers elongate 2-celled with a long apiculus. Ovary half immersed in torus, 3-celled; style cylindric trifid; ovules many. Fruit a berry crowned by sepals. Seed oblong flattened, testa hard. Species 2, Burma and Cambodia and Malay Peninsula. (1) A. crassipes "Hook. fil. in Choisy, Mem. Ternst. 41 ;. Dyer, im Hook. fil. F.BJI.i. 280; King, l.c. 187. A stout shrub or small tree. Leaves coriaceous obovate or oblanceolate with a blunt point or oblong-lanceolate acute, base narrowed; nerves 6 to 8 pairs very inconspicuous, margin often crenulate, midrib prominent, 2°5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘6 to r in. long. Flowers 1 to 1°25 in. across in corymbs of 3 to 6; pedicels ‘5 to 1°25 in. long recurved thick. Free part of sepals yellow or red, ‘65 in. long. Petals smaller acute white. Stamens about 30. Fruit ovoid 1 to 1°5 in. long bearing the much enlarged sepals near the top. Hab. Mountains in open spots and woods at from 3000 to 7000 ft. altitude. Malacca, Mt. Ophir. Pahang, Gunong Tahan. Perak, Gunong Inas (Yapp) ; Gunong Batu Putih (Wray); Gunong Kerbau (Haniff); Gunong Bintang, Kedah boundary (Kloss). Dzstvib. Cochin-China. The var. obovata King, l.c. is not worth keeping up. 2. ADINANDRA, Jack. Trees, of medium size. Leaves coriaceous. Peduncles solitary axillary recurved bibracteate at the apex. Flowers white. Sepals 5 orbicular coriaceous usually slightly unequal often silky outside. Petals 5 connate at the base. Stamens many often I- to 4- delphous, inner ones smaller; anther-cells narrow, connective prolonged to a point usually silky. Ovary 3- to 5- -celled ; style elongating a F1.M.P.,1. 194 XIX, TERNSTREMIACEZ. [Adinandra. or shortly 3- to 5-fid; ovules many in each cell. Truit globose green or brown, subtended by the calyx and crowned by the style. Seeds many, small. Species about 20, chiefly Malayan, a few Indian, and 1 African. Whole plant glabrous except the stamens. Flowers hardly expand. Nerves invisible Nerves conspicuous 9 to I1 pairs Glabrous except the buds silky; branchlets angled ; leaves large 4 dumosa . acuminata . angulata Leaves and buds glabrous; ‘sepals silky. Buds glabrous; nerves 6 to 8 pairs ( ( ( ; Fe . parvifolia Buds silky; nerves 15 to 20 pairs : é woul ( ( ( ( A A A A A. macrantha Leaves pubescent beneath. Petals glabrous ovate acute A Petals glabrous oblong blunt ; : : A Petals silky; branchlets pilose; nerves 7 to 9 pare A. villosa Branchlets pilose; nerves Io to 14 pairs A. integerrima (xr) A. dumosa Jack, in Mal. Misc. ii. No. 7, p. 50; Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.BI.1. 282; Kine, t.c. 188. A small tree about 20 ft. tall and 6 in. through glabrous. Leaves coriaceous oblong-lanceolate to elliptic usually shortly blunt acuminate, base narrowed, edge entire or obscurely serrulate ; nerves invisible, 2 to 4 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘r to ‘2 in. long. Flowers pendulous on peduncles ‘4 to °75 in. long. Bracts 2 ovate close to calyx. Sepals rounded ovate blunt. Petals longer oblong-lanceolate connivent, white apiculate. Stamens 30; filaments united at base, pilose; anther-connective pilose. Fruit ‘4 to ‘5 in. through baccate green. Hab. In secondary jungle, in open country extremely: common all over the peninsula. The flower is fertilised by the bee Xylocopa, and the fruit dispersed by bats. Dzustvib. Malay islands. Native names: Tiup-Tiup; Medang Petutu; Kayu Gula (Penang). (2) A. acuminata Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 109; Dyer, in Hook. fil. FBI. 1.282; Kang, lc. 188: Tree 20 to 60 ft. tall. Stem 8to12in. through, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base acute, dark glossy green; nerves g to II pairs, inarching twice within the edge, 3°5 to 6 in. long, 1 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Flowers white ‘9g in. across, on peduncles °75 to’1 in. long, warty after flowering. Bracts lanceolate. Sepals coriaceous, 2 outer ones small ovate, 2 inner ones larger round, edges serrulate. Petals larger round connivent. Stamens about 40; filaments pilose. Ovary pubescent. Fruit 5 to °75 in. long, glabrous when ripe. Seeds oval flat. Hab. Common in woods from the low country to about 2000 ft. altitude. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Johor, near Castlewood; Ulu Batu Pahat (Kelsall). Perak, Maxwell’s Hill, Thaiping Hills. Penang, Government Hill (Curtis). Dzsivib. Sumatra. Native name: Mongol. - maculosa . Hullettii Adinandra.] XIX. TERNSTREMIACES. 195 (3) A. angulata Rid!. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 304. A big tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Branchlets flattened angled. Buds sparingly silky. Leaves elliptic obtusely acuminate stiffly cori- aceous, 4 to 7 in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide; nerves 20 pairs conspicuous ; petioles thick °5 in. long. Flower-bud conical ‘5 in. long. Sepals ovate glabrous round-tipped °25 in. long. Petals lanceolate fleshy. Stamens ‘25 in. long; filaments nearly glabrous; anthers silky. Ovary glabrous. Fruit globose 3 in. long, dilated upwards. Hab. Pahang woods of the Teku river on Gunong Tahan, at 4600 to 5500 ft. altitude (Robinson, Ridley). (4) A. parvifolia Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 23. A. montana Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 44. A fairly large glabrous tree 30 to 40 ft. tall. Leaves ovate narrowed at the base or obovate blunt, base sub-acute, margins entire or slightly glandular-serrate coriaceous; nerves fine 6 to 8 pairs rather faint, with reticulations somewhat conspicuous, inarching within the margin, black glandular dotted on the back, I°5 to 2°75 in. long, °5 to 1°5 in. across; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flower I in. across; peduncles °5 in. long glabrous. Bracts small ovate close to flower. Sepals orbicular minutely pustular coriaceous silky, eventually glabrescent, *5 in. long. Petals expanded much longer oblong glabrous except for a silky line running up to the tip. Anthers silky on back and tip. Pistil glabrous. Hab. Mountains at altitudes of 5000 to 6000 ft. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Robinson) at 5500 ft. altitude. Perak, Thaiping Hills at the top near the cottage at 5000 ft. altitude (Ridley); Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). The flowers very large and wide-expanded for the genus. (5) A. macrantha Teysm. and Binn. Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. geev. 421; King, l.c. ror. Tree 20 to 80 ft. tall, 1°5 to 2 ft. through. Buds silky. Leaves thinly coriaceous elliptic-oblong, tip rounded or with short blunt point, base narrowed, glabrous drying greenish yellow; nerves 15 to 20 pairs doubly inarching fine but conspicuous, 5 to 7 in. long, 2 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles *25 in. long, stout winged to base. Flowers 1°4 in. across on peduncles 1 to 1°25 in. long. Sepals sub-equal round, inner ones a little wider, edges ciliolate. Petals larger round. Stamens 40 to 50 silky. Ovary smooth. Fruit globose °75 in. through, glabrous. Seeds few large reniform. Hab. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Selangor, Langat River. Pahang River; Bentong (Foxworthy). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Dzsirib. Sumatra, Java. Native name: Kelat Pamah. é 6) A. maculosa T. Anders. in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 282; King, .c. 189. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves coriaceous glabrous above, often puberulous beneath, elliptic to oval-oblong abruptly blunt acuminate entire, base acute; nerves 8 to I0 pairs indistinct, 3°5 to 5°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles °25 196 XIX. TERNSTREMIACE#. [Adinandra. to ‘4in.long. Flowers *75 in. across ; peduncle *25 in. long pubescent. Bracts round close to calyx. Sepals 2 inner smaller round to broad ovate thick pubescent. Petals ovate acute glabrous. Stamens 30; filaments glabrous. Fruit globular 4-celled pubescent, at length glabrous. Hab. Mountain woods. Perak, Thaiping 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang (Porter); Telok Bahang. Native name: Gula Merah. (7) A. Hullettii King, l.c. 191. A tree about 4o ft. tall. Branchlets tomentose. Leave cori- aceous elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate, base acute, edges denticu- late, glabrous above, tomentose beneath; midrib prominent; nerves IO pairs, 3°5 to 5°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long tomentose. Sepals outer ones larger round tomentose, inner ones smaller ovate, centre of backs tomentose only. Petals longer oblong blunt glabrous. Stamens 40 to 50; anthers pubescent. Berry silky globose small. Hab. Woods in the south of the penin- sula. ‘Singapore, Garden Jungle (Hullett); Selitar. Johor, Sedenah (Ridley). (8) A. villosa Choisy, Mem. Ternsir. 24; Dyer, in Hook. fil. FoBA . 4, 283 ; “King, 1c. 1090. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Branchlets pilose. Leaves coriaceous oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, shortly acuminate entire or faintly crenulate, base rounded, glabrous above except midrib sparsely or rather thickly pubescent, hairy beneath; nerves 7 to g pairs, inarching within the edge, 4 to 5°5 in. long, 1°5 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long pilose. Flowers *75 in. long; peduncle pilose ‘4 in. to nearly 1 in. long. Bracts ovate, in middle of peduncles. Sepals sub-equal round fleshy pilose outside. Petals ovate, silky outside, edges glabrous. Ovary silky, 5-celled. Fruit ‘5 in. through silky. Hab. Mountain woods 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude Selangor, Sempang mines. Perak, Thaiping Hills, and Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). Dzsirib. Tavoy. (9) A.integerrima T. Anders. in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 282; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 125. A small tree. Leaves sub-coriaceous ovate or ovate-oblong shortly acuminate, base rounded or acute, edge minutely serrulate above glabrous, below sparsely pubescent, with many black glandular dots; nerves 10 to 14 pairs inarching within the margin, elevate on both sides, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1°4 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles -2 to ‘25 in. long. Flowers °6 in. across on short °25 in. strigose or hairy peduncles. Bracts ovate acute close to calyx. Sepals broadly ovate acute, outer 2 larger thick, serrulate, silky outside. Petals smaller ovate acute connivent glabrous except for a silky patch on back. Stamens 30; filaments glabrous. Fruit appressed pubescent ‘7 in. through. Hab. Penang (Wallich). Perak, Waterloo (Curtis). Lankawi at Kwah. Dzystvib. Cambodia. Ternstreemia.] XIX. TERNSTREMIACES. 197 3. TERNSTREMIA, L. Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous entire or crenate serrate; peduncles solitary axillary in the axils of leaves, or of minute bracts, or fascicled. Flowers usually unisexual white or yellow. Sepals 5 umbricate. Petals 5 connate at the base. Stamens many adherent to corolla-base; anthers glabrous. Ovary 2- or 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; style simpleoro. Stigma 2- or 3-lobed. Fruit baccate. Seeds few large. Tropical Asia and America, about 300 species. Flowers about 1 in. across. Leaves very thick; nerves almost or quite invisible. Fruit 1°25 in. long; seeds I or2. : . (rt) T. bancana Fruits *75 in. long; seeds 4 (2) T. penangiana Leaves oblanceolate thinner; nerves visible; fruit very large Flowers under I in. across. (3) T. Wallichiana Leaves 4°5 in. long;.peduncles °5 in. long . ~ (4) T. Scortechinii (5) ) 3 Leaves 3 in. long; flowers small; peduncles ‘15 in. long cas ; E Leaves 3 in. long, obovate ——— ¥s Leaves 3 in. long oblanceolate : : 5) T. Maclellandiana (6) T. montana (1) T. bancana Mig. Fl. Ind. Bot. Supp. 477. Adinandra Miquelii King, l.c. 192. Tree 30 ft. or more tall. Bark pale. Leaves thickly coriaceous oblanceolate-obovate or elliptic obtuse, with a short abruptly blunt point, narrowed at base to petiole, entire; nerves invisible when alive, inconspicuous 5 to 7 pairs when dry, 4 to 6 in. long, I°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘6 to °75 in. long, thick. Flowers about °75 in. across, white scattered about below the upper leaves axillary and extra-axillary; peduncles °75 to 1 in. long. Sepals coriaceous rounded, outer ones larger than inner. Petals larger round clawed. Stamens pubescent. Ovary globose. Stigma bifid. Fruit sub-drupaceous ovate-oblong 1°25 in. long, strawberry coloured. Seeds 1 or 2 oblong brilliant red, *75 in. long. Hab. Usually near the sea, occasionally in land. Singapore, Selitar ; top of Bukit Timah Hill; Johor, Tana Merah. Dindings, Lumut; Bruas and Pangkor. Pahang, Rumpin River (Evans). Dzvsirib. Banca. Native names: Kwak; Tengah Hutan; Medang Pergam. The Singapore plant has short thick rounded leaves obovate. The Dindings ones are oblanceolate with more conspicuous nerves, like the Banca one, (2) T. penangiana Choisy, Mem. Ternsir. 30; King, l.c. 193. Tree. Leaves thick coriaceous obovate blunt, base narrowed ; nerves 5 to g pairs inconspicuous, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long. Flowers unisexual solitary axillary ; peduncles 1°5 in. long. Sepals round. Petals larger cream colour. Stamens numerous in males, none in females. Stigmas 2, 6- to 198 _XIX. TERNSTREMIACES. [Ternstremia. 8-lobed. Fruit globular ovoid °75 in. long. Seeds 4 oblong. Hab. Penang Hill (Wallich, Curtis), at 3000 ft. altitude. (3) T. Wallichiana Rid/. T. penangiana Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.BAJ. i. 281; Pierre Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 123; King, te 7ag3; not of Choisy. Erythrochiton Wallichianum Griff. Notule@, iv. 565, ¢. 585A, fig. 7. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblanceolate sub-acute, base narrowed; nerves 5 to 7 pairs invisible in life, 3°5 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles °6 to °75 in. long. Flowers unisexual °8 to 1°25 in. across, cream colour solitary axil- lary; pedicels °75 in. long. Sepals round. Petals larger with a broad claw, edges denticulate. Stamens very numerous (reduced to filaments in the female). Stigmas 2 large reniform. Berry oblong to globular 1 to 1°5 in. long with sepals at base thickened. Seeds 4 oblong. Hab. Near the sea, Singapore, Changi; Pulau Tekong. Pahang, river mouth; Kwantan (Foxworthy). Tringganu (Ridley). _ Penang Hill (Wallich 4456, Curtis), at 2500 ft. altitude. Distrib. Andamans and Nicobars, Cambodia, Siam. Native name : Medang Bunga Lawang. (4) T. Scertechinii King, /.c. 193; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 145, pl. 175. Tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous whorled oblanceolate, - tip shortly bluntly acuminate, narrowed to base entire; nerves invisible, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles °4 to ‘5 in. long. Flowers unisexual waxy yellow, ‘6 to °7 in. across, axillary solitary or fascicled; peduncles 1 to 1°5 in. long. Sepals sub-equal round. Petals much larger orbicular to reniform clawed. Anthers sub- sessile. Female flowers with fewer stamens. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled. Stigmas 2, flat, each divided into 3 or 4 lobes with thick wrinkled edges. Fruit ovoid °75 in. long and ‘2 in. through black. Seeds 2 horseshoe-shaped. Hab. Not common in mountain forests. Perak, Thaiping Hills at 300 to 500 ft. altitude (Kunstler, Scor- techini); Gunong Berumbun (Ridley), 6000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Kluang Terbang (Barnes). (5) T. Maclellandiana Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 140. Small tree 20 ft. tall. Leaves thickly coriaceous obovate obtuse ; nerves 3 pairs hardly visible, 3°5 to 5 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles stout ‘25 in. long. Flowers 1°5 in. across white; peduncles *5 in. long solitary axillary. Sepals short rounded. Petals twice as long, base oblong, above obovate-rounded denticulate. Stamens sub-sessile; anthers longer than filaments. Hab. Pahang, Gunong Tahan on the Padang at 5500 to 6000 ft. altitude (Robinson and Ridley). (6), T. montana Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 141. Branches stout. Leaves thick coriaceous oblanceolate blunt long narrowed to the petiole; nerves above invisible, beneath often distinct, 3 or 4 pairs inarching some way from the edge, Ternstremia.] XIX. TERNSTREMIACES. 199 2°5 to 3 in. long, 1 to 1°25 in. wide; petioles -25 to ‘5 in. long. Flowers in the upper axils of the leaves or below the leaves. Pedicels short and thick ‘20 in. long. Flowers over % in. across glabrous. Sepals sub-equal round coriaceous. Petals coriaceous round denticulate. Stamens glabrous; anthers linear-oblong, longer than the filament. Hab. Perak, Gunong Kerbau at 4500 ft. altitude (Robinson). 4. EURYA, Thunb. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves narrow usually crenate serrate. Flowers small, unisexual, sessile or sub-sessile, in axillary fascicles. Sepals 5. Petals 5 connate at base. Stamens 15 or less. Ovary 3, rarely 2-celled; styles 3, free or united; ovules many in the inner angles of the cells. Fruit baccate small. Distrib. Indo- Malaya. Polynesia. Fruit glabrous. Petals and sepals rounded. Branches glabrous . : . (zr) E. acuminata Branches pet leaves ‘thick blunt; nerves de- pressed . : F : . (2) E. monticola Petals ovate acute : leaves thin , . (3) E. Wrayi Fruit pubescent ; leaves thin elliptic cuspidate ; pedicels long slender ; y . (4) E. trichocarpa (1) E. acuminata DC. Mem, Ronee 263i agi. les, 105. E. angustifolia Wall. Cat. 1465. A shrub or small tree about 15 ft. tall. Branchlets slender pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong-lanceolate or oblancec- late acuminate, serrulate, base acute, glabrous above pubescent or not beneath, 2°5 in. to 3°5 long, *5 to °75 in. wide; petioles ‘I in. long or none. Flowers ‘25 in. across in 2- to 6-flowered clusters ; pedicels short pubescent. Sepals unequal, outer ones smaller, round pubescent. Petals white larger and thinner glabrous. Male flowers, stamens 12 glabrous. Pistillode conic or 0; styles none. Female flowers, sepals and petals narrower. Stamens 0. Ovary ovoid conic glabrous 3 or 2 cells. Styles 3 free or united. Fruit globular -15 in. across. Hab. Open country. Common and variable all over the peninsula except Singapore. Indo-Malaya. (2) E. monticola Rid/. FE. acuminata var. monticola idl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. I. Tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Branches and young leaves silky-velvety hairy. Leaves entire, coriaceous blunt, base rounded, °75 to 2 in. long, ‘5 to °75 in. wide; nerves depressed above, nerves and midrib hairy beneath. Flowers glabrous. Styles connate for two-thirds of their length. Hab. Mountains 5000 to 6000 ft. altitude. Perak, Gunong Berumbun (Ridley). Gunong Kerbau (Haniff). This species most resembles E. Ceylanica Wight, but the leaves are larger. (3) E. Wrayi King, /.c. 196. Small tree. Branchletshairy. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong- 200 XIX. TERNSTREMIACEZ. [Eurya. lanceolate, base rounded broad, margins serrulate, beneath sparsely hairy, 2 to 2°75 in. long, *5 to ‘7 in. wide; petioles hardly any. Flowers narrow ovate pointed glabrous ‘2 in. long, hardly expanding solitary axillary or in 2- to 6-flowered umbels; peduncles ‘1 to ‘15 in. long. Sepals ovate acute unequal. Petals ovate acute. Stamens 15. Ovary ovoid glabrous. Hab. Perak. Tapa (Wray). (4) E. trichocarpa Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. p. 114. Branches slender, young parts appressed silky hairy. Leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends, or elliptic caudate membranous bluntly serrulate, above glabrous, beneath with appressed hairs when young; midrib thickly appressed hairy, 1°5 to 3°5 in. long, -75 to I in. wide; petioles ‘1 in. long red hairy. Flowers small on pedicels ‘x in. long, hairy, solitary or in pairs. Sepals rounded sparingly silky, outer ones a little smaller. Styles 3 to 5 connate at the base. Fruit globose ‘r in. through densely appressed hairy. Hab. Rare in mountains. Selangor, Semangkok Pass (Ridley). Perak, Gunong Kerbau at 4200 ft. altitude (Robinson). Dzvsirib. Amboina, Sumatra. 5. PYRENARIA, BI. Shrubs and trees. Leaves sub-membranous serrate. Flowers axillary sub-sessile. Sepals usually 5, unequal, graduating from bracts to the petals. Petals connate at the base white. Stamens very numerous adnate to base of petals. Ovary 5-celled; styles 5, free or partly united; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit drupaceous, fleshy. Seeds oblong, large with thick woody testa, albumen none. Species about 7, Indo-Malaya. Leaves hairy beneath ; . : : . . (1) P. acuminata Leaves glabrous : : (2) P. Kunstleri (1) P. acuminata Planch. in Choisy, Mem. Ternsir. 84; King, L.c. 200. Small tree about 20 ft. tall. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate to elliptic acuminate serrulate, base slightly narrowed blunt, above glabrous except nerves beneath hairy; nerves . IO pairs, 5°5 to 7 in. long, 1°8 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles *3 to °4 in. long. Flowers solitary axillary; pedicels short thick ‘1 in. long. Bracts 2, ovate, silky-tomentose. Sepals ovate acuminate 5°5 to 7 in. long, 1°8 to 2°5 in. wide. Petals ‘5 in. long, white, oblong silky-tomentose outside. Stamens numerous; filaments 4 times the length of the anthers. Styles united below. Fruit globose, green 1°5 in. long, like a small hard apple slightly hairy outside, cell-walls woody. Seeds few, large reniform. Hab. In forests. Common. Whole peninsula to Province Wellesley. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Chan Chu Kang. Johor, Mt. Austin (Maingay). Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Selangor, Batu Tiga. Perak, ‘i. = > BiG = a . Pyrenaria.| XIX. TERNSTREMIACEZ. 201 Batang Padang and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Dizstvib. Medang Gelugur; Lidah Kerbau (Buffalo-Tongue); Samak Jantan; Lidah Lumbu; Perupoh. (2) P. Kunstleri King, l.c. 200; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 178, pl. 147. P. Wrayi King, l.c. 201; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. L.c. pl. 146. Tree 15 to 4o ft. tall, completely glabrous except the flowers and very young leaf-buds. Leaves elliptic or oblong-lanceolate acuminate serrulate, base entire acute; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, 5°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles *3 to ‘4 in. long. Flowers °75 in. across; peduncles ‘r in. long. Sepals round pubescent outside. Petals round, glabrous white. Anthers ovate, 4 or 5 times as long as filaments. Ovary 5-celled, pubescent. Fruit 1:25 in. long, ovoid, resembling that of P. acuminata, globose yellow and covered with hairs. Hab. Forests to 4000 ft. altitude. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler); Pahang, Telom (Ridley). P. Wrayi King, seems identical, but King says it has 6-merous flowers with 3 styles. It was collected at Relau Tujor in Perak by Wray. 6. SCHIMA, Reinwdt. Trees. Flowers showy white, solitary axillary or the upper most shortly racemed. Sepals 5, sub-equal, united below. Petals 5, much larger, connate at the base. Stamens many adnate to base of petal, shorter. Ovary 5- rarely 4- or 6-celled; ovules 2 to 6in each cell. Styles united or partly free at the tip. Stigmas spreading. Capsule woody, depressed-globose, loculicidal with a persistent axis. Seeds flat, kidney-shaped. Species 4 or 5, tropical Asia. (1) S. Noronhe Reinwdt. in Bl. Bijdr. 1330; Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 143, t. 29, figs. 21 to 27; King, l.c. 202. 5S. crenata Korth. l.c. t. 29, figs. 1 to 20; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, pl. 21. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves sub-coriaceous elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate acuminate more or less crenate, base narrowed and rounded, glabrous; nerves g to Io pairs, 4°5 in. long, 1°4 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles *75 to 1°25 in. long, flat. Flowers I to 1'5 across, axillary often crowded at the branch ends and forming false corymbs; peduncles 1 to 1°5 in. long, pubescent or glabrous. Sepals rounded, glabrous or nearly so, edges ciliate. Petals obovate or crowded, pubescent at base, edges ciliate, white. Ovary hemi- spheric, silky. Fruit 12 to 5 in. across, silky when young, glabrous when old. Hab. Mountain woods from 2000 ft. altitude upwards. Common on all the ranges, but rarely in the low country. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Perak, Gunong Inas (Wray); Thaiping Hills. Penang, upper part of the hill. Lankawi at Batu Asap and Kwah. Setul on Bukit Rajah Wang. Distrib. Burma, Cambodia, Malay islands. 202 XIX. TERNSTREMIACEZ. [Schima. var. vigida Ridl. Small tree 20 to 25 ft. tall. Leaves very stiffly coriaceous, 2°5 to 4°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide, lanceolate acuminate, ovate or elliptic, base slightly narrowed, margins usually distinctly crenulate; petioles stout 15 in. long. Peduncles 2 in. long, stout, glabrous. Flowers and fruit rather larger, glabrous except the edges of the sepals, which are much smaller than in the typical form. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Ridley), 5000 to 5500 ft. altitude. A mountain form with very much stiffer, larger leaves. 7. GORDONIA, Ellis. Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, entire or slightly crenate. Flowers rather large, white, often sub-sessile, solitary in leaf- axils, bibracteolate. Sepals usually 5 unequal, graduating from bracts to sepals, coriaceous, silky, rounded. Petals united at the base or free, imbricate. Stamens indefinite, 5-adelphous or mona- delphous, adnate to petals. Ovary 3- to 5-celled.; style 1 (rarely 3). Stigma round sometimes lobed. Ovules pendulous 4 to 8 in each cell. Capsule oblong-conic woody, loculicidal, column persistent. Seeds flat, winged. Species about 15, tropical Asia and N. America. Trees or shrubs, quite glabrous except the flowers. Tall tree; petiole winged to base : : Tree; petiole not winged to base; leaves rather thin : ; : : ; : c Tree 1oo ft. tall; petiole not winged; leaves ( . singaporeana ( stiff i Sea ( . multinervis G G of concentricicatrix ; : ; ; : 3 Shrub; petiole not winged ;. bracts numerous 4) G. imbricata Trees; branchlets and buds pubescent. Style 1. Stamens very numerous (5) G. penangensis Leaves glabrous 2 to 5 in. long (6) G. Taipingensis Leaves glabrous 11 in. long : (7) G. Maingayi Midrib hairy, back of leaf all hairy (8) G. hirtella Styles 3; stamens 30 F j (9) G. Scortechinii (1) G. singaporeana Wall. Cat. 1457. G. grandis King, L.c. 203. A strict tree 60 to roo ft. tall, quite glabrous except the flowers. Leaves coriaceous, serrate-crenate above, narrowed and decurrent to the base of the petiole; nerves Io to I2 pairs inarching *I5 in. from margin, 4°5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide. Flowers white, 2 in. across, solitary axillary on pedicels *3 in. long, puberulous. Bracts few, small, fugacious. Sepals round coriaceous, silky out- side. Petals much larger. Stamens very numerous; anthers oblong; style xz. Ovary ovoid. Capsule woody, I to 1°5 in. long, hairy, bluntly 4-angled. Seeds ‘6 in. long, wing ‘5 in. long. Hab. Forests especially in the south. Common. Singapore, com- mon. Johor, Malacca, Perak, ThaipingS Penang, rifle range (Curtis). Wallich’s specimens were obtained in the small islands round Singapore. eee ~ Gordonia.] XIX. TERNSTREMIACE2. 203 (2) G. multinervis King, /.c. 205. A tree 40 to 50 ft. tall, glabrous except the flowers. Leaves thinly coriaceous obovate rounded at tip or mucronate, faintly crenate-serrate narrowed to the petiole; nerves 12 to 18 pairs imarchinge “2 in. from the edge, 5°5 to 8 in. long, 2°5 to 3°25 wide; petioles ‘2 to ‘25 in. long, stout. Flowers 1°25 in. across; peduncles *5 to ‘6 in. long. Bracts few small fugacious. Sepals round silky outside. Petals similar larger and thinner, spreading. Anthers short ovate one-fourth the length of the filaments. Ovary ovoid-conic silky, 5-celled; style 1. Stigma discoid 5-lobed. Hab. Woods and forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley). Malacca, Brisu (Derry). Perak (Scortechini). Native name: Samak Pulut. (3) G. concentricicatrix Burkill, Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 70, p. 153, jigs. 10, 11; Cubitt, ibid. 78, p. 49, Pl. 3. Tree too ft. tall. Leaves obovate crenulate abruptly acuminate or quite blunt, 4 in. long, 2°2 in. wide; petioles 4 in. long. Flowers yellowish 1°6 in. wide. Sepals and petals silky outside. Anthers very numerous. Ovary densely silky. Capsules sub-sessile nearly 16 in. long, opening in 5 thick blunt valves. Seeds ‘8 in. long. Hab. Forests. Malacca, Brisu (Derry). Pahang. Selangor, Rantau Panjang (Watson); Bangi (Cubitt). Dindings (Curtis). Use: Timber for house-building, bark for dyeing nets and cloth. (4) G. imbricata King, l.c. 204; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 148, pl. 170B. A low shrub, with coriaceous oval-oblong or oblanceolate leaves, tip obtuse, quite entire or faintly serrulate, base narrowed roundish ; nerves 12 pairs, thick but inconspicuous, 1°27 to 2°25 in. long, *9 to I'I in. wide; petioles ‘15 in. long. Flowers solitary axillary sub-sessile in the upper axils, buds elongate obovoid. Bracts numerous passing into the sepals, orbicular and pubescent outside with scarious edges. Petals larger orbicular minutely pubescent outside, with a brown ‘coriaceous patch on the back at the tip. Stamens numerous; anthers ovate one-fourth of the length of the filaments. Ovary ovoid-conic pubescent 3-celled; style 1, 5-ridged. Fruit under r in. long, -4 in. through, 5-angled pubescent, sub- tended by the long imbricate cup formed by sepals and bracts. Seeds 75 in. long. Hab. Open places on mountains from 4000 ft. altitude upwards. Pahang, Gunong Tahan 5000 to 6000 ft. alti- tude; Kluang Terbang (Barnes). Perak (Scortechini); Gunong Kerbau at 4500 to 5500 ft. altitude (Robinson). (5) G. penangensis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 142. G. excelsa King, l.c. 203, not of Blume nor Korthals. A tree 30 to 4o ft. tall, 0 to 15 in. through. Branchlets silky pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous glabrous lanceolate-elliptic acuminate, edges serrulate or entire, base acuminate; nerves very faint sometimes almost invisible 5 to 7 pairs inarching doubly within the edge, 2°5 to 4 in. long, I in, to 1°75 in, wide; petioles 204 XIX. TERNSTREMIACE#. [Gordonia. ‘25 in. long rather thick at base. Flowers 1°25 in. across cream white or yellow; pedicels very short silky. Sepals round silky outside. Petals round narrowed at base, backs silky. Stamens very numerous; anthers oblong. Ovary conic, silky; style stout pubescent 5-lobed. Capsule 5- or 6-angled, 1°25 to 1°5 in. long, conic hairy or glabrous, valves acute. Hab. Open forest. Singa- pore, very rare, Selitar. Penang Hill, common. (6) G. Taipingensis Burkill, Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 76, E48. ‘i Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-obovate acumin- ate, base narrowed, upper edge crenate, 11°4 in. long, 2°8 in. wide; petioles *8 in. long. Flowers yellowish 2°4 in. wide. Sepals and petals densely silky. Stamens very numerous. Ovary silky. Hab. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Haniff). (7) G. Maingayi Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 291; King, l.c. 204; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 147, pl. 179A. A tree 30 to 4o ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves cori- aceous oblanceolate obscurely serrulate in the upper part, base gradually attenuate, glabrous except pubescent midrib and edges beneath ; nerves 6 pairs indistinct 2°5 to 3 in. long, 1 to 14 in. wide; petioles :25 in. long. Flowers sub-sessile “75 in. across. Bracts, sepals and petals all silky. Sepals and petals orbicular. Stamens numerous shorter. Ovary ovoid-conic silky 4- or 5-celled; styles 1. Stigmas 4 or 5. Capsule 4- or 5-angled woody, 1 to 1°25 in. long, 5 to 6 in. through, backs of valves flat. Seed g in. long. Hab. Hill forests. Malacca (Maingay). Perak (Scortechini, Wray), about rooo ft. altitude. (8) G. hirtella Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 142. A tree. Buds and shoots appressed silky. Leaves coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed sub-acute; margins crenulate near the tip; nerves very fine much reticulate and secondary nerves and reticulations almost as distinct as the primaries or quite invisible beneath; midrib prominent, above glabrous, beneath appressed hairy, 3°5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles *25 in. long. Flowers rather small cream colour; peduncles silky ‘r in. long or less. Sepals orbicular silky tomentose ‘2 in. long. Petals obovate silky on the back. Stamens apparently few. Fruit ‘75 in. long appressed pubescent outside, valves sub-acute. Hab. Forests on mountains. Selangor, Bukit Kutu at 3000 ft. altitude. Perak, Gunong Batu Pahat, lower camp (Wray). (9) G. Scortechinii King, l.c. 204. Tree. Branchlets and buds puberulous. Leaves coriaceous narrowly elliptic blunt or sub-emarginate, slightly narrowed to base; nerves 8 pairs very inconspicuous, 2 to 3 in. long, ‘8 to 1°4 in. wide; petioles *25 in. long. Flowers solitary axillary ‘6 in. across; peduncles very short pubescent. Sepals unequal orbicular silky outside. Petals twice as large puberulous outside. Stamens — ei ee i el ee Gordonia.| XIX. TERNSTREMIACEZ. 205 about 30; anthers ovate. Ovary ovoid pubescent, 3-celled; styles 3, pubescent. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). 8. PENTAPHYLAX, Gardn. Shrubs with small coriaceous leaves. Flowers in axils of bracts below the terminal leaves or in pseudo-spikes (the leaves being Fic. 21.—Pentaphylax malayana. suppressed), small, bisexual. Petals and sepals 5 each. Stamens 5, basifixed dehiscing by terminal pores. Ovary 5-celled; cells 2-ovuled. Capsule loculicidally dehiscing. Seeds winged above. Species 2, I Chinese, 1 Malayan. 206 XIX. TERNSTREMIACE. [Pentaphylax. (1) P. malayana Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxviil. 305. Bush about 6 ft. tall. Leaves thickly coriaceous, ovate blunt, base round; nerves inconspicuous, 2 in. long, I in. wide. Pseudo- spikes r in. long, dense. Bracts 4 ovate, edges ciliate. Sepals ovate-round ciliate. Petals linear-oblong retuse, white, ‘2 in. long. Stamens shorter. Style cylindric, short. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule ‘25 in. long. Seeds linear curved. Hab. Abundant on rocky open mountains 5500 ft. altitude, but local. Very con- spicuous from its young red leaves; Pahang, Gunong Tahan; Kluang Terbang (Barnes); Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson) ; Gunong Ulu Kali (Burn-Murdoch). 9. ACTINIDIA, Lindl. Glabrous or more or less tomentose shrubs often climbing. Leaves usually membranous entire or serrate. Flowers unisexual or bisexual in axillary cymes. Sepals 5, connate at base. Petals 5, somewhat contorted imbricate. Stamens many. Ovary many- celled. Styles as numerous, divergent and elongate after flowering. Fruit baccate. Species 25, China, Japan and Himalaya, 2 Malayan. (1) A. Championii Benth. Fl. Hong Kong, 26. A. Miquelii King, Lc. 196; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 145, pl. 176. Scandent, 30 to 60 ft. tall.. Leaves membranous, ovate acumin- ate to sub-rotund, minutely glandular-dentate, base rounded or cordate, above glabrous except nerves and midrib, beneath tomen- tose; nerves 5 pairs, 3 to 4 in. long, 2°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles 1-25 to 1-5 in. long. Cymes tomentose spreading; peduncles 1°5, lengthening to 3 in. long in fruit. Flowers unisexual, numerous, *5 in. across. Sepals ovate, blunt, tomentose. Petals larger, oblong-obovate. Stamens glabrous; anthers cordate. Ovary (in males o or rudimentary) pilose. Fruit ovoid, °75 in. long, ‘4 in. through, crowned by 15 to 20 styles. Hab. Hill woods, local, not common, climbing on trees. Muar at Biawak (Curtis). Perak, Thaiping Hills. Selangor, near UluSelangor. Wzstvib. Hong Kong, Sumatra. 10. SAURAUVJA, Willd. Trees or shrubs. Branches and leaves strigose or scaly when young. Leaves crowded towards the ends of branches, membranous or chartaceous, usually serrate. Inflorescence cymose, sub-pani- culate from the axils of fallen leaves, sometimes from the trunk. Flowers usually bisexual, rather small, white or pink. Sepals imbricate. Petals 5, connate at base. Anthers many, dehiscing by pores or suturally. Ovary 3- to 5-celled; styles as many, free or connate. Fruit baccate. Species about 60, tropical Asia and America. Saurauja.| XIX. TERNSTREMIACEZ. 207 Flowers in small fascicles on the branches; stamens de- hiscing suturally. Styles 3; fruit slightly exceeding calyx ; ovary glabrous (1) §. tristyla Styles often 5. Fruit covered by calyx; ovary pubescent . . (2) §. nudifiora Stamens dehiscing by pores; flowers panicled from branches and trunk, white , (3) S. grandis Flowers in large fascicles on tubercles on the trunk and large branches. Flowers white; sepals hairy . 3 : : . (4) S. eaulifiora Flowers pink; sepals glabrous : (5) S. rubens (i) S: tristyla DC. Mem. Ternsir. 31, t. 7; King, l.c. 197. Ternstrcemia pentapetala Jack, Malay Misc. i. 5, 40. A straggling tree about 30 ft. tall. Branchlets strigose and scurfy. Leaves oblanceolate shortly acuminate, minutely serrate, base acute, glabrous except a few hairs on the nerves; nerves 10 to I2 pairs, prominent beneath, 5 to 8 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles *5 to 1 in. long. Flowers ‘2 to °3 in. across, pearly white or pink in fascicles of 2 or 3 on small tubercles on the branches or axillary; pedicels slender. Male flower, sepals unequal, 2 outer smaller, ovate blunt. Petals larger. Stamens 25; anthers dehis- cing suturally. Pistillode none. Female flowers as in male, but stamens none. Ovary ovoid, glabrous. Styles 3. Fruit globose, scarcely exceeding the calyx. Hab. Forests from 1000 ft. upwards to 2000 ft. altitude, rarely lower, by streams. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Johor, Gunong Pantai. Pahang, Malacca, Selangor, Negri Sembilan. Perak. Tomoh, Legeh (Machado). Penang. Distrib. Cambodia, Siam. (2) S. nudiflora DC. Mem. Soc. Geneve i. 422; King, l.c. 198. A bush or tree up to 30 ft. tall. Branchlets scaly. Leaves oblanceolate, sharply shortly acuminate, minutely glandular- serrate, base acute, glabrous except midrib and 12 or 13 pairs of nerves; puberulous above, hairy beneath, 6 to Io in. long, 2°25 to 3°75 in. wide; petioles *5 to 1°25 in. long. Flowers white solitary or 2 or 3 in a fascicle, on tubercles in axils of leaves or of fallen leaves; pedicels *5 to r in. long. Sepals round. Petals oblong- ovate emarginate. Stamens 25 to 30; anthers dehiscent suturally. Ovary pubescent; styles 3 to 5 united in lower half. Fruit covered by the accrescent calyx. Hab. Mountain forests; less common than S. dvistyla, but not rare; Pahang, Tahan River. Selangor, Semangkok Pass. Perak, Thaiping Hills; Temengoh; Relau Tujor (Wray); Ulu Kal (Kunstler). (3) S. grandis Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 6. A large tree 60 ft. or more tall. Young parts hairy. Leaves elliptic sub-acute, base broad, above dark green, beneath white (young leaves red) undulate serrate, adults glabrous, young ones hairy; nerves 12 pairs elevate beneath, 9 to 12 in. long, 5 to 5°5 in. wide; petioles 1°5 in. long. Panicles usually pendent from branches, occasionally on trunk; peduncle 4 in. long, branches 208 XIX, TERNSTREMIACE. [Saurauja. I in. covered with lanceolate acuminate hairs. Sepals hairy, orbicular. Corolla 1 in. across. Petals oblong obtuse, white, rarely rose. Stamens more than 30, opening by terminal pores. Styles 5, free to base. Hab. Pahang, Telom River banks, abundant Ridley). ye. cauliflora B/. Bijdr. 120; DC. Mem. Soc. Geneve i. 425; var. calycina King, 1.c. 199. A fair-sized tree. Young branches, petioles and leaves covered with long paleaceous hairs. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acutely acuminate, base slightly narrowed blunt, edges serrate-aristate, above glabrous, beneath hairy on nerves and midrib; nerves 12 to I4 pairs, 6 to Io in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide; petioles very hairy, I to 2°5 in. long. Flowers ‘4 in. across white, on slender hairy pedicels, 1 in. long, from tubercles on stem and branches. Sepals round, outer ones hairy, inner ones larger glabrous, thinner. Petals obovate-oblong, much longer than the sepals, united below. Styles 3, united at base. Stamens 25, dehiscing by apical pores. Fruit enveloped in the hairy sepals ‘25 in. long. Seeds ovate-round, compressed. Hab. Limestone woods. Rare. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Batu Kurau (Scortechini). Dzstrib. Java. The peninsular variety differs in the hairier branches, petiole and sepals, and rather smaller corolla. (5) S. rubens Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. I. A large shrub or small tree 20 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves oblanceo- late acute, narrowed to base, decurrent on petiole, edges entire, g in. long, 4 in. wide; petioles 1°5 in. long. Flowers numerous in fascicles on the trunk; pedicels 2 in. long. Buds rose pink. Sepals ovate orbicular, deep rose ‘25 in. long. Petals ovate orbi- cular, white. Stamens 20, free from petals; anthers opening by pores. Ovary glabrous; styles united half their length. Hab. Hill woods, local, Selangor, Semangkok Pass (Ridley). 11. ARCHYT/ZEA, Martius. Trees or shrubs. Leaves semi-amplexicaul. Flowers solitary in upper axils. Bracts large, leaf-like. Sepals and petals 5 each. Stamens numerous 5-adelphous; anthers versatile. Ovary 5-celled; s.yles distinct or wholly united; ovules many in many imbricating rows. Capsule acuminate, septicidal from base with persistent axis. Seeds linear sub-cylindric. Species 4, tropical Asia and America. (1) A. Vahlii Choisy Mem. Ternst. 73; Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 294; Pierre, Fi. For. Cochinchine, t. 129; King, lc. 206. Ploiarium elegans Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 135, t. 25. A slender tree about 20 ft. tall, occasionally on mountains, shrubby, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, sessile, oblanceolate ee eee eer att Se re ee Archytea.| XIX. TERNSTREMIACE. 209 acute entire, base truncate; nerves 15 pairs, 3 to 4°5 in. long, *5 to ‘75 in. wide. Flowers 1 to 1°25 in. wide; peduncles crowded at ends of branches. Sepals ovate rounded green, edged red. Petals white flushed and tipped on the back with pink, obovate. Stamens white; anthers fawn colour. Fruit °75 in. long, narrow ovoid acuminate. Hab. Open country usually in damp spots, common all over the peninsula at low elevations and at 3000 ft. altitude on Mt. Ophir (dwarf mountain form). Dzstvib. Borneo. Native names: Poko Riang Riang (Cicada tree); Kuat-Kuat. Use: Timber red; good for building, though small. OrpDER XX. DIPTEROCARPACE/:., Resinous trees tall to vast, rarely small. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, simple entire. Flowers small or medium, white, yellow or pink, fragrant, in axillary and terminal panicles, often secund. Bracts usually small. Sepals free or connate in a short tube more or less free or adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals contort, free or connate at the base. Stamens numerous, 15, Io or 5, free or adnate to petals, hypogynous; anther 2-celled, connectives often awned or prolonged. Ovary slightly immersed in a torus, 3-celled; ovules 2 in a cell; style subulate. Stigmas I to 3, minute. Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded, surrounded by the persistent sepals, 2 or more of which are prolonged into linear or oblong wings, the rest shorter occasionally (Pachynocarpus) not prolonged, the calyx forming an adnate cup. Species about 300, tropics of India, Siam, Cochin-China, Ceylon and Malaya, 1 in the Seychelles. These trees are among the biggest in the forests, and produce the valuable timbers known as Serayah, Meranti, Merawan, Chengei or Penak, Damar Laut, Resak (see ‘“‘ Timbers of the Malay Penin- sula,” Agric. Bull. Straits Settlements, new series, vol. 1. 52). They also produce the resin, Dammar, used in varnishes, and for torches (Shorea, Hopea, Balanocarpus), and wood oil, Minyak Keruwing (Dipterocarpus), and camphor, Kapur Barus (Dryobalanops) (see “Dammara and Wood Oil,” Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc, S. Br. xxxiv. 89). The trees flower and fruit in some cases annually, in others sexennially, and many not till they have attained their full size in about 30 years or even much later. On account of their great height specimens are very difficult to procure. (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng., \xii. Part II, No. 2, p. 87.) Sepals prolonged as wings; fruiting calyx with a distinct tube covering the fruit. Tube quite free from the fruit. Sepals developed into long wings, 4 5 . I. DRYOBALANOPS Sepals developed into wings 2, the others very short 2 ; : ; : - . 2, DIPTEROCARPUS Tube adnate to fruit; wings2 . : ' . 3. ANISOPTERA IME, Te ‘i 210 XX. DIPTEROCARPACE&, [Dryobalanops. Sepals united at base only. In fruit developed into erect wings longer than fruit. Wings 3 long, 2 shorter. Flowers large; petals broad, thin . : . 4. PENTACME Flowers small; petals narrow. Fruit small, pericarp coriaceous; wings much longer 5 c : - : . 5. SHOREA Fruit large, pericarp woody; wings hardly longer ‘ ; , C : : F 6. PACHYCHLAMYS All 5 wings equally long 7. PARASHOREA Wings 2 large, 3 small 8. HOoPEA Sepals free to base. Wings 2 long, 3 shorter ovate. Leaves stiff coriaceous . : : : : 9. COTYLELOBIUM Leaves thin coriaceous . ; , ; 0. SYNAPTEA Sepals in fruit all equal, often shorter than fruit. Stamens 10 to 15; sepals in fruit oblong or ovate 11. VATICA Stamens 30 to 36; sepals orbicular ; . 12. ISOPTERA Sepals not winged in fruit, reduced to a small cup. Sepals in fruit coriaceous, separate : - Sepals in fruit woody-corky, forming a more or less lobed cup, or short corky processes : . 14. PACHYNOCARPUS 1. DRYOBALANOPS, Gaertn. Very large trees containing camphor. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers in panicles or racemes terminal and in the upper axils. Calyx-tube short, free with oblong lobes. Petals lanceolate. Stamens 35 to 45; filaments short; anthers bifid at the tip, con- nective apiculate. Ovary 3-celled; cells 2-ovuled; style entire. Fruit conic elongate in a cup formed by the connate bases of the sepals; wings 5, elongate equal. Species 7, Malay Peninsula and islands. Leaves short, ovate cuspidate, base round : . (1) D. aromatica. Leaves oblong lanceolate acuminate, base broad . (2) D. Beccariana (1) D. aromatica Gaerin. Fruct. iii. 49, ¢. 186. D. Camphora Colebr. Asiat. Research xii. 535; Davies, Agric. Bull. Straits 1x. 207. ids. 1.c.209. Nig, 23:0, Oe, p. 213.) Tree 150 ft. tall, buttressed, girth 35 ft. Leaves stiff coriaceous ovate abruptly acuminate, base round, 3 in. long, 1°25 in. wide, deep green polished; nerves very fine close parallel and numerous ; petioles *5 in. long. Panicles terminal 2 in. long. Flowers white, fragrant. Sepals lanceolate acute, °25 in. long, scurfy on the back. Petals as long, thin, lanceolate, blunt. Fruit 1 in. long, the wings oblong, 3 in. long, *5 in. wide, finely ribbed, cup sub-globose, °*5 in. long and wide. Hab. Forests, usually gregarious, the whole forest consisting of this tree only; lowlands on low hills... Johor, Endau River ; Penyabong (Foxworthy). Pahang, Rumpin River; Kwantan. Selangor, Kanching. Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Kinsey). Perak, Kanding (Burkill). Disivib. Sumatra, Borneo. Native name: Kapur Barus. Use. This tree produces camphor oil and camphor, which is collected by the Malays for sale, chiefly to the Chinese. 13. BALANOCARPUS Dryobalanops.| XX. DIPTEROCARPACE&. 211 This is the original source of camphor, the Formosa Laurel-camphor being a discovery of much later date. (For the story of the collec- tion, Camphor language, etc., see Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 26, p- 35, and Journ. F.M.S. Mus. ix. 53, 59.) Timber highly valued for building, deep red, heavy and close in texture. Bark used by Malayans for walls of houses. (2) D. Beccariana Dyer, Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 100, fl. 142, (Se Big tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base rounded; nerves very numerous, fine and closely parallel, ‘2 to 3 in. long, *5 to r in. wide. Young leaves caducously scurfy on the back; petioles -25 in. long. Panicles terminal and in upper axils, lax 4in. long. Flowers white, fragrant. Sepals lanceolate, ‘2 in. long, sub-acute. Petals thin, oblong, twice as long. Stamens half as long. Fruit °5 in. long, cup very short, ‘1 in. long, wings linear- oblong, 2 in. long, :25 in. wide. Hab. Pahang, Endau River (Wat- son); Buntar, Rumpin (Foxworthy). Selangor, Rantau Panjang (Foxworthy). Perak, Bikum (Foxworthy). Distrib. Borneo (Sara- wak). Native name: Keladan. 2. DIPTEROCARPUS, Gaertn. Vast trees more or less stellate-pubescent. Leaves usually large, sometimes sinuate-crenate; lateral nerves connected by marginal loops. Stipules large, enclosing the terminal bud, cadu- cous. Flowers, the largest in the order, white or pink, very fragrant. Calyx-tube free. Petals contort at base, pubescent on the back. Stamens numerous; anthers linear, equivalved, acumin- ate. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 in each. Fruit large, enclosed in calyx-tube but free; wings 2, long. Species 60, Indo-Malaya. The timber is inferior. The resin takes the form of wood-oil and is obtained by cutting a large hole in the tree-trunk and burning it within. It is known as Minyak Keruwing. Ripe fruit globose, not angled or winged. Young branches, petioles and nerves stiffly hairy. Fruit quite glabrous : (1) D. crinitus Fruit stellate hairy : : : (2) D. Duperreanus Young branches and leaves pubescent (3) D. Skinneri Branches glabrous : : : (4) D. Kerrii Ripe fruit with 5 tubercles on top, globose (5) D. cornutus Ripe fruit oblong, 4-angled, glabrous F ; (6) D. fagineus Ripe fruit oblong, 4-angled, grey-velvety : ». (7) D. oblongifolius Ripe fruit prominently 4-winged. Leaves glabrous; fruit very large winged to base (8) D. grandiflorus Leaves glabrous; fruit large not winged to base . (9) D. Kunstleri Leaves hairy beneath; fruit unknown ‘ . (ro) D. rigidus Leaves pubescent on nerves small; fruit small pubescent ; ; 11) D. costatus [Dipterocarpus. XX. DIPTEROCARPACE#. 212 Fic. 22.—Dipterocarpacez. a. Hopea Curtisii. c, ad. Anisoptera Curtisii. ’ e. Pachychlamys Thiseltoni. f. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus. rneensis. b. Isoptera bo A is. XX. DIPTEROCARPACE#. Difterocarpus.| Fic. 23.—Dipterocarpacee. yana, d, e. Vatica Ridle f. Balanocarpus Curtisii. a, b, c. Dryobalanops aromatica. 214 XX. DIPTEROCARPACEZ. [Dipterocar pus. (1) D. crinitus Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 296; King, L.c. go. A vast tree go to roo ft. tall. Young branches, petioles, under- surface of leaves, midrib and nerves, pedicels and outside of bracts covered with stiff yellow hairs in fascicles. Leaves very cori- aceous ovate or obovate acute, base round blunt, sparsely hairy ; midrib thickly hairy above (glabrescent when old); nerves 12 to 18 pairs very prominent beneath, 5 to 6 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles 1°5 to 2 in. long. Racemes about 6-flowered. Flowers pink, 2 in. long. Calyx glaucous glabrous. Petals puberulous linear blunt. Stamens 15. Fruit ovoid, glaucous glabrous, °75 in. long, wings linear-oblong blunt, i-nerved, reticulate, 3°5 in. long, *5 in. wide. Hab. Forests, common. Johor, Bukit Jitan; Penyabong (Foxworthy); Pahang, Lipis (Phillips); Bentong (Foxworthy). Malacca, Sadanen. Selandor. Negri Sembilan. Selangor. Distrib. Borneo, Sumatra. Native names: Gombang; Minyak Keruwing Bulu; Keruwing Pekat; Keruwing Bobi; Menkeluang (Pahang). Use: Timber for houses and _ bridges; bark for house walls. (2) D. Duperreanus Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, 14, t. 219. D. Scortechinii King, l.c. gf. . A big tree about roo ft. tall. Branchlets and buds densely rough hairy. Leaves elliptic, shortly blunt acuminate; nerves 9 to Io pairs, above glabrous, beneath softly tomentose with tufted hairs, edges undulate, base shortly narrowed or truncate, 8 to 9 in. long, 5 in. wide; petioles densely hairy, 1°5 in. long. Flowers 6 to 8 sessile in a spike. Calyx-tube oval-cylindric, shortly hairy. Petals linear-oblong pink, 1°8 in. long. Fruit globose 1 in. long, wings linear-oblong, 6 in. long, I in. wide; nerves 3, reticulations conspicuous, minutely pustulate with stellate hairs and on nut with bristly hairs. Hab. Forests. Pahang, Bukit Goh, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Selangor, Dusun Tua; Weld’s Hill, Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Perak (Scortechini). Lankawi, Gunong Raya (Haniff). Dzstvib. Cambodia. (3) D. Skinneri King, /.c. 91. A tree 50 to 7o ft. tall. Bark warty. Buds narrow, golden- silky. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves oblong-elliptic acute or acuminate, base rounded, margins undulate, above glabrous except the hairy midrib, beneath nerves 16 to Ig pairs prominent, hairy, 7 to 8 in. long, 3 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles -7 to 1 in. long, tomentose. Panicles short, 4 in. long, pubescent. Branches 2 or 3 with 3 to 4 flowers each. Calyx campanulate short lobes rounded small, °5 in. long, stellate tomentose, long lobes linear-oblong 5 in. long. Petals linear-oblong, blunt longitudinally half pubescent. Fruit globose, ‘75 in. through, glabrous; wings coriaceous, linear-oblong blunt, 3-nerved at base, 2 outer nerves running half-way; mid-nerve stouter, much-branched, 5 in. long, °5 in. wide, short lobes obovate- round, *5 in. long. Hab. Forests, Province Wellesley, Tasek ——) ———-— = Dipterocarpus.| XX. DIPTEROCARPACES. 215 Gelugur. Penang, West Hill at 1000 ft. altitude (Curtis). Dzystrib. Mergui. In the Province Wellesley specimen the 3 wing-nerves run to the end of the wing, which is 1 in. wide. var. hirtus Ridl. Young branches covered with stellate hair tufts, and single longer red hairs. Leaves as in type, but nerves fewer, 12 pairs, midrib both sides and nerves beneath covered with appressed hairs; nervules hairy; petioles velvety. Fruit top hairy, small wings very small and folded back. Hab. Pahang (Foxworthy). Probably only a local variety. (4) D. Kerrii King, l.c. 93. A lofty tree, quite glabrous except the petals. Leaves ovate- elliptic acute or shortly blunt acuminate, edges undulate, base cuneate; nerves 8 to II pairs, elevate beneath, 3 to 4 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide (young leaves 7 in. long, 4°5 in. wide) ; petioles ‘9 to I in. long. Panicles short, few-flowered. Calyx funnel-shaped ‘4 in. long, short lobes broad blunt ovate, long ones *3 in. long. Petals linear- oblong, pubescent outside, 1 in. long. Fruit globular-turbinate, lenticellate, x to 1°5 in. through; short wings oblong blunt, spread- ing ‘12 in. long, long wings linear-oblong, 3-nerved, with numerous short branches, 5 in. long, 1°25 in. wide. Hab. Dense forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Malacca, Alor Gajah (Griffith); Sungei Hudang (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Kopis (Foxworthy). Selangor, Kajang (Mitchell). Dindings, Gunong Tunggul (Curtis). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Native name: Keruwing Chaia. This is hardly distinct from D. turbinatus, Gaertn. of India, Assam and Burma, but that has larger and rounder leaves, pubescent buds, and more acute calyx-lobes. Duvaliella problematica Heim, Bull. Mens. Par. 1892, p- 1009, was a name given to what appears to be a scrap of this plant with a long pointed gall, which Heim mistook for a fruit. It was collected in Penang by Curtis, and there is a similar specimen from Cantley. (5) D. cornutus Dyer, l.c. i. 296; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 103, 143, fig. 15; King, l.c. 93. A tree 50 to 70 ft. or more tall. Branchlets rufous-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, oblong blunt at both ends, edges undulate, above glabrous, beneath densely covered with minute whitish tomentum; nerves 16 to Ig pairs, prominent, transverse nervules conspicuous, 9 to 14 in. long, 5 to 8 in. wide; petioles 2 to 3 in. long, pale tomentose. Raceme or panicle 4 to 5 in. long, rachis flexuous. Calyx-tube 5-winged tomentose, °5 in. long, lobes linear obtuse longer. Petals oblong or sub-spathulate stellate-canescent. Fruit 1 in. long, turbinate with 5 blunt lobes at the top; wings linear-oblong, blunt, 3-nerved reticulate 7°5 in. long, 1°75 in. wide. Hab. Forests. Common. Singapore (Wallich); Bukit Timah; Changi. Pahang, Pulau Tawar; Bentong (Foxworthy); Negri Sembilan, Pasoh (Foxworthy); Kopis (Kinsey). Perak, Ulu 216 XX. DIPTEROCARPACEZ. [Dipterocarpus: Selama (Wray); Kwala Kangsar (Foxworthy); Penang, Waterfall. Distrib. Sumatra. Native name: Minyah Keruwing Dadeh. _ (6) D. fagineus Vesque, Comptes rendus \xxvili. 625; King, l.c.94. D. prismaticus Dyer, Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 104, t. 144, fig. 17. A tree 40 to 80 ft. tall. Branchlets and buds glabrous, or when quite young pulverulent. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic acute or elliptic-ovate, base long cuneate, edges undulate, backs glau- cescent, glabrous or the nerves appressed hairy, 10 to 13 pairs, 2°5 to 3°25 in. long, 1°3 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long, rather slender. Panicles slender, glabrous, 2 to 3 in. long, 3- to 4-flowered. Flowers 1°25 in. long. Calyx-tube campanulate with 5 ridges, small lobes short round, long ones linear, ‘2 in. long. Petals oblong blunt, °65 in. long, backs mealy. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 5-angled, glaucous, I in. long, outer wings linear-oblong, base narrowed, 2°5 to 3 in. long, °75 in. wide, the inner lobes very short, hardly distinct. Hab. Hill forests. Perak, Thaiping Hills, 500 to 1000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang Hill, 500 to 600 ft. altitude (Curtis). Disirib. Borneo. This has the smallest leaves of any of our species. (7) D. oblongifolius Blume, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 36; Dyer, Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 105. D. pulcherrimus Riedl. Trans. Linn. DOL. ii, 283. A large tree 40 to 80 ft. tall. Leaves sub-coriaceous, glabrous, long-elliptic acute or acuminate, base narrowed rounded; nerves 14 pairs slender, prominent beneath, conspicuous above, 6 to 8 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles rin. long. Flowers in silky axillary panicles, 6 in. long, sub-sessile. Calyx-tube 5-angled, silky, °75 in. long, short lobes oblong silky, long ones lorate, over °5 in. long. Petals lorate blunt, pubescent outside, cream yellow tinted rose colour, 2 in. long, *5 in. wide. Fruit pink, glabrous when ripe, 125 in. long, obconic, 5-ridged; outer wings lorate lanceolate blunt, 4 in. long, I in. wide; nerves 3, branched, inner wings short lanceolate velvety ‘2 in. long. Hab. Overhanging streams in dense jungle chiefly on the east coast. Pahang, Tahan River, very abundant; Lipis (Foxworthy). Tringganu, Sai Telubin (Down). Perak (Scortechini). Dzsivib. Sumatra, Borneo. Native name: Neram or Nerrum. The flowers of this beautiful tree are very fragrant. It is one of the smallest trees in the genus. The wood is red and fairly good. (8) D. grandiflorus Blanco, F. Filipp. (Ed. 2), 314; Dyer, Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 106, t. 45, fig. 19; King, l.c. 95. D. pterygo- ealyx Scheff. Obs. Phyt. ii. 35. (Fig. f, p. 212.) A vast tree I00 to 150 ft. tall. Branchlets hoary at length glabrous. Leaves stiff coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, base broad, edges entire or undulate, crenate glabrous; nerves 14 to 16 pairs, strongly ~stihde ha 2 Dipterocar pus. | XX. DIPTEROCARPACEZ. 207 elevate, 6 to g in. long, 3°5 to 5 in. wide; petioles 2 to 3 in. long. Racemes 4-flowered. Flowers 2 in. long. Calyx-tube °5 in. long, angled with 5 wings for the whole length. Petals linear-oblong, pink, backs mealy x in. long. Fruit oblong 2°5 in. long with 5 strong wings, °5 in. wide running the whole length; sepaline wings oblong blunt, coriaceous, 7 to g in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; nerves 3 to 5, much-branched, small wings ovate orbicular, 5 in. long. Hab. Common in forests in the whole peninsula from Johor to Kedah (on Kedah peak) and Pulau Adang. Dzisirib. Lingga, Labuan, Bangka, Philippines. Native names: Minyak Keruwing Dadek; Minyak Keruwing Beku; Minyak Gombang Kechil. Use: Oil used in varnish (Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. xxxiv. Pp. 93): (9) D. Kunstleri King, /.c. 96; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 149, pl. 180. A tree 100 to 120 ft. tall, and 2 or 3 ft. through. Branchlets at first pubescent, later glabrous with pubescent rings above each axil. Leaves coriaceous elliptic shortly acuminate, base round or cuneate, edges undulate, glabrous; nerves 16 to 18 pairs promi- nent, 7 to 11 in. long, 4°5 to 7 in. wide; petioles 1°5 to 2 in. long. Panicles 6 to 8 in. long. Branches 2 from a peduncle I in. or more long. Flowers 4 to 6, glaucous, 2°5 to 3 in. long. Calyx-tube obconic with 5 ridges. Petals linear blunt. Fruit dark bluish green 2°5 in. long, I in. through with 5 low wings in the upper part about -25 in. wide. Sepaline wings 6 in. long, I°5 in. wide, oblong, narrowed at base; nerves 3 branched and reticulate, short wings obovate ‘5 in. long. Hab. Dense jungle, Perak, Thaiping Hills at 300 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (10) D. rigidus Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 171. Branches stout, densely softly hairy. Leaves rigid coriaceous, ovate sub-acute, base shortly narrowed blunt, above glabrous, beneath velvety; nerves Io to II pairs, sunk above, strong elevate as is midrib beneath hairy, 6 in. long, 4 in. wide; petioles 2 in. long, hairy stout. Panicles 4 in. long, glabrous above. Flowers large. Calyx-tube distinctly but narrowly winged, 1 in. long, lobes velvety outside, glabrous inside, short wing oblong blunt, ‘12 in. long, long wing blunt linear-oblong °75 in. long. Petals linear-oblong, grey velvety both sides 2 in. long. Hab. Johor, Penyabong (Foxworthy). Nearest to D. Kunstleri, but much more hairy and with fewer nerves to the leaves. (11) D. costatus Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 50, ¢. 187. A tree 60 to 7o ft. tall. Young branches golden velvety. Leaves oblong-ovate acute, base very shortly narrowed, thinly hairy to glabrous except the nerves pubescent above, all pubescent beneath; nerves 12 pairs elevate, 5 in. long, 2°75 in. long; petioles 218 XX. DIPTEROCARPACE2. [Dipterocar pus. stout velvety, “75 in. long. Flowers 2 or 3, raceme and calyx-tube golden-pubescent. Calyx-tube *5 in. long, short lobes ‘1 in. sub- triangular, long lobes linear oblong, °5 in. long. Petals about ‘75 in. long, glaucous, puberulous outside. Fruit sub-globose, *5 in. long with 5 low wings pubescent. Sepaline wings oblong, narrowed, blunt at tip, glabrous; nerves and reticulations promi- nent 3°5 in. long, nearly I in. wide, short inner lobes ovate ‘25 in. long, rarely 2 in. long. Hab. Penang Hill (Burkill). Lankawi, Burau Bay (Ridley). Distrib. Tenasserim, Andamans, Siam. I only found fruit of this, the rest of the description from Burmese specimens. 3. ANISOPTERA, Korth. Vast trees with buttresses. Leaves usually coriaceous. Tlowers in lax terminal and axillary panicles, medium or small, white or yellow. Calyx-tube short adnate to base of ovary. Petals contort at base longer. Stamens indefinite; anthers oblong-ovoid long- awned. Ovary 3 (rarely 4- to 5)-celled; ovules 2 in a cell; style oblong. Fruit adnate to calyx-tube; wings 2 long linear oblong, strongly 3-nerved and reticulate. Species 6, Malayan. Petals acuminate lanceolate. Leaves coriaceous, broad oblong, fomieaease beneath Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, yellow scaly beneath Petals oblong blunt. (1) A. costata (2 Leaves coriaceous, yellowish beneath not scaly Fea: (4 ( A. Curtisii Leaves sub-coriaceous, green, glabrous Petals linear. Leaves thin, glabrous 5) A. thurifera (1) A. costata Korth. Verh, pe Rone Bot. 67, 2. 6; ted Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p A gigantic tree, 120 to 150 ft. Pall with large buttresses. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous above with close yellow brown tomentum beneath, oblong blunt, base broad; nerves 25 pairs elevate beneath, 4 to 6 in. long, *3 in. wide; petioles 1°5 in. long, rough. Panicles axillary and terminal 6 in. long, covered with scurfy wool in tufts. Flowers ‘25 in. long, yellow. Sepals lanceolate acuminate, tomentose. Petals glabrous, lanceolate acuminate. Fruit globular 1 in. through, tomentose, light brown, outer wings 7 in. long, I°5 in. wide, linear- oblong obtuse, 3 strong nerves, transverse bars elevate, 3 inner wings very narrow, I to 3 in. long, with 2 main nerves. Hab. Dense jungle, Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca, Batu Tiga. Negri Sembilan, Kwala Pilah (Burkill). Selangor, Banji, Kajang (Mitchell). Distrib. Borneo, Tenasserim. Native names: Mer- sawar Ular; Mersawa Merak ; Sepah Petri. (2) A. Curtisii King, bt. 100P Pig, 22°, a; p. 212.) Tree 80 to roo ft. tall. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves oblong acute, base obtuse or broadly elliptic, above glabrous, beneath ) ) ) rt Beri s : ) A. levis ) Anisoptera.| XX. DIPTEROCARPACE. 219 densely yellow scaly sparingly stellate pubescent; nerves 18 to 20 pairs, prominent, 2 to 3°5 in. long, *75 to 1°25 in. wide; petioles *5 to ‘75 in. long. Panicles scurfy, 4 to 5 in. long, many-flowered. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, sub-acute, ‘1 in. long, scurfy. Petals narrow, lanceolate acuminate, glabrous. Fruit globose, °4 in. through, smooth, outer wings linear-spathulate obtuse, 3-nerved, transverse nerves conspicuous, 4 in. long, 6 in. wide, inner wings *2 in. long. Hab. Forests. Perak, Thaiping Hills. Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis). Penang, Muka Head and Government Hill, at 800 to 2000 ft. altitude. Dvysivzb. Borneo. Native name: Rengkong. (3) A. marginata Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 66, ¢. 6, fig. IA to I3A. A big tree, glabrous except young parts and inflorescence covered with scales and soft pubescence. Leaves elliptic-oblong, yellow brown beneath, thin coriaceous, base rounded; nerves Io to 14 pairs, elevate beneath, reticulations fine but conspicuous beneath, 2 to 4 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to ‘5 in. long. Panicles terminal and in upper axils, 2 to 6 in. long, velvety pubescent. Sepals ‘12 in. long grey-velvety, lanceolate. Petals oblong rounded, glabrous white, ‘2 in. long. Stamens numerous ; filaments very short; anthers short, oblong with a much longer hair-like process. Ovary pubescent. Hab. Pahang, Tanjong Api, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Distvib. Bangka, Borneo. Native name: Mersawa or Sanai. (4) A. levis Ridl. n. sp. Big tree roo ft. tall. Leaves glabrous coriaceous, oblong- lanceolate rather abruptly acuminate, base round; nerves fine Io pairs, reticulations fine and conspicuous on both sides, 3 to 6 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles °5 in. long. Flowers unknown. Fruit globose ‘5 in. long, outer wings linear blunt, 3°5 in. long, ‘25 in. wide; nerves 3, central one broadest, transverse bars and reticulations prominent, inner wings linear, ‘5 in. long. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca, Selandor; Merlimau (Cantley); Machap (Derry). Pahang, Bukit Sungei Nilam, Ben- tong (Foxworthy). Native names: Mersawa; Lah; Meranti Jamang. This was referred to A. glabva of Kurz by me in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. By. 54, p. 25, but that, which is only known from fruiting specimens, has larger fruits than this plant. (5) A. thurifera Blume, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 42. Tree. Branchlets scurfy. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic- oblong, shortly acuminate, base rounded, margin undulate; nerves fine ascending, 13 pairs, reticulations pustular, beneath scurfy when young, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles °5 to 1 in. long. Panicles 3 to 5 in. long, lax, scurfy-tomentose. Sepals lanceolate obtuse, densely tomentose, ‘I in. long. Petals linear, glabrous. 220 XX. DIPTEROCARPACE. [Anisoptera. Stamens 12 to 14. Fruit globose ‘6 in. long, smooth, outer wings linear spathulate dilated upwards gradually, 3-nerved reticulations prominent, 4 in. long, °5 in. wide near the top, inner wings ‘I in. long linear, Hab. Rare in forests. Perak at Sungei Njing, Plus Reserve (Burn-Murdoch). Disivib. Philippines. 4. PENTACME, DC. Trees with broad leaves obtuse or cordate at the base. Flowers large, panicled. Calyx-tube short, lobes imbricate. Petals broad, thin, rounded. Stamens 15; filaments short, broad; anthers much larger, the cells each bearing 2 appendages and the connective I, so that each anther has 5 terminal points. Ovary glabrous; style filiform. Fruit ovoid acuminate, free from the sepals, which are connate only at the base; wings 3 long narrow thin, many- nerved, 2 shorter, all narrowed towards base and thin, expanding. Species 3, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula north, and Philippines. (1) P. malayana King, /.c. 107; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), I51, pl. 184. 7 A medium-sized tree. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic to ovate, shortly acuminate, base broad round sub-cordate; nerves 16 pairs, 5 to 7 in. long, 2°75 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles -75 to I in. long. Panicles lax spreading, 6 in. long, axillary. Flowers cream colour, *75 in. wide. Sepals ovate acute, tomentose. Petals 3 times as long, partly puberulous outside. Stamens nearly as long, connective-awn shorter and thicker than the others deflexed. Fruit ovoid apiculate, r in. long, wings 4 in. long, ‘6 in. wide; nerves 9, 3 short, wings linear-oblong, 2 in. or less long, narrow. Hab. Limestone rocks usually near the sea. Kedah Peak, Semling (Bell and Haniff). Lankawi, Pulau Segai; Terutau (Curtis). Perlis, near Chupeng. Native name: Temah Batu. 5. SHOREA, Roxb. Large, often vast trees 180 ft. tall with buttresses. Leaves entire, coriaceous, rarely large. Stipules large or small, persistent or fugacious. Flowers small or medium in lax panicles usually axillary. Flowers secund, more or less silky. Sepals imbricate 2 external, 3 within. Petals contort, white, yellow or red. Stamens I5, 20 or 30; anthers ovate or oblong, connective usually awned. Ovary 3-celled, often with a stalk (stylopodium), cells 2-ovuled; style subulate. Stigma minute, entire or 3-toothed. Fruit surrounded by the dilate bases of the petals sometimes adnate to it; wings 2 shorter and narrower, 3 long linear-oblong, thin with 8 to 10 nerves. Species about 60, India, Cochin-China, - Malay islands. The timber is of two classes: a soft red wood, Seraya or Meranti, anda dark hard, very valuable wood, Dammar Laut. The Dammar is opaque or Shorea.| XX. DIPTEROCARPACEZ. nearly so, yellowish white, yellow or brown. caulking boats, etc. Anthers without apical appendages. Leaves elliptic pustulate beneath 4°5 by 2 in. Leaves elliptic with scattered stellate hairs beneath, at length glabrous 3 by 1°5 in. . oblons, | Oy ine) bys 1:5) in. beneath Leaves lanceolate, glabrous, stamens not ciliate . - Leaves ovate, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; stamens ciliate at top Anthers mostly unappendaged, a few minutely appen- daged. Leaves oblong, pustulate beneath; flowers rough, silky . Leaves broad elliptic, scurfy beneath; "fruit small, wings 3, unequal; flowers unknown . Anthers with very short apical appendages. Leaves 2°5 to 4 in. long; fruit wings 25 in. long Leaves 4 in. long; fruit 3°5 in. long; branch ee with large oblong bracts . : Leaves 4 to 6 in. long; fruit 4°5 in. long; wings broad, no bracts : 5 Anther-appendages much longer than anthers. Stamens 20 to 25 : Flowers *25 in. long or less; ovate-lanceolate. Nerves g to 10 pairs faint; petals not saccate ; Leaves pustulate glaucous beneath ; leaves 3 to 4 in. long, style short : S : : : Nerves 6 pairs; petals saccate at base; style long c : : : : : : Flowers ‘25 in. long, glabrous; leaves ovate often cordate, 5 to 8 in. long Flowers *4 in. long; leaves 5 in. long, strongly nerved with 9 to 11 pairs of nerves . Flowers *5 in. long, crowded; leaves 4 in. long, stiff Flowers °5 in. long i in lax panicles ; " leaves 4 in. long, thin Flowers ‘65 in. long; panicles large with large bracts A nther-appendages with 3 to many cilia. Stamens 30. Flowers ‘25 in. long; petals long, narrow; cilia, from all tips of anthers Flowers ‘1 in. wide; petals ovate blunt; appen- danges all ciliate Flowers ‘i in. wide; petals blunt broad ; anthers bearded at base and tipic. Stamens 20. All appendages ciliate; leaves ovate cuspidate, stiff coriaceous; wings of fruit I-Io in. long, *4 in. wide oblanceolate : Leaves oblong; appendages 2- to 3- -ciliate Stamens 15. Outer row only ciliate- eee leaves oblong, rather thin A ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (1 (20 (2 (24 221 It is only used for torches, t) §. leprosula S. scutulata . rigida S. Curtisii (1) (2) (3) § (4) (5) S. glauca (6) S. sericea (7) S. palustris (s (9) S. acuminata 10) §. macroptera ) ) ) S. parvifolia ) ) ) 11) §. gratissima 12) §. Ridleyana 13) S. Maxwelliana 14) S. materialis 15) S. pauciflora 16) §. Kunstleri 17) S. gibbosa 18) S. bracteolata 9) S. ciliata ) S. alba 1) S. barbata . utilis . collina ) S. costata 222 XX. DIPTEROCARPACES. [Shorea. Flowers unknown. Leaves glabrous 4°5 in. long, oblong base broad, round, stiff, coriaceous; fruit globose (25) S. crassifolia Leaves thin, 2°5 in. to 4 in. long; fruit oblong, conic, silky . ; : x ; . (26) S. leevis Leaves 2 in. long, stellate hairy beneath . . (27) S. globifera (x) S. leprosula Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. i. 487; Ridl. Straits Agric. Bulletin, viii. 364, pl. iii; King, l.c. 110. S, maranti Burck, Ann. Jard. Buitenz. vi. 217; King, l.c. 120. A tree 150 to 180 ft. tall, 2 ft. through with buttresses. Branch- lets minutely stellate-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous elliptic to oblong acute or sub-acute, base rounded, above glabrous, beneath tomentose with densely stellate hairs on the midrib and nerves; nerves 10 to 13 pairs prominent beneath, 3 to 6 in. long, 1°25 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles *35 to °75 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 1°5 to 4 in. long, stellate tomentose. Flower-branchlets silky. Flowers in two rows, secund sessile, cream yellow. Sepals ovate velvety. Petals -3 in. long, oblong-spathulate, silky outside. Stamens 15; filaments dilate longer than anthers, no awns. Fruit ovoid apiculate tomentose, 6 in. long; three outer wings narrow oblong sub-acute, narrowed to base, 7-nerved, reticulate yellow, 3 in. long, °7 in. broad, 2 inner ovate caudate. Hab. Common in forests, Singapore, Pahang, Malacca, Perak, Selangor, Negri Sem- bilan. Disivib. Sumatra and Borneo. Native names: Serayah Batu; Meranti tembaga; Meranti bunga. Use. Timber used for furniture, boxes and planking, rather soft and red, and not very durable but much used. S. leprosula has a great variety of galls on it and the leaves have in the axils of the nerves beneath almost invariably linear-oblong elevations, which are the nests of mites (Domatia), Shorea mavanti Burck, is based on young plants of this species. The most characteristic gails on this plant are a globose one covered with processes like a Castanopsis fruit, and a perfectly smooth cone-shaped brown one an inch long. (2) S. scutulata King, l.c. I10. A large tree. Branchlets stellate, pubescent. Leaves elliptic, rather abruptly acuminate, base broad rounded or truncate, glabrous above, stellate hairy beneath, 3 to 3°5 in. long, 1°5 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles *3 in. long stellate-pubescent. Panicles axillary and terminal, 4°5 to 5 in. long with very short branchlets 25 in. long, stellate pubescent. Bracts ovate hoary ‘zr in. long. Sepals broad lanceolate blunt tomentose. Petals oblong obtuse, half pubescent outside. Stamens 15, in 3 rows; filaments broad, inner ones longest, awns short, deciduous. Ovary glabrous with 5 pubescent ridges. Fruit ovoid apiculate tomentose, ‘6 in. long; outer wings linear obtuse, 2°5 in. long, *75 in. wide; nerves 7, transverse nervules distinct, inner wings °8 in. long, linear blunt. Hab. Penang, Government Hill at rooo ft. altitude (Curtis). The leaves have the same scaly domatia on the backs in the nerve axils as in S. leprosula, Shorea. | XX. DIPTEROCARPACE. 223 (3) S. rigida Brandis, Ic. Pl. t. 2402. Tree rising to roo ft. tall. Branchlets pustulate hairy. Leaves oblong acuminate acute, base slightly narrowed, coriaceous, above glabrous, beneath midrib hairy, hairs from pustules; nerves and nervules pustular, nerves 15 pairs elevate beneath, nervules con- spicuous, parallel, 6 in. long, 1°75 in. wide; petioles pustular, hairy, “75 in. long. Panicle lax, terminal, pubescent, 5 in. long. Flowers *5 in. long, shortly pedicelled ebracteate. Sepals unequal, oblong hairy. Corolla °5 in. across, creamy white. Petals linear-oblong, hairy outside. Stamens 50, no awns; filaments long, slender. Fruit pink, ovoid conic acuminate, °5 in. long, outer wings 4°5 in. long, ‘5 in. wide, spathulate linear, conspicuously 11-nerved, transverse nervules ascending, conspicuous, 3 smaller wings 2°75 in. long, ‘25 in. wide. Hab. Singapore, Garden Jungle (Ridley). Malacca, Tebong (Burkill). Negri Sembilan, Senaling (Cubitt). Native name: Kepong Labu. (4) S. Curtisii King, /.c. 111. Big tree 60 to 150 ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Leaves coriaceous silvery grey, oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base sub-acute or nearly rounded, adult leaves glabrous above, minutely pale tomentose beneath; nerves 10 to 14 pairs, ascending slender, 3 to 4 in. long, I’2 to 1°4 in. wide; petioles ‘4 to ‘6 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 2 to 3 in. long, glabrous. Flowers ‘3 in. long in secund rows of 4 or 5; buds enveloped in broad deciduous bracts. Sepals ovate tomentose. Petals twice as long, linear-oblong, pubescent outside. Stamens 15 in 3 rows; filaments long; anthers ovoid not awned. Ovary ovoid tomentose above. Fruit narrow ovoid, *75 in. long, tomentose; outer wings linear-oblong, 8-nerved. 2°25 in. long, ‘5 in. wide, inner ones 1 in. long, spathulate. Hab. Forests, Singapore, Bukit Timah at 500 ft. altitude. Negri Sembilan, Senaling (Burkill). Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Fox- worthy). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis) 500 to 2000 ft. altitude. Perak (Kunstler). Native names: Meranti tahi; Meranti Sutra. (5) S. glauca King, /.c. 117. Tree 80 to 100 ft. tall. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves rather stiff, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base broad round, above glabrous smooth shining, beneath glaucous when young; nerves slender ascending 7 to g pairs, 3°5 to 4°5 in. long, 1°4 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘45 to ‘6 in. long, wrinkled. Panicles lax, few-flowered, 3 in. long or more, hoary. Flowers pedicellate about ‘I5 in. wide. Sepals oblong blunt, tomentose both sides. Petals short, broad. Stamens 15; anthers with no awn, ciliate at top; filaments much dilated at the hairy base. Ovary tomentose; stylopodium short. Fruit ovoid-globose, top rounded, 25 in. through, scurfy pale, outer wings oblong-sub-spathulate, 2°25 in. long, 6 in. wide, narrowed at the base; nerves 7 to 12, inner ones nearly aslarge. Hab. Forests. Dindings, Gunong Tunggul (Curtis). 224 XX. DIPTEROCARPACE. [Shorea. Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Dzstvib. Sumatra. Native name : Damar Laut daun besar. (6) S. sericea Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 306; King, l.c. 111. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves cori-- aceous oblong or elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate or sub-acute, base rounded or sub-cuneate, above glabrous, midrib and nerves depressed, beneath stellate pubescent, and warty especially on midrib and 22 pairs of nerves, 3°5 to 6°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles *6 to ‘8 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 3 to 7 in. long; ultimate branchlets with 4 or 5 secund sessile bracteate flowers. Bracts broad ovate, silky outside. Sepals ovate, golden-silky outside. Petals similar, half silky. Stamens 40 in several rows; filaments longer than the ovate anthers, no awns. Ovary conic silky. Fruit ovoid, ‘5 in. long, outer wings linear obtuse narrowed to base, 3°5 in. long, *6 in. wide, 1o-nerved, 2 inner ones 2°5 in. long. Hab. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca (Main- gay). Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi. Perak, Thaiping (Kunst- ler). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Dzstvib. Borneo. Use: Timber for planks and furniture. (7) S. palustris Ridl.n. sp. Tree. Branches rather stout. Leaves broadly blunt elliptic, base round, thickly coriaceous, above glabrous; nerves sunk beneath, scurfy on the strongly raised midrib and 13 pairs of nerves, 6 in. long, 3°25 in. wide; petioles thick, scurfy, *5 in. long. Panicles axillary, scurfy-pubescent in fruit, 6 in. long. Flowers unknown. Fruit ovoid sub-cylindric acute, °25 in. long, ‘15 in. through, pale tomentose, much longer than the short calyx-cup which is velvety pubescent, outer three wings thin, oblong-linear, tips round, pubescent at the base, 1°25 in. long, °25 in. wide, one a little shorter than the other 2; nerves 6 to 8, nervules branched, inner wings linear-acuminate, pubescent hairy ‘25 in. long. Hab. Malacca, Merlimau (Foxworthy). Native name: Meranti Paya. Allied to S. sericea, but leaves quite different in shape. Fruit smaller with the 3 large wings unequal. (8) S. parvifolia Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 305; King, l.c. 112. Tree 40 to 150 ft. tall, 24 in. to 4 ft. through. Branchlets at first densely hairy. Leaves coriaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate acuminate-caudate, base sub-cuneate, above glabrous, beneath ° scurfy on the midrib and nerves; nerves I2 pairs oblique, incon- spicuous above, transverse nerves and reticulations very small distinct, 2°5 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1°8 in. wide; petioles 35 to 45 in. long, scurfy. Panicles axillary and terminal, 2 to 4 in. long, many- flowered, scurfy-tomentose. Flowers °25 in. wide white or pink, secund sub-sessile. Sepals ovate acute tomentose. Petals twice as long, elliptic, half silky. Stamens 15; filaments 4 times as long as anthers; awns as long as anthers, deflexed. Ovary puberulous. Shorea.] XX. DIPTEROCARPACE®. 225 Fruit ovoid-globose apiculate; outer wings linear-oblong, tip rounded, base narrowed, thickened base shorter than the nut, I°5 in. long, °5 to ‘25 wide, inner ones half as long, narrower. Hab. Common in forests. Singapore, Johor, Malacca, Pahang, Selangor and Negri Sembilan. Native names: Meranti Kerap; Meranti ee Punai; Meranti Daun Kechil; Meranti Samah; Meranti unga. (9) S. acuminata Dyer, l.c. i. 305; King, l.c. 113. A tree 100 to 150 ft. tall. Branchlets scurfy. Stipules oblong blunt, *5 to °75 in. long, 5-nerved, red, long persistent on the branch tips. Leaves ovate to lanceolate acuminate, base usually rounded unequal, drying dark brown; nerves 7 to g pairs, prominent Fic. 24.—Shorea macroptera. beneath, midrib and nerves scurfy, scaly when young, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles °3 to ‘4 in. long, scurfy. Panicles axillary and terminal 2 to 3 in. long, stellate pubescent, many- flowered. Flowers °3 in. long secund. Sepals ovate, grey tomen- tose. Petals twice as long, broad ovate pubescent outside. Stamens I5 in 3 rows; filaments longer than anthers; awns minute. Fruit cylindric-conic apiculate, puberulous °25 in. long. Sepal bases shorter; outer wings narrow, oblong blunt, narrowed to base, 10- to 12-nerved, 2 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, 2 inner ones narrow linear, *75 in. long. Hab. Woods, Malacca, Ayer Panas (Griffith) ; Bukit Sadanen (Goodenough); Merlimau (Derry). Negri Sembilan (Burn-Murdoch); Pasoh and Pasir Panjang (Burkill). Dzstrib. Lingga, Borneo. Native names: Rambeh Daun; Meranti Hijau. (10) S. macroptera Dyer, l.c. i. 308; King, l.c. 113. Tree 50 to 8o ft. tall. Stem straight smooth, grey. Leaves FL.M.P,, 1. Q 226 XX. DIPTEROCARPACEZ. [| Shorea. coriaceous, narrow-oblong acuminate, base rounded, glabrous; nerves 15 to 20 pairs, ascending transverse; nervules conspicuous beneath, 4 to 6, 1°35 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles -4 to °5 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal 4 to 7 in. long, scurfy puberulous. Flowers *25 in. long, sessile often secund. Sepals ovate acute, free nearly to base, tomentose yellowish green. Petals narrow oblong, very spirally twisted, crimson outside and half very silky, yellow or pink and glabrous within. Stamens white, 15 in 2 rows; filaments broad at base; awns long, slender. Ovary elongate-ovoid, yellowish green, hairy on stylopodium. Fruit ‘6 to ‘75 in. long, ovoid; outer wings very large oblong blunt, base auricled, 3°5 to 4 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide, red; nerves g, trans- verse nervules conspicuous ; inner wings short. Hab. The commonest species ranging from Singapore to Pahang, Penang and Perak up to 1200 ft. altitude (Penang). Burkill’s var. pallida has white flowers and fruit-wings not so wide at the base. Dzstvib. Borneo. Native names: Kepong; Kepong Antu. Use: Bark used for walls of houses and rice-bins. The plant, especially when young, has often cone-shaped galls with white scurfy scales and globose beaked shining galls over an inch long. (11) S. gratissima Dyer, l.c. i. 307; King, l.c. 115. A tree about 80 ft. tall. Branchlets glabrescent. Leaves coriaceous glabrous elliptic acuminate, base rounded or shortly cuneate, margins undulate; nerves faint 12 to 14 pairs, 2°5 to 3 in. long, 1°25 to 1'5 in. wide; petioles ‘6 to 75 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 3 to 6 in. long, pubescent. Flowers °25 in. long. Sepals, petals and stamens all cream colour. Sepals pubes- cent lanceolate. Petals base and edge stellate pubescent. Stamens 15 to 25; awns twice as long as anthers. Ovary pubescent to half-way up the style. Fruit globose, -25 in. long, quite covered with the saccate base of sepals; outer wings membranous linear- rounded; nerves 10 to 12, 2 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, inner wings oblong-linear over 1 in. long. Hab. Forests, Singapore, not rare. Flowers in November; Garden Jungle; Kranji, etc. Dzsimb. Tenasserim. (12) S. Ridleyana King, l.c. 115; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 153, pl. 185B. A tree 60 to 8o ft. tall, glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves small ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base round, shortly narrowed at tip; nerves g to Io pairs, slender, inconspicuous; nervules few, some parallel, others broken up, no distinct reticulations, thinly sub-coriaceous, 2°5 to 4 in. long, I'r to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘4 to °5 in. long, wrinkled. Panicles 1°5 to 2 in. long, axillary with few branches, stellate-pubescent. Flowers few, *2 in. wide, pedi- celled. Sepals oblong blunt, tomentose. Petals oblong blunt, half puberulous. Stamens 15; filaments dilate below; anthers Shorea. | XX. DIPTEROCARPACES. 229 short ovate; awns longer. Ovary ovoid-conic, glabrous below, tomentose above. Fruit ovoid apiculate tomentose, outer wings linear-oblong, sub-spathulate, widest at tip narrowing gradually downwards, membranous, 5-nerved, 2°25 in. long, ‘4 in. wide, inner ones 1°5 in. long narrower. Hab. Forests, Pahang Lipis and Bentong (Foxworthy). Perak, Thaiping Hills 500 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). I have never seen good specimens of this tree. (13) S. Maxwelliana King, /.c. 114. Tree 60 to 80 ft. tall. Stem ro to 15 in. through, almost glabrous. Leaves small, coriaceous ovate-lanceolate acuminate, often bluntly caudate, shining above, base slightly unequal and very shortly cuneate; nerves 6 to 7 pairs inconspicuous above slender, raised beneath; nervules very numerous, rather irregularly parallel, invisible (upper surface minutely reticulate, dotted), smooth beneath, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°3 to I'5 in. wide; petioles ‘4 in. long. Panicles axillary, slender, 4 in. long with branches ‘25 in. long, stellate-puberulous. Flowers pedicelled. Sepals unequal oblong blunt, pubescent. Petals oblong, bases concave tomentose out- side. Stamens 10?; filaments short, broad; anthers elongate; awns as long. Fruit globular tomentose, free from wing bases, outer wings oblong blunt, narrowed downwards, pubescent at least when young, 7-nerved, 1°5 in. long, *4 in. wide, inner ones similar, but only °5 in. long with 5 nerves. Hab. Rare. Open jungle. Perak, Thaiping Hills, 500 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang, Ayer Hitam (Haniff). This differs from S. Ridleyana in the thicker leaves with different venation and the long slender stellate tomentose panicles. Allied to this is a plant represented by a specimen collected by Good- enough at Ayer Panas in Malacca, No. 1290, and called Chingal. The small ovate-elliptic caudate blunt leaves are more stiffly coriaceous with fine incon- spicuous nerves about 4 pairs, faint, very lax, reticulations short, panicles pubescent; young fruit entirely sparsely tomentose, the smaller wings more than half as large as the longer ones. It is probably a distinct species, but the specimen is insufficient for identification. (14) S. materialis Ridl. Agric. Bull. Straits ix. 183. A big tree. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, shortly acute acumin- ate, base broad round, occasionally cordate, glabrous stiffly cori- aceous, above smooth pale, beneath silvery-scaly; nerves obscure above, elevate beneath, decurrent on the ribbed midrib Io to 12 pairs, 5 in. long, 3 in. wide (young leaves g in. long, 5 in. wide) ; petioles scaly scurfy or glabrescent, 1 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 3 to 6 in. long with 6 to Io branches, ‘5 in. long, bearing 8 to Io nearly sessile secund flowers; whole panicle white- mealy. Bracts ovate very small caducous. Sepals ovate, round, ‘05 in. long, white silky. Petals linear °5 in. long, narrow, base ciliate, glabrous inside, silky velvety outside, slightly imbricate, 228 XX. DIPTEROCARPACES. [Shorea. not contort. Stamens 20, in 3 rows; filaments linear-oblong narrowed above; anthers ellipsoid, hair-like awns with several bristles. Ovary conic; stylopodium distinct, all velvety hairy. Fruit ovoid-conic silky, 5 in. long; outer wings linear-oblong, red pubescent, 2 in. long, ‘25 to °5 in. wide, base narrowed, dilated upwards; nerves 7, nervules transverse conspicuous, inner wings I in. long, ‘25 in. wide. Hab. Forests. Johor, Penyabong (Fox- worthy). Pahang, Kwala Rumpin; Baloh, Rumpin (Foxworthy). Native name: Balau betul. The original plant, called Balau by the Malays, was Parinarium oblongi- folium, then abundant on the Rumpin River, as this got scarce from timber- . cutting the name was transferred to the Shorea. The timber is highly valued, but inferior to the original Balau. (15) S. pauciflora King, l.c. 116; Brandis, Journ. Linn. Soc. XXx1. 98. A big tree go to roo ft. tall. Leaves oblong to elliptic acuminate, base round or very shortly cuneate, sub-coriaceous; midrib and nerves prominent, g to II pairs, scabrous with stellate hairs (also occurring on the young twigs), 4 to 5 in. long, 1°8 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles minutely stellate-hairy, 6 to 7 in. long. Panicles about 4 in. long, pubescent and scurfy. Branches 1 in. long with few sessile flowers, secund, very shortly pedicelled and °4 in. long. Bracts very small, ovate silky, caducous. Sepals ovate, silky- tomentose. Petals ‘15 in. long, broad elliptic blunt, silky outside, yellow. Stamens 15 in 3 rows; anthers all awned with awns twice as long and minutely hairy. Ovary tomentose above, glabrous below; style much longer. Fruit small globose, wings linear blunt not narrowed below, long ones 3 in. long, *3 in. wide, 8-nerved, shorter ones similar 2°5 in. long. Hab. Local in forests, Penang Hill at 1500 ft. altitude (Curtis). var. Singaporensis Ridl. Leaves smaller, shorter and broader, to 4 in. long. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Johor, Pinerong (Cantley). (16) S. Kunstleri King, /.c. 116; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 154, pl. 186. Tree 80 to roo ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves cori- aceous, elliptic, abruptly acuminate, base rounded glabrous; nerves 8 pairs, curved, prominent beneath, 4 to 5 in. long, 2 to 2°4 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 4 to 6 in. long, scurfy puberulous. Flowers ‘5 in. long, sub-sessile, 4 or 5 on the branchlets, secund, muddy brownish yellow with a reddish tinge. Sepals ovate acute tomentose. Petals narrow linear-oblong, silky outside. Stamens 15; filaments as long as anthers; awns curved, much longer. Ovary elongate conic puberulous. Fruit hemispheric tapering to a cone, tomentose; outer wings membranous reticulate oblong blunt, g-nerved, 3°5 in. OO ee ee ee Se Shorea.] XX. DIPTEROCARPACE. 229 long, *7 in. wide, inner ones linear 2 in.long. Hab, Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). (17) S. gibbosa Brandis, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 99. A big tree roo ft. tall. Main branches dilated and flattened at the base; branchlets wrinkled. Leaves sub-membranous glabrous, ovate acuminate, base blunt; nerves 7 or 8 pairs, slender; nervules and reticulations wide few, 3 to 4 in. long, 1'25 to 2 in. wide; petioles "5 in. long. Panicles lax, 2 to 3 in. long of 6 or 7 distant branches *5 in. long, scurfy. Flowers shortly pedicelled, cream white. Sepals ovate blunt, white-tomentose. Petals much longer, linear- oblong blunt, pubescent outside. Stamens 10, 5 inner ones with gibbous filaments, 5 outer ones not gibbous; awns filiform, three times as long as the anther. Ovary puberulous. Fruit cylindric- conic, apiculate, “75 in. long, much longer than the short sepal- cup, outer wings thin oblong-spathulate blunt, 6-nerved pubescent, 2°5 in. long, °3 in. wide, inner ones 2 in. long; nerves inconspicuous, all yellowish green. Hab. Very rare. A single tree in Tanglin, Singapore, near the Gardens. The fruit closely resembles that of S. dvyobalanoides Dyer, of Borneo, but the flowers and leaves are quite different. (18) S. bracteolata Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 305; King, ic) I17. A tree rising to 150 ft. tall and 15 to 20 ft. through. Branchlets minutely mealy puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, base round or emarginate, above glabrous, beneath mealy-puberulous, becoming glabrous; nerves 12 to 16 pairs prominent, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°6 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles °45 to ‘6 in. long. Panicles axillary, 2°5 to 6 in. long, glabrous, numer- ous. Tlowers °65 in. long, pedicelled with 2 elliptic blunt 3-nerved deciduous bracts °35 in. long. Sepals lanceolate blunt tomentose. Petals ovate-lanceolate blunt, half mealy, cream white, rose pink at base, withering yellow, fragrant. Stamens I5 in 2 rows; anthers yellow, twice as long as the filaments; awns very long, subulate. Fruit ovoid beaked, ‘6 in. long, free from calyx, glabrous; outer wings oblong obtuse, narrowed slightly at base, thinly coriaceous, ted; nerves 10, 3°5 in. long, ‘6 in. wide, inner ones 2 in. long, 2 in. wide, linear. Hab. Forests. Malacca (Maingay); Selandor (Good- enough) ; Ayer Panas (Burkill). Pahang, Bentong, Bukit Gabing and Kwala Lipis (Foxworthy). Negri Sembilan, Tampin; Sena- wang (Burkill). Dindings. Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Distrib. Sumatra. Native names: Chengah; Chengoh; Meranti Ketapak; Meranti Pa’am; Langgang Pa’am; Langgang Batu; Pinang Baik; Semah; Temah. (19) S. ciliata King, l.c. 118; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 154, pl. 187A. A tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Branchlets dark hoary pubescent. Leaves coriaceous lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base 230 XX. DIPTEROCARPACE. [Shorea. cuneate, glabrous, minutely reticulate and whitish beneath; nerves 8 or g pairs ascending; nervules very numerous, close parallel, 3 to 3'5 in. long, *8 to 1°8 in. wide; petioles °75 to ‘g in. long. Panicles numerous, many-flowered, hoary. Flowers nearly ‘5 in. long. Sepals ovate tomentose. Petals 3 times as long, narrow oblong, blunt, outside silky at base, hoary above. Stamens 30; awns with 3 to 5 cilia. Ovary ovoid tomentose-silky; style glabrous. Fruit ovoid, shortly beaked silky, °5 in. long, longer than sepal bases, outer wings 3 large, spathulate oblong, narrowed downwards, 7-nerved, 2 in. long, *3 in. wide at tip, inner ones I in. long, I in. wide, linear, all rather thin and strongly reticulate. Hab. Rare and local. Penang Hill at 2000 ft. altitude (Curtis). (20) S. alba Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 171. Tree roo ft. tall, 4 ft. through, glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves lanceolate caudate-acuminate blunt, base shortly narrowed, coriaceous, very finely reticulate above; nerves and midrib sunk above, slender prominent beneath; nervules numerous parallel undulate, reticulations invisible below, 3°25 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles -5 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary, 2°5 in. long, white-mealy. Branches ‘5 in. long. Flowers very shortly pedi- celled, white, ‘25 in. wide. Sepals ovate sub-acute, white-tomentose. Petals ovate blunt, woolly on both sides, slightly contort. Stamens about 30, inner whorl with short, broad filaments shorter than the oblong bifid anthers; awns longer densely ciliate. Ovary conic tomentose to the style base; style rather short, glabrous. Fruit unknown. Hab. Very rare. Penang, Batu Feringhi, near the Ice-works (Curtis). (21) S. barbata Brandis, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 81. A big tree 120 to 160 ft. tall. Branchlets dark grey transversely ringed. Leaves ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base round or very shortly cuneate, above glabrous minutely reticulate, beneath minutely pubescent; nerves 6 pairs fine, inconspicuous above, nervules beneath parallel, 3 to 3°5 in. long, 1°r to 1°75 in. wide; petioles °5 in. long. Panicles elongate axillary and terminal, 4 to 6in. long. Branches short distant, °5 in. long, stellate-hairy. Flowers sessile silky-tomentose, small. Sepals ovate obtuse. Petals tomentose outside. Stamens 20 to 30; anthers bearded at both ends; awns shorter than anthers, bearded. Pistil tomen- tose; style glabrous. Fruit globose beaked, °25 in. long; outer wings elliptic-oblong rounded, 1:2 in. long, ‘6 in. wide, inner wings ‘75 in. long. Hab. Malacca, Batang Malacca (Goodenough). Negri Sembilan (Burn-Murdoch); Pasoh and Bukit Panjang (Fox- worthy). Pahang, Rumpin River (Henbrey). Native names: Resak; Resak Hitam. Use: The timber is highly valued. (22) S. utilis King, l.c. 119. A vast tree, glabrous except inflorescence. Branchlets dark coloured. Leaves coriaceous shining, ovate-lanceolate caudate- aS Shorea. | XX, DIPTEROCARPACE2. 231 acuminate or shortly acuminate, base slightly cuneate; nerves 7 pairs, prominent beneath or not, 2°5 to 3 in. long, ‘g to 1:2 in. wide; petioles ‘4 in. long. Panicles axillary stellate-tomentose, 3 in. long. Branches distant, very short. Flowers sub-sessile, under ‘2 in. long. Sepals ovate-orbicular blunt, tomentose. Petals broadly oblong blunt, silky both sides. Stamens 20; filaments slightly dilate; awns of all anthers ciliate. Ovary tomentose. Fruit ovoid apiculate, silky; outer wings oblong, tip rounded, 5-nerved, 1°25 in. long and ‘4 in. broad, much reticulate, inner ones much smaller. Hab. Penang and Province Wellesley at 500 ft. altitude, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Native name: Dammar Laut no. satu (No. 1). One of the most valuable timbers in the Malay Peninsula. (23) S. collina Ridl. Agric. Bull. Straits ix. 182. A big tree with black branchlets. Leaves oblong, shortly cuspidate, base rounded; nerves 10 pairs elevated beneath, reticu- lations conspicuous, 5 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles stout 1°25 in. long. Panicles lax, 3 in. long; rachis stellate-hairy. Flowers shortly pedicelled. Sepals orbicular-ovate, white-silky. Petals oblong-linear, blunt, *5 in. long, white-silky outside. Stamens 20, outer ones, filament broad oblong; anthers elliptic; awns with 2 or 3 cilia, inner ones base broad oblong, narrowed above into a filament as long as the anther, which has an awn ending in 2 cilia. Ovary silky; style short. Hab. Pahang on the east coast (Sanger- Davies). Native name: Balau bukit. (24) S. costata King, l.c. 119. A tree 60 to roo ft. tall, 4 ft. through. Branchlets scurfy. Leaves coriaceous, oblong obtuse, base broad or sub-cuneate, glabrous; nerves II to 13 pairs, oblique distinct, transverse nervules distinct with reticulations between, 3 to 4°25 in. long, I°2 to I°5 in. wide; petioles ‘8 to r in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long, scurfy-puberulous. Branches short, few-flowered. Sepals broad ovate, tomentose. Petals nearly ovate, white silky on both sides. Stamens 20; filaments dilated, longer than anthers, in the inner row awns short glabrous, in outer rows longer and ciliate. Ovary tomentose. Fruit ovoid apiculate, puberulous, ‘75 in. long; outer wings narrow oblong obtuse, narrowed to base, 7-nerved, 2°75 in. long, ‘45 in. wide, the inner ones 1'5 in. long, ‘25 in. wide. Hab. Penang. Government Hill (Curtis) and Batu Feringhi. Native name: Dammar Laut. (25) S. crassifolia Ridl. Tree. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, glabrous, broadly oblong, base broad round, tip sub-acute; nerves prominent both sides 17 pairs sub-horizontal, nervules transverse with very small reticulations conspicuous both sides, 4°5 to 5°25 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles ‘75 in. long. Flowers unknown. Panicle in fruit puberulous. Branches few, 6 in. long. Fruit globose glabrous as long as the 232 XX. DIPTEROCARPACE2. [ Shorea. sepal-cup, base narrowed, I in, long, °75 in. through; sepal-bases broad round adnate to fruit, outer wings linear-oblong, 4 in. long, ‘6 in. wide, not narrowed at the base, red; nerves 14, slender; nervules short, branching freely, inner wings narrow linear 3 in. long, ‘25 in. wide. Hab. Pahang, Kwantan Kubang Baloh (Fox- worthy). Native name: Meranti Terbak. (26) S. levis Rid. Big tree, nearly glabrous. Leaves pale or reddish beneath when young, adult leaves ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base round, thinly coriaceous, quite glabrous; nerves faint, hardly elevate, 8 to Io pairs; nervules and reticulations invisible, surface beneath smooth, minutely dotted, 2°5 to 4 in. long, 1° to 1°25 in. wide; petioles °5 in. long, rather slender. Flowers unknown. Fruit oblong-conic white silky, twice as long as the sepal-cup, °5 in. long; sepals glabrous, outer wings sub-spathulate, base narrowed above the sepaline cup, above gradually dilate, tip rounded I in. long, nearly ‘5 in. wide at the top, inner wings very short, linear blunt, :3 in. long, narrow. Hab. Forests, Pahang, Sungei Luar, Bentong (Foxworthy). Negri Sembilan, Serting (Foxworthy, Burn-Murdoch). Native names: Kumus; Jarmang; Bohot. Use: Good timber, Dammar of inferior quality, yellowish white. An account of the timber and Damar of the Kumus based on specimens sent from Senaling by Mr. Moorhouse was published by me in Agric. Bull. Straits, iv. 63. I identified the plant with S. ciliata, but noted certain differences; additional specimens make it clear, I think, that the species is distinct from ciliata, but no flowers have as yet been collected, (27) S. globifera Rid/. Branchlets scurfy-pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic, shortly acute acuminate, base rounded or blunt, above smooth, beneath nerves elevate 14 pairs, midrib elevate, all with the numerous transverse nervules sprinkled with stellate hair tufts, 2 in. long, *8 to rin. wide; petioles ‘12 in. long, pubescent. Flowers unknown. Fruit globose not longer than the sepal-cup, ‘2 in. long, glabrous; outer wings linear-oblong, blunt, 3 to 3°5 in. long, ‘3 in. wide; nerves fine, 8 or 9, transverse nervules fine much- branched and reticulate, inner pair 1°5 in. long, -25 in. wide. Hab. Pahang, Kwala Lipis, Sungei Cheka and Bentong (Foxworthy). Native names: Meranti Pipit, Meranti Pasir, Meranti Lebah. DOUBTFUL SPECIES S. furfuracea Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 488; Brandis, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 98. S. eximia Scheffer, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. Xxxi. 349. S. sublacunosa Scheff, l.c. 350. This is a seedling of one of the common species described above. It occurs as a low plant with thin leaves 6 in. long, conspicuous nerves and nervules and persistent ovate stipules, and is very Shorea. | XX. DIPTEROCARPACE®. 233 hairy, and usually infested with large galls. The flowering and fruiting specimens which have been referred to this from the Philippines and elsewhere (Brandis, etc.) have nothing to do with it. It is quite possible that it is the seedling of Dipterocarpus crinmitus, S. longisperma Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 618. “Nut sub-cylindric. A native of Prince of Wales’ Island.” This is the whole of Roxburgh’s description. It is not possible to guess what he referred to, but it was probably not a Shorea. _ 6. PACHYCHLAMYS, Dyer. Trees with large coriaceous leaves drying brown. Panicles axillary and terminal, velvety. Flowers sessile; sepals and petals as in Shorea. Stamens 15 in 3 rows, inner row longer with no awns, 2 outer with awns. Ovary conical. Fruit ovoid, large, pericarp woody; sepals much thickened, woody, outer 3 form- ing linear-oblong wings about as long as the fruit or shorter (rarely fully developed as in Shorea). Species about 5, chiefly Bornean. Usually referred to a section of Shorea and connected with it by P. Ghysbertiana. The closely allied P. Beccariana Dyer gives the important fat, Minyak Tengkawang. Leaves quite glabrous, dry black . : . (1) P. Thiseltoni Leaves thick with stellate hairs on nerves : . (2) P. Hemsleyana (1) P. Thiseltoni Rid/. Shorea Thiseltoni King, /.c. 122; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 155, pl. 188. (Fig. 22 e, p. 212.) A tree 60 to 80 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, oblong acuminate to elliptic-oblong, base round sub-cordate, midrib sunk above, prominent beneath; nerves 8 to 12 pairs, hairy when young, glabrous when old, nervules faint numerous, transverse, reticula- tions minute, drying blackish, 6 to 8 in. long, 2°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles -75 in. long. Panicle terminal, 6 in. long, mealy of 5 or 6 branches, longest 6 in. long. Branchlets numerous, °75 in. long each bearing 10 sessile flowers. Sepals lanceolate ovate; hairy white. Petals oblong, the outer half in bud hairy ‘25 in. long. Stamens 15, outermost rows 2 short; filaments filiform or rather thick, inner row twice as long, filaments narrowed upwards from a broad base; anthers small, cells separate by connective which terminates in a very short subulate appendage. Ovary oblong, thickly hairy; style slender. Fruit ovoid apiculate tomentose. 1°75 in. long, ‘6 in. through; pericarp woody, outer wings linear- oblong r to 2 in. long, inner wings short, triangular acuminate 12°5. Hab. Forests, Pahang, Ulu Rumpin (Foxworthy). Perak, Kinta River and Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Dindings, Pengkalan Bharu (Foxworthy). Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Dzstrib. Sumatra. Native names: Tampaya mas; Bunga Merpak. 234 XX. DIPTEROCARPACEZ. [Pachychlamys. (2) P. Hemsleyanus Rid/. Balanocarpus Hemsleyanus King, l. c. 134; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 160, pl. 193; Brandis, 1.c. 109, pl. 3, fig- 27. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Branchlets stout, black rough. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, slightly narrowed, rounded at base, glabrous above, scabrid beneath from stellate hairy tubercles, abundant on midrib and nerves 18 to 20 pairs, oblique, 7 to 12 in. long, 3°25 in. to 5 in. wide; petioles thick rugose *75 in. long. Panicles 3 to 7 in. long, densely stellate pubescent. Flowers °5 in. long, crowded, rich pink, outside silvery. Sepals sub-equal, broadly ovate acute, tomentose. Petals twice as long elliptic obtuse oblique, partly silky outside. Stamens 15; filaments dilate; awns longer than anthers. Fruit ovoid apiculate tomentose, 1°25 to 1°75 in. long, °75 in. to I in. through; sepals sub-equal, I to 1°25 in. long, forming a woody cup. Hab. Forests. Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler). Province Wellesley, Sungei daun; Tasek Gelugur (Curtis). Penang, Batu Feringhi. Native name: Meranti Balau. Use: Timber valuable. 7. PARASHOREA, Kurz. Big trees with coriaceous leaves. Panicles numerous, many- flowered. Flowers small. Sepals on a broad receptacle almost valvate. Stamens 15; amthers linear; anther-cells unequal, 2 posterior beaked, connective prolonged. Ovary hairy. Fruit tomentose; wings 5 nearly equal not enclosing the fruit. Species 3, Burma, Malay islands. (1) P. stellata Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 66; Prerre, For. Flor. Cochinchine, 14, t.224. Shorea stellata Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 304; King, l.c. 120; Brandis, l.c. 104, Pl. 2, figs. 11 and 12. Tree roo to 150 ft. tall, 4 to 5 ft. through. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, base rounded glabrous; nerves 8 to Ir pairs, prominent beneath, 4 to 5°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles °7 to ‘9 in. long. Panicles 4 to 6 in. long, very numerous, stellate pubescent. Flowers ‘25 in. across velvety pale yellow. Sepals ovate-oblong, tomentose. Petals broadly ovate blunt, pubescent outside. Stamens bimucronate, the connective also mucronate. Ovary tomentose; style short. Fruit ovoid apiculate; wings linear oblong much narrowed at the base and free from the fruit, 5-nerved, 4°5 in. long, °6 in. wide. Hab. Dense jungle. Perak, Gunong Pondok (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Burma. 8. HOPEA, Roxb. Big or vast trees resinous, with transparent resin. Stipules small. Flowers small in panicled unilateral racemes. Sepals 2, external, 3 internal, imbricate. Petals silky or tomentose on the part exposed in bud only, contort, narrow, yellow, red or white. Pe Hopea.| XX. DIPTEROCARPACE2. 235 Stamens 15, rarely 10; anthers ovate; cells equal, connective prolonged into a fine awn. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled; style cylindric. Fruit surrounded by the 5 enlarged sepals, free to base, 2 outer wings long linear, 3 inner ones not longer than fruit, connate in a cup at base, closely appressed to the small nut. Species about 35, Indo-Malaya. The timber of Hopeas, known as Merawan, is light red and rather soft. The Dammar (Dammar Mata Kuching) is clear and transparent, as it is in Balanocarpus. i. Eu-HopeA. Leaf-nerves 8 to 18 pairs. Inflores- cence usually silky. Leaves large, stiff coriaceous, ovate; nerves 8 pairs; flowers glabrous 7 ¢ : : Leaves small, thin; nerves 10 to 18 pairs distinct prominent; flowers where known white silky (1) H. nutans Leaves 4 to 5 in. long; fruit-wings 4 in. long ; (2) H. nervosa Leaves 3 in. long; fruit-wings 2°5 in. long Me oblanceolate (3) H. Curtisii Leaves thin, 3 in. long; fruit-wings linear-oblong. Leaves stiff, ovate, 2°5 in. long; nerves 8 pairs, (4) H. globosa faint ‘ (5 ( ( H. albescens ) 6) H. Lowii ) H. multiflora Leaves stiff ovate; nerves 10 pairs; fruit-wings elliptic broad, 1°5 by ‘5 in. long ; Leaves lanceolate, cuspidate; nerves 6 pairs ii, DRYOBALANOIDES. Leavesstiff; nerves faint very numerous, parallel. Inflorescence glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, base shortly narrowed . (8) H. micrantha Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, base cuneate ; . (9) H. Pierrei Leaves broad ovate, base round, very smooth and stiff . P : : ; : ; . (10) H, Mengerawan Leaves small; branches, nerves on back, and in- florescence pubescent 4 , : . (11) H. pubescens (1) H. nutans Ridl. Branches moderately stout, black glabrous. Leaves ovate- elliptic stiffly coriaceous, glabrous base round broad, smooth above; nerves elevate beneath about 8 pairs ascending; nervules horizontal inconspicuous beneath, reticulations invisible, 5 in. long, 3°5 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long. Panicle of 2 or 3 branches, 2 in. long pubescent, fascicled in the axils. Flowers small, few, sessile, nodding, glabrous. Sepals 2 outer oblong coriaceous, 3 inner ovate, shorter and thinner. Petals oblong truncate, toothed at the tip with 1 long and 2 short teeth. Stamens 15, very short; awns longer than the anthers. Ovary conic, glabrous; style short. Fruit globose, glabrous, *25 in. long with a short point, outer wings oblong; nerves 10, 2°25 in. long, ‘5 in. wide, inner wings ovate, free to base, shorter than fruit. Hab. Forests, Pahang, Kwantan (E. J. Hanbury, flowers). Ulu Rumpin (Foxworthy, fruit). Native names : Giam (not the Giam of Sumatra); Bunga Merpak. I have little doubt that the fruiting specimen belongs to the same species as the flowering one, as it agrees in foliage. The fruit very closely resembles 236 XX. DIPTEROCARPACE#, | Hopea. that of H. globosa, only known from Wray’s specimens, but his foliage is totally different. (2) H. nervosa King, l.c. 124. A tree 50 to 70 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, base rounded or slightly cuneate ; nerves 16 to 18 pairs prominent beneath, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles *5 to *75 in. long. Flowers unknown. Fruit ovoid-rounded, apiculate, glabrous black, °5 in. long; wings oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to the base, obtuse sometimes spathu- late, base concave, thickened; nerves 10, 4 to 4°5 in. long, *6 to “75, in. wide, the 3 inner sepals ovate obtuse shorter than the fruit, not adherent to it. Hab. Perak, Thaiping Hills 500 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (3) H. Curtisii King, l.c. 124; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 755, 21, 1878.. (Fig. 22°a, ip. 212.) A tree 50 to 70 ft. tall. Young branches sub-glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, ovate to ovate-oblong acuminate, blunt, base rounded or sub-cuneate, glabrous on both sides; nerves Io to 13 pairs, stellate-pubescent to glabrous and prominent beneath, 3°5 to 4°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles pubescent when young ‘4 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, few-flowered, puberulous. Flowers. ‘2 in. long. Sepals broad ovate blunt, tomentose outside, inner 2 smaller and more glabrous. Petals oblong falcate, blunt, partially tomentose outside. Stamens 10; awns longer than anthers. Ovary ovate, puberulous at tip. Fruit ovoid apiculate, *3 in. long; outer wings narrow oblong, 5-nerved, reticulate, nar- rowed slightly at base, base rounded, concave, 1°75 to 2°5 in. long, 35 to ‘6 in. wide, 3 inner wings as long as the fruit. Hab. Dense forest. Perak, bank of Kinta River (Kunstler); Kwala Kangsa (Foxworthy). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Native name: Chengal Pasir. (4) H. globosa Brandis, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 61. A big tree glabrous except the young fruit. Leaves sub- membranaceous, elliptic acuminate, base rounded; nerves 6 pairs, inconspicuous above, elevate beneath, transverse nervules con- spicuous beneath, 3°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flowers unknown. Fruit globose, *25 in. long, outer wings not enclosing fruit slightly imbricate linear-oblong, tip round, base narrowed with g to 14 faintly marked nerves, base pubescent, 2 to 2°75 in. long, ‘6 in. wide, inner wings rounded ‘25 in. long. Hab. Pahang, Bentong (Foxworthy). Perak at Gapis (Wray). Selangor, Rantau Panjang (Ridley). Native name: Damar Mata Kuching. Suspiciously like H. Lowii Brandis, the type specimens (Wray’s) are very poor. (5) H. albescens Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 142. Leaves coriaceous ovate to elliptic acuminate, apex blunt le a tia: Hopea.| XX. DIPTEROCARPACE. 237 base round glabrous; nerves 8 pairs, very slender, almost invisible _ above, 2°75 to 3 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; petioles -41in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 3 to 4 in. long. Flowers sub-secund, white, tomentose, shortly pedicelled. Sepals lanceolate-ovate obtuse. Petals ‘2 in. long not much longer than sepals, oblong broad blunt pubescent outside. Stamens 15; filament elongate, triangular ; - anthers elliptic; *awns very fine, hair-like as long as the anthers. Ovary pubescent; style short. Hab. Pahang at Raub (Burn- Murdoch). Native name :. Merawan. (6) H. Lowii Brandis, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 63. A big tree about 60 ft. tall, glabrous except the pubescent young shoots and inflorescence. Leaves thinly coriaceous, but rather stiff, ovate blunt acuminate; nerves I0 pairs elevate beneath, nervules transverse, parallel, 3°5 in. long, 2°25 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long, rather thick, scurfy. Panicles terminal and axillary, scurfy-tomentose, 3 in. long, with short branches, ‘5 in. long. Flowers small sessile, secund, ‘25 in. wide. Sepals. tomentose, ovate blunt. Petals linear, half glabrous, ‘1 in. long, edge at tip crisped. Stamens 10;. filaments shorter than anther, oblong; awn as long or longer. Ovary hairy; style glabrous. Fruit ovoid not apiculate, glabrous, ‘25 in. long; outer wings oblong, broadest in the middle, tip round, base narrowed; nerves 8, fine, 1°75 to 2 in. long, *5 in. wide; inner wings oblong rounded at tip half as long as fruit. Hab. Woods in the lowlands. Singapore, Chua Chu Kang. Muar (Curtis). Pahang, Lipis and Rumpin (Foxworthy). Negri Sembilan, Batang Benar (Foxworthy). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Dzstvib. Sumatra, Borneo. _ (7) H. multiflora Brandis, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 60.. Doona multiflora Burck, Ann. Jard. Buitenz. vi. 234. A tree glabrous except the flowers. Leaves coriaceous, ovate- lanceolate with a long blunt cusp °*5 in. long, base narrowed; nerves 5 pairs, 3 in. long, I in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Panicles axillary, rin. long. Flowers small, ‘1 in. long in unilateral racemes, tomentose; pedicels short. Sepals ovate sub-acute. Petals linear pubescent. Stamens 15, base broad; awns 2 or 3 times as long as the anthers. Fruit unknown. Hab. Penang, Government Hill at 1000 ft. altitude (Curtis). Déstvib. Sumatra. (8) H. micrantha Hook. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 160; King, 1.c. 124. _ A tree 60 to 80 ft. tall. Branchlets black, pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate bluntly caudate- acuminate, base slightly cuneate or broad, glabrous except midrib, occasionally pubescent; nerves about Io, indistinct, secondaries nearly as prominent, 2°5 to 3 in. long, 1°5 to “75 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to -4 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, glabrous. _ Flowers ‘15 in. long. Sepals sub-equal, green, ovate round, black- resinous, glabrous. Petals twice as long crimson. Stamens 15; 238 XX. DIPTEROCARPACE2. [Hopea. awn long. Ovary glabrous with hairy ring at base. Fruit ovoid apiculate, *3 in. long, outer wings oblanceolate obtuse, narrowed to base, reticulate, 7-nerved, 1°75 to 2 in. long, ‘2 to *25 in. broad, inner ones as long as fruit. Hab. Common in forests. Johor at Pinerong (Cantley). Malacca (Maingay); Sungei Hudang (Good- enough). Dindings, Pengkalan Bharu (Foxworthy). Perak, Thai- ping (Kunstler). Penang, Government Hill at “1200 ft. altitude (Curtis). Dzstvib. Borneo. Native name: Merawan Kunyit. (9) H. Pierrei Hance, Journ. Bot. 1877, p. 329; Brandis, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 67, pl. 11, fig. 10. Hancea Pierrei Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, 16, t. 248. Hopea intermedia King, l.c. 126. A tree 60 to 80 or more ft. tall, 8 to 12 in. or more through, glabrous except a very slight puberulousness on the inflorescence. Leaves bluntly ovate cuspidate, base round or slightly cuneate, rather stiffly coriaceous; nerves about 10 pairs very fine, visible beneath and occasionally above, 2°5 in. long, I°r in. wide; petioles ‘2 to ‘25 in. long. Flowers very small in unilateral panicles, I in. long. Branches ‘25 to 5 in. long. Flowers secund, pendent, glabrous, ‘18 in. long. Sepals ovate, drying black. Petals silky outside, red. Stamens 15; awns twice as long as the anthers. Ovary glabrous or nearly so, as is stylopodium. Fruit ovoid-conic acuminate, ‘2 to °3 in. long; outer wings linear-oblong, blunt, narrowed to base; nerves slender 7 to 8, reticulations prominent, I in. long, ‘25 in. wide, base thickened, concave, inner wings much shorter than fruit, ovate. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Goodenough); Ayer Panas (Kinsey). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Penang, Muka Head (Curtis). Distvib. Borneo, Cambodia. Native name: Jangkang. I am quite unable to see any valid difference between H. Piervei and H. intermedia Wing, though Brandis keeps them separate. The fruit in the Perak plant is very small and the wings very narrow, but Diptevocarps do differ in this point frequently. Brandis refers the Singapore plant and a plant collected by Curtis at Sungei Penang to H. Griffithit Kurz, and a variety of this var. pedicellata. This species has lanceolate leaves narrowed at both ends, instead of being round at the base. It is a native of Mergui. The Singapore plant is clearly H. Piervvei. The Sungei Penang plant collected by Curtis differs in having many more nerves to the leaf, the secondary nerves, invisible in Piervei, are visible in this specimen and the leaves are more oblong, the panicle is stouter, the petals narrower and longer. It is not at all like H. Griffithii. It is just possible that it is a hybrid between H. Piervei and H. micrantha. Jing refers it to H. micrantha, which is certainly near to it. (10) H. Mengarawan Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 492; Burck, Ann. Jard. Buitenz. vi. 240. A big tree 60 to Ioo ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves bluntly acuminate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2°5 to 4 in. long, 2 in. broad or less; nerves very fine and numerous, almost invisible on the smooth upper surface, secondaries nearly as conspicuous; petioles ‘5 in. long. Flowers pendulous in panicled Hopea.| XX. DIPTEROCARPACE2. 239 racemes; panicles ‘6 to I in. long, racemes ‘25 in. long. Sepals black resinous, ovate obtuse. Petals linear obtuse. Fruit °25 in. long, ovoid-conic, outer wings oblong linear blunt, narrowed to base, 1°5 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, inner sepals ovate truncate, tightly clasping the nut and shorter than it. Hab. Common in forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah, etc. Johor, Pinerong (Cantley). Negri Sembilan, Pasoh (Foxworthy). Perak at Goping (Kunstler). Disirib. Sumatra. Native names: Merawan; Mengarawan or Pengerawang. (11) H. pubescens di. Tree. Branches, petioles and inflorescence thickly pubescent velvety. Leaves elliptic-ovate, caudate, tip blunt, base rounded or shortly cuneate, coriaceous glabrous above except the sunk midrib in young leaves fringed with hairs, midrib beneath pubes- cent; nerves hardly visible, numerous and close, 1 in. long, °5 in. wide; petioles ‘15 in. long pubescent. Panicles numerous axillary pubescent °5 in. long with 4 or 5 short branches. Flowers °05 in. long, pendent. Calyx glabrous. Sepals lanceolate. Petals little longer, oblong silky, especially on edge. Stamens minute; anthers globose with a very fine awn on the top. Ovary conic glabrous; style slender, no stylopodium. Hab. Pahang, Lubok Layang and Bukit Putus, Temerloh (Foxworthy); Sungei Benchah, Lipis (Foxworthy). Native name; Merawan or Penggawan Bunga. 9. COTYLELOBIUM, Pierre. Trees. Leaves coriaceous with inarching nerves. Panicles axillary and terminal. Sepals tomentose sub-equal, lanceolate. Petals short. Stamens 15 in 2 unequal rows; filaments very short ; anthers linear hairy, prolonged connective subulate or conic. Ovary hemispheric pilose. Style long, subulate. Fruit globose; outer wings 2, spathulate much narrowed at base, inner ones ovate acute not half as long, all free to base. Species 4 or 5, Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Siam. Very near Synaptea, but the habit different, the leaves stiffly coriaceous oblong with fine close nerves. (1) C. flavum Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine 16, t. 256a; Brandis, lic. 115, Pl. iil. figs. 22-24. A big tree. Branchlets under side of leaves and petioles densely dotted with minute stellate hairs. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, base rounded; nerves numerous, very indistinct inarching within the edge, 3 to 3°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary, grey tomentose. Sepals lanceolate acute. Petals little longer ‘5 in. long, glabrous; anthers linear hairy, connective-appendage short, filaments short. Ovary tomentose. Fruit globular tomentose, *25 in. long; outer wings 2, spathulate linear-oblong, base narrowed 240 XX. DIPTEROCARPACEZ. [Cotylelobium. 2 in. long, 3 inner ones ‘75 in. long. Hab. Rare. Singapore at Sungei Morai (Ridley). Dzsivib. Borneo. Native name: Rassak. 10. SYNAPTEA, Griffith. Medium to large trees. Leaves thin coriaceous with con- spicuous nerves. Flowers small in axillary and terminal panicles, white or yellow. Sepals free to base. Petals not contort. Stamens 15 in 2 unequal series; anthers oblong, valves unequal, connective shortly prolonged to a cylindric or conic point. Ovary 3-celled; style short. Fruit nut small; sepals free to base, 2 large linear oblong and 2 ovate as long as nut. Species about 12, Indo-Malaya. Leaves large oblong; panicles short, dense, ‘red furfuraceous; sepals in fruit very unequal. Leaves 4 in. long; flowers ‘45 in. long; petioles long, slender, glabrous; branches glabrous . (1) S. Maingayi Leaves 4 in. long; flowers 4 in. long; Pee short with branches tomentose . (2) S. Dyeri Leaves 3 in. long; flowers ‘25 in.long . (3) S. Lowii Leaves 4 in. long; flowers “45 in. long in lax panicles, tomentose . (4) S. lancaviensis Leaves narrow oblong 9 to Io in. 1. long by 2i in. wide (5) S. nitens ) Leaves elliptic-lanceolate cuspidate; inner sepals long cuspidate . 5 (6) §. cuspidata Leaves 3 in. long; panicles lax mostly terminal. Leaves lanceolate long-acuminate; wings of fruit 3 in. long . , . (7) S. perakensis Leaves elliptic, shortly acuminate ; ia of fruit 2 in. oblong ; (8) S. faginea Leaves elliptic-lanceolate ; wings ‘2 in. long, ‘75 in. wide, oblanceolate 9) S. cinerea ( Leaves elliptic- -lanceolate; panicles very lax. (10) S. reticulata (1) S. Maingayi Rid/. Vatica Maingayi Dyer, F.BI. 1. 302; King, l.c. 104. A big tree. Branchlets, inflorescence, flowers and young fruit thickly red-tomentose. Leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous (drying red brown) oblong or oblong-obovate, shortly acute, base rounded or slightly narrowed; nerves slender, 9 to 12 pairs, curved upwards, slightly elevate, 3 to 4°5 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘6 to 1°5in. long. Panicles dense, 1 to 1°25 in. long, numerous axillary. Flowers *45 in. long. Sepals lanceolate sub-acute. Petals linear- oblong. Ovary tomentose. Fruit globose, 25 in. through, free from the calyx, large wings linear-oblong, sub-acute, 5-nerved, 2 in. long, *35 to ‘5 in. wide, 3 small ones ovate sub-acuminate, ‘25 in. long. Hab. Forests. Johor, Pinerong (Cantley). Malacca (Maingay). Dindings, Gunong Melintang (Foxworthy). Native name. Maralang. (2) S. Dyeri Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 241. Vatica Dyeri King, l.c. 106. Tree 80 to 130 ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Young branches, panicles and calyx brown-tomentose, flocculent with stellate hairs. ee ET ee ———E————E—— Synabptea.] - XX. DIPTEROCARPACE. 241 Leaves membranous, broad elliptic or elliptic-oblong sub-acute, base rounded, glabrous; nerves II to 13 pairs, rather prominent, reticulate beneath, 3°5 to 7 in. long, 1°6 to 1°3 in. wide; petioles *35 to ‘5 in. long, tomentose. Panicles cymose, I°5 to 3 in. long. Flowers *4 in. long. Sepals unequal 2 larger oblong-obtuse, 3 smaller lanceolate acuminate, velvety light brown. Petals broad elliptic obtuse, glabrous except edge, twice as long as sepals, bright yellow. Stamens blunt apiculate. Ovary pubescent. Fruit conic, 2 large wings oblanceolate oblong, 5-nerved, 1°25 in. long, °25 in. wide, 3 smaller sepals one-fourth of length lanceolate. Hab. Rare. Singapore (White). Perak; open jungle, Gunong Bubu range (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Cambodia. (3) S. Lowii Ridi. Vatica Lowii King, l.c. 103; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 150, pl. 182B; Brandis, l.c. 131. Tree 60 to 8o ft. tall, 18 to 24 in. through. Branchlets, petioles inflorescence, calyx rusty-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous oblong sub-acute, base rounded, glabrous except midrib above; nerves 13 to I5 pairs, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, I to 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘3 to ‘4 in. long. Panicles short, crowded, many-flowered, °75 to 1°5 in. long. Flowers ‘25 in. long, white or green. Sepals lanceolate acuminate, tomentose. Petals narrow oblong obtuse, glabrous. Stamens unequal-sided. Ovary tomentose. Fruit globose, °25 in. through, rufous-scurfy, free from calyx, large wings narrow oblong hardly narrowed at the base, 5-nerved, 2°75 in. to 3 in. long, ‘6 in. wide, 3 smaller wings lanceolate obtuse. Hab. Rocky hills, 800 to 1200 ft. altitude. Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler). Dindings, Segari, Melintang (Foxworthy). Native name: Resak Hitam. (4) S. lancaviensis Rid/. Vatica lancaviensis Ridl. Journ. iiss) Soc. S. BY. 54, p: 27. Tree. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate blunt, base cuneate, coriaceous; nerves 8 pairs, prominent beneath, 3 to 5 in. long, I°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 4 to 6 in. long stellate tomentose. Sepals ovate-triangular, blunt tomentose. Petals spirally twisted oblong blunt, half the back stellate-tomentose. Stamens 15, sub-sessile, connective a short blunt point longer than filament. Ovary hairy; stigma capitate. Hab. Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). I have not seen the fruit of this, so it may be a Vatica. (5) S. nitens Ridi. Vatica nitens King, l.c. 104; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 150, pl. 182A. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Branchlets and petioles scurfy-papillose. Leaves coriaceous, narrow oblong acuminate, narrowed at rounded base, above glabrous (drying brown), beneath scurfy on midrib and 18 to 20 pairs of nerves, prominent, finely reticulate, 9 to Io in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles +5 in. long. Flowers unknown. Fruit globular with persistent style, reticulate, °5 in. through, adnate to FI.M.P., r. R 242 XX. DIPTEROCARPACES. [Synaptea. calyx for half its length; large wings oblong, tip rounded, 5-nerved, glabrous, 3 in. long, ‘8 to ‘gin. wide; 3 short wings ovate acuminate, strongly 5-nerved. Hab. Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). (6) S. cuspidata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 172. Tree. Branches and petioles scurfy. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, long-cuspidate blunt, base narrowed coriaceous, finely reticulate; nerves elevate beneath, II pairs, 5 in. long, 1°75 in. wide; petioles 15 in. long. Flowers unknown. Fruit ellipsoid, scurfy, °5 in. long, larger wings linear-oblong 3 in. long, 36 in. wide; nerves 5, free nearly to base, smaller ones *75 in. long, cuspidate. Hab. Dindings (Ridley’s collector). Native name : Résak. This is evidently allied closely to S. pervakensis, but the petioles are very much longer and the smaller sepals in fruit have very long narrow points. (7) S. perakensis Ridi. Vatica perakensis King, l.c. 103; Amn. Bot. Gard. Calc. v..(2), 140, pl. 181; Brandts, l.c. 132, p13, jigs. 18, 19. Tree 60 to 8o ft. tall, 15 to 20 in. through. Branchlets slender, scurfy stellate-pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceo- late or oblanceolate acuminate to caudate-acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous, finely reticulate, midrib above puberulous; nerves Io to 12 pairs prominent beneath, 2°5 to 5 in. long, ‘8 to 1°3 in. wide; petioles -25 to 1°5 in. long. Panicles axillary and extra-axillary, I to 2 in. long, slender, minutely tomentose. Flowers ‘4 in. long, pale yellow. Sepals lanceolate blunt, grey, tomentose. Petals twice as long, quite glabrous. Ovary minutely tomentose. Fruit *3 to ‘5 in. through, quite free, globose tomentose, 2 long wings oblong-lanceolate, narrow at base, 5-nerved, 2°5 in. long, 5 in. wide, small wings lanceolate acuminate. Hab. Forests. Perak, Thaiping Waterfall (Wray, Kunstler). Pangkor (Curtis). Common. (8) S. faginea Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 242. Vatica faginea Dyer, F.BI. i. 301; King, l.c. 105. Vatica Curtisii King, lc. 105; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 151, pl. 102B. A tree 20 to 70 ft. tall, 1°5 to 2 ft. through. Young branches slender, ashy-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, oblong or elliptic acuminate blunt, glabrous; nerves g to 13 pairs, finely reticulate on both sides, 3 to 5 in. long, I to 2 in. wide. Panicles 2°5 to 3 in. long, tomentose. Flowers *5 in. long, dark red. Sepals densely tomentose, connate half-way, lanceolate, slightly unequal, spreading. Petals oblong blunt, glabrous except edge. Pistil tomentose. Fruit globular adherent to calyx for half its length; 2 large wings narrow oblong blunt, 5-nerved, 2 to 2°5 in. long, °5 to ‘7 in. wide; the three smaller ones sub-spathulate unequal, less than °5 in. long. Hab. Hilly jungle, rather scarce. Selangor, Weld’s Hill, Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis). Penang (Wallich, Shorea pinangiana, Hopea be No. 963); Waterfall (Curtis). Déstvib. Tenasserim, Cochin- ina. Synabtea.| XX. DIPTEROCARPACES. 243 (9) S. cinerea Ridl. Vatica cinerea King, l.c. 104; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2); p. 150, fl. 183A. Small tree 30 to 4o ft. tall. Branchlets scurfy. Leaves thinly coriaceous ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate sub-acute, base rounded or sub-cuneate, finely reticulate, both sides glabrous; nerves 6 to 8, faint, 2°25 to 3°5 in. long, °75 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles °3 to ‘5 in. long. Panicles scurfy, 1°25 to 2 in. long, few-flowered. Flowers "45 im. long. Sepals sub-equal lanceolate sub-acute, tomentose. Petals oblong-lanceolate half pubescent outside. Fruit globular, attached half-way to calyx; large wings red oblanceolate rounded : nerves 5, 2 in. long, ‘5 in. wide, small wings lanceolate obtuse, ‘25 in. long. Hab. Lankawi island at Kwah (Curtis). Pulau Adang (Ridley). (10) S. reticulata Rid/. Vatica reticulata King, /.c. 106. Tree 60 to 80 ft. tall, 1°5 to 2 ft. through, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-lanceo- late acuminate at both ends blunt, base cuneate; nerves 8 to 9 pairs, conspicuously laxly finely reticulate both sides, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide; petioles ‘4 in. long. Panicles lax, slender, 2 to 3 in. long, puberulous; pedicels 25 in. long. Sepals unequal lanceolate blunt, pubescent on both sides. Corolla dull dark blue (fide Kunstler probably claret colour). Ovary pubescent, hemi- spherical ridged. Young fruit, wings linear-oblong, smaller ones half as long. Hab. Dense jungles on hills 1500 to 2000 ft. altitude. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Corolla, stamens and ripe fruit not seen. 11. VATICA, Linn. Medium or tall but not vast trees. Leaves coriaceous, often rather small. Panicles axillary. Flowers as in Synaptea. Sepals equal or nearly so in fruit ovate or oblong, little or not longer than the sub-globose fruit. Species 10, Indo-Malaya. This genus differs only in the fruit from Synaptea. Sepals in fruit ovate or oblong, covering fruit . (zr) V. Kunstleri Sepals usually much shorter than fruit, thin. Fruit small crustaceous; sepals spreading little longer than fruit; leaves small . 4 wh 1(2) Fruit globose, corky; sepals much shorter; leaves large. : : : : . (3) V. Scortechinii Fruit unknown. Panicles scurfy tomentose; stipules o . (4) V. Kelsalli : Panicles thin glabrous; stipules large ovate . (5) V. stipulata (1) V. Kunstleri Ridi. Retinodendron Kunstleri King, /.c. 129; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 157, pl. 189B. Shrub 6 to ro ft. tall to a tree of 30 ft. high. Leaves thinly coriaceous elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, sub-acute to acuminate, base cuneate above glabrous; nerves pubescent beneath, glabrous, 7 to 9 pairs, prominent beneath, 2°25 to 4°5 in. long, 1°25 to I 75 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to °4 1n. 2) V. pallida 244 XX. DIPTEROCARPACEZ. [Vatica. long. Racemes axillary 1 to 1°5 in. long, scurfy. Flowers *4 in. long, waxy yellow. Sepals very short ovate puberulous. Petals green, oblong-elliptic oblique blunt. Fruit globular with a long curved beak, *25 in. through; wings equal oblong-obtuse, thickly membranous, glabrous, 3-nerved, 1°3 in. long, 1°3 in. wide, covering the fruit. Hab. Low wet ground in open jungle. Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Tapa (Wray). (2) V. pallida Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.BJI. 1.302. Retinodendron pallidum King, l.c. 128. Small tree about 30 ft. tall. Branches long and slender, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate caudate, base cuneate; nerves 8 to g pairs, thin, reticulations not conspicuous, 4°5 to 5'5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘15 to ‘25 in. long, wrinkled. Panicles 3 to 6 in. long. Branches slender puberulous. Flowers yellowish white; pedicels ‘25 in. long. Sepals ‘1 in. long, lanceolate connate for a quarter of length, puberulous. Petals linear- oblong obtuse puberulous scurfy on the back much twisted in bud ‘4 in. long. Stamens, anthers ovate, connective-appendage very short; filaments very short. Ovary pubescent. Fruit spherical, ‘25 in. through. Sepals membranous linear-oblong, very much shorter. Hab. Stony jungle, Penang Hill. Common from the Waterfall to 800 ft. altitude (all collectors). (3) V. Scortechinii Rrd/. Retinodendron Scortechinii King, L.c..128; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v: (2),,157, pl. 190. Medium to tall tree. Young branches red-pubescent. Leaves coriaceous oblong, tip sub-acute, base narrowed obtuse; nerves 14 to 18 pairs spreading, prominent beneath, 7 to Io in. long, 2°6 to 3°2 in. wide; petioles *6 to °75 in. long. Panicles crowded at the tip, axillary stellate-rufous-tomentose. Flowers ‘6 in. long; pedicels ‘r in. long. Sepals ovate acute, connate half-way, red- tomentose. Petals oblong obtuse, half woolly outside, much longer. Stamens elliptic 5 inner ones longer. Fruit globose rufous-scurfy, ‘65 in. long; wings ovate, coriaceous, stiff ribbed much shorter, not reflexed. Hab. Rare. River banks. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley). Perak (Scortechini). (4) V. Kelsalli Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 27. A tree. Leaves glabrous lanceolate obtuse; nerves 5 pairs conspicuous, finely closely reticulate beneath, 5 in. long, 1°2 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long. Panicles 2 to 3 in. long, scurfy-tomen- tose. Flowers numerous, white, ‘13 in. long, pedicellate. Sepals lanceolate obtuse, scurfy. Petals little longer blunt, scurfy. Stamens 10; anthers elliptic, prolongation of connective very short rounded. Pistil glabrous; style short, stout. Stigma obo- vate. Fruit unknown. Hab. Johor, Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall). (5) V. stipulata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 172. Tree? quite glabrous except the flowers. Branchlets slender. Leaves coriaceous lanceolate-acuminate, shortly narrowed at the Vatica.] XX. DIPTEROCARPACES. 245 base cuneate; nerves very fine, 7 pairs, ‘4 to 5°75 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles slender, 1°25 in. long, dilated towards the apex. Stipules ovate-cordate obtuse, °25 to °75 in. long and nearly as wide. Panicles lax, axillary, few-flowered. Flowers distant; pedicels -2 in. long. Sepals short, ovate connate half their length _and sparingly inside, scurfy puberulous. Petals 4 times as long, linear-oblong, scurfy on the back, not twisted. Stamens 10; filaments very short; anthers shortly apiculate. Ovary conic pubescent grooved; style columnar. Stigma clavate. Fruit unknown. Hab. Very rare. Malacca on Mount Ophir (Hullett 781). A very remarkable plant, quite unlike any other. 12. ISOPTERA, Scheffer. Tree. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers in axillary and terminal panicles. Calyx-tube very short. Sepals ovate-round, imbricate. Petals linear, twisted. Stamens 30 to 35; anthers ovate; cells divergent at base; connective awned. Ovary 3-celled; cells 2-ovuled. Fruit, 1-seeded; pericarp coriaceous; calyx an open cup with 3 large round spreading lobes and 2 smaller ones. Species I. (x) I. borneensis Scheff. Ann. Bot. Jard. Buitenz. vi. 222; ie ec. 129. (Fig. 22 bp. 212.) A large tree, but often flowering quite small. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong sub-acute, base rounded, glabrous ; nerves 8 or 9 pairs, 4 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. wide; petioles ° 5 in. long. Panicles lax, few-flowered, 4 to 6 in. long, stellate-pubescent. Flowers pedicellate, 1°25 in. across, green. Sepals tomentose. Petals 5 in. long, tomentose. Stamens, filaments dilate at base. Ovary silky. Fruit ‘25 in. through. Calyx forming a cup with 4 spreading lobes, the outer ones ‘65 in. long and wide. Hab. In forests. Muar at Kepong (Curtis). Pahang, river, woods; Tenjai, Ulu Rumpin (Foxworthy). Distvib. Borneo, Banka. Native name: Senkawang or Tengkawang. Use. Yields the valued vegetable fat, Minyak Tengkawang. 13. BALANOCARPUS, Beddome. Medium to vast trees. Leaves rather small. Flowers small, secund on panicled racemes. Sepals distinct or connate at base, 2 external to the others. Petals elliptic oblique. Stamens 15 attached to petal-bases in 3 rows or Io in 2 rows; filaments dilate at base; anthers ovate,awned. Style short. Stigma. entire. Fruit oblong or sub- -globose; pericarp woody. Calyx forming a 5-lobed cup round the base, free from it, not developing into wings. Species about 12, South India, Malaya. Use: Timber highly valued, Chengai. Dammar, very clear and transparent or black. Stamens I5. Flowers very small, glabrous and dark coloured when dry. Fruit small ellipsoid, base only covered a sepals; flowers silky : : : (1) B. penangianus 246 XX. DIPTEROCARPACEZ. [Balanocarpus. Fruit globose-ovoid, half covered by sepals; flowers glabrous : 5 : : . (2) B. Curtisii Fruit unknown; leaves large ovate; flowers glabrous . é ; : : ; . (3) B. ovalifolius Flowers pubescent. Flowers small silky, leaves glabrous i (4) B. anomalus Flowers small; petals long narrow, glabrescent ; sepal cup with short ovate lobes; leaves large tomentose beneath . ; : . (5) B. pubescens Flowers moderately large; petals short, broad all silky. Stamens Io. Fruit conic, glabrous, cup half aslong . (6) B. Heimii Flowers larger ; petals long linear, contort; fruit elongate large . : 3 (7) B. maximus (1) B. penangianus King, Le. 131; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 158, pl. IQIB. Tree 40 to 70 ft. tall, 8 to 18 in. through, with pendulous branches almost glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous, ovate lanceolate or ovate acuminate to caudate, base cuneate; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, inconspicuous above, very slender beneath, 1°75 to 4 in. long, ‘8 to 1°6 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to ‘4 in. long. Panicles hoary-pubescent. Flowers small, brownish yellow, secund 7 to 9 on each branch, pedicelled, ‘15 to ‘2 in. long. Sepals sub-equal, broad ovate acute, tomentose. Petals oblong obtuse, twisted. Stamens 15; awns curved, longer than anthers. Fruit ovoid or obovoid, shortly apiculate, striate, ‘6 in. long, °3 in. through, per- sistent calyx covering the lower third, glabrous, lobes deltoid acute. Hab. Forests, Malacca, Bukit Senggeh (Foxworthy). Penang, Government Hill 1000 to 2000 ft. altitude. Telok Bahang and Muka Head (all collectors). Perak, Thaiping district (Kunstler). Native names: Dammar hitam; Singga. Use: Produces a black Dammar. Some specimens in young fruit only, received from Bukit Senggeh, Malacca, under the name of Singga, from Foxworthy, may be this species. (2) B. Curtisii King, l.c. 131; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 156, pl. r9gra. (Fig. 23 f, p. 243-) Small tree 20 to 30 ft. tall, 4 to 6in. through. Branches slender. Leaves membranous, lanceolate caudate obtuse, base shortly cuneate; nerves 8 to Io pairs faint, secondaries nearly equal, 2 to 2°25 in. long, -75 to I in. wide; petioles ‘r to ‘15 in. long. Panicles numerous, ‘5 in. long, glabrous. Flowers secund, short- pedicelled, -15 in. long. Sepals sub-equal, round-ovate blunt, glabrous, tips sometimes pubescent. Petals dark purple elliptic oblique, acuminate, pubescent outside. Stamens 15; filaments shorter than anthers; awns longer than stamens. Fruit globular apiculate, ‘25 in. long, more than half covered by the sepals, outer 2 smaller oblong, inner 3 much broader, obovate, truncate. Hab. Hill forests. Penang, Waterfall to 500 ft. altitude (Curtis). Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler). Distrib. Borneo. Balanocarpus.| XX. DIPTEROCARPACES. 247 (3) B. ovalifolius Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 130. Tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate cuspidate, base shortly cuneate; nerves numerous fine inconspicuous, reticulations minute, 3 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long. Panicles lax, 2 in. long, glabrous, rather few-flowered. Sepals imbricate, sub-cori- aceous, glabrous, ovate, blunt. Petals twice as long, oblong blunt, pubescent outside, ‘15 in. long. Stamens 15; awns_ hair-like longer than the rest of the stamens. Ovary witha glabrous cylindric stylopodium. Hab. Penang (Curtis 426); Ayer Hitam (Haniff). Native name: Pinang Baik. Near B. Curtisii, but leaves broader and flowers larger; Brandis suggests it is the Bornean B. latifolius, but the venation is quite different, and it has a stylopodium. (4) B. anomalus King, /.c. 132; Brandis, l.c. 109. Tree nearly glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous, ovate acuminate, base sub-cuneate; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, very fine. 2°25 to 2°5 in. long, I to 1°3 in. wide; petioles ‘6 to -7 in. long. Panicles numerous. Flowers pedicelled, ‘15 in. long; on branchlets ‘75 in. long of panicle 3 in. long, pubescent. Sepals ovate obtuse tomentose. Petals elliptic blunt, silky outside, twice as long as sepals, spreading. Stamens 15; filaments long, dilated; awns as long as anthers. Hab. Lankawi islands (Curtis). Native name : Malaut. (5) B. pubescens Rid. Tree. Branchlets slender, pubescent. Leaves oblong shortly cuspidate acuminate, base round, coriaceous, above smooth, glab- rous except the thickly pubescent midrib, beneath strongly pubescent on the midrib and 11 pairs of elevated nerves, 5 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles densely pubescent, thick, ‘15 in. long. Panicles short, axillary, glabrous, few-flowered, 1 in. long. Flowers very small, ‘2 in. long, sub-sessile. Sepals coriaceous, lanceolate, imbricate, glabrous. Petals much longer, narrowly linear, silky outside, blunt. Stamens not seen. Ovary conic, glabrous with a conic stylopodium. Fruit ellipsoid, nearly x in. long. Sepaline cup ‘5 in. long, black, with 5 short, ovate, blunt broad lobes. The whole fruit covered with a thick coat of resin. Hab. Pahang. Tanjong Api, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Native name: Merawan Mata Kuching. (6) B. Heimii King, l.c. 133. B. Wrayii King, l.c. 134. Tree 50 to 60 or more ft. tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate acumin- ate, base rounded, coriaceous, glabrous above except the velvety midrib; nerves at base g to Io pairs elevate beneath, velvety pubescent at base, 4 to 6 in. long, r to 1°75 in. wide; petioles velvety, *3 to ‘4 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 4 in. long with about 8 branches, 1 in. long. Flowers sub-secund, *3 in. across, shortly pedicelled. Sepals short round, pubescent, edge ciliate. Petals short, glabrous, oblong, tips pubescent only, 248 XX. DIPTEROCARPACES. [Balanocarpus. blunt not contort. Stamens 15; filaments rather long slender, base broad triangular narrowing to the tip; anthers linear with a short point. Ovary glabrous with a long stylopodium; style long, filiform, long persistent. Fruit cylindric acute, 1°5 in. long, ‘5 in. wide; pericarp woody glabrous, dark yellow. Sepals forming acup ‘6in. deep. Hab. Forests. Pahang, Temerloh and Bentong (Foxworthy). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Pergai Triang (Foxworthy). Selangor, Klang at Bukit Cheraka (Foxworthy). Perak, Thaiping district (Kunstler); Kwala Kangsa (Foxworthy); Gapis (Wray). Native names ; Chengal Penak; Penak Tembaga; Chengal Siput. King’s specimens of this and of B. Wrayi are only in fruit, but I have little doubt on carefully comparing the foliage that Foxworthy’s flowering specimens belong to the same species. The only difference that I can see between B. Heimii and B. Wrayi is that in the latter the leaves are smaller and quite glabrous, whereas in B. Heimii the petiole and midrib usually are puberulous or pubescent. Wray’s specimens are in unripe fruit, and the size of the leaves and amount of pubescence vary in B. Heimit. (7) B. maximus King, l.c. 133; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. v. (2), 159, pl. 192. Vast tree roo ft. tall, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong or elliptic-oblong sub-acute, base rounded ; nerves 7 to g pairs, 5 to 7 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles °5 to ‘6 in. long. Panicles tomentose, 6 in. long. Flowers sub-sessile °6 to 7 in. long, light yellow, calyx cream colour. Sepals ovate, outer 2 tomentose. Petals much longer, narrow oblong, tip erose, pubescent outside and on tip outside. Stamens 10; awn deflexed. Fruit cylindrical acute; pericarp woody, 1°75 to 2°25 in. long, ‘6 to *7 in. through. Sepals forming a toothed cup at base °5 in. long. Hab. Dense forests. Johor, Gunong Pulai. Pahang, Kwala Lipis at Sungei Benchah (Foxworthy). Perak, Batang Padang district (Kunstler). Native name: Chengal Penak. Use: Tim- ber highly valuable for building boats and for sleepers. Dammar much valued, being quite transparent, for varnish, etc. 14. PACHYNOCARPUS, Hook. fil. Small-sized to medium trees. Leaves coriaceous, rather thin elliptic or oblong, reticulate. Panicles terminal or axillary, lax. Calyx of 5 sepals, connate at base, small mealy. Petals much longer, often mealy on the back. Stamens Io to 15 in 2 rows, very short; anthers elliptic; connective prolonged into a short point. Ovary often sunk in calyx-tube; style short, thick. Stigma oblong or sub-globose. Fruit corky brown, the persistent sepals forming short corky processes or lobes attached to the nut, and occasionally forming a cup almost covering the nut. Species about 10, Siam, Malay Peninsula and islands to New Guinea. Calyx almost covering the nut in fruit. Calyx cupular, not lobed. : Leaves oblong; nerves hardly elevate i . (1) P. umbonatus eS ee hl Pachynocarpus.| |. XX. DIPTEROCARPACE2. 249 Leaves nearly obovate, very stiff; nerves very prominent : , ; A : . (2) P. Stapfianus Calyx cupular of 5 corky ribs grooved down the back : ; : 2 : : - (3) P. verrucosus Calyx-lobes much shorter than the oval fruit . (4) P. Wallichii Calyx-lobes very short, corky, recurved; fruit long, conic F F , ; : . (5) P. Ridleyanus (1) P. umbonatus Hook. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 159, t. 22. Small tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves stiff, coriaceous elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, smooth above, reticulate beneath; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, elevate beneath, 4 to 5 in. long, r to 2 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long. Panicle 4 in. long or more, mealy; pedicels slender. Calyx mealy, lobes lanceolate acute. Petals ‘4 in. long, linear- oblong, blunt, fleshy, white. Stamens 10; anthers broad, elliptic, apiculate. Ovary adnate to calyx-tube; style stout. Stigma large, globose. Fruit 1 in. long and as wide ovoid, entirely covered with the thick rough corky sepals adnate to the nut for more than three-quarters of its length, cup obscurely lobed at the top. Hab. Forests, stream-edges. Singapore. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Lan- kawi islands, Sungei Batu Asap (Haniff). Dzstrib. Borneo. (2) P. Stapfianus King, l.c. 136. A tree 80 to ioo ft. tall. Branchlets stout. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, broadly elliptic or obovate-elliptic, beneath scurfy on the nerves; nerves 10 to 13 pairs, oblique prominent, 5 to 8 in. long, 2°75 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles ‘65 to 1 in. long. Flowers unknown. Fruit on a woody raceme 2 to 3 in. long, globular apiculate, 1°25 in. through almost completely covered with the 5-lobed woody rugose calyx, dark mouse colour speckled with dark brown. Hab. Pahang, K’luang Terbang (Barnes). Selangor, Bangi station (Foxworthy). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). This is certainly closely allied to P. wmbonatus Hook. fil, but the foliage is much thicker and the nerves much more prominent. (3) P. verrucosus Rid/. Vatica verrucosa Burck, Ann. Jard. Biitenz. vi. 232,1.3 jig. 5. Tree. Branchlets rather stout scurfy. Leaves thin coriaceous, oblong, shortly blunt acuminate, base cuneate; nerves IO or more pairs slightly elevate beneath, reticulations conspicuous both sides, 6°5 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long. Panicles in upper axils and terminal, 2 in. long, scurfy. Sepals broadly triangular and connate less than half-way, as long as the style, scurfy. Petals ‘5 in. long, linear-oblong, glaucescent outside, but not mealy. Stamens 10; anthers elliptic. Ovary connate with the calyx-tube nearly to tip; style short thick. Stigma oblong. Fruit sub-globose, brown corky, °75 in. long and wide, the calyx covering the nut except the tip in the form of a 5-lobed cup, the lobes rounded on the back and at the tip, and grooved down the 250 XX. DIPTEROCARPACE2. [Pachynocarpus. back. Hab. Penang at 1000 ft. altitude, on the Sungei Pinang road (Curtis). Distvib. Borneo. (4) P. Wallichii King, /.c. 135. P. ruminatus Brandis, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 136. Vatica Wallichii Dyer, Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 154. Vatica ruminata Burck, Ann. Jard. Buitenz. vi. 227, t. 29, jig. 4. ; Tree 30 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, bluntly short acuminate, base blunt or shortly narrowed; nerves about 6 pairs slightly elevate beneath, reticulations prominent, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 2'5 in. wide; petioles -25 to ‘5 in. long. Panicle spreading, 3 in. long and a little wider; pedicels mealy puberulous. Sepals connate at base, lobes deltoid, recurved, mealy. Petals linear- oblong blunt, fleshy, ‘25 in. long, white, mealy on the back. Stamens 10; anthers elliptic, shortly apiculate. Ovary free from calyx; style stout. Stigma globose. Fruit ovoid-globose, corky light brown, °75 in. long and thick with 3 grooves from the top to base, persistent sepals forming a short star-like mass of 5 rounded lobes at the base. Hab. Forests. Pahang, Baloh, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Selangor, Kelambu, Klang (Foxworthy). Perak, Larut and Goping (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich, Curtis). Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo. Native name: Resak Larus. (5) P. Ridleyanus Brandis, Ic. Pl. 240 sub Vatica. Vatica ovalifolia Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc: S. Br. 54, p. 26. A tree 80 ft. tall or more. Leaves ovate to oblong acuminate narrowed to the base, glabrous; nerves 6 pairs ascending elevate, reticulations conspicuous beneath, 4 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Panicles 1°5 to 4 in. long, woody in fruit, puberulous and slender when young. Sepals lanceolate connate half-way mealy pubescent, as are pedicels. Petals ‘4 in. long yellow, linear-oblong blunt, backs scurfy-puberulous. Stamens 15 in 2 rows, outer ones with short, broad filaments; anthers longer, connective forming a short conic point, inner row with longer filaments. Ovary sunk, pubescent; style short, thick. Fruit conic 2 in. or more long, *75 in. through at base, dark brown corky and papillose, the persistent sepals 5 short up-curved processes, ‘2 in. long. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Changi. Pahang, Minchali, Rumpin (Foxworthy). Province Wellesley, Nibong Tebal. Native name: Resak Larus. OrpDER XXI. ANCISTROCLADACEZ. Glabrous climbing shrubs. Branchlets hooked. Leaves in terminal tufts, coriaceous, entire, exstipulate. Flowers small in terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx-tube short, adnate to the base of the ovary in flower, larger and adnate to the fruit when ripe; lobes 5, developed into unequal wings in fruit. Petals 5, See -:h C™tCO Ancistrocladus. | XXI. ANCISTROCLADACES. 251 red or purple. Stamens 5 or 10, sub-perigynous. Ovary 1-celled inferior, I-ovuled; style sub-globose. Stigmas 3, truncate. Seed sub-globose, albuminous ruminate. Genus I. Species about Io, tropical Asia, 1 West African. Formerly referred to Dzftero- carpacee. 1. ANCISTROCLADUS, Wall. (x1) A. pinangianus Wall. Cat. 1054; Dyer, in Hook. fil. F.BI.1. 300. A. extensus var. pinangianus King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. bit (2), 137. Fic. 25.—Ancistrocladus pinangianus. 5 p g A climber forming a bush on the ground or ascending trees, with black branches. Leaves coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate decur- rent to base, obtuse, 6 to g in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide. Panicles very slender, branching 5 to 6 in. long. Flowers ‘r in. long, dark red. Fruit -25 in. long; wings very unequal, largest sub-spathu- late, oblong obtuse, 2 in. long, *5 in. wide, brown. Hab. Very ~ common on sandhills near the sea, more rarely inland. Singapore, _ Changi. Malacca. Pahang, Pekan. Dindings, Lumut. Perak, _ Thaiping. Penang (Porter in Herb. Wallich 1054); Bukit Penang 252 XXI. ANCISTROCLADACE. [Ancistrocladus. at 1000 ft. altitude (Curtis). Lankawi isles; Setul, heath. Dzis- trib. Siam, Cochin-China, Bangka, Sumatra. Native names : Lidah Sapi (Ox tongue); Akar Julong hitam (Black caterpillar creeper). OrpER XXII. BIXACEZ. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers regular, bisexual. Sepals 4 to 5, deciduous. Petals large 5. Stamens indefinite on a disc. Ovary 3- to 5-celled; style simple; ovules many, parietal. Capsule 2- to 5-valved. Seeds arillate or woolly. Species 20, chiefly S. American. Bush; flowers pink or white; capsule bristly, seeds with ared covering . : : : : oe al. BEA Shrub; flowers yellow; capsulesmooth, seeds woolly 2. CocHLOSPERMUM 4. BTA “Linn, (1) B. Orellana, L. The Arnotto; Kasumbah of Malays is a bush with large pink flowers and a soft prickly capsule with small seeds covered with a red powdery aril. It is occasionally to be seen in native gardens and may establish itself outside. It is a native of S. America and the red aril is used as a colouring matter. 2. COCHLOSPERMUM, Kth. Trees or shrubs. Leaves digitately divided. Flowers large, bisexual. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, large, contort in bud. Stamens indefinite on a disc; anther-cells with pores or short slits. Ovary globose, 3- to 5-celled; style simple; ovules many on 3- to 5-parietal placentas. Stigmatoothed. Capsule 3- to 5-valved; endocarp membranous. Seeds cochleate, testa hard, woolly. Species 12, Africa, S. America, Australia. The genus is often put in an order by itself, Cochlosbermacee, and is probably allied to Malvacee. (1) C. gossypinum DC. Prodr. i. 527; Hook. fil. F.BI.i. 190; Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 357; Supp. t. 18. A soft-wooded shrub about to ft. tall. Leaves palmate 5-lobed, hairy on the back, lobes acuminate, crenulate, blades 6 in. across each way or more; petioles 6 in. long. Flowers large, yellow, 4 in. across. Sepals ‘7 in. long, silky. Petals rounded obovate. Pod pear-shaped brown, 4 in. long, 3 in. through. Hab. Malacca (Griffith); Penang in cultivated ground and in and round the town. Certainly introduced from India, but more or less established in Penang and very conspicuous. = °°» © a ae ‘cee ee Lele XXIII. MALVACES. 253 OrperR XXIII. MALVACEZ. Herbs, shrubs or trees, often hairy or in Durionee in parts covered by umbrella-shaped scales. Leaves alternate, simple, lobed, or rarely compound (Bombacee). Stipules free. An epi- calyx below the flower of 3 or more bracts free or connate. Flowers axillary or terminal solitary, fascicled or cymose, regular, often large and showy. Sepals 5. Petals 5, twisted-imbricate in bud. Stamens indefinite; filaments connate in a tube; anthers often reniform I-celled. Ovary 2, many-celled of 2 to 5 or more carpels round a central axis; ovules I or more in each cell; styles connate at base or altogether. Fruit of separate cocci, or capsular loculi- cidal, often large and woody. Seed reniform or ovoid, sometimes woolly (Bombax), sometimes with pulpy aril (Durio). Genera 60. Species 700, whole world (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixii. 38). Besides the plants described below, there are in cultivation Gossypium braziliense Macfad, a bush cotton with short-stapled wool which was formerly half wild in Muar and can occasionally be seen in native gardens (Native name: Kapas), and Eviodendron anfractuosum DC. The Kapok, a tall tree with horizontal spreading branches, often to be seen in villages. The origin is probably South India. Staminal tube entire long, shortly divided at tip only. Carpels ripe separating from axis, follicular dehiscing, low shrubs. Styles as many as carpels. Ovules solitary . : : . : et OID. Ovules 2 to more. Seeds 2 in a carpel, separated by a partition 2. WISSADULA Seeds 2 or more, not separate : . 3. ABUTILON Styles twice as many as carpels; follicles inde- hiscent . 4. URENA Fruit capsular; carpels connate; “herbs, shrubs or trees; flowers large : : ; Calyx toothed; stigmas spreading : : . 5. Hipiscus Calyx truncate; stigmas united. Tree . 6. THESPESIA Staminal tube short divided into bundles of stamens ; fruit capsular. Trees. Leaves digitate compound; seeds woolly ; 7. BOMBAX Leaves entire, scaly coriaceous; fruit woody muri- cate; seeds arillate (Durionez). Calyx campanulate; flowers large or medium. Flowers large; leaves scaly; anthers reniform or oblong ; A : : : . 8. DurRIo Flowers small, scaly; anthers opening by a pore, globose . 2 : : : = 9, BOSCHIA Flowers medium; calyx dilate at base, forming a cushion- -shaped miney . 10. NEESIA Calyx 5-pouched at base; flowers very small . II. C@LOSTEGIA 254 XXIII. MALVACE&. [Sida 4. SIDA, Linn. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves entire or lobed. Bracteoles o. Sepals 5, connate at base. Petals 5, connate at base and adnate to stamen tube. Stamen-tube dividing into numerous filaments. Carpels 5 or more, whorled, with as many styles, when ripe separ- ating from axis, convergent beaked or 2-awned. Seed 1. Species about 80, mostly weeds of cultivation and waste ground. Leaves cordate-ovate, serrate 1°5 to 2in. long, thin (1) §. mysorensis Leaves ovate-cordate serrate ‘5 to I in. long . (2) S. veroniceefolia Leaves ovate obscurely cordate crenate thick woolly : : ; : ; ; . (3) 8S. cordifolia Leaves oblanceolate or rhomboid ; g . (4) 8. rhombifolia Leaves linear lanceolate . . : : . (5) S. carpinifolia (1) S. mysorensis W. and A. Prod. i.59; Masters, in Hook. fil. Pe: 12322. Erect herb, 1 to 2 ft. tall covered with sticky hairs. Leaves cordate-ovate acuminate, coarsely serrate-crenate, I°5 to 2°5 in. long; petioles half as long. Stipules linear. Flowers less than *5 in. across, in few-flowered axillary racemose cymes. Sepals ovate acuminate. Corolla yellow. Hab. Roadsides. Not com- mon. Pahang at Temerloh. Perak, Kwala Kangsa (Wray). Distrib. India and Java. (2) S. veronicefolia Lam. Encyc. i. 5. S. humilis, Cav. Diss. v. 277; Masters, l.c. i. 322. A slender trailing herb. Leaves ovate acute base cordate, serrate, sparsely hairy, °5 to I in. long, 15 to °75 in. wide; petioles 5 in. long. Flowers solitary axillary; pedicels slender articulate, ‘75 in. long. Calyx ‘2 in. long, campanulate, with short acute lobes. Corolla yellow twice as long, ‘25 in. wide. Carpels 5, bicuspidate hairy. Hab. Dry open spots in the north; Perlis, Juttra, Kanga (Ridley). Distrib. Tropical Africa, India and America. (3) S. cordifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 961; Masters, l.c. i. 324. A softly hairy undershrub 2 to 3 ft. tall. Leaves oblong or ovate-cordate crenate, 1°75 to 2 in. long, 1:25 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long, spreading hairy. Stipules linear, very narrow, ‘25 in. long. Flowers axillary, solitary or cymose, ‘6 in. across, yellow. Calyx-lobes sub-triangular. Carpels sub-glabrous with 2 strong erect awns. Hab. Sandy open places. Malacca (Griffith) ; Singapore. Pahang, Pekan. Lankawi at Kwah. Kelantan near Kota Bharu; Kwala Kelantan. Distrib. Whole world. Native name: Kelulut putih. (4) S. rhombifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 961; Masters, l.c. i. 323; King, lc. 41. Erect undershrub 2 to 3 ft. tall, glabrous to hoary, pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate or rhomboid, edges serrate to crenate, beneath white hoary, ‘5 to 2°5 in. long, ‘2 to 1 in. wide; Sida.] XXIII. MALVACEZ. 255 petioles ‘1 to ‘2 in. long. Stipules setaceous, longer than petioles. Flowers ‘5 in. across, ochre yellow, axillary, solitary; peduncles slender, *5 to °75 in. long. Calyx-lobes ovate obtuse. Carpels smooth or pubescent, awnless or awned. Hab. A common and variable plant on seashores and in waste ground all over the tropics. var. rhomboidea Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 (sp.), tall slender plant. Leaves hoary beneath or nearly glabrous. Common in villages. var. vetusa Linn. (sp.), more condensed and woody. Leaves 25 to 5 in. long, obovate cuneate coarsely toothed, more hoary than the preceding. Hab. Common on seashores. Native names : Poko Lidah Ular (Snake’s tongue); Bunga Padang; Seliguri or Senda Guri Padang. (5) S. carpinifolia Linn. f. Supp. 307; Masters, lc. i. 323; ae .c. 40. 5. acuta Cav. Diss. 1. 15,.t. 2, f. 3. An undershrub 2 to 3 ft. tall, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves linear-lanceolate acute serrate, 2 to 3 in. long, ‘25 to °35 in. wide; petioles ‘i to ‘2 in. long. Stipules lanceolate subulate, longer than petiole. Flowers solitary, axillary, °5 in. across; pedicels -25 to °5 in. long, jointed. Sepals lanceolate subulate. Corolla yellow. Carpels glabrous, shorter than the sepals. Hab. Weed in waste ground. Common all over the peninsula. Dvysivib. Tropics generally. Native names: Poko Lidah Ular; Ketumbar hutan; Kelulut Putih; Sada Turi; Telor Belangkas. 2. WISSADULA, Medik. Undershrub with entire or palmate leaves. Inflorescence lax panicled. Bracteoleso. Calyx 5; sepals connate below. Petals 5, connate at base, adherent to stamens. Staminal tube divided at apex into numerous filaments. Styles as many as ovary-cells. Carpels 5, beaked, many-seeded, dehiscent. Seeds I to 3 in each cell. Species 5 or 6, tropical American, African, and 1 Asiatic. (1) W. zeylanica Medik, Malv. 25. Abutilon hastatum Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 279. Shrub 2 to 3 ft. tall. Leaves deltoid, long-acuminate, base entire or cordate, glabrous above, red-pubescent beneath, 2 to 3 in. long, I to I°5 in. wide across base; petioles ‘5 to rin. long. Flowers small, *25 in. across, white, in a long lax panicle. Sepals ovate acute, green, pubescent. Petals shorter. Stamens about 17, tube short. Carpels 5, pubescent, ‘25 in. long, awned. Seeds 2 in each cell, pyriform, black-pubescent. Hab. Dry open places. Pahang, east coast Kwala Berar, Pahang River. Perlis, Juttra; Chupeng, common. Distrib. India and Siam, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra. 3. ABUTILON, Gaertn. Herbs or undershrubs usually downy. Leaves angled or palmate-lobed. Inflorescence axillary or terminal. Calyx of 5 256 XXIII. MALVACEZ. [A butilon. valvate sepals connate at base. Petals free above, connate at base, adnate to stamen-tube. Stamen-tube divided at the apex into filaments. Carpels 5 to 8. Styles as many. Ripe carpels separating from the axis, I- or more-seeded. Seeds reniform. Species 70, all tropics. (1) A. indicum Don, Gen. Syst. i. 504; Masters, in Hook. fil. F.BA. 1. 326; Kang, l.c.. 42. Shrub, annual or perennial, 1 to 4 ft. tall. Leaves broadly cordate, irregularly coarsely toothed, minutely pubescent on both sides, paler beneath, I to 3°5 in. long and as wide; petioles I to 2 in. long. Flowers 1 in. across, axillary solitary. Peduncles 1°5 in. long. Sepals ovate acute, silky-edged, hairy 25 in. long. Carpels 15 to 20, truncate or shortly awned, rough hairy, forming a head I in. across, black. Seeds dark brown, hairy. Hab. Waste ground, common. Singapore, Pahang at Pekan, Malacca, Selangor, Penang. Distrib. Warm parts of Africa, Asia and Australia. Native names : Kambong lobo; Bunga Kisar; Malbar. 4. URENA, L. Undershrubs, more or less hairy. Leaves hairy with stellate hairs, angled or lobed. Flowers medium to large, pink. Epicalyx 5-lobed adnate to the 5-fid calyx, sometimes coherent at base. Petals 5, connate at base and adnate to stamen-tube. Stamen- tube truncate or minutely toothed; anthers nearly sessile. Ovary 5-celled, cells 1-ovuled; stigmatic branches 10; stigmas capitate. Ripe carpels covered with hooked bristles or smooth, indehiscent separating from axis when ripe. Species 4 or 5, I cosmopolitan. Carpels armed with hooked bristles. : : . (1) U. lobata Carpels smooth; flowers large. : : (2) U. rigida (1) U. lobata Linn. Spec. 974; Masters, l.c. 1. 329; Kang, be: 43: Undershrub, I to 3 or 4 ft. tall, more or less hairy. Leaves, lower rounded to reniform, more or less cordate, apex acute, with 5 to 7 short broad lobes, 1 to 2 in. long, I to 2°5 in. wide, upper leaves narrower or smaller, ovate to linear-lanceolate; petioles *5 to 2 in. long. Flowers solitary or several together on short pedicels, *5 to 1 in. across, pink, fugacious. Sepals lanceolate, *2 in. long. Carpels tomentose and covered with hooked spines. Hab. Waste ground and open spaces, roadsides, etc. Whole peninsula and all the tropics. var. sinuata Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. (2), 149; King, l.c. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, lobes narrowed at the base, serrate. It is common especially near the sea, but grows with the common form. Native names: Poko Kelulut; Perpulut; Pepulut ; ue Use: Leaves dried as an adulterant of patchouli eaves. Urena.| XXIII. MALVACE. 257 var. tomentosa, U. tomentosa, bl. Bijdr. 05. A tall strict plant 8 ft. tall, very grey-tomentose. Leaves elliptic densely woolly with stellate hairs, thicker in texture, margins denticulate, apex rounded, base narrowed I to 2 in. long, °5 to ‘75 in. wide; nerves and reticulations strongly elevate beneath, inarching. Flowers numerous on the ends of the branches, sub- sessile. Hab. Setul heaths. Distrib. Java, Sumatra. (2) U. rigida Wall. Cat. 1929 (partly); Masters, l.c. 1. 330. Decaschistia pulchella Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 76. A shrub 1 to 2 ft. tall, branched, sprinkled with stellate hairs. Leaves ovate or orbicular blunt, base broad, serrate; nerves 8, I in. long and as wide; petioles slender, 1 in. long. Flowers numerous, nearly sessile in axils of reduced leaves at end of stem. Epicalyx campanulate, with 5 linear lobes. Sepals linear acuminate, hairy. Corolla 2 in. across, crimson; petals spathulate, apex rounded. Capsule ‘1 in. long, hairy. Hab. Rare; heaths, Setul. Malacca (Griffith). There are specimens of this beautiful plant in Herb. Kew, labelled ‘“ Malacca, white, Griffith,” probably wrongly localized. Dzystvib. Tenasserim, Siam, Cambodia, Borneo. 5. HIBISCUS, L. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves entire or palmately lobed. Inflorescence axillary. Epicalyx of 5 or more lobes, free or connate at the base. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, valvate. Petals 5, adnate at base to the staminal-tube. Staminal-tube truncate or 5-toothed; filaments numerous; anthers reniform 1-celled. Ovary 5-celled, cells 3- or more-ovuled. Styles 5, connate below. Stigmas capitate or spathulate. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, sometimes with false partitions. Seeds glabrous, hairy or woolly. Species about 150, tropics of the whole world. Cultivated species of Hibiscus are also H. esculentus Linn. Kachang Bendi or Kachang Lindir, also known as Lady’s Fingers. A tall herb with pale creamy yellow flowers and glabrous pods used as a vegetable. H. rosa-sinensis Linn. The garden Hibiscus, Bunga Raya. Cultivated as a garden shrub, together with H. schizopetalus, Hook f., of Zanzibar, with contort petals and a long stamen tube. Many varieties and hybrids of these two are in cultivation. The leaves are used for blackening shoes, hence the popular name “ Shoe- flower,” the flowers for colouring sweetmeats and preserves, and as a demulcent in venereal disease. The bark contains a good fibre. H. mutabilis Linn., with white flowers turning pink, is also a common cultivated shrub from China and H. syriacus Linn. with violet flowers. Both species usually with double flowers. EM:P., T. S 258 XXIII. MALVACE/. (Hibiscus. Herbaceous or shrubby plants. Tall erect herb; flowers large; calyx spathaceous, deciduous . . (1) H. Abelmoschus Scandent, thorny shrubby plant; ‘flowers 2 in. wide; calyx persistent; epicalyx lobes distinct ‘ . (2) H. surattensis Trees with large entire leaves ovate cordate. Bracteoles as long as calyx. Leaves hairy, tomentose Bees stalks rough, hairy 3 . (3) H. macrophyllus Bracteoles cup shorter than calyx. Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath . (4) H tiliaceus Leaves glabrous, scabrid . ; : . (5) H. floccosus (1) H. Abelmoschus Linn. Sp. Pl. 980; King, l.c. 44. Erect bristly herb 3 to 5 ft. tall. Leaves 3- to 5-lobed, lobes oblong to linear serrate acute, 3 to 5 in. long; petioles longer. Flowers 3 in. across, yellow with maroon crimson eye. Epicalyx- lobes 8 to 12 linear, *75 in. long. Capsule lanceolate acute, hairy, 2in.long. Seeds reniform musky. Hab. A weed usually appearing sporadically in cultivated ground. Singapore, casual; Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Telok Anson (Kunstler). Distrib. Tropics. Native names : Kapas Hantu; Kapas hutan; the Musk-seed. (2) H. surattensis Linn. Sp. Pl. 979; King, l.c. 45. Scrambling spiny shrub. Leaves 3- to 5-lobed, serrate sparsely pilose, 1°5 to 3 in. across; petioles longer. Flowers 2 to 2" 5 in. wide, yellow, centre purple. Bracts of epicalyx 10 to 12 linear, tip spathulate. Capsule membranous. Carpels ovate with long acute point, I in. long. Hab. In hedges near civilization, but probably wild in the northern parts; Singapore, Tanglin. Malacca. Perak, Teluk Anson (Kunstler). Tringganu (Yapp). Setul. Kelan- tan, hedges near Kota Bharu. Native name: Asam Susor. (3) H. macrophyllus Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51; Masters, in Hook. ft. FBI. i, 387; Wall. Pi. As. Rar. i. 44, t.51. A big tree 60 to 8o ft. tall. All parts covered with soft tomentum, the young branches, petioles, pedicels, bracteole and calyx bearing tufts of long yellow hairs. Leaves cordate-orbicular, apex abruptly acuminate, edges entire, 7- to g-nerved palmately, 7 to 12 in. long and as wide; petioles 7 to 12 in. long. Flowers in terminal cymes ; pedicels r to 2 in. long. Epicalyx lobes long, linear-lanceolate half as long as calyx. Sepals lanceolate, keeled 1 in. long. Corolla 4 in. across, yellow with a maroon central spot, withering purplish. Fruit hairy, shorter than the calyx. Seeds reniform, edges densely long red-hairy. Hab. In woods and borders of forests. Common. Malacca, Bukit Panchur; Pahang by the Pahang and Tahan rivers. Negri Sembilan, Kwala Pedas. Selangor, Sungei Buloh (Foxworthy). Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur. Perak, Ulu Kerling (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Siam, Cochin-China. Native name: Tutok. Use: A good fibre from the bast used for ropes. In the Malay Peninsula form the epicalyx is shorter and the sepals broader, and both less hairy than in the Indian one. Hibiscus. | XXIII. MALVACEZ. 239 (4). tiliaceus Linn. Sp. Pl. 976; Masters, l.c. i. 343 Paritium tiliaceum Juss. St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Med. i. 156; Wight LD a as Usually a low stout spreading tree. Leaves sub-coriaceous, broadly cordate, ovate or orbicular cuspidate, glabrous above, grey-pubescent beneath, 3 to 5 in. long, 3 to 6 in. wide; nerves palmate, 7 to 9; petioles 1°5 to 2°5 in..long. Flowers solitary or in cymes, 2- to 3-flowered, axillary; peduncle ‘75 to 1 in. long. Epicalyx short, lobes short, ovate acute. Sepals lanceolate- triangular sub-acute, ‘5 in. long, keeled pubescent. Corolla 4 in. across, yellow, centre crimson purple. [Fruit about as long as calyx, ovoid hairy. Seeds obovate-reniform. Hab. Usually near the sea, on the sea beach very common, occasionally far up rivers, but inland frequently planted by natives to form a hedge. When grown in forest it attains a height of 60 ft. or more. Whole peninsula on both coasts. Distrib. Tropical Asia, Africa and South America. Native names: Baru; Waru (Javanese); Ambaru; Baru Laut; Dedap Laut. Use: The wood valued for gun-stocks, the bast as a fibre. (5) H. floccosus Masters, l.c. i. 343; Kung, l.c. 46. A big tree 60 to 80 ft. tall. Branchlets, petioles, peduncles, epicalyx and calyx covered with yellow pustules. Leaves sub- coriaceous, ovate, obscurely angled, slightly or not cordate; nerves 7 pairs, entire or sub-denticulate, sparsely stellate, pubescent, glabrescent when old, 3 to 6 in. long and as wide; petioles 1 to 2 in. long. Flowers few, in terminal racemes; peduncle stout, °75 to 15 in. long. Epicalyx a shortly lobed cup 25 in. long, lobes broad, ovate. Calyx 1°5 in. long, tubular, lobes ‘5 in. long. Corolla 4 in. long; petals stellate-hairy outside, slightly hairy within, spathulate, yellow, base maroon, withering purple. Staminal-tube pubescent, yellow. Stigma deep brown. Capsule obovoid truncate, shorter than calyx, stellate-pubescent, pustular. Hab. Borders of woods, Open country, less common than H. macrophyllus ; Malacca, Mt. Ophir in the base woods. Pahang, Tahan woods. Temerloh (Foxworthy). Perak, Gunong Malacca; Batu Gajah (Kunstler) ; Grit; Kelantan, Kwala Aring (Yapp). Native names: Kapas- Kapas; Petutu; Unchang; Bebaru. , 6. THESPESIA, Corr. Tree. Leaves ovate acute. Flowers axillary. Epicalyx of 5 to 8 lobes or absent. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate. Corolla large. Staminal-tube 5-toothed at tip. Ovary 4- to 5-celled: style club-shaped entire or 5-toothed. Capsule loculicidal or hardly dehiscent. Seeds tomentose. Species about 6, Madagascar, tropical Asia and Australasia. 260 XXII. MALVACE&. (Thespesia. (1) T. populnea Corr. Ann. Mus. ix. 290; Masters, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.10345; Wight, Ic. t. 8; King, lc. 47. Tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves sub-coriaceous, glabrous, cordate acuminate, palmately 7-nerved, 4°5 to 6 in. long, 3 to 4 in. across; petioles 2°5 in. long. Young parts scaly. Flowers 3 to 4 in. across, solitary; peduncle thick 1 in. long. Calyx ‘5 in. long. Corolla yellow with a maroon spot at base, withering purplish. Capsule I to I°5 in. long, sub-globose, scaly. Seeds I to 3 in each cell, reniform. Hab. Common on sea-coasts. Singapore, Johor, Malacca, Dindings. Disivib. Tropics generally. Native names : Buah Keras Laut ;; Baru. 7. BOMBAX, Linn. Trees often thorny. Leaves digitate, deciduous; peduncles axillary or terminal, 1-flowered. Flowers appearing before the leaves. Epicalyx o. Calyx coriaceous, cup-shaped truncate or lobed. Petals obovate or oblong, red or yellow, large. Stamens in 5 bundles; filaments numerous; anthers reniform, t1-celled. Ovary 5-celled; style clavate. Stigmas 5. Capsule long, loculi- cidally 5-valved, valves coriaceous, woody. Seeds silky or woolly. Species 10, tropics generally, chiefly S. American. Big tree. Petals 3 in. long, linear oblong, tomentose . . (1) B. larutensis Smaller tree. Petals) (2 in: oRIeRg acute, slightly tomentose inside . E - - ‘ “ (2) B. insularis (1) B.larutensis /tid!. .B. insigne, var. lavuiensis Prain, MSS. A big tree, thorny, about 80 ft. tall. Leaves 5- to 7-foliate; leaflets lanceolate acuminate, base much narrowed, 4 to 12 in. long, 1°5 to 3°5 in. wide; nerves about 12 pairs; petioles 4 to 24 in. long; petiolules winged to the base in young trees, not winged ‘5 in. long in adult. Flowers yellow or pale green. Calyx thickly coriaceous, I'I in. long, 1°25 in. wide, lobes rounded, short. Petals 3 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, linear-oblong, woolly tomentose on both sides. Stamens numerous 2 in. long. Ovary glabrous. Capsule 6 in. long. Seeds ovoid-globose ‘2 in. long, wool dense white. Hab. Forests up to 1000 ft. altitude. Rare. Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Selangor, near Ulu Gombak. Perak, Kamuning; near Jor; Relau Tujor (Wray). (2) B. insularis Rid/. Small tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaflets elliptic lanceolate acuminate shortly at tip, long narrowed to base, 4°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles 5 in. long. Calyx cup- shaped, coriaceous, I°5 in. long, lobes broad rounded, glabrous. Petals broad, oblong acute 2 in. long, 1°75 in. wide, densely tomentose outside, less so within except at the base, where it is densely long-silky. Stamens 3 in. long, Bombax. | XXIII. MALVACEZ. 261 very numerous. Capsule 4°5 in. long, valves ‘5 in. long. Hab. Rocks close to the sea. Penang, Balik Pulau (Haniff). Lankawi, Terutau (Curtis). Adang group, Pulau Adang. 8. DURIO, Linn. Trees, often large. Leaves entire coriaceous, scaly beneath (except in D. Oxleyanus); the scales occurring also on young parts and inflorescence are peltate, umbrella-shaped. Flowers in cymes on the trunk or thick branches. Bracts 2, connate at the base, large. Calyx campanulate, coriaceous, scaly; sepals usually distinct or connate at base. Petals longer, red or white, 5 or 4 spathulate oblong. Staminal tube of 5 or 4 phalanges opposite petals, these broken up above into filaments bearing one (D. Oxley- anus) or several 1-celled sinuous anthers in a head. Ovary scaly, 4- to 5-celled; styles connate tomentose. Stigmas capitate; ovules marty 2-seriate in each cell. Fruit very large, coriaceous sub-globose or oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, spiny, green or brown. Seeds large, testa thin, aril creamy white or pink covering the seed. Species about 12, Malayan. Flowers white. Leaves elliptic; nerves fine; flowers 2 in. long, fruit covered with acute cones : ; . (t) D. zibethinus Leaves elliptic; nerves fine; flowers 3 in. long; fruit with spines : : j : (2) D. malaccensis Leaves oblong, small; flowers 2 in. long . . (3) D. Lowianus Leaves oblong 2°25 by 1 in., coriaceous; flowers 2 in. long j : : : : . (4) D. lanceolatus Leaves oblong 12 by 3 in., coriaceous; nerves conspicuous; flowers 3 in. long . : . (5) D. Singaporensis Leaves elliptic-oblong, strongly nerved pubes- cent beneath, not scaly , : ; . (6) D. Oxleyanus Leaves very large, over 12 by 5 in. with very large scales; flowers large : . (7) D. macrophyllus Flowers pink. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, 3 by 8 in., acumin- ate; flowers 2 in. long; fruit spiny : ; Leaves elliptic, long cuspidate, 7 by 2°5 in.; flowers 1°5 in. long : : c : (8) D. pinangianus (9) D. Wrayi (1) D. zibethinus Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii. 581; Masters, in E fil. F.B.I.i. 351; Beccari, Malesia, iii. 330, ¢. xii. f. I-5; XXXVI. . I-12. The Durian is not indigenous to the peninsula, but is cultivated everywhere. It attains a height of roo ft. The leaves elliptic- oblong, abruptly acuminate, base rounded, 4°5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 1°8 in. wide. Flowers 2 in. long, cream-colour, in rather long cymes from the lower side of boughs, in old leaf axils. Stamen bundles united at base only. Fruit 8 to 12 in. long, light brown or green, with stout conical thorns. Seeds 1°5 in. long, buff colour, covered with white pulpy arillus. Only known in cultivation. It varies very little, I have seen trees of which all the flowers 262 - XXIII. MALVACEZ. [Durio. appeared to be male, the female parts abortive. A very small fruited variety with only one carpel and one seed occurs, and a large form with an increase of carpellary whorls, the fruit being open at the top and containing a second abortive fruit surrounded by the normal seeds of the outer carpels, “‘ Durian Gajah”’ of the Malays. The species occurs also on the Malay islands, but whence its origin is doubtful. (2) D. malaccensis Planch. in Hook. fil. F.BJI. i. 351; Bece. Malesia, iii. 237, t. xii. figs. 6 to 8; King, l.c. 51; Masters, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv, 501; t. xiv. figs: 17 to 2. x y AA Se Yi, SS; Wh) i S Fic. 26.—Durio malaccensis. A big tree. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, acute, base sub-acute or rounded; nerves 20 pairs, slender, visible on both surfaces, thinly coriaceous, above smooth, beneath covered with peltate scales, 5°5 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 1°8 in. wide; petioles thick, *5 in. long, scaly. Peduncles ‘5 to 1 in. long, angled bearing 2 to 3 flowers on I in. pedicels. Flowers white, 2°5 in. long. Bracts 2, ovate, I in. long, acute. Sepals 5, ovate-oblong, scaly, I in. long. Petals linear-oblong, 2°5 in. long, ‘5 in. wide, pubescent with scattered scales outside. Stamens forming a tube, branching into 5 phalanges of several compound filaments free above and bearing a cluster of anthers, shorter than the petals. Style densely woolly. Fruit green with numerous processes. Hab. Forests. Malacca, Batu Tiga (Derry, Griffith). Negri Sembilan, Triang Forest we eee Durio. | XXIII. MALVACEZ. 263 (Foxworthy). Perak, Larut (Barnard); Kwala Kangsar (Fox- worthy). Native name: Durian Api. (3) D. Lowianus Scort. King, l.c. 51. A tree 50 to 60 ft. tall. Young branches, petioles, and lower side of midrib covered with rather large scales, under-side of leaf with smaller ones. Leaf narrow oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate, base rounded, thinly coriaceous, glabrous above; nerves 14 to 18 pairs, faint, horizontal, upper surface finely reticulate, 4°5 to 5°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles -5 in. long. Inflorescence on branches of short-branched cymes, 3 in. long and as much across. Pedicels *5 to °75 in. long, scaly. Flowers 2 in. across. Bracts 2 or 3°5 in. across, ovate connate. Calyx campanulate, °75 in. long, teeth 3, broad blunt shallow, covered with large scales. Petals 5, oblanceolate pubescent outside, glabrous inside, 1°25 in. long. Stamens in 5 phalanges dividing near the base into 8, sub-dividing at the tip into several short filaments with a single anther. Ovary ovoid, scaly; style pubescent. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). Kedah, Yan (Haniff). (5) D. lanceolatus Masters, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 499. Branches rather slender. Leaves oblong to lanceolate acute, base rounded, coriaceous; midrib depressed above, very prominent beneath; nerves invisible; scales rather large, 3°5 in. long, I in. wide; petioles -25 to :3 in. long. Flowers in short clusters on the branches, the scales on bracts and flower-buds large; pedicels often branched, thick, 1 in. long. Flowers small, 2 in. long. Stamens tubular only at base. Hab. Hill forests. Selangor, Sempang mines, Semangkok Pass. The tree was only in bud when I found it, but it closely resembles D. lanceolatus Mast., of Borneo, though the nervation is more inconspicuous than in the type. (5) D. Singaporensis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 143. Large tree. Leaves oblong obtuse or sub-acute, base blunt, rounded, coriaceous glabrous above; midrib channelled, beneath scaly, raw sienna colour; nerves very numerous, very inconspicuous above and not very distinct beneath, 7 to 9 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long thick, angled. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 on the trunk; peduncles short; pedicels ‘5 in. long 4-angled with 2 lanceolate bracts at base, all scaly. Bracts (floral), large ovate acute, 1 in. long and as wide. Sepals oblong, 2 in. long, acute, scaly cinnamon colour. Petals linear-oblong, 1°5 in. long, outside scaly with fringed scales, cinnamon outside, within pubes- cent, white. Stamens and pistil as in malaccensis. Fruit globose spiny green. Hab. Forests in the south, Singapore, Bukit Timah ; Selitar. Johor, town and Mt. Austen. (6) D. Oxleyanus Griff. Notula, iv. 531; Masters, in Hook. fil. F.BI.i. 351; Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 501, ¢. xvi. 13 to 16. Tree. Branchlets, petioles, midrib and inflorescence only scaly. 264 XXIII. MALVACEZ. |Durio. Leaves elliptic-oblong rounded at both ends, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; nerves 15 to 18 pairs, prominent beneath, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long. Flowers I in. across, crowded in cymes on the branches. Bracts 2, ovate pubescent. Calyx cup-shaped, mouth with 4 shallow blunt teeth, scaly outside. Petals 4, oblanceolate or spathulate, °5 in. long. Stamens 20, 5 free, alternating with 5 phalanges of 3 each; anthers solitary shorter than the petals. Ovary hairy, not scaly. Hab. Malacca (Griffith); Merlimau. Selangor, Sungei Buloh (Fox- worthy). Native names: Durian daun; Kuripal. (7) D. macrophyllus Rid/. D. testitudinarum var. macro- phylla King, l.c. 53. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall, 15 to 24 in. through. Leaves oblong shortly acuminate, base rounded, 13 to 15 in. long, 4°5 to 5°5 in. wide, above smooth, beneath densely covered with large fimbriate scales; petioles 1 in. long. Flowers on the trunk in cymes about 3 in. long of 4 or 5 flowers; pedicels and peduncles angled. Floral bracts 2, ovate acute, 1°25 in. long. Sepals wide and saccate at base, 1°5 in. long, outside covered with large scales fimbriate at edges. Petals waxy white. Petals 2°5 in. long, ‘4 in. wide, out- side covered with stellate hairs and a few peltate scales with fimbriate edges along the centre, inside glabrous. Staminal column stout, 3 in. long; anthers several in a head on the compound filaments. Hab. Forests. Malacca, Hulu Belankan (Goodenough). Perak, Gunong Pondok (Kunstler). Maxwell’s Hill. Dindings, Lumut (Curtis). Native name: Durian Tana. (8) D. pinangianus Rid/. D. testitudinarum var. pinangiana Becc. Malesia, iii. 246; King, l.c. 55. Tree of large size. Leaves lanceolate, long acuminate, base rounded; nerves numerous fine very inconspicuous, smooth above, covered with small scales beneath, 5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 1°75 in. across; petioles ‘5 in. long. Flowers crowded in cymes on the trunk. Bracts ovate-lanceolate obtuse, covered with large scales 1°25 in. long. Sepals 1°5 in. long, broad lanceolate. Petals pink or pinkish white, backs darker, oblong pointed, 2°25 in. long, inside glabrous, outside covered with stellate hairs and a few fimbriate scales. Stamensaslong. Style crimson, tomentose. Fruit globose large, with numerous close set long cylindric processes. Aril of seed pink, tasteless. Hab. Forests. Penang, West Hill at 2000 ft. altitude. Perak, Gunong Keledang. Native name: Durian Burong. (9) D. Wrayi King, l.c. 53. A large tree. Young branches scaly. Leaves elliptic caudate, base rounded, glabrous above covered with thin scales beneath; nerves Io to 12 pairs, 5°5 to 85 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles *75 in. long. Flowers on the branches 2 in. long, rose pink; pedicels I in. long. Bracts 3 ovate connate. Calyx cup-shaped, teeth 5, rather deep, sub-acute, outside covered with large scales, Petals a ee eS ee Durvo.| XXIII. MALVACEZ. 205 I°5 in. long, oblanceolate-spathulate, clawed, pubescent on both sides. Stamens in 5 phalanges united at base only, each dividing into 5 or 6 processes bearing 8 reniform anthers. Ovary scaly. Hab. Upper Perak (Wray). Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Kedah at Yan (Ridley). Perhaps only a form of D. pinangianus. 9. BOSCHIA, Korth. Trees. Leaves entire scaly beneath. Flowers small, axillary. Calyx deeply 4- to 5-cleft. Petals linear-ligulate. Stamens many, some free, some coherent, outer ones abortive; anthers globose opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 3- to 5-celled; ovules I or more in each cell. Fruit 3- to 5-valved, muricate. Seeds few ovoid, arils half covering them. Species 4 or 5, Malayan. B. Griffithii Masters, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.1. 352; Journ: Linn. Soc. xiv. pl. xv. figs. 29 to 39; King, l.c. 55. A slender tree 30 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves oblong or elliptic, shortly abruptly acuminate, base round; nerves 8 to II pairs, beneath grey 5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘4 to ‘6 in. long. Flowers ‘75 in. across, solitary or in 2- to 3-flowered cymes axillary, yellowish white. Bracts 2, ovate scaly blunt. Sepals 4, ovate pubescent, scaly outside. Petals 4 to 8, twice as long, linear or spathulate. Ovary ovoid scaly. Capsule oblong fusiform, scarlet, covered with short spines 1°75 in..long. Seeds 3 to 6, black, ‘5 in. to I in. long, aril half-way. Hab. Forests whole peninsula, from Singapore to Kedah. Common. Distrib. Sumatra. Native names: Durian-Durian, hence Dendurian and Daun Durian; Durian Hadji; Dada Ruan. 10. NEESIA, Bl. Trees. Leaves entire, not scaly; stipules leafy; cymes from the axils of fallen leaves scaly. Bracteoles 3, connate into a cup, covered with scales. Calyx ventricose conical above, opening by a circular orifice at the top, finally dilating and cushion-shaped. Petals 5, free, imbricate. Stamens numerous; filaments more or less united; anthers 2-celled. Ovary oblong, 5-celled. Style short; ovules numerous, biseriate. Fruit large, ovoid woody, muricate, dehiscing part way loculicidally. Seed small; aril small waxy. Species 7, Malayan. (1) N. synandra Masters, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i.352; King, l.c. 56. A tall straight tree 60 to 70 ft. or more tall. Branches stout. Leaves at the ends of branches, coriaceous, oblong-elliptic to _ obovate-elliptic, tip rounded emarginate, base sub-cordate, above glabrous, beneath pubescent; nerves 13 to 22 pairs, elevated beneath, 7 to 16 in. long, 3°5 to 8 in. wide; petioles 1°5 to 3 In. long. Cymes 1°5 long, 8- to 12-flowered on the main branches 266 XXII]. MALVACE2. [Neesia. below the leaves; pedicels short scaly. Flowers °6 in. long, creamy white. Calyx pubescent within, scaly outside, eventually forming a cushion *5 in. across. Petals ovate-lanceolate, glabrous. Ovary pilose. Fruit 6 to 8 in. long, 4 to 5 in. through, ovoid-conic, 5- angled, blue grey, covered with pyramidal spines, dehiscing for about two-thirds of its length, lined internally with pungent yellow hair. Seed ‘5 in. long, ovoid-oblong, flattened, shining brown or black; aril small, waxy orange-colour, tasteless. Hab. Forests, not rare. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Kranji. Pahang, Tahan woods. Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Penang, Penara Bukit; Penang Hill, half-way up (Maingay). 11. CHLOSTEGIA, Benth. Tall trees. Leaves scaly beneath. Inflorescence cymose, scaly. Flowers small, hardly *25 in. across, on the old wood. Bracts connate into a cup. Calyx-tube constricted, gibbous above and constricted above to 5 connivent lobes. Petals 5 inserted in the apex of the calyx tube. Stamens numerous; filaments short thick; anthers globose 3- to 4-celled. Ovary globular 5-celled; style short. Stigma discoid large. Fruit globose, woody muricate outside, dehiscent. Seeds small with a small aril. Species 3, Malayan. (1) C. Griffithii Benth. and Hook. fil. Gen. Plant. i. 213; Masters, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. 1. 353; Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 505, ft. Xvi. figs. 43 to 50; King, l.c. 57. A big tree 80 ft. or more tall. Leaves oval acuminate, base rounded, above glabrous, beneath scaly; nerves 8 pairs, 2°4 to 3°75 in. long, 1°25 to 1°6 in. wide; petioles *5 to’75 in. long. Cymose racemes on axils of fallen leaves 2 in. long. Flowers °25 in. long, scaly. Bract a 3-lobed cup. Calyx brownish. Petals triangular acute, connivent fleshy, dark pink. Ovary densely scaly. Fruit globose about 5 in. through, black outside and densely spiny with short spines, inside orange colour, dehiscing one-third of its length. Seed °5 in. long, mahogany brown, aril triangular, yellowish brown. Hab. Not rare in forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Timah. Pahang, Tahan woods. Malacca, Selandor (Cantley). Perak (Scortechini, Kunstler). Negri Sembilan, Senawang (Fox- worthy). Native names: Punggai; Ha-ha. Use: Bark used in tanning fishing-nets. Orper XXIV. STERCULIACEA. Trees, shrubs (or herbs). Young parts usually stellate-tomentose. Leaves alternate, simple, often lobed. Inflorescence axillary, rarely terminal, cymose or panicled. Flowers regular, unisexual. Sepals 5, often connate. Petals 5 or 0. Stamens in a column or : | | | Sterculia.] XXIV. STERCULIACE. 267 . tube many, or rarely few free; anthers in heads, or a single ring on the top of the column, or along the edge of a cup or tube; anther- cells 2. Ovaries 2 to 5, free, rarely I; ovules many or few ‘attached to inner angles of ovaries ; styles as many as ovaries, free or nearly so. Fruit capsular or dry indehiscent. Tropics and subtropics generally. Species 500 or more. 1. STERCULIEH. Trees often large; flowers unisexual; petals none; stamen-column with anthers on the apex, clustered or in a ring. Calyx small, lobes tailed; follicles coriaceous, red; seeds 2 or more, black pendulous on edges : é : : I. STERCULIA Calyx small, lobes lanceolate ; follicles very large membranous, green, I seed at base of each . 2. SCAPHIUM Calyx campanulate; follicles membranous, open- ing before ripe; seeds 2 in each 3. PTEROCYMBIUM Calyx long tubular; follicles membranous 4. ERYTHROPSIS Fruit of thick samaras with falcate wings 5. TARRIETIA Fruit woody, indehiscent, keeled 6. HERITIERA li. HELICTEREZ. Shrubs or medium trees; flowers bisexual; petals deciduous; stamen column bearing a cup edged with anthers and staminodes, 5 to 15. Shrub; flowers pink, ig membranous in- flated ; : ; : 7. KLEINHOVIA Shrub; flowers purple or white ; capsule woody not inflated; seed not winged 8. HELICTERES Trees; flowers large, white; capsule woody, large; seed winged . : g. PTEROSPERMUM iii. DOMBEYE#. Flowers bisexual; penal persistent: anthers Io to 20 on the tip of a cup on the column. Herb; petalsred . ‘ ; : . 10. PENTAPETES iv. HERMANNIE&. Flowers eee stamens 5; staminodes o. Shrubby herb or shrub; capsule 5- -celled ; flowers pinkish . 11. MELOCHIA Shrubby ; flowers. yellow; capsule I- celled, 1-seeded . : : . WALTHERIA v. BYTTNERIZ. Petals med: eat in a tube cae anthers at top. Stamens I row in groups between staminodes ; petals clawed; shrub; capsule large bristly 13. ABROMA Stamens in I row, solitary between staminodes ; petals clawed with 2 lateral lobes and a long appendage; climbers : : . 14. BYTTNERIA vi. LEptonycu1#. Petals not eee Petals linear, simple; stamens 5; staminodes 5; tree; capsule bristly : : : . 15. COMMERSONIA Stamens in several series; capsule not bristly; tree : 16. LEPTONYCHIA Stamens in 1 circle, 6, connate in a cup at base 17. LEPTONYCHIOPSIS Stamens in a funnel- shaped tube; anthers 5 . 18. PENICULIFERA 1. STERCULIA, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire or lobed or digitate-compound. Inflorescence panicled or racemose, axillary. Flowers male with few bisexual or female. Calyx tubular, lobes acuminate or tailed, 268 XXIV. STERCULIACEZ. | Sterculia. pink or green, small 4- to 5-lobed. Petals 0. Staminal column with a head of sessile anthers at the top. Carpels 5, distinct on a gynophore, when ripe follicular coriaceous spreading, dehiscing, on one side, scarlet. Seeds oblong pendent from edge, black. Species about 200, all tropics. Leaves large 6- to 7-lobed, digitate : (1) S. foetida Leaves simple, large orbicular 12 in. long tomen- tose beneath . : . : . (2) S. macrophylla Leaves quite glabrous, simple. Inflorescence racemose (rarely a few short branch- lets). Leaves elliptic; flowers pedicelled; shrub (3) S. leevis Leaves oblong cuspidate; flowers sub-sessile . (4) S. hyposticta Leaves oblong-linear (5) S. elongata Flowers panicled. Trees. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute both ends . (6) S. parvifolia Leaves obovate round at both ends; panicles much branched . (7) Leaves elliptic- -obovate, base broad blunt; ovaries 3, villous; stamens 7 : (8) Ovaries 5, scaly ; stamens 10 : 4 : (9) Leaves scurfy at back, 4 in. long . (10) Leaves hairy on back, strongly reticulate red- hairy ; carpels ovate : ( Leaves red scurfy on midrib and nerves. Leaves large; carpels long-beaked . pir ( ( S S S s S. lancaviensis S. Kunstleri S. parviflora S. Scortechinii S. rubiginosa S s Ss . rostrata . brachycarpa . hispidissima Leaves large; carpels short, not beaked Whole plant densely long red- -hairy Leaves tomentose beneath; nervules not conspicu- ously elevate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, densely tomentose, base narrowed . } A : Ff . (15) S. angustifolia Leaves oblong- obovate, thinly tomentose, base broad y ; 2 . (16) §. javanica Leaves small, oblong, pale ‘beneath. ; (17) &. bicolor (1) S. foetida Linn. Sp. Pl. 1008; Wight, Ic. t. 181, 364; Masters, im Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 354. A big tree about 80 ft. tall. Branches whorled. Leaves digitate; leaflets 7 to 9, elliptic-lanceolate, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide, pubescent when young, glabrous when adult; petioles 8 in. long. Panicles erect, many-flowered, appearing with the young leaves. Calyx dull orange or red, *5 to *7 in. across, lobes oblong-lanceolate villous within. Anthers 12 to 15. Carpels 5, when ripe large woody, boat-shaped, beaked, glabrous. Seeds 10 to 15, black smooth. Hab. In villages, probably introduced only. Province Wellesley, Bukit Juru. Perlis, at Kanga. Dzystrib. East Africa, India, Moluccas, N. Australia. Native name: Kelompang. Use: Seeds eaten. (2) S. macrophylla Vent. Hort. Maim. ii. 91 (in note); Br. Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 230; Masters, l.c. i. 356; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 63. A large tree about 60 to 120 ft, tall, Young branches thick, So ea Sterculia.| XXIV. STERCULIACE. 269 hairy. Leaves coriaceous, ovate or ovate-round entire, base cordate, above minutely pubescent, beneath sub-tomentose, midrib and 6 to 8 pairs of nerves rufous-villous, transverse; nervules distinct, 8 to 16 in. long, 6 to 12 in. wide; petioles 3°6 to 6 in. long softly hairy. Panicles 6 to 8 in. long, axillary much-branched; branches slender pubescent. Calyx ‘15 in. across, campanulate, stellate-hairy, 5-lobed; lobes triangular, shorter than the tube. Follicles 3 to 5, leathery-woody, 2°25 in. long and wide, shortly stalked, pink to crimson, pubescent outside. Seeds oblong black, ‘75 in. long. Hab. A common tree in forests at low altitudes. Singapore, Johor, Pahang, Malacca, Selangor, Perak and Penang. Distrib. Java. Native name: Milian. . (3) S. levis Wall. Cat. 1138; Masters, l.c. i. 357; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 192, figs. 1 to 7; King, l.c. 63. S. coccinea Jack, Mal. Misc. i. 286 (not of Roxburgh). A shrub about 6 ft. tall. Leaves membranous obovate-oblong or obovate, shortly bluntly acuminate, base acute, glabrous; nerves 6 to g pairs, 4°5 to g in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles I°r to 2°5 in. long. Panicles short, few-flowered axillary pendulous pubescent. Calyx °5 in. long, green or whitish yellow, tips of lobes green, pubescent, tube urceolate, lobes longer linear-oblong sub-acute. Male flowers, staminal column short, glabrous, brown; anthers Io, sessile at the top, pollen brilliant orange colour. Hermaphrodite flowers, gynophore short. Ovaries 5 pubescent, boat-shaped, with Io sessile anthers outside at the base. Stigmas 5, cylindric recurved. Follicles 3 to 5 coriaceous narrow oblong, puberulous, 2 in. long, I°5 in. wide, scarlet. Seeds 3 or 4 on each side, blue black. Very common over the whole peninsula from Singapore to Penang, Kelantan and Pulau Adang isles, in forests, at low levels. There are two forms, (a) latifolia with broad leaves about 3 in. across and (b) angustifolia with narrow long leaves 2 in. across. Disirib. Tenasserim, Borneo. Native name: Chempaka Janggi. (4) S. hyposticta Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 399; King, l.c. 64. A shrub 3 to 6 ft. tall, glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves membranous, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate abruptly caudate acuminate, base rounded, often emarginate; nerves 3 to 5 pairs, inarching from margin, prominent beneath, 3°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles r to 1°5 in. long. Racemes solitary axillary, 6 in. long pubescent and hairy. Calyx-tube campanulate, 25 in. long, densely pubescent outside, lobes shorter than tube, linear glandular-pilose within, white. Male flowers; column short; anthers sessile. Female flowers, gynophore short; ovaries 4 ovoid tomentose; anthers sessile. Style simple, villous. Stigma large, lobes 4 oblong ovoid. Carpels 2 or 3 leathery red narrow oblong 2 to 2°25 in. long, ‘65 in. wide pubescent outside. Seeds 4, oblong pointed, black. Hab. In dense forests. Pahang, Kwantan (Durn- ford). Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray); Larut Hills (Kunstler) , 270 XXIV. STERCULIACE. [Sterculia. Chankat Mentri (Kloss); Gunong Bintang (Kloss). Tringganu, Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. Cochin-China, Nicobars, Sumatra. (5) S. elongata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 28. Shrub about ro ft. tall. Leaves oblong-linear acuminate obtuse, margins often undulate, glabrous sub-coriaceous, 6 to 12 in. long, 2 in. wide; nerves distinct beneath 18 to 26, meeting in loops far from the margin; petioles °5 to 1°5 in. long. Raceme 6 in. long, rachis hairy. Flowers about 14; pedicels ‘5 in. long. Calyx pubescent, tube campanulate ‘2 in. long, lobes linear hairy connivent *3 in. long. Staminal-column shorter than the tube; anthers 8. Follicles 5, elliptic-ovate cuspidate 2 in. long, I in. wide, red, pubescent outside. Seeds 4 in each carpel, sub-globose. Hab. In forests, local. Singapore, Bukit Timah, etc. Malacca, Bukit Kanding (Cantley). (6) S. parvifolia Wall. Cat. 1123; Masters, l.c. i. 356; King, Lc. 64. A tree 20 to 30 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves membranous, oblong- lanceolate acuminate blunt, base acute or rounded; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, prominent beneath, 4 to 6°5 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide; petioles r to 1°75 in. long; racemes axillary solitary, 2 in. long, few-flowered, glabrous. Calyx less than ‘5 in. long, glabrous outside, puberulous inside pink, lobes greyish, tube broad cylindric, . lobes linear-lanceolate as long. Male flowers, staminal column short; anthers 12. Female, ovaries 5 ovate pubescent; styles united recurved, white-hairy. Stigmas clavate. Follicles 3 to 5 oblong, I to 1°25 in. long, *6 in. wide. Seeds 2, ovoid, black. Hab. Hill woods. Selangor, Weld’s Hill; Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Perak, Thaiping Waterfall (Wray). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis, Wallich). Native name: Unting-Unting. (7) S. lancaviensis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 29. Small tree, deciduous. Leaves grey when dry, obovate, tip rounded, glabrous; nerves 5 pairs, 3°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles *25 to ‘5 in. long. Panicles lax, much-branched, 1 to 1°5 in. long, pubescent, produced after the fall of the leaves. Male flowers campanulate, ‘12 in. long, lobes lanceolate-linear blunt, edges hairy. Stamens 6, column as long as tube. Female flowers campanulate ‘2 in. long, lobes ovate, very short, scabrid pubescent inside with 12 raised veins; anthers 5. Lankawi Islands, Kwah and Terutau (Curtis). Really allied to S. bicoloy, but glabrous. (8) S. Kunstleri King, /.c. 65. Glabrous tree 30 to 50 ft. tall, 1°5 to 2 ft. through. Leaves thinly coriaceous, bright green mottled yellow, broadly ovate to oblong or narrowly elliptic, tip rounded, blunt or shortly abruptly acuminate, base rounded or blunt; nerves 7 to 9 pairs, 4 to 9g in. long, 2 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles *75 to 2°75 in. long, slender. Sterculia. | XXIV. STERCULIACEE. : 271 Panicles solitary axillary 3 in. long, flocculent tomentose, base nude, lateral branches numerous, short. Calyx °3 to °35 in. long, urceolate, tube stellate tomentose outside, creamy white, base tinged light red, lobes shorter than tube, linear-lanceolate, villous inside, tomentose outside. Male flowers, stamen-column short with 5 anthers. Female flowers, ovaries 3, villous with a ring of yellow at base. Stigmas fleshy, clavate bent on themselves. Follicles 2 or 3, woody, peach-coloured to carmine, oblong, base rounded, tip acute, tomentose outside, 3 to 3°5 in. long, 1°25 to I’°5 in. wide. Seeds narrow, ovoid nearly 1 in. long. Hab. In dense jungle; Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Sumatra. (9) S. parviflora Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; King, l.c. 66. S. Maingayi Masters, l.c. i. 359; Puerre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 188A. A big tree 50 to 60 ft. tall and 18 in. through. Leaves mem- branous, ovate or obovate-oblong, shortly bluntly acuminate, base rounded and slightly cordate, glabrous, midrib and 7 or 8 pairs of nerves prominent, stellate-pubescent when young, 4 to Io in. long, 2 to 5°5 in. wide; petioles tomentose, I to 4in. long. Panicles red-tomentose, slender, 5 to 6 in. long. Branches distant, short, *5in. long. Calyx ‘2 in. long, tube urceolate, lobes linear-lanceolate, nearly as long, pink, tomentose outside, glabrous within. Male flowers, staminal column with Io sessile ovate anthers. Female flowers, ovaries 5, scaly with a ring of anthers at base. Stigmas united into a 5-lobed disc of 5 recurved stigmas. Follicles I to 5, thickly coriaceous bright red to orange, pubescent or glabrescent, oblong, short-beaked, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, 1°25 to 1°5 in. wide. Seeds black °6 in. long. Mab. Common in woods in the low country, Singapore, Pahang, Malacca, Perak and Panang. Distrib. Burma, Sylhet, Cochin-China. Native names: Kadampang; Rongga Jantan. (10) S. Scortechinii King, /.c. 67. A tall tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong, slightly obovate, tip rounded, abruptly short acuminate blunt, base narrowed rounded minutely cordate, above glabrous, beneath minutely gland-dotted ; midrib and nerves 4 or 5 pairs, stellate pubescent, 2 nerves rising straight fromt he base, 2 to 5 to 3°5 in. long, 1°25 to 1°65 in. wide; petioles ‘65 to r in. long, pulverulent. Panicles raceme-like, axillary solitary, tomentose, 2 in. long. Calyx campanulate, divided nearly to base into 5 ovate lobes, pubescent tomentose on both sides. Male flowers with ro anthers on the column. Females, ovary 3-celled obliquely ovoid, pubescent, scaly; ovules 3 to 4 in each cell; styles connate, pubescent. Stigmas 3, ovoid. Fruit unknown. Hab. Perak, locality unknown (Scortechini). (11) S. rubiginosa Vent, Hort. Malmaison, ii. 91; Masters, Lc. 1. 358; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 1948. S. angustifolia Jack. Mal. Misc.i. 21 (not of Roxburgh). S. Jackiana Wall. Cat. 1134. 272 XXIV. STERCULIACE®. [Sterculia. A tree about 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves membranous, obovate- oblong, shortly abruptly acuminate, base narrowed acute, rounded or cordate above glabrous, beneath stellate-pubescent; midrib and 7 to 10 pairs elevated nerves more hairy, 4°5 to 7°5 rarely to 12 in. long, 2 to 3, rarely 6 in. across; petioles *3 to 1°5 in. long, rufous-tomentose. Panicles solitary, axillary pendent 3 to 6 in. long, rufous-tomentose. Male flowers yellow with pink hairs and 5 dark red blotches at the base inside, widely campanulate, lobes Fic. 27.—Sterculia rubiginosa. linear-lanceolate. Staminal column longer than the tube; anthers 10, yellow. Female flowers on different sprays of the same tree, lobes of calyx lanceolate, free nearly to the base, hairy with pink and white hairs, except at the base where are 5 pink spots. Gyno- phore short with Io anthers at base of pistil. Ovary villous; styles united. Stigmas 3 or 5, all greenish white. Follicles 5, coriaceous, oblong, shortly beaked, 2 in. long, I in. wide, pubescent outside, crimson scarlet. Seed ellipsoid, blue black. Hab. Com- mon in woods in open country, whole peninsula from Singapore & Sterculia. | XXIV. STERCULIACEAE. 273 to Penang. Distrib. Cochin-China, Burma, Java and Sumatra. Natwe names: Dudanak; Saburu; Sakelat; Unting-Unting Besar. var. ensifolia Ridl. 5S. ensifolia Masters, in Hook. fil. F.B I. tenor. Kong, i.c. 70. A shrub 8 to 12 ft. tall, or even shorter. Leaves narrow lanceo- late, or oblanceolate acuminate, 6 to Io in. long, 1°5 in. to 2°5 in. wide. Flowers °75 in. long in simple pendulous racemes, 1 ft. or more long. Hab. In dense forests, usually at some altitude up to 3000 ft. Dindings, Gunong Tungul. Perak; Thaiping Hills. Province Wellesley, Kubang Ulu (Curtis). Penang, near the Waterfall and Moniot’s Road. (12) S. rostrata Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 7. A small tree about 20 ft. tall. Leaves obovate-oblong, acute with a short cusp, base rounded; nerves 12 pairs, elevate beneath, 8 in. long, 3 in. wide, dull green above, glabrous with a few hairs on midrib and nerves, beneath yellowish; nerves hairy; petioles 2 in. long, hairy. Panicle 6 in. long. Branches few short hairy. Male flowers ‘1 in. long red, lobes lanceolate not tailed, tips connate, tube campanulate very short; anthers 5. Follicles 4, elongate- lanceolate acuminate stalked 4 in. long with a long terete curved beak as long, 2 in. across. Seeds 6 in a follicle, *5 in. long. Hab. Pahang at Telom, on the river-bank, rare (Ridley). (13) S. brachycarpa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 79, p. 63. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall, 8 to 12 in. through. Leaves elliptic or obovate-elliptic, abruptly acuminate, chartaceous, base rounded or shortly cuneate glabrous except nerves beneath; nerves g pairs elevate beneath, as are the conspicuous reticulations, all sprinkled with stellate hairs; midrib prominent, red-stellate-hairy, 6 to 11 in. long, 3 to 5°5 in. wide; petioles 1°5 to 2 in. long, red-hairy. Racemes 3 to 3°5 in. long, slender densely red-hairy. Flowers remote; pedicels -25 in. long. Sepals ‘2 in. long, broad lanceolate acuminate blunt, densely hairy. Stamen-column half as long and as wide. Seed oblong. Hab. Hill forests at 3000 ft. altitude. Selangor. Sempang mines (Ridley). Perak, Batang Padang district (Kunstler). (14) S. hispidissima Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 30. Shoots roughly red-hairy. Leaves elliptic or oblong, base broad, truncate, shortly cordate, tip cuspidate, membranous above covered with scattered pale hairs, with stellate tufts on nerves and reticulations, beneath more thickly covered with stellate hairs and long rough hairs; midrib densely tomentose with stellate hairs and long hairs mixed; nerves 7 to Io pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide. Panicles numerous crowded at the ends of the branches, 6 to 8 in. long, densely rough-hairy. Branches 1 in. long. Male flowers, ‘3 in. long, tube campanulate, lobes as long, linear, ciliate. Staminal column as long as tube; anthers 8. Female flowers and fruit unknown. Hab. Rare, Selangor, at Ulu FLM.P., 1. v 274 XXIV. STERCULIACEZ. | Sterculia. Gombak (Burn-Murdoch) and in Cantley’s herbarium with no locality. (15) S. angustifolia Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; Pierre, Fl, For. Cochinchine, t. 190; King,l.c.68. S. Balanghas var. mollis, Masters, l.c. 1. 358. A tree 30 to 40 ft. tall. Branchlets velvety rusty-tomentose. Leaves membranous oblong rarely obovate-lanceolate acuminate or acute, narrowed to the rounded base, above glabrous, beneath densely red-tomentose, 4 to 7 in. long, 1°25 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘6 to I'I in. long, red-tomentose. Panicles crowded at the ends of the branches, solitary axillary lax, drooping red-tomentose, 2 to 6 in. long. Calyx -2 in. wide, hairy except the inside of the tube, dark red, lobes linear-lanceolate, longer than tube. Male flowers, staminal column as long as tube with ro sessile anthers. Female with 5 ovaries and Io sessile anthers at base. Style short. Stigmas longer recurved. Follicles 4 to 5, ovate-oblong, beak short curved, 2°75 in. long, 1°35 in. wide, velvety tomentose outside. Hab. High up on limestone rocks, rare. Perak at Gunong Pondok (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Burma. (16) S. javanica Br. Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 230. S. pubescens Masters, l.c..1. 357. A large tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong or ovate, shortly acuminate blunt, base rounded peltate, coriaceous, above glabrous, beneath tomentose-hairy; nerves 9 pairs, 5 to 6 in. long, 2°25 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles rufous-hairy, 1 in. long. Panicles lax with short branches, 6 in. long. Branches 1 in. long or less slender, tomentose. Flowers numerous small, ‘1 in. long on short pedicels. Calyx-tube very short, lobes 5, lanceolate blunt red-tomentose outside, white- tomentose inside. Staminal-column very small as long as the tube; anthers minute. Female flowers much larger, ‘2 in. long, campanulate hairy outside, glabrous within, lobes lanceolate sub- acute. Carpels pyriform, quite glabrous, 2 in. long, shortly cuspi- date. Hab. Not common, Johor Road to Gunong Pulai. Malacca (Maingay). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Lankawi, Terutau (Curtis). Distrib. Java and Sumatra. The panicles are often entirely male, but in female panicles there are usually a small number of male flowers intermixed. (17) S. bicolor Masters, l.c. i. 359; King, l.c. 67. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves on branch-ends membranous obovate-oblong acute, narrowed to the rounded base, above gla- brous, beneath whitish, densely minutely tomentose; midrib and 16 to 18 pairs nerves tomentose, 2°5 to 3 in. long, 1°2 to 1°4 in. wide. Panicles 2 to 3 in. long slender tomentose. Branches °5 in. long. Calyx tube ovoid-oblong, widely campanulate, °3 in. long, lobes as long as tube linear. Staminal column with 12 anthers. Female flowers and follicles unknown. Hab. Rare, Malacca (Maingay). Perak at Thaiping (Wray). %y er " Se Se eee ee. ‘aes Pap ON aera gen lin aire Scaphium.|} XXIV. STERCULIACE2. 275 = 2. SCAPHIUM, Endl. Large trees with coriaceous leaves and panicles of small uni- sexual flowers, usually tomentose. Calyx tubular, often very short. Staminal column stalk short or long; anthers in a globose head ro to 30,narrow. Female flowers, ovaries 3 to 5; style short. Carpels very large, thin, membranous, green boat-shaped, with a single ellipsoid seed at the base. Species 4, Martaban, Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Leaves broad, ovate-cordate . i : . (1) S. linearicarpum Leaves oblong, base entire. Panicles densely tomentose; stamen-head sub- sessile glabrous. : : : . (2) S. affine Panicle sub- spine stamen-head stalked woolly : . (3) S. longiflorum S. Peeanicar pian Ridl. Journ. Boy. ae Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 144. Sterculia linearicarpa Masters, in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 360; King, be. FAO. Tree 60 to 8o ft. tall, with large leaf-scars on the branches. Leaves coriaceous ovate-orbicular cordate, obtuse or rounded at tip; nerves 7 pairs strongly elevate, pubescent beneath, reticula- tions conspicuous, 6 to 14 in. long, 5 to 14 in. wide; petioles 6 in. long orless. Panicles rather lax, ferruginous, 7 to 8in. long. Bracts oblong, red-tomentose. Flowers very small on tomentose pedicels ‘I in. long. Calyx tube ‘1 in. long, lobes a little longer, ovate acute, tomentose outside. Stamen-column shorter than calyx- tube, glabrous; anthers 10, cuneate 2-celled. Ovaries 3 free. Follicles 2, boat-shaped acuminate, densely yellow-woolly, 3°2 in. long, acuminate, on yellow woolly pedicels *5 in. long. Seed 1. Hab. Malacca (Maingay); Perak (Scortechini, Kunstler). (2) S. affine Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 144. Sterculia affinis Masters, l.c. 1. 361. S. scaphigera King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 75 (partly) not of Wallich. Tree 60 to 80 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous glabrous, oblong or oblong-ovate obtuse shortly acuminate, base rounded (lobed when young); nerves elevate beneath, 6 pairs, reticulations conspicuous, 5 to 7 in. long, 2:2 to 3'2 in. wide; petioles 3 to 3°5 in. long, thick- ened at apex. Panicles axillary 6 to 7 in. long, red-tomentose. Branches numerous 2°5 in. long. Flowers numerous, green, very small. Bracts ovate, woolly. Calyx ‘zr in. long, tube very short, lobes 4, ovate, minutely scurfy, as long as the tube. Anther head nearly sessile, with a very short glabrous stalk; anthers 12, minute, glabrous. Follicles r to 5 on pubescent stalks *5 in. long, green membranous 6 to 8 in. long, glabrous. Seed 1, ovoid brown, 5 to r in. long. Hab. Not rare in the forests in south of the peninsula. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca (Griffith). Sungei Hudang and Merlimau. Pahang, Kota Glanggi (Ridley). Native names: Kembang Semangkok (lit. Fill Cup); S’ilayer. Use: 276 XXIV. STERCULIACE#. [Scap hium. The seed, immersed in water for a night, exudes a gum, contgining Bassorin, to such an extent as to filla small cup. This, mixed with sugar-candy, is eaten as a stomachic, and is very pleasant and wholesome. (3) S. longiflorum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 143. Tree. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-rounded, shortly acuminate blunt, beneath sometimes glaucous; nerves strongly elevate, 7 pairs, reticulations large, distinct beneath, 4°5 to 6 in. long, 2°8 to 3 in. wide; petioles 2 to 2°1 in. long. Panicles 6 in. long, sparingly red-tomentose compact, much-branched. Flowers numer- ous, glabrous; pedicels ‘rin. long. Calyx ‘3 in. long, tube cylindric ‘2 in. long, lobes ovate. Stamen-column longer densely woolly, stamens 8, backs woolly. Fruit unknown. Hab. Forests. Perak (Scortechini); Waterfall Hill (Wray); Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). Differs from S. affine Masters in the less woolly panicle, much longer flowers and long woolly stalk to the head of stamens; the leaves are smaller and more coriaceous. 3. PTEROCYMBIUM, Benn. Trees. Leaves entire or lobed. Flowers unisexual. Calyx campanulate. Male, staminal column tall with 8 or Io sessile anthers in a ring. Female, with abortive anthers, otherwise as in male, and 5, rarely 6 pistils on the tip of a column, sessile, distinct. Styles as many, slightly cohering. Stigmas recurved. Carpels 4 to 6 foliaceous, boat-shaped, unequally bilobed, opening before they are ripe, on short pedicels on a gynophore as long as the enlarged persistent calyx. Seed at base x. Species 2, Burma, Nicobars, Malaya. Leaves ovate acuminate sometimes lobed, cordate. Calyx campanulate : : ? ; Leaves oblong-elliptic, base round not cordate. Calyx tubular : : é ; : : . (2) P. tubulatum (1) P. javanicum (x) P. javanicum R. Br. Benn. Pl. -Jav. Rar. 210, 49a Sterculia campanulata Wall., MSS.; King, l.c. 76. Tree 50 to 70 ft. tall, 15 to 20 in. through, leafless in flower. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate acute or acuminate, glabrous above pubescent or hairy on the nerves beneath or quite glabrous, base cordate or rounded, 4 to 7 in. long, 4 in. wide; petioles 1°5 to 4:2 in. long. Panicles 1 to 3 in. long in flower, enlarging very much in fruit. Calyx ‘5 in. long, glabrous, campanulate, lobes broad lanceo- late, ‘2 in. long, I in. wide, tube as long, coriaceous green, edges velvety. Stamen-column as long as the sepals; anthers linear curved. Follicles membranous 3 to 6 on a gynophore as long as the enlarged sepals, with pedicels pubescent, °5 in. long, boat-shaped, 2 to 3 in. long, with 2 lobes, the lower broad, rounded, the upper Pterocymbium. | XXIV. STERCULIACE2. 277 one linear obtuse, ‘4 in. wide, glabrous. Seed ‘4 in. long, ellipsoid. Hab. Open forests by creeks or open woodland. Perak, Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). Perlis, near Kanga. Dzstvib. Burma, Nicobars, Java, Philippines. Native names: Kluet; Kulunot. (2) P. tubulatum Rid/. Sterculia tubulata Masters, in Hook foe BT. i. 362; King: t.c. 76. A tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong apiculate, base rounded or truncate, glabrous except midrib and nerves 5 to 7 pairs, minutely rusty-tomentose, 4 in. long, 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘75 in. long. Panicles terminal 6 in. long, glabrous, many-flowered. Calyx ‘5 in. long glabrous, tube cylindric -25 in. long, mouth ex- panded, lobes 5, ovate-lanceolate. Stamen-column pilose; anthers in a ring. Ovaries 5. Follicles 5, 2 to 3 in. long, I in. wide, on tomentose stalks much resembling those of P. javanicum. Hab. Very rare in forests, Malacca (Maingay). 4. ERYTHROPSIS, Endl. Trees, deciduous when in flower. Leaves shallowly or deeply lobed. Flowers showy, red-orange in racemes or panicles. Calyx funnel-shaped about 1 in. or more long, shortly 5-toothed. Petals o. Staminal-tube as long as calyx or longer; anthers about 20, sessile t-celled. Ovaries 5, flask-shaped. Follicles membranous, stipitate, 2-seeded. Species 2, India and Malay Peninsula. (1) E. fulgens Ridi. Sterculia fulgens Wall. Cat. 1135; Masters, l.c. i. 360; King, l.c. 72. A tree 30 to 7o ft. tall. Leaves caducous, thinly coriaceous, cordate round with 5 acuminate lobes, glabrous above, stellate- pubescent beneath, palmately 7-nerved; nerves prominent beneath, 15 to 18 in. long and wide; petioles 15 to 20 in. long, puberulous. Flowers produced when the tree is leafless in racemes or panicles 3 to 4in. long. Calyx 1°25 in. long, funnel-shaped with 5 triangular teeth, orange scurfy, inside puberulous. Staminal-tube longer, tomentose; anthers sessile, 20, oblong, I-celled, surrounding 5 flask-shaped ovaries. Hab. In forests; Perak, Temengo. Selan- gor, Kwala Lumpur. Penang Hill; abundant and very conspicuous when in flower. 5. TARRIETIA, Bl. Tall or gigantic trees. Leaves coriaceous, simple or digitate. Flowers small, unisexual, panicled. Calyx tubular, small, 5- toothed. Petals 0. Staminal-column short, with a ring of Io to 15 densely clustered anthers; cells parallel. Ovary of 3 to 5 carpels opposite the sepals; styles short, filiform; cells 1-ovuled. Fruit of large spreading samaras; wings long falcate. Seeds oblong. Species 5 to 6, Malaya, Cochin-China and Australia. 278 XXIV. STERCULIACEZ. [Tarrietia. Leaves compound digitate. Under-surface stellate tomentose Under-surface deciduously simple hairy Y perakensis Leaves simple, ovate-oblong, large stiff coriaceous. G (4 Curtisii Fruit glabrous; leaves ovate Fruit tomentose; leaves oblong . Kunstleri Leaves unifololiate, oblong ; eae ie on petiole, small rather thin, coriaceous ; (5 (1) T. perakensis King, Journ. As. Soc. ae Mr a2: Tree 30 to 60 ft. tall, 1°5 to 2 ft. through. Young parts, petioles, petiolules, under- surface of leaves when young and inflorescence covered with a rusty tomentum. Leaves digitate, of 5 or 6 leaflets obovate to elliptic, shortly abruptly acuminate, base narrowed; nerves 10 to I4 pairs, prominent beneath; middle leaflet 4°5 to 5°5 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide, lower ones 2 to 3°5 in. long, 1°25 to I°5 in. wide; petiolules °5 to I in. long; petioles °3 to 4°5 in. long. Panicles cymose axillary, crowded at the tips of the branches, red-tomentose. Flowers ‘15 in. long; pedicels slender, dark red. Calyx-tube tomentose outside, dark red-pubescent inside. Staminal column less than half as long. Female rather larger with no stamens, 5 ovoid glabrous ovaries. Fruit ovoid compressed, 1°25 to 1°5 in. long, 1°15 in. through, glabrous; wing falcate, 2 in. long, *5 in. wide, glabrous. Hab. Rocky woods, Perak, ‘Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). (2) T. Curtisii King, l.c. 77. Tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Young parts, petiolules, petioles and under-side of leaves covered with rusty stellate tomentum. Leaves digitate; leaflets 5 to 6; middle leaflets obovate to elliptic, apex sub-acute, base narrowed, 3°5 to 4°5 in. long, 2°25 to 2°5 in. wide, lower ones 1°5 to 1°25 in. long, 8 to I°5 in. wide; nerves in leaflets g to Io pairs, prominent beneath; petiolules -5 to 75 in. long; petioles 2 to 2°5 in. long. Panicles dense, very floriferous, densely tomentose, 4 to 4°5 in. long. Flowers ‘12 in. long, dark red; pedicels as long. Calyx campanulate, lobes acute. Fruit obovoid, compressed, I in. long, 75 in. through, glabrous; wing narrow falcate ribbed, 1°3 in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Hab. Forests. Penang, Government Hill; Moniots Road; Muka head (Curtis). (3) T. simplicifolia Masters, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 302; King, C70. A gigantic buttressed tree over 100 ft. tall. Leaves simple, glabrous coriaceous, elliptic or obovate, apex truncate or shortly cuspidate, base narrowed, beneath puberulous; nerves strongly elevate, 16 to 20 pairs, 4'5 to 7 in. long, 3 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles 2 to 3 in. long, thickened at tip. Panicles axillary, many-flowered, I-5 to 3 in. long. Flowers ‘zr in. long; pedicels shorter. Calyx- tube campanulate, minutely tomentose outside, puberulous within. Staminal-column short. Fruit glabrous. Hab. Singapore, Dalvey Road. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay). NegriSembilan, Kopis (Kinsey), )\ 2) ar ) T. simplicifolia \eL: ) T. unifoliolata Tarrietia.| XXIV. STERCULIACES. 279 (4) T. Kunstleri King, l.c. 79. Tree 70 to roo ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Young parts, petioles and peduncles minutely stellate-pubescent. Leaves elliptic to obovate-oblong blunt mucronate, base rounded, slightly narrowed, above smooth shining, below pale stellate-puberulous beneath on midrib and 7 to Io pairs of nerves. Fruits I or 2, on a stout stellate hairy peduncle, ovoid, 1 in. long with an oblique spathulate wing, I in. long, ‘6 in. wide, puberulous. Hab. Dense forests, rare. Perak, Gunong Bubu, 500 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (5) T. unifoliolata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 173. Tall tree. Leaves unifoliate; petioles slender, r in. long; petiolule jointed on the swollen top of the petiole, :25 in. long; blade elliptic sub-acute, base blunt, slightly narrowed, often in- equilateral; nerves slender faint, about 18, 2°25 to 3°5 in. long, I to 1°5 in. wide, glabrous, coriaceous. Panicle about 4 in. long, pubescent. Flowers numerous, ‘o8 in. long. Calyx-tube longer than 5 short ovate lobes, pubescent. Staminal-column very short, head globose. Carpels 5. Hab. Malacca (Derry). Native name: Kamuning hutan. Use: For timber and medicine. This is very near T. javanica Bl., but that has the leaves always trifoliate and larger, while all the leaves on this one specimen are solitary and jointed on the petiole. 6. HERITIERA, Aiton. Trees short and stout or vast. Leaves coriaceous, simple, scaly beneath. Flowers small, pinkish, in axillary panicles. Calyx 5 (rarely 4- to 6-toothed). Petals o. Anthers in a ring at the top of the column; cells 2, parallel. Ovaries 5 or 6, nearly free; style short. Stigmas thick. Carpels large, woody, keeled (or winged). Species 6 or 7, tropics of Old World to Australia. Short low-branched tidal tree. Fruit ovoid keeled . ‘ ; é : : . (1) H. littoralis Tall straight forest tree branched at top only. : : 2 (2) H. elata Fruit obovoid, winged (1) H. littoralis Dryand. DC. Prodr. i. 484; Masters, lL.c. mes03 > King, I.c. 79. A low much-branched stout tree. Bark flaking. Leaves oblong or elliptic, tip rounded or acute, base rounded, dark green above, silvery beneath; nerves 7 to g pairs, slightly prominent beneath, 5 to 7 in. long, 2 to 3°5 in. across; petioles stout 5 in. long. Stipules lanceolate. Panicles 3 in. long, lax axillary, scurfy. Flowers -2 in. long. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed scurfy pink as long as the pedicel. Fruit 1°5 in. long woody, compressed, ovoid, keeled, glabrous, shining. Hab. Common in mangroves all over the peninsula. Distrib. Tropics of Old World. Native names: Dun- gun; Peler Kambing; Atun Laut; Bayur Laut; Use: The 280 XXIV. STERCULIACEZ. | Heritiera. wood is very hard and compact, but rarely tall enough for beams. Used for firewood. (2) H. elata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 50, p. 112. Gigantic tree roo ft. tall, 2 ft. through, with large buttresses and grey flaky bark. Leaves elliptic obtuse, base rounded or truncate, 4 in. long, 2°75 in. wide, coppery scaly beneath; nerves 5 pairs, elevate above, inconspicuous beneath; petioles ‘25 to ‘5 in. long. Panicles in axils of fallen leaves, 4 to 5 in. long, densely stellate-hairy. Flowers pink. Calyx campanulate, shortly 5-lobed, ‘5 in. long, stellate, hairy. Staminal column slender, much shorter ; anthers 5. Fruit on short woody peduncles, obovate, brown with a sub-triangular blunt wing 1°5 in. long; wing ‘5 in. long. Seed oblong. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Botanic Gardens Jungle. 7. KLEINHOVIA, Linn. A medium to small tree. Leaves ovate, often cordate. Panicle lax, terminal. Bracts small. Sepals 5, much longer than the petals, linear-lanceolate, deciduous. Petals 5, unequal, upper ovate saccate, middle pair concave obliquely oblanceolate, lower flat with convolute edges. Stamens 20, in 5 fascicles of 3 each, 5 solitary free, often reduced to filaments between the fascicles; filaments all joined below into a hairy cylindric tube; anthers 4-celled. Ovary on a long gynophore, 5-lobed, 5-celled. Capsule turbinate-pyriform, membranous, inflated. Seeds I or 2 in each cell, tubercled. Species 1, Old World tropics. (1) K. Hospita Linn. Sp. Pl. 1365; Masters, in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 364; Puerre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 177; King, l.c. 80. A shrub or small tree 20 or more ft. tall. Leaves ovate-round acuminate 2°5 to 5 in. long; petioles 1°5 to 2°5 in. long. Panicle 6 to 12in. long. Flowers ‘4 in. long, pink. Hab. Banks of streams and open country, local, not common. Singapore (Wallich, Kunstler). Johor, Pulau Aor (Feilding). Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Kwala Dipang (Curtis); Kwala Kangsa; Chenderiang (Kunstler). 8. HELICTERES, Linn. Shrubs, rarely trees, more or less stellate-pubescent. Leaves simple. Flowers pink or white, solitary or fascicled, axillary. Calyx tubular, 5-fid often irregular. Petals 5, clawed, unequal or equal, claws often auriculate. Staminal-column 5-lobed or toothed ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes below the top of the column 5. Ovary on the gynophore at the top of the column, 5-lobed, 5-celled; styles subulate, thickened at tips; ovules many. Follicles woody, spirally twisted or straight. Seeds tubercled. Species about 30, tropics of both worlds. Helicteres.| XXIV. STERCULIACE. 281 Fruit spirally twisted . ; : : i . (1) H, Isora Fruit not twisted. Leaves ovate, or ovate-lanceolate oblique. . (2) H. hirsuta Leaves ovate-cordate, lobed, toothed . F . (3) H. viscida Leaves lanceolate not oblique 2 3 , . (4) H. angustifolia (1) H. Isora Linn. Sp. Pl. 1366; Masters, l.c. 1. 365; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 208, figs. 12 to 25; Kung, l.c. 81. A shrub or treelet. Leaves ovate-round oblique, abruptly acuminate rounded, edges serrate, dentate, sometimes lobed, base cordate or rounded, rarely acute, 5- to 7-nerved, above glabrous minutely hispid, beneath pubescent or tomentose, 2 to 4 in. long, 1°25 to 3 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long, tomentose. Stipules linear *3 in. long. Flowers red solitary, or in few-flowered cymes, 1°25 in. long. Calyx narrow, campanulate 2-lipped, 5-toothed, tomentose. Petals reflexed, lower 2 shorter and broader than upper. Staminal- column longer, curved with 10 to 12 long ovate anthers and within 5 bifid staminodes. Ovary grooved, tomentose, ovoid. Fruit cylindric, twisted, 1°5 in. long, ‘4 in. through, terminated by the styles, pubescent. Hab. Rare in open country. Pahang, Rumpin River (Evans). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Province Wellesley near the coast (Curtis); Penang, highlands (Curtis). Use: The fruit sold as a drug in the shops under the name of Chabei Pintal. (2) H. hirsuta Lour. Fl. Cochinchine, 648; Bl. Bidr. 80; bere, lc. 101; Pterre, l.c. t. 208, figs. 1 to 1X. A velvety tomentose shrub 4 to 8 ft. tall. Leaves ovate or rhomboid, sub-oblique acuminate serrate, base rounded, above scabrid-pubescent, midribs and nerves and undersurface tomentose ; nerves 4 or 5 pairs, 3°5 to 6 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘4 in. long, tomentose. Cymes scorpioid, few-flowered, ‘1 in. long. Flowers °75 in. long, purple or dull pink. Calyx campanulate- cylindric, stellate-tomentose, 5-toothed. Petals linear sub-spathu- late, 2 rather broader than the others with small horn-like appen- dages about the middle. Staminal-column as long. Fruit cylindric acuminate, not twisted, densely covered with long villous, stellate- pilose soft prickles, 1:2 in. long, ‘35 in. wide. Hab. Open country, common. Malacca, Malaka Pindah. Selangor, Kwala Kubu. Perak, Ipoh; Temengo. Penang (Porter, Wall. Cat. 1183), Kedah Yan. Lankawi, Perlis, and Pulau Rawei. (A wiry form with smaller leaves.) Distrib. India; Malaya; China. (3) H. viscida Bi. Bijdr. 79; Pierre, l.c. 209, fig. A. A bush up to 6 ft. tall, pubescent. Leaves ovate base cordate, apex long-cuspidate, margin sub-lobed with long acute teeth 3°5 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; nerves 3 from base with 2 pairs on the midrib, sparsely hairy above, more so on the nerves and very hairy beneath ; petioles ‘1 in. long or less. Cymes axillary, usually short. Calyx densely stellate-woolly, with 5 narrow acuminate teeth, 1 in. long. Petals glabrous ‘5 in. long, spathulate rounded with short or long 282 XXIV. STERCULIACEZ. | Helicteres. lateral processes. Staminal-tube longer than the petals. Capsule cylindric, sub-acute or blunt, 1°5 in. long, *5 in. through, densely covered with grey hairy bristles. Hab. Open country. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling and Temerloh. Kelantan, Kwala Lebir. Dis- tvib. Indo-China; Java; Tenasserim. : Easily recognised by the strongly toothed, almost tri-lobed, nearly sessile eaves. (4) H. angustifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 963; King, L.c. 82. A shrub 2 ft. or more tall, pubescent, except the upper side of the leaves quite glabrous. Leaves pale beneath, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate obtuse or oblong-truncate mucronulate entire, base narrow, 3-nerved; lateral nerves 5 or 6 pairs, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long, ‘4 to ‘5 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Cymes axillary few- flowered about *3 in. long. Flowers *4 to ‘5 in. long, violet pink or white. Calyx densely tomentose 2-lipped, mouth expanded, teeth 5 triangular acute. Petals linear-sub-spathulate with 2 or 3 horned appendages. Staminal column shorter. Ovary tomentose. Fruit ovoid-cylindric, straight “75 in. long, *4 in. wide, densely stellate- villous. Hab. Open country, sandy or rocky spots. Johor, Minyak Buku, Kwala Pahat. Adang group. Pulau Rawei. Setul heaths (flowers white). Dzstvib. Malay islands, China and India. var. obtusa King, l.c. is a form with broader truncate leaves. It occurs in Pulau Rawei and on Setul Heath. 9. PTEROSPERMUM, Schreb. Trees (or shrubs) scaly or stellate-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous oblique, simple or lobed. Inflorescence axillary or terminal. Bracts entire or laciniate. Calyx of 5 valvate coriaceous more or less connate sepals. Petals 5, imbricate, white. Staminal-column short with 3 apiculate anthers, and 5 ligulate staminodes. Ovary within the top of the column, 3- or 4-celled; ovules many in each cell; style entire. Stigma furrowed. Capsule woody or cori- aceous, terete or angled, 5-valved. Seeds winged above in 2 rows. Species about 18, Asiatic. Big tree; flowers 6 in. long . : : . (x) P. diversifolium Slender tall trees; flowers 2 in. long. Sepals pubescent inside; capsule 3 to 4 in. long . (2) P. Blameanum Sepals silky inside; capsule I'5 in. long . (3) P. Jackianum (1) P. diversifolium b/. Bijdr. 88; M asters, in Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 367; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 179; King, l.c. 84. A tree 60 to roo ft. tall, 15 to 24 in. through. Young branches, petioles, under-side of leaves, sepals and the fruit covered with a minute tawny tomentum, with many stellate hairs. Leaves coriaceous, peltate and lobed on young shoots, ovate-oblong to rounded-elliptic, tip broad blunt, with an abrupt triangular point, edges sinuous, base cordate, above shining; nerves 8 to Io pairs, 6 to g in. long, 3°5 to 6 in. wide; petioles I to 1°25 or 2 in. long. ————E—— > @ Jor =e ter ghee aes: Pterospermum.| XXIV. STERCULIACEZ. 283 Stipules small, linear. Flowers white, 6 to 7 in. long, solitary or in 3- or 4-flowered axillary cymes; pedicels -2 in. long. Sepals coriaceous, linear blunt. Petals membranous, linear glabrous, little longer. Staminal tube 2 in. long; fertile anthers ro, Staminodes 5, pubescent. Ovary fusiform, tomentose; style less than 2 in. long. Stigma fusiform. Capsule woody oblong, acutely 5-angled, 4 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. through. Seeds flattened, I°5 to 2 in. long. Hab. Forests, not very common. Singapore, Pulau Ubin. Malacca; Batu Tiga; Panchur. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Kandang. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Dzistvib. Java, Philippines, Cochin-China. Native name: Bayur jantan. (2) P. Blumeanum Korth. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 311; King, l.c. 84. A tall but not stout tree 40 to 50 ft. high. Branches covered with red hairs, eventually blackish. Leaves thinly coriaceous, inequilateral, oblong-ovate or lanceolate-oblong acuminate, base broad unequally cordate, above light green, shining beneath tawny- tomentose, with stellate hairs inter-mixed; nerves 7 to g pairs, 3 to 55 in. long, 1°35 to 2 in. wide; petioles *15 in. long. Stipules subulate-lanceolate. Flowers 2 in. long, solitary or in 2- or 3- flowered cymes, axillary or pseudoterminal; pedicels °5 in. long. Sepals coriaceous linear acute, stellate-pubescent outside, pubescent inside. Petals obliquely oblong-lanceolate or sub-spathulate, shorter, white. Staminal-tube ‘5 in. long; anthers 10; staminodes 5. Ovary ovoid, villous; style shorter than tube. Capsule oblong woody, 5-angled, narrowed at base, glabrous when ripe, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°5 in. through. Seeds 1°5 in. long. Hab. Com- mon in forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah, etc. Johor, Sungei Biku (Down). Selangor, Sungei Buluh (Burkill). Perak, Larut Hills. Penang, Balik Pulau. Lankawi at Kwah. Dzvzstvib. Burma, Assam, Java, Sumatra, Borneo. Native name: Bayur. (3) P. Jackianum Wall. Cat. 1164; Masters, l.c. i. 367. A tree. Branches covered with white tomentum, with rufous stellate hairs. Leaves sub-coriaceous, oblong or elliptic-oblong, slightly inequilateral, edge entire or sinuate towards the tip, base sub-acute or truncate, minutely cordate, not auricled, glabrous above except midrib and nerves, below pale buff minutely tomentose with rusty stellate hairs; nerves Io to 12 pairs, 4 to 5°5 in. long, I°5 to 2°2 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flower 2 in. long, solitary axillary; pedicels ‘1 in. long, tomentose. Sepals linear-lanceolate, tomentose outside. Petals shorter, white, oblanceolate, scaly puberulous outside. Staminal-tube °25 in. long; anthers 12; staminodes 5. Ovary fusiform; style longer than the stamens. Capsule shortly stalked, ovoid terete, acute, 1°5 in. long, I in. through, covered with flat, scaly hairs. Hab. Hillforests. Penang, Bukit Erskine (Curtis, Phillips), Distrib. Tenasserim, S. Siam, 284 XXIV. STERCULIACEZ. [Pentapetes. 10. PENTAPETES, L. Herb. Leaves hastate-lanceolate. Flowers axillary. Bracts 3, subulate. Sepals 5, lanceolate, connate at base. Petals 5, bright red. Stamens 20, connate at base, 15 fertile in 5 groups of 3, alternating with 5 staminodes, nearly as long as the petals; anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary sessile, 5-celled; cells many, ovuled; style entire, twisted and thickened upwards, 5 minute stigmas. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds 8 to 12 bi-seriate in each cell; not winged. Species 1, tropical Asia. (1) P. phoenicea Linn. Sp. Pl. 698; Masters, in Hook. fil. F.BI. Brey ee An annual 2 to 4 ft. tall sparsely hairy or glabrescent. Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, narrow, °25 to 5 in. wide, serrate acuminate, base truncate or hastate; nerves 20 pairs; petioles ‘25 to ‘5 in. long; pedicels *25 in. long, bristly hairy as is the calyx, °3 in. long, lobes . lanceolate acute. Petals obovate rounded ‘5 in. long. Staminodes sub-spathulate. Ovary bristly. Capsule oblong truncate, ‘5 in. long, bristly, shorter than the enlarged sepals. Hab. Perlis, fields at Kanga, certainly wild. Distrib. India, China, Java, Philippines. Often cultivated for its beautiful but fugacious flowers, and occasionally occurring as an escape elsewhere. For one or two years it thus established itself by the Tanglin post office in Singapore. 41. MELOCHIA, L. Herbs or shrubs, more or less tomentose. Leaves simple. Flowers in clusters or panicles. Sepals 5, connate below. Petals 5, obovate clawed. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, connate below in a tube. Ovary sessile, 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled; styles 5, free or connate at base. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved. Species about 50, tropics generally. Wiry herb; flowers in terminal and axillary heads . (1) M. corchorifolia Shrub or treelet; cymes large, lax panicled z . (2) M. velutina (1) M. corchorifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 675; Masters, l.c. i. 374; Kome, tcc 87. A slender pubescent shrubby plant about 2 ft. tall with tough bark. Leaves membranous ovate to lanceolate or oblong acute, serrate or lobed, base rounded, truncate or sub-hastate, 5-nerved, I'5 to 2°5 in. long, *5 to rin. wide; petioles ‘4 to 1rin.long. Flowers ‘2 im. across, in dense terminal heads with many villous bracts intermixed. Sepals lanceolate acuminate. Petals obovate, pink with a yellow base. Stamens opposite the petals, connate below in a tube. Ovary villous; styles glabrous. Capsule globose, brown, pubescent, longer than the calyx. Hab. Common in waste ground all over the peninsula. Dzstvib. Tropics generally. Native name: Lumah Ketam. Melochia.| XXIV. STERCULIACE&. 285 (2) M. velutina Bedd. Fil. Syivat. t. 5; Masters, l.c. 1. 374; King, l.c. 88. A large shrub or almost a tree. Young parts pubescent. Leaves ovate cordate or truncate acute serrate, sprinkled with tufted hairs above, more densely pubescent hairy beneath 4°5 to 5 in. long, 3°5 in. wide; petioles 2°5 in. long, pubescent. Panicles axillary pubescent about 4 in. long. Flowers small, pink with yellow centre, crowded at branch tips, *25 in. across. Calyx pale woolly, campanulate, 5-lobed half-way, lobes broad acute. Petals twice as long, oblong. Ovary 5-celled, 5-styled. Capsule oblong, 5-angled, bristly, °5 in. long. Seeds solitary, winged. Hab. Open country, especially in rocky sandy spots. Pahang. Temerloh (Foxworthy). Selangor, Ginting Bidai; Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga Pass (Ridley). Perak, Kwala Kangsa (Kunstler). Lankawi. Perlis, Kanga. Distrib. India, Malay Archipelago. Native names : Tampu; Singa. 42. WALTHERIA, Linn. Shrubby plants. Leaves usually dentate. Stipules narrow. Flowers small yellow, in axillary and terminal clusters. Sepals 5, connate in an obconic tube with free points. Petals 5, oblong- spathulate, clawed. Stamens 5, connate in a tube at base. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; ovules 2; style excentric. Stigma clubbed, penicillate. Capsule 2-valved. Seed 1. Species about 20, mostly American. Erect, twiggy; leaves oblong 2 by *75 in. long : . (1) W. indica Prostrate; leaves ovate-oblong °5 in. long (2) W. arenaria (1) W. indica Linn. Sp. Pl. 673; Hook. fil. F.BI.1. 374. Shrub 3 ft. tall, softly tomentose. Leaves oblong blunt, 2 to 3 in. long, ‘5 in. wide, edge dentate; nerves prominent ; petioles *5 in. long. Heads of flowers °5 in. through; peduncle °3 in. long. Bracts lanceolate, densely hairy. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla yellow, -25 in. long. Hab. Sea-shore; rare. Malacca, Pulau Besar (Griffith and Maingay). Dzystvib. Tropics generally. (2) W. arenaria Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 130. Wiry prostrate creeping plant. Branches slender tomentose, about 2 ft long. Leaves ovate-elliptic serrate; nerves 3 or 4 pairs, _ elevate, -5 to °75 in. long, 25 to -3 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flower heads °3 in. wide, sessile axillary and terminal. Bracts linear villous. Sepals in an obconic villous tube, lobes subulate. Corolla -2 in. wide, yellow. Capsule ‘1 in. long. Hab. Sandhills by the sea, local. Kelantan, sandy coast at Kwala Kelantan, abundant (Ridley). 13. ABROMA, Jacq. Shrub. Leaves cordate ovate-oblong, serrate. Peduncles extra- axillary, few-flowered. Sepals 5 lanceolate, connate near the base. 286 XXIV. STERCULIACEZ. | A broma. Petals 5, dark brownish purple, base concave, limb spoon-shaped, rounded. Staminal-cup of 5 fertile filaments opposite the petals, 2-antheriferous; anthers bilobed, lobes divergent. Staminodes longer, obtuse. Ovary sessile, pyramidal 5-lobed; styles 5; cells many-ovuled. Capsule membranous, large 5-angled, 5-winged, truncate above septicidally 5- -valved ; valves villous on edges. Seeds numerous. Species 2 or 3, tropical Asia. (x) A. augusta Linn. fil. Supp. 341; Masters, l.c. 375; King, l.c.1. 89. Shrub about 6 ft. tall. Leaves herbaceous, 5- to 7-nerved, 3°5 to 6 in. long, 3 to 5 in. wide; petioles 1°75 to 2°5 in. long, upper leaves smaller. Stipules linear. Flowers pendulous, 2 in. long; peduncles 1°5 in. long, nodding. Sepals 1 in. long, lanceolate, light green. Petals longer, °5 in. long, ‘25 in. wide. Capsule 1°5 to 2 in. wide. Hab. Thickets, often near limestone rocks in open ground, Pahang, on Pahang river. Selangor, Bukit Kutu; Batu caves. Perak, Ulu Temengo (Ridley). Dzstvib. India, China, Malay islands, Australia. 14. BYTTNERIA, Linn. (2) Climbing shrubs (or herbs). Leaves various. Flowers small, in axillary much-branched cymes. Sepals 5, slightly connate near the base. Petals 5, clawed concave inflexed, with 2 small side lobes, and a long terminal linear or lanceolate appendage. Staminal-tube with 5 broad truncate or emarginate teeth, and between them 5 2-celled extrorse anthers. Ovary sessile, 5-celled; cells bi-ovulate; style 5-fid. Capsule globose, spiny, septicidally 5-valved; cells 1-seeded. About 50 species, mostly tropical American, a few Asiatic and African. Leaves not cordate. Plant glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, 7 to 8 in. long, 3 in. wide, 3-nerved (1) B. Maingayi Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic, 4 to 5 in. - long, 2 in. wide, not 3-nerved . Leaves thin, lanceolate- acuminate, not 3- -nerved Stems and leaves pubescent or velvety. ) (2) B. brevipes (3) Leaves ovate-elliptic, with stellate hairs both sides (4) B. Jackiana (5 (6 B. Curtisii Leaves elliptic, base broad, glabrous above except midrib, hairy (not stellate on nerves Serial : ) B. elliptica Leaves ovate cordate thin . ) B. elegans Excluded. B. UNCINATA ee in Hook. fil PBL King, l.c. gt, which is a species of Mallotus (Euphorbiacee). (1) B. Maingayi Masters, l.c. 377; King, l.c. gt. Stout, woody climber, glabrous. Leaves sub-coriaceous elliptic to oblong, shortly blunt-acuminate, base rounded; 3 bold and 2 smaller nerves; lateral nerves 2 or 3 pairs, 7 to 8 in. long, 3 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles 1°2 in. long. Umbels in panicles of 6 to 8, peduncles 1 in. long; pedicels :25 in. long. Sepals ‘25 in. long, Bytineria.| XXIV. STERCULIACEZ. 287 ovate-lanceolate. Petals white. Stamens yellow, bases crimson, pinkish inside. Ovary crimson. Stigma white. Capsule globose, I°25-in. through, green with red ribs, spiny. Hab. Common on borders of woods, Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Timah. Muar, Sungei Pauh; Malacca, Ayer Panas; Bukit Bruang (Curtis). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Waterfall. Perak, Waterloo (Curtis). Native names: Akar Kachubong (from the resemblance of the fruit to that of Datura); Akar Batu. (2) B. brevipes Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 73, p. 144. A glabrous woody climber. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic obtuse, base narrowed truncate; nerves 5 pairs, conspicuous on both surfaces, inarching, reticulations conspicuous, 4°5 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Cymes numerous, slender, 1 in. long; pedicels very slender, minutely pubescent. Sepals lanceolate acuminate, *3 in. long. Petals about as long, base obcuneate with two short points at the upper angles, apex caudate. Staminal- tube broad, cylindric; anthers small oblong. Ovary small conic, glabrous, bluntly 5-angled, scabrid. Hab. Edges of forests, rare. Dindings at Simpit (Ridley). (3) B. Curtisii Oliv. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1761; King, l.c. go. A slender woody climber, 10 to 15 ft. long. Young parts puberulous. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong rarely ovate-oblong acuminate, narrowed to the minutely cordate base, 5-nerved, lateral nerves numerous, glabrous except for tufts of stellate hairs in the axils of the nerves, 2°5 to 7 in. long, °5 to 2 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long, pubescent. Cymes 2 to 4 in axillary fascicles. Flowers 3 to 7; peduncles 1 in. long; pedicels ‘25 in. long. Flowers *45 in. across. Sepals ovate-lanceolate acuminate. Petals strap-shaped, lateral lobes 2, broad, inflexed, sub-terminal appen- dage long cylindric, curved. Capsule globular, 1 in. through, pubescent with numerous straight bristles. Penang, West Hill, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Perak, Ayer Larut (Wray). Native name : Penedu. (4) B. Jackiana Wall. Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey) ii. 386; Masters, l.c. 376; King, l.c. 92. Stout woody climber. Young branches minutely rusty, tomen- tose. Leaves elliptic acuminate; base 3-nerved, rounded, some- times cordate, upper surface sparsely hispid, beneath rufous hispid- tomentose; lateral nerves 3 or 4 pairs, 3°5 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3°75 in. wide; petioles -4 to I in. long, tomentose. Umbels solitary or 3 or 4 together, few-flowered; peduncles -25 to 1 in. long; pedicels *35 in. long. Sepals linear-subulate, hispid, *4 in. long. Petals white, sub-rotund, lobed, terminal appendage cylindric as long as petals. Capsule globose, 1 in. through, black spiny. Hab. In woods. Negri Sembilan, Gunong Angsi. Selangor, Batu Tiga. Perak, Goping (Kunstler); Dindings, Lumut. Province Wellesley, Sungei Daun; Penang (Jack, Wallich); Government Hill (Curtis). 288 XXIV. STERCULIACE. [Byltneria. The leaves vary very much in size, shape and length of petioles in different specimens; those specimens taken from ends of branches are much smaller. in these parts than on the lower part of stem. (5) B. elliptica Masters, l.c. 377; King, l.c. 91. Softly hairy climbing shrub. Leaves sub-membranous, oblong shortly blunt-acuminate, base blunt truncate, broad, 3-nerved; lateral nerves 3 pairs with numerous smaller parallel ones all inarching within margin, reticulations elevate conspicuous, above sparsely (midrib densely) hairy, edges and nerves beneath hairy, 4'5 to 5°5 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; petioles densely hairy, 1°5 in. long. Cymes umbellate numerous, pubescent, 1 in. long; pedicels ‘3 in. long. Flowers ‘12 in. across. Bracts small, linear. Sepals lanceolate, hairy. Petals shorter. Hab. Malacca (Maingay); very rare. A very distinct plait with thin 3-nerved broad-based leaves. (6) B. elegans Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 57, p. 25. Long slender climber. Young parts pubescent. Leaves ovate- cordate bluntly acuminate, above glabrous, beneath hairy on the nerves, 4 in. long, 3 in. wide or less; petioles pubescent, 4 in. long. Panicles solitary or in pairs; peduncles slender, °5 to 1 in. long. Flowers small numerous, red and yellow in numerous small pubes- cent cymes. Bracts lanceolate pubescent. Sepals lanceolate acute, pubescent on both sides. Petals shorter, linear, tip 3-lobed, lateral lobes incurved rounded, midlobe rounded with 4 small teeth; appendage linear obtuse, curved. Capsule globose, *75 in. through, spines *5 in. long. Hab. Climbing on bushes in islands and on banks of rivers. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling; Perak, Kwala Kener- ing and Temengo (Ridley). 15. COMMERSONIA, Forsk. Trees (or shrubs). Leaves simple, oblique. Inflorescence cymose, terminal, axillary or leaf-opposed. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, concave at the base, with a long strap-shaped appendage at the tip. Fertile stamens 5, opposite the petals; anthers sub-globose, 2-celled. Staminodes 5, opposite sepals, lanceolate. Carpels 5, connate opposite sepals. Styles connate; ovules 2 to 6. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, densely covered with bristly hairs. Seeds ascending, strophiolate, albuminous. About 8 species, Malaya, Australia. (1) C. platyphylla Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 603 (note); Masters, lc. 1. 378; Kang, i.c. 93. C. echinata Bi. Bijdr. 86; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 519 (not of Forster). Tree about 20 ft. tall. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves mem- branous, ovate acuminate dentate-serrate, base cordate, above stellate hairy, beneath softly hoary tomentose, 5 to 8 in. long, 3 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to *3 in. long. Stipules scarious Commersonia. | XXIV. STERCULIACE. 289 lobed. Cymes corymbose, tomentose 2 in. long and wide. Flowers white, -2 to °35 in. across. Calyx pubescent, lobes free nearly to base, ovate-lanceolate. Petals as long, narrower, base concave, appendages narrow oblong. Capsule glabrous, 4 to ‘5 in. across, densely covered with grey soft bristles. Hab. Common in secondary jungle from Singapore to Penang. Disivib. Siam (Trang) and Malay islands to the Philippines. Native names: Durian Tupai (Squirrel’s Durian); Chenara; Angkot-Angkot Besih. 146. LEPTONYCHIA, Turcz. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple entire. Flowers in small axillary cymes. Sepals 5, valvate united near base. Petals 5, valvate, orbicular concave. Staminal-column tubular below, fila- mentiferous on the top, outer series of 5 to Io ligulate; staminodes opposite petals, middle row of Io stamens, innermost row of 5, short fleshy staminodes opposite sepals. Ovary 3- to 4-celled; styles connate. Stigmas capitellate. Capsules 2- or 3-celled. Seeds black with yellow aril. Species 3 to 4, Indo-Malaya, Africa. (1) L. glabra Turcz. in Mosc. Bull. 1858, p. 222; Masters, i” Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 379; Kang, l.c. 94. A shrub or small tree about 20 ft. tall, glabrous except the flowers. Leaves dark green thin, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, base narrowed or rounded, 3-nerved; nerves lateral, 4 to 7 pairs, 4 to 8 in. long, 1°6 to 3 in. wide; petioles “4 to 5 in. wide. Flowers green, °25 in. wide. Sepals ovate-lanceo- late, pubescent both sides. Petals one-fourth as large, broad truncate, villous. Stamens Io in 5 fascicles of 2 each, nearly as long as sepals. Staminodes ro to 20, outer 5 to 15 filiform as long as stamens or shorter, inner 5 short, subulate. Ovary obovate, 4-celled, hairy at tip. Capsule coriaceous, °5 in. long, black when dry. Seed 1, oblong, black with an orange-coloured thin aril. Hab. Common in hill woods about 500 to 4200 ft. altitude; Johor, Gunong Pulai. Pahang River. Malacca, Selandor. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Dindings, Pangkor. Perak: Waterfall Hill; Hermitage Hill. Province Wellesley, Permatang Bertam, Penang Hill. Kedah, Kedah Peak at 3000 ft. altitude. Disivib. Burma, Malay islands. Native names: Tingao; Cherimai Burong. var. Mastersiana King, l.c. 204. L. acuminata Masters, |.c. 379. Young branches, midribs and petioles puberulous. Flowers *5 in. wide, buds acute. Sepals 3-veined; outer staminodes 5 to 15, often pubescent. Ovary oblong-ovoid, villous, 3-celled; style glabrous. Hab. This variety seems to be commonest at higher altitudes; Selangor, Semangkok Pass; Batu Caves; Menuang Gasing (Kloss); Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Gunong Kerbau (Robin- son); Gunong Batu putih (Wray). Distrib. Burma, Sumatra, Borneo. UMP: ,, I, U 290 XXIV. STERCULIACE#. [Leptonychiopsis. 17. LEPTONYCHIOPSIS, Ridl. Tree, puberulous. Leaves alternate, chartaceous. Stipules small, linear. Racemes axillary, short. Flowers few small. Sepals 3, linear-oblong. Petals 3. Stamens 6; filaments filiform, connate at base in a cup; anthers sub-hastate, blunt; staminodes linear alternating with stamens. Ovary hairy, 3-celled, cells 2 or more ovuled, superposed. Species I. (x) L. parviflora Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 174. Leaves oblong-elliptic cuspidate, base round or blunt; nerves elevate beneath, slightly puberulous, 4 to 6°7 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles puberulous, ‘2 in. long. Raceme ‘I in. long, hairy. Flowers “25 in. long. Sepals puberulous outside, linear-oblong, blunt. Stamens as long. Hab. Very rare in forests; Johor, Gunong Pulai (Ridley). 18. PENICULIFERA, Ridl. Tree. Leaves alternate distant, oblong-lanceolate. Flowers in short axillary fascicles. Sepals 5, free to base, oblong pubescent. Petals 5, as long, linear-spathulate, hairy on inner surface. Stamens in a funnel-shaped hairy tube; anthers at top 5, very small alter- nating with slender cylindric processes, anthers at base of tube 5, much larger, sessile. Species I. (x1) P. penangensis Fidl. /.c. 173. Apparently a tree. Leaves glabrous chartaceous, cuspidate acuminate, base round; nerves slender 8 pairs, ‘4 to -6 in. long, I'5 in. wide; petioles ‘12 in. long. Flowers about 12 in a fascicle; peduncle ‘05 in. long; pedicels shorter, all pubescent. Sepals ‘1 in. long, imbricate, pubescent. Petals as long, spathulate, tip round, long-hairy on inner face, rather thick. Staminal tube as long, hairy. Hab. Penang, Government Hill at 1200 ft. altitude (Curtis). OrpER XXV. TILIACEAE. Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or lobed. Stipules free, usually caducous. Flowers cymose, or panicled, or racemose, regular, bisexual. Sepals 3 to 5, valvate. Petals as many. Stamens numerous, on a torus free or 5-adelphous ; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, 2- to 1o-celled; styles columnar or divided. Stigmas distinct, rarely confluent. Ovules attached to the inner angle of the ovary-cell, if few pen- dulous from the apex or ascending from base, if many in 2 ranks. Fruit dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes 1-celled by abortion. Seed 1 to many, no aril, testa leathery, coriaceous or pilose; albumen fleshy or rarely wanting. About 400 species, chiefly tropical. Brownlowia.] XXV. TILIACEZ. 291 Petals entire; anthers globose or oblong. Sepals combined into a cup. Staminodes 5; carpels 2-valved 3 ‘ ‘ T. BROWNLOWIA Staminodes 5; carpels indehiscent, combined, winged 2. PENTACE Staminodes o. Calyx lobes accrescent, coloured . ie : 3. SCHOUTENIA Calyx lobes not accrescent. Fruit 3-valved winged : ‘ : A 4. BERRYA Sepals distinct, free. Trees or shrubs; fruit drupaceous : 5 Wiry herbs or small shrubs; fruit dry, of 3 to 5 cocci, prickly : ‘ ‘ ay : Herbs or undershrubs; fruit a 3- to 5-celled 5. GREWIA 6. TRIUMFETTA capsule . ; : : : 7. CORCHORUS Trees; capsule 3-winged of 3 to 5 cocci . 8. COLUMBIA Tree; capsule large; seed with marginal hairs g. TRICHOSPERMUM Petals 4 entire. Anthers linear; fruit 4-valved, spiny; tree . . 10, SLOANEA Petals fimbriate (rarely entire) ; anthers linear open- ing by a terminal pore, often with an apical awn or hair tuft; trees . a H . II, EL@OCARPUS 1. BROWNLOWIA, Roxb. Trees or shrubs with stellate or scaly pubescence. Leaves entire, 3- to 5-nerved. Flowers numerous, small, in large terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, irregularly 3- to 5-fid. Petals 5, englandular, usually pink. Stamens free on a raised torus; staminodes 5, petaloid or linear opposite petals. Ovaries 5, 2-ovuled; styles subulate, coherent. Carpels free, 2-ovuled, I-seeded. Species 9, tropical Asia. Leaves not peltate, lanceolate, base narrow round (1) B. lanceolata Leaves not peltate broad elliptic, base broad cordate . : : : . : : Leaves peltate hairy beneath : ; i : Leaves sub-peltate, glabrous very large; panicles large. : : : 3 - : : Leaves scaly beneath, ovate-cordate 2) B. kleinhovioidea 3) B. Scortechinii TS —< 4) B. macrophylia (5) B. Riedelii (1) B. lanceolata Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Supp. ii. 57; Masters, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 381; King, l.c. 99. A shrub 4 to 6 ft. tall. Young parts scaly. Leaves coriaceous lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base blunt, above glabrous, dark green, beneath minutely yellowish white-scaly ; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, not prominent, 4°5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles -25 to ‘4 in. long. Panicles axillary or terminal, I to 3 in. long, few-flowered. Calyx ‘2 in. long, scaly, lobes lanceo- late. Petals longer, oblong blunt, base shortly clawed, pink. Ovary 3- to 5-lobed, pubescent. Fruit carpels distinct, globose, compressed on inner surface, scaly and pubescent, *5 in. across. Seed 1. Hab. Common in tidal rivers often in dense masses; Singapore, Gelang. Johor, Tebrau River. Malacca (Griffith) ; 292 XXV. TILIACE. [Brownlowia. Selangor, Langat. Dzstvib. Bengal, Moulmein, Philippines. Native name: Durian Laut. (2) B. kleinhovioidea King, /.c. 97. Tree 40 to 50 ft, tall, 18 to 24 in. through. Branchlets hairy. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic to elliptic-rounded, tip blunt, base more or less cordate, above sparsely scaly, beneath minutely hairy; nerves basal 4 to 6, lateral 3 pairs; transverse nervules distinct, 5 to 7 in. long, 3°5 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles 2°5 to 3 in. long, pubes- cent. Panicles terminal, rarely axillary, 9 to 15 in. long, few- branched. Flowers clustered, ‘25 in. long; pedicels half the length. Calyx widely bell-shaped, teeth 5 acute triangular, tomen- tose outside. Petals longer oblong blunt pink, narrowed to the long claw. Ovaries 3 to 5, sub-globose, pubescent; styles subulate coherent. Hab. Rare, dense rocky jungle, Perak, Gunong Bubu, 600 to rooo ft. altitude (Kunstler). (3) B. Scortechinii King, /.c. 98. A small slender tree with stout branches. Leaves ovate- elliptic rounded peltate, tips sub-acute, edges sub-undulate, base round or sub-emarginate, above glabrous, beneath minutely hairy ; nerves 9 radiating from the petiole attached to leaf, 2°5 to 3 in. from edge, laterals from midrib 4 pairs, prominent beneath as are transverse nervules, 10 to I5 in. long, 5°5 to 7 in. wide; petioles 7 to g in. long thickened at both ends, Panicle terminal, 6 to 12 in. long and 6 in. across, or smaller clustered panicles 6 to 10 together ; branches puberulous. Flowers 6 in. long, crowded. Calyx narrow bell-shaped, teeth half as long, lanceolate tomentose scaly. Petals longer, narrow obovate, much narrowed to the claw. Staminodes linear. Ovaries 5, ovoid, stellate-pubescent; styles subulate, tips bent. Hab. Perak; no locality (Scortechini). (4) B. macrophylla King, /.c. 99. Tree 30 to 4o ft. tall. Stout branched. Young parts red- pubescent. Leaves very coriaceous, round, or in older branches elliptic, tip rounded or shortly apiculate, edges sub-undulate, base emarginate, all glabrous; nerves 7 to 9g, basal, 2 pairs lateral, prominent on both surfaces ; nervules transverse, much elevate; round leaves 11 to 17 in. long, 10 to 14 in. wide; elliptic leaves 6 to ro in. long, 3°5 to 5°5 in. wide; petioles 2°25 to 4°5 in. long. Panicle large, terminal as long or longer than leaves; branches stout, scurfy rusty. Bracts linear nearly I in. long persistent. Flowers *65 in. long, apple-blossom pink; peduncles short. Calyx wide cylindric-campanulate, teeth acute, half as long tomentose, scurfy. Petals oblong blunt narrowed to base hardly clawed. Ovaries 3 to 5, narrow ovoid ridged, scaly; styles conjoined, Fruit sub-globose, minutely hairy, “75 in. through. Hab. Perak, Larut (Kunstler) ; Batu Togoh (Wray). ) B. Riedelii Hemsl. Voy. Bot. Challenger i. (3), Moluccas 128. B. lepidota Warb. Bot. Jahrb. xviii. (1894), p. 200. Brownlowia.| XXV. TILIACE. 293 Tree. Leaves coriaceous ovate acute, base emarginate or cordate shortly peltate, above glabrous, beneath densely scaly, tip blunt; nerves about 5 pairs, slender elevate beneath; nervules very fine, 4°5 to g in. long, 2°8 to 6 in. wide; petioles slender, Ig to 2°5 in. long. Panicle terminal shorter than leaves, lax few- flowered, scurfy, 5 to 10 in. long. Flowers ‘2 in. long; pedicels scaly, ‘2 in. long. Calyx wide campanulate, scaly, lobes nearly half as long, acute. Petals pink, oblong blunt, slightly narrowed at base, not clawed. Styles subulate longer than the stamens. Hab. Tidal swamps in the south; Singapore, Kranji. Pahang, Pianggu, Endatii (Evans). Pulau Tiuman (Burkill). Distrib. - Moluccas, Wetter Island, New Guinea. The leaves of the Singapore plant are much smaller than those of the Moluccan plant. 2. PENTACE, Hassk. Trees, often vast. Leaves entire, coriaceous, lower surface pale with scaly hairs. Flowers numerous, white in terminal panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Petals 5, glabrous, longer. Stamens numerous on a low torus; staminodes 5, opposite sepals. Ovary 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; styles united, rarely free. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 3- to Io- winged, t-celled, 1-seeded. Seed albumin- ous. Species 18, 2 Burmese, 4 Malay islands, 12 Malay Peninsula. Leaves pinnate-nerved; ovary sae fruit 3- winged : : (1) P. triptera Leaves trinerved, 7. e. 2 lowest nerves rising from base. Nerves from midrib 6 to 7 pairs . Nerves from midrib 2 pairs. (2) P. Hookeriana Leaves pubescent, small . ; : : = “@) P. hirtula Leaves glabrous oblong. Leaves sub-obtuse; ovary not ridged F (4) P. floribunda Leaves elliptic; ovary Io ridged . : . (5) P. perakensis Leaves elliptic or ovate, abrupt acuminate (6) P. eximia Leaves glabrous ovate. Flowers very small . d , : . (7) P. Kunstleri Flowers *25 ‘25 in. wide (8) P. Curtisii Leaves glabrous, oblong to lanceolate ; side nerves from midrib faint or invisible. ; Leaves 3 in. long, ovate; ovary 5-ridged . (9) P. strychnoidea Leaves 9 in. long, oblong; petioles ‘15 in. long; ed ovary to-ridged_ . A: ‘ . (10) P. Scortechinii Leaves 8 in. long, lanceolate ; petiole 75 in. long; shrub . ; f . (11) P. acuta Leaves 5-nerved from base, 7 to 14 | in. long ‘ . (12) P. macrophylla (1) P. triptera Masters, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 382; King, l.c. 100. A very large tree 60 to 80 ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves ovate to round-ovate or ovate-oblong, sub-acute, sub- coriaceous, base rounded, above glabrous, beneath scaly; nerves basal, 1 to 2 pairs lateral, 5 to 7 pairs, 4 to 5 in. long, 2 to 2°75 in wide; petioles ‘6 to 1°2 in. long, pubescent. Panicles terminal and 294 XXV. TILIACE [Pentace. axillary 6 to 8 in. long, much-branched, softly stellate-tomentose. Flowers nearly ‘2 in. long, white; pedicels short. Calyx longer, teeth 5, lanceolate, tomentose. Petals spathulate-oblong obtuse. Stamens pentadelphous; staminodes subulate shorter than stamens. Ovary 3-winged, tomentose; style filiform, glabrous, bent at tip. Fruit oblong, ‘6 in. long with 3 membranous wings, ‘5 in. broad, if Vf I} | } \ \\\\) x AY, al \ \ \S \ Fic. 28.—-Pentace triptera. pink. Hab. Forests; rarely flowering. Singapore; common. Bukit Timah; Selitar, etc. Johor, Pengerang. Malacca (Griffith) ; Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tampin. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Native names : Medang Serai; Sepa Petri; Kabal Ayam; Balong Ayam. (2) P. Hookeriana King, /.c. rot. A tree 30 to 40 ft. tall, 12 in. through. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves elliptic-oblong sub-ovate acute, base narrowed, unequal, Pentace.| XXV. TILIACEA. 295 glabrous; nerves 6 pairs, prominent beneath, 5 to 7 in. long, 2 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary, 2°5 to 5 in. long, scurfy-tomentose. Flowers crowded ‘2 in. long, yellow; pedicels short. Calyx bell-shaped, cut half-way down into 3 or 4 triangular sub-acute teeth, scaly-tomentose. Petals narrowly obovate. Stamens 15 in 5 bundles, shorter; staminodes thick, orbicular. Ovary depressed-globose, obscurely 5-lobed, 5-celled, densely pubescent. Hab. Perak, banks of Kinta River (Kunstler). (3) P. hirtula Rid. Tree. Branchlets, petiole and midrib hairy. Leaves obovate or oblong, tip blunt or shortly apiculate, margin minutely undulate, coriaceous, 3°5 to 4 in. long, 1°6 to 2 in. wide; nerves basal, I pair, lateral 2 pairs, elevate; nervules very slender; petioles 1 in. long. Panicle lax, thickly stellate-hairy, terminal, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide. Flowers ‘1 in. long, on pedicels nearly as long. Calyx campanulate with 5 triangular teeth half the length, tomen- tose. Petals narrow oblanceolate obtuse with a long narrow claw. Stamens in 5 bundles of about Io each, oblanceolate; staminodes linear. Ovary globose, silky, obscurely 5-lobed; style glabrous. Fruit ‘5 in. long and as wide, rounded-oblong, wings 10 semi-elliptic -2 in. long. Hab. Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis). (4) P. floribunda King, l.c. 102. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall, 5 to 20 in. through. Branchlets stellate, pubescent. Leaves elliptic-oblong, sometimes rounded, tip bluntly apiculate, base rounded, slightly narrowed, coriaceous, dull green, glabrous above, ashy beneath, basal nerves I to 2 pairs, laterals 2 to 3 pairs, prominent beneath, 5 to 6°5 in. long, 2°5 to 3°75 in. wide; petioles r to 2 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal stellate-pubescent, many-branched. Flowers very numerous, ‘I in. long, pale yellowish white. Calyx rotate, cut half-way into triangular acute teeth, tomentose. Petals broad oblanceolate, blunt, base narrowed. Stamens 5-adelphous. Ovary globose, tomentose not ridged, 5-celled. Hab. Rocky jungle, 500 to tooo ft. altitude. Perak, Gunong Pondok; Gunong Bubu base (Kunstler). (5) P. perakensis King, /.c. Iot. Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall. Leaves ovate elliptic bluntly acuminate, base rounded or sub-cuneate, above glabrous; nerves 5 pairs, 5 to 6 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles °75 to I in. long, stout. Panicle terminal 4 to 5 in. long, less than 2 in. wide, few-flowered. Flowers ‘rin. long. Calyx rotate scaly, teeth triangular spreading. Petals ovate, narrowed to a short claw. Stamens 30, 5-delphous; staminodes lanceolate as long as filaments. Ovary globose Io- ridged, hairy, 5-celled; style as long. Hab. Forests, below 500 ft. altitude. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). (6) P. eximia King, l.c. 103. _ A tree 50 to 70 ft. tall, Branchlets glabrous. Leaves ovate- 296 XXV. TILIACEZ. [Pentace. elliptic to ovate-rounded, abruptly blunt acuminate, base rounded or shortly narrowed, coriaceous, pale beneath; basal nerves I pair, laterals I pair, elevate beneath, 4 to 5°5 in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide; petioles -75 to I'r in. long. Panicles terminal, 3°5 to 5 in. long, tomentose much-branched. Flowers numerous ‘I in. long. Calyx scaly, teeth triangular. Petals cuneate blunt, narrowed to a broad claw. Stamens 25, in groups of 5; staminodes lanceolate. Ovary sub-globular, to-ridged, scaly pubescent, 5-celled with 5 false partitions; styles 10, shorter than stamens. Fruit 5 in. long with 8 semi-elliptic wings, ‘I to ‘15 in. wide, scaly. Hab. Hill forests. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tumiang (Cantley); Perak, Larut 500 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Native name: Medang Lusa. (7) P. Kunstleri King, /.c. rot. Tree 30 to 4o ft. tall, 5 to 7 in. through. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate shortly broad acuminate, base rounded, above glabrous, beneath silvery grey; nerves 3 to 4 pairs, 4°5 to 6 in. long, 2°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles °75 to 1 in. long, stout, tip thickened. Panicles terminal, 3°5 to 6 in. long, puberulous, much- branched. Flowers numerous, ‘15 in. long, white. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, minutely stellate, hairy and scaly, teeth triangular acute. Petals spathulate long-clawed. Stamens in 5 bundles; staminodes linear-lanceolate as long as filaments. Ovary depressed- globose, bluntly 5-angled, scaly-pubescent, 5-celled; style glabrous. Hab. Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler). (8) P. Curtisii King, /.c. 103. A tall tree. Branchlets minutely scaly. Leaves ovate-elliptic with short blunt point, base rounded, coriaceous, ashy beneath; basal nerves 2 pairs, lateral 2 to 3 pairs, 3°25 to 5°5 in. long, 2°25 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles -75 to I in. long, rather slender. Panicles 4°5 to 6 in. long, sparsely tomentose. Branches few. Flowers numerous, white, "15 in. long. Calyx widely bell-shaped, tomentose, teeth broadly triangular blunt. Petals oblanceolate or obovate- obtuse, base narrowed. Stamens 5-adelphous. Staminodes lanceo- late acuminate. Ovary turbinate with 8 or 9 blunt ridges, scaly- pubescent. Fruit rounded, ‘5 in. long with 8 semi-elliptic wings ‘2 in. wide. Hab. Forests on Penang Hill, Waterfall valley and Balik Pulau (Curtis). (9) P. strychnoidea King, /.c. 105. Tree 60 to 8o ft. tall, 1°5 to 2 ft. through. Branchlets slender, glabrous. Leaves ovate-elliptic or ovate-oblong acuminate, base rounded or narrowed, above glabrous, pale beneath, strongly 3- nerved, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°75 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles °75 in. long. Panicles terminal 3 to 6 in. long, minutely scaly-puberulous. Flowers ‘2 in. long, white with a reddish tinge. Calyx cup-shaped tomentose, teeth triangular acute, 5, half as long. Petals oblanceo- late, yellow, narrowed to base. Stamens of 5 bundles of about 20 each; staminodes linear-lanceolate. Ovary ovoid-globose, eS =e Pentace.| XXV. TILIACEZ. 297 5-ridged, tomentose. Hab. Open jungle, rocky hills, 500 to rooo ft. altitude. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). (10) P. Scortechinii King, /.c. 104. Tree. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves elliptic-oblong caudate- acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous concolorous coriaceous, basal nerves I pair, strongly elevate, laterals I to 2 pairs, inconspicuous, 7 to g in. long, 2°75 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles thick, °5 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary slender, 3°5 to 4 in. long; branches short. Calyx widely tubular-campanulate, scurfy-tomentose, teeth 5, small triangular. Petals obovate obtuse, much narrowed to the base. Stamens in 5 bundles of 15 each; staminodes lanceolate, half as long. Ovary ovoid, 5-ridged, scaly. Hab. Perak (Scorte- chini). No locality given. (11) P. acuta Redi. Straggling shrub. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, base narrowed, blunt, thinly coriaceous; basal nerves I pair, laterals 2 to 3 pairs; nervules horizontal, above glabrous, beneath sparingly scurfy and scaly, 7 to 8 in. long, 2°8 to 3°4 in. wide; petiole 1 in. long, stout. Panicle terminal scurfy, 3°5 in. long; branches short. Flowers rather numerous, crowded, buds conic, acute. Calyx scurfy- tomentose, campanulate, lobes acuminate, narrow, half the length. Petals oblong obtuse, narrowed to the base, ‘2 in. long. Stamens in 5 bundles of about 20 each; staminodes linear obtuse as long as the filaments. Ovary globose, silky-hairy, hardly lobed; style taller than stamens. Fruit oblong, °7 in. long, ‘4 in. across, with Io low scaly wings, ‘15 in. long. Hab. Dindings. Pangkor, Telok Sera (Curtis 1626). (12) P. macrophylla King, /.c. 102. Tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves ovate elliptic to round, shortly blunt-acuminate, base rounded above, glabrous; basal nerves 2 pairs, laterals 3 or 4 pairs, prominent beneath, 7 to 14 in. long, 5 to 12 in. wide; petioles 2°5 to 3 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary, pubescent-scurfy. Flowers *15 in. long and ‘2 in. wide. Calyx rotate, teeth lanceolate acute two- _ thirds its length. Petals oblanceolate obtuse. Staminodes linear. Stamens in 5 bundles of 15 each. Ovary ovoid, scaly-pubescent, 5-angled. Fruit -75 in. long with 10 semi-elliptic wings, scaly, "4 in. wide. Hab. Forests at bases of hills, Perak, Waterfall Hill, Thaiping (Wray, Kunstler, Scortechini). 3. SCHOUTENIA, Korth. Trees with alternate, simple leaves. Flowers axillary solitary or in terminal panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, lobes accres- cent, coloured. Petals linear or 0. Stamens membranous, free, sometimes on a short gynophore. Ovary sessile or stalked, 3- or 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled from base of axile placentas; style fili- form. Stigmas 3 to 5. Capsule crustaceous, dehiscing irregularly, 298 XXV. TILIACE. (Schoutenia. 1-celled, I- to 2-seeded. Seeds globose, testa leathery, albumen 0. Five species, Malay and Cambodian. Flowers panicled or solitary. Calyx very accrescent, deeply lobed . : . (1) S. Mastersii Calyx slightly accrescent not cia oe lobed . . (2) §. Kunstileri Flowers in axillary clusters : . (3) S. glomerata (1) S. Mastersii King, l.c. 106. es accrescens Masters, l.c. i. 382. A tree 50 to 8o ft. tall, 8 to 10 in. through. Leaves thinly coriaceous above glabrous, glossy green, beneath light brown tomentose, ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base rounded; . nerves prominent beneath, 5 pairs, *75 to 3°25 in. long, ‘4 to 1° in. wide; petioles less than ‘rin. long. Flowers solitary axillary or in terminal leafy panicles; pedicels °35 to °75 in. long, lengthening with age, tomentose. Calyx membranous, pink-veined, widely campanulate, 35 in. wide with 5 teeth; in fruit rotate flat, 5-angled, 1°5 to 2 in. across, pubescent outside, glabrous within. Petals 0; filaments slender. Ovary globose, silky-tomentose. Hab. Jungle; Malacca (Maingay). Negri Sembilan. Bukit Tumiang (Cantley). Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis). Dzs- tvtb. Borneo. Native name: Banitan merah. (2) S. Kunstleri King, /.c. 107. Tree 60 to 70 ft. tall. Stem deeply corrugated, 18 to 24 in. through. Leaves thinly coriaceous, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate acute, edge waved, slightly narrowed to the round base, above shining, bright green, beneath greyish silver; basal nerves 3 to 5, laterals 5 pairs; nervules elevated, 6 in. long, 2°75 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flowers pale yellow dotted all over rusty colour. Calyx campanulate, membranous yellow (when adult brown) hairy °5 to ‘75 in. long, cut to the base in 4 ovate lobes. Petals o. Ovary sub-globose, tomentose; style longer than stamens. Hab. Dense jungle. Pahang, Sungei Cheka, Kwala Lipis (Foxworthy) ; Perak, Larut Hills 300 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler); Ulu Tupai (Wray). Native name: Chenral Ayer. (3) S. glomerata King, l.c. 107. A tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves mem- branous glabrous, elliptic-oblong acute or acuminate, edges waved, base rounded; nerves 3, radiating from base; nervules elevated, parallel, inarching within margin, Io to 15 in. long, 3°5 to 5°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Flowers ‘25 in. long, in round dense cymes, I to I°5 in. across, axillary; pedicels tomentose. Calyx campanulate rufous-tomentose, teeth broadly triangular. Petals o. Ovary ovoid-globose. Fruit depressed-globose, *75 in. diameter, stellate-tomentose, covered at the base only by the calyx. Hab. Johore, Gunong Pantai (Kunstler). Dzstrib. Tongkah; S. Siam. —— s.r ~ a Berrya.| XXV. TILIACES. 299 4. BERRYA, Roxb. Trees. Leaves alternate ovate acuminate cordate 5- to 7-nerved. Panicles large many-flowered, axillary and terminal. Calyx campanulate, 3- to 5-lobed. Petals 5, spathulate, white. Stamens many on a torus. Ovary 3- or 4-lobed. Fruit 3- or 4-valved, each valve with a large wing. Seed hairy. Species 4, Indo- Malayan. (1) B. Ammonilla Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42; Masters, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. 1. 383; Wight Ill. t. 34. Tree 25 to 30 ft. tall. Bark rough. Leaves glabrous 5 to 6 in. long, 4°5 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long. Panicle 4 to 6 in. long. Flowers *5 in. across. Calyx and pedicel tomentose. Petals blunt. Fruit wings 1°75 in. long, ‘5 in. wide, oblong, rounded at tip, pubescent villous at base. Hab. Lankawi Isles, Telok Sinn (Haniff). Distrib. India; Ceylon. 5. GREWIA, Linn. Trees or shrubs, one climbing, more or less stellate pubescent. Leaves entire often tri-nerved, generally pubescent or hairy, sub- coriaceous. Flowers small to medium, panicled or few, axillary, greenish white with conspicuous bracts. Sepals distinct. Petals 5, shorter than the sepals (occasionally absent). Stamens many on a torus; -no staminodes. Ovary 2- to 4-celled, 2- to many- ovuled; style subulate. Stigma lobed. Drupe fleshy or pulpy, ovoid or pear-shaped, often yellow or red when pulpy. Pyrenes I to 4, I- or 2-seeded. Species about 100, tropical Africa and Asia. Climber; flowers axillary and terminal; drupe green ‘ : ; (x) G. umbellata Trees; flowers in terminal panicles; drupe fleshy green. (2) G. paniculata Trees; flowers terminal or axillary ; drupe pulpy red or orange. Leaves hairy on back. Leaves large, oblong round, rigid; flowers tomentose . , : .~ (3) G. latifolia Leaves large but thin; flowers hairy ; (4) G. fibrocarpa Leaves oblong- lanceolate acuminate thin: flowers velvety . (5) G. omphacarpa Leaves long lanceolate 10 by 4 ‘in.; bracts conspicuous : (6) G. erythrocarpa Leaves glabrous or scurfy on back ‘rigid; globose, scurfy . : : ; . (7) G. globulifera Leaves glabrous. Basal nerves not more conspicuous than the others. ; ; Flowers velvety leaves 6 in. long . (8) G. antidesmeefolia Flowers tomentose; leaves much smaller . (9) G. Miqueliana Basal nerves very strongly developed . . (10) G, florida 300 XXV. TILIACEZ. [Grewia. (1) G. umbellata Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42; Masters, in Hook. fil. F BA. 1,385; King, lc. 109. A climbing shrub 50 or more feet long all stellate-puberulous. Leaves oblong-ovate or elliptic, serrate, bluntly acuminate, base rounded, above glabrous, beneath pale; nerves 4 pairs, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Umbels panicled, axillary or terminal 6- to 8-flowered. Flowers °75 in. long, yellowish white. Sepals ribbed tomentose, linear-oblong, reflexed in flower. Petals as long or shorter, oblong from the back of an orbicular hairy concave claw. Stamens connate at base in a silky tube. Torus long, tomentose. Fruit globular, green; pyrene 2- to 4- celled; cells 1-seeded; endocarp bony. Hab. Common in secon- dary growth, from Singapore, Malacca, Pahang, Perak, Penang. Disirib. Siam, Borneo. Native names: Akar Chenderai; Akar Sekapu; Akar Kapialu; Akar Sempelas Lida Kuching. (2) G. paniculata Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 591; Masters, l.c. i. 393; King; 1.6: 120. A bushy tree 20 to 40 ft. tall, 2 ft. through. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, cuneate-obovate to elliptic, blunt acuminate, edges serrate dentate, base rounded; nerves from base 5 or 6 pairs, above sparsely pubescent, midrib and nerves tomentose, beneath stellate-tomentose; nervules horizontal, elevate beneath, 3 to 6 in. long, I°5 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long, tomentose. Stipules glabrous lanceolate. Panicles 2°25 to 3°5 in. long, terminal or axillary tomentose; bracteoles linear. Flowers ‘25 in. long. Sepals obovate, base rounded, tomentose outside, pilose inside. Petals shorter, yellowish white, oblong blunt, claw concave, hirsute outside. Torus cup-shaped, edge tomentose. Ovary ovoid, stel- late-tomentose 4-celled. Fruit obovoid, green hard, minutely pubescent; pyrene 1-celled, 1-seeded; endocarp stony. Hab. Open country, common, but absent from Singapore. Malacca. Selangor, Rantau Panjang; Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Plus River (Wray). Pahang, Sungei Jelai (Machado); Penang. Distrib. India and Indo-China. Native name: Chenderai Hutan. (3) G. latifolia Masters, l.c. i. 392; King, l.c. 112. A shrubby tree 20 to 40 ft. tall. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, broad, elliptic shortly acuminate, base narrowed, blunt, above glabrous except midrib, beneath stellate-pubescent; nerves 6 to g pairs, strongly elevate, as are the transverse nervules, 6 to 9 in. long, 3°5 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles 5 to “75 in. long, tomentose. Panicles terminal or axillary tomentose, 1°5 to 4 in. long, few- flowered; bracteoles ovate-lanceolate. Flowers ‘25 in. long; pedicels shorter. Sepals oblong, tomentose both sides. Petals shorter, oblong acute, claw hirsute, longer than the limb. Torus cup-shaped, edge hairy. Ovary depressed-globose. Drupe obovoid ‘75 in. long and ‘5 in. wide; pericarp sparsely pubescent, yellow, at length glabrous; mesocarp fibrous and pulpy; pyrene single, DONE PET RD ER Fe Grewia. | XXV. TILIACEZ. 301 t-celled. Hab. Woods in low country. Singapore (Maingay), Changi; Bukit Timah; Garden Jungle. Malacca (Griffith). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Mhd. Hashim). - Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Native names: Damak Damak Buloh; Tajam Damak. (4) G. fibrocarpa Masters, l.c. i. 391. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall, 8 or 12 in. through. Branches velvety. Leaves chartaceous, above glabrous, beneath hairy or tomentose, oblong to lanceolate-oblong, shortly acuminate, base blunt; nerves 6 or 7 pairs, elevate beneath hairy; nervules elevate, 6 to g in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles thick velvety ‘15 in. long. Panicle axillary, terminal, velvety, I to 2 in. long. Bracts and sepals velvety. Bracts lanceolate-acuminate ‘16 in. long. Sepals linear oblong. Petals half as long. Fruit pear-shaped, deep yellow velvety 75 in. long, 5 in. through. Hab. Forests, Johor. Pulau Tiuman and Pulau Tinggi (Burkill). Malacca, Ayer Panas (Maingay). Selangor, Weld’s Hill (Cubitt). Perak, Thaiping. Waterfall (Wray, Kunst- ler). Goping; a very hairy form (Kunstler); Penang Hill 1200 ft. altitude (Curtis). (5) G. omphacarpa Mig. Fi. Ind. Bat. 1. (2), 204. A shrub about 6 ft. tall or small tree 30 ft. tall. Branches tomen- tose. Leaves rather thin, pendulous, lanceolate-oblong — long- acuminate deep green, base rounded or blunt, midrib above hairy, beneath hairy all over; nerves 8 pairs, 7 to 8 in. long, 2 to 2'5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long, hairy. Panicles axillary and terminal, 3 in. long, hairy. Sepals linear-oblong. Petals shorter, dilate at base, yellow. Ovary ovoid tomentose. Fruit flattened obovate ellipsoid, orange, pubescent, 1°25 in. long; pericarp thin pulp acid, apricot-coloured; pyrene 1. Hab. Woods in low country, rare. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Di¢strib. Borneo and Banca. I believe this to be the plant intended by Korthals as his Omphacarpus hirsutus, but his figure in the Kruidkund, t. 42, is rather poor and the leaves are shown rounder than in our plant. (6) G. erythrocarpa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, Pp. 174. Small tree 12 to 14 ft. tall. Branches hairy. Leaves lanceo- late acuminate or acute, base round, sometimes obscurely cordate, inequilateral, hairy beneath; nerves ro pairs, basal pair long; nervules transverse, conspicuous, 8 to Io in. long, 2°1 to 4 in. wide ; petioles -25 in. long, densely hairy. Panicles 3 to 5 in. long, pen- dent from uppermost axils densely hairy. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, 2 in. long. Sepals linear-oblong, white, tomentose. Petals white, reflexed. Disc lobed, yellow. Ovary tomentose. Fruit pear-shaped scarlet, about 1 in. long, pulpy. Hab. Mountain forests; Selangor, Sempang mines. Perak, Thaiping Waterfall (Wray). 302 XXV. TILIACEZ. [Grewia. (7) G. globulifera Masters, l.c. i. 391. Large or small tree. Branchlets velvety. Leaves coriaceous broad elliptic, shortly acuminate, base round, glabrous except midrib above velvety, and nerves beneath sparsely scabrous- hairy ; nerves 7 pairs, elevate beneath as are the transverse nervules, g in. long, 4 in. wide; petioles °5 in. long, velvety or sub-glabrous. Panicles terminal 4 to 5 in. long; rachis, pedicels, bracts and sepals scurfy. Buds globose. Sepals linear-oblong ‘16 in. long. Petals notched, dilate at base. Drupe 1 in. long, tomentose, obovoid. Hab. Forests, Singapore, Tanglin. Malacca (Maingay, Griffith, Hervey). Perak (Wray and Scortechini). Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis). Native name: Bunga Menamak. ! (8) G. antidesmeefolia King, l.c. 113. A tree 12 to 40 ft. tall or more, 6 to 8 in. through. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves membranous, when adult glabrous, elliptic- oblong acutely acuminate, entire, base cuneate or rounded; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, prominent beneath 4'5 to 8 in. long, 1°5 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles ‘4 to ‘6 in. long. Panicles pedunculate, axillary and terminal, 2 to 4in. long; branches short, ashy-tomentose. Flowers ‘25 in. long. Sepals elliptic-obovate, tomentose outside, pubescent yellow inside. Petals much shorter, oblong, blunt, claw broad, thickened pilose. Torus cylindric, yellow, glabrous with hairy mouth. Ovary ovoid-globose, pilose, later glabrescent. Fruit pyriform, 3-angled narrowed to a pseudo-stalk orange red, °75 in. long, about *35 in. through; pericarp glabrous; pyrenes 3; endocarp bony, 1-seeded. var. b. hirsuta King, l.c. Branchlets, leaves beneath, and ovary tomentose. Hab. Hill forests. Selangor, Ulu Selangor (Kunstler). Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler (var. 0). Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler) (var. a), Goping. It is possible that var. b is a distinct species. (9) G. Miqueliana Kurz, Flora 1872, p. 398; King, l.c. 113. Tree 30 to 4o ft. tall, 8 to 15 in. through. Branchlets at first scaly. Leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate shortly acuminate, entire, base cuneate; nerves 5 pairs slender, 2 to 5 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to ‘3 in. long, tomentose. Panicles axillary and terminal lax, few-flowered, sparsely scaly and puberulous, I to 2 in. long. Flowers ‘3 in. long. Sepals oblanceolate acute, minutely tomentose. Petals shorter, linear acute, with a thickened tomentose claw. Torus cylindric, edges villous. Ovary globose-ovoid, tomentose. Drupe pyriform -75 in. long and ‘5 in. across, glabrous; mesocarp fibrous; pyrenes 2, each 1-celled. Hab. Johor, Ulu Kahang, Bukit Murdom (Lake and Kelsall). Malacca, Merlimau. Perak, Larut Hills; Waterfall (Kunstler). Dindings (Curtis) at Lumut. Native names: Poko Malabu; Chenderai Paya. EE bol rt a ee ae ad aS par Re Pe ‘ Grewia.| XXV. TILIACEZ. 303 (10) G. florida Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 405. G. laurifolia Masters, l.c. 1. 392; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 114. A tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate-acuminate or acute, base rounded, trinerved from base with 1 pair of nerves alternate from midrib above, reticulations invisible 4 to 6 in. long, I°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles *5 to °7 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary, 1°5 to 4 in. long, lax puberulous, few-flowered. Flowers ‘2 in. long. Sepals ovate concave, tomentose on both sides. Petals shorter, oblong (sometimes absent). Torus cup-shaped, rim hairy. Ovary globose, sub-glabrous, 4-celled; style thick. Drupe ovoid ‘5 in. long, glabrous, fleshy. Pyrene 1- to 3-celled, usually 1-seeded. Hab. Open hilly jungle. Pahang Kwantu. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay); Bukit Panchur (Derry); Merlimau (Cantley). Perak, Gunong Bubu Range (Kunstler). Penang Hill, Balik Pulau; the Spout; Pondok Durian (Curtis). Dzstrib. Sumatra. Native names : Medang Salusul; Jejuwai; Damak Damak Ayer. 6. TRIUMFETTA, Linn. Slender shrublets or herbs, more or less stellate-hairy. Leaves serrate or dentate, simple or lobed. Flowers in dense axillary cymes, bright yellow small. Sepals 5, oblong concave. Petals 5. Stamens 5 to 35, on a fleshy-lobed glandular torus. Ovary 2- to 5-celled; cells 2-ovuled; style filiform. Stigma 5-toothed. Fruit globose or oblong, spiny or bristly, indehiscent or 3- to 6-valved. Seed x or 2 in ach cell, albuminous. Species about Io, tropics generally. Erect tall shrublets. Glabrescent; fruit very small indehiscent, spines short 4 5 : : : : . (1) T. rhomboidea Stem villous; leaves hairy; fruit larger, dehiscent, spines long-bristly, hooked . : 3 . (2) T. pilosa Steam and leaf backs velvety hairy; fruit tomentose, spines straight, bristly mck , . (3) T. pseudo-cana Prostrate, leaves lobed or simple, toothed. Petals ‘2 in. long; fruit :2in. through . . (4) T. grandidens Petals *4 in. long; fruit *5 in. through (5) T. subpalmata (1) T. rhomboidea Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 22; DC. Prod. i. 507; Masters, l.c. i. 395; Wight Ic. ¢. 320; King, l.c. 116. A shrubby annual, glabrous or pubescent, erect, branched with long internodes. Leaves very variable, often lobed, usually rhom- boid, lanceolate or obovate, glabrous above or pubescent, some- times tomentose beneath, often trilobed, serrate or dentate, I to 3 in. long, 25 to 1°5 in. wide. Flowers 4 to 6 axillary on short peduncles. Sepals apiculate. Petals bright yellow, oblong. Fruit ‘2 in. across, globose, tomentose, with short hooked glabrous or 304 XXV. TILIACEZ. [Tviumfetta. hispid spines, indehiscent. Hab. Common weed on waste ground, from Singapore to Setul. Dz¢sivib. India, Malay islands, China, Africa, etc. Native name: Champadang. (2) T. pilosa Roth, Nov. Sp. 233; King, l.c. 116. Erect shrubby annual, about 3 or 4 ft. tall, branched, villous. Leaves hairy, ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate, coarsely serrate, 2 to 4'5 in. long, 1 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles *5 torin. long. Stipules lanceolate subulate. Peduncles many-flowered, short. Calyx °25 in. long, hairy. Petals spathulate-oblong nearly as long, bright yellow. Fruit globose, dehiscent °25 in. through, villous and densely spinous with long °3 in. hooked bristly spines, glabrous at the tip. Hab. Open sandy spots, not common. Pahang near Pekan. Perak, Ulu Bubong, open bamboo jungle (Kunstler) ; Temengo. Distrib. India, Ceylon, Burma. (3) T. pseudo-cana Sprague and Craib, Kew Bulletin, 19it, p. 23. T. cana Masters, l.c. i. 396, not of Blume. Erect shrublet, little branched, 2 or 3 ft. tall. Stems and back of leaves velvety hairy. Leaves ovate to lanceolate above, lower ones often rhomboid lobed, serrate above sparsely hairy, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long, I to 1°5 in. wide, terminal ones much smaller and narrower; petioles *7 in. long, tomentose. Flowers crowded, yellow, :2 in. long. Calyx velvety, lobes narrow. Petals as long. Fruit globose tomentose, 5 in. across; spines straight, bristly. Hab. Waste ground, not common. Singapore (Thomson); Pahang, Pekan. Perak, Sungei Ryah; Goping and Kota Bharu (Kunstler). Ipoh. Distrib. India. (4) T. grandidens Hance, Journ. Bot. 1877, p. 329. T. dunalis O. Kunze, Rev. Gen. 85. Prostrate shrublet. Young parts sparsely hairy. Leaves sub- coriaceous, oblanceolate, simple or trilobed, coarsely toothed; nerves elevate beneath, sparsely hairy, ‘6 in. long, -2 in. wide, trilobed *4 in. across; petioles ‘1 in. long or shorter. Flowers in pairs or threes, sessile on a short peduncle, yellow. Calyx scurfy- pubescent. Petals oblong *2 ip. long. Fruit globose, spiny, ‘2 in. through, spines nearly ‘1 in. long, straight. Hab. On sandy shores of the east coast. Pahang, Kwala Pahang; Rumpin River. Sin- gora (Gwynne Vaughan). Tringganu, Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. Cochin-China. (5) T. subpalmata Sol. Hemsl. Journ. Bot. 1890, p. 2, pl. 293. Woody prostrate shrub, sparsely tufted with stellate hairs. Leaves sub-coriaceous stiff, deeply 3- to 5-lobed, rounded toothed, ‘7 in. long, ‘5 in. wide, scabrid above, hairy beneath; petioles *3 in. long, hairy. Flowers 2 or 3 in axillary and terminal cymes or racemes. Pedicels -2 in. long, hairy. Sepals linear, sparsely hairy. Petals little longer ‘4 in. long, yellow. Fruit globose, *5 in. through, stiffly spiny, glabrous. Hab. Seashores in sand. Johor, Pulau Tiuman (Burkill). Kelantan, Kwala Kelantan Triumfetta] MMV. TILIACEZ®: 305 (Ridley). Distrib. Cochin-China, Java, Borneo, Cocos, Philippines and islands off Queensland. EXCLUDED SPECIES T. annua Linn. Mant. p. 73, is given as a weed from Perak by King, /.c. 117. The only specimens of King’s I have seen so labelled were T. pilosa. 7. CORCHORUS, Linn. Herbs or shrublets more or less stellate-pubescent. Peduncles axillary I- to 2-flowered. Flowers small, yellow. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens free, indefinite or twice as many as petals on a short torus. Ovary 2- to 6-celled; style short. Stigma cup- shaped. Capsule elongate-cylindric angled, or sub-globose, 2- to 5-valved. Seeds numerous, albuminous. Species 35, tropics generally. C. capsularis Capsule globose ) ) C. tridens ) ) r cylindric, smooth : - P : : e cylindric, 1o-ridged_ . . . : i some cylindric, 6-winged . . : ? : (4 (x) C. capsularis Linn. Sp. Pl. 746; Wight Ic. t. 311; Masters, m Hook. fil. F.B.1I.1. 397; Kong, l.c. 117. Annual, shrubby, erect little branched 2 to 4 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, coarsely serrate, base rounded with 2 subulate appendages, 2 to 4 in. long, *75 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long. Stipules linear-subulate. Flowers in small axillary clusters, yellow, ‘1 in. long. Capsule globose truncate, ridged and wrinkled, ‘5 in. long, *3 in. wide, on short stout ‘1-in. peduncles, 5-celled. Hab. Weed in waste ground, never cultivated, as King suggests.. Perak, Ulu Bubong in open bamboo jungle (Kunstler) ; Perlis at Kanga. Dzvstrib. India. (2) C. tridens Linn. Mant. 366; Masters, l.c. 1. 398. Shrubby herb, little branched about 2 ft. tall, nearly glabrous. Leaves glabrous, oblong-lanceolate sub-acuminate, base rounded, bluntly serrate, with 2 setaceous processes at base; nerves 6 slender, 1°5 to 4°5 in. long, *5 to 1 in. across; petioles slender ‘4 in. long. Flowers ‘1 in. long, yellow. Capsule cylindric, 1°7 in. long, less than ‘1 in. thick, with 3 short recurved points at tip, no ridges or wings. Hab. Rocks by the sea or in dry open country. Johor, Minyak Buku, Batu Pahat. Province Wellesley, Permatang Bertam. Dvistvib. India, Australia. (3) C. olitorius Linn. Sp. Pl. 746; Masters, l.c. i. 397; King, tes E18, ; Shrubby annual 2 ft. or more tall, nearly glabrous. Leaves _ Ovate-lanceolate serrate, base rounded with 2 subulate appendages, 2 to 4 in. long, -75 to 2 in. wide; petioles °75 tor’5in. long. Stipules linear. Flowers yellow. Capsule cylindric, to-ribbed, 5-celled, FLM.P., 1. x C. olitorius C. acutangulus 306 XXV. TILIACEZ. [Corchorus. 2 in. long. Hab. Occasional weed never cultivated. The jute. Selangor, Bukit Kutu (Ridley). (4) C. acutangulus Lam. Dict. ii. 104; Wight Ic. t. 739; Masters, l.c. 1. 398; King, tc. 118. A herbaceous or slightly woody plant, prostrate or erect branched, nearly glabrous, stem with a line of pubescence running up it. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate acute or acuminate, serrate, base rounded, ‘5 to 3 in. long, ‘2 to 1°7 in. wide, herbaceous; petioles ‘I to 1 in. long. Stipules long, subulate. Flowers ‘2 in. long, yellow, in axillary pairs. Capsule I to 1°5 in. long, cylindric, 6-winged with 3 terminal beaks, 3-celled. Hab. Open ground and rocks by the sea very variable. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Johor, Gunong Pantai base (Kunstler). Pahang, Tembeling River sand-banks, a dwarf form; Pulau Jellam, Pahang River. Selangor, Port Swettenham. Perlis, Tebing Tinggi; Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Distvib. India, Australia, Africa, West Indies. Native name: Rumput Baya Roaza. 8. COLUMBIA, DC. Trees often hairy or pubescent. Leaves alternate, lanceolate often serrate, base usually obliquely bilobed. Flowers in terminal panicles, bracteate. Sepals 5, lanceolate or oblong. Petals shorter or about as long. Stamens numerous. Fruit a winged capsule, wings 2 to 4. Species about 5, Malaya, India, Annam, China. Leaves lanceolate, ee -acuminate, base rs ih grey beneath . : (1) C. serratifolia Leaves broad ovate, base ‘unequal : : . (2) C. integrifolia Leaves small, oblong or elliptic, acuminate, sub- glabrous, base hemes equal, nor cordate. Wings of fruit 2 . ; ; ; : . (3) C. diptera Wings of fruit 4 . ‘ ; . (4) C. Curtisii (1) C. serratifolia DC. Pai 1.0522, Tree. Branches villous. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, serrate towards tip, base unequally bilobed, glabrous above; nerves hairy or pubescent, beneath minutely velvety grey, ‘Io in. long, 3 in. wide or less; petioles ‘25 in. long. Panicles 6 in. or more long, 2 to 4 in. wide. Flowers numerous about ‘5 in. across; pedicels ‘2 in. long. Bracts whorled, obcuneate, deeply cleft into laciniz. Sepals lanceolate acute, white- -pubescent outside. Petals shorter, nearly glabrous, oblanceolate thin, orange yellow speckled red. Capsule obovoid, 4-winged, wings narrow, ribbed transversely 5 in. long and wide. Hab. Johor, Penyabong (Foxworthy) ; Pahang, Pulau Tiuman, Juara Bay (Burkill); Pianggu, Endau (Evans). Distrib. Borneo, Celebes, Philippines. (2) C. integrifolia Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 57, p. 26. Tree 30 ft. tall. Branchlets stellate-hairy. Leaves Shipne shortly acuminate, base unequally lobed, 1 lobe °5 in. longer than Columbia.| XXV. TILIACE#. 307 the other; nerves 2 on one side, 1 on the other; nervules prominent beneath, edge entire spinulose, above, stellate-hairy, beneath velvety, °6 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long. Panicle terminal spreading, 7 in. long, velvety-grey; cymes compact. Bracts ovate boat-shaped, blunt. Flowers ‘5 in. long, white. Sepals linear-oblong, blunt, hairy. Petals lanceolate oblong, sub-acute, as long. Torus low, silky. Style hairy. Hab. Lime- stone rocks. Perak at Lenggong (Ridley). (3) C. diptera Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 78. Deciduous tree about 4o ft. tall. Young parts pubescent. Leaves lanceolate long acuminate, base nearly equilateral rounded, grey pubescent beneath when young, adult more coriaceous, nearly glabrous; nerves 5 pairs elevate beneath; nervules hori- zontal, scabrid, midrib pubescent, 4 in. long, I in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long, slender. Inflorescence secund. Flowers unknown. Fruit 2-winged, top retuse, base broad, glabrous, striate, wings rounded ‘5 in. long, *75 in. wide. Ovary 2-celled, 2-seeded. Hab. Open country. Perlis at Besih Hangat (Ridley). (4) C. Curtisii Rid. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 80. Tree. Leaves lanceolate, base cuneate, slightly unequal, edges entire sparsely pubescent above, beneath more densely grey pubes- cent; nerves 4 pairs, 3 in. long, I in. across; petioles ‘25 in. long. Inflorescence terminal, pubescent. Fruit 3-winged, wings oblong, rounded, striate pubescent, *75 in. across, apex retuse, base cuneate. Hab. Lankawi, small islands (Curtis). Allied to C. merguensis Planch., but with smaller leaves. I have seen no flowers. 9. TRICHOSPERMUM, BI. Trees with stellate puberulous leaves. Flowers in axillary and umbellate cymes or panicles. Sepals 5, valvate. Petals 5, with basal scale. Stamens numerous, free, on an annular sub-crenate villous-edged disc; anthers short, broad versatile with sub-orbicular connective. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous, placentas axile; style short. Stigma expanded, papillose. Capsule orbicular- reniform, compressed, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds many, len- ticular with marginally villous aril; albumen fleshy. Species 3, Malayan and Polynesian. Capsule transversely elliptic not keeled . : . (1) T. Kurzii Capsule inversely cymbiform keeled 3 : . (2) T. cymbiforme (1) T. Kurzii King, l.c. 119. Bixagrewia nicobarica Kurz, Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 325, ¢. 169. Tree 40 to Ioo ft. tall, 15 to 20 in. through. Leaves mem- branous, ovate-elliptic, acuminate, serrate-crenate, base rounded, sub-truncate, sub-cordate; nerves 5 pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long. Panicles long-peduncled. Flowers ‘4 in. long, light brown outside, green within. Sepals oblong, acute, 308 ' XXV. TILIACE. [Trichospermum. stellate-tomentose. Petals similar in size and shape, scale at base fleshy, a transverse belt of hairs above. Stamens green. Ovary villous. Capsule 75 in. long and little wider, apex emarginate; _ base slightly narrowed not straight, edges not keeled; pericarp leathery villous, dark, inside white. Seeds numerous. Hab. Forests; Malacca, Sungei Hudang. Sungei Ujong. Seremban (Cantley). Selangor, Ginting Bidai. Perak, Batang Padang dis- trict (Kunstler); Tapa; Waterfall, Thaiping (Wray). Distrib. Nicobars. Native name: Kasumbar Putih. (2) T. cymbiforme Sprague, Kew Bulletin ined. Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall (60 to 100 ft. fide Kunstler), glabrous except inflorescence, petioles and young leaves. Leaves oblong shortly cuspidate, base truncate or shortly cordate, edge faintly serrulate at base, distinctly on top and cusp; nerves 3 pairs, one pair from base, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long, pubescent. Flowers axillary crowded, not seen developed. Bracts lanceolate thick blunt, ‘2 in. long. Fruit panicles 4 in. long, including the peduncle 1'5 in. long and glabrescent, upper branches and pedicels *75 in. long, velvety. Capsule hairy transversely cymbiform, base straight, above rounded with a short point I in. wide, ‘5 in. deep, keeled on the outer edges. Seeds numerous long-hairy. Hab. Hill forests, Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang, Paya Terobong (Curtis); Bukit Tawan (Haniff). Distrib. Sumatra. This species, of which full specimens have not been obtained, differs from T. Kuyzii in the smaller leaves, and the fruit in the shape of a reversed boat, the valves being distinctly keeled on the edges, while those of T. Kurzii meet exactly on the edge and are not prolonged into a keel. Better specimens of this tree are much wanted. 40. SLOANEA, L. Trees. Leaves simple. Flowers in few-flowered, lax cymes, rather large. Sepals 4, valvate, coriaceous. Petals 4, oblong, entire. Stamens very numerous, pilose. Ovary 4-celled sunk in a disc; ovules numerous. Fruit, a capsule (woody and spiny), o woody velvety, 4-valved with 1 to 2 arillate seeds. Species 6c most S. American, but some Indo-China, China and Malaya. (1) SS. javanica Ridl. Phoenicosperma javanica Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 68, fl. 3. Big tree. Leaves ovate-oblong, blunt pointed, base round, glabrous; nerves 8 pairs, 4°5 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles I in. long. Peduncles 1°75 in. long, with 3 flowers on pedicels an inch long. Sepals ovate velvety, °3 in. long. Petals velvety, more acuminate. Capsule oblong obovoid, 4-angled, 3 in. long, 1°5 in. through, not spiny bright red. Seeds pendulous, black, ellipsoid, t in. long, almost covered with a red aril. Very rare. Fruit described from Miquel. Hab. Woods near sea; Singapore, Kranji (Ridley). Distrib. Java. Ve ee | ee RS OS SE Oe ee a Te ee + be BD Eleocar pus. | XXV. TILIACEA. 309 11. ELZOCARPUS, L. Trees, or in high mountains, shrubs. Flowers usually bisexual, in axillary racemes white. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5, usually laciniate at tip, from the outside of a cushion-shaped torus often 5-lobed, or of 5 glands. Stamens usually many, never less than Io, more or less aggregate into groups within the torus, alternating with the lobes of the torus; anthers linear, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 2- to 5-celled, cells 2- to many-ovuled; style columnar. Drupe with one bony stone, 3- to 5- or I-celled. Seeds pendulous, I in each cell, albuminous. Species 50, Indo-Malaya, a few Polynesia, Australia, and New Zealand. Malay name generally, Mendong, often accidentally Medang, which properly means Laurinea. i. GANITRUS. Ovary and drupe 5-celled (except a variety of No. 3). Leaves glabrescent. Leaves lanceolate; flowers °5 in. long; drupe globose blue, stone tubercled ©. : t (1) E. Ganitrus Leaves elliptic ovate; flowers ‘1 in. long; drupe globose, green stone smooth . ; (2) E. parvifolius Leaves tomentose beneath. Fruit globose; stipules conspicuous : : (3) E. stipularis li. EU-EL@ocarpPuS. Ovary 3-celled; longer cell of anthers bearded with a tuft of hairs. Leaves glabrescent; nerves faintly puberulous. Leaves ovate, stiff, strong-nerved . 2 : (4) BE. Wrayi Leaves lanceolate, thin; nerves fine : (5) E. salicifolius Leaves elliptic- ovate, coriaceous 4 to 7 in. by 2°5 to 4°5 in. - flowers -5 in. wide : (6) E. robustus Leaves elliptic, very stiff, 4 by 2in.; racemes 3 in. long; flowers 25 in. wide . , : (7) E. floribundus Leaves glabrous entirely. Racemes very long, many flowered; leaves large 2 : f Y : : : (8) E. nitidus Racemes short; leaves small rigid coriaceous . (9) E. acmosepalus ili. MonocerA. Outer cell of anther awned; ovary 2-celled; drupe I-celled, 1-seeded. Leaves broad, elliptic, 5 in. long or more; racemes axillary, 3 to 4 in. long. . (10) E, petiolatus Leaves oblong; flowers in erect Panicle, g in. _long or more, terminal : . (11) E. paniculatus Leaves elliptic, short, blunt acuminate, Bia uae long; flowers ‘5 in. wide . : . (12) E. Griffithii Leaves elliptic lanceolate, long, acuminate, 3 in. long; flowers ‘24 in. wide . : é c Leaves obovate serrate, 3 in. long; flowers many *25 in. long; sepals and poauoeles silky Leaves obovate serrate, 3 in. long; flowers (13) E. Hullettii ( many ‘25 in. wide; sepals and petals glabrous (15) E. Barnardii ( (17 ( 14) E. pedunculatus Leaves obovate, 5 by 3°5 in. long, decurrent; flowers *4 in. wide Leaves obovate, 5 by 2 in. petioles 1 in. long; flowers few, *75 in. ie : : Leaves oblanceolate, Io by 4°5 in. long, de- current; flowers I in. wide . 16) E. Kunstleri 17) BE. obtusus 18) E. rugosus 310 XXV. TILIACEZ. [Elaocar pus. iv. AcRoNopIA. Flowers 4-merous; anthers not awned or bearded. Leaves tomentose beneath, 6 in. ai panicles red-hairy : (19) E. Jackianus Leaves sparsely tomentose or ‘only ‘the midrib, 3 in. long; flowers small . : (20) E. glabrescens Leaves minutely puberulous on nerves; “above and beneath; racemes pale, pubescent . (21) E. polystachyus Leaves glabrous. Racemes 2 in. long, glabrous Leaves elliptic blunt ae ee thin 3.in. Jong, ... , F . (22) E. Mastersii Leaves lanceolate, 6 by Te 75 Shae (23) E. eriobotryoides Leaves lanceolate acuminate serrate, " coria- ceous 5 by1in. . ; : : . (24) E. leptomischus Racemes 3 in. long, silky. Leaves oblanceolate blunt coriaceous long- acuminate. ; (25) E. reticulatus Leaves ovate very coriaceous, strongly reticu- late on both sides. . (26) E. reticosus (1) E. Ganitrus Roxb. Hori. Roe 42. Mors in Hook, fil. F.B.I. i. 400. E. cyanocarpa Maing. in Masters, l.c. 406. A big smooth-barked tree, 40 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves sub- membranous, red when old, lanceolate acute at both ends, minutely serrulate; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, slender, 3°5 to 5°5 in. long, 1°25 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘3 to ‘5 in. long. Racemes pubescent from below the leaves, many-flowered, 3°5 in. long. Flowers white, secund, *5 in. long on pedicels 4 in. long. Sepals lanceolate acuminate, pubescent. Petals longer, obovate, laciniate for half the length. Torus short, fleshy. Anthers 30 to 35, the longer ones with I to 2 hairs at tip. Ovary ovoid-conic, tomentose, 5-celled; ovules 4 in each cell. Drupe globose, *75 to ‘g in. through; bright blue with oily pulp, stone 5-grooved, tubercled, 5-celled. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Perak; dense jungle at Goping (Kunstler). Penang, Penara Bukit at tooo ft. altitude (Curtis). Dvsirib. Assam and Nepal. Very doubtfully wild here. The seed valued for necklaces. (2) E. parvifolius Wall. Cat. 2662 A. and B.; Masters, l.c. i405 2 Kane) 1c... 523. Tree 20 to nearly too ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves membranous, ovate-oblong acuminate blunt, base cuneate, serrate, glabrous except the pubescent mid-rib, brown beneath when dry; nerves 6 pairs, elevate beneath, 2°5 to 4 in. long, I'I to 1°4 in. wide; petioles puberulous, slender, ‘6 to °75 in. long. Racemes from below the leaves, 2°7 in. long, puberulous, silky, buds conic. Flowers ‘r in. long. Sepals lanceolate, silky. Petals about as long, cuneiform cut half-way into lacinie. Torus of 5 separate glands, velvety. Stamens 15, shorter than petals; anthers scabe- rulous, sometimes with 2 or 3 hairs at tip. Ovary 5-celled, pubes- cent. Fruit globose or ovoid, green, 75 to I in. through, 5-celled, stone rugose. Seeds 2 or 3. Hab. Common in open country, and eee ee Eleocarpus.] XXV. TILIACE. 311 in high jungle, where it attains a much greater size; Singapore, - Changi; Bukit Timah. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Holmberg); Ulu Chembong (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Kupayiang (Cantley); Perhentian Tinggi. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Penang, Government Hill and Penara Bukit (Curtis). Distrib. Borneo. Nativenames: Jambu Kelawar ; Jambu Kelat Lawar putih; Medang api; Medang pipit; Mudong Kelawar ; Munsaya; Paroh. Fic. 29.—Eleocarpus stipularis. (3) E. stipularis Bl. Bijdr. 121; Masters, lc. 1. 404; King, Pe, 129° Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, more or less pubescent all over. Leaves coriaceous, ovate acute or acuminate, base rounded or slightly cuneate, edges entire or very nearly so, above glabrous when adult, beneath tomentose; midrib pubescent on both sides; nerves g to 12 pairs, 3°6 to 6'5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘5 to -75 in. long. Stipules conspicuous ‘2 in. long, 3- to 4-lobed, lobes acute, tomentose. Racemes axillary and below leaves 312 XXV. TILIACEE. [Elaocarpus. minutely tomentose. Flowers *3 in. across; pedicels as long, tomentose. Sepals lanceolate acute, tomentose, inside pubescent. » Petals longer, cuneiform, lobed and laciniate, laciniea about 25. Torus of 5 tomentose glands. Stamens 25, half as long as -petals; anther-cells unequal, longer ones with a tuft of white hairs at tip. Ovary ovoid-globose, tomentose 3- or 5-celled. Fruit globose or oblong, green, ‘8 to I in. long. Stone 1-seeded. Hab. Common in woods in the low country, Singapore, Tanglin, etc. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Malacca, Merlimau (Derry); Pahang, Tanjong Opi, Kwan- tan (Foxworthy). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Curtis). Perak, Larut Hills (Curtis); Tapa (Wray); Negri Sembilan, Bukit Kupayiang and Gunong Berumbun (Cantley); Pahang, Kwala Tembeling. Province Wellesley, Tasek gelugur. Distvib. Borneo, Sumatra. Java. Native names: Darumun Pelandok; Medang Tijo; Paroh; Ungank; Pulai Pipit; Pinang Pergam. This plant varies somewhat in size of leaves and in the number of cells in the ovary. A large-leaved form, rather more tomentose and apparently with entire lanceolate stipules, is the var. latifolia King, l.c. 124, and has been met with at Goping in Perak by Kunstler. A form with 3-celled ovary and oblong fruit occurs with the ordinary form. This is the plant described as E. Scortechinii King, l.c. 124, and has been met with in Singapore on Bukit Timah and Bukit Mandai, Dindings at Bruas (Burn-Murdoch) and Perak at Relau Tujor by Wray, and at Ulu Bubong by Kunstler, and Sarawak, Borneo. Merrill, Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 77, p. 203, separates this species from Blume’s stipulavis under the name of E. gambir Becc. apparently on a statement of Koorder’s that the plants are different. The Javanese form has a tendency to be less hairy beneath the leaves, but I see no other difference. (4) E. Wrayi King, I.c. 124. E. monticola Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXVill. 305. A small tree with young parts pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, bluntly acuminate, crenate serrate, base rounded, glabrous when adult, black-dotted on the back; nerves till adult pubescent, 6 to 7 pairs, elevate beneath inarching, reticulations wide, 2°25 to 4°5 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles 75 in. long slender. Racemes usually from below, the leaves about half as long to 4 in. long, tomentose often sub-terminal. Flowers °2 in. across. Sepals lanceolate acute, tomentose, inside pubescent, pinkish brown. Petals glabrous, cuneate, cut into 25 laciniz, greenish white. Torus of 5 velvety oblong glands. Stamens 20 to 25, shorter than petals; filaments less than half as long as anthers. Ovary conic, tomentose, 3-celled. Fruit ovoid-globular, 1 to 1°25 in. long, ‘8 to ‘g in. wide, I-celled. 1-seeded. Hab. Mountains, 5000 to 5500 ft. altitude; Perak, Gunong Bubu at 5000 ft. alti- tude and Gunong Batu Putih (Wray); Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Robinson). The form monticola Ridl. of Gunong Tahan has larger nearly entire leaves, and longer racemes sub-terminal. Eleocarpus.] XXV. TILIACE. 313 (5) E.-salicifolius King, /.c. 125. A slender tree 30 ft. tall. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, narrow lanceolate acuminate, base cuneate, upper part serrulate-crenulate, glabrous except the puberulous midrib, nerves 8 pairs, 3 to 3°5 in. long, *7 to ‘g in. wide; petioles *5 in. long. Racemes from below and with the leaves; rachis slender, pubescent. Flowers ‘15 in. across, white, fragrant of almonds; pedicels pubescent, ‘15 to ‘2 in. long. Sepals lanceolate tomentose outside cream white. Petals little longer cuneiform with a narrowed claw, divided half-way into 8 fimbriate lobes, pubescent inside. Torus of 5 sub-globose glands, reddish brown. Stamens 25, shorter than petals, cells pointed, upper with a tuft of white hairs. Ovary globose, tomentose, 3-celled. Drupe oblong, green. Hab. Woods in the south; not common. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Chanchukang (Kunstler, Ridley). Native names: Darumon; Jurumong Padi. - (6) E. robustus Roxb. Fl. Beng. 42; Masters, l.c. i. 402; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 147; Wight, Ic. t. 64; King, Lc. 126. . Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Young parts puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate to ovate-acuminate, base rounded, serrate, glabrous, when young red; nerves Io to 12 pairs, rather prominent, reticulations conspicuous, fine on back, 3°5 to 9 in. long, 1°75 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles I to 2°25 in. long. Racemes from below the leaves 4°5 to 6 in. long, puberulous. Flowers °4 in. wide; pedicels -3 in. long. Sepals lanceolate, pubescent outside, glabrous and keeled inside. Petals broad cuneiform, base acute, cut half-way into 30 lacinie, edges and base hairy. Torus of 5 velvety glands. Stamens 30 to 50. Fruit ovoid-globose, 1 to I'25 in. long; stone oblong-ovoid, rugose, 3-celled. Hab. Open country; Johor, Sungei Kahang (Kelsall), Pahang River, Kwala Pahang. Dindings, Bruas. Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis); Setul. ~ Lankawi islands (Curtis). Dzstvib. India. Native names; Barong ; Kunkuman Jantan; Obak; Sito; Sopi. var. ovalis Ridl. Leaves broadly ovate, base rounded, long, acuminate, margin almost entire, quite glabrous, 7 in. long, 4°5 in. wide; petioles 2°5 in. long, rather stout. Flowers ‘5 in. across. Sepals strongly keeled within. Petals broad, pubescent all over. Selangor at the Sempang mines (Ridley). (7) E. floribundus Blume Bijdr. 120; King, l.c. 128. E. ser- ratus Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 596. E. rigida Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Baby. 54, p.-28. A tree 30 to 4o ft. tall, nearly glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate acuminate blunt, obscurely crenate-serrate or almost completely entire, often pustu- late; nerves 5 to 7 pairs; 3 to 5°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles rather slender, geniculate at tip, 1 to 15 in. long. Racemes 314 XXV. TILIACEZ. [Eleocarpus. below the leaves, 3 to 4 in. long, many-flowered, glabrous. Flowers ‘4 in. across, buds conic acute; pedicels °35 in. long. Sepals lanceolate, glabrous, often pustulate, edges only pubescent, midrib prominent. Petals cuneiform-oblong, lobed about a fourth of their length with numerous laciniz, edges pubescent. Torus of 5 tomen- tose glands. Stamens 30 shorter than petals, cells unequal, the longer tufted with white hairs. Ovary ovoid-globose, tomentose, 3-celled. Fruit zr in. long, ovoid-elliptic apiculate (when young oblong and long-apiculate); stone narrow ovoid tapering to both ends with 3 vertical grooves and many wrinkles, 3-celled. Hab. In forests. Rare. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Negri Sembilan (Kinsey). Perak (Scortechini). Dzstvib. India, Burma, Nicobars. (8) E. nitidus Jack, Mal. Misc. i. (2), 41; Wall. Cat. 2678; Masters, l.c. i. 401. ne Tree 25 to 60 ft. tall. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate acuminate, crenate-serrulate, base cuneate, brown beneath when dry, glabrous; nerves Io to 13 pairs inarching at tip, 4°5 to g in. long, 1°75 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles 1'25 to 2 in. long rather slender. Racemes axillary or below the leaves, puberulous. Flowers ‘15 in. long, white; pedicels slender, *3 in. long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate acute, shorter than petals, puberulous, chiefly on base and edges. Petals cuneiform laciniate for half their length, glandular-pubescent. Torus of 5 sub-globular tomentose glands. Stamens 15 to 35; anthers obtuse, awnless. Ovary globose, tomentose, 3-celled. Fruit ovoid or obovoid, green, 1°5 in. long, I in. through; stone 3-celled. Seed 1. Hab. Woods, Penang (Jack, Curtis). var. leptostachyus King, l.c. 127. E. leptostachyus Wall. Cat. 2672; Masters, l.c. 403. Leaves elliptic-oblong or rounded acute, nearly entire, base rounded, 6 to g in. long, 2°75 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles I to 1°75 in. long. Hab. Dindings, Bruas. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler) ; Simpang (Wray). Penang (Wallich). (9) E. acmosepalus, Stapf MSS. Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S21BF 75,0 pii8: Tree. Young parts silky pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous, drying brown, glabrous elliptic lanceolate, acute or acuminate, base cuneate, margins entire, slightly thickened; nerves 3 pairs inarching within the margin, elevate beneath, reticulations lax, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; petioles slender, 75 in. long, genicu- late. Racemes slender in upper axils 2°5 in. long, puberulous. Pedicels *3 in. long. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate 5, sparsely hairy or glabrescent, ‘2 in. long. Petals cuneate fimbriate, edges ciliate, nearly as long. Stamens 20 to 25; filaments glabrous, as long as the anthers, which are awned, awn nearly as long as the anther and tipped with hairs. Torus of 5 rounded tomentose glands grooved on the back. Ovary ovoid, conic, 3-celled, 6-ovuled, silky Eleocar pus. | XXV. TILIACEZ. 315 pilose; style glabrous at base only. Drupe fusiform acuminate, 1°25 in. long, ‘25 in. wide. Hab. Johor, Pinerong (Cantley). Pahang, Ulu Rumpin (Watson). Distrib. Borneo. Native names: Medang darmong; Menkinang. The fusiform fruit is unique among our species. (10) E. petiolatus Wall. Cat. 2673; King, l.c. 130. E. integer Masters, l.c. i. 408. Monocera petiolata Jack, Mal. Misc. 1. (5), 43. Tree 20 or 30 ft. tall, glabrous, terminal. Leaf-buds coated with resin. Leaves deep green, coriaceous elliptic or elliptic-oblong acute or shortly acuminate, edges entire, base rounded; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, reticulations fine numerous, conspicuous when dry, 45 to 8 in. long, 2 to 5 in. wide; petioles 1°4 to 3°4 in. long. Racemes glabrous, from below the leaves, 3°5 in. long, many- flowered; buds conic, acute; pedicels *3 in. long. Sepals lanceo- late acute, glabrous except edges. Petals about as long, oblong with Io to 12 lacinie, bases to lacinie silky, a large fleshy villous gland near the base. Torus a 1o0-lobed fleshy disc. Stamens 18 to 25, shorter than petals; anthers deep cleft at top with a short recurved awn on outer cell. Ovary glabrous. Fruit elliptic, blunt at both ends, -4 to ‘6 in. long and ‘3 in. through, dull dark blue; stone slightly rugose, I-celled, 1-seeded. Hab. Common in lowland woods. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Timah. Malacca, Merlimau (Derry); Batu Tiga (Holmberg); Pahang Bentong (Foxworthy). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Perak, ~ Chanderiang (Kunstler); Tapa (Wray). Penang (Curtis). Dzsérzb. Borneo, Sumatra, Burma, Trang. Native names: Mendong Pipelakan; Mendong Tanjong; Paru-Paru; Kayu Sepah; Saban. (11) E. paniculatus Wall. Cat. 2663; Masters, l.c. i. 407; King, l.c. 129. Tree about 30 to 4o ft. tall, 4 to 6 in. through. Leaves thinly coriaceous light green, lanceolate-oblong acuminate, edges entire, base rounded or slightly cuneate, glabrous; nerves 5 to 7 pairs, reticulations very small, distinct beneath, 4°5 to 8 in. wide; petioles ‘8 to 2 in. long. Racemes numerous, erect from the upper axils, 6 to 8 in. long; buds silky ovoid acute; pedicels curved, silky *5 in. long. Sepals ovate acuminate, silky outside ‘2 in. long. Petals as long, lanceolate acuminate entire, silky. Torus a shallow silky disc. Stamens 50, nearly sessile; anthers silky, outer cells long-awned. Ovary 2-celled, silky. Fruit ellipsoid, blunt at each end, blue grey, °4 to ‘5 in. long, °25 to °35 in. through, stone bony, tuberculate. Hab. Common in lowland woods. Singapore, Selitar ; Teban. Johor, Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall); Batu Pahat. Malacca, Brisu (Goodenough); Merlimau (Cantley); Pahang. Kwantan (Foxworthy); Selangor, Sempang; Langat River. Perak, Asam Kumbang (Wray).. Province Wellesley, Krian. Lankawi islands 316 XXV. TILIACEZA. [Eleocarpus. (Haniff). Native names: Darumun hitam; Mendong Musang; Tingar Belukar; Jambu Arang. (12) E. Griffithii Masters, l.c. i. 408; King, l.c. 131. Mono- cera Griffithii Wight, Ill. i. 84, not of Miiller. Tree 30 to 7o ft. tall, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate acuminate, edge cartilaginous with shallow mucronate crenulations or sub-entire, base rounded or sub-cuneate; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, forking and ’ inarching within the margin, reticulations minute, distinct, 2°5 to 3°75 in. long, ‘9 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘5 to rin. long. Racemes from upper axils, rachis and pedicels °6 to 8 in. long, pubescent. Flowers °5 in. across, buds ovoid-conic. Sepals lanceolate acumin- ate, silky outside. Petals as long, ovate acuminate, tip 2- to 3- toothed with 2 to 3 lateral fimbrie, outside minutely silky, inside hirsute with a large basal gland, edges below folded in to form with the gland 2 cells. Torus a 10-lobed shallow disc. Stamens 25 to 30, shorter than petals, silky, outer cell awned, awn much shorter than anther. Ovary glabrescent, 2-celled. Drupe ellip- soid, blunt at both ends, °5 in. long, 3 in. through; stone slightly rugose, I-celled, 1-seeded. Hab. Lowland Woods. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Johor, Gunong Pulai. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Derry). Perak (Wray). Province Wellesley, Nibong Tebal (Curtis). Dzstvib. Tenasserim. (13) E. Hullettii King, l.c. 132. Tree 30 to 4o ft. tall, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate-acuminate, edges sub-cartilaginous, entire or obscurely serrate, base cuneate or rounded; nerves 7 or 8 pairs inarching within the margin, reticulations minute, distinct, 2'°5 to 3 in. long, *75 to 1°4 in. wide; petioles 65 to ‘g in. long. Racemes axillary, 3 to 3°5 in. long, very slender, 7- to 8-flowered, puberulous. Flowers °3 in. wide spreading; pedicels puberulous, *35 in. long. Sepals linear-lanceolate acuminate pubescent out- side. Petals ovate, narrowed to the 10- to 12-fimbriate tip, glabrous outside, villous at the base inside. Torus shallow, 10-lobed, silky. Stamens 20, outer cell of anther with an awn as long as itself. Ovary ovoid pubescent, 2-celled. Drupe ellipsoid blunt at each end, °6 in. long, °35 in. through; stone wrinkled, bony, 1-seeded. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Bukit Mandai and Bukit Timah (Hul- lett). Perak, Thaiping Hills at about 2000 ft. altitude (Curtis) ; Tapa. Penang (Curtis). Native name: Darumun pipit. (14) E. pedunculatus Wall. Cat. 2678 in part, Masters, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.1. 408; King, l.c. 132. Tree 40 to 8o ft. tall, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous, oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic-oblong, blunt, base very cuneate, edge cartilaginous crenate-mucronate; nerves 5 to 7 pairs, inarching far from edge, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°25 to 1°8 in. wide; petioles *75 to 1:2 in. long. Racemes-axillary or below Eleocarpus.} XXV. TILIACES. 317 leaves 3 to 4 in. long hoary-pubescent. Flowers *3 in. wide, buds ovoid acute. Sepals lanceolate acute, minutely silky outside, midrib thickened. Petals little longer, oblong base expanded, tip broad with to to 15 fimbrie one-fourth of length, silky on both sides at base, within hooded, edges infolded to a large gland at base forming 2 cells. Torus a 10-lobed glabrescent disc. Stamens 15; filaments ‘pubescent, outer cell with recurved awn. Ovary ovoid, glabrous, 2-celled. Drupe ellipsoid, blunt at both ends, *5 in. long, *3 in. through, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Hab. Usually a sea- shore tree, but also in forests. Singapore, Sungei Jurong; Loyang; Pulau Tekong; Pulau Bayan. Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill (Robinson). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis). Native name: Darumun Padi. (15) E. Barnardii Burkill, Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 42. Tree. Leaves obovate blunt, glabrous, bluntly serrate; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, 3 to 6 in. long, 1°6 in. wide; petioles 1:2 in. long. Racemes 12- to 20-flowered, as long or little longer than leaves scurfy pubescent. Sepals 5, linear-lanceolate ‘2 in. long. Petals obcuneate, as long, laciniate to middle. Stamens about 20; anthers bearded at tip. Ovary 3-celled, pubescent. Fruit olive- shaped, -8 in. long, deep blue. Seed smooth. Hab. Perak. Thaiping (Barnard). (16) E. Kunstleri King, /.c. 133. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall, 15 to 20 in. through. Branches thickened at the tip, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous, rounded obovate obtuse, sometimes apiculate, base narrowed, edge slightly crenate serrate; nerves Io pairs inarching within the edge, reticulations distinct on both surfaces, 5 to 8 in. long, 2°75 in. wide; petioles *5 to -7 in. long. Racemes below the base crowded, slender, 1°5 in. long, puberulous. Flowers ‘4 in. across; pedicels ‘4in. long. Sepals lanceolate narrow, sub-acute, pubescent on both sides. Petals as long, oblong-obovate obtuse, laciniz rather broad 6 to 8, silky outside, villous inside. Torus a shallow-toothed cup. Stamens 28 to 30, shorter; outer anther-cell with a recurved awn. Ovary ovoid tomentose, 2-celled. Hab. In open jungle, 500 to 800 ft. altitude. Perak, Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). (17) E. obtusus Bl. Bijdr. 125; King, l.c. 134. EE. monocera Cav. Ic. t. 501; Masters, l.c. i. 405. Small tree 30 or 4o ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-obovate, tip rounded or blunt, gradually narrowed to the acute base, glabrous; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, reticulations very fine, 4°5 to 6°5 in. long, 2°25 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles 75 to I'I in. long. Racemes axillary among the leaves, puberulous, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long, few-flowered. Flowers I in. across, buds acute. Sepals oblong-lanceolate acute, minutely pubescent. Petals longer, cuneli- form, ‘5 in. long, ‘2 in. across, lacinize short, 8 to Io. Torus a wavy cup. Stamens 30 to 50, shorter than petals ; anther with a setaceous 318 XXV. TILIACEZ. [Eleocarpus. awn as long as itself. Ovary ovoid silky 2-celled. Fruit ovoid- oblong, 1°5 in. long, ‘9 in. wide; stone tubercled, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Hab. Seashores and open country. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Chua Chu Kang. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Malacca (Griffith); Keru- bong; Merlimau (Cantley); Pahang River. Dindings. Perak, Kwala Dipang (Curtis). Dzstvib. Burma, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Native names: Medang Kawan; Medang Paya; Medang Tanah. (18) E. rugosus Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42; Fl. Ind. ii. 596; Wight, Ic. ¢. 61. E. apiculatus Masters, lc. 1. a07;. Kang, lc. ge A big tree 50 to too ft. tall and as much as 3 ft. through. Young parts pubescent. Branchlets thick. Leaves coriaceous, often glabrous all over, obovate to oblanceolate-oblong shortly acuminate or blunt, edge obscurely serrulate crenate, base narrowed blunt; nerves 12 to 14 pairs, prominent beneath inarching within margin, glabrous or densely pubescent, 7 to Io in. long, 2°5 to 3°75 in. wide ; petioles -3 to r in. long. Racemes axillary below the leaves, 2 to 3 in. long, pubescent. Flowers ‘g in. across, pedicels :2 to ‘5 in. long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, sub-acute, pubescent. Petals longer, cuneiform silky, cut into numerous lacinie about one- fourth of their length. Torus a shallow cup, pubescent. Stamens 30 to 40, half as long as petals; filaments dilate at base, outer anther-cell long-awned. Ovary ovoid tomentose, 2-celled. Drupe oblong-globose, 1°25 in. through, stone woody with large wing-like processes, I-celled, 1-seeded. Hab. High forest up to 2000 ft. altitude. Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Ulu Bubong; Larut Hills (Kunstler). Penang; Government Hill (Wallich, Maingay, Curtis). Distrib. India, Chittagong. var. singaporensis Ridl. A fine tree with obovate obtuse crenate leaves; nerves 6 pairs, 6 in. long, 3 in. wide; racemes 3 in. long, slender. Singapore, Bukit Timah Road (Ridley 5727, 10798). (19) E. Jackianus Wail. Cat. 2679; King, l.c. 137. Monocera ferruginea Jack, Mal. Misc. i. (2), 44. Tree 40 to 100 ft. tall. Young branches red-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong to elliptic acuminate acute entire, base rounded or shortly cuneate, above glabrous, beneath red-tomen- tose; nerves 8 to Io pairs prominent beneath; nervules distinct, sub-parallel, visible beneath, 4 to 7°5 in. long, 2°5 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles 1°75 to 3 in. long, stout tomentose. Racemes crowded below the leaves, 3 in. long, red-tomentose. Flowers ‘2 in. long, often unisexual, pendent; pedicels as long, curved red-tomentose. Sepals 4, lanceolate acute, red-tomentose. Petals 4, little longer, oblong obtuse, 8- to ro-toothed. Stamens about 12, shorter, scaberulous; anthers pointed, unawned. Ovary ovoid-oblong, glabrous, imperfectly 2-celled. Torus saucer-shaped undulate, hairy. Drupe ovoid-oblong, both ends rounded, blunt. Seed rugose, I-celled, 1-seeded. Hab. Common in woods in the south; Eleocarpus.| XXV. TILIACE. 319 Singapore, Tanglin (Murton). Malacca (Griffith); Hulu Dayong (Derry). Perak, Thaiping Hills; Chanderiang (Kunstler) ; Penang, Ayer Hitam (Curtis). Dzstrib. Borneo. Native names: Jatek- Jatek; Jentek-Jentek. ach recognised by its red tomentum. The flowers are often exclusively male. (20) E. glabrescens Masters, I.c. i. 403; King, Journ. As. woc. Beng. lc. 138. Tree. Young branches, buds and petioles densely red-tomen- tose. Leaves coriaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate acuminate, edges entire, base rounded above, glabrous except midrib, finely reticulate, beneath rufous-pubescent, but finally glabrous except midrib; reticulations small, conspicuous; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, 12 to 1°6 in. wide; petioles 1°25 to 1°75 in. long, glabrescent when old. Racemes I to 1°5 in. long, axillary and below the leaves; rachis and pedicels pubescent. Flowers ‘15 in. long; pedicels curved, as long. Sepals 4, ovate-lanceolate, pubes- ‘cent outside. Petals 4, slightly longer, oblong with 6 to 12 short teeth, pubescent outside. Stamens 10 to 12, shorter; anthers scaberulous obtuse unawned. Ovary ovoid, glabrous. Torus a shallow villous cup. Drupe oblong-obovoid, narrowed to base, *3 in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Hab. Usually in hill forests. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Curtis); Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, 5000 ft. altitude (Robinson). Penang, Government Hill (Maingay, Curtis) at 2500 ft. altitude. Kedah Peak (Burkill’s collector). (21) E. polystachyus Wall. Cat. 2671; Masters, l.c. i. 403; King, l.c. 137. Small tree 20 to 4o ft. tall. Branchlets silky, rather stout. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate-elliptic acuminate, base broad rounded, shortly serrulate or nearly entire, glabrous above, mid- ribs and nerves beneath hairy; nerves 7 to 10 pairs, prominent beneath, reticulations very fine on both surfaces, 5°5 to 7°7 in. long, 2°25 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles 2°5 in. long, silky. Racemes from upper axils below the leaves 7 in. long; rachis silky-tomentose. Flowers ‘2 in. long, nodding ochreous; pedicels curved as long ; buds ovoid obtuse. Sepals ovate obtuse, silky outside. Petals elliptic-oblong obtuse, entire or slightly lobed, villous on both sides. Stamens half as long as petals, pubescent; anthers un- awned. Torus of 5 thin villous glands. Ovary ovoid villous 2-celled. Drupe oblong, blunt at both ends, 6 in. long, *35 in. through, green, stone minutely rugose, I-celled, 1-seeded. Hab. Woods in the south. Singapore, common, Bukit Timah ; Jurong. Johor, Pinerong (Cantley). Distrib. Borneo. Native names - Derumo; Darumun Babi. (22) E. Mastersii King, /.c. 140. E. Acronodia Masters, l.c. 1. 401, in part. Tree 20 to 50 ft. tall. Shoots slightly puberulous, otherwise 320 XXV. TILIACES. [Eleocarpus. glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous oblong-lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate acuminate, entire or faintly serrate, base cuneate; nerves 6 to 8 pairs inarching within the edge, 2°75 to 4'5 in. long, *8 to I°4 in. wide; petioles °5 to °75 in. long. Racemes short, I to 2 in.-long, few-flowered. Flowers ‘2 in. across, white; buds ovoid acute. Sepals 4, ovate-lanceolate sub-acute, puberulous or glabrous. Petals oblanceolate or obcuneate, tip rounded more or less laciniate glabrous. Stamens 8 to 10, shorter; anthers unawned. Torus a shallow wavy disc, pubescent. Ovary ovoid glabrous, 2-celled. Drupe ovoid-oblong, *35 in. long, *25 in. wide, blue; stone smooth cartilaginous, I-celled, 1-seeded. Hab. Common in lowland open country and woods. Singapore, Cluny Road (Murton). Johor, Gunong Pulai. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Maingay), a form with smaller, narrower leaves, with more distinct reticulations. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Kedah, Peak (Lobb). Dzysirib. Borneo. Native names: Chemanton Merah; Lempedu Burong; Medang Asam; Nilausor; Medang Suggueh; Medang Perak Payah. Often unisexual and variable in the shape and cutting of the petals. Mountain forms have much smaller and narrower leaves. (23) E. eriobotryoides Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. v. 29. Leaves coriaceous lanceolate, tip acuminate, base cuneate, edges serrate; nerves 6 pairs, inarching within the margin, slender midrib stout, reticulations wide little elevate, glabrous except the young leaves; which have silvery-silky edges, 5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to I‘g in. wide; petioles 1°5 in. long, rather stout. Racemes axillary below leaves numerous, 2 to 2°5 in. long, glabrous. Flowers secund, ‘2 in. long, white; buds conic, sub-acute. Sepals 4, lanceolate- acuminate, pubescent. Petals as long, narrow oblong-cuneate, apex fimbriate, base silky, hairy on edge. Stamens shorter, glabrous; filaments short; anthers blunt, not awned, pubescent. Ovary silky. Torus silky. Hab. Mountains at 4800 to 5000 ft. altitude. Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). (24) E. leptomischus Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. v. 30. Leaves ovate-lanceolate acuminate blunt, base cuneate, edges crenulate, coriaceous, glabrous; nerves 7 pairs, reticulations fine elevate beneath, 3 in. long, 11 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles slender, geniculate at tip, I in. long. Racemes numerous among upper leaves, 2°75 in. long, rachis slender, glabrescent. Flowers numerous, pendent; pedicels silky, -2 in. long; buds conic, acute. Sepals 4, lanceolate, silky outside. Petals 4, oblong cuneate, tip fimbriate with 12 short lacinie. Stamens, anthers glabrous bifid, lobes unequal; filaments shorter. Ovary glabrescent, ovoid. Torus saucer-shaped silky. Hab. Mountains at 4800 to 5000 ft. altitude. Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). (25) E. reticulatus Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 2. KE. punctatus King, /.c. 139, not of Blume. Leaves oblanceolate acuminate long narrowed to the _ base, Eleocar pus.| XXV. TILIACES. 321 edges thickened, serrate, coriaceous, glabrous when adult; nerves faint 7 pairs, reticulations conspicuous, 2°5 in. long, °75 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Racemes few-flowered, 1 in. long; pedicel ‘25 in. long. Sepals 4, linear-oblong obtuse, silky. Petals 4, oblong truncate, shortly laciniate, little longer than sepals silky. Stamens 10; anthers glabrous. Ovary short conic, silky. Torus glabrous. Fruit oblong, 5 in. long. Hab. Mountains; Selangor, Ulu Kali at 3500 ft. altitude (Burn-Murdoch); Perak, Gunong Kerbau, 6600 ft. altitude (Robinson); Ulu Batang Padang (Wray). var. cuspidata Rid]. Leaves with a long acuminate blunt point, ‘4 in. long; Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson) at 5000 ft. altitude. King’s punctatus is based on Wray’s plant, which is not glabrous, but minutely appressed silky on both sides; young leaves from other localities are often more or less hairy silky. (26) E. reticosus Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 140. Small tree. Young parts pubescent. Leaves ovate, abruptly acuminate acute, or lanceolate, base rounded faintly crenulate with black dots in the crenulations, stiffly coriaceous, glabrous ; young leaves red and pubescent; nerves 7 pairs inarching within the margin, closely finely reticulated on both sides and black dotted beneath, 2 to 4 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long, pubes- cent. Racemes from lower or middle axils among the leaves 1°5 to 2 in. long, pubescent. Torus white-hairy, disc-shaped. Stamens glabrous. Drupe ellipsoid, ‘5 in. long blue black. Hab. Mountains, on an open rocky plateau. Pahang, Gunong Tahan on the Padang 5000 ft. altitude (Ridley). DuBIOUS SPECIES (1) E. macrocarpa Lidl. Tree. Leaves ovate cuspidate, crenate, glabrous; nerves 9 pairs, prominent beneath, 7 in. long, 3°5 in. wide; petioles 3 in. long. Fruit ovoid, globular, 2 in. through; pericarp woody, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Perak, on Gunong Keledang (Ridley). I was only able to get fruiting specimens of this plant, remarkable for having fruit very greatly larger than any other species. It appears, however, to be certainly an L/@ocarpus. OrperR XXVI. GONYSTYLACE. Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers bisexual, panicled. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-lobed, coriaceous, hairy inside, corolla of numerous setaceous bifid or trifid petals. Stamens very numerous 30 to 40; filaments short; anthers basifixed. Ovary 4- to 6-celled; ovules I in acell; style filiform. Stigma clubbed. Fruit a woody ovoid or globose; capsule loculicidally dehiscing; pericarp very thick. Seeds 1 or 2, globose or oblong. Genus 1, Malayan, 2 or 3 species. FLM.P., x. v 322 XXVI. GONYSTYLACE#. [Gonystylus. GONYSTYLUS, Teysm. (1) G. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 200; Gamble, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \xxv. (2), 266. A tree 30 to 70 ft. tall and 10 to 15 in. through. Leaves deep shining green coriaceous; nerves very close and numerous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base round or cuneate, glabrous, midrib beneath pubescent, 5 to Io in. long, 2°25 to 3°25 in. wide; Fic. 30.—Gonystylus Maingayi. petioles thick, *35 in. long. Panicles lax about 8 in. long, wide- spreading densely pubescent woolly; pedicels 3 in. long. Calyx green, 3 in. across, densely velvety. Petals 15 to 20. Stamens cream colour 40. Capsule about 2 in. long with brown rough pericarp °25 in. thick. Seeds large, 1 to 4 globose or oblong. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Chua Chukang; Bukit Mandai. Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, Rawang (Kloss). Negri Sembilan, Selaru (Foxworthy). Perak, Tapa (Wray); Goping (Scortechini). Penang Hill (Curtis); Balik Pulau. i, i ie eee ee en Gonystylus.| XXVI. GONYSTYLACEZ. 323 These plants have been placed in the Apetale, but have of late been considered to be allied to Tiliace@. The corolla consists of very narrow linear organs, split at the top and often to near the base, into 2 or 3 lobes. These were formerly considered to be scales, but appear from position and texture to be really petals, OrpeR XXVIII. LINE. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate simple entire or serrate. Inflorescence various. Flowers regular bisexual. Sepals 5 or 6 free or connate at base imbricate. Petals as many imbricate or contort, hypogynous. Stamens 4 to 5 or Io to 12; filaments united at the base into a ring filiform; anthers versatile. Glands 5 or 0. Ovary entire 3- to 5-celled; styles 3 to 5 free or connate; ovules I or 2 inserted in the inner angle of cells, anatropous. Stigma terminal. Fruit a drupe or capsule. Seeds I or 2 in each cell. Genera 14, species about 145, whole world (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \xii. (2), 189). Climbing shrubs. Racemes very short; fruit drupaceous é . I. ROUCHERIA Racemes elongate; fruit capsular ; 5 . 2. SARCOTHECA Trees. Petals imbricate; fruit a drupe 3. ERYTHROXYLON Petals contort; fruit capsular 4. IXONANTHES 1. ROUCHERIA, Planch. Lianes with revolute woody tendrils. Leaves alternate, entire or serrate. Flowers in axillary sub-sessile spikes fascicled yellow. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10, all fertile, connate into a tube below, Ovary 3- to 5-celled; styles 3 to 5. Drupe small red fleshy. Stone 3- to 6-angled. Species 3 or 4, r or 2 Malayan, 2 from Guiana. . (x) R. Griffithiana Planch. in Hook, Journ. Bot. vi. 143 ; vii. 527; _ Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 414. Big climber 3 in. through. Bark white. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate crenate-serrate, base cuneate deep green coriaceous; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, 3 to 5 in. long, I'2 in. wide; petioles *35 to 5 in. long. Flowers °35 in. in clusters of 5 to 8. Petals narrowly oblong, thin. Drupe.red ‘25 in. long, oblong. Hab. Common in low country, Singapore, Malacca to Perak and Penang. Dvzstrib. Borneo. Native names: Ipoh akar putih; Akar Biji; Garam-Garam; Akar Kait putih; Akar Musiang; Bhoi (Sakai). Use. in the dart-poison of the Sakais. Flowers fragrant. 2. SARCOTHECA, BI. Shrubby climbers. Leaves alternate, entire. Racemes or panicles axillary or terminal, elongate. Flowers pedicelled. Sepals 324 XXVII. LINE. {Sarcotheca. 4 to 5. Petals 5, contort. Stamens 8 to Io all fertile, connate in a cup below. Ovary 5-celled; styles 5, distinct ; ovules 2 in a cell. Capsule globose splitting into 5 at the top. Seed1rinacell. Species 2, Malayan. (1) S. paniculata Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 282. Leaves thin elliptic acuminate, base rounded, glabrous; nerves 4 pairs inarching within margin, 4 to 5 in. long, 21 in. wide; petioles ‘3 in. long. Panicle puberulous, slender 1°5 in. long, few-flowered. Flowers ‘1 in. long, white; pedicels ‘2 in. long. Sepals 4 connate at base rounded, edges ciliate. Petals 5, linear-oblong blunt. Stamens 8 to 10 in 2 rows unequal; anthers ovate-reniform. Styles 3 to 5. Fruit unknown. Hab. Very rare. In forests over streams. Pahang, Tahan River (Ridley). Dr. Stapf doubts that this belongs to this genus, but it fits fairly with the description of Blume’s rare and little known species; however, I have not seen fruit of it. 3. ERYTHROXYLON, Linn. Shrubs or trees glabrous. Leaves alternate, entire. Stipules intra-petiolar. Flowers axillary, small, solitary or fascicled, white (or pink). Sepals 5. Petals 5, imbricate with a double ligule on the inner face. Stamens 10 to 12; filaments united in a tube. Ovary 3-, rarely 4-celled; styles as many free or connate; stigmas capitate; ovule I, rarely 2 in each cell. Drupe 1-celled, t-seeded. Species 50, chiefly America. (1) E. burmanicum Griff. Notule iv. 468; Ic. Pl. As. t. 581, fig. 3; Hook. fil. F.BI.1. 415; Kang, l.c. 190. Shrub to a big tree. Leaves elliptic or obovate coriaceous blunt narrowed to base, glaucous beneath; nerves 8 pairs not more prominent than nervules, 1°75 to 3 in. long, “75 to 1'50 in. wide. Flowers clustered 2 to 4 white; pedicels ‘25 in. long. Drupe cylindric red °5 in. long; calyx and staminal tube persistent. Hab. Open country generally near the sea, common. Singapore, Changi; Seletar. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Derry); Dindings, Pangkor. Sungei Ujong (Cantley). Pahang, Kwala Pahang; Cherating. Distrib. Burma, Tongkah. The ligule on the petals is a kind of lobed scale attached to the lower part of the petal. £. coca, the cocaine shrub of South America, is cultivated to a small extent in the Malay Peninsula. 4. IXONANTHES, Jack. Trees, glabrous. Leaves alternate entire or crenate serrate. Flowers small, green in axillary, cymose dichotomous panicles. Sepals 5 to 6 shortly connate at base. Petals 5 to 6 perigynous contort, persistent hardening round fruit. Stamens 10 to 20 from the outside of a cupular disc. Ovary 5-celled; style simple; ovules 10. Capsule coriaceous or woody, oblong acute or conic le cai hint emai eel Ixonanthes. XXVIII. LINEA. 2 3 septicidal, 1o-celled dehiscing inwards. Seeds winged. Species 3 to 4, China, Malaya. Leaves obovate or oblong; petals *2 in. long; capsule ‘7in. long . : : : : : > : Leaves coriaceous elliptic not obovate; petals °3 in. long; capsule 1°35 to 1°75 in. long . Z ‘ (1) I. icosandra (2) I. reticulata Fic. 31.—Ixonanthes icosandra. (1) I. icosandra Jack, Mal. Misc. ii. (7), 58; Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 416; King, l.c. 191. I. cuneata Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 484; Hook. fil. l.c. 416. I. obovata Hook. fil. l.c. 417. Tree 20 to 40 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous shining green, lanceo- late to obovate, top blunt or round, cuneate serrate; nerves Io to 326 XXVII. LINEZ. (Ixonanthes. 12 pairs, faint, 2°5 to 5°5 in. long, I to 2°5 in. wide; petioles °25 to *5 in. long. Cymes I in. long; peduncle 2 to 3 in. long, erect. Flowers green, *2 in. long, numerous. Stamens 12 much longer. Capsule lanceolate to ovoid, glutinous, 5-valved, °7 to ‘8 in. long. Seeds 10. Hab. Woods in low country. Common; variable in form of leaf and size of capsule. Singapore to Penang and Kedah. Distrib. Sumatra. Native names: Pagar Anak; Pagar Anak merah or hitam or betina; Buah Tui; Sankau Merah. Use: Timber for house-building. var. obovata Ridl.; I. obovata Hook. fil. l.c. 417. Leaves sub- coriaceous obovate, tip round, edge crenate 4 in. long, 2 in. wide. Penang (Lobb); Muka head (Curtis). (2) I. reticulata Jack, l.c. 51; Hook. fil. l.c. 417; Kung, L.c. 192. Shrubby to a tree of 20 ft. tall. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, dark green shining, elliptic blunt, base cuneate; nerves 7 to 8 pairs more conspicuous than in the last species, inarching within the margin, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 2 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles 6 to ‘8 in. long. Cymes shorter, stouter, fewer flowers, *3 in. long. Stamens Io to 12 long. Capsule 1°35 to 1°75 in. long, oblong woody. Hab. In woods less common than the preceding. Singapore (Wallich); Bukit Timah; Tanglin. Malacca, Mt. Ophir at 3000 ft. altitude, a small tree with more coriaceous leaves and larger flowers. Dindings, Bruas. Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Kedah Peak. Distrib. Borneo. Native names: Jinjagong; Sakit Hudang; Pagar anak. OrperR XXVIII. MALPIGHIACE/. Trees or shrubs, often climbers. Leaves opposite entire. In- florescence axillary or terminal. Flowers usually showy, yellow or white, rarely pink often irregular. Calyx 5-partite, imbricate or valvate. Petals 5 usually clawed often fimbriate. Stamens 10 hypogynous or subperigynous equal or 1 or more larger; anthers 2-lobed. Ovary 3-celled; styles r to 3; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit of I or more winged samaras (except Brachylophon). Species about 600, mostly American. Climbers. Style 1, rarely 2; calyx glandular. Petals equal yellow; fruit of 3 star- nee samaras . I, TRISTELLATEIA Petals unequal white, one large pink; fruit winged large : . 2. HIPTAGE Styles 3 or 4; calyx not glandular; samaras ovate or orbicular : - . 3. ASPIDOPTERYS Erect shrubs. Fruit not winged 4. BRACHYLOPHON —-S- se = - =.” ~~? Tristellateia.] XXVIII. MALPIGHIACE2. 327 1. TRISTELLATEIA, Thouars. Slender climbers with coriaceous leaves. Flowers terminal racemose yellow. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals clawed. Stamens un- equal. Ovary 3-lobed; styles 1 or 2. Carpels 3 star-shaped with 3 to 8 wings, woody. Seed obovoid. Species 8, Africa, Asia, Australia. (1) Tr. australasica A. Rich. Seri. Astrol. 38, t. 15; Hook. fil. FBI. i. 418; King, l.c. 193; Bot. Mag. t. 8334. | pyro NY; VE Fic. 32.—Tristellateia australasica. Glabrous. Leaves elliptic or ovate acute, base cuneate or rounded; nerves 4 to 5 pairs inarching faint, 1°75 to 3°5 in. long. “75 to 1°25 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Racemes 6 in. long, few- flowered. Flowers 1 in. wide. Petals oblong. Stamens unequal, outer ones longest at first yellow soon becoming red. Carpels *5 in. across, 5- to 8-winged, wings lanceolate radiating like a star. Hab. In tidal swamps. Singapore, Serangoon; Krangi. Johor, Panchur, Johor River. Pahang, Kwala Pahang. Dindings, Lumut 328 XXVIII. MALPIGHIACE. [Tvistellateia. and Pangkor, Raja Hitam (Curtis). Dzstvib. Siam. Malay islands, Australia, Formosa. This popular climber is often cultivated in Singapore as an ornamental plant. 2. HIPTAGE, Gaertn. Lianes. Leaves coriaceous. Racemes terminal or axillary often compound. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, clawed unequal, white, the odd one pink or yellow. Stamens Io, 1 larger than the others, connate at base. Ovary 3-lobed. Styles 1 or 2, stigmatiferous, others rudimentary. Samaras I to 3, 3-winged, wings unequal, leathery. Species about ro, tropical Asia. Leaves often small; nerves 4 pairs; flowers °35 to *5 in. across; racemes silky : i . Leaves always large; nerves 6 pairs; flowers *75 to I in. across; racemes slightly pubescent . . (2) H. madablota (1) H. sericea Hook. fil. F.B.I.1. 419; King, l.c. 194. Branches and inflorescence tomentose. Leaves elliptic-oblong acuminate glabrous; nerves 4 pairs, 2 to 6 in. long, ‘9 to 3 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Racemes crowded 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers white °35 to °5 in. across; pedicels -25 to ‘5 in. long. Petals villous not fimbriate, odd one lobed. Samara lobes ob- lanceolate, biggest ‘2 in. long, 4 in. wide, keeled at the base. Hab. Borders of woods and river-banks. Singapore, Bukit Mandai; Changi. Johor, Pengerang (Cantley). Pahang, Pulau Chengei, Pahang River. Malacca, Bukit Melana; Selandor (Cantley). Penang, Balik Pulau (Curtis). Native names : Akar Dedalu Bukit ; A. Kirai; A. Kulupus; A. papina; Sarunchi. (2) H. madablota Gaerin. Fruct. ii. 169, ¢. 116; Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 411. Gaertnera racemosa Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. t. 18. Stout liane. Young parts and inflorescence appressed-silky. Leaves coriaceous shining dark green, ovate-lanceolate or oblong acute or acuminate, base round or cuneate, 4°5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide; nerves 4 to 6 pairs; petioles ‘25 in. long. Racemes I to 6 in. long, axillary. Flowers °75 to I in. across, white, fragrant. Sepals villous oblong. Petals fimbriate, odd one yellow at base. Samara midlobe elongate oblanceolate narrowed at the base 2 in. long, ‘5 in. wide. Hab. Open country. Pahang, Pekan (Haviland). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Chanderiang (Kunstler). Perlis at Kanga. Distvib. India, Siam, China. This occasionally occurs in and near gardens in the Malay Peninsula, but I do not think it is wild south of Perlis. (1) H. sericea 3. ASPIDOPTERYS, Juss. Lianes with terminal and axillary panicles. Flowers small yellow or white. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5 not clawed entire. Stamens 10, all perfect. Ovary 3-lobed, sides winged; styles 3 ae Aspidopterys.] XXVIII. MALPIGHIACEA. 329 glabrous; stigmas capitate. Samaras I to 3 orbicular or oblong, thin membranous. Seed oblong. Species 15, tropical Asia. (1) A. concava Juss. in Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. iii. 509; Hook. jl. F.BtI. i. 420; King, l.c. 195. Hirea concava Wall. Pl. As. Key. 1. 13. Stout long liane. Leaves thin ovate-elliptic, shortly acuminate, base blunt, glabrous; nerves 4 to 6 pairs, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°5 to 2°3 in. wide; petioles -5 to ‘65 in. long. Panicles of peduncled umbels 1°5 in. long, slender; pedicels ‘2 in. long. Flowers white ‘2 in. across. Samaras 3 orbicular ovate thin membranous veined I in. long and wide, nucleus winged. Hab. In forests. Singapore, Bukit Mandai; Selitar. Malacca, Bukit Bruang; Merlimau. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Penang, Government Hill to 1oo ft. altitude (Curtis). Distrib. Tenasserim. 4. BRACHYLOPHON, Oliver. Erect glabrous shrubs with subcoriaceous leaves and terminal racemes of yellow flowers. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5 obovate obtuse. Stamens 10 all perfect, alternate shorter; filaments longer than anthers, which open by pores. Ovary 3- to 4-lobed and 3- to 4-celled; styles 3 to 4 slender; ovules I in each cell pendulous anatropous. Fruit of 3 cocci keeled along the back, the top produced with a very short wing-like process. Species I, Malay Peninsula. (q) B. Curtisii Oliv. Ic. Pl. t. 1566; King, l.c. 197. B. Scorte- chini King, l.c. 197. An erect shrub 3 to 5 ft. or small tree about 20 ft. tall or less. Leaves membranous to coriaceous lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate narrowed to both ends, 7 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; nerves 7 to I5 pairs; petioles ‘r in. long. Racemes elongating to I in. or more, with lanceolate acuminate persistent bracts, many-flowered. Pedicels slender 1°2 to 1°5 in. long. Sepals obtuse. Petals *4 in. long. Fruit -4 in. long reticulate. Sepals and filaments persistent. Hab. Perak, Sungei Larut (Wray). Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). var. Hullettii Ridl. B. Hullettii King, l.c. 196. Leaves more coriaceous finely nerved and conspicuously reticu- late. Small tree. Hab. Malacca. Mt. Ophir at 3000 ft. altitude in woods on the bank of the stream (Hullett). OrpER XXIX. OXALIDACEZ. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or whorled, usually pinnate. Stipules 2. Inflorescence axillary umbelled or cymose or racemose, regular or nearly so. Sepals 5. Petals 5 hypo- gynous, imbricate. Stamens usually 10; filaments more or less connate. Ovary 3- to 5-lobed, 3- to 5-celled; styles 3 to 5 usually 330 XXIX. OXALIDACEZ. [Oxalis. free. Fruit capsular 3- to 5-lobed or a berry. Species about 300, whole world. Herbaceous or stem slightly woody. Leaves trifoliate . : : , ‘ ; : +t. .OxAIaIS Leaves pinnate, many leaflets : : ; . 2. BIOPHYTUM Trees. Fruits baccate j : : : : : . 3. AVERRHOA Fruits drupaceous : : : ‘ : . 4. CONNAROPSIS Climber. Fruits dehiscent . ‘ j r ° : . 5. DAPANIA 1. OXALIS, Linn. Herbs (rarely shrubs). Leaves radical or alternate usually trifoliate. Flowers regular, on axillary peduncles. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5 contort; glands of disc none. Stamens 10 all similar. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled; styles 5 free; ovules I or -more in each cell. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally, valves persistent. Seeds numerous small. Species 200, chiefly American. Creeping herb; flowers small yellow . ; E . (1) O. corniculata Bulbous plant; flowers large pink . 5 : . (2) O. corymbosa Erect branched plant; flowers small . ‘ A . (3) O. Barrelieri (1) O. corniculata L. var. villosa Hook. fil. F.B.I.i. 436; King, L.¢. 198. A little creeping hairy herb with trifoliate leaves; leaflets obcordate ‘2 in. long and wide, hairy; petioles 1 to 1°5 in. long. Sepals obtuse. Petals obcordate. Capsule cylindric tomentose many-seeded °5 in. long. Hab. In waste ground by houses. Singa- pore. Garden weed. Malacca, Residency. Perak. Penang Residency. Distrib. Whole world. The pubescent form from India and Java. (2) O. corymbosa DC. Prod. i. 696. A plant with a mass of small tubers and rather large trilobed leaves, the lobes round retuse, I°5 in. wide; petioles 4°5 in. long, all pubescent. Peduncle hairy 4 to 5 in. tall with an umbel of pink showy flowers r in. across. Introduced as an ornamental plant, has run wild on Penang Hill, as it has in many parts of the world; said to be of Mascarene origin. (3) O. Barrelieri Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii. 624. An erect often branched slender pubescent herb about 12 in. tall, with small pink and yellow flowers. Occurs as a weed in the Botanic Gardens. Native of West Indies and South America. It occurs also in Java. 2. BIOPHYTUM, DC. Herbs simple or branched with a tuft of pinnate leaves at the top of the half-woody stem. Leaflets opposite oblique oblong truncate. Peduncles terminal with an umbel of small white, pink Re ee ee ae ee ee ee Biophytum.] XXIX. OXALIDACEZ. 331 or yellow flowers. Sepals 5 lanceolate acute. Petals 5. Stamens 10; filaments free, outer ones smaller. Styles5. Stigmas notched or bifid. Capsule ovoid or oblong splitting loculicidally into 5 valves. Seeds numerous small. Species about 20, all tropics. Leaflets 18 to 20 pairs; sides parallel, base and apex truncate; flowers white . d . (1) B. adiantoides Leaflets 10 pairs, tip rounded ; flowers yellow : . (2) B. sensitivum Small plant; leaflets 7 pairs; flowers yellow. . (3) B. Reinwardtii (1) B. adiantoides Wight in Hook. fil. F.BI.i. 437; King, L.c. 199. : Stem woody 6 to 8 in. tall, erect pubescent, bearing 15 to 20 or more leaves in a tuft. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; rachis hairy; leaflets about 23, oblong, top rounded mucronate, base truncate auricled, more or less hairy, *5 in. long, ‘15 in. wide ; peduncles spread- ing hairy 6 in. long, umbel densely bracteate ‘1 in. long. Flowers 6 to 12 showy white, with yellow claws to the petals. Capsule oblong. Hab. Rocky banks of streams in mountain forests. Pahang, Tahan River; Pahang River. Perak, Plus River (Wray) ; Temengoh; Kwala Dipang (Curtis). Dzstvib. Mergui, Indo-China. Native name: Payong ali (Ali’s umbrella). (2) B. sensitivum DC. Prodr. i. 690. Stem glabrous 4 to 6 in. tall. Leaves 22 to 23; rachis hairy; leaflets I0 pairs, lower ones oblong °4 in. long, ‘I in. wide, apex rounded, sides curved minutely apiculate, base truncate rounded ; peduncles 2°5 to 3 in. long hairy. Flowers yellow ‘25 in. wide; pedicels as long as sepals. Fruit oblong shorter than the hairy lanceolate sepals. Hab. Casual weed. Malacca (Griffith). Penang Hill and near the coast (Curtis). Dzstvib. Tropics generally. (3) B. Reinwardtii Walp. Rep. i. 470; Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 437. Small annual 6in. tall. Leaves 2°5 in. long; leaflets 25 in. long, oblong with round tips, 7 pairs; rachis hairy; peduncles I in. long, slender hairy. Flowers 3 or 4 small bright yellow. Sepals lanceo- late acuminate hairy little longer than the fruit. Hab. Kelantan. A few plants in a rubber plantation, Chaning on the Kelantan River (Ridley). Dzstvib. Indo-Malaya. 3. AVERRHOA, L. Trees. Leaves alternate pinnate. Flowers small regular red or pink. Sepals 5 imbricate. Petals 5 contort. Stamens 10 united at the base or 5 without anthers. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles 5. Berry oblong acid. Species 3 or 4, probably of South American origin, but 2 cultivated all over the tropics. (1) A. Bilimbi Linn. Sp. Pl. 428. Short stout tree. Leaflets 5 to 17 pairs, oblong to lanceolate pubescent beneath. Flowers in tufts on stem and_ branches. Fruit green warty about 3 in. long resembling a gherkin. Native 332 XXIX. OXALIDACEZ. | Averrhoa. name. Bilimbi, not known wild anywhere, but recorded for Goa, with the name Balimba, by Garcia in 1593. * (2) A. Carambola Linn. Sp. Pl. 428. Leaflets 2 to 5 pairs ovate, glaucous beneath. Flowers in tufts on branches. Fruit 4 in. long acutely and deeply 4-angled, yellow, acid or sweet. Origin unknown. Native name: Kembola. I have found one or more old trees in abandoned village sites in Pahang at Temerloh. 4. CONNAROPSIS, Planch. Trees or shrubs. Leaves 1- to 3-foliolate; leaflets coriaceous entire. Flowers small white or lavender in terminal or axillary panicled cymes. Sepals 5 imbricate connate at the base. Petals 5 imbricate. Stamens 10; filaments united at base alternate shorter. Ovary 5-angled, 5-celled; styles subulate 5 more or less united; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a berry (5-lobed when dry) 1- to 2-celled, 1- to 2-seeded. Species 5, Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Leaves trifoliate ‘ , ‘ s 4 . (1) C. Griffithii Leaves simple. Leaves ovate, glaucous beneath . : ; . (2) C. monophylla Leaves lanceolate; panicle erect, 3 in. long . . (3) C. glabra Leaves lanceolate, 4°5 in. long; panicle very lax; branches short. . (4) C. laxa Leaves oblong, 6 to 12 in. long, stiff ; flowers *2 in. long, g glabrous : . (5) C. macrophylla Leaves oblong 7 in. long, thinner; flowers ‘1 5 in. long; calyx silky b , . (6) C. sericea Leaves oblong, 4 in. long; calyx mealy 3 (7) C. simplicifolia (1) C. Griffithii Planch. in F.B.I. 1. 440; Rae Lc. 200. Tree. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves trifoliate; leaflets cori- aceous, glabrous, elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, narrowed to base, sub-glaucous beneath; nerves 4 pairs, 2 to 3 in. long, *5 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘6 in. long; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary pubescent dense, 1 in. long to lax, spreading, 4 in. long. Flowers ‘2 in. long, red. Hab. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay). (2) C. monophylla Planch. in F.BJI. 1. 440; King, l.c. 200. (Big. 34, p-.333-) A medium or small tree 20 to 50 ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves I-foliolate, glaucous beneath, coriaceous, glabrous ovate- acuminate, base rounded or cuneate; nerves 6 pairs, 2 to 3°5 in. long, ‘8 to I in. wide; petioles ‘6 to ‘8 in. long. Panicles terminal or axillary, tomentose erect; branches ‘2 in. long, dense-flowered. Flowers claret colour, ‘I in. long, puberulous or glabrescent. Fruit globose, red. Hab. Open country; Johor. Malacca, Selangor, Perak, Dindings, Negri Sembilan. Native names: Pupoi; Be- limbing Besih; B. Bulat; B. Keris or B. Kra; B. Penjuru or B. pipit. Use. Fruit eaten, usually cooked. (3) C. glabra Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 9. Tree, glabrous. Leaves simple, thinly coriaceous oblong Connaropsis. | XXIX. OXALIDACE. 333 acuminate acute, base round; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, reticulations conspicuous beneath not glaucous 4 in. long, I°6 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long; petiolules -2in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal erect 3°5 to 4°5 in. long lax; branches ‘2 to ‘3 in. long. Sepals ovate acute. Petals oblong narrowed at base. Hab. Perak, Hermitage Hill (Curtis). : (4) C. laxa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 9. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves simple coriaceous lanceolate Fic. 34.—Connaropsis monophylla. acuminate, base round, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°4 to 2 in. wide; nerves 6 pairs slender, reticulations fine conspicuous beneath; petioles ‘5 in. long; petiolules -2 in. long. Panicles slender lax, puberulous, terminal and axillary 2°5 to 6 in. long; branches distant ‘2 to *3 in. long; branchlets crowded at the tip. Sepals oblong obtuse glabrous. Petals cuneate truncate, cherry red. Fruit globose. 2-celled cherry red. Hab. Forests. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Curtis, Kunstler). 334 XXIX, OXALIDACE#. [Connaropsis. (5) C. macrophylla King, l.c. 443. Shrub or tree. Branchlets stout glabrous. Leaves simple stiff coriaceous oblong sub-acute base rounded, 6 to 12 in. long, 2°5 to 3°65 in. wide; nerves 8 or g pairs elevate, reticulations distinct lax beneath; petioles 3 in. long thick. Panicles spike-like axillary or terminal; rachis thick glabrous; branches ‘1 in. long or less, few-flowered. Flowers deep red, ‘2 in. long, glabrous very shortly pedicelled. Hab. Local in forests. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Dindings. Lumut, Pangkor (Curtis). Perak, Goping and Salama (Kunstler); Thaiping. Penang, Pulau Inajah (Curtis). (6) C. sericea Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 131. Tree. Leaves thin coriaceous oblong sharply acuminate base round; nerves 8 pairs, slender prominent beneath; glaucescent beneath, 7 to 7‘5 in. long, 3in. wide; petioles*75 in. long. Panicles raceme-like from upper axils 12 in. long; branches 25 in. long, puberulous. Sepals ovate blunt silky-tomentose. Petals deep red ‘I in. long. Stamens, filaments very slender. Styles separate. Hab. Pahang, Pianggu, Endau (Evans). (7) C. simplicifolia Rid. Leaves thin coriaceous simple oblong, base round, over 4 in. long and 2°2 in. wide, midrib elevate beneath; nerves over 7 pairs elevate beneath; petioles °75 in. long. Racemes terminal 2, 4°4 in. long puberulous. Flowers in tufts 3 to 4 together; pedicels ‘1 in. long, white-mealy. Sepals 5, imbricate, ovate blunt, white-mealy. Petals twice as long, ‘12 in. long, obovate oblong, clawed, imbricate, apparently dark red. Stamens very short connate at base in a ring. Ovary conic; styles 5. Hab. Pahang, Kwantan, Galing (Foxworthy). Native name: Belimbing Cherichek. In the only specimen I have seen the leaves are both imperfect. 5. DAPANTIA, Korth. Woody climbers. Leaves alternate unifoliate; petioles jointed about the middle. Flowers small red in spike-like racemes, axillary or from the old wood. Sepals 5 imbricate connate at base. Petals oblong; stamens 10, bases connate in a cup, above free unequal. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled; cells with 1 or 2 ovules. Fruit club-shaped 5-lobed dehiscing into a 5-rayed star with a seed on each ray. Species 4 or 5, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. (1) D. scandens Stapf, Ic. Pl. t. 1997; King, l.c. 201. A glabrous liane 50 to too ft. long. Leaves coriaceous ovate- elliptic acuminate, base rounded; nerves 4 or 5 pairs, 3 to 5 in. long, 1'25 to I in. wide; petioles ‘1 in. long; petiolules ‘1 in. long. Racemes puberulous, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long slender. Flowers many crimson often male only ‘1 to ‘15 in. long; pedicels very.short. Sepals obtuse rounded ciliate. Petals oblong narrowed at base twice as long. Stamens alternate long and short; filaments Ee SS Dapania.| XXIX, OXALIDACE. 335 lanceolate acuminate; anthers ovate. Fruit ‘3 in. long, ‘4 in. across after dehiscing. Hab. Dense jungle. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler); Waterloo (Curtis); Tapa; Batang Padang (Wray). Distrib. Sumatra. OrpER XXX. BALSAMINACEZE:. Herbs usually succulent. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers few on axillary or terminal racemes rarely branched. Sepals 3, 2 small, 1 at back petaloid spurred. Petals 3 or 5, outer large, lateral bilobed. Stamens 5; anthers cohering. Ovary oblong 5-celled. Stigma sessile 5-toothed; ovules many. Capsule fleshy loculicidal, valves 5 elastically springing away from the axis or a drupe. Seeds smooth or tubercled. Species 600 or more, tropics of Asia and Africa and North Temperate region. Lateral sepals connate in pairs; fruit explosive : . I. IMPATIENS Lateral sepals free; fruit drupaceous_ . : : . 2. HYDROCERA 1. IMPATIENS, L. Succulent herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled or alternate. Flowers axillary or terminal I rarely more flowered; peduncles irregular resupinate, blue, white, pink, or yellow. Sepals 3, rarely 5, imbricate, 2 minute or 0, 2 lateral small green, I posterior large petaloid spurred. Petals 3 (or 5) anterior large (standard), lateral 2-lobed (wings). Stamens 5; filaments short thick; anthers cohering. Ovary oblong 5-celled; ovules many. Stigma sessile 5-fid. Capsule green pulpy loculicidally dehiscing elastically into 5 valves. Seeds numerous. Species about 600, whole world. Leaves opposite or whorled; flowers pink; spurred sepal not funnel-shaped; spur long. Plant more or less hairy. Leaves narrow linear-lanceolate, lower ones sessile : : ; , . é . (1) I. Griffithii Leaves lanceolate acuminate, all petiolate. Spur rin. long; leaves not glaucous beneath, standard orbicular or obovate : . (2) I. Wrayii Spur 1 in. long; leaves glaucous beneath, standard obovate retuse ; : . (3) I. sarcantha Spur 1°5 in. long; leaves lanceolate spinulose glaucous beneath . : : , ; (4) I. polycycla Plant glabrous. Leaves ovate acute : : ‘ (5) I. Curtisii Leaves lanceolate 2 : : : : (6) I. exilipes Leaves large serrate; flowers large yellow (7) I. oneidioides Leaves alternate, spurred sepal funnel-shaped with a short curved spur; flowers not spreading. Stem thick fleshy 2 to 5 ft. tall; flowers yellow . (9) I. mirabilis Stem fleshy smaller; flowers violet , i . (10) I. Vaughani 336 XXX. BALSAMINACE2. (Impatiens. Stem slender shrubby; flowers white small. Leaves ovate; nerves conspicuous : . (11) I. Ridleyi Leaves ovate-lanceolate; nerves almost invisible : ‘ : , : . (12) I. eryptoneura Stem succulent herbaceous. Leaves ovate or oblong; flowers large white . (13) I. Seortechinii (1) I. Griffithii Hook. fil. Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 120; F.B.I. 1. 445; King, l.c. 203. Herb 1 to 2 ft. tall, slender, puberulous. Leaves opposite petiolate or in whorls of 3 above, sessile linear-lanceolate acute, base acuminate serrate-toothed, beneath glaucous; nerves 6 pairs red sparsely hairy, above hairy all over, 3°5 in. long, ‘2 to ‘3 in. wide. Pedicels slender 1 to 1°75 in. long. Flowers I in. across rose pink. Sepals ovate-oblong acuminate, spur slender 1°5 in. long. Capsule elliptic swollen in the middle. Hab. Damp spots on mountains near water, Malacca, Mt. Ophir, on Gunong Tunduk at 3000 ft. altitude (all collectors). Kedah, Gunong Jerai at 3000 ft. altitude (Lobb). Native name: Inai Bukit. (2) I. Wrayii Hook. fil. Kew Bulletin 1909, p. 6. Herb 1 ft. tall, glabrous with young parts often hairy. Leaves opposite or whorled in threes, lanceolate acuminate or ovate or oblong-lanceolate entire or spinulose-serrate, base narrowed, 2°25 to 3 in. long, ‘5 to ‘75 in. wide; petioles :2 in. long. Pedicels I'5 in. long. Flowers rose pink with crimson centre, I in. across. Sepals ovate long-cuspidate 3- to 5-nerved, spur 1°1 in. long, slender. Standard orbicular or obovate keeled with a central process. Wings bilobed, basal lobe oblong obtuse, lateral larger obcordate. Capsule ellipsoid. Seed hairy. Hab. On rocks in streams. Perak, Batang Padang (Wray). (3) I. sarcantha Hook. fil. in Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 8. Herb 4 to 12 in. tall. Stem hairy. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3 at the top, lanceolate acuminate narrowed at base serrulate-spinulose, above hairy, beneath glaucous; nerves con- spicuous 6 pairs hairy, 3 to 4 in. long, *25 to °75 in. wide; petioles ‘9 in. long. Sepals ovate keeled cuspidate; spur slender 1:2 in. long. Petals standard obovate retuse *5 in. long keeled caudate, wings oblong truncate broadest at the top, all rose pink with a dark eye. Capsule lanceolate blunt 1 in. long. Seed obovate compressed glabrous. Hab. Pahang, Telom on rocks in streams (Ridley). (4) I. polycycla Hook. fil. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 9. A branched herb with nearly glabrous stem. Leaves in whorls of 2 to 5, lanceolate acuminate narrowed to base serrate-spinulose with scattered long hairs above, glaucous and glabrous beneath; nerves hardly visible, r to 1°5 in. long, *4 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Peduncles 1°5 to 2 in. long. Flower 1 in. across rose pink. Sepals ‘2 in. long ovate caudate; spur 1°5 in. long very slender. Capsule ovoid dilate in centre °5 in. long. Seeds pilose. Hab. Impatiens. | XXX. BALSAMINACE®. 337 Perak, on a sand-bank in the Kertai River, Temengoh. A single plant (Ridley). (5) I. Curtisii Hook. fil. Kew Bulletin 1909, p. 6. Large branched glabrous herb. Leaves mostly opposite (a few alternate), ovate acute, narrow at base, their edges minutely serrulate or crenate, glaucous beneath sparsely hairy above and beneath on the midrib and nerves about 8 fine pairs, 2°5 in. long, I°5 in. wide; petioles slender 2 in. long. Pedicels 1 in. long. Flowers °75 in. wide, pink. Standard cuneate obcordate with a mucro in the notch, wings deeply bilobed, basal lobe obovate retuse mucronate. Capsule ‘4 in. long gibbous fusiform. Seed obovoid papillose. Hab. Wet rocks in forest. Perak, Thaiping Hills, abundant at Maxwell’s Hill, 3000 ft. altitude (all collectors). (6) I. exilipes Hook. fil. in Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Deer. 7 5; P» XO. Branched glabrous herb about 2 ft. tall. Leaves opposite in whorls of three, broadly lanceolate acuminate narrowed to base, serrate-spinulose, quite glabrous, glaucous beneath ; nerves 6 pairs ; 3 to 4°75 in. long, *7 to I in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long. Pedicels 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers rose pink, I in. across. Sepals ovate- oblong cuspidate, spurred one boat-shaped mucronate °4 in. long; spur slender 1-3 in. long. Petals standard obovate cuneate truncate with a short point and a short rounded keel; wings broad, basal lobe oblong retuse, upper petal obovate retuse. Capsule short ‘6 in. long broad fusiform, beaked. Seed obovoid flattened glabrous. Hab. Damp spot by the forest road, Perak, on the road between Tapa and Jor, abundant at one spot (Ridley). (7) I. oncidioides Ridl. Hook. fil. Kew Bulletin, 1909, p. 11. Succulent herb 2 to 4 ft. tall. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate acuminate acute, narrowed at base, edge crenulate denticulate, I°5 to 6 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide; nerves 18 pairs; petioles r to I'5 in. long. Racemes subterminal with I or 2 large yellow flowers occasionally striped Indian red on upper lobes, 1°5 in. across. Sepals ovate cuspidate; spur slender 1°5 in. long. Petals standard ovate keel rounded green; wings very unequally bilobed, lower lobe narrow oblong, upper large hatchet-shaped, shortly bilobed; filaments rather long. Capsule fusiform 1 in. long. Seed flat ovoid glabrous. Hab. In damp muddy spots in forests at about 2000 to 4500 ft. altitude. Selangor. Menuang Gasing (Kloss) ; Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson) ; Sempang Mines, Semangkok. Perak, Gunong Kerbau 4500 ft. altitude (Robinson); Telom; Ulu Batang Padang, 4900 ft. altitude (Wray). The ‘“ Golden Balsam ”’ is very distinct from any other species here in its large yellow flowers—a very beautiful plant. (8) I. mirabilis Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 7195; Kung, l.c. 203. Stem fleshy brown dilate at base ‘above, branched, 2 to 5 or FI1.M.P.,1, Z 338 XXX. BALSAMINACE2. (Impatiens. more feet tall, 22 in. through at base. Leaves deciduous, at the apex of branches only, thin obovate or ovate narrowed to base crenate; nerves 13 to 14 pairs, glabrous, 5 to g in. long, 3°5 to 4’5 in. wide; petioles I to 1°5 in. long. Racemes axillary 8 in. long with 4 or 5 yellow flowers at the top opening singly. Flowers 1°75 in. long, not patent. Sepals lateral, ovate green and yellow, spurred one large funnel-shaped ‘6 in. across. Spur shorter incurved. Standard oblong rounded. Hab. On limestone cliffs in the north. Lankawi, Terutau (Curtis); Perlis at Kanga. Fic. 34.—Impatiens mirabilis. (9) I. Vaughani Hook. fil. Kew Bulletin, 1911, p. 250. A branched fleshy-stemmed plant about 2 ft. tall. Leaves only at tips alternate ovate or elliptic acuminate entire or crenate, base rounded or cuneate, 8- to 10-nerved, 3°5 to 4 in. long, 2 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles 3 in. long. Flowers I in. across, white or violet to deep purple, spur cream colour, on short pedicels. Sepals oblong obliquely cuspidate, spurred one funnel-shaped with a short incurved bifid spur. Petals standard small oblong cuspidate ; wings lower lobes rounded shortly stipitate, upper connate rounded oblong. Hab. On limestone rocks in the north. Jalor at Biserat Impatiens.] XXX. BALSAMINACE. 339 - on the Patani River (Gwynne-Vaughan). Perlis at Tebing Tinggi. Setul on rocks (Ridley). (10) I. Ridleyi Hook. fil. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iv. 56; Kew Bulletin, 1909, p. 9. Small shrubby plant about 1 ft. tall branched. Leaves alternate ovate acuminate crenate narrowed to base, glabrous 2°25 to 2°5 in. long, 1°25 in. across; petioles slender ‘5 in. long. Peduncle 1°5 in. long slender. Flowers °75 in. long white with brown spots in mouth, not patent. Sepals lateral ovate to orbicular cuspidate, spurred one funnel-shaped broad ‘5 in. long; spur curved °2 in. long. Petals, standard oblong retuse cuspidate with a short fleshy keel at base; wings confluent bilobed, lower lobes ovate acuminate curved, upper oblong rounded at tip. Capsule small fusiform. Seed tubercled. Hab. Limestone rocks in damp spots. Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley, Curtis). (11) I. cryptoneura Hook. jil. Kew Bulletin, 1909, p. 9. Shrubby plant branched, about 12 in. tall glabrous. Leaves alternate ovate-lanceolate acuminate serrulate, base acute; nerves 40r 5 pairs almost invisible ; petioles ‘5 in. long, 5 in. wide. Flowers small sub-globose. Sepals green broad ovate. Spurred one wide cup- shaped with short curved spur. Petals, standard obovate cuspidate, keel with short elevation at base, wings connate, basal lobes long curved lanceolate acuminate, upper ones shorter oblong. Hab. Limestone rocks. Perak at Ipoh (Curtis). (12) I. Scortechinii Hook. fil. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iv: 50; Kew Bulletin, 1909, p. 11. Succulent herb 1 to 3 ft. tall and stem I to 1°5 in. through. Leaves alternate crowded at the tip ovate to oblong acuminate, base narrowed, serrate or serrulate, 2°5 to 7 in. long, 1°25 to 2:5 in. across; petioles 2 in. long. Pedicels solitary or 2 or 3 on a short peduncle °5 in. long or less. Flowers about I in. across, white with reddish yellow in the mouth. Sepals oblong-orbicular, spurred, funnel-shaped one large *5 in. long; spur clubbed and curved shorter. Petals, standard obovate-oblong or cuneate, keel slightly thickened ; wings connate, lower ones stipitate rounded, upper ones oblong rounded connate. Hab. Limestone rocks. Perak. Sungei Siput (Curtis) ; Gunong Malacca (Kunstler). Lenggong (Ridley). Perlis, Tebing Tinggi. EXCLUDED SPECIES I. cuinEensis L., ‘‘ Malacca Griffith,’ Hook. fil. F.B.I. lc. 444. Some error. This plant has not been collected in the Peninsula. I. MACROSEPALA Hook. fil. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. ix. 56. ‘ Perak, Ipoh Curtis 3217.’ An error of locality. The plant was collected at Kasum, outside our boundary. I. PELTATA Hook. fil. is also a native of the area outside our boundary. 340 XXX. BALSAMINACEZ. |Hydrocera. 2. HYDROCERA, Bl. Erect glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in short axillary 1- to 3-flowered racemes. Sepals 5, imbricate coloured, 2 outer flat, posticous shortly spurred. Petals 5, anticous (outer) large, concave. Stamens 5; filaments short; anthers cohering. Ovary 5-celled; ovules 2 to 3 in each cell. Stigmas 5, sessile. Drupe baccate, 5-celled; cells 1-seeded. Seeds curved, corrugate. Species 1. , (1) H. angustifolia B/. Bijdr. 241; Hook. fil. F.B.1. i. 483. Erect marsh plant. Stem angled. Leaves narrowed to both ends, serrate, glaucous beneath, 1°5 to 6 in. long, ‘2 to ‘3 in. wide. Flowers I in. across, crimson pink with yellow and white markings ; spur short, curved. Drupe red juicy, globose, *75 in. through. Hab. Rice-fields in or near shallow water; local, but sometimes abundant. Malacca (Griffith). Pahang, along Pahang River. Selangor, Telok Gadong; Port Swettenham (Burkill). Penang, Pulau Betong; Balik Pulau. Kelantan, near Kota Bharu; Perlis, Kanga. var. latifolia Ridl. ; H. triflora, Wight and Arnott, Prodr. i. 140. Leaves 1°5 in. wide. Hab. Rare. Malacca (Griffith). Distrib. India, the broad-leaved variety; Cochin-China, Siam and Java, the narrow-leaved one. Native names: Inai Paya; Tampinah. ORDER XXXI. RUTACEZ. Trees or shrubs (rarely herbs) glandular-resinous. Leaves usually imparipinnate opposite or alternate exstipulate. Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles bisexual, regular. Calyx 4- to 5-lobed. Petals 4- to 5-valvate or imbricate. Stamens 4 or 5, 8 or Io, rarely more (in Citrus) ; filaments free, hypogynous; anthers 2-celled opening inwards. Disc within stamens lobed, sometimes cylindric. Ovary of 4 or 5 connate or free carpels; ovules usually 2 in a cell; styles as many, free or united. Stigmas terminal. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe, or of 1 to 4 cocci. Seeds usually solitary in the cells, albumen fleshy or 0. Species about 700, whole world (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \xii. (2), p. 205). Triphasia trifoliolata DC. Prod. 1536. The lime-berry, a dwarf spiny shrub with flowers ‘5 in. long and small red berries, pro- bably a native of China, is often cultivated as a hedge plant or for its fruit used, in preserves or for making orange brandy. Fruit of dehiscent cocci; ovaries partly united. Leaves opposite; trees or shrubs not thorny. Stamens 4 or 5. Seed globose. 3 3 : : : 1. EvopIa Seed flat, winged 2 : P : . 2. TERMINTHODIA Evodia.| XXXI. RUTACEE. Stamens 8, 4 perfect, 4 imperfect Leaves alternate often thorny; globose . : Fruit indehiscent. Trees or shrubs unarmed. Trees; petals valvate 4; leaves simple . Shrubs; leaves I- to 5- foliate ; "petals very small imbricate ; berry small 1 to 3 seeds Shrubs ; leaves pinnate or simple. Leaves hairy; petals valvate; drupe small Leaves glabrous; petals imbricate; drupe shrubs; seeds ci large cenmeat ; small Shrubs or trees glabrous. Flowers rather large ; leaves thinly coriaceous ; fruit a berry. Leaves 3- to 8-foliate . Flowers large; leaves pinnate; rachis winged ; fruit an orange : Climbers, spiny; leaves trifoliate Trees, usually spiny; leaves unifoliate ; orange. Stamens 8 to 10. Anthers linear-oblong; disc cylindric Anthers ovate-oblong; disc cupular. Stamens 20 to 60 insert round a meee cupular disc spiny ; leaves imparipinnate; globose with woody rind . fruit an slicee: fruit large 4. EVODIA, Forst. Trees or shrubs. 4 o 3. TETRACTOMIA 4. ZANTHOXYLUM 5. ACRONYCHIA 6. GLYCOSMIS 7. MICROMELUM 8. CLAUSENA 9. MURRAYA . MERRILLIA . LUVUNGA . PARAMIGNYA . ATALANTIA . CITRUS . FERONIA Leaves opposite 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate, be. entire. Flowers small, white rarely pink, unisexual or bisexual, in panicled axillary cymes. Sepals 4 or 5 imbricate. Petals 4 or 5 valvate or sub-imbricate. Stamens 4 or 5; filaments subu- late; anthers oblong. Ovary 4-lobed, 4-celled; ovules 2 in a cell. Fruit of 2 to 4 coriaceous cocci; endocarp horny elastic, splitting along the inner edge. Seeds I or 2 in a coccus, testa bony or coriaceous, black shining, albumen fleshy. Species about 25, from Mascarene Islands to tropical Asia and Australia. Leaves trifoliate. Softly tomentose beneath ( Glabrous. Leaflets obovate; large; cocci ‘2 in. long. ( | Leaflets thin acuminate ; (1) E. latifolia cymes rather bush or small tree . Leaflets coriaceous large, tip round; small tree , ‘ ; : Leaflets coriaceous ; tall tree 60 to 70 ft. tall (2) E. malayana Leaves glabrous, coriaceous; cocci "4 in. long. ( ( (7 (8 ) ) E. glabra ) E. robusta ) E. macrocarpa Leaves glabrous, thin; flowers in globular heads : : ) Leaflets very coriaceous, pubescent beneath ) Leaflets unifoliate : ) E. pilulifera E. pachyphylla E. simplicifolia ' 342 XXXI. RUTACE. [Evodia. (1) E. latifolia DC. Prodr. i. 724; Hook. fil. F.BJI. 1. 4809; King, l.c. 207. Small tree 20 ft. tall. Branches 4-angled, puberulous. Leaflets 3 obovate or elliptic blunt or shortly acuminate, base cuneate, above glabrous except the tomentose midrib and nerves, beneath softly tomentose; nerves 13 to 18 pairs elevate beneath; leaflets 5 to g in. long, 2°5 to 4°5 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 to 4 in. long; petioles puberulous 4 to 6 in. long. Cymes axillary broad 3 to 4 in. across, puberulous on stout 2 in. long peduncles. Flowers white less than ‘1 in. long, densely crowded in heads °2 in. across. Sepals pubescent. Petals glabrous. Stamens not much longer. Cocci 2 to 4 in a flower, ovate blunt, ‘1 in. long, glabrous, I- or 2-seeded. Seeds black shining. Hab. In woods common. Johor, Batu Pahat. Malacca, Nyalas (Derry); Selandor (Cantley). Negri Sembilan, Rantau (Cantley). Selangor, Bukit Kayu Kapur. Dindings, Lumut (leaves quite glabrous). Perak, Bujong Malacca; Slim (Cantley); Larut Hills; Tea Gardens. Penang, Moniot’s Road (Curtis). Dzstvib. Java. Native names: Pauh-Pauh; Leban Pelandok, or Leban Pelandok nasi or jantan; Pauh-Pauh betina; Serapoh Jantan. There is a thinner-leaved form on Penang Hill and Malacca, resembling E. accedens Miq., but with flowers of E. latifolia DC. (Hook. fil. l.c. var.). (2) E. malayana Ridl.; E. Roxburghiana Hook. fil. FBI. L.c. 488, partly ; King, l.c. 208. A bush to a small tree 20 ft. tall. Leaves trifoliate, glabrous; leaflets thinly coriaceous, obovate or oblong shortly acuminate; nerves 12 to 18 pairs, sub-horizontal, 2°5 to 6 in. long, 1°25 to 3°25 in. wide; middle leaflet largest ; petiolules ‘1 to -2 in. long; petioles 2°3 to 2°5 in. long. Cymes pedunculate, spreading puberulous 2 to 3 in. wide; peduncle 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers white, ‘rz in. across; pedicels pubescent. Sepals oblong, blunt. Stamens ~ longer than petals. Cocci 2 to a flower, ovoid acute. Seed I or 2, black shining. Hab. Open country common in thickets. Singa- pore, Tanglin; Bukit Timah. Johor, Tanjong Kupang. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, Brisu; Merlimau. Perak, Chanderiang (Kunst- ler). Province Wellesley, Permatang Bertam. Kelantan, Kota Bharu. Lankawi, Kesap (Haniff). Native names: Kiandang; Mesera jantan; Pauh-Pauh; Pauh-pauh paya; Rudomo; Stengah or Tengah Burong. I am compelled to give this plant a new name, as E. Roxvburyghiana Hook. fil. is a mixture of several species; the name was originally suggested by Bentham in the Flova of Hongkong (without any specific diagnosis and no type specimens) for a series of species. The greater part of the plants quoted by Hooker are of an Indian species, much larger, and with different leaves and flowers. (3) E. glabra Bl. Bydr. 245; Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 489; King, l.c. 208. Big tree 40 to 70 ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Leaves trifoliolate ; Evodia. XXXI. RUTACEA. 242 343 petioles 2 to 4 in. long; leaflets obovate, top rounded, base nar- rowed, glabrous or with midrib pubescent; nerves 8 to g pairs elevate, 3°5 to 7 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; petiolules not winged °2 in. long. Cymes corymbose puberulous, 4 in. across; peduncle 3 in. long or less. Flowers white. Sepals round ovate. Petals oblong obtuse. Cocci ovoid-globose ‘1 in. long rugose. Hab. Common in woods in the low country. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Tanglin, Selitar. Selangor, Sungei Buloh (Foxworthy). Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Dzstvib. Andamans and Nicobars, Java, Sumatra. Fic. 35.—Evodia robusta. (4) E. robusta Hook. fil. F.BJI.i. 488; King, l.c. 209. A small tree. Branchlets hoary. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets coriaceous oblong, median one obovate obtuse or shortly acuminate blunt; nerves 8 pairs elevate beneath, 7 in. long, 4 in. wide or less; petioles 2 to 2°5 in. long; petiolules winged to base or nearly, ‘2 in. long. Cymes about 3°5 in. across, puberulous. Flowers small, white. Sepals ovate pubescent. Petals oblong ovate, acute. 344 XXXI. RUTACEZ. |Evodia. Cocci 2 to 3 rugose. Hab. Woods in the south, Singapore (Main- gay); Bukit Timah (Hullett); Chua Chu Kang, etc. This differs from E. glabva Bl. in the less obovate leaves, much shorter petiolules and ovate acute petals. (5) E. macrocarpa King, l.c. 209; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 1x. 13, Pl. TA. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets stiffly cori- aceous, glabrous, oblong to elliptic-oblong acute, narrowed to a blunt base; nerves 14 to 18 pairs sub-horizontal, 6 to 12 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles 3 to 4 in. long; petiolules ‘I to ‘2 in. long. Cymes axillary pyramidal short peduncled tomentose. Flowers ‘r in. long, white densely crowded. Sepals triangular acute, pubes- cent. Petals puberulous. Cocci 3 or 4 obovate blunt °4 in. long, hairy inside, puberulous outside. Seeds 2. Hab. Forests in low country, rare. Perak, Thaiping (Wray, Kunstler); Penang, Government Hill (Abrams). (6) E. pilulifera King, l.c. 210; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 1x. Io, ares Shrub 6 to 15 ft. tall. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets thinly cori- aceous elliptic to oblong shortly acuminate, base narrowed, rounded, glabrous; nerves g to 10 pairs oblique inarching far from margin, conspicuous as are the lax reticulations, hairy on both sides, 3°5 to 8 in. long, 1°25 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles 3 to 4°5 in. long hairy; petiolules hairy "15 to -4 in. long. Cymes axillary tomentose; peduncles 2°5 in. long; branches few. Flowers white in dense globose heads, *25 in. across, less than 1 in. long. Sepals ovate acute tomentose. Petals glabrous. Cocci ovoid tomentose outside. Seeds 1. Hab. High forests. Local, at 2500 to 3000 ft. altitude. Malacca, Mt. Ophir; Perak, Larut (Kunstler) ; Telom (Ridley). (7) E. pachyphylla King, l.c. 210; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 1x. 12; pl. 15. A shrub, dwarf to a treelet 15 ft. tall. Branches tomentose. Leaves trifoliolate, very variable in size according to altitude; leaflets coriaceous elliptic-obovate or rounded, obtuse narrowed at base, dull light green, pubescent beneath on the midrib and occa- sionally on the edge, punctate above, 5 to 6 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles *3 in. long; petiolules ‘2 in. long, at 5000 ft. altitude, reduced to 2 in. long, 1°5 in. wide, with petioles ‘5 in. long and petiolules ‘I in. long at 7000 ft. altitude. Cymes axillary puberu- lous; peduncles 1°75 in. long or less; branches few, few-flowered, all tomentose. Flowers white. Sepals ovate tomentose. Petals ‘2 in. long oblong acute, keel tomentose. Ovary very tomentose. Cocci large *4 in. long, pubescent hairy. Seed 1, black. Hab. High mountains 4000 to 7000 ft. altitude; Pahang, Gunong Berum- bun; Wray’s Camp, Gunong Tahan. Perak, Gunong Bubu, 5000 ft. altitude (Wray); Gunong Kerbau (Robinson, Haniff) at 7000 {t. altitude; Bujong Malacca (a form with acute leaves). Evodia.| XXXI. RUTACEA. 345 (8) E. simplicifolia Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 3006. Shrub 7 ft. tall, branched. Leaves 1-foliolate, coriaceous elliptic obtuse, tip sub-crenate, base rounded, glabrous; nerves 16 pairs; nervules and reticulations conspicuous, 3 to 3°75 in. long, 1°75 in. wide; petioles °5 in. long. Panicles in axils of upper leaves. Flowers unknown. Cocci 4, rugose glabrous ‘5 in. across. Hab. Rocky places at 5000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Robinson). EXCLUDED SPECIES EVODIA PEDUNCULOSA Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 489. Singapore (Lobb), apparently a Teivactomia, the locality very doubtful. 2. TERMINTHODIA, Rid. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves unifoliolate, alternate or opposite, sub-coriaceous. Flowers small in axillary corymbs. Calyx 4-lobed, lobesrounded. Petals 4, triangular. Disc large, 4-angled glandular. Stamens 4; filaments subulate, short; anthers small. Ovary 4-lobed protruding from disc; style central. Stigma small capi- tate. Cocci 1 to 3, boat-shaped dehiscing along the inner edge. Seeds I or 2 in each coccus flattened and winged, exalbuminous. Species 3, Malayan. (1) T. viridiflora Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 141. Shrub 3 or 4 ft. or tree 15 ft. tall. Leaves alternate aromatic, obovate, tip rounded or retuse or acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, I°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles °5 ‘in long. Panicles pubescent axillary, "5 in. across on a 1°5 in. long peduncle. Sepals pubescent. Petals acute, green, ‘12 in. long, glabrous. Stamens nearly as long; filaments thick subulate. Cocci ‘25 in. long, boat-shaped. Seeds 2, ovoid or obovate, thin, ‘12 in. long, tip rounded. Hab. Open rocky places at 5000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Ridley). 3. TETRACTOMIA, Hook. fil. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite 1-foliolate, coriaceous entire, punctate. Flowers small in axillary branched cymes. Calyx 4-partite. Petals 4, triangular-ovate acute persistent valvate. Disc broad 4-angled. Stamens 4 or 8; anthers bilobed dorsifixed. Ovary immersed 4-celled with 4 projecting lobes; styles 4, free at base, connate above. Fruit of 4 coriaceous oblong compressed cocci, 2-seeded hairy; endocarp partly separating. Seeds winged. Species 5 or 6, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. Leaves 6 to 9 in. long; flowers *25 in. long; cocci *5 in. long : é : . : : : Leaves 2°5 to 5 in. long; flowers ‘13 in. long; cocci 25 in. long ‘ Y j : ‘ . . (2) T. Roxburghii (1) T, majus 346 XXXI, RUTACE#. | Telractomua. (1) T. majus Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 491; King, l.c. 211, Tetra- merista paniculata Kurz, Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 333. Tree with stout branches. Leaves very coriaceous, obovate- elliptic blunt; nerves 12 to 16 pairs, 8 to g in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide; petioles 2 to 2°25 in. long, thick. Cymes glabrous, 6 to 7 in. long. Flowers *25 in. wide glabrous. Stamens 4, perfect; staminodes minute 4. .Cocci ‘5 in. long, keeled. Seed oblong. Hab. Malacca, (Maingay). Only once found and locality not certain. (2) T. Roxburghii Hook. fil. l.c. 491; Ic. Pl. 1512; King, l.c. 212. Melicope tetrandra Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 257. Tree 30 to 8o ft. tall, 1°5 to 2 ft. through, glabrous. Branches rather~stout. Leaves sub-coriaceous obovate, tip rounded rarely apiculate, long narrowed to base; nerves fine 7 to g pairs, 2°5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles °5 to 1 rarely 1°25 in. long. Cymes pubescent above, 3 to 4 in. across spreading, on a peduncle 4 in. long. Flowers ‘13 in. across, pale yellow or greenish white. Stamens 8, alternate row attached to sepals. Cocci I to 3, ‘25 in, long. Seeds oblong. Hab. Forests to 3000 ft. altitude. Singa- pore (Maingay). Perak, Thaiping Hills (Derry, Kunstler). Penang Hill (Curtis). Native names; Kertak Hudong; Medang Hudang. 4. ZANTHOXYLUM, L. Shrubs or trees often prickly. Leaves alternate trifoliate or unequally pinnate. Leaflets entire or crenulate. Flowers small pink, white or green often unisexual. Calyx 3- to 8-fid. Petals 3 to 5. Disc small. Stamens 3 to 5. Ovary of I to 5 oblique r-celled carpels; ovules 2; styles sub-lateral. Fruit of 1 to 5 cocci globose, coriaceous-fleshy 1-seeded dehiscing ventrally; endocarp horny. Seed oblong or globose. Testa bony or crustaceous blue or black. About 80 species, tropics. Unarmed shrub. Leaves trifoliate; fruit °3 in. through . : ; : : : . (1) Z. ovalifolium Rachis thorny; leaves 7- to 9-foliate; fruit ‘25 in. through . , 5 . (2) Z. hirtellum Thorny tree. Leaves pinnate; fruit S02) 10 through . (3) Z. myriacanthum (1) Z. ovalifolium Wight, Hl. j i. 169 ; Hook: fil. l.c. 492; King, Bee Shrub or small tree. Branchlets puberulous, unarmed. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets sub-coriaceous elliptic-oblong, obtuse-pointed, | base narrowed, edge crenulate; nerves Io to I4 pairs, 2 to 5 in. long, 1'2 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles 1°25 to 2°5 in. long; petiolules 2 to *4 in. long. Cymes slender axillary; branches few. Flowers ‘Iz to ‘2 in. long few, 4- to 5-merous. Coccus 1, sub-globular, pitted, 3 in. through. Hab. Singapore (Wallich 7469). Not seen again. Dzstrib. India. Specimen doubtful. Wallich says the branches are armed, but there are no spines on the specimens and the Indian plant is unarmed. Zanthoxylum.] XXKI. RUTACEZE. 347 (2) Z. hirtellum Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 13. _ Apparently a climber armed with short curved thorns. Branches shortly stiffly hairy. Leaves 6 in. or more long; rachis slender strongly armed; leaflets 7 to 9, coriaceous elliptic, bluntly cuspidate, edge crenulate or undulate; nerves beneath pubescent slender about 8 pairs, above shining glabrous; petiolules ‘r in. long or less. Panicles slender lax axillary 2 to 3 together with few flowers about 2 in. long. Flowers ‘I in. wide pubescent. Sepals triangular acute. Fruit spikes 3 in. long, pubescent stout with short branches. Coccus flattened, oval pubescent wrinkled, ‘25 in. long. Seed nearly as long slightly flattened, polished black. Hab. Woods, Singapore, Yochukang (Ridley). Pahang, Temerloh. Dindings, Lumut (Curtis). (3) Z myriacanthum Wall. Cat. 1214; Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 496; King, l.c. 214. A tree 20 to 8o ft. tall and 2 to 3 ft. through, very thorny. Leaves deep green, coriaceous I to 1°6 ft. long; leaflets 4 to g pairs coriaceous ovate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, entire or minutely crenate; nerves 8 pairs, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°25 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles 3°5 in. long; petiolules ‘1 in. long. Cymes 6 to 8 in. long, terminal spreading; peduncle 3°5 in. thorny. Flowers ‘2 in. across, white sub-sessile 4-merous. Cocci usually 2 globose compressed, ‘rin. long. Hab. Hillwoods. Pahang, Telom. Malacca (Maingay) ; Merlimau (Derry); Perak, Goping (Kunstler); Dindings, Lumut, Penang, Government Hill, 2500 ft. altitude (Curtis, Wallich). Native names: Kabu-Kabu Hutan; Membuloh. The height given is that of Kunstler. I have only seen it very much smaller, about 6 to 8 ft. tall. 5. ACRONYCHIA, Forst. Tree with opposite or alternate leaves 1-foliolate; leaflets entire. Flowers small, green or white in terminal or axillary corymbs. Petals 4 valvate revolute. Stamens 8 inserted under a thick 8-angled tomentose disc. Ovary within the disc 4-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; style terminal. Fruit a 4-celled drupe. Seeds black. Species about 18, tropical Asia and Australasia. Flowers in cymes ‘35 to ‘75 in. diameter . : . (1) A. laurifolia Flowers in racemes ‘15 in. diameter . : : . (2) A. Porteri (1) A. laurifolia Bl. Bijdr. 245; Hook. fil. F.BI. 1. 498; King, l.c. 214. - t4. GUIs: Calyx gamosepalous ‘toothed ; fruit pear- , shaped, 3-angled, large : . 15. TRIGONACHRAS Calyx cup-shaped; fruit cocci separate - divaricate. Aril enclosing seed . . 16, ARYTERA Aril with 2 spurs at base; fruit 3- lobed . 17. MISCHOCARPUS Leaves unequally pinnate; fruit globose, woody, tubercled spiny; no aril . 2 . 18, PARANEPHELIUM Ovules 2 ov more in ovary-cell. Leaves simple; capsule membranous 19. DODONHA Leaves pinnate; petals sah fruit inflated ; seeds arillate . . 20. HARPULLIA - 4. CARDIOSPERMUM, Linn. Slender climbing herbs. Leaves thin alternate, biternate; leaflets coarsely toothed. Racemes axillary, on a long slender peduncle; flowers small white. Sepals 4, imbricate, 2 outer ones small. Petals 4, in unequal pairs, with scales at base. Disc unilateral. Stamens 8, excentric, 4 nearest to disc glands the shortest. Ovary 3- -celled ; style short trifid; ovules solitary. Capsule membranous, 3- -celled and valved inflated. Seeds globose, arillate. Species 30, chiefly tropical America and Africa. (x1) C. Halicacabum Linn. Sp. Pl. 366; King, l.c. 421. Two or 3 ft. or more long. Leaflets deltoid, acuminate, I°5 to 2 in. long, *3 to ‘5 in. wide with 5 acute lobes, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Racemes 1°5 to 3°5 in. long with a few-flowers at the tip and below them, 2 tendrils. Flowers ‘11 in. wide. Fruit I in. long and wide. ‘Hab. Common in cultivated ground and near the sea, whole peninsula, from Singapore to Lankawi. Native names: Peria bulan; Uban Kayu. Use. As a pot-herb. 2. ALLOPHYLUS, Linn. Shrubs, or small trees, rarely climbers. Leaves 3-foliate rarely simple; leaflets serrate rarely entire. Racemes axillary simple or branched. Flowers small numerous globose irregular white. Sepals 4 in opposite pairs hooded imbricate, inner ones larger. Petals 4 small naked or with a shaggy scale above the claw. Disc one-sided with 4 glands opposite the petals. Stamens 8 within the disc. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; ovules solitary. Fruit a red drupe often bilobed. Species many, all the tropics. All our species have been reduced to A. Cobbe Bl. by Hooker and King, but though very similar in the flower, the habits of the plants are so totally different that it is advisable to separate at least the most distinct forms. Radlkofer Sztzung der Math. Phys. Klasse Kegl. Allophylus.] XLII. SAPINDACEZ. 489 Bayer. Ak. Wissensch. xxxviil. (2), 201, has given short diagnoses of the various species. Erect shrubs or small trees. Leaves glabrous. Low shrub; leaflets crenate dentate to 3°25 in. lone. : ’ : F 4 : . (1) A. ternatus Small tree; leaflets entire or nearly, 6 to g in. long . ; : , ‘ : , . (2) A. glaber Leaves pubescent or tomentose on back. Treelet; leaflets pubescent beneath . : . (3) A. fulvinervis Shrub; leaflets villous tomentose beneath . (4) A. villosus Woody climber; leaflets coriaceous entire obovate (5) A. scandens (1) A. ternatus Loureiro, Fl. For. Cochinchine 232. A low shrub 3 to ro ft. tall. Stem lenticellate; branches and petioles finely pubescent, otherwise nearly glabrous. Leaves tri- foliate small; leaflets elliptic crenate-dentate, glabrous except the midrib on back blunt, 1°5 to 3°5 in. long, *7 to 1°5 in. wide (the middle one largest); petioles slender 2 in. long. Racemes 1°5 to 3 in. long puberulous. Flowers ‘zr in. long, white numerous. Fruit elliptic or globose pulpy red, *25 in. long. Hab. In tidal mud, common. Singapore, Tanjong Penjuru; Selitar; River Valley Road; Toas. Johor, Scudai River. Pahang River near mouth. Selangor, Klang. Malacca (Maingay). Penang. Province Welles- ley (Brooks). Lankawi (Curtis). D¢stvib. Tenasserim, Cambodia, Malay Isles, Polynesia. Native names: Chonkol; Tumbit Kayu; Chungkil. (2) A. glaber Roxb. in Wail. Cat. 8057. Small tree nearly glabrous. Leaves trifoliate; leaflets sub-cori- aceous elliptic narrowed to base and tip, blunt, laterals oblique at base, nearly or quite entire, 6 to g in. long, 2 to 3°75 in. wide; petioles 3°5 to 5 in. long. Racemes branched; peduncle 3 in. long; branches 1°5 to 4 in. long, puberulous. Flowers rather large. Hab. Forests, Johor, Serom; Gunong Pulai. Malacca, Merlimau. Selangor, Menuang Gasing (Kloss); Sungei Buluh (Cantley). Penang (Wallich), Moniot’s Road. Perak, Maxwell's Hill (Scortechini); Goping (Kunstler). Native name: Terentang Bukit. (3) A. fulvinervis B/. Rumpia ii. 183. Treelet. Branches velvety-pubescent, as is panicle. Leaves trifoliate; leaflets elliptic acuminate, base rounded or shortly narrowed distantly serrate; midrib, nerves above and also surface beneath (often) pubescent, 4°5 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles 1°5 to 2°5 in. long. Racemes simple or 3-branched, often rather stout puberulous. Flowers small ‘05 in. wide. Hab. Forests, Malacca (Hervey) arather glabrousform. Pahang, Telom, Selangor, Ginting Bidai; Rantau Panjang (Kloss). D¢strib. Java, Sumatra, Tenasserim. 490 XLII. SAPINDACEZ. [Allophylus. (4) A. villosus Radlk. l.c. 228. Shrub 3 to 6 ft. tall. Stem, petioles and back of leaves villous- tomentose. Leaves trifoliate elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, edge denticulate narrowed to base, 3°5 to 4°5 in. long, I to 2 in. across; petioles 3 in. long; petiolules ‘rz in. long. Racemes simple 2 to 3 in. long tomentose. Flowers hardly ‘1 in. long. Hab. Dense jungle. Dindings, Lumut. Perak, Telor Pinang. Penang Hill at 1200 ft. altitude (Curtis). Déstrib. India. (5) A. scandens Rrdl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 26. Woody climbing shrub. Branches thickly lenticellate brown. Leaves trifoliate; leaflets coriaceous glabrous entire obovate, narrowed to base, apex short blunt acuminate; nerves 8 to Io pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long; petioles 1°75 in. long. Inflorescence of 2 racemes (rarely I or 3) pubescent widely divaricate I to 1°5 in. long, on a peduncle 1 to 1°5 in. long. Flowers crowded rather small on slender pedicels. Bracts minute. Sepals glabrous sub-orbicular. Petals shorter. Hab. In wet forest phere on trees. Singapore, Bukit Panjang (Ridley). Dzstrib. orneo. 3. SAPINDUS, Linn. Trees. Leaves alternate pinnate coriaceous; leaflets numerous. Panicles terminal. Sepals 5 oblong round unequal. Petals 4 oblong concave tomentose outside, scale large obovate villous crested. Disc semilunar wider on one side. Stamens 8 at base of ovary; filaments villous. Ovary 3-lobed; ovules solitary. Fruit 1- to 3-coccous, 2 lobes smaller fleshy. Seed globose. Species about 20, tropics. (1) S. rarak DC. Prodr. i. 608; Bl. Rumphia iii. 93, ¢. 197. Dittelasma rarak Hook. fil. Gen. Pl. i. 396; King, l.c. 424. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves ro to 18 in. long; leaflets 6 to 12 pairs, oblong-lanceolate acute, base cuneate, glabrous, 3 to 4 in. long, “75 to 1°5 in. wide; petiolules hardly ‘1 in. long. Panicle many-branched, many-flowered, 5 to 6 in. long and 4 to 8 in. wide pubescent. Flowers ‘2 in. across yellow or white, yellow-pubescent. Fruit sub-globose or twin °75 in. long. Hab. Malacca (Griffith and Maingay), perhaps planted. Distrib. Burma, Cochin-China, Java. 4. CURTISINA, Ridl. Tree. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 9 in distant pairs, cori- aceous elliptic-oblong, bases broad. Panicle terminal. Flowers small sessile or sub-sessile. Calyx 3-lobed. Petals coriaceous oblong 3-valvate. Stamens 6 outside the disc; filaments short thick; anthers longer oblong. Disc annular fleshy. Pistil sunk in it but free. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in a cell; style very short conic. Stigma capitate. Fruit indehiscent bilobed 2-seeded. Species I. Curtisina.] XLII. SAPINDACEZ. 491 (x1) C. penangensis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 180. Tall tree. Leaf 12 in. long; leaflets oblong; nerves 8 pairs raised beneath as are the wide reticulations, 4°5 in. long, 2 in. wide; petiolules lateral °5 in. long, terminal one I in. long. Panicles 4 in. long; branches 1°5 in. long or less. Flowers ‘r in. long sessile or pedicels very short. Stamens shorter than petals. Fruit red, pulpy bilobed °5 in. wide. Hab. Penang Hill at 2200 ft. altitude (Curtis). Ye s/s A\ ‘\ Vy { \\ Fic. 49.—Erioglossum edule. 5. ERIOGLOSSUM,, BI. Tree. Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets entire opposite. Panicles large terminal erect; branches racemose. Flowers irregular white. Sepals 5 unequal orbicular imbricate. Petals 4 unequal obovate clawed, scale hairy with a lobed appendage at the top. Disc lobed one-sided. Stamens turned to one side, unequal hairy. Ovary stipitate and obcordate 3-lobed and 3-celled ; style slender. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit drupaceous 1- to 3-lobed, lobes oblong. Species 4, Asia 3, Africa I. 492 XLII. SAPINDACEZ. [Evioglossum. (1) E. edule Bl. Bijdr. 229; King, l.c. 425 (Fig. 49, p. 491). A big tree, more or less pubescent. Leaves 8 to 20 in. long; leaflets 4 to 13 oblong-lanceolate to elliptic acute, base cuneate slightly oblique, above more or less pubescent; midrib and under- side usually tomentose; nerves 6 to Io pairs, 2°5 to 7 in. long, “75 to 2°25 in. wide. Panicles 6 to 12 in. long, pubescent dense- flowered. Flowers white ‘2 in. across. Fruit lobes *4 in. long, ‘15 in. through, pubescent astringent sweet, red then black. Hab. Common in villages and open country. Singapore to Penang and Perlis and Kelantan. Native names: Mertajam; Terajang (Kelan- tan); Kulat Layo; Kulalayo. Use: The small astringent fruits are beloved by children. A decoction of the root for fever. Dzystrib. Malaya. 6. APHANIA, Bl. Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate (rarely simple) ; leaflets 1 to 6 pairs. Flowers panicled or racemose. Sepals 4 to 6 imbricate. Petals 4 to 6, small with bases infolded or with a scale. Disc regular slightly lobed. Stamens 5, rarely 3. Fruit deeply 2- (or 3)-lobed ; endocarp thin cartilaginous or crustaceous. About 12 species, African and Asiatic. (1) A. paucijuga Radlk. Sitzb. Akad. Math. Phys. ix. 239; King, l.c. 425. Otophora paucijuga Hiern, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 680. Tree 60 ft. tall. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long; leaflets 2 to 4 oblong- lanceolate or elliptic acuminate much narrowed at base, glabrous coriaceous; nerves 6 to 8 pairs fine, 3°5 to 8'5 in. long, 1°2 to 3 in. wide; petiolules *2 in. long; petioles 1°25 in. long. Racemes axillary slender puberulous 6 to 8 in. long. Flowers globular ‘I5 in. across, red. Sepals orbicular imbricate. Petals smaller, edges infolded at base. Stamens 8; filaments hairy at base. Disc pentagonous. Ovary stalked ovate; styles short sub-connate. Fruit deeply 2-lobed; lobes obovate round 35 in. long with style between. Hab. Forests, Selandor (Cantley). Malacca (Maingay). Perak (Scortechini). Selangor, Rawang (Kloss). Weld’s Hill (Murdoch). Sungei Ujong, Bukit Danan (Cantley). Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis). Native names: Kelat Julong Putih; Puket Jantan; Sutingga; Mumjilai. Use: Timber, hard flexible, heavy used in building. 7. LEPISANTHES, Bl. Shrubs or trees. Leaves pinnate alternate; leaflets entire. Inflorescence axillary or lateral in panicled spikes. Flowers small unisexual white or pink. Sepals 5 or 4 imbricate in 2 rows. Petals 5 or 4 equal with 1 or 2 wide inflected scales at base. Disc annular or semilunar. Stamens 8 or 10 within disc. Ovary sessile 3-sided, 3-celled ; ovules solitary. Fruit 3-celled, 3-sided or ovoid not lobed. Seed solitary. About 16 Asiatic species. Lepisanthes.] XLII. SAPINDACE. 493 Tree; panicle 9 to 12 in. long ; j 5 mee ( . Kunstleri Shrubs; panicles 1 to 3 in. long; leaves glabrous. Leaflets 4 to 9 in. long; fruit ovoid ( Leaflets 12 to 18 in. long; fruit tomentose only, _ 3-angled : : : : (3) L. Seortechinii Fruit soft echinate and tomentose : ; - (4) L. longifolia Whole plant except upper side of leaves softly hairy (5) L. hirta (1) L. Kunstleri King, /.c. 427. Tree 30 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves 30 to 40 in. long, glabrous; leaflets 12 oblong or elliptic-oblong cuspidate, base rounded, reticulate; nerves g to 13 pairs, 6 to 12 in. long, 2°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petiolules ‘3 to ‘4 in. long, stout. Panicles 9 to 12 in. long unisexual erect few-branched; branchlets cymose 3- to 5-flowered tomentose. Flowers *4 in. long. Sepals 5 concave tomentose. Petals 5 silky inside at base, scale glabrous bifid. Stamens 8; filaments silky. Fruit sub-globose greenish yellow with 2 or 3 rounded angles, tomentose I°5 in. through. Seeds 3. Hab. Perak, near Gunong Bubu at 500 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (2) L. cuneata Hiern, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 680; King, l.c. 428. A shrub or slender tree 20 to 25 ft. tall, 2 to 3 in. through. Leaves 20 to 30 in. long; leaflets 10 to 14 thinly coriaceous oblong cuspidate, base narrowed, reticulate; rachis and bases of leaves beneath slightly puberulous; nerves 8 to 14 pairs, prominent beneath, 4 to 9g in. long, 1°5 to 2°75 in. wide; petiolules -25 to *35 in. long; petioles 5 in. long. Panicles on stem below leaves spike-like 3 to 5 together, 1 to 3 in. long, dense. Flowers ‘r in. across greenish white. Sepals round puberulous. Petals glabrous with a scale at base. Fruit ovoid compressed with a vertical groove, minutely tomentose °25 in. long and as broad. Hab. Dense jungle near streams in low country. Pahang, Sungei Chenei (Fox).' Sungei Ujong, Gunong Beremban (Cantley). Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Jenah (Wray); Tambun. Dindings, Tanjong Hantu. Penang, near Waterfall (Curtis). Native name: Perupoh. (3) L. Scortechinii King, /.c. 429. Tree. Leaves 2 to 3 ft. long; leaflets about 8 elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate, base shortly cuneate, glabrous except midrib and nerves 12 to 14 pairs elevate beneath puberulous, 12 to 18 in. - long, 5 to 7 in. wide; petiolules -75 to rin. thick. Panicles narrow axillary 2 in. long pubescent. Bracts and bracteoles narrow ‘25 in. long; pedicels hairy. Flower-buds °3 in. across pink. Sepals 5 concave. Petals 5 with a recurved scale on base. Disc glabrous. Stamens 8; filaments hairy. Fruit sharply 3-angled, densely rusty-tomentose I in. long and as broad. Hab. Very rare in forests. Perak (Scortechini). Kedah, Yan. var. jirta Ridl. Leaves very hairy on the back. Flowers white. Hab. Johor, Serom. Dindings, Lumut. ® This variety may be distinct specifically. 494 XLII. SAPINDACEZ. [Lepisanthes. (4) L. longifolia Radlkofer. Uber die Sapindaceen Hollandsch- Indiens 1. 35; King,!.c. 429. Hemigyrosa longifolia Hiern, in Hook. IA 1. 671. Shrub 8 to 20 ft. tall. Young parts and inflorescence tomentose. Leaves 2 to 2'5 ft. long; leaflets 6, narrow oblong acuminate or acute, base narrowed, glabrous coriaceous; nerves 14 to 18 pairs, 12 to 15 in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide; petiolules -4 to ‘8 in. long puberu- lous. Racemes solitary or crowded, sometimes branched, 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers ‘5 in. long tomentose pink and white. Bracteoles subulate ‘15 in. long. Petals 5 obovate, scales hairy entire or bifid. Fruit depressed globular trigonous softly echinate rusty-tomentose I in. long, *8 in. wide. Hab. Dense jungle low ground, not com- mon, Johor, Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall); base of Gunong Pantai. Malacca (Griffith and Maingay). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang. Balik Pulau (Curtis). (5) L. hirta Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 132. Small tree-like shrub, entirely softly hairy except the upper side of the leaves. Leaves 2 ft. long or more; leaflets 10, alternate elliptic-lanceolate shortly acuminate; nerves 18 pairs, mem- branous, 12 in. long, 4 in. wide; petiolules ‘15 in. long. Panicles axillary; branches few distant. Flowers ‘1 in. wide racemose. Sepals 5 orbicular pubescent, edge ciliate. Petals 4 glabrous ovate rounded nearly twice as long, scales at base oblong densely white- woolly. Stamens 3 short. Disc undulate. Pistil densely hairy. Hab. Kelantan, Chaning Woods (Ridley). A plant on the Pehi stream had much smaller leaves, the leaflets 5 by 2 in., oblong and quite blunt. 8. OTOPHORA, BI. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate simple or pinnate stipulate at base of petiole; leaflets entire. Inflorescence axillary and terminal. Flowers regular bisexual. Sepals 4 or 5 imbricate. Petals 5 (or 4) smaller squamate by inflection of auricular base. Disc annular complete. Stamens 6 to g (rarely 5) within disc very short included. Ovary ovate 2- to 3-celled; ovules solitary. Stigma sessile 3- to 4-rayed. Fruit baccate not lobed 3- or 4-celled (to r-celled). Seeds arillate. Species 12, Malay Peninsula and islands. Leaves simple ( . Hullettii Leaves pinnate. Leaflets sessile oblong 12 by 4 in. (| ( ( Leaflets sub-sessile linear acuminate 8 by I°5 in. . resecta Leaflets sessile oblong-lanceolate 4 by 1 in. , . imbricata Leaflets petioled lanceolate 8 by 3 in. ‘ . (4) O. erythrocalyx (1) O. Hullettii Ridley. Capura Hullettii Rid/. Journ. Roy. AS, SOG. 5.2"; 54, p. 36. Shrub? Leaves simple lanceolate long acuminate, base shortly (8) O. sessilis O 0 Otophora.| XLII. SAPINDACEZ. 495 narrowed ; nerves 6 pairs, 5 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long. Stipules ovate round petioled °5 in. long. Panicles lax 3 to 4 in. long; branches few 2 in. long. Flowers small ‘2 in. long; pedicels ‘25 in. long pubescent. Sepals 4 ovate acute pubescent. Petals 4 linear-oblong stellate-pubescent. Stamens 8. Disc small annular. Ovary pubescent. Hab. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Hullett), only once found. (2) O. sessilis King, l.c. 430. Shrub or treelet 6 to ro ft. tall. Leaves 30 to 4o in. long; rachis and petiole stout; leaflets 10 to 12 sessile coriaceous broad elliptic shortly cuspidate, base shortly narrowed, glabrous; nerves g to 15 pairs, prominent beneath, 8 to 12 in. long, 2°75 to 4 in. wide. Stipules at base of petiole ovate round 2 to 2°5 in. long. Panicles axillary 8 to Io in. long of 2 or 3 raceme-like branches. Flowers ‘25 in. long. Sepals 4, obovate. Petals 4 pink, dark red outside, elliptic, bases inflexed scale-like silky. Stamens 6, glabrous. Fruit ellipsoid glabrous not lobed 1 in. long, °5 in. wide. Hab. Dense rocky jungle, Perak, Larut 600 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang Hill (Curtis). Lankawi (Curtis). (3) O. resecta Radlk. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iii. 347. Small tree. Leaves glabrous 30 in. long; leaflets 20 sub-sessile linear acuminate sub-acute unequal at base, 7°8 to 8-4 in. long, I'2 in. wide membranous-chartaceous. Stipules sub-orbicular. Panicle 13 in. long; branches thyrsoid 2 to 14 in. long. Flowers red. Sepals 4 or 5 ovate. Petals 4 or 5 elliptic much smaller, edges ciliate, pilose at base outside, scales emarginate pilose. Stamens 8; filaments villous. Fruit small ovoid flattened °5 in. long. Hab. Woods and forests. Pahang, Pekan; Pulau Plah (Fox). Penang, Penara Bukit. Native name: Stengok. (4) O. imbricata Bl. Rumpiia iii. 144. Small tree. Leaves 2 ft. or more long; leaflets numerous over 30, narrow lanceolate-oblong acuminate, base round, 4 in. long, I in. wide, sessile; nerves very fine and numerous. Stipules sub- orbicular. Panicle over 12 in. long lax with few branches 6 in. long, and distant branchlets ‘5 in. long, puberulous. Flowers small globose puberulous greenish yellow or white. Male flowers, calyx 5-lobed, inner 3 lobes larger. Petals 5, small, semi-orbicular. Stamens 8, short. Female flowers, ovary globose sub-trigonous hairy. Stigma large sessile. Fruit globose triquetrous I in. long puberulous. Seeds completely white arillate ellipsoid-oblong. Hab. In secondary jungle, Pahang, Cheneh Reserve (Burn-Murdoch). Distrib. Labuan, Borneo. Motley in Herb. Kew says it is called Kayu Matahari in Borneo, and that the leaves come out white, changing through light purple to red, con- spicuous from a vast distance. Wood very hard and used for making hooks to catch crocodiles, 496 XLII. SAPINDACEZ. ‘[Otophora. (4) O. erythrocalyx Hiern, in Hook. fil. F.BI. 680; King, l.c. 430. Small glabrous tree. Leaves 30 to 45 in. long; leaflets 14 to Ig, coriaceous elliptic-oblong, shortly cuspidate, base cuneate, reticulate; nerves 10 to 13 pairs prominent beneath, 5 to 8 in. long, I'5 to 3 in. wide; petiolules ‘4 in. long. Stipules ovate, 3'5in. long. Panicles 18 to 30 in. long, lax much-branched; pedicels slender. Flowers ‘15 to ‘2 in. long. Sepals red, 5. Petals 5» pale rose. Stamens 8, hairy. Fruit ovoid trigonous 1°5 in. through. Hab. Forests, local, Malacca (Maingay); Selandor (Derry); Ayer Panas (Goodenough). 9. TRISTIRA, Radlk. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers panicled, terminal numerous, usually unisexual. Sepals 4, ovate. Petals 0. Stamens short not exsert, 5 to 7. Disc irregularly lobed not unilateral. Ovary conic triquetrous narrowed to top with three sessile stigmas. Fruit triquetrous. Species 3 or 4, Malay islands. (1) T. penangensis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 181. Large tree. Leaves paripinnate 7 in. long; leaflets 2 or 3 pairs chartaceous oblong blunt, glabrous, base shortly cuneate or round, 3 to 5 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; petiolules :25 in. long; petioles 3 in. long. Panicle terminal lax, 8 in. long; branches remote, lowest 2 in. long. Flowers numerous in small fascicles on branches pubescent ; pedicels ‘1 in. long densely velvety-pubescent. Sepals 4, ovate woolly pubescent outside. Petals 0. Stamens short not exsert in female, with short filaments, in male flowers filaments long slender; anther-cells separate. Disc irregularly lobed not unilateral. Ovary triquetrous densely hairy. Stigmas 3, sessile on the narrowed tip of the ovary. Hab. Penang Hill at 1200 ft. altitude (Curtis). Negri Sembilan, Port Dickson (Foxworthy). This plant is doubtful, as I have not seen the fruit, and it differs in general appearance from the rest of the genus. It has the habit of Evioglos- sum, but in many respects resembles Lepisanthes. 10. XEROSPERMUM, BI. Trees with the habit of Nephelium. Leaves alternate pinnate; leaflets entire. Racemes axillary and terminal, Flowers regular small white. Sepals 4 or 5 imbricate in 2 rows, Petals 4 or 5 spathulate about as long, no scales. Stamens 8 or 7, within the annular glabrous disc. Ovary bilobed muricate 2-celled; ovules solitary; style short, thick. Stigma hairy. Fruit 1- or 2-lobed muricate with pyramidal tubercles or simply rough. Seed 1 with a thin acid pulp. Species 6, Malayan. Petals 5; leaflets one pair. Sepals 4 . ‘ : i ; : , - (1) X. leevigatum Sepals 5 . : : é 5 : ; . (2) X. unijugum Xerospermum.| XLII. SAPINDACEZ. 497 Petals 4. Leaflets one pair... : ‘ : : - (3) X. echinulatum Leaflets 2 pairs or more. Fruit sharply muricate . F : : . (4) X. intermedium Fruit rough not muricate : (5) X. Wallichii (1) X. levigatum Radlk. Sitz. Bist Wie Math. Phys. 1878, p. 305; Kung, l.c. 431. A large tree, glabrous. Leaves 4 in. long; leaflets 2, elliptic acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 5 pairs faint, 2°25 to 3 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide; petiolules slender, *2 to 25 in. long; petioles I°5 in. long. Racemes or panicles terminal and axillary 2 to 4 in, long, slender. Flowers *15 in. across. Sepals 4, round. Petals 5, limb woolly, claw slender. Stamens 5, filaments woolly. Disc annular waved. Ovary tomentose. Fruit usually 1-lobed, obovate ellipsoid compressed, 1°35 in. long, ‘85 in. across sharply muricate. Hab. In forests, Pahang, Kwala Tenok, Tahan River. Perak (Scortechini). Penang, Waterfall, the spout (Curtis). (2) X. unijugum Radlk. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iii. 351. Tree 60 to 80 ft. tall. Leaves 3:9 to 6 in. long including petiole ‘4 in. long; leaflets one pair, elliptic to oblong lanceolate, acute or acuminate, bases narrowed, shining smooth glabrous, 3°6 to 5 in. long, 1°4 to 2°2 in. wide. Panicle 1:2 to 4'8 in. long. Sepals glabrous. Petals 5, spathulate, densely villous. Stamens villous at base. Fruit ‘8 in. long, ‘4 in. through ellipsoid acutely muricate. Hab. Forests, Selangor, Klang (Keheding). Perak at tIoo ft. altitude (Kunstler). I have not seen either of these specimens, and do not see how this species differs from /evigatum, except in the number of the sepals. (3) X. echinulatum Radlk. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iii. 350. Tree 50 to 70 ft. tall, 15 to 20in. through. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence puberulous. Leaflets one pair elliptic-lanceolate shortly acuminate, base acute; nerves 5 pairs elevate beneath, 3°5 to 7 in. long, 1°25 to 3°5 in. wide; petiolules ‘5 in. long. Panicles racemiform I to 2 in. long. Flowers sub-sessile ‘15 in. long. Sepals 4, edge ciliate. Petals 4, villous on both sides. Stamens villous. Fruit obovoid flattened, very sharply muricate I in. long, ‘5 in. through, dark green. Hab. Hill Jungle 500 to 800 ft. altitude. Perak, Ulu Kerling (Kunstler). (4) X. intermedium Radlk. Bot. Surv. Ind. iii. 349. X. muri- catum King, l.c. 431, not of Radlkofer. Glabrous tree 50 to 8o ft. tall. Leaves 4 to g in. long; leaflets one or two pairs elliptic-oblong acuminate, base acute; nerves 7 to g pairs, prominent beneath, 3 to 6 in. long, 1°35 to 2 in. wide; petiolules °35 in. long. Racemes axillary, sometimes branched. Flowers ‘2 in. across. Sepals 4 round, edges ciliate. Petals 4, shorter villous. Stamens 8; filaments pubescent. Fruit obovoid sharply muricate 1°25 in. long, *75 in. through, yellow. Hab. FLM.P., 1. KK 408 XLII. SAPINDACEZ. [Xerospermum. Lowland forests, Singapore, Tanglin. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Griffith). Negri Sembilan, Tampin. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy); Pahang, Rumpin (Foxworthy); Dindings, Lumut (Curtis). Perak (Scortechini). Dzstvib. Burma. Native names: Rambutan Pachat; Gigi Buntal; Kikir Buntai. (5) &. Wallichii King, l.c. 432. Glabrous tree 30 to 40 ft. tall, 5 to 7in. through. Leaves 12 to 18 in. long; leaflets 2 pairs elliptic or obovate-elliptic shortly blunt- cuspidate, narrowed to base; nerves 5 to 7 pairs elevate beneath, 4'5 to 8 in. long, 2°25 to 4 in. wide; petiolules stout :25 to °45 in. long. Racemes 2 to 4 together, axillary 1 to 2'5 in. long. Flowers "15 in. long, green. Sepals 4, round, edges ciliate. Petals 4, smaller round, claws short woolly. Stamens 8; filaments woolly. Ovary pubescent. Fruit sub-globose or elliptic usually 1-coccous, rough but not muricate, rusty brown to black 1°25 in. long, *75 in. wide. Hab. Forests, dense hilly jungle, Singapore (Wallich); Bukit Mandai. Pahang River, Perak, Ulu Bubong, Ulu Kerling and Ulu Kal (Kunstler), Temengoh. Native name: Balong Ayam. 11. NEPHELIUM, Linn. Trees. Leaves alternate pinnate; leaflets entire. Panicle ter- minal and in terminal axils rarely racemose. Flowers regular small unisexual (or bisexual). Calyx 4- to 5-lobed. Petals small, white, villous rarely with 2 scales, sometimes 0. Stamens 6 to 8 within the fleshy disc; filaments usually pubescent. Ovary pubes- cent, warted or setose I- to 2- (rarely 3-)lobed; lobes 1-celled, t-ovuled. Fruit I- or 2-coccous drupaceous oblong or globose echinate or tubercled rarely smooth. Seed ellipsoid with sweet or acid white pulpy aril. About 20 species, Malayan. Several are well-known fruit trees. Leaves glabrous on both sides. Leaflets broad elliptic, 5 by 2°5in.; fruit warty, base gibbous; petals o : : . (1) N. glabrum Leaflets narrow lanceolate; petals 5 or 6; fruit globose sparsely warty . : . (2) N. longana Leaflets broad elliptic; petals 0; fruit red- tomentose : - (3) N. lappaceum Leaflets oblong- elliptic ; petals 55 fruit sparsely ; muricate ; - (4) N. rubescens Leaflets narrow lanceolate coriaceous; fruit spiny all over; petals 3 to 5 glabrous (5) N. Herveyi Leaflets lanceolate caudate coriaceous; petals villous (6) N. caudifolium Leaves glaucous and minutely puberulous beneath; fruit spiny. Petals 5. Leaflets broad elliptic coriaceous . : - (7) N. costatum Petals o. Leaflets elliptic thin coriaceous . . . (8) N. tuberculatum: Nephelium.] XLII. SAPINDACEZ. 499 Leaflets lanceolate 4 by 1'5 in.; spines on fruit notconical . : : : ; . (9) N. mutabile Leaflets lanceolate more coriaceous; spines on fruit conical . : : , : . (zo) N. hamulatum Leaflets red-tomentose beneath; fruit covered with short soft spines F ; : . (11) N. ophiodes Petals 5. Leaflets hairy beneath; fruit globose tessellate (12) N. malaiense Leaves very long; flower and fruit racemes long pendulous; fruit spiny . ; F . (13) N. eriopetalum (1) N. glabrum Novonh. Batav. Genootsch. Verh. v. 80; King, l.c. 433. N. Maingayi Hiern, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 608. Tree 60 to 80 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves 7 to 11 in. long; leaflets 4 to 6 coriaceous elliptic shortly acuminate or blunt, base cuneate ; nerves 8 to Io pairs, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petio- lules ‘4 to ‘6 in. long. Panicles lax puberulous 8 in. long. Flowers less than ‘I in. across unisexual, Males, sepals 5 round pubes- cent. Petals o. Stamens 6 or 7 pubescent exsert. Female, calyx 5-toothed. Stamens very short. Ovary obovate pubescent. Fruit oblong gibbous on one side, wrinkled not spiny ‘I in. long, °6 to ‘7 in. wide. Hab. Lowland forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Selitar. Malacca, Batu Tiga; Ayer Panas; Merlimau (Derry). Perak, Tapa (Wray); Chanderiang (Kunstler). var. sufferrugineum. N. sufferrugineum Radlk. Uber. Sapind. Holl. Ind. 77; King, l.c. 439. Inflorescence and backs of leaves rusty tomentose. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay). The fruit described as belonging to this by Radlkofer is not attached to the specimen, and probably did not belong to it. Native names: Redan; Redin. (2) N. longana Camb. Mem. Mus. Par. xviii. 30; Hiern, FBI. i. 688. Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall. Leaves 4 to 18 in. long; leaflets elliptic- lanceolate acuminate or blunt glabrous rather stiff; nerves 13 pairs, 4 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide; petiolules ‘15 in. long; petioles 3°5 in. long; panicle pubescent. Flowers yellowish white "12 to ‘25 in. wide. Calyx tomentose. Petals 5 or 6 pubescent. Fruit globose *5 to *75 in. through, reddish or purple, tubercles wrinkled or smooth. Hab. Terutau island (Curtis). Often cultivated in India and China and wild in India. The fruit resembles that of the Mata Kuching (N. malaiense), which name Curtis gives it, but the foliage is quite different. (3) N. lappaceum Linn. Mantissa i. 125; Hiern, l.c. i. 687; King, l.c. 436. Tree about 30 to 50 ft. tall. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves 4 to Io in. long; leaflets 4 to 6 elliptic or oblong obtuse, thinly coriaceous, 2°5 to 6 in. long, 1°25 to 3 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Panicles 6 in. long terminal and axillary lax spreading. 500 XLII. SAPINDACEZ. [Nephelium, Flowers ‘I in. across white often unisexual in cymose fascicles. Sepals 4 to 6. Petals o. Stamens 5 to 8 exsert. Ovary 2- to 3- lobed echinate. Fruit 1- or 2-lobed ellipsoid densely covered with long soft spines yellow to bright red, 1°5 in. long. °5 in. through, Hab. Cultivated everywhere, and often occurring in forests as an escape, or in abandoned cultivations. The Rambutan. (4) N. rubescens Hiern, /.c. i. 688. N. rufescens King, lL.c. 435. A tree 50 to 60 ft. tall, 8 to 10 in. through. Leaves 6 to 12 in. long; leaflets 6 to Io coriaceous narrow oblong acuminate, base cuneate or round glabrous; nerves 8 to 14 pairs faint, 3 to 5°5 in. long, 1°5 to 1°65 in. wide; petiolules ‘15 to ‘25 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal puberulous. Flowers ‘2 in. across, white. Calyx lobes 5, ovate acute pubescent. Petals 5, narrow lanceolate hairy. Disc small. Stamens exsert 8; filaments pubescent. Fruit with 1 or 2 lobes oblong with short conic tubercles red, 1°25 in. long, *5 in. through; seed-pulp thin acid. Hab. Common in woods. Singapore (Wallich); Chan Chu Kang. Johor, Batu Pahat. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). (5) N. Herveyi Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 180. Tree. Leaves narrow lanceolate blunt acuminate, base shortly acute, coriaceous glabrous; nerves about 18 pairs, shining above, sub-glaucous beneath, 3 to 3°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petiolules "18 in. long. Panicles 4 to 6 in. long densely tomentose. Calyx- lobes appressed tomentose, ovate. Petals 3 to 5 very small narrow glabrous. Stamens glabrous. Fruit 1°25 in. long, red, covered with short flat blunt spines widest at base ‘12 in. long. Hab. Malacca, Alor Gajah (Griffith, Hervey, Maingay). Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis). This closely resembles N, vubescens Hiern, and has been confused with it. The leaves are narrower and more rigid, and the fruit is totally different, bearing flat triangular blunt spines close together. (6) N. caudifolium Rid. Leaves 5 in. long with 5 pairs of leaflets, quite glabrous; petioles 2in. long. Leaflets coriaceous, smooth, lanceolate, bluntly caudate acuminate, base shortly cuneate, finely reticulate above; nerves fine, very inconspicuous, Io pairs, 3°5 in. long, I in. wide; petio- lules ‘12 in. long. Panicles 5 in. long (base 3 in. long, nude); branches 1°25 in. long, pubescent. Flowers numerous crowded; pedicels -r in. long, pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate blunt, silky on both sides. Petals 5, little longer, narrow linear-lanceolate, silky villous. Stamens much longer; filaments villous. Ovary bilobed, tubercular, hairy; style rather stout. Fruit (unripe) of 2 equal spreading lobes covered with short conic tubercles, glabrous. Hab. Selangor, Kelambu Forest, Klang (Foxworthy). Native name: Gigi Buntal. Nephelium.] XLII. SAPINDACEZ. 501 (7) N. costatum Hiern, /.c. i. 608; King, 1.c. 436. N. longana var. hypoleucum King, l.c. 435 (in part). Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves 6 to 12 in. long; leaflets 4 to Io, coriaceous oblong lanceolate or elliptic acute or short acuminate, base narrowed round beneath glaucous and slightly puberulous ; nerves Io to 18 pairs, 2°75 to 5°5 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide; petiolules -25 in. long. Panicles axillary and terminal 4 to 6 in. long puberulous. Flowers ‘2 in. across. Sepals 5 round tomentose outside, pubescent inside. Petals 5 smaller spathulate villous. Disc large. Stamens 8 to 12 hairy at base. Ovary ovate 2-lobed coarsely villous. Fruit of r or 2 lobes with long puberulous blunt setae. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Perak (Scortechini). Natzve name: Rambutan Passeh. (8) N. tuberculatum Radlk. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iii. 352. Tree 60 to 80 ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Branches, panicle and petiole grey-puberulous. Leaves 8 to 14 in. long; leaflets 2 to 6 pairs, oblong blunt coriaceous, base rounded; nerves 7 to 9 pairs ‘elevate, sparsely pubescent glaucescent beneath, 6 in. long, 2°5 in. wide. Panicle 8 in. long terminal dense-flowered. Flowers ‘2 in. across. Calyx of 5 blunt whitish pubescent lobes. Petals -o. Disc hairy. Stamens short not exsert glabrous. Fruit 1 to 2 in. long elongate ellipsoid bright green hoary, covered with glabrous pyramidal tubercles (I have seen no fruit). Hab. Perak (Scorte- chini). (9) N. mutabile Bl. Rumphia iii. 104. N. chryseum King, L.c. 437, not of Blume. Tree usually about 30 ft. tall. Leaves 6 to 12 in. long; rachis puberulous; leaflets 4 to 8 sub-coriaceous oblong to elliptic-oblong acuminate or acute, base narrowed, glaucous beneath; nerves g to 12 pairs, 2°5 to 5 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide; petiolules "15 in. long. Panicles axillary 3 to 4 in. long; flowers white ‘15 in. across, clustered. Calyx shortly bluntly 5- or 6-lobed tomentose. Petals 0. Stamens 7 or 8 short pubescent. Ovary reniform bilobed pubescent. Fruit usually lobed about 2 in. long covered with truncated spines dark purple. Hab. Commonly cultivated, the Pulasan. ; Blume distinctly says he intended the Pulasan by thisname. N. chryseum Bl. with a yellow fruit and soft spines like arambutan, may be a variety of N. lappaceum Linn. N. pallens Radlk. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iii. 352, N. mutabile var. pallens Hiern, F.B.1. i. 687 (exclusive of the fruiting specimen Maingay 1629, which is N. lappaceum) is a form of the Pulasan. (10) N. hamulatum Radlk. Uber. Sapind. Holl. Ind. 78; King, 62437. Tree. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves to to 15 in. long; rachis puberulous; leaflets 6 to 10 oblong acuminate blunt, base cuneate, glabrous above midrib puberulous, beneath sub-glaucous minutely 502 XLII. SAPINDACE. [Nephelium. pubescent; nerves 16 to 24 pairs raised, 2°5 to 4'5 in. long, r to I'75 in. wide; petiolules ‘15 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary; branches few racemose tomentose. Flowers ‘I in. across numerous. Calyx tomentose, 4 broad blunt lobes. Petals o. Stamens 6 or 7 exsert; filaments pubescent. Fruit red ovoid covered with woody puberulous spines with bulbous bases 1°5 in. long, I in. through. Hab. Forests, Malacca, Bukit Kayu Arang (Cantley); Kesang (Goodenough). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Fox- worthy). Dindings, Pangkor. Native name: Sunggol Lotong. (11) N. ophiodes Radlk. l.c. 78; King, l.c. 438. Tree 50 to 8o ft. tall, ro to 15 in. through. Branchlets and panicles rusty-puberulous. Leaves 12 to 18 in. long; leaflets 6 to ro, stiff coriaceous oblong short blunt acuminate, base shortly narrowed blunt oblique, beneath scaly red puberulous; nerves 15 to 18 pairs strongly elevate beneath,.6 to 8 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 to ‘25 in. long. Panicles axillary or terminal 8 to 16 in. long. Flowers ‘15 in. across yellow and white. Calyx tomentose acutely 5- or 6-lobed. Petals 0. Stamens 6 pubescent short. Ovary ovoid setose tomentose. Fruit ovoid-globose with dense puberulous setae, 1°5 in. long, I in. wide, blood-red. Hab. Malacca, Tebong (Griffith). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Native name. Pulassan tukul. (12) N. malaiense Griff. Notule iv. 549; King, l.c. 439. Tree about 50 ft. tall. Branches scurfy pubescent. Leaves Io to 14 in. long; rachis tomentose; leaflets 6 to 8 thinly cori- aceous elliptic cuspidate, base rounded smooth above; nerves 14 to 18 pairs raised and pubescent beneath, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; petiolules ‘15 in. long. Panicles terminal tomentose 6 to g in. or more long; branches numerous. Flowers fascicled ‘25 in. across. Calyx pubescent; lobes 5 round blunt. Petals 5 as long obovate villousinside. Stamens 8short. Fruit globose smooth brown ‘65 to °75 in. through. Seed globular with thin pulp. Hab. Common in villages, a well-known fruit tree. Native name: Mata Kuching. (13) N. eriopetalum Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 508; Hiern, FBI. i. 689; King, l.c. 438. N. obliquinerve Radlk. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iii. 354. A tree about 80 ft. tall. Young parts, rachis, under-side of leaflets and panicle red-tomentose. Leaves 12 to 24 in. long; leaflets 6 to 10 thick coriaceous oblong sub-acute narrowed at rounded or cuneate base; nerves 16 to 24 pairs, 4 to 12 in. long, 1°65 to 4in. wide; petiolules ‘25 to °35 in. long stout. Racemes pen- dent in axils lengthening in fruit 4 to Io in. long or more. Flowers in tufts ‘25 in. wide. Calyx-teeth 5 triangular acute pubescent outside. Petals 5 or fewer narrow spathulate pubescent. Disc lobed pubescent. Stamens Io pubescent. Fruit ellipsoid densely covered with soft spines, 2 in. long, 1°5 in. through, crimson red. Nephelium.| XLII. SAPINDACEE.. 503 Hab. Woods in lowlands, Singapore, Garden Jungle; Changi. Malacca, Merlimau (Cantley); Brisu (Derry). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Dindings, Bruas (Burn-Murdoch). Perak (Scortechini). Disivib. Sumatra. Native names: Gumpo; Tungku Lotong; Tingam Balam; Sanggol Lotong. DOUBTFUL SPECIES N. ECHINULATUM Ridl. Euphoria echinulata Radlk. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iii. 347. Tree. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence stellate-hairy. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long; leaflets 4 to 6 lanceolate acute or long acuminate, base cuneate, sub-coriaceous; nerves sparsely hairy, 3°5 to 7 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide. Panicles terminal. Fruit covered with short conic processes. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). I have not seen this plant. N. sEtTosum Ridl. Euphoria setosa Radlk. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. ii. 347. _ Tree 4o to 60 ft. tall. Branchlets, petioles and nerves stellate- pubescent with sete. Leaves ‘7 to 8'5 in. long; leaflets oblong lanceolate short acuminate, base obtuse chartaceous coriaceous, 2°25 to 4°25 in. long, I to 1'5 in. wide. Panicles terminal elongate 8 in. long. Calyx lobes blunt stellate-pubescent, inside puberulous. Petals narrow spathulate acute, strigose villous. Disc with fascicled hairs. Stamens pilose. Hab. Larut 1000 to 2000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). I have not seen this plant. 12. POMETIA, Forst. Trees tall or medium. Leaves alternate pinnate. Leaflets sub-opposite dentate or entire, lowest pair stipule-like. Racemes panicled or simple. Flowers small regular bisexual fascicled. Calyx cup-shaped 4- to 5-lobed. Petals-o or 4 to 5 small. Disc entire annular. Stamens usually 6 or 5 (rarely less or more) within disc exsert. Ovary 2- or 3-coccous and -celled; ovules solitary ; style elongate. Fruit of r to 3 globose or oblong, lobes smooth. Seed with a thin pulpy aril. Species 4, Malaya, Ceylon, Australasia. Calyx and leaflets glabrous : 5 : ‘ . (1) P. macrocarpa Calyx and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves 12 to 24 in. long, sub-glabrous . . . (2) P. pinnata Leaves 3 to 8 in. long, hairy beneath . i . (3) P. alnifolia (1) P. macrocarpa Kurz. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliv. (2), 205; King, l.c. 440. Glabrous tree. Leaves g to 12 in. long; leaflets coriaceous oblong to elliptic acuminate remotely denticulate, base round; nerves 15 to 18 pairs prominent beneath, 4°5 to 6 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Panicles axillary 8 to 12 in. long with several racemose dense-flowered branches. Flowers ‘I in, 504 XLII. SAPINDACEZ. [Pometia. long, glabrous. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 0. Stamens 5; filaments pubescent. Fruit ovoid 1°5 to2in. long. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Apparently very rare, as it never seems to have been collected again. (2) P. pinnata Forst. Char. Gen. 110. A pubescent tree 30 to 60 ft. or more tall. Leaves 12 to 36 in. long; leaflets 4 to 12 pairs thinly coriaceous oblong or oblanceolate- oblong acute serrate, base rounded sub-cordate (lowest leaflets small and round), 4 to 12 in. long, 1°75 to 4 in. wide; petiolules "15 in. long, glabrous or puberulous upon the nerves. Panicles 12 in. or more long; pubescent flowers ‘I in. across. Calyx pubes- cent; teeth triangular 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5 small. Disc fleshy lobed glabrous. Stamens 5 to 6, bases pubescent. Fruit ellipsoid black *75 to 1°25 in. long. Hab. Banks of streams common, in the lowland country, conspicuous from the young red leaves. Johor, Bukit Soga. Malacca (Maingay). Pahang River. Selangor, Dusun Tua. Perak, Batang Padang (Kunstler). Plus River (Wray). Penang Road to Balik Pulau (Curtis). Native names : Kasai; Asam Kwang. Dvystrib. Malay Isles and Polynesia. (3) P. alnifolia Radl. Uber. Sapind. Holl. Ind. 30; King, l.c. 442. P. gracilis King, l.c. 441. A small tree 20 to 60 ft. tall, 8 to 18 in. through. Leaves 3 to 8 in. long; rachis pubescent; leaflets thinly coriaceous oblong or oblanceolate-oblong acuminate, base rounded or cuneate, edge denticulate or nearly entire, sparsely hairy beneath; nerves numerous little elevate; upper leaflets 3 to 4 in. long, *g to 1°25 in. wide, lower ones smaller. Panicles pubescent axillary terminal 8 in. long; flowers numerous dense, less than ‘I in. long, green. Calyx-lobes 5 triangular pubescent. Petals 5 oblong or rounded very small and often absent. Stamens 5 long or short exserted glabrous. Fruit usually simple oval obtuse greenish yellow, *75 to I in. long on a short thick pedicel. Hab. Common in forests. Singapore, Tanglin; Bukit Mandai. Selangor, Weld’s Hill (Fox- worthy). Perak, Goping and Batang Padang (Kunstler); Tapah (Wray). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). I cannot separate King’s P. gracilis from this species. King also, l.c. 443, gives the MSS. names of P. Curtisii and P. Ridleyi to two plants from Penang and Negri Sembilan respectively which are not fully described, and which I do not know. 13. NAPEODENDRON, Rid. Tree glabrous. Leaves alternate pinnate; leaflets coriaceous 2 pairs. Panicle large erect. Flowers small. Sepals 4 ovate. Petals longer 4. Stamens 8; filaments short thick hairy; anthers ovoid oblong shortly apiculate. Ovary sunk in disc 2-celled, 2-ovuled; style short stout. Stigma large discoid. Fruit unknown. Species 1, Malay Peninsula. Napeodendron. | XLII. SAPINDACE. 505 (x) N. altissimum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 179. A big tree. Leaves alternate glabrous; petioles 2°5 in. long; leaflets 4 alternate or sub-opposite coriaceous glaucescent beneath, elliptic acute, base blunt; nerves elevate beneath 12 pairs, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petiolules -2 in. long. Panicles axillary terminal 8 in. long, basal half nude; branches 1°5 in. long. Flowers on short cymes at the branch-ends ‘1 in. long, shortly pedicelled. Sepals 4 ovate puberulous. Petals 4 longer oblong puberulous. Stamens 8 outside the disc; filaments broad oblong hairy; anthers ovoid terminal apiculate. Disc deep annular, edge thick. Style short thick; ovary partly free from disc 2-celled; ovules I in each. Stigma large discoid. Fruit not seen. Hab. In dense forest in the hill ranges, Selangor, Ulu Gombak (Ridley). 14. GUIOA, Cav. Small trees or shrubs. Leaflets 1 to 8 pairs, lanceolate oblique entire sub-coriaceous. Flowers small white in simple or branched racemes, axillary. Sepals 5 ovate round thick, imbricate in 2 rows, edges pubescent. Petals 5 each with 2 pectinate scales. Disc entire annular or crescentic. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-angled; style 1 curved. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit obcordate oblique 3-winged. Seeds arillate. About 33 species, Malayan and Australian. Rachis of leaves winged. Leaflets glaucous beneath .. Rachis of leaves terete. Leaflets glabrous not glaucous beneath. Leaflets glabrous glaucous beneath Leaflets puberulous. Midrib pubescent : fuscidula Rachis, midrib, petioles tomentose . ) microphylla (1) G. pleuropteris Radlk. Sitz. ne iad Math. Phys. 1x. 611; King, l.c. 444. Cupania pleuropteris Bl. Rumphia ii. 158. Large shrub or small tree, pubescent. Leaves 4 to 7 in. long; rachis narrow, winged; leaflets 3 to 7 ovate-lanceolate or oblanceo- late acute, base cuneate, glaucous beneath sparsely hairy, 2°5 to 4°5 in. long, r to 1°75 in. wide; petiolules ‘1 in. long. Racemes branched 2 to 4 in. long. Flowers white. Fruit "75 in. broad; wings rounded, base contracted to a short stalk. Hab. Common in woods and hedges, open country, Singapore. Johor, Pulau Tinggi (Kelsall). Pahang, Rumpin River. Malacca, Bukit Bruang (Derry). Dindings. Province Wellesley, Kubang Ulu (Curtis). Penang, Ayer Hitam (Curtis). Kelantan, Kota Bharu. var. bijuga King, lc. Leaflets 2 pairs; rachis dilated at top. Common, Singapore, Pasir Panjang; Chan Chu Kang; Bukit Timah Road (Hullett). Malacca, Penang, Moniot’s Road (Curtis). Dzstvib. Cochin-China, Borneo, Sumatra. Native names: Sempayan Ulur; Pena-Pena. I pleuropteris squamosa ) G. ) G. ) G. pubescens ) G. G. Pe — 2 3) 4 3 506 XLII. SAPINDACEZ. [Guioa. (2) G. squamosa Radlk. l.c. 609; King, l.c. 444. Cupania glabrata Hiern, in Hook fil. F.B.I. 1. 676. Small tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves 6 to ro in. long; leaflets 4 to 8 pairs, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate short acuminate sub- falcate, base narrow oblique, glabrous not glaucous beneath; nerves 8 to Io pairs. Panicles racemose 2 to 3 in. long puberulous ornearly glabrous. Fruit I in. across; wings broad oblong rounded, abruptly narrowed to a stalk. Style persistent. Hab. Woods and open forests. Singapore, Selitar; Bukit Timah. Malacca, Brisu (Holmberg). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis, Wallich) at 1500 to 2000 ft. altitude. (3) G. pubescens Radlk. I.c. 612; King, l.c. 445. Cupania pallidula Hiern, l.c. i. 676. C. Griffithiana Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliv. (2), 188. A small tree about 20 ft. tall. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves 6 to g in. long; rachis not winged; leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, glabrous, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate falcate glaucous beneath, acuminate, base cuneate oblique; nerves slender 5 to 7 pairs, 2°5 to 4°5 in. long, I in. wide. Panicles 4 in. long pubescent. Flowers white. Sepals green edged white. Petals and stamens white. Anthers brown. Disc green. Style yellow. Fruit ‘6 in. wide; wings narrow blackish. Seed black nearly covered by a yellow aril. Hab. Common in hedges and woods, open country, Singapore, Tanglin; Bukit Mandai. Johor, Gunong Pulai. Malacca, Sungei Hudang; Bukit Bruang (Derry). Selangor, Bukit Kudah. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Kayu Arang (Cantley). Dindings, Lumut. Dzis- trib. Bangka, Java, Sumatra. Native names: Nilau; Kelilayan Putih. (4) G. fuscidula Radlk. 1.c. 609; King, l.c. 445. Cupania fuscidula Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. (2), 302; Hvern, l.c. 16772 Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall. Leaves 4 to 12 in. long; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, elliptic sub-acute, base slightly narrowed oblique, sparsely puberulous on both sides, midrib above pubescent (occasionally glabrous, var. glabrescens King), not glaucous beneath; nerves 6 or 7 pairs, 2 to 3 in. long, 1 to 1°5 in. wide; petiolules -2 in. long. Racemes shortly branched 2 in. long pubescent. Fruit °5 in. across, lobes broader than long, rounded, gradually narrowed to a basal stalk. Hab. Dindings. Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler). Distrib. Tenasserim. (5) G. microphylla Radlk. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iii. 354. Tree pubescent. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long; rachis, petioles, midrib tomentose ; leaflets alternate 6 pairs coriaceous lanceolate acuminate, base cuneate oblique, 1°5 in. long, *4 in. wide; petiolules ‘rz in. long. Panicles little branched below leaves 2°5 in. long pubescent. Flowers ‘2 in. across. Petals round. Hab. Perak, Hermitage Hill (Curtis), only known locality. Trigonachras.| XLII, SAPINDACE&. 507 15. TRIGONACHRAS, Radlk. A small tree. Leaflets many coriaceous glabrous lanceolate acuminate, base oblique falcate. Panicles racemose terminal and axillary. Calyx cupular pubescent with 5 imbricate lobes. Petals 5, each with 2 pectinate scales. Disc annular. Stamens 8. Fruit large woody orange pyriform tomentose 3-angled, 3-celled, 1-seeded. One species. (1) T. acuta Radlk. Sitz. Bay. Akad. Math. Phys. ix. 672; King, l.c. 445. Leaves 8 to 12 in. long; leaflets 11 to 15, oblong-lanceolate ; nerves 8 to Io pairs, 2 to 3°5 in. long, ‘6 to ‘8 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Racemes panicled tomentose; flowers rather long- pedicelled. Ovary elongate conic pubescent. Fruit 2 in. long, 12 in. wide. Hab. River-banks in open country and woods. Singapore (Wallich); Bukit Timah. Malacca, Pulau Besar (Main- gay). Pahang, Pekan. Distrib. Malay Islands. 16. ARYTERA, BI. Trees or shrubs. Leaflets 1 to 5 pairs elliptic-lanceolate. Panicles axillary or terminal. Calyx cupular 5-lobed imbricate. Petals 5 with 2 pectinate scales. Disc annular. Stamens 8, Fruit 2- or 3-celled lobed, lobes elliptic obcordate divaricate; peri- carp woody inside. Seed arillate. Species 20, Malaya, China, Australia. (1) A. littoralis B/. Rumpiia iii. 170; King, l.c. 446. Cupania adenophylla Planch. in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 677. Tree 25 to 7o ft. tall. Branchlets and rachis puberulous. Leaves 6 to 13 in. long; leaflets 2 to 6 pairs acuminate, base cuneate glabrous thinly coriaceous, nerves 8 to Io pairs conspicuous, 3 to 6 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petiolules 25 in. long, stout. Panicles - axillary much-branched tomentose pubescent. Flowers very small. Calyx pubescent. Petals slightly longer cuneate emarginate pubescent above. Stamens hairy. Fruit coriaceous 2-lobed, lobes compressed oblong blunt orange. Seed black, aril red. Hab. Tidal swamps and river-banks. Singapore, Chua Chu Kang. Malacca, Bukit Panchur (Goodenough). Pahang River, Temerloh. Muar, Sungei Segal (Fox). Perak, Sungei Rayah (Kunstler). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Dzistvib. Burma, Malay Isles. Natiwe names; Kulalayo Hitam; Bedara Amping. 17. MISCHOCARPUS, BI. Tree. Leaflets 1 to 5 pairs ovate-lanceolate or elliptic. Racemes axillary simple or branched. Calyx cup-shaped with 5 imbricate segments. Petals 5 with 2 large pectinate scales or absent. Disc annular. Stamens 8. Fruit pyriform blunt 3-angled or rounded, 508 XLII. SAPINDACEZ. [Mischocarpus. pedicelled, 3-celled. Seed with a thin aril with 2 basal spurs. Species 10, Malaya, Australia. Petals 5 minute . 3 : j j . (1) M. sumatranus Petals none or 3 . ‘ , : ‘ . (2) M. Lessertianus (1) M. sumatranus BL. Rumphia iii. 168; King, l.c. 448. Cupania fuscescens B/. King, l.c. 447. Tree 30 to 70 ft. tall, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves g to 12 in. long; leaflets 4 to 6 elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate coriaceous finely reticulate, base cuneate; nerves 12 to 15 pairs elevate beneath, 4 to 8 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petiolules ‘25 in. long thick. Panicles erect 12 in. long ; branches few racemose. Petals 5 minute pale yellow. Disc hairy. Fruit pyriform *4 in. long with a pseudo-stalk :25 in. long. Hab. Woods in lowlands, Singapore, Bukit Panjang; Pulau Ubin. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Thaiping. Penang, Moniot’s Road (Curtis) at 1200 ft. altitude. Dzstvib. Malay Isles, Cochin-China and India. If the plants identified as M. fuscescens Bl. by King are really what Blume intended, these two species seem identical, except that M. fuscescens has five rudimentary petals. (2) M. Lessertianus Rid/. M. sundaicus King, l.c. 447, not of Blume. Cupania Lessertiana Camb. Hiern, F.BI. 1. 678. Tree 25 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves 6 to Io in. long; leaflets 3 to 6 elliptic oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base cuneate glabrous coriaceous; nerves 8 to Io pairs faint, 2°5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petiolules *15 in. long. Panicles of a few dense racemose branches, puberulous. Calyx pubescent yellow. Petals o or 3. Fruit globular pyriform 3-angled when young, °*25 in. long, pseudo- stalk 4 in. long. Hab. Sea coasts, river-banks.. Singapore, Seran- goon; Changi Road. Johor, Minyak Buku. Malacca, Bukit China Road (Maingay). Pahang, Rumpin River and Pekan (Evans). Penang, Coast (Curtis). Setul. Tringganu, Sai Chao, Bukit Besar (Yapp). Distvib. S. Siam. Native names: Ludai Bulan; Medang Serai; Perapat Bukit; Tasai. Distinguished from M. sundaicus Bl. by the smooth rounder leaves and the form of the fruit, the base of which is rounded, and not decurrent to the pseudo-stalk. Blume’s plant has also a much larger pear-shaped, strong- angled fruit. 18. PARANEPHELIUM, Miq. Tree often vast, with the habit of Pometia. Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets usually dentate. Flowers panicled regular bi- sexual. Calyx 4- to 6-lobed. Petals 5, small with a larger scale. Disc entire deep. Stamens 6 to Io glabrous. Ovary 3-celled, 3-angled. Fruit a woody, spiny or tubercled capsule 3-valved, I- to 3-seeded. Seed large or angled globose. Species 3 or 4, Burma, Cambodia, Malaya. Paranephelium.] XLII. SAPINDACEZ. 509 Leaves 18 to 20 in. ses fruit with short thick spines . (1) P. macrophyllum Leaves 12 in. or more long; fruit with long stiff acuminate spines. - (2) P. muricatum Leaves 15 to 18 in. long; fruit lobulate scurfy - (3) P. nitidum (1) P. macrophyllum King, l.c. 450. A tree 30 to roo ft. tall and 5 or 6 ft. through with buttresses, glabrous. Leaves 18 to 20 in. long; leaflets 5 to 9 coriaceous shining oblong cuspidate, edges remotely serrate, base cuneate; nerves 18 to 28 pairs prominent beneath, 6 to 15 in. long, 2°5 to 4°5 in. wide; petiolules 35 in. long. Panicles erect spreading 12 in. long crimson. Flowers ‘2 in. across. Sepals pink. Petals little longer white flushed pink. Disc large and conspicuous olive yellow hairy. Stamens pink. Fruit globular woody covered with thick spines, brown. Hab. In dense forests, Singapore, Bukit Timah. Perak, Larut and Kinta (Kunstler); Kwala Kangsar; Temengoh (Ridley). (2) P. muricatum Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinchine, t. 328. Delpya muricata Pierre, l.c. A small tree 18 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves 12 in. or more long ; petioles tomentose; leaflets 2 pairs, coriaceous elliptic-oblong acuminate, base unequal narrowed, edge distantly coarsely serrate; nerves about 12 pairs; upper leaflets ro in. long, 4 in. wide; petiolules thick ‘2 in. long. Panicles 6 to 12 in. long. Sepals oblong lanceo- late velvety outside. Fruit sub-globose with numerous stiff acuminate spines. Hab. Open heathy country. Perlis, Chupeng (Ridley). Distrib. Siam. I suppose this specimen (only in fruit) is what Pierre intended, though its leaves are quite glabrous, as are petioles and fruit. He describes these parts as velvety. The panicle is, however, pubescent. (3) P. nitidum King, l.c. 450. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, 15 to 20 in. through, glabrous. Leaves 15 to 18 in. long; leaflets 5 to g coriaceous oblong-lanceolate acuminate entire, base much narrowed; nerves 14 to I6 pairs, 4°5 to 6°5 in. long, 1°5 to 1°75 in. wide; petiolules -25 in. long. Panicles 3 to 4 in. long lax. Flowers ‘2 in. wide white. Fruit woody lobulate globular scurfy rusty-brown, 3-seeded, °75 in. long, I in. wide. Hab. Dense rocky jungle. Selangor, Ulu Selangor (Goodenough), Perak, Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). 49. DODONZA, Linn. Shrubs (or trees). Leaves simple alternate. Cymes lateral. Flowers small green unisexual. Sepals 2 to 5. Petals none. Stamens 5 to 10, usually 8. Disc obsolete,-or very small. Ovary 3- to 6-seeded and celled; ovules 2. Capsule thin flat sub-orbicular emarginate papery 2-valved, valves winged on the back, I- or 510 XLII. SAPINDACEZ. [Dodonea. 2-seeded. Seeds sub-globose. small. About 65 species, mostly Australian. (1) D. viscosa Jacg. Enum. Pl. Carib. 19; King, l.c. 451. D. Burmanniana DC. Prodr. i. 616. A glabrous bush 4 to 6 ft. tall or less. Leaves oblanceolate acute or blunt, base much narrowed shining, thinly coriaceous, many-nerved, viscid, 1°75 to 4 in. long, *5 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘r in. long. Cymes I in. long spreading axillary. Flowers ‘25 in. wide. Sepals oblong. Capsule °75 in. long and little broader. Hab. Sand-hills on the seashore. Johor, Pulau Tinggi (Fielding). Pahang, Kwala Pahang; Rumpin River (Evans). Malacca (Griffith, Maingay). Dindings, Pangkor near the old Dutch Fort (Curtis). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Lankawi, Burau Bay. Kelantan, Kwala Kelantan. Dzistvib. Tropics generally. It is never cultivated in the Malay Peninsula, as King suggests. The species is very variable in many parts of the world, if the plant usually so named is not a mixture of several species. There is only one form in the Malay Peninsula, the sand-hill bush. In Java this species forms a tree 60 ft. tall, grown as a woodland tree. Native names: Kayu Bertih; Seringan Laut. 20. HARPULLIA, Roxb. Trees. Leaves pinnate; leaflets alternate glabrous. Flowers uni- or bi-sexual racemed or panicled. Sepals 4 or 5 imbricate. Petals 4 or 5 obovate longer, no scales. Stamens 5 to 8. Disc obscure. Ovary pubescent 2-celled; ovules 2 in a cell; style elongate. Stigma linear. Capsule coriaceous usually 2-lobed, 2-valved. Seeds globose arillate. Species 6, Madagascar, India, Australia. (1) H. confusa Bl. Rumpiia iu. 176. Small tree about 20 ft. tall. Leaves 6 to 18 in. long; leaflets 6 to 10 membranous shortly cuspidate oblong or elliptic, base round or shortly cuneate; nerves fine 8 to Io pairs, 4°5 to 8 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petiolules ‘1 in. long. Panicles 8 in. long with few distant short branches, puberulous. Sepals ovate round pubescent. Petals oblong not clawed blunt. Capsule ovoid beaked mealy pubescent °6 in. long and as wide. Hab. On forests rare. Pahang, Pulau Tawar; Kwala Lipis (Foxworthy). Negri Sembilan, Tampin. Dzstrib. Java. Native name: Kesema. I think the Perak specimens mentioned’ by King, are this and not H. cupanioides, but his description, /J.c. 451, is that of the Indian cupanioides, Tur{inia.] XLII. STAPHYLEACEE: 511 Orprer XLIII. STAPHYLEACE. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, compound. Flowers small white regular panicled. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5 outside the flat or ring-like disc. Ovary 2- to 3-lobed; styles 3, free or connate. Fruit a drupe or berry 3-celled. Seeds few or many. Genera 22, species 5, Europe, N. America, Asia. 4. TURPINIA, Vent. Glabrous trees. Leaves pinnate 3- to 5-foliate sub-coriaceous opposite. Panicles axillary, and falsely terminal, lax of small white Fic. 50.—Turpinia trifoliata. flowers bisexual. Calyx 5-lobed imbricate. Petals 5 imbricate. Stamens 5 insert outside the lobed disc. Ovary sessile 3-lobed, 3-celled; styles 3 free or not. Fruit sub-globose green fleshy, 3-celled. Styles 2 or 3 distinct at tip. Species about 12, India and Malaya and America. " Leaflets 2. Flowers °3 in. across in a short panicle 2 to 3in.long. (1) T. trifoliata Leaflets 5. Flowers ‘15 in. across in lax panicle 8in. long .° . (2) T. latifolia Flowers ‘1 in. across, panicle; 15 in. long very lax . (3) T. laxiflora (1) T. trifoliata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 178. Tree. Leaflets 3 distant elliptic blunt or cuspidate acuminate crenulate or blunt serrate sub-equal, 6 in. long, 3 in. wide; central 512 XLII]. STAPHYLEACEZ. [Turpinia. petiolule 2 to 3 in. long, laterals *5 in. long; petioles ‘2 in. long. Panicle 2 to 3 in. long axillary with short condensed branches about 1°25 in. long; flowers subumbelled. Bracts minute ovate. Pedicels short. Sepals oblong, tip round ‘15 in. long. Petals white about as long. Stamens shorter; filaments short; anthers large oblong. Ovary conic grooved. Fruit ovoid (eventually globose) with the remains of the styles as conic processes with a depression between each, ‘25 in. through. Hab. Forests. Malacca, Nyalas (Goodenough). Selangor, Sempang Mines, Semangkok Pass (Ridley). (2) T. latifolia Wall. Cat. 4939; Ridl.l.c. T. pomifera King, l.c. 452, not of DC. Tree about 30 to 4o ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves over a foot long, of 5 stiff dark shining green leaflets ovate-elliptic shortly cuspidate or blunt, base round, quite entire or minutely serrulate, 4 in. long, 3 in. wide or less; petiolules, terminal one 2 in. long, laterals -25 to *5 in. long; petioles 3 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary very lax spreading, 8 in. long and as wide; flowers cymose and racemed at the branch-ends. Sepals ovate blunt ‘06 in. long. Petals oblong blunt longer white. Fruit globose fleshy green ‘5 in. through. Hab. Common in woods in the low country. Singapore, Tanglin; Bukit Mandai. Muar, Bukit Keyara (Fox). Malacca. Selangor, Sungei Buluh; Bukit Kutu. Perak, Larut (Kunstler) ; Togoh (Wray). Penang Hill; Telok Bahang (Curtis, Wallich). Native names: Giramong; Geritta; Merbong Jantan. (3) T. laxiflora Rid. 1.c. 179. Very big tree 80 ft. or more tall. Leaves g to ro in. long; leaflets 5 ovate elliptic blunt or acuminate entire or minutely crenulate, 4 in. long, 3 in. wide; petiolules, terminal one 1°75 in. long, lateral ones ‘15 to ‘2 in. long; petioles 2 in. long. Panicles very lax slender spreading, 15 in. long, 5 in. or more wide; peduncle and secondary peduncles 4 in. long. Flowers sub-racemose distant; pedicels ‘o8 in. long; upper part of panicle pubescent. Sepals ovate ‘05 in. long. Petals little longer. Hab. Forests, Singapore, Garden Rockery, a big tree. Pahang, Bukit Beserah, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Native name: Kapan Bukit. A much bigger tree with much more lax panicles, which usually appear after leaf-shedding. King has written the plant up as pomifera var. spherocarpa, but it is quite different from the Javanese spbherocarpa Hassk, OrpveR XLIV. SABIACEZ. Climbing shrubs or small to large trees. Leaves alternate, simple or compound. Flowers small or minute, bisexual (rarely unisexual) usually panicled. Calyx 4- to 5-lobed, lobes imbricate. Sh i i a aa Sabia.] XLIV. SABIACE. 513 Petals 4 or 5, imbricate, equal or unequal, opposite or alternate. Disc annular. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite petals, all or only two perfect, and 3 sterile filaments clavate or subulate; anther-cells distant, bursting transversely or with a cap. Ovary 2- to 3-celled, compressed or 2- to 3-lobed; styles 2 or 3, connate or free or 0; ovules I or 2inacell. Fruit I- or 2-carpelled, drupaceous. Seeds compressed or globose ex-albuminous. About 35 species, chiefly Indian. Climbers; stamens 4 to 5 perfect or equal - - > <. SABIA Trees; stamens 5, unequal . : : : ° - 2. MELIOSMA 1. SABIA, Colebr. Climbing or sarmentose shrubs, sub-glabrous. Leaves simple, entire. Flowers axillary, solitary, cymose, racemose or panicled, small green or purplish, 2-bracteate. Calyx 4- or 5-partite. Petals 4 0r5. Disc annular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, from base of disc. Carpels-2 (or 3); styles 2; ovules 2 in acarpel. Fruit of 1 or 2, gibbous carpels dry or drupaceous. Seed reniform, testa cori- aceous. About 16 species, Indo-Malayan. Flowers solitary, axillary . ; ; : : - (1) S. sumatrana Flowers racemose or panicled . ; ; : . (2) S. limoniacea (1) S. sumatrana B/. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 370; King, l.c. 454. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or elliptic acuminate, base cuneate, membranous, minutely puberulous beneath; nerves 5 pairs, elevate beneath, reticulations wide conspicuous, 3°5 to 7 in. long, 1°25 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles -35 to “75 in. long. Peduncles ‘35 in. long, lengthening in fruit. Sepals triangular, edges pubescent. Petals longer, lanceolate. Stamens nearly as long. Fruit ovoid com- pressed °5 in. long, white spotted blue. Hab. Rare in mountain forests. Hab. Perak, Larut Hills at 1800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Distrib. Sumatra. (2) S. limoniacea Wall. Cat. 1000; Hook. fil. F.BI.ii.3; King, l.c. 454. Leaves coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate acute or blunt, base cuneate or rounded, glabrous; nerves 5 or 6 pairs, faint, 2°5 to 6 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide; petioles °6 in. long. Flowers ‘15 in. wide in racemes, 2 to 6 in. long, distant. Sepals 5, oblong blunt. Petals 5 obovate. Stamens included. Fruit solitary or paired, oblique orbicular or elliptic ‘5 in. long. Hab. Rare in hill forests. Perak (Scortechini). Penang, Sungei, Penang Road (Curtis). Distrib. India. 2. MELIOSMA, Bl. Trees, often small. Leaves simple or unequally pinnate. Flowers small or minute, white or yellow in large branched terminal panicles FI.M.P., 1. Lik 514 XLIV. SABIACEZ. [Meliosma. usually bisexual. Bracteoles and sepals 5 to 9, forming a per- sistent whorl round the petals. Petals 5, 3 large orbicular, 2 smaller behind the fertile stamens, sometimes reduced to a bifid scale adnate to filament. Stamens 5, 2 fertile, top expanded into a cup with 2 globose cells dehiscing transversely, 3 deformed, cells empty. Disc cupular or annular with 2 to 5 teeth. Ovary 2- (or 3-)celled; style simple or bifid; ovules 2 in a cell. Stigma xz. Drupe small, globose, oblique; stone crustaceous. Seed globose. Species about 34, tropical Asia and S. America. Leaves simple. Petals 5. Flowers ‘05 in. across (1) M. elliptica Flowers ‘I in. across (2) M. monophylla Petals o. Flowers ‘1 in. across ‘ : ; : . '(3) M. lancifolia Leaves pinnate, glabrous. Leaves 30 to 40 in. long (4) M. levis Leaves 12 to 18 in. long (5) M. nitida Leaves 6 to 8 in. long . (6) M. elegans Leaves pinnate hairy beneath. Flowers clustered, sessile (7) M. lanceolata Flowers solitary, pedicelled (8) M. Ridleyi (x1) M. elliptica Hook. fil. F.BJI. ii. 5; King, l.c. 456. Small tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Branches, petioles, midribs above and under-side of leaves densely red-tomentose. Leaves simple, elliptic or oblanceolate, caudate-acuminate, entire or serrate, widest in middle, coriaceous; nerves Io pairs, elevate beneath, 4 to gin. long, 1°25 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘5 to 1'5 in. long. Panicle terminal, spreading 6 in. long; branches 3 in. long. Flowers crowded, sessile, ‘05 in. across. Sepals 4 orbicular, ciliate. Petals 5, orbicular. Fertile stamens 2 to 4. Fruit sub-globular, dark red, ‘2 to -25 in. long. Hab. Dense damp forest, lowlands, Singa- pore, Chanchukang; Malacca, Bukit Bruang (Derry). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Larut and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Native names: Buah Tipus; Medang Berhulu; Buah Palu. (2) M. monophylla Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 40. Leaves simple, elliptic acuminate, point long, base narrowed, thin glabrous; nerves 7 pairs slender, 6 to 8 in. long, 3 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles slender, 1°5 to 2 in. long. Panicles axillary or terminal, 2 to 3 in. long; peduncles 1 in. long, glabrous; branches few short. Flowers ‘1 in. long. Sepals 5, orbicular, unequal, ciliate. Petals 5, 3 orbicular, 2 small irregular. Stamens 2 fertile, 3 sterile lobed. Ovary glabrous. Hab. Rare in hill forests, Perak, Hermitage Hill (Ridley). (3) M. lancifolia Hook. fil. F.BJI. ii. 5; King, l.c. 456. Tree 20 to 40 ft. tall. Branches and panicles red-villous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblanceolate acuminate, gradually narrowed from middle to base; nerves 20 to 24 pairs, elevate, 12 to 18 in. Meliosma.]| XLIV. SABIACES. 515 long, 3°5 to 4 in. wide; petioles *75 in. long. Panicles Io in. long; branches 3 in. long distant. Flowers crowded ‘1 in. across sessile. Sepals 4, ovate glabrous. Petals none. Stamens 2 to 3, short. Fruit ovoid-globose, ‘3 in. long. Hab. Hill forests, Penang Hill (Maingay, Curtis). Perak (Scortechini). (4) M. levis King, l.c. 457. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall, 15 to 20 in. through. Leaves pinnate, 30 to 40 in. long; leaflets 10 to 12 pairs, coriaceous, oblong-lanceo- late caudate-acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous; nerves 14 to 16 _pairs, slender raised, 5 to 7 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide; petioles *35 in. long. Panicles 18 in. long; branches distant racemose, lower ones 5 in. long, upper ones shortening, shortly hairy. Flowers less than ‘I in. across, sessile, pale yellow. Sepals 2, orbicular, puberulous outside. Petals 5, 3 outer large, 2 inner small. Stamens 2 to 3; connective of anther hooded... Hab. Dense wet jungle, 200 to 300 ft. altitude, rare. Perak, Batang Padang district (Kunstler). (5) M. nitida Bl. Rumphia iii. 202, t. 169; King, l.c. 457. M. sumatrana Hook. fil. F.B I. ii. 6. . Small tree or erect shrub about ro to 20 ft.'tall, nearly glabrous. Leaves pinnate, 12 to 18 in. long; leaflets coriaceous, 7 to 13 elliptic- ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous; nerves 7 to Io pairs and reticulations prominent beneath, 4 to 12 in. long, 1°75 to 4°25 in. wide; petiolules 35 to ‘75 in. long. Panicles terminal axillary strict, 8 to 12 in. long, red-scurfy ; branches short. Flowers ‘I in. across, white, pedicelled. Sepals rounded 4. Petals 5, 3 outer round enclosing the two small inner ones. Stamens 2; anthers hooded with 2 round lobes. Fruit oblique to ovoid round, I in. long, ‘8 in. across, orange. Hab. Woods low country up to 2500 ft. altitude. Pahang, Bentong (Foxworthy). Malacca, Rim (Griffith); Nyalas. Johor, Kota Tinggi; Merlimau (Cant- ley). Selangor, Petaling; Ulu Gombak (Murdoch). Perak, Gunong Harom Parah (Scortechini) up to 2500 ft. altitude; Hermitage Hill. Dindings, Lumut. Penang, Government Hill. Native names : Pinang Pelandok; Mata Gajah; Tahi Gigi. Mengading. Use: _Fruit eaten by Jakuns. (6) M. elegans Fidl. Small: tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves pinnate 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets opposite, 6 to Io pairs, lanceolate acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous except a few reddish hairs on petiolules and midrib, 2 in. long, I in. wide; petiolules ‘25 in. long. Panicle lax, 12 in. long, hairy; branches remote, 6 in. long; branchlets 1 to 2 in. long. Flowers sub-sessile, pink fragrant. Calyx-lobes 4 to 5 lanceolate obtuse ciliate. Petals glabrous, 5 outer ones orbicular, inner ones oblong hooked. Stamens 3, with a bilobed cup surrounding anther. ‘Drupe pisiform, -25 in. long. Hab. Forest hill ranges. Selangor, Semangkok Pass (Curtis). 516 XLIV. SABIACEZ. [Meliosma. (7) M. lanceolata B/. Rumphia iii. 203, t. 168; King, l.c. 458. Small little-branched treelet about 20 ft. tall. Branchlets and young parts rusty-tomentose. Leaves 12 to 24 in. long; leaflets 13 to 17, stiff, coriaceous, glabrous, shining above; nerves 12 pairs with reticulations deeply impressed above, elevate beneath, more or less tomentose beneath, 3 to 6 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petiolules :2 to *35 in. long. Panicles very large, drooping, much- branched; branches 2 ft. long; branchlets 8 in. long. Flowers in rr QY 3 aS SESS ex <9 Zz my N ge Sy cep ae) O 0 y 6a Cro). “4 PF Sky a S23 ras AShime OS Sor: e955 \ iS Xi a \ J xD fae ale ~ OD Fic. 51.—Meliosma lanceolata. small clusters, sessile, ‘I in. across, cream colour. Sepals 3, orbicular- triangular, blunt. Petals 5; 3 outer larger orbicular. Stamens 2. ‘Fruit sub-globular, compressed, 3 to *4 in. across. Hab. Damp forest edges. Singapore, Chua Chu Kang; Jurong. Johor, Bukit Soga; Gunong Pulai. Malacca, Mount Ophir (Maingay); Sungei Hudang (Goodenough). Distrib. Java, Sumatra, S. Siam. Native name: Medang Siri. var. pubescens Hook. F.B.I. ii. 7, is a more tomentose state of the plant. (8) M. Ridleyi King, /.c. 458. Slender little branched tree 25 ft. tall. Leaves 15 in. long; rachis, midribs, nerves beneath red-tomentose; leaflets 11 to 15 Meliosma.] XLIV. SABIACE 4. 517 thinly coriaceous, oblong to lanceolate acuminate, base obliquely shortly cuneate, smooth above, red-tomentose beneath; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, reticulations distinct, 2°5 to 5 in. long, °g to I°2 in. wide; petiolules ‘r to ‘2 in. long. Panicles axiJlary and terminal, 5 to 12 in. long, red-tomentose; branches spreading. Flowers solitary, spicate, oblong under ‘I in. across, white. Fruit globose, *25 in. through, black. Hab. Southern woods of the peninsula, Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Timah. Johor, Castlewood. Malacca (Griffith). OrpER XLV. ANACARDIACE. Trees, often vast, rarely shrubs, with a clear resin which turns black on exposure, very poisonous. Leaves usually simple, cori- aceous or pinnate, alternate, rarely opposite. Flowers small or minute, white, yellow or pink, uni- or bi-sexual in panicles in the uppermost axils. Calyx 3- to 5-lobed or spathaceous (Gluta) or calyptrate (Melanorrhea). Petals 3 to 5. Disc flat cupular or annular or lobed. Stamens many as petals or fewer or more, some often abortive insert beneath, rarely on, disc. Ovaries I or 4 to 6; apocarpous or 2 to 5 syncarpous; ovules solitary, pendulous. Styles 1 to 5, or stigma sub-sessile. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled and 1 seed or a stone 2- to 5-celled. Seed exalbuminous. About 430 species, chiefly tropical. (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixiv. il. 459.) Spondias dulcis, Willd., the Hog plum, is occasionally planted. There are trees at Grit in Perak. It is a big tree with caducous leaves, long leaflets and greenish yellow plum-like fruit. i. ANACARDIEZ. Ovary 1-celled; leaves simple; carpels 1 to 5, only 1 fertile; style lateral or from base of ovary. Petals not accrescent; stamens in 1 whorl, some- times reduced to 1; fruit a drupe. Stamens 10; carpels 5 (4 or 6) : - . I. BUCHANANIA Carpel 1. Leaves opposite : : ; ; 7) 2s BounA Leaves alternate. Stamens 1 to 5; calyx 4- to 5-partite - 3. MANGIFERA Stamens 8 to 10; drupe reniform on a fleshy peduncle . A : ; - . 4. ANACARDIUM Calyx spathaceous; drupe corky, fleshy often tubercled . ‘ c ‘ . 5. GLUTA Petals accrescent. Calyx calyptrate; drupe sessile . 6. MELANORRHGA Calyx 5-partite; drupe stalked . : . 7. SWINTONIA ii. RHOIDE#. Carpels 1 or 3 united; ovary 1-celled; stamens in I to 2 whorls; fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded; leaves usually pinnate. Leaves simple. Flowers 5-merous; stamens 6 to 10 é : 8. CAMPNOSPERMA 518 XLV. ANACARDIACE2. [Buchanania. Leaves pinnate. Sepals accrescentin fruit . ; ? . 9. PARISHTA Sepals not accrescent in fruit. Stamens 5 with 5 staminodes. Stigma erect 3-lobed : ; . 10, MIcROSTEMON Stigma flat not 3-lobed, bent . : . Ii, PENTASPADON Stamens 4 to Io, no staminodes; drupe small 4 A + - 2) 62, SRS iii, SEMECARPEAE. Ovary I-celled of 3 carpels united; ovule 1; stamens in I row; styles 3 or 1; drupe large, connate with a fleshy. peduncle; leaves simple. Petals valvate; style 1; calyx enlarged adherent to drupe . - ; : . 13. MELANOCHYLA Petals imbricate; styles 3; drupe on a large fleshy receptacle ; : : - 14. SEMECARPUS iv. SPONDI&. Ovary and drupe 2- to 5-celled; leaves imparipinnate. Flowers bisexual; drupe large globose; flowers 5-merous, stamens 10; drupe 5-celled . 15. DRACONTOMELUM 1. BUCHANANIA, Roxb. Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers bisexual, white. Calyx short 3- to 5-toothed, imbricate. Petals 4 to 5, oblong, imbricate. Disc orbicular 5- -lobed. Stamens 8 to ro from base of disc. Carpels 5 to 6, one fertile. Style short. Stigma truncate. Drupe small, ovoid, compressed; stone bony, 2-valved. Seed gibbous. About 25 species, Asia and Australasia. Leaves round or blunt at tip; ‘panicle glabrous. . (1) B. lucida Leaves acute; panicle pubescent ; ; ; a B. sessilifolia (1) B. lucida Bl. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 184; Hook. fil. FBI. iit. 24. B. florida var. lucida King, l.c. 464; Engler, DC. Mon. Phan. 189 (not B. florida Schauer). B. petiolaris Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. (2), 637. Tree about 40 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceo- late or obovate blunt rounded, narrowed from below middle to the long-winged petiole, shining ; nerves 12 pairs fine, reticulations distinct, 3 to 5°5 in. long, 1°5 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles *5 to °75 in. long. Panicles axillary at branch-ends, lax, spreading, 6 in. long, 2 in. across. Flowers greenish white °25 in. across; pedicels ‘I in. long. Sepals 4 to 5, orbicular. Petals 4 or 5, elliptic. Stamens 8; anthers elongate cordate. Pistils 3 to 4. Drupe ovoid or sub- globose, *25 in. long. Hab. Common in woods. Singapore to Penang and Kedah and Lankawi. Distrib. Burma, Sumatra, Labuan, Siam. Native names: Arga; Kelompang Kras (Kedah). var. laxiflora Ridl. Leaves oblanceolate, quite blunt, rounded. Panicle 6 in. long, very lax; branchlets (lower ) 1°5 in. long; peduncle °7 in. long; pedicels 2 in, long, slender; buds oblong ‘1 in. long. Hab. Pulau Adang. Buchanania.] XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. 519 Engler’s var. petiolavis is merely based on a state of the foliage, the leaves beinggsmaller and rounder. (2) B. sessilifolia B/. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 184; King, ie, 463. 3B. acuminata Hook.-fil. F.B.I. ii. 24. Tree about 30 or 60 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, abruptly acute, narrowed to base, glabrous except sometimes the puberulous midrib beneath; nerves 13 to I5 pairs, elevate beneath, 3°5 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘I to 6 in. long. Panicles 8 to g in. long, peduncled, spreading 41n. across. Flowers crowded at tips, greenish white *I5 in. across. Sepals 5, round. Petals 5 to 6, oblong, blunt. Stamens 8 to Io, white; anthers sagittate. Drupe sub-cordate round compressed, *35 in. long. Hab. Common all over the peninsula in woods. Singapore, Pahang, Johor, Malacca, Perak, Penang. Distrib. Burma and Malay islands. Native names: Pauh pipit (Sparrow mango); Medang Hudang; Kurutak Hudang; Otak Hudang; Poko Hudang; Kuluk Hudang; Katawu Hudang (in Sumatra Katidang and Katudang); Temohong; Gulawai. In some forms the buds and inflorescence are more or less hairy. 2. BOUEA, Meissn. Trees medium size. Leaves simple, opposite glabrous. Flowers, small, yellow, bisexual. Sepals 3 to 5, valvate. Petals 3 to 5, imbricate, keeled on inner face. Stamens 3 to 5, insert within the small disc. Style short, terminal. Stigma 3-lobed. Drupe fleshy, yellow like a small mango; stone thin fibrous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Species 5, Asiatic. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long. Sepals puberulous; fruit *6 to*75in.long . . (1) B. microphylla Leaves 5 to 8 in. long. Sepals tomentose; fruit 2 in. long : : . (2) B. macrophylla (1) B. microphylia Giff. Pl. Cantor 15; Notule iv. 423; Hook. fil. F.BJI. ii. 21. B. burmanica var. microphylla Engl. l.c. 240; King, l.c. 465. A bushy tree 30 to 8o ft. tall. Leaves deep green coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate blunt acuminate, base cuneate; nerves Io to 15 pairs fine, depressed above, faintly raised beneath, 2°5 to 3 in. long, *5 to 1 in. wide; petioles -4 in. long. Panicles dense I to 1:25 in. long. Flowers crowded, yellow ‘r in. long. Sepals 4 ovate, puberulous. Petals 4, oblong obtuse, much longer. Stamens 3 or 4, shorter, red; anthers linear. Drupe oblong, I in. long, orange, like a small plum. Hab. Villages and woods. Singapore, Pahang, Malacca, Perak, Penang, often in orchards, but I think wild also. It occurred in the Garden Jungle apparently quite wild. Native names: Rumeniya betul; Rumia; Plum mango. Usz= A good fruit, rather acid, but good for cooking. 520 XLV. ANACARDIACE. [Bouea. (2) B. macrophylla Griff. Pl. Cantor, 15; Notule iv. 420; Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 21; King, l.c. 465. ~ Large bushy tree about 30 ft. tall. Leaves dark green, shining, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, base cuneate or round; nerves 18 to 20 pairs, 5 to 8 in. long, I° 65 to 2°65 in. wide; petioles ‘75 to rin. long. Panicles axillary, dense, 2 to 3 in. long : branches 1 in. long or less. Flowers yellow ‘1 in. long; pedicels finely tomentose. Sepals 3 to 4 ovate tomentose. Petals 3 to 4 oblong blunt glabrous. Stamens 3 to 4; anthers ovate. Drupe oblong as long as an egg, yellow pulpy. Hab. Villages. Singapore, Malacca to Biserat, Jalor (Yapp). Native names: Gondongan; Kondongan. Use: Fruit eatable and quite good. 3. MANGIFERA, Linn. Large to vast trees. Leaves simple alternate. Panicles in terminal axils, usually large. Flowers small, green, white, pink or violet, bisexual. Sepals 4 to 5 imbricate. Petals 4 to 5 imbricate. Stamens I to 5, rarely 8, one perfect with the others abortive or absent, within or on disc. Ovary 1-celled, oblique; style lateral. Drupe large, pulpy; stone compressed, fibrous. Seed large, flat or convex. About 30 species, tropical Asia, few Africa, chiefly Malayan. The Mango (Mangifera indica) is often planted, and to be seen round villages, but not native. Several of the other well-known cultivated species, such as the Binjai, are probably not native in the peninsula. Native names of Mango: Mampelam; Ampelam; Hampelam; also Buah Mangga. The name Pauh is applied also to many species. Disc fleshy, swollen. Sepals and petals 4; stamen 1. Panicles pubescent. Petiole 1 to 1°25 in. long; leaves 4 in. long or more : (1) M. Griffithii Petiole *25 to ‘4 in. long; leaves elliptic, sub- coriaceous (2) M. microphylla Petiole *25 to *4 in. long; leaves broad elliptic, stiff, coriaceous ; ; : . (3) M. sclerophylla Panicles glabrous. Leaves 6 by 2 in.; nerves fine, blunt; petiole *5 in. fone . , P . (4) M. Maingayi Leaves 11 by 3°5 in., acute; petiole 2°5 in. long : : (5) M. longipetiolata Leaves 6 by 2 in. ; panicles. stout (6) M. quadrifida Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 5 fertile . (7) M. pentandra ‘Stamens 3 fertile, 2 staminodes (8) M. lanceolata Stamen 1 perfect. Panicle tomentose (9) M. indica Panicle glabrous. Leaves very coriaceous (10) M. oblongifolia Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong 5 to § in. long : : (11) M. longipes | Mangifera.] XLV. ANACARDIACE&. 521 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate 3 to4in. long . (12) M. gracilipes Disc minute or absent. Panicle glabrous. Flowers *25 in. long, yellow, edged rose . (13) M. odorata Flowers *35 in. long pink, showy; panicle blood-red : ; F , . (14) M. foetida Flowers *3 in. long; leaves linear-oblong (15) M. macrocarpa Panicles puberulous. Flowers purple; stamens 5 or 6, perfect; fruit bottle-shaped . - ¢ : ~Panicles tomentose; petals adnate to a cylindric torus. Flowers ‘3 in. long; leaves sessile or nearly ; panicle 20 to 30 in. long : : Flowers showy, pale lavender; panicle 12 to 15 in. long . : : : : Flowers *75 in, long with large concave bracts . A ; : . (19) M. superba (1) M. Griffithii Hook. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. 168; Poel. 14> King, lc. 468. Tree 80 to 100 ft. tall. Leaves stiffly coriaceous elliptic or oblong to obovate blunt, narrowed to base; nerves 16 to 17 pairs slightly elevate beneath, 4 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles 1 to 2°5 in. long. Panicles rough pubescent, 3 to 6 in. long; terminal branches few. Flowers less than ‘1 in. across. Sepals 4, ovate pubescent. Petals 4, obovate, little longer with one or two thickened ridges near base. Stamen 1, on a 4-lobed disc. Fruit oblong-obovoid, 1°5 in. long, greenish yellow. Stone less than (16) M. lagenifera (17) M. kemanga (18) M. ceesia I in. long. Hab. Open rocky jungle in low country, Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Larut 300 to 500 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (2) M. microphylla Griff. in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 17. A small tree with a dense head. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic acuminate, base narrowed, blunt; nerves Io to 12 pairs, 2 to 4 in. long, *5 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles slender, *3 in. long. Panicles 3°5 in. long; branches very short, dense-flowered, pubescent. Flowers ‘2 In. across, white, short-pedicelled. Sepals 4, ovate pubescent. Petals 4, twice as long, oblong, 3-ridged. Stamen 1. Ovary globose puberulous. Drupe green as big as an egg and egg-shaped. Hab. Inorchards, Malacca, Chabau (Griffith). Pahang, Kwantan, Dalam (Foxworthy). Native names: Rabba-Rabba; Rawa. (3) M. sclerophylla Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 15; King, l.c. 469. Gigantic tree. Leaves very coriaceous, broad elliptic-obovate, apex sub-acute; nerves 12 pairs, thick, 2°5 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles stout, ‘25 to °75 in. long. Panicles terminal, 9 in. long; branches few, lowest 3 in. long, pubescent, sometimes racemose fascicled. Flowers ‘I in. across, sessile in the axil of an ovate bract longer than it. Sepals 4, ovate pubescent. Petals 4, about as large. Stamen 1. Drupe green ovoid, 1°5 in. long. Hab. In forests, Singapore, Changi. Malacca (Maingay). Perak (Wray). 522 XLV. ANACARDIACE. [Mangifera. (4) M. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 17; King, l.c. 469. A vast glabrous tree. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong acute or obtuse, base cuneate; nerves 15 pairs, reticulations incon- spicuous, 4 to g in. long, 1°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles °8 to 2 in. long. Panicle glabrous, pyramidal, 8 to g in. long with slender branches. Flowers ‘12 in. across, rather scattered ; pedicels slender. Sepals 4, ovate, blunt. Petals 4, oblong, twice as long, with 3 to 5 ridges. Stamen 1. Hab. Open country, Malacca, Bukit Sabukor. Muar, Sungei Pauh (Fox). Native name: Sepum. (5) M. longipetiolata King, l.c. 470. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong acuminate, long narrowed to base; nerves 16 to 20 pairs, prominent especially beneath, slender, both sides reticulate, 7°5 to Io in. long, 2°25 to 3°75 in. wide; petioles 2 to 4°5 in. long. Panicles glabrous, axillary and terminal lax, branching from base; branches few with 8 to 12 flowers at the tip. Flowers ‘15 in. across, white; pedicels slender. Sepals 4, ovate-lanceolate. Petals 4, elliptic, ridges near base 3, broad vertical. Stamen 1, shorter. Hab. Dense forests on mountains; Perak, Larut Hills, 2500 to 3000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (6) M. quadrifida Jack. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey) ii. 440. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic- oblong to lanceolate sub-acute tapering to base; nerves 16 to 18 pairs, slightly prominent, 5 to 7 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles -75 to 2°5 in. long. Panicle in upper axils 6 to 7 in. long with short branches; branchlets very short, cymose. Flowers ‘I5 in. across, white. Sepals 4, ovate obtuse. Petals 4, twice as long, elliptic, 3 ridges in lower half, mid-one thickened at tip. Stamen 1, shorter than petals from inner side of one of the 4 disc lobes. Hab. Forests, Perak, Gunong Bubu and Thaiping 300 to 1500 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang (Jack). (7) M. pentandra Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 14; King, l.c. 472. A big tree 60 to 80 ft: tall. Leaves coriaceous, oblong or oblong- lanceolate rounded or acutely acuminate, base almost rounded; nerves about 14 pairs, reticulations fine, distinct, 4 to 6 in. long, I°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘4 to ‘6 in. long. Panicles 6 to 8 in. long, densely hairy. Flowers very numerous, cream white, densely clustered. Sepals 5, ovate obtuse, hairy. Petals little longer 3-nerved in front. Stamens 5, much shorter, unequal. Disc lobed. Fruit green, oblong compressed. Hab. Lowland country, woods near the sea. Singapore, Changi. Malacca (Maingay). Kedah, Alor Sta. Native names: Mampelam; Manga Dodol. (8) M. lanceolata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 90. A tree. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate obtuse, base narrowed ; nerves 12 to 13 pairs, 5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long, much thickened towards base from middle. Panicles 6 in. long, 5 in. across terminal; rachis pubescent. Flowers ‘12 in. long, - bite ee Mangifera.| XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. 523 white; pedicels as long. Sepals 5 ovate-lanceolate, pubescent. Petals twice as long, linear-oblong; nerve I trifid at tip. Stamens fertile 3, 2 staminodes. Disc lobed. Ovary papillose. Fruit elliptic, about 1°5 in. long (not ripe). Hab. Kedah at Alor Sta in open country (Ridley). (9) M. indica Linn. Sp. Pl. 200; Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 13. Tree about 60 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, narrow oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, dark green, base cuneate ; nerves 12 to 20 pairs, 5 to ro in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘5 to2in. long. Panicles 12 in. long or more minutely tomentose. Flowers yellowish green, ‘2 in wide. Sepals ovate, pubescent. Petals oblong with 3 stout nerves. Stamen 1, from between 2 of the 5 lobes of the disc. Ovary obliquely ovoid. Drupe fleshy green or orange, obliquely pear-shaped or ovoid flattened 3 to 4 in. or in cultivated forms 12 in. long. Stone large, fibrous-coated hard. Cultivated in orchards, abandoned villages, etc. Originally from India. Native names: Mangga; Mampelam. (10) M. oblongifolia Hook. fil. F.BJI. ii. 16; King, l.c. 473. Large glabrous tree. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, linear-oblong blunt, base rounded; nerves 18 to 25 pairs slightly elevate on both sides, reticulate above, pale smooth beneath, 6 to g in. long, 1°75 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles 1 to 1°5 in. long. Panicles g in. long, many branched, sub-terminal, glabrous. Flowers *15 in. long, on pedicels as long. Sepals 5, orbicular. Petals 5, twice as long, elliptic-oblong with 3 to 5 short ridges confluent at base. Stamens 5 (all antheriferous), one fertile longer. Fruit unknown. Had. Malacca (Griffith and Maingay), not seen of late years. Native name: Maingay gives Quenee, but that is M. odorata. (1) M. longipes Griff. Notule iv. 419; Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. ep ery, 16.473: Tree 80 ft. or more tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong or elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, base narrow cuneate; nerves 16 to 20 pairs distinct on both sides, 5 to 8 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles slender, “75 to 1°75 in. long. Panicles terminal, long, slender lax spreading, glabrous. Flowers nearly ‘2 in. across in ultimate cymules, with longer pedicels. Sepals 5, ovate acute, hairy on the midrib on back. Petals 5, longer, linear-oblong, tips reflexed, x ridge at base. Stamen 1, longer; staminodes several. Hab. Forests in south. Singapore on Bukit Timah. Malacca (Griffith). Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Native name: Mach- ang Api. (12) M. gracilipes Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 16; King, l.c. 474. Large glabrous tree, slender branched. Leaves thin coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate cuspidate, base long narrowed acute; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, slightly raised on both sides, 3 to 4 in. long, I to 15 in. wide; petioles 75 to 1 in. long, very slender. Panicles glabrous slender 5 to 6 in. long, terminal; branchlets very short. 524 XLV. ANACARDIACE#. [Mangifera. Flowers *2 in. across; pedicels slender as long. Sepals 5, ovate. Petals 5, lanceolate, longer, ridges 3 to 5. Stamen 1, shorter; staminodes 4, short. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). A very distinct plant from its small clove-like leaves, but apparently very scarce; no one seems to have found it again. (13) M. odorata Griff. Notule iv. 417; Hook. fil. l.c. 16; King, LC. 474. A big tree nearly roo ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate acute and acuminate, reticulate on both sides, base cuneate; nerves prominent, 20 pairs, 6 to g in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide; petioles 1°25 to 1°75 in. long. Panicles 8 in. long with branches 4 in. long terminal, red. Flowers less than ‘25 in. wide; pedicels slender. Sepals 5, ovate-oblong, red. Petals 5, 3 times as long, oblong, yellow edged rose, ridges 3 confluent, yellow. Stamens 2 nearly as long, white; anthers black; staminodes short, white tipped rose. Fruit oblong, yellowish green, flesh yellow. Hab. Orchards. Singapore and Malacca, usually in rather sandy spots. Use: The fruit is rather poor eating. Diusirib. Malay Isles. Native name: Kwini. Blume holds the Kwini to be a variety of M. fetida, Jack. It seems to me distinct. (14) M. foetida Lour. Fl. For. Cochinchine, 160; Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 19. Large tree 60 to 8o ft. tall. Leaves very coriaceous, elliptic- oblong obtuse or sub-acute, base narrowed; nerves 16 to 18 pairs, very bold and nearly horizontal, 8 to 12 in. long, 3°5 to 6 in. long; petioles *75 to 2°25 in. long. Panicles stout 8 to g in. long, blood red. Flowers *35 in. across, pink; pedicels very short. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, subacute. Petals 5, linear-oblong, acute, twice as long, clawed; nerve 2- to 3-fid thickened at the base. Disc cylindric. Stamen 1, perfect; staminodes rather long. Drupe oblong, green, 3 to 4in. long. Hab. Orchards and villages. Singa pore; Malacca, and most of the: southern part of the peninsula. Distrib. Siam, Malay islands. Native name: Bachang or M’bachang. Fruits much used, especially in curries. Very conspicuous in flower, from its bright red panicles. (15) M. macrocarpa Bl. Bijdr. 1158; M. fragrans, Maing. in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 18; King, l.c. 475. Glabrous tree. Leaves narrow linear-lanceolate acuminate undulate, base acute; nerves 25 to 35 pairs, slender, 6 to Io in. long, 1°25 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles 1 to 2 in. long. Panicles 6 to 7 in. long, stout, terminal, spreading. Flowers °3 in. long; pedicels thickened upwards. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate. Petals 5, linear- oblong, ridges 1 to 3. Stamens 1 fertile, 4 sterile. Drupe oblong- globose, oblique, yellow-fleshed. Hab. Rare and probably intro- duced. Malacca (Maingay). Dzystvib. Malay Isles. Mangifera.] XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. 525 (16) M. lagenifera Griff. Notule iv. 414, t. 567, fig. 3; Hook. fil. FobS. i. 18; King, i.c. 476. A superb tree 80 to roo ft. tall. Leaves deep green, very cori- aceous, oblanceolate blunt, gradually narrowed to base; nerves 16 to 20 pairs, faint, 3 to 6 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide; petioles flat, -5 to ‘9 in. long. Panicles erect, puberulous reddish, 6 in. long, stout, lax. Flowers °35 in. long, deep violet; pedicels short. Sepals 5 or 6 ovate, pubescent. Petals 5 or 6 much longer, erect, oblanceolate, puberulous. Stamens 5 to 6, all perfect, as long as petals, violet. Drupe 6 in. long, pear-shaped, green, tinted brown or purple. Hab. Common in orchards and villages, whole peninsula and islands. The fruit is coarse and not much liked even by Malays. Native name: Lanjut. (17) M. kemanga Bl. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 202. M. policarpa Griff. Notule iv. 416, ¢. 567, fig. 2; Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 20. Big tree 80 ft. high. Leaves crowded at branch-tips, sessile coriaceous, oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, bluntly acuminate, base narrowed to base of petiole; nerves 20 to 22 pairs, conspicuous and raised on both sides, 9 to 15 in. long, 2°5 to 4in. wide. Panicles 20 to 30 in. long, stout, pubescent, much-branched. Flowers °25 in. long, pinkish purple; pedicels short. Sepals 5, linear-lanceolate. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, not twice as long, with 1 median ridge. Stamen 1, shorter. Drupe oblong, base gibbous, brown; stone lanceolate. Hab. Orchard and villages. Singapore and Malacca. Distrib. Malay islands. Native name: Kemang. (18) M. ceesia Jack in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 441; Hook. fil. F.BI. Hi. 19; King, l.c. 478. About 60 ft. tall. Leaves thickly coriaceous, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate short acuminate, narrowed at base, midrib stout; nerves 20 to 25 pairs, prominent, 6 to 12 in. long, 2 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles thick, °35 to ‘5 in. long. Panicles over 12 in. long, much-branched, pubescent, dense-flowered. Flowers *3 in. long, pale lilac. Sepals 5, lanceolate pubescent. Petals 5, twice as long, linear with central ridge. Stamen 1, shorter; staminodes minute. Drupe 6 in. or more long, thick, dirty white. Hab. Common in villages and orchards. Native name: Binjai. A popular fruit with natives, and a very handsome and showy tree in flower. Dzystrib. Malay islands. (19) M. superba Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 19; King, l.c. 478. A very large tree. Leaves very coriaceous cuneate-oblanceolate, obtuse, narrowed to base of petiole; nerves 30 pairs, prominent, midrib very short, 10 to 16 in. long, 3 to 5 in. wide; petioles °5 to I in. long very stout, often winged to base. Panicle terminal over 8 in. long, stout; branches few. Flowers °75 in. long, lilac, crowded in heads at the tips of the branches; pedicels very short. Bracts numerous, large lanceolate. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, *35 in. long. Petals twice as long, lanceolate, acuminate 526 XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. [Mangifera. with a thickened ridge at base. Stamen 1; staminodes very small. Style very long, filiform. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Only his specimens known. 4. ANACARDIUM, Rottb. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate simple, coriaceous. Panicle terminal. Flowers medium-size. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes narrow. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate. Disc filling calyx-tube. Stamens 8 to 10; filaments connate, adnate to disc. Ovary oblique-ovoid; style filiform, excentric; ovule 1. Nut reniform on a large fleshy pear-shaped body formed of disc and top of peduncle. Seed reniform. A few American species. (x1) A. occidentale Linn. Sp. Pl. 548; King, l.c. 479. Straggling low tree about 20 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, obovate, blunt or retuse, base cuneate; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, 4 to 9g in. long, 3 to 5 in. wide; petioles ‘5 to °75 in. long. Panicle 6 or 8 in. long, branched, puberulous. Flowers ‘5 in. long, white turning pink. Fruit about 1 in. long, grey; peduncle 4 in. long, 2 in. wide at top in good fruit, usually very much smaller in the wild form, yellow, flushed pink. Hab. Thoroughly established in sandy spots by thesea. Singapore. Pahang River. Tringganu. Setul. Native names: The Cashew-nut; Bua Gajus; Janggus; Kaju; Jambu Monyet. It is rarely, if ever, cultivated now here, but appears to have been intro- duced from South America in the sixteenth century, and has run wild in sandy places. The peduncle and kernel of seed are eaten. 5. GLUTA, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves oblong, simple. Panicles in terminal axils. Flowers medium-size, white or pink, bisexual. Calyx spathaceous, splitting irregularly, caducous. Petals 4 to 6, im- bricate. Disc elongate. Stamens 4 to 6, on disc. Ovary sessile or stipitate, oblique, t-celled; style lateral. Stigma simple. Drupe large or small, usually fleshy, brown and tubercled or smooth very resinous. About 6 species, Burmese and Malayan. Very poisonous trees, latex clear becoming varntsh-like black and pro- ducing in many people a severe erysipelas-like poisoning. (See Gimlette, Malay Poisons, p. 47, Ridley, Malay Medical Journal, ieco7) Petals four times as long as the calyx, white; tree . (1) G. Benghas Petals twice as long as calyx. Leaves broad, often cordate at base; shrub; fruit brown, warty ; : - Leaves narrowed to base. Leaves 3 by 1°25 in.; panicle dense; fruit globose, black : . 7 - : : : Leaves 5°5 by 2°5 in. orless; fruit oblong flattened, black - . : . - (2) G. coarctata (3) G. lanceolata (4) G. elegans Gluta.] XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. 527 Panicle lax; leaves stiffly coriaceous, elliptic; fruit oblong red . : . (5) G. Wrayi Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 9 by 3 in. Fruit obovoid, brown . : : . (6) G.-virosa (1) G. Benghas Linn. Mantiss, p. 293; King, l.c. 480. G. Renghas, Engl. DC. Mon. Phan. iv. 226, t. 6, figs. 1 to 6 Large tree 60 ft. tall. Leaves dark, shining green, oblanceolate- oblong, tip rounded, gradually narrowed to base; nerves 18 to 20 pairs, 4 to 7 in. long, 1°6 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles *3 to ‘6 in. long. Panicles axillary, puberulous, lax, 6 in. long, 4 in. across; pedicels *3in. long. Flowers white, °5 in. across. Calyx very short. Petals elliptic, four times as long. Stamens 5, half as long as petals. Gynophore short. Drupe irregular globose or elliptic, warty brown, 1°5 to 2 in. through. Seed 1°5 in. through. Hab. Rare on river-banks in open country. Pahang, Rumpin River. Distrib. Malay islands. Native name: Jitong. (2) G. coarctata Hook. fil. F.BJ. iu. 22; King, l.c. 482. Large branching shrub, glabrous except the puberulous in- florescence. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, oblong or oblanceolate obtuse or sub-acute, narrowed to the blunt often cordate base, dark green (red when young) ; nerves 13 to 20 pairs, faint, 5 to g in. long, 1°75 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles ‘1 to ‘2 in. long, thick. Panicles axillary 3 to 4 in. long; branches few, short. Flowers white, *4 in. long. Calyx ‘2 in. long, bilobed, tomentose. Petals 5, oblanceolate, puberulous. Stamens 5, shorter. Drupe light brown, sub-globose, slightly compressed, tubercled. Hab. Abundant in tidal rivers, forming dense thickets, conspicuous by its bright red young leaves. Whole plant very poisonous. Johor, Scudai and Sempang Kanan Rivers; Kota Tinggi. Pahang, Rumpin (Fox- worthy). Malacca (Griffith). Selangor, Klang (Foxworthy). Perak, Teluk Anson. Kedah, Gunong Geriang River. Dvsirzb. Sumatra, Borneo, Tenasserim. (3) G. lanceolata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 49, p. 17. A big tree. Leaves narrow lanceolate blunt, narrowed to a long petiole, coriaceous; nerves 12 to 14 pairs, faint, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles 1°5 to 3 in. long. Panicles 4 in. long, dense- flowered axillary and terminal. Calyx half as long as corolla, tubular split on one side, pubescent. Petals linear-oblong obtuse, pubescent, hairy on inner face, ‘4in. long. Stamenslonger. Ovary glabrous. Fruit globose, glabrous, black. Hab. Penang, Balik Pulau (Ridley). (4) G. elegans Kurz, Fl. For. Burma, i. 310; King, l.c. 481. Small tree about ro to 30 ft. tall, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate acumin- ate, base cuneate; nerves Io to I4 pairs, faint, 3 to 6 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles. ‘6 to r in. long, slender. Panicles 1°5 to 2 in. long, red. Calyx tubular, split on one side, 2-toothed. Petals 528 XLV. ANACARDIACE. [Gluta. 2 to 5, linear-lanceolate, twice as long. Stamens 4 to 5, as long. Gynophore long. Drupe oblong flattened gibbous, 1°5 in. across, black. Hab. Forests in hills about 2000 ft. altitude. Perak (Kunstler, fide King). Penang Hill, abundant. Dvystrib. Tenas- serim. Native name: Rengas Ayam. (5) G. Wrayi King, l.c. 482; Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. #0, Pp. 10. ; Tree, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves stiff coriaceous, elliptic sub-acute, narrowed to base; nerves 12 to 14 pairs, in- visible above, faint or slightly elevate beneath, 4 to 6°5 in. long, I'°6 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles °6 to °7 in. long. Panicles in upper axils 3 in. long, pubescent. Flowers numerous, °4 in. long. Calyx half as long as petals, pink. Petals 5, oblong blunt, base clawed, puberulous outside, white. Stamens 5, longer. Fruit oblong, laterite red 4 to 5 in. long, 3 in. thick, elliptic smooth. Hab. Forests, Dindings, Lumut. Perak, Sungei Larut (Wray). (6) G. virosa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 27. A large branching tree 50 to 70 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous lanceolate, 9 in. long, 2°75 in. wide, acuminate at both ends, blunt; nerves about 18 pairs, slightly raised beneath, reticulations fine, visible; petioles 2 in. long. Panicles axillary towards the branch- tips, 3 to 4 in. long. Calyx-tube spathaceous, red, ‘2 in. long, split on one side. Petals twice as long, linear-oblong, white. Ovary pubescent. Fruit obovoid, smooth, not polished, rough light brown, 2°5 to 5 in. long and nearly as wide. Hab. Damp forests, Selangor, Rantau Panjang. Perak, Gunong Pondok (Kunstler). Dindings, Simpit. Penang, Telok Bahang and Penara Bukit (Curtis); Moniot’s Road. Native name: Rengas Kerbau Jalang. Reputed as exceptionally poisonous. The fruit is often as large as an Indian mango, and has a scurfy-brown skin like that of G. coarctata and Bengas, but not tubercled. 6. MELANORRHGA, Wall. Trees, very large, resinous and poisonous. Leaves alternate, simple. Panicles in terminal axils. Flowers medium, white flushed pink, unisexual. Sepals united into a cap, deciduous. Petals 5 to 8, linear-oblong, imbricate. Disc hemispheric or columnar. Stamens 5 to Io or very numerous; filaments slender. Ovary stalked, oblique lenticular, 1-celled; style lateral. Fruit, a dry drupe, sessile or on a long pedicel with the petals developed into long spreading pink wings. About 6 species, Indo-Malayan. On the poisonous properties of Melanorrhea, see Gimlette, Malay Poisons, P. 44. Petals accrescent in fruit into long pink wings. Calyx spathaceous falling off like a cap. Stamens 5; bracts small, deciduous . . (1) M. Wallichii Stamens 5; bracts large, persistent . - (2) M. Woodsiana Melanorrhea.| XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. 529 StamensIo . ; 3 : a » (3) M. Curtisii Stamens numerous; fruit wings short. Drupe small, long stalked; leaves oblong obovate, hairy beneath : - Drupe large, 1°5 in. through; wings very short, caducous; leaves lanceolate, (4) M. pubescens Ses elabrous |. : : : : . (5) M. macrocarpa Calyx withering and persistent asacollar . (6) M. torquata Petals not accrescent in fruit. Petals oblanceolate; leaves 6 to 15 in. long (7) M. aptera Petals elliptic; leaves 4 to 5 in. long (8) M. inappendiculata Fic. 52.—Melanorrheea Wallichii. (1) M. Wallichii Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 25; King, lc. 484. M. Maingayi Hook. fil. i.c.; King, l.c. Tree 80 to roo ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-obovate obtuse or rounded, narrowed to base, glabrescent; nerves 12 to 16 pairs, prominent on both sides, 35 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles 1 to 1°25 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary at the branch ends, over a foot long, white, softly hairy; branchlets few-flowered. Flowers °5 in. across, white; pedicels 3 in. long. Petals lanceolate, white woolly, disc black. Stamens 5. Fruit oblong, black sessile FLM.P., 1. MM 530 XLV. ANACARDIACE. [Melanorrhea. in the corolla wings, which are linear-oblong blunt, papery, 2°1 in. long, *5 in. across, bright red. Hab. Common in forests. Singa- pore, Bukit Timah; Chan Chu Kang. Johor, Tebing Tinggi. Malacca, Merlimau. Muar (Fox). Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Distrib. Borneo. Native name: Rengas Manuk. An extremely poisonous tree. Timber good, dark red, veined black, and known as Singapore mahogany. (2) M. Woodsiana Scort. in King, l.c. 485. Tree 60 to roo ft. tall. Branchlets, inflorescence, midrib and nerves beneath ferruginous-velvety. Leaves thickly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong blunt, round or emarginate above, base round glabrous reticulate beneath, tomentose; nerves 15 to 24 pairs, prominent beneath, 4 to 5°5 in. long, 1°75 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles I to 1°35 in. long, deep-channelled. Panicles g in. long (peduncles 4 in.), densely tomentose. Flowers sub-sessile ‘25 in. long, en- veloped in bud in ovate tomentose bracts. Petals 5 oblong. Stamens 5. Drupe elliptic, sessile, petal-wings narrow elliptic I°5 in. long, *75 in. broad, red. Hab. Forests, rare. Perak, Batang Padang (Kunstler). (3) M. Curtisii Oliver, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1513; King, l.c. 486. Tree 40 to 8o ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong- lanceolate or oblanceolate blunt, narrowed at base; nerves faint 12 to 16 pairs, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles *5 to ‘75 in. long slender. Panicles 4 to 7 in. long; branches 3 in. or less, slender remote puberulous, few-flowered at tip. Flowers ‘25 in. long; buds narrow. Calyx conic acute calyptrate ‘Ir in. long. Petals 5 linear acute. Stamens ro shorter. Drupe de- pressed, globose ‘5 to *75 in. long on a stalk °35 in. long, black; petal-wings linear, narrowed to the base, 2°25 in. long, *4 in. across, red. Hab. Forestsin the north. Reputed very poisonous. Perak, Larut Hills 800 to 1000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang, Government Hill 700 to 800 ft. altitude (Curtis). Kedah Peak. Native name : Rengas. (4) M. pubescens Rd. Tree. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves elliptic to obovate, blunt, coriaceous, glabrous above except midrib, pubescent beneath, especially on midrib and 13 pairs of nerves, base narrowed, cuneate, 5 to 6°5 in. long, 2°5 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles pubescent, not winged, rin. long. Panicle pubescent with only 1 or 2 1-flowered branches, 4 in. long. Flowers not seen. Stamens numerous, hairy. Fruit globose ‘3 in. long, on a ‘6 in. peduncle; petal-wings coriaceous ‘5 in. long, I in. wide, strongly veined, linear-oblong with the base of the peduncle sparsely hairy. Hab. Malacca, Machang Tebung Road (Derry Ioro) ; only once collected and that in fruit. Native name: Kayu Merah K’lueng. (5) M. macrocarpa Engl. DC. Mon. Phan. 1.c. 236. Tree, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate, Melanorrhea.| XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. 531 blunt, base long narrowed, glabrous; nerves about 17 pairs, visible above, elevate beneath, 5 in. long, 1°75 in. wide; petioles (and midribs) puberulous, *4 in. long, winged half-way or more. Panicles few, in axils below leaves, in fruit 5 to 6 in. long, puberulous. Fruit transversely elliptic, flattened at both ends, r in. long, 1°25 in. wide; gynophore °4 in. long; petal wings deciduous, °5 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, coriaceous. Hab. Hill forests. Perak, Thaiping Hills at 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude (Curtis 3722). Distrib. Borneo. The leaves are more lanceolate than in the type, but I think this is Engler’s plant. The reticulations of the leaves are fine, but conspicuous beneath. I have only seen fruiting specimens, (6) M. torquata King, l.c. 486. A vast tree Ioo ft. tall, 2 to 4 ft. through. Leaves sessile stiff coriaceous obovate, tips broad round, glabrous, narrowed to base of petiole; nerves 22 to 26 pairs, prominent beneath, 7 to II in. long, 4 to 6°25 in. wide. Panicles terminal, stout, tomentose, 6 to 8 in. long branching from base; branchlets crowded at tips, dense-flowered. Flowers ‘25 in. long; pedicels *r to ‘2 in. long. Calyx short tubular, 3-toothed, withering and hanging round the pedicel. Petals 5, elliptic -2 in. long, white tomentose. Stamens 5 shorter. Hab. Wet swampy forests. Leafless when flowering. Dindings, Lumut. Perak, Larut within roo ft. altitude (Kunstler). (7) M. aptera King, /.c. 487. Glabrous tree 40 to 70 ft. tall, 15 to 2 ft. through, very resinous. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, obovate apex rounded, base narrowed to base of winged petiole; nerves 18 pairs, slender, prominent beneath, as are reticulations, 8 to 15 in. long, 3 to 6 in. wide. Panicles stout, crowded in the upper axils, 9 in. long, few and short to I°5 in. long branches. Flowers 1 in. across pale red and white. Calyx ‘5 in. long. Petals 5 to 6, imbricate, lanceolate, silky outside, not persistent. Stamens about 50 on a conic gynophore. Ovary ovoid 1-celled. Drupe not winged depressed-globose with numerous fine ridges, 1°5 in. through, dark brown. Hab. Open forests near water, low country. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). (8) M. inappendiculata King, /.c. 488. Glabrous tree 50 to 60 ft. tall, 10 to 15 in. through. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-oblanceolate blunt rounded or retuse, base narrowed cuneate; nerves 15 to 18 pairs, slender elevate beneath, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles winged above, *75 to tin. long. Panicles 4 to 7 in. long in upper axils, nude below; flowers *75 in. long in short (z in. long or less) branches. ‘Petals narrow elliptic, white flushed pink at base. Stamens numerous pink; anthers green. Drupe globular 1 to 1°5 in. through, dark green. Hab. Dense wet jungle lowland up to 1500 ft. altitude on Penang Hill. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang, Government Hill (Curtis) ; Batu Feringhi (Fox). 532 XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. [Swintonia. 7. SWINTONIA, Griff. Glabrous trees. Leaves alternate, long-petioled. Panicles in terminal axils, large and wide. Flowers small bi- or uni-sexual. Calyx small, lobes 5, rounded, imbricate. Petals 5 white, adnate to disc, linear-oblong, imbricate. Stamens 5 on top of disc. Ovary sessile, ovoid, 1-celled; style slender. Stigma capitellate. Drupe ovoid smooth, coriaceous, winged with the greenish enlarged linear-oblong 9 reflexed petals. Species 4 or 5, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Bracts in flower-buds large imbricate. Flowers 2 in. wide A ; ; : ; or (ir Bracts small. Flowers ‘5 in. wide, puberulous’. , : : Flowers ‘25 in. wide; wings of fruit shorter than cane; a. : ‘ 5 : : : = Flowers very small ‘12 in. wide, panicle lax; wings of fruit 1 in. long : : : : - Flowers under ‘12 in. wide; wings of fruit 2 in. long; leaves thin . : , : ; . Flowers under ‘12 in, wide; leaves stiff coriaceous . . spicifera . puberula . Denangiana . Schwenkii 6) S. lurida (1) S. spicifera Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 27; King, l.c. 490. A big tree 30 to Ioo ft. tall. Leaves thickly coriaceous, elliptic- lanceolate or oblanceolate acute or blunt, smooth, pale beneath; nerves 13 to 20 pairs, prominent beneath, 3°25 to 4°5 in. long, I'5 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles *6 to 1:25 in. long. Panicles crowded at tips of branches, rather stout peduncled; branches articulate trichotomous, puberulous. Flowers ‘2 in. long, white. Bracteoles ovate, puberulous. Calyx fleshy, tubular, 5-lobed, puberulous. Petals twice as long, obovate-oblong. Stamens shorter. Drupe ovoid or oblong, green, *75 in. long; wings 2°5 in. long, *4 in. wide. Hab. Forests on hills. Malacca, Gunong Mering, Mt. Ophir; Ayer Panas. Perak, Larut Hills 500 to 1000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Kayu Arang (Burkill). Kedah, Pulau Song-Song. Penang, Government Hill 1ooo ft. altitude (Curtis). Native name: Mupus. (2) S. puberula Pearson, Kew Bulletin 1906, p. 3. A very lofty tree. Leaves sub-coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate acuminate blunt, base cuneate; nerves slender 12 to 20 pairs, 2 to 6 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles slender 1°5 in. long. Panicles 6 in. long, rather stout, spreading, puberulous. Flowers white *3 in. across. Calyx obconic. Petals oblong-ovate, puberulous on both sides. Stamens as long. Hab. Forests on the top of a mountain, rare. Perak, top of Bujong Malacca (Ridley). (3) S. Robinsonii Rid/. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 37: Tree. Leaves stiffly coriaceous lanceolate, narrowed slightly at both ends; nerves about 15 pairs, 6 in. long, 2 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles 1°5 in. long. Panicles 3 in. long in flower, 6 in. long in i) SS) S. Robinsonii Ss S a et Swintonia.] XLV. ANACARDIACE. 533 fruit; peduncles and pedicels angled grooved, pubescent. Sepals ovate-round, pubescent. Petals oblong-lanceolate blunt, pubescent within, ‘12 in. long. Stamens, filaments slender. Fruit pisiform, enlarged petals ‘25 in. long. Hab. Mountains at 5500 ft. altitude. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Robinson). (4) S. penangiana King, /.c. 490. A tall tree with slender branches. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate blunt cuspidate, base cuneate; nerves Io to 12 pairs, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°r to 1°4 in. wide; petioles °75 to 1°25 in. long, slender. Panicles in terminal axils, lax, spreading. Flowers in cymules of 3 at tips of branches; pedicels longer. Calyx cam- panulate, lobes 5 broad. Petals longer, 5 oblong minutely tomen- tose. Disc cylindric. Drupe globular ‘5 in. through; wings narrow oblong, sub-acute 1°35 in. long, *3 in. wide. Hab. Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). (5) S. Schwenkii Teysm. and Binn. Cat. Hort. Bog. (1866), p. 230; King, l.c. 489. Tree with slender branches. Leaves sub-coriaceous, oblong- lanceolate or narrow elliptic blunt or shortly acuminate, base narrowed, blunt; nerves slender 14 to 18 pairs, slightly elevate beneath, 3 to 6 in. long, 1°25 to 1°6 in. wide; petioles slender 1°5 to 2 in. long, dilate at base. Panicles in upper axils slender 4 in. long, peduncled lax spreading. Flowers ‘1 in. across, shortly pedicelled. Sepals united at base. Petals oblong obtuse, pubescent both sides. Drupe oblong °75 in. long, wings reflexed, linear- oblong 2°25 in. long, -4 in. wide. Hab. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay). Pahang, Kwala Lipis (Foxworthy). Dzstrib. Burma, Cambodia, Sumatra. Native names: Balau betina; Membatu. (6) S. lurida King, /.c. 491. Semecarpus? lurida Hook. fil. WS ih. 3A. Small tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, narrow elliptic-oblong, abruptly bluntly acuminate, base cuneate, glaucous beneath; nerves 22 to 24 pairs, fine and faint, 6 to 8 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles thick °6 to *75 in. long. Panicles in terminal axils, slender, 4 to 12 in. long; basal branches 6 in. long. Flowers very small in small cymes, about ‘I in. across, greenish yellow. Calyx cupular, teeth 5 triangular. Petals 5, twice as long, oblong-elliptic, glabrous. Disc 5-lobed. Stamens inserted outside. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Kota (Wray). 8. CAMPNOSPERMA, Thw. Big trees with pale bark, hardly resinous. Leaves alternate, coriaceous simple (very large in young trees, smaller in old ones). Racemes in terminal axils simple or little branched. Flowers sessile very small, unisexual. Calyx 3- to 4-lobed, lobes imbricate. Petals 3 to 6, sub-orbicular, imbricate. Disc urceolate. Stamens 534 XLV. ANACARDIACE&. [Campnosperma. 6 to 10, at disc base. Ovary sessile, ovoid; style very short. Stigma capitate. Drupe small, ovoid, fleshy. Stone hard falsely 2-celled ; cells horseshoe-shaped. Species about 5, Asiatic. Leaves petioled; big trees. Male flowers sessile; leaves over 12 by 6in. . . (1) C. Griffithii Male flowers pedicelled ; leaves 6 by 3 in. with small auricle at base . . (2) C. auriculata Leaves sessile oblanceolate, winged to base of petiole. Panicle very lax; small tree . : ‘ - (3) ©. oxyrachis (x1) C. Griffithii Marchand, Rev. eee 174; King, l.c. 494, not of Hook. fil. C. macrophylla Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 41. Rather a large tree about 80 ft. tall, spreading. Leaves cori- aceous, elliptic obtuse, narrowed at base, tip round or emarginate; nerves elevate beneath, 24 to 26 pairs, glabrous above, midrib channelled, pubescent or glabrous beneath, 7 to 15 in. long, 3°5 to 5°5 in. wide; petioles flattened channelled above, pubescent, I to 2'5 in. long. Panicles in terminal axils, spreading 12 in. long (shorter in female trees), tomentose. Flowers small, green in clusters, ‘05 in. across sessile. Fruit ovoid oblique, green °35 in. long. Hab. Common in damp forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Jurong. Malacca, Alor Gajah (Griffith). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Native name: Poko Kelinting. The leaves of young plants of this are extremely large, often 4 ft. long and oblanceolate. (2) C. auriculata Hook. fil. F.BJI. ii. 41; King, l.c. 495. Lofty tree 80 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, obovate or oblanceo- late-oblong, tip round tapering down the petiole till it ends bluntly with 2 auricles, glabrous on both sides; nerves g to 18 pairs, fine elevate beneath, 4 to g in. long, 1°75 to 3 in. wide; petioles below the auricles ‘I to ‘2 in. long. Male panicles Io to 14 in. long axil- lary, tomentose. Flowers ‘I5 in. across, pedicellate. Fruit ovoid- round, tomentose, ‘6 in. through, green, speckled white. Hab. Damp swampy lowland forest, common, Singapore, Bukit Timah; Jurong. Johor, Ulu Batu Pahat (Kelsall). Malacca (Griffith). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Dzsitvib. Borneo. var. Wallichiit. C. Wallichii King, l.c. 497. C. Griffithii Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 41, not of Marchand. Leaves larger, 14 in. long, 7 in. wide; petioles 2 in. long. Fruit small, -2 to ‘25 in. long. Hab. Singapore, Toas; Tanglin; Bukit Timah. Malacca, Ayer Panas; Sungei Hudang (Cantley). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Penang Hill (Curtis). Native name : Terentang. (3) C. oxyrachis ent Mon. Phan. 319; Ridl. Journ. Roy. Ash S06i8s Br. 54, p A small ane tittle branched tree. Leaves oblanceolate, winged to the base sessile, coriaceous, shortly cuspidate, 15 to 42 in. long, 4°5 to 7 in. wide, glabrous; nerves 30 pairs, elevate, as Campnosperma. | XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. 535 are reticulations beneath. Panicle male large; branches 18 in. long, lax spreading hairy.. Flowers under ‘1 in. long, green in short cymes. Bracts linear hairy. Calyx lobes 5, ovate, pubescent. Petals 5, valvate oblong blunt, glabrous. Stamens shorter glabrous. Ovary conic, hairy. Fruit unknown. Hab. In low open country not rare, but very rarely flowering. Malacca near Mount Ophir (Hullett). Pahang, Tahan River; Kwala Lipis (Machado). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Dystvib. Sumatra. Native name; Mulumut. 9. PARISHIA, Hook. fil. Trees often vast, usually flowering without leaves, unisexual. Leaves pinnate alternate; leaflets coriaceous, usually oblique at base. Panicles large. Male flowers small. Calyx cupular 4-lobed, lobes ovate valvate. Petals 4, oblong imbricate, yellow or pink. Disc annular 4-lobed. Stamens 4, from below disc edge. Female as in male, but ovary sessile, ovoid, 1-celled; style terminal trifid. Stigmas capitate. Fruit globose or conic, hairy, the calyx developed into long linear-oblong wings, usually much longer than drupe. Species 5, Burmo-Malayan. Wings of fruit 4°6 to 6 in. long. Leaves glabrous; leaflets narrow, oblong : Leaves pubescent beneath; leaflets elliptic-oblong Wings 2°5 to 3 in. long; leaflets ovate acuminate, glabrous . : 5 : : : . : Wings linear much longer than fruit; leaflets ovate, sub-sessile : % < : : c ‘ Wings 1°5 in. long, hardly longer than the oblong, beaked red-tomentose fruit; leaflets very coriaceous . (5) P. paucijuga (1) P. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.BJ. ii. 30; King, l.c. 493. A tall tree about 60 to 8o ft. tall. Leaves 12 to 15 in. long; leaflets very coriaceous, ellliptic-oblong sub-acute or blunt, base rounded or cuneate, glabrous above, slightly puberulous on the back; nerves 15 to 20 pairs, slender, faint, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Panicles pedunculate, 8 to ro in. long, few-branched; branches 2 to 4 in. long, distant ; branchlets 1 in. long pubescent. Flowers °3 in. long. Calyx urceo- ‘late, lobes broad ovate blunt pubescent, yellow. Petals linear- oblong, twice as long, creamy yellow. Stamens shorter. Ovary hairy. Drupe ovoid acuminate bristly; wings oblong-linear, tip rounded 7 in. long, 1 in. wide, pubescent. Hab. Forests, Singapore, Garden Jungle by rockery. Malacca (Maingay). (2) P. pubescens Hook. fil. F.BJ. i. 30; King, l.c. 493. - A lofty tree. Leaves 12 to 18 in. long; branches and petiole pubescent; leaflets thickly coriaceous, 5 to 7 pairs, sub-sessile, glabrous above, pubescent tomentose beneath, oblong acute or acuminate; nerves strongly elevate, 12 to 16 pairs, 4°5 to 5°5 In. long, 1°5 in. wide. Panicles over 12 in. long with numerous densely fascicled tomentose branches. Flowers ‘5 in. across. Drupe ovoid 1) P. Maingayi 2) P. pubescens ( ( (3 ( ) P. insignis 4) P. rosea ) 536 XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. [Parishia. apiculate, °5 in. long, tomentose, wings oblong-linear, blunt, glabrous or nearly so, 4°5 to 5 in. long, *5 in. wide. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). (3) P. insignis Hook. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 170, t. 26. Gigantic tree 180 ft. tall. Leaves 12 to 20 in. long; leaflets 6 to g pairs, thinly coriaceous, obliquely oblong-lanceolate acute, base rounded sub-cordate unequal, glabrous or pubescent beneath; nerves 8 to 12 pairs, 3 to 5 in. long, 1:2 to 2 in. wide; petiolules ‘I to ‘2 in. long. Male panicles 18 in. long, 12 in. across, much branched, tomentose. Flowers ‘2 in. across, light yellow. Calyx pubescent, lobes triangular, unequal. Petals longer oblique ovate, blunt. Fruit conic, hairy, °5 in. across; wings narrow oblong sub-acute, 2°5 to 3 in. long, *4 in. across glabrous. Hab. Forests, probably not rare, but inaccessible. It flowers when leafless. Singapore, Balaclava, Tanglin, 180 ft. tall. Pahang River. Malacca, Selandor. Penang, Waterfall (Curtis), 20 to 30 ft. tall. Lankawi, Kwah, only 25 ft. tall (Curtis). Native names: Suryan; Sepul. (4) P. rosea Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 90. Large tree 50 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves 12 in. or more long; leaflets thinly coriaceous ovate or oblong-ovate obtuse, base rounded minutely cordate sessile, 4 to 4°5 in. long, 2°5 in. wide. Panicles from upper axils long, slender, 18 in. long with few distinct branches glabrous. Flowers sessile, ‘I in. long, pink. Calyx lobes 4, oblong blunt pubescent. Petals longer, oblong. Fruit-wings (very young) linear-pubescent, much longer than fruit. Hab. Lankawi, Pulau Segai (Haniff). (5) P. paucijuga Engler, DC. Mon. Phan. l.c. 309. A big tree 50 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves 6 in. long; leaflets 5, very coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic, shortly blunt acuminate, base rounded ; nerves fine faint, about 12 pairs, 3°25 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petio- lules *5 in. long; petioles 3°5 in. long. Panicles 6 to 8 in. long or shorter, axillary and terminal, woody tomentose, Drupe oblong long-beaked, rugose golden hairy, I'5 in. long, I in. through, wings about as long °3 in. wide, coriaceous pubescent. Hab. Dense forests. Singapore (Maingay). Bukit Timah. Johor, Pinerong (Cantley). Dindings, Lumut. Penang, Pantai Acheh (Curtis). 10. MICROSTEMON, Engler Trees often vast. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers very small, bisexual in terminal axils in peduncled many-branched panicles. Calyx-lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 5, much larger, obovate imbricate. Disc annular 1o-toothed. Stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodes; filaments very short, thickened towards base. Ovary globose immersed in disc; style terminal, short, thick. Drupe oblique, Seon ovat, compressed, r-seeded. Species 3, I Bornean. = Microstemon. | XLV. ANACARDIACEA. 537 Leaves tomentose beneath . : ; 3 é . (rt) M. velutina Leaves glabrescent beneath. F : . (2) M. Curtisii (1) M. velutina Engl. DC. io. Pav: lc. 294, King, l.c. 498. Pentaspadon ? velutinus Hook. fil. l.c. ui. 28. A big tree 80 to roo ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Leaves (young claret colour) 6 to 10 in. long; rachis, petioles and undersides of leaflets as well as panicle softly pubescent-tomentose; leaflets 7 to II, membranous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded or cuneate; nerves 12 to 16 pairs, 2 to 4 in. long, ‘8 to ‘15 in. wide; petiolules -15 in. long. Panicles numerous, sub-terminal on peduncles, 3°5 in. long tomentose, much-branched, 3 in. long and as wide. Flowers very small, sessile, white. Calyx glabrous. Petals glabrescent outside, tomentose inside. Fruit narrow oblong compressed scurfy; pericarp leathery. Hab. Dense forests on rocky streams. Malacca (Maingay). Negri Sembilan. Bukit Tampin (Goodenough). Pahang River. Selangor, Ginting Bidai. Perak, Gunong Bubu 300 to 500 ft. altitude (Kunstler); Sungei Njing, Plus Reserve (Murdoch); Gunong Kerbau (Haniff). (2) M. Curtisii King, l.c. 408. A medium-sized tree. Leaves 5 to 7 in. long; rachis puberulous ; leaflets 7 membranous, oblong-lanceolate acuminate base round and oblique glabrescent, with scattered hairs at base and tufts of white hairs in the nerve-axils; nerves 13 to 17 pairs, 1°75 to 3 in. long, *75 to 9 in. wide; petiolules ‘rin. long. Panicles sub-terminal axillary, peduncled, puberulous. Flowers less than ‘1 in. long, on short pedicels, solitary or 2- to 4-clustered. Calyx puberulous. Petals elliptic, blunt. Hab. Lankawi, by the lake (Curtis). 11. PENTASPADON, Hook. fil. Big trees. Leaves unequally pinnate ; leaflets opposite. Panicles in upper axils, peduncled, branched, slender. Flowers minute bisexual. Calyx-lobes 5, imbricate. Petals oblong-ovate, im- bricate. Stamens 5 minute at disc-base with 5 small subulate staminodes, alternating. Disc cupular, 10o-lobed. Ovary on disc, t-celled; styles short, stout. Stigma bent to one side. Species 2, I Bornean. Panicle 3 in. long, 4 in. wide; flowers ‘05 in. wide . . (1) P. officinalis Panicle 6 in. long lax; flowers ‘I in. wide. - . (2) P. Motleyi (1) P. officinalis Holmes, in King, l.c. 499; Journ. Pharm. Soc. li. 389. Tree 60 to roo ft. tall, 18 to 36 in. through. Leaves 4 to 8 in. long; leaflets 7 to 9, very thinly coriaceous, oblong or elliptic- lanceolate, shortly blunt-acuminate, glabrous except tufts of hairs in the axils; nerves 6 to g pairs, raised beneath, 1°75 to 2°75 in. long, *8 to 1°25 in. wide; petiolules ‘15 in. long. Panicles 3 to 4 in. long; peduncle 4 in. long, minutely tomentose; branches 538 XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. [Pentaspadon. lax 3 in. long. Flowers white ‘05 in. long, pedicelled, numerous. Calyx-lobes round. Petals obovate round. Drupe elliptic com- pressed, fleshy-scurfy grey. Hab. Open rocky forest, Perak, Larut at 300 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Ulu Selama (Wray). Selangor, Kwala Kubu, Negri Sembilan, Ulu Bendol. Native names: Poko Minyak Plang; Pelong. Use: The oil used in skin disease. (2) P. Motleyi Hook. fil. Linn. Trans. xxiii. 168. Very large tree. Leaves 12 in. long, glabrous; leaflets 9 to 12, lanceolate oblong, very oblique at base when young, coriaceous, 5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; nerves 9 pairs. Panicle 6 in. wide, lax with short branches, glabrous. Flowers white. ‘1 in. wide. Sepals ovate. Petals oblong-obovate. Drupe reniform. Hab. Woods among limestone rocks, Perlis, Bukit Lagi. Dzstvib. Borneo. I am somewhat doubtful of the identification. The tree was leafless except for a tuft or two of very young leaves, which were sprinkled with pale hairs. It bore a quantity of unripe fruit -3 in. long. If not this species it must be an undescribed one. 42. RHUS, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or pinnate. Flowers small in terminal and axillary panicles. Calyx 4- to 6-lobed, imbricate. Petals 4 to 6, imbricate. Stamens 4, 5, 6 or 10 free at base of disc; filaments subulate. Ovary ovoid or globose, 1-celled, t-ovuled; styles 3. Stigmas simple or capitate. Drupe dry compressed. About 114 species, both hemispheres. (1) R. perakensis Scort. in King, l.c. 500. Slender climber ro to 30 ft. long. Leaves 8 to 12 in. long; leaflets 6 to 8, thinly coriaceous oblong acuminate blunt, base slightly oblique rounded; nerves 16 to 20 pairs, prominent beneath, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, 1 to 1°4 in. wide; petiolules ‘1 to ‘15 in. long, terminal one longer. Panicles axillary and terminal; peduncle 2 to 6 in. long, inflorescence 6 in. long. Flowers yellow less than ‘r in. long, numerous crowded on short branchlets, racemose. Calyx-lobes 5, unequal, oblong. Petals longer, elliptic blunt. Stamens 5. Drupes compressed, reniform-orbicular *2 in. across, greenish grey. Hab. Open rocky jungle 300 to 800 ft. altitude. Local, Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Pahang, Pengkalan Manggis, Temerloh (Foxworthy). Native name: Jahor. 13. MELANOCHYLA, Hook. fil. Very resinous big trees. Leaves very coriaceous. Panicles in terminal axils. Flowers unisexual, males very small, females larger. Calyx-tube cupular, 5-lobed. Petals on disc-edge cori- aceous, villous on inner face. Stamens 5 on edge of disc, villous. Ovary globose, 1-celled; style short. Stigmas 3. Drupe globose, fleshy, resinous; stone hard. Seed oblong. Species 12, Malay Peninsula and islands. Melanochyla.] ‘XLV. ANACARDIACES. 539 Leaves hairy beneath. Leaves oblong broad blunt, tomentose all over back . : é c : : 3 : Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute; petioles and nerves tomentose ( . densiflora ; aa mea Leaves narrow, lanceolate, long-acuminate 6 ( ( M M. tomentosa by 1°5 in., backs glaucescent; nerves hairy M. Kunstleri Leaves oblanceolate 6 by 2°25 in., slightly pubescent on back ; * , ; M Leaves quite glabrous. Leaves narrow sub-lanceolate ; petioles winged to base. Leaves 14 by 4 in. oblanceolate F : . (5) M. auriculata Leaves 9 by 2 in., linear-lanceolate cuspidate . (6) M. rugosa Leaves oblong-lanceolate; petiole not winged. Leaves 4 by 1°5 in.; inflorescence with large bracts, dense F 2 ‘ - . Leaves 7 by 2 in.; inflorescence very lax; . Maingayi (7) M. bracteata no bracts . : : : : E . (8) M. angustifolia Leaves elliptic, narrowed at base 6 by 2°5 in.; panicle lax . F . 5 : , . (9) M. nitida (1) M. densiflora King, /.c. 503. Tree 60 to 80 ft. tall, 2 to3 ft. through. Branches thick, under- side of leaves and panicle densely brown-tomentose. Leaves oblong-elliptic blunt, base rounded slightly unequal; nerves strongly elevate beneath 20 to 25 pairs, 6 to 85 in. long,:2°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles ‘05 to 1 in. long, thick. Panicle dense, 5 in. long. Male flowers ‘2 in. long, coffee-brown outside, yellow inside, sessile. Calyx campanulate tomentose; lobes acute. Petals twice as long as lobes, thick elliptic, obtuse. Stamens villous. Hab. Very rare, open hilly jungle, Perak, Larut 500 to tooo ft. altitude (Kunstler). (2) M. tomentosa Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 38; King, l.c. 503. Tree. Branches, petiole and midrib beneath panicle red-tomen- tose. Leaves elliptic-oblong acutely acuminate, base rounded, beneath glabrescent except base of midrib; nerves 20 to 30 pairs, elevate beneath, 6°5 to 14 in. long, 2°75 to 4 in. wide; petioles °35 in. long, thick. Panicles 10 in. long lax; branches slender, puberulous, spike-like. Male flowers ‘1 in. across. Calyx segments ovate, puberulous outside. Petals thick oblong, pubescent outside, villous inside. Drupe sub-globose, pubescent, orange, I to I°5 in. long. Hab. Forests, Johor, Pengerang (Cantley). Malacca (Maingay). Native name: Laga. Distrib. Java. : var. glabrescens Koorders. Leaves narrow, 2 in. wide, nearly glabrous. Selangor, Bukit Cheraka, Klang (Foxworthy). Perhaps a distinct species. (3) M. Kunstleri King, /.c. 504. Tree 80 to roo ft. tall, 3 to 4 ft. through. Leaves dark. glossy- green lanceolate to elliptic-oblong acuminate cuspidate blunt, base narrowed, glabrous except midrib and 18 to 20 pairs of nerves elevate adpressed hairy, 2°75 to 5 in. long, 1 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles 540 XLV. ANACARDIACE. [Melanochyla. *35 in. long, scurfy. Panicles 6 to 7 in. long, minutely tomentose ; branches spreading 2 in. long, racemose. Male flowers ‘15 in. long. Calyx minutely tomentose, dark brown cupular; lobes ovate acute. Petals thrice as long, narrow elliptic, pubescent outside, villous inside, yellow. Stamens shorter slightly villous. Hab. Perak, Larut 500 to rooo ft. altitude (Kunstler). (4) M. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.BI. iit. 39; King, l.c. 504. Tree. Branches scurfy-puberulous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic narrow, shortly bluntly acuminate, base narrowed acumin- ate, glabrous above, slightly pubescent beneath; nerves 18 to 24 pairs, 5 to 8 in. long, 1°25 to 2°25 in. long; petioles °5 to ‘6 in. long, channelled, slender. Panicle 6 in. long, brown-tomentose ; branches short. Male flowers ‘rz in. across, pedicelled, rusty- tomentose. Calyx of 5 ovate lobes. Petals elliptic blunt, edges only glabrous. Females ‘25 in. long. Calyx urceolate. Ovary hairy. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). (5) M. auriculata Hook. fil. F.BJI. i. 39; King, l.c. 505. Stout tree 8o ft. tall, 2 ft. through, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves sessile, oblanceolate-gblong, abruptly acuminate, deep shining green; base narrowed auricled; nerves 30 pairs slender, 12 to 18 in. long, 3°75 to 4°75 in. wide. Panicles terminal, Io in. long; branches many, 7 in. long. Flowers on short branchlets. Male flowers ‘1 in. long. Females ‘2 in. long on thick pedicels as long. Calyx pubescent, grooved; lobes acute green. Petals oblong, villous outside and in, except the glabrous edges, pubescence white. Drupe globose flattened, 12-grooved, greenish brown tomen- tose, I'25 in. through. Hab. Low damp country in forest swamps. Singapore, Gardens; Kranji; Chanchukang. Malacca (Maingay) ; Sempang Jus (Derry). Native name: Mumpian. (6) M. rugosa King, l.c. 505. . Large tree. Branches pubescent and hairy. Leaves narrow oblong caudate, base cordate, auricled, above glabrous, beneath sparsely hairy on midrib; nerves 25 to 30 pairs, 7 to 15 in. long, I°6 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles ‘35 in. long pubescent, thick. Male flowers unknown. Female panicles 6 in. long rusty-pubescent ; branches few, short. Flower °3 in. across, sessile. Calyx tomen- tose, lobes orbicular-ovate acuminate. Petals 5, little longer, tri- angular pubescent, villous at base inside. Ovary conic, tomentose. Drupe globose, ovoid, red-tomentose, I in. long, ‘g in. through. Hab. Perak, Tapah (Wray). (7) M. bracteata King, l.c. 506. Tree 50 to 8o ft. tall, glabrous except pubescent inflorescence. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, I to 1°6 in. wide; petioles °5 to °75 in. long. Racemes or few-branched panicles terminal, pubescent dense-flowered with large ovate bracts. Male flowers °25 in. long. Calyx-lobes ovate. Petals lanceolate acuminate, a villous tuft —CCT~™ Melanochyla.| XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. 541 on the base inside. Stamens shorter, villous. Drupe ovoid, minutely tomentose *75 in. long, greenish yellow. Hab. Rare in low ground forest, Perak, Larut below roo ft. altitude (Kunstler). (8) M. angustifolia Hook. fil. F.BJ. i. 39. Tree 30 to 70 ft. tall. Stem 2 to 3 ft. through; branchlets rather slender, thinly tomentose. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, glabrous, shortly acuminate, base long cuneate; nerves 12 to 16 pairs, prominent beneath, 4°5 to ro in. long, 1°5 to 4 in. wide; petioles “75 to 1°5 in. long, slender. Panicles (male) axillary and terminal very slender, much-branched, *45 to 18 in. long, 8 in. across or less, minutely tomentose. Flowers yellow, less than ‘1 in. long. Calyx tubular-campanulate, lobes acute. Petals oblong much longer, pubescent outside, villous inside. Stamens villous. Drupe globose-ovoid, °75 in. long, minutely tomentose. Hab. Forests, Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Larut (Kunstler), Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). (9) M. nitida King, /.c. 507. Tree 80 to 100 ft. tall, spreading, over 3 ft. thick. Leaves oblong-elliptic abruptly blunt, acuminate, base narrowed, glabres- cent beneath; nerves 12 to 16 pairs slightly prominent, 4 to Ir in. long, 2°25 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles 1 to 2 in. long, bases thickened. Panicles terminal, minutely tomentose, g in. long; branches few, ascending. Flowers (male) in sessile cymules on spike-like branches, ‘1 in. long, sessile. Calyx brown-tomentose, campanulate; lobes triangular acute. Petals triangular-oblong, pubescent outside, white with tuft of hairs inside. Stamens villous. Females ‘2 in. long, pedicelled. Ovary hemispheric, tomentose. Hab. Open hill woods, Perak, Larut 1000 to 1500 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang, near Cooly lines at 200 ft. altitude; Highlands ; Telok Bahang (Curtis). 14. SEMECARPUS, Linn. fil. Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire. Flowers small, uni- sexual in terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx 5- or 6-lobed, lobes deciduous. Petals5to6,imbricate. Disc broad, annular. Stamens 5 or 6 at disc-base. Ovary I-celled; styles 3. Drupe fleshy, oblong or sub-globose, oblique on a fleshy receptacle formed of disc and calyx acrid resinous. Species about 40, tropical Asia and Australia. Leaves tomentose beneath . : ; : (1) S. velutina Leaves with nerves red-hairy beneath, obovate . (2) S. glomerulata Leaves yellow-hairy beneath, oblanceolate . . (3) S. cochinchinensis Leaves glabrous 13 to 16 in. long (4) S. Curtisii Leaves glabrous 4 to 7°5 in. long. (5) S. lucens (1) S. velutina King, l.c. 508. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall, 10 to 15 in. through. Bark pale; branches 542 XLV. ANACARDIACEZ. [Semecarpus. pubescent. ‘Leaves thick obovate-elliptic or oblanceolate, glabrous above, densely pubescent beneath; midrib depressed above; nerves 20 to 24 pairs, prominent as are reticulations beneath, 6 to 13 in. long, 2°5 to 5 in. wide; petioles °5 to 1°25 in. long. Panicles (male) 5 in. long, red-tomentose; branches 2 in. long. Flowers ‘I in. across, pale greenish yellow, densely crowded. Calyx cupular, flat; lobes 5, triangular acute, pubescent. Petals 5, longer elliptic acute. Stamens 5, longer. Female panicle larger; branches fewer ; flowers fewer and larger. Petals and sepals more pubescent. Drupe transversely oblong, ‘35 in. long, *6 in. wide, compressed tomentose, light green. Hab. In lowland forests. Johor, Tanjong Bunga. Selangor, Klang Gates (Burn-Murdoch). Perak, near Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). (2) S. glomerulata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, Pp- 39, 59 and gr. Tree of medium size with grey bark. Leaves obovate rounded, base narrowed, glabrous above; nerves Io pairs, elevated and red-hairy, as are reticulations beneath, 4 to 8 in. long, 2°5 to 5 in. wide; petioles pubescent, thick, ‘25 to 5 in. long. Panicle (male) 8 to 12 in. long; branches many, 4 to 6 in. long, velvety-pubescent. Flowers in distant clusters, ‘r in. across; pedicels pubescent. Calyx-lobes 5, pubescent ovate. Petals glabrous ovate-lanceolate. Stamens glabrous. Disc hairy. Drupes pisiform, ‘2 in. through, glabrous; peduncles rather long. Hab. Open woods and roadsides in the north, Lankawi, Pulau Niur Stali (Curtis). Perlis, Telor Jambu Kanga (Ridley). (3) S. cochinchinensis Engler DC. Mon. Phan. l.c. 489. Small tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, oblanceolate, shortly acuminate or blunt rounded, edge obscurely crenate at tip, above glabrous, beneath hairy especially on the nerves, 17 pairs, slender elevate and conspicuous reticulations, 9 in. long, 2°75 in. wide; petioles I in. long. Panicle lax, spreading, over 12 in. long, thickly hairy; branches long, slender. Flowers in small compact sessile heads, distant on the branches, hairy; pedicels 0, or very short. Sepals ovate acute. Petals oblong, ‘I in. across, glabrous. Hab. Setul, Bukit Wang (Haniff). Dzstrib. Cochin-China. The only leaf I have seen is shortly acuminate, the older leaves in Pierre’s Cochin-China specimens are thicker and quite rounded. (4) S. Curtisii King, l.c. 509. Small tree, glabrous. Leaves oblanceolate-oblong, shortly blunt-acuminate, base narrowed gradually, blunt; nerves 18 to 20 elevate as are reticulations beneath, 13 to 16 in. long, 4 to 5 in. wide; petioles 1°25 to 2 in. long, thick. Panicles terminal, puberu- lous. Male flowers ‘15 in. across. Calyx cupular; lobes 5 ovate, minutely tomentose. Petals much longer, elliptic minutely tomen- tose. Female flowers larger. Drupe transversely elliptic oblique, Semecarpus. | XLV. ANACARDIACES. 543 ‘5 in. long, I in. wide; swollen peduncle cup-shaped, ‘25 in. long. Hab. Open country, Selangor, Ulu Selangor (Ridley). Setul. Distrib. Puket. (5) S. lucens King, l.c. 510. Tree 40 to 7o ft. tall, 10 to 15 in. through, glabrous. Leaves elliptic, tip rounded or shortly abruptly acuminate, base rounded or shortly cuneate, slightly oblique, edges thickened; nerves Io to 16 pairs, broad elevate beneath yellow and reticulations con- spicuous, 4 to 7°5 in. long, 2 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles *75 to 2 in. long. Panicles terminal lax, peduncled, 10 in. long; branches slender, 4°5 in. long; branchlets *5 in. long. Flowers yellow ‘15 in. across, pedicelled, glabrous except disc. Males, calyx cupular flat, teeth 5 ovate acute. Petals 5 ovate-lanceolate acute. Females larger, fewer on smaller panicles. Drupe obliquely ovoid, com- pressed, rusty-puberulous, about °5 in. across. Hab. Hill forests, Perak, Larut from below 100 to 3000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). 15. DRACONTOMELUM, Bl. Trees, moderately large. Leaves unequally pinnate. Panicles in terminal axils, long, much-branched. Flowers medium-sized bisexual. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, sub-valvate. Disc large cup-shaped crenulate. Stamens ro at disc base. Ovary sessile, 5-celled; styles 5, connate at tips; ovules solitary in cells. Drupe globose, fleshy; stone hard, 2- to 5-celled. Seeds compressed. About 5 species, tropical Asia and Polynesia. (1) D. mangiferum Bi. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1. 231, jig. 42: Hook. fil. F.BI. ..43; Kang, bc. 513. A spreading tree, 30 to Ioo ft. tall. Branches tomentose. Leaves 12 to 20 in. long; leaflets 5 to 8 pairs, thinly coriaceous, fight green, elliptic-oblong acuminate, lower ones ovate-oblong, shorter, glabrous except for the midrib, sometimes puberulous beneath with tufts of hair in the nerve-axils; nerves 9 to I2 pairs, 4 to gin. long, 1°75 to 2°75 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Panicles 2 ft. long or less, pubescent. Flowers °3 in. long, white. Stamens brown. Drupe depressed-globose, 1 in. through, green. Hab. Low ground by rivers, Malacca (Griffith, Maingay); Panchur; Ayer Panas (Derry); Perak, Ulu Bubong and Chanderiang (Kunst- ler). Pahang, Raub (Foxworthy). Temengoh, river-bank. Penang Hill (Maingay) possibly planted here. Dvstrib. Indo-Malaya. Native names: Poko Sakai: Bua Chan Kuang; Sangkuang. Use: The fruit is eaten by Malays with fish. It may have been planted in some of these localities, but I think it is indigenous in most localities given. 544 XLVI. CONNARACEZ. [Connarus. OrpDER XLVI. CONNARACESE. Scandent shrubs with pinnate leaves, or trees with simple leaves (one leaflet) (Ellipanthus). Flowers small in axillary racemes, panicles or cymes, rarely unisexual. Calyx 5-lobed, usually per- sistent, often pink. Petals 5, linear or oblong, white, imbricate. Stamens 5 or 10, those opposite petals shorter and imperfect; filaments connate at base or free. Disco or small. Pistils 5, rarely more or fewer, ovoid, hairy, 1-celled; ovules 2; styles filiform. Fruit 1 to 3; follicles often stalked dehiscing on lower edge, usually red. Seed 1 (rarely 2) arillate. All tropics (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. levi,.(2), p.. I). Pistil 1. Leaves pinnate; climbers 1. CONNARUS Leaflets 1; trees : - : 2. ELLIPANTHUS Pistils 5, 1 only perfect; leaves pinnate. Calyx lobes persistent, accrescent imbricate in fruit 3. RouREA Calyx lobes not accrescent or imbricate 4. ROUREOPSIS Pistils 2 to 5, perfect. Calyx imbricate; follicles rugose or tubercled 5. AGELZEA Calyx valvate; follicles smooth 6. THNIOCHLENA Pistils 5 to 7; follicles 1 to 3 . 7. CNESTIS 1. CONNARUS, Linn. Sarmentose or scandent shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets 5 or 3, rarely more, coriaceous. Panicles terminal or axillary. Flowers small, numerous, white or pink. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, linear. Stamens Io, 5 shorter, and usually antherless. Ovary I, pubescent; style slender. Stigma capitate; follicle oblique, stipitate, broadest at the tip, red or yellow, often pubescent inside. Seed 1, flat, oblong, arillate. Species about 80, tropical Asia, Africa and America. Leaves beneath pubescent. Leaves above pubescent, beneath densely red- pubescent; follicles tomentose . f . (1) C. ferrugineus Leaves above and follicles glabrous; petals glabrous. . ; . (2) ©. semidecandrus Leaves more rigid; petals tomentose. . (3) C. Griffithii Leaflets quite glabrous, ovate to elliptic lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long. Follicles sub-cylindric narrowed to base 1°5 by ‘25 in.; leaflets ovate stiff. : : . (4) €. oligophyllus Follicles flat, rounded, oblong, 1°25 by I in.; leaflets elliptic cuspidate, rather thin . . (5) C. villosus Leaves over 6 in. long. Panicles lax, over g in. across; leaflets rather thin; fruit 2 in. long, obovoid, tip recurved. (6) C. ellipticus Panicle about 7 in. long; leaflets stiff cori- aceous; pod oblanceolate, tip blunt not recurved, 2 in. long . ; ; : . (7) C. grandis Connarus. | XLVI. CONNARACES. 545 (1) C. ferrugineus Jack. Mal. Misc. 2, vii. 37; Hook. fil. Heed ,it. 515. Keng, lc. 3. A sarmentose shrub or climber. Branchlets, leaves, except upper surface, and inflorescence red-tomentose. Leaves 8 to 16 in. long; leaflets 5 to 11, oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, short acuminate, narrowed to rounded base; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, prominent beneath, 3 to 6 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘1 to*15 in. long. Panicles stout, 12 in. long, woody, peduncled; branches 4 in. long. Flowers *3 in. long; pedicels short. Sepals tomentose, oblong-ovate. Petals linear-oblong glabrous. Stamens Io, alternately long and short. WAU) aN ¥ Y Ge Vy ey 0 Y i, Y, (hirrA iS Fic. 53.—Connarus semidecandrus. Ovary tomentose. Follicle obovoid-oblong, crimson or golden yellow tinged red, tomentose, woody, silky inside, 1°75 to 2°25 in. long, *8 to 1°25 in. wide. Seed oblong, I in. long, *6 in. wide, black, half covered with a yellow aril. Hab. Open country and borders of woods. Singapore; Bukit Mandai. Malacca, Merlimau; Tan- jong Kling (Derry); Chabau. Selangor, Rantau Panjang. Perak, Batang Padang and Ulu Kerling (Kunstler). Penang (Jack). Distrib. Sumatra. Native names: Akar Tengeh Kuau; A. Sundrup; A. Merah; A. Sakellet; Semilat Bapan; Akar Pulau Hantu; A. Pulis Antan. Use: Fruit used for poisoning dogs. FLM.P., 1. NN 546 XLVI. CONNARACEZ. [Connarus. (2) C. semidecandrus Jack. Mal. Misc. 2, vii. 39; Hook. fil. F.B.I, ti, 52; King, l.c. 4. Sarmentose shrub. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves 6 to g in. long; rachis and underside puberulous or glabrous; leaflets 5 to 7 thinly coriaceous, oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, light green, short blunt acuminate, base rounded or cuneate; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, slender, prominent beneath, 2°5 to 4 in. long, ‘9 to 2°5 in. wide; petiolules ‘15 in. long. Panicles terminal 6 to Io in. long, much-branched, many-flowered. Sepals lanceolate, straw-colour dotted with red glands. Petals lanceolate blunt, white tinted pink, with glandular hairs and red glands on the back, not tomentose. Follicle flattened obovoid *6 in. long, red, smooth. Seed black, aril yellow, fleshy lobed. Hab. Open country common. Scented of hay and meadow- sweet. Singapore, Cluny Road; Bukit Mandai. Pahang, Tahan and Pahang Rivers; Sungei Jelai (Machado). Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Goodenough); Merlimau (Derry). Selangor, Rawang ; Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Kwala Wok (Wray); Ulu Kerling (Kunst- ler); Temengoh. Penang (Jack); Penara Bukit. Tringganu, Bundi (Rostado). Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). Kelantan, Kampong Kota (Gimlette). Dzstvib. Sumatra, Mergui, Siam. Native names : Akar Kuaya; A. Tanga Burong; A. Tukor; Poko Nyamok; A. Tupai-Tupai; Hisap mana (Kelantan). Use. Root decoction for fever. (3) C. Griffithii Hook. fil. FBI. ii. 52. A bush. Young parts and midrib on back of leaf minutely tomentose. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; petiole three-quarters of the length; leaflets 5 thinly coriaceous, elliptic, shortly acuminate blunt, base rounded above, smooth beneath; nerves 5 pairs, fine elevate, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 75 to 2 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long, thick, tomentose. Panicle lax 6 to 8 in. long, tomentose; branches slender. Flowers ‘1 in. long. Sepals oblong, acute. Petals as long, all minutely tomentose. Hab. In open country in the north; perhaps only a variety of C. semidecandrus, but the leaves are stiff and the petals tomentose. Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). Perlis, Chupeng. Setul. Disivib. Mergui. (4) C. oligophyllus Wall. in Planchon, Linne@a xxii. 427. Scandent, glabrous except on the inflorescence. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets 3 to 5, thinly coriaceous but stiff, elliptic-lanceo- late sub-acute or shortly acuminate, base cuneate round; nerves 4 to 5 pairs, slightly prominent beneath, 2°25 to 4 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petiolules ‘25 to °3 in. long. Panicle much-branched, minutely pubescent, 8 in. long. Flowers °35 in. long, sub-sessile. Sepals ovate-lanceolate acute, yellowish hairy. Petals oblong, blunt, puberulous much longer, yellowish white. Follicle elliptic narrowed to base, tip round, not compressed, rose pink, silky inside, 1°5 to 2 in. long, 75 in. through. Seed black or dark brown, aril red, thick. Hab. Forest edges and open country. Singapore, ‘ & e ie = Connarus.| XLVI. CONNARACEZ. 547 Changi; Siglap; Bukit Mandai. Pahang River, Kwala Berar. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Asam Kumbang (Wray); Thaiping (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich). var. Maingayi Rrd/. C. Maingayi, Hook. fil. l.c. 53, not of King. Leaves more distinctly reticulate and stiffer, otherwise quite similar. Malacca (Maingay). Native name: Akar Tulang Dayeng. King’s C. Maingayi was apparently based on a Perak plant with minute petals. I have seen no specimen. (5) C. villosus Jack. Mal. Misc. 2, vii. 38. C. odoratus Hook, fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 172. C. hebephyllus King, l.c. 5. Big climber. Branchlets and panicles red-scurfy tomentose. Leaves 6 to 12 in. long, glabrous; leaflets 9 thin coriaceous, oblong or elliptic caudate, base rounded; nerves 4 to 5 pairs, prominent beneath, 2°25 to 4 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide; petiolules wrinkled, "25 to *3 in. long. Panicles 6 to over 12 in. long, densely red tomentose, much-branched. Flowers °35 in. long, white. Sepals oblong, half as long as petals, tomentose. Petals glabrous. Follicles broad, oblong rounded both ends flat, 1°25 in. long, I in. wide, rose pink. Hab. In open forest 800 to Iooo ft. altitude. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Borneo, Sumatra. (6) C. ellipticus King, l.c. 7. A stout sarmentose shrub, glabrous except branchlets and inflorescence. Leaves 8 to 15 in. long; leaflets 3 to 5 coriaceous, elliptic oblong short acuminate, base rounded; nerves 5 pairs, prominent beneath, 6 in. long, 3 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Panicles very large, spreading 2 ft. long. Branches distant, 3 in. long. Flowers crowded at the ends, ‘1 in. long. Sepals lanceolate, tomentose. Petals glabrous, linear, about twice as long, acute white. Follicles woody, obliquely obovoid, dorsal suture straight ending in a short point on the back, ventral suture longer, 2°5 in. long, 1°5in. wide. Seed oblong, flat. Mab. Common in open country up to 4200 ft. altitude. Singapore, Chanchu Kang; Bukit Mandai Road. Johor, Sedenah; Ulu Sembrong (Kelsall). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler), 300 to 4200 ft. altitude. Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Native name: Akar Chinchin. (7) C. grandis Jack. Mal. Misc. 2, vii. 40; Hook. fil. F.BI. 1.328. A stout climber with stiff coriaceous leaves of 5 leaflets -8 in. long. Leaflets oblong obtuse acuminate, very coriaceous, base rounded; nerves g to Io faint, 6 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; petiolules 2 in. long, thick. Inflorescence 4 to 8 in. long, yellow tomentose rather dense. Flowers sessile ‘25 in. long. Sepals linear-oblong, blunt, cream colour. Petals twice as long, linear, glabrescent, white tipped with yellowish hairs. Follicles oblanceolate, rounded, woody, 2 in. long, *75 in. wide, narrowed abruptly into a thick stalk, ‘4 in. long. Hab. Common in open country. Singapore, Changi; Pulau Ubin. Malacca, Chabau; Merlimau (Cantley) ; 548 XLVI. CONNARACEZ. [Connarus. Sungei Hudang. Perak, Ulu Slim (Kunstler). Penang Hill tooo ft. altitude (Curtis). Dzstrib. Tenasserim. Native name: Akar Tulang Dayeng Padang. 2. ELLIPANTHUS, Hook. fil. Trees. Leaves of one leaflet, elliptic-acuminate. Racemes or cymes axillary, short, few-flowered. Flowers small, white. Sepals 5, valvate. Petals longer, oblong, pubescent. Stamens 10, 5 shorter; filaments short; connate at base. Ovary 1, pubescent. Follicles stalked, oblique, usually beaked, brown velvety, valves glabrous within. Seed arillate. Species 12, Malayan. Leaves glabrous . : : : : 2 . (1) E. Seortechinii Leaves hairy beneath. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate ; Borges panicled . 2) E. Cartisii Leaflets ovate to elliptic. ( Flowers racemed . é : : : + (@) x Griffithii Flowers in dense cymes : : (4) E. gibbosus (1) E. Scortechinii King, /.c. 8. Small tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, narrow elliptic oblong, base narrowed, apex caudate, glabrous; nerves 4 pairs, prominent beneath 4°5 to 7 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘1 to ‘15 in. long. Cymes tomentose. Calyx lobes ovate, tomentose. Petals little longer. Follicle oblique, elliptic, blunt, abruptly shortly stalked, tomentose, ‘5 in. long, ‘3 in. wide; pericarp thick. Seed oblong. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). (2) E. Curtisii King, /.c. 9. Tree. Leaves rather stiffly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate long acuminate, base cuneate, above glabrous, shiny beneath, pubescent, midrib tomentose; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, prominent beneath, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, °8 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long tomentose. Panicles *4 to ‘7 in. long, silky. Flowers :2 in. long, white. Calyx- lobes ovate-lanceolate, tomentose. Petals more than twice as long, narrow oblong, pubescent. Ovary silky. Hab. Penang Hill, road to West Hill and Chalet (Curtis). (3) E. Griffithii Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 56; King, l.c. to. Smail tree -about 30 to 60 ft. tall. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves thin coriaceous, elliptic caudate acuminate, base rounded above glabrous, shining beneath pubescent, midrib and g to 10 pairs; nerves beneath tomentose, 4 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to ‘25 in. long. Racemes ‘25 in. long, branched, hairy. Flowers ‘2 in. across cream white. Sepals ovate hairy. Petals oblong, hairy outside. Follicle compressed curved, hardly beaked I in. long, ‘4 in. thick, narrowed to base into a stalk ‘2 in. long, sienna brown tomentose, °75 in. long. Hab. Dense woods, Singa- pore, Garden Jungle. Malacca (Griffith) ; Ayer Panas (Foxworthy). Use: Wood hard and durable, squares to 6 or Io in. Ellipanthus.] XLVI. CONNARACES. 549 (4) E. gibbosus King, l.c. to. Small tree ro to 16 ft. tall, 2 to 3 in. through. Leaves mem- branous, oblong-elliptic shortly caudate-acuminate, base cuneate edge undulate; nerves 7 to 8 pairs prominent beneath, 4°5 to 6°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles ‘5 to ‘6 in. long, tomentose. Cymes dense, short, few-flowered, ‘4 in. long, hairy. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Petals little longer tomentose outside. Follicle oblong, compressed with a long conical beak, base gibbous above and contracted into a curved stalk, tomentose, I to 1°5 in. long, 4 in. wide; stalk rin. long. Hab. Hill forests; Johor, Gunong Pantai; Perak, Gapis (Curtis) ; Ulu Kerling; Ulu Slim and Kinta (Kunstler) ; Tapah (Wray); Waterloo (Curtis). 3. ROUREA, Aubl. Large woody lianes. Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets rarely I, often numerous, coriaceous. Racemes or panicles axillary, numerous. Flowers small, white; pedicels slender. Sepals 5, orbicular enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, linear-oblong. Stamens Io; filaments connate at base; ovaries 5, 4 usually imperfect; style slender; follicle sessile, curved. Seed arillate. Species about 50, all tropics. Leaflets not more than 11, petiolulate ovate. Leaflet usually 1, rarely 3 / P : : . (1) R. anomala Leaflet 3 to 9, rarely I1. Leaflets glaucous beneath . : : : . (2) R. acuminata Leaflets not glaucous. Leaves 3 to 7 in. long; leaflets ovate-lanceo- late; flowers ‘25 in. long : : ; : Leaves 3°5 to 5 in. long; leaflets 3 (or 5) broad ovate : : : : ; y . (4) R. humilis Leaflets very numerous, small, oblong sessile. Leaflets blunt acuminate, 2 to 3°25 in. long, pubes- cent beneath 3 : ; ; : Leaflets broad at tip, bifid, 5 to ‘75 in. long, sparsely pubescent beneath . 2 F : P Leaflets broad round-tipped. Beneath rusty-silky . : Beneath glabrous (3) R. pulchella (5) R. rugosa (6) R. similis ( ( ) R. fulgens ) R. concolor (1) R. anomala King, l.c. 11. Big liane, glabrous. Leaves with 1 to 3 leaflets, coriaceous, ovate-elliptic shortly blunt caudate-acuminate, base round broad ; nerves 6 pairs, 3 to 4'5 in. long, 1°6 to 2°2 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long or less. Racemes slender, lax, 3 in. long, several together. Flowers *35 in. long, red and white on pedicels as long. Calyx- lobes ovate-orbicular, puberulous outside. Petals linear-oblong, three times as long. Follicle oblique ovoid blunt, yellow tinted red, rin. long. Seed-arilred. Hab. Perak, Sungei Rayah, Goping (Kunstler). 550 XLVI. CONNARACEZ. [Rourea. (2) R. acuminata Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 48; King, lc. 12. A lofty liane, glabrous. Leaves 3 to g in. long; leaflets 5 to 11, thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to obovate caudate-acuminate, base round or cordate; nerves 5 pairs, faint, I°5 to 2°25 in. long, °65 to ‘g in. wide; petiolules under ‘r in. long. Racemes very slender, lax, several together, 3 in. long. Flowers °3 in. long; pedicels slender as long. Sepals ovate round, pink. Petals oblong, white. Follicle narrow ovate, curved pointed, °75 in. long, red. Hab. In dense forests on trees; Singapore (Wallich, Cyestis acu- minata 8533), Bukit Timah. Perak, Goping and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). (3) R. pulchella Planch. Linnea xxiii. 419; Hook. fil. F.BI. ni. 48; King, l.c. 13. Lofty glabrous liane. Leaves 3 to 7 in. long; leaflets 3 to 7, thin coriaceous, ovate caudate, base round reticulate; nerves 4 to 5 pairs, faint, 1°5 to 3 in. long, 75 to 1°2 in. wide; petiolules *15 in. long slender. Racemes crowded, slender, many-flowered, 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers *25 in. across. Sepals ovate acute, ciliate. Petals twice as long, linear. Pistils 5. Follicles oblong, curved, ‘6 in. long, red. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Changi. Malacca, Bukit Bharu (Maingay); Sungei Hudang. Selangor, Bukit Hitam. Perak, upper (Wray). Penang, Balik Pulau. Allied to R. humilis, but the leaves are much smaller. (4) R. humilis Bi. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 262; King, Lieeaes3 Slender, glabrous climbing liane. Leaves 3°5 to 6 in. long; rachis slender ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), coriaceous, broad ovate caudate- acuminate, base round; nerves 4 pairs, faint, 1°5 to 3 in. long, 1 to 2°25 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Racemes clustered, slender, few-flowered 2 to 3 in. long; flowers ‘15 in. long. Sepals sub-orbicular. Petals short broad oblong. Follicle cylindric pointed, glabrous, *75 in. long. Hab. Forests in lowlands. Pahang River, Sungei Chenei (Fox). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Penang, Moniot’s Road (Curtis). Dzstvib. Sumatra, Borneo. Native name : Asam Nyamok. (5) R. rugosa Planch. Linn. xxiii. 422; Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 46; King, l.c. 14. Stout climber. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves 12 to I5 in. long; rachis tomentose; leaflets 8 to 15 pairs, sub-sessile oblong shortly blunt-acuminate, base broad, coriaceous, above smooth, beneath reticulate; nerves and reticulations raised, hairy; nerves 8 to 10 pairs, prominent, 2 to 3°25 in. long, ‘6 to 1°25 in. wide. Panicles 2 to 3 in. long, dense-flowered. Flowers ‘2 in. long. Sepals round pubescent’; follicles +75 in. long, lanceolate obtuse, upcurved, glabrous. Hab. Common, climbing on trees in forests. Singapore, Changi. Pahang, Sungei Jelai, Kwala Lipis (Machado). Rourea.| XLVI. CONNARACES. 551 Malacca, Ayer Panas (Cantley); Sungei Hudang; Brisu (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Gunong Berumbun, and Bukit Danan (Cantley), Tampin Hill. Dindings, Lumut. Perak, Goping and Gunong Bubu (Kunstler); Asam Kumbang (Wray); Temengoh. Penang (Porter); base of Government Hill (Curtis). Tringganu, Bundi (Rostado). Native names: Akar Prijeh; A. Semilat putih; Keluntut Kra; Kelintek Nyamok. (6) R. similis B/. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 264; Hook. fil. F.BI.i.50. R. parallella Planch. l.c. 421 and R. sororia Planch. l.c. A lofty liane. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves 2 to 6 in. long; rachis pubescent ; leaflets sessile, coriaceous, Io to 22 pairs, opposite, oblong tip broad, retuse, base cordate, shining above, pubescent beneath; nerves 6 pairs, elevate, °5 to “75 in. or more long, °25 to *3 in. wide. Racemes 3'5 to 5 in. long. Flowers white, scattered, many, ‘2 to °35 in. across, pedicelled. Sepals ovate blunt hairy, pink. Petals oblanceolate, white; follicle obovoid blunt, red, *6 to *7 in. long. Seed elliptic. Hab. Common in woods. Singa- pore, Bajau; Sungei Buluh; Changi; Kranji. Pahang, Telom. Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler). Kedah, Pulau Song-Song. Penang (Wallich). Dzstvzb. Sumatra, Borneo. (7) R. fulgens Planch. Linnea xxiii. 423; Hook. fil. F.BI. iu. Hoe) King; l.c. 15. Woody climber, minutely tomentose. Leaves 3 to 5 in. long; rachis and underside of leaflets tomentose; leaflets 12 to 24 pairs, thin coriaceous, oblong blunt, base rounded above glabrous, reticu- late; nerves faint, ‘4 to 65 in. long, ‘15 to ‘25 in. wide. Racemes solitary, pubescent; follicles °75 in. long, curved, oblanceolate obtuse. Hab. Singapore (Wallich and Maingay). This seems to be rare; I have never met with it. (8) R. concolor Bl. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 264; Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 49; King, l.c. 15. R. parvifolia Planch. l.c. 420. A woody liane 3 in. through, very lofty. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves I to 4 on rachis tomentose densely crowded, young ones rose pink, adults shining light green; leaflets 4 to 15 pairs, cori- aceous, sub-sessile, oblong blunt, base cordate, glabrous, back reticulate, *3 to ‘5 in. long, ‘15 to *3 in. wide. Racemes slender, 2 in. long, tomentose. Sepals orbicular. Petals white ‘1 in. long, oblong; follicles red, lanceolate, curved, sub-acute *4 in. long. Hab. Common in woods climbing on high trees. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang; Changi; Kranji; Bukit Timah; Garden Jungle. Johor, Kwala Kahang. Malacca, Batu Tiga (Griffith). Dzsirib. Sumatra, Borneo. Native name: Semilat. Use: Decoction for colic. 4. ROUREOPSIS Planch. Scandent shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate with few leaflets. Flowers in axillary racemes, large for the order; pedicels slender 552 XLVI. CONNARACEZ. [Roureopsis. bracteolate. Sepals oblong, enlarged in fruit, not clasping it. Petals linear-oblong. Stamens 10, alternate ones larger. Ovaries 5; styles slender; follicle oblong slightly or not curved. Seed ovoid, arillate. Species 3 or 4, Malayan. Near Rourea, but with fruit but little curved and free persistent sepals not clasping the fruit- base; flowers larger. Leaves small, pubescent beneath . : F . (1) R. pubinervis Leaves larger, glabrous . ; 5 . (2) R. Scortechinii (1) R. pubinervis Planch. Lea xxiill. 424; Hook. fil. F.BTI. ii. 50. Woody climber. Branches pubescent. Leaves 2°5 to 5 in. long; rachis pubescent; leaflets membranous, 5 to 9, terminal one largest, ovate-elliptic, tapering at both ends, glabrous above, midrib puberulous; nerves 4 to 5, slightly prominent beneath, ‘7 to 1°7 in. long, ‘5 to °75 in. wide. Racemes slender, crowded, tin. long. Flowers white, few on long pedicels, °35 in. long. Sepals oblong obtuse, pilose at tip. Petals linear-oblong. Follicles ovate "5 to ‘6 in. long, slightly curved, persistent sepals *3 in. long, lanceo- late. Hab. In forests, climbing on trees usually low down. Malacca, Sungei Hudang; Batu Tiga; Bukit Bintang (Goodenough). Selangor, Dusun Tua; Sungei Buluh; Semangkok Pass; Kwala Lumpur (Curtis). Sungei Ujong (Cantley). Perak, Batang Padang (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich); Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Native names: Akar Kalche; A. Kachang betina. Use: Leaves for poulticing in fever. (2) R. Scortechinii King, l.c. 16. Slender climber, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves 6 to to in. long; leaflets 7 to 9, thinly coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate long acuminate; nerves 4 pairs, faint, 2°35 to 3 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide; petiolules ‘x in. long, terminal leaf much larger. Racemes slender lax, I to 2 in. long, pubescent. Flowers ‘25 in. long; pedi- cels slender. Sepals ovate blunt, hairy inside. Petals lanceolate, yellowish. Pistils 5. Follicle ovoid, straight, 1 in. long. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). 5. AGELAA, Soland. Big scandent lianes. Leaves 3- rarely 5-foliate. Panicles or racemes short, about 1 in. long, tufted hairy, axillary. Calyx 5-lobed not clasping fruit. Petals lanceolate or ligulate, white. Stamens 5 orto. Pistils 2 to 5; follicles r to 3, coriaceous, rugose or warty, velvety, scarlet. Seed arillate. Species 12 or more, African and Asiatic. All parts more or less pubescent; stamens 5. Leaves smaller; nerves 2 to 9 pairs . ; ; . (1) A. vestita Leaves larger; nerves 7 to Io pairs . ate ie (2) A. pinnata All parts except inflorescence glabrous; stamens Io. Leaves smaller; nerves 2 to 3 pairs . : : . (3) A. Wallichii Leaves larger; nerves 7 to Io pairs . (4) A. Hullettii A gelea.| XLVI. CONNARACEZ. 553 (x1) A. vestita Hook. fil. F.BJ. i. 46; King, l.c. 17. A big liane. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long; petiole, rachis and underside tomentose; leaflets 3 membranous, laterals ovate or elliptic acuminate, base oblique, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, I'4 to 2°4 in. wide, terminal one nearly twice as big, glabrous above, tomentose beneath; nerves and reticulations elevate; petiolules ‘I to ‘4 in. long (terminal one). Panicles extra-axillary, under I in. long, tomentose. Flowers under ‘2 in. long, pedicelled. Sepals free, linear, tomentose, unequal. Petals linear, white. Follicles I, rarely 2, ovoid beaked rugose tubercled, velvety scarlet, *6 to *8 in. long. Seed ovoid, black *4 in. long. Hab. Very common all over the peninsula in forests. Flowers fragrant. Singapore, Serangoon (Murton); Bukit Timah. Johor, Gunong Pulai. Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Malacca, Ayer Panas; Merlimau (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Sulu (Cantley). Dindings, by river (Curtis). Perak, Goping (Kunstler); Batu Togo (Wray). Adang islands, Pulau Rawei. Kelantan, Kwala Lebir. Disivib. Sumatra, Borneo. Native names : Akar Makachang hitam; A. Kankachang; A. Tulo Bujok; A. Rusa-Rusa; A. Nyamok. (2) A. pinnata King, l.c. 18. Big liane. Branchlets pubescent. Leaflets 3 to 5, thinly coriaceous, elliptic caudate, base round, above glabrous except midrib, beneath pubescent; midrib and nerves elevated, hairy, 7 to 10 pairs, prominent, 6 to 8 in. long, 3 to 3°5 in. wide; petiolules short, thick. Panicles densely crowded, axillary, under 1 in. long; tomentose. Flowers °3 in. long; pedicels ‘15 in. long. Sepals free 5, linear acuminate, tomentose. Petals linear acuminate, purple- magenta outside, white inside. Hab. Open jungle at below 500 ft. altitude. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Rare. (3) A. Wallichii Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 47; King, l.c. 18. Stout liane. Leaves about 6 in. long. Leaflets coriaceous, glabrous 3, elliptic to ovate-acuminate, bases round; nerves 2 to 3 pairs slightly raised, 2 to 4°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2'25 in. wide; petiolules thickened. Panicles under 1 in. long, densely pubescent. Flowers ‘25 in. long, pedicelled. Sepals connate at base to ovate-lanceolate, pubescent. Petals linear, longer and narrower, white. Pistils 5. Follicle usually 1, ovoid, curved beaked tubercled tomentose, red, ‘6 in. long. Seed oblong black, aril two-thirds of length, red. Hab. Very common in forests. Singapore, Changi. Malacca, Bukit Bruang; Merlimau (Derry). Pahang, Tahan River. Dind- ings, Pangkor (Curtis). Perak, Plus River (Wray). Penang Hill (Curtis). Dzstvib. Sumatra. (4) A. Hullettii King, /.c. Io. Big climber. Branchlets tomentose; leaflets 3 coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic-oblong, tip sub-acute or blunt; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, prominent beneath, reticulations visible, 6 to 9 in. long, 2 to 2°25 in. wide. Panicles under an inch long, tomentose, dense. 554 XLVI. CONNARACEZ. [A gelea. Flowers -2 in. long; pedicels longer. Sepals free for two-thirds of length lanceolate, tomentose. Petals linear-oblong. Follicles I to 3 ovoid beaked, tubercled, pubescent. Seed sub-cylindric black. Hab. Forests, not common. Singapore, Changi (Hullett). Perak, Chanderiang (Kunstler). 6. TENIOCHLANA, Hook. fil. Sarmentose shrub. Leaves unequally pinnate, glabrous; leaf- lets 3, coriaceous. Panicles axillary short. Flowers small, bi- sexual. Calyx-tube short hemispheric; segments 5, enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, longer, linear. Stamens Io, alternate ones shorter, nearly free. Ovaries 5. Follicles 1 to 3, ovoid, pubescent, glabrous within. Seed oblong arillate. Species 4, Burma and Borneo. (x) T. Griffithii Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 55; Ic. Pl. 2392 ; King, l.c. 20. Branchlets and inflorescence only puberulous. Leaflets elliptic to ovate, tips blunt bifid, base round; nerves 4 to 5 pairs, prominent beneath, 3°5 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide, terminal largest; petio- lules *15 in. long. Panicles 1 to 3 in. long, fascicled, hairy. Flowers 33 in. across. Follicles *5 to rin. long. Hab. In thickets; Johor, Kota Tinggi. Malacca, Pulau Besar (Griffith); Brisu; Bukit Bruang; Bukit Sadanen. Tomoh (Machado). Native. names : Akar Kachang Betina; Akar Kachang Purai; Akar Sesudu; Akar China; Akar Berimbong. 7. CNESTIS, Juss. Sarmentose shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets 19 to 31, oblong. Flowers fascicled, racemose, small, unisexual. Sepals 5, oblong. Petals 5, similar. Stamens ro, free. Ovaries 5 to 7, sessile. Follicles 1 to 3, curved pyriform, velvety scarlet ; pericarp thick, woody, silky inside. Seed broad arillate. Species 17, Africa and Asia. (x1) C. ramiflora Grif. Notule iv. 432; Hook. fil. F.BI. it. 54; King, l.c. 21. C. flaminea Griff. l.c. 433. Connarus igneus Wall. Cat. 8528. Branches, rachis, underside of leaves, inflorescence tomentose. Leaves (young pink) 8 to 15 in. long; leaflets obtuse or sub-acute, base round, 1°25 to 3 in. long, *4 to 1°5 in. wide. Racemes 2 in. long. Female flowers °35 in. across, males smaller. Sepals pubes- cent both sides, pink. Petals white. Follicles 1°5 to 1°75 in. long, *8 in. wide. Hab. Common in open country, very attractive from its pink young leaves and scarlet pears. Singapore, Cluny (Hullett) ; Bukit Timah. Pahang, Temerloh; Kwala Tembeling. Malacca, Sungei Hudang; Jasin. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tampin. Perak, Tapah (Wray); Larut (Kunstler); Trong (Wray). Penang Hill (Curtis); Kedah, Yan. Dvysivib. Burma, Malay islands. Native names: Akar Semilat Merah; Akar Semilat Papan; Akar Gesing- Gesing Merah. Akar Perjep. Use. Roots boiled and applied as a poultice for colic. —- i °° § Fes. ee. XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. 555 OrperR XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. Herbs, shrubs often climbing, and trees. Leaves stipulate usually alternate, pinnate or digitate, rarely simple; rachis in climbers often ending in a tendril. Inflorescence axillary, leaf- opposed or terminal, racemose or panicled, with bracts and brac- teoles. Flowers usually irregular, bisexual. Sepals 5, connate or free, often unequal. Petals 5, fewer to o, by abortion, usually free, unequal. Stamens normally io, rarely fewer or indefinite, perigynous or nearly hypogynous; filaments free or connate. Ovary free; ovules 1 to many on the ventral suture; style simple; stigma capitate or oblique. Pod usually dry, dehiscent, or inde- hiscent, I- to many-seeded, rarely baccate. Species about 8000, whole world, divided into 3 sub-orders, (A) Papilionacee, (B) Czesalpiniez and (C) Mimosee (Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ixoie)(2), Now I; py 21). (A) Papilionaceze. Herbs, climbing or erect, shrubs or trees. Flowers irregular. Calyx gamosepalous beyond the disc. Petals imbricate, upper one erect, spreading (standard), 2 lateral free parallel horizontal (wings), 2 lower connate into a boat-shaped organ (keel). Stamens 10. Disc turbinate or cylindric. i. VicIE#. Climbers, slender. Leaves even-pinnate; flowers racemose; stamens g and 1 abortive; pod dehiscent; seeds red witha blackspot . - : . ABRUS ii. GENISTE#. Shrublets or herbs. Stamens iene pod dehis- cent not jointed; leaves simple or trifoliate. Anthers uniform; keel-petals scarcely cohering ; prostrate annual : < : F : 2. ROTHIA Erect shrubby herbs; anthers dimorphous; keel- petals firmly cohering; racemes terminal ; podsturgid . p - 3. CROTALARIA iii. CAJANE#. Shrubs or aRMBeEe Tieaires gland-dotted below; leaves trifoliate (except Flemingia and Eviosema unifoliate). Upper stamen free, Climbers; seeds 3 to 8. Pods with 6 to 8 seeds, not depressed between seeds 5 : : : . 4. DUNBARIA Pods with 3 to 6 seeds, depressed between each : ; : Pe 5 eR OSmA Shrubs; pods I- to 2-seeded, turgid. Slender twiggy plant; leaves 1-foliate narrow linear; corolla exsert ¢ 3 6, ERIOSEMA Bushes ; leaves 1- to 3- -foliate, broad ; corolla not exsert - 7. FLEMINGIA iv. PHASEOLEZ. Leaves faenate a ead ened: petals equal; stamens diadelphous. Style bearded below stigma; slender climbers, rarely bushes; pod many-seeded. Stigma oblique. Keel spiral A : : : : . 8, PHASEOLUS 556 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. Keel not spiral; style filiform, corolla yellow or purple . : . 9. VIGNA Keel not spiral; style flat ‘upwards ; corolla blue-violet . : . 10. PACHYRHIZUS Stigma terminal ; petals very unequal : II. CLITORIA Style not bearded below stigma; petals sub- equal; stamens monadelphous. Stamens alternate, 5 abortive, 5 fertile; flowers small; pod linear . 2 - . 12. TERAMNUS Pod oblong turgid, 1 to 2 seeds; woody liane 13. DIoCLEA Pod linear, flat; many seeds; wiry climber . 14. PUERARIA Upper lip of calyx projecting; herbaceous climber; pod turgid; flowers large, pink . 15. CANAVALIA Pod 1-seeded, winged; lianes 5 : . 16. SPATHOLOBUS v. ERYTHRINE#. Leaves trifoliate; petals very unequal; style beard- less; flowers showy; pods usually several-seeded. Climbers; keel longer than wings and standard. Flowers yellowish to purple : : - 17. Mucuna Trees; standard longer than keel; flowers red . 18. ERYTHRINA vi. GALEGE#. Leaves odd (rarely even)-pinnate; leaflets numerous, except Psoralea ; stamens 10, 9 wnited in a sheath split above; pod not jointed bivalved; shrubby plants or herbs. Anthers apiculate . : : . : . 19. INDIGOFERA ® Anthers blunt :— Pod many-seeded ; racemes leaf-opposed . 20. TEPHROSIA Pod many-seeded ; racemes axillary : . 21. SESBANIA Pod 1-seeded; leaves simple, broad . 22. PSORALEA vii. MILLETTIEH. Lianes or trees; leaves imparipinnate or simple. Ovary not stipitate; pods narrow, flat; seeds 3 or more. Flowers axillary racemose . 23. MILLETTIA Flowers in slender racemes from old wood or fascicled . ; 24. FoRDIA Ovary stipitate, 2-ovuled : pods " indehiscent oblong or ovate, flat, thick. Inflorescence dense terminal; pod rather thin 25. ADINOBOTRYS Inflorescence lax; pod thick, woody - . 26. PADEBRUGGEA viii. DALBERGIE#. Lianes or trees. Leaves odd-pinnate. Pods 1-seeded indehiscent usually thin and winged. Leaflets alternate. Flowers small, white or pink; pod linear- oblong . : . 27. DALBERGIA Flowers yellow ; pod orbicular ; tree : . 28. PTEROCARPUS Leaflets opposite. Pod woody ovoid-oblong, flat; tree 2 . 29. PONGAMIA Pod thin, winged, oblong; climbers or trees . 30. DERRIS Pod thin, not winged, oblong; climbers . 31. KUNSTLERIA ix. HEDYSAREZ. Pod jointed; leaves pinnate; herbs or slightly shrubby at base. Leaves not stipellate; stamens monadelphous. Leaflets 4; bracts large, ciliate reniform 32. GEISSASPIS Leaves odd-pinnate; joints of pods 2 to 6 muricate; bracts ovate acute . : . 33. ZORNIA Stamens in 2 bundles of 5. Pod twisted . E : , : . 34. SMITHIA Pod straight exsert . : ; Z . 35. AESCHYNOMENE XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. 557 Leaves stipellate. Pods twisted up; shrublets . - : . 36. URARIA Pod not twisted. Pod flat ovate indehiscent 1-ovuled, climber . 37. PHYLACIUM Pod joints turgid; erect or prostrate herb . 38. ALYSICARPUS Pod joints flat; herbs or shrubs. c . 39. DESMODIUM x. SOPHORE#. Stamens free nearly to base. Shrub; pod moniliform; seeds numerous . . 40. SOPHORA Trees; pod short, broad thick; seed 1 : . 41. ORMOSIA (B) Ceesalpinieze. Trees or shrubs climbing or erect. Calyx segments free to disc (rarely gamosepalous, some Bauhinias). Petals imbricate 5 to 0, sub-regular, no standard or keel. Stamens nearly always free. Anthers basifixed. Petals 5; leaves even-pinnate; shrubs or trees; fruit a pod 5 ; - : . . 42. CASSIA Petals 5; stamens 5; leaves odd-pinnate; flowers regular; gigantic trees; fruit a samara . - : : : : . 43. KOOMPASSIA Petals 2 or 0; stamens 2; fruit baccate globose or ovoid; big trees . é : : . 44. DIALIUM Anthers versatile. Leaves bilobed or nearly entire. Petals 5, showy ; fruit a pod : : . 45. BAUHINIA Leaves odd pinnate; trees. Petals 5; cymes small; fruit fleshy; trees . 46. CYNOMETRA Leaves even-pinnate. Petals 3; leaflets numerous; tree . 47. TAMARINDUS Petal 1; sepals sub- valvate ; pod orbicular often spiny ; Seal Wn 48. SINDORA Petal 1; sepals imbricate ; pod smooth, oblong; seeds 2 or more . 49. AFZELIA Petals 0; calyx showy red or orange "pink; stamens 3 to 8 : 5 ; : . 50. SARACA Petals 2, small; stamens.2 . : : . 51. LEUCOSTEGANE Leaves odd-pinnate. iRetals Oj. : : ; : : . 52. CRUDIA Petals 5. Fruit a samara, winged all round; tree, lower sepal large, hooded . : : . 53. PELTOPHORUM Fruit a samara, winged on upper edge; thorny climber . ; . 54. MEZONEURON Fruit a samara, winged at tip only : . 55. PTEROLOBIUM Thorny climbers (or bushes) ; a pod : . 56. CHSALPINIA (C) Mimosez. Flowers regular 4- to 5-merous; stamens twice as many or numerous. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers in balls al on long peduncles; tree 4 . 57. PARKIA Flowers yellow, capitate ; aquatic herb. 58. NEPTUNIA Flowers racemose; tree;. pods small; seeds red 59. ADENANTHERA Flowers racemose; climber; pod very large . 60. ENTADA 558 XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. (Abrus. Flowers capitate; pod opening whole length; bush 61. LEUCHNA Flowers capitate ; pod with persistent sutures, valves segmented. 62. Mimosa Stamens indefinite, often very numerous, free. 63. ACACIA Stamens connate in a tube at base. Flowers large; pod septate between seeds fleshy . : : 64. SERIANTHES Flowers small ; “pod thin flat 65. ALBIZZIA Flowers medium ; ie curved, red or brown coriaceous . : z . 66, PITHECOLOBIUM (A) PAPILIONACE (Genera 1-41). 1. ABRUS, Linn. Slender climber. Leaves of numerous membranous leaflets. Flowers small, in dense axillary peduncled racemes. Calyx cam- panulate; teeth very short. Corolla much exsert, standard ovate acute, adhering below to the staminal tube; wings narrow, keel curved. Stamens g, united ina slit tube; anthers uniform. Ovary sub-sessile, many-ovuled; style short, beardless. Pod oblong, flat or turgid. Seed globose, red or red and black. Pod oblong, turgid, 3- to 5-seeded . : : . (1) A. precatorius Pod linear, flat 8- to 12-seeded : ‘ ‘ . (2) A. pulchellus (x1) A. precatorius Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. xii. 472; Baker, in Hook. fu F BL, in. 1755 Prat, de: 34: Much-branched slender climber, glabrous or thinly silky. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets 10 to 20 pairs, glabrous above, silky beneath, ligulate-oblong °35 to °65 in. long, ‘15 to ‘2 in. wide. Racemes many-flowered 2 in. long. Calyx ‘1 in. long silky. Corolla °5 in. long, white tinted pink. Pod oblong, turgid, I to 1°5 in. long, ‘4 to ‘5 in. wide, 3- to 5-seeded. Seed scarlet with black hilum (rarely white). Hab. Seashores and hedges in dry spots. Common. Singapore, Telok Kurau; Changi, Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, Selandor; Pengkalan Minyak (Cantley). Sungei Ujong. Dindings, Pangkor (Scortechini). Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Perlis, Kanga. Distvib. Whole world. Native names: Akar Belimbing ; Akar Saga betina. (2) A. pulchellus Wall. Cat. 5819; Baker, l.c. 175; Pyrain, l.c. 35. Slender climber. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long; leaflets 12 to 16 pairs ligulate-oblong silky beneath, °75 to 1°25 in. long, °25 to °35 in. wide. Racemes lax, long-peduncled, 7 in. long, rather stout. Calyx ‘r in. long. Corolla ‘5 in. long pale pink. Pod linear flat incurved, 2 to 2°5 in. long, ‘5 in. wide; valves thin 8- to 12-seeded. Hab. Hedges. Pahang, Labong Endau (Evans). Selangor, Batu Caves. Negri Sembilan, Seremban. Perak, Tapah. Lankawi, Kwah (Ridley). Distvib. South Africa and S.E. Asia. Native name: Akar Kachang Inai. Use: Roots used in colic. —_—-~ . ™— a 7 Rothia. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 559 2. ROTHIA, Pers. Diffuse annuals. Leaves trifoliate. Flowers numerous minute axillary. Calyx-tube turbinate, teeth as long as tube 2 upper broader, arched. Corolla hardly exsert. Petals narrow clawed. Filaments in a tube slit along top; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile linear; ovules many; style short, filiform. Pod linear, slender, compressed. Seeds 20 or more. Species 2, 1 African. (x) R. trifoliata Pers. Dec. Prod. ii. 282; Baker, in Hook fil. fey i. 635. Wight, Lc. t.-199. Silky, much-branched. Branches 1 ft. long. Leaves I in. long; petioles °5 in. long; leaflets silky, elliptic narrowed at base, minutely mucronate, °5 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, glabrous. Flowers I to 4. Calyx ‘o5 in. long. Corolla very small, silky, yellow, inconspicuous. Pods 1°5 to 2 in. long, silky. Hab. Sandy fields. Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur; seashore, Telok Ayer Tawar. Disivib. India, Ceylon, Australia. 3. CROTALARIA, Linn. Herbs or under-shrubs. Leaves simple, trifoliate or 5- to 7-foliolate. Flowers showy in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Calyx tube short, teeth free or connate in 2 lips. Corolla as long or longer, standard round or ovate short clawed; wings obovate or oblong shorter; keel as long, its petals united, incurved, beaked. Stamens monadelphous in a sheath split dorsally; anthers di- morphous, alternately on short filaments versatile and on long fila- ments basifixed. Ovary sessile or stipitate linear, many-ovuled. Pod sessile or stalked oblong. or linear, turgid 2- to many-seeded. About 250 species, tropics and sub-tropics. Leaves simple. Stem winged by decurrent stipules; yellow flowers . i F : F : (1) C. alata Stem not winged. Pod not longer than calyx; racemes elongate ; flowers blue and white : f : : (2) C. sessiliflora Flowers few in heads, pale yellow . (3) ©. chinensis Pods much longer than calyx; glabrous. Diffuse silky plant; racemes lateral; flowers yellow A : : ‘ (4) C. ferruginea Erect stout plants: ” leaves blunt; bracts and stipules small; flowers yellow . . (5) C. retusa Erect stout plant; leaves acute, 2 to 6 in. long; stipules large, leafy (6) C. sericea Slender; leaves silky narrow linear or ob- . lanceolate. . (7) C. albida Stout plants; leaves broad rhomboid. Pod hairy; robust bushy herb; flowers light blue; stipules large . j . (8) . verrucosa Pod pubescent; stipules small; flowers yellow : { ‘ ; , . (9) C. semperflorens 560 XLVII. LEGUMINOSE. (Crotalaria. Leaves compound, trifoliate; flowers all yellow. Procumbent herb; pods sub- -globose eg gaa 2-seeded . (10) C. uncinella Erect stout shrubs ; pods cylindric, 20 to 30 seeds. Pods hairy . : (11) C. incana Pods glabrous cylindric, sub-sessile . (12) C. Saltiana Pods glabrous, swollen eying, stalked . . (13) C. laburnifolia Leaves 5-foliate or more : - (14) C. quinquefolia (x1) C. alata Ham. Roxb. Hort. Beng. 98; Baker in Hook. fil. FBI. ti. 69; Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. 36. Shrubby herb, 1 to 2 ft. tall. Stem and leaves beneath silky. Leaves simple oblong-ovate sub-acute, membranous, I to 3 in. long, 5 to r in. wide. Stipules with a triangular point, forming a wing to the stem below for the whole length. Flowers 2 to 3 on peduncles lateral about 2 in. long, with often one or two ovate leaves on it. Calyx °35 in. long silky; tube campanulate. Corolla as long, yellow. Pod stalked, linear-oblong, 1°25 to 1°75 in. long. Seeds 30 to 40. Hab. Sandy places. Singapore, near Serangoon ; Changi. Johor, Sungei Tebrau. Dzystvib. Indo-Malaya. Native name: Kachang Hantu Darat. (2) C. sessiliflora Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1004; Baker,in Hook. fil. YB 12h, 73 ey an 1c. 30. Annual 1 to 2 ft. tall, simple or little branched. Stem and leaves beneath silky. Leaves simple linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, 2 to 6 in. long, ‘24 in. wide. Stipules setaceous, very small. Racemes terminal, 5- to 20-flowered, 1 to 8 in. long. Bracts long, setaceous. Flowers close set. Calyx silky long-haired, campanu- late with long acute teeth, °35 to °5 in. long. Corolla as long, blue and white (rarely yellow). Pod sessile, °5 in. long, oblong. Seeds io to 15. Hab. Rare on sandy heaths. Pahang River, Pulau Tawar. Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur. Dzystvib. Indo-Malaya, China and Japan. (3) C. chinensis Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, p. 1003; Baker, in Hook. fil. FB. AN 73. G00, h 6.37 Annual f to 2 ft. tall, branched. Branches ascending, red-haired. Leaves simple, linear to lanceolate, base round, tip sub-acute, °75 to 2°25 in. long, ‘I to ‘5 in. across, appressed-hairy allover. Racemes short dense, of few flowers, 3 to 6 terminal. Bracts lanceolate acuminate. All appressed red-hairy. Calyx-tube short, lobes acute, upper lanceolate, lower linear. Corolla pale yellow as long. Pod sessile, glabrous, oblong 15- to 20-seeded. Hab. Rocks in rivers, local. Perak, Kwala Temengoh. Setul. Dzvsivib. Indo- Malaya, China. (4) C. ferruginea Grah. in. Wall. Cat. 5398; Baker, l.c. 68; Prgin, 1.0; -37. Perennial branching herb, 1°5 to 2 ft. tall, hairy. Leaves herbaceous, simple, 1°5 to 2 in. long, °5 to °75 in. across, ovate- Crotalaria. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS. 561 oblong, blunt; petioles ‘15 in. long. Stipules foliaceous, deflexed, 25 in. long. Racemes 2- to 8-flowered, leaf-opposed 2 to 4 in. long. Bracts linear -2 in. long. Calyx silky, °5 in. long, upper teeth lanceolate, lower linear. Corolla yellow, not longer. Pod 1 to 1°25 in. long, stalked glabrous. Seeds 20 to 30. Hab. Very rare. Open heathy country. Pahang, Pekan (Ridley). Dvsirib. Indo-Malaya and China. (5) CG. retusa Linn. Sp:° Pl. 715. Baker, lc. u. 75; Prain, ENSs. A branched glabrous under-shrub about 2 to 4 ft. tall. Leaves fleshy herbaceous, puberulous beneath, oblong-oblanceolate, simple blunt, I°5 to 3 in. long or retuse, base cuneate. Stipules subulate very small. Racemes terminal elongating 6 to 8 in. long, 12- to 20-flowered. Calyx °35 to ‘5 in. long, tube campanulate, teeth lanceolate. Corolla ‘8 in. long, yellow tinged purple, showy. Pod oblong, thick r to 1°5 in. long, °5 in. wide, stalked. Seeds 15 to 20. Hab. Seashore. Singapore, Changi. Pahang, Pulau Tawar. Malacca, town and Tanjong Kling. Dindings, Lumut. Penang, Tanjong Tokong (Ridley). Distrib. Whole world. Native name: Giring Landak. (6) C. sericea Retz, Obs. v. 26; Baker, l.c. ti. 75; Prain, l.c. 38. An under-shrub like the last, but leaves 2 to 6 in. long, oblong- lanceolate, silky beneath, sub-acute. Stipules large, leafy. Racemes Io to 12 in. long, 20- to 50-flowered. Bracts ovate leafy; pedicels longer than calyx. Corolla showy, large, °8 in. long, yellow tinged purple. Pod 1°75 in. long, swollen, *6 in. wide, stalked. Seeds 20 to 30. Hab. Rare. Malacca (Griffith). Distrib. India, Indo- China. (7) C. albida Heyne, in Roth. Nov. Sp. Pl. 333; Baker, l.c. ii. 71; Prain, l.c. 39. Slender under-shrub branched from base, 6 to 12 in. tall, silky. Leaves simple linear-oblong, blunt silky beneath, 1 to 1°5 in. long, *2 in. wide; petioles ‘r in. long. Stipules 0. Racemes terminal, 6- to 20-flowered, 2 to 4 in. long; bracts linear very small. Calyx turbinate, ‘25 in. long, 2 upper teeth broad, 3 lower linear, silky. Corolla 3 in. long, pale yellow. Pod glabrous sessile oblong- cylindric, *5 to 6 in. long. Seeds 6 to 12. Hab. Very rare in open spaces. Selangor, roadsides at Kwala Selangor (Ridley). Dzsinb. Indo-China. (8) C. verrucosa Linn. Sp. Pl. 715. Baker, l.c. ii. 77; Prain, l.c. 39; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3034. Stout bushy herb about 2 ft. tall. Branches angular soon glabrous. Leaves 2 to 6 in. long, 1°5 in. wide, simple, rather thin, ovate blunt, base deltoid. Stipules leafy semilunar. Racemes terminal 6 in. long, 12- to 20-flowered; bracts linear minute. Calyx short campanulate, °3 in. long, teeth lanceolate. Corolla 75, in. long, blue and white, or white, showy. Pods oblong, faintly FLM.P., 1. 00 562 XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. [Crotalaria. hairy, I to 1°5 in. long, stalked, 10 to 15 seeds. Hab. Common, roadsides. Pahang River, Pulau Chengei. Negri Sembilan, Gunong Berumbun (Cantley). Perak, Temengoh. Lankawi. Disimb. Indo-Malaya, Australia. Native name: Poko Gingiling Jantan or Gigeling. Use: Leaves as a poultice for headaches. (9) C. semperflorens Vent. Hort. Cels. 17. A herb about 3 ft. tall. Stem not flattened nor winged. Stipules ‘12 in. long, linear acuminate. Leaves simple rhomboid ovate narrowed at top, mucronulate, base narrowed cuneate glabrous; nerves 8 pairs, 3°25 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; petioles ‘12 in. long. Racemes 2 to 6 in. long; peduncles 1°5 in. long. Flowers large yellow; pedicels ‘25 in. long. Calyx lobes lanceolate acuminate. Standard *5 in. long. Wings oblong corrugate above, keel promin- ently gibbous. Pod swollen oblong pubescent 1°5 in. long, °3 in. wide, mucronate. Seeds reniform with an incurved beak olive -trownish black polished. Hab. Openroadsides. Malacca (Griffith). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga Pass (Ridley). Dusivib. S. India, Java, Sumatra. (10) C. uncinella Lam. Encyc. Meth. 11. 200. A procumbent herb or under-shrub. Branches spreading, I to 2 ft. long slender. Leaves trifoliate glabrous above, puberulous beneath; leaflets 1 to 1°5 in. long, *5 to °75 in. wide, elliptic blunt. Stipules small acute. Racemes lateral and terminal, 2 in. long (lengthening in fruit to 4 in.). Flowers 20 to 25 small, yellow. Calyx hairy ‘15 in. long. Corolla ‘25 in. long yellow exsert. Pod oblique globose pubescent, 2-seeded, ‘2 in. long. Hab. Sea coasts, not rare on the East Coast. Singapore, Pulau Blakang Padang. Malacca (Derry, Goodenough). Pahang, Pekan; Kwala Meang and Kwala Pahang. Tringganu (Yapp). Kemaman, Kwala Kema- man (Rostado). Kelantan, Kota Bharu. Dzsivib. China. (x11) C. incana Linn. Sp. Pl. 716; Baker, l.c. ii. 83; Prain, l.c. 40. Erect herbaceous shrub, 2 to 4 ft. tall. Branches downy. Leaves trifoliate; petioles 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets membranous, hairy beneath, elliptic to obovate, median largest, rounded, base cuneate, 1°5 to 2 in. long, 1 to 1°4 in. wide or smaller. Stipules minute setaceous. Racemes terminal, 6 to Io in. long, 12- to 20-flowered elongating downy. Calyx ‘25 in. long, teeth lanceolate. Corolla ‘6 in. long exsert, yellow. Pod sub-sessile cylindric, 1 to 1°25 in. long, pubescent, 20 to 30 seeds. Hab. Penang (Curtis). An alien. Rare. Distrib. Of American origin, now over the whole world. (12) C. Saltiana Andy. Bot. Rep. t. 648; Prain, l.c. 41. C. staata WC — Prod? us 131. An erect shrub nearly glabrous, about 2 ft. tallor more. Leaves trifoliate; petioles 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets membranous, obovate obtuse, base cuneate, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide or less. Stipules cuneate. Racemes terminal, I to 1°25 ft. long. Flowers 20 to 30. Crotalaria. | XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. 563 Calyx °25 in. long, silky, teeth lanceolate. Corolla ‘6 in. long exsert, yellow striped purple. Pod sub-sessile, cylindric, 1°5 in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Seeds 20 to 30. Hab. Common on seashores and waste ground. Singapore, Galang, etc. Malacca, Hill; Selandor (Derry). Pahang, Pekan. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Dindings, Pangkor. Perlis, Chupeng. Kelantan, Kampong Kota (Gimlette). Disirib. Africa, Indo-Malaya. Native names: Kachang Sekuchok (Kelantan); Giring-Giring; Gurang-Gurang; Rang-Rang. (a3). ©. laburnifolia’ Linn..Sp. Pl. 715; Baker, Le. ii. 84; Prain, l.c. 41. Erect branched shrub, 2 to 4 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves tri- foliate; petioles 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets fleshy-membranous, I to 2 in. long, 1°25 in. wide or less, elliptic to obovate acute, cuneate. Stipules 0. Racemes terminal and lateral, 6 to 12 in. long with few large flowers. Calyx °3 to ‘4 in. long turbinate, teeth lanceo- late. Corolla zr in. long, exsert, keel large, yellow, tip red. Pod cylindric, 1°5 in. long, °5 in. wide; stalk as long. Seeds 20 to 30. Hab. Seashores. Local. Malacca, Pulau Besar (Griffith, Maingay). Distrib. India and Malaya. (14) C. quinquefolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 716; Baker, l.c. ii. 84; Pain; 1.0. 42. Annual herb, 1 to 2 ft. tall. Branches strict, glabrous, grooved silky. Leaves digitate, 5- (3- to 7-) foliate; petioles 1 to 3 in. long; leaflets herbaceous, glabrous above, silky beneath, linear or oblanceo- late blunt, central 2 to 4 in. long, °3 in. wide, the others shorter. Stipules linear. Racemes terminal, base 6 to 8 in. long. Flowers 8 to 20. Calyx ‘5 in. long, campanulate, teeth lanceolate. Corolla I in. long, yellow. Pod shortly stalked oblong inflated, 2 in. long, ‘5 in. wide. Seeds 30 to 40. Hab. Paddy-fields and waste ground. Singapore, Krangi. Johor, Pulau Aor (Feilding). Malacca (Main- gay). Negri Sembilan, Port Dickson. Kedah (Kunstler). Perak, Teluk Anson. Jalor, at Biserat (Gwynne-Vaughan). Perlis, Kanga. Distrib. India, Indo-China, Malaya. 4. DUNBARIA, Wight and Arnott. Herbaceous or woody climbers. Leaves trifoliate, gland- dotted beneath. Flowers racemose. Calyx-teeth narrow, lower longest. Corolla exsert, keel beaked or not. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary many-ovuled; style inflexed beardless. Pod linear flat. Seeds sub-strophiolate. Species 12, East Asia, Japan, Australia. (1) D. Scortechinii Pryain, 1.c. 44. Slender climber Io to 20 ft. long. Branches grey canescent. Leaves 6 in. long; leaflets trapezoid cuspidate, narrowed to round base, laterals oblique, puberulous above, grey pubescent beneath, 2 to 2°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. wide; petioles 1°5 to 4 in. long. 564 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2&. [Dunbaria. Stipules lanceolate ‘1 in. long. Racemes 2 to 3 in. long; peduncles 4 to 6 in. long; pedicels geminate, ‘2 in. long. Calyx grey pubes- cent, streaked red, °3 in. long, campanulate, lower tooth lanceolate twice as long as the deltoid connate upper pair. Corolla °5 in. long, standard outside purple ‘6 in. wide orbicular; keel green, the rest yellow. Pod 2°5 in. long, *25 in. wide, linear, grey, 6- to 8-seeded. Hab. Open places, Pahang, Pekan (Evans). Perak, Dipang (Scorte- chini); Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Province Wellesley, Sungei Krai. Perlis, Bukit Lagi, Kanga. Dzysirib. South Siam. 5. ATYLOSIA, Wight. Herbs or shrublets erect or twining. Leaves trifoliate, gland- dotted beneath. Flowers axillary, racemed. Calyx teeth distinct, lowest longest. Corolla exsert; keel not beaked. Stamens di- adelphous. Ovary sessile; ovules 3 or more; style incurved glabrous. Pod linear or oblong, turgid with deep horizontal grooves between the seeds, hairy. Seeds conspicuously strophiolate. About 25 species, Mauritius to Australia. Leaves 2 in, long pinnate. Flowers *75 in. long . 3 - Leaves ‘5 to 1°5 in. long, digitate. Flowers ‘4in. long . ‘ } ‘ : . (2) A. scarabeeoides (1) A. crassa Prain, l.c. 45. Twiner tomentose. Leaves 3 to 6 in. long, trifoliate pinnately ; leaflets trapezoid cuspidate-acuminate, laterals oblique, base narrowed blunt, 2 to 3 in. long, 1°75 to 2°25 in. wide; nerves prominent, reticulations conspicuous, puberulous beneath; petioles I°5 to 2°5 in. long, pubescent. Racemes 2 to 3 in. long, lax; peduncles short. Bracteoles large, round, red, *6 in. long. Calyx grey-downy; ‘4 in. long. Corolla 75 in. long, yellow. Pod 1°5 in. long, *5 in. wide, viscid puberulous, 3- to 5-seeded. Hab. Open heath country. Perlis, near Kanga (Ridley). Dvstrib. India, Burma, Cambodia. (2) A. scarabeoides Benth. Pl. Jungh. 243; Prain, l.c. 46. Slender downy twiner. Leaves trifoliate digitately, 1 in. long; - leaflets obovate or elliptic, °5 to 1°5 in. long, downy all over, *2 to ‘6 in. (median one) wide; petioles -4 in. long. Flowers 1 to 6 in a raceme; peduncles °3 to *4 in. long. Calyx grey-downy, °25 in. long. Corolla -4 in. long, yellow. Pod °75 to 1 in. long, °25 in. wide, brown silky depressed between the 4 to 5 seeds. Hab. Sandy seashores; rare. Malacca, Pulau Besar (Griffith, Maingay). Dzs- trib. Mascarenes, Indo-Malaya, Cambodia, China. 6. ERIOSEMA, DC. Under-shrubs or herbs. Leaves 1I- to 3-foliate. Flowers solitary or racemed axillary. Calyx campanulate; teeth 5, as (1) A. crassa Eriosema. | XLVII. LEGUMINOSA. 565 long as tube. Corolla exsert, standard orbicular, base auricled; wings and beaked keel shorter. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile; ovules 2; style filiform glabrous. Pod oblong, turgid 1- to 2-seeded. Seeds oblique. Species 50, Africa, Malaya. (1) E. chinense Vogel. Pl. Meyen. 31; Baker, in Hook. fil. fie. 219; Prain, l.c. 44. Shrub r to 1°5 ft. tall, branched, pubescent. Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, 3 to 1°4 in. wide, 1-foliate, linear-oblong to linear-lanceo- late, sub-coriaceous sparsely hairy above, grey-tomentose beneath; nerves brown-tomentose. Stipules linear, ‘2 in. long. Flowers I to 2 axillary, sub-sessile or on pedicels *5 in. long. Calyx pilose, ‘2in. long. Corolla yellow, °4 in. long, hairy outside. Pod oblong, ‘4 in. long pubescent with red hairs. Hab. Rare, possibly an alien. Malacca (Griffith). Perak (Wray). Distrib. Tropical Asia, Australia. 7. FLEMINGIA, Roxb. Slender shrubs. Leaves I- to 3-foliate, gland-dotted below. Inflorescence various. Calyx-tube short, teeth narrow, acuminate lowest longest. Corolla hardly exsert. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary sub-sessile; 2 ovules; style filiform, glabrous. Pod oblong, turgid, 2-seeded. Seeds not strophiolate. Species 25, tropical Africa and Asia. Leaves 1-foliate. Flowers in small cymes in large folded bracts in long terminalracemes . : ; ‘ : - (1) F. strobilifera Leaves 3-foliate. Flowers in axillary racemes; bracts small : . (2) F. congesta (x) F. strobilifera R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew (ed. ii.) iv. 350; Baker, im Hook. fil. F.BI. a. 227; Prain, l.c. 42. Shrublet 2 to 4 ft. tall. Branchlets velvety. Leaves 4 in. long; petioles *5 in. long; leaflet 1, sub-coriaceous, glabrous above, silky beneath, ovate acute, base rounded or truncate; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, 3°5 in. long, I to 2 in. wide. Stipules lanceolate, °3 in. © long. Inflorescence of terminal racemes 3 to 6 in. long; rachis zigzag pubescent. Bracts deeply cordate cuspidate, 1 in. long, 1'25 in. wide, pale green turning brown. Cymes shorter, hidden. Calyx °25 in. long, pilose green. Corolla, standard green lined pink, keel green lined pink, tip crimson, wings crimson. Pod °35 in. long, downy. Hab. Common in dry open spots, roadsides, etc. Singapore, Changi. Johor, Kota Tinggi; Tanjong Surat (Feilding). Pahang, Pekan. Negri Sembilan, Permatang Bertam. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Temengoh. Penang,common. Tringganu, Ismail Rantau (Down). Kelantan, Kwala Lebir. Perlis, Kanga. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Use: Leaves beaten on children’s legs to strengthen them. Native name: Seringan. 566 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. (Flemingia. (2) F. congesta Roxb. Hort. Beng. 56; Baker, l.c. ii. 288; Prain, l.c. 43. Shrublet 4 to 5 ft. tall. Branchlets silky. Leaves trifoliate, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long; leaflets membranous, ovate acute, obliquely round (terminal one cuneate) at base, puberulous above, silky beneath, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide; petiolules -25 in. long. Stipules scarious velvety, ‘4 in. long. Racemes dense I or more in axils 2 in. long. Bracts lanceolate, -25 in. long or less, silky. Calyx °35 in. long, silky. Corolla white striped pink; wings purple, ‘4in. long. Pod oblong, ‘5 in. long, ‘25 in. wide tomentose. Hab. Common; open dry country. Malacca, Bukit China; Panchur (Derry). Pahang, Pekan; Kwala Tembeling. Dindings, Pangkor. Perak, Kampong Kota (Wray); Temengoh. Penang, Pulau Betong, etc. (Curtis). Kelantan, Kampong Kota (Gimlette), Setul and Perlis. Distrib. India, Cambodia, Siam, Java. Native name : Serengan. 8. PHASEOLUS, Linn. Herbaceous twiners rarely sub-erect. Leaves trifoliate. Flowers in axillary racemes yellow or purple. Calyx campanulate, lowest tooth longer than the connate upper two. Corolla much exsert, keel prolonged into a long beak ending in a spiral. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, many-ovuled; style filiform twisted with keel bearded beneath. Pod linear (rarely oblong) sub-terete or compressed, septate. Species 60, tropics. P. lunatus Linn. Sp. Pl. 724;:Prain, l.c. 48. The haricot bean, Kachang China, Kachang Serinding, with greenish yellow flowers and a pod 3 in. long, is occasionally cultivated. Stem twining; flowers yellow. Pods glabrous : 5 . : , = (re Be encore Pods hairy . (2) P. Mungo Se glabrous; flowers rose pink, keel yellow I in, ong : : : . (3) P. adenanthus Sabet with deep purple flowers . : ; . (4) P. semi-erectus (x1) P. calearatus Roxb. Hort. Beng. 54; Baker, in Hook. fil. FuB Aa. 203) (Prain) 10) 50. A twining annual or perennial, pubescent 6 to Io ft. tall. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long; leaflets 3, membranous sparsely pubescent all over, ovate to lanceolate acute or acuminate, rarely faintly repand, base of terminal leaflet acute, laterals truncate or lobed, 2 to 4 in. long, I to 2'5 in. wide; petioles 2 to 4 in. long. Stipules 2 to 25 in. long, lanceolate. Racemes 75 to 1°5 in. long, on peduncles 5 to 8 in. long pubescent. Flowers 2 or 3 together in distant groups. Calyx ‘15 in. long, teeth deltoid. Corolla yellow, *5 to °75 in. long. Pod 2°5 to 3 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, recurved glabrous. Seeds 10 to 12. Hab. Open country. Phaseolus. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 567 var. typica. Stems pubescent. Perak, Batu Kurau (Curtis). Perlis, Tebing Tinggi. Kelantan, Kota Bharu. var. gracilis. Stems glabrous. Flowers brown and yellow. Open country, Pahang, Pekan. Perak, Goping; Sungei Batang (Kunst- ler); Lahat near Ipoh. Perlis near Kanga, Setul (Ridley). Distrib. S.E. Asia. (2) P. Mungo Linn. Manittssa i. 101; . Prain, l.c. 50. Annual pubescent, 6 to ro ft. tall. Leaves 8 to ro in. long; leaflets membranous ovate acute, base truncate, lateral ones oblique pubescent both sides, 3 to 5 in. long, 2°5 to 4 in. wide; petioles 5 in. long, hairy. Racemes dense; flowers few, yellow; peduncles 4 in. long, pubescent. Calyx ‘15 in. long; teeth triangular, except the lowest lanceolate. Corolla ‘5 in. long. Pods erect densely hairy 1°5 to 2 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, compressed, 6- to 8-seeded. Seed flat oval, *15 in. long. Hab. Occurs occasionally as an alien, much cultivated in India. Province Wellesley, Prai Dock (Curtis). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Distrib. Old World. (3) P. adenanthus G. W. Mey, Prim. Flor. Esseq. 239; Prain, Lc. 48. Slender long climber, sub-glabrous. Leaflets stiffly mem- branous, broad lanceolate, lateral ones broad oblique-based, 2°5-to 4 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles 2°5 in. long. Stipules ovate appressed. Racemes axillary with numerous flowers, but one or two only open at once. Calyx ‘25 in. long, campanulate, teeth lanceolate half as long as tube. Corolla 1 in. long, rose pink, keel yellow. Pod 4 to 6 in. long; sutures rather thick sub-torulose. Seeds 10 to 16, brown, °3 in. long. Hab. Rare on bushes in open country, Kelantan, Tumpat, Kota Bharu (Ridley). Dzstvib. Tropics generally. ) P. semi-erectus. L. Mantiss, i. 100; Baker, l.c. il. 201; Jacq. Coll. Pl. Rar. iii. 558. Erect shrubby plant about 2 ft. tall. Branches hairy or glabres- cent. Stipules lanceolate setaceous. Leaflets membranous glabres- cent, ovate to lanceolate, 1°5 to 1°75 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, bases deltoid; petioles 1°5 in. long. Peduncles 12 in. long. Racemes lax 6 in. long. Calyx tubular campanulate. Corolla °5 in. long, deep brown purple. Pods 3 to 4 in. long, ‘12 in. through, narrow acuminate. Hab. Province Wellesley on paths in rice-fields, Nibong Tebal, no doubt introduced. Distrib. Indo-Malaya, tropical America. Probably an introduction from America. The figure in Bot. Reg. t. 743, if really of this plant, is quite unrecognisable. 9. VIGNA, Savi. Twiners. Leaves trifoliate. Racemes many-flowered; brac- teoles conspicuous. Calyx campanulate, upper teeth often connate. Corolla exsert yellow; keel truncate or exsert not spiral. Stamens 568 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2&. [Vigna. diadelphous. Ovary sessile many-ovuled; style filiform, bearded along inner face. Pod linear septate sub-terete. Species 40 to 50, tropical. Ata V. Catjang Walp. Linnea xiii. 533. With very long cylindric pods as much as 2 ft. long, *3 to ‘4 in. through, is often cultivated. Native name: Kachang P’rut Ayam. Leaves hairy; flowers purple; leaflets lanceolate acuminate. : : . : : : . (1) V. pilosa Leaflets hairy on nerves; stems hairy; leaflets smaller ovate rhomboid; flowers yellow . ; ; (2) V. hirtella Leaves glabrous; flowers yellow. Leaflets orbicular ovate blunt; flowers *5in.long . (3) V. retusa Leaflets lanceolate to ovate acute; flowers ‘25inlong (4) V. parviflora (x) V. pilosa Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.u. 207; Prain, l.c. 53. Twiner hairy. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long; leaflets downy all over, ovate acute, 3 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide, base truncate, lateral leaflets oblique; petioles 2 in. long. Stipules ‘1 in. long lanceolate. Racemes 2 to 3 in. long; peduncles ‘5 to 2 in. long; pedicels -r in. long, downy. Calyx campanulate oblique silky, *3 in. long, lower tooth lanceolate. Corolla purple, *75 in. long. Pod 4 to 5 in. long, sub-cylindric, -25 in. wide, hairy septate. Seeds 8 to 12 sub-reniform truncate black. Hab. Lankawi, Kwala Kwah (Haniff). Dzstvib. India, Indo-China. (2) V. hirtella Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 132. Stem slender, hairy. Leaves, petioles 2 in. long, hairy; leaflets ovate acute, lower ones rhomboid and often slightly lobed; nerves beneath hairy, 2 in. long, 1 to 1°5 in. wide; petiolule of upper one ‘5 in. long. Peduncles slender hairy, 2°5 in. long; pedicels very short. Flowers ‘5 in. long, yellow. Bracts at base linear acute. Calyx campanulate with very short broad teeth. Corolla, standard obovate round broad, with two short points at base; wings broadly rounded at tip; keel short broad, curved. Style plumed below tip on lower edge; ovary glabrous. Pod narrow linear glabrous, 2 in. long, ‘1 in. wide. Kelantan; bank of river, Chaning. Distrib. Timor Laut. Description of pod taken from the Timor Laut plant, which, I think, is the same, but the pod is unripe. (3) V. retusa Walp. Rep. i. 778; Prain; l.c. 51.. V. lutea Gray Bot. Wilkes Exped. i. 452; Baker, l.c. 11. 205. Trailing and twining perennial, glabrous. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long; leaflets ovate, thinly fleshy obtuse or retuse, base cuneate or round, 2 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles 1°5 in. long; petiolules "15 in. long. Racemes 12- to 20-fid; peduncles 2 to 6 in. long. Flowers I or 2 together. Calyx campanulate puberulous, ‘12 in. long. Corolla yellow, *5 in. long. Pod 1°5 in. long, *4 in. wide, ‘25 in. thick, glabrous. Seeds 4 to 8. Hab. Sea coasts; common. Singapore, Telok Kurau; Blakang Mati. Johor, Jambu Larang Vigna.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 569 (Feilding); Pahang, Kwala Pahang. Malacca, Pulau Besar. Dindings, Pangkor. Dzsivib. All tropical sea coasts. (4) V. parviflora Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 181. Stems slender. Leaflets lanceolate to ovate acute, tip nar- rowed, base of lateral ones oblique membranous, 2 in. long, ‘5 in. across; petiolules ‘x in. long or less, hairy; petioles slender, 1°5 to 2 in. long. Peduncles 1 in. long, slender. Flowers few, crowded at tip, ‘25 in. long; pedicels ‘x in. long. Corolla yellow; keel beaked. Pod sword-shaped acuminate, 2°25 in. long, ‘25 in. wide. Seed oblong, black, truncate both ends, -2 in. long, hilum long. Hab. Sandy places; Pahang, Kota Tongkat (Evans). Negri Sembilan, Seremban. Perak, Tanjong Malim; Kwala Kangsa; Kwala Temengoh (Ridley). 10. PACHYRHIZUS, Rich. Climber. Leaves trifoliate. Racemes long, nodes’ tumid. Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip emarginate, lower 3-lobed. Corolla large, petals sub-equal, keel blunt. Stamens diadelphous. Style long, circinate at top bearded down inner side beyond the oblique stigma. Pod linear, turgid, depressed between seeds. Species 2 or 3; the others Mexican and Angolan. (1) P. angulatus Rich. DC. Prodr. ii. 402; King l.c. 53. Stout climber. Root tuberous. Leaves 8 to g in. long; leaflets glabrous, 4 in. long and wide, deltoid more or less lobed above; petiolules :2 in. long. Racemes 6 to Io in. long on 12 in. long peduncles. Bracts lanceolate, :25 in. long, silky. Corolla I in. long; purple. Pod 6 to 9 in. long, -5 in. wide. Seeds’7 to 12, brown. Hab. Cultivated and an occasional escape. Native names: Kachang Bengkuang or Sengkuang. Use : The tuber and young pods eaten. The ripe beans are very poisonous. 11. CLITORIA, Linn. Climbers or erect shrubs. Flowersshowy. Leaves 3- to 7-foliate ; leaflets stipellate. Calyx tubular; teeth deltoid or lanceolate. Corolla large, standard orbicular spurred at base, wings and keel much shorter. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary stalked; ovules many; style bearded along the inner side. Pod linear flattish, or turgid. Seeds numerous. Species 27, tropics of both worlds chiefly the New. (1) C. Ternatea Linn. Sp. Pl. 753; Prain, l.c. 56. A common garden plant with large deep blue or white or light blue flowers and both single and double forms. Only occurs in gardens, and occasionally escapes into hedges. Native name: Kachang Telang. (2) C. cajanifolia Benth. in Mart. Flor. Braz., xv. 121; Prain, lc. 57. 570 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. [Clitoria. Shrub about 3 ft. tall, branched pilose. Leaves 2 to 3°5 in. long; petioles ‘r in. long; leaflets 3, elliptic obtuse, base cuneate, coriaceous, finely reticulate, grey hairy beneath, 2 to 3 in. long, “75 to I in. wide. Flowers I to 2 on axillary peduncles 2 in. long, reversed. Calyx °75 in. long. Corolla 1°5 to 2 in. long; standard I'5 in. wide, pale violet to white with purple spot at base. Pod turgid, 1°25 in. long, *35 in. wide, glabrous, a rib along each valve- face. Seeds 5 to 7 globose, viscid adhesive. Hab. Common by roadsides in Singapore. Johor, Tebrau. Malacca, Bukit Sabukor. Selangor, Langat. Negri Sembilan, Rembau (Cantley). Native names: Beluntas Padi; Rumput Sabusuk; Rumput Turi. Anative of Brazil, but now introduced into Java, Siam and Borneo by cattle, to whose hair the viscid seeds adhere, Earliest date 1844 Malacca (Griffith). 12. TERAMNUS, Sw. Twining herb. Leaflets 3. Calyx campanulate, teeth sub- equal. Corolla little exsert; petals about equal; standard not spurred. Stamens monadelphous, alternate; anthers abortive. Ovary sessile; ovules many; style short, beardless. Pod linear hooked at tip by the style flattened, septate between seeds. Species 4, tropics. (1) T. labialis Spreng. Syst. ii. 235; Baker, l.c. 184; Prain, b0..79: cae twiner sparsely hairy. Leaves 2°5 to 4°5 in. long; petioles 1°5 in. long; leaflets 3, membranous ovate-oblong, base round, tip sub-acute or obtuse, terminal I to 2°5 in. long, °75 to I°5 in. wide, laterals smaller sparsely hairy beneath. Racemes lax axillary 8- to 12-flowered, 2 to 3 in. long; pedicels ‘2 in. long, fascicled above. Calyx ‘15 in. long. Corolla *25 in. long, reddish; standard emarginate. Pod glabrous linear recurved, 1°5 to 2 in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Seeds 8 to 12. Hab. Open rocky spots, rare. Penang (Wallich 1822, No. 5518). Perlis, Kanga. Dzistnb. Tropics. 13. DIOCLEA, H.B.K. Woody climbers. Leaves trifoliate sub-coriaceous. Flowers often appearing without the leaves in elongate racemes, blue or pink. Bracts long caducous. Calyx campanulate; teeth short, upper 2 connate. Corolla large; keel incurved not beaked. Stamens monadelphous, upper stamen free below, connate with the others in the middle; anther perfect, the other anthers alter- nately perfect and abortive. Ovary sub-sessile, hairy; style incurved glabrous. Pod oblong, turgid, I- to 3-seeded, flattened along upper suture. Species 17 to 18, all tropical American except these two. Leaflets glabrescent; flowers ‘75 in. long : (1) D. reflexa Leaflets velvety beneath; flowers 1 in. long . (2) D. javanica Dioclea. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS. 571 (x) D. reflexa Hook. fil. Niger Flora 306; Baker, l.c. ii. 196; Prain, l.c. 59; King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix. 30, pl. 40. Liane 20 to 30 ft. long. Leaves g in. long; leaflets sub-cori- aceous glabrous above and nearly so beneath when adult, ovate acuminate, base rounded truncate, 5 in. long, 3 in. across; petioles 4 in. long; petiolules 25 in. long. Stipules lanceolate. Racemes over a foot long, gradually lengthening, often produced when the plant is leafless, tomentose. Flowers sub-sessile. Bracts linear pubescent reflexed caducous, ‘5 in. long. Calyx campanulate, I*4in. long. Corolla pink or violet and white, *75 in. long; standard orbicular emarginate. Pods 1- or 2-seeded, oblong-obovate flat- tened, 3 to 4 in. long, 2 in. wide, ‘5 in. thick along the top edge, yellowish silky becoming glabrous. Seed discoid, dark brown, 1°25 in. across. Hab. Thickets and rocky open spots. Singapore, Reservoir. Pahang, Kwala Pahang. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Chanderiang (Kunstler). Perlis, Bukit Lagi, Kanga. Distrib. India, tropical Africa and America. Native name: Kachang Laut. Scented of musk. (2) D. javanica Benth. Pl. Jungh. 236; Prain, l.c. 60. Big woody climber. Leaves 6 to 7 in. long; leaflets ovate rather smaller than in the last species, velvety beneath, as are the petioles and petiolules. Racemes as in D. reflexa, but more velvety. Calyx teeth one-third length of tube. Corolla rose pink or pinkish blue. Selangor, Batu Tiga (Curtis). Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunst- ler); Ayer Larut (Wray). Distrib. Ceylon, Burma, Java. 14. PUERARIA, DC. Twining shrubs or herbs. Leaves trifoliate. Flowers fairly large in fascicles on long racemes. Calyx and teeth long or short, upper two connate. Corolla exsert; standard spurred at base as long as the blunt wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary sessile, many-ovuled; style filiform, much incurved beardless. Pod linear, flattish. Species 12, Indo-China. (1) P. phaseoloides Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 125; Baker, peer lls QQ; Prain, lic. LOX. Slender twiner 20 to 30 ft. long, pubescent hairy. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets membranous thinly hairy above, velvety- tomentose beneath, triangular ovate, base cuneate broad, laterals oblique, blunt or sub-acute, 3 to 4 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles 3 to 4 in. long. Stipules lanceolate small. Racemes 1 ft. long, puberulous (peduncle 5 in. long). Flowers in scattered pairs. Calyx campanulate, °25 in. long, hairy, upper teeth broad, lateral ones triangular, lower lanceolate, all setaceous. Corolla mauve and white, ‘6 in. long; standard orbicular, spurred, white with a blue spot. Pod eventually glabrous, narrow linear flat, 3°5 in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Seeds 16, dark brown, ‘15 in. long, ‘I in. wide. 572 XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. [Pueraria. Hab. Low country in thickets, Pahang River, Negri Sembilan, Kwala Pedas. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Ipoh (Curtis) ; Goping (Kunstler); Kwala Kangsa. Penang (Wallich); Quarry (Curtis). Province Wellesley, Permatang Bertam. Perlis, Chupeng. Lankawi. Kelantan River near Chaning. Dzstvib. Indo-Malaya. 15. CANAVALIA, DC. Large climbing or creeping plants. Leaves trifoliate. Flowers large pink, fragrant in racemes. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, upper lip entire or emarginate, lower 3-toothed. Corolla large; standard round, keel blunt incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary sub- sessile many-ovuled; style incurved, beardless. Pod large, linear or oblong, flat or turgid with a ridge along each edge of upper suture. Species 10 to 12, chiefly American. Pod long, flattened, double channelled along the dorsal suture. Pod 1'5 to 2 in. across, many-flowered (cultivated) . (1) @. gladiata Pod ‘5 to ‘75 in. across, few-flowered Sass sea- shore) (2) C. obtusifolia Pods short broad turgid, ‘flat along ‘the upper suture (cimber wild) . . (3) C. turgida (x1) C. gladiata DC. ee. li. 404. C. ensiformis Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 195; Prain, l.c. 62, in part, not of DeCandolle. A glabrous climber. Leaves Io to 12 in. long; leaflets ovate acute, base rounded, 5 to 6 in. long, 2°5 to 4 in. wide; petioles 6 in. long. Racemes 3 to 8 in. long on peduncles 4 to 6 in. long. Flowers 12 to 20. Calyx puberulous, upper lip oblong emarginate. Corolla rose pink (rarely white), 1°5 in. long. Pod linear-oblong, dorsal suture grooved between 3 keels, turgid cylindric or broad and flat, 12 to 24 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide. Seed white, grey or red, 1°25 in. long, °5 to *75 in. wide. Hab. Cultivated. Native name: Kachang Parang. Use. Pods eaten. DeCandolle correctly separated the Asiatic species C. gladiata from the American C. ensiformis, but Baker unfortunately put them together, adding one or two other species to it. Its origin seems to be unknown; I have seen none but cultivated plants. (2) C. obtusifolia DC. Prodr. ii. 404; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 196. C. lineata Prain, l.c. 63, not of DeCandolle. A trailing plant on sand-hills, with long creeping stems. Leaves 8 to g in. long, light green fleshy membranous; petioles 3 to 5 in. long; leaflets ovate or orbicular blunt or rounded, occa- sionally slightly retuse at tip, base cuneate, 2 to 3 in. long and as wide; petiolules ‘25 in. long. Racemes of 4 to 6 flowers; peduncles 6 to 1oin.long. Calyx ‘6 in. long, upper lip oblong entire reticulate. Corolla rose pink to deep mauve, I in. long; standard emarginate. Pod linear-oblong, strongly three-keeled, 3 to 5 in. long, °75 in. wide; epicarp not separating from pericarp. Seed ‘5 in. long, Canavalia. | XLVII, LEGUMINOS2. 573 dark brown. Hab. Common on sandy coasts growing with Ipomea triloba. Singapore, Tanjong Katong; Changi. Malacca, Kema- man, Kwala Kemaman (Rostado). Distvib. Tropical Asia. Use: Seeds eatable when young; it makes a good pease-porridge. The flowers eaten raw by Malays. There has been a quite unnecessary confusion by botanists as to the name of this and the next species. DeCandolle based his C. obtusifolia on the excellent figure of Katu tsjandi in Rheede’s Hortus Malabaricus, vol. 8, pl. 43, but unfortunately added references to some South American species. C. lineata DC., given for this plant by Prain, is a Japanese plant quite distinct. (3) C. turgida Grah. Wall. Cat. No. 5534A. C. obtusifolia Prain, l.c. 63, not of DeCandolle. Climbing plant, glabrous. Leaves Io to 12 in. long (petioles 6 in. long) ovate, acutely acuminate, base round, 5 to 6 in. long, 3°5 to 4°5 in. wide. Racemes 3 to 8 in. long; peduncles 6 to 12 in. long. Calyx not reticulate, ‘5 in. long, upper lip rounded hardly emarginate. Corolla rose pink, x in. long; standard orbicular hardly emarginate. Pod short, turgid, dorsal sutures hardly keeled, not grooved between, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°25 in. wide; epicarp separating from pericarp. Seeds 3 to 6, brown, yellow- streaked, 75 in. long. Hab. Climbing on trees and bushes near the sea. Seeds poisonous. Singapore, Changi; Toas; Pulau Ubin (Hullett). Pahang, Pekan; Pulau Manis, Pahang River. Malacca, Chenana Putih and Bukit Panchur (Cantley). Perak, Telok Anson (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich). Kelantan, Kamposa. Distrib. Indo-China and Malaya. Native names: Kachung Rang- Rang; Kachang Hantu. 16. SPATHOLOBUS, Hassk. Very large lianes. Leaves 3-foliate stipellate. Flowers small in large terminal and axillary panicles. Calyx campanulate, teeth lanceolate or deltoid, upper 2 connate. Corolla exsert dark pink or white; petals sub-equal, keel straight. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary 2- -ovuled : style incurved, beardless. Pod flat, thin, indehis- cent with one seed at the tip.’ Species: FO, I African, the rest Malayan. Big lianes; leaflets 4 to 5 in. across, red-tomentose ; flowers black purple. Leaflets puberulous above, tomentose beneath . (1) S. ferrugineus Leaflets glabrous above; nerves a tomentose beneath . : : : : . (2) S. gyrocarpus Slender lianes. Bracteoles longer than buds; leaflets 3°5 in. across, pubescent : 3 ? ; , . (3) S. bracteolatus Bracteoles inconspicuous. Leaflets 2 in. across, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; flowers pink (4) S. acuminatus Leaflets 2°3 in. across, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; flowers white . : ; . (5) S. dubius 574 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2&. [Spatholobus. Leaflets glabrous; flowers white. Leaflets oblong; calyx glabrescent ; . (6) S. Maingayi Leaflets oblanceolate ; he pubescent ; panicle lax - : ; . (7) S. Ridleyi (1) S. ferrugineus Benth. Pl. Jungh. 238; Prawn, l.c. 75. A very big liane over roo ft. long, and 6 in. through. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves g in. long; leaflets coriaceous puberulous above, rusty-pubescent beneath, terminal one ovate blunt or rounded at both ends or base cuneate, laterals oblique, terminal one 5 to 6 in. long, laterals shorter; nerves 5 to 7 pairs and reticulations promi- nent below; petioles 3 to 4 in. long. Stipules triangular, °25 in. long. Panicles 8 to ro in. long, lax red pubescent; branches 4 to 6 in. long. Calyx ‘2in.long; teeth deltoid. Corolla*25 in. long, deep blackish pink ; standard oblong, notched. Pod 3 to 5 in. long, °7 in. wide, dilate toward the tip, pubescent, yellowish brown. Hab. Com- mon, forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Timah. Johor, Bukit Serom. Malacca, Bukit Bruang (Derry). Perak, Batang Padang (Kunstler). Province Wellesley, Kubang Ulu (Curtis). Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Native names: Akar Guayah; Akar Jangat; Akar Sejangat; Akar Sekoet. var. sericophyllus Rid. Leaves 6 in. long; petioles 3 in. long softly tomentose; leaflets elliptic, rounded at base, tip blunt, laterals oblique; nerves 7 pairs finely silky, hairy on both surfaces especially on nerves, reticula- tions not prominent, 3 in. long, 1°75 in. wide. Panicles lax, 4 to 8 in. long, silky tomentose. Flowers small, silky. Hab. Singapore, Kranji and Bukit Timah (Ridley) (2) S. gyrocarpus Benth. Pl. Jungh. 238; Baker, in Hook. fil. FBI. 193; Pram; tc.-76: Big liane 150 ft. long, 5 to 7 in. through, rusty-pubescent. Leaves 12 in. long (petioles 4 to 6 in. long); leaflets coriaceous, terminal one sub-rhomboid, laterals oblique elliptic, base narrowed, tip sub-acute above, glabrous beneath; nerves and reticulations strongly elevate, hairy; petiolules velvety. Stipules ovate- lanceolate. Panicles lax, 12 in. long, pubescent; branches 6 to 8 in. long, panicled. Calyx white silky-pubescent, ‘1 in. long, teeth deltoid. Corolla deep blackish pink, ‘15 in. long. Standard orbicular, notched. Pod 3 to 5 in. long, 1 in. wide, velvety. Hab. Forests in the north of peninsula. Perak, Ulu Bubong and Goping (Kunstler); Penang (Wallich 44). Distrib. Philippines. (3) S. bracteolatus Prawn, 1.c.. 76. Woody climber 15 to 30 ft. long, sparsely pubescent. Leaves 1o to 12 in. long, coriaceous ovate acute, mucronulate glabrous except a few hairs on the nerves on both sides : nerves prominent, 8 to 9 pairs, reticulations not prominent, 8 to g in. long, 3°5 in. wide; petioles 2 to 2°5 in. long, velvety; petiolules thick, °3 in. long tomentose; leaves at ends of branches often 1-foliate. Ke Spatholobus.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 575 Panicles axillary and terminal, 1°5 to 2 ft. long; branches 3 to 4 in. long hairy. Bracts lanceolate hairy acuminate, ‘1 in. long. Calyx "15 in. long, brown pubescent. Corolla small. Hab. Dense jungle 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude, near rocks; Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Kunstler). Province Wellesley. Bukit Mertajam; a form with the leaves very hairy beneath; on the top of the hill. (4) S. acuminatus Benth. Pl. Jungh. 238. Stout liane, glabrous. Leaves 8 or g in. long; petioles slender, 3 in. long; leaflets oblong cuspidate obtuse, base round, coriaceous, glabrous except midrib beneath puberulous; nerves very fine and reticulations visible, but not elevate, 4 to 6 in. long, I°5 in. across. Panicles axillary, 6 to 8 in. long; branches 1°5 to 2 in. long Calyx puberulous ‘15 in. long. Corolla ‘4 in. long yellowish white (Wallich), purple (Phillips). Pod 3 to 5 in. long, velvety, semi- transparent, *7 in. long, *3 in. wide at tip. Hab. Penang Hill (Wallich 8082) (Phillips), apparently rare, as no one has found it of late years. Distvib. Andamans and Martaban. Wallich’s specimens only in young flower, Phillips’ in fruit. (5) S. dubius Prain, l.c. 78. Liane 100 to 150 ft. long, 4 to 8 in. through. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long (petioles I to 3 in. long puberulous) ; leaflets ovate lanceolate acuminate, base rounded, bright green coriaceous, glabrous above ; nerves 5 pairs with reticulations beneath slightly raised, pubescent, 2 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide. Stipels subulate, ‘15 to ‘2 in. long. Panicles spreading, 8 in. long, slender, sometimes 2 to 3 together. Calyx ‘12 in. long, teeth short, upper bifid pubescent. Corolla ‘26 in. long, pure white. Pod oblong falcate rounded at tip, lower suture curved, glabrous, 4°25 in. long, I in. wide. Hab. Forests. Perak, Gunong Bubu range at 800 to 1200 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang Hill (Curtis). (6) S. Maingayi Prain, l.c. 79. Woody climber about 60 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long (petioles 2 in. long); leaflets ovate acute, base rounded; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, reticulations fine, conspicuous, 2 in. long, 1°75 in. wide. Stipels subulate ‘1 in. long, stipules ovate. Panicles 6 to 8 in. long. Bracts minute; rachis puberulous. Calyx ‘12 in. long, puberulous, campanulate, teeth short rounded, pink. Corolla white or pinkish white, °25 in. long; standard orbicular emarginate. Pods oblong curved, tip round, 4 in. long, I in. wide, thicker than in most species. Hab. Open rocky jungle and lowland forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah Road; Garden Jungle. Johor, Sungei Tebrau (flowers rose). Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Goping and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler) ; Tapah (Wray). (7) S. Ridleyi Prain, l.c. 80. Big liane over 100 ft. long, glabrous. Leaves 6 in. long; petioles 1°5 in. long; leaflets oblanceolate acuminate, base cuneate ; 576 XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. (Spatholobus. nerves g pairs, fine ascending, 3 to 3°5 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide. Stipels small rigid; stipules lanceolate -25 in. long. Panicles 2°5 in. long; branches few I in. long. Calyx campanulate ‘12 in. long pubescent, teeth rounded upper truncate. Corolla °25 in. long, white or yellow; standard orbicular, retuse. Pod 4 in. long, I in. wide, oblong dilate towards tip, rounded puberulous. Hab. Singapore on a Kempas tree in Botanic Gardens and at Chan Chu Kang. Apparently very local. EXCLUDED SPECIES S. CRASSIFOLIUS Benth. Pl. Jungh. 238; Prain, l.c. 78.; ? Penang (Wallich 5913). It has not again been found in Penang, and Wallich puts a ? to the locality. His other specimens were from Sylhet. 17. MUCUNA, Adans. Perennials or annuals. Leaves large trifoliate. Flowers large deep purple, or yellow and white drying black. Calyx campanulate bristly, upper teeth connate lower longer. Corolla long exsert; standard half as long as keel (beaked). Stamens diadelphous ; anthers dimorphous. Ovary sessile; ovules many; style incurved, beardless. Pod oblong or linear, rather thick, large, covered with very irritating bristles. Species 30, tropics. The cowhage plants. Pods flat ; seeds large with a hilum extending all round. Pods with plaits across the sides. Flowers light dull purple. : : ; . (1) M. biplicata Pods without plaits. Racemes short corymbose; bracts large boat- shaped; flowers fawn and white : : Racemes long peduncled; bracts minute; flowers pale yellow . ; , ; : i . (3) M. gigantea Pods swollen, hooked; bracts minute oval; hilum small. Flowers purple (2) M. acuminata (4) M. pruriens (1) M. biplicata Teysm. and Binn. Cat. Hort. Bogor. 261; Prain, l.c. 66. M. atropurpurea Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 186 in part. f A large climber 30 to 4o ft. long, glabrous. Leaves g to 12 in. long; leaflets ovate-oblong cuspidate, base round (laterals oblique), 6 to 8 in. long, 5 in. across; petioles 4 to 6 in. long. Inflorescence corymbose 2 in. long, 15- to 18-flowered, velvety; pedicels ‘2 in. long. Calyx greenish brown densely pungent-bristly, *35 in. long, campanulate, teeth minute. Corolla light dull purple, 1°75 in. long ; standard *75 in. wide. Pod oblong 3'5 in. long, 1°75 in. wide. covered with close-set oblique plaits, edges of pod double reflexed. Hab. River banks and forests. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Maingay). Perak, near Gunong Mucuna.] XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. 577 Bubu and Sungei Rayah (Kunstler) ; Temengoh ; Gapis Pass (Curtis). Penang, Government Hill (Fox). Lankawi, Kesap (Curtis). Dzs- tvib. Sumatra, Borneo. (2) M. acuminata Grah. Wall. Cat. 5621; Prain, l.c. 67. Slender climber 20 to 30 ft. long. Leaves 6 to Io in. long; leaflets glabrous above, sparingly puberulous beneath, ovate- oblong abruptly acuminate, base rounded, laterals oblique, 2°5 to 4 in. long, 2 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles 4 to 6 in. long pubescent. Inflorescence in small corymbs, 2 to 3 in. long; peduncles grey- pubescent. Calyx pale brown, densely pungent bristly, ‘5 in. long, tube wide, teeth unequal, upper ones truncate, lateral wide deltoid, lower linear, longer. Corolla 1°75 to 2 in. long, pale green or fawn and white. Pod 3 in. long, 1°5 in. wide, broad winged down sutures, not plaited, bristly. Seeds 3. Hab. Woods and thickets. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Gunong Malacca, Kinta (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich). Dzvsérib. Java. (3) M. gigantea DC. Prodr. ii. 405; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. i, 186: Pyrain, L.c. 68. Long slender climber, glabrous. Leaves 5 to 9 in. long; leaflets glabrous, oblong cuspidate, bases cuneate, laterals oblique, 4°5 in. long, 2°5 in. wide. Inflorescence a short umbelliform corymb of pale yellow flowers on a slender peduncle 4 to 18 in. long. Calyx *5 in. long, green with pungent bristles, teeth short, upper truncate, the others triangular. Corolla 1°25 to 1°5 in. long; standard °75 in. long. Pod winged down both sutures, smooth or with oblique cross ridges (not plaits), bristles yellow brown, 3°5 to 6 in. long, 2in. across. Seeds 2to4. Hab. Thickets, especially on sea coasts. Singapore, Blakang Mati. Johor, Bekok river-bank. Muar, Sungei Pauh (Fox); Malacca, Tanjong Kling. Pahang, Pekan. Dindings, Bruas. Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). Dzstvib. Indo-Malaya, China, Polynesia. (4) M. pruriens DC. Prodr. ii. 405; Baker, l.c. 187; Prain, Lc. 6S. Annual climber, pubescent. Leaves 6 to g in. long; leaflets ovate-rhomboid, glabrous above, grey, silky beneath, shining, laterals very oblique, 3 to 5 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles 2°5 to 4°5 in. long, silky. Racemes pendulous to 1 ft. long, 3- to 30- flowered; rachis silky. Calyx 4 in. long with few pungent bristles, campanulate, upper teeth triangular, lower lanceolate. Corolla 1'25 to 1°5 in. long, purple; standard ‘6 in. long and as broad. Pod 2 to 3 in. long, *5 in. wide, turgid, apex hooked, ridged longi- tudinally, densely pungent bristly. Seeds 5 to6. Perak, Kampong Kota (Wray). Distrib. Alltropics. Native names: Kachang Babi; Kachang Karkaras Gatal (applied to all species). F1.M.P., r. PsP BA At she ’ 578 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. [Erythrina. 18. ERYTHRINA, Linn. Trees, often big, thorny. Flowers large, red, in dense racemes, usually produced before the leaves. Leaves trifoliate, large. Calyx oblique, spathaceous, splitting to base or campanulate 2-lipped. Petals very unequal, slender, much longer than wings and keel. Upper stamen free nearly to base or connate with the others half-way; anthers uniform. Ovary stalked, many-ovuled ; style incurved, beardless. Pod linear, turgid, torulose. Seed hard, brown or black. Species 25 to 30, tropics of both worlds. Those occurring inland and south of Kedah are probably remains of cultivation. FE. indica, E. ovalifolia, E. stricta and E. lithosperma have all been planted for ornament, shade for cocoa, and for stakes for pepper, and the plants of these species seen in the south of the peninsula have probably been planted for some such reason. They are popularly known as “ Dadap”’ by Malays. Pods turgid and seed-bearing throughout their length; hilum large, oval. Calyx spathaceous, not 2-lipped. Calyx oblique 5-toothed; flowers bright red; standard broad ; : - : . (1) E. indica Calyx cup-shaped, entire; flowers black red . (2) E. atrosanguinea Calyx oblique retuse; standard narrow . (3) E. suberosa Calyx 2-lipped. —— Pod 6-seeded (4) E. ovalifolia Pod 1-seeded; base of pod flat; one seed at tip (rarely 2 to 3) . (5) E. lithosperma , Pod turgid, beaked, 1 seed i in middle (6)\E. rostrata» = = (1) E. indica Lam. Encyc. Meth. ii. 291; Baker, in Hook. ue FF. Ba. 1.2885 Prain, lc. Go. A big tree. Bark grey prickly, 60 ft. tall. Leaves 8 to 12 in. long; petioles 4 to 6 in. long, pubescent when young as are the leaves; leaflets, terminal sub-reniform, lateral oblique triangular, tip cuspidate, base truncate 4 to 6 in. long and about as broad, with 2 ovate glands (stipels). Stipules lanceo- late. Racemes dense 4 to 6 in. long on woody peduncles 3 to 4 in. long; pedicels -25 in. long soon glabrescent. Calyx I to 1°25 in. long, oblique splitting down the back, teeth 5, 2 or 3 subulate ‘2 in. long, the others shorter. Corolla scarlet 2 to 2° 5 in. long; standard 1 in. across. Pod 6 to 12 in. long; stalk +75 to 1 in. long, black torulose 6- to 8-seeded. Seed ‘6 in. long, brown. Hab. Seashores generally, often planted in towns. Perak (Scortechini). Kedah, Alor Sta; Gunong Geriang, apparently wild here _ (Ridley). Dzstvib. India, Malaya, Polynesia. (2) E. atrosanguinea Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 93. A low tree. Branches thorny. Leaves (deciduous in flowering season) 6 in. long; leaflets ovate-obtuse, base round, coriaceous, glabrous; rachis and midrib on back armed, 3 in. long, 2 in. across. ts ) weer Erythrina.]| XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. 579 Racemes 8 in. long. Flowers numerous, blackish red. Calyx cup- shaped entire with a short cusp ‘5 in. long, pubescent. Corolla I in. long; standard ovate; wings short, oblong-linear; pistil pubescent stalked. Pods 6 to 7 in. long, °5 in. wide, long-beaked torulose falcate. Seeds cylindric-oblong, blunt. Hab. Open sandy country. Kedah, Alor Sta, Bukit Pinang. Lankawi, Kwah seashore (Ridley). (3) E. suberosa var. horrida Ridl. Tree 30 to 4o ft. tall thorny, thorns large. Branches covered with thick conic thorns. Leaves unknown. Flowers 1°5 in. long, appearing before leaves. Calyx spathaceous, oblique retuse not 2-lipped, pubescent. Corolla standard narrow vermilion, much longer than broad, keel golden. Stamens grey. Hab. Lankawi, Terutau (Curtis). Dzistvib. Bangtaphan. Prain says, /.c. p. 73, that the flowers are exactly those of E. suberosa, but the branch is much more thorny than in the Tenasserim form. I therefore make it a variety of E. suberosa, at least till the foliage has been collected. (4) E. ovalifolia Roxb. Hort. Beng. 53; Baker, l.c. ii. 189; Prawn, lic. 72. Big tree. Bark grey prickly. Leaves 8 to 12 in. long; petioles 4 to 5 in. long, prickly; leaflets sub-coriaceous, glaucous beneath, glabrous, terminal one ovate, 4 to 6 in. long, 2°5 to 3°5 in. wide, laterals smaller, base round or broad cuneate; stipels 2 ovate glands. Racemes lax, 8- to 20-flowered, 3 to 6 in. long; peduncles 5 to 8 in. long. Buds narrow ovate. Calyx ‘5 in. long, 2-lobed, *6 in. across. Corolla dark velvety brown tinged scarlet ; standard I°5 in. wide, emarginate. Ovary grey puberulous, stalked. Pod 6 to 8 in. long; stalk °5 in. long, valves dehiscing. Seeds 6 to 8, brown, sub-reniform. Hab. Low country, probably the remains of cultivation. Malacca. (Maingay). Perak, Kinta (Kunstler). Distrib. India to Malaya and Polynesia. Formerly cultivated here as a shade-tree for coffee. (5) E. lithosperma Mig. Fl. Ind. Bai. i. 209 (not of Blume) ; Baker, l.c. ii. 190; Prain, l.c. 73. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Stem prickly. Leaves 10 to 12 in. long; petioles 4 to 5 in. long, sometimes prickly; leaflets membranous, glabrous when adult, triangular-ovate cuspidate, terminal one wide cuneate at base, 4 to 6 in. long, 3 to 4 in. across; stipels 2 oblong glands, ‘15 in. long. Stipules ovate acute, puberulous. Racemes dense, 3 to 4 in. long; peduncles 5 to 8 in. long. Buds ovate. Calyx °3 in. long puberulous, equally 2-lipped. Corolla 1°5 in. long. Standard oblong obtuse, crimson red, wings and keel ‘5 in. long. Pod 4 to 8 in. long, 1°25 in. wide at base, which is flat and seed- less, ‘6 in. wide in the upper I- to 3-seeded part. Seeds °*75 in. long, black. Hab. Dubiously wild here, formerly planted as a shade for cocoa and persisting in abandoned estates. The speci- ‘a ; Subrartenend) } irre ge te ¢ 580 XLVII, LEGUMINOS&. [Erythrina. mens from Singapore (Hullett) were planted in waste ground near Tanglin post-office. Hab. Perak, Waterloo estate (Curtis); Gunong Malacca, Kinta (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich). Distrib. Indo- China and Malay islands. (6) E. rostrata Ridl. n. sp. Much-branched tree about 4o ft. tall. Young parts scurfy velvety. Leaves g in. long; petioles 3 to 4 in. long unarmed; leaflets thin, membranous, deltoid-ovate, terminal one with very broad cuneate base, apex acuminate, sub-acute, 5 in. long and as wide at base; nerves 4 pairs, laterals smaller, base broad very inequilateral, rounded; petiolules ‘2 in. long, all glabrous, glands globose oblong. Calyx spathaceous, not bifid, split on upper side, *5 in. long (in fruit) ribbed. Pod stipitate; stipes °7 in. long; 1-seeded at base above stipes, dilate fusiform, 2 in. long, I in. through, tip long-beaked, beak 2 to 2°5 in. long, narrowed to the point. Seed one oblong, °5 in. long, pinkish red; hilum narrow. Hab. Pulau Adang seashore (Ridley). I have seen no other specimen like it from anywhere, and no petals. Nearest perhaps to EF. indica, but with only one seed and both ends of the pod narrowed. 19. INDIGOFERA, Linn. Herbs and shrubs, more or Jess covered with appressed hairs and compound odd pinnate leaves. Flowers small numerous in axillary racemes. Calyx campanulate; teeth 5. Corolla standard ovate; keel straight not beaked, spurred at base. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers apiculate. Ovary sessile; style short, incurved. Stigma pencillate. Pod linear-cylindric several-seeded. Species 250, tropics. Herb very hairy; pod hairy; flowers rather ps (1) I. hirsuta red Half cuca by. nearly glabrous; pod glabrous. Calyx deep cleft ; flowers small; pods narrow- straight 1 in. - flowers yellow . (2) I. tinetoria Calyx short- toothed ; ig ascending 3 in. long: flowers pink (3) I. Finlaysoniana (x) I. hirsuta en Sp. PL. 751; Batch in Hook. fil. F.BI, ii: (98> Prarn 1.c 3K. An annual branching brown-hairy herb, 1 to 3 ft. tall. Leaves 2 to 5 in. long; rachis brown-hairy; leaflets elliptic to obovate, base narrowed, tip rounded, silky on both sides, 1°25 in. long, 6 in. across; petiolules ‘r in. long. Racemes axillary, 7 to § in. long, elongating, hairy. Flowers very numerous, small. Calyx 15 in. long, densely pubescent. Corolla ‘2 in. long, red. Pod °5 to -7 in. long, straight, densely pubescent, 6- to 8-seeded. Hab. Sandy seashores. Singapore, Tanjong Katong. Pahang, Pekan; Malacca, Pulau Besar. Penang (Curtis). Kelantan, Kamposa. Distrib. Tropical seashores. Indigofera.] XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. 581 (2) I. tinctoria Linn. Sp. Pl. 751; Baker, l.c. ii. 99; Prain, Lc. 81. A shrub 2 to 4 ft. tall. Branches slender erect. Leaves 1 to 2 in. long; petioles °5 to r in. long; leaflets thin, membranous, 4 pairs, obovate-oblong, ‘5 to I in. long, ‘2 to °3 in. wide, glabrous above, silky appressed beneath. Racemes 2 to 4 in. long, lax, sub-sessile. Flowers numerous, very small. Calyx -o4 in. long, teeth acute. Corolla ‘15 to ‘2 in. long, reddish yellow exsert. Pod ‘7 to 1 in. long, cylindric, straight, slender, ‘1 in. thick. Hab. An occasional escape from cultivation. Singapore. Malacca (Griffith), Pahang near the Sultans’ tombs. Pekan. Dindings, Pangkor (Scortechini). Distrib. Asia, origin doubtful. Native names: Nila; Tarum. The indigo plant. The indigo cultivated by the Chinese extensively from cuttings is, I believe, J. Anil, Linn. It has short falcate fruit. I have only seen very poor fruit of it, as it is always cut before fruiting. It is a more woody plant than I. tinctovia, and is a native of South America. (3) I. Finlaysoniana Grah. in Wall. Cat. No. 5288. I. gale- goides Prain, Journ. Beng. l.c. 82, not of DeCandolle. A tall shrub rising to 8 ft. Branches at first pubescent, then glabrous. Leaves 8 to 12 in. long; petioles °5 to 2 in. long; leaflets 6 to 12 pairs, oblong blunt, °5 in. long, °3 in. wide or bigger, mem- branous, green above, glabrescent beneath and appressed hairy. Racemes 2 to 3 in. long, dense-flowered. Calyx ‘04 in. long, hoary; teeth deltoid short. Corolla pink or pale red, ‘4 to ‘5 in. long. Pods glabrous cylindric, straight beaked, erect fastigiate, 2°5 to 3 in. long. Seeds 15 to 18. Hab. Sporadic, but apparently wild. It is not cultivated as Prain suggests. Malacca (Griffith). Pulau Tiuman (Burkill). Perak, Bukit Bungarang (Kunstler). Lankawi (Curtis). Dzstvib. Indo-Malaya. 20. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves compound odd-pinnate; leaflets opposite. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx campanulate; teeth distinct, sub-equal. Corolla exsert; petals clawed. Standard sub-orbicular; keel incurved not beaked. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary sessile, linear; style incurved. Stigma penicillate. Pod linear flat, many-seeded, 2-valved. Species 100, tropics generally. Pods brown hairy . 5 / : ; : . (1) T. subameena Pods glabrescent . " d ; (2) T. purpurea (1) T. subameena Prain, |.c. 86. T. Hookeriana var. amena Prain, l.c. 85. A branched bushy herb slightly downy, about 2 ft. tall. Leaves 4 to 8 in. long; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, narrow oblanceolate truncate, glabrous above, thinly silky beneath, x in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Stipules setaceous, Racemes lateral 6 to 14 in. long. 582 XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. (Tephrosia. wings inside rosy, *35 to ‘5 in. long; standard silky with a rosy centre. Pods 2 to 2°5 in scimitar-shaped 2 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, brown hairy. Seeds 8 to 10. Hab. Waste ground; Singapore, Bidadari. Malacca, Bukit Sabukor; Bukit Bruang (Derry); Malaka Pindah (Cantley). Penang, Payah Trobong (Curtis) ; Batu Feringhi; Jelutong; Pulau Tikus. Distrib. North India. Native name: Kachang Buluh. (2) T. purpurea Pers. Synops. 329; Prain, l.c. 85. Shrubby at base, much-branched, glabrous. Leaves 3 to 6 in. long; leaflets 6 to Io pairs oblanceolate, blunt, *5 in. long, 2 in. across, obscurely silky beneath. Racemes lateral 3 to 6 in. long, lax; pedicels slender, ‘1 to *2 in. long. Calyx silky ‘1 to ‘15 in. long; teeth linear. Corolla ‘25 to *3 in. long, pale mauve. Pods scimitar-shaped glabrous, 1°25 to 1°45 in. long, ‘I in. wide. Seeds 6 to 8. Hab. Waste ground, roadsides, probably introduced. Malacca, road to Sungei Hudang. Pahang, Pekan. Selangor, Kajang. Penang, Batu Feringhi; Telok Bahang (Curtis). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. EXCLUDED SPECIES T. canDIpA DC.; Prain, l.c. 84. Singapore (Hullett), not native. All the specimens were from a plant in the Botanic Gardens now dead. 21. SESBANIA, Pers. Shrubs or small trees or herbs. Leaves narrow even-pinnate with numerous linear leaflets. Flowers in racemes, axillary. Calyx campanulate 2-lobed or 5-toothed. Corolla exsert; petals all clawed; standard broad, keel straight, blunt or curved beaked. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary stipitate linear; style filiform incurved. Pod long and narrow septate between the numerous seeds. Species 40, cosmopolitan. Pod twisted pendulous; flowers °75 in. long : . (1) S. paludosa Pod straight, ascending; flowers ‘5 in. long ‘ . (2) S. cannabina (1) S. paludosa Roxb. Hort. Beng. 56; Prain, l.c. 82. Tall annual herb up to 12 ft. tall, pithy. Leaves 4 to 12 in. long, sessile; leaflets 10 to 30 pairs, sparsely hairy. Racemes drooping 8- to 12-flowered, 4 to 5 in. long. Flowers few, yellow, dotted purple, *75 in. long. Pods ro to 12 in. long, pendulous, twisted. Hab. Marshy open ground, Kedah, near ricefields (Kunstler). Distrib. India, Burma, China, Java. (2) S. cannabina Pers. Syn. ii. 316; Prain, l.c. 83. Slender herb, 3 to 6 ft. tall. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, sessile; leaflets 8 to 20 pairs, glabrous, *3 in. long, ‘1 in. wide, dark green. Racemes about 1 in. long, slender; flowers few, °4 in. long yellow; standard streaked red. Pods cylindric, 8 in. long, ‘1 in. through. Sesbania.]} XLVI. LEGUMINOS&. 583 Hab. Damp open spots. Perak, Temengoh. Perlis, Kanga. Dis- trib. Bengal, Burma, Java. EXCLUDED SPECIES S. GRANDIFLORA Pers. Synops. ii. 316; Prain, l.c. 84. Agati grandiflora Desv. Journ. Bot. i. 120, t. 4. Tall slender tree 20 to 30 ft. high, 8 to ro in. through. Leaves 6 to 12 in. long; leaflets 16 to 30 pairs, linear-oblong. Racemes I in. long. Flowers 2 to 4, white. Corolla 3 to 3°5 in. long. Pods 20 in. long. Cultivated for its leaves, eaten as a vegetable and in Kelantan at Kota Bharu as props for pepper-vines. Singapore, Perak, Kelantan. Distrib. Mascarene isles to North Australia. Native name: Turi. S. CoccINEA Poir Encyc. vii. 127. A low shrub with similar leaves and deep rose-coloured flowers as large. Pods shorter, occasionally cultivated in gardens. Origin unknown. 22. PSORALEA, Linn. Herbs or under-shrubs. Leaves simple (or pinnate) gland- dotted. Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla little exsert ; petals all clawed, upper stamen free; anthers small uniform. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Pod ovoid or oblong, 1-seeded indehiscent; pericarp adhering to seed. Species 100, chiefly S. Africa, N. America and Australia. (x1) P. Corylifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 764. Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 103; Bot. Mag. t. 665. Herbaceous annual branched, about 2 ft. tall, hairy all over and black, gland-dotted. Leaves simple ovate denticulate, base shortly cuneate or round, tip sub-acute, 4°5 in. long, 3°2 in. wide; petioles I°5 in. long. Racemes axillary; peduncles 3 in. long. Flowers crowded in racemes 1°5 in. long, yellow, 10 to 30. Calyx ‘12 in. long, sessile; teeth lanceolate. Corolla hardly exsert. Pod ‘2 in. long, black, globose. Hab. Sporadic in waste ground. Singapore, Alexandra Road. Perak, Kamuning (Ridley). Distrib. India, Africa. 23. MILLETTIA, W. and Arn. Prain, l.c. 86; Dunn, Journ. Linn. Soc. xli. 123. Climbing shrubs or trees. Leaves imparipinnate 2 (rarely 1) to many leaflets. Panicles large or reduced to racemes of fascicles. Calyx campanulate; teeth short. Petals white or pink; standard ovate or orbicular; wings oblong. Stamens monadelphous (rarely diadelphous) ; filaments free at tip. Ovary sessile, rarely stipitate, 3- to many-ovuled. Pod linear or oblong, coriaceous or woody, 584 XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. [Millettia. flattened or thick. Seeds lenticular or reniform. Species 134, Africa, Indo-Malaya, China, Australia. Woody climber; calyx silky; corolla mauve; i velvety . : : (1) M. sericea Trees; leaves simple; pod velvety . : (2) M. unifoliata Leaflets 3 to 5 pairs; pod brown velvety ; flowers white . 3 5 . (3) M. albiflora Leaflets 3 to 5 pairs; ‘pods glabrous. Leaflets quite glabrous; pod not winged . (4) M. decipiens Leaflets quite glabrous; pod winged on edges (5) M. pterocarpa Leaflets silky pubescent beneath; pod not winged. (6) M. Hemsleyana (1) M. sericea Benth. Mig. Pl. Jungh. 248; Baker, in Hook. fl. FBT. ii. 104; Prawn, l.c. 88; Dunn, l.c. 169. A big woody climber. Leaves about 8 in. or less long; petioles 3°5 in. long; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, elliptic shortly acuminate blunt, base rounded, coriaceous, coppery golden beneath with minute scales; nerves fine, conspicuous beneath, 3 to 4 in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Racemes axillary 5 to 6 in. long. Flowers numerous, pedicelled. Calyx tubular, ‘15 in. long, brown silky. Corolla *5 in. long; standard brown outside, violet mauve darker at base, with yellow green central bar; wings mauve. Pod 3 to 7 in. long, I in. across, brown velvety turgid when ripe. Seeds 1 to 3, dark brown, I in. long, *75 in. through. Hab. Common in woods. Johor, Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall). Malacca, Ayer Panas; Batu Tiga. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Negri Sembilan; Bukit Tampin, Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Simpang (Wray); Goping (Kunstler). Penang, Penara Bukit at 1000 ft. altitude (Curtis). Dzustrib. Sumatra, Java. Native names: Akar Mumbo; Akar Mumbol. var. malaccensis Prain, l.c. Leaflets larger, 6 to 8 in. long, coppery beneath and rather less rigid. Pods longer, flat. Singapore (Lobb). Malacca (Hervey, Maingay). (2) M. unifoliata Prain, l.c. 93. Glabrous tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Stem zo to 15 in. through. Leaves simple, coriaceous oblong-lanceolate acuminate or caudate, base cuneate reticulate, midrib and 6 to g pairs of nerves elevate, 5°5 to 7 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘I to ‘2 in. long thick. Racemes 3 to 6 in. long axillary with fascicles of 3 to 4 flowers, distant. Flowers white. Calyx ‘2 in. long, campanulate, hairy inside; teeth short blunt. Pod linear 6 in. long, I in. across, flat, yellowish-velvety. Hab. Forests, local. Dindings, Lumut; Pang- kor (Curtis). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). (3) M. albiflora Prain, l.c. 92. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall, 2 to 3°5 in. through. Leaves deep shining green 8 to 12 in. long; leaflets coriaceous 3 to 6, lanceolate acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous, finely reticulate 5 to Io in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide (lower ones smaller); nerves 6 to g pairs elevate; petioles ‘x in. long. Panicles slender shortly branched, at ends of Mullettia.| XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 585 branches 1 to 1°5 ft. long, puberulous. Calyx ‘25 in. long, cam- panulate; teeth triangular, brown. Corolla pure white °75 in. long. Pod linear, dark velvety-brown, 7 to 13 in. long, 1'5 to 2 in. wide, flat, woody. Hab. Woods, river-banks; a very hand- some tree. Pahang, Tahan River; Malacca (Maingay); Selangor Petaling; Klang Gates (Burn-Murdoch); Perak, Larut; Goping (Kunstler). Penang, old pass to Ralow (Curtis). Native names : Urat Rusa (deer-sinew) ; Kayu Rindu. (4) M. decipiens Prain, l.c. 172. Big tree, 40 to 60 ft. tall. Stem 2 to 3 ft. through, glabrous. Leaves 8 to g in. long; leaflets 4 to 5 pairs, membranous, elliptic acuminate (lowest ovate acuminate), beneath glaucous 2 to 3°5 in. long, 1°25 to 1°5 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Racemes axillary 6 in. long, puberulous to glabrous; pedicels ‘2 in. long. Calyx wide cup-shaped, obscurely toothed ‘15 in. long. Corolla *4 in. long, pink or white tinged pink; standard orbicular, silky outside. Hab. River-banks, woods. Perak, Kwala Dipang (Scortechini) ; Temengoh. Pahang, Telor Sesih, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Native name: Jedar. (5) M. pterocarpa Dunn, l.c. 175. M. glaucescens Prain, l.c. 89 (not of Kurz). Large glabrous tree. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; petioles 1°5 in. long; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, membranous lanceolate caudate (lowest ones ovate) cuneate, glaucescent beneath, 3°5 in. long, I in. wide (lowest 1°5 in. long); petiolules ‘1 in. long. Racemes axillary 6 in. long. Corolla 4 in. long; standard orbicular bicallose at base steel blue. Pod linear glabrous 6°5 in. long, I in. wide, sutures narrowly winged. Hab. Perak, Kapayong, Kinta (Wray); Ipoh. (6) M. Hemsleyana Prain, l.c. go; Dunn, l.c. 176. Tree 20 to go ft. tall, 10 to 15 in. through. Branchlets puberu- lous. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; rachis pubescent; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, membranous, bright green, glabrous above, glaucescent and pubescent beneath, the midrib and bases of nerves beneath con- spicuously bearded, elliptic-obovate (lowest ovate) acuminate 2 to 3°5 in. long, 1°25 to I'5 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long; stipules ‘25 in. long deciduous. Racemes axillary, slender 2°5 to 4 in. long, puberulous; pedicels ‘25 in. long. Calyx shallow, tubular, pubes- cent, obscurely toothed, ‘15 in. deep, red or green tintedred. Corolla ‘4 in. long, white or tinged pink; standard orbicular bicallose at base. Pod linear-oblanceolate, base narrowed, glabrous, ‘6 in. long, *75 in. wide. Hab. Forests, not rare in Perak. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling; Kwala Lipis (Foxworthy). Negri Sembilan, Johol. Perak, Ulu Slim (Kunstler); Plus River (Wray); Pulau Kamiri (Wray); Temengoh. Native name: Jada. The fruiting specimens were referred by Prain to M, decipiens, Ss Se XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. [Fordia. 24. FORDIA, Hemsl. Small trees with imparipinnate leaves of 8 to 12 leaflets. Flowers in stiff racemes borne on the old wood, or in small axillary fascicles. Calyx campanulate. Corolla pink or white, rather small. Ovary 2-ovuled. Seeds strophiolate. Species 6, China, Borneo, Sumatra. (1) F. pauciflora Dunn Kew. Bulletin, 1911, p. 237. Millettia cauliflora Prain, l.c. 94. A slender shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall, -4 in. through. Leaves 18 in. long, in a terminal tuft; leaflets 5 pairs membranous glabrous, lower ovate, upper elliptic, all caudate, base rounded or cuneate, lower 1°5 to 3°5 in. long, 1°4 in. wide, upper 4 to 6 in. long, 1°6 to 2 in. wide; nerves depressed above, elevate beneath; petiolules ‘15 in. long; rachis pubescent or glabrous. Flowers 2 or 3 in a short fascicle on the stem. Calyx ‘2 in. long. Corolla pink or white silky ‘3 in. long. Pods solitary curved, linear acuminate, narrowed at base, 4°5 in. long, °75 in. wide, thin. Hab. Rocky woods, chiefly limestone. Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Lenggong, on limestone rocks (Ridley). 25. ADINOBOTRYS, Linn. Woody climbers or trees. Leaves alternate imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite, 5-toothed. Standard round, short-clawed; wings oblong semi-sagittate. Stamens free from standard diadelphous. Ovary stipitate. Pod egg-shaped dehiscent. Seed 1, large (rarely 2) not flattened. Climber; flowers golden velvety with large bracts. (1) A erianthus Big tree; flowers glabrous, deep purple : . (2) A. atropurpureus (1) A. erianthus Dunn, I.c. 194. Millettia eriantha Benth. Pl. Jungh. 250; Prain, l.c. 88. Woody climber almost glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves 8 to 11 in. long; leaflets, 2 to 3 pairs obovate-oblong or elliptic cuspidate, 2 to 4 in. long, 1°25 to 2°5 in. across, dark green, stiffly coriaceous; petiolules -25 in. long. Racemes numerous, crowded, at first cone-like with large (deciduous) golden silky ovate acute bracts, 2 in. long, eventually 6 in. long; pedicels ‘15 in. long. Calyx campanulate, *4 in. long, brown red with bronze fur. Corolla standard rich coppery red, centre greenish yellow, outside dull red with golden fur. Stamens pink. Pod ovoid flattened, turgid 2 in. long, 1°75 in. wide, woody rugose hairy, beaked. Seed 1. Hab. Woods. Singapore, Bukit Mandai; Gar- den Jungle. Malacca, Batu Tiga (Holmberg); Jus (Goodenough). Pahang, Pulau Jellam, Pahang River. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tumiang (Cantley). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Native names: Akar Pua;*Akar Koyah; Akar Kuayah; Akar Pera. Adinobotrys. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS2, 587 (2) A. atropurpureus Dunn, Kew Bulletin i911, p. 197. Millettia atropurpurea Benth. Pl. Jungh. 249; Prain, l.c. 89; Pongamia atropurpurea Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 70, t. 78. A very large tree 60 to 80 ft. tall with a large head. Leaves 15 to 18 in. long, glabrous; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, coriaceous deep shining green, narrow-oblong, base round, tip short cuspidate, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. across; petiolules ‘25 in. long. Racemes copious in a dense tomentose panicle 6 to 8 in. long. Bracts ovate, ‘I in. across; pedicels ‘2 in. long. Calyx ‘25 in. long cam- panulate, teeth small 2 upper truncate, others acute, silky. Corolla black purple, *5 in. long. Pod about 4 in. long, 2 in. wide, I- to 2-seeded, dark brown. Seeds I or 2, large thick brown. Hab. Common in forests and on river-banks, often covering the ground with its flowers. Pahang River, Malacca, Bukit Bruang; Sungei Hudang (Cantley). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill; Bukit Kandang (Cantley). Selangor, Ulu Selangor, Lankawi, Kesap (Haniff). Province Wellesley, Krian. Penang Hill (Curtis). Kedah, Yan. Jalor, Biserat (Gwynne Vaughan). Distrib. Tenasserim, Borneo, Sumatra. Native names: Tulang Daeng; Chicha; Girah Payah; Merbong. 26. PADEBRUGGEA, Miq. Woody climbers with imparipinnate leaves. Flowers panicled, axillary, rather small, white or pink. Calyx campanulate; teeth short; standard orbicular, short-clawed; wings clawed, auricled. Ovary stipitate, 2-ovuled. Fruit flat, ovoid, very woody, wrinkled, large velvety. Species 2, Malay Peninsula and Java. Panicles 3 in. long, 1°5 in. wide : ; : . (1) P. dasyphylla Panicles 6 in. long, 3 in. wide . A ‘ : . (2) P. Maingayi (1) P. dasyphylla Mig. Fl. Ind. Bot. i. 150; Dunn, Kew Bulletin 1911, p. 197, fig.on p. 198. Millettia oocarpa Prain, l.c. 92. Big climber. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, oblong rounded at both ends, glabrous above as is rachis, pubescent beneath, 2 to 3 in. long, 1 to 1°5 in. wide; petiolules -2 in. long. Stipels setaceous. Panicles axillary, 3 in. long, 1°5 in. across, only slightly puberulous. Calyx ‘2 in. long campanulate, puberulous; teeth obscure. Corolla white, tinged pink, -5 in. long. Standard orbicular, base auriculate, puberulous. Pod obovate, woody, woody rounded, 4 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, dark brown velvety somewhat rugose. Hab. Perak, Batu Togoh (Wray). Distrib. Java. (2) P.Maingayi Dunn, Kew Bulletin 1911, p. 197. Millettia Maingayi, Baker, in. F.B.I. ii. 110; Prain, l.c. gt. A long woody liane twisting round trees, about 2 in. thick. Leaves 8 to Io in. long; leaflets 5 to 8 pairs, oblong, base round, tip round or sub-acute, 1°5 to 2 in. long, I in. across, coriaceous, velvety beneath; petiolules ‘2 in. long with persistent stipels 588 XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. [Padebruggea. ‘I in. long. Racemes copious in axillary panicles, pendulous 4 to 6 in. long, 6 in. through, pubescent. Flowers numerous, short pedicelled, rose pink, very fragrant. Calyx ‘2 in. long campanulate pubescent. Corolla ‘5 in. long. Standard auricled at base. Pod oblong, flattened, very woody deeply wrinkled, grey green, velvety, 6 in. long, 3°5 in. wide, °75 in. thick, indehis- cent. Hab. In lowland woods. Probably not rare, but not always flowering and usually high up in trees. Singapore, Garden Jungle (Maingay). Selangor, Ulu Selangor (Kunstler). 27. DALBERGIA, Linn. fil. (Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \xvi. 2, p. 112 and |\xx. 2; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. x. 1.) Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves with alternate sub-coriaceous leaflets. Flowers numerous, small in terminal axillary panicles, generally white. Calyx campanulate; teeth 5, short. Corolla exsert; standard broad, keel blunt; petals joined only at tip. Stamens g to 10, monadelphous with the tube split only above or diadelphous, split also below; anthers minute, basifixed, the cells back to back. Ovary stalked ; ovules few; style short incurved, glabrous. Pod oblong or strap-shaped, usually thin and flat, not winged, I- to 4-seeded, indehiscent. Species about 70, Tropics generally. Standard evect; flowers small; inflorescence dichotomous. Pod falcate reniform, thick; leaflets sub-cori- aceous 2°5 by Iin. . t : : . (1) D. parviflora Pod samaroid, thin flat; panicles terminal; leaves pubescent beneath. Leatlets 1 te 25, “7. to £540. ene ee stiff : (2) D. Seortechinii Leaflets 7 to 9 in. long; pods thin. Leaflets nearly 2in.long . 3 . (3) D. Curtisii Leaflets smaller, ‘5 in. long; flowers foetid, ; *5 in. long : ; : : , (4) D. stercoracea Pod widely ovate, elliptic, thin; leaflets numerous *25 in. long (5) D. phyllanthoides Standard bent back,* wings sagittate ; panicles cymose axillary ; flowers *25 in. long. Pod ligulate; leaflets 3 or 4. Ovary glabrous; flowers minute, white . (6) D. Hullettii Ovary pubescent; leaves 4 by 2 in. cori- aceous; flowers rather large . : . (7) D. rostrata Pod falcate reniform. Leaflets 3, acute, 3 in. long, lanceolate . (8) D. menoeides Leaflets 5 to 7, blunt, 1°5 in. long, obovate, seashores ; : ; ; . (9) D. torta Pod ligulate. Leaflets numerous, 24 to 41, ‘25 in. long . (to) D. tamarindifolia Leaflets 13 to 17, glabrous beneath, rin. long (11) D. velutina Pod falcate reniform, thick corky. Leaflets coriaceous oblong-ovate, 4 by 2in. . (12) D, Kunstleri Dalbergia.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS. 589 (1) D. parviflora Roxb. Hort. Beng. 98; Prain, l.c. \xvi. 121 (part); Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. x. 34, pl. 8. Liane 80 ft. long. Main stem spiny. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long: leaflets 5 to 9, ovate-lanceolate, tip blunt acuminate retuse, base rounded glabrous; nerves and reticulations very fine, 2 to 3°5 in. long, “75 to 1°5 in. wide. Panicles 3 to 4 in. long and as wide; branches and pedicels puberulous. Flowers minute secund. Calyx campanulate; teeth obtuse, upper 2 connate. Corolla white; petals short clawed; standard narrow obovate. Stamens tro, monadelphous, vexillary one shorter. Ovary glabrous; style short. Pod turgid, obovoid flattened, 1- to 2-seeded indehiscent, "75 to 2 in. long, 6 in. wide. Seed reniform. Hab. River-banks and forests. Pahang, Ayer Hitam, Pekan; Temerloh. Perak, Matang Jambu (Wray); Goping (Kunstler). Kedah, Kulim (Haniff). Dzstrib. Tenasserim, South Siam, Malay Archipelago. (2) D. Scortechinii Prain, l.c. Ixx. 444; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. x. 40, pl. 15. Climbing shrub, glabrous. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets II to 15 elliptic, blunt or retuse, glabrous except midrib above, puberulous beneath, *7 to 1°5 in. long (rarely larger), °35 to °75 in. wide; rachis and petioles puberulous. Flowers minute, white. Panicles terminal, 2 to 4 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide, pubescent. Calyx teeth short, blunt, lowest longer lanceolate. Corolla white, petals short clawed. Stamens g in 2 bundles of 5 and 4, vexillary filaments free. Ovary pubescent, short, stipitate. Pod ovate- lanceolate, glabrous, stipitate, 1°5 to 2 in. long, ‘5 in. wide. Seed I to 3, reniform. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Bujong Malacca (Scortechini). Penang, Ayer Hitam (Curtis). Distvib. Bangka, Borneo, Java. (3) D. Curtisii Prain, l.c. 58; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. x. 41, 1. 16. f Climbing shrub. Leaves 6 to 7 in. long; leaflets 7 to 9, oblong or elliptic, base cuneate, tip rounded emarginate, glabrous above, puberulous except midrib beneath, 1°5 to 2 in. long, I in. wide; rachis and petiolules puberulous. Panicles 4 to 5 in. long, 3 in. wide pubescent. Flowers minute, white secund inodorous. Calyx campanulate; teeth short, blunt. Corolla white; petals short- clawed; standard wide oblong emarginate. Stamens g in one sheath split above. Ovary long, stipitate pubescent; style none. Pod glabrous. Hab. Lowland woods. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Teluk Anson. Penang, Penara Bukit Road at 500 ft. altitude (Curtis). Distrib. Sumatra. (4) D. stercoracea Maing. Prain, l.c. 58; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. x. 42, pl. 17. D. Junghuhnii Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. u. 2B. F aclintbtas shrub 15 to 30 ft. long. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long; leaflets 7 to 9, oblong or elliptic, base cuneate, tip round truncate 590 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2&. [ Dalbergia. or retuse, glabrous above, glaucous puberulous beneath, °6 to 1°25 in. long, *35 to *75 in. wide; rachis puberulous. Panicle and cymes terminal and axillary 3 to 4 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, pubescent. Flowers minute ‘1 in. long, white foetid. Calyx campanulate; teeth blunt short except lowest longer acute. Corolla, petals short-clawed. Stamens g in one sheath. Ovary short stipitate, tip pubescent ; style short. Pod thin, membranous, green, glabrous, blunt, ellipsoid, 2°5 in. long, I to 1°5 in. wide, 1- rarely 2-seeded. Hab. Common, edges of forests and seashores. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Changi; Pulau Ubin. Johor, Minyak Buku. Malacca, Sungei Hudang; Bukit Bruang (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Serem- ban (Cantley). Distvib. Sumatra. Native names: Akar Urat- Urat; Akar Saga Paya; Bunga Pitaia. (5) D. phyllanthoides Bl. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1. 134. var. sennoides Prain, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. x. 43, pl. 20. D. sub- sympathetica Prain, l.c. xvi. 116. D. sennoides Bl. Mig. L.c. Climbing shrub 60 to 80 ft. long. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves 1°5 to 3 in. long; leaflets g to 15, elliptic-oblong, tip rounded, base cuneate, green glabrous above, glaucescent hairy beneath, ‘25 to ‘4 in. long, ‘2 to ‘3 in. wide; rachis pubescent. Panicles axillary small, 3 in. long, t to 2 in. across. Flowers minute secund. Calyx teeth blunt except the lowest acute. Corolla white; petals short-clawed; standard oblong or obovate emarginate. Stamens 9, usually in one sheath split above. Ovary glabrous or nearly so, short stipitate. Pod glabrous thin, membranous green, tip blunt, base cuneate, stipitate, I- rarely 2-seeded, 2°5 in. long, I in. wide. Hab. Woods at hill bases. Perak; Waterfall, Thaiping (Wray) ; Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Disivib. Java, Borneo. (6) D. Hullettii Prain, l.c. lxvi. 119; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. X50 95805: A shrub or treelet. Branchlets black puberulous, leafless when in flower. Stipules ovate acute, *25 in. long. Leaves unknown. Flowers white in short clustered racemes, I to 1°5 in. long, axillary with tufts of triangular pubescent bracts at base; pedicels slender, *3 in. long. Calyx campanulate rusty-tomentose, °15 in. long; teeth acute half as long as tube. Corolla petals long-clawed, standard orbicular reflexed, wings and _ keel-petals hastate. Stamens g, rarely Io in one sheath. Ovary glabrous, stipe long pubescent; ovuler. Hab. Openswampy ground. Rare. Flowers when leafless. Singapere, Thomson Road (Hullett); Selitar (Ridley). (7) D. rostrata Grah. Wail. Cat. 5867; Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1xx. 245. D. pseudo-sissoo Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1. 128; Prawn, 1.c, xvi. (2), 118. Woody climber 15 to 25 ft. long, glabrous, occasionally erect tree-like. Leaves 6 in. long; leaflets stiffly chartaceous, 3 to 4 (rarely 5 or 2) oblong, base narrowed cuneate or round, tip cuspidate ; Dalbergia.]} XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 591 nerves fine inconspicuous, glabrous, 2 to 4 in. long, I to 2 in. wide (terminal largest). Panicles lax axillary corymbose, grey downy, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long and as wide; pedicels ‘15 in. long. Calyx cam- panulate, ‘2 in. long, puberulous, teeth sub-equal, wide, triangular. Corolla cream white, tips flushed pink. Petals long-clawed; standard orbicular oblong reflexed. Stamens g, in one sheath split above. Ovary long, stipitate, pubescent I- to 2-ovuled. Pod ligulate firmly coriaceous, blunt 3 to 4 in. long, °5 to °65 in. ‘wide. Seed 1, oblong, 75 in. long. Hab. Woods. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Mandai. Penang Hill 200 to 400 ft. alti- tude (Curtis). Distrib. Ceylon, S. India, Malay islands to Celebes. (8) D. menoeides Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l.c. xvi. 120; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. x. 64, pl. 41. Woody climber. Leaves 5 in. long; leaflets 3, sub-coriaceous, glabrous above, glaucescent appressed puberulous beneath, lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, base round or cuneate acute, 3 to 3°5 in. long, I to 1°5 in. wide. Flowers few, sessile in very short axillary racemes, ‘15 to *25 in. long. Calyx teeth obtuse sub-equal, pubes- cent. Corolla white, petals long-clawed; standard sub-orbicular emarginate, reflexed. Stamens Io monadelphous. Ovary stipitate glabrous; ovule 1. Pod semilunar glabrous firm, 1°5 in. long, "75 in. wide. Seed 1 reniform. Hab. Perak, Krian (Scortechini). Rare. (9) D. torta Grah. Wail. Cat. 5873; Prain, l.c. Ixvi. 120; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. x. 64, pl. 42. D. monosperma Dalz. Baker, l.c. ll. 337. D. candenatensis Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xx. (2), 49. Climbing shrub. Leaves 3 in. long; leaflets 5 (rarely 3 or 7) obovate-oblong blunt or retuse, glabrous dark greenish above, appressed pubescent beneath, ‘6 to ‘8 in. long, *4 to ‘6 in. wide. Panicles sessile congested axillary I to 2 in. long, slightly puberulous. Calyx glabrescent, teeth short, triangular, blunt. Corolla white, ‘2 in. long; petals long-clawed; standard oblong reflexed. Stamens g (or 10) monadelphous. Ovary stipitate, glabrous; style subulate; ovules r to 2. Pod flat, brown, rather thick, falcate rounded, ‘g in. long (1-seeded) or 1°5 in. long (2-seeded), *5 in. wide. Hab. Littoral scrub; common. Singapore, Pulau Ubin; Kranji; Pulau Damar. Johor, Tana Runto; Pulau Tinggi (Feilding). Malacca, Tanjong Kling. Dindings. Perak, Matang (Scortechini). Lankawi (Curtis). Distrib. East Asia to Polynesia. (10) D. tamarindifolia Roxb. Hort. Beng. 53; Baker, l.c. li. 234; Prain, l.c. lxvi. 117; Ann. Bot. Gard. Cat. x. 69, pl. 48. Climbing shrub (or erect tree 20 to 4o ft.). Branches densely pubescent. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long; leaflets 24 to 41, thin pubescent all over, paler beneath trapezoid-oblong, ‘6 to *75 in. long, *3 in. wide. Stipules lanceolate, ‘2 in. long. Panicles sessile or short- peduncled, corymbose dense, densely puberulous, °*5 to 2 in. long, 592 XLVII. LEGUMINOS. [ Dalbergia. ‘5 to I in. wide. Calyx glabrescent, greenish yellow, teeth ovate. Corolla white; petals long-clawed; standard ovate, reflexed. Stamens g to 10 monadelphous. Ovary glabrous, stipitate; ovules 2 to 3. Pod thin green, brown when dry, reticulate ligulate stipi- tate, 1°5 to 3 in. long, ‘4 in. wide. Seeds 1 to 3, nearly straight. Hab. Open forest near water; Pahang, Tahan River. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich 5865). Kedah, Yan. Distrib. Himalaya, Burma, China, Indo-China, Malay isles. : (11) D. velutina Benth. Pl. Jungh. i. 255; Prain, l.c. Ixvi. 117; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. x. 74, pl. 55, 56. Climbing shrub. Branches red-pubescent. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets 13 to 17 oblong blunt or acute, membranous, dark green, rusty-velvety beneath, 1°5 to 2 in. long, ‘6 to ‘8 in. wide; rachis velvety. Stipules obovate to linear lanceolate, ‘6 in. long. Panicles dense, axillary corymbose, 4 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, velvety. Calyx pubescent, base gibbous, upper teeth acute, lower obtuse. Corolla white or spotted pink, ‘2 in. long; petals long-clawed; standard orbicular reflexed. Stamens g to 10, monadelphous, or tube partly split above on lower face; filaments alternately long and short. Ovary glabrous; ovules 2 to 3, stipitate, stipes pubescent ; style long. Pod stipitate thin, brown, I- to 2-seeded, 2 to 3 in. long, ‘6 to ‘7 in. wide. Hab. Forest edges. var. Maingayi. Leaves glaucescent, glabrous above, beneath branches, rachis, stipules and calyx rusty pubescent. Flowers pink or white. The commonest variety in the peninsula. Singapore Changi, near Tampinis. Malacca (Maingay both varieties), Lan- kawi, Kwah (Curtis), (typical form). Dzstrib. Type form, Burma, Assam: var. Maingayi Tenasserim, Malay islands. (12) D. Kunstleri Prain, l.c. Ixvi. 121; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. l.c. 104, pl. go. Liane 40 to 60 ft. long, 3 to 4 in. through. Branchlets pubes- cent. Leaves 10 to 12 in. long; leaflets 7 to 9, dark green, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, coriaceous elliptic acuminate, base round, 4 to 6 in. long, 2 in. wide; rachis and petiolules at first pubescent. Panicles 4 to 6 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide, puberulous. Calyx teeth ovate-lanceolate blunt (except lowest, lanceolate). Corolla ‘‘ dark blue’ (probably dark pink) ; petals all long-clawed ; standard orbicular emarginate. Stamens Io usually in one sheath, which is sometimes split on both sides. Ovary long stipitate, pubescent. Style long, slender; ovules 2 to 4. Pod thick corky, pubescent falcate 1- (or 2-)seeded, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long, ‘g in. wide, in. thick. Seed reniform. Hab. Limestone rocks. Perak, Goping and Kinta River (Kunstler). 28. PTEROCARPUS, Linn. Big trees. Leaves of about 7 coriaceous; leaflets alternate, racemes axillary panicled. Flowers light yellow. Calyx turbinate, Pterocarpus.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS. 593 teeth short. Petals exsert, long-clawed; standard and wings crisped. Staminal sheath split above and often below; upper stamen free. Ovary stalked, 2-ovuled. Pod orbicular, 1-seeded, winged all round with the point near the base. Species 15, tropics. (1) P. indicus Willd. Sp. Pl. ili. 904; Prain, l.c. xvi. 123. Tree 60 to 80 ft. or more. Stem 4 to 5 ft. through. Leaves 8 to 10 in. long; leaflets 5 to 9, ovate, base rounded or short cuneate acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide, terminal a little larger. Panicles 6 in. long. Calyx ‘25 in. long, brown silky. Corolla golden yellow, °6 in. long. Pod 1°75 to 2 in. across, pubescent. Hab. Common as a roadside tree all over the peninsula, and prob- ably wild in rocky places near the sea and rivers, as in Malacca and Ulu Selangor (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich in 1822). Native name. Angsana. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay islands, Java, Borneo. 29. PONGAMIA, Vent. A tree. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers racemed, medium size pink. Calyx campanulate sub-truncate. Corolla much exsert; standard broad silky, keel blunt; petals cohering at tips. Stamens monadelphous, upper filament free low down; anthers versatile. Ovary sub-sessile 2-ovuled; style glabrous. Pod woody, oblong, turgid indehiscent. Species 1, seashores from Mascarene isles to Polynesia. (x1) P. glabra Vent. Jard.. Malm. t. 28; Baker in Hook. fil. ie. W. 240; Pram, lc. 94. Tree about 40 to 60 ft. tall: Stem 2 to 3 ft. through. Leaves 8 to ro in. long; leaflets 5 to 7, oblong or ovate acute, base cuneate, 3 to 7 in. long, I to 3°5 in. wide, thinly coriaceous, light green, glabrous. Racemes 4 to 6 in. long; peduncles 1 to 1°5 in. long; rachis puberulous. Calyx ‘12 in. deep. Corolla °35 to ‘5 in. long. Standard orbicular 2-auriculate at base. Ovary pubescent. Pod light brown, 1°5 to 2 in. long, ‘8 to 1°5 in. wide. Seed 1, testa white marked with brown lines. var.typica. Leaflets 5, rarely 7, oblong-ovate, 2°5 to 3°5 in. wide. Racemes simple. Hab. Sea coasts in sandy spots, common all over the peninsula. The variety xevocarpa usually occurs further inland. var. xerocarpa. Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate I to 1°35 in. wide. Racemes 2 to 3 together. Hab. Inland. Singapore, Bukit Timah Road. Malacca, Merlimau (Derry). Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur. Perak, Trong (Wray), Kedah. Native name: Malapari. 30. DERRIS, Lour. Large woody climbers, rarely trees. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets exstipellate. Flowers pink, white or violet, showy in axillary or terminal panicles or racemes. Calyx campanulate nearly truncate. Corolla much exsert; standard broad, keel blunt. Stamens usually monadelphous, the upper one free in § Aganobfe ; FLM.P., 1. QQ 594 XLVII. LEGUMINOS. [Derris. anthers versatile. Ovary sessile; ovules few; style incurved filiform. Pod thin flat, indehiscent oblong (1-seeded) strap-like (few-seeded) winged on upper or lower sutures. About 40 species, tropics. Standard without calli at-base :— Vexillary stamen free throughout; flowers panicled (§ Aganope). Pod winged on the upper edge only and sinuate; flowers °5 in. long; green and white . : : : . (rt) D. sinuata Pod winged both sides; flower under ‘3 in. long, white . ¢ F ; . (2) D. thyrsiflora Vexillary stamen united with the others; flowers fascicled on tumid nodes (§ Eu-derris). Pods winged along upper edge only; narrow pointed with ends; seeds several. Climber; flowers white in tone narrow panicles, white . : . (3) D. scandens Tree; leaflets numerous, 25 to "30; flowers in dense panicles, violet ; ‘ . (4) D. dalbergioides Pods sub-orbicular or oblong; seeds few; climbers. . uliginosa Pods glabrous; flowers pale pink : ( Pods pubescent; flowers white, tipped pink ( Pods winged on both edges. Flowers white . : ; : : ( Flowers pink ( Standard with 2 calli on the base. . elegans D D D. affinis D. amcena D D Leaves and pink petals pubescent . . - (9) D. elliptica Leaves and pink petals glabrous : . (ro) D. malaccensis Pod thick woody baie eg dehiscent ; fruit unknown . : : var. aptera Flowers in slender racemes : 3 4 - (rt) D. Yappii (1) D. sinuata Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 93; Baker, in Hook. fil. FBI. u. 246; Prain, l.c. 98. Woody sarmentose shrub. Leaves Io to 16 in. long; leaflets 5 to 7, coriaceous, glabrous ovate to ovate-oblong, shortly cuspidate blunt, base round or deltoid; nerves 5 to 7 pairs, 4 to 5 in. long, 2 to3in. wide. Panicles of long racemes 6 to 12 in. long. Flowers distant; pedicels ‘2 in. decurved. Calyx cup-shaped, silky ‘2 in. long, green. Corolla 6 in. long; keel and wings white; standard orbicular, *5 in. wide, base cordate, apple green, ecallose. Stamens diadelphous, vexillary one free to base. Ovary pubescent. Pod strap-shaped, sinuate between the seeds, upper suture narrow- winged, 4 to 8 in. long, 1°5 in. wide. Hab. Tidal rivers, common. Singapore, Yo Chu Kang; Pulau Ubin. Malacca (Griffith). Pahang, Kwala Lipis (Machado); Rumpin River (Evans). Distrib. India, Ceylon, Indo-China, Malaya. (2) D. thyrsiflora Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Supp. 114; Baker, l.c. ii. 246; Prain, l.c. xvi. 99. Sarmentose bush rarely climbing. Leaves 8 to 15 in. long; Derris.) XLVII, LEGUMINOSA. 595 leaflets 5 to 9, dark shining green, oblong to oblong-lanceolate acute or rounded at both ends, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide. Panicles large thyrsoid, 8 to 24 in. long. Calyx tubular, truncate greenish white, ‘12 in. long, ‘15 in. wide. Corolla white, °3 in. long; standard orbicular, :35 in. across, base ecallose cordate. Stamens diadelphous, vexillary one free. Pod strap-shaped, thin, flat, winged on both sutures (wings ‘25 in. wide), 3°5 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide. Hab. Common in open country. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Johor, Castlewood. Pahang River. Malacca, Bukit Bruang (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Seremban. Perak, Batang Padang (Kunstler). Penang Hill (Curtis). Kedah, Yan. Distrib. Sumatra, Java. Native names: Akar Tulang Bukit; Akar Berumbat. (3) D. scandens Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Supp. 103 ; Baker, l.c. u. 240; Prain, l.c. 100. Lofty climber up to roo ft. tall. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, dark green shining; leaflets 9 to 19, rigid, sub-coriaceous obovate- oblong to oblong acute, cuneate or rounded at base, 2 in. long, ‘75 in. wide, glabrous above, grey-pubescent beneath. Racemes short-peduncled to 15 or 18 in. long, pubescent. Calyx ‘12 in. long, silky campanulate. Corolla white or pale rose, °35 in. long. Stamens monadelphous. Pod 1 to 3 in. long, *4 to ‘5 in. wide, narrowed to both ends, narrowly winged above grey-silky, I- to 4-seeded. Hab. In woods usually near the sea. Singapore, Pulau Merambong. Pahang, Pekan. Penang, Batu Feringhi and Telok Bahang (Curtis and Ridley). Lankawi, Terutau (Haniff). Dzstrib. Indo-Malaya, Australia. (4) D. dalbergioides Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 241; Prain, lic. IOI. A tree 30 to 40 ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets 25 to 39, linear, rounded at both ends, tip emarginate, pale beneath, 1 in. long, °35 in. wide; rachis and petiolules pubescent. Racemes numerous 3 to 6 in. long, about "75 in. across; rachis pubescent. Calyx ‘15 in. long, brown-silky, teeth deltoid. Corolla °45 in. long, violet; standard oblong- cordate 2-glandular. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary pubescent. Pod 1- to 5-seeded narrowed to both ends, 1 to 2°5 in. long, winged along upper suture. Hab. Open country, a very pretty tree. Pahang, Kwala Sekim, Rumpin and Bunchah, Kwala Lipis (Fox- worthy). Malacca, Batu Gajah; Machap Road; Bt. Panchur (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Perak, Padang Rengas; Tomoh (Machado). Setul. Dzstrib. Tenasserim. Native names : Munjai hutan; Berak Atai. (5) D. uliginosa Benth. Pl. Jungh. 252; Baker, l.c. ii. 241; Pyrain, l.c. 102. Black-stemmed slender woody climber 40 or more ft. jong, glabrous. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long; leaflets 5 (or 3) stiff coriaceous, 596 XLVII. LEGUMINOS#. [Derris. ovate acuminate or caudate, base round 3 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to » 2°5 in. wide, polished. Racemes 3 to 5 in. long of several flowers. Calyx ‘15 in. wide campanulate, edge ciliate. Corolla pale rose pink or white pink-tinted, ‘4 in. long; standard orbicular sub-cordate ecallose. Stamens r-adelphous. Ovary puberulous. Pod round or oblong, I to 2 in. long, 1°25 in. across, rather thin and flat, yellowish. Seed 1 flat, r in. long and as wide. Hab, Climbing over bushes in mangrove swamps, common. Singapore, Kranji; Jurong; Pulau Ubin (Hullett). Johor, Tana Runto; Pulau Dayong (Feilding). Malacca, Pulau Besar (Griffith). Pahang, Fic. 54.—Derris uliginosa. Kwala Pahang. Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis). Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis). Kedah, Pulau Song-Song; Alor Sta. Distrib. E. Africa, Mascarenes, to W. Polynesia. Native name: Akar Ketuil. (6) D. elegans Benth. Pl. Jungh. 252; Baker, l.c. ul. 242; Prain, l.c. 103.. A slender liane about 60 ft. long. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves 8 to 12 in. long; leaflets green coriaceous 5 (rarely 3 to 7), terminal one largest, oblong to lanceolate, 3 to 8 in. long, 1°5 to 4 in. wide, glabrous above, red-pubescent beneath when young or always red-pubescent; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, prominent beneath. Racemes solitary or fascicled 2 to 3 in. long, villous. Calyx ‘15 in. Derris.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. 597 long, pubescent, black purple. Corolla white tipped pink, *4 to *5 in. long; standard orbicular-oblong eglandular. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary villous. Pod rounded-oblong, 1°5 in. long, I in. wide flat pubescent. Seed 1, rarely 2. var. typica. Leaflets ovate to lanceolate acute, sub-glabrous beneath. Flowers °5 in. long. Selangor, Ulu Gombak (Burn- Murdoch). Perak, Gunong Bubu and Larut (Kunstler). var. vestita Prain. Leaflets oblong-acuminate to ovate acute, always densely rusty-red-velvety beneath. Flowers *4 in. long. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Larut and Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). Distrib. Tenasserim, Sumatra. (7) D. affinis Benth. Pl. Jungh. 252; Prain, l.c. 104. D. floribunda Prain, l.c. 105. Glabrous woody climber. Leaves 6 in. long; leaflets 5, stiffly chartaceous, ovate acute, base round, 2°5 in. long, 1°25 in. wide, glabrous; nerves Io pairs hardly prominent. Panicles 6 to 12 in. long, sparingly branched; branches 2°5 in. long or less; rachis puberulous. Calyx campanulate ‘12 in. long, edge sinuate-toothed, sub-glabrous. Corolla white, *35 in. long; standard orbicular ecallose. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary sparsely hairy. Hab. Perak, Larut (Scortechini). Penang (Wallich). Dzstrib. Java. (8) D. ameena Benth. Pl. Jungh. 252; Baker, in F.BTI. ii, 245. Large climber. Black stem 50 ft. long. Leaflets 7 (of 9 or 5) sub-coriaceous or coriaceous, ovate-oblong cuspidate, base rounded or cuneate, 2 to 4 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; nerves indistinct. Panicles fastigiate, branched 6 to g in. long. Calyx campanulate ‘12 in. long, glabrescent, mouth sinuate, toothed. Corolla ‘3 in. long, rose pink; standard ecallose. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary puberulous. Pod thin, ligulate-oblong, 3 to 4 in. long, I to I°5 in. wide; upper wing ‘25 in. wide, lower narrow. Seeds 2. Hab. Climbing high on trees in lowland forests. var. typica. Leaves less coriaceous, green on both sides. Perak, Trong (Kunstler). Pulau Adang. Distrib. Tenasserim. var. Maingayana Prain, D. Maingayana Baker, l.c.c. Leaves stiff, glaucous beneath. The commonest form, Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Derry); Rembau; Bukit Sabukor; Brisu. Native names: Akar tuba; Akar Pah kedah. (9) D. elliptica Benth. Journ. Linn, Soc. iv. Supp. 111; Baker, l.c. 1. 2, 43; Prain, l.c. 106. Pongamia elliptica Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iM. 20, ¢. 237. Scrambling shrub. Stems black; shoots pubescent. Leaves g to 15 in. long; leaflets g to 13, membranous, at length sub- coriaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate cuspidate, 3 to 6 in. long, I to 1I°3 in. wide, glabrous (adult) above, pubescent beneath. Racemes 9 to Io in. long, tomentose. Calyx ‘25 in. long, campanu- late, pubescent. Corolla rose pink (rarely white), ‘65 in. long; 598 XLVII, LEGUMINOS2. [Derris. standard orbicular, back silky, base bicallose. Stamens mon- adelphous. Ovary villous. Pod oblong to lanceolate, 1- to 4-seeded winged on upper suture, slightly on lower, 1°5 to 3°5 in. long, °75 in. wide. Hab. Scrambling over rocks. Often cultivated by Chinese as an insecticide. I am doubtful as to its occurring wild, though it may be so in a few places where it grows over rocks, as at Penara Bukit in Penang (Curtis) and in Perlis. Distrib. Cambodia, Siam to Malay isles. Native name: Akar Tuba. Use: For drugging fish and killing insects on crops; a solution of the root bark used. Poisonous. (See Gimlette, “‘ Malay Poisons,” p. 92.) (10) D. malaccensis Prain, l.c. 107. D. cuneifolia var. malac- censis Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Supp. 112. Climbing shrub 30 to 50 ft. long, glabrous. Leaves g to 15 in. long, bright green; leaflets 5 to 7 (or g) sub-coriaceous elliptic, base round, caudate-acuminate glabrous, 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 25 in. wide. Racemes solitary axillary, 4 to 6 in. long. Calyx ‘15 in. long, reddish campanulate, edge ciliate, sinuate. Corolla rose pink (or white), ‘65 in. long; standard orbicular truncate or ob- cordate, base bicallose. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary pubescent. Pod oblong, winged or not, 1- to 4-seeded, 2 to 3 in. long. Hab. Forests, Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Selangor, Ulu Selangor (Goodenough) ; Sempang Track, Semangkok Pass. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Distrib. Tenasserim, Siam, Borneo. var. aptera Prain, l.c.c. and var. millettioides Prain. Only fruiting specimens of these are known. They differ from D. malaccensis in having the pod thick and woody without any wing, and in the specimen labelled millettioides pointed at both ends and dehiscent, as in Pongamia ; the leaflets are rather more coriaceous and round at the base, seldom even slightly narrowed. In malaccensis the pod is quite thin, strongly nerved and winged, the leaves thinner and often narrowed distinctly to the base. A specimen from Wray, Simpang plains, Perak, while having the thick pod of apterva, has a trace of wings, and the leaves are thin and narrowed at the base. Tull flowers of this variety aptera are obtained, it must, I think, be placed as a variety of malaccensis, but I expect it to turn out an entirely distinct plant. The speci- mens were obtained from Perak, Ulu Bubong, Larut and Goping by Kunstler. (11) D. Yappii Craib, Kew Bulletin, 1910, p. 21. Branchlets grey, pustulate, when young hirsute. Leaves 8 in. long; leaflets 7, glabrous chartaceous, ovate or elliptic, cuspidate- caudate, base rounded or narrowed, 3 to 4°25 in. long, 1°6 to 2 in. wide; nerves prominent beneath, Io pairs; petiolule ‘2 in. long. Racemes fascicled or solitary I to 3°5 in. long; rachis red-hairy. Calyx truncate, puberulous ‘1 in. long. Corolla °25 in. long. Standard orbicular emarginate. Stamens monadelphous; anthers Derris.] XLVII, LEGUMINOSZ. 599 uniform. Ovary sessile, pubescent, 4-ovuled. Had. Kelantan, Kwala Aring (Yapp). 31. KUNSTLERIA, Prain. Big lianes. Leaves unequally pinnate, I- to 7-foliate, exstipel- late; stipules small. Panicles large thyrsoid, terminal and in upper axils. Flowers abundant, small, dark purple to nearly black. Calyx campanulate, teeth lanceolate, upper 2 connate. Corolla exsert; standard ovate entire, keel boat-shaped; petals slightly cohering. Stamens 1o-diadelphous, upper one free and adnate to the standard claw; filaments alternate, long and short; anthers versatile. Ovary sessile; ovules free; style filiform, incurved. Pod thin, strap-shaped, membranous or coriaceous, indehiscent not winged. Seeds 1 to 3 oblong, flat. Species 5, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Leaflets solitary. (1) K. Curtisii Leaflets 3 . : : : ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . (2) K. Kingii Leaflets 5, thickly coriaceous, dense, red-velvety beneath 2 3 3 : : ; A . (3) K. Forbesii Leaflets 5, chartaceous, glabrous . : (4) K. Ridleyi Leaflets 7 . ; : (5) K. Derryi (x1) K. Curtisii Prain, l.c. 110. Liane. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long; leaflets solitary, peltate ovate- lanceolate, coriaceous, 4 to 6°5 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, acute, base rounded ; nerves 4 to 5 pairs, prominent as are reticulations beneath, above glabrous, beneath red-tomentose; petioles “75 to I°5 in. long; petiolules 25 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary, 8. to 12 in. long, 5 to 8 in. across, rusty-pubescent. Calyx cam- panulate pubescent, ‘15 in. long; teeth triangular, upper deltoid bifid. Corolla -25 in. long, purple, standard ovate-oblong. Pod thin, flat red-velvety, 5 in. long, r in. wide. Seeds 2 to 3. var. typica. Leaves above and petioles glabrous, beneath pubescent, hairs white; rachis and branches rusty-pubescent. Pods reticulate. Hab. Forests, Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). var. laxiflora. Leaves beneath, petioles and petiolules, rachis and pods densely red-velvety. Hab. Dindings, Telok Serah (Curtis). (2) K. Kingii Prain, l.c. 110; King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 1x. 26, pl. 35. Liane over 100 ft. long. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long, trifoliate, glabrous; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2 In. wide, tip acute, base of terminal one cuneate, of laterals rounded ; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, prominent beneath, as are reticulations, thinly coriaceous; petioles 1°5 to 2°5 in. long; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Panicles 8 to 12 in. long, 5 to 8 in. across, pubescent. Calyx cam- panulate, pubescent, 15 in. long; teeth triangular, upper deltoid bifid. Corolla black, tipped red, *25 in. long. Pod reticulate brown-pubescent, 2 to 4 in. long, “6 in. wide, I- to 2-seeded. Seeds 600 XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. [Kunstleria. oblong, 1°25 in. long, dark brown. Hab. Dense jungle at 800 to 1500 ft. altitude. Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler). (3) F. Forbesii Prain, l.c. 111. Woody climber 6 to to ft. tall. Branches rusty-pubescent. Leaves 8 to ro in. long; leaflets 5, elliptic, coriaceous stiff, glabrous above, red-tomentose beneath, base rounded peltate, tip acute; nerves 6 to g pairs, elevate beneath, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles 3°5 in. and petiolules ‘25 in. long, red-pubescent. Panicles strict velvety, 12 to 18 in. long, 5 to 6 in. wide. Calyx campanulate, velvety, ‘15 in. long; teeth lanceolate, upper tri- angular bifid. Corolla lake-red, -25 in. long. Hab. Perak, Selama (Kunstler). Dzstrib. Sumatra. (4) K. Ridleyi Prain, l.c. 111. A very big liane. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets 5, elliptic coriaceous, glabrous, base rounded, tip blunt; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, slender prominent, reticulations con- spicuous, fine, 2 to 3°5 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide (terminal one much the largest); petioles 2 to 3 in. long; petiolules ‘2 in. long pubes- cent. Panicles 12 to 18 in. long, 4 to 6 in. across pubescent. Calyx campanulate rusty, ‘15 in. long; teeth triangular, upper deltoid bifid. Corolla 25 in. long, purple black. Pod golden-pubescent reticulate 6 in. long, 1°25 in. wide. Hab. In lowland woods, not rare but local. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Selitar (Ridley). (5) K. Derryi Prain, l.c. 112. Liane. Branchlets rusty-pubescent. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long, ‘75 to 1°5 in. wide, base of terminal deltoid, of laterals rounded, tip cuneate ; nerves 6 to 7 pairs prominent beneath, stiff chartaceous, pubescent on nerves above, entirely so beneath; petioles 2°5 to 3 in. long. Panicles strict, 12 to 15 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide, pubescent. Calyx campanulate, ‘15 in. long; teeth triangular, upper notched. Corolla dark purple, *25 in. long. Hab. Malacca, Machap-Tebung Road (Derry). 32. GEISSASPIS, Wight and Arnott. Annuals. Leaves of two pairs of leaflets. Flowers in terminal racemes with large membranous persistent ciliate bracts. Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip entire, lower toothed. Corolla exsert, yellow. Standard round. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary short-stalked; ovules 2; style incurved. Pod of I to 2 joints, turgid, edge flat, reticulate veined. Species 3, India, Africa. (1) G. cristata W.and A. Prodr. 218; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 181. Densely cespitose trailing. Branches ‘5 to 2 ft. long. Leaves ‘5 in. long; leaflets obovate retuse, -4 in. long, 2 in. wide. Heads I in. long; bracts ‘5 in. long, ‘2 to °3 in. wide, reniform green to brown with red cilia. Flowers very small, yellow. Pod joints 1 to 2°15 in. long. Hab. Sandy open country, edges of rice-fields in the Geissaspis.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS. 601 north, Kedah, Alor Sta. Perlis, Kanga, common (Ridley). Distrib. India, Burma, Cambodia. 33. ZORNIA, Gmel. _ Annual herbs. Bracts large coriaceous; leaflets I to 2 pairs, dotted. Flowers in lax racemes. Calyx minute; upper teeth short, connate, lowest shorter. Corolla exsert yellow; standard broad. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary sessile; ovules many. Pod of several flattened, muricate joints, 1-seeded. Species 10, all but 2 American. (1) Z. diphylla Pers. Synops. ii. 318; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. peg) rain, cL.c., 126. A diffuse prostrate annual. Branches wiry, 18 in. long. Leaves ‘25 in. long; leaflets 1 pair lanceolate, °5 in. long, ‘12 in. wide, dotted glabrous. Stipules lanceolate with a long spur. Racemes 3- to 12-flowered, I to 3 in. long. Bracts ovate acute, ‘2 in. long. Corolla pale orange or yellow, very small. Pods ‘4 in. long, joints I to 6, pubescent, prickly. Hab. Sandy places, Singapore, Changi and Galang. Penang, Fort Cornwallis (Burkill). Dzstrib. Cosmo- politan. 34. SMITHIA, Ait. Herbs or under-shrubs. Leaflets many; leaf-rachis ending in a bristle. Stipules scarious, large auricled. Flowers racemose axillary. Calyx 2-lipped, lips entire. Corolla exsert. Standard orbicular. Stamens in 2 bundles of 5. Ovary linear; ovules many. Pod of several joints folded in calyx. Species 20 to 30, Old World tropics. . (1) S. sensitiva Ait. Hort. Kew, ed. 1, ii. 496; Baker, in Hook. Hier bl 16.1A8. Prain, bc; 120: sash. Parad. t..02. Diffuse spreading herb. Base woody, glabrous. Branches 1 to 3 ft.long. Leaf 5 to rin. long, sparsely bristly ; leaflets 3 to Io pairs, ‘25 to ‘4 in. long, oblong blunt, edges and midrib bristly. Racemes I- to 6-flowered ; peduncles *3 in. long; pedicels ‘15 in. long. Bracts small ovate acute, scarious. Calyx ‘25 to ‘3 in. long, lips sub- acute, bristly. Corolla yellow, -4in. long. Pod of 4 to 6 joints, faces papillose. Hab. Sandy spots. Perak, Tambun near Ipoh. Perlis at Kanga (Ridley). Dzstrib. S.E. Asia, Africa. 35. AESCHYNOMENE, Linn. Erect herbs or under-shrubs. Leaves with very numerous odd-pinnate linear: narrow leaflets. Flowers few in racemes. Calyx 2-lipped, faintly toothed. Corolla thin, yellow; standard orbicular, keel not beaked. Stamens in 2 bundles of 5. Ovary stalked linear; style filiform incurved. Pod linear, stalked with 4 to 8 flat 1-seeded joints. About 30 species, tropics generally. 602 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. [A eschynomene. Stems slender much branched; flowers small; nee narrow, smooth (1) AS. indica Stem little branched ; flowers large; pod broad, warted . (2) AS. aspera (1) 4. indica Linn. Sp. Pl. 713; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. li. 151; Prain, l.c. 128. Slender annual herb 1 to 3 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets 20 to 30 pairs linear obtuse, ‘2 in. long, ‘05 in. wide. Stipules lanceolate, auricled, *3 in. long. Racemes axillary 1- to 4-flowered; peduncles I in. long. Calyx ‘2 in. long, glabrous; teeth unequal, 2 upper ones sub-connate. Corolla °45 in. long, thin yellow, tinged pink or orange. Pod 1 to 1°5 in. long, straight, ‘12 to ‘15 in. broad, upper edge straight, lower dented, joints 8 to Io. Hab. Ponds and wet spots in open country. Singapore, Galang. Johor, Batu Pahat. Province Wellesley, Bukit Seraya. Perak, Temengoh. Perlis, Kanga. Jalor, Biserat (Gwynne-Vaughan). Distrib. Tropics. (2) 4E. aspera Linn. Sp. Pl. 713; Baker, l.c. ii. 152; Prawn, lc. 128. Shrubby, pithy, 3 to 12 ft. tall, 3 in. through, unbranched. Leaves 3 to 6 in. long; leaflets 30 to 50 pairs, linear obtuse *2 to ‘5 in. long, 05 in. wide. Stipules lanceolate, auricled. Racemes axillary, sometimes branched, 2- to 4- -flowered, 2°5 in. long. Calyx hairy, unequally toothed. Corolla 75 in. long, yellow. Pod 2 to 2°5 in. long, *3 in. wide, indented both sides, edges and faces echinulate, joints 4 to 8. Hab. Very rare in wet spots, only once collected and possibly a.temporary alien. Malacca (Griffith). Dzystvib. S.E. Asia and Africa. ‘Sola’ used in making pith hats. 36. URARIA, Desv. Shrublets. Leaves of r to 9g leaflets. Flowers small very numerous in a dense hairy raceme. Calyx-tube short, two upper teeth short, lower ones setaceous white hairy. Standard broad, wings adhering to keel. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform Ovary sessile or short-stalked; ovules few. Pod of 2 to 6 small turgid 1-seeded joints. Species 15, tropical Asia. Erect plants; leaves 5- to 9-foliate; heads cylindric. Leaflets oblong; heads thick, 8 to 18 in. long (1) U. erinita Leaflets narrow, lanceolate under an inch wide; head slender . (2) U. picta Creeping plant; leaflets 1 to 33 heads dense, ‘short, oblong 1 to 2'5in. long . : . (3) U. lagopoides (x) U. crinita Desv. Journ. Becenoi i i. 123; Baker, Hook. fil. PBT 155; - Prain, tc: 130. Shrubby plant about 15 to 3 ft. tall. Stems downy, hardly branched. Leaves, petioles 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets 2 to 5 pairs oblong to ovate acute, base round, sub-coriaceous, glabrous above rachis, midrib and nerves elevated, beneath hairy, 3 to 4 in. long, I'5 in. wide. Stipules lanceolate acuminate, °6 in. long puberulous. Uraria.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. 603 The lower leaves and those of young plants are trifoliate. Racemes dense, cylindric, 5 to 12 in. long, 1 to 1°5 in. through; bracts scarious, deciduous; pedicels *45 to ‘65 in. long with long bristles. Calyx ‘2 in. long, teeth plumose. Corolla °3 in. long, light blue. Pod puberulous, joints 4 to 6, black, ‘13 in. long, ‘r in. wide. Hab. Common in open ground, banks, etc. Singapore, Orchard Road. Johor, Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall). Malacca, Pulau Sepang; Sungei Hudang; Brisu. Pahang River; Pianggu, Endau (Evans). Selangor, Rantau Panjang (Kloss); Batu caves; Kerling. Perak, Temengoh. Patani, Tomoh (Machado). Penang, Balik Pulau (Curtis). Kelantan, Lebeh River (Yapp). Setul. Distrib. Indo- China, Malaya. Native names: Poko Ekor Anis; Ekor Kuching; Seringau; Pua Acoraging. (2) U. picta Desv. Journ. Bot. i. 123, t. 5, fig. 19; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BtI. 3. 155; Prai, l.c. 130. Tall, little-branched shrublet 3 to 6 ft. tall. Young stems downy. Leaves 2 or more in. long; leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, linear- lanceolate acuminate obtuse, coriaceous, green with a white central band finely reticulate, pubescent beneath as is rachis, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, ‘2 to *3 in. wide; nerves beneath elevate. Racemes dense cylindric, 6 to 12 in. long ,’5 in. through ; pedicels *25 in. long, bristly. Bracts ovate-acuminate, bristly. Calyx ‘2 in. long. Corolla violet pink exsert, *3 in. long. Pod glabrous lead-colour, joints 3 to 6, *13 in. long, ‘I in. wide. Hab. Open sandy country, rare. Pahang River. Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur; Permatang Bertam. Jalor, Biserat, paddy-fields (Gwynne-Vaughan). Distrib. India, Cambodia, Malaya. (3) U. lagopoides DC. Prodr. ii. 324; Baker, l.c. ii. 156; Prain, heat3r. Creeping and ascending woody shrublet, 1 to 3 ft. long. Leaves I to 2 in. long; rachis pubescent; leaflets solitary or one pair and a larger terminal one oblong rhomboid rounded, base truncate or cordate, thickly membranous, glabrous above, reticulate, hairy beneath, 1 to 2 in. long, *75 to r in. wide; petioles °5 to °75 in. long. Stipules lanceolate setaceous. Racemes dense oblong, I to 2°5 in. long, °8 in. through; bracts lanceolate silky, acuminate. Calyx ‘12 in. long, plumose. Corolla white. Pods glabrous, joints reticulate, ‘15 in. long, ‘8 in. wide. Hab. Open sandy country. Pahang River; Raub track (Machado). Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Tambun, Ipoh; Kwala Kangsa; Temengoh. Province Wellesley, Pagar Tras; Tasek Gelugur. Perlis, Kanga. Setul. Jalor, Biserat (Gwynne-Vaughan). Distrib. India, China, Malaya. 37. PHYLACIUM, Benn. Twining herbs. Leaves trifoliate. Stipules small, persistent, linear; leaflets stipellate. Racemes axillary; pedicels short, completely enveloped in a large boat-shaped bract. Calyx tubular, 604 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. [Phylacium. 2-lipped, 4-toothed. Standard ovate retuse, base bi-auriculate; wings oblong, long-spurred; spurs incurved, keel straight, short spurred. Stamens diadelphous, upper filament adnate to slender claw. Ovary short-stalked, base surrounded by a disc; style inflexed. Pod round, acute, stalked. Species 2, Indo-China and Malayan. (1) P. bracteosum Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 159, t. 33; Prain, l.c. 129. Twenty to 30 ft. long. Young parts and leaves beneath hairy ; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, base rounded, herbaceous, 2 to 3 in. long, I°5 in. wide; petioles 1°5 in. long. Racemes 2 to ro together, 1°5 to 2 in. long. Bracts pale green, 1 to 1°5 in. long, hairy inside. Calyx ‘15 in. long. Corolla °3 in. long, white tinted pink. Pod ‘25 in. long, hairy. Hab. Rare, in open jungle. Perak, Gunong Pondok (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Malay isles. 38. ALYSICARPUS, Neck. Diffuse herbs. Leaves simple rarely 3-foliate, stipellate, sub- coriaceous. Flowers small in axillary racemes. Calyx glumaceous, tecth long, upper 2 often connate. Corolla not exsert. Standard broad, keel obtuse adhering to wings. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary sessile or nearly so; style incurved. Pod terete or turgid of several 1-seeded joints. About 15 species, tropics of Old World. Herb, 1 to 2 ft. erect; upper leaves lanceolate; flowers white : ; s ; ‘ . (1) A. vaginalis Prostrate herb; all leaves oblong; flowers purple (2) A. nummularifolius (1) A. vaginalis DC. Prodr. ii. 353. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 231; Prain, l.c. 132. Wiry erect or ascending herb, 1 to 2 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves 1-foliate; petioles ‘r to ‘2 in. long; leaflets lower, oblong obtuse, base cordate ‘5 in. long, -2 in. wide, upper narrow lanceolate, sub- acute 1°5 in. long, ‘I in. wide. Stipules lanceolate papery, °3 in. long. Raceme at end of branch, 1°5 in. long. Flowers 8 to 12, yellowish white or brown. Calyx ‘12 in. long, glabrescent, teeth setaceous. Pod terete reticular veined, ‘5 to *75 in. long, joints 6to8. Hab. Dry openplaces. Singapore, Changi. Malacca, Pulau Besar (Maingay). Dindings, Lumut ; Pangkor (Scortechini). Perlis, Kanga. Distrib. India, Africa, China, Malaya. (2) A. nummularifolius DC. Prodr. ii. 353. A. vaginalis var. nummularifolius Mig. l.c. ; Baker, l.c. ; Prain, l.c. 133. A hairy dwarf prostrate herb creeping in grass-turf. Leaflets all oblong obtuse cordate, °5 to 1°2 in. long, -2 to °7 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Stipules lanceolate-acuminate, *3 in. long. Racemes short, dense. Flowers dark purple, small. Pod ‘6 in. long. Hab. Inturfy spots, common. Singapore, hospital grounds ; Tanjong Katong. Malacca, Pulau Besar (Maingay); Malacca Hill (Griffith); Pengkalan Minyak (Cantley). Dindings, Lumut. Alysicarpus.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS. 605 Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Native name : Akar Siliguri. Use: A decoction of the roots for colic. The two species are usually made varieties of one (Prain, /.c.), but are so different in general appearance when typical that I think it advisable to follow Linné and others in keeping them separate. A. nummularifolius is prostrate, the branches often a foot long with purple flowers, A. vaginalis erect with nearly white flowers. 39. DESMODIUM, Desv. —— Herbs or shrubs. Leaves 1- or 3-foliate, stipellate. Flowers small, white, pink, blue or yellow in racemes. Calyx campanulate, upper two often sub-connate. Corolla exsert; standard broad; wings adherent to keel ; upper stamen free from the other united 9. Ovary sessile or stalked; style incurved. Stigma minute capitate. Pod of several 1-seeded joints compressed, the joints separating. Species 150, cosmopolitan. i. SAGoTIA :—Prostrate herbs with I to 3 axillary flowers; leaves trifoliate. Pedicels hardly exceeding petioles; leaflets obovate truncate *25 in. long - (1) D. triflorum Pedicels *5 in. long; leaflets oblong or obovate, round °5 in. long : ; . (2) D. heterophyllum Pedicels *5 in. long; leaflets obovate, round, 1°25 in. long, *75 in. wide % - (3) D. trifoliastrum ii. PHyLLopium :—Shrubs. Bracts large 2-foliate, persistent; flowers in umbels. Plant downy; leaves glabrous above : : (4) D. pulchellum Plant velvety downy all over : 2 : (5) D. vestitum iii. DENDROLOBIUM :—Shrubs, bracts small deciduous; flowers small umbelled axillary. Leaflets smooth; pods glabrous. : . (6) D. umbellatum Leaflets rugose; pods strigose : . : (7) D. rugosum iv. EupEsMopi1uM :—Erect herbs or shrublets; leaves 1- to 3-foliate; flowers in racemes; bracts deciduous. Big shrubs; racemes elongate. Racemes often panicled; corolla violet . (8) D, megaphyllum Racemes simple; flower white; pod joints narrowed both ends i A Slender wiry shrublets. Racemes lax; flowers pink; leaflets ovate (9) D. laburnifolium acuminate, 4 to6in.long . . (10) D. laxum Racemes lax; flowers scarlet; leaflets ovate blunt, 2 in. long ; : . (11) D. sealpe Racemes dense. Leaflets silky beneath, white, obovate cuneate . P ; ‘ . (12) D. capitatum Leaflets not silky beneath, obovate cuneate ; flowers deep purple, rarely white. (13) D. polycarpum Leaflets elliptic or round, base round, white, silky beneath; flowers pale lavender . . : ‘ . (14) D. ovalifolium Leaves 1-foliate; racemes terminal lax. Petioles not winged. Joints of pod narrowed at the ends, sticky ; flowers white . : . (15) D. ormocarpoides 606 XLVII. LEGUMINOSE. [ Desmodium. Pods indent on upper suture only not sticky. Raceme sub-glabrous; pods sub- glabrous; flower yellow. . (16) D. gangeticum Raceme tomentose; pods pube cent; flowers pink : . (17) D. virgatum Petioles winged . 2 : ‘ (18) D. triquetrum v. PLEUROLOBIUM :—Erect under-shrubs; flowers racemed. Pods not segmented, dehiscing along ventral suture ; ; ; : . (19) D. gyroides (x) D. triflorum DC. Prodr. ii. 334; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. li. 173; Prawn, l.c. 135. Small trailing herb, diffuse, 6 to 18 in. long. Branches hairy. Leaves *5 in. long, 3-foliate; petioles ‘2 in. long; leaflets mem- branous, obovate-cuneate, tip truncate or emarginate, terminal one ‘25 in. long, ‘2 in. across, laterals smaller. Flowers very small, I to 3 in axillary fascicles. Calyx white, hairy, -1in. long. Corolla pink. Pod ‘4 to ‘6 in. long, ‘15 in. wide, joints 3 to 5, reticulate puberulous, upper suture straight, lower indented. Hab. Road- sides and turfy spots. Singapore, Gardens; Bukit Timah. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca (Maingay). Dindings, Lumut. Province Wel- lesley (King). Penang (Wallich), Waterfall. Perlis, Kanga. Distrib. Cosmopolitan. (2) D. heterophyllum DC. Prodr. ii. 334; Baker, l.c. i. 173; Prain, l.c. 135. Trailing herb 2 to 3 in. to 2 ft. long, diffuse hirsute. Leaves I to I'5 in. long, trifoliate; petioles °5 in. long; leaflets membranous, oblong or obovate, tip rounded, terminal one °5 to I in. long, °3 to ‘5 in. wide, laterals half as big. Stipules lanceolate. Flowers I to 2, axillary or racemose; pedicels hairy 5 to ‘8 in. long. Calyx ‘15 in. long, densely hairy. Corolla rose pink turning blue, *25 in. long. Pod ‘5 to °75 in. long, ‘18 in. wide, joints 4 to 5, glabrescent except lower edge, lower suture indented, upper straight. Hab. Very common in grass plots, edges of roads and other turfy spots. Singapore, everywhere. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, Bukit Panchur (Cantley); Town. Perak, Thaiping. Penang (Wallich 5701). Tringganu (Yapp). Legeh, Tremangan (Gwynne-Vaughan). Dis- trib. S.E. Asia. Native names: Omba-Omba; Akar Sisik Naga; Akar Telinga Tikus. (3) D. trifoliastrum Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. (1), 248. Woody prostrate plant, slender branched. Stems appressed, hairy. Leaflets 3, elliptic obovate, tips rounded, above sparsely hairy, beneath silky-hairy, 1°25 in. long, °75 in. wide (or less) ; petioles 1 in. long. Raceme terminal 3 in. long, silky-hairy. Flowers 2 or 3 on slender hairy peduncles, 5 in. long, bluish white. Calyx teeth lanceolate acuminate. Corolla small. Pods 1 in. long, 4-jointed, upper edge straight, lower indented, covered with adhesive hairs. Hab. Damp swamps in forest, not common. Pahang, Kota Glanggi. Perak, Temengoh (Ridley). Dzstrib. Java. ew. Te Desmodium.] XLVII. LEGUMINOSA. 607 (4) D. pulchellum Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 162; Prain, Le. 136. Bushy shrublet 4 to 5 ft. tall, downy. Leaves trifoliate 5 to 6 in. long; petioles 25 to 4 in. long, coriaceous rugose glabrous above, downy beneath, ovate-lanceolate sub-acute, 3 to 4 in. long, I°5 in. wide; petiolules 15 in. long, lateral pair much smaller, 1°25 in. long, °75 in. wide. Inflorescences numerous, 8 to 18 in. long, in racemes or flowers solitary in the axils of I- to 3-foliate, orbicular leaf-like bracts, ‘4 to °5 in. long and nearly as wide. Calyx ‘1 in. long, hairy, teeth lanceolate. Corolla yellow, °25 in. long. Pod ‘2 to ‘3 in. long, puberulous indented on both sides, joints 2, rarely 3, ‘12 in. wide. Hab. Open sandy heaths. Johor (Kunstler). Pahang River, open heaths. Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Telor Pinang; Kwala Kangsa; Kota Bharu (Kunstler). Kedah, Alor Sta. Distrib. India and Siam. (5) D. vestitum Baker, l.c. 1. 162. Bush, velvety downy all over. Leaves 2°5 in. long; petioles ‘2 in. long; leaflets 3, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, terminal, 2°3 in. long, I'2 to 2°5 in. wide, base rounded, laterals shorter; nerves 4 pairs prominent on both sides; petiolule, terminal °4 in., lateral ‘I in. long. Corymbs 3- to 4-flowered with membranous ovate orbicular thin bracts, r to 1°25 in. long, r in. wide. Calyx ‘12 in. long, teeth deltoid. Corolla ‘4 in. long, mauve. Pod ‘5 in. long, joints 3, hairy. Hab. Adang islands, Pulau Rawei (Ridley). Distrib. Tenasserim. (6) D. umbellatum DC. Prodr. ii. 235; Baker, l.c. ii. 161; Prawn, l.c. 137. Big shrub 5 to 6 ft. tall or more. Branchlets downy. Leaves 5 to 7 in. long, trifoliate; petioles r in. long; leaflets sub-coriaceous, glabrous above, paler puberulous beneath, ovate-oblong obtuse (rarely acute), terminal one 3 to 3°5 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide, laterals smaller. Stipules large, -3 in. long. Corymbs umbelli- form axillary °3 in. long on peduncles as long. Flowers 6 to 12, white. Calyx ‘15 in. long, teeth lanceolate, pubescent, silky. Corolla °5 in. long. Pod 1°5 to 2 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, glabrous, thick coriaceous of 4 (1 to 3) joints. Hab. Seashores, tidal mud and sand. Very common. Whole peninsula from Singapore to Perlis. Native name: Dedulang. (7) D. rugosum Prain, l.c. 137. Big shrub, much-branched puberulous. Leaves 5 to 7 in. long, trifoliate; petioles r in. long; leaflets coriaceous rugose, midrib and nerves above puberulous and on under-side densely puberulous, obovate acute, terminal one 4 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; nerves 10 to 12 very prominent, as are reticulations; petiolules *5in. long. Inflorescence axillary; peduncles ‘25 in. long; corymbs 3- to 6-flowered. Calyx ‘2 in. long, pubescent. Corolla ‘5 in. long, white. Pod 1°5 in. long, joints 4, ‘3 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, thick, 608 XLVI. LEGUMINOS&. [Desmodium. coriaceous, densely hairy, on long pedicels. Hab. Open places, rare. Lankawi (Curtis). Dzstvib. Tenasserim. (8) D. megaphyllum Zoll. Nat. en Geneesk. Arch. iil. 58; Prain, bic, 139. A fine bushy shrub about 8 ft. tall. Branchlets tomentose, Leaves 7 to g in. long, trifoliate; petioles 2 to 2°5 in. long; leaflets sub-coriaceous, puberulous above, grey woolly beneath, rhomboid ovate-acuminate, terminal one cuneate at base, 4 to 6 in. long, 2°5 to 3°5 In. wide; petiolules I to 1°5 in. long; laterals smaller, base obliquely rounded. Stipules -15 in. long, lanceolate. Racemes often panicled, terminal and axillary 8 to ro in. long; flowers fascicled, in 25 to 30 fascicles. Bracts °5 in. long. Calyx ‘15, teeth triangular. Corolla violet, *3 in. long. Pod dull crimson, 2 to 2°25 in. long, 6- to 8-jointed, joints :25 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, puberulous, indented on lower suture. Hab. Local in forest. A very handsome shrub. Perak, Batang Padang Valley at 2000 ft. altitude and upwards (Wray, Ridley). Distrib. Tenasserim, Java. (9) D. laburnifolium DC. Prodr. 11. 337; Baker, l.c. i. 163. A stout woody shrub, nearly glabrous. Leaves trifoliate 3 to 4in. long; petioles ‘5 to I in. long, flattened; leaflets sub-coriaceous ovate to lanceolate, base narrowed, apex narrowed sub-acute or blunt, glabrous above and nerves invisible; nerves elevate hairy, 4 pairs, terminal leaflet 2 to 4 in. long, I in. wide; petiolule °5 in. long, flat; laterals about half as large; petiolules ‘05 in. long. Racemes axillary and terminal, 4 to 6in. long. Flowers numerous. Calyx 12 in. long, hairy, teeth lanceolate, lower linear. Corolla white, ‘25 in. long. Pod 2 to 3 in. long, green, joints flat, elliptic narrowed at both ends, ‘6 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, adhesive hairy. Hab. Johor, Kota Tinggi (Ridley). Apparently very rare here, I only once saw it. Dzstvib. Indo-Malaya, China. (10) D. laxum DC. Prodr. ii. 336. A slender wiry plant 2 to 4 ft. tall. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long, trifoliate; petioles I to 2°5 in. long; leaflets membranous, glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath on nerves, terminal one narrow ovate, 4 to 6 in. long, I°5 to 2 in. wide, narrowed to tip, base cuneate ; petiolule “75 in. long; nerves 3 pairs; lateral leaflets smaller, 3 to 4 in. long, bases slightly oblique. Stipules linear-lanceolate, *5 in. long. Racemes narrow, 12 to 20 in. long, sometimes panicled. Flowers distant. Calyx ‘o8 in. long, pubescent, teeth deltoid. Corolla pink, 25 in. long. Pod xz to 3 in. long; stalks °3 in. long; joints few, *5 in. long; constrictions oblique, nearly to upper suture. Hab. Rare in forests. Perak, Ulu Batang Padang; Telom (Wray, Ridley). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. (11) D. scalpe DC. Prodr. ii. 334; Baker, l.c. 11. 165. A very slender shrublet 2 to 3 ft. tall, hairy. Leaves trifoliate ; petioles 1°5 in. long, hairy; leaflets membranous, terminal one rhomboid, sub- acute, hairy on both sides, 2 in. long, I°5 in. wide; Desmodium. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS#. 609 petiolule 2 in. long; laterals smaller ovate, base oblique, 1°7 in. long, *75 in. wide. Racemes terminal axillary, 8 to 12 in. long, hairy with flowers scattered in pairs on slender pedicels ‘5 in. long. Calyx ‘I in. long, hairy, teeth setaceous. Corolla scarlet °3 to °5 in. long. Pod stipitate; joints r to 3 half-rhomboidal, ‘25 to °3 in. long and half as broad. Hab. Very local, in a damp spot in forest, with Viola and Sanicula. Pahang, Telom Valley, 4000 ft. altitude. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. (12) D. capitatum DC. Prodr. ii. 336; Baker, l.c. ii. 170; Prain, Le. 139. Creeping shrublet. Branches 1 to 2 ft. long, white tomentose at tips. Leaves 2 to 2°5 in. long, trifoliate; petioles °6 in. long; leaflets sub-coriaceous, glabrescent above, white-silky beneath; obovate-cuneate, tip rounded or ovate rounded, terminal one 1°25 in. long, I in. across, laterals smaller, -75 in. long; nerves 8 pairs. Stipules linear, ‘25 in. long. Racemes dense axillary and terminal, 1 to 2 in. long; pedicels ‘2 to °25 in. long, reflexed in fruit. Bracts small ovate cuspidate. Calyx ‘1 in. long, glabres- cent, teeth setaceous. Corolla purplish red, -2 in. long. Pods *5 to °75 in. long, “15 in. wide puberulous, joints 6, lower suture indented. Hab. Open sandy country. Pahang, Pulau Tawar; Kwala Tembeling. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Teluk Anson (Kunstler); Thaiping (Scortechini). Perlis, Bukit Lagi, Kanga. Disivib. Ceylon, Burma, Malay islands. (13) D. polycarpum DC. Prodr. i1. 334; Baker, Lc. i. 171; Prain, l.c. 140, excluding var. ovalifolium. Erect shrublet 2 to 3 ft. tall. Branchlets few tomentose. Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, 3-foliate; petioles ‘6 to 1 in. long; leaflets coriaceous, glabrous, light green above, appressed-hairy beneath, oblong-obovate obtuse 1°25 to 2 in. long, I to 1'5 in. wide, laterals smaller *75 to 1:25 in. long. Racemes dense, terminal sub-sessile, I to 4 in. long; bracts ovate-cuspidate. Calyx ‘1 in. long, glabrescent, teeth setaceous. Corolla deep mauve violet ; standard pink, ‘2 in. long. Pod °5 to ‘75 in. long, *I5 in. wide, joints 6 to 8, indented in lower suture, edges hairy. Hab. Common in open country in lalang fields, very showy. All over the whole peninsula. Distrib. Africa, Asia, Polynesia. Native names : Kachang Kaya Betina; Kalumbar; Rumput Kerbau D’rapah; Katumbar. var. albiflorum Ruidl. Pods larger. Flowers white. Hab. Pahang, Kwala Bruas; Sungei Meang. Perak, Gunong Keledang and Telok Pinang (Ridley). var. rigidum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 97. A strict woody plant about 3 ft. tall. Leaflets coriaceous, lanceo- late base round, tip blunt, 3 in. long, *75 in. wide, glabrous shining above, with long white silky hair beneath. Racemes terminal 5 to 8 in. long. Pods ‘5 in. long, short hairy. Hab. In dry spots. FI.M.P., r. RR 610 XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. [Desmodium. Pahang, Rumpin River (Evans); Penang, Ayer Hitam (Curtis). Lankawi (Curtis). Kedah, Alor Sta (Ridley). sub. var. minor. A small form. Leaflets oblong-obtuse, °75 to 1 in. long, reticulate; branches silky. Racemes 1°75 in. long. Hab. Setul, Heaths (Ridley). (14) D. ovalifolium Wall. Cat. 5730. D. polycarpum var. ovalifolium Prain, l.c. 141. Prostrate shrublet with long branches. Leaves trifoliate; leaflets elliptic to round, base round, terminal one I to 2°5 in. long, ‘7 to I°3 in. wide, laterals about half as big, white-silky beneath ; petioles -2 to °5 in. long. Racemes axillary and terminal dense, tin. long. Calyx sub-glabrous, 1 in. long. Corolla pale lavender, ‘15 in. long. Pod °75 in. long, hairy all over, joints 6 to 8. Hab. Waste ground and roadsides. Common. Singapore, Ang Mo Kio. Pahang, Pekan; Kwala Lipis (Machado). Johor, Kota Tinggi. Malacca, Ayer Keroh; Alor Gajah; Machap (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Kwala Pedas; Tampin. Dindings, Lumut. Perak, Goping; Telor Pinang; Kwala Kangsa. Penang (Wallich). Rah- man, Kota Bharu (Gwynne-Vaughan). Kedah, Alor Sta. Distrib. Sumatra. This has been confused by most botanists with D. polycarpum, though in life the two.could not be mistaken. It differs in its creeping habit, round silky leaves and pale lavender flowers. (15) D. ormocarpoides DC. Prodr. ii. 327. Weak shrublet, 2 ft. tall, unbranched. Young parts shortly hairy. Leaves 1-foliate; petioles -75 in. long, pubescent; leaflet sub-coriaceous, glabrous above, silky beneath, ovate acute, base round, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide. Stipules ovate acuminate. Raceme terminal 6 to Io in. long; flowers 12 to 20, distant pale blue or white; bracts minute; rachis puberulous. Calyx ‘1 in. long, pubescent teeth deltoid. Corolla -2 in. long. Pod 3 to 4 in. long, ‘I5 in. wide, pendulous, very adhesive, joints 6 to 8, flat thin green, constricted at both sutures. Hab. Dense forests. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling. Selangor, Ginting Bidai. Perak, Temengoh. Penang, Balik Pulau. Distvib. India, Ceylon, Java. Our form has more pubescent leaves than the Indian one and is the var. velutina Prain. It occurs also in the Andamans and Java. (16) D. gangeticum DC. Prodr. ii. 327; Baker, l.c. ii. 168; Prain, l.c. 142. A slender shrublet 1 to 4 ft. tall with few puberulous branches. Leaves 1-foliate; petioles slender, *75 in. long; leaflets elliptic, blunt to ovate sub-acute, 3 to 5°5 in. long, 1°2 in. wide; nerves fine, 8 to g pairs. Stipules linear, ‘25 in. long. Racemes terminal, axillary slender, 8 to 14 in. long. Flowers in distant fascicles, bracts minute. Calyx pubescent, ‘o8 in. long, teeth lanceolate. Corolla yellow, ‘15 in. long. Pod sub-falcate, -5 to °75 in. long, Desmodium. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 611 *I in. across, 6- to 8-jointed, indented on upper suture, puberulous with hooked hairs. Hab. In woods; not common. Johor, Pulau Aur (Kelsall). Malacca Hill. Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis). Province Wellesley, Bukit Juru. Setul. Kedah, Gunong Geriang. Perlis. Kelantan, Kota Bharu. Distrib. Africa, India, China, Malaya. ~ (17) D. virgatum Zoll. Nat. en Geneesk. Arch. iii. 58; Prain, Les-T43. . Slender shrublet, 1 to 4 ft. tall, pubescent. Leaves 1-foliate; petioles -25 in. long, tomentose ; leaflet membranous, glabrous above, puberulous beneath, ovate acute, base round or truncate, 3 to 5 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide; nerves 8 tog pairs. Stipules short, triangular, ‘15 in. long. Racemes slender erect, tomentose, 3 to 8 in. long; flowers in 20 to 30 fascicles. Calyx glabrous, ‘08 in. long. Corolla pink, -2 in. long. Pod sub-falcate, *5 to °75 in. long, ‘I in. across, 6- to 8-jointed, indent on upper suture, densely hairy, hairs hooked. Hab. Forests, rare. Perak Batu Kurau (Scortechini). Dzstrib. Burma, Java. Much resembles D. gangeticum, but is easily distinguished by its pink flowers. (18) D. triquetrum DC. Prodr. ii. 326; Prain, l.c. 143. Shrublet. Leaves 1-foliate; petioles winged, 1 in. long, °3 in. wide; leaflet oblong-lanceolate acute, base broad, truncate or rounded, coriaceous, glabrous; nerves 15 to 20 pairs, 1°25 to 5 in. long, °75 to I in. wide. Stipules °5 to °75 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, lanceolate-acuminate. Racemes axillary and terminal, strict 6 to ro in. long. Flowers 20 to 40 in axils of scarious bracts. Calyx "15 in. long, hairy, teeth unequal, upper deltoid, lower linear. Corolla *3 in. long, purple. Pod 1 to 2 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, flat, joints 6 to 8, hairy. Hab. Woods. Pahang, Kwala Tahan (Seimund). Perak, Telor Pinang, Ipoh (Curtis); Sungei Rayah (Kunstler). Kedah, AlorSta. Lankawi. Perlis, Kanga. Setul. Dvystrib. India and Cambodia. (19) D. gyroides DC. Prodr. ii. 316. Shrub tro ft. tall. Branches pubescent. Leaves 2°5 to 3 in. long, 3- or 1-foliate; petioles *75 in. long; leaflets membranous, oblong or ovate-oblong blunt, glabrous above, thin pubescent beneath, 1°75 to 2 in. long, I to 1:25 in. wide; nerves 6 to 8 pairs (lateral leaflets when present °5 in. long, °4 in. wide). RRacemes dense strobilate with large bracts ‘25 in. long. Calyx ‘1 in. long, teeth triangular. Corolla °35 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, purple. Pod I to I'5 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, falcate, joints 6 to 10, not separating, dehiscing along the indented lower suture, tomentose. Hab. Perak, Kinta (Kunstler). Tomoh (Machado). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Indo- China. 612 XLVII. LEGUMINOSAE. [Sophora. 40. SOPHORA, Linn. Shrubs (or trees). Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers showy, yellow (white or purple), racemed (or panicled). Calyx oblique, campanu- late, teeth short. Corolla much exsert; standard broad; petals equal clawed. Stamens free nearly to base. Ovary stalked. Pod moniliform, joints turgid. Species 25, whole world tropics. (1) S. tomentosa Linn. Sp. Pl. 373; Prain, l.c. 146. Seashore shrub, grey tomentose. Leaves 6 to 12 in. long; leaflets Ir to 17, elliptic-ovate obtuse, I to 1°5 in. long, *5 to °75 in. wide, glabrous above, tomentose beneath. Racemes 6 in. long. Calyx obliquely truncate. Corolla °35 in. long, bright yellow. Pod 6- to 8-seeded, 4 to 6 in. long, hoary, each joint separated by a stipe as long as itself. Seed black. Hab. Sandy sea-coasts; not com- mon. Dindings, Lumut. Lankawi, Burau Bay. Adang islands, Pulau Butang. Distrib. Ceylon, Andamans, Burma, Malaya, Polynesia. 41. ORMOSIA, Jacks. Trees (one a climbing shrub). Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers in panicled racemes. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, two upper teeth connate into upper lip. Corolla exsert; petals short- clawed, white, standard orbicular, keel-petals free, oblong blunt. Stamens free or connate at base only, exsert, incurved. Ovary sub-sessile; style filiform. Stigma oblique. Pod fleshy or woody turgid, dehiscent. Seeds red. Species 25, cosmopolitan. Climber. Panicle of racemes lax. . , 5 . (1) O. scandens Trees. Seeds large, black and red, solitary. Panicles large, dense; flowers mae ei 2) ats across Panicle lax ; flowers yellow; pod 1°25 in. ‘across Flowers racemed ; ovary golden- nt pod ( . macrodisca ( unknown : . (4 ( . gracilis Seeds small, all red; pod 6 in. long. Leaves glabrous beneath Leaves pubescent beneath. Leaflets petiolulate; pod valves thin. oO O O. penangensis (0) . hitida Leaflets 9 to 13 acuminate, 2°5 in. long (6) O. parvifolia Leaflets 4 in. long, acute or blunt thinly pubescent beneath; panicles lax , . (7) O. sumatrana Leaflets pubescent beneath ; panicles dense . (8) O. microsperma Leaflets sessile; pod-valves woody (9) O. venosa (1) O. scandens Prain, l.c. 147. Woody climber over too ft. long, 6 to 8 in. through, glabrous. Leaves 12 to 15 in. long; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-oblong, acuminate coriaceous, base round 6 to g in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. across; nerves 13 to 18, slightly elevate, reticulations small, distinct. Racemes panicled 12 in. long, 6 in. across, tawny-silky ; pedicels ‘2 in. long. Ormosia. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 613 Calyx silky, lower teeth as long as tube deltoid, uppers form a bifid lip. Corolla *35 in. long, white tinged reddish. Ovary ovate, hairy on upper edge; ovules 3. Hab. Perak, Larut 300 to 500 ft. altitude (Kunstler). . (2) O. macrodisca Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 253; Prain, fe. 148. A big tree 80 ft. tall and 2 ft. through. Leaves 8 to ro in. long; leaflets 7 to 9, dark green, coriaceous, glabrous above, pubes- cent beneath, oblong, base round, tip acute, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; nerves faint 7 to g pairs. Racemes in crowded panicles 6 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide, rachis brown-silky. Calyx ‘3 in. long, brown-silky, teeth oblong-obtuse. Corolla *5 in. long, rose pink, veined darker, base of standard green. Ovary glabrous; ovules 3. Pod sub-orbicular, 3 in. wide, °75 in. thick, rose pink. Seed 1, oblong, °7 in. wide, scarlet, aril black. Hab. Singapore. One tree in Dalvey road near the Gardens. Distrib. Sumatra. (3) O. gracilis Prain, l.c. 148. Slender tree, 30 to 4o ft. tall, 6 to 8 in. through. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long; leaflets 7 to 9, ovate-lanceolate, chartaceous, bright green, glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath, caudate-acuminate, base cuneate 2°5 to 3 in. long, I in. across; nerves 8 to g pairs faint. Panicles lax, 2°5 to 3 in. long, grey-silky, slender. Calyx ‘25 in. long, silky green, teeth ovate-lanceolate. Corolla °35 in. long, pale yellow; standard 25 in. across. Ovary puberulous; ovules 2. Pod hard thick oblong-ovate, stalked, 1°5 in. long, 1°25 in. wide, green with bluish bloom. Seed 1, oblong, *75 in. long, °6 in. wide, scarlet, aril black, ‘15 in. long. Hab. Dense forest at 1800 ft. altitude. Perak, Thaiping Hills, Maxwell’s Hill (Kunstler and” Wray). (4) O. penangensis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 68, p. 11. A tree 50 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves glabrous 6 in. long with slender petioles 1 in. long; leaflets 7, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, base cuneate, 3 in. long, 1°12 in. wide; petiolules *25 in. long. Flowers in numerous sub-terminal racemes 4 in. long. Calyx °3 in. long, red puberulous, lobes ovate blunt, equal. Corolla ‘5 in. long; petals obovate, tip round. Stamens glabrous, free, exsert. Ovary cylindric, golden- silky; style glabrous. Fruit not seen. Hab. Penang Hill at Grace-Dieu 2000 ft. altitude (Haniff). (5) O. nitida Prazn, l.c. 149. Tree 30 to 50 ft. tall, 5 to 8 in. through. Leaves 5 to 7 in. long; leaflets 7, rigidly coriaceous, glabrous, glossy dark green, obovate or elliptic, obtuse base rounded, 2°5 to 4 in. long, 1°3 to 2 in. wide; nerves 12 to 15 pairs, slender; lateral leaflets smaller. Panicles of fastigiate racemes, puberulous 6 to 8 in. long, 5 to 6 in. wide. Calyx ‘2 in. long, tawny-silky, teeth deltoid. Corolla unknown. Pod oblong, I in. long, °75 in. across, valves thinly woody, glabrous, black outside, stalk as long as calyx-tube. Seed 614 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. [Ormosia. oval, red, *35 in. long, *3 in. wide, no aril. Hab. Dense hilly jungle. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). (6) O. parvifolia Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 253; Prain, Lc. 140. A medium-sized tree. Branches brown-velvety. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets 9 to 13, coriaceous, glossy green above, thinly hairy (except the densely tomentose nerves) beneath, oblong acuminate, base round 2 to 2°5 in. long, *6 to °7 in. wide; nerves fine 8 to 9 pairs. Racemes panicled, 3 to 4 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, densely brown-velvety. Calyx ‘2 in. long, brown-silky, teeth tri- angular. Corolla white °35 in. long; standard ‘25 in. across. Ovary ovate silky; ovules 3. Pod orbicular, 1-seeded (or oblong if 2-seeded), short stipitate ; valves thin, at first silky, then glabres- cent black outside. Seed ovoid °3 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, red, no aril. Hab. Open country generally near sea or rivers. Singapore, Pasir Panjang; Changi; Reservoir. Pahang, Pekan; Rumpin River (Evans). Malacca.(Griffith). Panchur. Native name : Saga Hutan. The Pahang tree differs from the Malacca one in having the leaves almost or quite glabrous beneath and very small reticulations. (7) O. sumatrana Prain, l.c. 150. A large tree. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves 8 to Io in. long; leaflets 7 to 9, ovate or ovate-elliptic, obtusely apiculate, base rounded, coriaceous, glabrous shining above, hairy glabrescent below; nerves 8 to Io pairs, 2 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1°75 in. wide. Racemes panicled, lax, 6 to 8 in. long and as wide, pubescent. Calyx *2 in. long, tawny-pubescent, 3 lower teeth ovate-lanceolate. 2 upper forming a bifid lip. Corolla pinkish white marked lilac purple, *35 in. long; standard orbicular, emarginate, *3 in. wide. Stamens exsert. Ovary puberulous, 3-ovuled. Pod _ orbicular (x-seeded), oblong (2-seeded) 1 to 1°75 in. long; valves thin woody black glabrescent. Seed ovoid red, no aril. Hab. Malacca, Brisu (Holmberg). Dzstvib. Sumatra. (8) O. microsperma Baker, l.c. ii. 253; Prain, l.c. 151. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Branches velvety-brown. Leaves 8 to ro in. long; leaflets 11 to 13, rigid, coriaceous, shining dark green, glabrous above, puberulous beneath, oblong or obovate acute or obtuse, base broad round, 2°5 to 4 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; nerves 7 to 9g pairs, elevate slightly beneath. Panicles of fastigiate racemes 8 in. long, 6 in. across, brown-velvety; pedicels very short. Calyx ‘25 in. long, velvety. Corolla white, -45 in. long; standard °35 in. wide. Ovary velvety, 3- to 4-ovuled. Pod ‘6 in. across, orbicular (1-seeded), oblong (2-seeded) ; valves thin, woody, glabrescent. Seed °3 in. long, ‘25 in. wide red, no aril. Hab. Dense woods on mountains and open country. Singa- pore, Dalvey. Malacca, Nyalas (Derry). Selangor, Ulu Selangor (Kunstler), Ormosia. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. 615 var. Ridley: Prain, l.c. Leaves more coriaceous and velvety beneath. Panicle much larger. Flowers pedicelled distinctly. Fruit unripe dense-velvety. Singapore, Selitar (Ridley). (9) O. venosa Baker, l.c. ii. 254; Prain, l.c. 152. A big tree with densely velvety branches. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long; leaflets 7, obovate-oblong, blunt, base cuneate sub-sessile, densely tomentose beneath; nerves 10 to 12, strongly elevate, above glabrous, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide. Panicle 4 to 5 in. long, 3 in. wide, densely tomentose; pedicels as long as calyx. Calyx °25 in. long, velvety, teeth triangular. Corolla -35 in. long, white; standard ‘3 in. across. Ovary velvety. Pod oblong or obovoid, 1°5 in. long, 1°35 in. wide; valves woody thick, black and glabrous outside. Seeds 1 to 2, ovoid, *5 in. long, red. No aril. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). CULTIVATED PAPILIONACE Cajanus indicus Sfreng, Syst. Veg. ii. 248; Prain, lc. 47. An erect shrub about 6 ft. tall. Leaves 2 to 5 in. long, appressed hoary silky; leaflets 3. Racemes axillary of few yellow flowers, veined red. Pod 2 to 3 in. long, downy with depressions between the 2 to 6 seeds. Native names: Dal; Kachang Kayu. Occa- sionally cultivated in gardens. Dolichos Lablab Linn, Sp. Pl. 725; Prain, l.c. 54. A twining bean with trifoliate leaves and racemes 6 to 8 in. long on peduncles nearly as long. Flowers showy, purple or white. Native names : Kachang Karkaras or Kachang Jariji. Use: The pods form the local ‘‘ French beans.”’ Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC. Prodr. ii. 403; Prain, l.c. 55. Twiner, roots tuberous. Leaves trifoliate. acemes lax, 4- to 6-flowered; peduncles long. Flowers large, showy, azure-blue. Pod 6 to 12 in. long, 4-winged; wings denticulate. Native names : Four-angled bean; Kachang Botol; Kachang Botor. Cultivated for its pods, eaten as a vegetable. Centrosema Plumieri Benth. Ann. Wien Mus. il. 118; Prain, lc. 57. Twiner, trifoliate. Racemes 2- to 6-flowered. Flowers very large; standard orbicular, white, centre crimson. Pod narrow 6 in. long, lower suture winged. An occasional escape from gardens into roadside hedges. Singapore and Perak, “‘ The Butterfly Pea.” Arachis hypogea Linn. Sp. Pl. 741. The ground nut, “ Kachang Goring,” an annual tufted herb with yellow flowers and well-known fruit, is cultivated in Singapore, Province Wellesley, the Dindings and Penang. Lourea vespertilionis Desv. Prain, l.c. 132; “‘ Malay Peninsula, Norris,” is a rare plant even in gardens, and has no claim to be admitted to the flora. 616 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. (Cassia. (B) CABSALPINIEA (Genera 42-56). 42. CASSIA, Linn. Shrubs, trees or herbs. Leaves simple, even pinnate. Flowers usually large showy yellow or pink in axillary racemes and terminal panicles. Calyx-tube very short; sepals imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 10, rarely all perfect, 3 to 5 reduced to stamin- odes or absent; anthers usually basifixed dehiscing by terminal pores. Ovary sessile or stalked, many-ovuled; style incurved. Pod terete or flat, usually septate. Seeds flat. Species 340, whole tropical world. Stamens 10, fertile. Pod terete; flowers pink; tree . : : (1) C. nodosa Pods flat; flowers yellow; shrub . 4 . (2) C. glauca Stamens 7, fertile; pods dehiscent. Trees; flowers in large panicles; yellow. Stipules large; pod thin-valved; leaflets pubescent . : F : (3) C. timoriensis Stipules small; pod thick, ‘stiff. (4) C. siamea Coarse weedy shrubs. Glabrous; pod 4-angled (5) C. Tora - pod sub-terete . : ‘ . (6) C. obtusifolia rs pod flattened . ) (7) ©. occidentalis Hairy ; flowers in axillary pairs, yellow (8) C. hirsuta Tall shrub; flowers with erect racemes with orange bracts j (9) C. alata Slender under-shrubs with very small leaflets. Leaflets linear; diffuse herb; pod 2 in. long; seeds 20 to 25 : (10) C. mimosoides Leaflets oblong; erect; pod 1 tor 5 in. - long seeds 8 to 16 P (11) C. Leschenaultiana (1) C. nodosa Ham. in Rodd. How Bon: 31; Baker, in Hook. flo Bal 26re Pra, 1c. 155. A tree 40 to 80 ft. tall. Stem xo to I5 in. through. Leaves g to ro in. long; leaflets chartaceous, 6 to 12 pairs, oblong, shortly acuminate, base rounded 2 to 2°5 in. long, 1 to 1°25 in. wide, glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Flowers in corymbs, 2 to 3 in. long on the old nodes of the branches below the leaves. Sepals green, ovate obtuse, hairy. Corolla rose pink, *5 in. across; petals ovate, clawed. Pod terete, 1°5 to 2 ft. long, ‘5 in. through, black with thin dissepiments between the 60 to go flat seeds. Hab. River- banks, forests, not rare. Pahang River, common. Malacca, Brisu; Sadanen; Selandor (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Perak, Chanderiang (Kunstler); Temengoh; Goping. Ulu Kerling (Kunstler). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Dzstvib. Burma, China, Sumatra, Borneo. Native names: Turukop Bumi; Sibusuk; Busuk-Busuk. (2) C. glauca Lam. Encyc. Meth. i. 647; Baker, l.c. ii. 265; Prain, 1.c. 157. Shrub or treelet, 15 to 20 ft, tall, nearly glabrous. Leaves Cassia. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 617 6 to g in. long; leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, membranous, pale green above, glaucous beneath and slightly puberulous, ovate acute, base cuneate, 2 to 4 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; nerves Io to I2 pairs; rachis puberulous with long conical glands between each of the lower pairs of leaflets. Flowers in axillary corymbs, 4 in. long, 2 to 5 in. across. Calyx-segments orbicular, yellow unequal. Petals pale yellow, I in. long, °75 in. across. Pod flat straight linear, 6 to 8 in. long, ‘5 to °7 in. wide; stalk ‘5 to ‘6 in. long. Seeds 20 to 30, oval biseriate. Hab. In cultivated ground, doubtfully wild. Singapore, Sungei Morai. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Sim- pang (Wray). Penang, Pulau Tikus. Dzistvib. Tropical Asia. (3) C. timoriensis DC. Prodr. ii. 499; Baker, l.c. ii. 265; Prain, l.c. 162. Small tree about 20 to 30 ft. tall, pubescent. Leaves 1 to 1'5 ft. long; leaflets 16 to 24 pairs, membranous, glabrescent to densely pubescent above, sparsely pubescent to tomentose beneath, lanceo- late-oblong, base round, 1 to 1°75 in. long, °35 to ‘65 in. wide. Flowers in a large terminal panicle, 1 to 1°25 ft. long, 6 in. across. Sepals unequal oblong-obtuse, pubescent, larger ones °3 in. long. Petals oblong, ‘6 in. long, *3 in. wide, orange yellow. Stamens 7; staminodes 3. Pod straight linear, flat thin, valves coriaceous, 5 to 6 in. long, °5 in. wide; stalk 3 in. long. Seeds biseriate, 16 to 20 oval obtuse, °25 in. long. var. typica. Leaflets glabrescent above, sparsely pubescent beneath. Stipules narrow. Hab. Rare, Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). var. xanthocoma Miq. Leaves pubescent above, golden tomen- tose beneath. Stipules large. Hab. Limestone districts, not rare. Pahang River. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Ipoh; Goping; Kwala Kangsa; Temengoh. Kelantan, Kwala Lebir (Gimlette). Kedah, Gunong Geriang. Perlis, Kanga. Dzvystrib. Tenasserim, Malaya. Native names: Beksa; Bebatai. (4) C. siamea Lam. Encyc. Meth. i. 648; Prain, l.c. 163. Tree 30 to 50 ft. tall, 12 in. or less through. Leaves 6 to 12 in. long; leaflets 4 to 16 pairs, sub-coriaceous, glabrous, dark green, paler beneath, oblong-obtuse, base round, 1°25 to 2°25 in. long, *5 to ‘g in. wide. Flowers in large terminal panicles 8 to 16 in. long, 6 to 8 in. across, bright yellow. Sepals ovate-oblong unequal, puberulous. Petals sub-orbicular, °75 in. long. Stamens 7; staminodes 3. Pod straight, flat, sutures thickened; valves cori- aceous, 6 to g in. long, ‘5 in. wide; stalk ‘5 in. long. Seeds 20 to 30, oval, °3in. long. Hab. River-banks, open country, often planted as a roadside tree. Malacca, Chenana Putih (Cantley); Brisu (Derry). Pahang, along the Pahang River from the mouth to Kwala Tembeling. Selangor, Ulu Selangor (Kunstler). Penang (Curtis). Kedah, between Alor Sta and Perlis. Distrib. India, Indo-China, Malay islands. Native names: Guah hitam; Jual; Sibusuk; Busuk-Busuk (lit. foetid, on account of the foetid smell 618 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. (Cassia. of the leaves after rain); Johar; Jaha. Use: Flowers eaten in curry. (5) C. Tora Linn. Sp. Pl. 376; Prain, l.c. 158. A foetid herb or under-shrub, 2 to 3 ft. tall. Leaves 2 to 4 in. long ; leaflets 3 pairs, membranous, glaucous, obovate-oblong ; leaf- flets, uppermost 2 in. long, I in. wide, lower 1 to 1°75 in. long, 75 in. wide, tip acute, base obliquely rounded ; nerves 8 to Io pairs. Flowers in sub-sessile pairs, axillary crowded. Calyx 5-lobed to base, lobes ovate acute, green, ‘2 in. long. Petals oblong-obtuse pale yellow, °3 in. long, :2 in. wide; standard retuse. Stamens 7 with 3 staminodes; anthers brown. Pod 6 to 8 in. long, ‘15 in. wide, nearly 4-angled; valves puberulous not reticulated. Seeds 25 to 30, rhombohedral, brown, shining. Hab. Rare, in waste ground. Perak, Kwala Dipang (Scortechini). Dzstrib. Tropical Asia. (6) C. obtusifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 377; Prain, l.c. 159. Much resembling C. Tora Linn., but not foetid, the leaves not glaucous, deltoid at the tip. Flowers bright yellow. Petals °5 in. long, °35 in. wide. Pod 8 to ro in. long, ‘2 in. wide, sub-terete. Seeds 30 to 35, brown, ‘2 in. long. Hab. Very common on waste ground. Singapore, Pulau Ubin, etc. Pahang, Pekan and far up the Pahang River. Malacca, Tanjong Kling. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; Raub Track (Machado). Distrib. S. America, now naturalised in Asia. Native names: Gelenggang Padang; Geleng- gang kechil. (7) C. occidentalis Linn. Sp. Pl. 377; Bot. Reg. t. 83; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 262; Prain, l.c. 160. Under-shrub 2 to 4 ft. tall. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, membranous glaucous, foetid, ovate-oblong, base rounded, tip acuminate, glabrous or pubescent beneath, Ir to g in. long, *5 to 1:25 in. wide; gland globose at base of rachis. Flowers in axillary panicled corymbs, few; bracts and calyx white. Petals yellow veined orange, ‘5 in. long. Stamens 7; staminodes 3. Pod sub-falcate linear, compressed, glabrous, 4 to 5 in. long, *35 in. wide, ‘2 in. thick. Seeds ovate, small, brown, 20 to 30. Hab. Common in waste ground. Singapore, Changi; Gelang. Malacca Hill; Bukit Bruang (Cantley). Selangor, Batang Berjuntai. Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Kelantan, Kota Bharu. Distrib. Whole world, probably originally American. Native names : Kachang Kota; Kutepeng hutan. (8) C. hirsuta Linn. Sp. Pl. 378; Prain, l.c. 159. Branched annual 2 to 5 ft. tall. Leaves 4 to 8 in. long; leaflets 3 to 6 pairs, membranous green hairy foetid, ovate acuminate, base cuneate 1°5 to 3°5 in. long, 1 to 1°5 in. wide; rachis with one large gland just above base. Flowers in sub-sessile axillary pairs. Sepals ovate sub-acute, pilose, ‘25 in. long. Petals bright yellow, 45 in. long, ovate-oblong blunt. Stamens 7 with 3 Cassia. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 619 staminodes. Pod falcate, 6 to 8 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, sub-terete, villous, valves papery. Seed small, ‘15 in. long, ovate, brown, 90 to 120. Hab. Waste ground. An introduced American weed. Formerly occurring in Tanglin, Yo Chukang and other parts of Singapore. Selangor, near Batu Caves. Native name: Sinteng. (9) C. alata Linn. Sp. Pl. 378; Baker, l.c. ii. 264; Prain, l.c. 161. Large lax-branched shrub about 6 ft. tall. Leaves 1 to 2 ft. long; leaflets 8 to 14, stiff papery, light green, linear-oblong obtuse, base rounded, glabrous, 2 to 4 in. long, r to 1°5 in. wide. Flowers in erect spike-like racemes 6 to 18 in. long, at first covered with large ovate-rounded orange bracts, *75 in. long. Sepals spathulate, obtuse, ‘I in. long, °6 in. wide, orange. Petals ovate-orbicular 1°25 in. long, yellow orange. Stamens 7; staminodes 3. Pod black, 6 to 8 in. long, °8 in. wide, winged. Seeds 50 to 60, triangular, ‘25 in. long. Hab. Damp spots near cultivation. An American plant now dispersed all over the tropics and valued for the use of its leaves in skin disease, popularly known as “ seven golden candlesticks.”’ Native names: Gelenggang; Daun Kurap. (10) C. mimosoides Linn. Sp. Pl. 379; Baker, l.c. ii. 266. Low slender shrublet about 6 to 12 in. tall or taller. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long; leaflets 40 to 60 pairs, linear mucronate, ‘I to ‘I5 in. long, glabrous. Flowers axillary solitary or 2 to 3. Sepals linear- lanceolate *25 to °3 in. long. Petals sub-equal elliptic or sub- orbicular, short-clawed, obtuse. Stamens 10, all perfect, alternately long and shorter. Pod 2 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, linear, flat. Seeds 20 to 26, rhomboid, dark brown. Hab. Open grassy spots. Johor, Castlewood. Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur. Penang, top of Government Hill. Distrib. S.E. Asia. (11) C. Leschenaultiana DC. Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Gen. ii. (2), 132; Prain, l.c. 165. C. mimosoides var. Wallichiana Baker, ain Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 266. Slender shrubby plant pubescent, 6in. tor ft. or more tall. Leaves I to 2 in. long; leaflets 16 to 24 pairs, narrow oblong, mucronate, glabrous or puberulous, ‘4 to ‘6 in. long, I to"15 in. across. Flowers axillary, I to 3 together. Sepals unequal linear-lanceolate, °35 in. long. Petals sub-equal, elliptic or orbicular, yellow, -4 to ‘6 in. long. Stamens Io (or g or 7, the upper I or 2 reduced to stami- nodes). Pod 1 to 1°5 in. long, ‘2 in. across, linear, flat. Seeds 8 to 16, rhomboid. Hab. Grassy spots, roadsides. Singapore, formerly common in Tanglin; Bukit Mandai. Perak, Temengoh. Penang Hill, 2000 ft. altitude (Curtis). Dzstvib. India, Cochin- China. EXCLUDED SPECIES Cassia JAVANICA Linn. Sp. Pl. 379. A medium-sized tree with blunt leaflets and corymbs of pink flowers with blunt petals, 620 XLVII. LEGUMINOS#. (Cassia. from amongst the leaves, 10 stamens and a long terete pod. Thaiping (Wray), Prain, /.c. 156. The only tree I know of in Thaiping is planted in the gardens. It seems to be quite absent from the peninsula as a wild plant. Native of Sumatra and Java. Native name: Dulang. C. ristuLa Linn. Sp. Pl. 377. The Indian Laburnum. Native name: Bireksa. A low tree with long pendent spikes of large yellow flowers; pod long cylindric, is occasionally to be seen in gardens. It is recorded from Malacca under the old name of Cana fistula by Linschoten (Voyages to the East Indies) in 1583. C. SopHeRA Linn. Sp. Pl. 379; Penang, fide Baker in FBI. L.c. 262. I have seen no specimens from Penang or anywhere else in the Malay Peninsula. It resembles C. occidentalis, but has 8 to 12 pairs of leaflets and turgid, not flat pods. A South American weed. 43. KOOMPASSIA, Maing. Gigantic trees. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets alternate, sub- coriaceous. Flowers small in terminal panicles. Sepals 5, lanceo- late. Petals 5 sub-equal. Stamens 5; filaments short; anthers basi-fixed, opening by pores. Ovary sessile, sub-globose; ovule I. Pod oblong, thin, papery, winged all round, base narrowed and twisted. Seed solitary in the middle. Leaflets 7 to 9, 2 to 3 in. long : ; € . (1) K. malaccensis Leaflets 9 to 11, 1 to 1°25 in. long . ; : . (2) K. excelsa (1) K. malaccensis Benth. in Hook. fil. Ic. Pl. xii. 58, t. 1164; Prain, l.c. 166. A tree 100 to 150 ft. tall, 3 to 8 ft. through buttressed at the base. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long; rachis pubescent; leaflets 7 to 9, ovate-lanceolate or oblong acuminate blunt, light shining green, 2 to 3 in. long, ‘8 to 1°25 in. wide; nerves Io to 12 paits. Panicles 3 to 4 in. long or more, pubescent. Sepals ovate acute, brown, ‘12 in. long, tomentose. Petals white, base green, oblong, obtuse, ‘15 in. long. Stamens very short, flesh-colour; anthers widely triangular. Ovary pubescent, violet. Pod 4 to 5 in. long, 1°25 to I°5 in. wide, oblong, papery, light green, twisted at the base. Hab. Forests, often left in cultivated ground, being too hard to fell in clearing forest. Singapore, Tanglin; Selitar, etc. Malacca, Merlimau; Sungei Hudang; Selandor (Derry). Pahang, Pulau Tawar; Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler, Wray). Dindings, Lumut (Curtis). Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur (Fox). Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis). Dzstvib. Sumatra. Native name : Kempas. Use: Timber, finely figured and hard, but not durable if exposed. (2) K. excelsa Taubert Ber. Ges. Deutsch. Ges. x. 641. K. parvifolia Prain, l.c. 166. A gigantic tree over 150 ft. tall, Branchlets golden-hairy when Koompassia.| XLVII. LEGUMINOS2&. 621 young. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long; leaflets 9 to 12, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse often emarginate, base cuneate, glaucescent silky beneath, I to 1°25 in. long, °25 to °35 in. wide; rachis and petioles silky when young. Panicles terminal at first silky, then glabrescent, 3 to 4 in. long; branches spreading 1°5 in. wide; flowers scattered °3 in. across. Calyx-tube short conic. Sepals ovate- lanceolate, pubescent in bud, nearly glabrous in flower. Petals elliptic white, nearly as long. ‘Stamens with slender filaments as long as anthers. Ovary cylindric, glabrous. Pod 3 in. long, 1 in. wide oblong, apex broad rounded, red. Hab. lorests; apparently very rarely flowering. Pahang, Raub (Burn-Murdoch); Perak, Goping (Kunstler); Grit; Gapis (Wray). Distrib. Borneo. Native name: Tualang (in Borneo, Tapan). 44. DIALIUM, Linn. Medium to very tall trees, wood very hard. Leaves odd- pinnate; leaflets alternate 3 to 9, coriaceous. Flowers small white in large terminal panicles. Calyx-tube short; lobes lanceolate, deciduous. Petals o. Stamens 2, included; anthers attached near the base. Ovary sessile, 2-ovuled. Pod oblong or ovoid, globose, with black pericarp; endocarp pithy, sweet. Seed I. Species 15, cosmopolitan. Malay name, Keranji; fruit of several species sold in the markets for eating. Timber very hard and compact, highly valued. The great size of these trees makes collecting specimens difficult, hence they are comparatively little known. Leaves glabrous. Pods 1°5 in. long, umbonate - ; . (1) D. Kunstleri Pods 1 in. or less, blunt, not velvety. Leaves thinly coriaceous. Panicles lax, spreading; pedicels as long as.calvx. , : 3 . . (2) D. patens Panicles erect; pedicels shorter than the calyx. Leaflets lanceolate, ager seed sub- . indum . laurinum quadrate D D D. Maingayi D D ; : : pans; Leaflets elliptic, opposite ; seed orbicular . (4 Pods velvety ; leaflets coriaceous : Sans Leaflets pubescent beneath. Leaflets large 5 to 7, golden-pubescent beneath (6) D. platysepalum Leaflets small 9 to 12, alternate, golden-tomentose beneath . (7) D. Wallichii Leaflets small 13 to 15, opposite, rusty tomentose beneath 4 : (8) D. Kingii (x) D. Kunstleri Prain, l.c. 168. _ Tree 80 to roo ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. thick. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long; leaflets 5 (or 3), ovate- lanceolate narrow acuminate, base cuneate, 4 to 5 in. long, 1°25 to 1'5 in. wide, coriaceous, glabrous; nerves faint 5 to 6 pairs; petiolules ‘r in. long. Panicles terminal and 622 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. [Dialium. axillary, 4 in. long, 3 in. wide. Flowers unknown. .Pod sub- spherical, tip umbonate, 1°5 in. long, 1°35 in. wide, glabrous, black. Seed 1 sub-rotund, 6 in. long. Hab. Open hilly jungle. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). (2) D. patens Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 270; Prain, l.c. 169. "Thee 60 to 8o ft. tall, 10 to 20 in. through; branches slender. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long; leaflets 3 to 5, oblong or elliptic cuspidate or acute, base rounded, sub-coriaceous, glabrous; nerves 8 to Io pairs, fine, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petiolules stout, ‘25 in. long. Panicles 6 to 8 in. long, 4 to 5 in. wide; branches slender, glabrous. Calyx ‘15 in. long, tube 0; lobes white, imbri- cate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, grey pubescent on both sides. Stamens, filaments short slender. Ovary silky, sessile. Pod ovoid, black, grey pubescent, °5 in. long, °35 in. across. Seed oblong, angles round, °3 in. long, dark maroon. Hab. Low wet jungle. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay). Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Borneo. Native names: Keranji Umbut; Keranji Burong; Keranji Baledu. (3) D. indum Linn. Mantiss. 24; Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 136, t. 30; Prain, l.c. 169. Tree about 60 to 7o ft. tall. Branches grey puberulous. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets 5 to 9, chartaceous, elliptic lanceo- late-acuminate, base cuneate, 3 to 4 in. long, I to 1°5 in. wide, glabrous; nerves faint, 8 to Io pairs; petiolules‘zin.long. Panicles terminal and axillary, 4 in. long, 3 in. wide; branches slender, silky. Calyx ‘15 in. long, white; tube 0; segments 5, imbricate, grey puberulous. Stamens 2; filaments short, slender. Pod sub-orbicular, ‘9 in. wide, apiculate puberulous with minute silky hairs. Hab. Open country on river-banks. Pahang, Pijai, Pahang River (Ridley). Penang, Ayer Hitam (Curtis). Dvstvib. Java. Native names: Tulang Dayong. (4) D. laurinum Baker, l.c. 11. 269; Prain, l.c. 170. Big tree. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves 7 to 8 in. long; leaflets 7 (rarely 5) elliptic, tip cuspidate blunt retuse, base round coriaceous, glabrous, 4 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. wide; nerves 8 tog pairs; petiolules thick -3 to 4 in. long. Panicles 4 in. long, 3 in. wide, pubescent ; flowers in clusters of 3. Calyx ‘15 in. long, ovate- oblong, grey-velvety. Stamens short. Pod orbicular, I in. across, not apiculate, black with grey pubescence. Seed orbicular, °5 in. across, reddish brown, reticulate. Hab. Dense forests. Singapore, Kranji. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Goodenough, Maingay). Pahang, Bentong (Foxworthy). Native name: Keranji papan. (5) D. Maingayi Baker, l.c. ii. 269; Prain, l.c. 171. Big tree. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long; leaflets 9 (or 7) elliptic-oblong, cuspidate or acuminate, base round, cori- aceous, dark green above, pale beneath; nerves 4 to 5 pairs faint, Dialium.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS#. 623 2 to 2°5 in. long, *75 to I in. across; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Panicles 4 to 5 in. long, 3 in. across, puberulous. Calyx °25 in. long, tube campanulate, very short, lobes 5 (or 4) brown-velvety, silky all over. Stamens, filaments thick nearly as long as anther, con- nective hairy. Ovary black velvety. Pod obovoid, ‘g in. long, *8 in. wide, deep olive-velvety. Seed obovate-quadrate, striate "45 in. long. Hab. Forests. Singapore (Maingay). Malacca, Selandor (Goodenough). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Native names: Keranji umbut; Keranji sakellet; Keranji burong; Mumpanjor. (6) D. platysepalum Baker, l.c. ii. 270; Prain, l.c. 172. Tree 80 to go ft. tall. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves 5 tog in. long; rachis puberulous; leaflets 5 to 7, elliptic or oblong to ovate lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, blunt, base rounded or cuneate, coriaceous, dark green shining above, yellow silky beneath, keel very prominent; nerves distinct, fine 9 to II pairs, 3 to 5 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petiolules ‘25 in. long. Panicles deltoid, lax, 5 to 8 in. long, 4 to 7 in. wide, brown-silky. Calyx -2 in. long, tube distinct, campanulate, lobes imbricate, triangular blunt, coriaceous, dense, brown-velvety on both sides. Filaments thick. Ovary black-velvety. Pod obovoid or round, 1 in. long, ‘6 to ‘8 in. across, dark brown-velvety. Seed orbicular, pale-brown striate. Hab. Forests, common. Malacca, Ayer .Panas; Selandor (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Senawang Reserve (Burkill). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Perak, Relau Tujor (Wray). var. ambiguum. D. ambiguum Prain, l.c. Branches and leaves nearly glabrous. Ovary green-silky, sessile; style glabrous. Malacca, Bukit Sadanen (Derry). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Prain, /.c. 173, distinguishes three forms, the typical one with ovate- lanceolate cuneate leaflets and orbicular pods, Perak and Malacca (Native name : Sepan), and two forms to which he gives respectively the names of papan and burong. These being Malay words cannot be used in place of Latin. The first form has elliptic leaflets round at base, the second oblong leaflets and clavate pods. The foliage varies considerably in these trees, and I think the varieties are hardly worth keeping up; Keranji papanis a name given tolaurinum, as well as to platysepalum. The word means flanks, this tree being specially valued for timber. Keranji burong, Bird Kranji, is also used for D. Maingayi. D. platysepalum is also known as Keranji Tembaga and Sakellet (said to be a perversion of scarlet) and refers to the coppery underside of the leaves. 7) D. Wallichii Pvain, l.c. 174. D. platysepalum var. Wallichii Baker, l.c. 1. 270. Tree about 80 ft. tall. Leaves 7 to 8 in. long; leaflets g to 11, alternate, bright green above, golden yellow beneath coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate acuminate acute, base rounded, 2 to 2°25 in. long, ‘6 to ‘8 in. wide; nerves I5 pairs, very inconspicuous; 624 XLVI. LEGUMINOS&. [Dialium. petiolules ‘1 in. long; rachis yellow, pubescent. Panicles terminal, 6 to 8 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide, golden-pubescent. Calyx ‘2 in. long, ovoid; tube distinct, lobes imbricate, broad triangular, obtuse, coriaceous, green-velvety outside, within white, glabrous. Stamens, filaments thick, connective pubescent. Ovary brown-silky, stipi- tate. Pod obovoid, 1 in. long, *75 in. wide, black-velvety. Seed sub-quadrate *4 in. long. Hab. Forests. Singapore (Wallich) ; Garden Jungle. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Sungkai (Foxworthy). (8) D. Kingii Prain, l.c. 175. Big tree 100 to 150 ft. tall, 3 to 4 ft. through. Leaves 8 to g in. long; leaflets 13 to 15, opposite, coriaceous, glossy-green above, pubescent (not golden) beneath, oblong-lanceolate blunt, base rounded; nerves conspicuous elevate, 2 to 2°5 in. long, *6 to ‘8 in. wide; petiolules ‘1 in. long. Panicle large, 12 in. long, 6 in. wide, dark brown-velvety. Calyx *25 in. long, no tube, lobes broad ovate-obtuse, dark brown outside, white glabrous inside. Ovary brown-velvety, sessile. Pod spherical, -g in. long, °75 in. wide, velvety-black. Seed sub-quadrate striate, ‘4 in. long. Hab. Old Jungle. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). 45. BAUHINIA, Linn. Unarmed shrubs, erect or climbers with circinate tendrils. Leaves simple usually ovate, deeply cleft into 2 lobes, rarely entire. Flowers usually showy and rather large in panicled or corymbose, rarely simple racemes. Calyx-tube with disc produced to top, short, campanulate or long cylindric, teeth 2 to 5. Petals clawed. Stamens Io or reduced to 3 or I, with sterile ones; filaments fili- form; anthers versatile. Ovary stalked; stigma small or large, peltate. Pod linear or oblong, flat, dehiscent. Species 150, all tropics. Fertile stamens 10. § PAULETIA. Shrub erect; flowers white . 3 : . (1) B. acuminata Fertile stamens 3. Calyx tube produced. § PHANERA. Erect shrub; leaves tomentose; flowers large red and yellow : . (2) B. mollissima Climbers; flowers large white or pink in ter- minal racemes. Buds club-shaped. Petals glabrous except midrib and claw. Calyx lobes 1°25 in. long . ; . (3) B. calyeina Calyx lobes *5 to ‘7 in. long Z (4) B. semibifida Petals densely pubescent all over. Petals longer than calyx lobes. Leaves pubescent; flowers pink . (5) B. Hullettii Leaves glabrous. Stipules large orbicular; flowers white. j : .. . (6) B. Griffithiana Stipules small; flowers greenish yellow . ; F : . (7) B. ferruginea Bauhinia.| XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 625 Petals not longer than calyx lobes. Leaves pubescent; pedicels very short . : . F 2 (8) B. Ridleyi Buds clove-shaped. Leaves of 2 connate leaflets, tips round; flowers cream colour : (9) B. glauca Flowers medium, red or orange in dense terminal corymbs or racemes. Calyx tube much longer than limb. Leaves 5- to 7-nerved, pubescent beneath; pod velvety ’ (10) B. cornifolia Leaves 7- to 9- -nerved glabrous ; pod glabrous - (tI) B. bidentata Leaves 7-nerved, silky beneath; petals hairy outside . (12) B. cuprea Calyx tube twice as long as limb, or nearly so . (13) B. monticola Calyx tube short, hardly or not ex- ceeding limb. Flowers in pubescent racemes. Racemes many-flowered; leaves entire glabrous . ‘ . (14) B. lucida Racemes_ few-flowered; leaves bifid, pubescent beneath . (15) B. Scortechinii Racemes panicled densely hairy. Leaves entire; racemes few 2 in. long ; : . (16) B. integrifolia Leaves bifid; racemes many 12 in. long : : . (17) B. flammifera Flowers corymbose. Leaves coriaceous small 3'5in.long (18) B. Kingii Calyx tube shorter than lobes. § LASIOBEMA. Flowers medium or small, green and pink or yellow, not red or orange. Flowers over I in. across in racemes. Flowers over I in. wide; eS 9g in. by 7 in. B. bracteata (1) B. acuminata Linn. Sp. Pl. 376; gear in Hook. fil. F.BI. mt: 270; Prain, l.c. 179. A shrub about 5 to ro ft. tall. Leaves slightly cordate cut down into acute or sub-obtuse lobes for a third of their length, glabrous above and hairy and glaucescent beneath, 4 to 5 in. long, 3°5 in. wide; petioles 1°25 in. long, puberulous. Flowers few corymbose, pure white. Calyx ‘25 in. long, green. Petals oblong, 1°75 in. long. Stamens Io fertile. Pod 4 to 5 in. long, ‘6 to 7 in. wide. Seeds 5 to15. Hab. An occasional garden escape or remains of abandoned cultivation. I have never seen any which appeared to be really wild, but it is to» be seen, in sandy places usually, in FLM.P.,r Ss “Petals orbicular clawed : , . (19) B. Finlaysoniana Petals lanceolate clawed ; (20) B. Wrayi Flowers *5 in. across; petals spathulate (21) B. Curtisii Flowers ‘7 in. wide very numerous; racemes 8 to 12 in. long (22) B. strychnoidea Flowers 1 in. wide; raceme 1 in. long . (23) B. micrantha Flowers ‘6 in. wide; panicle 8 in. long (24) B. glabrifolia (2 626 XLVII. LEGUMINOS. [Bauhinia. Singapore and Malacca. Kunstler collected it in Larut, and on limestone rocks at Gunong Pondok, and perhaps it is really wild there. Distrib. India, Cambodia, Malaya. (2) B. mollissima Wall. Cat. 5782; Prain, l.c. 180. An erect shrub (or slender climber to 60 ft.). Branches tomen- tose, no tendrils. Leaves cordate round, lobes °75 to 1°5 in. long, quite round at tips; nerves 11, glabrous above, and prominent puberulous beneath, 3°5 to 4°5 in. long, 4 to 6 in. wide; petioles pubescent, 1°5 in. long. Flowers few, racemed; peduncles ‘5 to 2°25 in. long, tomentose. Calyx tomentose, lobes linear-lanceolate, Fic. 55.—Bauhinia mollissima. I in. long, reflexed tube as long. Petals oblanceolate, lower four 2 in. long, red brown with central yellow streak, the upper one 2°25 in. long, °5 in. wide, red with a branched yellow line, all pubes- cent outside. Stamens 3 fertile, glabrous. Ovary tomentose. Pod pubescent, 4 in. long, I in. wide. Seeds r or 2 orbicular. Hab. Open country north of peninsula, usually a bush, slightly scandent or not. Perak, Larut, climber (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich). Kedah, Yan. Perlis, Kanga. Distrib. Tenasserim. (3) B. calycina Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 3. B. ferruginea var. excelsa Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 283. A climbing shrub covered with mealy red tomentum. Leaves ovate or nearly orbicular, lobes rounded one-third of length, base cordate, glabrous, 3 to 5 in. long and wide; petioles 1°5 to 2 in. <<< «—————__ Bauhinia.) XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 627 long. Raceme stout, mealy; pedicels 1°5 in. long. Calyx-tube ‘25 to ‘5 in. long; campanulate, lobes 5 linear-acuminate, acute, red-woolly, 1°25 in. long. Petals little longer, glabrous, white. Stamens 3 angled, °75 in. long; filaments very short. Style short, pubescent. Pod oblong cuspidate, 7 in. long, 2 in. wide. Seeds 4, elliptic. Mab. Lowland woods in the south. Johor, Gunong Pulai. Malacca (Griffith). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; Petaling. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga (Napier); Bukit Kupa- yiang (Cantley); Seremban. Native name: Akar Kurutok Hitam. Use: Roots boiled, a drug for dropsy. Baker identified two specimens of this in Griffith’s collections as B. diphylla and B. ferruzinea var. excelsa respectively. (4) B. semibifida Roxb. Hort. Beng. 31; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. $b. 253; Baker, l.c. ii. 280; Pram, l.c. 182. A medium or gigantic climber, often slender, but sometimes with a stem 4 to 6 in. thick. Leaves rounded, oblong, base cordate ; lobes ovate, blunt ‘5 in. long; nerves 11, elevate, pubescent beneath, 3 in. long and wide; petioles 1 in. long pubescent. Stipules ovate, falcate ‘15 in. long. Raceme lengthening to 6 in. or more, red- tomentose; buds club-shaped; pedicels 1°25 in. long, tomentose. Calyx densely pubescent, tube *4 to ‘5 in. long, dilate towards base, lobes narrowly lanceolate acute ‘5 to °7 in. long, ‘I5 in. wide, green. Petals oblanceolate obtuse, short clawed, ‘8 to I in. long, chalky white turning yellow green, glabrous except claw and on base of midrib. Stamens 3 fertile, white. Ovary stalked brown rusty-silky; style thick, silky. Stigma large, peltate. Pod oblong, thin ; valves black, 4 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; stalk °35 in. long. Seeds 4to6orbicular. Hab. Thick forest and edges of forest. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Timah. Malacca (Griffith). Tringganu, Bundi (Rostado). Dzstvib. Sumatra. Roxburgh’s B. semibifida was based on a Sumatran plant cultivated in Calcutta Gardens. The pictures, Roxburgh’s own and Wallich’s, differ in the smaller flowers and distinctly hairy branches and leaves. The Singapore plant identified with this by Prain and the Malaccan plant identified by Baker are not hairy. I have seen no specimens from Sumatra. It was formerly at least common in Singapore, and our only wild Bauhinia there. I never met with it anywhere else. Baker’s description appears to be based on the Malacca plant, and agrees with the Singapore plant. (5) B. Hullettii Prain, l.c. 183. Large climber 20 ft. or more tall, pubescent. Tendrils pubescent. Leaves rounded cordate, lobes rounded oblong, one-third length of - leaf, sub-coriaceous, 2°5 to 4 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, sparsely pubescent above, appressed pubescent beneath or glabrous; petioles I in. long, pubescent. Stipules orbicular hairy. Raceme lax about 12-flowered, puberulous; pedicel 1°25 to 1°5 in. long. Buds club- shaped. Calyx rose pink, as are pedicels, tube dilate towards base, lobes lanceolate *4 to *5 in. long, ‘1 in. wide. Petals oblanceo- late obtuse, long-clawed, densely tomentose outside, 1°25 in. long, 628 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. [Bauhinia. ‘4 in. wide, ‘‘ rose pink”’ (Prain), white at base, greenish yellow towards tip (Curtis). Stamens 3; filaments pink. Ovary stalked, silky; style tomentose, stout. Stigma oblique, peltate. Hab. Malacca (Holmberg). Perak (Wray). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Native name: Akar Tapah Kudah Antan. (6) B. Griffithiana Prain, l.c. 183. B. suffruticosa Rid). Trans. Linn. Soc. ili. 295. Phanera Griffithiana Benth. Pl. Jungh. 263. A strong climber or big scandent shrub, glabrous. Tendrils glabrous. Leaves ovate-cordate or round, lobes ovate blunt I in. long, glabrous, coriaceous, 3 to 3°25 in. long, 3 in. across; petioles pubescent I in. long. Stipules long-persistent, orbicular, papery ‘75 in. across. Racemes 3°5 to 6 in. long, pubescent; pedicels ‘4in. long. Bracts persistent ovate, °3 in. wide. Calyx puberulous, lobes lanceolate °6 in. long, ‘15 in. wide, tube ‘4 in. long. Petals white, silky oblanceolate obtuse, short-clawed, 1°25 to 1°5 in. long, ‘4 to ‘5 in. wide, densely tomentose outside. Stamens 6; filaments red. Ovary stalked, silky; style stout, silky. Stigma peltate. Pod oblong black °5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide. Seeds 4 to 6 ovate, *5 in. long. Hab. Thickets, not very common. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling. Malacca, Gading (Hervey); Ayer Panas; Alor Gajah; Chabau (Hullett). Perak (Scortechini). Penang (Kunstler). The name given by me really antedates Prain’s name, but the genus Phanera was reduced to Bauhinia by Bentham in the “‘ Genera Plantarum.” (7) B. ferruginea Roxb. Hort. Beng. 90; Baker, l.c. 283; Prawn, l.c. 183. Big climber. Tendrils glabrous. Leaves rounded cordate, lobes oblong rounded, sinus narrow, 1°75 in. long, glabrous; nerves elevate 11; whole leaf 2°5 to 3 in. long, 3°25 in. wide; petioles *75 in. long, hairy. Stipules ovate, falcate, :15 in. long, deciduous. Racemes pubescent, 3°5 to 6 in. long; pedicels club-shaped, I in. long. Calyx-tube ‘4 in. long slightly dilate towards base, lobes lanceo- late, *6 in. long, ‘15 in. wide. Petals greenish yellow, oblanceolate, blunt, short-clawed, I to 1°25 in. long, *35 in. wide, densely tomen- tose outside. Stamens 3; filaments pink. Ovary stalked, silky; style thick silky. Stigma oblique, peltate. Pod thin, oblong, black, glabrous, 8 in. long, 2 in. wide. Seeds 4 to 6, ovate, ‘5 in. long. Hab. Forests. Selangor, Petaling. Perak, Larut and Gop- ing (Kunstler); Kamunting (Wray). Penang (Wallich 5776) ; Hill (Curtis). Native name: Lapang. (8) B. Ridleyi Prain, l.c. 185. Strong climber. Branches angled and tendrils long, silky. Leaves ovate blunt cordate; lobes 1 to 1°5 in. long, above glabrous, beneath silky, 2°5 to 3 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long, red-tomentose. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, caducous *15 in. long. Flowers densely corymbose; pedicels 2 in. long, tomentose. Calyx densely red-tomentose-hairy, tube °3 in. long dilate at base, SSS — Bauhinia.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 629 lobes lanceolate, -4 in. long, ‘1 in. wide. Petals oblong-obtuse, hardly clawed not exsert, densely tomentose outside, white, ‘4 to *5 in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Stamens 3; anthers crimson; filaments ted. Ovary short-stalked, tomentose; style ‘5 in. long. Stigma large peltate. Hab. Forests, local. Johor (King and Hullett). Perak, Pengkalan Bharu (Kunstler) ; Padang Rengas (Curtis). Easily recognised by its angled stem, the angles fringed with silk and dense corymbs of short-pedicelled, short-petalled flowers. (9) B. glauca Wall. Cat. 5785; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 262; Prain, t.c. 186. Slender climber. Tendrils puberulous. Leaves membranous, ovate, deep cordate bilobed half-way ; lobes round, 2 to 3 in. long, 2°75 in. wide, glabrous above, thin-pubescent beneath especially on nerves; petioles slender, 1°6 in. long. Stipules linear, subulate, ‘2 in. long. Corymbs 1 in. long and as wide on peduncles slender as long or longer, red-pubescent. Buds clove-like. Calyx glabrous, tube cylindric, ‘4 in. long, lobes short, ovate ‘15 to ‘2 in. long. Petals cream colour, oblong, long-clawed, edges wavy, °75 in. long, pubescent outside. Stamens 3, white. Ovary glabrous, stalked. Stigma small. Pod thin glabrous, 6 to 8 in. long, 1°5 to 2°25 in. wide. Seeds 15 to 20, oval in a line down the pod. Hab. Perak, Kampong Kota (Wray, Scortechini). Dzstrvib. Tenasserim. (10) B. cornifolia Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 278; Prain, l.c. 186. A lofty climber 100 to 150 ft. tall, thinly downy. Tendrils downy, few. Leaves coriaceous entire ovate, tip blunt, acute or minutely bifid, base broad rounded; nerves 7 pairs, glabrous above, sparsely silky or glabrous beneath, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, I°5 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles r in. long, puberulous. Corymbs 4 to 6 in. across; pedicels 2°25 in. long, pubescent. Buds clove-shaped. Calyx-tube slender, I in. long, lobes ovate, sub-acute, °25 in. long. Petals oblong-lanceolate, short-clawed, °8 in. long, °5 in. wide, orange yellow becoming red. Stamens 3; filaments short. Ovary downy, short-stalked. Stigma peltate. Pod oblong, woody, 4 in. long, 2 in. wide, red-pubescent. Seeds 4, 1 in. long. Hab. Hill forests, Pahang, Kluang Terbang (Barnes). Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Cantley). Selangor, Kerling; Semeniyeh; Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Perak, Gunong Keledang; Larut (Kunstler). Penang, top of hill (Curtis); Kelantan, Chaning forests (flowers cherry red). Native names: Akar Tumbul Merah; Lapang. (11) B. bidentata Jack, Mal. Misc. ii. (7), 76; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. 1.279; Prawn, l.c. 188. A lofty climber. Tendrils glabrous. Leaves ovate, slightly cordate or truncate at base, tip round atute or bifid, coriaceous shining green, 2°5 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 3°5 in. across, glabrous; nerves 7 to g; petioles 1 in. long. Corymbs very abundant, 3 in. long and broad; pedicels pubescent, lowest 1°5 in. long. Buds 630 XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. [Bauhinia. clove-shaped. Calyx-tube cylindric, ribbed, puberulous, 1 in. long; lobes ovate acute, ‘3 in. long. Petals orange yellow then scarlet, oblong, short-clawed, °6 in. long, *35 in. wide, pubescent outside. Stamens 3; filaments hairy. Ovary pubescent, stalked. Stigma large peltate. Pod oblong, woody, 4°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide, gla- brous. Seeds 4 to 5. Hab. Common and most conspicuous all over the jungles of the centre of the peninsula. Johor River (Hullett). Pahang, Kwala Tahan. Negri Sembilan, Pantai. Selangor, Semangkok; Rawang (Kloss); Batu Caves. Perak, Thaiping (Wray); Goping and Sungei Rayah (Kunstler); Penang Hill (Jack) ; Waterfall (Curtis) ; Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur (Fox). Distrib. Sumatra. Native names: Pride of Selangor; Katup-Katup; Akar Katup-Katup; Sekoyah; Dauh Nasi. (12) B. cuprea Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 2. Climber. Branches red-tomentose. Leaves ovate entire or shortly bifid, lobes short blunt, glabrous above, red-silky beneath ; nerves 7, elevate, 3 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles r in. long, sub-glabrous. Panicle 2 in. long. Flowers red, few; pedicels 2 in. long, red-pubescent. Calyx-tube cylindric, 5 in. long, lobes pubescent, boat-shaped, °35 in. long. Petals ovate, clawed I in. long, *5 in. wide, densely red-hairy. Stamens 3, red-hairy. Pistil hairy. Hab. Open hill-top, rare. Perak, Gunong Keledang (Ridley). (13) B. monticola Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 28. Climber, glabrescent. Leaves ovate-deltoid, tip very shortly bifid or entire acuminate, base cordate, coriaceous, glabrous; nerves 7, 2 to 2°25 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long. Racemes short, I to 2 in. long, glabrous or nearly so, lax; pedicels I°5 in. long, slender, sparsely hairy; bracts minute caducous. Buds obovoid. Calyx-tube cylindric, ‘4 in. long, red, appressed hairy; lobes ovate, °3 in. long, hairy. Petals oblong obtuse, conspicuously veined, sparsely hairy on back, claw ‘1 in. long, blade -7 in. wide. Stamens very short, hairy at base. Pistil stalked, cylindric hairy on the suture, ‘2 in. long; style about half as long, hairy on the edge. Stigma large peltate. Hab. Hill forests, 4000 ft. altitude upwards. Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah 5000 ft. altitude (Robinson). Perak, Gunong Kerbau 4500 to 5500 ft. altitude (Robinson). (14) B. lucida Wail. Cat. 5779A; Prain, l.c. 188. B. emar- ginata Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 278, not of Miller. Big climber roo ft. long, glabrous. Leaves ovate-cordate entire acuminate, coriaceous, glabrous, 3°5 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide, 5- (rarely 7-)nerved; petioles 3 to ‘4 in. long. Panicles of racemes lax, long peduncled, 4 to 6 in. long, 2 in. across, rusty-puberulous ; pedicels 75 in. long or less. Buds clove-shaped. Calyx tomentose, tube cylindric, ‘25 in. long, ‘2 in. across. Petals ovate-oblong bright yellow, claw long, ‘8 in. across, pubescent outside. Stamens Bauhinia.| XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 631 3, fertile. Ovary glabrous except at base; style-15 in. long. Stigma large peltate. Pod narrow oblong woody 3'5 in. long, I in. wide, glabrous. Seeds 4 to 6, orbicular, ‘4 in. across. Hab. Dense and open forests. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang (Wallich 5779). (15) B. Scortechinii Prain, l.c. 188. Large climber, glabrous except at tip of branches. Leaves shallow cordate ovate bifid, lobes narrow, sub-triangular, sinus wide, coriaceous, glabrous above, appressed-hairy beneath; nerves g (rarely 7) elevate beneath, 3°5 to 4 in. long, 2 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles 1°5 in. long, glabrous. Racemes few-flowered, rusty- pubescent; pedicels °5 in. long or less. Bud ‘5 in. long, clove- shaped. Calyx-tube cylindric -25 in. long, lobes -ovate nearly as long. Petals ovate tomentose outside. Stamens 3 (or 4) fertile, hirsute. Ovary pubescent; style glabrous. Stigma peltate. Hab. Perak, Gunong Haram (Arang) Para (Scortechini). (16) B. integrifolia Roxb. Hort. Beng. 90. B. holosericea Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 28. Big climber. Branches, petioles, inflorescence red-velvety, Leaves coriaceous orbicular cordate, entire or retuse at tip; nerves 7 or g elevated beneath, glabrous above, red-velvety beneath, densely on nerves and reticulations, 2 to 2°5 in. long, 2°4 to 3 in. wide; petioles 1°25 in. long. Panicles of a few stout racemes axillary and terminal, 2°5 to 5 in. long; branches with prominent flower-scars, very numerous. Bracts lanceolate-acuminate, ‘I in. long; pedicels slender ‘6 in. long. Buds ovate, sub-acute, the tube shorter. Calyx-tube cylindric, dilate at base, ‘2 in. long, lobes oblong, ‘2 in. long, all hairy. Petals oblong, rather short- clawed, very red-hairy outside, °35 in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Stamens fertile, 3, slender glabrous. Ovary hairy all over; style about as long, slender, glabrous; stigma peltate. Pod woody, firm. 8 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, oblong, blunt, slightly narrowed at tip, brown, scurfy. Seeds flat orbicular, 1-1 in. long. Hab. Northern forests. Pahang, Sungei Jelai (Machado). Perak, Temengoh; Kinta (Murton). Province Wellesley (Kunstler). Penang (Rox- burgh, Wallich). Kelantan, Sungei Lebeh (Yapp). (17) B. flammifera Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 182. B. integrifolia Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BJI. ii. 279; Prain, l.c. 19 (in part), not of Roxburgh. A lofty climber. Branches and tendrils puberulous. Leaves usually deep cordate, ovate, rounded with short wide sinus at top or quite entire (seedling leaves 8 in. across, thin, sinus broad, points acute). Adult leaves 4 to 6 in. long and about as wide; leaves near the inflorescence small 1 in. long, coriaceous, glabrous except nerves beneath, sometimes pubescent; nerves I1; petioles glabrous, 1°75 to 2°25 in. or more long. Flowers in leafy panicles, 12 in. long of dense, many-flowered racemes, 3 to 6 in. long; pedicels slender x in. long, puberulous. Calyx-tube 15 in. long, 632 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. (Bauhinia. lobes ovate acute, ‘2 in. long. Petals obovate, long-clawed °7 in. long, *3 in. wide, densely pubescent, yellow then orange, finally red. Stamens pink. Ovary pubescent, stalked. Stigma small, peltate. Pod oblong, woody, 7 to 8 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, pubescent. Seeds 3 to 5. Hab. Common in most of the forests of the centre of the peninsula, very conspicuous and showy. Malacca, Panchur (Derry). Muar (Feilding). Pahang, Kwala Tenok; Pekan; Kwala Lipis (Machado). Negri Sembilan, Seremban (Napier). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Kinta (Murton); Thaiping (Scortechini). Penang, Balik Pulau (Curtis). Tringganu, Bundi (Rostado). Kelan- tan, Chaning. Distrib. Patalung. Native names: Kankatok; Dau; Akar Dadaup. Use. The bast, which is very strong, used for tying. Baker and other botanists mistook this plant for Roxburgh’s B. integrifolia, but it is clear that Roxburgh intended by his species collected in Penang the entirely northern plant, and not this species. (18) B. Kingii Prain, l.c. 189. ; Small glabrous climber. Branches zigzag. Leaves deeply cordate ovate acuminate, bifid or entire, lobes very short, cori- aceous, glabrous above and beneath, 5-nerved, 3'5 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long. Corymbs axillary and terminal lax, 3 in. long, 2°5 in. wide to 6 in. across and 1 to 1°5 ft. long; pedicels slender, 1:25 in. long, puberulous. Bud clove-shaped. Calyx-tube narrow infundibuliform, -25 in. long, lobes ovate acute as long. Petals bright red oblong-lanceolate obtuse, long-clawed, *8 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, pubescent outside. Stamens 3, hirsute. Ovary pubescent along edges, stalk long; style large, peltate. Pod glabrous, woody, narrowly ovate, narrowed both ends, 2 in. long, *8 in. wide; stipe ‘2 in. long, pubescent. Seeds 1 to 2, ovate. Hab. Hill forests. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). Native name: Akar Suloh. (19) B. Finlaysoniana Grah. Wall. Cat. 5801; Baker, in Hook. Al. FBT un. 2978; Pram, tc. 190: Big climber over roo ft. long, glabrous. Leaves oblong ovate acuminate entire, base slightly cordate, coriaceous glabrous; nerves 5, strongly raised beneath, 3°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles -3 to ‘4 in. long. Racemes dense, axillary and terminal 2 to 3 in. long, rusty-pubescent; pedicels °5 in. long. Buds clove- like. Calyx-tube ‘2 in. long, lobes ovate, ‘25 in. long, ‘2 in. broad, acute, tomentose. Petals orbicular, white or yellow, ‘6 in. long, "5 in. across, pubescent outside. Ovary pubescent on sutures and stalk. Pod linear-oblong, woody 2 in. long, ‘6 in. wide. Seeds 4to6. Hab. Perak, Larut (Kunstler, Scortechini). Penang, base of Government Hill (Curtis). Distvib..Siam. (20) B. Wrayi Prain, l.c. 191. Shrubby creeper 15 to 30 ft. long, glabrous. Leaves ovate truncate (rarely cordate) acuminate acute (rarely obtusely emar- A) el Bauhinia.) XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. 633 ginate), 2 to 3 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide, glabrous above, glaucous beneath; nerves 5; petioles slender ‘5 to ‘6 in. long. Racemes lengthening as the flowers fall, from 1 to 4 in.; rachis with raised scars, glabrous; buds clove-shaped, ‘2 in. long; pedicels very slender, I in. long. Calyx glabrous, tube ‘15 in. long, lobes spathulate as long. Petals broad oblanceolate, long-clawed, edge wavy, sparsely pubescent outside, greenish yellow to pink. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous. Stigma small. Pod obovate or oblong, thin, woody, 2 to 3 in. long, I in. across, glabrous. Seeds 1 to 2, ovate. Hab. On rocks usually at about 1000 ft. altitude. Johor, Gunong Pulai 1000 ft. altitude. Selangor, Ulu Selangor 1000 to 1200 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). (21) B. Curtisii Prain, l.c. 195. Slender woody climber, nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong, base round, tip entire or shortly blunt, bilobed, membranous, glabrous; nerves 5 to 7, 2°5 to 4 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long. Racemes or few-branched panicles, 4 to 6 in. long; pedicels spreading, slender, ‘6 in. long; buds ovate, very small. Calyx-tube campanulate, very small, lobes ovate, ‘15 in. long, puberulous. Petals ‘25 in. long, spathulate, glabrous, white. Stamens 3, longer. Ovary glabrous. Pod linear-oblong, flat, thin, sub-glabrous, 2°5 in. long, *75 in. wide. Seeds 3 to 5. Hab. Lankawi, near the lake and on Terutau (Curtis). (22) B. strychnoidea Prain, l.c. 195. Creeper about 30 ft. long. Stems 1 in. through, glabrous. Leaves ovate acute, base cuneate, coriaceous, glabrous; 3 to 4 strong raised nerves, dark shining green, 3 to 3°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles *75 in. long. Racemes panicled or simple, 8 to 12 in. long; pedicels spreading *75 in. long. Flowers very numerous, small. Calyx-tube campanulate, limb with 5 short teeth, glabrous. Petals spathulate, slightly puberulous inside. "35 in. long, yellow or light red. Stamens 3. Ovary pubescent, Stigma large, peltate. Pod oblong woody, brown-velvety, 3 to 5 in. long, 2 in. wide. Seeds 3 to 5 ovate, ‘1 in. long. Hab. Hills usually limestone. Pahang, Gunong Senyum (Evans). Selangor, Batu Caves on the top of the hill (Kelsall) ; Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill (Burkill). Perak, Goping and Chanderiang (Kunstler); Tam- bun, Ipoh (Ridley). (23) B. micrantha Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 98. A long climber over rocks. Leaves (red and silky when young), bright green ovate, tip shortly bilobed, base broad entire, glabrous except a little red hair at base; nerves 10; 2 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘5 to *75 in. long. Peduncles 2 in. long; raceme corymbi- form I in. long, red-hairy; flowers white; pedicels ‘5 in. long, pubescent. Calyx-tube cylindric, lobes ovate. Petals °5 in. long, oblong rounded, crisped; stem pubescent. Stamens longer, glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Pod oblong, beaked at tip, 3 in. long, 634 XLVII. LEGUMINOSA. (Bauhinia. I in. wide, brown glabrous. Seeds 3, orbicular, ‘3 in. wide. Hab. Limestone rocks and bushes in open country. Perlis, on Bukit Lagi and Chupeng (Ridley). Pahang, Kwala Teku (Seimund). A form with larger petals. (24) B. glabrifolia Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 281; Prain, lc. 193. Slender climber 50 to 80 ft. long. Stem 1 to 5 in. through; branchlets and tendrils silky. Leaves membranous, glabrous, ovate-acuminate, base truncate, entire or bifid, with narrow acute, overlapping lobes; nerves g elevate, 4 to 6 in. long, 3 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles 1°25 to 2 in. long. Panicles 8 in. long, 4 in. wide, of dense small corymbs of small white flowers, grey-silky; buds clove- shaped. Calyx-tube ‘15 in. long, lobes ovate ‘25 in. long, grey- silky. Petals obovate, clawed °3 in. long, grey-silky outside. Stamens 3 glabrous. Ovary silky; style glabrous. Stigma small. Hab. Forests to 1000 ft. altitude. Perak, Goping (Kunstler) ; Blanda Mabok (Wray). Penang, Ayer Hitam and West Hill (Curtis). Distvib. Burma, Borneo. The young leaves are split into two large ovate acuminate lobes down to the petiole. (25) B. bracteata Grah. Wall. Cat. 5802; Baker, in Hook. fil. PBL, i. 282, Climber. Branches tomentose, reddish. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, sub-cordate, lobes 2°5 in. long; nerves I0, 3°5 in. long and as wide; petioles 2 in. long. Panicle g in. long, 7 in. across, much-branched, tomentose; pedicels 1°5 to 2 in. long, pubescent. Calyx-tube very short, silky, lobes 2 ovate-oblong, pubescent, *3 In. long. Petals claw slender, pubescent, 6 in. long; blade cordate, rounded, crisped, greenish white, veins conspicuous, silky-hairy on both surfaces, ‘4 in. long and as wide. Stamens 3, hairy; staminodes 6 glabrous. Ovary hairy at base. Hab. Kedah, Gerun, base of Kedah Peak (Robinson, Haniff). Dzstvib. Siam and Tenasserim. EXCLUDED SPECIES. B. PURPUREA Linn. Sp. Pl. 375. A shrub or tree with large purple (or white) flowers 3 in. across. Planted in gardens and occasionally as an escape into hedges at Tanglin, Singapore. B. DIPHYLLA Ham, Syme, Embassy, p. 476. An Indian plant. The plants referred to it by Baker belonged to two other species. B. TOMENTOSA Linn. Sp. Pl. 375. Gardens only. Shrub; flowers yellow with purple centre. B. ancuInA Roxb. Hort. Beng. Erroneously given as Malayan by Baker; an Indian plant. Cynometra. | XLVI. LEGUMINOS2. . 635 46. CYNOMETRA, Linn. Trees of fairly large size. Leaves of few pinnate coriaceous leaflets. Flowers copious, very small in axillary corymbs or racemes. Calyx-tube short, lobes 4 to 5 imbricate. Petals 5, oblanceolate not exsert. Stamens Io (in C. folyandra indefinite) ; filaments free, exsert filiform; anthers small oblong. Ovary 2-ovuled; style filiform. Pod turgid fleshy, usually rugose brown oblong oblique. Seeds 1. Species 20, tropics generally. C. Cauliflora Linn. Sp. Pl. 382; Prain,l.c.197. The Nam-Nam; Puki anjing, is occasionally cultivated in the Malay Peninsula. It has a short trunk and pink flowers with brown reniform acid fruits about 2 to 3 in. long, borne on the trunk. Stamens Io. Cymes umbelliform; bracts small; leaves I to 2 jugate . : : : ; 5 : . (x) C, ramiflora Racemes sub-spicate, dense; bracts large; leaves 3 jugate ‘ : ; , : : . (2) C. ineequalifolia Stamens 40 to 60. Flowers in axillary corymbs F : ; (3) C. polyandra (x1) C. ramiflora Linn. Sp. Pl. 382; Prain, l.c. 197. A medium tree about 20 to 30 ft. tall or more, branched low down. Leaves 1:2 to 2 in. long, leaflets 2 pairs, obliquely obovate oblong to sub-falcate oblong, coriaceous, dark green, glabrous, I to 5 in. long, *25 to 2°5 in. wide, base oblique, cuneate, tip blunt. Corymbs sub-umbellate, above the axils of fallen leaves, 3 to 6 in. long. Bracts ovate, ‘15 to ‘2 in. across. Calyx-tube very short; sepals 5, ovate lanceolate, white, ‘12 in. long. Petals white, linear-lanceo- late ‘15 in. long, narrower. Stamens 10, ‘25 in. long. Ovary pubescent. Pod rugose oblong or ovoid, tip thickened, °5 in. long, ‘4in. broad. Hab. Tidal rivers and mangroves. Common. Singa- pore, Kranji; Jurong. Johor, Scudai River (Hullett). Dindings, Bruas. Perak, Matang (Wray). Distrib. Ceylon, Malay isles. var. mimosoides Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 269; Prain, l.c. 108. : Leaflets smaller, terminal pair obtuse emarginate, hardly larger than the basal pair. Rare; open swampy country. Setul. Dvs- trib. India, Burma, Ceylon. (2) C. inzequalifolia Gray, Bot. U.S. Expl. Exped. 473; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 267; Prain, l.c. 199. A big tree 80 ft. or more tall with very stout stem. Leaf shoots covered with large white, imbricating bracts. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets 2 to 3 pairs, coriaceous elliptic-oblong, base oblique cuneate, sub-acuminate dark green glabrous sessile 2 to 3 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide. Racemes axillary congested, I to 1°5 in. long, Iin. wide. Btacts close imbricating, hard, ‘25 in. across. Sepals 5, narrow obovate imbricate; tube short, white, ‘2 in. long. Petals white, ‘2 in. long. Stamens 10, ‘4 in. long, slender. Ovary pubes- 636 XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. [Cynometra. cent stipitate. Pod obovoid oblique, woody, 2 to 2°25 in. long, I'5 in. wide, °75 in. thick, not rugose. Hab. Forests; common. Malacca, Selandor (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Serting (Foxworthy). Selangor, Weld’s Hill. Perak, Goping (Kunstler); Kwala Kangsa (Foxworthy). Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur. Penang, Water- fall. I have seen a spray from Pahang, Bukit Lentong, Rumpin, collected by Mr. Yeop of the Forest Department, Selangor, with unifoliate leaves in the axils of which are small tufts of flowers quite similar to typical C. inequali- folia. Possibly only an abnormality. The collector gives the name Kong Katong for it. (3) C. polyandra Roxb. Hort. Beng. 32; Prain, l.c. 200 var. Kurz. : Large tree. Shoots enveloped in imbricating bracts, lower ones ‘3 in. across, inner ones 2 in. long, I in. across. Leaves, 3 pairs of leaflets; rachis puberulous elliptic obovate or oblong, base oblique cuneate, sub-acuminate coriaceous, dark green, paler beneath, 2°5 to 5°5 in. long, I to 2°5 in. across. Corymbs axillary sessile, 2 in. long, 1°5 in. across; pedicels pubescent, *6 to I in. long. Calyx-tube short, lobes obovate, imbricate, white. Petals 5 lanceolate as long and narrower, white. Stamens 40 to 60; anthers versatile. Ovary pubescent. Pod oblique oblong, woody, wrinkled 2 to 2°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide. Hab. Forests. Malacca, Batu Tiga (Holmberg). Penang Hill (Jack, Curtis); Kelantan, Kwala Lebir (Gimlette). The typical form is Indian, it has smooth pods. Native names: Malangkan; Bulangkan; Katang. 47. TAMARINDUS, Linn. A big tree with pinnate leaves. Leaflets 10 to 20 pairs, oblong small; racemes often panicled. Calyx-tube turbinate, lobes 4, ovate acute. Petals 3, obovate-oblong. Stamens 3, connate, nearly half their length, alternating with bristle-like staminodes. Ovary stipitate; style short; ovules 8 to 10. Fruit linear-oblong, brown pulpy. (x) T. indica Linn. Sp. Pl. 34; Prain, l.c. 201. T. officinalis Bot. Mag. 4563. Leaves 2 to 6 in. long. Leaflets °35 to 1°25 in. long, ‘2 to ‘3 in. across; racemes 2 to 4 in. long. Flowers about ‘5 in. across. Petals yellowish with pink stripes. Pod 3 to 8 in. long, scurfy- brown outside, pithy green inside, 1 in. through. Cultivated chiefly in the north at Penang and Province Wellesley, and has occurred as an escape in Singapore on a rocky island in the Johor Strait (as a shrub), and in Selangor and Kedah. Probably a native of Africa. Native names: Asam Jawa; the Tamarind. Sindora.| XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 637 48. SINDORA, Miq. Big trees. Leaves even-pinnate; leaflets few, stiff, coriaceous. Flowers panicled. Calyx with short tube, basal disc; 4 segments. Petal 1. Stamens 10, upper ones free, sterile, others monadelphous, hairy, unequal, 2 upper ones fertile, the rest alternately short and long, antherless or sterile; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary pubescent, 2 to 5 ovules, stalked; style long circinate. Pod round or oblong; valves thin, woody, usually covered with prickles. Seed r to 2; testa hard, black; funiculus large thick arillate. Species 9, Indo-China, Malaya. Native names: Saputi or Sepetir. Fic. 56.—Sindora Wallichii. Pods spiny. Leaflets 3 pairs; panicle pubescent; leaflets pubes- cent beneath . : ‘ : : : ch NG) Leaflets 3 pairs; panicle tomentose; spines fewer and thicker on calyx . : c : : a) Leaflets 3 pairs; panicle pubescent, hairy; leaflets large, quite glabrous . : : ; : - (3) S. siamensis Leaflets 5 to 6 pairs, densely pubescent beneath (4) S. velutina Pod unarmed; leaves glabrous beneath : (5) S. coriacea (1) S. Wallichii Benth. Ic. Pl. 1017 and 1018; Pravin, l.c. 203. S. echinocalyx Prain, l.c. 204. Very big tree. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long; rachis puberulous; leaflets 3 pairs, oblong, acute or round at both ends, 1°5 to 3°25 in. S. Wallichii I S. intermedia _ 205 638 XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. [Sindora. long, 1 in. wide, glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Stipules large semi-lunar ‘6 in. long. Panicle 6 to 8 in. long, nearly as wide, pubescent. Flowers in spirals. Bracts ovate blunt, °4 in. long, pubescent beneath. Calyx-lobes ‘24 in. long, ovate acute, spinescent outside, olive green. Petal as long, densely hairy inside. Stamens pubescent, white. Pod orbicular to oblong, 3 in. long, 2 in. across, spiny-brown outside. Seed flat round, black, arillate, funicle orbicular, yellow. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Gardens. Malacca, Ayer Panas. Dindings (Fox). Negri Sembilan, Tanjong Agas (Foxworthy). Native name: Saputi Sindo. I fail to see any difference between S. Wallichii and S. echinocalyx Prain. (2) S. intermedia Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 268; Prain, l.c. 204. Over roo ft. tall. Leaves 4 to 6in. long ; rachis puberulous ; leaflets 3 pairs, oblong round or acute at both ends, coriaceous, puberulous beneath. Stipules small. Panicles 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide, tomentose rachis zigzag. Bracts ovate acute, °3 in. long. Calyx- lobes 4, *25 in. long, ovate acute with few spines at tip, spinescent outside. Petal reddish, as long hairy. Stamens hairy. Pod wide, oblong, obliquely round at base, spiny outside, 2 in. long, 2°5 to 3°5in. across. Seeds usually 2. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Changi; B’lakang Mati (Murton). Johor, Gunong Pantai. Dindings, Lumut; Gunong Tungul (Curtis). Province Wellesley (Fox). Native name: Saputi Sindo. Near S. Wallichii, but more tomentose, with stouter panicle and fewer and thicker spines on calyx. (3) S. siamensis Teysm. Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iii. 86. Gigantic tree. Leaves about 12 in. long; leaflets 6, coriaceous elliptic retuse or blunt, tip and base rounded, glabrous; nerves numerous fine; 6 in. long, 3 in. wide; petiolules ‘25 in. long. Panicles ro in. long with branches 1°5 in. long, pubescent, hairy. Flowers crowded, numerous; pedicels ‘I in. long. Bracts ovate, hairy as long. Sepals ‘25 in. long, hairy, warted. Stamens nearly glabrous. Pistil densely yellow-hairy. Pod oblong orbicular, 2°5 in. long and wide, glabrous, spiny. Hab. In rocky hill woods, rare. Kelantan Gunong, Kota Bharu (Ridley). Dzstvib. Siam. Stipules in seedlings very large, oblique ovate-lanceolate acute. (4) S. velutina Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 269; Prain, Lc. Big tree. Branchlets, panicle and underside of leaves densely red-tomentose. Leaves 5 to 7 in. long; leaflets 5 to 6 pairs, oblong- elliptic blunt, base rounded, glabrous above, 3°5 in. long, 1°6 in. wide; petiolules tomentose ‘o5 in. long. Panicles 6 in. long; branches thick, 1°5 in. long. Sepals oblong, °25 in. long, densely hairy tomentose, as is the petal. Stamens hairy. Ovary hairy. Hab. Malacca (Maingay), very rare. Native name: Saputi Jantan. Sindora.| XLVII. LEGUMINOS#. 639 (5) S. coriacea Prain, l.c. 206. A big tree 60 to 7o ft. tall. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long, glabrous; leaflets 4 pairs very coriaceous elliptic acumin- ate blunt, base rounded; nerves very fine, finely reticulate, 2 to 3 in. long, 1°25 to 1°5 in. wide; petiolules °25 in. long. Stipules small. Panicles 12 to 18 in. long; branches distant, spreading 2 in. long. Flowers distant, softly downy. Calyx-lobes 4 not prickly, obovate. Petal 1. Stamens hairy at base. Pod oblong obovate woody, 3 in. long, 2°25 in. wide, quite unarmed, resinous. Seeds 2 to 3. Hab. Local in forests. Pahang, Temerloh (Fox- worthy). Malacca, Chabau (Cantley). Selangor, Banji (Fox- worthy). Penang Waterfall and Telok Bahang (Curtis). Native name: Saputi Minyak. In Penang called Merabau erroneously. Use: A fine furniture wood. 49. AFZELIA, Smith. Trees, sometimes vast. Leaves even-pinnate; leaflets opposite, few, coriaceous. Flowers in large terminal panicles. Calyx disc produced to top of elongated tube; lobes 4, imbricate unequal. Petal 1, orbicular, clawed. Stamens 3, perfect; filaments long, pilose. Pod large, oblong, flattened, woody. Seeds several not arillate. Species 10 to 12, Old World tropics. Leaflets 4, rarely 2; small trees. Inflorescence glabrous . ‘ ; ; . (1) A. retusa Inflorescence puberulous . : : : . (2) A, bijuga Leaflets 8 to 10; large tree. p ; : . (3) A. palembanica (x1) A. retusa Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. (2), 73; Baker, in Hook. fil. F BA. u..274; Pram, 1.c..207. isee.15 to 20 ft: tally. Stem 6 to 8 in. through. Leaves 3’ to 6 in. long; leaflets 2 pairs glabrous, sub-coriaceous, oblong, base rounded, blunt retuse, 2 to 4 in. long, 1°2 to 2 in. wide; petiolules "I5 in. long. Panicle or simple raceme 2°5 in. long, terminal, glabrous; pedicels ‘5 in. long, thick. Calyx glabrous, tube slightly dilated upwards, °5 in. long, lobes 4, oblong, °35 in. long. Petal “7 in. long; limb ‘6 in. wide, claw slender, pubescent, pink or white. Stamens pink, 1°25 in. long. Pod 5 to 6 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, oblong, coriaceous. Seeds orbicular I in. across. Hab. Common in tidal rivers. Singapore, Toas. Malacca, Sungei Doon (Griffith). Negri Sembilan, Pengkalan Kempas (Foxworthy). Dindings, Pangkor (Scortechini). Perak, Matang (Wray). Dzstrib. Ganges delta, Andamans. Native name: Merabau Ayer. (2) A. bijuga A. Gray, Bot. Amer. Explor. Exped. 467, t. 51. Tree 50 ft. or less. Leaves as in A. retusa, but thinner and longer, more acuminate; panicles more branched with more flowers, pubescent, 6 in. long, 4 in. wide. Pod longer, 6 to 8 in. long, 2°5 in. wide. Hab. Sea coasts, apparently rare, Singapore (Wallich). 640 XLVII. LEGUMINOSE. [A feelia. Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis). Dzstvib. Mascarene islands to Poly- nesia. Possibly only a variety of retusa. (3) A. palembanica Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 275; Prain, l.c. 209. A eatitte buttressed tree over roo ft. tall, 2 to 4 ft. through. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets 4 pairs (rarely 3 or 5), sub- coriaceous, glabrous oblong, base slightly oblique, round or cordate, tip rounded blunt, 2 to 4 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petiolules ‘I5 in. long. Panicles corymbose, terminal, 3°5 in. long, 2°5 in. across, pubescent. Calyx-tube cylindric, ‘2 in. long, lobes 4, oblong, ‘25 in. long, downy. Petal °35 in. long, limb oblong, white. Stamens pubescent, claret-colour. Pod ro to 12 in. long, 3 to 5 in. wide, oblong, woody. Seeds oblong, 1°25 in. long. Hab. Forests of the whole peninsula. Pahang, Rumpin (Foxworthy). Malacca (Maingay, Griffith). NegriSembilan. Selangor,abundant. Perak, Gopeng and Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). Dzstrib. Sumatra. Native name: Merabau. Use: A very valuable timber for building, furniture, sleepers, etc. 50. SARACA, Linn. Shrubs or medium trees. Leaves even-pinnate; leaflets glab- rous, coriaceous. Stipules large. Flowers in dense corymbs on old nodes with coloured bracts, red or yellow. .Calyx petaloid, limb 4-cleft, tube cylindric, crowned with a lobed disc. Petals o. Stamens 2 to 8 exsert; filaments filiform, long; anthers versatile. Ovary stalked, often rudimentary; style long, filiform. Stigma minute. Pod flat, coriaceous often very large, oblong pink. Seeds several ellipsoid flat. Species 16, Indo-Malayan. Leaves 7-foliate; corymbs large; flowers yellow; trees. Bracts large, coloured. Corymbs very large, often 9 in. through; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acute . : : . (1) S. thaipingensis Corymbs smaller, peduncled. Leaves oblong-acute; calyx-lobes one-third length of tube . c . (2) S. declinata Leaves elliptic blunt, short, strong- nerved . (3) S. cauliflora Leaves 2- to 3-jugate; calyx lobes as long as tube. Bracts large; petiolules ‘25 in. long : Bracts small; petiolules 2 in. long. (4) S. Kunstleri Leaflets 1 to 2 pairs; stamens 7 to 8 - ue ( ( 5) S. bijuga ) 6) §. macroptera 7) §. palembanica Leaflets 4 to 7; stamens 3 to 4. Pedicels and ovary glabrous . Pedicels and ovary puberulous . Leaves 2- to 4-jugate; corymbs lax, red; bush sub- scandent toasmalltree . (8) S. triandra (1) S. thaipingensis Caniley, in Leben: bes DER, A low-branched tree about 20 to 30 ft. tall. Stemthick. Leaves and rachis 12 to 16 in. long; leaflets sub-coriaceous, dark green, 5 to 8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate acuminate, 12 to 16 in. long, 4 to Saraca.| XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. 641 5 in. wide. Corymbs on the old wood, 6 to 12 in. across. Bracts large, caducous, yellow. Flowers very numerous. Calyx-tube I in. long; lobes yellow, mouth at length deep red, oblong, °5 in. long. Stamens 4. Ovary stalked, puberulous on sutures. Pod 15 to 18 in. long, 3°25 in. wide, oblong, dark rose pink. Hab. Common in forests. Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Selangor, Batu Caves; Ginting Bidai (Kloss); Ulu Gombak. Perak, Thaiping Hills. Native names: Gapis; Talan. (2) S. declinata Mzq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 84. Tree about 20 ft. tall. Leaflets oblong-acute acuminate rather stiff, Io by 4 in.; nerves somewhat prominent, about 12 pairs. Corymbs distinctly peduncled, 12 in. long, 9 in. wide. Calyx-tube 1'5 in. long, lobes °3 in. oblong blunt. Stamens 4, rarely 7. Hab. Hill forests. Perak Hills, Thaiping Hills; Sira Rimau, Gunong Inas (Yapp). Disivib. Java. I am not clear which of this set of Java species Miquel intended by his declinata, as there are more than one in Java, but this species is identical with the plant so named by Koorders. Prain’s S. declinata, l.c. 211, is a mixture. (3) S. cauliflora Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. it. 272. Tree. Leaflets 5 pairs, rather stiff, elliptic, blunt 5 in. long, 3 in. wide; nerves about 8 pairs, rather strongly elevate; petioles ‘2 in. long. Corymbs on branches 6 in. wide; peduncles I to 5 in. long or quite short. Bracts lanceolate-acute. Sepals ‘3 in. long yellow; pedicels and tube ‘5 in. long. .Stamens 4 to 7. Pod ““red brown,” 12 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, beaked. Seed 1°75 in. long. Hab. Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Ulu Kenering (Wray). Baker’s type (in part) the Malacca plant has four stamens, Wray’s (apparently identical) seven, but I believe the number of stamens varies in some species. The small corymb and short, blunt, strongly-nerved leaflets distinguish it. (4) S. Kunstleri Prain, /.c. 213. Tree 20 to 40 ft. tall. Stem 3 to 5 in. through. Leaves, rachis 5 to ro in. long; leaflets 2 to 3 pairs, ovate acuminate, base cuneate, upper ones 8 to Io in. long, 3°5 to 4 in. wide, lower ones 3°5 to 4 in. long, 2 to 2°25 in. wide, chartaceous, glabrous; nerves 6 to 9 pairs, prominent beneath; petiolules ‘25 in. long. Corymbs panicled on terminal peduncles, 8 to 12 in. long, glabrous. Calyx tube and pedicel very short, ‘4 to °5 in. long. Sepals ovate-oblong, ‘2 in. long; filaments 7. Pod falcate, 4 to 6in. long, 1°5 in. wide. Seeds 5 to 6, ovate, *5 in. long, *7 in. wide. Hab. Rare in rocky jungle. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih, 1500 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (5) S. bijuga Prain, l.c. 214. Small tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Stem 6 in. to 2 ft. thick, glabrous. Leaves, rachis 1 in. long; leaflets sub-coriaceous one or two pairs oblong-lanceolate acute, base of terminal pair oblique, upper margin rounded, base cuneate, lower pair round or sub-cordate, FLM.P., 1. EE 642 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. [Saraca. 4 to Io in. long, 1 to 2°75 in. wide; petiolules under ‘1 in. long. Corymbs dense 4 to 5 in. across, axillary. Calyx orange at length light red, tube *25 in. long, lobes 4 or 5, blunt, nearly as long. Stamens 7 or 8, dark pink. Ovary stalked, puberulous along sutures (in most flowers rudimentary). Pod reddish yellow, 6 to 8 in. long, 2°35 in. wide; stalk -2 in. long. Seeds 4 to 6. Hab. Forests by stream edges. Perak, Batu Togoh (Wray), Kota (Wray); Kinta and Larut (Kunstler) ; Temengoh (Ridley). (6) S. macroptera Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 1080; Prain, l.c. 215. Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall. Stem 4 to 6in. through. Leaves, rachis 4 to 15 in. long; leaflets rigidly coriaceous 4- to 7-paired, oblong- lanceolate cuspidate, base unequally rounded; nerves 12 pairs prominent beneath, 5 to 12 in. long, 1°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petiolules ‘15 in. long. Flowers in dense corymbs, fascicled in leaf axils and on old nodes, I in. long, I°5 in. across. Calyx bright yellow, tube slender, 2°25 in. long, lobes 4, oblong, shorter. Stamens 3 to 4 twice as long. Disc crenately lobed. Hab. Low wet ground in dense jungle. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Dvzsivib. Sumatra, Borneo. (7) S. palembanica (Mzq.) Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 272; Prain, l.c. 216. Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall. Stem 8 to 1o in. through.” Leayes rachis 8 in. long; leaflets coriaceous, 4 to 7 pairs, oblong, shortly abruptly acuminate, base unequally rounded; nerves about 12 pairs, 5 to 14 in. long, 2°5 to 4°5 in. wide; petiolules °15 in. long. Corymbs fascicled on old nodes 2 in. long and nearly as wide;. bracts and bracteoles ‘2 in. long. Peduncles and pedicels pubes- cent. Calyx orange yellow, tube slender °35 in. long, puberulous, lobes oblong *25 in. long. Stamens 4 (or 3) much longer. Ovary stalked, hairy. Hab. Dense low wet forest. Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Province Wellesley, Kubang Ulu (Curtis). (8) S. triandra Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 272; Prain, l.c. 216. Slender tree, or often a sarmentose shrub about 15 to 20 ft. tall. Leaves, rachis 1°5 to 3 in. long; leaflets sub-coriaceous 2 to 3 (rarely 4) pairs, oblanceolate-oblong, blunt or short acuminate, base cuneate, 5 to 12 in. long, 2 to 6 in. wide; nerves prominent beneath; petiolule ‘15 in. long. Corymbs lax, panicled usually in axils 5 to 8 in. long and as wide. Bracteoles persistent °25 in. long, red. Calyx salmon red, tube slender, °25 in. long, as long as the four oblong lobes. Stamens 3 to 4, nearly three times as long; filaments purplish. Ovary long-stalked, pubescent. Pod oblong, obliquely rounded at base and blunt at tip, lower suture forming a beak, ‘25 in. long, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 1°75 in. wide, brown, puberulous. Hab. Common in forests. Malacca, Kesang Road (Hervey); Panchur (Derry); Sungei Hudang; Jus (Goodenough). a Saraca.| XLVI. LEGUMINOS2. 643 Dindings, Lumut (Curtis). Province Wellesley, Bukit Panchur. Pahang, Sungei Jelai (Machado); Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tangga, Seremban (Napier). Perak, Thaiping; Ayer Larut (Wray), Penang Hill (Curtis). Kedah, Gerun near Kedah Peak (Haniff). Kelantan, Kwala Lebir. Dizstvizb. Sumatra, Borneo. 51. LEUCOSTEGANE, Prain. Small tree. Leaves equal-pinnate, stipellate. Stipules large foliaceous, connate. Flowers small. Calyx infundibuliform; tube fleshy; lobes 4. Petals small, 2 in calyx throat between upper and lateral sepals. Stamens 2 perfect; anthers ovoid. Staminodes 2. Ovary stipitate, oblong; style filiform. Pod oblong compressed, apiculate. Species 1. (1) L. latistipulata Prain, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. ix. 37, t. 46. Saraca latistipulata Prain, l.c. 217. Small tree. Branches pubescent. Leaves, rachis 7 to 8 in. long; leaflets coriaceous, oblong cuspidate, base rounded slightly oblique, 2 to 5 in. long, *75 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘x in. long, thick. Stipules 75 to 1 in. long, ovate-acuminate. Flowers from nodes on old wood below the leaves, white; pedicels *1 in. long. Calyx-tube ‘15 in. long, lobes longer narrow oblong. Stamens pink. Pod oblong, apex truncate with a prominent beak, base narrowed 2 in. long, *75 in. wide, pink. Hab. Very local in thick hill-forest. Dindings, in forest at Lumut (Ridley). 52. CRUDIA, Schreb. Trees, sometimes very large or shrubs. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaf-rachis sometimes prolonged beyond the last leaflet; leaflets distinctly alternate, rarely sub-opposed. Stipels 0. Flowers small in racemes, terminating, or in clusters at the bases of, the new leafy shoots. Calyx-tube very short with a short disc; lobes 4, oblong or ovate imbricate, persistent reflexed in flower. Petals o. Stamens 10 (or 8 to g) exsert; filaments free, filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary hairy few-ovuled, stalked; style filiform, in- curved. Stigma small capitate. Pod-valves rounded, coriaceous, compressed. Seeds 1 or few. Species about 12, Malayan; g to to American and 2 Indian and African. Leaflets 11 to 13 oblong lanceolate . F : - (1) C. Scortechinii Leaflets 7 to 9. Leaflets, back and pod velvety; rachis prolonged beyond the last leaflet . : . : : Rachis not prolonged. Leaflets glabrous; raceme glabrous : Leafiets puberulous beneath; raceme pubescent Leaflets 4, alternate; raceme 12 in. long, glabrous Leaflets 3 or 4, sub-opposite; raceme dense, 2 in. long, velvety . ‘ é 5 5 - : C. caudata C. Curtisii ) C. glauca ) C. penduliflora . (6) C. Evansi 644 XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. [Crudia. Leaflets 3. Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, glaucous beneath ; flowers subsessile : f , : : ; . (7) ©. brevipes Leaflets lanceolate acuminate; flowers pedicelled . (8) C. lanceolata Leaflets oblanceolate, 2 in. long; flowers pedicelled (9) C. Wrayi Leaflets ovate-oblong, 6 by 3 in. coriaceous . 10) C. gracilis (x1) C. Scortechinii Prazn, l.c. 220. Tree 80 to go ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves odd- pinnate, 6 to 8 in. long; leaflets 11 to 13 with petiolules 2 in. long and rachis tawny-pubescent, alternate lanceolate acuminate, base obliquely rounded, glabrous above, glaucescent beneath, 2 in. long, ‘4 in. wide. Racemes at the end and bases of new leafy shoots pubescent, 3 to 6 in. long. Flowers °2.in. long. Calyx-tube very short lined by a disc; lobes 4, pubescent on both sides. Stamens g; filaments glabrous, free, alternating short and long. Ovary densely hairy; stalk as long as calyx-tube. Pod oblong, obliquely rounded at both ends, villous-brown wrinkled 2°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide. Seed 1. Hab. Perak, Goping (Scortechini). (2) C. caudata Prain, l.c. 219. A small tree. Branches densely red-tomentose. Leaves, rachis tomentose, I°5 to 2 in. long; leaflets 5 to 7 on tomentose petiolules ‘Ir in. long, coriaceous, glabrous above; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, elevate, tomentose beneath, oblanceolate, base narrowed blunt, tip long caudate (tail °75 in. long), 2°5 to 4 in. long, I in. across. Racemes narrow; rachis tomentose; pedicels stout, ‘25 in. long. Calyx- tube very short; lobes rusty-tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Ovary rusty-velvety; stalk as long as calyx-tube. Pod linear- oblong, short-stalked, tip obtuse apiculate, 2 in. long, 75 in. across, red-pubescent. Hab. Johor, Tanjong Kupang (Ridley). (3) C. glauca Prain, l.c. 221. Tree 50 to 70 ft. tall, 1°5 to 2°5 ft. through. Leaves 4 to 4°5 "in. long, glabrous; leaflets 7 to 8, alternate or sub-opposite, oblanceo- late-oblong, base obliquely rounded, obtusely cuspidate, 2°5 to 4in. long, 1:25 to 1°75 in. wide, papery, glaucous beneath. Racemes dense, narrow glabrous, 3 to 5 in. long. Flowers unknown. Pod oblong tapering at both ends to a stalk ‘25 in. long, beaked, puberu- lous, reticulate 4 in. long, 2 in. wide, firmly coriaceous. Seed 1, oblong. Hab. Dense forest on limestone hills. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). (4) C. Curtisii Prain, l.c. 220; King, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 1x. 38, pl. 47: Tree 80 to 150 ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through, with spreading top. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long; rachis and petiolules puberulous; leaflets 7 to g, alternate oblong, short, blunt acuminate, base rounded or oblique, membranous to sub-coriaceous, green, glabrous above, glaucous puberulous beneath, 2 to 3°5 in. long, I to 1°5 in. wide. Racemes 4 to 6 in. long, lax, many-flowered ; rachis grey-pubescent ; pedicels slender ‘6 in. long. Calyx-tube short; lobes 4, pubescent Crudia. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. 645 outside only. Stamens 10; filaments glabrous. Ovary downy; stalk longer than calyx-tube. Pod oblong, obliquely rounded at base, brown-pubescent, reticulate, 3 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide; valves coriaceous. Seedi. Hab. Forests. Pahang, Rumpin River (Fox- worthy). Malacca, Bukit Sadanen (Derry); Batang Malacca (Holmberg). Selangor, Kepong (Burn-Murdoch). Perak, Thaiping and Goping (Kunstler). Penang Hill (Curtis). Native names : Kempas Ruman; Kempas Sawang; Natal. The var. Wallichit Prain, is based on specimens collected by Wallich 5983 and 8089. They are leaf-specimens only, very hairy and quite indeter- minable. (5) C. penduliflora Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 3. Tree. Leaves with 4 alternate leaflets, distant elliptic, cuspidate, rounded at both ends, thin, coriaceous; nerves 6 pairs, I to 4 in. long, I°5 in. wide; cusp ‘5 in. long; petiolules thick, ‘12 in. long. Racemes simple pendulous, 12 in. long; flowers ‘12 in. long, nearly sessile. Buds ovoid. Calyx-tube short; lobes 4, ovate, glabrous. Stamens 5; filaments slender. Ovary red-haired, conic. Hab. Malacca, base of Mt. Ophir on Gunong Mering (Ridley). (6) C. Evansi Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 133. “ Climbing plant,” glabrous. Leaves 6 in. long; leaflets 3 or 4, thinly coriaceous, broad elliptic, shortly blunt acuminate, base very shortly narrowed, 6-nerved with nervules and reticulations nearly as conspicuous, 4 in. long, 2 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Raceme dense; rachis thick scurfy-velvety, 2 in. long, brownish. Stamens Io, glabrous. Ovary densely hairy. Hab. Pahang, Gunong Senyum (Evans). Mr. Evans says this is a climbing plant; all the rest of the species are trees, (7) C. brevipes Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 183. Tree 16 ft. tall. Branchlets slender, white. Leaves rather thin; leaflets 3, elliptic-lanceolate, cuspidate, base shortly narrowed glaucous beneath; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, 2°5 in. long, 1 to 1°75 in. wide; petiolules ‘25 in. long. Racemes 5 in. long, slender dense ; flowers numerous; pedicels under ‘05 in. long. Sepals 4, oblong, blunt, ‘o8 in. long. Stamens 6; filaments long; anthers cordate. Ovary woolly hairy; style glabrous, filiform. Stigma small. Hab. Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur (Ridley). Native name: Poko Bebaru. (8) C. lanceolata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 29. Glabrous tree? Leaves, rachis 1°5 in. long; leaflets 3, sub- coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate acuminate obtuse, base rounded, quite glabrous; nerves fine, 7 pairs with reticulations conspicuous beneath, 3°5 to 5°75 in. long; petiolules ‘r in. long, thick. Raceme about 6 in. long, puberulous. Flowers distant, °3 in. across. on puberulous pedicels 3 in. long. Calyx-tube short, puberulous, 646 XLVI. LEGUMINOS2. [(Crudia. lobes oblong, reflexed, puberulous outside. Stamens glabrous. Ovary dense, pale-woolly; stalk very short. Hab. Lankawi, Gunong Raya (Haniff). (9) C. Wrayi Prazn, l.c. 222. Small tree, glabrous. Leaves, rachis slender I in. long; leaflets 3, alternate, oblanceolate, base cuneate, apex acute or acuminate, I°5 to 2'5 in. long, ‘5 to ‘I in. wide; nerves fine. Racemes dense 2 to 8 in. long. Flowers numerous; rachis puberulous; pedicels ‘2 in. long. Calyx-tube very short; lobes 4 faintly puberulous outside, glabrous within. Stamens 8 to 9. Ovary densely pubes- cent; stalk as long as tube. Hab. Perak, Sungei Larut (Wray). (x10) C. gracilis Prain, l.c. 223. A shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves, rachis °75 to 1 in. long; leaflets 3 (rarely 2), with stout petiolules ‘2 in. long, ovate-oblong- lanceolate, base cuneate, tip caudate, stiffly papery 4°5 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide. Flowers pale yellow i in narrow sparse spikes, Io to 12in. long; rachis glabrous. Stamens 8 tog. Ovary shortly stipitate densely pubescent; stalk shorter than calyx-tube. Hab. Dense forest. Perak, Thaiping (Kunstler). EXCLUDED SPECIES C. spEcIOSA Prain, l.c. 222, is from Pungah, outside our boundary. 53. PELTOPHORUM, Vogel. Medium-sized trees. Leaves even-pinnate with numerous narrow oblong leaflets. Flowers usually bright yellow in axillary or panicled terminal racemes. Calyx with a disc at the base, teeth sub-equal, deep cut. Petals oblong or rounded imbricate. Stamens 10, free, declinate, a dense tuft of hairs at the base; anthers linear- oblong. Ovary sessile; ovules free; style long. Stigma peltate. Pod oblong, flat indehiscent, thin, winged broadly on each suture. Species 7 or 8, cosmopolitan in the tropics. Pedicels short not longer than calyx; indumentum pubescent : z - (1) P. ferrugineum Pedicels 3 to 4 times as ‘long as calyx; indumentum red-tomentose . : : 4 . (2) P. dasyrachis (1) P. ferrugineum Benth. Fl. Austral. 11. 279; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 257; Prain, l.c. 224. Tree about 60 to 8o ft. tall, low-spreading. Branchlets thinly tomentose. Leaves 6 to 12 in. long; petioles r to 1°5 in. long, sparsely tomentose, pinnz 16 to 20, 4 to 6 in. long; leaflets ligulate- oblong, sessile, *5 to °75 in. long, *35 in. wide. Racemes in a large terminal panicle 12 in. long, 8 to g in. across, rusty pubescent ; pedicels ‘15 to °25 in. long. Calyx-lobes ovate- lanceolate, *25 in. long, rusty-pubescent outside. Corolla 1°25 in. across. Petals ‘*8 in. long, orange yellow, base densely hairy, edges ciliate. Pod OO EE OE ——— UM Peltophorum.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS. 647 2 to 4 in. long, I in. wide, glabrous longitudinally veined outside. Hab. Common near the sea. A beautiful tree, often planted in gardens. Singapore, Changi. Johor, Tana Runto. Malacca (Griffith, Hervey). Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur (Fox). Penang, Telok Bahang. Pulau Adang. Lankawi, Terutau (Curtis) ; Distrib. Tenasserim, Cambodia, Malaya, Australia. (2) P. dasyrachis Kurz; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 257. A tree resembling the last, but branches, petioles, rachis, inflores- cence thickly red-tomentose. Leaves rather longer. Racemes 6 to 9 in. long; pedicels 1 to 1°5 in. long. Calyx densely velvety out- side. Corolla large, 1°5 in. across, base hairy, edges glabrous. Pod 4 to 5 in. long, 1°25 to 1°4 in. wide, puberulous not veined outside. Hab. Sea-coasts and open forests. Malacca, common. Bukit Bruang (Griffith); Batu Berendam (Maingay); Selandor and Sungei Hudang (Cantley). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Distrib. Siam, Sumatra. Native name: Batai. Use: Wood used for dyeing red. 54. MEZONEURON, Desf. Robust, very prickly climbers. Leaves even-pinnate. Flowers in panicled racemes, showy. Calyx very oblique, tube long or short, lobes imbricate, lowest largest, hooded. Disc in tube. Petals obovate spathulate or oblong. Stamens free, declinate. Ovary declinate, few- or many-ovuled; style filiform; stigma small. Pod large, thin, oblong, upper suture broad-winged. Seeds compressed orbicular. Species 15, Old World tropics. Calyx deep-cleft; tube short; anterior lobe deep- hooded . : : - : - as : Calyx shallow-cleft; tube long; anterior lobe short-hooded - . (1) M. Kunstleri (2) M. sumatranum. (1) M. Kunstleri Pra, /.c. 233. A big climber with a few prickles. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long, pinne 4 to 6, 4 to 5 in. long; leaflets 6 to 8, alternate, sub-coriaceous, ovate, base and tip cuneate, ‘5 to 1°25 in. long, 35 to "75 in. wide; petiolules ‘15 in. long. Panicles of racemes large 1°5 to 2 ft. long ; racemes 8 to Io in. long puberulous; pedicels slender, *35 to °45 in. long. Calyx leathery, anterior sepal hooded, the rest orbicular, tube very short. Corolla expanded, yellow. Petals ovate-orbicular. Stamens far exsert. Hab. Perak at Sungei Rayah (Kunstler). (2) M. sumatranum W. and A. Prodr. i. 1081; Prain, l.c. 235. A robust, very prickly climber, glabrous. Leaves 1 to 1°5 ft. long; pinne 6 to Io, 8 to 12 in. long; leaflets 6 to 8, alternate, coriaceous, obovate-oblong emarginate apiculate, 1°5 to 2 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Panicles of erect racemes terminal or axillary, many-flowered very showy. Racemes 5 to 6 in. long; rachis thick. Calyx leathery, anterior sepal orbicular °25 in. long, others half as large, tube ‘5 in. long. Corolla 648 XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. (Mezoneuron. "5 in. long; petals sub-equal not expanded, all flame-colour, tipped green. Stamens hardly exsert yellow. Pod very thin, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°35 in. wide, red. Seeds 3 or 4. Hab. Common in edges of woods and open country. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Kranji. Malacca (Griffith). Selangor, Labu River. Perak, Thaiping (Scortechini). Dindings, Lumut at Simpit. Province Wellesley, Ara Kuda (Curtis). Distrib. Sumatra. Native rame: Akar Darah Blut (Eel’s blood). 55. PTEROLOBIUM, R. Br. Stout prickly woody climbers. Leaveseven-bipinnate. Flowers in panicled racemes. Calyx deep cleft, disc near the base; lobes imbricate, lowest one longer and hooded. Petals spreading, oblong, clawed, as long as calyx. Stamens Io, free, hardly exsert. Ovary sessile, 1-ovuled; style filiform. Fruit a samara with a large oblique terminal wing. Species 7, Africa, Indo-Malaya, China, Australia. (1) P. densiflorum Prain, l.c. 236. A large pubescent climber armed with hooks and _ prickles. Leaves 4 to 8 in. long; pinne 8 to 16, 3 in. long; leaflets 14 to 16, narrow-oblong, blunt unequally rounded on both sides, ‘6 in. long, ‘25 in. wide, sub-coriaceous. Racemes dense in panicles; I00- to 200-flowered ; rachis puberulous, 1°5 ft. long. Calyx puberulous, lowest sepal *3 in. long. Corolla yellow. Pod 2 in. long, base turgid, wing ‘5 to *7 in. wide. Hab. Forests, very local. Penang, base of hill Waterfall, to the altitude of 2500 ft. (Maingay and Curtis) ; Ayer Hitam (Fox). 56. CHSSALPINIA, Linn. Trees, shrubs or woody thorny climbers. Leaves large, bi- pinnate. Flowers yellow (rarely red) in axillary racemes. Calyx deep cleft, disc at the base; lobes imbricate, lowest the largest, hooded. Petals spreading, orbicular, clawed, upper one smaller. Stamens 10, free; anthers versatile. Ovary few-ovuled; style filiform. Pod oblong or ligulate, flat or turgid, smooth or spiny. Species about 40, tropics. C. pulcherrima Sw. Obs. 166. A well-known garden shrub with yellow or red flowers, probably a native of S. America, is common in cultivation. 1. GUILANDINA. Very thorny shrubs; pod prickly; seeds grey globose. Leaves stipulate; leaflets small,*5 in. long . . (1) C. Bonducella Leaves not stipulate; leaflets larger, 1°5 to 2 in. long : : 5 : : : . (2) C. Bondue ii. EU-C#SALPINIA. Pods unarmed, thin-valved. Trees. Stipules 0; flowers *75 in. across : F (3) C. Sappan Stipules lanceolate; flowers +3 in. across. . (4) C. parviflora Cesalpinia. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS. 649 Climbers thorny. Leaflets few, large, coriaceous . F ‘ . (5) C. Nuga Leaflets many small. Flowers *75 in. across; pod winged on upper edge ; . - : é - : Flowers ‘3 in. across ‘ j ‘ ; lii, CINCLIDOCARPUS. Pod fleshy, thick-valved. Leaflets oblong; racemes lax; pedicels longer than calyx : : : P : . (8) C. digyna Leaflets linear; racemes dense; pedicels shorter. (9) C. tortuosa (1) C. Bonducella Fleming, As. Res. xi. 159; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 254; Prain, l.c. 226. Guilandina Bonducella Linn. Sp. PI. 38r. A thorny climber. Branches armed with hooked yellow prickles. Leaves 1 to 2 ft. long with a pair of reduced pinne (compound stipules) at base; pinne 12 to 16, 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets 12 to 18, ovate or elliptic, base round, tip cuneate, ‘5 to I in. long, °3 to *6 in. wide. Racemes simple or panicled, 6 to ro in. long. Bracts squarrose, reflexed, ‘25 in. long, downy. Calyx ‘25 to 3 in. long, downy. Petals oblanceolate, yellow. Stamenssilky. Pod stalked, short, oblong 2 to 3 in. long, 1°75 in. wide, brown, densely aculeate. Seeds 2, oblong globose, lead colour. Hab. Sea-coasts, not very common. Penang, Tanjong (Curtis); Patani, hedges in rice-fields (Gwynne Vaughan). Distrib. All tropics. (2) C. Bonduc Roxb. Hort. Beng. 32; Baker, l.c. i. 255. Guilandina Bonduc Linn. Sp. Pl. 381. A strong shrubby climber armed with hooked brown thorns. Leaves I to 2 ft. long, exstipulate; pinne 8 to 16, from 5 to 8 in. long; leaflets 12 to 14, ovate or elliptic acuminate, base round, 1°5 to 2 in. long, °75 to I in. wide. Racemes simple or panicled, 6 to 12 in. long. Bracts lanceolate, not squarrose, pubescent. Calyx -2 to ‘25 in. long. Petals oblanceolate, yellow. Pods stipitate oblong, turgid, 5 in. long, 2°5 wide, aculeate, brown. Seeds 4, oblong globose, Jead colour, *5 in. across. Hab. Common near the sea. Malacca, Tanjong Kling. Pahang River. Selangor, Kwala Selangor. Dindings (Scortechini). Perak, Kinta (Kunstler). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Native names: Olang; K’lubu. (3) C. Sappan Linn. Sp. Pl. 381; Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. 17, t. 16; Prain, l.c. 228. Shrubby tree about 20 ft. tall, thorny. Stem 6 to 10 in. through. Leaves 8 to 15 in. long; pinne 16 to 24, 4 to 6 in. long; leaflets 20 to 36, chartaceous, oblong oblique, sessile blunt, *5 to °75 in. long, 35 in. wide, glabrous except slight pubescence beneath. Racemes panicled, 12 to 16 in. long, separate racemes, 4 to 6 in. long. Calyx ‘4 in. long. Corolla °75 in. across, yellow, base of upper petal pink, orbicular. Stamens white, bases woolly. Ovary grey- velvety. Pod woody oblong flattened, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide, polished brown beaked. Hab. Wild on river-banks in sandy spots and often in gardens, Pahang River, Pulau Chengei; Pulau (6) C. sepiaria (7) C. stipularis 650 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. [Cesalpimia. Aor (Feilding). Malacca (Maingay); Chabau (Cantley). Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Distvib. India, Cambodia, Malay isles. Native name: Seppang. Use: A red dye obtained from the wood. Sappan-wood. (4) C. parviflora Prain, l.c. 330. A small tree 30 to 40 ft. tall and 8 to 12 in. through, sparsely prickly (a large climber according to Kunstler). Leaves 8 to to in. long; pinne 18 to 24, 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets 30 to 36, sub- coriaceous, sessile, oblong with lower corner produced, °35 to °5 in. long, *2 to ‘25 in. wide, glabrous. Stipules lanceolate, °45 in. long, entire. Racemes in a branched panicle, 2 to 3 ft. long; pedicels ‘25 in. long, all puberulous. Bracts linear, ‘2 in. long. Calyx ‘25 in. long, puberulous. Corolla 3 in. across, greenish yellow, hardly exsert. Stamens green, base woolly. Pod 1 in. long, "5 in. wide, with recurved beak. Seeds 4. Hab. Lowland forest, Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Relau Tujor (Wray); Gunong Bubu, a large climber (Kunstler). (5) C. Nuga Azt. Hort. Kew, iti. 32; Prain, l.c. 227. A stiff wiry thorny black-stemmed climber. Leaves 6 to 12 in. long; pinne 6 to 8; leaflets 4 to 6, light, shining green, coriaceous, glabrous, ovate acute, I to 2'5 in. long, *5 to I in. wide. Panicle of racemes Io to 15 in. long, 6 to 8 in. across; racemes 2 to 3 in. long; pedicels -3 in. long. Calyx °25 to °3 in. long, glabrous. Corolla *5 in. across, bright yellow, fragrant. Petals orbicular, upper ovate acute, blotched red. Stamens woolly at base. Pod 2 in. long, 1°35 in. wide, turgid, beaked, indehiscent. Seed 1, black, r in. long. Hab. Tidal swamps. Common. Singapore, Kranji; Jurong; Selitar. Johor, Tebrau River, Malacca (Griffith), Pahang, Pekan. Muar, Sungei Segal (Fox). Selangor, Port Swettenham (Burkill). Perak River (Kunstler); Dindings, Lumut. Lankawi (Curtis). Perlis, Kanga. Distrib. S.E. Asia, Australia and Polynesia. (6) C. sepiaria Roxb. Hort. Beng. 32; Baker, l.c. u. 256; Prain, L.¢.. 220. Prickly woody climber. Branches pubescent. Leaves g to 15 in. long; pinne 12 to 20, 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets 16 to 24, oblong blunt, base round, slightly oblique; petiolulate pale green above, glaucous beneath, ‘5 to ‘8 in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Stipules obliquely ovate, long-acuminate, base with lower angle auricled, °5 in. long, *3in. wide. Racemes simple, drooping, 6 to 12 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; pedicels *75 in. long. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, *4 in. long pubescent. Calyx ‘5 in. long, pubescent. Corolla °75 in. across, yellow; petals orbicular. Stamens little exsert white, woolly below. Pod linear-oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, 1:2 in. wide, curved, » turgid. Seeds 6 to 8, mottled, ‘4 in. long. Hab. Hill forests, Penang Hill at 2500 ft. altitude (Curtis). Dzstrib. India, China, Japan, Malay isles. Cesalpinia.| XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 651 (7) C. stipularis Ridl. C. parviflora var. stipularis Prain, l.c. 230. Climber, thorny. Leaves 12 in. long; pinnz 6 in. long, distant ; leaflets oblong, tip broad, round, base truncate, oblique; midrib puberulous, 75 in. long, ‘4 in. wide. Stipules broad, ovate-oblong *75 in. long, °35 in. wide, edges often incised. Panicle over 12 in. long, pubescent with short thorns below the branches. Bracts lanceolate, linear, ‘25 in. long, very narrow; pedicels slender, longer. Flowers very similar to those of C. parviflora, but more pubescent. Hab. Open country. Malacca, Batu Tiga (Holmberg). Perak, Kurau (Wray). Native name: Akar Kuku Tupai. (8) C. digyna Rottl. Willd. Nov. Act. Cur. iv. 108, t. 3; Baker, Pern 250: Pram, l.c. 23%. Woody climber, sparsely thorny. Leaves 6 to g in. long; pinne 8 to g, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long; leaflets 16 to 20, oblong blunt, base rounded sessile, membranous, glabrous above, glaucous- pubescent beneath, °35 to ‘45 in. long, °25 in. wide. Stipules subulate. Racemes simple, axillary, 8 to 12 in. long, lax; pedicels spreading I in. long. Calyx ‘3 in. long, glabrous. Corolla °75 in. across; petals orbicular, yellow, upper ones streaked with red. Stamens little exsert white-woolly below. Pod fleshy, indehiscent, oblong, turgid torulose, sutures thickened, 1°5 to 2 in. long, I in. wide. Seeds 2 to 4, ovoid, ‘5 in. long. Hab. Dry country in the North. Penang (Phillips); between the Waterfall and Tanjong Bunga (Curtis). Lankawi (Curtis). Perlis, Kanga, abundant. Distrib. India, Cambodia, Malaya. Prain gives ‘‘ Malacca, Griffith.’”” I have seen no specimen from further south than Penang, and its occurrence in Malacca is highly improbable. (9) C. tortuosa Roxb. Hort. Beng. 32; Baker, l.c. i. 257; PUK, Lic. 231... Glabrous climbing prickly shrub. Leaves 12 to 18 in. long; pinne 30 to 40, 2°5 to 4 in. long; leaflets 40 to 60, sessile sub- coriaceous, ligulate blunt, base obliquely cuneate, *25 to 3 in. long, ‘I in. wide. Racemes axillary simple erect, 15 to 18 in. long; pedicels *5in. long, slender. Calyx ‘5 in. long, glabrous, lower segment deeply hooded. Corolla *75 in. across; petals yellow, base streaked red, orbicular clawed. Stamens little exsert, green, woolly below. Pod oblong, twisted, sutures thickened, torulose 2 to 3 in. long, I in. wide. Seeds 2 to 5, dark brown. Hab. Thickets and woods near the sea. Singapore, Changi near Loyang. Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis). Dzstvib. Tenasserim, Sumatra. (C) MIMOSEZE (Genera 57-66). 57. PARKIA, R. Br. Big trees unarmed. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets linear or oblong, very numerous and small. Flowers in dense solitary obovoid heads 652 XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. {Parkia. on long pendulous peduncles. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed; lobes imbricate. Corolla tubular, split half-way. Stamens 10, exsert; filaments below connate, and adnate to corolla; anthers gland- tipped. Ovary stalked; style filiform. Stigma minute. Pod strap-shaped or thick, dehiscent. Species 10, all tropics. Leaflets sub-falcate, acute, 40 to 80 San pod thick subterete . (1) P. Roxburghii Leaflets eons blunt, “20 to 25 pairs; pod thin, flat (2) P. speciosa (x) P. Roxburzhii Don, eon. Sysh ii. 397; Baker, in Hook. fil. FBI. nu. 289; Pram, Le. 239... P.. mtermmedia, Hassk, Pl. Jav. Rar. 414. A big tree 80 ft. tall. Bark pale. Branches spreading, pubes- cent. Leaves bipinnate, 12 to 24 in. long; pinne 20 to 30 pairs, opposite; leaflets falcate linear-lanceolate, 40 to 80 pairs, tip acute, base truncate, edges puberulous, *3 in. long, ‘I in. wide; petioles 2 to 3 in. long with one gland below the pinne and 3 to 5 solitary on upper pinne. Capitula pyriform, 1°5 in. long, I in. wide, pendulous on peduncles, Io to 16 in. long. Calyx tubular, ‘25 in. long. Corolla yellowish white. Pod flattened oblong black woody 15 to 20 in. long (stalk 3 to 7 in. long), 1°5 in. wide, °25 in. thick. Hab. Villages, probably not wild, but often planted. Malacca, Panchur (Goodenough). Dzsivib. Java. Native name: Kedawong. Use: Seeds as a remedy for colic. Prain notes that the P. intermedia Hassk. of Java is somewhat different from the true P. Roxburghii Don, of Cachar and Chittagong, and that the Malacca plant is P. intermedia ; indeed it is probably introduced here from Java. It is doubtful if the two plants are specifically identical. (2) P. speciosa Hassk. Fl. xxv. Beibl. 55; Prain, l.c. 240. Tall, smooth-barked tree 60 to 8o ft. high, 2 to 3 ft. through. Branchlets glabrescent. Leaves bipinnate, pubescent, 8 to Io in. long; pinne Io to 16 pairs; leaflets linear, 20 to 35 pairs, base truncate, tip blunt, :25 in. long, ‘I in. wide, nearly glabrous; petioles 1 to 1°5 in. long with 1 gland between base and lowest pair of leaflets and 2 to 6 solitary between the bases of upper pinne. Capitula club-shaped, 2 in. long, *75 in. through; peduncles 16 to 20in. long. Calyx‘25in.long. Corolla white. Pod (stalk 2 to 5 in. long) 18 to 20 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide, very thin, green drying black. Seeds 12 to 18. Hab. In woods and cultivated ground. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Blakang Mati. Malacca, Bukit Sabukor (Derry). Pahang River. Perak, Changkat Serdang (Wray). Province Wellesley (Kunstler). Distrib. Malay isles. Native name : Petai. Use: The pods are eaten cooked by Malays, but they cause the eaters to exhale a peculiar horrible odour. EXCLUDED SPECIES P. BIGLANDULOSA W. and A. Malay Peninsula, Baker, l.c. 289. No specimens known, ' Neptunia.] XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. 653 58. NEPTUNIA, Lour. Aquatic herb. Leaves bipinnate, sensitive; leaflets numerous, membranous, oblong. Flowers minute in globose heads on erect peduncles, lower ones with staminodes only. Calyx minute, campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5$ strap-shaped, connate at base. Stamens exsert; anthers gland-crested. Ovary stalked. Stigma clubbed. Pod oblong, coriaceous. Species 8, cosmopolitan. (1) N. oleracea Lour. Fl. Cochinchine, 654; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.1. ii. 285; Prain, l.c. 244. Mimosa natans, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. Lid. Floating herb with white fleshy horizontal stems. Leaves bipinnate, 3 in. long; pinne 4 to 6, 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets 8 to I5 pairs, °35 to ‘5 in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Peduncles 3 to 12 in. long; heads °5 to °75 in. through, yellow. Corolla ‘05 in. long. Pod oblong oblique, *5 to 1 in. long. Hab. Ditches. Formerly very abundant in Singapore (fide Jagor). Malacca (Cuming). Selangor, Klang (Burkill). Perak, Lenggong. Province Wellesley, Butter- worth (King). Penang, Bagian Jennal (Curtis). Rahman, Kota Bharu (Gwynne Vaughan). Tringganu (Yapp). Dzystrib. Tropics generally. Use: Asa pot herb. 59. ADENANTHERA, Linn. Trees unarmed. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers minute in spike- like racemes. Calyx campanulate, regular. Petals lanceolate cohering at base. Stamens 10; anthers gland-tipped. Ovary sessile, many-ovuled; style filiform. Stigma capitate. Pod strap- shaped, torulose, falcate, valves twisted after dehiscence. Seed red, or red and black. Species 4, tropics of Old World. Leaves blunt glabrous beneath; pinnz 8 to 12. Seed allred . : : : : 4 : . (1) A. pavonina Leaves acute, puberulous beneath; pinne 6 to 8. Seed black and red 3 : ; . (2) A. bicolor (1) A. pavonina Linn. Sp. Pl. 384; Prain, l.c. 243. Tree 20 to 30 ft. tall or more; petioles 2 to 4 in. long; rachis 6 to to in. long; pinne 8 to 12, opposite, 3 to 6 in. long; leaflets alternate Io to 16, ovate or oblong, base cuneate, tip blunt, membranous, dark green above, glaucous beneath, glabrous. Racemes 2 to 6 in. long, panicled on ends of branches. Flowers ‘15 in. long on slender pedicels as long. Calyx green. Corolla pale yellow; petals narrow, lanceolate. Stamens hardly exsert, pink. Pod 6 to g in. long, °6 in. wide, °3 in. thick contort in dehiscence. Seeds Io to 15, lenticular, *35 in. across, shining red. Hab. Dubiously wild here and often planted. Singapore, Pasir Panjang; Lavender Road. Malacca (Griffith). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Jalor, Biserat (Gwynne Vaughan). Lankawi(Curtis). Dzsivib.S.E. Asia. Native names; Saga; Kanduri Batang. 654 XLVII. LEGUMINOS#. [A denanthera. (2) A. bicolor Moon Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 34; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 287; Prain, l.c. 243; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 1. 120, pl. xxx. Tree 20 to 8o ft. tall. Leaf 6 in. long; petioles 1°5 to 2°5 in. long; rachis 3 to 5 in. long; pinne 6 to 8 opposite, 2°5 to 4 in. long; leaflets alternate 8 to 10, ovate or elliptic, base round, tip acute, sub-coriaceous, glabrous above, puberulous beneath, *75 to I'5 in. long, ‘5 to °75 in. wide. Racemes axillary or panicled 3 to 5 in. long. Flowers ‘15 in. long on pedicels as long. Calyx green. Corolla white; petals elliptic-lanceolate. Stamens exsert. Pod 4 to 6 in. long, ‘6 in. wide, *3 in. thick contort when ripe. Seeds 8 to 10, lenticular, *35 in. wide, black and red (nearly all red). Hab. Lowland woods. Singapore, Bukit Mandai; Bukit Timah. Malacca, Sungei Hudang. Selangor, Ulu Sapetang. Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Asam Kumbang (Wray). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Distrib. Ceylon. 60. ENTADA, Adans. Woody climbers with tendrils. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers in narrow dense racemes, minute, shortly pedicelled. Calyx cam- panulate 5-toothed. Petals narrow, falcate, linear. Stamens 8 to to, free shortly exsert; filaments filiform; anthers crowned with a gland. Ovary many-ovuled; style filiform; stigma concave. Pod woody or coriaceous of many discoid or oblong one-seeded joints. Seeds orbicular or sub-triangular. Leaves all green; pod straight, woody, indehiscent . (1) E. Schefferi Leaves glaucous beneath; pod spiral, coriaceous dehiscing into joints . : 5 . (2) E. spiralis (1) E. Schefferi Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1920, p. 195. E. Pursetha Schiff. Obs. Phyt. ii. go, ¢t. xvi., xviii. A, not of DeCandolle. A large woody climber often 6 in. through at base. Branches slender, quite glabrous. Leaves with petioles 2 in. long; rachis. ending in a tendril; pinne 4; leaflets green on both sides, sub- coriaceous, blunt usually obovate, base narrowed, tip broadest I to 2 in. long, ‘6 to ‘8 in. wide, quite glabrous. Spike 6 to 8 in. long, simple, densely-flowered. Flowers *r in. or less; rachis puberulous. Bracts minute acuminate persistent. Calyx small cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals yellow, narrow-lanceolate, acute. Pod straight not breaking into lobes, 2°7 ft. long, 3 in. wide, with a very thick woody suture, edge slightly indented between the seeds. Seeds 13 to 15, flat ellipsoid, 1°25 in. long, I°15 in. wide, ‘25 in. thick, dark brown. Hab. River-banks covering the trees and bushes, local but abundant where it occurs. Muar, Sungei Pauh (Fox). Pahang, Pekan. Perak, Temengoh River; Haram (Scorte- chini); Telok Anson (Kunstler). Tringganu, Bundi (Rostado). Kelantan, Kota Bharu in a village. Penang (Wallich), Ayer Hitam (Curtis). Distrib. Java. Native name: Akar Beluru or Blu. Use: The bark used for soap. LE —— Entada.} XLVII. LEGUMINOS. . 655 Entada scandens Benth., Mimosa scandens Linn. is a mixture of several very distinct species from India and Ceylon, Eastern Malaya, Polynesia and South America. Distributed with Wallich Penang, 5293, are some scraps of foliage of apparently E. spiralis. (2) E. spiralis Ridl. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \xvii. (2), 305. Stem flattened spiral 3 in. wide, I to 2 in. thick. Leaves alternate, 3 in. long; pinne 4; leaflets alternate elliptic to obovate oblong retuse, 2 to 3 in. long, I in. wide, dark green above, glaucous beneath, coriaceous. Racemes axillary 6 in. long; peduncle 2 in. long; rachis hairy. Calyx hairy, green. Petals 4 to 5, green. Stamens 8 to 10, white turning yellow, ‘25 in. long. Pod spiral green, thick, lobed, breaking into joints, and then dehiscing. Seeds 5 to 11, rounded triangular or heart-shaped, 2 in. long, 1 in. thick, testa brown, coriaceous. Hab. Common in secondary growth and woods in the south. Singapore, Tanglin; Chan Chu Kang, etc. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Goodenough), (Maingay). Dindings, Bruas. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). 61. LEUCADNA, Benth. Shrubs or trees. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers sessile in globose heads, 5-merous. Calyx cylindrical, short-toothed. Petals free, valvate. Stamens 10, free, exsert; anthers not gland-crested. Ovary stalked, many-ovuled; style filiform; stigma minute. Pod flat, strap-shaped, coriaceous. Species 8, American. (x1) L. glauca Benth. Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 416; Prain, l.c. 246. Shrub about 6 ft. tall, unarmed. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long; petioles 2 to 3 in. long; pinne 4 to 8 pairs, 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets 10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong acute, base oblique cuneate, glaucous downy, 4 to *5 in. long, ‘I to "15 in. wide. Raceme of dense globose heads, *5 to °75 in. through; peduncles 1 to 1°25 in. long, slender. Corolla white -15 in. long. Stamens °25 in. long. Ovary pubescent. Pod 5 to 6 in. long, °4 to ‘5 in. wide. Seeds 15 to 20, narrow- ovate, base acute, °3 in. long. Hab. Open country and waste ground, introduced, but scattered over the peninsula. Pahang, Pulau Tawar. Selangor. Perak, Gapis (Scortechini). Penang Waterfall (Curtis), Kedah. Dzystvib. Whole tropics, doubtless of South American origin. Native name: Petai Jawa. 62. MIMOSA, Linn. Shrubs or herbs, usually prickly. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets small linear. Flowers minute in dense globose heads, usually 4-merous. Calyx campanulate, short-toothed. Petals connate towards base. Stamens 4 to 10, exsert; anthers not gland-crested. Pod flat, of 1-seeded joints, separating from sutures. Species 230, chiefly American. Low wiry herb; leaves sensitive; flowers pink : . (1) M. pudica Shrub; leaves not sensitive; flowers white . y . (2) M. sepiaria 656 XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. [Mimosa. (1) M. pudica Linn. Sp. Pl. 518; Prain, l.c. 247. Low under-shrub up to 2 ft. tall, prickly and bristly. Leaves very sensitive of 4 digitate pinne, sessile on a 2-in. petiole; pinne 2 to 3 in. long; leaflets 12 to 20 pairs bristly beneath. Heads in pairs, axillary, rose pink, °35 in. long; peduncles I in. long. Stamens 4. Pods ‘6 to 1 in. long, ‘2 in. across, of 3 to 5 joints, sutures persistent, bristly. The sensitive plant. Native name: Samalu. Hab. Abundant all over the peninsula. Introduced from America in the 16th century. (2) M. sepiaria Benth. Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 595; Prain, L.c. 247. A thorny shrub. Stem about 4 ft. tall and 6 in. through; branches long, erect. Leaves, rachis downy, 2 in. long; pinne 6- to 8-paired, not sensitive, 1°5 in. long, pubescent above; leaflets 12 to 20 pairs, coriaceous, ligulate, -2 to °3 in. long, ‘I to “I5 in. wide, tip sub-acute, base oblique, truncate, sessile. Panicles 6 to 8 in. long, of heads °25 in. through; rachis puberulous; peduncles *5 to’75in. long. Corolla‘o5in.long, white. Stamens8to1o. Pod black, straight, I°5 to 2 in. long, °25 in. wide, joints 6 to 8, sutures unarmed. Hab. Damp ground. Singapore, chiefly at Tanglin. An escape from cultivation. Dzsivib. Also an escape in China and Borneo. Use. As a hedge plant and firewood. 63. ACACIA, Willd. Spiny or thorny trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets narrow, very small. Flowers in globose heads or spikes. Calyx campanulate or funnel-shaped, short-toothed. Petals exsert, united in lower half. Stamens free, exsert; anthers not gland-crested. Ovary stalked or not; style filiform; stigma minute. Pod ligulate or oblong, not jointed, dehiscent or not, rarely sub-cylindric. Species 430, cosmopolitan, mostly Australian. Erect shrubs, thorny. Pods cylindric, fleshy; flowers orange ; . (1) A. Farnesiana Climbing shrubs, thorny. Pods flat; flowers white. Flower-heads -4 in. long; leaves narrow oblong (2) A. pseudo-intsia Flower-heads *2 in. across; leaflets linear. . (3) A. pennata (1) A. Farnesiana Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 1083; Prain, l.c. 248. A thorny shrub. Leaves bipinnate; rachis downy, I to 1°5 in. long; pinne 6 to 16, from I to 1°5 in. long; leaflets Io to 20 pairs, green coriaceous, linear-oblong, °25 in. long, ‘05 in. wide. Stipules forming white thorns 1 in. long. Capitula °35 in. through, orange yellow, fragrant. Pod thick, cylindric, 2 to 3 in. long, °5 in. thick, pulpy, dark brown or black. Seeds 12 to 18, ovate. Hab. Sandy open places, probably introduced. Pahang near Pekan. Selangor, Kwala Selangor near the fort. Penang (Porter, Wall. Cat. 5264F). Acacia. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. 657 Distrib. All tropics. Native name: Lasana. Use: Pods for making ink. (2) A. pseudo-intsia Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.i. 12; Prain, l.c. 240. A lofty climber over roo ft. long and about 3 ft. through, armed with hooked prickles. Leaves bipinnate; rachis 8 in. long, prickly ; petioles 2°5 in. long, with large gland at base; pinne 8 to 12 pairs, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long; leaflets 30 to 35 pairs, linear-oblong, blunt, ‘4 in. long, ‘15 in. wide, sub-coriaceous. Capitula *4 in. across, white on peduncles ‘5 to °75 in. long, 2 to 4 together on a Io to 12 in. long panicle. Pod linear-oblong, 4°5 in. long, I in. wide, sutures thickened. Seeds 6. Hab. Common in forests in south. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Timah; Changi. Malacca, Tebong. Negri Sembilan near Tampin. Penang Hill (Haniff). Disirib. Sumatra, Java. Native names: Akar Kapok; Kayap. (3) A. pennata Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 1090; Baker, l.c. i. 297; Prain, l.c. 250, var. pluricapitata Baker, l.c. Climber about 80 ft. long. Branches prickly with curved thorns. Leaves bipinnate; rachis 6 in. long; petioles °75 to I in. long, with a gland above the base; pinnz 20 to 40 pairs, 1°25 to 2 in. long; leaflets 30 to 40 pairs, linear, ‘2 to “35 in. long, under ‘05 in. wide. Capitula ‘2 in. through, white; peduncles ‘5 to °7 in. long, in clusters of 4 to 8 on a 12 to 15 in. panicle. Pod linear-oblong, acute at both ends, thin, 4 to 6 in. long, *75 to 1 in. wide. Seeds flat, ovate, ‘4 in. long. Hab. Open country, common in the north. Pahang River. Malacca, Batu Tiga (Holmberg); Ayer Panas and Selandor (Cantley). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Sulu (Cantley). Perak, Larut; Goping and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Selangor, near Batu Caves. Penang (Porter, Wall. Cat. 5255). Kedah, Yan. Perlis, Chupeng; Kanga. Dzisivib. Malay isles. Native name: Akar Kayu Manis. 64. SERIANTHES, Benth. Big tree unarmed. Branches and panicle rusty, puberulous. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers panicled, large, 5-merous. Calyx deep campanulate, toothed, woolly-silky. Petals adnate to staminal column at base. Stamens monadelphous, very numerous. Ovary sessile, many-ovuled. Pod large oblong nearly woody turgid, septate between the 6 to 8 seeds. Species 2, the other Polynesian. (1) S. grandiflora Benth. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 225; Prain, l.c. 251. Leaves, rachis puberulous, 7 to g in. long, a large gland at base and small ones between pinne; pinnz 3- to 8-jugate, 3 to 4 in. long; leaflets 6 to 12 pairs, oblong-obtuse, base truncate oblique, coriaceous, pale beneath, glabrous, ‘5 to I in. long, °3 to -6 in. wide. Flowers few in panicles 4 to 6 in. long, branches 1°5 in. long. Calyx ‘5 in. long, teeth triangular. Petals yellowish white, 1°5 in. long, dense-woolly outside. Stamens over 509, FI1.M.P., 1. UU 658 XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. [Serianthes. 2°5in.long. Pod 6 in. long, 2°25 wide, °75 in. thick, woody, oblong or obovoid, narrowed at tip. Hab. Forests, south of peninsula, Singapore (Wallich 5285); Bukit Timah. Malacca, Pulau Besar (Griffith). Dzstvib. Malay isles. . 65. ALBIZZIA, Durazz. Trees, often large or (in A. myriophylla) climbing shrubs unarmed. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers in globose sessile or pedicelled heads. Calyx campanulate, toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped; petals united below the middle. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous at base, much longer than corolla; anthers not gland-crested. Ovary stalked or sessile; style filiform. Stigma capitate. Pod large thin, flat, strap-shaped, indehiscent, not septate. Species 20 to 30, Old World tropics. Climbing shrubs with pulvinus of leaf base forming a hook. Leaflets narrow, linear; flowers sessile Fi . (1) A. myriophylla Trees; flowers pedicelled; stamens white or yellowish white; umbels large. Leaflets 5 to 9 pairs; sutures straight, thickened . (2) A. Lebbek Leaflets 12 to 16 pairs; sutures sinuate not thickened . ; : ; : : . (3) A. pedicellata Flowers pink; umbels small, few-flowered . (4) A. littoralis (1) A. myriophylla Benth. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. ii. 90. Woody climber 15 to 20 ft. or more long. Shoots brown- velvety. Leaves, rachis 5 to g in. long, tawny pubescent; pinne 12 to 20 pairs, I to 1°5 in. long; leaflets 35 to 50 pairs, linear sessile, tip acute, base slightly oblique, chartaceous, ‘2 to ‘25 in. long, ‘07 in. wide, dark green, glabrous above, pale occasionally puberulous beneath. Stipules subulate, ‘15 in. long, pulvinus base hardening into a small woody hook. Capitula °5 in. across, 1o- to 20-flowered, pale yellow; peduncles *4 to °5 in. long, in terminal and axillary brown- velvety panicles, 3 to 4 in. long. Calyx funnel-shaped, pubescent sessile. Corolla ‘15 in. long; filaments 15 to 20. Pod 4 to 5 in. long, *8 to ‘2 in. wide, brown, thin, dehiscent. Seeds 6 to 8, obovate. Hab. Open country and forest edges, east and north of peninsula. Pahang, Sungei Penang (Watson). Perak (Scortechini). Penang, Moniot’s Road (Curtis). Kelantan, Chaning. Lankawi, Terutau (Curtis). Adang islands, Pulau Butong. Distrib. Tenasserim, Siam. Native name: Akar Manis. (2) A. Lebbek Benth. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 87; Prain, l.c. 257. Tree 40 to 70 ft. tall. Bark pale. Leaves, rachis 3 to 9 in. long, gland large at base; pinne 2 to 3 pairs, 4 in. long; leaflets 5 to g pairs, elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, blunt or retuse, base obliquely rounded, usually quite glabrous, bright green, I to 2 in. long, *5 to *75 in. wide. Umbels sub-capitate, pale green, 1°25 in. across; peduncles 2 to 4 in. long, axillary or corymbose Albizzia.| XLVII. LEGUMINOSE. 659 at the branch ends; pedicels ‘I to ‘15 in. long. Calyx *15 to ‘2 in. long, teeth deltoid. Corolla *3 in. long, pubescent; filaments connate, shorter than corolla. Pod 4 to 12 in. long, I to 2 in. wide, linear-oblong, thin papery, yellowish. Seeds 4 to 12, ‘6 in. long. Hab. Open lowland rather dry country, but probably planted wherever it occurs here. Penang, Quarry; Telok Bahang (Curtis). Perlis, Kanga, open fields. Dzstrib. Asia and Africa. (3) A. pedicellata Baker, in Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 563; and in Hook. fil. F.B.I.u. 299; Prain, l.c. 258. A tall tree 40 to nearly roo ft. high. Stem 3 ft. through. Leaves, rachis 5 to 8 in. long, gland large, °5 in. above base; pinnae 6 to 12 pairs, 4 to 6 in. long; rachis puberulous; leaflets 12 to 16 pairs, oblong-obtuse, sessile, base round, coriaceous, pale beneath, *5 to °75 in. long, °3 to ‘4 in. wide, glabrous. Umbels 75 to I in. wide, many-flowered, yellowish white; peduncles pubescent, I to 1'25 in. long; panicle 6 to 8in. long. Calyx ‘15 in. long, pubescent. Corolla 3 in. long, pubescent. Stamens connate at base in a white tube, free part green, over 1 in. long. Pod indehiscent, 12 to 18 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, thin and brittle, yellowish, sinuate-oblong. Seeds 6 to g, ovate, ‘25 in. long. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Kranji Road. Malacca (Maingay); Ayer Keroh (Goodenough) ; Perak, Goping; Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur. Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). (4) A. littoralis Teysm. and Binn. Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. XX1X. 259. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves, rachis 4 to 8 in. long, glabrous ; pinne 2 to 4 pairs, the upper ones 4 to 5 in. long; leaflets 5 to 6 pairs; lower pinne 3 to 4 in. long; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, elliptic-oblong or obovate blunt or retuse, base oblique round, sub-sessile, membranous, glabrous glaucescent beneath, *75 to I in. long, *4 to °75 in. wide. Panicles about 4 in. long; branches 2 to 3 in. long; peduncles at the extremities slender I in. long. Capitula :4 in. across; pedicels ‘25 in. long. Calyx ‘1 in. long, pubescent. Corolla ‘2 in. long, silky. Filaments rose pink at the ends, tube white. Pod 6 to 7 in. long, 1 in. wide, linear, narrowed to both ends, greenish brown. Seeds 12 to 16, oval, *4 in. long. Hab. On banks and cliffs by the sea. Singapore, Pulau Ubin. Penang, Pulau Jerajah (Curtis). Dvstrib. Malay isles. EXCLUDED SPECIES A. oporatTissiMA Benth. Malacca (fide Baker). Occasionally planted in gardens. A. LuctpA Benth. Singapore (fide Baker). Not seen anywhere here. A. Motuccana Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 26. A very big tree Ioo ft. _tall, white bark and extensive spreading crown. Leaves narrow; leaflets numerous, oblong, ‘25 in. long and ‘I in. 660 XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ&. [Albizzia. wide. Flower-heads numerous in panicles, white. Pods linear, 4 in. long, *5 in. wide, sutures thickened. Formerly much planted as a shade for coffee, and sometimes persisting long after the disappearance of the cultivation, occasionally repro- ducing itself. Native of Malay islands. 66. PITHECOLOBIUM, Mart. Trees medium-sized, usually unarmed. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets even pinnate in few or many pairs. Flowers small, white or yellowish in globose heads or small clusters, in short panicles, pentamerous. Calyx campanulate or funnel-shaped, short-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped; petals connate in a tube for half or two- thirds of their length. Stamens monadelphous, exsert; anthers glandless. Ovary often stalked; style filiform. Stigma minute capitate. Pod strap-shaped, curved to a circle or twisted, dehiscent along the lower edge, very much twisted during dehiscence. Seeds several, black, exallate. Species about 100. Mostly American, t or 2 African, rest Asiatic. P. dulce Benth. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iti. 199; Prain, l.c. 263. ‘The Madras thorn. A shrub with stipular thorns, flower- heads °5 in. through, white, pod turgid, twisted, dark red, has often been planted as a hedge-plant in Singapore and Penang, but does not become spontaneous. Native of America. Pods not twisted. Pod indehiscent; leaves bipinnate; pinne with 2 pairs of leaflets. : : : (1) P. confertum Pod splitting in 2, valves velvety ; ; ; (2) P. bubalinum Pods twisted. Pinne 1 to 4 pairs of leaflets. Pods large, deeply lobed, brown . : ‘ (3) P. lobatum Pods not lobed, red. Pods large, 1°5 in. across; leaflets large. Panicles large, lax glabrous; flowers small, cymose ; . 4 - Panicles little-branched, hairy; flowers in heads 5 Pods under I in. across. Leaflets 3 pairs 4, in. long or less; flowers over 5 in. long, few in head : . - (6) P. Kunstleri Leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, 4 to 6 in. long; flowers ‘15 in. long; fruit 2 by ‘4in. (7) P. microcarpum Pinne with 3 to 10 pairs of leaflets; flowers pedicelled. Branches strongly angled; leaflets (4) P. ellipticum (5) P. affine ‘rin.wide . - - : - (8) P. angulatum Branches hardly angular; leaflets °75 in. wide : (9) P. Clypearia Pinne with 15 to 20 pairs leaflets . flowers sessile in pairs . : - (x0) P. contortum Pithecolobium.] XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. 661 (1) P. confertum Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 304. Small tree. Leaves glabrous, rachis -75 in. long; pinne I pair, rachis 2 in. long; leaflets 2 pairs, sub-coriaceous, green, shining above, pale beneath, oblong blunt acuminate, base cuneate, distal pair 3°25 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. wide, lower pair 2°5 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; nerves 3 to 4 pairs. Panicles axillary and terminal, 2 in. long of small 5- to 10-flowered heads, *75 in. across on pubescent peduncles, *75 in. long. Calyx sessile, ‘05 in. long, puberulous. Corolla -25 in. long, puberulous. Stamen-tube longer than corolla. Pod horseshoe-shaped, indehiscent (?), not indented between the seeds, 10 to 12 in. long. Seeds 11 to 13, ovate flattened, °75 in long. Hab. Open country, not common. Singapore, Bedoh; Selitar; Bukit Timah. Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Malacca, Jelutong (Goodenough). Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis). Déstrib. Sumatra. Native name: Kongkor. I am not sure if the pod ever splits, as fruiting specimens are rare. (2) P. bubalinum Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 576; Prain, l.c. 264. Tree 30 ft. tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves, rachis puberu- lous, *5 in. long; pinne one pair; leaflets 1 to 2 pairs, glabrous, stiff papery dark shining green, oblong-lanceolate, acute, base cuneate, distal pair 4 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°25 in. wide, basal pair 2°5 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; nerves 4 to 5 pairs. Panicles lax, 3°5 in. long or more, puberulous, heads 5- to 8-flowered, ‘3 in. through. Calyx pubescent, sessile, ‘05 in. long. Corolla white, ‘12 in. long puberulous; filament-tube longer. Pod red, oblong, generally falcate, blunt, base rounded 3 to 4 in. long, I in. wide, ‘75 in. thick, velvety. Seeds 8 to 10, ovoid, purple black, °75 in. long. Hab. Woods, not common. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay). Selangor, Weld’s Hill (Foxworthy). Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis). Dzstvib. Sumatra. Native names : Giring Antan; Gerdas Padi; Keredas. (3) P. lobatum Benth. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 208; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 305; Prain, 1.c. 265. Tree 60 to 80 ft. tall, crown spreading. Stem 15 to 20 in. through, grey. Leaves glabrous, ‘6 to I in. long; pinne I pair; leaflets 2 to 3 pairs, oblong to oblong-lanceolate acute, base cuneate, stiff papery, distal pair 5 to 8 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide, basal pair 3 in. long. Panicles 3 in. long, much branched, heads 3- to 5-flowered, ‘25 in. across on short peduncles. Calyx sessile, ‘05 in. long. Corolla glabrous, ‘15 in. long, white; filament-tube shorter than corolla. Ovary glabrous. Pod g to Io in. long, horseshoe-shaped or twisted, deep purple, glabrous, deeply lobed along the lower suture, 2 in. wide, r in. thick. Seeds 3 to 6, orbicular, flat 2 in. across, brown, foeetid. Hab. Campongs and waste ground, very common. Singapore to Penang. Dzvstvib. Tenasserim, S. Siam, 662 XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. [Pithecolobium. Sumatra, Java. Native name: Bua Jering. Use: The seeds cooked and eaten by Malays. — (4) P. ellipticum Hassk. Retzia i. 225; Prain, l.c. 270. P. fasciculatum Benth. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 208; Baker, l.c. ll. 304. Tree nearly 30 ft. tall. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves, rachis glabrous, 3 to 4 in. long; pinne 2 pairs; leaflets 2- to 4-paired, elliptic-oblong acuminate dark shining green, glabrous, base round, rather stiff, 6 to 8 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide, lower ones smaller. Panicle a foot long, rather stout, lax, long-branched. Flowers 2 to 5 together on the ends of the puberulous branchlets. Calyx ‘05 in. long, puberulous. Corolla yellowish, silky, ‘15 in. long; filaments united at base only, yellow, ‘2 in. long. Pod twisted into a circle or spirally, 3 to 7 in. long, 1°25 in. wide, dull red. Seeds 3 to 7, oblong, black with a pale blue bloom, hanging from the pod-edge when ripe, °8 in. long, °6 in. through. Hab. Common in lowland country, woods and open land. Singapore, Selitar ; Pulau Ubin. Johor, Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall). Pahang, Pulau Chengei. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Derry); Chenana Putih (Cantley). Negri Sembilan, Tampin Hill. Perak, Goping and Chanderiang (Kunstler); Ulu Selama (Wray). Kedah, Pulau Song-Song. Dis- ib. Java, Sumatra. Native names: Jering Bali; Kachang Tupai; Saga Gajah. : (5) P. affine Baker, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 304; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 577; Prati, 1.c:.260. Tree 15 to 25 ft. tall, 6 to 8 in. through. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves, rachis 4 to 6 in. long; pinne I to 2 pairs; leaflets 4 pairs, papery glabrous, lanceolate oblong or ovate-acuminate, base cuneate, terminal ones largest, 6 to 7 in. long, 3 in. wide, lowest 3 in. long, I°5 in. wide; nerves 4 to 6 pairs. Panicles 6 to 8 in. lax, puberulous, heads dense, °75 in. across. Calyx sessile, *15 in. long, funnel-shaped, silky. Corolla -25 in. long, white silky; filament-tube as long as corolla, white. Ovary puberulous, stalked. Pod spiral curved into a circle 8 in. long, 1°25 in. wide, dull red or yellow. Seeds oblong, pendent from pod, 6 to 8, black with a blue bloom, 1 in. long. Hab. Open country, woods. Singapore, Tanjong Bunga. Malacca (Griffith). Selangor, Semangkok Pass. Perak, Chanderiang (Kunstler). Dvzstvib. Burma. Use: Fruit used in curries. (6) P. Kunstleri Prain, l.c. 271. A low tree about 20 ft. tall with slender stems, bushy. Leaves, rachis puberulous, I to 4 in. long; pinne 2, rachis 4 in. long; leaflets 3 pairs, terminal elliptic acuminate, base cuneate, 4°25 in. long, I°75 in. wide, lowest 1°75 in. long, °75 in. wide or larger, papery glabrous above; nerves 7 pairs and midrib hairy beneath. Panicles 6 in. long, puberulous. Flowers (largest in genus) up to 12, sessile in a head. Calyx funnel-shaped, 2 in. long, silky. Corolla EE EE EO — Dg ee ee i es ot Pithecolobium. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS&. 663 ‘5 in. long, tube funnel-shaped, lobes oblong-acute; filaments 1'5 in. long, yellow; tube as long as corolla. Ovary very long, stipitate, pubescent. Pod twisted, 5 to 6 in. long, I in. wide, puberulous outside, red inside. Seeds 8 to 10, oblong, pendulous, black. Hab. Low swampy woods. Johor, Kota Tinggi; Castle- wood; Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall) ; Sungei Biku (Down). Pahang, Pianggu, Endau (Evans) ; Perak, Batang Padang district (Kunstler) ; Bernam River (Kunstler). Dzistvib. Borneo. Use. Fruit used for soap. Fic. 57.—Pithecolobium Kunstleri. ) P. microcarpum Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 576; Baker, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 304; Prain, l.c. 268. Tree about 20 to 30 ft. tall. Branches pubescent. Leaves, rachis pubescent, °5 to I°5 in. long; pinne 1 pair; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, stiffly papery, dark shining green, ovate obtusely caudate, distal leaflets, base cuneate, 4 to 6 in. long; lower ones, base round 3 in. long. Panicles 4 to 6 in. long, lax puberulous, heads 5- to 8-flowered, *4 in. across, sub-umbellate on short peduncles. Calyx sessile, glabrescent, ‘05 in. long. Corolla white, *15 in. long; filament tube shorter. Ovary glabrous. Pods spirally twisted, 1°75 to 2 in. long, °3 to ‘4 in. wide, indented between the seeds, orange red. Seeds 8 to 10, pea-shaped, ‘2 in. through, black. 664 XLVII. LEGUMINOSZ. [Pithecolobium. — Hab. Common all over the peninsula in open country and thin woods, very beautiful in fruit, with its brilliant pods and deep green leaves. Singapore, Changi; Bukit Mandai; Bukit Timah. Malacca, Chabau (Cantley); Bukit Bruang (Holmberg). Penang, Batu Hitam (Curtis, Wallich). Dzstvib. Sumatra, Borneo. Native names: Jering Tupai; Petai Belalang; Kurudas; Kerudas; Kayam and Kayam Api. (8) P. angulatum Benth. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 306; Baker, lc... 3062 Pram; Lec. 274. Tree about 20 ft. tall. Branches angled. Leaves 12 in. or more long; rachis angled puberulous; pinne 2 to 4 pairs, lowest 3 in. long terminal, 6 to 7 in. long; leaflets 3 to 8 pairs, ovate- oblong or lanceolate-acuminate, oblique, base very oblique cuneate, I to 3 in. long (terminal largest), I to 1°75 in. wide, stiffly papery, glabrous above and beneath except midrib on both sides. Panicles axillary and terminal about 6 in. long, with few short branches puberulous. Flowers in small terminal corymbs, about ‘5 in. across. Calyx ‘05 in. long, puberulous. Corolla ‘2 in. long, white or pale yellow, silky. Stamen-tube nearly as long as corolla; filaments pale pink. Pod 7 to 8 in. long, °7 in. wide, spirally twisted, puberulous, red, sinuate between the seeds. Seeds 8 to Io, black, *5 in. long. Hab. Secondary forest, common. Singapore, Changi (Hullett); Bukit Timah; Chanchu Kang. Malacca, Sungei Hudang and Bukit Bruang (Derry). Selangor, Rawang (Kloss). Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). Province Wellesley, Krian. Penang, Moniot’s Road (Curtis). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. (9) P. Clypearia Benth. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 209; Baker, l.c. ii. 305; Pra, l.c. 273. Tree 25 to 30 ft. tall. Branches angled, pubescent. Leaves about 1 ft. long; pinne 3 to 6, 4 in. long; leaflets 3 to 7 pairs, trapezoid, midrib diagonal, stiffly papery, glabrous, dark green above, glaucous pubescent beneath, 1°5 in. long or less, “75 in. wide, sessile. Panicles very lax, 12 in. long. Flowers in small corymbs at the branch ends, °35 in. across. Calyx campanulate, ‘05 in. long, puberulous. Corolla white, glabrous, ‘1 in. long; filament- tube shorter than corolla, white, 35 in. long. Pod twisted, 4 to 5 in. long, -4 in. wide, orange outside, red inside, sinuate between seeds. Seeds 8 to 10 ovate, ‘25 in. long, black. Hab. Woods and open country, common. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Chanchu Kang; Selitar. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Griffith); Pahang, Pekan. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Negri Sembilan, Gunong Berumbun (Cantley). Perak, Changkat Jerin (Wray). Penang, Ayer Hitam (Curtis). Province Wellesley. Tringganu, Bundi (Rostado). Distrib. Ma- lay islands. Native names: Jering Munyet; Petai Belalang. (10) P. contortum Mart. Flora xx. (2), Beibl. 115; Baker, l.c. il. 305 3 Prain,-1.c. 272. Tree 15 to 30 ft. tall, grey-pubescent. Leaves 4 to 8 in. long; Pithecolobium. | XLVII. LEGUMINOS2. 665 rachis slender pubescent; pinne 5 to 6 pairs, about 4 in. long; leaflets 15 to 20 pairs, oblong or trapezoid, obtuse or sub-acute, base obliquely truncate, papery, pubescent all over, °5 to °7 in. long, ‘25 to °35 in. wide, sessile. Panicles lax with very slender branches terminal puberulous, 8 to 12 in. long and as wide. Flowers sessile in pairs or single on the tips of the branches. Calyx ‘05 in. long, puberulous. Corolla greenish white, glabrous, ‘15 in. long; filament-tube as long as corolla, above cream colour, °35 in. long. Pod long, *4 to ‘8 in. wide, spirally twisted, puberulous, orange colour, red inside, margin sinuate. Seeds 8 to Io, oblong, black. Hab. Common in forests. Singapore, Sungei Buluh; Jurong; Kranji. Johor, Bukit Murdom (Kelsall). Malacca, Ulu Selangor ; Kwala Lumpur. Dindings, Lumut. Perak, Thaiping, Waterfall (Wray); Goping (Kunstler); Hermitage Hill. Penang Hill (Main- gay, Curtis); Kedah Peak. Native name: Asam Jawa Antan. 6 EXCLUDED SPECIES (MIMOSEZ). XYLIA DOLABRIFORMIS Benth. Baker, l.c. . 286; Prain, l.c. 245. Singapore, Wallich No. 5278. Though thus in Wallich’s catalogue, the ticket on the specimen in the type-set of Wallich’s plants gives Prome Hill (in Burma) as its locality. ENTEROLOBIUM SAMAN Prain, l.c. 251; Inga Saman, Willd. The. rain tree, often planted for shade, but not spontaneous any- where. Native of Guiana. CALLIANDRA UMBROSA Benth. Prain, l.c. 253; Penang (fide Baker). No specimen from the Malay Peninsula seen. OrpER XLVIII. ROSACE/E Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate, usually alternate. Flowers bisexual and usually regular. Calyx-tube free or adnate to ovary, usually 5-lobed. Petals 5 or o, inserted under the margin of the disc. Disc lining the calyx-tube or forming a ring at base. . Stamens perigynous usually numerous (rarely I, 5 or 10) often connate; filaments filiform, anthers small. Ovary I or more, free or connate. Carpels with free or connate basal lateral or sub- terminal styles; ovules I or more in each carpel. Stigmas simple or penicillate. Fruit various, achenes, berries or drupes. About 1200 species, whole world. (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \xvi. ii. 275.) Carpel i. Style basal; trees or shrubs; leaves simple, entire. Stamens 6 to 30; drupe hard, hardly or not pulpy; calyx-tube long 5 ; : : : . 1. PARINARIUM Stamens 8 to 10; drupe red, pulpy; calyx-tube short 2. COCCOMELIA 666 XLVII. ROSACE. [Parinarium. Stamens 2; drupe small, coriaceous; eae -tube short : . : a Style terminal; trees or shrubs; leaves simple. Petals large; calyx 5-toothed; drupe pulpy . Petals minute or 0; calyx 5- to 10-toothed; drupe 3. PARASTEMON 4 fleshy 5. PYGEUM 6 . PRUNUS Carpels many, fleshy or pulpy, not included in calyx- tube, Climbing thorny shrubs; leaves lobed serrate Calyx-tube becoming fleshy and enclosing the carpels; fruit a pome, with 3 to 5 bony or coriaceous stones. Flowers corymbose or fascicled Flowers panicled . RuBUS . PyrRus . ERIOBOTRYA CONT 1. PARINARIUM, Juss. Trees. Leaves entire, alternate. Flowers bisexual in panicled corymbose racemes, bibracteolate, usually white. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped or campanulate, lobes 5. Petals 5, sometimes clawed. Stamens 6 to 30; filaments united in an incomplete ring or in an unilateral bundle, all perfect or some anantherous. Carpel I, adnate to one side of the calyx-tube, 2-celled; ovules 2 or I. Drupe round, globose or ovoid, woody, 2-celled not pulpy. Species about 50, tropics of both worlds. Leaves whitish beneath, woolly pubescent. Leaves thin, 1°5 to 3 in. long, thinly whitish, pubescent; panicles lax ( Leaves stiffly coriaceous, 3 to 4 in. long, t thick, yellow woolly ; panicles very short - (2 Leaves 5 in. long, elliptic, wide (3 Leaves oblong 8 in. one: panicle large many- nerved : : P ‘ - (4) P. oblongifolium Leaves glabrous. Flowers in sessile, solitary spikes. Stamens 10; fruit I in. through; flowers 1) P. costatum ) P. rubiginosum ) P. polyneurum ) small . : : : : : . (5) P. spicatum Stamens 12 to 16; fruit much thicker; flowers large : : A : (6) P. Maingayi Flowers racemed or panicled ; fruit woody; flowers straight. Leaves large, sub-sessile, base broad, 3 in. wide . (7) P. elatum Leaves smaller, base narrowed ; petioles P2100, long; stamens 12 to 16 : : . (8) P. scabrum Leaves oblong-lanceolate, stiff; stamens io. (9) P. asperulum Leaves broad, lanceolate; stamens 20 to 30. (10) P. Kunstleri Leaves lanceolate acuminate. Panicles short; flowers curved; petals unequal . : . (11) P. heteropetalum Panicle corymboid ; " petals equal ; . (12) P. Griffithianum (1) P. costatum Bi. Mel. Bot. i. Hook. fil. F.BJI. ii. 311; King, l.c. 277. Tree 60 ft. tall or more, 2°5 to 3 ft. through. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-elliptic or ovate- Parinarium.| XLVIII. ROSACEA. 667 lanceolate acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous, dark green, shining above, pale brown tomentose beneath; nerves Io to 12 pairs, I'5 to 3 in. long, °75 to 1°25 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long pubescent. Panicles terminal and axillary 4 to 8 in. long, lax, yellowish tomen- Fic. 58.—Parinarium costatum. tose. Flowers °25 in. long, solitary or in cymes of 4. Calyx puberulous outside with a line of subulate processes in the throat and a band of silky hair; lobes ovate shorter than tube. Petals obovate, clawed, pubescent. Stamens 8, villous. Fruit hard, oblong compressed, brown with pale spots, I in..long, ‘65 in. wide. 668 XLVIII. ROSACEZ. [Parinarium. Hab. Woods, lowlands. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Holmberg). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis) ; Batu Feringhi. Distvib. Sumatra. Native names : Obi; Sukupal; Sukupa. _ (2) P. rubiginosum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 29. P. costatum var. rubiginosum, Rrdl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 143. Tree about 20 ft. tall. Branchlets densely yellowish tomentose. Leaaves stiff coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base round, glabrous above, reddish woolly pale beneath; nerves strongly elevate, 3°5 to 4 in. long, 1°25 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long, red-woolly. Panicles *5 in. long, red-woolly. Flowers ‘2 in. long. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, red-woolly outside, villous inside, teeth ovate acute. Petals small, oblanceolate, pubescent on edge. Stamens shorter than sepals, glabrous. Style very short, villous, as is the ovary. Hab. Mountain woods. Pahang, in woods above the Teku on Gunong Tahan, at 5000 ft. altitude (Ridley). (3) P. polyneurum M7q. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 306; King, l.c. 278. Tree 60 to roo ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Branchlets puberulous. Leaves oblong blunt acuminate, base round, above glabrous, beneath areolate whitish; nerves elevate, 15 to 18 pairs, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°35 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Panicles terminal, 4 in. long, many-flowered, grey-tomentose. Flowers yellowish white ‘2 in. long; pedicels very short. Calyx funnel-shaped, tomentose outside, villous inside, lobes lanceolate-acuminate, pubescent inside. Petals oblong, blunt not clawed, glabrous. Stamens 10 all fertile. Ovary silky. Drupe compressed, woody, scurfy, 2 in. long, I to 2 in. across, 2-celled. Hab. Dense jungle, near limestone. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Dzstvizb. Sumatra. (4) P. oblongifolium Hook. fil. F.B.I.1i. 309; Prain, l.c. 279. P. Wallichianum Wail. Cat. 7520. Tree up to roo ft. tall, 3 ft. through. Leaves oblong or elliptic, sub-acute, base rounded, dark shining above, white beneath; nerves elevate, 20 to 30 pairs, puberulous, 5°5 to 8°8 in. long, 1°85 to 3 in. wide, petioles *35 to °65 in. long. Panicles large, terminal, 6 in. long and wide, white tomentose. Flowers ‘25 in. long; pedicels very short. Calyx funnel-shaped, tomentose outside, villous inside, lobes ovate acute. Petals as long, spathulate. Stamens as long, 8. Ovary villous. Drupe woody 2 to 3 in. long, elliptic ovoid, scurfy white. Hab. Dense forests, low country. Singapore, near Bukit Mandai. Johor, Scudai River. Pahang, Rumpin River; Sungei Chenei (Fox); Kwala Lipis (Foxworthy). Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Derry). Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Native names: Balau; Bidara hutan. Use: One of the most valuable timbers in the peninsula and nearly exterminated on account of this. Parinarium. | XLVIII. ROSACEA. 669 (5) P. spicatum King, l.c. 279. Tree 60 to 8o ft. tall. Leaves elliptic-ovate, blunt or acuminate, base round slightly decurrent, glabrous; nerves 12 pairs, slender, reticulations small, distinct, 2 to 3 in. long, °85 to 1°6 in. wide; petioles ‘x in. long. Panicles spike-like with 1 or 2 branches axillary and terminal, about 2 in. long, brown-pubescent. Flowers 5 in. long, sessile; bracts oblong 2 at base shorter. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, tomentose, villous inside, lobes oblong obtuse. Petals longer, elliptic obtuse, glabrous, white tinted pink. Stamens 10, dark pink, glabrous. Ovary and style-base silky. Drupe sub-globose, I in. long, scurfy, grey. Hab. Dense mixed jungle, 300 to 800 ft. altitude. Perak, Goping (Kunstler); Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). (6) P. Maingayi King, /.c.280. P.asperulum Hook. fil. F.B.I. il. 310, not of Miquel. Tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, blunt acuminate, base round, glabrous; nerves 10 to 12 pairs, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°35 to 2 in. wide; petioles 3 in. long. Panicles 4 to 5 in. long, tomentose hairy. Flowers sessile, *3 in. long. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, tomentose hairy, lobes broad ovate obtuse. Petals longer, obovate. Stamens 12 to 16, long exsert. Ovary woolly. Drupe hard globose, 2 in. through; pericarp woody, ‘2 in. thick. Hab. In thick forest, scarce. Very near P. asperulum Miq. and P. spicatum. Malacca (Maingay and Griffith). Perak, Temengoh (Ridley). (7) P. elatum King, l.c. 280. Tree 100 to 130 ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Leaves sub-sessile elliptic to ovate-elliptic acute or shortly acuminate, base rounded, cordate, glabrous except a few hairs on the base of midrib beneath ; nerves 12 to 14 pairs very prominent, 4°5 to 7°5 in. long, 1°5 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles ‘15 in. long, thick, strigose. Panicles axillary or terminal 1 to 2 in. long, dense, stout, tomentose. Bracts ovate. Flowers *3 in. long. Calyx-tube short, funnel-shaped, tomentose, mouth villous, lobes nearly as long, ovate sub-acute, tomentose both sides. Petals longer and narrower. Stamens longer, glabrous. Ovary silky. Drupe ovoid rounded, light brown, scurfy, 2-celled, I'I5 in. long, °8 in. through; pericarp 2 in. thick, hairy inside. Rare. Dense rocky jungle, 500 to 800 ft. altitude. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). (8) P. scabrum Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bog. 1844, p. 269; King, l.c. 281. Tall tree. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, short acuminate, base rounded unequal, one side shortly decurrent, glabrous; nerves 13 to 15 pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°75 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Racemes solitary or panicled, pubescent. Flowers ‘2 in. long. Bracts 2 lanceolate. Calyx-tube cylindric, dilate upwards, lobes oblong half as long. Petals longer, obovate, clawed. Stamens 12 to 16; filaments united at base. Ovary woolly. Fruit ovoid 670 XLVIII. ROSACEA, [Parinarium. obtuse compressed grooved, scurfy, I in. long, *6 in. wide. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). Distrib. Java. Perhaps only a form of P. asperulum, but the leaves are broader. (9) P. asperulum M7q. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 307; King, l.c. 281. Tree 50 to 80 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate acute, base rounded, shortly cuneate, glabrous; nerves Io to 16 pairs, 3 to 5°5 in. long, I to 1°6 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Racemes solitary or panicled, sub-terminal deflexed, 1°5 in. long, tomentose. Flowers ‘3 in. long; pedicels ‘I in. long. Bracts 2, lanceolate. Calyx-tube cylindric, lobes oblong acuminate, half as long. Petals longer, obovate, white. Stamens 10, glabrous, blue. Ovary villous. Fruit sub-ovoid, compressed, rounded, grooved on both sides, rough and scurfy I in. long, ‘6 in. wide. Hab. Forests up to 2000 ft. altitude. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Pahang, Tahan River; Kwantan, Tanjong Pasir (Foxworthy). Penang Hill at 2000 ft. altitude (Curtis); Moniot’s Road; Batu Feringhi. Distrib. Sumatra. (10) P. Kunstleri King, l.c. 202. Tree 50 to 80 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceo- late, acuminate, base rounded unequal or shortly cuneate, glabrous ; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, slender, hardly elevate, reticulations very inconspicuous, 3°25 to 4°5 in. long, 1°15 to 1°65 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to *3 in. long. Calyx-lobes oblong, tomentose. Petals longer. Stamens 20 to 30, glabrous. Fruit globose-ovoid, very slightly compressed, 1°25 in. long, *g in. wide, chocolate brown, scurfy. Hab. Dense jungle 300 to 500 ft. altitude. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Very like P. scabyum, but the leaves differ in texture and number of nerves. (11) P. heteropetalum Scort. King, 1.c. 283. Tree 60 to 80 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate acuminate both ends, base often unequal, glabrous; nerves obscure 5 to 6 pairs, 2 to 4°5 in. long, I to 1°16 in.’ wide; petioles *35 in. long. Panicles in upper axils I in. long, dense tomentose. Bract 1 lanceolate. Flowers *5 in. long, sessile. Calyx-tube, base cylindric above, campanulate bent at juncture of the two parts, green tomen- tose, lobes unequal, oblong to obovate. Petals 5, pink, very unequal, 2 upper erect, elliptic, clawed; 3 others narrow, flat, oblong. Stamens 20 to 30 in a semi-tubular phalange, glabrous. Ovary villous. Hab. Perak at 1000 to 1500 ft. altitude (Kunstler) in dense jungle. Probably from the Larut hills. (12) P. Griffithianum Benth. Niger. Flor. 334; Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 310. Maranthes multiflora Korth, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 259, t. 70. A big tree. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate caudate- acuminate, base narrowed, glabrous, dark shining green; nerves 7 Parinarium.| XLVIII. ROSACEA. 671 to 10 pairs, faint, 3°5 to 6 in. long, I to 2°25 in. wide; petioles 25 to *35 in. long. Panicles terminal, pyramidal, 5 to 6 in. long with peduncle, often 3 in. across, dense-flowered, glabrous. Bracts 0. Flowers °5 in. long; pedicels short. Calyx-tube campanulate, lobes broad round, as long, grey puberulous. Petals white, oblong, as long. Stamens 20 to 30 little longer. Ovary tomentose. Fruit ellipsoid obtuse, I°5 in. long, °75 in. wide, narrowed at base, woody eventually glabrous, yellow, densely woolly inside. Hab. Usually near the sea. Singapore, Changi; Fort Canning. Malacca, Pringitt (Griffith) ; Bukit Bruang (Derry); Brisu (Derry). Pahang, Pekan. Negri Sembilan, Tampin (Burkill); Pasir Panjang (Fox- worthy). Penang, Muka Head (Curtis). Lankawi, Gunong Raya (Haniff). Kedah, Pulau Song-Song (Curtis). Perlis, Kanga: Dvs- trib. Java, Borneo, Philippines. Native names: Merbatu Loyang; Chana; Mujagon; Sauh Hutan; Sunko Rimau. 2. COCCOMELIA, Rid. Small tree. Leaves coriaceous, petioled alternate. Panicles axillary and terminal. Flowers small, white, bracteate. Calyx- tube short, campanulate, oblique, lined inside in front with a hairy tube, lobes ovate. Petals oblong, little longer. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments glabrous united into a half-tube. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled, hairy; style lateral. Stigma small capitate. Fruit a small red pulpy drupe; stone r-celled. Species 1, Malayan. (1) C. nitida Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 183. Parinarium nitidum Hook. fil. in F.B.I. ii. 310; King, l.c. 284. Tree 15 to 40 ft. tall. Stem 6 in. through. Branches slender. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate both ends, glabrous, bright green, lower side paler; nerves faint, 7 to 9 pairs, 2°25 to 3 in. long, ‘8 to °75 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Panicles 3 to 3°5 in. long, hoary, with distant branches, °5 in. long. Flowers ‘15 in. long. Calyx sub-sessile, funnel-shaped, tomentose within, lobes triangular acute, tomentose. Petals oblong obtuse. Stamens con- nate, glabrous, 7 to 10. Fruit ellipsoid, pulpy red; stone woody, I-celled, ‘25 in. long, ‘2 in. wide. Hab. Open country in woods and thickets. Singapore, Reservoir; Bukit Mandai, etc. Malacca, Bukit Sabukor; Bukit Sadanen (Derry). Sungei Ujong, Rembau (Cantley). Pahang, Kwala Pahang. Selangor, Ulu Selangor; Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Perak near Ulu Kerling (Kunstler). Dindings, Simpit. var. latifolia. Leaves broad elliptic ovate, stiffly coriaceous, pale 3°5 in. long, 2 in. wide. Fruit globose, °3 in. long, °25 in. wide. Penang Hill (Curtis); Setul Heath. Distrib. Borneo. Native names: Merbatu Merah; Merbatu putih and Merbatu Kechil; Mumbatu; Tumbatu; Marabatu; Mumpadang; Bangas Putih; Kelat Laya Hutan; Medang Kawan. 672 XLVIII. ROSACEZ. |Parastemon. 3. PARASTEMON, DC. Big tree. Leaves alternate, coriaceous. Flowers very small, racemose or spicate, glabrous. Calyx-tube short, campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5 or 6, oblong. Stamens 2, unilateral, several imperfect. Carpel I, adnate to one side of the tube, r-celled. Style basal; ovules 2. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed testa hairy. Species 2, 1 Malay Peninsula, 1 Borneo. _ (1) P. urophyllum A. DC. Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xviii. 208; King, l.c. 285. Big tree up to roo ft. high, and 3 to 4 ft. through with drooping branches, glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate caudate acuminate obtuse, bright green; nerves 4 to 6 pairs faint, 2°5 to 3 in. long, *85 to ‘15 in. wide; petioles 25 in. long. Racemes slender, 3 to 3°5 in. long. Flowers numerous ‘05 in. long; pedicels very short. Fruit yellowish, oblong, °45 in. long, ‘25 in. through. Hab. Common in open country, often near the sea. Singapore (Wallich); Jurong; Changi; Chan Chu Kang. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Hervey); Panchur (Goodenough). Negri Sembilan, Kopis Residency (Foxworthy). Dindings, Bruas; Lumut, Perak, Kol (Kunstler). Penang, Penara Bukit; Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Distrib. Labuan. Native names: Siagnos betina; Malas; Kelat Pasir. 4. PRUNUS, Linn. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers white or pink, solitary, panicled or racemed. Calyx deciduous in fruit, lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 5. Stamens 16 to 80 inserted in mouth of corolla tube; filaments free. Carpel 1. Style terminal; ovules 2. Drupe indehiscent or 2-valved, 1-seeded. Species about 80, chiefly north temperate zone. (1) P. martabanica Kurz var. Scortechini King, l.c. 286. Tree 40 to 80 ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Leaves lanceolate long acuminate, narrowed or round at base, glabrous membranous, 2°75 to 5 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide; petioles -3 to ‘6 in. long. Racemes usually solitary, 2 in. long, many-flowered, pubescent. Flowers *35 in. across, greenish white. Calyx-tube campanulate, tomentose, lobes ovate. Petals orbicular, ‘1 in. long. Stamens 60 to 80. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style long. Drupe ovoid acuminate beaked, I in. long, ‘4 in. through; pericarp thin, woody. Hab. Forests, not common. Perak, Chanderiang (Kunstler). Penang Hill at 1ooo ft. altitude (Curtis). Dzstvib. Burma, Anda- mans. 5. PYGEUM, Gaertn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate; stipules minute (except one species). Flowers small, racemed or panicled, tomentose. Calyx-tube obconic, campanulate, 5- to 15-toothed. Petals very Pygeum. | XLVIII. ROSACE#. 673 small, 5 to 6 in a 5- to 6-toothed calyx, none in some species, villous, tomentose. Stamens 10 to 50 at the mouth of the calyx- tube; filaments slender, incurved. Carpels 1, basal in calyx-tube, ovoid hairy. Ovules 2; style terminal, slender, exsert in bud. Fruit globose or transversely oblong, grooved in centre on both sides, fleshy, green or black. Species about 30, tropical Asia, I in Africa. Stipules large. Leaves large, ovate, strongly nerved, hairy beneath : : ‘ : ; (t) P. stipulaceum Stipules small and caducous. Flowers ‘5 in. wide; leaves glabrous large . (2) P. grandiflorum Flowers less than °3 in. wide. Ovary glabrous; racemes 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers *25 in. long, 5-merous; leaves 7 by 4 in. with 2 large glands at base . . ’ : ‘ : (3) P. polystachyum Racemes little longer than petiole; leaves narrow. F ? ; : . (4) P. lanceolatum Ovary hairy. Racemes longer than petioles, over 1 in. long. Leaves glabrous. Racemes slender, lax; leaves elliptic 2 to 3 by °8 to 1°3 in. : ; Racemes dense; leaves 6 by 3°5 in. Leaves hairy on midrib beneath. P. Scortechinii P. coriifolium Leaves thin lanceolate-ovate. , ; (7) P. persimile Leaves stiff, coriaceous, broad, ovate (8) P. parviflorum Racemes shorter than petioles. Petals 6; leaves thin, ovate cuspidate . (9) P. Hookerianum Petals o; leaves stiff, coriaceous; mountain plants. Leaves 5 to7 by 2to3in.; stamens12. (10) P. Griffithii Leaves 6 by 3 in.; stamensI5 . . (11) P. patens Leaves 2 to 2°5 by 1 to 1°3 in., glabrous 5 : ; . (12) P. brevifolium Leaves 1 to 2°15 in. long; branches and midrib dense-velvety : . (13) P. ovalifolium Leaves 1°5in. long; branches glabrous; midrib and edge hairy . : . (14) P. rubiginosum (1) P. stipulaceum King, /.c. 287. Tomentose tree. Leaves very coriaceous, entire, elliptic acute, base broad cordate, edges revolute, above glabrous except midrib with nerves deeply depressed, below red-pubescent especially on nerves, 5 to 7 in. long, 2°5 to 3°75 in. wide; nerves Io to 12 pairs, elevate; petioles tomentose, *5 in. long. Stipules ovate caudate acute persistent. Racemes below the leaves, 1:25 to 2 in. long, rusty-pubescent. Flowers ‘15 in. long; pedicels as long. Calyx- tube campanulate, teeth short blunt 10, tomentose. Petals o. Stamens 15, glabrous. Hab. At 500 to 700 ft. altitude. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). (2) P. grandiflorum King, /.c. 288. Tree 50 to 7o ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, FLM.P., 1. > ps: 674 XLVIII. ROSACEA. [Pygeum. elliptic to oblong-elliptic, short acuminate, base cuneate, no glands at base: nerves 8 to g pairs, prominent beneath, 5 to 8 in. long, 2°75 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles °75 in. long. Panicles axillary, few lax branches, 3 to 5 in. long, rusty-tomentose at tips. Flowers °5 in. long; pedicels ‘15 in. long. Calyx-tube campanulate, lobes 5, tomentose reniform blunt. Petals 5, larger, round or oblong blunt, white. Stamensnumerous. Pistillonger; ovary pubescent. Hab. Open rocky jungle, 500 to 800 ft. altitude. Perak near Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). This is very like P. polystachyum, but the me are thinner and have no glands at the base. (3) P. polystachyum Hook. jil. F.BJ. 11. 320; King, l.c. 290. A stout tree about 8o ft. tall or less. Leaves coriaceous, thick, dark shining green above, paler beneath, elliptic-oblong, short, blunt, acuminate, base broad or very shortly cuneate with 2 large glands; nerves elevate, 7 to 10 pairs, depressed above, 4°5 to 7 in. long, 2°5 to 4 in. wide; petioles °5 in. long. Racemes axillary, 2 to 3°5 in. long, sparsely pubescent. Flowers °3 in. long; pedicels nearly as long. Calyx-tube campanulate tomentose, lobes 5 oblong. Petals 5. Stamens 40 to 50. Ovary glabrous. Drupe globular or transversely oblong shining light green, *6 in. long. Hab. Common in forests. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Changi; Bidadari. Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, Gardens, Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Perak, Chanderiang and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). (4) P. lanceolatum Hook. fil. F.BJ. ii. 319; King, l.c. 289. Tree about 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves thin, coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, base long, narrowed with 2 glands; nerves 5 pairs, slender, 3 to 35 in. long, I to I°4 in. wide; petioles -23 to 3 in. long. Racemes ‘5 in. long or less, hairy, axillary. Flowers ‘15 in. long. Calyx campanulate, tomentose, teeth 10. Petals 0. Stamens 20, exsert. Ovary glabrous; style stout. Fruit transversely oblong, *3 in. long, ‘4 in. wide. Hab. Local, in hill forests. Johor, Gunong Pulai. Penang Hill (Lobb, by error on ticket Singapore). Telok Bahang (Curtis). Native name: Merapit. fy Maingayi. P. Maingayi Hook. fil. F.BI. u. 319; King, LG. 28 Leaves always glabrous, thicker with less conspicuous nerves and slightly smaller. This seems to me to be a higher level or drier locality form of Janceolatum. Hab. Malacca, Selandor (Cantley) ; Bukit Sadanen (Derry). Perak (Scortechini). Penang, West Hill at 2500 ft. and at 1100 ft. altitudes (Curtis). (5) P. Scortechinii King, l.c. 290. Slender tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, base cuneate, glands o, glabrous, paler beneath ; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, 2 to 3 in. long, ‘8 to Pygeum. | XLVIII. ROSACEA, 675 1°35 in. wide; petioles -25 to °35 in. long. Racemes solitary axillary 1°5 in. long, pubescent, hairy. Flowers ‘15 in. long; pedicels -r in. long. Calyx narrow, campanulate, lobes oblong sub-acute, hairy. Petals o. Stamens 12, exsert. Pistil shorter. Ovary hairy. Fruit transversely oblong, glabrous or minutely pubescent, °3 in. long, *4 in. wide. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). (6) P. coriifolium Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 30. A small tree. Leaves coriaceous elliptic, shortly blunt acuminate, base broad shortly narrowed, glabrous; nerves invisible above, prominent beneath, 5 pairs, reticulations invisible, 6 in. long, 3°5 in. wide; petioles 5 in. long. Racemes solitary axillary ‘5 in. long, dense. Flowers very shortly pedicelled, puberulous. Calyx- tube campanulate, pubescent, lobes 6, unequal ovate acute, inside of tube glabrous. Petals 0. Stamens long, rather thick, about 20. Style stout, glabrous; ovary hairy. Hab. Perak, woods at Temengoh, on the Kertai River (Ridley). (7) P. persimile Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. 306; Hook. fii: # BS. 1.320; King, l.c. 201. A small slender tree about 30 ft. tall. Leaves thin coriaceous, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, short blunt acuminate, base shortly cuneate glabrous; midrib, nerves and petiole pubescent on both sides; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, very prominent beneath, 2°5 to 4 in. long, 1°3 to 1°6 in. wide; petioles -3 in. long. Racemes 3- to 4-fascicled, 1°5 in. long, supra-axillary below leaves, tomentose; pedicels *r in. long. Calyx campanulate, tomentose, teeth 6. Petals 0. Stamens 12 to 18. Pistil, ovary and base of style silky. Stigma discoid. Fruit transversely oblong deeply grooved, glabrous, "25 in. long, °35 in. wide. Hab. Woods. Singapore, Tanglin; - Kranji. Malacca (Griffith); Ayer Panas; Brisu and Batang Malacca (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Tanglin Hill (Goodenough). Selangor, Ginting Bidai. Dzstvib. Tenasserim. Native name: Medang Changnau. (8) P. parviflorum Teysm. and Binn. Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. il. 209; King, l.c. 291. P. intermedium King, l.c. 288. Tree about 60 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous elliptic to oblong or ovate-acuminate, base rounded or shortly cuneate, glabrous above, sparsely pubescent on nerves beneath; nerves 5 to 6 pairs elevate beneath, 2 to 4 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide. Racemes fascicled, I to 1°5 in. long, dense on old wood, densely tomentose. Bracts ovate, tomentose outside. Flowers ‘2 in. long, sessile. Calyx campanulate, tomentose, teeth 10. Petals 0. Stamens 30 to 40, glabrous, exsert. Pistil shorter. Ovary hairy. Fruit sub-globose, apiculate pubescent when young, then glabrous green, grooved down both sides. Hab. Common in woods. Singapore, Kranji. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Goodenough). Selangor, Bangi (Fox- worthy). Perak, Larut and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler) ; Temengoh. Distrib. Java, Borneo. ; 676 XLVIII. ROSACEZ. [Pygeum. I fail to see any difference between King’s intermedium and parviflorum, Teysm. (9) P. Hookerianum King, l.c. 293. Shrub or small tree. Leaves thin, membranous-coriaceous, ovate or ovate-oblong acuminate, base rounded, glabrous above, pubescent on nerves and midrib beneath; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, inarching far from edge, 2 to 4 in. long, I to 1°8 in. wide; petioles ‘25 In. long. Racemes axillary, short, hardly ‘5 in. long, red- tomentose. Flowers densely crowded, ‘2 in. across, red-hairy. Calyx-tube tomentose, campanulate, teeth 6. Petals 6 lanceolate, pubescent outside. Stamens 20, much exsert. Ovary silky. Fruit sub-globular, 1-seeded, apiculate or oblong, 2-seeded, *25 in. long, *25 or ‘4 in. wide, black purple. Hab. Not rare in open country and woods. Johor, Gunong Pulai. Malacca (Maingay). Negri Sembilan, Tampin. Selangor, Semangkok Pass; Sungei Buluh. Perak, Blanda Mabok (Wray). (10) P. Griffithii Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 293; King, l.c. 293. Treelet. Branches stout, tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate acuminate acute, base rounded slightly nar- rowed, edge sinuate above, glabrous beneath, minutely puberulous or glabrous; nerves 8 to Io pairs, 5 to 7 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘4 in. long tomentose. Racemes axillary, solitary, °5 in. long, densely red-tomentose. Flowers 5 or 6. Calyx red-woolly, obconic, teeth 6. Petals 0. Stamens 12. Ovary hairy. Hab. Local at 1000 ft. altitude and upwards. Johor, Gunong Pantai. Malacca, Mt. Ophir at 4000 ft. altitude (Griffith). Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). (11) P. patens Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 144. Small slender tree 20 ft. tall. Branches red-scurfy. Leaves ovate coriaceous, base rounded, edge entire, glabrous above; nerves sunk elevate beneath, 9 to 11 pairs, red-scurfy, reticulations conspicuous, 6 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles °25 in. long, red-scurfy. Flowers in small fascicles, less than ‘25 in. long. Bracts small, ovate. Calyx cupular, hairy, lobes short. Petals 0. Stamens 15, short, glabrous; anthers as long, elliptic; style thick, hairy. Drupe transverse oblong, 2-seeded, *25 in. long, sparsely hairy. Hab. Woods on high mountains, local. Pahang, woods on Gunong Tahan at about 4000 ft. altitude (Ridley). (12) P. brevifolium Hook. fil. F.BJ. ii. 321; King, l.c. 293. Shrub 3 to 4 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, ovate or elliptic, blunt acuminate, base very shortly narrowed, glabrous when adult ; midrib depressed above, elevate beneath, as are 4 to 5 pairs fine nerves, 2 to 2°5 in. long, 1°r to 1°3 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to °3 in. long. Racemes axillary, *3 in. long, red-tomentose, 6- to I0- flowered. Calyx-tube urceolate, teeth 5 to 6. Petals o. Stamens Io to 16, short. Ovary villous. Fruit globose, apiculate, °5 in. Pygeum. | XLVIII. ROSACEZ. 677 through, black. Hab. Local, on high mountains. Malacca, Mt. Ophir at 4000 ft. altitude (Griffith, Hullett, Ridley). (13) P. ovalifolium King, /.c. 292. Small tree 15 to 20 ft. tall. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, oval blunt emarginate, base round, above glabrous, midrib rusty- tomentose on both sides; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, fine, red-hairy, 1°75 to 2°15 in. long, I to 1°15 in. wide; petioles -3 to ‘4 in. long. Racemes stout, axillary, 3 to 5 in. long, few-flowered, tomentose. Flowers ‘2 in. long, sessile, brown-tomentose. Calyx-tube cam- panulate, teeth oblong, blunt 10. Petals 0. Stamens 30 to 40, glabrous, exsert. Pistil shorter. Ovary silky. Fruit sub-globose, apiculate, grooved, °35 in. through. Hab. Mountains 4800 to 5300 ft. altitude. Perak, Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). (14) P. rubiginosum Krdl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 143. Small bushy tree. Leaves ovate acuminate, base round, glabrous except midrib, sparingly hairy beneath; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, midrib and edge red-hairy, 1°5 in. long, 75 in. wide; petioles *3 in. long, rufous-hairy. Racemes dense, *4 in. long. Bracts oblong-ovate, red-hairy. Pedicels very short. Calyx ‘12 in. long, red-hairy, lobes 10. Petals o. Stamens red glabrous. Hab. Local, in high mountains in small woods. Pahang, Gunong Tahan open country at 5000 to 6000 ft. altitude (Ridley). 6. RUBUS, Linn. Sarmentose thorny shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple rarely compound; stipules conspicuous. Flowers in terminal and axillary panicles, rarely solitary, white or pink. Calyx-tube broad, lobes 5 persistent. Petals 5. Stamens very numerous. Disc lining the calyx-tube. Carpels drupaceous on a convex receptacle, t-seeded. Abundant in north temperate zone, rarer in the south. Species about 200. Leaves simple. Flowers 5 in. wide; calyx woolly; leaves large (1) Flowers ‘4 in. or less wide; calyx tomentose; leaves buff tomentose beneath . : : . (2) R. angulosus Flowers about ‘4 in., lax panicle; calyx silky; leaves ovate hardly lobed . : ¢ : ae el Flowers a little smaller; panicle more lax; leaves hardly tomentose beneath : : - cope Flowers small; calyx pale velvety; leaves as in glomeratus, but white-scurfy beneath . P . (5) R. elongatus Leaves pinnate (6) R. rosgefolius (1) R. alceefolius Poir. Encycl. Method. Bot. vi. 247; Focke, Bibl. Bot. 17, p. 78. A robust bramble. Stem velvety, thorns large, dark. Leaves 5-lobed, cordate denticulate bullate with strigose hairs above, yellowish tomentose, back of leaf whitish, velvety; midrib thorny, 6 in. long and wide, or less; petioles 1°5 to 2°5 in. long, velvety R. alcesefolius 3) R. glomeratus 4) R. Hasskarli 678 XLVIII. ROSACE. (Rubus. with strong thorns. Stipules hairy, long-setiferous. Panicles terminal, 6 in. long; branches I in. or less, stout velvety. Flowers "5 in. across. Sepals ovate-obtuse, white-silky inside, yellow-silky outside. Petals broad rounded about as long. Fruit red, sweet. Hab. Perak, Batang Padang valley 2000 ft. altitude (Wray). Distrib. Java, Sumatra. The broad leaves and large flowers distinguish this bramble from the others. Fic. 59.—Rubus angulosus. (2) R. angulosus Focke, Bibl. Bot. 17, p. go. Big sarmentose shrub armed with short hooked thorns, buff tomentose. Leaves ovate or rounded, cordate, 3- to 8-lobed, lobes acute, denticulate, sparsely hairy above; midrib, back of leaf and petioles buff-tomentose, thorny, blade 3°5 to 8 in. long, 3 to 7 in. wide; petioles 1 to 3 in. long. Stipules pinnatifid, fimbriate. Flowers crowded in short axillary racemes to the branch ends. Bracts oblong, palmatifid hairy outside. Calyx yellow, silky; sepals triangular, lanceolate. Petals ovate erose- dentate nearly as long. Drupes small few, orange. Hab. Com- Rubus. | XLVIII. ROSACEA. 679 mon in the lowlands. Singapore, Tanglin; Jurong. Malacca, Mt. Ophir; Selandor (Cantley). Pahang, Pekan; Kwala Tembeling ; Temerloh. Selangor, Batu Tiga; Semangkok Pass. Perak, Relau Tujor (Wray). Penang. Tringganu, Bundi (Rostado). Kelantan, Kwala Lebir: Distrib. Mergui.’ Native names: Papa Runga; Duri Berumbet; Tempo Ranak; Tempo Ragat; Tempo Ranang; Tapa ringu (Tringganu); Akar Kupor. Use. Roots, decoction for dysentery. (3) R. glomeratus B/. Bijdr. 1111; Focke, l.c. 90; King, l.c. 205. A rather slender bramble. Stems velvety when young, sparsely thorny. Leaves ovate deltoid cordate acuminate, obscurely 3-lobed, dentate, glabrous above except nérves, softly yellowish velvety beneath, 3 to 4 in. long, 2 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles 1 to I°5 in. long. Panicles slender 6 in. long; branches short, yellowish- tomentose. Flowers ‘4 in. across. Sepals ovate-triangular acuminate, yellow-tomentose. Petals shorter, white. Fruit orange, few drupes. Hab. Hill woods. Singapore, Jurong. Selangor, Bukit Kutu; Semangkok Pass (Machado); Perak, Thaiping Hills Gerry and Brooks). Penang Hill (Wallich). Dzstrib. Malay sles. Nearly always a mountain’ plant, and common above 2000 ft. altitude, but I once found it at sea level in Singapore. Native names: Akar Balik Adap; Akar Bulan Mudik; Akar Kupor. (4) R. Hasskarli Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 381. R. glomeratus var. gracilis, King, l.c. 295. Slender purplish bramble with few thorns. Leaves deltoid, thin, 3- to 5-lobed wide, cordate acuminate denticulate above, glabrous except midrib and nerves, beneath concolorous, nearly glabrous, 4°25 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles slender, 1°25 in. long appressed, hairy and thorny. Stipules oblong-lanceolate pinnatifid about half-way. Panicles long, 8 in. or more lax, lowest branch 3°5 in. long, yellowish tomentose. Buds ovoid, acute. Pedicels *5 in. long. Sepals ovate acuminate, ‘2 in. long, yellowish silky tomentose outside. Petals shorter, white. Fruit raspberry colour. Hab. Mountain forests, not common. Perak, Batang Padang valley (Wray). Penang (Schomburgk). Distrib. Java, Sumatra. This differs from R. glomeratus in its straggling inflorescence and the leaves not yellowish white beneath. (5) R. elongatus Smith, Icon. ili. 6, 62; Focke, L.c. 60, pl. 22. R. Lobbianus Hook. Ic. Pl. 741-742. A slender climber 30 to 40 ft. tall. Branches hardly puberulous, covered with many short curved thorns. Leaves thin ovate acumin- ate, edges at base sinuate but not lobed, margins denticulate, base widely cordate, glabrous above, pale grey puberulous beneath, 3°5 in. long, 2°4 in. wide; petioles slender, very thorny, I°5 in. 680 XLVIII. ROSACEA. [Rubus. long. Stipules pectinate. Inflorescence slender zigzag puberulous, lax, 6 in. long; branches short, 1 to 1°5 in. long. Flowers ‘3 in. across. Sepals rounded. Petals white. Fruit red, glossy black when quite ripe. Hab. Dense open jungle, 300 to 800 ft. altitude. Perak, Larut (Kunstler) ; Thaiping Hills, Waterfall (Wfay). Dzsirib. Malay isles. (6) R. rosefolius Sm. Ic. iii. 60; Focke, l.c. 153; King, l.c. 206. A slehoes scrambling bramble, with slender stems sub-glabrous with long straight thorns. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 7 to 9, ovate or lanceolate acuminate, toothed, glabrous or hairy beneath, 1°5 to 3 in. long, *7 in. wide. Stipules subulate. Flowers 1 to 2 axillary and terminal on peduncles °‘5 in. long, glabrous or pubescent, °5 in. across. Calyx-lobes setaceous, glabrous. Petals large, white. Fruit a blunt cone of many crimson drupes, about ‘5 in. tall, sweet and juicy. Hab. Mountain thickets, Pahang, Telom. Selangor, Semangkok Pass. Perak, Thaiping Hills near the Cottage, 3500 to 5000 ft. altitude (Wray). Distrib. India, Malay islands to Papua. 7. PYRUS; Uimn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers in terminal cymes or corymbs. Bracts subulate or linear. Calyx-tube urceolate or obconic, lobes 5. Petals 5. Stamens 20 or more; filaments connate at base. Disc annular or lining the tube. Carpels 2 to 5 connate and adnate to tube. Styles 2 to 5; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit fleshy, 2- to 5-celled, cells with a membranous carti- laginous endocarp. Species 100, North Temperate zone, rare in tropics. (1) P. granulosa Beriol. in. Mem. Acad. Sc. Bot. Ser 2, iv. 312 King, 1c. 297: Tree 80 to roo ft. tall. Stem 2 to 3 ft. through. Leaves cori- aceous ovate, acuminate, base cuneate or round, edges serrate, vlabrous; nerves 7 to 9 pairs, prominent below, 4 in. long, 2°5 in. wide. Corymbs lax, terminal. Fruit globose pear-shaped rugulose, ‘75 in. long, ‘6 in. through, 4-celled; endocarp of large granules. Hab. Rocky spots in woods by streams, 2000 to 5000 ft. altitude. Pahang, open woods and stream borders on Gunong Tahan. Perak, Thaiping Hills at 2000 to 2500 ft. altitude (Kunstler); Box Hill (Fox). Distrib. India, Burma, Sumatra. 8. ERIOBOTRYA, Lindl. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate petioled, coriaceous. Flowers white in corymbs and panicles. Calyx-tube turbinate, lobes ovate, 5. Petals 5. Stamens 30, insert in calyx-mouth. Ovary inferior, 2~ to 5-celled; ovules 2 in a cell. Styles 2 to 5, free or more or Eriobotrya. | _ XLVIII. ROSACE. 681 less connate at base, apices dilate. Drupe or berry ovoid, I- to 5-locular, cells 1- to 2-seeded. (1) E. bengalensis Hook. fil. F.BJ. ii. 371. Photinia dubia, Wall. Cat. A shrub or tree. Leaves elliptic or oblong acuminate, narrowed to base, crenate, glabrous; nerves 8 to 12 pairs, 4 to 5 in. long, I°75 in. wide; petioles °75 to 1 in. long. Panicles 2 to 3 in. long, usually dense woolly, rather stout. Flowers °3 in. across, white, fragrant. Calyx-tube obconic. Petals orbicular, claw woolly. Styles 2, base woolly. Fruit 75 in. long, ellipsoid-ovoid, crowned with the sepals, 1- to 2-seeded, green. Hab. Rocky spots. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Robinson). Malacca at Bukit China (Griffith). Dindings at Segari (Ridley). Dzstvib. Himalayas, Burma. OrDER XLIX. SAXIFRAGACE/E. Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite; stipulate or not. [lowers bisexual, regular. Calyx more or less adnate to ovary, sometimes free, sometimes inferior. Petals 5 or 4, peri- gynous or epigynous. Stamens as many or double, rarely numerous. Ovary of 2 to 3 or 5 united carpels, 2- to 3- or 5-celled with axile placentas or 1-celled with parietal placentas. Styles as many as carpels, free or combined nearly to top. Ovules numerous. Fruit capsular or berried. Seeds numerous (one in Polyosma). Species 600 in cold or temperate regions‘and mountains of tropics, with a few tropical trees or shrubs. Sub-herbaceous shrub; leaves simple; flowers blue; fruit succulent . : : c : - . 1. DICHROA Shrubs or trees; leaves pinnate, stipulate; fruit capsular, 2-celled; seeds few j . 5 : . 2. WEINMANNIA Shrubs or small trees; leaves simple. Flowers 4-merous; fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, inferior : : ; . Flowers 5-merous; fruit capsular, conic 4. DICHROA, Lour. A sub-herbaceous shrub. Leaves opposite, lanceolate serrate, membranous. Panicle terminal, many-flowered. Flowers and fruits dark blue. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary, 5- to 6-toothed. Petals 5 to 6 valvate. Stamens Io to 12 epigynous. Ovary three- quarters inferior, 1-celled; styles 3 to 5; ovules numerous on 3 to 5 parietal placentas. Berry blue. One species. (1) D. febrifuga Lour. Fl. Cochinchine, 301; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 213; Bot. Mag. t. 3046; King, l.c. 208. Shrubby at base, 3 to 6 ft. tall, nearly glabrous. Leaves caudate- acuminate, 4 to 5 in. long, 1°4 to 1°8 in. wide; petioles *6 to 1°75 in. long. Panicles large, lax, about 6 in. or more long and wide, . POLYOSMA 5 dlaniay ASS) 682 XLIX. SAXIFRAGACEZ. [Dichroa. Buds white. Petals, stamens and stigmas deep blue. Hab. Mountain forests at 2500 to 5000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Telom. Selangor, Ginting Bidai. Perak, Thaiping Hills, common; Gunong Inas (Yapp). Dzsirib. Indo-Malaya, China. Flowers with pale blue or white petals occasionally occur. 2. WEINMANNIA, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves stipulate odd-pinnate (or trifoliate or simple) glandular serrate. Flowers small racemose. Calyx-tube short, lobes 4 to 5. Petals 4 to 5, imbricate, spathulate or obovate inserted under the margin of a perigynous disc. Stamens 8 to 10, insert with the petals; filaments exsert. Ovary free, conic 2-celled. 2-beaked. Styles 2. Capsule coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds elongate. Species 80, Mascarene, Malaya, Australia, America. (1) W. Blumei Planch. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 470; King, Lc. 299. A small much-branched tree. Leaves bright red when young, pinnate 2 to 3°5 in. long; leaflets 9 to 11, sessile, oblong lanceolate acute, glabrous except for a few black hairs beneath; nerves 6 to 7 pairs, *75 to 1 in. long (terminal one longer), ‘2 to ‘3 in. wide. Stipules obovate, round, ‘2 in. across, pubescent. Racemes clus- tered about 3 in. long, terminal. Flowers pinkish white. Capsules elliptic with the two divergent styles at tip red. Hab. Mountains, not rare, 4000 to 6000 ft. altitude. Malacca, Mt. Ophir. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Robinson); K’luang Terbang (Barnes). Perak, Gunong Bubu (Wray); Gunong Hijau, Thaiping Hills. Dzvsérzb. Java, Philippines. 3. POLYOSMA, BI. Trees of medium or small size or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous or membranous, opposite petioled. Flowers in terminal racemes, short pedicelled with 3 bracts, white, fragrant. Calyx-tube short, adnate to ovary; lobes 4, small. Petals 4, epigynous, linear, valvate, pubescent outside, villous inside, recurved in flowering. Stamens 4; filaments hairy. Ovary inferior, r1-celled; style columnar, long; ovules numerous, parietal. Stigma simple. Fruit baccate, 1-seeded. Species 20, Indo-Malaya, Australia. Leaves membranous drying black. Leaves sinuate-dentate, 2°5 in. long, I in. wide; flowers 1 in. long, few . (1) P. ilicifolia Leaves sinuate-dentate, 6 to 7 by Be 5 in. flowers *5 in. many : . (2) P. grandis Leaves entire; leaves 4 to 6 in. Jong. Fruit elliptic, narrow both flowers °3 in. appressed, hairy ; . °(3) P. integrifolia Flowers conoid ; flowers sparsely puber ulous . (4) P. conocarpa Leaves 3°5 by 1°5 in.; flowers small, ‘2 in. long . (5) P. fragrans Polyosma. | XLIX. SAXIFRAGACES. 683 Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, drying black. Leaves glaucescent beneath ; ; ‘ . (6) P. glaucescens Leaves not glaucescent beneath. Leaves short cuneate at base . ; . - (7) P. coriacea Leaves long, acuminate at base : ; : (8) P. Scortechinii Leaves sparsely denticulate; buds fascicled . (9) P. fasciculata Leaves bright yellow green, velvety beneath. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long; flowers -2 in. long © . (zo) P. leete-virens Leaves 6°5 by 2°5 in.; flowers *4 in. long . . (11) P. Ridleyi Leaves fuscous tomentose beneath; with nerves ‘prominent, sunk above, 6 to 8 in. long . (12) P. flavo-virens (1) P. ilicifolia Bl. Biudr. 658; Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 193, pl. 40. P. parviflora, King, 1.c. 300. Shrub. Leaves membranous, elliptic or obovate narrowed at both ends, edges dentate sinuate, glabrous; nerves Io pairs, 2°5 in. long, I in. wide; petioles ‘I to ‘25 in. long. Racemes I in. long, few-flowered. Flowers white r in. long. Calyx-tube short, green, glabrous, lobes ovate acute. Petals connate in middle, sub- glabrous outside, linear, villous within. Stamens rather longer. Fruit ellipsoid, smooth, narrowed at base crowned by the sepals, black, ‘xr in. long. Hab. Mountains at about 4000 to 5000 ft. altitude. Selangor, Menuang Gasing (Kloss); Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). Perak, Gunong Inas at 5000 ft. altitude (Wray). Distrib. Java. King’s P. parviflora is based on a very young state of the inflorescence of this plant. (2) P. grandis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 30. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall with spreading branches. Stem 1°5 to 2 ft. through. Leaves ovate-elliptic, cuspidate acuminate, cuneate at base, thin, margins distinctly denticulate, glabrous above and beneath except midrib and prominent nerves 12 pairs; secondary nerves prominent, 6 to 7 in. long, 3°5 in. wide; petioles stout °5 in. long, flat, thin, pubescent. Racemes 6 in. long; peduncles I in. long, sparingly pubescent. Buds narrow, cylindric, blunt, on ‘I in. long pubescent pedicels. Calyx-tube cylindric, lobes broad, ovate acute as long as tube. Petals sub-glabrous, white, base greenish, narrow linear, sparingly villous inside. Stamens shorter. Hab. Hill forests. Perak, Larut Hills 3500 to 4000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (3) P. integrifolia Bl. Bijdr. 659; King, l.c. 302, in part. Small tree. Leaves thin, elliptic acuminate or cuspidate, base cuneate, glabrous above; nerves 10 pairs, slender, and midrib puberulous beneath, 4'5 in. long, 2°r in. wide; petioles puberulous, *5 in. long. Racemes 6 to 8 in. long, dense-flowered. Flower- buds straight, narrow, cylindric; pedicel yellow-hairy ‘1 in. long. Petals linear, grey pubescent, villous inside. Stamens shorter. Fruit elliptic, narrowed slightly at both ends, °35 in. long, ‘2 in. 684 XLIX. SAXIFRAGACEZ. [Polyosma. wide; pedicels ‘1 in. long. Hab. Malacca (Griffith and Maingay), apparently not at all common. Dzvstrib. Java. (4) P. conocarpa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 31; P. mutabilis King, l.c. 301, not of Blume. Tree 20 to roo ft. tall. Young parts appressed, hairy. Leaves thin, elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, long narrowed to base, glabrous ; nerves about 8 pairs conspicuous beneath and inarching well within margin, edge quite entire 3°5 to 6 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. across; petioles -2 in. long, appressed-hairy when young. Racemes 5 in. long, appressed-hairy. Flowers white, scattered or in little groups, pedicelled; pedicels ‘1 in. long, in fruit 2 in. long. Calyx-tube campanulate, hairy with very small sub-acute teeth. Petals linear, narrow, °2 in. long, sparsely hairy outside, hairy within. Stamens nearly as long. Fruit conoid truncate, strongly ribbed when dry, ‘25 in. across at the base, narrowing upwards. Hab. Forests up to about Io00 ft. altitude. Scented like privet. Singapore (Wallich 8472). Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Perak, Larut (Kunstler 4344); Birch’s Hill (Wray 508). Penang, Pentlands (Curtis ro81). Lankawi, Gunong Raya (Haniff). Kelantan Woods by Pehi River, Chaning. Disivib. Sumatra Padang, Ayer Mantjur (Beccari 524). Native names: Tembosa jantan; Poko Tupai; Sa-Senduk. (5) P. fragrans Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. p. 196. Itea fragrans Wall. No. 8472. Branches spreading. Bark pale; young parts puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous except midrib and nerves sparsely hairy beneath, long narrowed to base, 3°5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; nerves 7 pairs, fine elevate. Racemes puberulous, 4°25 in. long. Flowers ‘2 in. long; pedicels very short or 0. Calyx-tube campanulate, lobes ovate acute, puberulous. Petals narrow linear, thinly puberulous outside, sparsely villous inside. Stamens con- siderably shorter. Hab. Singapore (Wallich). Johor, Tebrau River (Ridley). Perak (Scortechini). Dzstvib. Borneo. This seems to be a scarce tree. (6) P. glaucescens Rid!. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, erat fs A small tree 20 to 30 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate acute, base narrowed, coriaceous, glaucous beneath; nerves very obscure, 3 to 3°5 in. long, 1°75 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles tin. long. Racemes pubescent, 2°5 to 3in. long. Flowers crowded yellowish white, *2 in. long. Buds oblong, blunt, dilate at base. Calyx-tube very short, funnel-shaped, pubescent, lobes acute, spreading. Petals oblong, obtuse, sparsely strigose outside, villous at tip within. Stamens shorter. Hab. Open rocky slopes in small woods. Pahang, Gunong Tahan on the Padang and at Skeat’s Ridge (Robinson and Ridley), Polyosma.] XLIX. SAXIFRAGACE#. 685 (7) P. coriacea King, l.c. 300. Shrub or small tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate to lanceo- late, glabrous, acuminate or acute, base cuneate, not glaucous beneath; nerves invisible above about 8 pairs, 3 to 3°2 in. long, 8 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles rin. long. Racemes 4 in. long, terminal, many-flowered. Buds grey pubescent, cylindric, blunt not dilate at base, distinctly pedicelled; pedicels ‘05 in. long. Calyx short, teeth short, ovate, rather blunt. Petals narrow, linear, blunt. Stamens a little shorter. Hab. Mountains. Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). Perak, Gunong Bubu 5000 ft. altitude (Wray). (8) P. Scortechinii King, /.c. 301. Tree 30 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves narrow, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, thinly coriaceous, sometimes drying green, glabrous, acuminate blunt, base long narrowed; nerves very fine, visible on both surfaces, about 12 pairs, 5 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; midrib strong; petioles ‘2 to -3 in. long, blade sometimes decurrent nearly to base. Raceme 2°5 to 3 in. long, glabrous. Flowers nearly sessile. Calyx campanulate, lobes short, widely triangular, acute, glabrous. Petals ‘3 in. long, linear blunt, not dilate at base, very sparsely pubescent on edges, tip inside sparsely hairy. Stamens shorter; filaments hairy. Hab. Mountains. Perak (Scortechini) ; Gunong Inas at 3700 ft. altitude (Yapp). (9) P. fasciculata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 32. Shrub. Leaves sub-coriaceous, elliptic, base narrowed blunt, tip sub-acute, glabrous, edges sparsely denticulate; nerves obscure 6 to Io pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. wide; petioles °5 to °75 in. long. Spikes 6 in. long, dense, puberulous. Buds cylindric, blunt, sparsely pubescent, ‘4 in. long, fascicled in groups. Calyx-tube short, sub-campanulate, pubescent, lobes ovate acute. Petals short, oblong-linear, obtuse, sparsely villous inside. Stamens little shorter. Hab. Kedah Peak (Ridley). Rare. (10) P. lete-virens Griff. in King, l.c. 303. (Fg. 60, p. 686.) Tree 20 to 50 ft. tall, 8 to 12 in. through. Branchlets yellowish tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, bright yellow green, smooth above; midrib depressed, velvety-green yellow beneath, lanceolate or narrow elliptic, acute, base narrowed 3 to 4 in. long, 12 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles :2 to °3 in. long. Racemes 3 to 5 in. long, yellow tomentose, ‘I in. long. Calyx short, cylindric, lobes wide ovate acute, hairy. Petals white, silky pubescent outside, densely villous inside, narrow linear, ‘2 in. long. Stamens shorter. Fruit obovoid, rounded crowned with calyx lobes, yellow-pubescent, -2 in. long; pedicel ‘1 in. long. Hab. Mountains. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Griffith), a very glabrous form. Negri Sembilan, Senawang (Foxworthy). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; Sungei Buluh (Fox- worthy). Perak, Ulu Kerling (Kunstler). Penang, West Hill (Curtis). Native names: Poko Tupai; Tambal. 686 XLIX, SAXIFRAGACEZ. | Polyosma., var. robusta Ridl. Leaves elliptic, abruptly cuspidate, stiffly coriaceous 5°25 in. long, 3°5 in. wide; petioles 1°25 in. long. Fruit *3 in. long. Pahang, Gunong Tahan 5000 to 6000 ft. altitude (Robinson, Ridley). Fic. 60,—Polyosma lete-virens. (11) P. Ridleyi King, l.c. 304. Tree. Branches tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly elliptic caudate-acuminate, base cuneate, above glabrous when adult, beneath dense yellowish-tomentose; nerves g to II pairs, prominent beneath as are secondaries, 6 to 6°5 in. long, 2 to 2'5 in. wide; petioles 1 to 2 in. long, tomentose. Racemes stout 5 in. long, densely yellow-tomentose. Flowers ‘4 in. long on a ‘I in. pedicel. Calyx-tube shorter, teeth broad. Petals linear, blunt, villous inside. Stamens, filament villous as long. Hab. Lowland woods, very rare. Singapore, Selitar (Ridley). (12) P. flavo-virens Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 32. P. velutina King, l.c. 304, not of Blume. ; Spreading tree 4o ft. tall, 12 to 18 in. through. Branchlets velvety. Leaves stiffly coriaceous obovate to oblanceolate, nar- rowed to base, acuminate or shortly cuspidate, above glabrous; nerves depressed beneath, soft yellow-hairy, especially on the « thr te Polyosma.| XLIX. SAXIFRAGACE. 687 nerves about 14 pairs elevate, secondary nerves as prominent, 6 to 8 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to I in. long, velvety. Racemes 8 in. long, velvety pubescent; pedicels ‘15 in. long with several acute bracts. Calyx-tube very short, obconic; lobes triangular, acute, longer, yellow-hairy. Petals white, linear- oblong, *3 in. long, puberulous outside, villous within. Stamens shorter, villous. Fruit conic, base broad, °3 in. long; apex acute 4-ridged, -4 in. long; pedicels ‘2 in. long, all pubescent. Hab. Forests. Dindings, Bruas (Ridley). Perak, Goping and Larut (Kunstler). Penang Hill, Balik Pulau (Curtis). This is certainly not P. velutina Bl. of Koorders and Valeton Booms. PI. 195, as the fruit is four times as big as in that plant. 4. ITEA, Linn. Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, alternate, petioled, glabrous, dentate or crenate. Racemes axillary and terminal, long many- flowered. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary base, 5-lobed. Petals 5, oblong, white, valvate. Stamens 5 perigynous. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules many aside °75 in., superior. Capsule conic, elongate, split- ting through the dissepiments and style. Seeds oblong, testa produced. Species 2, Indo-Malaya, N. America, Japan. (1) I. macrophylla Wall. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 419; Hook. fil. Pl. nu. 408. A medium-sized tree. Leaves ovate acuminate, base round edge, glandular-denticulate; nerves 4 pairs, elevate beneath, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles °75 to 1 in. long. Racemes 4 in. long, puberulous. Flowers °2 in. across. Calyx- tube gradually narrowed to base, in fruit campanulate, 2 in. long; fruit valves widely diverging 3 in. long. Hab. Rare. In woods on rocky stream banks, mountains. Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 5000 ft. altitude by the Teku River (Ridley). Dzsivib. India, Java, Borneo. OrDER L. DROSERACEZ.. Small insectivorous herbs, with leaves covered with glandular hairs. Flowers small, racemose, white, pink or violet. Calyx free from ovary 4- to 8-lobed. Petals 4 to 8 hypogynous. Stamens asmany. Ovary I- to 3-celled; ovules parietal, numerous; styles 3 to 5. Capsule 2- to 5-valved. Seeds numerous. Species I10, most temperate and tropical lands. 1. DROSERA, Linn. The Sundews occur all over the world except Polynesia; most abundant in Australia. 688 L. DROSERACE®. (Drosera. Leaves linear, narrow; flowers rose pink . ‘ . (1) D. indica Leaves spathulate, round; flowers white . 5 . (2) D. Burmanni (x). indiea Linn. SP. Pl. 282+: King, 1c. 306. Stems erect 3 to 6 in. tall. Leaves scattered alternate, linear very glandular-hairy, I in. long, very narrow; petioles glabrous ‘5 in. long. Racemes 2 to 4 in. long. Flowers rose pink °3 in. across. Style 3, bifid. Hab. In damp sandy spots, usually in the north. Province Wellesley (King). Lankawi (Curtis). Setul Heath (Ridley). Dzsivib. Africa, Indo-Malaya, China, Australia. (2) D. Burmanni Vahl. Symb. iii. 50; King, l.c. 306. Stem very short. Leaves forming a rosette I in. across, radical, spathulate-cuneate, rounded, glandular-pubescent, red °5 in. long; petioles as long. Stipules as long as petioles. Scapes 2 to 8 in. tall, slender, red glabrescent. Flowers few at top small, white; pedicels less than °25 in. long, glabrous. Styles 5, not bifid. Hab. Not common, but locally plentiful, usually in damp sandy spots. Pahang, sandy country, Pekan. Malacca, Mt. Ophir in moss (leaves green) at 3000 ft. altitude. Tringganu (Yapp). Setul Heath, with D. indica. Distrib. W. Africa, all tropical Asia, China, Japan, Australia. Orvber LI. CRASSULACE-. Herbs, usually fleshy, succulent. Leaves simple (or divided). Flowers cymose or panicled, regular. Calyx 4- to 5-fid (rarely more). Petals as many as calyx lobes (free) or connate. Stamens as many or double (hypogynous) or attached to corolla. Carpels as many as petals with a hypogynous (gland or) scale at the base. Ovules many. Follicles dehiscing on inner face. Seeds many. Species about 400, whole world except Malaya and Polynesia. 1. BRYOPHYLLUM,, Salisb. A tall succulent herb. Leaves opposite, simple, crenate. Flowers in a tall panicle of cymes, greenish or dull red. Calyx inflated, cylindric, 4-lobed. Corolla campanulate, 4-lobed. Petals connate. Stamens 8 in 2 series insert on the middle of the corolla tube. Hypogynous scales 4 blunt. Carpels 4 attenuated into the styles; follicles 4, many-seeded. Species 4, African, one now dispersed all over the tropics. (1) B. caiycinum Salisb. DC. Prodr. iii. 396; Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 413; Bot. Mag. t. 1409. Stems 1 to 4 ft. tall. Leaves simple or 3-partite; leaflets oblong or elliptic, crenate. Calyx purplish green, I to 1°5 in. long. Corolla green constrict in middle, reddish purple at top. Fruit enclosed in the persistent now papery perianth. Hab. Sandy Bryophyllum.] LI. CRASSULACER. 689 places, no doubt introduced from Africa, but thoroughly estab- lishedinafewspots. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca (Maingay, Hervey). Perlis, Tebing Tinggi. Native names: Tumbo Daun; Sadingin; Karanchong (Pahang). Use: As a febrifuge. 2. KALANCHOE, Adans. Erect herbs, succulent. Leaves often deeply cut. Flowers moderate, erect in panicled cymes. Calyx 4-lobed. Corolla flask- shaped, limb 4-fid, yellow. Stamens 8, in 2 rows adnate to corolla- tube; scales 4, linear or oblong. Carpels 4, with long styles; follicles 4. Species 25, chiefly African. (x1) K. laciniata DC. Pl. Grasses, t. 100; Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 415. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers pale yellow about 1 in. long. Malacca (Maingay). Dzstvib. India, Burma, tropical Africa, Java. This is a common pot plant with the Chinese. I have never seen it here in flower, but Maingay’s specimens are in flower. It is not native or wild anywhere in our region, but might occur as an escape in dry spots. Orper LIT HAMAMELIDEZ. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate simple or palmate-lobed. Flowers often unisexual in heads (or spikes). Calyx small or 0, adnate to ovary. Petals 0 to 5. Stamens 4 to many. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, spreading; ovules 1 to many. Capsule woody dehiscing at tip so as to split each style in two. Seeds 1 to many. Species over 30, Persia, India, China, Japan, India, N. America and S. Africa. (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \xvi. (1), p. 307.) Petals present. Petals oblong, pink 2 to 4; stamens 7 to 10 : . I. RHODOLEIA Petals linear, white, 5; stamens5 . 5 ; . 2. MAINGAYA Petals linear, spathulate; leaves cordate ovate; stamens ro to 14 ‘ ‘ F . é . 3. BUCKLANDIA Petals 0; leaves oblong-lanceolate serrate; stamens many. : : ; : : - : . 4. ALTINGIA 1. RHODOLEIA, Hook. Shrubs or small trees, exstipulate. Leaves coriaceous alternate, glaucous beneath. Flowers in axillary peduncled decurved heads with whorls of bracts. Calyx-tubes connate in heads adnate in lower half to ovary; limb annular. Petals unilateral pink, 2 to 4, absent in central flowers, clawed, oblong. Stamens 7 to 10 inserted with petals; filaments thick; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary half inferior ovoid, tip bifid. Capsule woody, 2-celled, 2-valved with many small angular seeds. Species 3, 1 Hongkong and 2 Malay Peninsula (one also in Sumatra). FLM.P., 1. ¥¥ 690 LII. HAMAMELIDE#. [Rhodoleia. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; capsules glabrous Z . (1) R. Teysmanni Leaves ovate, red, scurfy beneath; fruit red scurfy . (2) R. ovalifolia (1) R. Teysmanni M7q. in. Versl. en Meded. K. Akad. v. Wetensch. vi. 124; Kung, l.c. 309. Tree or big shrub, glabrous. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, blunt narrowed at the base, coriaceous, glabrous; nerves very fine and inconspicuous, 6 to Io pairs, beneath glaucous, 3 to 4’5 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. across; petioles I to 1°25 in. long. Heads solitary about 1 in. long, ovoid on curved peduncles, *25 in. long. \ LZ i aie A\9 Sele: Fic. 61.—Rhodoleia ovalifolia. Bracts broad, round, outer glabrous, inner red-hairy. Petals bright rose pink, oblong-lanceolate clawed, tip rounded. Stamens as long. Capsule glabrous, °4 in. long, dehiscing widely for more than half their length. Hab. Mountains, Malacca, Mt. Ophir. Selangor, Klang Gates. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Senaling (Hudson). Pahang, Telom. Perak, Batang Padang (Wray). Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. altitude (Robinson). Dzstrib. Sumatra. (2) R. ovalifolia Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 33. A big shrub with stout branches about ro ft. tall. Young parts densely red-pubescent. Leaves adult very stiff coriaceous above glabrous, beneath at first red-scurfy eventually glabrous and white or glaucous, ovate acute, base rounded, sub-cordate; Rhodoleia.] LII. HAMAMELIDEZ. 691 nerves and reticulations depressed above; nerves 6 to 8, strongly elevate beneath, some secondary nerves prominent, 4 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; young leaves lanceolate acute, base acuminate, 4'5 in. long, 1°75 in. wide; petioles densely velvety eventually glabrous, 1°5 in. long. Heads solitary; peduncle 1°5 in. long, hairy red. Bracts rounded, inner ones very densely red hairy. Petals linear spathulate, °5 in. long, ‘1 in. across, blunt, rose pink. Filaments slender, 75 in. long; anthers oblong. Capsule °5 in. long, densely red-hairy. Hab. Mountains on open rocky spots. Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 5000 ft. altitude (Robinson, Ridley). 2. MAINGAYA, Oliver. Tree. Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate, base rounded, membranous to thinly coriaceous. Stipules small. Heads sub- terminal peduncled of about 15 white flowers. Calyx-tube adherent to ovary. Petals 5-linear, perigynous. Stamens 5 perigynous; filaments very short; anthers horned. Staminodes ro, horned. Ovary half inferior, 2-celled; styles 2, distinct. Ovule I in each cell. Capsule woody, ovoid truncate. Species I. (1) M. malayana Oliver, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 517, t. 44; Hook. fil: F.BI. i. 428; Kang, l.c. 307. Tree 30 to 60 ft. tall. Stem 18 to 24in. through. Leaves 3°5 to Io in. long, 1°25 to 3°75 in. wide. Peduncles ‘5 to 2 in. long. Head “75 in. through. Capsule tapering into a thick pedicel, *75 in. long, apex truncate more than half enclosed in calyx-tube, usually 2 together. Hab. Mountains, 2000 to 3000 ft. altitude. Perak, Gunong Bubu (Kunstler). Penang Hill, Sungei Penang and Moniot’s Roads (Curtis). 3. BUCKLANDIA, Br. Tree about 8o ft. tall. Leaves alternate, cordate ovate acumin- ate, petioled; stipules large coriaceous oblong deciduous. _Inflores- cence of 3 to 5 peduncled heads at first enclosed in a pair of stipules. Flowers adnate by calyces, about 8 ina head. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary, 5-lobed. Petals in bisexual flower linear spathulate, fleshy. Stamens 10 to 14; filaments long. In females, petals rudimentary. Stamens 0. Ovary half inferior, 2-celled; styles 2, separate; ovules 6 in 2 rows in each cell. Capsule nearly superior, woody, sub-globose. Seeds 6, upper wingless, sterile, lower winged fertile. Species 1, Himalaya, Burma, Java, Sumatra. (1) B. populnea Br. Wall. Cat. 7414; Griff. As. Res. xix. 95, plates ; Hook. fil. l.c. 429; King, l.c. 308. Leaves coriaceous often base rounded, apex acuminate; young leaves tricuspidate; nerves 5, prominent, radiating from base; 3 to 8 in. long, 2°75 to 7 in. wide; petioles I to 2°5 in. long. Stipules 2 in. long, *75 in. wide, apex round. Peduncles silky at first °5 in. long. Heads ‘3 to ‘4 in. through in flower, °5 in. in fruit. Hab. High mountain forests, but very rare in flower or fruit, at 5000 ft. 692 LIIl. HAMAMELIDE#. [Bucklandia. altitude. Pahang, Kluang Terbang (Barnes). Selangor, Menuang Gasing, Ulu Langat (Kloss); Semangkok Pass. Perak, Gunong Inas (Wray). 4. ALTINGIA, Noronh. Tree about 50 ft. tall. Leaves alternate ovate or oblong, gland-serrate, thin coriaceous. Flowers in dense heads wrapped in a large bract. Males, heads racemose, females solitary. Male heads a mass of stamens with short filaments; anthers obpyramidal. Female heads of 12 to 20 flowers. Calyces confluent. Petals o. Ovary three-quarters inferior, 2-celled; styles 2; ovules numerous axile. Fruit head globose, rough puberulous. Seeds numerous, lower ones winged fertile. Species 2, Indo-Malaya, China. (1) A. excelsa Noronh. Verh. Bat. Genootsch, v. 41; Hook. fil. F.Bal. i. 429. A big tree. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, 1°75 in. wide, tip apiculate, blunt, base narrowed glabrous; nerves 8 pairs, slightly elevate beneath; petioles r in. long. Peduncle 2 in. long. Capitula °5 in. through. Hab. Rare on mountains. Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 5000 ft. altitude (Ridley). Dzstvib. India, Java. Our plant has stiffer leaves shortly narrowed to a blunt point, the Indian and Javanese forms have thinner long acuminate leaves. OrveR LIII. HALORAGE/E King, /.c. 309, gives two species of this order as inhabitants of the region, but the evidence for their occurrence here is so doubtful that I exclude both. They are :— HALORAGIS MICRANTHA R. Br. Perak? Scortechini. ‘‘ No specimens in Scortechini’s collec- tions, but a field note from him ”’ (King). Not given by King. MyYRIOPHYLLUM INTERMEDIUM DC. “Malacca, Griffith, probably on Mt. Ophir.’’ No specimen occurs in Griffith’s collections at Kew, nor is it mentioned in the F.BI. Mt. Ophir is a most improbable locality for this pond- weed. OrvEeR LIV. RHIZOPHORACE/E Tidal mud trees. Leaves opposite stipulate, coriaceous. Flowers in axillary cymes, rather large. Calyx-tube obscure, adnate to ovary; sepals coriaceous 4 to 14. Petals 4 or more, entire or lacerate. Stamens 8 to many. Ovary inferior, I- to 4-celled. Fruit fleshy, more or less conic. Embryo germinating before the fruit falls and emitting a long thick root. Species about 20, tropics. The Mangroves, Bakau of Malays. Rhizophora.| LIV. RHIZOPHORACES. 693 Petals 4, entire; stamens 8; ovary 2-celled . : . I. RHIZOPHORA Petals 5 to 6, eres stan stamens 10 to 12; ovary 3-celled : : : 5 2. CERIOPS Petals 5 to 6 lacerate ; stamens many; ovary t-celled 3. KANDELIA Petals and sepals 8 to 14; petals bifid; stamens 16 to 28; ovary 2- to 4-celled F . 4. BRUGUIERA 1. RHIZOPHORA, Linn. Trees. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, opposite. Stipules large, in pairs, caducous. Flowers medium, on short axillary cymes, Calyx 4-lobed with connate bracteoles at base. Petals 4, entire. on a fleshy disc. Anthers 8, sub-sessile. Ovary 2-celled, half inferior, projecting as a cone; cells 2-ovuled. Stigma bifid. Fruit brown, pear-shaped, with the calyx-teeth persistent. Radicle long, pendent. Species 5, tropical mud shores. Leaves broad, elliptic; cymes 3-flowered; petals fleshy, woolly. : : : : . (1) R. mucronata Leaves narrow, lanceolate ; ee 2-flowered; petals thin, glabrous. 5 . (2) R. conjugata (1) R. mucronata Lave Diet. Vi. 76: Ill. 396, f. 2; Wight, iif. 1. 209; King, l.c. 312. Very large shrub or tree 60 to 80 ft. tall. Leaves elliptic, tapering to each end, mucronate; nerves invisible, 5 to 8 in. long, 2°5 to 4°25 in. wide; petioles 1:2 to 1°75 in. long. Cymes ‘2 in. long, 3-flowered. Flowers 5 to ‘6 in. long yellow. Calyx-lobes triangular, sub-acute. Petals shorter, linear-lanceolate, woolly inside. Stamens 8. Fruit obovoid, 1°5 in. long; radicle 1 to 2 ft. long, cylindric. Hab. Mangrove swamps everywhere. Disirib. Old World tropics to Australia. Native names: Belukap; Bakau Korap. R. stylosa Griff. Notule. iv. 666; Ic. Pl. As. t. 640, seems to be a smaller form with smaller leaves and flowers, more villous petals and longer style. It was obtained in Malacca, and I have seen specimens much like it from the Malay Islands to New Guinea. It should be looked for again. (2) R. conjugata Linn. Sp. Pl. 443; King, l.c. 313. Large shrub or tree 60 to 8o ft. tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, mucronate; nerves visible, 5 to 6 in. long, 1°25 to 2'5 in. wide; petioles ‘8 to 1°25 in. long. Cymes 2-flowered, *5in. long. Sepalsovateacute. Petalsshorter, glabrous. Stamens Ir to 12. Fruit obclavate, 1 in. long; radicle slender, 12 in. long. Hab. All mangrove swamps. Old World tropics, less widely distributed than the last. Native names: Bakau (name applied to all mangroves); Akit; Bakau Minyak. Use. In tanning and dyeing. 2. CERIOPS, Arn. Small trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, obovate. Cymes con- densed. Flowers few, small. Calyx 5- to 6-lobed, with connate bracts at base. Petals 5 to 6, insert at the base of a Io- to 12-lobed 694 LIV. RHIZOPHORACEZ. [Ceriops. disc. Stamens Io to 12. Ovary 3-celled; cells 2-ovuled; style short. Stigma simple. Fruit obovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded; radicle slender. Species 7, tidal rivers, Old World. (1) C. Candolleana Ayn, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 364; Wight, Til. 209. Large shrub or tree. Leaves obovate-oblong blunt, narrowed long to base, 1°75 to 2 in. long, I to 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘6 to I in. long. Cymes I in. long, branched. Flowers ‘25 in. long. Calyx-lobes 5, oblong. Petals oblong-obovate, truncate with 3 short appendages. Stamens 10, as long. Fruit obclavate, nearly 1 in. long; radicle 6 to 12 in. long, slender, thickened near tip, grooved when dry. Hab. Mangroves,common. Singapore, Jurong, etc., to Penang. Dzstvib. India and Ceylon, Borneo. Native name: Tengah. Use: In dyeing, giving a bright brown colour, and in tanning nets and sails. Cloth dyed in Tengah bark and then in indigo, becomes purple or black. C. Roxburghiana Arn, King, l.c. 316. ‘‘ Probably in all the provinces,” has never been collected in the Malay Peninsula. 3. KANDELIA, Wight and Arn. Small tree. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, oblong blunt. Peduncles axillary, dichotomously branched. Flowers few, large, white. Calyx 5- to 6-lobed; lobes linear lanceolate. Petals 5 to 6, bifid; lobes multifid. Stamens indefinite; filaments slender, exsert. Ovary I-celled, half inferior, prolonged above calyx into a cone; ovules 6. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit obclavate, cylindric, girt at base by calyx-tube, 1-celled, 1-seeded; radicle fusiform, slender. Species 1, Indo-Malaya. (1) K. Rheedii W. and A. Prodr.i. 311; King, l.c. 317. Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘5 in. long. Peduncles 2 in. long, 4- to 9-flowered. Flowers ‘6 to ‘8 in. long. Fruit I in. long; radicle 6 to 15 in. long. Hab. Tidal rivers, very local. Johor, Batu Pahat. Pahang, Pulau Lang, Rumpin (Foxworthy). Distrib. India, Ceylon, Malay isles. 2. BRUGUIERA, Lamk. Trees or large bushes. Leaves coriaceous. Peduncles axillary, cymose, or I-flowered. Flowers large or small. Calyx-lobes narrow, 8 to 14, tube obconic, ebracteate. Petals oblong, as many, 2-lobed or emarginate, embracing pairs of stamens. Stamens 16 to 28; filaments filiform; anthers linear, as long. Ovary 2- to 4-celled, not projecting; cells 2-ovuled. Stigma 2- to 4-lobed, minute. Fruit obconic; radicle long. Species 7, Old World Tropics. Flowers solitary, axillary, large; calyx red. Petals 2-lobed; lobes with 2 to 4 bristles, glabrous . (1) B. gymnorhiza OF A Se Arts hit GMO: Bruguiera.] LIV. RHIZOPHORACE#. 695 Petals 2-lobed; lobes with 1 bristle in the cleft; inner face woolly : : - : ‘ (2) B. eriopetala Flowers cymose, small, green. Calyx lobes as long as tube; petals bifid - (3) B. caryophylloides Calyx lobes quarter length of tube; petals emarginate : F P . ‘ - (4) B. parviflora (1) B. gymnorhiza Lam. Encycl. iv. 696; Ill. t. 397; King, Le. 314. Large tree with stout branches. Leaves thick, elliptic acute, base cuneate; nerves invisible, 3°5 to 6 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles 1°5 in. long. Flowers solitary, axillary, 1°25 to I'5 in. long; peduncles °35 in. long. Calyx coriaceous campanulate cut into 12 narrow acute teeth, bright red. Petals shorter, as many, bilobed at tip and with 2 to 4 bristles on each lobe, base pubescent not woolly. Stamens 2 opposite each petal, shorter. Fruit small; radicle 1 to 2 ft. long. Hab. Common in mangrove swamps, Singapore to Penang. Distrib. Africa, tropical Asia to Papua. (2) B. eriopetala Wight, Ill. i. 210; King, l.c. 314. Tree 30 ft. or more tall. Branches more slender than preceding. Leaves thinner, narrower, lanceolate acute, base cuneate, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°25 to 1°65 in. wide; petioles ‘6 to °75 in. long. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles ‘25 in. long. Calyx 1°25 in. long, tube wide campanulate, ‘5 in. long, red, lobes ro. Petals shorter deeply bifid with a bristle between, densely white-woolly. Hab. Mangroves, the commonest species. Singapore, Kranji, etc. Malacca (Griffith). Pahang. Selangor. Perak, Penang (Curtis). Lankawi, Pulau Segai (Haniff). Dzstvib. South India, Malay isles, China. Native name: Mata Buaya. (3) B. caryophylloides Bl. Enum. Pl. Jav. i. 93; Hook. fil. Perl iis 438 > King, be. 315. Bushy tree smaller than the two former. Branches slender. Leaves bright green, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate acute, base narrowed; nerves faintly visible above when dry, 3 to 4 in. long, *8 to 2 in. wide; petioles 1 in. long. Cymes about 1 in. long, 2- to 3-flowered. Flowers green, *4 to ‘5 in. long. Calyx-tube urceolate; lobes linear blunt, 8, eventually reflexed. Petals shorter, tip bifid sparsely white-hairy; lobes obtuse with 3 to 5 hairs at tip. Stamens 16. Fruit °5 in. long, obconic with reflexed sepals half as long; radicle 2°5 to 8 in. long. Hab. Mangrove swamps, common. Singapore, Pulau Ubin (Hullett) to Perak, Sapetang (Wray) and the Adang islands. Native names: Buah Brus; Bakau Putih. Dvystvib. India, Ceylon, Malay isles. (4) B. parviflora W. and A. Prodr. 311; King, l.c. 315. Shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic acute, base cuneate; nerves visible on both sides when dry, 3 to 3°5 in. long, *8 to 1°25 in. wide; petioles *75 to 1 in. long. Cymes 2- to 5-flowered, erect, rin. long. Flowers *4 to ‘5 in. long. Calyx-tube 696 LIV. RHIZOPHORACE2. [Brugutera. cylindric; lobes 8 much shorter. Petals 8 much shorter, oblong, tip broad emarginate and except for 5 white hairs glabrous. Stamens 16. Fruit cylindric, ribbed, 1 in. long; radicle 4 to 5 in. long. Hab. Mangroves, fairly common, but less so than the last. Whole peninsula. Nativename : Lenggadai. Distrib. India, Malay isles. OrpeR LV. LEGNOTID/E Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Flowers small, white, axillary cymose. Calyx tubular adnate more or less to ovary. Petals 4 to 5, usually lacerate on the edge of the tube. Disc lining tube. Stamens twice as many as petals. Style I. Fruit drupaceous. Seed 1. Species about 80, tropics. Flowers in short cymes; petals on edge of disc; ovary half inferior . : : : : : : . I. CARALLIA Flowers fascicled; petals from below disc; ovary i superior Z é . 2. GYNOTROCHES Flowers 1 or 2, axillary ; petals on edge of tube . . 13.) PELYACAL Yas 1. CARALLIA, Roxb. Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous (rarely thin) glabrous, petioled ovate or elliptic. Cymes short axillary trichotomous, simple or branched. Calyx-tube campanulate, 5- to 8-lobed; lobes short, valvate. Petals 4 to 5 on edge of crenulate disc lining the tube, clawed, entire orbicular or more or less lacerate. Disc epigynous, I0- to 16-lobed. Stamens insert with petals; filaments filiform; anthers small, oblong. Style filiform. Fruit globose or ovoid, fleshy, 1-celled, I- to 2-seeded. Seed globose-reniform. Species 12, Indo-Malaya, Australia. Leaves entire coriaceous. Leaves obovate; cymes as long as peduncles; flowers several, ‘15 in. long ¥ (1) C. integerrima Leaves obovate; cymes on peduncles ‘longer than petiole ; flowers 3 together, ‘25 in. long : (2) C. eugenioidea ’ Leaves elliptic, sub-acute ; pecnaee: long 3- flowered, "25 in. long . (3) C. montana Leaves elliptic cuspidate, larger, “thinner; flowers 3 to 5 in cyme, ‘15 in. long . (4) C. Scortechinii Leaves coriaceous elliptic acuminate serrulate 1: 75 in. long; cymes of 3 or more flowers small (5) C. euryoides Leaves thin elliptic, large and spinulose on edge. Flowers in ep ain has bracts imbricate; seeds 2 . . , . (6) C. spinulosa Flowers in very short racemes: shrub . (7) C. suffruticosa (x) C. integerrima DC. Prod’. iii. 33; Hotes fil. F.B.I. ii. 439. C. lucida King, l.c. 318, not of Roxburgh. A glabrous tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous obovate to elliptic-oblong, shortly cuspidate, base long-narrowed, edge entire ; Carallia.| LV. LEGNOTIDA. 697 nerves very fine and numerous, 3 to 3°75 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to ‘3 in. long. Cymes axillary 1 in. long, including the stout peduncle. Flowers ‘15 in. long. Calyx-tube cylindric; teeth 6 to 7 triangular. Petals orbicular crenate. Stamens twice as many and longer. Fruit pisiform, glabrous 1-celled, 1-seeded. Hab. In woods usually in damp spots in the lowlands. Singapore, Bukit Timah forest. Johor, Ulu Kahang (Kelsall). Pahang, Rumpin River (Foxworthy). Malacca, Brisu; Selandor (Cantley). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Perak, Sungei Rayah (Kunstler). Penang, Chalet. Kelantan, Kota Bharu. Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). Perlis, Kanga. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Native names: Merpoin; Janggut Kli; Bong-Bong; Kusinga; Mesinga; Tingkawa. Use. Leaves used as tea. (2) C. eugenioidea King, /.c. 320. Tall tree. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, apex blunt or rounded, base narrowed, tip edge minutely crenulate, with raised dots on the lower surface; nerves 6 pairs, fine conspicuously inarching, I to 1°75 in. long, °7 to °8 in. wide; petioles ‘1 to °2 in. long. Cymes 3-flowered, axillary peduncles 1 in. long, slender. Flowers ‘25 in. long. Calyx-tube narrow, campanulate; lobes 5, triangular. Petals 0. Stamens 10, inserted on a r1o-lobed disc. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit obovoid, crowned by the enlarged sepals *3 in. long, *2 in. thick. Hab. High mountains. Not common. Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson) at 5000 ft. altitude. Perak (Scortechini). I have seen no petals on this plant, but they may be early caducous. (3) C. montana kidl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 145. Shrub 8 to to ft. tall. Leaves only at branch ends, obovate or elliptic-ovate, shortly acuminate blunt, base cuneate, edge denticulate, coriaceous, gland-dotted beneath; nerves 7 pairs, midrib grooved above, prominent beneath, 2 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; petioles stout ‘25 in. long. Cymes 3-flowered, axillary °75 in. long. Flowers ‘25 in. long. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, lobes 5, triangular. Petals ovate, laciniate, clawed, white. Stamens Io. Hab. High mountains, open rocky places at 4500 to 5000 ft. alti- tudes. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Ridley, Robinson); Kluang Terbang (Barnes). Perak, Gunong Kerbau (Haniff). (4) C. Scortechinii King, /.c. 319. Shrub or small tree. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate caudate acuminate, narrowed to base; nerves numerous, very fine, 2 to 2°75 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to ‘25 in. long. Stipules lanceolate, -25 in. long. Cymes axillary ‘2 to ‘3 in. long; peduncle slender, trichotomous. Flowers 3 to 5, ‘1 in. long. Calyx-tube campanulate; lobes triangular 5. Petals reniform erose-crenate, clawed, each embracing a stamen. Stamens Io on a 1o-toothed epigynous disc. Ovary 5-celled. Hab. Lowland 698 LV. LEGNOTIDZ. (Carallia. woods. Not common. Singapore, Changi. Selangor, Petaling; Batu Caves. Perak (Scortechini). (5) C. euryoides Ridi. A small tree. Branches black, leafy at tips. Leaves cori- aceous, elliptic acuminate with a long blunt point, base cuneate, edge serrulate, 1°75 in. long, ‘5 in. wide; nerves 7 pairs; petioles ‘25 in. long. Cymes axillary ‘25 in. long of 3 flowers or compound of 3 branches with 2 flowers on each; pedicels ‘1 in. long. Flowers ‘12in. long. Calyx urn-shaped; lobes 5 lanceolate acute. Petals 5 very narrow linear as long as sepals. Stamens 10. Style stout, as long as sepals. Stigma pulvinate. Fruit ovoid with persistent sepals. Hab. Quartzite rocks at 1000 ft. altitude. Selangor, Klang Gates (Ridley). (6) C. spinulosa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 82, p. 184. Tree (or shrub). Leaves thin, elliptic abruptly acuminate, base narrowed, edge spinulose; nerves fine, 14 pairs, ‘4 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. wide; petioles '2in. long. Cymes ‘4 in. long; peduncles ‘2 in. long; branches short with numerous rounded imbricating bracts. Flowers sessile ‘2 in. long. Sepals triangular acute. Petals shorter, obovate reniform, edge crisped, claw short, white. Stamens outer row adnate to sepals, inner wrapped in petals, all shorter than petals. Disc annular, slightly lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, 2-seeded. Hab. Rare. Low swampy country near rivers. Pahang, Sungei Lamar, Bentong (Foxworthy). Perak, Tanjong Malim (Ridley). Dzstvib. Tonkin. Native name: Gandang. ) C. suffruticosa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 6. A shrub, glabrous. Leaves elliptic acute at both ends, edges closely spinulose, membranous; nerves 12 to I3 pairs, secondaries nearly as prominent, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 1°75 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long. Stipules lanceolate, keeled °25 in. long. Flowers yellow and white in short axillary racemes ‘4 in. long. Bracts ovate, keeled. Calyx campanulate, ‘12 in. long; lobes 5, lanceo- late-acute. Petals linear-oblong lacerate nearly to base as long as calyx. Stamens 10. Hab. Forests, rare. Selangor, Dusun Tua (Ridley). 2. GYNOTROCHES, Bl. Medium-sized trees. Leaves coriaceous, opposite. Flowers in small axillary fascicles. Calyx 4- to 5-lobed, ebracteate. Petals 4 to 5 inserted below on an 8- to 10-lobed disc, spathulate fimbriate clawed white. Stamens 8 to 10, on the disc. Ovary superior, ovoid-globose, 3- to 6-celled; style conical, columnar; ovules 4 in a cell. Stigma peltate, 5-lobed. Berry globose, many-seeded. Seed obovoid. Species 2, Malayan. (x) G. axillaris Bl. Bijdr. 219; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1. 127, PR ine; 1c. 820. A slender tree, about 40 ft. tall or less, 6 in. through, glabrous. »~ i a) ie a2 hiva> a ae Gynotroches.| LY. LEGNOTIDA. 699 Leaves oblong or elliptic acuminate at both ends, dark shining green above, yellowish beneath; nerves 9 to 12 pairs, 3°5-to 5°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles 25 in. long. Fascicles 6- to 1o-flowered, *5 in. long. Flowers less than ‘1 in. across, males with perfect white petals; pistil abortive. Female with imperfect stamens and petals. Fruit globular, ‘1 in. through, at first red, then black. Hab. Common all over the peninsula. In dry woods often a fair-sized tree; in wet swamps very slender, about 12 to 14 ft. tall, with very black bark. Dzystvib. Malay isles. Native names: Janggut Keli; Mata-Keli; Membelu and M. Kechil. Use: Timber for rafters and posts, rather durable. 3. PELLACALYX, Korth. Slender trees. Leaves opposite bifarious, petioled sometimes serrate. Stipules interpetiolar, elongate. Flowers solitary or paired, axillary, medium size. Calyx-tube urceolate, adherent to ovary at base; teeth 4 to 6, recurved. Petals 4 to 6, lacerate, on the edge of calyx-tube. Stamens 8 to 12, on the edge of a crenulate disc lining the tube. Ovary half inferior, 5- to r1o-celled ; style subulate. Stigma discoid lobed. Fruit fleshy, globose, 5- to r1o-celled. Seeds many. Species 3 or 4, Malay Peninsula and islands. | Leaves red-pubescent beneath; calyx-teeth 5 or6 . (1) P. axillaris Leaves glabrous; calyx-teeth 4 ; ; : . (2) P. Saccardianus (x) P. axillaris Korth. in Van der Hoev. and De Vr. Tijdsch. ill. 20, ¢. 2; Griff. Notule iv. 420; Ic. Pl. As. t. 486; King, l.c. 320. A slender tree about 20 to 50 ft. tall, with horizontal branches. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong, base round, sparsely stellate hairy or glabrous above, stellate red brown pubescent beneath, boldly reticulate; nerves 12 pairs, elevate beneath, 4°5 to 7 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to °3 in. long. Stipules lanceo- late, pubescent, *35 in. long. Flowers ‘25 to *35 in. long. Calyx- tube green, pubescent. Petals white. Stamens brown. Fruit pisiform °25 in. through, brown. Seeds white edged red-hairy, toothed. Hab. Common in damp spots in open country and swampy edges of woods. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Kunstler) ; Bukit Mandai Road; Tanglin. Johor, Kota Tinggi. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay). Selangor. Perak, Larut and Teluk Anson (Kunstler). Province Wellesley, Nibong Tebal (Curtis). Penang Road from Balik Pulau to Pulau Betong (Curtis). Dzstvib. Sumatra. (2) P. Saccardianus Scort. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. xvii. 143; Hemsl. Hook. Ic. Pl. 1546; King, l.c. 321. Medium straight, rather slender tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong short-acuminate, base round, above glabrous, beneath slightly reticulate, glabrous or very slightly puberulous; nerves 7 to g pairs, prominent beneath, 4 to 7 in. long, 1°6 to 2 in. wide; 700 LV. LEGNOTIDA. [Pellacalyx. petioles ‘25 in. long. Flowers °25 in. long, light green. Calyx-tube ‘2 in. long, glabrous, lobes 4. Petals 4, toothed. Stamens 8. Ovary g-celled. Hab. Very common in low open country and woods. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Negri Sembilan, Seremban. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; Rawang. - Perak, Thaiping Hills near the Waterfall (Wray); Ulu Bubong Fic. 62.—Pellacalyx Saccardianus. (Kunstler). Province Wellesley, Nibong Tebal (Curtis). Penang, Penara Bukit and Balik Pulau (Curtis). Dzstvib. Borneo. Native names : Kayu Johor; Mumbuloh Rimbah; Piango Jantan. Orpver LVI. ANISOPHYLLE/E Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers very small, white, unisexual. Calyx adnate to ovary; lobes 4. Petals 4, sometimes lacerate. Stamens 8. Styles 4; ovary 4-celled, inferior. Fruit more or less drupaceous. Seed 1. Species ro, tropical Asia and Africa. ; | : Anisophyllea. | LVI. ANISOPHYLLEA, 701 ANISOPHYLLEA, Br. Leaves sub-coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate or rhomboid; nerves 3 to 5, radiating from base, rarely pinnate. Flowers in axillary spikes, single or panicled. Calyx-tube in female ovoid. Petals white or pink, very smalloro. Stamens8. Filaments short; anthers small, abortive in females. Ovules 1 in a cell. Fruit drupe or woody oblong or pear-shaped. Leaves rhomboid, distichous. Flowers fascicled below leaves : ; . (1) A. disticha Flowers in 1 in. pubescent spikes . : (2) A. Scortechinii Leaves ovate or oblong; nerves stout radiating from base. Flowers apetalous : ‘ : ‘ . (3) A. apetala Flowers petalled. Petals deltoid; leaves and fruit pyriform, large . ‘ . (4) A. Gaudichaudiana Petals divided to base in narrow lobes . . (5) A. Curtisii Leaves with pinnate nerves from midrib . . (6) A. Griffithii (1) A. disticha Baill. Adansonia xi. 311; King, l.c. 322. Haloragis disticha Jack, Mal. Misc. vii. 19. Shrub about 8 to to ft. tall, with pendent branches. Leaves (young red) dimorphous, densely covering the branches, large ones trapezoid, polished green, sub-falcate acute, base cuneate, sub- sessile, pubescent or glabrous, °75 in. long, °3 to *4 in. wide, sub- coriaceous; small ones lanceolate from below the big ones, lying flat on branch, ‘I to ‘25 in. long. Flowers, males on the under- side of the branch, fascicled -05 in. across white; racemes very short. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals shorter, fimbriate. Stamens 8. Females solitary, larger, sub-sessile. Calyx-tube elongate, connate with ovary; lobes 4, triangular. Petals and stamens as in male. Drupe oblong truncate, pulpy, bright red; seed oblong 8-ribbed. Hab. Common in low woods and secondary growth. Singapore common, to Perak, Waterfall, Thaiping (Wray), Kedah, Kulim (Haniff) and Gurun (Robinson). Distrib. Borneo, Sumatra. Native names: Poko Kanchil; Kayu Pachat. (2) A. Scortechinii King, l.c. 325. Shrub or treelet 25 ft. tall, habit of A. disticha. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves falcate rhomboid, long acuminate, base oblique acute, glabrous except a few hairs on back and nerves pubescent ; nerves 3 to 5 from base, prominent beneath, 2°5 to 3 in. long, ‘6 to I'25 in. wide; petioles ‘15 in. long. Panicles °5 to 1 in. long, pubescent I to 2 branches. Male flowers ‘1 in. across ; pedicels as long. Sepals 4 to 5, ovate acute. Petals shorter, trifid, white. Stamens 8. Fruit ellipsoid, °75 in. long, °4 in. through, red. Hab. Dry open woods, local. Pahang, Baloh Residency, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Dindings at Simpit. Perak, Ulu Kerling (Kunstler). Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur. Native name: Kayu Ribu- Ribu. 702 LVI. ANISOPHYLLEZ. (Anisophyllea. (3) A. apetala Scort. King, l.c. 323. Tree 30 to 40 ft. tall, glabrous, 10 to 15 in. through. Branches pendulous. Leaves membranous, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, caudate- acuminate, base round or slightly cuneate; nerves 5 from base, 3 to 8 in. long, 1°25 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to°3in. long. Racemes panicled, few, glabrous. Flowers globular, pink, males pedicelled. Calyx deeply 4- (or 5)-lobed; lobes thick, triangular. Petals o. Stamens 4. Females with males, sessile. Calyx tubular, lobes short; ovary 4-angled, included in tube. Fruit ovoid or elliptic, light brown, purple striped, 2 to 3 in. long, I to 1°25 in. through; pericarp woody. Hab. Forests up to 2500 ft. altitude. Malacca, Bukit Naning (Cantley). Selangor, Petaling. Perak, Goping and Larut Hills (Kunstler). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tampin (Good- enough). Dindings, Pangkor; Gunong Tungul (Curtis); Telok Sera. Native names: Dalik Limau Manis; Medang burunit. (4) A. Gaudichaudiana Baill. Adansonia xi. 311; King, L.c. 324; Hook. jiloic. Pl. 1551: Tree 60 to 50 ft. tall, 15 to 20 in. through. Leaves coriaceous, dark, drying yellow green, oblong or elliptic narrowed to a long acuminate point, glabrous, strongly 5-nerved from base, transverse nervules conspicuous, 6 to 10 in. long, 2°5 to 4 in. wide; petioles *25 to ‘4 in. long, thick. Panicles axillary, 6 in. long; branches reniform with few short branchlets, pubescent. Male flowers globose ‘05 in. across, pedicelled. Sepals 4, triangular. Petals 4 deltoid. Stamens 8. Female flowers sessile, calyx elongate, tubular. Stamens 0. Fruit large, woody, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 2°5 in. through, pear-shaped, rusty-pubescent. Hab. Woods up to 2500 ft. alti- tude. Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Waterfall, Thaiping (Wray). Penang Hill, 1000 ft. altitude (Wallich, Curtis). (5) A. Curtisii King, l.c. 326. Tree 60 to 50 ft. tall. Branchlets slender, pubescent. Leaves thin, coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate slightly oblique, caudate- acuminate, glabrous; nerves 3 or 5, prominent beneath, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, *8 to 1°25 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Spikes °5 in. long, male and female flowers on different ones. Males 15 in. across, sessile. Calyx-tube elongate, pubescent; lobes 4, broad, triangular. Petals 4 cut into filiform lobes nearly to base. Stamens 8, unequal. Styles subulate. Females ‘25 in. long. Hab. Hill forests. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Haniff). Penang, West Hill (Curtis). (6) A. Griffithii Oliver, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 460, ¢. 48; King, l.c. 325. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, bright green, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, acuminate, base cuneate; nerves fine, inconspicuous, pinnate, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, 1°2 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Spikes slender, solitary to 3 together, 1°5 to 2 in. long, puberulous. Flowers distant Anisophyllea. | LVI. ANISOPHYLLE&. 703 sessile. Male *o5 in. long. Calyx-lobes 4, triangular. Petals 4, shorter, sub-quadrate, emarginate. Stamens 8, 4 opposite petals and attached thereto. Females as males, but calyx-tube elongate. Fruit globular, woody, 1°75 in. long, 1°35 in. wide. Hab. Lowland forests. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Malacca; Ayer Panas (Griffith). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Native names : Kempas Dadeh; Delek Tembaga. OrpDER LVII. COMBRETACE/E Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves simple, entire; stipules 0. Flowers small in spikes or racemes, often panicled. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary and produced above it, lobes 4 to 6. Petals 4 or 5 or 0. Stamens 4 or 5 or 8 to 10 on calyx. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; style simple; ovules 2 to 7. Stigma simple. Fruit a drupe, or winged by calyx-lobes or with 4 to 5 wings from the angles. Species 240, whole tropics and S. Africa. The Gyrocarpee formerly included (Illigera and Gyrocarpus) are excluded from the order and placed in A fetale. Petals o. Trees with drupes often aoe and some winged from angles ; : : . I. TERMINALIA Shrubs with accrescent calyx wings ; ‘ . 2. CALYCOPTERIS Petals 4 to 5. Calyx-limb persistent; fruit a small woody drupe, seashores . - : : : : 2 . 3. LUMNITZERA Calyx-limb deciduous. Calyx-tube beyond ovary under °5 in. long : . 4. COMBRETUM Calyx-tube beyond ovary ‘75 to 2°5in. long. . 5. QUISQUALIS 1. TERMINALIA, Linn. Large often vast trees. Leaves alternate or sub-opposite, coriaceous. Flowers small, spicate (spikes sometimes panicled), bisexual, but upper flowers sometimes males only. Calyx-tube produced above only; mouth campanulate; lobes 5, triangular. Petals 0. Stamens 10 on calyx tube; disc epigynous, hairy. Ovary t-celled inferior; ovules 2 to 3. Fruit ovoid, drupaceous or with 2 to 5 wings. Seed 1. Species 135, tropics generally. Fruit not winged. Leaves oblong, narrowed upwards; fruit oblong, 5-angled : Leaves obovate or broadly elliptic, base rounded ; fruit ovoid tomentose : - 1) T. citrina T. belerica Leaves obovate base long, narrow. Fruit ellipsoid not flattened . Fruit flattened. ( (2 (3) T. foetidissima Leaves 3 to 4 in. by 2 in. wide . ; ral: (5 ( 3 Leaves 6 to g in. long, 1°25 in. wide Fruit 2-winged, broad. Leaves blunt oblanceolate ) ) ) T. phellocarpa ) T. Catappa ) 6) T. subspathulata 704 LVII. COMBRETACE2. [Terminalia. Leaves lanceolate acuminate . (7) T. bialata Fruit oblong, 3- eS leaves small often 1 in. long . : . (8) T. triptera (1) TF. citrina Roxb. Fl. ee ll. 435. Tree (woody. climber fide Curtis, parasite fide Kunstler). Leaves lanceolate acuminate, thinly coriaceous, base narrowed, 4 in. long, 2 in. wide; nerves sub-horizontal, 12 pairs, reticulations beneath fine; petioles *5 in. long with 2 glands at top. Racemes in axillary and terminal panicles, 4 in. long, 3 in. wide, pubescent. Flowers small, ‘2 in. wide. Calyx glabrous with villous glands inside. Stamens 10. Hab. Forests. Negri Sembilan, Pasir Panjang (Fox- worthy). Perak, Larut (Kunstler) Parasite. Penang, Waterfall (Curtis), woody climber. Distrib. India. The Herbarium specimens seem quite indistinguishable from the Indian plant, but both Curtis and Kunstler affirm it is not a big tree, as in India, but aclimber. Fruit unknown. var. Malayana Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 447. Tree 60 to 80 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic to ovate lanceolate, sub-acute, base rounded; nerves about 12 pairs, slightly elevate, 4 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, minutely reticulate beneath; petioles -75 in. long. Spikes panicled, axillary, at the ends of branches, hairy, 3 in. long. Flowers sessile ‘2 in. across. Ovary glabrous. Calyx pubescent outside, villous inside. Drupe lanceo- late, narrowed to tip, obscurely 5-ridged, rin. long. Hab. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Griffith, Maingay). Pahang, Binchal Residency, Kwala Lipis (Foxworthy). Native name: Belawan. This has more coriaceous elliptic leaves round-based, shorter and more hairy panicles. It is probably specifically distinct from T. citrina. (2) T. belerica Roxb. Fl. Ind. ui. 431; King, |.c. 326. yam laurinoides Mig. Tall tree. Leaves clustered at the branch-ends, coriaceous dotted, obovate or elliptic, tip rounded, base cuneate; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, prominent, 4°5 to 8 in. long, 3°5 to 4°75 in. wide; petioles 1°75 to 4 in. long. Spikes slender, 3 to 4 in. long, pubescent. Flowers °25 in. across. Calyx-tube short, tomentose, lobes broad, mouth densely villous. Stamens long-exsert. Drupe ovoid, densely minutely tomentose, obscurely 5-angled, when dry 1 in. long, ‘75 in. wide. Hab. Forests. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; Batu Road (Foxworthy). Perak (Scortechini and Kunstler). Dzsivb. India and Malay islands. The species here is the Javanese form laurinoides, somewhat different from the Indian form, especially in the form of the fruit, and perhaps should be kept specifically distinct. Native name: Jilawei. (3) T. foetidissima Griff. Notule iv. 685; King, l.c. 331. A big tree. Leaves at the branch ends, coriaceous obovate blunt or shortly cuspidate, glabrous except the midrib and 8 pairs of nerves, sometimes sparsely puberulous, 5 to 6°5 in. long, 2°25 to Terminalia.] LVIl. COMBRETACE. 705 3°25 in. wide; petioles °8 in. long. Spikes solitary axillary, 6 in. long, pubescent. Flowers ‘2 in. across, foetid. Calyx-tube elongate, clavate rusty-tomentose; teeth deltoid. Drupe ellipsoid, sub-acute, plano-convex 1°5 in. long. Hab. Malacca (Griffith and Maingay). Negri Sembilan, Pasir Panjang (Foxworthy). Native name: Jilawei. (4) T. phellocarpa King, l.c. 330. A stout spreading tree about 4o to 60 ft. tall and 2 to 3 ft. through. Leaves crowded at branch ends, obovate blunt, tapering to base, dark green, glabrous; nerves 4 to 6 pairs, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘8 in. long. Racemes produced with young leaves, red-woolly, 1°5 to 2 in. long. Flowers very small, ‘2 in. wide; buds conoid; pedicels short, thick, hairy. Bracts linear hairy. Sepals ovate acuminate, hairy both sides. Stamens to; filaments longer than sepals. Calyx-tube hairy. Fruit elliptic flattened, round at both ends with a terminal mammilla green; pericarp thick spongy fibrous. Hab. Low country in damp ground in the south. Singapore, Tanglin; Bukit Mandai Road; Selitar. Malacca, Bukit Bruang (Derry). Native names: Mampelam Babi (Pig’s Mango); Pelawei. (5) T. Catappa Linn. Manitissa ii. 519; King, l.c. 331; Bot. Mag. t. 3004. A stout tree up to 80 or more ft. tall with large spreading branches. Leaves deciduous, obovate narrowed to a cordate base, glabrous; nerves 8 to 12 pairs, 6 to g in. long, 3°5 to 5°5 in. wide; petioles -35 in. long, broad. Spikes axillary, 6 in. long. Flowers ‘2 in. across. Calyx-tube conic, glabrous outside, woolly inside. Ovary glabrous. Drupe ellipsoid, compressed, green flushed pink, keeled all round; pericarp fleshy; endocarp woody, fibrous; 2 in. long, 1°25 in. wide. Hab. Common on sandy seacoasts, wild, but now planted or sporadic everywhere in villages and cultivated ground, and known as the Singapore almond. Native name: Ketapang. The tree sheds its leaves entirely and flowers after this. The withering red leaves make the tree very conspicuous. (6) T. subspathulata King, l.c. 332. A gigantic buttressed tree 150 ft. tall, 2 to 3 ft. through. Leaves crowded at branch-ends, thinly coriaceous, spathulate, glaucous beneath obtuse; nerves 8 pairs, elevate beneath, reticulations fine, conspicuous, 3°5 in. long, I to 1°6 in. wide near tip; petioles I'I5 to 1°5 in. long. Spikes solitary, 3°5 in. long, puberulous. Flowers green, ‘I5 in. long, upper ones male only, lower bisexual. Calyx-tube narrow, cylindric; teeth 5, broad. Fruit very broadly 2-winged, 1I'5 in. long, ‘2 in. wide, transversely rounded, oblong striate, pale yellow. Hab. Forests, Singapore, Botanic Gardens. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Derry). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). Native name: Jilawei. (7) T. bialata Steud. Nomencl, ii. 668; King, l.c. 332. Tree 80 to 100 ft. tall. Leaves crowded at branch-ends, obovate FI.M.P., 1. Ze 706 LVII. COMBRETACE&. [Terminalia. or obovate-oblong, short cuspidate, narrowed to the oblique base, glabrous; nerves 7 to g pairs, 6 to g in. long, 2°75 to 4 in. wide; petioles 2°25 to 2°75 in. long. Spikes solitary, puberulous. Flowers ‘2 in. across, sessile. Calyx pubescent outside, villous inside, lobes triangular. Ovary villous. Fruit ellipsoid 1°75 in. long, *5 to °75 in. wide with two large coriaceous, puberulous striate wings; 1°75 in. across. Hab. Open country in the north. Perlis, Kanga and Chupeng (Ridley). Dzstvib. Andamans and Burma. (8) T. triptera Stapf, Kew Bulletin 1895, p. 103. Medium-sized tree, glabrous with slender branches. Leaves sub-coriaceous elliptic or oblong acuminate glaucous above; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Spikes °5 to I in. long in a terminal panicle, slender puberu- lous. Flowers ‘1 in. wide. Calyx-tube ovoid; lobes 4 sub-acute villous inside. Fruit oblong, 3-winged, 1 in. long, °5 in. wide. Hab. Lankawi and Terutau isles (Curtis). 2. CALYCOPTERIS, Lam. A diffuse drooping shrub. Leaves opposite, petioled, elliptic or ovate acuminate. Racemes dense crowded at the ends of branches so as to form a panicle. Flowers small greenish yellow. Calyx- tube 5-striate produced above ovary, 5-lobed. Petals o. Stamens 10, 5 upper between sepals, 5 lower alternate and lower down on tube. Ovary t-celled, inferior; ovules 3. Fruit narrow-ovoid 1-seeded surmounted by the sepals as long lanceolate spreading wings. Species 1, Indo-Malaya. (1) C. floribunda Lam. Dict. Supp. ii. 41; Til. t. 537; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. iti. 449; King, l.c. 333. Leaves sub-coriaceous, tomentose on both sides; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, 2°5 to 4 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles -2 to °3 in. long. Inflorescence usually 6 to 12 in. long, in fruit 12 in. across. Flowers 35 in. across, sessile. Fruit *35 in. long, 5-angled; wings *75 to I in. long, ‘2 in. across. Hab. Penang, near the Waterfall (Curtis, Wallich). “Singapore, Lobb,’’ must be an error. He no doubt collected it in Penang. 3. LUMNITZERA, Willd. Tidal swamp and seacoast trees. Leaves clustered towards the branch-ends obovate or oblanceolate, tip rounded, base narrowed at both ends; lobes 5, persistent. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens 5 to Io in 2 series. Ovary inferior I-celled; style subulate simple. Fruit woody elliptic, -5 to 1 in. long, woody 1-seeded. Species 2; coasts from Africa to Polynesia. Racemes elongating lax; flowers white : . . (1) L, racemosa Racemes dense; flowers scarlet . : : : . (2) L, coccinea Lumnitzera.] LVII. COMBRETACE&, 707 (xr) L. racemosa Willd. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schr. iv. 187; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BIJI. i. 452; King, l.c. 334. Shrub or small tree. Leaves oblanceolate or oval obtuse I to 3 in. long, *75 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles °7 in. long. Racemes elongating lax 2 in. long. Flowers °3 in. long. Petals small white. Stamens 5 to 10, white. Hab. Tidal swamps and sea-shores, but much less common than L. coccinea. Malacca, Tanjong Kling to Kelantan, Kamposa. Distrib. Mascarene islands to Polynesia. (2) L. coccinea W. and A. Prodr. 316; King, l.c. 334. Pyrranthus littoreus Jack, Mal. Misc. ii. 57. A large tree 40 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves oblanceolate obtuse, coriaceous 2 to 3 in. long, *75 in. wide; petioles -4in. long. Racemes short, single dense terminal, 1°5 in. long, not lengthening in fruit. Flowers *5 in. long. Petals -25 in. long and stamens 5 to 10, twice as long, all scarlet. Hab. Sea-shores in sandy or tidal-mud spots. Singapore, common, Kranji, etc. Johor, Tana Runto. Pahang, Rumpin River. Tringganu, Cherating River. Selangor, Klang (Foxworthy). Province Wellesley, Juru River. Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Distvib. Malaya, Australia, Polynesia. Native names: Clarke, 1.c. ii. 550; King, ‘lc. 65. PP. reflexa Bi t.c.c. Spreading shrub about 4 ft. tall, scaly. Leaves coriaceous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate acute, dull green above, 3 to 6 in. long, 2°25 to 3 in. wide, base rounded, 2-tubercled, glabrous. Panicles terminal, spreading 2 to 3 in. long, red. Flowers numerous, small, ‘I in. long. Calyx very scaly, sub-cylindric 4-toothed. Petals 4, scaly outside, white. Stamens 8; anthers lanceolate connective with a tuft of hairs on the back. Fruit pea-shaped, ‘15 in. long. Hab. Common on rocks on sea-coasts and on trees often high up. Singapore, Pulau Ubin (Hullett); Bukit Timah. Johor, Scudai River. Pahang, Pekan; Rumpin River (Evans). Malacca, Cape Rachado (Finlayson, Wall. Cat. 4086); Sungei Hudang. Selangor, Semangkok Pass. Perak, Goping (Kunstler); Thaiping Hills. Dindings, Lumut. Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Kelantan, Gunong, Kota Bharu, on rocks. Distrib. Borneo, Java. 20. PACHYCENTRIA, Bl. Glabrous epiphytic shrubs. Leaves fleshy. Flowers usually small, corymbose, terminal. Calyx dilate at base, above tubular 4-toothed. Petals 4, ovate or oblong. Stamens 8, equal; anthers _linear-oblong opening by a terminal pore; connective spurred. Ovary 4-celled. Berry globose. Species 12, Malayan. Flowers small, 2 in. long in a spreading panicle . (x) P. tuberculata Flowers showy, °5 in. wide, in a short lax cyme . . (2) P. speciosa (r) P. tuberculata Korth. Ver. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 246, t. 63; King, l.c. 66. A glabrous shrub about 6 in. to 2 ft. tall. Roots tuberous, woody. Leaves fleshy coriaceous, elliptic-oblong sub-acute, base 806 LIX. MELASTOMACE2. [Pachycentria. narrowed, 2°5 to 4°5 in. long, ‘9 to 1°25 in. wide; petioles *15 to ‘2 in. long. Panicles terminal or axillary; branches cymose, spreading, 2 to 2°5 in. long and wide. Flowers ‘25 in. long. Calyx campanulate, truncate, 4-lobed. Petals lanceolate acute, white tinted pink at base. Stamens spurred at base, behind crimson. Fruit globular, narrowed at top with dilate calyx-limb above. Hab. On trees. Not rare, from sea-coast to 3300 ft. altitude. Singapore, Selitar; Sungei Morai. Johor, Tanjong Bunga. Malacca, Mt. Ophir. Pahang, Gunong Tahan at 3300 ft. altitude (Robinson). Perak, Telom; Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Penang Hill at 2000 ft. altitude (Curtis). Distrib. Tenasserim, Borneo. Native name: Daun Menumpang. (2) P. speciosa Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 149. A viscid epiphyte woody, over 12 in. tall, branched. Leaves fleshy coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, blunt acuminate, base cuneate, 2 to 3°75 in. long, I in. wide; petioles 3 in. long. Cymes umbelled, viscid I°5 in. long. Calyx base globose, above tubular, 4-lobed, red. Petals rose pink, ‘25 in. long, ovate-cuspidate. Stamens unequal; anthers yellow; connective with a short linear spur. Hab. On palm trees, rare. Pahang at Wray’s is Gunong Tahan at 3300 ft. altitude (Ridley). 21. PLETHIANDRA, Hook. fil. Epiphytic glabrous shrubs. Leaves sessile ovate stiff; nerves 3 pairs from midrib. Flowers axillary, fascicled or solitary, small. Calyx campanulate; limb truncate, 6-toothed. Petals 6, acute, ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 20 to 25; anthers linear with I pore, muticous. Ovary 3-locular; style filiform. Stigma minute. Berry oblong, globose. Seeds many minute, ovoid or oblong. Species 3 or 4, Borneo. (1) P. sessiliflora Rid/. Medinillopsis sessiliflora Cogn. Mon. Phan. vii. 603. A spreading shrub about 2 ft. tall. Leaves 3 to 3°5 in. long, 2°5 in. wide, sessile, ovate blunt or elliptic, base round. Flowers solitary *3 in. long; buds acute; pedicel ‘r in. long. Calyx urceolate entire. Petals ovate lanceolate, ‘24 in. long, outer ones waxy flushed pink, inner white. Anthers pink, 24. Fruit ovoid, pulpy red, ‘2 in. long. Hab. On mangrove trees. Singapore, . Kranji; Toas; Selitar. Johor, Castlewood. This genus is very near Medinilla in general habit, but has numerous stamens. 22. CLIDEMIA, Don. Hairy shrubs. Leaves membranous, ovate or oblong crenulate or toothed. Flowers in axillary panicles or fascicled, small, white a eee Chidemia.] LIX. MELASTOMACE2. 807 (or pink) 4- to 5-merous. Calyx campanulate or urceolate truncate or lobed. Petals obovate. Stamens equal, double the number of the petals; anthers linear elongate. Berry small, globose. Species about 100, S. American. One species thoroughly established in the Malay Peninsula. (1) C. hirta Don. Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. 309; Cogniaux DC. Mon. Phan. vii. 986; Bot. Mag. t. 1971. A shrubby weed about 2 to 6 ft. tall, very hairy. Leaves thin ovate-acuminate, denticulate; nerves 5 and transverse nervules prominent, 3:5 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; petioles -5 in. long. Cymes spreading 1 in. long. Calyx very hairy with subulate lobes. Petals small, white. Fruit -2 in. long, globose, black, pulpy. Hab. Abundant on roadsides, Singapore near town and in Reservoir woods. Negri Sembilan, Seremban. Distrib. S. America and an alien in Java and Fiji. 23. ASTRONIA, BI. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong. Flowers small, white (or purple) in terminal panicles. Calyx campanulate, truncate or lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8, 10 or 12. Anthers short, dehiscing by slits down front; connective spurred or not. Ovary 2- to 5-celled; style short. Stigma capitellate. Capsule dehiscing irregularly. Seeds minute, copious, linear. Species 24, Malayan, Polynesian. (1) A. smilacifolia Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviil. 152; King, l.c. 67. Bushy tree about 30 ft. tall. Branches, petiole, underside of leaves red-scaly. Leaves oblong tapering to each end; nervules transverse, 3 to 5°5 in. long, 1-5 to 2:5 in. wide; petioles -1 in. long. Panicles 1 to 2 in. long, dense. Flowers white, -1 in. long. Fruit rufous-scaly globose, truncate, -2 in. through. Hab. Mountain forests. Perak, Thaiping Hills. Penang Hill, on West Hill at 3000 ft. altitude. Distrib. Borneo. 24. PTERNANDRA, Jack. Trees. Leaves sub-coriaceous or coriaceous sub-sessile, 3- to 5-nerved. Flowers solitary in short clustered cymes, small or moderate size, occasionally terminal panicled. Calyx-tube cam- panulate or hemispheric tessellate, warty or covered with appressed triangular processes; mouth truncate or 4-toothed. Petals 4, ovate or oblong, blue or white. Stamens 8, equal, but some anthers often imperfect; anthers broad, blunt, spurred behind dehiscing by slits; filaments short, thick often geniculate. Ovary 4-celled ; style filiform. Stigma clubbed. Berry sub-globose, scaly or smooth. Seeds obovoid angled. Species about 12, Malayan. 808 LIX. MELASTOMACE2. [Piernandra i. EUPTERNANDRA. Calyx tessellate; flowers blue, small axillary. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long, 4 in. wide : : . (1) P. capitellata Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, 2 in. wide. Flowers in axillary and terminal cymes I to 2 in. long . : : : : : ; . (2) P. cerulescens Flowers in axillary fascicles; leaves elliptic, thick . , ; : F i . . (3) P. Jackiana Flowers in axillary fascicles; leaves ovate, thin . , ; é P 5 ; . (4) P. galeata ii. Kipress1a. Calyx covered with flat triangular processes. Flowers larger, bluish white axillary . : . (5) P. echinata Flowers in a terminal panicle small : : . (6) P. paniculata (1) P. capitellata Jack, Mal. Misc. 1. 61; King, L.c. 68. Bushy tree about 60 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, dark shining green, ovate, elliptic or nearly lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, glabrous, strongly 3-nerved, 5 to 6 in. long, 3-5 to 4 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Cymes sessile axillary of 8 to 10 flowers, -3 in. long. Calyx cylindric-campanulate, -I in. long, tessellate. Petals -05 in. long, blue, acute. Fruit dark blue. Hab. Woods, Perak (Scortechini); Gunong Keledang. Dindings, Lumut. Penang, foot of hill (Wallich, Curtis). Dzstvib. Tenasserim. Native name: Kulit Nipis. (2) P. coerulescens Jack, Mal. Misc. ii. 61; King, l.c. 68. A tree 15 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves elliptic shortly acuminate, base round, or narrowed, smooth dark green, coriaceous 2:5 to 4 in. long, 1:25 to 2:5 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Flowers -2 in. long in axillary cymes, 1-5 in. long and terminal ones 2°5 in. long. Calyx cup-shaped, tessellate. Petals oblong-ovate small, bright blue. Hab. Common in low country woods. Singapore, Changi; Chan Chu Kang. Johor, Kota Tinggi; road to Gunong Pulai. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, Chabau (Cantley). Selangor, Batu Tiga; Rawang, Perak, Blanda Mabok (Wray); Goping (Kunstler). Province Wellesley, Nibong Tebal (Curtis). Penang, Telok Bahang (Curtis). Lankawi islands (Haniff). Native names : Sial Munahon; Benut Paya; Bunyut Paya; Kelat Biru; Nipis Kulit. Ewyckia cyanea Bl. of Borneo and Amboina is very near this, but its calyx is not tessellate. (3) P. Jackiana Ridi. P. coerulescens var Jackiana Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 551. Tree about 30 ft. tall. Leaves stiffly coriaceous elliptic acuminate blunt, base narrowed, 2 to 4 in. long, 1-75 to 2:25 in. long; petioles -2 in. long. Flowers 4 to 7 in axillary fascicles; pedicels -05 in. long. Calyx tessellate, short, cup-shaped, ‘I in. long. Petals light blue. Hab. Woods apparently rather scarce. Singapore (Kunstler). Malacca, Bukit China (Maingay). (4) P. galeata Ridl. Kibessia galeata Cogn. Mon. Phan. L.c. 110. Ewyckia galeata Korth. l.c. 254, t. 67. A tree about 25 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves ovate acuminate, base Pternandra.| LIX. MELASTOMACEZ. 809 acute, glabrous, 3°5 in. long, I-5 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Flowers -25 in. long, axillary, in fascicles of 3 or 4. Calyx urceolate tessellate, lobes sub-triangular, blunt in bud. Petals small oblong, blue. Hab. Lowland woods. Johor, Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall). Selangor, Batu Tiga. Dzysivib. Borneo. Native name: Lagis Pukuan hutan. (5) P. echinata Jack, Mal. Misc. ii.9; King, l.c. 69. A bushy tree about 4o ft. tall, more or less pubescent. Leaves sub-coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 2:5 to 4:5 in. long, I to 1-75 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Flowers axillary solitary or in terminal cymes about 2 in. long and -75 in. across. Calyx campanulate, covered with pubescent acuminate triangular scales, -3 in. long. Petals ovate quadrate, white more or less deeply tinted with light blue or lilac; anthers oblong, blunt, orange. Fruit hemispheric echinate, green, *35 In. through. Hab. A very common tree in secondary jungle, hedges and such places in the low country. Singapore, Changi; Bukit Timah. Johor, Castlewood; Batu Pahat. Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Malacca, Bukit Bruang; Batang Malacca (Good- enough). Selangor, Semangkok; Kwala Lumpur; Bukit Kutu. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang Hill. Kelantan, Chaning. var. pubescens King, l.c. 70. Leaves more pubescent beneath; branches and flowers pubes- cent. Hab. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Griffith). Selangor, Rawang (Kloss). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Kelantan, Kwala_ Lebir. Penang Hill (Curtis). var. bracteata Ridl. With large ovate-lanceolate persistent bracts. Hab. Singapore, Bukit Panjang (Ridley). Dzystvib. Java, Sumatra. Native name: Serai Manaun. (6) P. paniculata Benth. Wail. Cat. 4080; Clarke, l.c. ii. 551. P. Griffithii King, l.c. 70. A tree about 4o ft. tall. Leaves sub-coriaceous lanceolate or elliptic, shortly acuminate, base blunt, 4 in. long, I-5 in. wide, and flowers also in short axillary cymes. Calyx -15 in. long, pubescent with short triangular processes. Petals orbicular-ovate, white; anthers short, thick. Fruit globular-ovate, green covered with scales. Hab. Lowland woods, not rare. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Malacca (Griffith). Dindings, Pangkor; Bruas. Perak, Ayer Larut (Wray). Penang (Porter); Penara Bukit (Curtis). Province Wellesley, Nibong Tebal. Kedah Peak. Lankawi islands (Haniff). Dzstvib. Borneo. Bentham’s P. paniculata seems to me the panicled form of King’s Griffithii, in which the panicle is aborted or converted into a mass of small leaves, with a few abnormal flowers intermixed. This is the commonest state of the tree, and indeed good specimens with well-developed flowers are comparatively rare to find. In many trees the flowers are also axillary, and some of these specimens with the large, occasionally nearly cordate leaves form King’s var. cordata. 810 LIX. MELASTOMACE#. 25. MEMECYLON, Linn. Shrubs or small to moderate trees. Leaves opposite; petiole short coriaceous, pinnate-nerved (rarely 3-nerved). Flowers small in axillary simple or panicled cymes or umbels, rose or white or often blue. Calyx campanulate, limb dilate, truncate or 4-toothed. Petals 4. Stamens 8, equal; anthers opening in slits in front, connective with a horn behind. Ovary I-celled with a depressed or convex disc on the top with 8 radiating grooves; ovules 6 to 12. Drupe globose or ellipsoid, pulpy, 1-seeded. Species about 100, Africa, tropical Asia and Australia. [Memecylon. Leaves triplinerved from base . : Leaves pinnate-nerved more or less conspic- uously. Cymes few-flowered on long slender peduncles Cymes many- or few- flowered, dense short. Branchlets winged or conspicuously angled. Branchlets stout strongly winged; leaves (1) M. oligoneuron (2) M. gracilipes coriaceous oblong lanceolate (3) M. epiphyticum Branchlets slender winged; leaves very thin, lanceolate . ' : (4) M. tenuifolium Branchlets angled; cymes _ peduncled 1 in. long . ; . (5) M. fruticosum Branchlets angled; cymes sessile ; flowers 3 0r 4 (6) M. dichotomum Branchlets not winged nor angled. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long; nerves conspicuous inarching, sessile or nearly so. Cymes on stout peduncles : (7) M. caloneuron Peduncles slender with terminal umbel. (3) M. Hullettii Cymes sessile or very shortly peduncled. Leaves cordate; M. Maingayi Leaves cordate; flowers ‘I in. wide Leaves ovate, base narrowed not cordate . Leaves oblong-lanceolate, ‘base broad not cordate - ; Leaves 4 in. long or less, petiolate. Nerves slender visible ; cymes pedun- cled elongate compound. Cymes pubescent . : Cymes glabrous. Nerves conspicuous Nerves obscure; cymes compound. Leaf-base acuminate , Leaf-base round Nerves invisible. Leaves large over 4 in. long. Leaves cordate amplexicaule; flowers small white Leaves not cordate; flowers large blue : ; Leaves small, 2 in. long. Leaves ovate sessile Leaves rhomboid petioled flowers ‘2 in. wide . (9 10 M. Wallichii M. heteropleurum M. longifolium M. pubescens M. Kunstleri M. olezefolium M. laxiflorum M. amplexicaule M. ceeruleum M. malaccense M. pauciflorum i Memecylon.]| LIX. MELASTOMACE2. 811 Leaves narrow lanceolate . . (21) M. floridum Leaves ovate lanceolate; cymes short dense. Calyx 4-toothed. Teeth long : : . (22) M. myrsinoides Teeth short; calyx Nin a late . . (23) M. leevigatum Calyx mouth undulate ; " teeth minute 24) M. cinereum M . ( Calyx very short, edge ‘undu- late, no teeth ( Calyx mouth entire. Flowers small in sub-sessile . acuminatum cymes : ‘ . (26) M. minutiflorum Flowers ‘1 in. wide; peduncle short stout ; : . (27) M. gareinioides Flowers -2 in. wide; peduncle short : ‘ (28) M. Cantleyi Flowers fascicled . : . (29) M. campanulatum Cymes longer than petiole solitary ; leaves thin coriaceous d F . (30) M. intermedium Cymes longer than petiole several ; leaves stiff coriaceous : (31) M. edule (1) M. oligoneuron 5b/. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1. 354; King, l.c. 73. Small tree about 25 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves ovate, abruptly blunt acuminate, base long narrowed; nerves 3 from _ base; nervules invisible, 2 to 4 in. long, -05 to -15 in. wide; petioles ‘05 to -r in. long. Flowers white, -05 in. wide in dense axillary clusters -2 in. long. Calyx-tube cupular, teeth broad. Fruit globose or ovoid, -1 in. long on slender pedicel as long. Hab. Not common in forests, low country. Johor, Pulau Tiuman (Burkill). Malacca, Ayer Keroh. Pahang, Sungei Cheka, Kwala Lipis (Foxworthy). Perak, Larut Hills and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Penang, Waterfall; Ayer Hitam (Curtis). Dzstvib. Java, Borneo. (2) M. gracilipes Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 79, LE Small tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, sub-sessile, ovate cuspidate, base round; nerves 4 to 5 pairs, conspicuously elevate beneath, depressed above, inarching -25 in. from edge, 2°5 to 3 in. long, 1:5 in. wide. Cymes very slender, I to 1-5 in. long, little or not branched; pedicels very slender. Flowers umbelled in threes. Calyx pink, -r in. long, base sub-globose, limb wide, saucer-shaped, -2 in. across. Petals ovate acute, white, -I in. long. Fruit globose -5 in. through on a pedicel -45 in. long. Hab Very rare, woods at 1000 ft. altitude. Perak, Waterloo (Curtis). (3) M. epiphyticum King, /.c. 74. Epiphytic shrubs 3 to 4 ft. tall. Branches winged with auricles beneath the nodes. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, light green, acute 812 LIX. MELASTOMACE2. [Memecylon. or acuminate, base narrowed, rounded; nerves g to I0 pairs invisible above, 1°75 to 3 in. long, -6 to 1 in. wide; petioles -05 in. long. Cymes 3- to 4-flowered on pedicels -1 in. long. Calyx cupular, base round, mouth -05 in. across. Petals tinted blue. Fruit globular -25 in. long, green flushed red. Hab. Mountain forests. Perak, Larut Hills 800 to 1000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Sungei Larut (Wray). (4) M. tenuifolium Rid. 1.sp. Branches slender, winged. Leaves thin, lanceolate-acuminate, base rounded, very shortly narrowed at the base; nerves 8 to Io pairs, very slender and faint, 3 in. long, -6 in. wide; petioles under -r in. long. Flowers small in short axillary cymes of 6; pedicels slender longer than calyx. Calyx saucer-shaped, ribbed inside, lobes round. Petals short, lanceolate. Stamens 8; fila- ments long, slender; anthers semi-lunar. Style slender, nearly as long as filaments. Hab. Pahang, Telok Mengkuang, Temerloh (Foxworthy). (5) M. fruticosum King, l.c. 74. Shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall. Branchlets winged and eared. Leaves chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate acuminate base round; nerves 7 to 9 pairs inarching within margin, conspicuous beneath, 3 to 4 in. long, 1-35 to 1°85 in. wide; petioles -o5 in. long. Cymes — paired, 8- to 10-flowered, -5 in. long. Calyx hemispheric -I in. long, mouth -075 in. across. Petals bluish white. Fruit globose- ovoid, constricted below. Calyx-limb -35 in. long, -25 in. through. Hab. Open jungle, rare. Perak, Larut at 200 to 500 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (6) M. dichotomum Clarke, in King, l.c. 75. M. elegans var. dichotomum Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 554. A slender shrub 6 to ro ft. tall. Branchlets angled. Leaves thin coriaceous, nearly sessile, lanceolate or ovate-acuminate caudate, base round; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, 2:5 to 4 in. long, I to 2 in. wide. Cymes 2- to 5-flowered, solitary, axillary; pedicels short. Calyx pyriform, narrowed to base; lobes 4, broad short when young, campanulate when adult, truncate, pink. Stamens white, spurs deep blue. Fruit globular, -5 in. through, yellow, flushed red. Hab. Hill forests, Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Maingay). Pahang, Tahan River woods. Selangor, Dusun Tua. Perak, Ulu Kal (Kunstler). var. eugeniiflorum Ridl. M. eugeniiflorum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soe. S. Br-57,,p. 48. Leaves coriaceous lanceolate cuspidate. Flowers entirely deep rose. Hab. Selangor, Klang Gates; Sempang mines. Semangkok, Perak, Temengoh (Ridley). (7) M. caloneuron Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 321; King, l.c. 76. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall, 10 to 15 in. through. Leaves coriaceous, 4 to g in. long, 1-5 to 3-5 in. wide; nerves 14 pairs, prominent, Memecylon.| LIX. MELASTOMACEZ. 813 inarching into a nearly straight intramarginal line; petioles -1 in. long. Flowers pale yellow, crowded in heads on the tips of the branches of the cyme, which is peduncled and 1 to 2 in. long; branches several angled. Calyx short, cup-shaped. Fruit °5 in. through, globular, deep blue, on a stout panicle 3 in. long with a winged peduncle. Hab. Not common. Rocky woods to 3500 ft. altitude, Johor, Kota Tinggi. Dindings, Bruas (Burn-Murdoch). Perak, Thaiping 800 to r1ooo ft. altitude (Kunstler). Lankawi, Gunong Raya (Curtis). Dzstvib. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. Native names: Kayu Kapas; Api-Api Bukit. (8) M. Hullettii King, l.c. 76. _ Shrub about ro ft. tall. Leaves sessile chartaceous oblong, narrowed to tip, base broad cordate; nerves 15 pairs, horizontal, 6 to 8 in. long, 2:25 to 3 in. wide. Peduncle solitary, 2 in. long, slender, pendulous ending in a compound or simple umbel of few white flowers. Calyx campanulate, mouth truncate. Fruit globular, -25 in. through. Hab. Local in woods in the south. Johor, Gunong Pulai; Sedenah (Hullett, Kelsall). Native name: Jambu Kalada. (9) M. Maingayi Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 557. A tree 20 to 40 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous nearly sessile elliptic- oblong sub-acute or obtuse, base rounded, 6 to g in. long, 2°5 to 4°25 in. wide; nerves strong elevate beneath, 10 to 15 pairs inarching within margin. Flowers in short fascicles below the leaves; peduncles -2 in. long, 3-flowered. Calyx wide, cupular, ‘I5 in. long, truncate, white. Petals broad, blunt, -2 in. long, bright blue. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). This has the largest and most coriaceous flowers in the genus here. (10) M. Wallichii Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 79, p. 74. Small tree or shrub about 12 ft. tall. Branchlets angled. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate rather narrow, acuminate, base minutely cordate, or ovate acuminate, nearly sessile; petioles minute; nerves 14 to I5 pairs, prominent, inarching -I in. from edge, 7 to 8 in. long, 2-75 to 3 in. wide. Cymes globose, or dense of numerous flowers. Peduncle very short. Calyx cup-shaped, base blunt, truncate, -1 in. long. Petals short, broad, ovate, blunt, pinkish white. Fruit globose, black -2 in. through. Hab. Forests, usually at about rooo ft. altitude in the north, Perak, Larut (Kunstler) ; Waterloo (Curtis). Penang Hill (Wallich 4101 C). Experimental Nursery (Curtis); Moniot’s Road. (11) M. heteropleurum B/. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 362. Shrub or small tree, about 12 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous oblong or elliptic, short blunt acuminate, base narrowed blunt; nerves 18 to 20 pairs, 5 to 7 in. long, 2 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles ‘1 in. long. Flowers *25 in. across in dense cymes about half an inch across. Calyx wide, short, cupular, truncate, base narrowed. Petals acute 814 LIX. MELASTOMACE4. [Memecylon. white. Fruit ellipsoid ‘5 in. through, deep purple. Hab. Common in woods. Singapore, Garden Jungle; Bukit Timah. Johor, Sedenah. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay). Pahang, Tahan River; Temerloh (Foxworthy). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray); Larut. var. olivacea, a form with broad round-based leaves. Dzvsivib. Sumatra, Borneo. Native names : Jambu Baning; Kuku Baning. (12) M. longifolium Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 79, nye Tree. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, long, blunt, cuspidate base round, not cordate; nerves 20 pairs, slender, conspicuous, thinly coriaceous, light green, 7 to 8 in. long, 2 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles very short, ‘05 in. long or less. Flowers in very short sessile fascicles, about Io in a fascicle, pink and white. Calyx campanu- late, truncate ‘Iin. long, pink. Petals pink or white, ovate-triangular sub-obtuse. Hab. Dindings at Lumut (Ridley). (13) M. pubescens King, l.c. 74. Tree about 30 ft. tall. Branchlets nearly terete. Leaves coriaceous elliptic, obtuse or acuminate, base round; nerves 7 to 10 pairs distinct beneath, 4 to 4°5 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Cymes branched, umbellate, rusty-pubescent, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long; branches 4-angled. Flowers crowded at tips, cream colour. Calyx campanulate, base narrow, mouth °o5 in. wide with 4 sharp teeth. Fruit globular, ‘15 in. wide. Hab. Forests, rare in collections, Singapore, Tanglin. Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Goping (Kunstler). (14) M. Kunstleri King, l.c. 76. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, 6 to 18 in. through. Leaves chartaceous elliptic-oblong blunt or acute acuminate, base round; nerves 7 to 8 pairs with secondary nerves visible as many, 2°75 to 4°5 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘05 to 1 in. long. Cymes from axils of fallen leaves, 35 to ‘6 in. long, umbellately panicled, 4 to 6 flowers in umbel, white; stamens brown. Calyx cup-shaped, shallow, ‘05 in. long. Fruit ellipsoid, -3 in. long. Hab. Not com- mon. Dense jungle. Selangor, Labu woods. Perak, Ulu Bubong and on limestone hills, Gunong Dipang (Kunstler); Changkat Serdang (Wray). (15) M. olezfolium B/. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 359; King, lc. 82. Slender tree 20 to 30 ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous elliptic blunt caudate-acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 8 to Io very faint, 2°5 to 4°75 in. long, I to 2°25 in. wide; petioles "15 to *3 in. long. Cymes I to 3 in each axil, 1 in. long, compound with many cymules umbel- late at the branch ends. Flowers numerous, blue. Calyx-tube small hemispheric, limb broad, longer, truncate. Petals ovate, small, sub-acute. Fruit ovoid-elliptic -4 in. long. Hab. In woods up to rooo ft. altitude. A beautiful plant. Singapore, Garden Memecylon.] LIX. MELASTOMACE2. 815 Jungle. Perak, Ulu Kerling; Goping (Kunstler); Penang Hill at rooo ft. altitude. Dzystvib. Banka, Sumatra. Native name: Dulek or Dalek putih. (16) M. laxiflorum Wail. Cat. 4472. Large shrub. Leaves stiffly coriaceous ovate obtuse, base round; nerves very faint about 8 pairs, very slender, 4 to 4°5 in. long, 2 to 3 in. across; petioles ‘4 to ‘5 in. long, stout. Cymes I to 4 below the leaves; peduncles °3 in. long, bearing an umbel of cymules on short peduncles with longer, slender pedicels. Calyx Yala ED Fic. 65.—Memecylon amplexicaule. campanulate, tube very small hemispheric, limb larger truncate. Petals short, sub-acute, blue. Fruit globose with very small trace of the limb, °25 in. through. Hab. Open country near sea, local. Singapore (Wallich 4472). Johor, Minyak Buku and Pinerong (Ridley). (17) M. amplexicaule Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 260. M. microstomum Clarke, in Hook fil. F.BJI. ti. 557; King, l.c. 79. Small tree about 4o ft. tall. Leaves very coriaceous, sessile, broadly elliptic blunt shortly cordate; nerves very indistinct, 3°25 to 5 in. long, 1°3 to 2 in. wide. Flowers small, under ‘1 in. 816 LIX. MELASTOMACE. [AMZemecylon. long, numerous, pure white in dense glomeruli *75 in. across. Calyx funnel-shaped, narrowed below the wide margin. Petals short ovate. Fruit globular, ‘6 in. through. Hab. In dense forests up to 2000 ft. altitude. Singapore, Bukit Timah. Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Penang Hill to 2000 ft. altitude (Curtis). (18) M. coeruleum Jack, Mal. Misc. i. 26; King, l.c. 80. Shrub 4 to 15 ft. tall. Leaves sessile stiff coriaceous dark green, ovate to oblong sub-acute, base round cordate, 4 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°5 in. wide. Flowers in dense axillary clusters, rather numerous. Calyx campanulate, pink. Petals ovate acute, blue. Stamens lavender colour. Fruit ellipsoid narrow, °4 in. long, *25 in. wide, black. Hab. Sandy open spots, edges of woods. Common. Johor, Hulu Sedili (Kelsall). Malacca, Bukit China (Derry); Tanjong Kling; Nyalas (Holmberg). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Danan (Cantley). Province Wellesley, Bukit Juru. Penang, Pulau Jerajah (Kunstler); Tanjong Bunga (Curtis). Kedah, Alor Sta; Yan. Adang islands, Pulau Rawei. Singora. Distrib. Philip- pines. Native names: Api-Api hutan; Dalek jambu; Pantat ulat; Sinonia. Use: Fruit eaten. (19) M. malaccense Clarke, MSS. Ridl. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 79, p. 73. M. amabile Bedd. var. malaccense, Clarke, in Hook. fil. FBI. ii. 555. Probably a shrub. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, base rounded, tip acuminate blunt, fleshy coriaceous, opaque; nerves invisible, 2 to 2°75 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide, sessile or minutely petioled. Cymes very short, *3 in. long. Flowers 4 to 5 umbelled on the top of the peduncle. Calyx cup-shaped truncate, fleshy, base broad. Petals forming a blunt cone in bud, ovate. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Never collected again and very little known. (20) M. pauciflorum B/. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat.i. 356; King, l.c. 83. M. pulchellum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 61, p. 52. A bush 3 to Io ft. tall, very floriferous. Leaves coriaceous rhomboid, tip blunt, base acute; nerves nearly invisible 6 to 7 pairs, I to 1°5 in. long, *35 to I in. wide; petioles under ‘1 in long. Cymes of several bright azure flowers on a very short peduncle and longer pedicels, axillary. Calyx wide campanulate with 4 distinct short teeth. Petals ovate cuspidate, larger than calyx. Fruit globular, *2 in. long, crowned with the calyx-limb. Hab. Sea coasts in open ground. Penang (Kunstler). Kedah, Lankawi islands. Pulau Adang group, Rawei; Sarang. Terutau (Haniff). Distrib. Andamans, Tenasserim, Chittagong. (21) M. floridum Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 79, p. 73. Tree 40 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate nearly equally at both ends; nerves very faint about 7, with a faint intramarginal one on each side close to edge, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°25 in. wide; petioles *3 in. long. Cymes I to 3 in each Ps ok Memecylon. | LIX. MELASTOMACE&. 817 leaf axil; peduncle thick, *3 in. long, with an umbel of three or more flowers. Calyx tube cylindric, obconic; limb broad, ‘r in. across. Petals ovate in bud conic blunt. Hab. Perak, Larut at 500 to 1000 ft. altitude (Kunstler). (22) M. myrsinoides b/. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1. 356; King, l.c. 81, and var. lilacina King, l.c. A shrub or tree up to about 30 ft. tall. Leaves thin coriaceous, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate acuminate often caudate, much narrowed to base; nerves invisible, 1°5 to 2°5 in. long, ‘g to 1°25 in. wide; petioles ‘I to ‘25 in. long. Flowers numerous in dense compound cymes about 2 in. through and as long, blue or rose pink. Calyx campanulate, tube narrowed, teeth 4, triangular acute, as long as tube. Petals acute, long. Style long and persistent. Fruit globular, 2 in. long. Hab. Common; especially near the sea, in woods and thickets. Singapore, Bajau. Johor, Tana Runto. Malacca, Jelutong (Goodenough). Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Ulu Bubong and Ulu Kerling (Kunstler). Penang Hill (Curtis). Distvib. Borneo, Sumatra. Native names: Bala; Dalek putih; Kuku Baning; Nipis Kulit. (23) M. levigatum B/. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 358; King, Mey 82: Large shrub or small tree with pale bark. Leaves thin, cori- aceous, ovate or elliptic, caudate or acuminate or short acuminate; nerves invisible, 2 to 2°5 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide; petioles *1 to "I5 in. long. Cymes below the leaves, few-flowered; peduncles ‘rin. long. Flowers small. Calyx campanulate, narrowed to base, teeth distinct acute. Fruit globular °3 in. long. Hab. Woods. Singapore, common, Kranji. Johor, Tana Runto; Tebrau. Malacca (Griffith). Selangor, Weld’s Hill (Burn-Murdoch) ; Bukit Kutu. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Dzistvib. Burma, Banka, Java, Borneo. Native name: Dalek Tembaga. (24) M. cinereum King, /.c. 82. Shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall. Leaves thin coriaceous, drying blackish brown, lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, long acuminate, base cuneate or rarely rounded; nerves invisible, 2°8 to 5°5 in. long, I to 2°2 in. wide; petioles *15 to 3 in. long. Peduncles very short. Cymes 2 in. long, of about 12 flowers. Calyx cupular, base round, mouth wide, “I in. wide, undulate, teeth minute. Style long persistent. Fruit globular ‘25 in. through. Hab. Selangor, Weld’s Hill, Kwala Lumpur (Cubitt). Perak, Selama (Kunstler, Scortechini) at 300 to 400 ft. altitude. (25) M. acuminatum Sm. in Rees’ Cyclop. xxiii. 4; King, bic; Ba. Tree about 30 to 50 ft. tall with slender branches. Leaves coriaceous ovate, long caudate, blunt, base cuneate; nerves in- visible, 1°5 to 4 in. long, *75 to 1°5 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Cymes I or 2 axillary, short, peduncled of 8 or 10 flowers; peduncle FLM.P., 1. 3G 818 LIX. MELASTOMACE2. [Memecylon. under ‘1 in. long: Calyx-tube very short, cup-shaped, limb broad, undulate. Petals ovate blunt. Fruit globular °25 in. through. Hab. Forests up to 3000 ft. altitude. Johor, Tana Runto; Kwala Tebing Tinggi. Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, Bukit Kutu at 3000 ft. altitude. Sempang Mines, Semangkok. Perak (Kunstler). Native name: Mangas. (26) M. minutiflorum Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 323; King, lc. 81. M. acuminatum var. flavescens Clarke, l.c. ii. 562. A tree 30 to 70 ft. tall. Stem Io to 15 in. through. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic caudate-acuminate, base sharply narrowed acute; nerves very faint, 3°25 to 3°5 in. long, I in. wide; peticles 2 in. long. Cymes several branched on a peduncle, ‘1 in. long, whole inflorescence *4 in. long. Flowers numerous, crowded, very small. Calyx very short wide campanulate, glandular hairy when young. Petals blunt, dark blue. Fruit globose, °35 in. long, yellow. Hab. Dense, rocky jungle. Malacca (Griffith). Perak, Larut 2500 to 3000 ft. altitude, and Goping 300 to 800 ft. altitude (Kunstler). Penang at rooo ft. altitude on the hill (Curtis) ; Lankawi, Sungei Batu Asap (Haniff). (27) M. garcinioides B/. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat.1. 358; King, l.c. 85. Small tree up to about 4o ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-ovate or elliptic acuminate or cuspidate, blunt, base cuneate; nerves invisible, 3 to 5°5 in. long, 1:2 to 2°2 in. wide; petioles ‘05 to ‘1 in. long. Cymes short; peduncle thick, ‘2 in. long. Cymules umbelled at top. Flowers small, greenish white. Calyx campanulate, mouth truncate, teeth short or none, *c5 in. across. Petals small ovate. Fruit globular, smooth ‘2 in. long, dark blue. Hab. Not rare in lowland wocds. Singapore, Selitar, Bukit Timah. Johor, Tebrau River; Kukub. Malacca (Main- gay); Selangor, Rawang. Perak, base of Gunong Malacca (Kunstler). Pulau Adang. Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo. Native names: Bangas; Jenitan; Bangas Merah. (28) M. Cantleyi Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 79, p. 72. Large shrub. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic acuminate to both ends; nerves 5 pairs, very faint, 3°5 to 4°5 in. long, ‘2 in. wide ; petioles ‘4 in. long. Flowers few in simple cymes ‘5 in. long; peduncles “15 in. long, rather thick. Calyx wide-cupped, narrowed at base truncate, ‘I in. long and ‘2 in. wide, white, tinted violet. Petals sub- -quadrate apiculate, pale blue. Stamens deep violet. Hab. Forests, rare. Singapore, Garden Jungle. Malacca (Maingay). (29) M. campanulatum Clarke, l.c. ii. 563; King, l.c. 80. Tree. Leaves coriaceous elliptic acuminate, often caudate- acuminate, base narrowed to base of petiole; nerves invisible, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°25 to 2:2 in. wide; petioles winged, ‘I in. long. Flowers on very short branched peduncles, ‘I in. long; pedicels i ee — Memecylon.| LIX. MELASTOMACEZ. &19 slender, longer. Calyx sub-globose campanulate, narrowed at top, limb rather large. Petals ovate acute, short and broad. Hab. Rare in hill forests. Malacca (Griffith). Selangor, Rawang, forest reserve (Kloss); Ginting Bidai (Ridley). (30) M. intermedium B/. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 358; King, l.c. 86. Tree 20 to 4o ft. tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate to elliptic cuspidate (ovate fide King), base cuneate, 1°5 to 3°5 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to °35 in. long. Cymes com- pound; peduncles slender, 1°5 in. long, secondary peduncles um- belled zr in. long. Flowers numerous ‘r in. long. Calyx broad, campanulate with minute teeth. Petals ovate, nearly blunt. Fruit globose. Hab. Perak. No locality (Scortechini). Very rare. I have seen no specimen from the Malay Peninsula, and have had to describe it from a Javanese specimen. Distrib. Java. (31) M. edule Roxb. Corom. Pl. i. t. 82; King, l.c. 86. Large shrub or small tree. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or ovate, blunt acuminate, base narrowed or round (var. ovata); nerves very faint, 5 to 8 pairs, 2 to 4 in. long, I to 2°25 in. wide; petioles "I to 35 in. long. Panicles sub-globose I or more in axils below leaves, I in. long and as wide or less. Flowers numerous, bright blue or lilac; peduncles stout. Calyx cupular, narrowed to base, limb truncate. Petals triangular, ovate broad. Style long exsert. Fruit olivaceous globose, ‘25 in. through. Hab. Near the sea, rather dry spots, in thickets and on sandy open heaths. A very handsome shrub. Singapore, Pulau Ubin (Hullett); Changi; Pulau Brani. Johor, near Pinerong; Minyak Buku, Batu Pahat. Pahang, Pekan heaths, abundant; Gunong Tahan at 3300 ft. altitude (Robinson). Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Derry). Dindings, Pangkor (Foxworthy). Perak, Larut near the sea (Kunstler). Penang, Batu Feringhi; Muka Head (Curtis). Lankawi, Kesap (Curtis); Terutau (Haniff); Pulau Adang. Dzstrib. Indo-Malaya. The form ovata of Clarke with rounded ovate leaves occurs with the narrow elliptic lanceolate form. Native names: Dalek Ayer ; Dalek putih. OrperR LX. LYTHRACE/. Trees, shrubs and herbs. Leaves entire opposite (or alternate). Flowers bisexual (except Crypieronia). Calyx-tube free, per- sistent; lobes 3 to 6. Petals as many or absent, insert near mouth of the calyx-tube. Stamens numerous or definite, insert on tube. Ovary free in tube, rarely inferior, 2- to 6-celled; ovules numerous ; style long. Stigma capitate. Fruit capsular (baccate in Sonner- atia), free or adnate to calyx-tube at base, 2- to 6-celled. Seeds 820 LX. LYTHRACE. |Ammannia. numerous. Species 275, in the tropics chiefly in South America, and in temperate regions. (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \xvii. I The Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Delima of the Malays, often cultivated by the Chinese, belongs to this Order. Herbs in wet spots with minute axillary flowers . I. AMMANNIA Trees or shrubs; flowers moderate or large (minute in Crypteronia). Stamens not more than 12. Shrub; calyx 6-toothed; petals 6; stamens 12 Tree; calyx 5-toothed; petals 0; stamens 4 or 5; ; flowers minute, unisexual ; ° : . 3. CRYPTERONIA Stamens indefinite; trees. Stamens in 2 or more rows; capsule 3- to 6-celled ; seed winged . - : : - ; ey! Stamens in I row; capsule 4- to 8-celled; seeds minute : . 5. DUABANGA 6 7 . PEMPHIS Nn . LAGERSTR@MIA Fruit baccate, Io- to 15- -celled ; ‘sea trees . SONNERATIA Ovary quite inferior; stamens 10; flowers small. 7. AXINANDRA 1. AMMANNIA, Linn. Annual glabrous herbs in wet spots. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire. Flowers very small axillary and sub-sessile or in small trichotomous cymes. Calyx campanulate, 3- to 5-toothed. Petals 3 to 5 or often none. Stamens 2 to 8 on the calyx-tube. Ovary enclosed in the tube, 1- to 5-celled. Capsule membranous, globose or ellipsoid, 2- to 3-valved, irregularly breaking up or circumscissile. Seeds many, minute. (Koehne, in Pflanzenreich, separates these two species into two genera Rofala and Ammanmnia, on what appears to be somewhat insufficient grounds.) Species 30, whole of the warmer parts of the world. Flowers sessile; capsule ellipsoid; seed narrow, oblong. (1) A.peploides Flowers pedicelled fe vee a seed hemi- spheric ‘ . (2) A. baccifera (1) A. peploides Sprendl Ser 1. 444; Chie in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 566; King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \xvii. (2), 3. Rotala indica, Koehne, Pflanzenreich 40. Erect or decumbent, 4 to 14 in. tall. Leaves 4 in. long, oblanceo- late obtuse, narrowed to base. Flowers very small sessile, solitary in axils of reduced leaves. Bracts in pairs, filiform. Calyx 2-valved, ellipsoid. Seeds narrow oblong, sub-falcate, pink, angled. Hab. Damp spots, rice-fields and marshes in the north. Perlis, Ginting Kabok. Lankawi, Kwah in marshes. Kelantan, Ly Bharu, rice-fields (Ridley). Distrib. India, Java, China, ersia. (2) A. baccifera Linn. Sp. Pl. 120; Clarke, l.c. ii. 569; King, l.c. 3. A dull red herb. Stem erect 8 to 12 in. or more tall branched. Leaves opposite, linear-oblong sub-acute or blunt, narrowed at base 2 to 5 in. long, 2 in. or less wide, upper ones small. Flowers | oh me a Ammannia. | LX. LYTHRACEZ. 821 in dense axillary clusters, -1 in. long, pedicelled. Calyx-tube wide campanulate, short, teeth 4, broad, triangular acute. Petals none. Capsule depressed, globose imperfectly circumscissile. Seeds hemi- spheric, black. Hab. In damp swampy spots, not common. Perak, Tambun near Ipoh. Kedah, Gunong Geriang (Ridley). Distrib. Africa, Indo-Malaya, Australia. 2. PEMPHIS, Forst. A sea-shore shrub. Leaves opposite, oblong, thick fleshy. Flowers solitary axillary; peduncles bibracteate. Calyx-tube campanulate, 12 or more ribbed, teeth 6 long, 6 short. Petals 6, white, inserted at the mouth of calyx-tube, obovate. Stamens 12 in 2 rows from the middle of the calyx-tube. Ovary free; ovules many; style long. Stigma capitate. Capsule coriaceous obovoid to globose enclosed in or half exserted from calyx-tube, circum- scissile, 1-celled. Seeds many-angled obovoid. Species 1, Indo- Malaya, Polynesia. (1) P. acidula Forst, Gen. t. 34; King, l.c. 4. Shrub 5 ft. to a tree about 20 ft. tall. Young parts grey-silky. Leaves -5 to 1°5 in. long. Flowers 5 in. across. Capsule 4 in. long, 2 in. wide. Hab. Sea-shores, curiously rare in the Malay Peninsula. Singapore, mouth of Changi River. 3. CRYPTERONIA, Bl. Trees. Leaves opposite, ovate or lanceolate. Racemes long, many-flowered, panicled. Flowers very small, greenish or white. Bracts short, linear. Calyx-tube short, saucer-shaped or half hemispheric; teeth 5 (or 4). Petals 0. Stamens as many as calyx-lobes insert in calyx mouth between them. Ovary free, 2-celled; ovules numerous axile; style long, filiform. Stigma capitate 3-lobed. Capsule globose, pubescent, 2-celled dehiscing through the style. Seeds many ellipsoid, winged on one side. Species 5, N. India to Philippines. Leaves membranous, base narrowed; calyx less than ‘I in. across . é ; , 3 ' : . (1) C. paniculata Leaves coriaceous, base cordate; calyx more than ‘Iin.across . ; . (2) C. Griffithii (1) C. paniculata Bl. Bijdy. 1151; King, l.c. 5. C. pubescens Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 123. C. glabra Bl. l.c. - Tree 20 to 50 ft. tall. Leaves membranous to sub-coriaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, blunt acuminate, base narrowed, glabrous, or pubescent beneath; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, 3 to 6 in. long, 1:25 to 2-5 in. wide. Racemes pubescent or glabrous, 5 in a panicle on a peduncle, -3 to -5 in. long. Flowers very numerous, greenish white. Calyx less than I in. across. Capsule globose-conic puberu- lous. Hab. Forests in the north chiefly. Negri Sembilan, Bukit ° 822 LX. LYTHRACE&. [Crypteronia. Kupayiang (Cantley). Penang Hill. Common up to 2500 ft. altitude (all collectors). Lankawi, Kesap (Haniff). Perlis, Kanga. Kedah, Alor Sta. Dzstvib. Himalaya to Burma, Malay isles to the Philippines. Native names: Rupal; Bekoi. I cannot separate the hairy-leaved specimens from the glabrous ones. Both grow together on Penang Hill. Fic. 66.—Crypteronia paniculata. (2) C. Griffithii Clarke, l.c. 11. 574; King, l.c. 6. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, broad elliptic acute, base cordate; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, elevate beneath, 4 to 8 in. long, 2:25 to 35 in. wide. Racemes about 8 in a panicle, g in. long, pubescent. Flowers numerous, nearly sessile, greenish yellow. Calyx more than -I in. across. Stamens exsert. Capsule less than -I in. across. Hab. Open jungle. Pahang, Kwala Lipis (P. Philips). Malacca, Bukit Bruang (Derry); Merlimau (Cantley). Selangor, Sungei Buluh (Foxworthy). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang Hill, Moniot’s Road (Curtis). Native name: Kelat Tampoi. 4. LAGERSTREMIA, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, distichous, oblong or ovate, coriaceous or membranous, caducous. Panicles axillary, terminal ; Lagerstremia.| LX. LYTHRACE. 823 branchlets cymose, many-flowered. Flowers medium to large, showy. Calyx tube funnel-shaped, ridged or smooth; lobes 5 (to 9) ovate acute. Petals 6 (or 7 to g) on the summit of calyx- tube, clawed, edge crisped or fimbriate. Stamens very many insert in several rows in tube; filaments exsert. Ovary at bottom of tube 3- to 6-celled; style long. Stigma capitate. Capsule adnate to calyx protruding, ellipsoid, 3- to 6-ovuled. Seeds many elongate. Calyx red tomentose : : : (1) L. fioribunda Calyx ashy-velvety. Calyx 8- to 10-ribbed; leaves 2 to 3°25 in. long . (2) L. ovalifolia ( Calyx 12- to 14-ribbed; leaves 3°5 to 8 in. long . (3) L. flos-reginze Calyx hardly ribbed at all; leaves ee oblong round, stiff 3 : . (4) L. macrocarpa (x) L. floribunda Tee, Mal. fie 1. 38; Clarke, in Hook. fil. Papa. i. 577; King, ic. 7: L. turbinata Koekne, Enel. Jahrb. iv. 34: Tree 30 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves ovate-oblong, sub-acute, base round sub-sessile; young tomentose, adult pubescent on nerves beneath, finally glabrous; nerves raised 8 to 12 pairs, 5 to 7 in. long, 2 to 2-7 in. wide. Panicles erect, woolly pubescent. Flowers I in. wide. Calyx turbinate 12-ridged; teeth triangular, 6. Petals sub-orbicular, rose pink to violet. Capsule 5 in. long, elliptic, half covered by calyx. Hab. Open country and river-banks. Pahang, common on the banks of Pahang River; Kwantan (Burn- Murdoch); Kwala Lipis (Machado). Perak, Kwala Kangsa; Temengoh. Penang (Jack, Curtis). Lankawi (Curtis). Perlis, Kanga. Naung Chik, Bukit Besar (Gwynne Vaughan). Dzisivib. Burma, Siam. Native names: Bungor; Antoi Gajah. I am quite unable to separate Koehne’s turbinata from this species. (2) L. ovalifolia Teysm. and Binn. Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. ii. 306; King, l.c.3. L. hexaptera Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 623; Clarke, Lest 577. Big tree. Leaves oblong or oblong-ovate acute, base narrowed, glabrous except minutely pubescent nerves, 2 to 3-25 in. long, I°35 to 2 in. wide; petioles -25 in. long. Panicles puberulous 4 to 6 in. long. Flowers I in. across. Calyx turbinate, minutely velvety-grey, ridges stout 8 to 9, not passing into calyx-teeth, which are 8 to g acute triangular. Petals pale rose, -75 in. long. Capsule elliptic-ovoid blunt minutely velvety, -75 in. long. Hab. River-banks, open country, local. Malacca (Maingay); Brisu (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Linggi, coast (Foxworthy). Pahang, Kwala Tahan; Kwala Lipis (Foxworthy). Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Distrib. Malay isles. Native name: Bunga Malukut. (3) L. flos-reginze Redz, Obs. v. 25; King, l.c. 8. Tree 30 to 60 ft. tall, glabrous except inflorescence. Leaves oblong to elliptic-oblong, narrowed or blunt at base; nerves Io to 12 pairs, 3°5 to 8 in. long, 1°75 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘25, to 824 LX. LYTHRACE. (Lagerstraemia. ‘4 in. long. Panicles long. Flowers 2 to 3 in. wide; pedicels grey. Calyx turbinate, ridges 12 to 14, prominent blunt; teeth 6 to 7, acute. Petals oblong-orbicular clawed undulate. Capsule oblong, -8 to 1-25 in. long. Hab. Open country and river-banks. Pahang, Temerloh (Foxworthy). Perak, Changkat Mentri (Kloss). Kedah, Alor Sta. Kelantan, Chaning River banks. Dzysirib. India, Java, often cultivated in gardens. (4) L. macrocarpa Wall. 2114A. Leaves stiff coriaceous, oblong, base broad, tip round; nerves prominent 9 pairs inarching near the edge 8 in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles thick, -25 in. long. Panicles rather large, about 12 in. long. Calyx hardly ribbed in flower, and not at all or very incon- spicuously at the base in fruit. Petals pink, obovate clawed, °5 in. long or more. Fruit oblong ovoid -6 to 1 in. long; sepals acute recurved. Hab. Cultivated in gardens. Pahang, Kampang Tengah, Temerloh (Foxworthy). Negri Sembilan, Kwala Pilah and Selangor, Klang (Foxworthy). This species has been reduced to L. speciosa (L. flos-vegine) by Koehne in his monograph. It is very distinct, however, from the true flos-veging in its larger, oblong-rounded stiffer leaves and unribbed calyx. The typical L. macrocarpa has very large fruits and flowers and may be seen in gardens. The specimens quoted above closely resemble Burmese forms, rather smaller inallparts. The first quoted may be wild, the other two, doubtless, planted. 5. DUABANGA, Ham. Large trees. Branches pendent, 4-angled. Leaves opposite distichous elongate acute, base cordate or rounded. Panicles large terminal. Flowers large, white. Calyx-tube wide adnate to base of ovary; lobes 4 to 7, valvate. Petals 4 to 7, obovate clawed crisped. Stamens numerous on a perigynous ring. Ovary conic, 4-celled; style long. Stigma capitate, 4- to 8-lobed. Capsule sub- -globose with spreading calyx-lobes at base, coriaceous 4- to 8-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, tailed. Species 2, Indo- Malayan. (1) D. sonneratioides Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 178; Hook, fil. Ill. Him. Pl. t. 11; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 579; King, 1c. xo: Tree 60 to roo ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, 7 to 12 in. long, ) 2:5 to 4 in. wide, glaucous beneath. Flowers 2 to 2:5 in. wide, few on a panicle 6 in, long and as wide. Petals 1 in. long, °5 in. wide. Capsule ovoid-globose, 1 to 1°5 in. across. Hab. In forests. Perak, base of Hermitage Hill; Batang Padang valley to Telom. Penang, Balik Pulau (Curtis) : Setul. Dzstvib. India, Burma. Native names ; Kandada; Berombong Hutan. ai = Sonneratia. | LX. LYTHRACE. 825 6. SONNERATIA, Linn. fil. Big trees or shrubs growing near or in the sea, glabrous. Leaves fleshy-coriaceous opposite petioled. Flowers in cymes of 3, terminal large (occasionally solitary axillary). Calyx coriaceous; lobes 4 to 8 lanceolate. Petals linear-oblong 4to8or none. Stamens numerous inserted in a band in tube. Ovary free or adnate at base of tube; style long. Stigma capitate. Berry sub-globose, 10- to 15-celled. Seeds many, curved, imbedded in pulp. Species 4 or 5, Indo- Malaya. Leaves narrow ane ; petals present and with stamens pink . : 2 3 ; : 5 . (1) S. acida Leaves obovate: petals 0; stamens white. Leaves obovate narrowed to base. : : . (2) S. Griffithii Leaves oblong orbicular . ; ‘ . (3) S. alba (1) S. acida Linn. fil. Supp. 252; » Grif. Nolul@ iv. 652; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 580. Usually a shrub or small tree ro to 35 ft. tall. Branches 4-angled. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong obovate acuminate narrowed to petiole blunt, 2 to 3 in. long, 1-25 in. wide. Buds solitary, ellipsoid. Calyx- -tube not angled; lobes 6 to 8 triangular. Petals linear dilated upwards, pink. Stamens pink. Capsule depressed globose, 2 in. through. Hab. Tidal rivers. Singapore, Balestier Plain. Johor, Batu Pahat River. Pahang, Kwala Pahang. Perak, Matang (Wray). Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Distrib. India, Burma, Malaya. Native names: Bedat; Bedata. Very distinct in its thin willow-like leaves and pink stamens. The Indian and Bornean plants have blunt tips to the leaves, ours and the Siamese forms are acuminate. (2) S. Griffithii Kurz, Pegu Report, App. B. 54; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 580. S$. acida var. Gnfithi King, lic. 11. S, alba Griff. (not Smith) Notule iv. 652. Tree growing in sea, large with very stout stem. Leaves obovate petioled, blunt, narrowed to base, 3:5 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles +5 in. long. Calyx-tube obconic, -5 in. long; lobes 5, triangular acute, -5 in. long. Petals o. Stamens -75 in. long, white. Style longer. Hab. In muddy bays in the sea. Singapore, Gelang; Freshwater Island; Toas; Changi. Malacca, Pulau Jawa (Griffith); Selangor, Jugra and Pasir Panjang (Foxworthy) Perak, Sungei Limau (Foxworthy). Native names: Bedada; Pedada; Gadabu; Perepat. (3) S. alba Smith in Rees Cyelop. xxx. Nor 23 Clarke! 1.e. nw. 5805, Kang he. 11. Tree, large with many aerial roots. Leaves obovate to reniform decurrent on petiole blunt, 2 to 4 in. long and as broad; petioles -25 in. long. Flower-buds narrow, ellipsoid tapering to both ends. 826 LX. LYTHRACE. [ Sonneratia. Calyx-tube obconic, angled, -4 in. long; lobes 6 to 8 oblong-lanceo- late acute. Petals o. Stamens white. Style long. Capsule obconic, ribbed xr in. or more through. Hab. Marine, usually growing quite in the sea. Singapore, Sungei Jurong; Galang; Pulau Brani. Johor, Tanjong Kupang. Negri Sembilan, Sungei Menyala (Foxworthy). Dizsivib. Burma, Malay isles. Nativename : Berombong. Use: Timber for knees of boats. 7. AXINANDRA Thw. Trees glabrous. Leaves coriaceous. Racemes axillary and terminal panicled. Flowers small. Calyx superior, 5-lobed. Petals 5, small triangular; stamens 10. Ovary 5- to 6-celled, inferior; ovules I to 2 in cell; style straight. Capsule half- superior, woody, ellipsoid below adnate to calyx-tube, loculicidally 3- to 6-valved. Seeds winged. Species 4 to 5, Ceylon and Borneo. (1) A. Maingayi Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 581. Leaves elliptic acuminate, base short, narrowed, 3 in. long, I-75 in. wide; petioles short, -15 to -25 in. long. Racemes 3 in. long; flowers remote, -I in. long; pedicels as long. Calyx broad cupular, 10-ribbed. Petals caducous. Style long. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Very rare, never met with again. OrperR LXI. ONAGRACE/E Herbs usually found in damp spots. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers usually axillary solitary, yellow, white (or pink). Calyx tube wholly adnate to ovary, lobes 3 to 6. Petals epigynous as many. Stamens as many or twice as many. Ovary inferior, 4- or 5-celled; style r. Stigma capitate or lobed. Fruit usually dehiscent, I- to many-seeded. Species 3000, chiefly in temperate regions. Stamens twice the number of sepals ‘ : : . I. JUSSIHA Stamens as many as sepals . : : : : . 2. LuDWIGIA 41. JUSSIZA, Linn. Water or ditch herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow or white, solitary axillary. Calyx-tube narrow or obconic, teeth 4 to 6, acute persistent. Petals 4 to 6, usually yellow, caducous. Stamens short, twice as many. Ovary 4- or 5-celled; ovules numerous axile; style simple, short. Stigma 4-lobed. Capsule narrow, cylindric or angled or obconic, 4- or 5-celled. Seeds very numerous minute. Species 30, tropics generally. Eee Oe Jussiea.| LXI. ONAGRACEE. 827 Aquatic floating plant; flowers white, centre yellow . (1) J. repens Terrestrial erect herbs; flowers yellow. Petals much shorter than sepals, small, rhomboid . (2) J. suffruticosa Petals large obovate clawed. Plant nearly glabrous; corolla 1°25 in. wide; fruit narrow, cylindric ; i j . (3) J. erecta Plant hairy. Corolla *75 in. wide; fruit thick cylindric . (4) J. villosa Corolla 3 in. wide; fruit obconic, woolly . . (5) J. speciosa (1) J. repens Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 169; Sp. Pl. 555; Clarke, in Hook. jul. F.B.I. ii. 587; Hook. -Bot. Misc. iii. 200, t. 40. A creeping or floating plant. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, narrowed to the petiole 1:5 to 3 in. long, -2 to -5 in. wide, glabrous. Pedicels -5 to 1 in. long. Ovary as long. Flower 1 in. across. Petals white yellow at base, very caducous. Capsule -5 to 1°5 in. long, linear cylindric. Seeds quadrate, raphe corky. Hab. Ponds and ditches. Common. Singapore, Tanglin; Serangoon Road, Pahang, Pekan. Province Wellesley, Permatang Bertam. Penang. Bagian Jemmal (Curtis) ; Patalung (Gwynne-Vaughan). Kelantan, Kota Bharu. Dzsivib. Whole tropics. (2) J. suffruticosa Linn. Sp. Pl. 555 (not of other botanists). J. fissendocarpa Haines, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. 1919, Pp. 313. Erect branched glabrous herb, 1 to 2 ft. tall. Branches slender winged. Leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends, thin mem- branous, 5 to 3 in. long, -25 to -5 in. wide; petioles slender winged nearly to base. Pedicel and ovary ‘5 in. long. Sepals 4, very narrow lanceolate acuminate -I in. long. Petals shorter, -I in. long or less, rhomboid, base narrowed. Fruit cylindric, -75 in. long, ‘I in. through. Seeds in upper part ellipsoid, smooth, pale, in middle larger slightly corky, at base oblong, corky with a groove on one side, much larger. Hab. Damp spots by runnels and ditches. Singapore, Tanglin, etc., very common, to Kelantan, Chaning. Penang (Curtis). Dustvib. India, Siam, Christmas Islands, Philippines. (3) J. erecta Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 170; Sp. Pl. 556 (excluding the S. American plants). J. angustifolia Lam. Dict. ii. 331; Ill. ¢. 280, fig. 3. J. Blumeana DC. Prodr. ii. 55. J. Junghuhnii Mzq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1. (1), 627. J. suffruticosa of Clarke and other botanisis, not of Linneus. Herb 1 to 3 ft. tall, glabrous or sparsely hairy especially on the young parts, fairly stout. Stem angled or slightly winged, simply branched. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, long, narrowed to the base; nerves ascending, 14 pairs slightly elevate beneath and usually sparsely hairy 2 to 4 in. long, -25 to rin. wide. Ovary and pedicel -5 in. long. Sepals 4, ovate acuminate ‘12 to -2 in. long and increasing to -3 in fruit; nerves prominent, 3, hairy. Corolla I in. across; petals obovate slightly emarginate clawed. Fruit oblong, obcuneate glabrous, broadest above, narrowed to base, *75 828 : LXI. ONAGRACEZ. [ Jussiea. to I in. long, :25 in. through at top. Seeds ellipsoid polished, mahogany brown. Hab. Wet spots, ditches, etc. Common. Singapore, Tanglin, Tanjong Katong, Malacca (Griffith); Pulau Besar (Maingay) to Kelantan, Chaning; Kota Bharu. Penang (Wallich). Dzisivib. India, Java, Borneo, Timor, Philippines, Papua, Australia, China. Native names: Bujong Samalam; Pujong Malam; Lakom Ayer. Use: Asa poultice for headache. J. exaltata Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 401, is a form with leaves sparsely hairy above. It is common in India, and forms approaching it occur here. (4) J. villosa Lam. Encycl. iii. 331. A tall densely hairy plant. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, sessile hairy all over, 3 in. long, I in. wide. Ovary cylindric hairy. Sepals ovate acute -3 in. long, -I in. wide at base, hairy outside. Corolla -75 in. across; petals oblong oblanceolate retuse, -25 in. across. Fruit thickly cylindric, base narrowed, hairy, 1:25 in. long, :25 in. through. Seeds dark red ellipsoid, grooved. Hab. Wet. spots, Singapore, Alexandra Road. Distrib. S. India, Cambodia, Borneo, Timor, Philippines, Australia. (5) J. speciosa Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1921, p. 259. A plant 4 to 6 ft. tall, densely softly tomentose-hairy all over. Leaves lanceolate broad, narrowed to both ends 4 in. long, I in. wide; nerves over 20 pairs; petioles short, distinct, -25 in. long. Sepals triangular acuminate, cuspidate, densely hairy outside 5 in. long, -25 in. wide at base. Corolla 3 in. across; petals -25 in. across, obovate. Capsule obconic, densely softly hairy and crowned by the large sepals now -g in. long. Seeds ellipsoid not grooved, red. Hab. Ditches and swamps, local and not common. Singapore, Balestier Plain, Serangoon Road: Distrib. South India, Ceylon. 2. LUDWIGIA, Linn. Erect or decumbent herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so. Calyx-tube slender, cylindric, lobes 3 to 5, persistent acute. Petals 3 to 5, epigynous, yellow, very small. Stamens as many. Ovary inferior 4- or 5-celled; ovules many in two or more rows; style simple. Stigma capitate. Capsule linear or oblong 4- to 5-celled breaking up irregularly. Seeds numerous, obovoid smooth not corky. Species 20. Tem- perate or tropical regions. Differs from Jussi@a simply in the smaller number of the stamens. Capsule oblong, thick; seeds in several rows ‘ . (1) L. parviflora Capsule very slender, cylindric; seedsinIrow . . (2) L. prostrata (1) L. parviflora Roxb. Hort. Beng. 11; Clarke, l.c. 1. 588; King, t.c. 13. Erect glabrous herb 6 to 12 in. tall. Leaves lanceolate to linear-oblong narrowed to both ends 1 to 3 in. long, -25 to °5 in. EE EEE a—ooeeleeee Ludwigia.| LXI. ONAGRACEZ. 829 wide. Sepals 4, lanceolate. Petals very small, yellow elliptic. Stamens 4. Capsule short, pedicelled, cylindric, narrowed at the base, 25 in. long, -I in. wide. Seeds in many rows in the cells, ellipsoid, polished light brown. Hab. Ditches, Selangor, Ginting Bidai. Perak, Matang (Wray); Terutau (Robinson). Distrib. Tropical Asia to Australia. (2) L. prostrata Roxb. Hort. Beng. 11; Fl. Ind. i. 420; Clarke, Per: 506- King, l.c. 13. Glabrous herb, erect branched (occasionally decumbent) 8 to 20 in. long. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, thin 1 to 4 in. long, -25 to -5 in. wide. Flowers sessile, several together in leaf axils. Sepals 4, lanceolate. Petals very small, lanceolate acute. Capsule very slender cylindric, nearly sessile -5 in. long, "05 in. through. Seeds dark red in one row in a cell. Hab. Common in ditches, Singapore, Tanglin. Johor, Scudai River. Pahang, Kwantan (Foxworthy); Pekan. Selangor, Batu Tiga (Goodenough); Perak, Tanjong Rambutan (Curtis); Tanjong Malim. Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Tringganu, Bundi (Rostado). Kelantan, Kota Bharu. Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Japan. This at first sight closely resembles Jussiga suffruticosa Linn., but it has more than one flower in the axil, more slender fruit and only 4 stamens. Ludwigia perennis Linn., is either this plant or his Jussig@a suffruticosa. It does not seem possible to say which. Orver LXII. SAMYDACEZ. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, sometimes serrate. Flowers rather small in clusters or racemes. Calyx inferior. Petals 5 to 10 or 0. Stamens I to 7 with alternating staminodes or glands. Ovary inferior, free or half superior 1-celled, many ovuled. Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, 2- to 5-valved. Species about 300, all tropics. Petals o. Style 1; stamens 8 to Io alternating with staminodes . I. CASEARIA Styles 3; stamens 8 to to alternating with hairy scales. 2. OSMELIA Petals 5 to 10; stamens I to 7 alternating with glands . 3. HomMALiIuM 1. CASEARIA, Jacq. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate distichous, occasion- ally serrate. Flowers small in axillary clusters, greenish yellow; pedicels short surrounded by small scales. Calyx inferior, 4- to 5-lobed, lobes imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens twice the number of calyx-lobes, united in a tube with alternating staminodes, hypo- gynous (sometimes nearly free). Ovary free, ovoid, r-celled; ovules many; style simple. Stigma capitate or trifid. Fruit globose or ellipsoid, yellow, 3- or 2-valved. Seeds many, angular 830 LXII. SAMYDACEZ. [Casearia. or ovoid with a scarlet aril. Species 140, all tropics (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. |xvii. (2), p. 14). Leaves pubescent beneath. Leaves thin, base cuneate or blunt, 3 in. long; fruit under rin.long . (1) C. Lobbiana Leaves rather thick, base cordate, 6 in. Tong: fruit tin.long . (2) C. grewieefolia Leaves broad elliptic, base cuneate, 6 by ‘4 in. ; fruit 1 in. long ; : ; . (3) C. velutinosa Leaves quite glabrous. Fruit under I in. long. Leaves large ovate elliptic ; : 4 (4) C. latifolia Racemes not elongating, sub- crenulate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate 4 by 2 in.; fruit short, ovoid . (5) C. esculenta Leaves oblong 4 to 6 in. long, 2: 5 to 3 in. wide . (6) C. leucolepis Leaves lanceolate, thin coriaceous, 4 by I° 5 in.; fruit oblong . (7) C. coriacea Leaves lanceolate, 3 by I in. : fruit ellipsoid. (8) C. flexula Racemes elongating ; leaves thinly ridged coriaceous ‘ ; ; : ‘ (9) C. albicans Fruit 1°5 to 2 in. long. Leaves lanceolate 6 in. eee flowers crowded, several. . (10) C, Clarkei Leaves lanceolate, short, 4 to y in. long flowers in ones and twos . ; . (11) C. macrocarpa (1) C. Lobbiana Turcz, Bull Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxx. (i), 463% Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.u. 594; King, l.c. 15. Small shrub or small treelet, 4 to 15 ft. tall, pubescent. Leaves oblong or ‘oblong-lanceolate short acuminate, membranous, glabrous above, except midrib and nerves beneath, softly pubes- cent; nerves 8 to Io pairs, 2 to 5 in. long, -75 to 2:25 in. wide; petioles -2 to -3 in. long tomentose. Flowers few, axillary, green. Calyx teeth triangular, acute, *5 in. long, -4 in. wide. Fruit sub- globose orange °5 in. long, -4 in. wide. Seed with crimson aril. Hab. Lowland woods. Singapore, Garden Jungle, Johor, Tanjong Kupang. Malacca, Alor Gajah (Griffith). Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall). Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Gunong Keledang. Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). (2) C. grewiefolia Vent. Choix. des Plantes 48; Clarke, L.c. ii. 594; King, l.c. 16. C. variabilis Bl. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1. 252. Small tree. Branchlets 4-angled, tomentose. Leaves oblong acute, base sub-truncate cordate, edges crenulate or not, above glabrous, beneath tomentose on midrib and nerves 10 to I4 pairs, 4:25 to 6 in. long, 1-25 to 3:25 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Heads many-flowered ; pedicels slender. Buds -15 in. long; sepals pubes- cent. Stamens 8, glabrous; staminodes 8, pubescent. Ovary pyramidal hairy at top. Fruit nearly I in. long, glabrous. Hab. Forests. Not common. Malacca (Maingay). Dindings, Lumut; a Casearia. | LXII. SAMYDACE#. 831 Bruas. Perak (Scortechini) : Gunong Keledang (Ridley). Dzstrib. Cambodia, Malay islands. (3) C. velutinosa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 34. Shrub. Branches velvety flexuous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong to ovate acuminate, base rounded or shortly narrowed ; nerves 12, prominent beneath, depressed above; glabrous above, softly tomentose beneath, 6 to Io in. long, 3 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles tomentose, -2 in. long. Heads -15 in. across. Flowers <1 in. across. Sepals imbricate, pubescent, 5 sub-orbicular, oblong hairy outside. Petals 0. Stamens 10, glabrous; anthers small introrse. Staminodes forming a tube with them, sub-spathulate hairy. Ovary conic. Stigma large capitate. Capsule -5 in. long, dehiscing into 3 narrow boat-shaped valves. Hab. Forests, local. Perak, Gunong Keledang. Dindings, Lumut; Bruas (Ridley). (4) C. latifolia Ridi. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 34. C. albicans King, l.c., not of Wallich nor of Clarke. A big shrub or tree (Wallich), about ro ft. tall with flexuous white slender branches, quite glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous dark green, elliptic-ovate long-acuminate, base rounded; nerves fine, 8 pairs, slightly raised beneath, reticulations fine conspicuous, 8 in. long, 4 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Heads small, axillary usually many-flowered. Bracts short, ovate. Buds _ globose, glabrous pedicelled. Fruit oblong-ellipsoid, yellow, -5 in. long. Hab. Hill forests. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler 10869), Penang (Wallich 7197 (1), 7432) halfway up Western Hill; Pulau Betong (Curtis). (5) C. esculenta Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 422; Clarke, l.c. il. 592; Kong 1.0.7. Shrub or treelet up to 20 to 30 ft. tall, glabrous. Branches white, flexuous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong acute, base cuneate or round, edge obscurely undulate (or not); nerves 6 to 8 pairs, 3 to 4 in. long, 1-5 to 2:25 in. wide. Heads many- flowered; pedicels -2 in. long, all glabrous. Calyx teeth 4 ovate. Fruit oblong-ovoid, I in. long, valves broad, ovate. Hab. Malacca (Griffith, Maingay), rare. Dustrib. India. Griffith’s Malacca specimens are identical with another one collected by him in Khasyia in Kew Herbarium, and I should conclude it was an error of localisation to refer them to the peninsula were it not for Maingay’s specimens. (6) C. leucolepis Turcz, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1. 463. Glabrous plant with stout branches. Leaves distant, thinly coriaceous or membranous, oblong blunt or bluntly acuminate, base inzquilateral rounded or sub-cordate, edge minutely crenulate ; nerves slender, Io pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, 2:5 to 3 in. wide; petioles -2 in. long. Flowers several in short heads of woolly bracts. Pedicels slender, -15 in. long. Sepals 4, oblong blunt inside pubescent. Stamens 8, shorter; anthers ovate acute. Staminodes 832 LXII. SAMYDACEZ. [Casearia. much shorter, clubbed, woolly hairy. Pistil conic, pubescent ; style stout. Stigma large, capitate. Hab. Johor, Pulau Tinggi (Burkill). Distvib. Borneo, Philippines. (7) C. coriacea Vent. Choix des Plantes, 45; Koorders Boomsorten Java, 345. Small tree 20 to 25 ft. tall, 2 to 3 in. through. Branches flexuous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong or elliptic-acuminate, base narrowed shortly; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, slender, reticulations rather conspicuous when dry, 5 to 6 in. long, 2 to 2-75 in. wide; Fic. 67.—Casearia flexula. petioles -3 in. long. Heads small, not lengthening. Bracts ovate acute. Flowers white, -15 in. across. Petals ovate sub-acute. Staminodes shorter than filaments, hairy at tip. Fruit oblong, I°5 in. long, reddish yellow. Hab. Forests chiefly in the hills; rare. Singapore (Wallich 7197, 2). Perak, Thaiping Hills 4000 to 4600 ft. altitude (Kunstler); Bujong Malacca. Dzrstvib. Java. (8) C. flexula Ridi. C. flexuosa Riedl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vii. 41 (not of Crarb). Branches flexuous with pale bark. Leaves thinly coriaceous lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, acute; nerves 4 pairs, 3 to 3°5 in. long, I to 1:25 in. wide; petioles :2 in. long. Heads dense; ee ee ee Casearia.| LXII. SAMYDACE&. 833 flowers about 20; rachis finally elongating. Bracts acute, ciliate. Flowers -1 in. long. Sepals oblong, glabrous, inner ones obovate- orbicular, edge ciliate. Stamens nearly as long, glabrous. Scales oblong-linear, tips villous. Fruit ellipsoid, -75 in. long, apricot- coloured. Hab. Mountains, Kedah Peak (Robinson and Kloss). (9) C. albicans Wail. Cat. 7197 (3), not of King or Clarke. Small tree. Leaves thinly stiff coriaceous shining, lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed; nerves 8 pairs fine, reticulations con- spicuous on both sides, 4 in. long, 1°75 in. wide; petioles ‘24 in. long. Heads small, the racemes lengthening to 2 in. long with numerous ovate acute bracts. Flowers ‘1 in. wide. Sepals ovate rounded, edges ciliate. Stamens 8; staminodes hairy at tip as long as the filaments. Fruit oblong, ‘5 in. long (not ripe) orange. Hab. Penang, top of the hill (Wallich, Curtis). Near C. flexula, but with more rigid leaves and racemes elongating. (10) C. Clarkei King, /.c. 18. C. albicans Clarke, in Hook. fil. FBI. ii., not of Wallich or King. Tree 30 to 4o ft. tall with stout branches, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly oblong acute, base shortly narrowed; nerves 5 to 7 pairs prominent beneath, reticulations fine, conspicuous, 8 to g in. long, 3 in. wide; petioles *5 in. long. . Heads condensed ; pedicels -25 in. long. Buds very small. Fruit ellipsoid 2°5 in. long, yellow. Hab. Forests up to about 3000 ft. altitude. Singa- pore, Chua Chu Kang. Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, Weld’s Hill, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Penang, Balik Pulau. var. Kunstleri. C. Kunstleri King, l.c. 17. Tree 60 to 8o ft. tall. Branches and leaves as in type. Flowers much larger; pedicel 2 in. long. Fruit pear-shaped, 2°5 to 3 in. long, 2 in. through, very soft, bright yellow. Hab. Johor, Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall). Pahang, Telom. Perak, lLarut Hills (Kunstler) ; Kamuning. (1x1) C. macrocarpa Clarke, l.c. ii. 593; King, l.c. 18. Tree about 20 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves narrowly lanceolate acute or acuminate, base narrowed, thinly coriaceous, 4 to 6 in. long, I to 1°25 in. wide; petioles -3 to ‘4 in. long. Heads I- or few-flowered; pedicels slender, -2 in. long. Buds globose ‘1 in. long. Calyx-lobes 5, oblong blunt, velvety inside. Fruit ellipsoid, compressed, 1°75 in. long, °5 in. through, red. Seeds obovoid. Hab. Hill forests, local. Penang Hill (Maingay); Batu Feringhi; Moniot’s Road (Curtis). 2. OSMELIA, Thw. Trees. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate. Flowers small nearly sessile in long simple or panicled racemes. Calyx inferior, cleft nearly to base, lobes 4 to 5, round, imbricate. Petals none. FI.M-P., ©. s 3H 834 LXII, SAMYDACE. [Osmelia. Stamens 8 or 10, half alternating with as many bilobed hairy scales, and half in the notches of the scales. Ovary superior, I-celled ; ovules few; styles 3, with bifid or capitate stigmas. Capsule sub- globose, 3-valved. Seeds few with a red aril. Species 6, Ceylon, Malay isles. (1) O. Maingayi King, /.c. 19. Unisexual tree 20 to 60 ft. tall. Branchlets, underside of leaves and inflorescence tomentose. Leaves membranous, oblong short acuminate, base round; nerves 6 to Io pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, 1°75 to 3 in. wide; petioles ‘75 in. long. Male panicles terminal and axillary, 3 to 8 in. long. Flowers ‘1 in. wide, pink and yellow, in small heads. Sepals 4, pubescent. Stamens 8 in 2 unequal rows. Female panicles axillary; flowers as in male, but stamens sub- equal. Ovary tomentose. Capsule *5 to ‘65 in. long. Hab. Forests, not uncommon in the lowlands. Singapore, Bukit Mandai; Bukit Timah. Pahang, Pulau Tawar. Malacca (Maingay). Selangor, Bukit Kutu; Batu Caves. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tampin (Goodenough); Seremban (Cantley), Perak, Chanderiang and Goping (Kunstler). Native names: Berunai Ayer; Medang Kemantan. Use: For making chairs. 3. HOMALIUM, Jacq. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, crenate seldom quite entire. Flowers small, hairy, in slender axillary and terminal racemes, simple or panicled. Bracts sometimes large, caducous. Calyx funnel-shaped, adnate to base of ovary, lobes 5 to Io, narrow, per- sistent. Petals 5 to Io, narrow insert in throat of calyx. Disc tomentose. Stamens 1 to 2 opposite each petal alternating with glands. Ovary half superior, 1-celled; ovules many; styles 2 to 3, filiform. Capsule half superior, coriaceous, 2- to 5-valved at the tip. Species 50, tropics generally. Flowers °3 in. wide. Stamens 1 to each petal; leaves glabrous . . (1) H. longifolium Stamens 2 to each petal; petals 6 to 8. Leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath, stiff cori- aceous : . (2) H. Kunstleri Leaves glabrous not glaucous, proad, blunt . (3) H. propinqguum Stamens 2 to each petal; petals Io. Leaves entire, glabrous . 3 4 . (4) H. spathulatum Leaves crenate, pubescent beneath . . (5) H. Griffithianum Stamens 4 to a petal; petals 6; calyx cylindric . (6) H., frutescens Flowers °75 in. wide. Stamens 4 to a petal; calyx-teeth 5, small . (7) H. undulatum Stamens 7 to 9 to a petal; calyx-teeth 7 to 9; accrescent in fruit (8) H. grandiflorum (1) H. longifolium Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 35; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 596; King, l.c. 20. Tree 30 to 60 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong acuminate, base shortly cuneate; nerves 7 to 10 pairs, slender, i lh i i Homalium.| LXII. SAMYDACE®. 835 entire or slightly crenulate 3 to 7 in. long, 1°25 to 2 in. wide; petioles "15 to°3 in. long. Racemes slender, 6 to g in. long, axillary, solitary, minutely white tomentose. Flowers ‘15 in. across, pale yellow, sub-sessile, in fascicles of 3 to 4. Calyx-tube 6-fid, lobes lanceolate. Petals similar, narrower. Stamens I opposite each petal, alternat- ing with yellow glands. Hab. Forests at 200 to 2000 ft. altitude. Malacca, Selandor (Derry); Mt. Ophir. Selangor, Batu Caves; Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Batang Padang (Kunstler). Penang, Pulau Betong; West Hill (Maingay, Phillips, Curtis). Tomoh (Machado). ‘Tringganu, Bundi (Rostado). Native names: Sang- kah; Petaling Gajah; Selumbar; Kemap; Mesikang. (2) H. Kunstleri King, /.c. 20. Tree 20 to 40 ft. tall. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, short acuminate, base narrowed or round, edges crenate, glabrous glaucous beneath; nerves 8 or g pairs, 4°5 to 7 in. long, 2°25 to 2°75 in. wide; petioles 2 to °3 in. long, thick. Racemes solitary rather thick, 4 in. or more long, tomentose; flowers in remote clusters of 3 to 4, ‘2 in. across, greenish yellow. Calyx-tube short funnel-shaped, teeth 6, oblanceolate. Petals 6, broadly lanceolate, villous inside. Stamens 2 opposite each petal, glabrous. Ovary hairy. Hab. Limestone rocks. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). (3) H. propinquum Clarke, l.c. ii. 597; Kung, l.c. 21. Big tree 30 to over I1oo ft. tall, 15 to 24 in. through. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic to obovate obtuse or shortly acuminate, base narrowed, undulate or crenate, glabrous (except midrib beneath sometimes pubescent); nerves 9 to II pairs, raised beneath, 4 to 7 in. long, 2°25 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles ‘25 to ‘35 in. long. Racemes 12 in. long, clustered and panicled, pale tomentose. Flowers ‘2 in. across in clusters on pedicels *15 in. long, pale green. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, lobes 6 to 7, sub-spathulate. Petalsshorter. Stamens 2 to each petal. Hab. Forests. Perak, banks of Bernam River (Kunstler). Penang, Waterfall (Curtis). Native name: Pantat K’lat Putih. (4) H. spathulatum Ridi. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, Glabrous tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic acuminate, blunt, base narrowed, entire or undulate; nerves about 7 pairs, very fine and rather obscure, 4 in. long, I°5 in. wide; petioles ‘2 in. long. Racemes axillary, solitary, 3 in. long, slender, tomentose. Flowers numerous, not clustered, sub-sessile, ‘2 in. wide. Calyx- tube funnel-shaped tomentose, ‘1 in. long, lobes Io very narrow linear, edged with long hairs. Petals little longer, linear-spathulate to. Stamens glabrous, shorter, 2 to a petal; glands pubescent. Styles 3, glabrous. Hab. Dindings, Pangkor (Curtis). (5) H. Griffithianum Kurz Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xl. (2), 57; Clarke, l.c. ii. 597; King, l.c. 21 (Fig. 68, p. 836). Small tree 30 to 4o ft. tall, softly pubescent. Leaves thinly 836 LXII. SAMYDACEZ. [Homalium. coriaceous, obovate-oblong, shortly blunt apiculate, nearly entire or coarsely crenate, base shortly narrowed or round cordate, glabrous except nerves above and beneath (when adult); nerves 7 pairs, 2°75 to 5 in. long, 1°65 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to ‘4 in. long, pubescent, Racemes solitary, tomentose, 3 to 5 in. long, slender. Flowers *3 in. across, villous greenish yellow or white in small clusters. Calyx ‘1 in. long, conic, teeth 10, linear. Petals oblanceo- late, larger. Stamens 2 opposite each petal, glabrous; styles 5. Hab. Rocky places in the north, Pahang, Kwala Sungei Sawa Chini, Fic. 68.—Homalium Griffithianum. Kwantan (Foxworthy). Lankawi, by the lake (Curtis); Sungei Batu Asap. Perlis, Kanga. Pulau Adang, Rawei Island. Kedah, Tanjong Sirih (Curtis). Dzstvib. Tenasserim, Indo-China, Siam. Native name: Telor Buaya. (6) H. frutescens King, l.c. 22. Small tree 15 to 30 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-. oblong, shortly acuminate, narrowed to base, edge usually crenate, drying brown beneath; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, slender, secondaries conspicuous 3 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles ‘I in. long. Racemes axillary sometimes branched, fairly stout, glabrous Homalium.| LXII. SAMYDACEZ. 837 4 in. long. Flowers numerous not congested, ‘25 in. long, *I5 in. wide. Calyx cylindric conic, rigid, teeth 6, lanceolate acute. Petals white, larger pubescent, oblong-lanceolate. Stamens 4 opposite each petal, glabrous, white, glands yellow, 5; styles 5 as long as stamens. Hab. Open wet jungle. Johor, Kota Tinggi; Serom; Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall), Pahang, Temerloh (Foxworthy). Selangor; Rantau Panjang (Kloss); Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Distrib. Malay isles. Native names: Petaling Ayer; Dada Ruan. (7) H. undulatum King, l.c. 23. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, 10 to 15 in. through. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, shortly blunt-apiculate, shortly narrowed at base, serrate crenulate, glabrous yellowish green; nerves 8 pairs, very fine, 3 to 4 in. long, 1°75 to 2 in. wide; petioles ‘25 in. long. Panicle terminal °6 in. long and racemes axillary, sparsely tomentose, slender. Flowers ‘6 to °7 in. across, greenish yellow with a silvery tinge, tomentose; pedicels slender °4 in. long. Calyx broad, funnel- shaped, teeth 5, lanceolate. Petals obovoid, clawed. Stamens much shorter, 4 to each petal, glabrous. Ovary hairy. Hab. Rare, limestone rocks. Perak, Kinta, Gunong Malacca (Kunstler). (8) H. grandiflorum Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 36; Clarke, he 500; Kang, lc. 23. Tree 30 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves bright green, red when young, glabrous, thinly coriaceous shining, elliptic to oblong acute or acuminate, narrowed near petiole faintly crenulate; nerves 9 to 12 pairs, slender, 3°5 to 6°5 in. long, 1°75 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles ‘2 to *3 in. long. Racemes or panicles 6 in. long; branches of panicles short tomentose. Flowers numerous, scattered, with large ovate glabrous caducous bracts. Calyx-tube short, hemispheric, with pedicel r in. long, tomentose, teeth 7 to 9, spathulate oblong. Petals shorter, whole flower ‘4 in. across. Stamens 7 to 12, opposite each petal; filaments pilose; glands alternating with petals. Ovary free, 6-ridged, tomentose. Hab. Lowland forests, very rarely flowering, probably once in twenty-five years. Singapore, Tanglin ; Garden Jungle; Kranji. Malacca (Griffith). Selangor, Ulu Gom- bak (Burn-Murdoch). Distrib. Tenasserim. Orver LXIII. TURNERACE/. Shrubby plants or herbs usually hairy. Leaves alternate serrate. Flowers large axillary I or few, bisexual. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Petals 5, insert in calyx mouth, clawed, white or yellow. Stamens 5 in the middle or mouth of tube; filaments free. Styles 3, filiform (simple) or fimbriate; ovules many. Capsule 1-locular, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, oblong-cylindric. Upwards of 100 838 LXIII, TURNERACEZ. [Turnera. species, chiefly American. Two species of Turnera have run wild in the Straits. TURNERA, Linn. Description as above. Flowers white with maroon eye j ‘ ; . (1) T. trioniflora Flowers bright yellow ; ; ; : F . (2) T. ulmifolia (x) T. trioniflora Sims Bot. Mag. 2106. Shrubby herb about 18 in. tall. Leaves narrowly lanceolate acuminate, base long narrowed, serrate, 2°25 in. long, I in. wide, upper ones smaller, glabrous above; nerves 9 pairs, slender, hairy beneath; petiole *2 in. long, strigose. Flowers sub-sessile in terminal axils. Calyx-lobes *75 in. long, narrow acuminate, strigose. Corolla 2 in. across, pale yellow with a black centre. Stamens black. Capsule -3 in. long, hairy. Hab. Damp, open country, Singapore, Tanglin, Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). This has been reduced to a form of T. ulmifolia, but no two species could be more dissimilar. (2) T. ulmifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 387; Bot. Mag. ¢. 281 and t. 4137 (T. angustifolia). A stiff branched herb 12 in. tall. Leaves herbaceous lanceo- late or ovate lanceolate dentate serrate narrowed to base, hairy all over; nerves slender, 9 pairs, 3°5 in. long, I in. wide; petioles ‘75 in. long. Flowers solitary in terminal axils. Calyx of 5 long lanceolate acuminate segments, 2 in. long strigose. Corolla 2 in. wide, deep yellow. Petals 5, round, clawed. Stamens yellow. Hab. Sandy open spots, Singapore, Tanjong Katong; Tanglin. Penang, Batu Feringhi (Curtis). Distrib. South America. Now established in the Mascarene Isles, India, Ceylon, Cocos and Christmas islands. Orper LXIV. PASSIFLORACE/E. Twining herbs or shrubby at base, with tendrils, more rarely trees. Leaves alternate, often lobed, stipulate. Inflorescence axillary, cymose. Flowers regular. Calyx tubular at the base, lobes imbricate 5. Petals none or as many as the calyx-lobes rising from the calyx-tube, a corona of one or more rows of filaments from the tube mouth. Stamens 5, ona gynophore. Anthers oblong. Ovary superior on the gynophore, r-celled; styles 3, with reniform stigmas. Fruit, a berry many-seeded or a capsule. Species about 300, chiefly in the tropics of South America. The Papaya (Carica Papaya, L.), Malay name, Betik, is usually referred to this Order. Passiflora.| LXIV. PASSIFLORACEZ. 839 It is a native of South America. (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. bon. (2), Pp. 40.) Climbing plants. Flowers bisexual, spreading; fruit a berry . : . I. PASSIFLORA Flowers unisexual; fruit a capsule. : : . 2. ADENIA Tree, bisexual; petals and stamens 5; fruitacapsule . 3. PAROPSIA 1. PASSIFLORA, Linn. Twining herbs or half shrubby plants. Leaves simple or lobed. Stipules filiform or leafy. Flowers solitary or in cymes, peduncled often showy. Calyx-tube fleshy, 5-lobed. Petals 5 from throat of calyx-tube. Corona of one or more rows of filaments. Gyno- phore surrounded at base by a shallow cup. Stamens 5; anthers oblong. Ovary I-celled; styles 3. Stigmas reniform, capitate. Fruit, a berry with numerous arillate seeds. Species about 250, chiefly South American. Only one species is native here and another thoroughly established as an alien. Several South American species are in cultivation here, and some have more or less established themselves as garden escapes. (1) P. Horsfieldii Blume, RumpMia i. 170, t. 52; King, l.c. 50. Slender climber. Leaves membranous oval or oblong ovate sub-acute, base rounded and minutely emarginate, glabrous; nerves 5 pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, 2:5 to 3:25 in. wide; petioles -6 to -g in. long, with two oval glands near middle. Inflorescence 2 in. long, axillary 5-flowered. Flowers white 1-25 to 1-5 in. wide; pedicels -4 in. long. Fruit sub-globular, -75 in. through. Hab. Forests, not common. Pahang, Kwala Lipis (Machado). Perak, Goping; Larut (Kunstler). Dzstrib. Java. (2) P. foetida Linn. Sp. Pl. 959. Slender climber, hairy. Leaves thin, trilobed hairy, 2:5 to 3°5 in. long, 1:5 to 3 in. wide, base cordate; petioles hairy 1 in. long. Flower solitary, axillary, 1-25 in. across, white with a fimbriate sticky involucre of 3 leaves. Fruit globose, +75 in. through, orange enclosed in the green involucre. Native of South America, now thoroughly established all over the peninsula in open country. Singapore, Selangor, Pahang, Perak. First record Malacca, Cuming 1841. The plant was extensively used at one time for killing Lalang grass by climbing over and smothering it. Native names: Lang Buluh; K’rang Kraut; Letop-Letop; Timun Dindang; Timun Padang. OcCASIONAL ESCAPES P. QUADRANGULARIS Linn. A large plant with soft 4-angled stems and large entire light green leaves. Flowers 3 to 5 in. across, purple banded with white. Fruit pale green, oblong, 8 in. long. The Granadilla. 840 LXIV. PASSIFLORACE. [Passiflora. P. LAURIFOLIA Linn. A long slender slightly woody climber, not 4-angled. Leaves sub-coriaceous oblong, dark green. Flowers violet 3 in. across. Fruit egg-shaped and as big as an egg, yellow with 2 persistent green leafy bracts at the base. Native name: Buah Susu. The best eating passion-fruit. It is cultivated and has run wild in Singapore and Malacca. P. SUBEROSA Linn. A very small species with lobed leaves, small, green flowers 3% in. across and sub-globose; purple fruit, -5 in. long. Occurs as an escape in Tanglin, Singapore. . P. EDULIS Sims. With trilobed serrate leaves, given by King, /.c., as the Grana- dilla, and as an alien here, has often been planted in gardens, where it rarely, if ever, flowers, and has never been known by me to fruit. It cannot be counted even as an alien escape. 2. ADENIA, Forsk. Long slender climbers, sometimes woody at base. Leaves entire (lobed in other countries) with circular glands on the petiole. Cymes axillary on long peduncles. Flowers tubular, green, uni- sexual. Male flowers, calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5 from the tube. Corona a ring of threads from near the base of the tube or absent. Disc-glands 5, opposite the calyx- lobes, strap-shaped or capitate. Stamens 5, connate in a ring at the base of the tube; anthers linear. Females as in males with staminodes connate at base, no anthers. Ovary globose, sessile or stalked. Stigmas 3. Fruit capsular, 3-valved, red. Seeds black, pitted or warted, suspended by long white funicles. Species 40, Old World tropics. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, minutely peltate Leaves ovate, base cordate . - Leaves shortly narrowed at base, not cordate oblong. Leaves thin; peduncles 2 to 4 in. long Leaves rigid, pale beneath : - . Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, sub- -coriaceous ; panicle I‘5in. long . : : é é : . (5) A. grandifolia (1) A. nicobarica King, l.c. 52. Modecca nicobarica Kurz, Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 327; Masters, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 603. Very slender, wiry climber. Leaves membranous, elliptic- oblong or lanceolate, base round peltate, acuminate at tip; nerves 4 pairs inarching, 2-5 to 45 in. long, -6 to 1-8 in. wide; petioles ‘4 to 8 in. long; peduncles 1-5 in. long with a tendril and 1 to 2 flowers. Flowers -4 in. long, green. Males, calyx campanulate, deeply 5-lobed; lobes linear acute. Petals shorter oblanceolate truncate; anthers as large, oblong, blunt cordate, tube of filaments ) A. nicobarica ) A. populifolia ) A. acuminata (1 (2 (3 (4) A. singaporeana ee Adenia.] LXIV. PASSIFLORACEZ. 841 wide. Capsule elliptic-oblong, acute, 2-3 in. long, -75 in. wide, red. Seeds sub-orbicular with radiating grooves from centre. Hab. Thickets, Johor, Tebing Tinggi. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Waterfall, Thaiping (Wray); Tanjong Hantu. Dindings, Lumut. Penang Hill at 2500 ft. altitude (Maingay, Curtis); Telok Bahang (Curtis); Lankawi (Curtis); Setul Heath, a very narrow- leaved form. Dzsivib. Andamans and Nicobars. (2) A. populifolia Engl. Jahrb. xiv. 376; var. pentamera King, lic. 54. Slender climber. Leaves membranous oblong-ovate acuminate, acute, base cordate; nerves 5 to 7 pairs, faint, 3 to 5 in. long, I-75 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles -75 to 1:25 in. wide with two large cup-shaped glands at top. Peduncles 1 in. long with two branches and a tendril. Flowers few, on pedicels -4 in. long. Male flowers ‘2 in. long, green, fusiform. * Calyx-lobes 5, oblong blunt. Petals just below lobes; anthers 5, sagittate, linear; filaments in a tube. Female flowers -15 in. long. Fruit fusiform red, 2-5 to 3 in. long, -75 in. through. Seeds oblong foveolate. Hab. Edges of woods. Selangor, Sungei Buluh; Petaling. Sungei Ujong, Pantai (Cantley) ; Perak, Goping and Gunong Bubu (Kunstler); Ipoh (Curtis). Distrib. Borneo, Timor. (3) A. acuminata King, l.c. 55. Stem slender. Leaves thin, coriaceous,-ovate-oblong or ovate sub-cordate or round, short acuminate; nerves 2 (or 3) pairs, 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 4 in. wide; petioles -75 to 1-35 in. long. Peduncles 2:5 to 4:5 in. long with 2 or more branches I in. long and a tendril. Male flower narrow ovoid green -25 to :3 in. long. Calyx leathery, lobes ovate lanceolate. Petals oblong acute. Females larger -4 in. long, tubular, swollen at base. Ovary fusi- form. Fruit fusiform, red, 2 in. long, -75 in. through. Seeds pitted in centre with radiating grooves to edge. Hab. Common on edges of woods. Pahang River, Tahan River. Malacca, Merlimau (Cantley); Bukit Bruang (Derry). Selangor, Batang Berjuntai. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Kapayung (Cantley). Perak, Padang Rengas (Curtis); Larut (Kunstler); Tapah (Wray); Ulu Bubong (Kunstler); Dindings, Lumut. Dzstvib. Java, Sumatra. Native names: Akar Lempedu Gajah; Akar Gelompong; Akar Lupok; Akar Merapoh; Kulipunang. (4) A. singaporeana Engl. Jahrb. xiv. 376; King, l.c. 56. Modecca singaporeana Masters, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 601. Lofty climber. Stem rather thick, woody. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, base cuneate, glands 2, sub-acute, underside pale, reticula- tions obscure; nerves 3 pairs, 3°5 to 4°5 in. long, 1°75 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles -5 to 1-5 in. long. Male flowers -25 in. long, pale green, elongate, fusiform. Fruit fusiform, base rounded 2 in. long, red. Seeds compressed, ellipsoid, -3 in. across, strongly tubercled. Hab. Woods in the south, not common, Singapore, Garden 842 LXIV. PASSIFLORACEE [Adenia. Jungle; Chan Chu Kang; Pulau Tekong. Johor, Bukit Soga; Jaffaria (King). (5) A. grandifolia Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 136. Glabrous climber. Leaves membranous to thinly coriaceous, broad ovate-elliptic, shortly, abruptly acuminate, base decurrent on petiole with 2 glands, 4 to 6 in. long, 2:5 to 4-5 in. wide; petioles 1 to 1-5 in. long. Panicles short, thick, 1-5 in. long, many-flowered. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, -15 in. long. Male flowers flask- shaped, coriaceous -45 in. long. Calyx-lobes recurved, linear acuminate. Petals from mouth of the tube linear acuminate as long. No corona. Stamens much shorter than tube. Anthers apiculate. Fruit globose 1-5 in. through. Seeds oblong oblique ovoid pitted. Hab. Pahang, Kwala Tekam and Kota Tongkat (Evans). Negri Sembilan. Bukit Tangga Pass (Ridley). Dzsérib. Sumatra. ; 3. PAROPSIA, Noronha. Erect shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers in dense axillary cymes. Calyx-tube short, 5-lobed. Petals 5, from base of calyx-tube. Corona of fine threads from calyx-tube, in 5 phalanges. Gynophore - very short. Ovary sub-globose; style of 3 branches. Stigmas reniform, capitate. Fruit capsular. Species 4 or 5, Africa, Malaya. (x) P. vareciformis Masters, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 639; King, l.c. 49. Shrub or small tree. Leaves ei ee oblong or oblong- lanceolate acute or acuminate, base cuneate, edges entire or serrate, glabrous except midrib and 6 to 7 pairs of nerves, 2:5 to 5:25 in. long, I to I-75 in. wide; petioles -1 to -2 in. long. Flowers °5 in. across; pedicels -15 in. long, tomentose. Calyx campanulate, villous, lobes oblong acute. Petals smaller oblanceolate. Corona single woolly. Stamens 5. Ovary villous. Fruit ovoid -5 to ‘7 in. long. Seed flat scrobiculate. Hab. Forests. Malacca (Main- gay, etc.). Bukit Bruang. Selangor; Ulu Gombak (Burn- Murdoch); Weld’s Hill, Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Perak (Kunstler and Scortechini). OrpDER LXV. CUCURBITACE. Climbing herbs, with tendrils. Leaves alternate often cordate, lobed. Flowers unisexual (rarely bisexual) yellow or white, racemed or solitary. Calyx-tube quite adnate to ovary; limb rotate or campanulate; lobes 5. Petals 5, insert on calyx-limb, often fimbriate at edge. Stamens usually 3, insert on mouth or lower down; anthers free or united; cells straight or flexuous. Ovary inferior; carpels 3; style 1. Stigmas 3 (rarely with 2, 3 or 4 styles). Fruit a large or small berry, occasionally a capsule. Seeds 2 Hodgsonia.| LXV. CUCURBITACEZ. E 843 often compressed and corrugate on edge, many; in capsular fruits, winged. Species 600, whole world. (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvil. (2), p. 24.) Female flowers solitary, fruit baccate. Anther-cells conduplicate or sigmoid. Petals cirrhiferous. Seeds 6, woody, large; testa fibrous . - I. HODGSONIA Seeds numerous, small; testanotfibrous . 2. TRICHOSANTHES Petals entire, divided nearly at base. Calyx-tube elongate in male; anthers in- cluded ; i ; = ; : 3. GYMNOPETALUM Calyx-tube short; anthers more or less exsert. Stamens insert below the corolla mouth. Flowers yellow 4. Momorpica Corolla campanulate, divided half- -way. Flowers white 5. CEPHALANDRA Anther-cells straight ; connective produced. Flowers very small, solitary 6. MELOTHRIA Flowers, males corymbose 7. ZEHNERIA Female flowers in panicles ; anthertcells straight. Fruit a berry 8. GYNOSTEMMA Fruit a cylindric or campanulate capsule opening by a lid; seeds thin winged. Calyx-lobes 3; ‘seeds winged allround . . 9. ZANONIA Calyx-lobes 5; seeds winged at top only . . 10. ALSOMITRA 1. HODGSONIA, Hook. fil. Large climbers. Leaves thin or coriaceous, 3- to 5-lobed, tendrils 2- to 3-fid. Flowers usually large; males.in long racemes ; bracts oblong, entire. Females solitary. Male calyx-tube long, mouth campanulate, teeth short, 5. Petals 5, fimbriate. Stamens 3; anthers exsert linear. Females, ovary globose, 1-celled; style long. Stigmas 3, bifid. Fruit large. Seeds 6, large, flat, ellipsoid with sunk veins. Species 2. (1) H. capniocarpa Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 135. H. heteroclita King, l.c. 25 partly, not of Hooker. Long climber. Leaves coriaceous, palmate, base cordate; lobes entire, acute; nerves beneath hairy, 6 in. long, 7 in. wide; petioles I in. long. Male raceme woody, 6 in. long, scurfy with thick ovate bracts. Calyx-tube -5 in. long; lobes very short. Corolla-tube 2:5 in. long, scurfy-pubescent, -2 in. wide when open. Fruit 6 in. across, depressed globular grey-tomentose; pericarp woody. Seeds 2 in. long embedded in an oily pulp. Hab. River- banks. Pahang River. Malacca (Maingay). Penang (Phillips, Porter, Wallich). Distvib. Sumatra. 2. TRICHOSANTHES, Linn. Climbers. Leaves entire or 3- to g-lobed, toothed, tendrils usually 2- to 5-fid. Flowers unisexual, white, nocturnal. Males, peduncles usually in axillary pairs, one 1I-flowered, the other 844 ; LXV. CUCURBITACE®. [Tvichosanthes. racemose, gradually lengthening. Bracts often large laciniate, or small or 0. Female flower solitary. Male calyx long tubular; lobes 5, lanceolate, entire or serrate. Corolla 5-lobed, lobes fimbriate, Stamens 3; anthers linear conduplicate, one 1-celled, two 2-celled. Female as in male; stamens 0. Ovary inferior 1-celled; style filiform, 3- to 6-fid at top. Fruit oblong or globose, red. Seeds many in greenish black pulp, ellipsoid. Species 38, Indo-Malaya, China, Japan, Australia. Usually lofty climbers; flowers opening at 12 o’clock at night, fragrant, falling by morning. Fruits very showy, scarlet, usually egg-shaped, and commonly called “‘ Easter eggs.’’ The plant often dies down after flowering, when the fruit is ripe, so that the brilliant fruits are very conspicuous on the dead stems. Leaves lobed, not trifoliate. Male inflorescence ebracteate (1) Male inflorescence bracteate. Bracts distant, ovate, slightly toothed : . (2) T. tricuspidata Bracts crowded, long, laciniate. Leaves broad-lobed; fruit globular; Sepals laciniate. ( Leaves long, narrow-lobed; fruit ellipsoid ( Leaves adult trifoliate. Leaves membranous . ‘ : 4 : enan( Leaves coriaceous ( 1) T. cucumerina 3) T. palmata 4) T. Wallichiana 5) ) T. Wawraei 6) T. celebica (x1) T. cucumerina Linn. Sp. Pl. 1008; King, l.c. 27. Leaves membranous orbicular-reniform to broad ovate, edges denticulate, often 3- to 7-lobed; lobes broad acute, base cordate, above sparse pubescent, beneath pubescent, later scabrid, 2 to 4 in. long and wide; petioles r to 2 in. long, pubescent. Male peduncles pubescent, ebracteate. Flowers -5 to I in. across, tube -g to -3 in. long. Female peduncle -5 in. long. Fruit 1 to 3 in. long, ovoid, apex conic, red. Seed elliptic corrugate. Hab. Perak (Kunstler). Perhaps only cultivated or an escape. I have seen no specimen, but King says it has larger flowers than the Indian plant and is doubtful about its identity. Dzstrib. India. (2) T. tricuspidata Lour. Flor. Cochinchine, ii. 723; King, £.6),28. Slender climber. Leaves membranous, ovate-subtriangular ; lobes 3 to 5, triangular, base cordate, acute or acuminate or sub- entire, glabrous, 3 to 5 in. long and as wide; petioles slender, I to 15 in. long. Male peduncles floriferoys for half the length, stout, 6 in. or more long. Bracts ovate, lanceolate caudate, entire or toothed. Calyx-tube shortly dense tomentose; lobes caudate toothed. Corolla 1-5 in. wide. Female flower, from same axil as male peduncle, tube 1-5 in. long. Fruit sub-globose, 2 in. through, red. Seeds ovate, 5 in. long. Hab. Thickets. Pahang, Pulau Chengei, Pahang River. Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Tambun, Ipoh. Penang (Curtis); Pulau Betong. Distrib. Siam, Cochin China. Native name; Akar Katominon. Trichosanthes.| LXV. CUCURBITACE2. 845 var. penangensis Ridl. Leaves quite similar to type, but bracts large, strongly toothed as in T. palmata, and calyx-lobes only slightly denticulate. Prob- ably a distinct species, but specimens few and incomplete. Hab. Penang (Curtis). (3) T. palmata Roxb. Hort. Beng. 70; Fl. Ind. ii. 704. Leaves thick membranous, ovate or orbicular, cut down to 3 to 7 lobes; lobes acute or acuminate, edges sub-entire, base deeply narrowed cordate, scabrous above, glabrous or pubescent beneath, 2 to 6 in. long, I to 3 in. wide. .Male racemes few-flowered, sometimes paired, 8 in. long. Bracts large, ovate to sub-orbiculate deeply cut or serrate, glabrous or hairy. Calyx-tube 1°5 in. long ; teeth lanceolate, edges deeply laciniate. Female flower solitary ; peduncle under 1 in. long. Fruit ovoid acute, globular when ripe 1-5 in. long. Hab. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Distrib. India. (4) T. Wallichiana Wight, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 70. T. multiloba Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. i. 607 (not of Miquel). Leaves membranous sub-orbicular divided half-way down into 3 to 5 oblong or triangular acute lobes sparsely-toothed, base cordate, glabrous, 3 to 7 in. long and wide. Male peduncles stout lengthening to 8 in. Bracts oblong-ovate, edges laciniate. Calyx- tube glabrous, teeth entire lanceolate-acuminate. Petals obovate laciniate. Female flowers solitary. Fruit ellipsoid obtuse, red, 2to4in. long. Hab. Forests. Singapore Gardens; Bukit Timah ; Pulau Ubin, very common. Johor, Kukub. Selangor, Rantau Panjang (Kloss); Bukit Bintang (Goodenough). Sungei Ujong, Bukit Sulu (Cantley). Province Wellesley, Ara Kudah. Penang (Curtis). Distrib. India. Native names: Akar Timun Gagak (crow’s pumpkin); Akar Balistur. The jungle crows often come from the forest to eat these fruits. (5) T. Wawraei Cogn. Dec. Mon. Phan. iii. 384; King, l.c. 30. Leaves membranous trifoliate (or simple); leaflets unequal acuminate, median one oblanceolate 4 in. long, 1°5 in. wide, petiolule *3 in. long, laterals inequilateral lobulate at base on outside shorter and broader; petiolules shorter than median one, glabrous, reticulate when dry; petioles 1°25 in. long. Male peduncles long, stout sulcate. Bracts small, oblong, teeth few, short. Calyx °5 in. long, narrow, campanulate, suddenly con- tracted into tube, teeth lanceolate-acuminate. Female, flower tube slightly ciliate at tip. Petals white, oblong, long fimbriate. Fruit oblong, red. Hab. Forests. Singapore, Selitar; Pandan Kechil. Johor, Pengerang; Gunong Pulai. Malacca, Selandor (Cantley). Pahang, Kwantan (Durnford). Perak, Larut (Kunstler); Goping. Penang. Native name: Akar Tiga Chabang. (6) T. celebica Cogn. Dec. Mon. Phan. iii. 385; King, l.c. 30. Leaves coriaceous trifoliate. Leaflets unequal, mid-one largest ovate oblong acuminate, base slightly narrowed entire, laterals 846 LXV. CUCURBITACEZ. [Trichosanthes. broadly unequal round at base, 3 to 4°5 in. long, 1°5 to 2°5 in. wide; petioles I to 1°5 in. long; petiolules ‘2 in. long or less. Male inflorescence long stout sulcate. Bracts deltoid pectinate glandular tomentose. Calyx-tube narrow, funnel-shaped, pubescent, teeth lanceolate, entire. Fruit oblong ovate, red, 4 to 5 or nearly 6 in. long, 3 in. through. Seeds in greenish black pulp, brown, edge thick. Singapore, Orchard Road; Chan Chu Kang; Tanglin. Hab. Johor, Bukit Murdom (Kelsall). Malacca, Alor Gajah (Griffith). Dindings, Lumut. Distrib. Celebes. Native names: Akar Tiga Chabang; Timun Dendang Lunjung. CULTIVATED SPECIES. T. ANGUINA Linn. Sp. Pl. 1008. “Serpent Gourd,” “‘ Ketola Ular,” easily recognised by its long snake-like fruit, dark green with lighter patches when young, red when ripe, very slender racemes and small flowers. It is often cultivated in vegetable gardens. 3. GYMNOPETALUM, Arn. Usually creeping herbs, slender. Leaves entire or deeply 3- to 5-lobed. Flowers white, rather large. Male peduncles 2 from each axil, one 1-flowered, the other racemose. Bracts on racemes large, lanceolate incised or small. Females 1-flowered. Male, calyx-tube long, lobes 5, lanceolate. Petals 5 not fimbriate. Stamens 3, anthers conduplicate. Female, ovary oblong; style long. Stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, oblong, acute at both ends. Seeds ellipsoid, margined. Species 6, Indo-China, Malaya. Leaves not lobed ; 3 : ; . (1) G. integrifolium Leaves deeply 3- to 5-lobed. Lobes triangular, acute . : : : . (2) G. cochinchinense Lobes lobulate sinuate . : : : . (3) G. quinquelobum (1) G. integrifolium Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xl. 58; King, l.c. 31. A creeping plant in grass, scabrid. Leaves reniform, blunt, edge undulate or toothed, above scabrid, beneath tomentose, 1°75 in. long, *8 to 2°25 in. wide; petioles -45 to ‘65 in. long. Flowers solitary. Male peduncles 1°5 in. long. Females °25 in. long. Calyx-tube hairy, teeth lanceolate. Corolla white, 1°35 in. - wide, lobes obovate, pubescent. Fruit *75 in. long, globular, orange colour. Hab. Open grassy spots. Perak, Batu Togoh (Wray); Dindings, Lumut. Kelantan, Chaning Estate. Distrib. Cambodia, Java. (2) G. cochinchinense Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlvi. (2), 57; King, l.c. 32. Trichosanthes laciniata Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 107. Stem scabrid, hairy. Leaves reniform to triangular, 5-angled or lobed half-way, lobes triangular acute, edges crenate dentate, Gymnopetalum. | LXV. CUCURBITACE. 847 base deep cordate, scabrid, 2 to 4 in. long, 2 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles scabrid pubescent, r to 1°5 in. long. Male peduncles 3 in. long. Flowers racemose. Bracts large incised serrate, ‘75 in. long. Calyx-tube sub-cylindric, villous, mouth with deflexed hairs. Petals ovate oblong, *5 in. long. Female peduncles short. Fruit 2 in. long, °75 in. through, 10-ribbed, beaked, orange. Hab. Grassy open spots. Pahang, Pekan. Malacca, on the hill by the ruins; Kelantan, Kota Bharu. Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China. Native name: Sipam. Fic. 69.—Gymnopetalum cochinchinense. (3) G. quinquelobum Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. (1), 681; King, kc. 32. Slender creeper. Leaves orbicular or triangular deeply 5-lobed, lobes 2- to 3-lobulate, sparsely hairy with thick hairs, 1°5 to 2°25 in. long, 1°75 to 3 in. wide; petioles 75 to 1 in. long. Male flowers solitary (rarely racemose) pilose. Bracts oblong, serrate ‘5 in. long. Calyx-teeth entire or toothed. Petals oblong acute puberulous outside. Female peduncles °5 to I in. long. Fruit oblong, fusiform, ribbed, pubescent, scarlet 1°5 to 2 in. long. Hab. Not common. Singapore (Thomson); Malacca (Griffith), Perak, Plus River (Wray). Penang (Porter, seeds collected here and 848 LXV. CUCURBITACES. [Gymnopetalum. cultivated in Europe). Distrib. Andamans and Nicobars, Borneo, Java. Motley, who collected it in Borneo, 1857 to 1858, says it is called Petola Bruang, and that it is common on dry ground after burning and fruit eatable, cultivated much in Singapore and Penang; but it seems to have disappeared of late years. 4. MOMORDICA, Linn. Climbers. Tendrils simple. Leaves cordate, entire. Flowers yellow or creamy. Males, solitary racemed, bracteate or not. Calyx-tube short, campanulate, 2 to 3 basal oblong incurved scales, lobes 5.. Corolla, petals 5, free nearly to base. Stamens 3, con- duplicate. Female, ovary oblong; style long. Stigmas 3. Fruit oblong or spherical, sometimes prickly, sometimes 3-valved. Seed obovate. Species 25, Africa, Asia, America. Momordica charantia Linn. with small 5-lobed leaves, small yellow flowers and fusiform fruit acuminate at both ends, yellow, softly prickly, dehiscing into 3 valves, with the seeds in a crimson aril, is often cultivated and is known as “ Peria Laut.” Leaves entire, thin ; flowers I in. wide or less. Flowers *75 in. wide on long slender pedicels. (1) M. Clarkeana Flowers 1 in. wide with large bract k (2) M. subangulata Leaves trilobed; flowers 3 in. wide, cream yellow, black centre; fruit large spiny . : . (3) M. cochinchinensis (1) M. Clarkeana King, l.c. 35. Stem 4-angled. Leaves thin membranous, ovate cordate acute, glabrous 3 to 5 in. long and nearly as wide; petioles 1°5 to 2 in. long. Male flowers *75 in. across; pedicels slender, several from one axil or in lax racemes. Calyx-lobes puberulous, broad, obtuse, edge glabrous. Corolla of 5 broad lobes, puberulous. Fruit sub-globular, apiculate, red, I to 2°5 in. through. Hab. Forests. Perak, Gunong Bubu (Kunstler); Kamuning (Ridley). (2) M. subangulata Bl. Bijdr. 928; King, l.c. 36. Stem angled. Leaves broad ovate deep, cordate with remote teeth, glabrous above, sparse hairy beneath, 1°75 to 2°25 in. long, 1°25 to 1°65 in. wide; petioles r in. long. Male peduncles 1 in. long, pubescent. Flower-bracts broad, cordate, blunt, minutely pubescent. Flower 1 in. across. Calyx deep purple, lobes oblong blunt, ‘2 in. long. Corolla yellow; petals oblong with black spot at base. Fruit ellipsoid 2 to 3 in. long, ribbed. Hab. Limestone rocks and_ river-banks. Perak, Ipoh (Curtis); Kamuning. Kelantan, Chaning, river-banks. Dzstrib. India, Java. (3) M. cochinchinensis Streng, Syst. Veg. ii. 14; Bot. Mag. t. 5145; King, l.c. 36. M. mixta Roxb. Hort. Beng. 70. A big climber. Leaves broadly ovate-cordate trilobed, glabrous, 4 to 7 in. long and as wide; petioles 2 to 3 in. long. Male peduncles 2 to 6 in. long. Bract orbicular reniform cucullate. Calyx-lobes coriaceous, hairy. Corolla 3 in. across, cream white, base of petals Momordica. | LXV. CUCURBITACEZ. 849 black. Female peduncles 1 to 2 in. long. Fruit ovate or globose, red with conical spikes all over it, 4 to 5 in. through. Seed black ovate, edges lobulate. Hab. River-banks. Pahang, Tembeling; Tahan River. Selangor, Batu Caves; Semangkok Pass. Perak, Temengoh. Penang, Penara Bukit (Curtis). Kelantan, Kwala Aring (Yapp). Duzstrib. India, China, Malaya. 5. CEPHALANDRA, Schrader. Leaves 5-angled or lobed toothed. Flowers rather large, white. Male calyx campanulate, short, 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, short, 5-lobed. Stamens 3; anthers exsert conduplicate. Females as male. Ovary oblong; style long. Stigmas 3 bifid. Fruit cylindric. Species 12, all African but one. (rt) C. indica Naud. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 5, v. 16; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B TI. ii. 621. Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, 5-angled, scabrid; petioles 1 in. long. Male peduncles 1 in. long. Calyx-lobes linear-oblong. Corolla I in. wide, pure white. Female peduncles ‘25 in. long. Fruit I to 2 in. long, °5 to r in. through, scarlet. Hab. Cultivated by Javanese and believed to be introduced from Java. Singapore. Johor, Kukub. Distrib. Malay isles. Native name: Pepasan. 6. MELOTHRIA, Linn. Small climbing herbs. Leaves deltoid or ovate, truncate or cordate, entire or 3-lobed. Flowers very small, yellow or white. Males and females often from the same axil. Male pedicels long, clustered on long peduncles. Female long-pedicelled. Male calyx- tube short, teeth 5. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 3, in the middle of calyx-tube; anthers free, straight, connective prolonged. Female ovary oblong; style long. Stigmas 3, sub-globose. Fruit globose or fusiform. Seeds oblong compressed margined. Species 55, tropics. Fruit not beaked. Fruit globose, red; leaves ovate-cordate (1) M. affinis Fruit oblong, white; leaves triangular . (2) M. indica Leaves widely 3-lobed, sagittate : } . (3) M. odorata var. triloba Fruit beaked, fusiform (4) M. marginata (1) M. affinis King, /.c. 38. Climbing 4-angled. Tendrils bifid. Leaves ovate-cordate to triangular often 5-lobed, denticulate, scabrid-hispid on both sides, 1°35 to 4°25 in. long, 1°5 to 3°25 in. wide; petioles ‘5 to I in. long. Male and female flowers from same axil. Males in many-flowered umbels on pedicels 1 to 2 in. long; pedicels 20, glabrous, °35 in. long. Flower ‘1 in. across, globose pubescent. Calyx-teeth subulate 5. Fruit globose red, *4 to ‘5 in. through. Seeds obovoid, pitted. Hab. Johor, Batu Pahat. Pahang, Pekan. Selangor, F1.M.P., 1. 31 850 LXV. CUCURBITACE2. [Melothria. Batu Caves. Sungei Ujong, Bukit Sulu (Cantley). Perak, Kwala Kangsa; Larut (Kunstler). Dindings, Bruas. Kelantan, Chaning. Distrib. Borneo. Native name: Akar Kundur Tikus. (2) M. indica Lour. Flor. Cochinchine, 35; King, l.c. 38. Stem slender rooting at nodes, tendrils simple. Leaves triangular-cordate acute entire or 3-lobed, glabrous except the hairy nerves, lobes denticulate or lobulate, 1:25 to 2 in. long and as wide; petioles 6 to1in. long. Male pedicels solitary or racemose, 2 to 3 on aT in. peduncle. Calyx-tube broad, campanulate, teeth subulate. Corolla white, puberulous, 1 in. wide; petals ovate- oblong. Anthers connective much produced. Peduncle of female flowers solitary. Fruit oblong, white, °5 to °75 in. long. Hab. Open country. Malacca, Chabau. Selangor (Kunstler). Province Wellesley, Bukit Mertajam (Burkill). Distrib. Indo-Malaya. (3) M. odorata Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 626; var. triloba, Clarke, l.c. A slender climber. Leaves widely 3-lobed, sagittate, lobes lanceolate glabrous, 2°5 to 3 in. long, ‘2 to ‘5 in. wide. Flowers small white. Calyx narrow, campanulate. Stamens very short. Fruit as big as a pea. Hab. Open country. Malacca, Ayer Panas (Griffith). Pahang, Labong, Endau (Evans). Distrib. Indo- Malaya. (4) M. marginata Cogn. Mon. Phan. iti. 593; King, l.c. 39. Stems creeping rooting angular. Tendrils simple, puberulous. Leaves ovate-cordate or more or less 3-lobed, acute edge minutely denticulate, coarsely strigose both sides; nerves pubescent, I to 1°25 in. long and about as broad; petioles *75 to 1 in. long, tomentose. Males umbellate on a filiform peduncle, glabrous short; pedicels -2 to °3 in. long. Calyx campanulate, pubescent. Petals villous, yellow. Female flowers solitary; peduncle °5 in. long. Fruit narrow, cylindric, beaked velvety, *75 in. long: Seeds 6 to 8 foveolate. Hab. Thickets, waste ground, Pahang, Pekan. Malacca (Maingay). Sungei Ujong (Cantley). Selangor; Batu Caves. var. heterophylla Cogn. l.c. 594. Leaves entire, ovate cordate almost smooth except nerves. Hab. Pahang, Pahang River, Perak, Kwala Temengoh. Penang (Wallich 6704); Pulau Betong (Curtis). Distrib. Java, Sumatra. Native name: Timun Tikus. 7. ZEHNERIA, Endl. Climbing herbs. Tendrils simple. Leaves entire or lobed. Flowers small. Males in a short corymb. Females solitary or sub-corymbose. Bracts 0 or very small. Male calyx tubular, campanulate, teeth 5. Corolla divided nearly to base into 5 triangular segments. Stamens 3, anthers 2- or 1-celled, curved Zehneria.] LXV. CUCURBITACES. 851 or sigmoid. Female, style cylindric, 3-lobed. Fruit globose or cylindric. Seeds obovoid. Species 10, all tropics. (1) Z. umbellata Thw. Enum. 125; Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 625. Usually glabrous. Leaves ovate-deltoid cordate to hastate (or 3- to 5-partite to near base), mucronulate, 3°5 in. long, 2 in. wide at base; petioles ‘2 in. long. Male corymb sub-sessile, 2 in. long. Flowers numerous crowded very small. Females solitary; peduncle very short. Fruit short, cylindric. Seeds few, obovoid, slight-compressed, quite smooth. Hab. Open sandy country. Perak, Kwala Temengoh (Ridley). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China, Australia. 8. GYNOSTEMMA, BI. Climbing shrubs, tendrils simple. Leaves pedate; leaflets 3 to 5, ovate, lanceolate serrate membranous. Flowers very small in diffuse axillary panicles. Male calyx short, bilobed. Corolla rotate, 5-partite lobes lanceolate. Stamens 5; anthers 2-celled, straight. Females as in male, but ovary round; styles 2 to 3 united below, bifid at tip. Fruit globose umbonate I- to 3-seeded. Seeds warty. Species 4, Indo-Malayan. (1) G. pedata Bl. Bijdr. 23; King, l.c. 40. Leaves, petioles 1°5 in. long; leaflets 3 to 7 acute, base narrowed, crenulate, *75 to 2°5 in. long, ‘4 to I in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long. Panicles 3 to 6 in. long, pubescent. Corolla yellowish. Fruit "15 in. across. Hab. Edges of forests, rare. Perak, road to Jor from Tapah. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. 9. ZANONIA, Linn. Leaves ovate or oblong, simple. Flowers small in large com- pound racemes. Males pedicelled. Females sessile. Males, sepals 3, oblong or orbicular. Corolla rotate 5-lobed. Stamens 5, free on a fleshy disc; anthers 1-celled. Females as male, but ovary sub-clavate. Styles 3-bifid at tip. Capsule elongate, cylindric top truncate, 3-valved. Seeds surrounded by a large wing. Species 3, Indo-Malayan. Leaves ovate oblong; fruit 2°5 in. long . F : . (1) Z. indica Leaves ovate round; fruit 5 to 8 in. long : ; . (2) Z. Clarkei (x1) Z. indica Linn. Sp. Pl. 1028; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 633; Kang, l.c. 41. Slender climber 30 to 50 ft. long, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong acute, base rounded retuse; nerves 6 to 8 pairs, 2 to 3°5 in. long, 2 to 3:5 in. wide; petioles -68 to -8 in. long. Panicles large about 18 in. long with very many slender branches, on the lower part of the stem. Flowers light yellow about -3 in. wide, very shortly pedicelled. Fruit cylindric, campanulate, 3 in. long, dark green, truncate at top. Seeds flat thin, nucleus -6 in. long; 852 LXV. CUCURBITACEZ. [Zanonia. wings 1°75 in. across. Hab. Damp jungle climbing on trees or shrubs. Rare. Perak, Gunong Bubu and Batang Padang River (Kunstler). Distrib. India, Ceylon. (2) Z. Clarkei King, l.c. 41. A lofty climber 60 to 80 ft. long. Leaves coriaceous ovate round acute, base broad emarginate; nerves 5 to 7 radiating from base, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, 2°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles -75 in. long. Flowers unknown. Fruit cone-shaped, ovoid cylindric, dark green mottled lighter, 5 to 8 in. long. Seed star-shaped with 7 or 8 projecting processes -I in. thick, brown and pustulate on the faces I in. long; wings thin r in. wide. Hab. Rare. Hanging from lofty trees. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Kinta (Kunstler). 10. ALSOMITRA, Benth. and Hook. fil. Large climbers. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets. Flowers small, unisexual, white in panicles with filiform branchlets. Males calyx rotate, 5-lobed, segments oblong acute. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, lobes blunt. Stamens 5; anthers oblong, straight 1-celled. Female ovary elongate, clavate I-celled. Styles conic 3 to 4. Stigmas semilunar. Capsule elongate, clavate, truncate, apex 3-valved. Seeds in 6 rows, corrugate incised on margin with a terminal mem- branous wing. Species 9, Indo-Malaya, Australia, America. (1) A. clavigera Roem. Syn. Fasc. i. 118; Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 6017; King, l.c. 42. Zanonia sarcophylla Wall. Pl. As. Rar. it. 25, 7. 135. Slender climber. Leaflets fleshy, blunt, base narrowed, sub- sessile 1°5 to 2:3 in. long, -65 by I in. wide. Panicles 6 to 12 in. long, lax. Flowers-1in. across. Capsule 1-5 in. long, -4 in. through. Seeds muricate. Hab. In rocky spots. Kedah, Tanjong Sirih. Lankawi, Pulau Langon (Curtis); near Kwah. Distrib. India, Tenasserim. CULTIVATED PLANTS Luffa egyptiaca Mill. Gard. Dict. viii; King, l.c. 33. Native names : Petola Manis; Ketola Manis. The Loofar. Slender long climber with lobed leaves, 4 to 6 in. across, long tendrils. Flowers light yellow expanding at dusk, 2 in. across; petals rounded, tube short. Fruit oblong cylindric smooth, very fibrous, 2 to 6 in. or more long. L. acutangula Roxb. Native name: Petola Sanding. Chiefly differs from the last in its 1o-angled fruit, but these cultivated Loofars require, as King points out, careful study from the life. Benincasa cerifera Savi Bibl. Ital. ix. 15. Native names: Kundur; Kundur China. The Wax Gourd. A large gourd with round lobed leaves and yellow flowers 2 in. wide. Fruit oblong, sub-cylindric 12 to 18 in. long, 8 to Io in. through, hairy when i a Alsomiitra. | LXV. CUCURBITACE. 853 young, covered with a white bloom when adult. Commonly cultivated by the Chinese and Malays. Cucumis sativus L. Native name: Timun China. Cucumber. Cucurbita Pepo L. Native names: Labu Ayer; Labu Manis; Labu Pringgi. The pumpkin. Cucurbita maxima Duch. Native name: Labu. Gourd. Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Native names: Labu Jantong; Labu Ayer Putih; Labu Kendi. The bottle gourd. Citrullus vulgaris L. The water melon. Native name: Mendikai. OrDER LXVI. BEGONIACEZ. Succulent herbs. Stem rhizomatous or creeping, rarely tuberous, often simple or erect. Leaves alternate, usually unequally bilobed at base, sometimes equal-sided, entire, toothed or lobed. Stipules 2. Peduncles axillary dichotomously cymose. Flowers white or pink, unisexual. Males above, females below on the cymes. Males, sepals 2, petaloid. Petals 2, similar but smaller, occasionally absent. Stamens indefinite free or with the filaments connate into a column; anthers narrow linear or clubbed. Female perianth as in male, or with one extra petal. Ovary 2-, 3-, or 4-celled, triquetrous; ovules many; styles 2 to 4 free or connate at the base. Stigmas branched or twisted. Fruit capsular, rarely succu- lent, triquetrous, or 3-winged; wings equal or one larger than the other. Seeds very minute. Species 400, of 4 genera. Most belong to the genus Begonia. Distrib. All warm, wet tropical countries. BEGONIA, Linn. CHARACTERS OF THE ORDER. (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1xxi. (2), p. 56.) i. CASPARYA. Fruit fleshy 3-angled, not winged (1) B. tricornis ii. KNIESBECKIA. Capsule with 3 nearly equal narrow vertically oblong wings, 3-celled. Small herb; leaves round ovate, slightly oblique. ‘ : : : . (2) B. Forbesii Short stout plant; leaves broad round oblique bullate . : : : : . (3) B. Rajah Tall herbs 2 to 3 ft.; leaves very unequal at base, glabrous. Male flowers ‘2 to'3in. wide. : : (4) B. isoptera Male flowers 1°5 in. wide . (5) B. isopteroidea Hairy herb 1 ft. tall; leaves oblique lanceolate, base narrow : i . (6) B. barbellata ili. PLATYCENTRUM. Capsule 2- Seatac wings sub-equal, one larger but thin; small plants; flowers usually small. Leaves glabrous; plant tuberous . ‘ - (7) B. Curtisii Leaves hairy, no tubers. . Leaves acute toothed, one or two : . (8) B. sinuata 854 LXVI. BEGONIACE&. [Begonia. Leaves round, blunt : : . (9) B. clivalis Leaves peltate from over- lapping lobes . (10) B, thaipingensis Leaves ovate entire distinctly unequally cordate lobed. Petiole glabrous; leaves hairy on nerves only; flowers rather large . (11) B. carnosula Petiole hairy; leaves hairy all over beneath . ; s ; : . (12) B. leucantha Leaves glabrous. Leaves oblique, cordate 3 in. long; flowers small ; (13) B. debilis Leaves oblique cordate 5 ‘in. long; flowers *5 in. wide. . (14) B. guttata Leaves lanceolate acute, base oblique. . (15) B. variabilis Leaves oblong ovate cordate 3 in. wee flowers ‘25 in. wide (16) B. pheniogramma Leaves orbicular crenate not oblique 5 in. wide : 5 ; , . (17) B. sibthorpioides iv. MonopTrEeRA. Capsule, with 2 short and one much larger wing usually thick, dehiscing on the faces between the wings. Leaves peltate. Petioles slender, glabrous . (I Petioles thick, woody (1 Leaves lanceolate not padre or oblique. Leaves hairy, base long, narrowed ( Leaves glabrous, lanceolate. Leaves narrowed to base, distant serrulate . (2 (2 ( ( ( B. Hasskarli B. eiromischa B. Scortechinii 8) 9) ) ) B. rhoephila Leaves broad at base, toothed : ) B. perakensis Leaves broad at base, ovate, long acuminate, edge sinuate ) Leaves large 9g in. long, ovate acute, fleshy . ) Leaves ovate acuminate dentate ) Leaves ovate oblique, cordate, broad and round, not acuminate, completely glabrous. Flowers 1°5 in. wide; stems short é Flowers 1°5 in. wide; stems tall with large stipules : : : B. Klossii B. Herveyana B. monticola 26) B. venusta 27) B. longicaulis 28) B. paupercula ( ( Flowers under 1 in. wide. Leaves undulate, acutely acuminate ( Leaves rounded not undulate. Bracts ovate acute . : : F = (29 Bracts linear (30 Leaves hairy on nerves only and on ‘edge; flowers small ‘ ‘ : ( Leaves all hairy; flowers large. (3 B. pavonina B. Maxwelliana ) ) ) 2} B. Robinsonii 31) 2) Rhizome creeping B. decora Stem tall, 3 ft., hairy : : : . (33) B. Lowiana Stem 4 to 12 in. tall; leaves thin; flowers small (escape) . é ; 4 . (34) B. hirtella (1) B. tricornis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 35. B. Roxburghii Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 20 (not of DeCandolle). Stem 3 ft. tall, succulent, glabrous, dull red. Leaves lanceo- late long acuminate, base unequally cordate, edge toothed, 6 to 8 in. long, 2 in. wide, light green. Flowers in clusters on short Begonia.] LXVI. BEGONIACES. 855 axillary peduncles, white. Male -5 in. across. Sepals 2 ovate, obtuse. Petals 2, obovate as large. Stamens in a head; anthers linear-oblong, blunt. Female, stigmas 2, bilobed, spiral. Fruit green, pulpy, -5 in. long with 3 rounded ridges ending in points, not winged, 3-celled. Hab. Dense forests. Selangor, Ginting Bidai; Menuang Gasing (Kloss). Pahang, Telom (Ridley). (2) B. Forbesii King, l.c. 58. A dwarf plant hardly 6 in. tall, rhizome rusty villous. Leaves round ovate acuminate, slightly equally cordate, edge toothed, glabrous above, white-scaly beneath, nearly glabrous; nerves 9, I-25 to 2:25 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles 1-5 to 3 in. long. Stipules lanceolate, villous -3 in. long. Peduncles slender, r to 3°5 in. long with 1 terminal flower or branched 2 to 5 flowers. Bracts obovate oblong. Flowers pink; pedicels red. Males, sepals 2, oblong blunt, -15 in. long. Petals 2, smaller. Anthers obovate, tips emarginate. Females, sepals round ovate. Petals oblong. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled opening on each face; wings sub-equal triangular blunt. Hab. Perak, Sungei Larut (Wray), rare. (3) B. Rajah Ridl. Gard. Chron. xvi. 213, fig. 31; Kew Bulletin, 1895, App. ii. 34; 1914, p. 329. ' Dwarf plant. Leaves radical oblique cordate, green with red- brown blotches, edge ciliate, 3 to 4 in. long, 3 to6in. wide. Stipules lanceolate-oblong. Peduncles hairy, 3:5 to 7 in. long, laxly cymose at tip. Flowers small, rose pink, -7 in. across. Males, sepals 2, obovate, orbicular, blunt. Petals 2, narrow oblong. Stamens on a convex torus. Females, sepals 2, elliptic-ovate. Petals 1 to 2, narrow oblong. Capsule -5 in. across with 3 oblong rounded equal thin wings. Hab. Tringganu. Brought to Singapore Botanic Gardens in 1892 and cultivated there. (4) B. isoptera Dryand, Smith’s Ic. 43. B. Wrayi Hemsl. Journ. Bot. 1887, p. 203. Caulescent, 3 ft. tall, nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, base cordate, very unequal, coarsely dentate; nerves prominent, 3:5 in. long, 1°5 to 3 in. wide; petioles -5 to 2-25 in. long. Stipules -75 in. long, lanceolate or oblong. Panicles leaf- opposed, slender; females at base, males at top, 3 to 6 in. long. Males -2 to :3 in. across. Sepals 2, round, pink; anthers oblong apiculate. Female, sepals and petals 5; styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-celled, -8 in. long and as broad, oblong, base usually broad and top broad retuse; wings 3 equal narrow, -25 in. wide. Hab. Common in lowland woods in damp spots. Pahang, Tahan River. Malacca, Sungei Hudang (Goodenough). Selangor, Ulu Gombak; Ginting Simpai; Semangkok. Negri Sembilan, Perhentian Tinggi. Perak, Ulu Kerling; Goping (Kunstler); Ulu Kenering (Wray). Penang, Penara Bukit; Batu Hitam (Curtis). Legeh (Gwynne-Vaughan). Distrib. Sumatra, Java. 856 LXVI. BEGONIACEZ. [Begonia. (5) B. isopteroidea King, l.c. 59. About 3 ft. tall. Leaves very oblique ovate-lanceolate acumin- ate, base rounded broad or the narrow side shortly acute, lobulate dentate, white, scaly beneath; nerves 7, 3°5 to 4°5 in. long, 1-2 to I°5 in. wide, green; petioles 2 to 3°5 in. long, red. Stipules lanceo- late acute, -75 in. long. Peduncles x in. long with 2 pedicellate and 1 sub-sessile, pale apple-pink flowers. Males, sepals 2, round oblong -75 in. long. Petals 2, -5 in. long. Stamens on an elongate column; anthers quadrate short truncate. Females, nearly as large; style short, branches 3, spiral. Capsule -75 in. long and wide, 3-celled, narrowed at base, wings oblong, narrow, unequal. Hab. Perak, Gunong Brumber Pahang, at 5000 it. altitude (Wray). (6) B. barbellata Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 135. Plant 14 in. tall or less. Stem firm glandular-hairy. Leaves membranous, obliquely lanceolate-acuminate crenate serrate, base narrowed to a blunt rounded tip, with a few scattered hairs on the upper surface and the nervules hairy beneath, 5 in. long, 1-75 in. wide; petioles -1 to :25 in. long. Male flowers white, -5 in. wide in cymes of 2 or 3, from lanceolate acuminate hairy bracts. Sepals oblong. Females slightly larger; ovary hairy from lower axils. Capsule oblong, base slightly narrowed of three equal narrow wings, -4 in. long, :25 in. wide. Hab. Sandy woods. Kelantan, Chaning Woods; very local in sandy spots (Ridley). (7) B. Curtisii Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 59, p. 106. B. Haniffii, Burkill, l.c. 79, p. 103. Tuberous; stem erect, red 2 to 8 in. tall, glabrous. Leaves ovate, unequally cordate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 6 in. long, 2 in. wide, green to brown spotted silver; petioles I to 2-25 in. long. Cymes terminal or axillary. Bracts ovate, white veined red. Male flowers -75 in. wide; sepals 2, oblong or orbicular. Petals 2, oblong-linear, white or pink-tinted. Stamens in a round head. Females with 4 to 5 sepals and petals. Styles 2; ovary 2-celled. Fruit -6 in. long, 3-winged, 1 wing longer, obtuse, triangular, °5 in. long. Hab. On limestone rocks. Lankawi (Haniff). Dzsirb. Kasum (Curtis). This charming plant dies down completely in the dry season. (8) B. sinuata Wall. Cat. 3680; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.1. li. 650; King, l.c. 59 Rootstock tuberous. Stem 2:5 to (rarely) 15 in. tall. Leaves reniform blunt or ovate acute, deeply cordate or entire, edges wavy or denticulate, 1-3 to 6 in. long, 1 to 8 in. wide, often purple, appressed white-hairy; nerves 7 to 11; petioles -5 to 3 in. long pubescent. Stipules small oblong-lanceolate glabrous. Panicle slender, 3 to 8 in. long, puberulous. Flowers few, pink or white, glabrous. Bracts minute, -05 to -1 in. long. Males -2 to -25 in. Begonia.| LXVI. BEGONIACES. 857 across. Sepals 2, round. Petals 2, narrower obovate. Stamens 20; anthers obovoid. Female segments 5; styles 2. Stigmas binate. Capsule -3 in. broad, posterior wing longest. Hab. On damp rocks in forests, chiefly in the north. Pahang, Kwala Tahan and Gunong Tahan to 1000 ft. altitude. Penang (Wallich and all collectors), common on damp rocks on the hill; Batu Hitam; Pulau Jerajah (Kunstler). Kedah Peak, Yan. Pulau Adang island. Distvib. Peninsular Siam. This plant sometimes produces a bulbil in the notch of the leaf. It varies very much in size. (9) B. clivalis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 43. Small herb 4 to 8 in. tall with a short rhizome. Stem red-hairy, branched. Leaves orbicular or ovate-cordate, sub-equilateral, edge undulate, sparsely toothed hairy beneath, I to 3 in. long, °75 to 3 in. wide; petioles I or 2 in. long, hairy. Cymes 3, pubescent, 2to4in.long. Males, sepals 2, ovate, round, 2in. long. Petals 2, narrower, linear-oblong. Stamen-head globose. Females; sepals red 2. Petals 2, white. Capsule -25 in. wide, 2 wings, short tri- angular, one longer blunt. Hab. Sandy banks, Selangor, Klang Gates; Semangkok Pass. (10) B. thaipingensis King, /.c. 61. Rhizome long, slender, creeping, villous. Leaves velvety dark green, claret-colour beneath, round reniform, edges dentate, lower lobes overlapping, scaly, especially on underside and nerves 6 to 7 tomentose, 1-25 to 2 in. long, I-5 to 2:25 in. wide; petioles I to 4 in. long, tomentose. Peduncles 4 to g in. long villous, slender with 1 to 2 pairs of lanceolate bracts and 3 to 5 slender-pedicelled pink flowers. Males, sepals 2, rounded -15 in. long. Petals 2, smaller, oblong. Anthers obovate, tip emarginate. Female of 5 lobes. Style thick, 2 arms. Stigmas twisted. Capsule 2-celled -5 in. wide; wings sub-equal triangular. Hab. Shady places. Selangor, Semangkok ; Kanching (Ridley). Perak, Thaiping (Scortechini, Wray, Kunstler). (11) B. carnosula Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 20. Succulent, acaulescent, rhizome creeping. Leaves ovate-cordate oblique, lobes sub-equal, edge entire, 4 to 5 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide; nerves 6, red-hairy; petioles 3 to 5 in. long, glabrous; peduncle axillary, 5 to 7 in. long, glabrous; branches one or two, I in. long. Flowers white. Males, sepals 2, oblong ovate, -3in. long. Petals 2, linear narrower. Stamens, anthers in a ball on a peduncle as long, spathulate blunt. Fruit -5 in. long, 3-winged, 1 wing larger rounded, ‘25 in. across, others narrower, 2-celled. Hab. Muddy banks in forest, local. Perak, Ulu Batang Padang (Ridley). (12) B. leucantha Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 57, p. 49. Rhizome under I in. long. Stem 4 in. tall hairy with 3 to 4 remote leaves. Leaves ovate unequally cordate, entire, succulent, 6 in. long, 4 in. wide, glabrous above, hairy beneath, especially on nerves and edge; petioles 1 to 3 in. long, hairy. Peduncle 1-5 in. 858 LXVI. BEGONIACES. [Begonia. long with 1 to 2 branches, -5 in. long, glabrous. Bracts oblong truncate caudate, hairy -25 in. long. Male flowers white, +75 in. wide. Sepals oblong obtuse, :25 in. long. Petals narrow linear- oblong -12 in. long. Stamensin a globose head; anthers pyriform truncate. Females, petals oblong truncate, sub-equal. Ovary 2-celled. Hab. Forest banks, local. Perak, on banks at Temengoh (Ridley). (13) B. debilis King, l.c. 60. Slender weak herb 6 to 8 in. tall. Leaves about 3, thin, ovate reniform blunt to sub-acute deep green, base unequally rounded, nearly or quite entire, 1-5 to 3 in. wide, 3°5 to 7 in. long, glabrous; nerves 7; petioles I to 3 in. long. Panicle lax, slender axillary and terminal; branches few; bracts in pairs, ovate-lanceolate ‘I to :15 in. long. Flowers white. Male -35 in. across. Sepals 2, oblong-ovate, blunt. Petals 2, smaller. Stamens in a globular mass; anthers obovate emarginate. Female flower of 5 segments obliquely oblong. Styles united in a column, above divided. Capsule +75 in. broad, -4 in. long, 2-celled, lateral wings triangular acute, posterior oblong twice as long. Hab. On rocks in forests. Negri Sembilan, Gunong Tampin (Robinson). Perak, Gunong Pondok, on limestone rocks (Kunstler). (14) B. guttata Wall. Cat. 36714; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 648; King, l.c. 61. Dwarf creeping plant. Stem succulent, red. Leaves 2, oblique reniform, glabrous, base completely cordate, apex sub- acute; nerves 5, sparsely hairy, 4 to 7 in. long, 2 to 4°5 in. wide; petioles 1-5 to 4 in. long. Peduncles 1 to 2 in. long, glabrous with a few flowers at tip. Males, sepals 2, round. Petals 2, oblong, white tinged pink. Stamens 50; anthers obovoid. Female flower segments 5. Styles 2; branches twisted 2. Capsule -4 in. long, *75 in. wide, smaller wings very narrow, posterior broad: Hab. Local, and not common; on damp rocks in woods. Selangor, Ginting Bidai. Penang (Wallich); Batu Hitam (Curtis). (15) B. variabilis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 57, p. 50. Caulescent, 12 in. tall, glabrous. Leaves distant, lanceolate acuminate, base bilobed very oblique acute 4 in. long, 3 in. wide; lower lobe 2 in. long, purple, green or green with white spots; petioles 1-5 to 3 in. long. Peduncle 2 in. long. Bracts papery, lanceolate-acuminate, -5 in. long. Males in terminal cyme, :25 in. wide. Sepals orbicular ovate blunt. Petals as long narrower oblanceolate; anthers pyriform. Capsule wings 3, nearly equal. Hab. Banks in forests. Perak, Temengoh (Ridley). (16) B. phoeniogramma Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 35-. B. paupercula Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 54, p. 42 (not of King). Small dwarf plant with creeping rhizome, 4 to 6 in. tall. Stem pink, glabrous. Leaves ovate acuminate cordate unequally, light green or dark with white spots; nerves 5 to 7; 4 in. long, 2°25 to ee a a Begonia. | LXVI. BEGONIACE. 859 3 in. wide; petioles 2 to 3 in. long. Peduncle 3 in. long. Cyme few-flowered. Bracts lanceolate, white veined red. Males, sepals orbicular-ovate blunt, white veined red, -25 in. long. Petals 2, smaller, spathulate. Stamens in a globose head;. anthers sub- globose. Females -5 in. across. Petals 6 to 7, obovate. Styles 2, free to base. Capsule lateral wings short, posterior oblong triangular blunt, -5 in. long. Hab. Limestone rocks, rare. Selangor, Batu Caves (Ridley). Lankawi (Curtis). Fic. 70.—Begonia eiromischa. (17) B. sibthorpioides Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vii. 42. Rhizome tuberous -2 in. long, golden-hairy. Stems very slender 2 to 4 in. long red, glabrous. Leaves in distant pairs, orbicular cordate crenate, red beneath, glabrous -5 in. long and wide not oblique ; petioles -2 to -8 in. long. Male flowers small 2 to 3 sub- terminal on 1 to 3 branches. Sepals 2, oblong, blunt. Petals 2, all white or rose pink. Anthers in a globose pedicelled head. Fruit ‘I in. long, one wing large oblong -2 in. long, others very short. Hab. Kedah Peak at 3800 ft. altitude (Robinson). 860 LXVI. BEGONIACEZ. (Begonia. (18) B. Hasskarli Zoll. and Mor. Syst. Verz. Zoll. 31 (not of Miquel); King, l.c. 62. B. peltata Hassk. B. hernandiefolia Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 4676, not of others. Small glabrous plant, with a creeping rhizome, rather thick with 3 or 4 leaves. Leaves fleshy ovate acuminate peltate, bluish green, beneath deep red; nerves 10, 3°5 to 5:5 in. long, 2:25 to 3°75 in. wide; petioles 3 to 4in. long. Stipuleslanceolate. Peduncle from rhizome 7 to 8 in. long; panicle slender, few-branched, 2°5 in. long. Flowers small, white tipped red or all red. Males ‘2 in. broad. Sepals 2, reniform. Petals 2, narrow, oblong. Stamens cuneiform emarginate; filaments short, free. Females, sepals 2, reniform. Style short, thick; branches 4. Stigmas 4, lobulate. Capsule 4-celled, -6 in. long, lateral wings narrow; posterior -5 in. long, narrowed to blunt tip. Hab. Limestone rocks. Pahang, Gunong Senyum (Evans). Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Goping (Kunstler); Kwala Dipang. var. jirsuta, with young leaves and adult petioles hairy. Pahang, Kota Glanggi (Ridley). Dzsirib. Java. (19) B. eiromischa Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 36 (Fig. 70, p. 859). Rhizome short, stout. Leaves fleshy obliquely reniform peltate acuminate deep green, glabrous, 3 to 3°5 in. long and wide; nerves 7; petioles 2 to 3 in. thick, densely red-hairy. Peduncle glabrous red, about 5 in. long. Flowers on 2 branches, small rose pink °5 in. across. Male, sepals 2, broad orbicular rounded. Petals very narrow, linear. Females, style trifid; branches bifid. Fruit -6 in. long; lateral wings very short, posterior rather thin, broad oblong rounded, -3 in. long and wide. Hab. Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis 1028). (20) B. Scortechinii King, l.c. 62. Rhizome stout scaly. Leaves narrow lanceolate-acuminate dentate, base sub-acute (not lobed) hairy on both sides; nerves pinnate 3 to 4 pairs, 2-3 to 4 in. long, I in. wide; petioles 5 to 7 in. long. Peduncles from rhizome 4°5 in. long, glabrous; branches at top 2 to 3, about 2 in. long. Bracts lanceolate. Flowers white tinged pink and green. Male, sepals ovate blunt, -75 in. long. Petals -15 in. across, linear oblong. Stamens in a ball on a short column; anthers apiculate. Female, segments 5. Styles free, 2- to 4-fid. Capsule -75 in. broad, lateral wings narrow oblong, posterior larger. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). var. Kunstleriana Ridley. B. Kunstleriana King, l.c. 63. Leaves broader, base somewhat rounded ovate-lanceolate; petioles very hairy, 6 in. long, I-5 in. wide. Perak, Bujong Malacca (Kunstler). (21) B. rhoephila Rrd/. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 36. Rhizome creeping, stout I in. long. Leaves nearly or quite glabrous, lanceolate caudate-acuminate, base decurrent on petiole, sparsely distant toothed, apex closely toothed; nerves 4 pairs, Begonia. | LXVI. BEGONIACE. 861 often hairy on back, midrib always hairy (with appressed hairs), 5 to 6 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles 1-5 to 4 in. long, glabrous or hairy. Peduncle 1 to 2 in. long in flower, 12 in. in fruit, stouter, glabrous. Flowers few, short pedicelled, white tinted pink on back or all rose pink. Male, sepals oblong-ovate -3 in. long, *3 in. wide. Petals narrower, oblong. Stamens numerous; anthers oblong apiculate as long as filaments. Females, 5-petalled. Fruit 1-1 in. across, °5 in. long, lateral wings blunt triangular, posterior +75 in. long, -3 in. wide, oblong rounded thick ribbed. Hab. Rocks in streams, forests. Selangor, Ulu Gombak (Ridley). (22) B. perakensis King, l.c. 64. Rhizome moderately stout. Leaves ovate-lanceolate acuminate caudate, base rounded, sparse and distant toothed, except apex closely denticulate, glabrous; nerves pinnate 4 to 5 pairs, 3°5 to 5°5 in. long; petioles 2:5 to 5 in. wide. Peduncles slender, 3 in. long, 4-angled. Flowers few, rich pink. Male, sepals round ovate -4 in. long. Petals 2, oblong, much smaller. Stamens linear, apiculate; filaments short. Female segments 5. Capsule 1-2 in. broad, -5 in. long, 2-celled, lateral wings narrow, posterior oblong, blunt, thick, -35 in. broad. Hab. Rocks in streams 500 to 3000 ft. altitude. Selangor, Bukit Hitam; Ginting Bidai; Semangkok Pass. Perak, Kal (Kunstler). (23) B. Klossii Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. xli. 290. Rhizome long creeping. Leaves ovate base rounded acuminate entire, glabrous, but scurfy on the back; nerves 5, 4°5 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; petioles 7:5 in. long. Peduncles red, 6 in. long. Male flowers 3 to 4 on slender pedicels, +75 in. long. Bracts 2, lanceolate, persistent, -4 in. long. Sepals oblong sub-spathulate rounded, -5 in. long. Petals narrower and shorter. Stamen-head sessile; anthers linear not apiculate. Capsule 3-winged, laterals obtusely triangular, posterior oblong obliquely rounded, +75 in. long, -5 in. wide. Hab. Mountains 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude. Selangor, Menuang Gasing (Kloss). (24) B. Herveyana King, l.c. 63. Big glabrous plant, rhizome rather stout, creeping. Leaves broad elliptic-ovate, short acuminate, base round or slightly narrowed, obscurely serrate; nerves 6 pairs, 5 to g in. long, 3 to 4:5 in. wide; petioles6to8in.long. Stipules lanceolate. Peduncles 5 to 10 in. long fleshy with 2 or 3 branches at tip with few pink flowers. Males, sepals ovate round. Petals 2, much smaller oblong, blunt. Stamens in a cone linear apiculate. Female, petals 5, round. Capsule 1 in. broad, -5 in. long, lateral wings narrow oblong, posterior ovate, blunt, -65 in. long. Hab. Forests. Johor, Pulau Tinggi (Feilding). Malacca, Ulu Bumban (Derry); Jeram Nyalas (Derry). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Sulu (Cantley). var. robusta. Rhizome very stout. Leaves ovate acuminate, denticulate on tip, base narrowed cuneate; merves 4 pairs, 9°5 in. long, 5:5 in. wide; petioles 9 in. long. Peduncles stout 862 LXVI. BEGONIACE2. [Begonia. 18 in. tall; branches 3 in. long. Flowers numerous, white. Bracts purplish pink. Capsule 1-25 in. wide, -5 in. long, lateral lobes oblong, -2 in. across, posterior thick, oblong, -5 in. long, rounded at tip. Hab. Pahang, Gunong Tahan 500 to 1000 ft. altitude (Robinson). A much stouter plant than the Malacca one. (25) B. monticola Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. v. 34. Glabrous, rhizome creeping. Leaves ovate inequilateral acumin- ate, base unequally bilobed, denticulate; nerves 10, 3-5 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 2:5 in. wide; petioles 6 in. long. Peduncle red, 8 to 2 in. long in fruit. Flowers few, I in. across. Male, sepals 2, oblong-obovate. Petals smaller. Female, sepals and petals equal obovate round, white. Capsule 3-winged, <5 in. long, -1 in. wide, lateral wings broad, triangular, blunt, -3 in. long, posterior +7 in. long, broad oblong rounded thick. Hab. Mountains at 5000 ft. altitude. Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). (26) B. venusta King, l.c. 65. Rhizome rather slender. Leaves dark green, red beneath, ovate acuminate, minutely denticulate, base unequally round bilobed, glabrous; nerves 7 from base, 3 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles 6 to 12 in. long. Peduncles 6 to 12 in. long with 2 to 3 large white pink-tinted flowers at top. Males, sepals 2 ovate or oblong, round blunt -75 in. long. Petals 2 larger. Stamens narrow oblong, apiculus large. Females, smaller of 5 petals; styles very short. Capsule -3 in. long, 1-15 in. broad, lateral wings more than half as long as posterior one, -7 in. long, thick. Hab. High mountains at about 6000 ft. altitude. Perak, Ulu Batang Padang (Wray); Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). Telom (Ridley). B. megapteroidea King, l.c. 65, from Gunong Brumber Pahang (Wray), seems to me identical. The plants referred to it from Sumatra (Forbes, etc.) are hairy, and no doubt, as Koorders suggests, are B. rubra Bl. (27) B. longicaulis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 35. Stem elongate with internodes 2:5 in. long, red, glabrous. Leaves ovate cuspidate, base deeply cordate unequally 3 in. long, 2°5 in. wide; petioles 4 to 6 in. long. Stipules persistent, oblong with a terminal seta, 1 in. long, -2in. wide. Peduncles 6 in. long with 2 terminal flowers on pedicels 1 in. long. Flowers pinkish white, I°5 in. wide. Males, sepals broad, ovate, -75 in. long and wide. Petals oblong-lanceolate, blunt, -3 in. wide. Stamens in a globose head on short stalk. Hab. Mountain woods. Pahang, Gunong Tahan (Ridley). Perak, Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). ; (28) B. paupercula King, l.c. 64 (not of Ridley). Rhizome rather stout. Leaves ovate unequal sided acuminate to ovate-lanceolate, base oblique, edges sinuate denticulate, gla- brous; nerves 5 to 7 radiating from base, 3°5 to 5 in. long, 1-25 to 3°5 in. wide, glossy bright green, fleshy. Flower white, tinged red. Males, sepals 2 elliptic-oblong, -4in. long. Petalso. Stamens linear-oblong, apiculate. Females, petals 5, unequal. Capsule Begonia. | LXVI. BEGONIACE2. 863 -6 in. long, I in. wide, lateral wings sub-elliptic, oblique, -3 in. broad, posterior oblong, blunt, thick, 6 to 7 in. long, -35 in. wide. Hab. Forests on rocks. Perak, Goping (Kunstler). (29) B. Robinsonii Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 22. Rhizome stout fleshy, -5 in. through; sheaths ovate. Leaves ovate sub-acute unequal-lobed, fleshy, glabrous green polished entire, 3 in. long, 2 in. wide; nerves 5 to 7; petioles 2 in. long. Peduncle 1-5 in. long, axillary. Bracts 2 below flowers ovate acute green, -5 in. wide. Males, white; pedicel -25 in. long. Sepals 2, ovate blunt, -4 in. long, -25 in. wide. Petals 2, oblong blunt, a little smaller. Stamens capitate on a short column; anthers short, oblong. Hab. Dense forests at 4000 ft. altitude, occasionally creeping up trees a short way. Pahang, Telom woods (Ridley). (30) B. pavonina Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 22. Rhizome short, red. Leaves ovate-cordate acuminate or acute, base unequally lobed, entire, glabrous (except when young) ; nerves g, satiny green when young, deep green shot peacock-blue above (when adult), red beneath, 5 in. long, 4 in. wide; petioles 7 in. long, red. Peduncles 6 in. long. Flowers few. Bracts linear-oblong. Males, sepals 2, ovate obtuse, -5 in. long, -75 in. wide. Petals narrower, linear-oblong, -2 in. wide. Stamens in a sessile or short- stalked head; filaments separate; anthers oblong. Females, sepals 2, ovate. Petals 2 (or 3). Styles 2, connate half-way ; arms 2, spiral. Capsule wings 2 small, one large elliptic. Hab. Dense forests in mountains at 4000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Telom woods (Ridley). (31) B. Maxwelliana King, l.c. 66. . Rhizome stout. Leaves ovate to round acuminate, base very unequally lobed, edges ciliate denticulate more or less hairy green ; nerves 7 to 9, radiating 5 to 6 in. long, 4 to 7 in. wide; petioles 4 to Io in. long, hairy. Peduncles 8 to 12 in. tall, hairy, above dichotomously branched. Bracts short broad. Males clustered, sepals 2, oblong ovate, blunt, -4 in. long. Petals 2, smaller. Stamens numerous in a sessile head. Females of 5 petals. Styles 2, much lobulate. Capsule 1-4 in. broad, 1-6 in. long, lateral wings sub-quadrate, blunt, posterior oblong, narrowed at tip, blunt, *8 in. long, -5 in. wide, ribbed thick. Hab. Banks in mountain forests. Perak, Thaiping Hills, 2500 to 3000 ft. or more altitude (all collectors); Bujong Malacca. Penang, Government Hill (Foxworthy). (32) B. decora Stapf, Kew Bulletin 1893, p. 29. B. preclara King, l.c. 66. Rhizome creeping, scaly. Leaves oblique ovate acuminate, base unequally rounded, minutely dentate, dark green or red above with lighter colour along the nerves, with conical papille, each bearing a coarse hair, deep red or more or less hairy beneath ; nerves 7, prominent beneath, 3:5 to 5-5 in. long, 2:5 to 3°5 in. wide: petioles 3 to 6 in. long, hairy. Peduncles taller, glabrous 1- to 864 LXVI. BEGONIACE2. (Begonia. 3-flowered. Flowers white or red. Male, sepals -75 to I in. long, oblong-ovate. Petals 2, narrow oblong, ‘5 in. long. Stamens spathulate blunt. Female, styles 2 bifid, branches divided into twisted lobes. Capsule -5 in. long, 1I°5 in. wide, lateral wings quadrate ovate, -4 in. long, posterior oblong blunt, 1 in. long. Hab. Mountains, 4000 to 4200 ft. altitude. Perak (Kunstler) ; Gunong Kerbau (Robinson). Pahang, Telom woods abundant. Lankawi (Curtis). (33) B. Lowiana King, l.c. 67. A caulescent herb. Stem about 3 ft. tall, hairy. Leaves very oblique reniform (some ovate acute), basal sinus deep, dentate serrate, hairy all over; nerves 7, pale green, 3 to 4:5 in. long, 4 to 7 in. wide; petioles -4 (above) to 4 in. long, below, hairy. Cymes few-flowered, terminal 2 to 3 in. long; pedicels slender, red. Bracts ovate lanceolate, ciliate. Males, +75 in. across, white. Sepals 2, ovate-oblong. Petals 2, oblong, smaller. Stamens oblong not apiculate. Female, petals 5. Styles 2, bifid, spiral. Capsule -65 in. long and 1-2 in. wide, lateral wings very narrow, -I5 in. broad, posterior broad ovate, blunt, -9 in. long, -8 in. wide. Hab. Mountains 6000 to 6700 ft. altitude. Perak, Gunong Brumber Pahang and Gunong Batu Putih (Wray). (34) B. hirtella Link. Enum. Hort. Berol, 11. 296. A dwarf caulescent hairy herb 4 to 12 in. tall. Leaves thin very oblique reniform, hardly cordate, 1 to 3 in. wide, small white flowers and thin fruit I in. across with two short rounded lobes and one ovate oblong much bigger. Hab. Occurs on banks in Singapore and Penang Hill near the Crag Hotel. Dzisivib. Native of Peru and Brazil. A garden escape. OrpER LXVII. DATISCACEZ. Trees (or herbs). Leaves simple (or pinnate). Flowers small bisexual, panicled or racemed. Males, calyx-tube short, teeth 4, (to 9). Petals 0. Stamens 4 (to 25). Female calyx adnate to ovary, lobes 4 (to 8). Petals 0. Ovary I-celled; styles 4 (or 3); ovules many. Capsule coriaceous opening between the styles. Seeds many. Species 4, Europe, temperate Asia to Java and N.W. America. TETRAMELES, R. Br. A gigantic tree. Leaves ovate pubescent. Flowers dicecious appearing before the leaves. Males panicled, small. Females in elongate racemes from ends of branches. Male calyx-tube short, teeth 4 ovate. Petals o. Stamens 4, opposite calyx teeth inserted round a disc. Female, calyx-tube ovoid, teeth 4, short; styles 4. Tetrameles.| LXVII. DATISCACE. 865 Stigmas clubbed. Capsule ovoid, membranous opening between the styles. Seeds minute, ellipsoid, testa prolonged into a mem- brane. Species 1, India, Burma, Java. (1) T. nudiflora R. Br. Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 99, t. 17; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. iit. 657. A gigantic tree over 100 ft. tall. Leaves 6 in. long, 4:5 in. wide, toothed acute, base retuse, softly downy; petioles 3 in. long. Male panicles numerous 6 in. long, I in. across. Flowers about Fic. 71.—Tetrameles nudiflora. ‘2 in. across. Female racemes 15 in. long. Fruit -25 in. long, ‘I5 in. through. Hab. Kedah, Gunong Geriang (Ridley), in fruit and leafless in February. Orper LXVIII. CACTACE/E. Succulent spiny leafless jointed shrubs. Flowers large, showy, white, yellow or red, solitary sessile. Petals and stamens indefinite, superior. Ovary inferior with numerous placentae and ovules; style elongate. Stigma 2- to many-radiated. Fruit a_ berry. FI.M.P., 1. 3K 866 LXVIII. CACTACEZ. (Opuntia. Species over 1000, nearly all South American. One species intro- duced here and more or less established in sandy spots. OPUNTIA, Mill. Stem elongate, lobes flat with tomentose tubercles bearing long spines. Flowers lateral yellow (or red). Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. Sepals numerous. Petals numerous connate. Stamens in many series, shorter than petals. Berry pear-shaped. - (1) O. monacantha Haw. Suppl. Pl. Succ. 81; Burkill, Gardens Bulletin 1. 320. Plant usually about 6 ft. tall, often more; lobes spathulate, 8 to Io in. long, 4°5 in. wide, spines long, white single or in pairs. ‘Calyx 2 to 3 in. long, sepals green tipped red. Corolla 3 in. wide, yellow, reddish on the back. Stamens shorter. Stigmas 6. Style short thick. Fruit pear-shaped 4 in. long. Hab. Sandy spots near the coast. Singapore, Galang; Balestier. Malacca. Intro- duced many years ago and more or less established. OrprrR LXIX. FICOIDE/. Herbs often succulent. Leaves.often fleshy opposed or whorled. Flowers in cymes or clusters rarely solitary, bisexual. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals connate into a tube or nearly free, free from ovary. Petals usually 0. Stamens perigynous or hypogynous, definite or indefinite. Ovary free, 2- to 5-celled, syncarpous (in Malay species) ; styles as many. Fruit capsular, splitting dorsally or circumsciss. Seeds many (or I) reniform. Species 450, mostly African. Succulent seashore herb; flowers conspicuous, pink . . I. SESUVIUM Slender erect much-branched herbs; flowers very small. Seeds with a bristle appendage . : : 5 . 2. GLINUS Seeds with no appendage . : : : : . 3. MoLLuGO 1. SESUVIUM, Linn. Succulent prostrate herb. Leaves opposite, linear, spathulate, sub-cylindric, fleshy. Flowers axillary sessile or pedicelled, soli- tary. Calyx-tube short; lobes 5, coloured inside. Petals o. Stamens many, insert round mouth of calyx-tube. Ovary free 3- to 5-celled; styles 3 to 5. Capsule ovate-oblong membranous, circumsciss. Seeds many reniform. Species 4 or 5, littoral, warm countries. (1) S. Portulacastrum Linn. Syst. ed. 10, p. 1058; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 659; King, l.c. 68. A fleshy creeping plant with light green leaves about 1 in. long. a Sesuvium.] LXIX. FICOIDEZ. 867 Flowers solitary, pedicelled, I in. across, rose pink inside. Stamens 15 to 40, free or nearly so. Capsule -2 in. across. Hab. In tidal mud and sand on sea-coasts. Common. Singapore, Changi (Hullett). Johor, Pengarang; Jambu Larang (Feilding). Pahang, Sungei Meang. Dindings, Pangkor; Lumut. Tringganu, Cherat- ing River. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Native names: Sepit; Sesipit ; Gelang Laut. Use: An excellent pot-herb, but requires long soaking in fresh water to free it from salt. 2. GLINUS, Linn. Herbs tomentose or glabrous erect branched. Leaves alternate or falsely whorled, linear to spathulate. Flowers axillary in cymes, umbellate, small. Sepals 5. Petals o. Stamens 5 or more; filaments filiform. Ovary ovoid or sub-globose. Seeds very numerous with an appendage of a short bristle. Species of about 6, Eastern and Western tropics. (1) G. mollugo Fenzl. Ann. Wien. Mus. i. 350. Mollugo spergula DC. Prodr. i. 391; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B 1. ii. 662. A much-branched glabrous herb up to I 8 in. tall. Leaves spathulate lanceolate or elliptic, -5 to r in. long; petioles -12 in. long or often absent. Pedicels slender, -5 in. long. Flowers "IZ in. wide. Sepals ovate acute yellowish white. Stamens 8 to 10. Stigmas 3. Capsule ellipsoid shorter than the sepals. Seeds tubercled, with short bristles at the top. Hab. Sandy places on the east coast. Pahang at Kalambalai, Pahang River. Kelan- tan, Kamposa (Ridley). Dzstvib. India, Africa, Australia. 3. MOLLUGO, Linn. Herbs branched dichotomously. Leaves alternate or falsely whorled or radical, linear to obovate. Flowers axillary, sessile or pedicelled in panicles or racemes, small. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 0. Stamens 5 to 3. Ovary free, globose or ellipsoid, 3- to 5-celled; styles 3 to 5. Capsule membranous, 3- to 5-celled. Seeds many with no bristles at the top. Species 12, tropics and sub-tropics. (1) M. pentaphylla Linn. Sp. Pl. 89; King, l.c. 69. M. stricta Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. ¥31; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BJI. 11. 663. A slender glabrous much-branched herb often red, 3 to 6 or 12 in. tall. Leaves -75 in. long, 1°5 in. wide, lanceolate acute or ovate blunt, narrowed to base, sub-sessile or sessile. Cymes lax on slender peduncles, spreading *5 to ‘2 in. long. Sepals ‘05 in. long, elliptic or round. Stamens 3 to 5. Styles 3, linear. Capsule globose. Seeds brown, tubercled. Hab. Waste ground and sandy spots. Common. Singapore, Tanglin; Changi. Johor, Pengarang ; Batu Pahat. Pahang, Pahang River to Tembeling. Malacca, 868 LXIX. FICOIDE&. [Mollugo. Merlimau; Alor Gajah. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur. Negri Sem- bilan, Port Dickson. Perak, Temengoh. Province Wellesley, Kubang Ulu (Curtis). Kelantan, Kamposa. Setul Heath. Drs- trib. Indo-Malaya, China, Polynesia. Native names: Tapak Burong; Rumput Belangkas. AY i} ie Fic. 72.—Mollugo pentaphylla. OrDER LXX. UMBELLIFER-. Herbs. Leaves alternate usually more or less lobed or divided ; petiole usually sheathing. Styles none. Flowers bisexual (rarely unisexual) in compound umbels (simple in Hydrocotyle and Eryn- glum), involucrate. Flowers small. Calyx adnate to ovary with a 5-toothed limb, often absent. Petals 5, epigynous. Stamens 5, epigynous. Ovary inferior 2-celled, I ovule in each cell; styles 2. Stigmas capitellate. Fruit of 2 compressed indehiscent carpels attached to and pendulous from a carpophore with 5 primary ridges Hydrocotyle. | LXX. UMBELLIFERZ. 869 and often 4 secondary ones between. Seeds 1 in each carpel. Species about 1500, chiefly in northern temperate regions, very few in the tropics. Creeping herbs : - : : ; ; Pie yD ROCOR MEE Erect herbs. Leaves spiny; flowers in a dense head . : . 2, ERYNGIUM Unarmed herbs; flowers distinctly umbelled. Umbels irregularly compound, rays few 2 se OANTC UDA Umbels distinctly rayed . : : ‘ . 4. CENANTHE 1. HYDROCOTYLE, Linn. Long-creeping herbs. Leaves cordate rounded or reniform lobed or crenate, long petioled. Umbels simple small dense. Flowers very small. Calyx-teeth minute or o. Petals entire. Fruit ellipsoid, flat nearly or quite sessile in small heads. Species 70, tropics and temperate regions. Stem branches ascending a foot or more; umbels clustered on long pendulous peduncles; leaves lobed . 3 : . 3 d : . (1) H. javanica No ascending branches; umbel peduncles very short; leaves reniform crenulate. Leaves °5 to 2 in. wide, crenate . : : . (2) H. asiatica Leaves ‘25 in. wide, lobed . : : ; . (3) H. rotundifolia (1) H. javanica Thunb. Dissert. Hydrocotyl. n. 17, t. 2; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 667; King, l.c. 70. Stem creeping and throwing up branches a foot tall. Leaves rounded or reniform cordate with 5 or 6 lobes more or less crenulate, 2 in. wide and a little shorter; petioles 1 to 4 in. long, pubescent. Peduncles numerous terminal, hairy, ‘5 in. long with numerous bracts at the base, each bearing a compact umbel or head of many small white flowers, occasionally branched. Fruit numerous crowded, broadly obovoid, compressed, ‘1 in. long. Hab. Damp spots in woods usually high up on mountains. Pahang, Telom. Perak, Thaiping Hills 200 to 500 ft. altitude (Kunstler); near the Cottage, 4000 ft. altitude; Temengoh. Distrib. India, Malay isles, Australia. (2) H. asiatica Linn. Sp. Pl. 234; Clarke, l.c. ii. 669; King, He, 7%. aides creeping plant with no ascending stems. Leaves in tufts of 2 or 3 at the nodes, reniform crenate, glabrous, °5 to 2 in. wide; petioles r to 3 in. long. Flowers crowded in the leaf-axils with numerous bracts. Umbels compact on very short ‘1 to ‘2 in. long peduncles. Fruit ‘r in. long, strongly ribbed. Hab. Very common in grass and waste places all over the peninsula. Dzstrib. tropics and sub-tropics of Old World. Native name: Pegaga. Use: A drug for liver-troubles and leprosy, much valued and largely collected and sold by the herb-women in the markets. 870 LXX. UMBELLIFERZ&. [Hydrocotyle. (3) H. rotundifolia Roxb. Hort. Beng. 21; Fl. Ind. ii. 28; Clarke, l.c. ii. 668. A very slender little creeper. Leaves orbicular cordate shortly lobed and crenulate, *25 in. across, shining light green; petioles. ‘2 to in. long. Flowers in very small heads, sessile or on a solitary axillary peduncle, ‘1 to ‘2 in. long, very slender. Fruit very small, strongly ribbed. Hab. Singapore, Tanglin. A weed in paths. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. Native name: Kara-Kara. Fic. 73.—Hydrocotyle javanica. 2. ERYNGIUM, Linn. Spiny, glabrous, erect herbs. Leaves spiny toothed, entire lobed or dissect. Flowers in simple heads, bracteate. Bracts whorled, spiny. Calyx-tube covered with ascending scales; teeth rigid, acute. Petals whitish, narrow, emarginate. Fruit nearly cylindric; carpels sub-compressed, ridges obtuse not prominent. Species 100, temperate and tropical, whole world. (1) E. foetidum Linn. Sp. Pl. 232. About a foot tall. Stem branched above. Leaves radical, oblong-oblanceolate, serrate, 4 to g in. long, ‘1 in. wide. Bracts, lower deeply lobed, upper smaller, x in. long, entire, whorled, all spiny. Spikes cylindric, green, under 1 in. long. Hab. Waste Eryngium. | LXX. UMBELLIFERZ. 871 ground near houses, common. A very fcetid plant when bruised, said to have been introduced by Chinese, who cultivate it as a drug. Singapore, Bajau; Chan Chu Kang; Kandang Kerbau; Bukit Timah (Kunstler). Negri Sembilan, Bukit Tumiang (Cantley). Pahang, Raub (Machado). Selangor, Semangkok Pass (Machado). Penang (Curtis). Kelantan, Kota Bharu (Yapp). Native name : Kulumbar. Use: As a pot-herb and drug. 3. SANICULA, Linn. Erect herbs. Leaves palmate 3- to 5-partite; lobes toothed or dissected; umbels irregularly compound, rays few. Bracts leaf-like; umbellules small. Flowers mostly unisexual. Calyx- tube villous, spiny. Petals white, emarginate. Fruit ovoid, spiny. Carpels semi-terete, ridges obscure. Species many in the Old World temperate regions and N. America. (t) S. europea Linn. Sp. Pl. 235; Clarke, in Hook. fil. P’.BI. ii. 670. S. javanica Bl. Biydr. 882. A herb 1 to 2 ft. tall. Leaves glabrous, palmate mucronate serrate, 2 to 4 in. across; petioles 1 to 4 in. long. Umbels wide spreading, 3 to 12 in. long, dichotomous, with few umbellules of few flowers densely crowded. Fruit ‘1 in. long covered with hooked bristles. Hab. In mountain forests at 4000 ft. altitude, rare. Pahang, Telom Valley (Ridley). Distrib. Europe, mountains of tropical Asia and Africa. This is the form known as S. javanica. It is rather larger and of more straggling habit than the European plant, but I cannot see any really dis- tinctive characters between this and the common one of the English woods. 4, ENANTHE, Linn. Tall herbs in wet spots, erect. Leaves I- to 3-pinnate; leafletse toothed. Umbels compound, axillary; umbellules many-flowered. Flowers small, white. Calyx-teeth small, acute. Petals emar- ginate. Fruit glabrous, ellipsoid (or globose). Carpels semi-terete, ridges corky. Species 25, north temperate regions and S. Africa. (x) O. stolonifera Wall. Cat. 585; Clarke, in Hook. fil. FBI. 696. O. javanica and Dasyloma laciniatum Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(E)s; 740: ] Bees herb 2 to 3 ft. tall, quite glabrous. Leaves thin, g in. long, bipinnate, segments rhomboid acute, base narrowed, strongly toothed, ‘5 in. long, *25 in. wide. Peduncles 1 to 3 in. long, umbel rays °5 in. or longer, 6 to about 10; pedicels °3 in. or less. Fruit ‘x in. long, smooth. Hab. Pools and swamps. Dind- ings at Lumut. Perak, Temengoh woods (Ridley). Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China. This is cultivated by the Javanese, and may possibly be an alien here, but in bees the spots given above it was far from any houses and appeared quite wild. 872 LXXI. ARALIACEZ. [Aralia. OrpER LXXI. ARALIACE/. Trees or shrubs, often epiphytic (very rarely herbs), often prickly. Leaves alternate, large, compound, or simple; stipules adnate to petiole, or none. Flowers in umbels, racemes or heads. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary, limb truncate or with small teeth. Petals 5 (rarely 6 or 7) valvate, often deciduous in a cap. Stamens as many (very many in Tupidanthus) insert round an epigynous disc. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, or as many cells as stamens, 1-celled in Arthrophyllum ; styles as many as cells. Fruit drupaceous. Seed albuminous often ruminate. Species 340, chiefly tropics and sub-tropics, a few temperate regions (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvii. 42). Petals slightly imbricate; leaves compound; styles 2to5 é . ; 4 = 1. ARALIA Petals valvate; stamens few up to 12. Albumen not ruminate; ovary 4- to 5-celled . 2. SCHEFFLERA Fruit ridged when dry; leaves usually palmate or digitate. Fruit fleshy not ribbed; flowers unisexual; leaves lobed . : : : ; 5 3. TREVESIA Fruit fleshy ; flowers bisexual in heads; leaves : digitate . : ’ ‘ ‘ ; . 4. BRASSAIA : Fruit small obscurely ridged; leaves simple (adults) . ; E A ‘ : . 5. DENDROPANAX Albumen ruminate. Ovary t1-celled; ovule 1; leaves pinnate or simple . - : - : : . 6, ARTHROPHYLLUM Ovules 2; fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded; leaves simple . : : , - : : 7. WARDENIA Ovary 2-celled; leaves digitate or palmate . 8. BRASSAIOPSIS Ovary 4- to 5-celled; leaves 1- to 3-foliate toothed . A : : 9. HEDEROPSIS Stamens over 12; ovary 8 or more celled. Ovary 8-celled; stamens 14 to 16; leaves digitate, serrate : : - : Ovary many-celled; stamens 50 to 70; flowers large : . - : Io. SCHEFFLEROPSIS I1. TUPIDANTHUS 4. ARALIA, Linn. Shrubs, small trees (or herbs) hairy or prickly. Leaves alter- nate (or whorled) digitate, pinnate or compound; leaflets serrate. Umbels in panicles or racemes or solitary, rarely in compound umbels; pedicels jointed under the flower. Calyx margin truncate or 5-toothed. Petals 5, ovate, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5. Ovary 2- to 5-celled; styles 2 to 5, free or connate at base. Fruit 4- to 5-celled, 4- to 5-angled or sub-globose 2- to 3-celled albumen uniform. Species about 50, Indo-Malaya, Japan, N. America. Leaves entire or minutely serrate, tomentose beneath . (1) A, Thomsoni Leaves coarsely serrate with a few white hairs beneath. (2) A. armata Leaves almost entire, glabrous . ; 3 ; . (3) A, ferox Aralia.| LXXI. ARALIACEZ. 873 (1) A. Thomsoni Seem. Rev. Hed. 91; Clarke, in Hook. fil. FBT. 1. 723; King, lc. 44. Prickly shrub 6 to 30 ft. tall, pubescent or tomentose. Leaves 2- to 3-pinnate; leaflets thick membranous 5 to g in a pinnule, ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base round oblique, edges serrulate, above strigose; nerves pubescent beneath tomentose, 2°5 to 3°5 in. long, I to 1°75 in. wide. Panicles 15 to 20 in. long; branches short. Umbels I in. across; pedicels in fruit ‘5 in. long. Fruit "15 in. long. Hab. Mountain woods, rarely in lowlands up to 1200 ft. altitude. Pahang, Pulau Chengei. Selangor, Ginting Bidai; Bukit Kutu. Negri Sembilan, Gunong Berumbun (Cantley). Perak, Batang Padang district ; Ulu Kerling (Kunstler) ; Tapah. Penang Hill (Curtis). Dustvib. India. Native name: Poko Dulang-Dulang. (2) A. armata Seem. Rev. Hed. 91; Clarke, l.c. ii. 723; King, bc. 45. A prickly shrub, glabrous except the young parts. Leaves tripinnate, large; rachis puberulous; leaflets 9 to II in a pinnule, thin membranous, ovate-lanceolate acuminate, coarsely serrate, base round oblique and sometimes slightly cordate, sparsely hairy above with white hairs beneath on nerves, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide. Panicle 15 to 18 in. long, pubescent on branches; branchlets umbellate; pedicels -3 to ‘4 in. long. Fruit nearly ‘2 in. long, ridges broad, flat. Hab. Lankawi; Kwah (Curtis). Distrib. India, Burma. (3) A. ferox Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. (1), 270; King, l.c. 45. Stems scandent 20 to 30 ft. long, 2 in. through, thorny, thorns short recurved. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnate, pinne 3 to 4 pairs, leaflets thin, coriaceous, 3 to 5 in a pinna, ovate acute in opposite pairs, bases round often unequal, nearly entire or serrate, glabrous, I to 2 in. long, *75 to 1 in. wide; petiolules unequal, side ones "15 to *3 in. long. Panicle terminal 8 to 15 in. long, 6 in. wide with numerous branches and secondary branches; pedicels *3 to *5 in. long. Fruit ovoid globose, 5-ridged, ‘x in. long. Hab. Mountain woods, Pahang, Tahan River. Selangor, Semangkok Pass. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler); Maxwell’s Hill. Distrib. Java, Borneo. 2. SCHEFFLERA, Forst. (Heptapleurum, Gaertn., Clarke and King.) Shrubs rarely tree-like, usually at first epiphytic, later terrestrial. Leaves coriaceous digitate, rarely simple, or trifoliate or bipinnate, very rarely toothed. Panicles simple in the upper axils with distant short branches, each terminated by an umbel or com- pound and branched, very rarely “(S. Wrayi) with racemose branches, Flowers small, Calyx-edge usually entire short, 874 LXXI. ARALIACEZ. [Schefflera. Petals 5- to g-valvate. Stamens as many (very rarely double) ; anthers ovate. Disc convex. Ovary as many cells as there are petals. Stigma conic sessile or on a short style. Fruit sub-globose fleshy angled when dry. Seed laterally compressed. Albumen not ruminate. Species 100, Old World tropics. Harms in “ Pflanzenfamilien’’ has put Heptapleurum under the older name of Schefflera, a genus based on two Fiji and New Zealand plants which seem to be truly Heptapleura, so the later genus Heptapleurum is now reduced to Schefflera. Flowers umbelled. Lower leaves simple lanceolate, upper trifoliate Leaves all trifoliate. Panicle longer than leaves, lax Panicle shorter than leaves, dense Leaves 5- or more-foliate. Flowers sessile or sub-sessile in small heads racemed. Bracts minute or 0; leaves glabrous. Leaflets oblong cuspidate 9 by 5 in. Leaflets lanceolate 6 by I in. Leaflets elliptic narrowed flowers very short pedicelled Umbel-bracts ovate scurfy. Leaves 10 in. long, 4 in. wide, oblong; panicles long - Leaves 5 by 2°5 in. panicles short . Leaves thickly woolly beneath Inflorescence of several elongate or short simple racemes of umbels; flowers stalked. Ovary 12-celled; leaflets 12 by 4 in. thin Ovary 9-celled; leaflets coriaceous round 3'5 in. wide - : Ovary 6-celled. Leaflets -coriaceous oblong, cuspidate Io in. long; flowers white . : Leaflets coriaceous, aplouee acuminate, 4 by I in. Leaflets long acuminate 2° 5. in. long; pedicels of flowers 1 in. long . c Leaflets coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate 4 in. long ; pedicels ‘o5 in. long. 3 Leaflets elliptic ie aaa 9 me ‘ bth pedicels short . . Panicle branched. Branches few and short; ovary 5- to 6-celled. Leaflets lanceolate 3 by 1°25 in.; panicle 2 in. : long ; : Leaflets elliptic cuspidate 4 by Plate - panicle 6in. long. Leaflets oblong elliptic 6 by 2 in. or more; panicle6in.long. Leaflets thin elliptic; panicle wide spreading 9 in. long Leaflets coriaceous ; flowers. medium ; panicle short, dense at base; ovate round; (x) S. lanceolata (2) S. lurida (3) S. tristis (4) S. cephalotes (5) S. capitellata (6) S. Klossii (7) S. Scortechinii (8) S. pergamacea (9) S. tomentosa (10) §, singalangensis (11) S. latifoliata 12) §. Hullettii (12) (13) S. elegans (14) S. scandens (15) S. subracemosa (16) S. subulata (17) S. nervosa (18) S. affinis (19) S. Ridleyi (20) §. Roxburghii (21) S. venulosa : Schefflera.] LXXI. ARALIACEZ. 875 Leaflets thin fleshy; panicle very slender; flowers minute : : : . (22) S. micrantha Lower leaves large digitately decompound. Leaflets entire, oblong; umbel peduncles (23) S. heterophylla ong : : é E : : ) Leaflets entire, linear oblong, umbel ) S. biternata ) peduncles short : : : (24 Leaflets toothed; leaves bipinnate . (25) S. Curtisii Flowers not umbelled in simple racemes. . (26) S. Wrayi (x1) S. lanceolata Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 137. Hepta- pleurum avene King, l.c. 47, not of Seemann. & Slender climber. Leaves uppermost trifoliate, lower simple, coriaceous, narrow lanceolate, blunt, base narrowed 4 to 5 in. long, *75 to I in. wide; nerves visible when dry 8 pairs, distant ; petioles slender 5 in. long. Peduncles 1°5 in. long with 4 or 5 short peduncled umbels of about 7 flowers, scurfy when young. Bracts (caducous) lanceolate broad as long as umbel-peduncles. Flowers glabrous, ‘15 in. long. Calyx campanulate, truncate. Petals 6 falling off ina cap. Stamens 6; no style. Fruit small, ellipsoid. Hab. On rocks by the sea and also epiphytic. Singapore, Sungei Morai; Kranji; Pulau Ubin; Pulau Tekong. (2) S. lurida Ridl. Heptapleurum luridum, King, l.c. 48. Epiphyte 2 to 3 ft. long. Leaves trifoliate; petioles 1 to 1°75 in. long, fleshy; leaflets very coriaceous, deep green, elliptic- oblong acute, base narrowed; nerves invisible, 2°5 to 4 in. long, *5 to 75 in. wide; petiolules thick, -4 in. long (terminal one) or shorter. Panicles 6 to 7 in. long, slender; branches 2 to 4 in. long slender, with umbels of 3 to 8 ovoid flowers, ‘1 in. long; pedicels ‘I in. long in flower, °2 to °3 in. long in fruit. Calyx campanulate, truncate. Petals united in a cap. Stamens 6. Fruit ‘I5 in. long, red, 6-ridged when dry. Hab. On big trees at 3500 to 4000 ft. altitude. Pahang, Telom. Perak, Thaiping Hills (Kunstler). (3) S. tristis Rid/. Heptapleurum triste King, l.c. 48. H. coriifolium Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 24. A tree or shrub 2 to 8 ft. tall. Branches thick. Leaves trifoliate ;. petioles 1°5 to 2 in. long; leaflets thickly coriaceous glabrous, broadly eHiptic, blunt or shortly apiculate, base round; nerves Io to 12 pairs close together, 2°25 to 3°25 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petiolules, lateral °5 in. long, terminal ‘8 in. long. Panicles terminal, 2 in. long, branching from base; branchlets °5 in. long. Flowers ovate ‘I5 in. long, pale green; pedicels ‘r in. long. Petals 5, broad, elliptic. Fruit narrow oblong, 5-ridged, ‘2 in. long. Hab. Mountains at 4900 ft. altitude. Pahang, Gunong Tahan 4oo0 ft. altitude. Perak, Ulu Batang Padang (Wray); Gunong Berumbun. Distrib. Sumatra. (4) S. cephalotes Harms, Pflanzenfamilien, p. 36. Hepta- pleurum cephalotes Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ti. 731; King, l.c. 49. Tall shrub. Leaves digitate; petioles 8 to 12 in. long; leaflets 876 LXXI. ARALIACEZ. [Schefflera. 7 to 8, oblong elliptic abruptly cuspidate, base round minutely puberulous beneath when young, 12 in. long, 4 in. wide; petiolules 4 in. long. Panicles 16 in. long; rachis stout, ‘25 in. thick, tomentose; branches numerous °3 in. long bearing numerous globose heads ‘5 in. through. Flowers sessile. Fruit oblong, stellate white-tomentose, 5- to 8-ribbed. Hab. Often on rocks by the sea. Singapore, Bajau; Kranji; Bukit Timah; Barn Island. Malacca (Griffith). (5) S. capitellata Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 137. Epiphyte. Leaves 8-foliate; leaflets lanceolate acute, narrowed to base; nerves fine, coriaceous, puberulous beneath, 3 to 5 in. — long, I in. wide; petiolules 1 in. long; petioles 7 in. long. Racemes scurfy tomentose 18 in. long; peduncles °5 in. long, heads °4 in. through. Bracts minute or o. Flowers puberulous truncate, 5-angled in bud, quite sessile. Petals connate in a cap. Stamens 6, purple. Hab. Mountain forests. Perak, Bujong Maiacca. Penang Hill, 2500 ft. altitude (Curtis 837). (6) S. Klossii Ridl. l.c. 137. A large climber. Branches pale, shining; young parts and inflorescence white scurfy. Leaves, petioles stout 2°5 in. long; leaflets 5, coriaceous glabrous elliptic, abruptly short acuminate, base narrowed; nerves elevate beneath 5 pairs, 7 in. long, 3 in. wide; petiolule of middle one 1°4 in. long. Panicles 5, scurfy, 9 in. long. Umbels simple, numerous, peduncle ‘25 in. long. Flowers 5 in an umbel very shortly pedicelled. Calyx obconic scurfy ‘05 in. long, lobes very obscure. Corolla in bud pink and white, blunt ovoid ‘05 in. long. Petals 5, ovate blunt. Stamens 5. Styles forming truncate cone with 5 minute stigmas. Hab. Perak, Changkat Mentri (Kloss). (7) S. Scortechinii Rid/. Heptapleurum Scortechinii King, bic. AQ: Epiphyte. Leaves digitate; petioles 2°5 to 3°5 ft. long; leaflets 8 to Io, very coriaceous oblong, base round, tip apiculate, glabrous; nerves 6 to g pairs, elevate beneath, 9 to 13 in. long, 4 to 6 in. wide; petiolules 2°5 to 4 in. long. Panicles of several raceme-like branches, scurfy; branchlets 40 to 50, and °35 to ‘75 in. long, with a broad ovate convolute woolly bract at base and a globular umbel of globose flowers ‘I in. long. Calyx truncate, tapering to base. Petals 6 to 7. Ovary 5-celled. Hab. Perak (Scortechini); Telom. Kedah, Yan. This is very near S. capitellata, but has leaves with fewer prominent nerves and heads smaller and with large bracts. (8) S. pergamacea Rid/. Heptapleurum pergamaceum Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bog. A. 165. H. glomerulatum Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vi. 150. Erect treelet. Leaves digitate; petioles 14 in. long; leaflets 8, thinly coriaceous, elliptic-ovate cuspidate, rounded or slightly Scheffiera.| LXXI. ARALIACEZ. 877 narrowed at the base; nerves elevate beneath, 6 in. long, 3 in. wide; petiolules 2 to 3 in. long. Panicles scurfy ; branches several. Flowers sessile in small globose heads, subtended by lanceolate- acuminate bracts, edges ciliate, ‘12 in. long. Floral bracts similar, smaller. Calyx short turbinate. Petals ovate pubescent. Stamens 6. Stigmas connate. Hab. Mountains in woods on stream banks at 4500 ft. altitude. Pahang Gunong Tahan (Ridley) Dvystrib. Java. (9) S. tomentosa Rid/l. Heptapleurum tomentosum Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bog. 1844, p. 165. Erect shrub about 4 to 6 ft. tall; stem 4 in. through, little branched; panicles, underside of leaf and young parts whitish woolly tomentose. Leaves digitate; petioles 9 to 12 in. long; leaflets 5 to 7, coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, caudate-acuminate, light green bullate, glabrous above, 8 to Io in. long, 2°75 to 3°5 in. wide; petiolules 1°5 to 2°5 in. long. Panicles 2, racemose 4 to 5 in. long; branches 12, 2 to 4 in. long with a globular umbel of 8 to 10 ovoid blunt glabrous cream-coloured flowers ‘15 in. long ; pedicels ‘r in. long, pubescent. Petals white. Fruit ‘2 in. long, 5-ridged and 5-celled, cream colour. Hab. Dense wet woods, terrestrial. Not common. Lowland country. Selangor, Kwala Lumpur; Ulu Gombak; Batu Tiga. Dindings, Gunong Tungul. Perak, Thaiping Waterfall; Changkat Mentri (Kloss). Dzstrib. Sumatra. (10) S. singalangensis ARid/. Heptapleurum singalangense Seem. Rev. Hed. 42; King, l.c. 51. Epiphyte, scandent. Leaves digitate; petioles 12 to I5 in. long; leaflets membranous 5, elliptic short acuminate, base narrowed, with a few teeth or none, glabrous; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, 7 to 12 in. long, 3°25 to 5°25 in. wide; petiolules 1°25 to 2°25 in. long. Panicles 12 to 18 in. long, covered with deciduous pubes- cence, 2 in. wide; branches numerous, ‘5 in. long, bearing an umbel of 5 to 10 obovoid flowers °25 in. long; pedicels ‘2 to °3 in. long. Calyx-tube campanulate. Petals 9, connate by edges. Stamens 9. Stigmas united in a fleshy ring. Ovary 12-celled. Hab. Perak (Scortechini). Dzstvib. Sumatra. (11) S. latifoliata Ridi. Heptapleurum latifoliatum King, JOOS. ‘ Bush. Leaves digitate; petioles stout 7 to 11 in. long; leaflets II coriaceous thick, glabrous, round ovate blunt, base round; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, prominent beneath, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°75 to 3°5 in. wide; petiolules 1°5 in. long. Panicles terminal in pairs, 5 to 8 in. long; branches short, *4 in. long bearing an umbel of Io- to 15-pedicelled flowers. Fruit ovoid, 9-ridged, g-celled, crowned with 9g styles, red. Hab. Perak, Gunong Bubu (Wray) at 5000 ft. altitude. (12) S. Hullettii Rid/. Heptapleurum Hullettii King, /.c. 34. An epiphyte or small shrub about 4 ft. tall. Leaves digitate ; 878 LXXI. ARALIACE&. [Schefflera. petioles 10 to 24 in. long; leaflets coriaceous, dark green, 7 to II, oblong, short abruptly acuminate, narrowed to rounded base; nerves 5 to 8 pairs, 6 to 12 in. long, 2 to 3°25 in. wide; petiolules 2 to 3°5 in. long. Panicles 9 to 12 in. long, several branches short, horizontal, ‘5 to I in. long with terminal umbels of 8 to 12 white, 6-merous ‘flowers, ‘I in. across. Fruit elliptic, 6-ridged with 6 distinct styles; pedicel 25 to °3 in. long. Hab. Damp woods, a very pretty plant. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang; Chua Chu Kang. Johor. Perak, Sunki (Kunstler); Waterfall, Thaiping (Wray). (13) S. elegans Ridi/. Heptapleurum elegans Kidl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 24. Tall, slender-stemmed. Leaves digitate; petioles Io in. long; leaflets 10, elliptic coriaceous cuspidate; nerves 6 pairs indistinct ; petiolules 1 in. long. Panicles erect about 5 scurfy, ‘12 in. long with distinct umbels, *5 in. long. Flowers about 20 in umbels. Bracts very small, lanceolate, scurfy brown; pedicels ‘1 in. long. Petals ovate obtuse. Hab. Mountain woods, local. Pahang, Gunong Tahan in small woods on the Padang 4500 ft. altitude (Ridley). (14) S. scandens Rid/. Heptapleurum scandens Seem, Rev. Higd. nos ane, Lies 53: Slender creeper 3 to 5 ft. long. Leaves digitate; petioles I to 2'5 in. long, leaflets 3 to 5, thin coriaceous, lanceolate caudate acuminate tapering to base, glabrous 1°5 to 3°5 in. long, °5 to °8 in. wide; petiolules -2 to ‘25 in. long. Panicles 4 to 8 in. long, slender, lax, spreading; branches 1 in. long ending in an umbel of 8 to 9 globular flowers, on pedicels ‘15 to °3 in. long. Fruit elliptic, 5-ridged ‘xr in. long. Hab. Mountain jungle. Pahang, Telom. Perak, Tea Gardens, Thaiping Hills at 200 ft. altitude (Curtis). Distrib. Java, Sumatra, Bangka. (15) S. subracemosa fidi. Heptapleurum subracemosum King, l.c. 49. Scrambling shrub 2 to 3 ft. long. Leaves 3- to 5-foliate; petioles I°5 to 2°5 in. long, glabrous; leaflets coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, narrowed at base, finely reticulate when dry, 2°25 to 4 in. long, -75 to I-I in. wide; petiolules lateral -3 to -4 in. long terminal -8 to 1:25 in. long. Panicle solitary terminal, narrow sub-racemose 2-branched, 3 in. long, -65 in. across; branchlets ‘I to -2 in. long, bearing an umbel of 3 to 5 oblong green flowers -15 in. long. Fruit oblong -2 in. long with 5 blunt ridges, pale green tipped blue. Hab. Open jungle, limestone rocks. Perak, Kwala Dipang (Kunstler). (16) S. subulata Aidi. Heptapleurum subulatum Seem. Rev. Hed. A2° AINE, oS ie A scrambling epiphyte. Leaves digitate; petioles 2 to 6 in. long; leaflets 4 or 5, thinly coriaceous, oblong-elliptic cuspidate acuminate, Schefflera.| LXXI, ARALIACEZ. 879 base shortly narrowed, glabrous, reticulate when dry; nerves 4 pairs, 2°5 to 7 in. long, 1 to 3°5 in. wide; petiolules -2 to 2 in. long. Panicles puberulous, slender, 6 to g in. long in flower, longer and stouter in fruit; branches very short, -2 in. long, with lanceolate- acuminate bracts half as long, puberulous. Umbels of 12 to 20 flowers; buds globular, -05 in. through; pedicels -2 in. long. Fruit broad, ovoid, 5-ridged, -15 in. long. Hab. On rocks and trees, common. Singapore, Chan Chu Kang. Johor, Pulau Tiuman; Sungei Tebrau. Malacca (Maingay); Selandor; Chabau (Cantley). Pahang, Kota Glanggi; YTahan River. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih (Wray), Gunong Kerbau at 2000 ft. altitude (Robinson). Penang Hill, Moniot’s Road at tooo ft. altitude. Distrib. Malay isles. Native names: Akar Pusat Badak; Kayu Mentas; Kukau. Use. A decoction used to calm children after a fright, and for fever (external application). The whole plant has a turpentine odour when crushed or broken. (17) S. nervosa Ridl. Heptapleurum nervosum King, l.c. 55. Small shrub. Leaves digitate; petioles 2 to 2-25 in. long; leaflets 6 very coriaceous, lanceolate acute, base narrowed; nerves - 7 to Io pairs impressed above, prominent beneath, 1-5 to 2:5 in. long, -5 to -g in. wide; petiolules -75 (terminal pair) to +35 in. long in laterals. Panicles 1-5 to 2 in. long, puberulous then glabrous ; branches 2 ending in an umbel of 8 to ro glabrous flowers, +2 in. long; pedicels -I to -15 in. long. Calyx-tube cylindric, campanu- late. Petals triangular. Fruit round, ovoid, 6-ridged, -3 in. long. Hab. Perak, Gunong Chabong (Scortechini). Kare. (18) S. affinis Rid/. Heptapleurum affine King, /.c. 54. _ Shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves digitate; petioles 3-5 to Ain. long; leaflets 5 to 6, coriaceous, ovate acuminate, base rounded, edge undulate, 2:25 to 4 in. long, 1-25 to 1-75 in. wide; petiolules -75 to I°5 in. long. Panicles scurfy at base when young, 2:5 to 5 in. long and as wide; branches 3 or 4; branchlets 1 in. long bearing umbels of about 12 flowers (branchlets sometimes opposite or whorled). Flowers ovate, green -2 in. long. Petals brown. Fruit broadly ovate apiculate, 6-ridged, nearly -25 in. long. Hab. Mountains at about 3500 to 4000 ft. altitude. Selangor, Gunong Mengkuang Lebah (Robinson). Perak, Larut Hills (Kunstler) ; Gunong Inas (Wray). (19) S. Ridleyi Rid/. Heptapleurum Ridleyi King, l.c. 54. Low shrub about 3 ft. tall. Leaves digitate; petioles 5 to Io in. long; leaflets 5, coriaceous, oblong or oblanceolate-oblong acute, broad but very shortly narrowed at base, bright green; nerves 8 pairs, secondaries and wide reticulations almost as con- spicuous, 4 to 6°5 in. long, 2 to 2-75 in. wide; petiolules I to 1-25 in. long. Panicles 5 to 6 in. long with spreading branches; branchlets -5 in. long with umbels of 10 to 20 globular yellow flowers, *15 in. across. Petals 5, elliptic. Fruit ovoid, succulent, faintly 6-ridged, 880 LXXI. ARALIACE#. [Schefflera. 25 in. long. Hab. Damp woods often on trees. Singapore, Sungei Morai; Sungei Buluh. Johor, Sungei Ban; Tana Runto. Pahang, Pekan (Ridley). (20) S. Roxburghii Gamble, Flora of Madras, 570. Small tree. Leaves, petiole 4 in. long sheathing at base; leaflets 6 elliptic, base round or shortly narrowed; nerves incon- spicuous 4 in. long, 2 in. wide; petiolule -5 in. long. Panicle lax, spreading, gin. long; branches 7 in. long distant about 9. Peduncles slender -5 in. long. Umbels of ro flowers; pedicels -1 in. long. Buds oblong, blunt. Calyx cup-shaped. Petals oblong, rounded $ : v, Wwe. > 7 2a. OF or S Fic. 74.—Schefflera venulosa. at tip. Hab. Penang, by the Waterfall (Porter, Wallich 4920 G.). Disirib. India. (21) S. venulosa Harms, Pflanzenfamilien ii. 38. Hepta- pleurum venulosum Seem. Rev. Hed. 44; King, l.c. 52. Epiphyte. Leaves, petioles 5 in. long; leaflets 7, stiff cori- aceous, elliptic with a short blunt point, base narrowed; nerves 4 pairs ascending prominent as are the lax reticulations 5 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles 2 in. long. Panicles 4 to 5 in. long with 3 or 4 branches, 3 in. long. Umbels of 12 flowers on peduncles °5 in. long; pedicels -t in. long. Calyx short, obconic. Petals very small, oblong blunt. Stamens short. Fruit strongly 5-angled, oblong, -15 in. long on pedicels -5 in. long, claret colour. Hab. Selan- gor, Kwala Lumpur. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler), var. with larger Schefflera.| LXXI. ARALIACEZ. 881 leaflets. Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis). Perlis, Kanga. Pulau Adang. Distrib. India. var. Curtisir Ridl. Leaflets fleshy, elliptic with a broad base and acute point. Panicle as in typical venulosum but rather smaller flowers. Fruit more rounded on shorter pedicels strongly 5-angled. Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis 972). This may be specifically distinct; the venation of the leaves is approxim- ately the same, but the texture is quite different. (22) S. micrantha Ridil. Paratropia micrantha Mzq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 337. Epiphyte. Branches ribbed. Leaves, petioles 4 to 5 in. long; leaflets thin membranous 5 ovate elliptic, shortly narrowed to the tip, base rounded; nerves 3 to 4 pairs with lax reticulations, elevate beneath, 4 in. long, 2°5 in. wide or less; petiolules 2 in. long. Panicles very slender, 6 in. long; branches 4:5 in. long or less, few. Umbels distant, few; peduncles -5 in. long. Flowers 7 to 14, very small on very slender -15 in. long pedicels. Calyx very small, semi-globose, campanulate. Fruit obovoid, narrowed to _ base, 5-ribbed. Hab. Mangrove swamps. Singapore, Kranji. Malacca (Maingay). Distvib. Sumatra. (23) S. heterophylla Harms Pflanzenfamilien iii. 38. Hepta- pleurum heterophyllum Seem. Rev. Hed. 40. Shrub or treelet. Lower leaves ternately decompound, upper ones smaller twice digitate; leaflets 3 to 5 on each petiolule, light green coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-acuminate, base narrowed or rounded, edges occasionally with 1 to 2 teeth near tip, 2°5 to 7 in. long, 1 to 2-5 in. wide; petiolules -1 to -25 in. long, terminal -5 in. long. Panicles pubescent, 10 to 15 in. long, 1-5 to 2 in. wide; branches -5 to I in. long. Umbels of about 14 small flowers. Fruit 5-ribbed, -25 in. long, claret colour. Hab. Forests, terrestrial. Malacca, Pulau Undan (Cantley). Perak, Goping (Kunstler); Kwala Dipang; Temengoh River bank. Penang Hill (Wallich 4919); Balik Pulau. Distrib. Sumatra, Native name : Akar Chabang Lima. (24) S. biternata Harms l.c. 38. Heptapleurum biternatum Clarke, l.c. i. 735. Small tree 3 ft. tall or more. Young parts pubescent. Leaves decompound twice pinnate; leaflets in threes at each node of rachis, coriaceous, narrow oblong-acuminate, base rounded slightly narrowed, 2 to 3°5 in. long, -5 to -75 in. wide; petioles -I in. or less long; nerves 6 pairs, and reticulations conspicuous beneath. Panicles 8 in. long, 1:5 in. across; pedicels -2 in. long. Ovary 5-celled. Hab. Forests. Malacca, Hulu Rejang (Derry). Penang on blocks of stone (Maingay). I suspect this is but a variety of S. heterophylla. FI.M.P., 1. 3L 882 LXXI. ARALIACEZ. [Schefflera, (25) S. Curtisii Rid]. Heptapleurum Curtisii King, l.c. 56. Large shrub. Lower leaves bipinnate, upper trifoliate; petioles 8 in. long; leaflets thin, coriaceous, oblong-elliptic to obovate, coarsely serrate at top, 3 to 6 in. long, 1°5 to 2-5 in. wide. Panicles shorter than petioles with rusty stellate tomentose bracts; branches scurfy; branchlets -75 in. long. Umbels Io- to 20- -flowered. Fruit oblong, 5-ribbed, disc conic. Ovary 5-celled. Hab. Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis). Very rare. (26) S. Wrayi Ridi. Heptapleurum Wrayi King, l.c. 55. Small furfuraceous tree. Leaves digitate; petioles 6 to g in long; leaflets 7 to 9 thinly coriaceous, glaucous beneath, elliptic abruptly cuspidate serrate, base rounded; nerves 5 to g pairs, 3 to 5 in. long, 1:75 to 2:25 in. wide; petiolules 1-5 to 2-5 in. long. Panicles 10 in. long pubescent ; branches at base 6 in. long; branch- lets 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers racemose distant on the branches, pale green, -15 in. wide on slender pedicels, -2 in. long. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 5. Fruit oblong, 5-ridged, -15 in. long, crowned by the long confluent styles. Hab. Mountains, at 7000 ft. altitude. Perak, Gunong Brumber Pahang (Wray). This, with some Indian allies, is remarkable for having the flowers racemose and not umbelled, a very rare condition in the order. 3. TREVESIA, Vis. Prickly or unarmed tree-like shrubs. Leaves palmate, the petiole united at the lower part by a wing. Flowers in dense umbels in a panicle, large. Calyx-edge entire or toothed. Petals 8- to 12-valvate cohering in a cap. Stamens and ovary-cells as many as the petals. Styles connate. Fruit ovoid fleshy. Species 6 or more, tropical Asia. Plant nearly glabrous. (1) T. cheirantha Petiole and inflorescence densely covered with flat red sete . é ; f : . (2) T. rufo-setosa ealgs i tneivanitia Ridl T. palmata var. cheirantha Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 732. Stem stout prickly often branched, 5 ft. or more tall, 2 in. through at the base, shoots red pubescent. Leaves sub-coriaceous, -2 to -8 in. across, lobes elliptic cuspidate; narrowed at the base, toothed, 5 to 6 in. long, 3 in. wide; petiolules united in a wing nearly of quite to the lobes; peti les 6 in. long or more. Panicles 8 to 12 in. long, red Se ara peduncle 6 to 12 in. long. Pedicels I to 1-5 in. long. Flowers nearly ‘5 in. wide in umbels 2:5 to 3 in. through. Fruit ovoid round, -75 in. through. Hab. In forests. Not rare. Singapore, Bedoh. Malacca, Lubok Kedondong, Mt. Ophir. Pahang, Kwala Tembeling; Tahan River. Selangor, Batu Caves. Perak, Larut (Kunstler) and Goping; Waterfall, Thaiping (Wray). Kelantan, Kwala Aring (Yapp); Chaning. Trevesia.| LXXI. ARALIACEA. 883 Penang (Wallich 4925); Penara Bukit. Dvstvib. Burma, Sumatra. Native names: Kakabu; Tapak Rimau. (2) T. rufo-setosa Rrdl. A shrub with the habit of the preceding. Leaves palmate of 7 lobes cut down for 7 in., more or less elliptic shortly cuspidate, edge undulate with up-curved thorns, glabrous except nerves and centre red-hairy, covered with small raised dots; nerves 9, 2 on the lowest lobes which are dilate on the lower edge. Whole leaf 12 in. long and wide, lobes 3 to 4 in. wide; petioles stout, 2 ft. long, densely covered with red-brown flat acuminate sete. Inflorescence entirely covered with similar sete, 8 in. long, flexous. Flowers unisexual -25 in. across. Bracts linear acuminate caudate, °5 in. long. Calyx obconic setose, limb very short and obscure. Corolla spreading, star-like, lobes 5, triangular coriaceous, hairy beneath. Stamens 5. Style in female flowers cylindric; ovary 5-celled. Stigmas bilobed. Hab. Hill forests, Selangor, Semangkok Pass, 2500 ft. altitude (Ridley). 4. BRASSAIA, Endl. Small trees about 20 ft. tall. Leaves digitate, long-petioled, coriaceous. Panicles spike-like tall with short branches bearing globose heads of sessile flowers, each surrounded by a whorl of 4 bracts as long or longer than the calyx. Calyx obconic, limb very short entire. Petals usually 10 to 12, thick valvate connate. Stamens as many; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary usually Io- to 12-locular; styles connate in a short cone. Fruit sub-globose, pyrenes compressed. Species 4, Malaya, Australia. Harms reduces this genus to a section of Schefflera, including in it S. cephalotes. From this latter the genus is separated by the larger number of petals and stamens and the whorl of bracts round the flower. The beauti- ful B. actinophylia of Australia is often cultivated in Singapore Gardens. (1) B. singaporensis Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, 8 Leaves digitate; petioles over 6 in. long, base widely dilate ; leaflets 15, stiffly coriaceous oblong-ovate, blunt rounded at both ends, 3 to 4 in. long, 1-75 to 2-5 in. wide; petiolules 1-5 in. long. Panicles 18 in. long, stout ; branches °5 in. long, thick ; heads about -5 in. through of about Io sessile flowers. Bracts ovate acuminate, longer than calyx-tube. Calyx very short, margin undulate. Corolla calyptrate rounded; petals connate 5, coriaceous. Stamens g to 12; filaments short; anthers oblong-linear. Stigma sub- sessile conic. Hab. In forests. Rare. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley). Mr. Robinson sent from Gunong Mengkuang Lebah in Selangor a specimen of another Brassaia, but unfortunately too incomplete to be properly described. The petiole of the only leaf is 5 in. long, 884 LXXI. ARALIACEZ. [Brassaia. the leaflets coriaceous, 3 in. long, narrow oblong with no visible nerves; petiolules -5 in. long; the inflorescence of 6 or more rather slender branches g in. long with distant heads only -15 in. through and a peduncle -25 in. long; the flowers surrounded by scurfy bracts, but petals and stamens all fallen. The small size of the heads is unique in the genus. It is to be hoped this species will be collected again in earlier flower. 5. DENDROPANAX Decne and Planch. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves simple entire. Umbels solitary or in small panicles. Calyx-limb entire or 5-toothed. Petals 5, free, valvate. Stamens 5. Styles united at base, free at top. Fruit globose succulent 5-ribbed. Albumen not ruminate. About I2 species, mostly American, I Japanese and 1 Chinese. Leaves ovate or lanceolate acute 3 : , . (1) D. Maingayi Leaves lanceolate acuminate . ; , ; . (2) D. lancifolium (1) D. Maingayi King, l.c. 58. D. parviflorum Clarke, im Hook. fil. F.BI. i. 733, not of Bentham. Low shrub 2 to 3 ft. tall. Leaves ovate or lanceolate acute, base rounded or narrowed, glabrous thin coriaceous, midrib pro- minent with two lateral nerves, 2 to 3:25 in. long, I to 1-75 in. wide; petioles -25 to 1-5 in. long. Umbel simple terminal; pedicel -35 to -5 in. long. Flowers 8 to 12, oblong, -2 in. long. Calyx campanulate cylindric, puberulous. Fruit globular succulent, -3 in. through, lead-colour. Hab Mountain woods, Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Maingay, Griffith, etc.). Pahang, Telom at 4ooo ft. altitude (leaves very narrow lanceolate 4:5 in. long, 1 in. wide). Perak, Bujong Malacca. Kedah Peak (Ridley). (2) D. lancifolium Ridi. Arthrophyllum lancifolinm Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 38. A tree. Branches slender angled. Leaves coriaceous lanceolate acuminate at both ends, edges crenulate undulate; midrib winged on both sides; nerves and reticulations very fine, 3 to 2°5 in. long, r to 1-5 in. wide; petioles 1 to 2 in. long, the upper ones *3 in. long. Umbels 4 or 5 on peduncles -4 in. long. Flowers 05 in. wide, 10 to 13; pedicels r in. long. Calyx campanulate; limb undulate not toothed. Petals 5, calyptrate, oblong. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-celled. Hab. Mountains at 4900 ft. altitude. Rare. Perak, Ulu Batang Padang (Wray). This is a somewhat dubious plant. It differs from typical Dendropanax in having the petals joined in a cap, and not spreading freely, but the leaves are all simple, and the lowest pair of nerves shows signs of running parallel to the leaf-edge. Fruit has not been collected. 6. ARTHROPHYLLUM, BPI. Unarmed shrubs or small trees. Leaves glabrous or nearly, fleshy to coriaceous, the lower ones pinnate, upper or all simple; ae eee ae ee ee eee Arthrophyllum. | LXXI. ARALIACER. 885 leaflets oblong or lanceolate. Stipules forming a ligule within the petiole. Inflorescence, a number of short peduncled umbels in the upper axils or terminal. Calyx-teeth minute 5. Petals 5-valvate, green. Stamens 5. Ovary I-celled, 1-ovuled; style short simple. Fruit pulpy ovoid. Seed sub-globose, ruminate. Species about Io, Malayan. Trees. Lower leaves with leaflets 6 in. long, 1°75 in. wide, oblong or ovate (1) A. ovalifolium Lower leaves, leaflets about 27, linear-lanceolate 6 by °5 in. ‘ : : : - . (2) A. angustifolium Shrubs. Lower leaves; leaflets coriaceous elliptic 2°5 by 1°25 in. Nerves sunk above ; peduncles 1°75 in. long; fruit - beaked .. . (3) A. montanum Leaves smooth above; peduncle 5 j in. long . (4) A. nitidum Leaflets about 7, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide; umbels 3 in. long; fruit not beaked ; Leaflets upwards of 30, elliptic cuspidate I by ( *5in.; umbels2in.long . (6) A. alternifolium Leaves all simple ovate, coriaceous ; nerves deep sunk above : ( Small tree. Inflorescence axillary. Lower leaves 11 or more leaflets; pedicels ‘rin.long (8) A. congestum (x1) A. ovalifolium Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. i. (1), 768, ¢. xi. A. diversifolium Clarke, l.c. and King, l.c. 59, not of Blume. Tree about 30 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves pinnate simple, sub- coriaceous; leaflets 13 oblong or elliptic, slightly narrowed and often oblique at base, acuminate, 5 in. long, 1-75 in. wide; petiolules ‘2 in. long, uppermost leaves on the flowering branches smaller simple nearly ovate. Umbels on peduncles, -75 in. long, in upper- most axils 1 or 2 and umbellate 6 to go together at the apex. Flowers green, about I0 in an umbel; pedicels slender, +15 in. long; buds cone-shaped blunt. Calyx-margin undulate. Petals ‘I in. long. Fruit green globose, crowned by calyx and style. Hab. Common all over the peninsula in the low country, Singapore, Malacca. Dindings, Lumut. Pahang, near Pekan. Penang, Water- fall. Distrib. Andamans and Sumatra. Native names: Mem- punai Bukit; Jolok hantu; Segan Bedahan; Apuil; Bedahan jantan. (2) A. angustifolium Rrd/. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 136. Small tree. Lower leaves pinnate over 2 ft. long; leaflets 29, coriaceous, linear-lanceolate acuminate 6 in. long, -5 in. wide; nerves faint sunk above; petiolules -1 in. long. Upper leaves simple broader and shorter; petioles slender 1 in. long. Inflores- cences axillary and terminal; peduncles 1-5 in. long or less; pedicels -r in. long. Flowers very small. Calyx very short 5) A. pinnatum 7) A. ovatum 886 LXXI. ARALIACEZ. [Arthrophyllum. undulate. Buds short ovoid. Petals ovate valvate, 4. Stamens 4. Hab. Hill tops. Rare. Perak, Gunong Keledang (Ridley). (3) A. montanum Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 24. A shrub about 20 ft. tall. Leaves pinnate 2 ft. long; leaflets 12 pairs, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate acuminate acute, 4 to 6 in. long, *5 to I in. across; nerves 3 to 4 pairs, sunk above, elevate beneath; petiolules -25 in. long. Umbels on simple peduncles, -5 in. wide, sometimes in compound umbels; peduncle 4 in. long. Flowers g to 20 in an umbel; pedicels -12 in. long. Fruit +25 in. long, ovoid globose, crowned with the calyx and conic style. Hab. Mountains at 4000 to 6000 ft. altitude. Selangor, Semangkok. Perak, Gunong Berumbun (Ridley). (4) A. nitidum Ridi. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vii. 42. Small shrub. Leaves 12 in. long, pinnate; leaflets 9 to 15, coriaceous oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, base oblique 2°5 to 3°25 in. long, I in. wide; petiolules -25 to -4 in. long. Umbels 11 to 12 of 18 to 20 flowers; peduncles I to 1-25 in. long; pedicels -2 in. long. Calyx-lobes blunt, round. Buds obovoid blunt. Hab. Mountains, Kedah Peak (Robinson). (5) A. pinnatum Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BI. ii. 734; King, l.c. 60. Small shrub or treelet, glabrous. Leaves pinnate 6 in. long; leaflets 3 to 7, sub-coriaceous, elliptic to lanceolate caudate- acuminate narrowed at base, 3°5 to 4 in. long, I to 2-25 in. wide; petioles 3-5 in. long; petiolules -2 in. long or more, terminal one I in. long. Panicles spreading, 1-5 to 4 in. long, 2:5 in. wide; branchlets -5 in. or longer. Umbels of about 20 flowers, small, green. Fruit sub-ovoid globose, pulpy -2 in. long. Hab. Hill woods. Local but not rare. Penang Hill (Wallich, Maingay). (6) A. alternifolium Maingay MSS. A. pinnatum (in part) Clarke and King. Dwarf shrub. Stems slender. Leaves 4:5 to 8 in. long; petioles 2 in. long; leaflets coriaceous 14 or more, rhomboid ovate to lanceolate-acuminate to caudate blunt, 1-5 to 2 in. long, -2 to -5 in. wide; petioles -r in. long. Umbels solitary on peduncles, I to I-25 in. long, in upper leaf axils, several. Flowers 21 or more on pedicels -2 in. long, very small. Fruit globose, crowned with style, :2 in. long. Hab. Mountain tops. Local. Malacca, Mt. Ophir (Griffith, Maingay and all collectors). (7) A. ovatum Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. vii. 42. A woody shrub. Leaves simple ovate to elliptic, base cuneate coriaceous; nerves 3 to 5 pairs, sunk above, elevate beneath, 3°5 in. long, 1-75 in. wide; petioles 2 in. long. Umbels 2:5 in. long of 15 rays. Umbellules of 20 flowers. Pedicels -2 in. long. Buds _ sub-globose pointed. Calyx-lobes short, round. Petals triangular lanceolate. Hab. Selangor. Semangkok Pass. Kedah Peak (Robinson). Arthrophyllum.| LXXI. ARALIACEZ. 887 (8) A. congestum Krdl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. x. 137. Small tree. Leaves 10 in. or more long with 11 leaflets, fleshy coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base broad oblique; nerves slender, 7 pairs, very faint, 4 in. long, 1-25 in. wide; petiolules -15 to -2 in. long. Upper leaflets simple oblong, very oblique at base, 2°5 in. long, 1:25 in. wide; petioles slender, -25 to “75 in. long. Inflorescence axillary and terminal; peduncles I°5 in. long or less; flowers crowded in a head; pedicels -1 in. long. Calyx very short, edge undulate. Petals 4. Buds ovoid. Hab. Dry wooded hills. Selangor, Klang Gates. Dindings, Lumut (Ridley). 7. WARDENIA, King. A shrub. Stem prickly at base. Leaves coriaceous, simple; petiole long, expanded into a short sheath with 2 minute stipules at base. Inflorescence a compound umbel, terminal short branched. Flowers bisexual. Calyx-tube narrow, campanulate, 5 small teeth. Petals 5, calyptrate, midribs prominent within. Stamens 5, alternate with petals. Disc large fleshy covering ovary, 5-lobed. Styles forming a column. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (1) W. simplex King, /.c. 60. Shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall, red-pubescent at tip. Leaves elliptic acuminate, base slightly cordate, minutely stellate-hairy all over, 8 to 15 in. long, 3-5 to 7 in. wide; petioles 5 to ro in. long. Flower buds -r in. through, conical; pedicels -6 to -g in. long. Umbels 10- to 20-flowered. Petals glabrous. Fruit elliptic, globose, -2 in. long. Hab. Perak, near Ulu Kerling (Kunstler). 8. BRASSAIOPSIS, Decne and Planch. Shrub or trees, sometimes armed. Leaves entire digitate or palmate. Stipules connate. Umbels in large panicles compound ; young parts tomentose. Pedicels from a cluster of persistent bracteoles. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5-valvate. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, united. Fruit globose or turbinate 2- or 1-seeded. Albumen ruminate. Species 11, India, Java. Leaves palmate, lobed : : ; : : . (1) B. palmata Leaves entire or digitate . : : : ‘ . (2) B. elegans (1) B. palmata Kurz. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. (2), 77; King, l.c. 61. Small tree sparingly prickly, little branched; young shoots tomentose. Leaves g to I5 in. across, coriaceous round cordate, palmate-lobed half-way; lobes 5 to 9, oblong acuminate, serrate, glabrous; petioles 10 to 20 in. long. Inflorescence rusty tomentose terminal panicled. Umbels many-flowered, bracteolate. Flowers ‘I5 in. across; pedicels -5 to -7 in. long. Fruit broad elliptic terete, -3 in. long; cocci I or 2 with chartaceous pericarp. Hab. 888 LXXI. ARALIACEE. [Brassatopsis. Mountain forests. Perak, Gunong Kerbau (Robinson); Maxwell’s Hill; Tapah. Dzystvib. India. (2) B. elegans Ridl. Journ. Linn. Soc. 1xi. 291. Shrub. Young parts red-tomentose. Leaves simple or digitate ; leaflets lanceolate-acuminate, base long narrowed, edges minutely toothed, 7 in. long, 2 to 2°5 in. wide; petiolules 1-5 in. long; petioles 5°5 in. long. Stipules connate, 2-toothed, teeth acuminate. Panicles long, lax; peduncles slender, 4-2 in. long; branches 1-75 to 5 in. long, tomentose. Umbels -5 in. long; flowers 13, pedicels ‘2 in. long. Bracts acuminate, tomentose. Calyx obconic, teeth short tomentose. Petals 5, oblong blunt. Stamens 5; styles connate. Ovary bilocular. Hab. Selangor, Ulu Langat (Kloss). 9. HEDEROPSIS, Clarke. Tree glabrous unarmed. Leaves 1- to 3-foliate; leaflets lanceolate denticulate or nearly entire, base of petiole much dilate. Umbels panicled; pedicels jointed close under flowers. Calyx margined, 5-toothed. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled; styles connate. Fruit berried, large, sub-globose, crowned by style. Seeds 4 or 5 ruminate. Species I. (1) H. Maingayi Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.BJI. ii. 739; King, Lc. 62. Leaflets membranous ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed ; nerves faint, 3 to 5 in. long, 1°5 to 2 in. wide; petiolules -1 to -2 in. long (simple leaves 8-5 in. long, 4 in. wide), petioles I to 2 in. long; peduncles puberulous, 1 in. long. Calyx-tube sub-globular, puberulous. Petals ovate-lanceolate, -15 in. long. Fruit over -5 in. long. Hab. Malacca (Maingay). Only known from Maingay’s specimen. 10. SCHEFFLEROPSIS, Rid. Leaves digitate; leaflets coriaceous, lanceolate serrate; petio- lules long. Umbels panicled. Flowers rather large. Calyx cupular truncate. Petals calyptrate, blunt 5. Stamens 14 to 16. Ovary 8-celled. Stigma sessile on a cone. Species I. This resembles Schefflera, but has serrate leaflets and numerous stamens and an 8-celled ovary. (1) S. polyandra Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 75, p. 37. Leaves digitate; petioles 9 in. long; leaflets 5, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, acuminate blunt, base narrowed, serrate, smooth above; nerves about g pairs, faint, reticulations faintly visible beneath when dry, 4 to 6 in. long, 1-25 to 1-75 in. wide; petiolules 1-5 in. long. Panicles -5 in. long; branchlets -5 in. long; umbels of 4 or 5 flowers; pedicels -2 in. long, stout. Calyx campanulate, edge thin truncate entire, -1 in. long. Petals 5, shorter, ovate blunt, calyptrate. Stamens 14 to 16; anther as long as filaments. Ovary 8-celled; style 0. Stigma sessile on a Scheffleropsis.| LXXI, ARALIACES. 889 cone. Hab. Hill-tops, very rare. Perak, Gunong Keledang (Ridley). 11. TUPIDANTHUS, Hook. fil. and Thoms. Large glabrous shrub, eventually climbing. Leaves digitate; leaflets coriaceous. Inflorescence a compound umbel or small panicle. Calyx margin none. Petals closely connate forming a cap. Stamens very many in 2 or more series. Ovary-cells and stigmas numerous. Fruit globose, depressed, succulent. (1) T. calyptratus Hook. fil. and Thoms. Bot. Mag. t. 4908; King, l.c. 63. Leaflets 7 to 9, oblong or oblong-ovate 4 to 7 in. long, 1°75 to 3°5 in. wide; petiolules I to 2 in. long; petioles 6 to 15 in. long. Inflorescence umbellate 3- to 4-branched; branches short, stout. Bracts large, coriaceous. Umbels of 3 to 7 pedicelled flowers nearly Iin. across. Stamens 50 to 70. Fruit 1-25 to 1:5 in. across. Hab. Mountains at 4500 ft. altitude, rare. Perak, Gunong Ulu Sungei (Wray). Dz¢stvib. India. OrpDER LXXII. CORNACE. Shrubs or trees (rarely herbs). Leaves opposite or alternate, coriaceous, entire rarely serrate, exstipulate. Flowers usually small in axillary or terminal cymes, panicles or heads. Calyx-tube adherent to ovary, limb truncate or toothed, persistent in fruit. Petals 4 to 5, epigynous (rarely 20 or absent). Stamens insert with the petals and equal in number, rarely 2 or 3 times as many. Ovary inferior I- to 4-celled crowned by a large fleshy disc. Style 1; ovule I rarely 2. Stigma truncate or capitate. Fruit drupaceous I (rarely 4-celled). Species go, chiefly in the North Temperate regions (King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1xx1. 72). Flowers bisexual in cymes or panicles. Flowers small in terminal compound cymes Cc 2. 22 MaAsaErA Flowers medium to large in ast cymes; petals linear 2. ALANGIUM Flowers small, often male only, in. large compound panicles : 5 ; 3. ARALIDIUM Flowers unisexual in heads . : : : : . 4. Nyssa 4. MASTIXIA, Bl. Trees often tall. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire. Flowers bisexual, small in terminal panicled cymes. Calyx-tube cam- panulate, pubescent or silky 4- to 5-toothed. Petals very small 4 or 5 ovate, leathery, silky. Stamens 5 or 4; anthers cordate, oblong. Ovary t-celled; ovule 1; style cylindric. Drupe ellipsoid crowned by calyx-limb, putamen ‘grooved down one face. Species 18, S. India, Malaya. 890 LXXII. CORNACE&. [Mastixia. Flowers tetramerous. Leaves stiff coriaceous, strong-nerved and tomen- tose or pubescent beneath; corymbs tomentose (1) M,. Maingayi Leaves sub-glabrous or quite glabrous. Leaves pale beneath, strong-nerved, elliptic acu- minate, stiff : ; ; F (2) M. rostrata Leaves glabrous, coriaceous, ovate acute . (3) M. propingua — Leaves thin, small 3 by 1°25 in., elliptic-acuminate (4) M. Clarkeana Leaves thin, 6°25 by 2°5 in., elliptic, abrupt cuspi- date or acuminate A 5 : : i var. macrophylla Flowers pentamerous; leaves alternate. Cymes small with linear bracts °3 to ‘4 in. long (5) M. bracteata Bracts minute, lanceolate é : : . (6) M. Scortechinii Bracts whorled at base of pedicels : . (7) M. gracilis Fruit '75in. long . : : : : : . (8) M. megacarpa (1) M. Maingayi Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I.iit. 746; King, l.c. 74. Big tree. Branchlets, petioles, underside of leaves, inflores- cence and calyx softly tomentose. Leaves coriaceous opposite, elliptic or elliptic-ovate, acute; nerves 6 pairs impressed above, strongly elevate beneath, 4 to 6 in. long, 1-5 to 2 in. wide; petioles -75 toLin. long. Cymes stout I to 1-25 in. long, sub-terminal, 1-5 in. across. Flowers numerous ‘15 in. long. Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed. Petals 4to 5. Fruit ellipsoid not compressed, narrowed to tip, 1-2 in. long, ‘6 in. wide. Hab. Lowland forests. Singapore (Maingay). (2) M. rostrata Bl. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 258. Maingayi Clarke var. subtomentosa King, l.c. M. Junghuhniana Clarke, l.c. ii. 746. Tall tree. Leaves opposite, elliptic shortly acuminate, base slightly narrowed, glabrous above, minutely silvery tomentose beneath; nerves 5 pairs prominent beneath, 3-75 in. long, 1-5 in. wide; petioles -4 in. long. Panicles 1-5 in. long and wide, dichoto- mously branched, appressed pilose. Flowers -1 in. long. Calyx campanulate, teeth 4, minute. Petals 4, ovate. Drupe ovoid 1 in. long. Hab. Lowland forests. Malacca (Maingay); Sungei Hudang (Derry). Penang Hill (Curtis). Distrib. Java. Native name: Kayu Maura. (3) M. propinqua Ridl. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. iv. 25. Tree. Leaves ovate acute, base narrowed, coriaceous, glabrous ; nerves impressed above, elevate beneath, midrib puberulous, 5 in. ‘long, 2 in. wide; petioles pubescent, -5 in. long. Panicles shorter than leaves, pubescent. Bracts lanceolate, one below each branch. Calyx hairy; lobes very short, pubescent. Petals 4, ovate, pubescent outside. Stamens 4. Hab. Pahang, Telom forests at 4000 ft. altitude (Ridley). (4) M. Clarkeana King, l.c. 75. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, 10 to 15 in. through. Leaves opposite, thin coriaceous oblong or oblong-lanceolate, base round or sub- acute, glabrous; nerves 5 to 7 pairs, slender, prominent beneath, 3 to 4-75 in. long, I to 2 in. wide; petioles -3 to -35 in. long. Cymes Mastixia.] LXXII. CORNACEZ. 891 3 in. long, 4 in. wide, spreading compound; branch peduncles I-5 in. long, glabrous. Flowers -15 in. long, green, sessile. Calyx funnel-shaped, pubescent teeth 4, ovate. Corolla depressed, globose. Petals 4. Hab. Dense forest 400 to 600 ft. altitude. Perak, Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). var. macrophylia King. Leaves 6-25 in. long, 2:5 in. wide, elliptic cuspidate. Perak (Scortechini). (5) M. bracteata Clarke, l.c. ii. 746; King, l.c. 73; Wangerin, Pflanzenreich 26. pl. I, N-O. Tree 50 to 60 ft. tall. Leaves alternate, thinly coriaceous, elliptic abruptly acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, impressed above, prominent beneath, 1-75 to 3 in. long, “75 to 1°35 in. wide; petioles -25 to -5 in. long. Cymes °75 to I°5 in. long, spreading, many-flowered, with linear-oblong bracts at bases of branches: Flowers -r in. long, light yellow. Calyx funnel-shaped, silky, hardly toothed. Corolla hemispheric in bud. Petals ovate 5. Fruit obconic. Hab. Malacca, Selandor (Holm- berg). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). (6) M. Scortechinii King, /.c. 73. Small tree, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate narrowed to base, acuminate at tip; nerves 4 or 5 pairs, 1-75 to 2:5 in. long, -85 to 1-25 in. wide; petioles -25 to *5 in. long. Cymes corymbose, I-25 to 1-75 in. long, puberulous. Flowers sessile. Calyx-tube narrow, campanulate, teeth 5. Corolla depressed globose in bud, petals 5, ovate acute. Ovary I-celled. Hab. Perak (Scortechini), apparently very rare. (7) M. gracilis King, l.c. 74. Smalltree. Branches angled. Leaves thin coriaceous, lanceolate caudate-acuminate, base narrowed acuminate; nerves very fine, 8 to 14 pairs, 2 to 4:5 in. long, 8 to 1-5 in. wide; petioles -2 to -25 in. long. Cymes in threes, much shorter than leaves; branches short and crowded at the tips, many-flowered with a whorl of bracts at base of flower-pedicels. Flowers -1 in. long, ovoid. Calyx campanulate, obscurely 5-toothed. Petals 5. Hab. Perak at 5000 ft. altitude (Wray 1528). I have not seen this. King wrote up a sheet of Wray’s 128 as Mastixia gracilis in Kew Herbarium, but it is an Araliaceous plant (Dendropanax lancifolia Ridl.), and the description given by him does not fit it at all. (8) M. megacarpa Rid. Tree 30 to 4o ft. tall. Leaves thin coriaceous, oblong elliptic cuspidate, base cuneate, pale beneath, glabrous; nerves 5 pairs slightly elevate beneath, 5 in. long, 2 in. wide; petioles +75 in. long. Flowers unknown. Fruit oblong -75 in. long, disc radiated from the short persistent style. Hab. Penang, Pulau Betong reserve (Curtis 919). I have only seen a fruiting specimen of this, but it is quite distinct from any other species known to me. 892 LXXII. CORNACEZ. [Alangium. 2. ALANGIUM, Lam. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary fas- cicles or cymes, bisexual, hairy, white, rather large. Calyx-tube toothed or truncate. Petals 5 to 6, linear oblong, valvate. Stamens as many, twice as many or more. Anthers long, linear; filaments short, hairy. Ovary I-celled, 1-ovuled (or 2- to 3-celled at base) ; style very long. Stigma large. Fruit a flattened drupe with thin pulp, crowned by the calyx. About 16 species, Asia, Africa, Australasia. Stamens more than 6 (15 to 20) . : : : Stamens 5 or 6; fruit much compressed; stigma not lobed; leaves thickly coriaceous, large. Calyx with distinct teeth; leaves broad elliptic, (1) A. Lamarckii cordate hairy beneath often oblique . . (2) A, nobile Calyx-limb nearly or quite entire; leaves oblique at base. Leaves oblong, glabrous; cymes sessile . . (3) A. Ridleyi Leaves oblong, glabrous; cymes peduncled . (4) A. ebenaceum Leaves thin, coriaceous, base cuneate glabrous (5) A. tutela Calyx toothed; leaves thin 4 in. long, bases oblique. Leaves lanceolate acuminate ‘ : . (6) A. uniloculare Leaves oblong ovate, densely hairy beneath . (7) A. begonisefolium (1) A. Lamarckii Thw. Enum. 133; King, l.c. 76. A. salvi- folium Wangner, in Pflanzenreich 9. Shrub or treelet. Leaves oblong elliptic to ovate round, base round, blunt apiculate, glabrous above, hairy beneath; nerves 4 to 5 pairs, 3 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles -2 to °3 in. long. Flowers in short fascicles of 4 to 8, about +75 in. long; peduncle and calyx tomentose. Calyx cupular, slightly 6-toothed. Petals lanceolate, hairy outside with a hairy line inside. Stamens 18 pilose. Fruit ellipsoid contracted below calyx, tomentose -75 to I in. long, -65 in. through. Hab. Forests in low country, not common. Singapore, Sungei Jurong; Changi (Ridley). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Dzstvib. Indo-Malaya. (2) A. nobile Harms, Pflanzenfamilien iii. (8), 262; King, l.c. 79. Marlea nobilis Clarke, l.c. ii. 743. A big tree up to 150 ft. tall. Stem 3 to 4 ft. through. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or obovate, tip rounded, base rounded, minutely cordate, above glabrous midrib and nerves tomentose beneath densely tomentose (as are young shoots); nerves 8 to Io pairs, elevate beneath, 4:5 to 2 in. long, 3 to 6 in. wide; petioles -8 to I-75 in. long. Cymes 4- to 8-flowered, very short, about I in. long. Flowers +5 to -6 in. long. Calyx narrow campanulate, 6-grooved ; teeth large lanceolate 6. Petals narrow oblong, tomentose. Stamens 6. Fruit ellipsoid, tomentose, 1 in. long, -65 in. wide. Hab. Forests on hills. Singapore (Maingay); Bukit Timah. Malacca, Selandor (Cantley). Selangor, Sungei Buloh (Long). Alangium.| LXXII. CORNACEZ. 893 Perak, Goping; Ulu Kal (Kunstler). Penang, road to highlands (Curtis). Native names: Setubal; Kalong. (3) A. Ridleyi King, l.c. 78. A big tree about 80 ft. tall, 2 ft. through. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or obovate, short, blunt acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous ; nerves IO pairs, prominent beneath, 6 to 8 in. long, 2°5 to 3°5 in. wide; petioles -g to 1-3 in. long. Cymes sessile, short, 3- to 5- flowered. Flowers 1 in. long; pedicels -2 to -25 in. long, velvety. Calyx campanulate truncate, velvety. Petals 6, oblong lanceolate, sub-acute white. Fruit ellipsoid, grooved dark purple, 2 in. long. Fic. 75.—Alangium Ridleyi. Hab. Lowland woods, apparently rare; I have only seen one tree. Singapore, rockery in Gardens (Ridley). Native name: Lidah Kerbau. (4) A. ebenaceum Griff. King, l.c. 78. Marlea ebenacea Clarke, l.c. i. 742. Tree 30 to 4o ft. tall. Leaves coriaceous, oblong acuminate, base cuneate, round, glabrous above, minutely scaly beneath; nerves 13 to 16 pairs, prominent beneath, 6 to Io in. long, 2°5 to 4 in. wide; petioles -35 to -8 in. long. Cymes I in. long, 6- to 12-flowered. Flowers sessile -65 in. long, -I in. through. Calyx cupular, short, obscurely toothed. Petals 6 (or 5), linear pubescent. Fruit ovate compressed ridged, 1 in. long, ‘6 in. wide. Hab. Dense damp forests. Johor, Sungei Tebrau. Malacca, Alor Gajah 894 LXXII. CORNACES. (Alangium. (Griffith). Selangor, Sungei Buluh (Foxworthy); Weld’s Hill, Kwala Lumpur (Foxworthy). Perak, Larut (Kunstler). Native names: Lidah Kerbau Putih; Lidah Lidah Kayu; Melidah; Puchut Kuning. (5) A. tutela Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 1xi. to. Small tree. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate cuspidate, base cuneate, alternate, glabrous, thinly coriaceous; nerves 7 to 8 pairs, elevate beneath, 4 to 6 in. long, 2 to 2-5 in. wide; petioles °5 in. long. Cymes of 4 to 5 flowers, short; peduncles -12 in. long. Calyx-tube ‘12 in. long narrowed to base, ribbed, limb entire. Petals 5 linear- oblong, -5in. long. Stamens6. Hab. Singapore, Ponggol (Ridley). Native name: Kayu Tas. This plant is supposed to have the property of keeping off tigers, for which purpose pieces of the wood are worn as a charm. Possibly an intro- duced plant in Singapore, but I have never seen any of it from elsewhere. (6) A. uniloculare King, l.c. 77. Marlea unilocularis Gr7ff. Notule iv. 679. M. Griffithii Clarke, l.c. ii. 742. Tree 40 to 60 ft. tall, 10 to 15 in. through. Leaves membranous, obliquely ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base unequal, above glabrous except nerves pubescent, beneath appressed pubescent; nerves 4 to 6 pairs, slender, 3-5 to 5:5 in. long, 1°75 to 2:25 in. wide; petioles -25 to -3 in. long, villous. Cymes peduncled 1-25 in. long; branches spreading, pubescent. Flowers numerous, slender, -4 in. long. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, toothed. Petals 5, linear. Fruit ovate, compressed, narrowed to tip, faintly ridged, green, -6 in. long, -35 in. wide. Hab. Lowland woods. Singapore, Bukit Timah; Sungei Buluh. Johor, Batu Pahat. Malacca (Griffith). Pahang, Belukur Sawar Chini, Kwantan (Foxworthy). Selangor, Weld’s Hill, Kwala Lumpur (Burn- Murdoch). Perak, Goping and Ulu Bubong (Kunstler). Native names; Piane; Tenyual Lawat. (7) A. begonizfolium Baill. Hist. Pl. vi.270. Marlea begonie- folium Roxb. Hort. Beng. 28; Pl. Corom. iii. 80, t. 283. Tree. Leaves ovate acuminate, base round or slightly cuneate, oblique, glabrous except nerves above, densely yellowish tomentose beneath; nerves 5 radiating from base, prominent beneath 6:5 in. long, 4°75 in. wide; petioles tomentose 1-25 in. long. Cymes several-flowered; peduncle -75 in. long, branches as long. Flowers 3 to 15. Calyx turbinate, teeth triangular. Petals 1 in. long, silky. Drupe glabrous, ovoid, ellipsoid, -4 in. long. Hab. Penang, Pulau Betong (Curtis). Dzsivib. India, China, Japan, Malay isles. 3. ARALIDIUM Miq. A small tree. Leaves fleshy coriaceous thin, entire, elliptic or deeply lobed. Flowers male and bisexual in large compound panicles, minute. Calyx-teeth triangular spreading, tube cam- panulate. Petals5,imbricate. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled, 2 cells Aralidium. | LXXII. CORNACE. 895 aborting; styles distinct subulate. Fruit a large ovoid drupe. Seed 1, rugose. Albumen large, ruminate. Species 1, Malayan. This plant has often been referred to the Order Avaliacee. It is quite unlike anything in that Order, and is abnormal for Cornacee. (x1) A. pinnatifidum Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 763, t. 13; Clarke, in Hook. fil. F.B.I. ii. 726; Hemsley, Ic. Pl. t. 1549. A tree about 20 ft. tall, glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves light shining green, 12 to 18 in. long, 8 to g in. wide, entire or lobed, the entire leaves oblong shortly acuminate g in. long, 4 in. wide; nerves 7 pairs; the lobed forms with 8 to 10 oblong acuminate lobes decurrent on the midrib, I in. or more wide; petioles 1-5 to 5 in. long. Panicles much branched, pendulous, 18 in. long, puberulous. Flowers very numerous, minute, white. Petals pubescent. Drupe ellipsoid pointed, fleshy, white turning black, 1-35 in. long, -6 in. through. Hab. Common in woods, in lowland districts. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Hullett); Kranji. Johor, Sedenak; Batu Pahat. Malacca, Tabong (Griffith); Ayer Panas (Cantley); Jasin (Derry). Pahang, Kwala Tembeling. Negri Sembilan, Bukit Klana (Cantley). Selangor, Rawang (Kloss); Kwala Lumpur (Curtis). Perak, Larut (Kunstler) ; Changkat Serdang (Wray). Kedah, Yan. Dzisivib. Sumatra, Borneo. Native names: Poko Balai; Sahalat; Lempedu Buaya; Sebalai Tingal. 4. NYSSA, Linn. Tree (or shrubs). Leaves alternate. Flowers capitate on axillary peduncles unisexual, one or few females and many males in a head, each flower bracteate or the males coalescing. Male flowers, calyx short, cup-shaped, 5- to 7-toothed. Petals 5 to 7, imbricate, hairy. Stamens 10, round a circular disc. Female flowers, calyx-tube campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals none. Ovary t-celled, r-ovuled. Drupe oblong or ovoid. Species 5 or 6, chiefly North American, one or more in the tropical Asian mountains. (x) N. sessiliflora Hook. fil. Gen. Pl. i. 952; Clarke, F.B.I. ii. GATE INE ,-1.0. 79. A tree. Leaves coriaceous, oblanceolate tapering to both ends or elliptic acuminate, 4 to 8 in. long, 1-5 to 2 in. wide; nerves about 8 pairs; petioles -4 to ‘6 in. long. Peduncles -5 to 1 in. long. Heads 3 in. through. Flowers green. Fruit oblong -6 to -75 in. long. Hab. Mountain woods. Very rare. Perak, Gunong Batu Putih at 3400 ft. altitude (Wray). Dzstrib. India, Burma, Sumatra, Java. et tae capture Pieces whe ; b. bud vie Ape ete} al Cys thie ’ s ; 2 Pe at a pte miay? reiat. f : apie © to Sines ed Be vs ; wae = Rs eee Mee PG Bi Fae Sar Cue t. e Aa a * oe \ , ote es 7 “ia . é \ : oe : F » 5 x . r' = ay : > . Os 7 i’ on i 4 as ne ae 1 é i k nw a ; : rd 4 is ‘ “ é ¢ lp * 3s i" i - ° » vt v a 4 7 a » , boll ‘: f fi, ‘ ' "4 ( 7 \ i E \ & é _ > eee enn re SS INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SYNONYMS VOLUME I The Orders ave printed in small capitals and the Synonyms in italics PAGE PAGE PAGE Abroma, Jacq. . —_, 285} Adinandra (contd.) Aglaia (contd.) augusta, Linn. fil. 286} maculosa, Anders. 195 leucophylla, King 403 Abrus, Linn, . - 558 montana, Ridl. - 195 macrostigma, King 401 precatorius, Linn. 558 parvifolia, Ridl. . 195 membranifolia, pulchellus, Wall. . 558 villosa, Choisy algo King . - . 406 Abutilon, Gaertn. . 255} Adinobotrys, Dunn . 586| odorata, Lour. . 401 hastatum, Ridl. . 255 atropurpureus, odoratissima, Bl. . 404 indicum, Don 250 Dunn . - . 587| oligophylla, Mig. . 403 Acacia, Willd. . . 656 erianthus, Dunn . 586| palembanica, Mig. 409 Farnesiana, Willd. 656| Aeschynomene, Linn. 601 Roxburghiana, pennata, Willd. . 657 aspera, Linn. . 602 Hiern , : « 404 pseudo-intsia, Mig. 657 indica, Linn. . . 602 vufa, Ridl. . . 409 Acronychia, Forst. . 347| Afzelia, Smith . . 639] rufibarbis, Ridl. . 4c9 arborea, Bl. . - 347 bijuga, Gray . 639| Ssalicifolia, Ridl. . 403 laurifolia, Bl. - 347| palembanica, Baker 640 Scortechinii, King 403 Porteri, Hook. fil. . 348| retusa, Kurz . . 639| splendens, Koorders 405 Acrotrema, Jack . 7| Agati grandiflora, squamulosa, King 406 Gostatum/iack- = <7 1/5. 'Desv.")) «. . 583] tenuicaulis, Hiern 408 Actinidia, Lindl. . 206} Agelea, Soland. - 552 trichostemon, DC. 407 Championii, Benth. 206 Hullettii, King . 553} Alangium, Lam. > 892 Miquelit, King . 206] pinnata, King - 553 begonizefolium, Adenanthera, Linn. . 653 vestita, Hook. fil. . 553 Baill. . : . 894 bicolor, Moon . 654 Wallichi, Hook. ae 553 ebenaceum, Griff. 893 pavonina, Linn. . 653| Aglaia, Lour. . 401 Lamarckii, Thw. . 892 Adenia, Forsk. . . 840] argentea, BI. . 405 nobile, Harms . 892 acuminata, King . 841 cinerea, King. . 404 Ridleyi, King . 893 grandifolia, Ridl. . 842 cordata, Hievn . 409/ salvifolium, Wang. 892 nicobarica, King . 840| Curtisii, King . 408} tutela, Rid. . . 894 populifolia, Engl. . 841 edulis, Hiern . . 407] uniloculare, King . 894 singaporeana, Engl, 841 Forbesii, King . 406] Albizzia, Duvazz. . 658 Adinandra, Jack A ee glabriflora, Hieyvn . 404| Lebbek, Benth. . 658 acuminata, Korth. 194 Griffithii, Kurz . 409 littoralis, Teysm. . 659 angulata, Ridl. . 195 heteroclita, King . 410} lucida, Benth. . 659 dumosa, Jack . 194 Hiernii, King . 408] moluccana, Mig. . 659 Hullettii, King . 196} humilis, King . 407| myriophylla, Benth. 658 integerrima, Kingiana, Rzdl. . 404| odoratissima, Anders. ; . 196 Kunstleri, King . 406 Benth. “ . 659 macrantha, Teysm. 195! lanuginosa, King . 407! pedicellata, Baker. 659 F1M.P,, t. 897 3M 898 Allomorphia, Bi. alata, Scort. bullata, Cogn. capillaris, Feidl. exigua, Bl. . Griffithii, Hook. fil. hirticalyx, Ridl. malaccensis, Fidl. porphyranthera, oe w Rial, 767, Wrayi, King . Allophylus, Linn. fulvinervis, Bl. glaber, Roxb. scandens, Ridl. ternatus, Lour. villosus, Radlk. Alphonsea, Hook. fil. Curtisii, King cylindrica, King . elliptica, Hook. fil. lucida, King . Maingayi, Hook. fil. sub-dehiscens, King ventvicosa, Hook. fil. Alsodeia, Thouars. capillata, King cinerea, King comosa, King condensa, King dasycaula, Miq. echinocarpa, Korth. floribunda, King grandiflora, Ridl. . hirtella, Ridl. hispida, Ridl. Hookeriana, King Kunstleriana, King lanceolata, Wall. lankawiensis, Ridl. Maingayi, Hook. fil. membranacea, King minutiflora, Ridl. . pachycarpa, King Scortechinii, King Wallichiana, Hook. ji. ; : Wrayi, King . Alsomitra, Benth. clavigera, Roem. Altingia, Novonh. excelsa, Novonh. Alysicarpus, Neck. nummularifolius, DO ay Anerincleistus, Korth. INDEX. Alysicarpus (contd.) vaginalis, DC. 604 Ammannia, Linn. 820 baccifera, Linn. 820 peploides, Spreng. 820 Amoora, Roxb. . 398 cucullata, Roxb. 399 decandra, Hook. fil. - r - 400 lanceolata, Hiern . 399 Maingayi, Hiern 400 malaccensis, Ridl. 399 Ridleyi, King 398 Rohituka, W. & A. 401 rubescens, Hiern . 399 rubiginosa, Hieyn . 398 sumatrana, Miq. 400 AMPELIDEZ 469 Ampelocissus cinna- momea, Planch. 472 gracilis, Planch. . 472 Harmandi, Planch. 471 Martini, Planch. . 471 spicigeva, Planch. . 472 ANACARDIACE Bishi tie Anacardium, Rottb. . 526 occidentale, Linn. 526 Anacolosa, Bl. - 424 heptandra, Maing. 425 Maingayi, Mast. . 425 Anamirta Loureiri, Pierre . : . 107 Anaxagorea, St. Hil. 62 luzonensis, A. Gray 62 Scortechinii, King 62 ANCISTROCLADACE. 250 Ancistrocladus, Wall. 251 extensus, var. 251 pinangianus, Wall. 2 51 776 albiflora, Ridl. 5 FR Barnesii, Rid. op GT Curtisii, Stapf. . 777 fruticosus, Ridl. . 773 grandiflora, Ridl. . 771 Helferi, Hook. fil. 777 macranthus, King 776 pauciflora, Ridl. . 776 Robinsonit, Ridl. . 773 Scortechinii, King 777 ANISOPHYLLEZ . . 700 2} Anisophyllea, Br. . 7o1 apetala, Scort. S702 Curtisii, King B7O2 disticha, Baill. . 7o1 Gaudichaudiana, Baill. . 702 P Anisophyllea (contd.) Griffithii, Oliver Scortechinii, King. Anisoptera, Korth. costata, Korth. Curtisii, King glabra, King . levis, Ridl. marginata, Korth. thurifera, Bl. Anneslea, Wail. crassipes, Hook. i ANONACEZ 7 Anplectrum, Gray anomalum, King . divaricatum, Triana glaucum, Triana lepido-setosum, King’ . pallens, BI. Antitaxis, Miers. fasciculata, Diels lucida, King . Aphanamixis, Bl. . Rohituka, Pierre . sumatrana, Ridl. . Aphania, Bl. . : paucijuga, Radlk. . Ayvachis, Linn. . hypogea, Linn. ARALIACEZ Aralia, Linn. armata, Seem. ferox, Miq. . : Thomsoni, Seem. . Aralidium, Mzq. ; pinnatifidum, M]iq. Arcangelisia, Becc. Loureiri, Diels Archytea, Martius Vahlii, Choisy Aromadendrum, Bl. elegans, Bl. . Artabotrys, R.Br. eostatus, King crassifolius, Hook. fil. ‘ ; gracilis, King : grandifolius, King Lowianus, King . Maingayi, Hook. fil. oblongus, King oxycarpus, King pleurocarpus, Maing. Scortechinii, King suaveolens, Bl. Artabotrys (contd.) venustus, King Wrayi, King . F Aspidopterys, Juss. . concava, Juss. Astronia, Bl. . smilacifolia, Ti. Atalantia, Correa cuspidata, Ridl. floribunda, Wight . hispida, Guillaum. monophylla, Correa Roxburghiana, Hook. fil. . Atylosia, Wight crassa, Prain scarabeoides, Benth. Averrhoa, Linn. Bilimbi, Linn. Carambola, Linn. Axinandra, Thw. é Maingayi, Clarke . Beckia, Linn. frutescens, Linn. BALSAMINACEZ Barclaya, Wall. Kunstleri, Rid. longifolia, Wall. Motleyi, Hook. fil. Barringtonia, Forst. conoidea, Griff. fusiformis, King macrostachya, Kura. : musiformis, King : pauciflora, ‘King pedicellata, Ridl. . racemosa, Rowxb. Scortechinu, King speciosa, Forst. spicata, Bl. sumatrana, Mig. Bauhinia, Linn. acuminata, Linn. . anguina, Roxb. bidentata, Jack bracteata, Grah. calycina, Ridl. cornifolia, Bak. cuprea, Ridl. . Curtisii, Prain diphylla, Ham emarginata, Bak. . ferruginea, Roxb. . 27026 . 629 628 INDEX. PAGE Bauhinia (contd.) Finlaysoniana, Grah. . ‘ + 632 flammifera, Ridl. . 631 glabrifolia, Bak. . 634 glauca, Wail. 626 Griffithiana, Pvain 628 holosericea, Ridl. . 631 Hullettii, Prain . 627 integrifolia, Roxb. 631 Kingii, Prain 11632 lucida, Wall. . 7.630 micrantha, Ridl. . 633 mollissima, Wall. . 626 monticola, Ridl. . 630 purpurea, Linn. . 634 Ridleyi, Prain > 628 Scortechinii, Prain 631 semibifida, Roxb. . 627 strychnoidea, Prain 633 suffruticosa, Ridl. . 628 tomentosa, Linn. . 634 Wrayi, Prain 2632 Beddomea, Hook. fil. racemosa, idl. 413 BEGONIACE 853 Begonia, Linn. . 853 barbellata, Ridl. 856 carnosula, Ridl. 857 clivalis, Ridl. 857 Curtisii, Rid. 856 debilis, King . 858 decora, Stapf 863 eiromischa, Ridl. . 860 Forbesii, King 855 guttata, Wail. 858 Haniffii, Burkill 856 Hasskarlii, Zoll. 860 hernandiefolia, Hook. fil. 860 Herveyana, King . 861 hirtella, Link. . 864 isoptera, Dryand . 855 isopteroidea, King 856 Klossii, Ridl. . 861 leucantha, Ridl. . 857 longicaulis, Ridl. . 862 Lowiana, King . 864 Maxwelliana, King 863 monticola, Ridl. . 862 paupercula, King . 862 pavonina, Ridl. . 863 peltata, Hassk. . 860 perakensis, King . 861 phoeniogramma, Ridl. . 858 preciava, King . 863 899 PAGE Begonia (contd.) Rajah, Ridl . 855 rhoephila, Ridl. . 860 Robinsonii, Ridl. . 863 Scortechinii, King 860 sibthorpioides, Ridl. 858 sinuata, Wail. . 856 thaipingensis, King 857 tricornis, idl. . 854 variabilis, Ridl. . 858 venusta, King G62 Wrayi, Hemsl. . 855 Benincasa cerifera, Sat 852 Berchemia trichantha, Miq. - 468 Berrya, Roxb. 299 Ammonilla, Roxb. 299 Biophytum, DC. - 330 adiantoides, Wight 331 Reinwardtu, Walp. 331 sensitivum, DC. . 331 BIXACE 4, 252 Bixa, Linn. e252 Orellana, Linn. . 252 Bixagrewia nico- barica, Kurz. . 307 Blastus, Lour. . 773 Cogniauxii, Stapf. 773 pulverulentus, Ftidl. 774 Boschia, Korth. . 265 Griffithii, Mast. . 265 Brachylophon, Oliver . 25329 Curtisii, Oliver . 329 Hullettii, King i320) Scortechinii, King 329 Brassaia, Endl. . . 883 singaporensis, Ridl. 883 Brassaiopsis, Decne . 887 elegans, Ridl. . 888 palmata, Kurz. . 887 Brownlowia, IRovb. . 291 kleinhovioidea, King . 292 lanceolata, Benth. 291 lepidota, Warb. . 292 macrophylla, King 292 Riedelii, Hemsl. . 292 Scortechinii, King 292 Brucea, Mill. . . 301 sumatrana, Roxb. . 361 Bruguiera, Lam. 694 caryophylloides, Bi. 695 eriopetala, Wight . 695 gymnorhiza, Lam. 695 parviflora, Wight . 695 \ INDEX, 518 | Calophyllum (conid.) goo PAGE Buchanania acuminata, Hook. fil. : a . 519 florida var. King . 518 lucida, Bl. a . 518 petiolaris, Miq. . 518 sessilifolia, Bl. - 519 Bucklandia, Br, . 691 populnea, By. . 691 BURSERACEZ . 368 Byttneria, Linn. . 286 brevipes, Ridl. = 207 Curtisii, Oliv. we 2o7, elegans, Ridl. . 288 elliptica, Mast. . 288 Jackiana, Wall. . 287 Maingayi, Mast. . 286 CACTACE . : . 865 Cesalpinia, Linn. . 648 Bonduc, Roxb. . 649 Bonducella, Flem. 649 digyna, Rottl. . 651 nuga, Ait. . 650 parviflora, Prain . 650 sappan, Linn. . 649 sepiaria, Roxb. . 650 stipularis, Ridl. . 651 tortuosa, Roxb. . 651 Cajanus, Spreng . 615 indicus, Spreng . 615 Calliandra umbrosa, Benth. . 665 Calophyllum, Linn. . 181 canum, Hook. fil. . 185 Curtisii, King . 185 ferrugineum, Ridl. 184 floribundum, Hook. fil. g : . 184 foetidum, Rid. . 186 Griffithii, Anders. . 187 inophylloide, King 186 inophyllum, Linn. 186 Kunstleri, King . 182 lanceola, Ridl. . 182 macrocarpum, Hook. fil. . 187 marginatum, W. all. 188 microphyllum, Anders. . 182 molle, King . 185 neriifolium, Rid/. . 188 oblongifolium, Ridl. . 184 parvifolium, Vesque 182 gasifier ust Planch. 184 Prainianum, King pulcherrimum Wie ee retusum, Wall. rotundifolium, BAG A 8S rupicolum, Fidl. . spectabilis, Willd.. subsessile, King tetvapetalum, Roxb. venustum, King Wallichianum, Planch, Calycopteris, Lam. floribunda, Lam. Campimia, Ridl, Wrayi, Ridl. . Campnosperma, Thw. auriculata, Hook. fil. Griffithii, March. macrophylla, Hook. fil, oxyrachys, Engl. Wallichu, King Canangium, Baill. Brandesanum, Saft. latifolium, Pierre . monosperma, Hook. odoratum, Baill. Scortechinu, King Canarium, Linn. caudatum, King commune, Linn. denticulatum, Bl. glaucum, Bi. . grandiflorum, Benn. . 4 hirtellum, Benn. hispidum, Bl. kadondon, Benn. . Kunstleri, King laxum, Benn. littorale, Bl. . nitidum, Benn. parvifolium, Benn. Planchoni, King pilosum, Benn. purpurascens, Benn. . rubiginosum, Benn. . rufum, Benn. secundum, Benn. subcordatum, idl. . 374 a7” SS, 374 Canavalia, DC. . ensiformis, Bak. gladiata, DC, lineata, Prain obtusifolia, DC. obtusifolia, Prain . turgida, Grah. 2|Cantleya, Ridl. . johorica, Rid. CAPPARIDACE# , Capparis, Linn. cucurbitina, King diffusa, Ridl. . Finlaysoniana, Wall. , Kunstleri, King larutensis, King micracantha, DC. paniculata, Rid. perakensis, Ridl. pubiflora, var. Scortechinii, King- sepiaria, Linn. Carallia, Roxb. . eugenioidea, King. euryoides, Ridl. integerrima, DC. . lucida, King . montana, Ridl. Scortechinii, King spinulosa, idl. suffruticosa, Ridl. Carapa, Aubl, moluccensis, Lam. obovata, Bl. . Cardiospermum,Linn. 4 Halicacabum,Linn. Careya, Roxb. arborea, Roxb. CARYOPHYLLACEZ Caryospermum vulatum, Miq. Casearia, Jacq. . albicans, Wall, Clarkei, King. coriacea, Vent. esculenta, Rowvb. . flexula, Rid. flexuosa, Ridl. grewiefolia, Vent. Kunstleri, King latifolia, Rid. leucolepis, Turcz . Lobbiana, Turez . macrocarpa, Clarke variabilis, Bl. velutinosa, Ridl. Séyv- ) s att Sidi pet sh a bh ss oe ate a — Cassia, Linn. PAGE . 616 alata, Linn. . 619 fistula, Linn. . 620 glauca, Lam.. . 616 hirsuta, Linn. . 618 javanica, Linn. . 619 Leschenaultiana, DG! : . 619 mimosoides, Linn. 619 nodosa, Ham. . 616 obtusifolia, Linn. . 618 occidentalis, Linn. 618 siamea, Lam. » O17 sophera, Linn. . 620 timoriensis, DC. . 617 Tora, Linn. . . 618 Cedrela, Linn. . 415 febrifuga, Forst. . 415 CELASTRINEZ . 443 Celastrus, Linn. . 450 Championii, King 451 malayensis, Ridl. . 451 paniculata, Willd. 451 Centrosema, Benth. . 615 Plumieri, Benth. . 615 Cephalandra, Schrader . 849 indica, Naud. . 849 Ceriops, Ayn. . 693 Candolleana, Ayn . 694 Cissampelos, Linn. . 114 Pareira, Linn. rua Cissus carnosa, Roxb. 478 discolor, Bot. Mag. 477 spicifera, Griff. . 472 Citrus, Zinn: - 358 hystrix, DC. . - 358 malaccensis, Fidl.. 359 medica, Linn. - 358 Citrullus vulgaris, Linn. . . 853 Clausena, Burm. 352 excavata, Burm. . 352 Clematis, Linn. é I smilacifolia, Wall.. I Cleome, Linn. 11g aculeata, Linn. 120 Hullettii, King 120 viscosa, Linn. 11g Clidemia, Don. . 806 hirta, Don. 807 Clitoria, Linn. . 569 cajanifolia, Benth. 569 Ternatea, Linn. 569 Clypea corymbosa, Blew: : 113 CHAILLETIACEE 415 INDEX. gol PAGE PAGE Chailletia, DC. . . 416] Columbia (contd.) deflexifolia, Tuvcz. 418] integrifolia, Ridl. . 306 Griffithii, Hook. fil. 419] serratifolia, DC. . 306 Helferiana, Kurz. 417|COMBRETACEZ . . 703 Hookeri, King . 418|Combretum, Linn. . 707 Laurocerasus, acuminatum, Roxb. 708 Planch. . 417| chinense, Roxb. . 709 setosa, King . . 419 extensum, Roxb. . 709 sordida, Ridl. . 418 Kunstleri, King . 710 tenuifolia, King . 416 nigrescens, King . 710 tesselata, King . 416] Scortechinii, King 710 Chartacalyx accres- squamosum, Roxb. 709 cens, Mast. . 298] sundaicum, Mig. . 708 Chickrassia, Juss. . 415 tetralophum, Clarke 708 tabularis, Juss. . 415 trifoliatum, Vent. . 708 Chisocheton, Bl. . 386| Wrayi, King . . 710 annulatus, King . 386|Commersonia, Forsk. 288 divergens, Bl, . 390] echinata, Bl. . . 288 erythrocarpus, platyphylla, Andr. 288 Hiern . . 388 | CONNARACEA . 544 fragrans, Hiern . 390|Connarus, Linn. - 544 glomeratus, Hiern. 389| ellipticus, King . 547 holocalyx, Hiern . 390 ferrugineus, Jack . 545 Kunstleri, King . 388] grandis, Jack - 547 laxiflorus, King . 390 Griffithii, Hook. fil. 546 macrophyllus, hebephyllus, King . 547 King . 389 igneus, Wall.. » 554 macrothyrsus, King 389| Maingayi, Hook. pauciflorus, King . 387 fil. - 547 patens, Bl. . . 390| odoratus, ‘Hook. fil. 547 penduliflorus, oligophyllus, Wall. 546 Planch. i . 388 semidecandrus, princeps, Hemsl. . 388 Jack. . : - 546 rubiginosus, King . 389 villosus, Jack. - 547 spicatus, Hiern . 387|Connaropsis, Planch. 332 Cnestis, Juss. . 554 glabra, Ridl. . BR flaminea, Griff. . 554 Griffithii, Planch. . 332 ramiflora, Griff. . 554| laxa, Ridl. . 333 Coccomelia, Ridl. . 671 macrophylla, King 334 nitida, Ridl. . EO a monophylla, Cocculus, DC. . 110 Planch. 332 elegans, Ridl. reD sericea, [idl. . . 334 Kunstleri, King . 10 simplicifolia, Rzdl. 334 membranaceus, Corchorus, Linn. . 305 Wall. . ‘ el L2 acutangulus, Linn. 306 ovalifolius, DC. . 110 capsularis, Linn. . 305 Cochlospermum, Kth, 252 olitorius, Linn. . 305 a Hook. tridens, Linn. . 305 . 252 | CORNACER . 889 Sees "Benth. . 266|Coscinium, Colebr. . 106 Griffithii, Benth. . 266 Blumeanum, Miers 106 Colubrina, Rich. . 465| fenestratum, Hook. anomala, King . 465 : i : . 106 asiatica, Brngn. . 465 Maingayi, Pierre . 106 Columbia, DC. . . 306 Wallichianum, Curtisii, Ridl. pr 307, Miers + L0G diptera, zdl. . 307] Crateva, Linn. 125 go2 PAGE INDEX, Cratzeva (conid.) macrocarpa, Kurz. religiosa, Forst. Cratoxylon, Bi. arborescens, Bl. cuneatum, Miq. Maingayi, Dyer Wightii, B/. Crotalaria, Linn. alata, Ham. albida, Heyne chinensis, Linn. incana, Linn. laburnifolia, Linn. quinquefolia, Linn. . 501 =” 563 semperfiorens, Vent. . 561 retusa, Linn. Saltiana, Andy. sericea, Retz . sessiliflora, Linn. . . 562 . 562 . 501 Hb Matte) - 643 - 645 - 644 - 644 - 645 - 644 . 646 - 645 stviata, DC. uncinella, Lam. verrucosa, Linn. CRUCIFERZ - Crudia, Schreb. . brevipes, Ridl. caudata, Prain Curtisii, Prain Evansii, Rid. glauca, Prain gracilis, Prain lanceolata, Ridl. pendulifilora, Ridl. Scortechinii, Prain . 646 . 646 o2r prevail 622 . 821 . 821 423 grandifolius, Oliv.. speciosa, Prain Wrayi, Prain. Crypteronia, Bi. glabra, Bl. 7 Griffithii, Clarke paniculata, Bl, pubescens, Bl. Ctenolophon, Oliv. parvifolius, Oliv. CUCURBITACEE Cucurbita, Linn. maxima, Duch. Pepo, Linn. Cucumis sativus, Linn. . Cupania adenophylla, Planch. : fuscescens, Bl. 125 THES WED 52 Tass - 153 formosum, Benth. . 153 - 154 microphyllum, M7. polyanthum, Iorih. 153 152 . 152 - 559 . 560 . 561 . 560 ferruginea, Grah. . . 562 560 563 563 562 560 645 644 423 21A23 . 842 - 853 . 853 . 853 853 . 507 . 508 Cupania (contd.) fuscidula, Kurz glabrata, Hiern. Griffithiana, Kurz. Lessertiana, Camb. pallidula, Hiern pleuropteris, Bl. Curtisina, Ridl. . penangensis, fzdl. Cyathocalyx, Champ. Maingayi, Hook. fil. virgatus, King Cyathostemma, Griff, acuminatum, King Hookeri, King . Scortechinii, King . viridiflorum, Griff. Wrayi, King . Cyclea, Arn, elegans, King. laxiflora, Miers Cynometra, Linn. ineequalifolia, Gray polyandra, Roxb. . ramiflora, Linn. Dalbergia, Linn. fil. . candenatensis, Prain. Curtisii, Prain Hullettii, Prain . Junghuhnii, Bak. . Kunstleri, Prain . menoeides, Prain . monosperma, Dalz. parviflora, Roxb. . phyllanthoides, Bi. pseudo-sissoo, Miq. rostrata, Grah. Scortechinii, Prain sennoides, Bl. stercoracea, Maing. sub-sympathetica, Prain . ; tamarindifolia, Roxb. . torta, Grah. velutina, Benth. Dapania, Korth. scandens, Stapf. Dasyloma laciniatum, Miq. DATISCACE® Decaschistia pulchella, Ridl. Delima, Linn. levis, Maing. E Delima (contd.) sarmentosa, Linn. Delpya muricata, Pierre . Dendropanax, Decne lancifolia, Ridl. Maingayi, King parviflorum, Clarke Derris, Lour. affinis, Benth. amcena, Benth. cuneifolia, Benth. . dalbergioides, Bak. . elegans, Benth. elliptica, Benth. floribunda, Prain . Maingayana, Bak. malaccensis, Prain scandens, Benth. sinuata, Thw. thyrsiflora, Benth. uliginosa, Benth. Yappii, Craib Desmodium, Desv. capitatum, DC. gangeticum, DC. . gyroides, DC. heterophyllum, DC. laburnifolium, DC. laxum, DC. . megaphyllum, Zoll. ormocarpoides, DC, ovalifolium, Wall. polycarpum, DC. . pulchellum, Bak. . rugosum, Prain scalpe, DC. . triflorum, DC. trifoliastrum, Miq. triquetrum, DC. umbellatum, DC. . vestitum, Bak. virgatum, Zoll. Desmos, Lour. . chinensis, Lour. Cochinchinensis, Lour. . dasymaschala, Saff. dumosa, Saff. Dunalii, Saff. filipes, Rzdl. Dialium, Linn. . ambiguum, Prain . indum, Linn. Kingii, Prain Kunstleri, Prain laurinum, Bak. ; PAGE Dialium (contd.) Maingayi, Bak. . 622 patens, Bak. . =) O22 platysepalum, Bak. 623 Wallichii, Prain . 623 Dichapetalum malac- cense, Engl. . 4LS Dichroa, Lour. . . 681 febrifuga, Lour. . 681 DILLENIACEZ . j 3 Dillenia, Linn. . x4 LO aurea, Sm. . EE grandifolia, Wall. . 11 indica, Linn. . a LO) meliosmefolia, Hook. fil. . rT? ornata, Wall. . Be (ee ovata, Wail. . a LE reticulata, King . I1 Scortechinii, Ridl.. 12 Dioclea, H.B.K. y SY) javanica, Benth. . 571 reflexa, Hook. fil. . 571 Diploclisia, Miers . 107 Kunstleri, Diels . 107 DIPTEROCARPACEZ . 209 Dipterocarpus, Gaertn. 5 > 205 cornutus, Dyer . 215 costatus, Gaerin. . 217 crinitus, Dyer 2 LA Duperreanus, Pierre 214 fagineus, Vesque . 216 grandiflorus, Blanco 216 Kerrii, King . De2t5 Kunstleri, King . 216 oblongifolius, Bl. . 216 prismaticus, Dyer . 216 pulchervimus, Ridl, 216 pterygocalyx, Scheff. - ~ VALS rigidus, Ridl.. ne 2E7 Scortechinii, King 214 Skinneri, King . 214 Disepalum, Hook. fil. 63 anomalum, Hook. fu. : : ~ 103 longipes, King ne 25) Dissocheta, Bl. . 796 annulata, Hook. fil. 796 anomala, King . 798 bracteata, Bl. oT celebica, Bl. . - 798 gracilis, Bl. . . 797 hirsuta, Hook. fil. . 797 intermedia, Bl. . 798 pallida, Bl... 7797 INDEX. PAGE Dissocheta (contd.) punctulata, Hook. fil. oe «790 - Scortechinii, King. 798 Dodoneza, Linn. . 509 Burmanniana, DC. 510 viscosa, Jacq. . 510 Dolichos, Linn. . 615 Lablab, Linn. . 615 Doona multiflora, Burck. : 237 Dracontomelum, Bl. 543 mangiferum, Bi, 543 Drepananthus, Maing. 37 carinatus, Ridl. . 38 pruniferus, Maing. 37 ramuliflorus, Maing. 38 DROSERACEZ . . 687 Drosera, Linn. . . 687 Burmanni, Vahl. . 688 indica, Linn. . . 688 Drymaria, Willd. . 150 cordata, Willd. . 150 Dryobalanops, Gaerin. : 210 aromatica, Gaertn. 210 Beccariana, Dyey . 211 Camphora, Colebr. 210 Duabanga, Ham. . 824 sonneratioides, Ham, . a oe4 Dunbaria, Wight . 563 Scortechinii, Pyain 563 Durio, Linn. . 261 lanceolatus, Mast. 263 Lowianus, Scort. . 263 macrophyllus, Ridl. . ‘ . 264 malaccensis, Planch. : 262 Oxleyanus, Griff. . . 263 pinangianus, Rzd/. 264 Singaporensis, idl. 263 testitudinarum, IBecetn. : . 264 Wrayi, King . . 264 zibethinus, Linn.. 261 Dysoxylum, BI. . 390 acutangulum, Mig. 393 alliaceum, var. Ridl. 392 alternatum, Ridl. . 397 angustifolium, king 392 arborescens, Mig. 391 brevipes, Hiern . 394 cauliflorum, Hiern. 396 costulatum, Mig. 394 903 PAGE Dysoxylum (contd.) densiflorum, Mig.. 396 dumosum, King . 392 flavescens, Hiern . 396 Griffithii, Hiern . 396 interruptum, King 392 macrothyrsum, Miq. . : - 394 Maingayi, Hiern . 391 microbotrys, King . 395 papillosum, King . 397 pulchrum, Ridl. . 395 rugulosum, King . 397 thyrsoideum, Griff. 393 turbinatum, King 394 venulosum, King . 393 Eleocarpus, Linn. . 309 acmosepalus, Stapf. 314 Acvonodia, Mast. . 319 apiculatus, Mast. . 318 Barnardii, Burkill . 317 cyanocarpa, Maing. 310 eriobotryoides, IRS, 11320 floribundus, BI. 7 rs Ganitrus, Rovb. . 310 glabrescens, Mast. 319 Griffithii, Mast. . 316 Hullettii, King . 316 integer, Mast. Reet Jackianus, Wall. . 318 Kunstleri, King . 317 leptomischus, Iidl. 320 leptostachyus,Wall. 314 macrocaypa, Ridl. 321 Mastersii, King, . 319 monoceva, Cav. . 317 monticola, Ridl. . 312 nitidus, Jack. 5 ines obtusus, Bl. . es ney, paniculatus, Wall. 315 parvifolius, Wall. . 310 pedunculatus, Wall. 316 petiolatus, Wall. . 315 polystachyus, W. all. 319 punctatus, King . 320 reticosus, Ridl. . 321 reticulatus, Ridl. . 320 vigida, Ridl. . . 313 robustus, Roxb. . 313 rugosus, Roxb. . 318 salicifolius, King . 313 sevvatus, Roxb. . 313 stipularis, Bl. . 311 Wrayi, King . Se cuneatum, Hiern . Bae Wiscdeadren Jacq. fil. 453 904 PAGE Eleodendron (contd.) subrotundum, King . : Ellipanthus, Hook. fil. Curtisii, King gibbosus, King > 453 - 548 . 548 - 549 Griffithii, Hook. fil. 548 Scortechinii, King 548 Ellipeia, Hook. fil. cuneifolia, Hook. fil : glabra, Hook. fil. . leptopoda, King nervosa, Hook. fil. pumila, King Embamma cordigera, Griff. . : Entada, Adans . Purse@tha, Schiff. scandens, Benth. . Schefferi, Ridl. spiralis, Rzdl. Enterolobium Saman, Prain . 5 Epirhizanthes, Bi. elongata, Bl. . Eriobotrya, Lindl. bengalensis, Hook. . 681 fil. Eriodendron anfrac- tuosum, DC. Erioglossum, BI. edule, Bl. Eriosema, DC. . chinense, Vogel. Eryngium, Linn. foetidum, Linn. Erythrina, Linn. atrosanguinea, idl. indica, Linn. . _ lithosperma, Mig. “ _ -ovalifolia, Roxb. * rostrata, Ridl. suberosa, Roxb. Erythrochiton Walli- chianum, Griff. . Erythropalum, Bl. scandens, Bi. vagum, Mast. 35 Erythropsiggndl. fulgens, idl. Erythrospermum, Lam. . : 157 Scortechinit, King 157 Erythroxylon, Linn. 324 burmanicum, Griff. 324 Jambos, Linn. INDEX. PAGE Eugenia, Linn. LS acuminatissima, Kurz. . - J47 alata, Ridl. - 743 anisosepala, Duthie 736 aquea, Burm. 724 auriculata, Ridl. . 726 balsamea, Wight . 754 Benjamina, King. 734 Bernardi, King . 750 brachiata, Duthie . 744 bracteolata, Wight. 747 Burkilliana, King 735 caudata, King . 740 cauliflova, Ridl. . 724 chlorantha, Duthie 734 chloroleuca, King 744 cinerea, Wail. - 744 Clarkeana, King . 732 claviflora, Roxb. . 742 clypeolata, Ridl. . 754 colovata, Duthie . 752 conglomerata, Duthie. 3 - 742 cordifoliata, Ridl. 736 corrugata, King . 732 crenulata Duthie . 751 Curtisii, King - 749 cymosa, Linn. eT cyrtophylloides, Ridl. . - 749 densiflora, Duthie . 728 Duthieana, King . 731 Dyeriana, King . 732 Evansii, Ridl. TAT expansa, Duthie . 745 filiformis, Wall. . 740 formosa, King . 725 Foxworthyi, Ridl. 728 fusiformis, Duthie 727 Gageana, King . 729 garcinifolia, King . 730 glauca, King . aN 737 Goodenovii, King 731 grandis, Wight . 729 Graeme-Ander- sonie, idl. af A3 grata, Wight . 5 BO Griffithii, Duthie . 731 Helferi, Duthie . 735 Hemsleyana, King 732 Hoseana, King . 733 Hullettiana, King 735 inasensis, King . 751 inophylla, Roxb. . 750 Jambolana, Linn. 754 “ig24 PAGE Eugenia (conid.) jasminifolia, Ridl. . ‘ - 740 javanica, Linn. . 726 johorensis, Ridl. . 725 jugalis, Ridl. . eres) Klossii, Rid. tava Koordersiana, King . ae Kunstleri, King - 746 levicaulis, Duthie 749 laxiuscula, Ridl. . 750 lepidocarpa, Wall. 730 leptantha, Wight . 741 limnea, Ridl. 729 lineata, Duthie . 738 linocieroidea, King 749 longicauda, Ridl. . 752 Maingayi, Duthie 742 malaccensis, Linn. 724 microcalyx, Duthie 745 mollis, King . . 728 myriantha, Jing . 745 myrtifolia, Roxb . 750 nemoricola, Ridl. . 725 nigricans, King . 751 oblata, Roxb. . - 749 oblongifolia, Duthie 744 operculata, Roxb. . 754 oreophila, Ridl. . . 753 pachyphylla, Kurz. 733 pahangensis, Ridl. 751 pallidula, Ridl. . 748 papillosa, Duthie . 730 pauper, Ridl. - 745 Pearsoniana, King 751 penangiana, Duthie 740 pendens, Duthie . 726 perakensis, King . 726 pergamentacea, King . » 732 plumbea, King 9 2e polita, King . - 739 polyantha, Wight . 742 perpen Ridl ey 7/ Prainiana, King . 750 pseudo-formosa, King : gga pseudo-glauca, Radl.. « ‘ . am pseudo-subtilis, King . . 746 pseudo-tetraptera, King . 439 punctulata, King - 747 : PAGE Eugenia (contd.) pustulata, Duthie . 736 pyrifolia, Duthie . 738 quadrata, King 730 rhomboidea, Ridl. 753 Ridleyi, King - 735 Robinsoniana, hid. . : BBA Rostadonis, Ridl.. 727 salictoides, Ridl. . 728 scalarinervis, King . : . 726 scoparia, Wall .. 748 Scortechinii, King . : + 725 selangorensis, Ridl. 730 setosa, King . - 755 siamensis, Craib . 726 INDEX. Eurycoma, Jack. apiculata, Benn. longifolia, Jack. Euthemis, Jack. elegantissima, Wall. . leucocarpa, Jack. . minor, Jack. pulcherrima, Wall. Evodia, Forst. glabra, BUSS latifolia, DC. macrocarpa, King malayana, Fidl. pachyphylla, ing . pedunculosa, Hook, fil. pilulifera, K ing robusta, Hook. fil. ; Roxburghiana, Hook. fil. . simplicifolia, Ridl. Ewyckia galeata, Korth. Feronia, Gaevin. elephantum, Correa Fibraurea, Lour. chloroleuca, Miers tinctoria, Hook. 1. : FICOIDEZ . FLACOURTIACEZ Flacourtia, Commers Cataphracta, Roxb. skiophila, Duthie . 755 spissifolia, Ridl. . 753 Stapfiana, King . 753 subdecussata, Duthie : 752 subhorizontalis, King... 1 733 subrufa, King - 733 Swettenhamiana, King . _. 736, 755] tahanensis, Ridl. . 752 tecta, King » 739 Thumra, Roxb. var. 7-734 tiumanensis, Ridl. 725 trunciflora, Ridl. . 724 urceolata, King . 742 valdevenosa, Duthie - 743 Valetoniana, King 731 variolosa, King . 736 venulosa, Wall. . 746 verecunda, Duthie 748 viridescens, Ridl. . 752 Wrayi, King . - 753 zeylanica, Wight . 738 Euonymus, Linn. . 445 javanicus, Bl. . 445 rufulus, Ridl. - 446 Wrayi, King . . 446 Euphoria ite ba Radl. . . 503 setosa, Radlk, . 503 Eurya, Thunb. . 199 acuminata, DC. . 199 angustifolia, Wall. 199 monticola, Ridl. . 199 trichocarpa, Korth. 200 Wrayi, King . 199 Rukam, Zoll. sepiaria, Roxb. Flemingia, Roxb. congesta, Roxb. strobilifera, R.By. Fordia, Hemsl. . pauciflora, Prain. Gaerinera vacemosa, Roxb. Garcinia, Linn. . Andersoni, Hook. fil. atroviridis, Griff. . bancana, Mzq. clusiefolia, Rid. costata, Hemsl. Curtisii, Ridl. cuspidata, King densiflora, King 905 PAGE PAGE 361 | Garcinia (conid.) 363 diversifolia, King 171 362 dulcis, Kurz. 179 367 dumosa, King ys. eugeniefolia, Wall. 169 368| fascicularis, Wall. 172 368 Forbesii, King 175 368 Gaudichaudii, 368 Planch. 7 341 globulosa, Ridl . 176 342 glomerata, Vesque 179 342 Griffithii, Anders. 174 344 Hombroniana, 342 Pierre : yo L7E Kunstleri, King . 177 344] lanceolata, Ridl. . 170 malaccensis, Hook. 345 fi. . ‘ 172 344| Maingayi, Hook. fil. 173 343 Mangostana, Linn. 172 merguensis, Wight 169 342| minutiflora, Ridl. 176 345] monantha, Ridl. . 176 montana, Ridl. . 175 808 Murdochii, Ridl. . 175 nervosa, Mzq. 179 359] nigrolineata, Planch. 176 359 opaca, King . 171, 178 105| parvifolia, Mig. . 177 105 penangiana, Pierre 172 Prainiana, King . 180 105 pyrifera, Ridl. . 180 866 rostrata, Benth. . 169 155 Scortechinii, King 177 157| uniflora, King BGG 158| urophylla, Scort. . 178 157 Wrayi, King . 169 158|Geissaspis, Wight . 600 565 cristata, W. & A.. 600 506 | Glinus, Linn. a 807s 505 mollugo, Fenzl. . 867 © . 586] Gluta, Linn. . 520% 586 ®enghas, Lith. 59 coarctata, Hook. fil. : . 527 2828 elegans, Kurz. . 527 . 167] lanceolata, Ridl. . 527 venghas, Engl. 2527 179 virosa, Ridl,.. . 528 273). Wrays, King 7.21528 . 174|Glycosmis, Correa . 348 . 174] crassifolia, Ridl. . 349 bas citrifolia, Lindl. . 349 ‘ELS elata, Ridl. - 351 Sagat macrocarpa, 79 Wight . > 349 906 Glycosmis (con#d.) INDEX. E Gordonia, Ellis macrophylla, Lindl. 349 malayana, Ridl. . 350 monticola, Ridl. . 350 pee, Hook. - 349 Reet Lindl. 351 rupestris, Ridl. . 350 sapindoides, Lindl. 351 tomentella, Ridl. . 350 eS sae , > 446 ae. Prain 446 Scortechinii, King 447 Gomphandra, Wall. 426 affinis, Mast. 427 gracilis, King 429 lanceolata, King . 428 Maingayi, King 429 nyssifolia, King . 427 ophirensis, Fzdl. 427 penangiana, Wall. 427 puberula, Ridl. 429 pubescens, Fd. 429 salicifolia, Ridl. 429 Gomphia, Schreb. 365 corymbosa, Ridl. . 367 Hookeri, Planch. . 366 microphylla, Ridl. 365 sumatrana, Jack 365 Goniothalamus, Bl. . 63 caudifolius, Ridl. . 65 Curtisii, King 27168 fulvus, Hook. fil. . 68 giganteus, Hook. fil. 65 Kunstleri, King 67 macrophyllus, Hook. fil. 66 malayanus, Hook. fil. 66 Prainianus, King . 5 alate} Ridleyi, King. 68 Scortechinii, King 67 subevenius, King. 64 Tapis, Mzq. ben 0;/ tenuifolius, King . 64 uvarioides, King . 69 Wrayi, King . 65 Gonocaryum, Mig. . 431 crassifolium, Ridl. 432 longe-racemosum, King 431 GONYSTYLACE 321 Gonystylus, Teysm. 322 Maingayi, Hook. fil. 322 concentricicatrix, Burk. . 4 excelsa, King gvandis, King hirtella, Ridl. imbricata, King Maingayi, Dyer multinervis, King . penangensis, F7dl. Scortechinii, King singaporeana, Wall. taipingensis, Burkill . 204 Gossypium braziliense, Macfad. Gouania, Linn. javanica, Mig. . leptostachya, DC. Grewia, Linn. antidesmefolia, King . erythrocarpa, ‘Ridl. fibrocarpa, Mast. florida, Miq. . globulifera, Mast. . latifolia, Mast. laurifolia, Mast. Miqueliana, King . omphacarpa, Mzq. paniculata, Roxb. . umbellata, Mast. . Griffithia, Maing. cupularis, King fusca, King . magnoliepetala, Maing. : : Guatteria _ biglandu- losa, Bl. : laterifiora, Bl. sumatvana, Miq. . Guilandina Bonduc, Linn. . ‘ Bonducella, Linn. . Guioa, Cav. fuscidula, Radlk. microphylla, Radlk. pleuropteris, Radlk. pubescens, Radlk. . squamosa, Radlk. GUTTIFERE . Gymnopetalum, Arn. cochinchinense, EUy2 = integrifolium, “Kurz quinquelobum, Mig. 846 846 - 847 PAGE Gymnosporia, Wight 451 Curtisii, King - 451 Gynandropsis, DC. . 120 pentaphylla, DC. . 120 Gymnostemma, Bl, . 851 pedata, BI. . 851 Habzelia ferruginea, Hook. fil. 93 HALORAGE . 692 Haloragis disticha, Jack . . 701 micrantha, Br. . 692 HAMAMELIDEZ . . 609 Hancea Pierrei, Pierre 238 Harmandia, Pierre . 421 Kunstleri, King . 421 Harpullia, Roxb. . 510 confusa, Bl. + SIS cupanioides, King . 510 Harrisonia, By. . . 360 Bennettii, Hook. fil. 360 Brownii, Juss. - 360 Hederopsis, Clarke . 888 Maingayi, Clarke . 888 Helicteres, Linn. . 280 angustifolia, Linn. 282 hirsuta, Lour. -. 2am Isora, Linn, “E285 viscida, Bl. AME Hemigyrosa longifolia, Hiern. . r Heptapleurum, Gaertn. a affine, King . 879 avene, King . . 875 biternatum, Clarke. 881 cephalotes, Clarke . 875 coriifolium, Ridl. . 875 Curtis, King . 882 elegans, Ridl. . . 878 glomerulatum, Ridl. 876 heterophyllum,Seem. 881 Hullettii, King 2 897 latifoliatum, King . 877 luridum, King . 875 nervosum, King 879 pergamaceum, Hassk. 876 Ridleyi, King. 879 scandens, Seem. 878 Scortechinii, King . 876 singalanense, Seem. 877 subracemosum, King 878 subulatum, Seem. . 878 tomentosum, Hassk. 877 triste, King . 875 INDEX. 907 PAGE PAGE , PAGE Hepitapleurum (contd.) Hydnocarpus, Gaertn. 159 | Impatiens (conid.) venulosum, Seem. . 880 castanea, Hook. fil. 159 Griffithii, Hook. fil. 336 Wrayi, King . . 882 cucurbitina, King . 161 macrosepala, Hook. Heritiera, Ait. . 1279 Curtisii, King = 3066) fil. : A = 339 elata, Ridl. . . 280] ilicifolia, King LOT mirabilis, Hook. fil. 337 littoralis, Dry. 1279 nana, King . 159| oncidioides, Ridl. . 337 Heynea, Roxb. . A Scortechinii, King . 161 peltata, Hook. fil. . 339 trijuga, Roxb. . 413 Wrayi, King . » DOr polycycla, Hook. fil. 336 Hibiscus, Linn. . . 257) Hydrocera, Bi. . . 340 Ridleyi, Hook. fil. . 339 Abelmoschus, Linn. 258 angustifolia, Bl. . 340 sarcantha,Hook. fil. 336 esculentus, Linn. . 257] triflova, Wight - 340 Scortechinii, Hook. floccosus, Mast. . 259} Hydrocotyle, Linn. . 869 fil. é ; - 339 macrophyllus, Roxb. 258 asiatica, Linn. . 869] Vaughani, Hook.fil. 338 mutabilis, Linn. . 257 javanica, Thunb. . 869 Wrayi, Hook. fil. . 336 schizopetalus, Hook. rotundifolia, Roxb. 870] Indigofera, Linn. . 580 UL. - ; . 257] HYPERICACE . . 151 Finlaysoniana, surattensis, Linn. . 258] Hypericum, Linn. . 151 Grah. . ; . 581 syriacus, Linn. . 257| japonicum, Thunb. 152] galegoides, Prain . 581 tiliaceus, Linn. . 259] Hypserpa, Miers Pei hirsuta, Linn. . 580 Hippocratea, Linn. . 454 cuspidata, Miers . 111 tinctoria, Linn. . 581 cumingii, Laws. . 455| triflova, King . . 111 | Inga Saman, Willd. . 665 ferruginea, King . 455 lodes, Bl. . - 434 indica, Willd. . 455| Icicaster, Ridl. sor oblonga, Planch. 435 macvantha, King . 455 Planchoni, Ridl. . 381 ovalis, Bl. ig - 435 Maingayi, Laws. . 456|ILIcINEz . 2 437 reticulata, King . 434 nigricaulis, Rid/. . 455] Ilex, Linn. : - 437 tomentella, Miq. . 435 Hiptage, Gaertn. 328 cymosa, Bl. . AAD velutina, King . 434 madablota, Hook. epiphytica, King . 439|Irvingia, Hook. fil. . 363 fil. 325 glomerata, King . 439 malayana, Oliv. . 364 sericea, Gaertn. 328 grandiflora, Ridl. . 439| Isoptera, Scheff. - 245 Hirea concava, Wall. 329 Griffithii, Hook. fil. 438 borneensis, Pe te 245 Hodgsonia, Hook. fil. 843] illustris, Rid/. - 439] Itea, Linn. 687 capniocarpa, Ridl. 843] macrophylla, Wall. 442 fragans, Wall. . 684 heteroclita, King . 843] Maingayi, Hook. fil. 440} macrophylla, Wall. 687 Homalium, Jacq. . 834 malaccensis, Loesen.437 | Ixonanthes, Jack 7 324 J frutescens, King . 836 myrtillus, Ridl. . 438 cuneata, Miq. » B25 grandiflorum, Benth.837 patens, Fzdl. . . 440 icosandra, Jack . 325 Griffithianum, Kurz.835 pauciflora, Ridl. . 441 obovata, Hook. fil.. 326 Kunstleri, King . 835| polyphylla, Ridl. . 438] reticulata, Jack . 326 longifolium, Benth. 834] rupicola, Ridl. - 439 propinquum, Clarke 835| sclerophylla, Hook. Jambosa lanceolata, spathulatum, Ridl. 835 fil. - 440 Miq. . : ~ez5 undulatum, King . 837 sclerophylloides, Jussiea, Linn. . 827 Hopea, Roxb. . . 234 Loesen\. ~~. 440| angustifolia, Lam.. 827 albescens, Rid]. . 236] singaporiana, Wall. 442 Blumeana, DC. . 827 Curtisii, King -° 236) - spicata; Mook. fil: . 437| erecta,Linu. .. . 827 globosa, Brandis . 236] triflora, Bl. . » 438 fissendo-carpa, intermedia, King . 238] venulosa, Hook. fi il. 442 Haines A . 827 Lowii, Brandis . 237| Illicium, Linn. . 2.08 Junghuhnii, Miq. . 827 Mengarawan, Mig. 238 cambodianum, Hance 18 repens, Linn. 5 poe) micrantha, Hook. evenium, King . 19] speciosa, Ridl. . 828 fil. : = . 237|Impatiens, Linn. . 335 suffruticosa, Linn. 827 multiflora, Brandis 237| chinensis, Linn. . 339| villosa, Lam. . . 828 nervosa, King - 236] cryptoneura, Hook. nutans, Ridl. . 285 fil. F : . 339| Kadsura, Kaempf. . 20 Pierrii, Hance . 238] Curtisii, Hook. fil.. 337| cauliflora, Bl. 7 20 pubescens, Ridl. . 239 exilipes, Hook. fil. . 337| lanceolata, King . 21 908 Kadsura (contd.) scandens, Bl. Kalanchoe, Adans. laciniata, DC. Kandelia, Wight Rheedii, Wight Kayea, Wall. . caudata, King Curtisii, King elegans, King grandis, King Kunstleri, King Mani, King . nervosa, Anders. parviflora, Idi. rivulorum, Ridl. rosea, Ridl. Wrayi, King . Kleinhovia, Linn. Hospita, Linn. Kokoona coriacea, King . littoralis, King Maingayi, King excelsa, Taub. parvifolia, Prain Kunstleria, Prain Curtisii, Prain Derryi, Prain Forbesii, Prain Kingii, Prain. Ridleyi, Prain Kurrimia, Wail. Maingayi, Laws. . 689 . 689 . 604 . 694 . 188 . 191 . 190 . 191 ferruginea, Pierre . pulcherrima, Wail. Lagenaria vulgaris, PAGE 20 189 . 190 . 190 . 189 . 190 . Ig1 racemosa, Planch.. 189 . I9gI . 189 - 189 Kibessia galeata, Cogn. Kingstonia, Hook. fil. nervosa, Hook. fil. 808 I0o Too . 280 . 280 . 450 . 450 . 450 Koompassia,. Maing. . 620 malaccensis, Benth. 620 620 7 620 - 599 - 599 . 600 . 600 - 599 . 600 » 452 - 452 paniculata, Wall. . 452 452 DEFe ws 853 Lagerstroemia, Linn. 822 floribunda, Jack . 823 flos-reginz, Retz. + 823 hexaptera, Miq. . 823 macrocarpa, Wall. 824 ovalifolia, Teysm. . 823 turbinata, Koehne 823 Lansium, Jack . 410 cinereum, Hiern. domesticum, Jack 7) 4TL 411 pedicellatum, Hiern.411 INDEX. 5 PAGE Lasiantheva lanceolata, acuminata, Hook. fil. Kunstleri, King oblonga, Miers triandra, Diels. velutina, Miers Limonia Bot. Mag. LINE Lonchomera leptopoda, Hook. fil. Mast. . : 60427 Maingayi, Mast. . 429 malaccensis, Mast. 431 secundiflora, Miq. . 430 umbellata, King . 431 Lasiolepis multijuga, Benn. . " . 360 paucijuga, Benn. . 360 Leea, Linn. . 483 equata, Linn. . 486 angulata, Korth. . 485 Curtisii, King . 485 gigantea, Griff. . 484 horvida, Teysm. . 485 javanica, Bi. . . 486 pauciflora, King . 483 robusta, Roxb. . 486 rubra, Bl. . 485 sambucina, Willd. 484 saxatilis, Rid. . 486 simplicifolia, Zoll.. 483 sundaica, Mig. . 485 LEGNOTIDE . 696 LEGUMINOSZ . 555 Lepisanthes, B/. - 492 cuneata, Hiern. . 493 hirta, idl. - 494 Kunstleri, King . 493 longifolia, Radlk. . 494 Scortechinii, King . 493 Leptonychia, Turcz. 289 acuminata, Mast. . 289 glabra, Turcz. . 289 Leptonychiopsis, Ridl.290 parviflora, Ridl. . 290 Leptospermum, Forst. 713 flavescens, Sm. . 713 Leucena, Benth. . 655 glauca, Benth. . 655 Leucostegane, Prain 643 latistipulata, Prain 643 Limacia, Lour. . . 108 ; : ) TIO cuspidata, Hook. fil. IItl «- 110 . 109 . I10 . 109 ark iene a - 349 323 100 Lophopetalum, Wight 447 coriacea, Ridl. . 450 PAG Lophopetalum (contd.) Curtisii, King dubium, Laws. littoralis, Ridl. Maingayi, Ridl. 449 - 450 fimbriatum, Wight fuscescens, Kurz. . intermedium, Fidl. 448 448 449 450 - 450 oblongifolium, King 449 oblongum, King pachyphyllum, King . pallidum, Laws. pedunculatum, Ridl. reflexum, Laws. - 448 . 448 . 7e - 449 - 449 Scortechinii, King . 448 subobovatum, King 448 Lophopyxis, Hook. fil. 435 Maingayi, Hook. fil. 435 Lourea, Desv. vespertilionis, Desv. . 828 Ludwigia, Linn. parviflora, Roxb. prostrata, Roxb. Luffa acutangula, Roxb. . : egyptiaca, Mill. Lumnitzera, Willd. coccinea, Wight racemosa, Willd. Luvunga, Ham . eleutheranthera, Dalz. scandens, Ham LYTHRACEZ Maesa perakensis, Ridl ; MAGNOLIACES . Magnolia, Linn. Maingayi, King Maingaya, Oliv. . malayana, Oliv. MALPIGHIACEZ . MALVACE2. . Mangifera, Linn. cesia, Jack foetida, Lour. . fragrans, Maing. gracilipes, Hook. fil. Griffithii, Hook. fil. indica, Linn. . kemanga, Bl. . lagenifera, Griff. lanceolata, Ridl. longipes, Griff. 615 615 ee Medinilla, Gaud. Mangifera (contd.) longipetiolata, King 522 macrocarpa, Bl. Maingayi, Hook. fil. microphylla, Griff. oblongifolia, Hook. l. odorata, Griff. pentandra, Hook. fil. quadrifida, Jack. eee opiy ia, Hook. as Hook. fl Manglietia, Bl. . glauca, Bl. . Sebassa, Miq. Scortechinii, King Maranthes multiflora, Korth. Marlea begoniafolia, Roxb. ebenacea, Clarke Griffithii, Clarke nobilis, Clarke Marumia, Bla nemorosa, Li. reticulata, Bl. rhodocarpa, Cogn. verrucosa, Cogn. .zeylanica, Clarke Mastixia, BI. bracteata, Clarke . Clarkeana, King gracilis, King. Junghuhniana, Clarke Maingayi, Clarke . megacarpa, Ridl. . propinqua, Ridl. rostrata, Bl. . Clarkei, King. chionantha, Stapf. . crassinervia, Bl. Hasseltii, Bl. heteranthera, King macrocarpa, Clarke Maingayi, Clarke . pahangensis, Ridl. pendens, zd. penduliflora, Ridl. perakensis, King . vosea, Clarke , scandens, King Scortechinii, King speciosa, Bi. . . venusta, King INDEX, PAGE PAGE Medinillopsis sessili- flova, Cogn. . 806 . 524| Megaphyllea, Hemsl. 386 522 annulata, Ridl, 386 521 perakensis, Hemsl. 386 Meiogyne, Miq. . 36 523]. virgata, Miq. . 30 524 | Melaleuca, Linn. 713 522 Leucadendron, . 522 Te 71 Melanorrhea, Wall. 528 521 aptera, King . 531 525 Curtisii, Oliver + 530 13] inappendiculata, 14 King 531 14 macrocarpa, Engl. 530 14| Maingayi, Hook. fil. 529 pubescens, Ridl. 530 670 torquata, King . 531 Wallichii, Hook. fil. 529 894] Woodsiana, Scort.. 530 893 | Melanochyla, Hook. fil. 538 894 angustifolia, Hook. 892 jul. a : - 541 794| auriculata, Hook. fil. 540 795 bracteata, King 540 795 densiflora, King 539 795 Kunstleri, King 539 795| Maingayi, Hook. fil. 540 795 nitida, King . ey ln 889 rugosa, King . 540 8901 tomentosa, Hook. fil. 539 . 890 MELASTOMACE® 700 . 891} Melastoma, Linn. . 763 appressum, Benth. 765 . 890 decemfidum, Roxb. 763 890] exigua, Jack . 770 891 imbricatum, Wall. 765 . 890 oe . 890 Linn, - 764 . 801 molle, Wall. - 764 . 803 muticum, Ridl. . 766 802 normale, Don - 705 . 804 perakense, Ridl. . 764 . 802 polyanthum, Bl. . 765 802 sanguineum, Sims. 763 804 scabrum, Ridl. . 766 803] schizocarpum, idl, 764 804 | MELIACER 5 Bie . 803] Melia, Linn. . - 383 804 Azadirachta, Linn. 384 804] Azederach, Linn. . 384 . 803 composita, Willd. 384 . 801 excelsa, Jack . 384 803 | Melicope tetrandra, 801 Roxb. : - 346 . 802] Meliosma, B/. . - 513 Meliosma (conéd.) elegans, Ridi, # elliptica, Hook. fil. lanceolata, BI. : lancifolia, Hook. in ul. levis, King . monophylla, Ridl. nitida, Bl. , Ridleyi, King sumatrana, Hook. fil. Melochia, Linn. corchorifolia, Linn. . velutina, Bedd. Melodorum, Dunal. . bancanum, Scheff. cylindricum, Hook. l. ft elegans, Hook. ng fulgens, Hook. fil. . hypoglaucum, Mig. Kingii, Boerl.. lanuginosum, Hook. U latifolium, Hook. fil. litseeefolium, King Maingayi, Hook. fil. manubriatum, Hook. fil. : parviflorum, King pisocarpum, Hook. l prismaticum, Hook. A rubiginosum, Hook, sphevocarpum, Miq ; Melothria, Linn. affinis, King . indica, Lour. . marginata, Cogn. odorata, Clarke Memecylon, Linn. acuminatum, Sm. amplexicaule, Roxb. r ‘ amabile, var. Clarke : A caloneuron, Mzq. campanulatum, Clarke ; Cantleyi, Ridl. cinereum, King ceruleum, Jack dichotomum, Clarke gio Memecylon (contd.) edule, Roxb. elegans, Clarke epiphyticum, King eugeniifiorum, Rid, floridum, Ridl. fruticosum, King . garcinioides, Bl. gracilipes, Ridl. heteropleurum, Bi. Hullettii, King intermedium, Bi. . Kunstleri, King levigatum, B/. laxiflorum, Wall. longifolium, Ridl. . Maingayi, Clarke . malaccense, Clarke microstomum, Clarke minutiflorum, Miq. myrsinoides, BI. oleefolium, BI. oligoneuron, Bl. pauciflorum, B/. pubescens, King pulchellum, Ridl. tenuifolium, Ridl. Wallichii, Ridl. MENISPERMACEZE Merrillia, Swingle Caloxylon, Swingle Mesua, Linn. ferrea, Linn. . lepidota, Anders. singaporiana, Wall. Mezoneuron, Desf. Kunstleri, Prain sumatranum, Wight . Mezzettia, Becc. Curtisii, King Herveyana, Oliv. . leptopoda, Oliv. Michelia, Linn.. Champaca, Linn. . longifolia, Bl. montana, BI. Micromelum, Bl. hirsutum, Oliv. pubescens, Bi. Microstemon, Engl. Curtisii, King velutina, Engl. Microtropis, Wail. bivalvis, Wall. discolor, Wall. INDEX. Microtropis (contd.) elliptica, King filiformis, King ophirensis, Ridl. ’ valida, Ridl. Miliusa, Lesch. . amplexicaulis, Ridl. longipes, King parviflora, idl. Millettia, Wight. albiflora, Prain atvopurpurea, Benth.. decipiens, Prain eviantha, Benth. glaucescens, Prain Hemsleyana, Prain Maingayi, Bak. oocarpa, Prain pterocarpa, Dunn . sericea, Benth. unifoliata, Prain . Mimosa, Linn. . natans, Roxb. pudica, Linn. sepiaria, Benth. Miquelia, Meissn. caudata, King Mischocarpus, Bl. fuscescens, Bl. Lessertianus, Rid. sumatranus, BI. sundaicus, King Mitrephora, BI. crassipetala, Ridl. macrophylla, Oliv. Maingayi, Hook. fil. reticulata, Hook. fil. Modecca nicobarica, SSUIEZ ee singaporeana, Mast.. : M odeccopsis poe Griff. Mollugo, Linn. pentaphylla, Linn. spergula, DC.. stricta, Linn. . | Momordica, Linn. charantia, Linn. Clarkeana, King cochinchinensis, Spreng. Monocera ferruginea. Jacky). Griffithit, Wight petiolata, Jack 5 PAGE Monoon canangioides, Miq. . « 56 Mucuna, Adans. - 576 acuminata, Grah. . 577 atropurpurea, Bak. 576 biplicata, Teysm. . 576 gigantea, DC. i577 pruriens, DC. : 577 Murraya, Linn. #953 Caloxylon, Ridl. . 354 exotica, Linn. vr353 Myriophyllum inter- medium, DC. . 692 MyYRTACEZ 712 Myrtus caudata, Wall. 755 Napeodendron, fidl. 504 altissimum, Ridl. . 505 Naravelia, DC. . I axillaris, Ridl. 2 laurifolia, Wall. 2 Nasturtium, By. 118 indicum, DC.. 11g Neckia, Korth. . 134 malayana, Fidl. 134 Neesia, Bl. d 205 synandra, Mast. 265 Nelumbium, Juss. 118 speciosum, Willd. 118 Nephelium, Linn. 498 caudifolium, Ridl.. 500 chryseum, King 501 costatum, Hiervn. 507 echinulatum, Rid/. 503 eriopetatum, Mig. 502 glabrum, Noronh. 499 hamulatum, Radlk. 501 Herveyi, Ridl. 500 lappaceum, Linn. 499 longana, Camb. 499 Maingayi, Hiern. . 499 Malaiense, Griff. 502 mutabile, B/. 501 obliquinerve, Radl. 502 ophiodes, Radlk. 502 pallens, Radlk. . . 501 rubescens, Hiern. . 500 vufescens, King 500 setosum, Radlk. 503 sufferrugineum, Radlk. 2 499 tuberculatum, Radlk. 501 Nephroica elegans, Ridl . Pame ai sarymentosa, Lour,. I10 eee - PAGE Neptunia, Lour. . 653 oleracea, Lour. . 653 NYMPH#ACEZ . 4 R15 Nymphea, Linn. . 115 Lotus, Linn. . . 116 stellata, Willd. . 116 Nyssa, Linn. . 895 sessiliflora, Hook. fil. c : . 895 Ochanostachys, Mast. 422 amentacea, Mast.. 422 OCHNACEZ. . 364 Ochna, Linn. . 364 grandis, Ridl. » 305 Ochrocarpus, Thouars.180 siamensis, Anders. 180 Ochthocharis, Bl. . 774 borneensis, Bl. . 775 decumbens, King . 775 javanica, Bl. 775 paniculata, Korth.. 774 parviflora, Cogn. . 773 ovalifolia, Ridl. . 774 sylvestris, Ridl. . 775 Oenanthe, Linn. Ome javanica, Miq. ort stolonifera, Wall. . 871 OLACINE ; - 419 Olax, Linn. - 420 imbricata, Roxb. . 421 scandens, Rowb. . 421 Wightiana, Wall. . 421 ONAGRACEZ . . 826 Opuntia, Mill. . . 866 monacantha, Haw. 866 Oreorhamnus, Ridl. . 464 sevvulata, Ridl. , 464 Oritrephes, Ridl. 5 iif albiflora, Ridl. i Fiapee Barnesii, Ridl. a GAP grandiflora, Ridl. 771 pulchra, Ridl. cli h Robinsonii, Rid]. 773 Ormosia, Jack 612 gracilis, Prain = 653 macrodisca, Bak. . 613 microsperma, Bak. 614 nitida, Prain 613 parvifolia, Bak. 614 penangensis, Ridl. 613 scandens, Pvain . 612 sumatrana, Prain 614 venosa, Bak. . Ont Orophea, BI. 69 cuneiformis, King. 72 -dodecandra, Mig. 72 INDEX. Orophea (con#d.) enterocarpa, Maing. gracilis, King hastata, King hirsuta, King. maculata, Scort. reticulata, Miq. setosa, King Osbeckia, Linn. Chinensis, Linn. Cochinchinensis, Cogn. perakensis, Ridl. Osmelia, Thw. Maingayi, King Otophora, Bl. erythrocalyx, Hiern. Hullettii, Ridl. imbricata, Bl. paucijuga, Hiern. . resecta, Radlk. sessilis, King. OXALIDACEZ Oxalis, Linn. Barrelieri, Linn. corniculata, Linn.. corymbosa, DC. Oxymitra, Bl, affinis, Hook. fil. bassiefolia, Teysm. biglandulosa, Scheff. calycina, King filipes, Hook. fil. fornicata, Hook. fil. glauca, Hook. fil. . latifolia, Hook. fil. Oxyspora, DC. . acutangula, King ; collina, Ridl. Curtisii, King floribunda, Ridl. hirta, Ridl. . hirticalyx, Ridl. hispida, Ridl.. microcarpa, Ridl. . rosea, Ridl. . stellulata, King Pachycentria, Bi. speciosa, Ridl. tuberculata, Korth. Pachychlamys, Dyer Hemsleyana, Rid. Thiseltoni, Rid. PAGE Pachynocarpus, Hook. fil. Ridleyanus, Brandis vuminatus, Brandis Stapfianus, King . umbonatus, Hook. fil. verrucosus, Ridl. ; Wallichii, King Pachyrhizus, Rich. angulatus, Rich. Padebruggea, Miq. dasyphylla, Miq. . Maingayi, Dunn Pangium, Reinwdt. edule, Reinwadt. Paramignya, Wight . grandiflora, Oliv. . Griffithii, Hook. fil. longispina, Hook. l Paranephelium, ‘M ig. macrophyllum, King muricatum, Pierve nitidum, King Parashorea, Kurz. stellata, Kurz. Parastemon, DC. urophyllum, DC. . Paratropia micrantha, Miq. . : Parinarium, Juss. asperulum, Miq. costatum, Bl, elatum, King Griffithianum, Benth. : heteropetalum, SCOvt, F Kunstleri, King Maingayi, King nitidum, Hook. fil. oblongifolium, Hook. fil. polyneurum, M 1q. rubiginosum, Ridl. - scabrum, Hassk. . spicatum, King Wallichianum, Wall. . : Parishia, Hook. fil. insignis, Hook. fil.. Maingayi, Hook. fil. paucijuga, Engl. gi2 Parishia (contd.) pubescens, Hook. fil. "| 2 rosea, Ridl. Paritium tiliaceum, uSSiy as Parkia, Br. biglandulosa, W.& A. intermedia, Hassk. Roxburghii, Don. . speciosa, Hassk. Paropsia, Novonha vareciformis, Mast. PASSIFLORACEZ Passiflora, Linn. edulis, Sims. . feetida, Linn.. Horsfieldii, B/. laurifolia, Linn. quadrangularis, Linn. Pellacalyx, Korth. axillaris, Korth. Saccardianus, Scort. Peltophorum, Vogel . dasyrachis, Kurz.. ferrugineum, Benth. Pemphis, Forst.. acidula, Forst. Peniculifera, Ridl. penangensis, Ridl. Pentace, Hassh. acuta, Ridl. Curtisii, King eximia, King floribunda, King . hirtula, Ridl. Hookeriana, King. Kunstleri, King macrophylla, King perakensis, King . Scortechinii, King strychnoidea, King triptera, Mast. Pentacme, DC. malayana, King Pentapetes, Linn. phoenicea, Linn. Pentaphylax, Gardn. malayana, Ridl. Pentaspadon, Hook. fil. Motleyi, Hook. fil. officinalis, Holmes velutinus, Hook. fil. p PAGE INDEX. Pericampylus, Miers incanus, Miers membranaceus, Miers Perilimnastes, Ridl. fruticosa, Ridl. Peripetasma, Ridl. polyanthum, fA7d!, Perrottetia, H.B.K.. alpestris, Loesen. Pheanthus, Hook. fil. ; ; lucidus, Oliv. nutans, Hook. fil. . Phanera Griffithiana, _ Benth. Phaseolus, Linn. adenanthus, Miq. calcaratus, Roxb. . lunatus, Linn. Mungo, Linn. semi-erectus, Linn. Phaulanthus, Ridl. Curtisii, Ridl. Helferi, Ridl. rudis, Ridl. . stipularis, Ridl. Phenicosperma javanica, Miq. Photinia dubia, Wall. s0O3 bracteosum, Benn. - 792 Phylacium, Benn. Phyllagathis, Bl. cordata, Ridl. Griffithii, King hispida, King rotundifolia, Bl. Scortechinu, King tuberculata, King Phytocrene, Wall. bracteata, Wall. macrocarpa, Griff. oblonga, Wail. palmata, Wall. trichura, Ridl. Picrasma, Bl. javanica, Bl. Pithecolobium, M art. affine, Bak. angulatum, Benth, bubalinum, Benth. clypearia, Benth. confertum, Benth. contortum, Mart. . dulce, Benth. ellipticum, Hasshk.. Kunstleri, Prain PAGE Itt 2 Lip id 773 . 103 454 - 454 <7 7 681 . : ; PAGE Pithecolobium (con#d.) lobatum, Benth. microcarpum, Benth. PITTOSPOREZ Pittosporum, Banks ferrugineum, Ait. . reticosum, Ridl. Popowia, Endl. foetida, Maing. fusca, King , nervifolia, Maing. nervosa, Ridl. pauciflora, Maing. perakensis, King . pumila, Ridl, ramosissima, Hook. tomentosa, M. aing. velutina, King PORTULACACEA Portulaca, Linn, geniculata, Royle . oleracea, Linn. quadrifida, Linn. . 2872 Prunus, Linn. martabanica, Kurz 672 Pseudo- -eugenia, Scort. 755 singaporensis, King 755 perakiana, Scort. tetragonus, DC. Psoralea, Linn. Pterisanthes, Bl. cissoides, Korth. glabra, Fidl. . pedata, Laws. pulchra, Ridl. tufula, Planch. Platea, Bl. : excelsa, King . latifolia, Bl. Planchonia, Bi. grandis, Rid. sundaica, Miq. valida, Bl. Plethiandra, "Hook. fil. sessiliflora, Rid. Pleurostylis, Wight Wighti, Wight Ploiavium elegans, Korth. a «755 Psophocarpus, DC. . . 615 a, LAN ae Corylifolia, Linn. . 615 583 J - 479 Beccariana, Planch. 481 . 480 Dalhousie, Planch. eriopoda, Planch. . 2 48x hetervantha, Laws. . . 481 . 481 . 481 - 426 481 481 481 Pogonanthera, Bl. pulverulenta, B/. . veflexa, Bl. POLYGALACEE . Polygala, Linn. : brachystachya, Bl. cardiocarpa, Kurz monticola, Ridl. pulchra, Hassk. venenosa, Juss. Polyosma, Bl. conocarpa, Rid. coriacea, King fasciculata, Ridl. . flavo-virens, Rid. fragrans, Benn. glaucescens, Ridl. grandis, Ridl. ilicifolia, Bl. . integrifolia, Bl. lete-virens, Griff. . mutabilis, King parviflora, King Ridleyi, King Scortechinii, King velutina, King Pometia, Forst. alnifolia, Radi. gracilis, King macrocarpa, Kurz pinnata, Forst. Pongamia, Vent. atropurpurea, Wall. elliptica, Wall. glabra, Vent. Polyalthia, Bi. aberrans, Hook. fil. angustissima, Rzdl. asteriella, Ridl. . Beccarii, King bullata, King canangioides, Boer. cauliflora, Hook. fil. chrysotricha, Rzdl. cinnamomea, Hook. fil. : : clavigeva, King congregata, King . crinita, Ridl. . Curtisii, Ridl. F desmantha, Ridl. . dumosa, King glomerata, King hirta, Ridl. Hookeriana, King hypogea, King hypoleuca, Hook. fil. EMER. yrs 51 60 60 50 59 49 54 59 54 58 61 23) | INDEX, 5 | Polyalthia (contd.) Jenkinsii, King Kunstleri, King lateriflora, King macrantha, King macrophylla, Bl. macropoda, King . magnolicfiora, Hook. fil. montana, Fidl, nitida, Hook, fil. . obliqua, Hook. fil. oblonga, King ~ pachyphylla, King parviflora, Ridl. . pulchra, King pumila, Rid/. pycnantha, King . sclerophylla, Hook. fil. ‘ : : Scortechinii, King simiavum, King stenopetala, Rzdl. subcordata, Bl. sumatrana, King . Teysmanni, Boerl. velutinosa, Ridl. Wrayi, Ridl. . Pternandra, Jack capitellata, Jack coerulescens, Jack echinata, Jack galeata, Rid. Griffithii, King paniculata, Benth. Pterocarpus, Linn. indicus, Willd. Pterocymbium, Benn. javanicum, Br. . tubulatum, Rid/. . Pterolobium, By. densiflorum, Pvain Pterospermum, Schreb. Blumeanum, Korth. diversifolium, Bl. Jackianum, Wall. Pueraria, DC. phaseoloides, Benth. Pycnarrhena, Miers . fasciculata, Diels . Pygeum, Gaertn. brevifolium, Hook. fil. 4 : : coriifolium, Ridl. . grandiflorum, King Griffithii, Hook. fil, Pygeum (conid.) 913 PAGE Hookerianum, King 676 intermedium, King lanceolatum, Hook. fil. Maingayi, Hook. fil. ovalifolium, King . parviflorum, Teysm. 675 674 674 patens, Fzdl. . . 676 persimile, Kurz 675 polystachyum, Hook. fil. . 674 rubiginosum, Ridl. 677 Scortechinii, King 674 stipulaceum, King 673 Pyvamidanthe rufa, Mig. 87 Pyrenaria, ee 200 acuminata, Planch. 200 Kunstleri, King 201 Wrayi, King . Zor Pyrvanthus littoreus, Jiacksry aE ZOT Pyrus, Linn. 680 granulosa, Berviol. . 680 Quisqualis, Linn. api densiflora, Wall. 7iI indica, Linn. . 711 RANUNCULACE : I Rauwenhoffia, Scheff. 89 siamensis, Scheff. . 89 Retinodendron Kunst- levi, King 243 _pallidum, King 244 Scortechinii, King 244 RHAMNEZ . 7 AGE RHIZOPHORACEE 692 Rhizophora, Linn. 693 conjugata, Linn. . 693 mucronata, Linn. 693 stylosa, Griff. 693 Rhodamnia, /ack 716 cinerea, Jack 716 spectabilis, Bl. 716 trinervia, Bl. . 716 Rhodoleia, Hook. 689 ovalifolia, Ridl. 690 Teysmanni, Mig. . 690 Rhodomyrtus, DC. . 717 tomentosa, Wight 717 Rhopalocarpus fruti- cosus, Teysm. 62 Rhus, Linn. ~» 538 perakensis, Scort. 538 ROSACEZ . : 665 3N 914 PAGE Rotala indica, Koehne 820 Rothia, Pers. - 559 trifoliata, Pers. . 559 Roucheria, Planch. . 323 Griffithiana, Planch. 2s Rourea, Aubl. . 549 acuminata, Hook. fil. 550 anomala, King - 549 concolor, Bl. - 551 fulgens, Planch. . 551 humilis, Bl. . 550 parallela, Planch. . 551 parvifolia, Planch. 551 pulchella, Planch. 550 rugosa, Planch. . 550 similis, Bl. 551 sovoria, Planch. 551 Roureopsis, Planch. . 551 pubinervis, Planch. 552 Scortechinii, King 552 Rubus, Linn. . OTT, alceefolius, Poir. . 677 angulosus, Focke . 678 elongatus, Smith . 679 glomeratus, Bi. 679 Hasskarli, Mig. . 679 Lobbianus, Hook. 679 rosefolius, Sm. 680 RUTACEZ . 340 Ryparosa, Bl. . 164 fasciculata, King . 166 Hullettii, King 165 Kunstleri, King 165 Scortechinii, King 1066 Wallichii, Ridl. 165 Wrayi, King . 164 Roydsia, Roxb. . 120 parviflora, Griff. 120 Scortechinii, King 121 SABIACEE ,. 512 Sabia, Colebr. 513 limoniacea, Wall. . 513 sumatrana, Bl. 513 Sagerza, Dalz. . 24 elliptica, Hook. fil. 2 Hookeri, Pierre . 25 lanceolata, Mig. . 25 Sageretia, Brngn. 464 parviflora, Don. 464 Salacia, Linn. 450 campanuloidea, King . : - 457 flavescens, Kurz. . 459 grandiflora, Kurz. INDEX. Salacia (conid.) Korthalsiana, Miq. Kunstleri, King latifolia, Wall. Lawsoni, King Lobbii, Laws. longifolia, Laws. macrophylla, Bl. Maingayi, Laws. ovalis, Laws. . perakensis, King polyantha, Korth: prinoides, DC. vadula, Hassk. rubra, Laws. . Scortechinii, King verrucosa, Wight viminea, Wail. Wrayi, King . Salomonia, Lour. aphylla, Griff. cantoniensis, Lour. ciliata, DC. oblongifolia, DC ae parasitica, Griff. Samadera, Gaertn. indica, Gaertn. SAMYDACE Sandoricum, Cav. emarginatum, Hiern . indicum, Cav. Maingayi, Hiern nervosum, Bi. vadiatum, King Sanicula, Linn. europea, Linn. javanica, Bl. . Santiria, Bl. apiculata, Benn. conferta, Benn. costata, Benn. fasciculata, Benn. floribunda, King Griffithu, Engl. levigata, Bl. . laxa, King. longifolia, King macrocarpa, King Maingayi, Benn. . minutiflora, Rid. multiflora, Benn. oblongifolia, Bl. Planchoni, Benn. . puberula, Benn. Wrayi, King . 458 | SAPINDACEZ PAGE PAGE Sapindus, Linn. 490 457| rarak, DC. 490 . 460] Saraca, Linn. 640 - 459| bijuga, Prain 641 - 459] cauliflora, Bak. O41 AOE declinata, Mzq. 641 . 458] Kunstleri, Prain . 641 - 459] Jatistipulata, Prain 643 . 461 macroptera, Mig. . 642 - 459| palembanica, Mig. 642 - 457] thaipingensis, 459 Cantley - 640 - 459] ‘triandra, Bak. . 642 . 458|Sarcopyramis, Wall. 792 . 460] nepalensis, Wall, . 792 458 | Sarcotheca, Bl. . - 323 - 459] paniculata, Ridl, . 324 . 456] Saurauja, Willd. 206 . 460] cauliflora, Bl. - 208 . 139] grandis, Rid. 207 . 140| nudiflora, DC. . 207 139] rubens, Ridl. . 208 . 140] tristyla, DC. . 207 140 | SAXIFRAGACEZE 681 . 140] Scaphium, Endl. 275 . 363] affine, Ridl. Begs . 363 linearicarpum, Ridl. 275 . 829] longiflorum, Ridl. 276 . 384] Scaphocalyx, Ridl. . 163 parviflora, Ridl. . 164 - 385| spathacea, Ridl. . 164 . 385] Schefflera, Forst. . 873 . 385 affinis, Ridl. . . 879 1 395 biternata, Hayvms. 881 - 385 capitellata, Ridl. . 876 Aetsipt cephalotes, Harms. 875 . 871} Curtisii, Ridl. » See . 871] elegans, Ridl. . 878 - 376| heterophylla, aes Harms. : - 881 . 379| Haullettii, Ridl. . 877 . 380 Klossii, Rid. . 876 377| lanceolata, Ridl. . 875 - 376| latifoliata, Ridl. . 877 . 381 lurida, Ridl. . - OMe . 378} micrantha, Ridl. . 881 Ely nervosa, Rid. . 879 - 379] pergamacea, Ridl. 876 378| Ridleyi, Rzdl. . 879 379 Roxburghii, Gamble 880 - 377| scandens, Ridl. . 878 . 380 Scortechinii, Ridl. 876 - 379| singalangensis,Ridl. 877 381 subracemosa, Ridl. 878 - 377| subulata, Ridl. . 878 - 379] tomentosa, Ridl. . 877 . 487] tristis, Ridl. . 875 — ss Ss PAGE Schefflera (contd.) venulosa, Ridl. . 880 Wrayi, Ridl. . . 882 Scheffleropsis, Ridl. . 888 polyandra, Ridl. . 888 Schima, Reinwdt. . 201 crenata, Korth. . 201 Noronhe, Reind. . 201 SCHIZANDRACE 20 Schoutenia, Korth. . 297 glomerata, King . 298 Kunstleri, King . 298 Mastersii, King . 298 Sclerostylis Roxburghi- ana, Hook. fil. . 357 Scolopia, Schreb. . 155 rhinanthera, Clos. 155 Roxburghii, Clos. . 156 Scorodocarpus, Becc. 424 borneensis, Becc. . 424 Securidaca, Linn. . 141 bracteata, Benn. . 141 Tavoyana, Wall. . 141 Semecarpus, Linn. fil. 541 cochinchinensis, Engl. . : - 542 Curtisii, King - 542 glomerulata, Ridl. 542 lucens, King . - 543 luvida, Hook. fil. . 533 velutina, King . 541 Serianthes, Benth. . 657 grandiflora, Benth. 657 Sesbania, Pers. . . 582 cannabina, Pers. 582 coccinea, Poir. 583 grandiflora, Pers. . 583 paludosa, Roxb. 582 Sesuvium, Linn. 866 Portulacastrum, Linn. . 866 Shorea, Roxb. 220 acuminata, Dyer . 225 alba, Ridl. 238 barbata, Brandis . 230 bracteolata, Dyer . 229 ciliata, King . 220 collina, Ridl. 5 AR costata, King 5) 231 crassifolia, Ridl. . 231 Curtisii, King e223 eximia, Scheff. . 232 furfuracea, Mig. . 232 gibbosa, Brandis . 229 glauca, King . 1223 globifera, Ridl. ako. gratissima, Dyer . 226 INDEX. Shorea (contd.) Kunstleri, King levis, Rid. leprosula, Miq. longisperma, Roxb. macroptera, Dyer . mavanit, Burck. materialis, Rid. Maxwelliana, King palustris, Ridl. parvifolia, Dyer pauciflora, King Ridleyana, King . tigida, Brandis scutulata, King sericea, Dyer . stellata, Dyer sublacunosa, Scheff. Thiseltoni, King utilis, King Sida, Linn. acuta, Cav. carpinifolia, Linn. cordifolia, Linn. humilis, Cav. mysorensis, Wight rhombifolia, Linn. veronicefolia, Linn. SIMARUBEZ. Sindora, Mzq. coriacea, Prain echinocalyx, Prain intermedia, Bak. siamensis, Teysm. velutina, Bak. Wallichii, Benth. Sloanea, Linn. . javanica, Ridl. Smithia, Ait. sensitiva, Ait. Smythea, Seem : macrocarpa, Hemsl. macrocarpa, King . pacifica, Seem. Sonerila, Roxb. . albiflora, Stapf. barbata, Ridl. begoniefolia, Bl. bellula, Ridl. . bicolor, Stapf. : brachyantha, Stapf. bracteata, Stapf. . cesia, Stapf. . calaminthifolia, Stapf: « calophylla, Ridi. calycula, Stapf. PAGE Sonerila (contd.) capitata,, Stapf. 787 congesta, Stapf. 785 costulata, Stapf. 790 cyclaminella, Stapf. 786 elatostemoides, Stapf. . : 791 elliptica, Stapf. . 784 epilobioides, Stapf. 781 erecta, Jack 780 flaccida, Stapf. . 785 glabriflora, Stapf. . 787 Gimlettei, Ridl. 789 Griffithii, Clarke 786 heterostemon, Naud. : 787 hirsuta, Rid. . 781 hyssopifolia, Stapf. 780 integrifolia, Stapf. 788 lasiantha, Stapf 783 linearis, Hook. fil. 780 macrophylla, Stapf. 791 microcarpa, Stapf. 790 mollis, Stapf. . 783 moluccana, Roxb. . 790 muscicola, Stapf. . 785 nidularia, Stapf. 789 nodosa, Rid. - 785 obliqua, Cogn. 787 pallida, Stapf. 783 paradoxa, Naud. 790 patula, Adil. . 782 picta, Korth. . . 785 populifolia, Stapf.. 784 prostrata, Fzdl. 782 ramosa, Ridl.. *. 782 repens, Stapf. 784 rudis, Stapf. 783 saxosa, Stapf. 786 setosa, Ridl. . 789 succulenta, Stapf.. 784 suffruticosa, Stapf. 783 tenera, Royle 781 tenuifolia, B/. - 7OE tvachyantha, Stapf. 791 velutina, Ridl. 783 Sonneratia, Linn. fil. 825 acida, Linn. fil. 825 alba, Sm. F 825 Griffithii, Kurz. 825 Sophora, Linn. . 612 tomentosa, Linn. . 612 Spatholobus, Hassk.. 573 acuminatus, Benth. 575 bracteolatus, Prain 574 crassifolius, Benth. 576 dubius, Prain 575 g16 Spatholobus (contd.) ferrugineus, Benth. gyrocarpus, Benth. Maingayi, Prain Ridleyi, Prain Spherocoryne, Scheff. aberrans, idl. STAPHYLEACEZ. Stelechocarpus, Bl. . Burahol, Bl. . nitidus, King. punctatus, [King Schefferi, Boerl. Stemonurus, Bi. capitatus, Becc. secundiflorus, Bl. . umbellatus, Becc. . Stephania, Lour. capitata, Spreng. corymbosa, Walp.. hernandifolia, Walp. vamuliflova, Miers rotunda, Lour. STERCULIACES . Sterculia, Linn. affinis, Mast. . angustifolia, Jack. angustifolia, Roxb. Balanghas, var. Mast. . bicolor, Mast. brachycarpa, Rid. campanulata, Wall. coccinea, Jack elongata, Rid. ensifolia, Mast. foetida, Linn.. fulgens, Wall. hispidissima, Rzdl. hyposticta, Mzq. Jackiana, Wail. javanica, Br. Kunstleri, King levis, Wall. . lancaviensis, Ridl.. 2 linearicarpa, Mast. macrophylla, Vent. Maingayi, Mast. parviflora, Roxb. parvifolia, Wail. pubescens, Mast. rostrata, Ridl. rubiginosa, Vent. . scaphigera, King Scortechinii, King. tubulata, Mast. Strombosia, Bl. INDEX, Strombosia (contd.) javanica, Bl. multiflora, King rotundifolia, King. Swintonia, Griff. lurida, King . penangiana, King puberula, Pears. Robinsonii, Ridl. . Schwenkii, Teysm. spicifera, Hook. fil. Synaptea, Griff. cinerea, Iidl. cuspidata, Rzdl. Dyeri, Pierre faginea, Pierre lancaviensis, Ridl. Lowii, Ridl. . Maingayi, Ridl. nitens, Ridl. . perakensis, Ridl. reticulata, Ridl. Teniochlena, Hook. fil. é d ; Griffithii, Hook. fil. Talauma, Juss. elegans, Miq. . Kunstleri, King lanigera, Hook. fil.. longifolia, Ridl. mutabilis, Bl. Singapurensis, Ridl. Tamarindus, Linn. indica, Linn. F Taraktogenos, Hassk. Kunstleri, King Scortechinii, King. tomentosa, King Tarrietia, Bl. Curtisii, King Kunstleri, King perakensis, King . simplicifolia, Masters. unifoliolata, Ridl. Tephrosia, Pers. candida, DC. Hookeriana, Wight purpurea, Pers. subamcena, Prain Teramnus . labialis, Spreng. Terminalia, Linn, belerica, Roxb, bialata, Steud. catappa, Linn. Terminalia (contd.) citrina, Roxb.. foctidissima, Griff. phellocarpa, King PAGE + 704 704 705 subspathulata, King 705 triptera, Stapf. Terminthodia, Ridl. . viridiflora, Ridl. TERNSTR@MIACE Ternstrcemia, Linn. . bancana, Mzq. Maclellandiana, Ridl. montana, Rid. penangiana, Choisy pentapetala, Jack . Scortechinii, King. Wallichiana, Ridl.. Tetracera, Linn. assa, DC. Z borneensis, Mziq. euryandra, Hook. fil. fagifolia, Bl. fragrans, Ridl. grandis, King lucida, Wall. . macrocarpa, Wall. macrophylla, Wall. sumatrana, Miq. . sylvestris, Rid. trigyna, Roxb. Tetractomia, Hook. fi E majus, Hook. fil. opt aid Hook. fil. Tetrameles, Br.. nudiflora, Bra Tetramerista, Mig. glabra, Mig. . ‘ paniculata, Kurz. . Thespesia, Corr. populnea, Corr. TILIACEZ . Tinomiscium, Miers” petiolare, Miers Tinospora, Miers crispa, Miers. Curtisii, Ridl.. macrocarpa, Diels. 2} Trevesia, Vis. cheirantha, Ridl. . . 706 345 » 345m . 198 197 . 197 882 palmata, var. Clarke 882 rufo-setosa, Ridl. . Trichosanthes, Linn. anguina, Linn. celebica, Cogn. cucumerina, Linn. 883 843 . 846 - 845 844 ——e ee a" ‘ PAGE Trichosanthes (conéd.) laciniata, Ridl. . 846 multiloba, Clarke . 845 palmata, Rovb. . 845 tricuspidata, Lour. 844 Wallichiana, Wight 845 Wawraei, Cogn. . 845 Trichospermum, Bl. 307 cymbiforme, Sprague. .308 Kurzii, King . ees O77 Tridesmis formosa, Korth... 153 Trigonachras, Radlk. 507 acuta, Radlk.. 5D Trigoniastrum, M iG. wEAT hypoleucum, Miq.. 142 Trigonochlamys, Hook. fil. . - 380 grandifolia, Ridl. . 381 Griffithii, Hook. fil. 381 Triomma, Hook. fil.. 369 malaccensis, Hook. fil. ; : . 369 Triphasia trifoliolata, ; aw : - 340 Tristania, Br. . ants fruticosa, Ridl. . 715 Maingayi, Duthie . 715 merguensis, Griff. . 715 obovata, King. 27s spathulata, Ridl. . 715 sub-auriculata, SGT ots 714 Whiteana, Griff. | 716 Wightiana, Duthie 716 Tristellateia, Thou. . 327 australasica, Rich. 327 Tristira, Radlk. . 496 penangensis, Ridl.. 496 Triumfetta, Jacq. . 303 annua, Linn. » 305 cana, Mast. . - 304 grandidens, Hance. 304 pilosa, Roth. . » 304 pseudo-cana, Sprague. 304 rhomboidea, Jacq. 303 subpalmata, Sol. . 304 Tupidanthus, Hook. fil. 889 calyptratus, Hook. iL : é : . 889 TURNERACEE . +837 Turnera, Linn. . . 838 angustifolia, B.M. ~ 838 trioniflora, Linn . 838 ulmifolia, Linn. . 838 INDEX. Turpinia, Vent. latifolia, Wall. laxiflora, Ridl. pomifera, King trifoliata, Ridl. Turrea, Linn. . breviflora, Ridl. UMBELLIFERE . Unona Brandisiana, Pierre crinita, Hook. fil. dasymaschala, Saff. desmantha, Hook. fil. desmos, Dunal. discolor, Vahl. dumosa, Roxb. Dunali, Wall. filipes, Ridl. latifolia, Hook. fil. longiflova, King Mesnyi, Pierre gee Hook. Grae Hook. fil. virgata, BL : Wrayi, Hemsl. Uraria, Desv. crinita, Desv. lagopoides, DC. picta, Desv. Urena, Linn. lobata, Linn, rigida, Wail. tomentosa, Bl. . Uvaria, Linn. astrosticta, Mzq. cordata, Wall. Curtisii, King dulcis, Dunal elegans, Wall. excelsa, Wall. Godefroyana, Finet grvandifiova, Roxb.. hirsuta, Jack. Larep, Miq. latifolia, Bl. . Lobbiana, Hook. fil. mabiformis, Griff. macrophylla, Roxb. manubriata, Wall.. micrantha, Hook. fil. parviflora, Hook. fil. pauci-ovulata, Hook. fil. purpurea, Bi.. PAGE . 511 . 512 hte . 512 reds 383) 303 . 868 44 50 46 50 45 46 46 45 Uvaria (contd.) veticulata, Bl. Ridleyi, King sub-repanda, Wall. Uvariella, Ridl. F leptopoda, Ridl. Vitis, Linn. barbata, var. cantoniensis, Seem. cevasifovmis, var. King . cinnamonea, Wall. compositifolia, Laws. . Curtisii, King diffusa, Mzq. . discolor, Dalz. elegans, Kurz. floccosa, Ridl. furcata, Laws. glaberrima, Wall. . gracilis, Wall. Harmandi, Ridl. hastata, M7q.. japonica, Thunb. . Kunstleri, King lanceolaria, Wail. . Lawsoni, King macrostachya, Miq. Martini, Hort. mollissima, Wail. nitida, Laws. novemfolia, Wall. peduncularis, Wall. polystachya, Wail. polythyrsa, King pytrhodasys, Mzq. repens, Wight sagittifolia, Laws. Scortechinii, King. semicordata, Wail. trifolia, Linn. tuberculata, Laws. Wrayi, King. Vatica, Linn. cinerea, King Curtisii, King Dyeri, King faginea, Dyer Kelsalli, Ridl. Kunstleri, Rid. lancaviensis, Ridl.. Lowi, King . Maingayi, Dyer nitens, King ovalifolia, Rzdl. 918 INDEX. PAGE PAGE PAGE Vatica (contd.) Wormia (contd.) Ximenia, Linn.. - 423 pallida, Dyer . 244| suffruticosa, Griff.. 8 americana, Linn. 424 veticulata, King . 243| tomentella, Mart.. 10} Xylia dolabriformis, vuminata, Burck. . 250 Benth. ¥ . 665 Scortechinii, Ridl.. 244 | Xanthochymus Xylopia, Linn. . 89 stipulata, Ridl. . 244 dulcis, Roxb. . 179] caudata, Hook. fil. 93 verrucosa, Burck. . 249 Xanthophyllum, Curtisii, King go Wallichii, Dyer . 250 Roxb. . 142] dicarpa, Hook. fil. gI Ventilago, Gaertn. . 465 affine, Korth. . 143] elliptica, Maing. . 92 gladiata, Pierre . 467| bullatum, King . 144| ferruginea, Hook. leiocarpa, Laws. . 466| Curtisii, King .146 fil. : A ov. Ig Maingayi, Laws. . 467| discolor, Chodat . 147] fusca, Maing. . QZ malaccensis, Ridl.. 466| ellipticum, Benn. . 143| magna, Maing. . 93 oblongifolia, Bl. . 467] eurhynchum, King. 147] Maingayi, Hook. fil. 91 velutina, Ridl. . 467] glaucum, Wall. .147| malayana, Hook. fil. 91 Vigna, Savi : . 567| Griffithii, Benn. . 149| obtusifolia, Hook. hirtella, Ridl.. . 568 hebecarpum, fil. 92 parviflora, Ridl. . 569 Chodat 3 . 149] olivacea, ‘King «94 pilosa, Bak. . 568| Hookerianum, King144| oxyantha, Hook. retusa, Walp. . 568] insigne, Benn. . 144 fil. . 42 VIOLACEZ . 3 . 126| Kingii, Chodat . 143] pustulata, Hook. fil. 91 Viola, Linn. ; 126 Kunstleri, King . 146| Ridleyi, King .ESgs serpens, Wall. . 126] Maingayi, Benn. . 149] Scortechinii, King. 94 microcarpum, stenopetala, Hook. Walsura, Roxb. a 4l2 Chodat : LAA fil. : - + g2 multijuga, King . 412 obscurum, Benn. . 144 neurodes, Hiern. . 412 palembanicum, Zanonia, Linn. . 85x tenuifolia, Ridl. . 413 Mig. . 149] Clarkei, King. 852 villosa, Wall. 7 42 puberulum, Ridl. . 146| indica, ‘Linn. . 851 Waltheria, Linn. . 285| pulchrum, King . 146| sarcophylla, Wall. 852 arenaria, Ridl. . 285| rufum, Benn. . 145] Zanthoxylum, Linn.. 346 indica, Linn. . 285| | Scortechinii, King. 143] -hirtellum, Ridl. . 347 Wardenia, King . 887 stipitatum, Benn. 145 myriacanthum, simplex, King . 887 sulphureum, King. 145 Walla 347 Weinmannia, Linn. . 682} venosum, King . 144] oOvalifolium, Wight 346 Blumei, Planch. . 682 verrucosum, Zehneria, Endl. . 850 WINTERACEZ . . 18 Chodat . |. 147| wumbellata, Thw. . 851% Wissadula, Medik. . 255| Wrayi, King . . 148] Zizyphus . : -401 zeylanica, Medik. . 255| Xerospermum, B/. . 496 affinis, Hemsl. . 464 Wormia, FRottb. . - 7] echinulatum, calophylla, Wall. . 463 albiflos, Ridl. 6 FO Radlk. , . 497 elegans, Wall. . 463 Kunstleri, King . 12 intermedium, Horsfieldii, Mig. . 463 oblonga, Wall. . 9 Radlk. . 497| Kunstleri, King . 462 parviflora, Ridl. . 9] levigatum, Radlk... 497| cenoplia, Mill. . 462 pulchella, Jack. . 9| muricatum, King . 497| pernettyoides, Ridl. — Scortechinit, King 12| unijugum, Radlk. . 497|Zornia, Gmel. . 601 subsessilis, Mig. . 7] Wallichii, King . 498| diphylla, Pers. . 601 , ERRATA. P. 179, line 36, for Vieillara, vead Vieillard. P. 586, line 20, for Adinobotrys, Linn., read Adinobotrys, Dunn. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED, BUNGAY, SUFFOLK, eS eee TH _ 3 5185 00060 20 sree?