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A FLORA OF MANILA

BY

E. D. MERRILL

MANILA
BUREAU OF PRINTING
1912
111555

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PY Wi ans Town

A FLORA OF MANILA

BY

B.D. MERRILL

MANILA
BUREAU OF PRINTING
1gi2

111555

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF SCIENCE
MANILA

Publication No. 5

(Actual date of publication, December 31, 1912)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page.
taal ee EE ae sete ry eh EL 86, > SC Acc MSE SR cc lat A RPO eR A OE RMN 5
Definitions of the Terms used in Descriptive Botany...........00..20000000000.... 9
gL Et ee BREE TENE CTA ORR ot Co A ty REE SER Oe RR, SO 9
fe ep ey ie A RO Oe ig Son A aye 10
utc tee aR Aad LS Abedin Meatalal ST lento tel leans Alaa RAPER | EY AER 11
So ARRAS SEE ANE ARMED DRE a RS Nal OO 15
on SPE SE aT Ra Ge EO GORE ed Lee Oe Se eA 15
ERIN gS aes ss Seek ey! Pah Se le ou tht ae Sel he 17
2 CLG teed cM: ae Oa ae 5 3 SB alae Od a er hE 17
oe igi La ae Od Be lc aS, kh ella i aa ON el aeeneee 18
oe En yy Selene fact Radian tah a 0 ale nn a a TE ed OER Ro ee) 18
0 OE DRESS tpi SETS Ce ae Ae ners a oe cee CE: 19
REINS 016 A, co Goer 5 te SE oe oe es de: ue ER es 20
The Preparation of Botanical Specimens.............2.0220..2.22.teteeteeeeeeeeeeeee eee 21
EE ERIIT PURGE: rene ci Len Ak Cede Le NN ee ee ee ea dee 24
EMRE PMU IRSERESLD RECII oot es Se kc eg ha Ee: Sew oa 25
PE SRR TMRESG SERRE UREN 2 tet ds A Sal oa ed pa 33
_ Descriptions of the Families, Genera, and Species........-.-02..02..22-22-2..--- 45
Pteridophyta: Ferns and Fern-like Plants .......0200002..000..02..-2:--2-00----- 45
ppemmacvopata: Mlowerme Plants <5) 8. 64
(0 LED ED Salen a 9 oa ge ia ee le ea ee RT 2 64
(0g SUE TS SRE TE PER Le a 2 eet ee eae tied ee em A PE 65
Monocotyledonese) eek. 26. ee ee tel eke 65
Puicehyledosiene 467°). 7 fc ems oe 168
Eas ce Rl ie AE aa, SEN As AS Se ee A eae mR See 481

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BRITTON,

PREFACE

There are definitely known from the Philippines at the present time
about 6,500 species of flowering plants and vascular cryptogams, distributed
into about 1,450 genera, in 200 families. Many of the species are of very
local occurrence, while others are confined to medium and higher altitudes
in the mountains, and are hence never seen by the average resident of the
Archipelago. The flora of the coastal region, especially of the populated
areas, is remarkably uniform, practically the same forms being found in
and about such towns as Zamboanga, Cebu, Iloilo, Aparri, etc., as are
found about Manila, so that for all practical purposes a flora of the
vicinity of Manila is also a nearly complete flora for most inhabited regions
at low altitudes in all parts of the Archipelago. Accordingly while most of
the plants encountered in the settled areas at low altitudes will be found
to be described in the present work, it will be found to be of little value for
the determination of specimens collected in the forests and on the mountains.

In compiling this work an attempt has been made to include all the
species of vascular cryptogams and flowering plants growing naturally
within the area selected, as well as most of the cultivated forms, both of
Philippine and of foreign origin. The area covered extends from a point
north of Manila on the bay shore at Malabon, inland through Balintuac,
San Francisco del Monte etc., to Pasig, thence to the town of Paranaque
on the bay shore south of Manila, covering approximately 100 square
kilometers (about 40 square miles). No part of the area exceeds an
altitude of 50 meters, and no part of it approaches primeval conditions,
the vegetation of the entire region having been profoundly altered by the
presence of man.

This “Flora” is based on botanical material preserved in the herbarium
of the Bureau of Science, supplemented by an extensive series of notes
covering a period of exploration of the area extending over eighteen months.
Undoubtedly future intensive exploration will add a considerable number
of species to the list of indigenous ones, while the list of introduced and
cultivated species is being very rapidly increased. Scattered individuals
of any species found in neighboring provinces at low altitudes are to be
expected within our area, and as a matter of fact a considerable number
. of species are included in the present work on the basis of single plants

~ observed within the region covered by it. In early botanical works, various
= monographs etc., many Philippine species are credited to the Archipelago
> . . .

S’as having been collected in Manila; very many of these references are

erroneous, the term Manila having been used more or less synonymously

ts With the Philippines. Most of the species so referred to were collected in

| on

regions remote from the city, and very many of them on other islands
than Luzon. No species has been included unless specimens have been seen
from the area selected.

5

6 A FLORA OF MANILA

With few minor exceptions the arrangement adopted is that of Engler
and Prantl’s “Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien,” while the nomenclature
is that of the Vienna Botanical Congress modified by the supplementary
list of nomina conservanda adopted by the Brussels Botanical Congress.
In addition to the accepted generic and specific name of each species,
important synonyms have been added, as well as selected native, Spanish,
and English names. Plate references have been added to the third edition
of Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas,’ copies of which are to be found in most
of the larger towns in the Archipelago. It has not been considered, worth
while to add literature references under each species.

The bibliography of Philippine botany is so extensive that it is impossible
more: than to mention the more important local works bearing on the
subject. Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas,” ed. 1 (1837), ed. 2 (1845), written
in Spanish, is long out of print, and obsolete in arrangement and no-
menclature; it contains the descriptions of about 1,150 species and varieties,
very many of them so imperfectly described that their status has not as
yet been determined with certainty. The sumptuous third edition of this
work (1877-1883) is in six large folio volumes, the first three consisting
of a reprint of the second edition with the addition of a Latin translation;
the fourth volume consists of several additional papers of little value to
the amateur in the determination of material, while the fifth and sixth
consist of a series of 481 colored plates. Although many of these plates
are erroneously named, still they are of great value in the determination
of specimens, and references to them have been included in the present
work. Of Vidal’s publications the one of chief value is his “Sinopsis de
familias y géneros de plantas lefosas de Filipinas” (1883), in which a
great many woody plants are figured. The most important recent works
on Philippine botany are to be found in the publications of the Bureau
of Government Laboratories (1903-1905), the “Philippine Journal of
Science, Botany” (1906-1912), published by the Bureau of Science, and
Elmer’s “Leaflets of Philippine Botany” (1906-1912). In the present work
references are included to the above publications where individual groups
have been treated systematically. For the determination of forest trees
the most valuable publication is Whitford’s “Forests of the Philippines,” *
the second part of which contains a consideration of the most important
timber trees found in the Archipelago, with many illustrations.

Under each family the approximate number of genera and species for
the entire world is given, and their general distribution, as well as the
number of each definitely known from the Philippines. For each species
both the Philippine and extra-Philippine range is given. Indigenous
species are indicated by black faced type, while introduced or presumably
introduced ones are indicated by light faced type; species introduced and
cultivated only, not having become naturalized, are indicated by an
asterisk. The time of flowering as given for the individual species will
apply only to the vicinity of Manila, or possibly also to other regions in
the Archipelago having a similar annual distribution of rainfall; the
flowering records are of necessity incomplete as it was found to be im-
possible to keep all the species under observation throughout an entire
year.

No new species are described nor are-any new combinations made,
except in the case of a few varieties, in the present work. The few

* Forestry Bureau (Philip.) Bull. 10 (1911).

PREFACE 7

apparently undescribed forms encountered during the preparation of the
manuscript, as well as the few new combinations made necessary by a
strict interpretation of the accepted code of nomenclature, will be found
in a paper entitled “Nomenclatural and Systematic Notes on the Flora of
Manila,”’* published previous to this work. A general consideration of
the more striking characters of the flora, the introduced species and their
origin, etc., will be found in the same publication.’

In the descriptions of families, genera, and species, the general sequence
of characters as that adopted by Hooker in his “Flora of British India”
has been followed. Many of the family and generic descriptions have
been complied from that work, more or less modified to suit the character
of the present publication; the descriptions of the species have been
rewritten, partly from fresh material and partly from dried specimens, with
reference to previously published descriptions in various standard works.

This publication contains the descriptions of 1007 species, 591 genera,
and 136 families, nearly one-sixth of the species definitely known from
the Archipelago at the present time. Most of these are the very com-
monest and most widely distributed ones in the Philippines, and form the
characteristic vegetation of the settled areas at low altitudes in all parts
of the Archipelago.

An examination of a number of recent elementary textbooks of botany
has convinced me that it is impossible for the student to gain from them
a sufficient knowledge of the technical names used in descriptive botany,
properly to use a volume like the present one. For this reason it has
been considered essential to include a short consideration of the terms more
generally used in describing plants, in order to make the present work more
complete in itself. The terms defined in the following pages will also be
found in the Glossary of Technical Terms on page 25, together with many
of the more unusual terms that are used to a greater or less extent in the
following descriptions.

E. D. MERRILL.

* Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 227-251.

?“Notes on the Flora of Manila, with Special Reference to the Introduced
Element.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 145-208.

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A FLORA OF MANILA

By E. D. MERRILL

DEFINITIONS OF THE TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY

A work containing descriptions of the different kinds of plants growing
in a country, or within some part of a country, properly arranged accord-
ing to their relationships or assumed relationships is called a flora. The
principal object of a flora is. to enable the student or the individual
interested in the study of the vegetation properly to determine the names
of the various kinds of plants growing within the area treated by the
work in question, and to gain some ideas of the range, abundance, and
relationships of the various forms. In order to facilitate the naming of
plants botanists have arranged the different kinds in groups according to
the natural relationships of the different species, and botanical usage has
established the values of numerous technical names used in describing
plants. In the following pages an attempt has been made to define the
more important and common terms used in descriptive botany; these,
with additional less important ones, will also be found in the appended
glossary.

THE PLANT.—<According to their habit of growth plants are described
as trees when they are erect, living from year to year, with a large
development of woody tissue, having a single distinct stem or trunk, and
reaching a height of 5 to 6 m or more. Shrubs are really small trees,
and this term is frequently applied to tree-like plants less than 5 m in
height, but by other authorities it is restricted to small, erect, woody
plants which produce several trunks from the base; small shrubs less
than a meter high are called undershrubs, but all intergrades occur
between undershrubs, shrubs, and trees. Herbs are plants of various
habit which contain but little woody tissue, and which, at least the parts
above ground, persist for a year or less; they vary greatly in size. Plants
that climb either by twining, by means of special organs for attachment,
or by sprawling over other plants or objects are called vines; these may
be either woody or herbaceous according to the development and per-
manence of the- woody tissue. Some woody vines are frequently called
scandent shrubs, especially when sprawling over other plants or objects,
with no special adaptations for climbing.

Most plants are terrestrial, that is, growing on the earth and rooting
in the soil; those that grow in water, either entirely or partly submerged,
are called aquatic; those that grow on other plants may be either epiphytes,
that is simply growing on the supporting plant but taking no nourish-
ment from it, like most orchids, many ferns, mosses, etc., or parasites,
when taking part or all of their nourishment from the host-plant, like

9

10 A FLORA OF MANILA

Cassytha, Loranthaceae, etc. Certain plants that grow on decaying organic
matter and have no green tissue are called saprophytes.

Plants that live but a short time, a few weeks or months, and die
after producing flowers and seeds are called annual, like many herbs;
those that live for two years, producing flowers and seeds the second year
and then dying, are called biennial, but these, although common in tem-
perate countries, are rare in the tropics; those that live from year to
year, like all trees and shrubs and many herbaceous plants with under-
ground stems, are called perennial.

THE STEM.—The stem is the axis of the plant, to which are attached
all other parts. In most plants the stems are very evident, but in some
species: they are entirely underground. Plants that show no obvious
stem above ground, but bear only leaves and flower-stalks, are called
stemless or acaulescent.

Stems above ground may be simple or branched. They are usually
composed of nodes, the place on the stem or its branches where one or
more leaves or branches are borne, and internodes, the spaces between
the nodes.

Special kinds of stems or branches have received distinctive names,
such as culm, the hollow or solid stems of the grasses with well-defined
nodes and internodes; sucker, a branch arising from the stem or from
roots underground or from adventitious buds on the trunk or larger
branches of shrubs or trees, the latter being called stem-suckers; and
stolon, a branch from above ground that becomes prostrate and strikes
root at the tip or nodes, producing new plants.

As to differences in texture, stems are classified as herbaceous when
living for a short period, forming no permanent woody tissue, and dying
after flowering; suffrutescent when more or less woody or half-woody, at
least at the base; and woody when forming permanent woody tissue
lasting from year to year as in all shrubs and trees.

As to direction, stems are erect when they. ascend perpendicularly
from the base; ascending when rising obliquely; decumbent when more
or less reclining on the ground at or near the base; prostrate when lying
flat on the ground; creeping when closely appressed to the ground and
rooting at the nodes; climbing or scandent when ascending by means of
the support offered by other plants or objects, whether by tendrils,
special spirally twisted organs, by rootlets, or by*other means. Vines
that climb by coiling about other stems or objects are called twining.

Underground stems assume various forms and are frequently con-
founded with roots. There are four principal kinds, the rhizome or
rootstock, the tuber, the corm, and the bulb. The rhizome or rootstock
is a more or less modified creeping stem growing beneath the surface
of the soil; the simpler forms are slender and consist of nodes and
internodes bearing scales, as in the mint (yerba buena), various perennial
grasses, etc., but other forms are thick and fleshy, as in the ginger (luya).
A tuber is a stout, thickened portion of a rootstock, bearing buds (eyes)
on the sides, as in the potato, but intergrades occur between this and the
preceding. A corm is a short, thick, fleshy, underground stem, usually
sending off numerous roots from the lower part, "and leaves and flowers-
stalks from the upper, as in the taro (gabi). A bulb consists of a smail
basal solid part, its bulk being made up of thickened scales; those in which
the scales closely enwrap each other are called tunicated bulbs, as in the

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 1F

onion, garlic, etc., and those where the scales are thick and narrow are
called scaly bulbs.

As to the arrangement of branches and leaves, they are opposite when
two.are borne at the same node from opposite sides of the stem; whorled
or verticillate when three or more are borne at the same node, arranged
regularly around the stem; fascicled or fasciculate when two or more
are borne at the same node on the same side of the stem; alternate when
one is borne at each node on one side, and the next above or below on
the opposite side of the stem; distichous when regularly arranged one
above another in two opposite rows; and secwnd when all are turned
toward one side.

THE LEAVES.—A typical complete leaf consists of the blade or lamina,
the broad thin part of ordinary leaves, the petiole or leaf-stalk, and a
pair of stipules, variously shaped appendages at the base of the leaf-stalk
or at the nodes, which may be leaf-like, scale-like, or even represented
by sheaths or by spines. Stipules are frequently wanting, such plants
being then termed exstipulate. The end by which the leaf, or any other
part of a plant is attached, is called the base; the opposite or free end,
the apex.

The petiole or leaf-stalk is frequently wanting, the leaves being then
called sessile. When the leaf-base clasps the stem it is called amplexicaul
or stem-clasping; when the lobes meet around the stem so that the blade
appears as though it were pierced by the stem, it is called perfoliate;
when the edges of the leaf extend downward along the stem as ridges
or wings it is called decurrent; when the base of the blade or the petiole
forms a more or less closed vertical cylinder surrounding the stem, it is
called sheathing.

When the leaves are inserted on a stem or branch, they are termed
cauline; when they or the flowers are borne on the roots or rhizomes or
very close to the base of the stem, they are termed radical. Radical
leaves that spread in a circle on the ground forming a rosette are called
rosulate.

Leaves are composed of a framework, consisting of ribs and veins,
and of the softer tissue. When there is only one main vein much
stronger than the others it is called the midrib; the primary divisions
on each side are called the lateral veins or nerves, and the ultimate
divisions the veinlets, or nervules. In cases where several equally strong
veins radiate from the top of the petiole, they are termed palmately, or
digitately nerved or veined, or in peltate leaves radiately nerved. In
palmately nerved leaves, where the veins all start from the base, they
are called 3-nerved, 5-nerved, etc., according to the number of nerves,
but when some start just above the base they are called 3-plinerved,
5-plinerved, ete.

Venation is the term applied to the method of arrangement of the
veins; there are two principal kinds, parallel-veined and netted-veined
or reticulate. In parallel-veined leaves the whole frame work consists of
slender ribs or veins that run parallel to each other, either from the
base to the apex, or from the midrib to the margins, not dividing and
subdividing and forming meshes. In netted-veined or reticulate leaves
the veins branch and rebranch into finer and finer veinlets which unite
with each other to form meshes; this network of veins is usually spoken
of as the reticulations. Sometimes the nerves are so obscured by other

12 A FLORA OF MANILA

tissues as not to be evident to the naked eye; in such cases the nerves
are spoken of as obsolete or wanting.

As to the outlines of leaves, various terms have been selected to describe
certain shapes. These terms are also used for any other flat parts of the
plant, such as petals, sepals, some fruits, seeds, etc. Leaves are linear ~
when they are narrow and several times longer than wide and of about the
same width throughout, their margins nearly parallel; lanceolate when
three or more times as long as wide, widest below and taper upward or
both upward and downward, shaped more or less like a lance; oblan-
ceolate, the reverse of lanceolate, broadest above the middle and tapering
downward; oblong when two or three times as long as broad and not con-
spicuously narrowed, the sides nearly parallel; elliptic when shaped like
an ellipse, equally rounded at both ends; ovate when twice or less as lone
as broad, widest below the middle and more or less narrowed upward;
obovate, the reverse of ovate, widest above the middle and tapering down-
ward; oval, somewhat like elliptic, but the breadth distinctly more than one
half the length; orbicular when circular in outline; spatulate when narrow,
more or less rounded above, and tapering from near the apex to the base;
cuneate or wedged-shaped when broad above, tapering by nearly straight
lines to the base; falcate when more or less curved; flabellate or fan-
shaped when broad and rounded at the top, narrowed below like a fan;
reniform when broader than long, shaped somewhat like a kidney. Various
combinations like oblong-ovate, oblong-lanceolate, etc., are self explanatory,
and are used to describe intermediate forms.

As to the tip or apex of the leaf, it may be rounded when broad ar
semicircular in outline; truncate, that is cut off square or nearly so; acute
when ending in an acute angle with straight sides; acuminate when pointed,
but the tapering lines incurved; obtuse when blunt or narrowly rounded;
retuse when slightly notched at the apex; emarginate, more prominently
notched; obcordate, that is inversely heart-shaped, an obovate leaf deeply
notched at the apex; cuspidate, tipped with a sharp point; mucronate
when abruptly tipped by a small short point; and aristate when the
mucronate point is extended into a longer and more or less bristle-like
appendage. Some of these terms are also applicable to the base of the
leaf, and most or all of them to various other organs of the plant.

As to the base of the leaf, it may be cordate or heart-shaped when the
outline of its rounded base is turned in forming a sinus where the petiole
is attached; awricled, that is eared, having a pair of small projections
at the base; sagittate or arrow-shaped where the ears or lobes are acute
and turned downwards; and hastate where the basal lobes are acute and
point outwards. A leaf is peltate or shield-shaped when the petiole is
attached to the lower surface, the ribs or veins of the leaf radiating from
the point of insertion.

Leaves are simple when the blade is of a single piece, without regard
to how much it may be cut up, and compound when the blade consists of
two or more separate parts on a common petiole. In compound leaves
the individual parts of the leaf-blade are called leaflets and their stalks
the petiolules; the extension of the petiole above the lowest leaflets in
many compound leaves is called the rachis. Some compound leaves have
their leaflets or petiolules subtended by variously shaped, usually small,
appendages corresponding to the stipules of the leaves; these appendages
are called stipels; leaflets are called stipellate when these organs are

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 13

present and ewstipellate when they are absent, the words corresponding
to stipulate and exstipulate as applied to the entire leaf.

Simple leaves as to their margins may be entire when the margin is a
continuous even line, without teeth or notches; serrate when cut into
sharp teeth pointing forward like the teeth of a saw; dentate or simply
toothed when the teeth are sharp and point outward, not forward; denticu-
late, diminutive of dentate; crenate when the teeth are rounded; crenulate,
diminutive of crenate; repand or undulate when the margin forms a wavy
line bending gently inward and outward; sinuate when the margin is
strongly undulate; incised or cut when cut into deep, sharp, irregular teeth;
lobed when deeply cut, but the incisions do not reach much more than
half-way to the midrib; cleft, nearly the same as lobed, but the incisions
extending more than half-way to the midrib; parted when the divisions
extend nearly to the midrib; and divided when they extend quite to it.
According to the number of lobes, clefts, etc., leaves may be 3-lobed, 5-cleft,
many-cleft, etc.

In simple leaves the method of division corresponds to the venation; in
pinnately-veined leaves the incisions all point toward the midrib, and in
palmately veined ones they point toward the apex of the petiole.

According to the degree of division we may have in pinnately veined
leaves, pinnately-lobed, pinnately-cleft, or pinnatifid, pinnately-parted, and
pinnately-divided or pinnatisect leaves, and in palmately veined leaves the
same combinations, with palmately substituted for pinnately.

The number of the lobes or divisions is frequently used, and we may
have palmately 3-lobed, -3-cleft or trifid, -3-parted leaves, etc., and with
higher numbers palmately 5-lobed, -many-lobed, -many-cleft or multifid, etc.
The same combinations are made with the substitution of pinnate for
palmate.

In compound feaves the separate parts, corresponding to the lobes,
divisions, etc., of simple leaves, are called leaflets. There are two principal
kinds, corresponding to the principal kinds of division in simple leaves,
pinnately compound and palmately compound.

Pinnate leaves are those where the leaflets are attached along the sides
of a main stalk or rachis, the leaflets corresponding to the lobes of a
simple, pinnately lobed leaf. When there is an odd or end leaflet, such
leaves are termed uneven pinnate, odd-pinnate, or imparipinnate; when
there is no odd terminal leaflet they are termed evenly or abruptly pinnate.
Simple pinnate leaves are those with a double row of leaflets; twice pinnate
or 2-pinnate leaves are those where the rachis bears branches, the branches
bearing the leaves, in which cases the branches are termed pinnae; the
division may be carried still further and we may have 3- or tripinnate, 4-
or quadripinnate or pinnately decompound leaves, etc.

In palmately compound leaves we may have the division carried further
in twice palmate, or when the division is in three’s, twice ternate or
biternate; if the division goes still further it is called palmately decompound.

As to the number of leaflets they may be few to many; when only one,
as in the orange, the leaves are called 1-foliolate, or unifoliolate; when 2,
2-foliolate, or bifoliolate; when 3, 3-foliolate, or trifoliolate, etc., and these
terms are used with both pinnately and palmately compound leaves, such
as pinnately 5-foliolate, palmately trifoliolate, etc. In pinnate leaves the
terms 2- or bijugate, 3- or trijugate, multijugate, (juga=pairs) ete., are
used to express the number of pairs of leaflets, pinnae, etc.

14 A FLORA OF MANILA

Special forms of leaves not included in the above definitions are the
following: Equitant when the leaves are vertical, each overlapping the
next beneath as if they were folded together lengthwise; cylindric when
with no definition between blade and petiole, and cylinder-shaped; and
acicular when very slender and sharp, like needles.

Sometimes the leaves are reduced to mere scales, and in the axils of the
scales are borne green, variously shaped branchlets which have the func-
tions and appearance of leaves, as in Asparagus; these special .branchlets
are called cladophylls or cladodes.

Solid, not flat parts of plants, such as fruits, some stems, some fleshy
leaves, seeds, etc., are described by special terms, such as ovoid, that is,
egg-shaped, with the narrow end upward, and obovoid, egg-shaped, with
the broad end upward, corresponding to ovate and obovate in flat surfaces;
globose or spherical, shaped like a ball, corresponding to orbicular in flat
surfaces; ellipsoid when a vertical section shows an ellipse; turbinate
when shaped like a top; conical when equally tapering upward, and
obconical when tapering downward, in both cases showing a circle in
cross-section; pyramidal and obpyramidal corresponding to conical and
obconical, but showing square or polygon in cross-section; fusiform when
round and tapering at both ends; terete when the transverse section is a
circle; trigonous or triquetrous when 3-angled in cross-section; compressed
when more or less flattened laterally; depressed when flattened vertically;
articulate or jointed, if at any period they separate into 2 or more parts
placed end to end.

As to consistence, leaves (and other parts as well) may be fleshy when
thick and soft; succulent, with about the same meaning but with rather
more juice; coriaceous when firm or tough like leather; chartaceous when
paper-like in texture; and membranaceous when thin and more or less
flexible. .

Surfaces of leaves, stems, fruits, and other parts of the plant are
described as glabrous if entirely smooth, without hairs or projections of
any kind; rugose when wrinkled or marked with irregular raised and
depressed lines; striate when marked with parallel lines, scabrid when
roughened by small projections; tuberculate when covered with small
wart-like projections; muricate when the protuberances are hard and
pointed; and echinate when they are stiffer and longer, almost awn-like.

The indumentum or covering of leaves and other organs is various, the
principle forms being: Pubescent when rather softly hairy; puberulent
when the hairs are very short and soft; pilose when the hairs are long
and soft; hirsute when the hairs are stiff and spreading; hispid when the
hairs are still stiffer; strigose when the hair$ are short and stiff and
are closely appressed to the surface, all pointing in one direction; tomen-
tose, woolly, or lanate when the hairs are soft and more or less matted
together; canescent when the hairs are grayish and not distinct to the-
naked eye; mealy or farinose when the indumentum is of very short hairs
with the appearance of meal, readily rubbing off; glaucous when pale-
bluish, often with a waxy bloom, and furfuraceous when covered with small,
spreading scales.

Hairs may be simple or branched; if the branches are radiately
arranged, they are called stellate; if like a feather, in two ranks, they
are called plumose. Besides hairs, leaves and other organs may be more
or less covered with small waxy glands, and are described as glandular,
or with minute rounded, appressed scales, being then described as lepidote.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 15

The term gland is applied not only to the small, waxy, shining, usually
colored, dots found on leaves, etc., but also to the variously shaped, wart-
like or shield-like bodies found on petioles, pedicels, petals, sepals, etc.;
to small translucent vescicles in the leaves, petals, etc., filled with oil,
usually readily seen with transmitted light; and to lobes of the disk or
other excrescences in the flower.

THE INFLORESCENCE.—By the inflorescence, we mean the flowers and
their arrangement on the plant. Flowers may be solitary or variously
grouped. When a single flower or group of flowers terminates a branch
_it is called terminal; when borne in the axils of the leaves, awillary;
when borne on the internodes between the nodes or axils, extra-axillary;
when borne opposite a leaf, leaf-opposed; when borne on the stem below
the leaves, cauline; and when borne on the root, radical.

Solitary flowers may be sessile when seated on the axil or other support
without any supporting stalk, or pedicelled when supplied with a stalk
or pedicel. A stalk that bears a cluster of flowers is called a peduncle, and
the individual stalks of the flowers are called pedicels.

There are numerous forms of inflorescences, and these have received
special names. A spike or spicate inflorescence is that kind where the
flowers are sessile along a simple undivided axis or rachis; a raceme or
racemose inflorescence is similar to a spike, but the flowers are pedicelled;
a panicle or paniculate inflorescence is where the axis or rachis is divided
regularly into branches which bear two or more flowers, and is usually
more or less open; an wmbel or umbellate inflorescence is where the flowers
are pedicelled and all spring from the apex of the peduncle, the branches
arranged like the ribs of an umbrella; a head or capitate inflorescence is
where the flowers are sessile and crowded in a dense globose mass; a
corymb or corymbose inflorescence is where the branches and pedicels,
although starting from different points, all attain the same level, the
lower branches and pedicels being longer than the upper ones, the inflores-
cence having a flat or nearly flat top, the outer flowers opening first; a _
cyme or cymose inflorescence is similar to a corymb, but the inner flowers
open first; a fascicle is where the flowers are sessile or pedicelled and
crowded, usually axillary; a catkin or ament is a short or long, usually
dense, scaly spike; a spadix is a dry or fleshy spike with small flowers,
the whole commonly surrounded by an enveloping organ called the spathe,
as in the taro (gabi) and the Araceae in general.

Flowers and inflorescences are frequently supplied with small or large,
often leaf-like organs, known as bracts and bracteoles. In general bracts,
when present, are found under each branch and branchlet of the inflores-
cence, while bracteoles are borne on or at the base of the pedicels of the
flowers. When several bracts are collected in a whorl, that is, spreading
radiately from a single node, loosely or closely enveloping an inflorescence
or a flower, they are collectively called the involucre. Glumes are the
usually dry bracts enclosing the flowers in the grasses and sedges. Paleae
are the inner chaff-like scales in the heads of certain Compositae, the
inner scales of grasses, the scales on the rootstocks and stipes of ferns, ete.

THE FLOWER.—A complete flower consists of four sets of organs, the
two outer rows or whorls, known as the floral envelopes, consisting of
the calyx and the corolla and collectively known as the perianth, and two
inner rows or whorls, the essential organs, consisting of the stamens and
pistils. The axis of a flower, or that part on which the various organs
are inserted is called the receptacle.

16 A FLORA OF MANILA

The outer row or whorl is known as the calyx, and is commonly green,
firmer in texture, and smaller than the next inner row; the individual
parts are called sepals. The next inner row or whorl is known as the
corolla, which is commonly larger than the calyx, of thinner texture, and
frequently white or variously colored; the individual parts are called
petals. Certain flowers in cultivated plants consist wholly of floral
envelopes, and these are known as double flowers, as in the rose, some
cultivated species of Hibiscus (gomamela), etc.

The next inner whorl consists of the stamens, or male organs. A
typical stamen consists of two parts, a stalk, known as the filament,
which bears a variously shaped body filled with a fine, yellow, dust-like
substance, the pollen, this body being called the anther.

The innermost row or whorl, frequently a single body, is the pistil,
or female organ, which, when complete, consists of three parts, the ovary,
style, and stigma; a simple pistil is called a carpel. The ovary is the
basal, usually enlarged and hollow part, which contains one or more
ovules or rudimentary seeds; an ovary may be from 1- to many-celled.
The style is the usually tapering part above the ovary. The stigma is
a variously shaped, often small, usually apical part of the style with a
moist surface to which the pollen may adhere.

As noted above a complete flower is one in which all four of the above
sets of organs are present. In very many flowers from one to three
of the sets of organs are absent, such flowers being incomplete. A perfect,
bisexual, or hermaphrodite flower is one in which the two sets of essential
organs, stamens and pistils, are present and fully developed, although
the perianth may be present or absent; an imperfect or unisexual flower
is one in which either the stamens or the pistils are imperfect or wanting.
Flowers with stamens and no or only rudimentary pistils are called
staminate or male, and those with pistils and no or only rudimentary
stamens are called pistillate or female.

Unisexual or imperfect flowers are said to be monoecious when both
male and female flowers are produced by the same individual, as in
Ricinus communis (tangan-tangan); dioecious when male flowers are
borne on one plant and female flowers on another as in Antidesma
(bignay) ; and polygamous when some flowers are perfect, and some male
or female on the same plant.

Incomplete flowers are said to be naked when they have neither calyx
nor corolla, and apetalous when the corolla is absent. When there is but
one set of floral envelopes present it is always considered to be the calyx.

Flowers are regular, when all the parts of each set of organs are of
like size and shape; irregular, when some parts of one or more sets of
organs differ from other pth of the same set either in shape or size, or
both.

A symmetrical flower is one in which the parts of all sets of organs
are the same in number or in multiples of the prevailing number; an
unsymmetrical flower is one in which there is a variation from the
standard number in one or more sets of organs.

In the use of numerals in describing the parts of flowers they are
termed 3-merous or trimerous, when the parts are in threes, 5-merous or
pentamerous when the parts are in fives, etc. Plants with 1, 2, 3, or
many stamens, are described as monandrous, diandrous, triandrous, poly-
androus, etc.; if with 1, 2, 3, or many petals, as monopetalous, dipetalous,
tripetalous, polypetalous, ete.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS pl

By the union of parts flowers are variously modified. The term connate
is used to express union of parts of the same set of organs, and adnate
when organs of one set are more or less united with those of another set.

As to the perianth and its parts, when the sepals are more or less
united the calyx is described as gamosepalous, and when they are quite
free from each other, as polysepalous, or chorisepalous; with the corolla
when the parts are united it is described as gamopetalous or sympetalous,
and when the petals are quite free from each other as polypetalous or
choripetalous.

THE COROLLA.—As to shape the corolla varies greatly in different
species necessitating various names to describe the many forms. Among
these special names are tubular, when elongated and shaped like a tube
or cylinder; funnel-shaped, when gradually spreading from near the base
to the apex; campanulate when the tube is broad and rather short, widen-
ing upward like a bell; salver-shaped when the lower part is cylindric
and the upper part or limb spreads horizontally; wrceolate when the tube
is ovoid or globose, contracted above into a short neck and again expanded
in a narrow limb like an urn; and rotate or stellate when the lobes spread
radiately from near the base like a wheel or star.

A gamopetalous corolla usually shows differently shaped parts, the
contracted part below called the tube, the spreading part above called
the limb, and the junction of the two, called the throat.

Irregular flowers may be papilionaceous as in the flowers of various
beans, consisting of a large upper and outer petal, the standard or vewillum,
two lateral petals usually much smaller than the standard and very
different in shape called the wings, and the keel, consisting of the two
lower and usually smaller petals, often slightly connate and somewhat
resembling the prow of a boat. Another type is the labiate corolla, in
which it is more or less 2-lipped, the two upper lobes more or less
uniting to form the upper lip, the three lower ones to form the lower lip.
The ligulate or strap-shaped corolla is found in some of the Compositae,
the base being a short tube, opening out into an elongated narrow, flat,
strap-like appendage.

The arrangement of the petals and sepals in the bid is important;
they are valvate when their edges touch each other but do not overlap,
and imbricate when to a greater or less degree they overlap. They are
plicate when folded in longitudinal plaits.

Some petals are distinctly stalked, and special terms are used to
indicate the different parts; the stalk is called the claw, and the broaa
part the lamina.

THE STAMENS.—In a few cases the stamens pass by gradual inter-
gradations into the petals but usually they are very distinct. The
principal parts of the stamen are the filament and anther described above.
Collectively the stamens form the androecium.

Stamens are most generally quite free from each other, or distinct, or
they may be variously united. When united by their filaments in a
single cluster they are called monadelphous; when in two clusters dia-
delphous; when in three clusters triadelphous, etc. When the anthers are
united and the filaments are free, they are called syngenesious. In some
cases the filaments are entirely united, forming a globose or cylindric
tube, known as the staminal tube, bearing the anthers either on the inside
or at its apex. Stamens are said to be exserted when they extend beyond
the perianth.

111555——2

18 A FLORA OF MANILA

As to their place of attachment stamens are epipetalous when inserted
on the corolla; hypogynous when inserted on the receptacle; perigynous
when inserted on the calyx; and epigynous when apparently borne on
the ovary.

The anther is the essential part of the stamen. The filament is
frequently wanting, the anther then being described as sessile. As to its
attachment it is adnate when attached by its base, and versatile when
attached by a point near the middle. When it faces inward it is called
introrse, and when outward it is called extrorse. The anther usually
consists of two cells, but some have 1, 3, or 4. - The filament is frequently
prolonged between the cells, this prolongation being called the connective.
The cells open to allow the escape of the pollen by longitudinal slits, by
valves, or by pores. Imperfect stamens are called staminodes.

THE PISTIL.—As androecium is a general term to include the entire
male organs, so gynaecium is a term used to include all the female organs.
The principal parts of the pistil are the ovary, style, and stigma as de-
scribed above (p. 16). The ovary is the essential part as it contains
the rudimentary seeds or ovules; the style is frequently wanting, the
stigma then being described as sessile.

If the floral organs appear as though they were inserted on the top
of the ovary, the latter is then described as inferior; if the ovary is
inserted on the receptacle, and free from the other floral organs it is
described as superior; intergradations occur and we may have a half-
inferior, or half-superior ovary. When the ovary is superior the calyx
is often described as inferior, and when the ovary is inferior the calyx
is spoken of as superior.

A pistil may be simple or compound. A simple pistil is one with a
1-celled ovary bearing a single ovule or row of ovules. A compound pistil
or syncarpous ovary is one in which two or more carpels are more or
less united forming one body. It may be 1- to many-celled. :

The surface on which the ovules are borne is called the placenta; this
may be basal, when situated at the bottom of cell; parietal when situated
on the wall; or. awile when the ovules are attached to the center or axis
in several-celled ovaries.

In most flowering plants the ovules are enclosed in the ovary, these
plants being known as the Angiospermae or angiosperms, but in one
group the ovules are naked, this group being known as the Gymnospermae
or gymnosperms.

In regard to their direction ovules are erect when rising upright from
the base of the cell; pendulous when hanging from the side or near the
top; suspended when hanging from the apex of the cell; and horizontal
when directed neither up nor down. ,

In their development they are orthotropous or straight when they do
not curve or turn; campylotropous or incurved when by greater growth
on one side they become kidney-shaped, bringing the orifice down near
the base; amphitropous when the ovule is apparently attached laterally;
and anatropous when it has continued adnate to its stock which remains
straight, the ovule becoming entirely inverted.

THE FRUIT.—The fruit consists of the matured ovary and frequently
other usually- enlarged and variously altered parts of the flower, that
persist until the seeds are ripe. They may be simple, those resulting
from the ripening of a single ovary, or aggregate, when several to many
carpels of a single flower in development become crowded into a mass,

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 19

‘as in anona (ates, etc.). A collective fruit is one formed of the carpels
of several to many flowers united into a mass as in the jak fruit (lanca).
The wall of a fruit is called the pericarp, and when the several layers
are distinct, the innermost layer is called the endocarp, the outermost
layer the exocarp, and the intermediate layer the mesocarp.

Fruits that open at maturity are called dehiscent, while those that
remain closed are called indehiscent.

As to texture, fruits are described as succulent or fleshy when soft
and juicy throughout, and dry, when they contain no pulp. All inter-
grades occur.

The principal kinds of fruits that have received distinctive names
are the berry, or baccate fruit, the whole pulp soft and fleshy with few
to. many seeds imbedded in the pulp} the drupe, the outer part more or
less soft and fleshy, the inner part hard and stone-like; the achene, a
small, dry, indehiscent, one-seeded, seed-like fruit, like those of the Com-
positae; utricle, similar to an achene but the pericarp loose and bladder-
like, ultimately dehiscent; caryopsis or grain, like the fruits of grasses,
the seeds adhering to the thin pericarp throughout; nut a dry, hard,
indehiscent fruit; the legume or pod, consisting of a 1-celled fruit splitting
regularly into two valves generally by both sutures, as in many Legumi-
nosae, or often indehiscent; follicle, the fruit of a single carpel dehiscing
by the ventral suture; capsule the dry, dehiscent or indehiscent fruit of
a compound ovary. In dehiscent fruits the cells open chiefly in one or
two ways; if splitting through the dorsal suture directly into each cell
it is called loculicidal; if splitting through the partitions it is called
septicidal. Those that open by a circular lid at the apex are called
circumsciss.

Other forms of fruits are such as the cone, a multiple fruit consisting
chiefly of overlapping appressed scales, each scale bearing one or two
seeds on its inner face; the pepo, represented by the squash (calabaza),
which is really a kind of berry; the hesperidiwm, such as the orange,
really a berry with a thick skin; the pome such as the apple, in which
the bulk is made up chiefly of the much-thickened calyx, etc.

Some fruits are variously appendaged, chiefly for purposes of distribu-
tion. They may be covered with hooked or barbed bristles or with
viscid glands, or supplied with flattened appendages called wings, or with
tufts of long or short hairs, called the coma, as in many Compositae, ete.

THE SEED.—The seed is the fertilized and developed ovule, and is
exceedingly variable in size and shape, from the minute and almost dust-
like seeds of the orchids, to the very large seed of the coconut.

The seed-coats usually consist of two layers, an outer thicker one
known as the testa, and an inner more delicate one known as the tegmen.
The scar where the seed was attached is called the hilum.

Externally seeds may be smooth, pitted, wrinkled, or marked in various
other ways, hairy as in the cotton, winged, or supplied with a tuft of
hairs called a coma. Various appendages have received special names,
such as the prominent wart-like growth at the hilum in such seeds as
Ricinus (tangan-tangan) known as the caruncle; an often fleshy, colored,
entire or variously divided appendage that in part or entirely encloses
some seeds is called the aril, seeds supplied with this organ being called
arillate.

In the fully developed embryo the most prominent part is the seed-leaves,
known as the cotyledons. In accordance with the number of these the

20) A FLORA OF MANILA

largest group of flowering plants is subdivided into two great divisions,
the monocotyledons, if one cotyledon be present, and the dicotyledons, if
two be present. When the embryo proper contains its own store of plant
food, the seed is called exalbuminous, but when the plant food is stored
outside of the embryo the seed is called albuminous, and the food-deposit
is called the endosperm. In descriptive botany the endosperm is described
as mealy when granular like meal, horny when hard and bone-like, con-
tinuous when smooth and uninterrupted, and ruminated when penetrated
with irregular depressions, as if chewed, as in the betel nut (bunga).,

CLASSIFICATION

Recent estimates show that there are at present known in all groups
of plants about 235,000 different kinds or species, hence it is evident that
some kind of systematic classification is necessary to indicate the relation-
ships of this enormous number of forms. For convenience botanists have
classified plants according to their relationships or assumed relationships
into species, genera, families, orders, etc., all finally being included under the
comprehensive term Vegetable Kingdom.

A species comprises all the individuals that so closely resemble each
other that we may conclude that they have all been descended from a
common parent, from few to many generations back. Specific identity is
inferred when different specimens closely resemble each other in all essential
characters, for no two individuals are exactly alike, there always being a
tendency to variation; under species some botanists recognize subspecies,
varieties, and forms, but it is frequently if not always a matter of personal
opinion whether any constant character or set of characters by which one
plant differs from other allied ones, constitutes a specific difference, or
whether the differences should be considered only as the basis of a sub-
species, a variety, or a form.

To facilitate classification a number of species having certain characters
in common, are grouped in a genus; the generic name corresponding to
a person’s family name, and the specific name to his given one; a genus
may consist of a single species, or of any number up to several hundred.
Genera are frequently subdivided into subgenera or sections, or both.

Genera still being far too numerous properly to study without other
arrangement, have been grouped into families, each, family having its
distinctive name; for instance, the Palmae or palm family form a very
natural group, the limits of which are evident even to non-botanical ob-
servers; the grasses form another equally well-marked family, the sedges
another, etc. Families may contain few to many genera, and are fre-
quently divided into subfamilies and tribes, or they may consist of a
single genus with but few, or sometimes only a single species.

Families themselves, of which about 285 are now generally recognized
in the flowering plants, are again arranged in orders; the grasses and
sedges, for example, being two distinct families but with certain characters
in common that are not found in other groups, are hence classified in the
natural order Glumeles or Glumiflorae. Orders are arranged in Classes,
the Order Glumales falling in the Class Monocotyledoneae with many
others, that is, plants which produce seeds with but a single cotyledon.
Again Classes are grouped in Divisions, the Class Monocotyledoneae forming
a Subdivision of the Angiospermae, that is, plants with ovules borne in
closed ovaries, of the Division Spermatophyta, that is, all plants that
produce seeds. The Vegetable Kingdom is made up of four Divisions.

CLASSIFICATION rs 4

So far as the following “Flora” is concerned but the two higher divisions
of the Vegetable Kingdom are considered, III Pteridophyta, the ferns and
fern-like plants, often called the vascular cryptogams, and IV Spermato-
phyta, the seed-producing or flowering plants, often called the Phanero-
gamia or phanerogams; the first division consisting of the fungi and
algae, and the second consisting of the mosses and scale-mosses are not
included in this work. Orders are not indicated.

The following is the general scheme of classification of the groups con-
sidered in the following paper:

Division III. PTERIDOPHYTA; ferns and fern-like plants.
Class 1. Filicales; the true ferns (four families in our area).
’ Class 2. Equisetales; the horse-tails (no representatives in our area).
Class 3. Lycopodiales; the club-mosses (two families in our area).
Division IV. SPERMATOPHYTA; the flowering and seed-producing plants.
Subdivision I. Gymnospermae; plants with naked ovules; stigmas none
(one family in our area, Cycadaceae).
Subdivision II. Angiospermae; plants with ovules in closed ovaries;
stigmas always present.

Class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE; plants producing seeds with a single
cotyledon, eleven Orders (twenty-six families in our
area).

Class 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE; plants producing seeds with two coty-
ledons, thirty-six Orders (one hundred and three fami-
lies in our area).

To illustrate the above scheme of classification, the common bamboo
known locally as cauayan or cauayan totoo, is known to botanists as
Bambusa blumeana Schultes, the first name being its generic, the second
its specific one, while the third is the name of the botanist who described
the species. It belongs to the tribe Bambuseae in the Grass Family, or
Gramineae, of the Order Glumales, Class Monocotyledoneae (seeds with
one cotyledon), Subdivision Angiospermae (ovules in closed ovaries), of
the Division Spermatophyta (plants producing seeds). The determination
of a plant in practice usually ‘means tracing it to its proper family,
genus, and species. To facilitate the identification of specimens artificial
keys to the families have been devised, while under the families keys to
the genera, and under the genera keys to the species will be found.

THE PREPARATION OF BOTANICAL SPECIMENS

The number of different species is so great that for purposes of study
and comparison it is necessary to preserve material in a convenient form,
hence various methods have been evolved for drying, mounting, and arrang-
ing botanical specimens.

A botanical specimen of an herbaceous plant, to be complete, should
consist of roots, stems, leaves, buds, flowers, and mature fruit. It is
frequently impossible to gather all of these at any one time, and accordingly
later gatherings are often necessary. In the case of small herbaceous
species frequently everything can be shown by entire plants, but with
coarse ones it is usually convenient or possible to prepare sections only.
In the case of woody plants it is unnecessary to secure specimens of the
roots, but many collectors prepare thin sections showing the bark and wood.

22 A FLORA OF MANILA

Specimens should not exceed 40 cm in length, and if longer than this,
as is very frequently the case, the stems can be folded back and forth or
cut into sections. In such plants as the grasses and sedges tall specimens
can be folded back and forth like the letter N, or folded several times
if necessary, and a piece of tough paper, slit and slipped over the folded
ends, will hold the specimen in position while drying. In species with
very large leaves frequently it becomes necessary to take sections only.
In large pinnate leaves all the pinnae on one side can be removed and the
remaining part of the leaf folded together for drying; in very large leaves
such as the palms, etec., portions only can be prepared, but full notes
should be taken as to size, number of pinnae, lobes, etc. Large fruits
can be dried separately, and fleshy fruits can be sectioned or preserved
in alcohol or in some other preservative. ‘Thick fleshy roots can also be
sectioned and thick stems can be sliced longitudinally. Often it is advisable
to dry separately fleshy or large fruits, tubers, etc., but as soon as dried,
such detached parts should be placed with the rest of the specimen for
permanent preservation.

In collecting specimens the most convenient method of transporting them
is in a portfolio, spreading the plants out on sheets of thin paper. The
most serviceable portfolio is a pair of simple frames made of split bamboo
similar to and of about the size as the presses, described below, that is,
slightly larger than the botanical driers; this double frame can be supplied
with straps for convenience in opening and closing, and for purposes of
transportation. In wet weather it is also advisable to have a piece of
black oil cloth, such as is used for covering the tops of carriages, or a
piece of cotton cloth dipped in melted parafin, sufficiently large to protect
the enclosed papers and specimens in the portfolio from being wet by
rain, etc. In practice it will be found that specimens can be transported
from one to two days in such a portfolio, before transferring them to the
press, without, in most cases, being seriously harmed; as a rule however,
specimens should be arranged in the press as soon as possible after they
are collected.

To dry specimens the selected plants or parts of plants are laid out
flat, in as nearly a natural position ase may be, between sheets of soft,
unsized, porous paper and subjected to considerable pressure. The object
is to extract the moisture as rapidly as possible, at the same time keeping
the specimens flat and under sufficient pressure to prevent their wrinkling,
but at the same time not sufficient to crush the more delicate parts. The
papers must be changed at intervals.

In the Philippines the most generally available soft paper is the
common Chinese bamboo paper that can be secured of Chinese dealers in
most large towns; this makes excellent driers, especially if stitched into
pads of about 4 thicknesses. Blotting paper makes excellent driers, and
even old newspapers can be utilized. Driers should be cut or folded into
a size not to exceed 45 by 30 cm, and if this is done then there will be no
danger of making specimens too large to be mounted on standard herbarium
sheets.

In preparing specimens for drying lay the selected plants on a single
sheet, or between the folds of a double sheet of thin paper, the specimen
sheet, then add one or more driers, then another specimen sheet, other
driers, etc.; old newspapers make excellent specimen sheets. When all

PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS 23

the specimens are arranged or the stack gets too high for convenience, the
whole should be placed under pressure, usually from 20 to 30 kilos being
sufficient.

The most convenient method of applying pressure is by means of a
press which is best made of split bamboo, either nailed together or fastened
by rattan, wire, or string; the cross-slats should not be more than 3 or
4 cm apart. The press frames should be a little larger than the sheets
used for driers, a convenient size being 50 by 35 cm. Pressure can be
applied by straps, or better by means of stout cords attached to each
corner of the lower frame, to be fastened to the corners of the upper
frame as pressure is applied. Presses are not essential as pressure can
be applied by other means. The driers with specimens to be dried can
be stacked in piles up to 60 cm or so in height, and a board placed on the
stack, pressure being applied by means of stones or other weights.

Presses containing drying plants should, so far as possible, be kept in
the sun in a breezy place during the day but should be placed under cover
at night and in damp or rainy weather; during the rainy season, or during
protracted rains they should be placed near or over a fire.

As a rule the oftener the driers are changed, the better, and this
should be done at least once each day, otherwise the specimens are apt to
discolor badly, become mouldy, or even decay. In changing driers remove
the specimen sheet with the enclosed plant or plants to fresh driers
without disturbing the drying plant itself. The damp papers (driers)
should be thoroughly dried before using again, either by spreading them
in a sunny place or drying them by fire. Better results will be secured
by replacing the damp driers with warm or hot dry ones.

Extra flowers, and especially very delicate ones should be placed in
packets of thin paper in drying, and parts that become detached in drying
such as flowers, fruits, etc., should also be so treated.

The length of time necessary properly to dry specimens varies very
greatly, some species such as slender grasses and sedges, most ferns, etc.,
drying well in from one to three or four days according to the number of
times the driers are changed, and whether or not artificial heat is used, ete.
Other species are more slow in drying, and some succulent plants, like most
orchids, dry very slowly. In such cases it is advisable first to kill the
plant by plunging it in boiling water for a moment, being careful, however
not to immerse the flowers; the plant thus killed will dry much quicker
than if not so treated.

When the specimens are thoroughly dried they can be removed from the
press and’ stored in well wrapped bundles until desired for study or for
other purposes. To protect the dried specimens against the depredations
of small insects it is almost essential in this country that a small amount
of naphthalin or some similar repellant be sprinkled over the specimens.

Notes on specimens to be preserved should be as full as circumstances
permit. To be complete they should show the locality, habitat, altitude,
date of collection and collector, size of the plant, if not shown by the -
specimen itself, habit of growth, color of the flowers and its parts, odor
if any, color and any particular characters of the fruit that would be
destroyed in drying, local name, economic uses; in short all data that are
not shown by the dried specimen itself. The label bearing these data should
be attached to the specimen or preserved with it.

24 A FLORA OF MANILA

THE HERBARIUM

A collection of dried plants is called an herbarium, and such a collection
is most essential in the study of taxonomy or systematic botany.

For convenience in referring to specimens, the dried plants are com-
monly mounted on sheets of fairly stiff white paper, the usual size, known
as the standard herbarium sheet, being 29 by 42 cm. Any paper of good
quality and fairly stiff can be used, but about 60- bi ae linen ledger paper
is best adapted to all purposes.

There are several methods of mounting specimens, the chief being a
combination of gumming and strapping, or strapping alone. Ordinary glue,
fish-glue, or mucilage, can be used in fastening specimens to the herbarium
sheets, but the most satisfactory adhesive is gum arabic dissolved in cold
water to the consistency of ordinary mucilage; to this mixture a small
amount of carbolic acid should be added to keep it from souring. The
form of gum arabic known as powdered acacia is the most convenient for
general use, as it dissolves very quickly.

With gum arabic solution one can make his own gummed paper, for
strapping plants, by taking any tough white paper and with a soft brush
painting over one side with the gum arabic solution and allowing it to
dry. It can then be cut into strips of various widths and used as desired.

In gumming plants a thin layer of the gum is spread out on a smooth
hard surface by means of a brush. The plant to be mounted is then placed
‘on this gummed surface and all parts are gently pressed down so that the
gum is evenly distributed over the lower surface of the specimen; it is
then carefully removed and transferred to the mounting paper in the
position desired and the sheet placed between driers under light pressure
until thoroughly dry. Later the heavier parts, such as the stems, ends of
leaves, etc., are more firmly fastened by the use of narrow strips of
gummed paper. This method is the best one for a collection that is to be
consulted or studied a great deal.

Another general method is to lay the plant on the mounting paper in
the position desired and firmly fasten it in place by the use of strips of
gummed paper, without previously fastening the plant to the paper by
gumming as described above. The advantage of this method is that the
entire plant can, if necessary, be removed for purposes of study, which
is impracticable when the specimens are gummed. Plants can be mounted ~
without the use of gum by folding strips of paper about the stems and
other coarse parts, and pinning the ends of -the paper strips to the
herbarium sheet.

In mounting specimens the leaves should be so arranged that both
surfaces are shown. Detached flowers, fruits, small leaves, etc., are best
preserved by placing them in small envelopes or packets which are attached
to the sheet. Mosses, scale-mosses, most fungi, lichens, etc., can be pre-
served in packets which should be attached to herbarium sheets. Only one
species should be mounted on a single sheet, but several specimens of the
same species showing variation etc., can be attached to the same sheet.

The name of the plant, genus and species, locality, collector, and date
of collection should be written on the lower right-hand corner of the sheet,
or on a label attached to the sheet; sometimes other data are added but
these additional data are best preserved on the field label which may be
attached to either the- upper or lower left-hand corner of the sheet.
Herbarium labels are usually about 6 by 12 em, and should be printed on
paper of good quality.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 25

The specimens once mounted and properly labelled are ready for
distribution in the herbarium, which in arrangement is quite the same as
a large card catalogue, the mounted herbarium specimens corresponding
to the cards of the card catalogue. The whole herbarium can be arranged
according to the relationships or assumed relationships of the families,
genera, and species, or by the much simpler alphabetic method, first arranged
alphabetically as to families, second under each family alphabetically as to
the genera, and third under each genus of more than one species, alpha-
betically as to species. In practice a combination of the two methods will
probably be found to be the most convenient, arranging the families accord-
ing to their natural order, but under each family arranging the genera
and species alphabetically.

In small collections family covers of stout tough paper which, when
folded once, should be about the size of the herbarium sheets, should be
supplied. The family name should be written on the lower left-hand corner
and all members of the family should be distributed into the family cover
or covers. In large herbaria it is usual to supply also genus covers, and
even species covers, but these are not necessary in small collections. For
temporary purposes specimens can very well be preserved between folded
sheets of thin paper, and for this purpose old newspapers will serve very
well.

For proper preservation the herbarium should be kept in tight cases
or boxes, as nearly insect- and dust-proof as possible. The cases should
be kept in a dry place and to repel possible insect attacks moth balls,
powdered naphthalin, or some other repellant should be placed with speci-
mens. If cases are made for the purpose they should be provided with
pigeon holes about 49 cm deep, 33 cm wide, and 16 cm high.

In large herbaria it is customary to poison the specimens with corrosive
sublimate. This may be done by immersing the specimens before mounting
in a nearly saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in about 50 percent
alcohol and again drying the specimen, or the mounted specimen can be
painted over with the same solution by the use of a soft brush and then
dried. Great care must be taken, however, in handling the corrosive sub-
limate solution on account of its poisonous properties.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

'. A; in Greek compounds, without, as apetalous, Adherent; growing fast to another body.
without petals. Adnate; united or growing together. Applied

Abnormal; contrary to the usual or the natural | to the anther when it is fixed by its whole
structure. | length to the filament or its prolongation.

Abortive; imperfectly developed. | Ascending; rising gradually upward.

Abrupt; suddenly ending, as though broken off. | adventitious; out of the proper or usual place;

Abruptly pinnate; a pinnate leaf ending with — applied to recently introduced plants that
a pair of leaflets. are hardly naturalized.

Acaulescent; with a very short or no stem Aggregate fruit; a fruit composed of many
above ground. = a more or less united carpels produced by

Accessory; something additional. Saeh siowee!

Acoresent; growing larger after POWET ER Ala; a wing; the lateral petals in typical le-

Achene; a small, dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent, A a

ASE OT | guminous (papilionaceous) flowers.

Aoicular; needle-shaped. | Albumen; nourishing matter stored within the

Aculeate; armed with prickles, as the stem seed.
of the rose. | Albuminous; furnished with albumen.
Acumen; a tapering point. Alternate; one after another, as leaves placed
Acuminate; tapering to a point, the sides | on opposite sides of a stem, one at each
incurved. node; when between bodies of the same
Acute; sharply pointed, the sides straight, not or different sets of organs.

incurved. | Ament; a slender, usually sealy, dense spike.

26

~Amorphous; shapeless, the form not regular or

uniform.

Anastomosing; forming a net-work,
veins of leaves.

_-Androecium; the stamens as a whole.

- Androphore; a column of united stamens.

Androus; in Greek compounds for male, or
stamens, as monandrous, with one stamen,

Angiospermae; plants with ovules in a closed
ovary. ;

Annual; a plant living a year or less, produc-
ing flowers and seeds, and then dying.

Annular; ring-like.

Annulate; marked by rings.

Annulus; a ring of thickened tissues like that
of the spore-case of most ferns.

Anterior; the part of a flower next to the
bract, that is, external. The side next
to the axis of inflorescence is the posterior
one. E

_— Anther; the part of the stamen which con-
tains the pollen.

Anthesis; the period of the expansion of a
flower.

_Apetalous; without petals.

'_Apex; the summit or tip of on organ.

Aphyllous; without leaves.

/Apical; belonging to the apex or tip of any
organ.

Apiculate; tipped with a small point.

-Appendage; any added part.

-Appendiculate; supplied with an appendage.

_Appressed; pressed to the stem.

_Aquatic; living or growing in water.

Arcuate; bent like a bow.

Areola; a small area marked out on a surface;

a small pit.

-Aril; a fleshy growth from base of and envelop-
ing a seed.

Arillate; furnished with an aril.

Aristate; awned.

Articulated; jointed.

Ascending; directed upward.

Attenuate; narrowed gradually.

Auriculate; furnished with auricles or ear-like
appendages.

Awn; a bristle or bristle-like appendage.

Awned; furnished with an awn or a bristle-
shaped tip.

Axil; the angle on the upper side between a
leaf and the stem.

Axile; belonging to the axis.

Axillary; occurring in an axil.

Axis; the central line of any body.

as the

a fleshy, few- to many-
the seeds im-

Baccate; berry-like,
seeded, indehiscent fruit,
bedded in pulp.

Barbate; bearded, that is bearing tufts, spots,
or lines of hairs.

—Basal; belonging or attached to the ae

Basifixed; attached by its base.

Beaked; ending in a prolonged narrow tip.

_Bell-shaped; tubular below, inflated above, like

a bell.

A FLORA OF MANILA

Berry; a fleshy, indehiscent, few- to many-
seeded fruit.

Bi-, Bis.; in compound words meaning twice.

Biauriculate; having two ears.

Bicallose; having two callosities or harder
spots.

Bicarinate; two-keeled.

Biennial; a plant living two years only, produc-
ing flowers and seeds the second year.

Bifid; two-cleft to about the middle.

Bifoliolate; a compound leaf of two leaflets.

Bifurcate; twice forked.

Bipinnate; twice pinnate.

Biserrate; doubly serrate, as when the teeth of
a leaf are themselves serrate.

Bisexual; having both stamens and pistil.

Biternate; twice ternate.

Bladdery; thin and inflated like a bladder.

Blade; the expanded part of a leaf.

Bloom; the whitish waxy powder on some
fruits and leaves.

Blunt; ending in a rounded point.

Boat-shaped; shaped like a small boat.

Bony; of hard, bone-like texture.

Bract; the small leaf or scale from the axil of
which a flower or its pedicel proceeds.

Bracteate; furnished with bracts.

Bracteolate; furnished with bractlets.

Bractlet or Bracteole; a bract seated on the
pedicel or flower-stalk. '

Branch; a division of a stem or axis.

Branchlet; a small or ultimate branch.

Bristle; a stiff, sharp hair, or any slender body
of similar appearance.

Bristly; supplied with bristles.

Bulb; an underground stem composed of scales.

Bulbiferous; bearing or producing bulbs.

Bulbils; small bulbs, borne above ground,
usually axillary.

Caducous; falling off very early.

Caespitose; growing in turf-like patches or
tufts.

Calyx; the outer envelopes of the flower.

Campanulate; shaped like a bell.

Canescent; grayish-white.

Capillary; hair-like in shape.

Capitate; having a globular apex.

Capsule; a dry, 1- to many-celled seed-vessel of
a compound pistil.

Capsular; like a capsule.

Carina; a keel; the two anterior petals of a
papilionaceous flower.

Carinate; keeled, furnished with a sharp ridge
or projection.

Carpel; a simple pistil.

Caryopsis; the one-seeded fruit or grain of
grasse@s.

Cartilaginous; firm and tough in texture.

Caudate; tailed, or tail-pointed.

Cauline; of or belonging to a stem.

Cell; the cavity of an anther, or of an ovary.

Cernuous; nodding.

Chaff; small membranaceous scales or bracts
on the receptacles of Compositae, the
glumes or scales of grasses, etc.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Chaffy; furnished with chaff.

Chlorophyll; the green coloring matter in
plants.

Choripetalous; the petals distinct and free from
each other.

A Eiliate; fringed with hairs more or less re-
sembling eyelashes.
Circinate; rolled inward from the top.
Circumsciss; opening by a circular line round
the sides.
Clavate; club-shaped, slender below and thick-
ened upward.
Claw; the narrow or stalk-like base of some
petals.
Cieft; cut into lobes, about half-way to the
. center.
Climbing; rising by clinging to other objects.
Club-shaped; see clavate.
Clustered; collected into a compact bunch.
Coalescent; becoming united by growth.
Coccus; the separable carpels or nutlets of a
dry fruit, plural cocci.
Coherent; the union of separate parts.
Column; the united stamens, or the stamens
and pistils united into one body.
Columnar; shaped like a column or pillar,
Coma; a tuft of hairs at the ends of some
seeds. 3s
Compact; closely pressed together.
Compound; similar parts aggregated
whole.
Complete; having all parts.
Compressed; flattened on opposite sides.
Concave; hollowed on one side.
Congested; crowded together.
Conical; having the form of a cone.
Connate; united or grown together from the
first formation.
Connective; the part of the anther connecting
its two cells.

into a

Connivent; converging, or brought close to-
gether.

Continuous; the reverse of interrupted or arti-
culated.

Contorted; twisted together.

Contracted; either narrowed or shortened.

Convex; a more or less rounded surface

-Convolute; rolled up lengthwise.

Copious; numerous, or in large quantity.

Cordate; heart-shaped.

Coriaceous; resembling leather in texture.

Corm; a solid bulb, like that of the taro
(gabi).

Corolla; the second set of floral organs, com-
posed of petals, usually the showy part of
the flower.

Corona; a body shaped like a crown.

Coronate; crowned; furnished with a corona.

Corymb; a flat or convex, open, compound
flower-cluster, the inner flowers opening
first.

Corymbose; in corymbs, or corymb-like in form.

Costa; a rib; the midrib of a leaf.

Cotyledons; the proper leaves of the embryo.

Creeping; growing flat on the ground and
rooting.

27

Crenate; an edge with rounded teeth.

Crenulate; minutely or slightly crenate.

Crest; an elevation or ridge on the summit of
any organ.

Crowded; closely pressed together.

Crown; see corona,

Crustaceous; hard and brittle in texture.

Cryptogamia or Cryptogams; plants not pro-
ducing seeds.

Cucullate; hooded, or hood-shaped.

Culm; the hollow, jointed stem of the grasses.

Cuneate; wedge-shaped.

Cup-shaped; like a goblet or cup in form.

Cuspidate; tipped with a sharp and stiff point.

Cut; applied generally to any sharp and deep
division.

Cyme; a compound, flat or convex, open in-
florescence, the outer flowers opening first.

Cymose; furnished with cymes, or cyme-like.

Deciduous; falling off; applied to those trees
that shed all their leaves at one time.

Declinate; turned to one side, or downward.

Decompound; several times compounded or
divided.

Decumbent; reclining on the ground.

Decurrent; leaves prolonged on the stem be-
neath their insertion.

Definite; when of a uniform number; and not
above 10 to 20.

Deflexed; bent downward.

Dehiscence; the regular splitting open of cap-
sule or anther.

Deltoid; of a triangular shape.

Dentate; toothed, the teeth sharp and pointing
outward.

Denticulate; furnished with little teeth.

Depauperate; below the natural size.

Depressed; flattened or as if pressed down from

above.

or Dis.;
double.

Diadelpous; stamens united by their filaments
in two sets.

Diandrous; having two stamens.

Dichlamydeous; having both calyx and corolla.

Dichotomous; two-forked.

Diclinous; having the stamens in one flower,
the pistils in another.

Didynamous; having four stamens in two pairs.

Diffuse; spreading widely and irregularly.

Digitate; where the leaflets of a compound leaf
are all borne on the apex of the petiole.

Dimorphous; of two forms.

Dioecious; the male and female flowers on dif-
ferent plants.

Disciform or Disk-shaped;
like a disk.

Disk; the expansion of a receptacle of a flower;
the central part of a head of flowers, as in
the Compositae.

Disk-flowers; the central flowers in the Com-
positae.
Dissected; cut
divisions.

Di., in Greek compounds two, or

flat and circular,

deeply into many lobes or

28 A FLORA OF MANILA

Dissepiments;
ovary.

Distichous; two-ranked.

Distinct; free, not combined.

Divaricate; widely spreading or divergent.

Divided; cut into divisions down to the base or
midrib. g

Dorsal; pertaining to the back of an organ.

Downy; covered with soft and short hairs.

Drupaceous; like or pertaining to a drupe.

Drupe; a stone-fruit, that is the outer part soft,
fleshy or fibrous, the inner part hard and
bony.

the partitions of a compound

Ebracteate; without bracts.

Ebracteolate; without bractlets.

Echinate; armed with prickles.

Edge; the margin or outline, as of a leaf.

Ellipsoid; a solid body showing an ellipse in
longitudinal section and a circle in cross
section. :

Eliptic; oval or oblong, with the ends regularly
rounded.

Emarginate; notched at the apex.

Endemic; confined to a country.

Endocarp; the inner layer of the pericarp.

Endosperm; the albumen of a seed.

Entire; the margins continuous,
toothed, notched, or divided.

Ephemeral; lasting for a day or less.

Epigynous; upon the ovary.

Epiphyte; a plant growing on another plant,
but not nourished by it.

Epiphytic; relating to epiphytes.

Equal; alike in number or length.

Equilateral; equal-sided.

Erect; upright, perpendicular.

Evident; clearly visible.

Exalbuminous; destitute of albumen.

Excurrent; running out as when a midrib pro-
jects beyond the apex of a leaf.

Exindusiate; without an indusium.

Exserted; protruding, as the stamens extending
beyond the corolla.

Exstipulate; destitute of stipules.

External; outward.

Extra-axillary; out of the axil,
flowers etc.

Extrorse; turned or opening outward.

not at all

applied to

Falcate; a leaf or other flat body curved, its
edges parallel.

Fascicle; a close cluster.

Fascicled; growing in a bundle or cluster.

Female; a flower or plant bearing pistils only.

Ferruginous; resembling iron-rust in color.

Fertile; fruit-bearing, or capable of it.

Fertilization; the process by which
causes the embryo to be formed.

Filament; the stalk of a stamen,
slender thread-shaped body.

Filiform; thread-shaped.

Fimbriate; fringed.

Flabelliform or Flabellate; fan-shaped.

Flaccid; limp, flabby.

Flagellate or Flagelliform; long, narrow, and
flexible.

pollen

also any

Fleshy; composed of firm pulp or flesh.

Floating; swimming on the surface of water.

Foliaceous; belonging to, or of the texture or
nature of a leaf.

Foliate; provided with leaves: Latin prefixes
denote the number of leaves, as bifoliate,
trifoliate.

Foliolate; relating to or bearing leaflets; trifo-
liolate, with three leaflets, ete.

Follicle; a simple pod, opening down the inner
suture. y

Follicular; resembling or belonging to a fol-
licle.

Forked; branched in two or three divisions.

Free; not united with any other parts of a
different sort.

Frond; the leaves of ferns.

Fruit; the matured ovary and all it contains or
is connected with.

Frutescent; somewhat shrubby;
shrub.

Fugacious, lasting but a short time.

Fulvous, tawny.

Funnel-shaped; expanding gradually upward
into an open mouth, like a funnel.

Furfuraceous; covered with bran-like fine scurf.

Furrowed; marked by longitudinal channels or
grooves.

Fusiform; spindle-shaped.

becoming a

Gamopetalous; of united petals.

Gamosepalous; of united sepals.

Geniculate; bent abruptly, like a knee.

Glabrate; becoming glabrous with age, or
almost glabrous.

Glabrous; smooth, in the sense of having no
hairs, bristles, or other pubescence.

Glands; small organs in the leaves, ete., which
secrete oily or aromatic or other products.

Glandular; furnished with glands, or gland-like.

Glaucescent; slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray.

Glaucous; covered with a bloom, that is, with a
fine, white, waxy powder that rubs off,

Globose; nearly spherical.

Glomerate; closely aggregated
cluster.

Glume; the floral coverings of grasses.

Gregarious; many specimens of the same
species growing together.

Gynaeceum; the pistils taken together.

Gynandrous; the stamens united with the pistil.

Gynophore; a stalk raising a pistil above the
stamens.

into a dense

Habit; the general appearance of a plant.

Habitat; the place in which a plant grows.

Hastate; halberd-shaped.

Head; a dense, usually globose inflorescence.

Heart-shaped; the form of a heart.

Herb; a plant that is not woody, and with no
persistent parts above ground.

Herbaceous; the texture of an herb as opposcd
to woody.

Hermaphrodite; a perfect flower, that is, a
flower having both stamens and pistils.
Heterogamous; a head containing two different

kinds of flowers.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Hilum; the scar of the seed, its place of attach-
ment.

Hirsute; with stiff, beard-like hairs.

Hispid; with short stiff, bristle-like hairs.

Homogamous; a head containing flowers of one
kind only. -

Hooded; hood-like.

Hooked; bristles or other appendages curved at
the apex.

Horny; horn-like in texture.

Hyaline; transparent or nearly so.

Hybrid; a cross between two allied species.

Hypogynous; inserted under the pistil.

Imbricate; overlapping .one another.

Imperfeot; flowers in which either the stamens
or pistils are wanting.

Inequilateral; unequal sided.

Incised; deeply and irregularly cut.

Included; enclosed, not exserted.

Incomplete; a flower in which the calyx or
corolla is wanting.

Indefinite; very numerous. -

Indehiscent; not splitting open.

Indigenous, native to a country, as opposed to
introduced.

Indumentum; any hairy or scaly covering.

Indusium; the shield-like body covering the
fruit-dots in ferns.

Inferior; below some other organ; specifically
the ovary is said to be inferior when the
floral organs grow from or near its summit.

Inflated; swollen and bladder-like.

Inflexed; bent inward.

Inflorescence; the arrangement of the flowers
on the plant.

Inserted; placed on or joined to.

Internode; the part of a stem between two
nodes.

Interpetiolar; between the petioles.

Introrse; turned or facing inward.

Involucre; a whorl or set of bracts around a
flower, or an inflorescence.

Involute; rolled inward from the edges.

Irregular; wanting in regularity, asymmetric.

Jointed;
parts.

separate or separable into distinct

Keel; a projecting ridge on a surface, like the
keel of a boat; the two anterior petals of
a papilionaceous corolla.

Keeled; furnished with a keel or sharp longi-
tudinal ridge.

Kidney-shaped; resembling the outline of a
kidney.

Labellum; the odd, usually enlarged petal in
the orchids and some other flowers.

Lacerate; with margin appearing as if torn.

Laciniate; slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes.

Lamina; the expanded part or blade of a leaf.

Lanate; woolly, clothed with long and short
hairs.

Lanceolate; lance-shaped.

Latex; the milky juice of plants.

/

29

Lax; loose in arrangement, the opposite of
crowded.

Leaflet; one of the divisions or blades of a
compound leaf.

Leathery; tough and leather-like; coriaceous.

Legume; a simple pod which dehisces in two
pieces, like that of the bean.

Lepidote; covered with small scales.

Ligule; the strap-shaped corolla in many Com-
positae; the thin appendage at the apex’
of the leaf-sheaths of most grasses.

Limb; the border of a corolla,

Linear; narrow, many times as long as broad,
the margins parallel.

Lip; the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla
or calyx of irregular flowers.

Lobe; any projection or division of a leaf or
other organ.

Loculicidal; capsules opening by
through the back of each cell.

splitting

Macrospore; the large spore when there are two
kinds.

Male; flowers having stamens but no pistil.

Margin; the edge of a flattened body.

Median; belonging to the middle.

Membranaceous; thin and soft, of the texture
of membrane.

Merous; part; used with numbers to denote the
number of parts, as trimerous or 3-merous,
with 3 parts, ete. 3

Microspore; the smaller kind of spore when
there are two kinds.

Midrib; the middle or main rib of a leaf,

Monocotyledonous; with only one cotyledon.

Monoecious; male and female flowers borne on
the same plant.

Mucronate; tipped with an abrupt short pvint.

Muricate; beset with short and hard or prickly
points.

Naked; wanting some usual covering.

Naturalized; introduced from a foreign country,
and established.

Nerve; a name for the ribs or veins of leaves.

Netted-veined; furnished with branching veins
forming network.

Nodding; bending so that the summit hangs
downward.

Node; the joints of a stem, or the part bearing
the leaves or branches.

Nut; a hard, usually 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit.

Nutlet; a little nut.

Obcordate; inversely cordate, the notch apical.

Oblanceolate; the reverse of lanceolate, the
broader end toward the top.

Oblique; unequal-sided; slanting.

Oblong; from two to four times as long as
broad.

Obovate; a flat inversely ovate body, the broad
end upward.

Obovoid; a solid body obovate in outline.

Obsolete; wanting or rudimentary.

Obtuse; blunt or round at the end.

30 A FLORA OF MANILA

Olivaceous; dark dull green.

Operculum; a lid.

Opposite; leaves and branches when on op-
posite sides of the stem-.from each other,
one part before another as a stamen in
front of a petal.

Orbicular; circular in outline.

Organ; any definite part of a plant, as a leaf,
a petal, etc.

Outer; exterior.

Oval; broadly elliptic.

Ovary; that part of the pistil containing the
ovules. :

Ovate; like a longitudinal section of an egg,
with the broader end downward.

Ovoid; a solid body ovate in outline.

Ovule; the body which is destined to become a
seed.

Palea; chaff; the inner scale of grass flowers;
the chaff or bracts on the receptacle of
many Compositae; the scales on the stipes
of many ferns.

Paleaceous; furnished with chaff.

Palmate; when leaflets or the divisions of a
leaf all spread from the apex of the petiole
like the hand with the outspread fingers.

Palmately; in a palmate manner.

Panicle; an open and branched inflorescence.

Panicled, or Paniculate; arranged in panicles,
or like a panicle.

Papery; with the texture of paper.

Papilionaceous; butterfly-shaped, applied to
such corollas as those of the beans.

Papillate; covered with small protuberances.

Pappus; the tuft of hairs on some seeds and
fruits, or in the Compositae any append-
ages on the apex of the achene.

Parallel-veined or -nerved; leaves in which the
nerves all run in straight lines either from
base to apex or from the midrib to the
margin.

Parasitic; taking nourishment from another
plant or animal. ©

Parietal; attached to the walls of the ovary or
fruit.

Parted; deeply cleft, the clefts not extending
quite to the base.

Pectinate; divided into narrow and close divi-
sion, like the teeth of a comb.

Pedate; same as palmate; but the lateral divi-
sions 2-cleft.

Pedicel; the stalk of a single flower.

Pedicellate, or Pedicelled; borne on a pedicel.

Peduncle; a flower-stalk, whether of a single
flower or of a flower-cluster.

Peduncled, or Pedunculate; furnished with a
peduncle.

Pellucid; wholly or partly transparent.

Peltate; a shield-shaped leaf, whatever its
shape, when the petiole is attached to the
lower side, somewhere within the margin.

Pendulous; somewhat hanging or drooping.

Penta-; five, in words of Greek derivation, such
as ‘‘pentamerous,’’ with its parts in fives,
etc.

Perennial; lasting from year to year.

Perfect; flowers having both stamens and pis-
tils.

Perianth; the calyx and corolla collectively.

Pericarp; the walls of the fruit.

Perigynous; the petals and stamens borne on
the calyx.

Persistent; remaining beyond the period when
such parts commonly fall.

Petal; a single part of a corolla.

Petaloid; petal-like, resembling or colored like
petals. :

-Petiole; the stalk of a leaf.

Petiole or Petiolate; furnished with a petiole.
Petiolulate; said of a leaflet when raised on its

own stalk.

Petiolule; the stalk of a leaflet.

Phalanges; bundles of stamens in certain
flowers.

Phanerogamous; plants bearing flowers and

producing seeds. :

Phylloclade; a branchlet, assuming the form
and function of a leaf.

Pilose; hairy, clothed with soft slender hairs.

Pinna: a primary division of a bipinnate or tri-
pinnate leaf (plural pinnae).

Pinnate; a compound leaf in which the leaflets
are arranged along the sides of a common
petiole.

Pinnule; a secondary division of a bipinnate or
tripinnate leaf.

Pistil; the female organ of the flower, consist-
ing of the ovary, the enclosed ovules, the
stigma, and usually also the style. i

Pistillate; having a pistil.

Placenta; the part of the ovary to which the
ovules are attached. j

Plur- Pluri; a prefix meaning several or many
in Latin words, such as plurifoliate, with
many leaves.

Pod; especially the fruit of the Leguminosae,
a dry, usually dehiscent, few- to many:
seeded fruit of a single simple carpel.

Pollen; the powder contained in the anther.

Polygamous; having some perfect and some
unisexual flowers.

Polymorphous; of several or varying forms.

Polypetalous; when the petals are distinct or
separate.

Posterior; the side toward the main axis.

Prickly; bearing small sharp projections as in
the rose.

Procumbent; trailing on the ground.

Produced; extended or projecting.

Prominent; standing out beyond some other
part.

Prostrate; lying flat on the ground.

Puberulent; covered with fine and short or
almost imperceptible hairs.

Pubescent; hairy or downy, especially with fine
and soft hairs or pubescence.

Pulvinate; cushion-shaped.

Punctate; marked with small dots or glands.

Pyramidal; shaped like a pyramid.

Pyrene; a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small
drupe.

Pyriform; pear-shaped.

‘

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
So

Quadri-; in words of Latin origin, four, as
quadrangular, four-angled.

Raceme; a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pe-
dicels arranged along the sides of a com-
mon peduncle.

Racemose; in racemes or raceme-like.

Rachis; the axis of an inflorescence or other
body.

Radiate; spreading from a common center.

Radical; belonging to the root; apparently
coming from the root.

Ray; parts diverging from a center; the mar-
ginal flowers of a head as in many Com-
positae.

Ray-flowers; the marginal flowers in the heads
of many Compositae.

Receptacle; the axis of a flower or the common
axis or support of a head of flowers.

Recurved; curved outward or backward.

Reflexed; bent outward or backward.

Regular; all the parts of each set of organs
similar in shape.

Reniform; kidney-shaped.

Repand; wavy-margined.

Reticulate; the veins forming a network.

Retuse; an obtuse apex somewhat indented.

Revolute; rolled backward.

Rhizome; a rootstock.

Rhomboidal; approaching a rhomb in shape, an
equilateral, oblique-angled figure.

Rib; the principal piece, or one of the principal
pieces of the framework of a leaf, or any
similar elevated line along a body.

Rootstock; root-like stems on or under ground.

Rostrate; bearing a beak or a prolonged ap-
pendage.

Rosulate; in a rosette or cluster of spreading
leaves.

Rotate; wheel-shaped..

Rotund; rounded or roundish in outline.

Rudimentary; imperfectly developed.

Rugose; wrinkled.

Ruminate; looking as though chewed.

Saccate; bag-shaped.

Sagittate; shaped like an arrow head.

Salver-shaped; flowers with a slender tube, the
border spreading at right angles.

Samara; an indehiscent winged fruit.

Saprophyte; a plant without chlorophyll, grow-
ing in decaying organic matter.

Scabrid; somewhat rough.

Scabrous; rough or harsh to the touch.

Sealy; furnished with scales, or scale-like in
texture.

Scandent; climbing.

Scape; a peduncle rising from the ground or
near it, and bearing one or more flowers.

Scorpioid; curved or circinnate at the end.

Secund; turned to one side.

Seed; the fertilized and mature ovule of a
flowering plant.

Segment; a subdivision or lobe of any cleft

body.

31

Semi-; in compound words of Latin origin,
half, as semiaquatic, half aquatic.

Sepal; a division of the calyx. '

Sepaloid; sepal-like.

Septate; divided by partitions.

Septicidal; capsules opening by
through the partitions.

Septum; a partition. }

Seriate; in rows, as biseriate, in two rows.

Sericeous; silky. b

Serrate; the margin cut into sharp teeth point-
ing forward. 3

Serrulate; same as the last, but with fine teeth.

Sessile; without any stalk.

Seta; a bristle.

Setaceous; bristle-like.

Setose; covered with bristles.

Sheath; the base of certain leaves which en-
wrap the stem, as in the grasses.

Sheathing; wrapped around the stem.

Shrub; a woody plant like a small tree but less
than 4 to 5 m in height, or by some con-
fined to similar plants which have no dis-
tinct trunk.

Silky; with a coat of fine, soft, shining, close-
appressed, straight hairs.

Silvery; shining, white, like silver.

Simple; of one piece, as opposed to compound.

Sinuate; a deeply wavy margin.

Sinus; the re-entering angle between two lobes
or projections.

Slender; long and thin.

Smooth; not rough.

Solitary; single.

Sorus; a fruit-dot or cluster of sporangia in
ferns; plural, sori.

Spadix; a fleshy spike of flowers.

Spathaceous; spathe-like.

Spathe; a bract which encloses an inflores-
cence, as in the Araceae.

Spatulate; shaped like a spatula, that is, ob-
long, much narrowed at the base.

Spicate, Spiciform; resembling a spike.

Spike; an inflorescence like a raceme but with
sessile flowers.

Spikelet; the inflorescence of grasses, one or
more flowers subtended by a common pair
of glumes or scales.

Spine; a sharp hard thorn.

Spinescent; tipped by a thorn.

Spinose; thorny.

Spiral; corkscrew-like in arrangement.

Sporangium; the spore-case in ferns.

Spore; the microscopic reproductive cells of
the ferns and other cryptogams.

Sporocarp; the capsule or body inclosing the
spores.

Spur; any projecting appendage of the flower.

Squamose; furnished with scales.

Squamiform; shaped like a scale.

Stalk; the stem, petiole, peducle, ete.

Stamen; the male organs of the flower.

Staminate; furnished with stamens.

Standard; the upper petal of a papilionaceous
corolla.

splitting

32

Stellate; star-like; where several similar parts
spread out from a common eenter, like a
star.

Stem; the main ascending axis of a plant.

‘Stemless; without, or apparently without, a
stem.

Sterile; barren or imperfect.

Stigma; the part of the pistil which receives
the pollen.

Stigmatic; belonging to the stigma.

Stipe; the stalk of a fern.

Stipel; a stipule of a leaflet.

Stipellate; furnished with stipels.

Stipitate; furnished with a stipe.

Stipulate; furnished with stipules.

Stipules; the appendages, on each side of the
base of certain leaves.

Stoloniferous; producing stolons; that is, re-
clining and rooting stems.

Strap-shaped; long, flat, and narrow.

Striate; marked with slender longitudinal
grooves.

Strict; straight and narrow.

Strigose; covered with appressed bristles.

* Style; a stalk between ovary and stigma.

Sub-; as a prefix, about, nearly, somewhat, as
subcordate, somewhat cordate, etc.

Subulate; awn-shaped, tapering to a sharp
point.

Succulent; juicy.

Suffrutescent; slightly shrubby or woody.

Sulcate; grooved with deep furrows.

Superior; above; the ovary is said to be
superior when a!l the floral envelopes are
inserted below it.

Suture; the line of junction of contiguous parts
grown together.
Symbiosis; dissimilar

gether.

Sympetalous; same as gamopetalous.

Syncarpous; composed of several carpels con-
solidated into one.

organisms living to-

Tail; any long and slender prolongation of an
organ.

Teeth; small marginal lobes.

Tendril; a slender, usually coiled, organ used
for climbing.

Terete; long and round.

Terminal; borne at, or belonging to, the ex-
tremity or summit.

Ternate; in threes.

Tetragonal; four-angled.

Tetramerous; with its parts or sets in fours.

Throat; the opening of a monopetalous corolla,
where the border and the tube join.

Tomentose; clothed with matted woolly hairs.

Toothed; furnished with teeth or short pro-
jections of any sort on the margin.

Top-shaped; shaped like a top, or a cone with
the apex downward.

Torus; the receptacle of the flower.

Trailing; prostrate but not rooting.

Transverse; across.

A FLORA OF MANILA

Tree; a woody plant exceeding 5 to 6 m in
height, with a distinct trunk.

Trichotomus; three-forked.

Tridentate; three-toothed.

Trifid; three-cleft.

Trifoliolate; of three leaflets.

Trifurcate; three-forked. :

Trigonous; three-angled, or triangular.

Trilobed; three-lobed.

Trilocular; three-celled.

Trimerous; with its parts in threes.

Tripinnate; thrice pinnate.

Triquetrous; sharply three-angled.

Trumpet-shaped; tubular, enlarged at or to-
ward the summit.

Truncate; as if cut off at the top.

Tube; any hollow, cylindric body.

Tuber; a thickened portion of a subterranean
stem or branch, provided with buds. on
the sides.

Tubercle; a small excrescence.

Tuberous; resembling a tuber.

Tubular; hollow and elongated.

Turbinate; top-shaped.

Twining; ascending by coiling around a sup-
port.

Umbel; the umbrella-like form of inflorescence.

Umbellate; in umbels.

Unarmed; destitute of spines, prickles, etc.

Uncinate; hook-shaped.

Undershrub; a very low shrub.

Undulate; wavy-margined.

Unequally pinnate; pinnate with an odd num-
ber of leaflets.

Unguiculate; furnished with a claw.

Unifoliolate; with one leaflet.

Unilateral; one-sided.

Unilocular; one-celled.

Unisexual; having stamens or pistils only.

Urceolate; urn-shaped. * :

Utricle; a small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit.

Utricular; like a small bladder.

Vaginate; surrounded by a sheath.

Valve; one of the parts into which a dehiscent
pod splits. :

Valvate; the arrangements of petals, sepals,
ete., when their margins touch but do not
overlap.

Variegated; blotched or marked with various
colors.

Veins; the small ribs or branches of the frame-
work of leaves.

Veined; furnished with evident veins.

Veinless; destitute of veins. ~

Veinlets; the smaller branches of veins.

Venation; the veining of leaves.

Ventral; belonging to the lower or inner side
of any organ, the opposite of dorsal.

Ventricose; inflated or swelled out on one side.

Verrucose; covered with small projections like
little warts. =

Versatile; attached by one point, so that it
may swing to. and fro.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES 33 .

Vertical; upright. Waxy; resembling beeswax in texture or ap-

Verticil; a whorl. pearanee.

Verticillate; whorled. Wedge-shaped; broad above, tapering by

-Villose; shaggy with long and soft hairs. straight lines to a narrow base.

Vine; any plant with a trailing or climbing Whorl; an arrangement of leaves, or other
stem. organs in circles around the stem, or axis.

Viscid; having a sticky surface. Whorled; arranged in whorls.

Voluble; twining. Wing; any thin expansion.

Winged; furnished with a wing.
Wavy; the surface or margin alternately convex Woolly; clothed with long and entangled soft
and concave. hairs.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES *

1. Plants without flowers or seeds, reproduced by means of spores.
I. PTERIDOPHYTA

1. Plants with flowers that produce seeds........................ II. SPERMATOPHYTA
I. PTERIDOPHYTA .

1. Leaves broad, entire or variously dissected, large in proportion to the
stem.
2. Spores minute, of one kind only; leaves entire or variously pinnately
dissected, small to large.
3. Erect, not twining.
4. Terrestrial or epiphytic plants; sporangia wines in sori, the

annulus opening transversely................ 1. Polypodiaceae (p. 45)

4. Plants growing in mud or in shallow water; sporangia scattered,
the annulus opening vertically................ 2. Parkeriaceae (p. 59)
Sumlender twine plantas 1020200. 3. Schizaeaceae (p. 60)

2. Spores of two kinds, minute microspores, and larger macrospores borne
in sporocarps; leaves 4-foliolate; plants growing in mud or in
PENN Waters es 20 DO Bk a Oey ase: 4, Marsiliaceae (p. 61)

1. Leaves small, entire, very numerous, scale-like or awl-like, on elongated,
simple or branched stems.

2. Spores all alike, of one kind and size................ 5. Lycopodiaceae (p. 61)

2. Spores of two kinds, small microspores and larger macrospores.

6. Selaginellaceae (p. 63)

II, SPERMATOPHYTA

1. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary, these and the seeds borne on the face of
A adare ornibract; stigmasxnonesijsets eon wie. I. GYMNOSPERMAE
, 2. Palm-like plants with stout trunks and stiff, fern-like, pinnate leaves,
the male flowers in dense cones, the female ones few on specialized
Nd a SODA ale aa Oe NO ss Mav's ETE Mile OMe St LE 7. Cycadaceae (p. 64)

1. Ovules borne in a closed cavity (ovary) ; stigmas present.
II. ANGIOSPERMAE

2. Cotyledon 1; vascular bundles scattered; leaves usually (not always)

parallél-vemhedine =... disease. A. Monocotyledoneae (p. 34)
2. Cotyledons 2; vascular bundles usually arranged in rings; leaves
piCcini's UA: v bc cls aie Slee Rees | 0 hie sb B. Dicotyledoneae (p. 35)

*In this artificial key to the families, account is taken only of the
characters of those species included in the present work. For a key to all
the known families represented in the Philippine flora see Copeland, E. B.,
“Key to the Families of Vascular Plants in the Philippine Islands.” Bureau

of Education Bull. 24.
111555——3

. .
34 A FLORA OF MANILA

A. Monocotyledoneae

1. Flowers in the axils of scale-like, chaffy, usually imbricated bracts
(glumes).
2. Flowers perfect or 1-sexual; perianth none or of bristles or scales;
ovary 1-celled; grass-like herbs.
3. Sheaths split down one side; leaves 2-ranked; stems usually hollow;

PUG oP (CV OUSIS Toolkit thee 13. Gramineae (p. 71)
3. Sheaths with their margins united; leaves 3-ranked; stems solid;
PPT ah vaCnOne: 4.2 5 cre eee 14. Cyperaceae (p. 106)

2. Flowers always 1-sexual, usually monoecious; in dense, globose to
ovoid, solitary heads, the bracts thin; perianth segments 3 or 6;
ET eee COMO ca niscn yi gncen'gnadnseubcnrssaeeck-gadaic eee 19. Hriocaulaceae (p. 135)
1. Flowers very minute, naked, in pouches on the surface of very small,
floating, scale-like, green plants, the perianth entirely wanting.
17. Lemnaceae (p. 134)
1. Flowers on a usually fleshy spadix, perfect, or the females below and the
males above, the whole surrounded by a protecting spathe.
; 16. Araceae (p. 128)
1. Flowers without glumes, not on a spadix; perianth present or absent;
plants of various habit but never scale-like and. floating.
2. Perianth rudimentary, of bristles or scales, never corolla-like, or
entirely wanting.
3. Terrestrial shrubs or trees, or woody vines, with elongated, spirally
arranged, spiny-toothed leaves....................-- 9. Pandanaceae (p. 66)
3. Aquatic or marsh herbs.
4. Marsh herbs with erect stems and long, narrow, erect leaves, the
flowers in dense terminal spikes................ 8. Typhaceae (p. 65)
4. Aquatic herbs, entirely submerged or some leaves floating on the
surface of the water. z
5. Leaves entire; ovary of several distinct carpels; stigmas disk-

like,on ‘cup-like..<.-<-.2s0is--5a0-h 10. Potamogetonaceae (p. 67)
5. Leaves slender, toothed; ovary of united carpels; stigmas
plevitiowe Ne. Whos te, 2.36 ick ss Sohn ee ne 11. Najadaceae (p. 68)

2. Perianth of two distinct series, the inner series petal-like.
83. Aquatic plants, mostly submerged........ 12. Hydrocharitaceae (p. 68)
3. Terrestrial plants.
4. Woody plants, mostly tree-like, sometimes climbing, with large,
pinnate, bipinnate, or fan-like leaves............ 15. Palmae (p. 121)
4. Herbaceous plants, or if woody, then with simple, narrow leaves.
5. Flowers regular or nearly so.
6. Endosperm mealy.
7. Ovary superior.
8. Ovary 1-celled; rush-like slender herbs, the flowers in
small, dense, long-peduncled, bracteate spikes.
18. Xyridaceae (p. 135)
8. Ovary 2- or 3-celled.
9. Flowers 1-sexual, monoecious, very small, in dense,
long-peduncled, bracteate, globose to ovoid heads.
19. Eriocaulaceae (p. 135)
9. Flowers perfect.
10. Calyx and corolla very different; stamens free.
19. Commelinaceae (p. 187)

KEY TO THE FAMILIES 35

: 10. Calyx and corolla similar, more or less united;
. stamens somewhat adnate to the perianth.
. 22. Pontederiaceae (p. 141)

7. Ovary inferior; plants with large fleshy fruits, and elon-
gated, spiny-toothed leaves........ 20. Bromeliaceae (p. 1386)
6. Endosperm fleshy, cartilaginous, or bony.
7. Ovary and fruit superior.................... 23. Liliaceae (p. 141)
7. Ovary and fruit inferior or partly so.
8. Stamens 6.
9. Ovary 8-celled; leaves simple, entire.
10. Erect herbs with parallel veined leaves and perfect
9 Mewes lala 24. Amaryllidaceae (p. 145)
10. Twining or climbing vines, often spiny, with uni-
sexual flowers and netted veined leaves.
26. Dioscoreaceae (p. 151)
9. Ovary I1-celled; leaves netted-veined, compound or
palmately lobed.................... 25. Taccaceae (p. 150)
8. Stamens 3; leaves narrow, often equitant.
27. Iridaceae (p. 152)
5. Flowers very irregular; terrestrial plants.
6. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, or capsular and with small to
medium sized seeds.
1. Fertile stamens 6.....:..:...cije5eia0 28. Musaceae (p. 1538)
7. Fertile stamen 1.
8. Anther 2-celled; calyx tubular or spathe-like.
29. Zingiberaceae (p. 155)
8. Anther 1-celled, borne on the margin of a petal-like
filament; calyx of free sepals.
9. Ovules many; flowers showy, bright-colored, large.
30. Cannaceae (p. 160)
9. Ovules solitary; flowers mostly small, white.
31. Marantaceae (p. 163)
6. Fruit capsular; seeds very minute, almost dust-like; epiphytic
or terrestrial plants, sometimes saprophytic.
32. Orchidaceae (p. 164)

B. Dicotyledoneae

1. Corolla none, or the perianth-segments all alike, or the perianth entirely

1 SER GIS A aS POE VR elias a hte eee eM eT Bee 1. Apetalae
(Incompletae)

‘1. Calyx and corolla both present, the corolla of distinct and separate
EN Se OLDIES PES PE id ES 2. Choripetalae (p. 37)
(Polypetalae)

1. Calyx and corolla both present, the petals more or less united.
3. Gamopetalae (p. 42)
(Sympetalae)

36 ; A FLORA OF MANILA

1. Apetalae
(Incompletae)
(Corolla none, or the perianth segments all alike, or the perianth entirely
wanting.)

1. Trees with slender, green, jointed branchlets, the leaves reduced to small
Beales at the neces... eee 33. Casuarinaceae (p. 168)
1. Not trees with jointed branchlets.
2. Ovary superior; flowers regular.

3. Plants with milky juice............................ 75. Euphorbiaceae (p..279)
4. Ovary 1-cellodhyeaatis ey ha: | ee 26. Moraceae (p. 172)
4. Ovary 3-celled, or cells more numerous.

75. Euphorbiaceae (p. 279)

8. Plants with watery juice.

4. Perianth entirely wanting; small succulent herbs or somewhat
woody vines, more or less aromatic; flowers small, in slender
oF thickened ‘spikesi(/20) 292 2k 34. Piperaceae (p. 169)
4. Perianth present, consisting of the calyx only, or if the corolla
be present, then similar to the calyx in form, color, and size.
5. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, the ovules rarely more than one.
6. Submerged aquatic plants with finely divided leaves.
50. Ceratophyllaceae (p. 202)
6. Not submerged aquatic plants with finely divided leaves.
7. Flowers unisexual.
8. Fruit a small drupe; stigma 2........ 36. Ulmaceae (p. 171)
8. Fruit an achene, sometimes surrounded by the fieshy,
accrescent perianth.

9. Ovules erect; stamens mostly inflexed in bud.

37. Urticaceae (p. 179)

9. Ovules pendulous; stamens mostly erect in bud.

36. Moraceae (p. 172)
7. Flowers perfect, or if unisexual then shrubs with flattened,
jointed stems, or the anthers opening by hinged valves,
not by slits or pores.
8. Anthers opening by hinged valves.

9. Leaves simple; fruit not winged; ovary enclosed in the
calyx-tube but free from it; trees, or one genus
slender, leafless, parasitic vines.

55. Lauraceae (p. 209)

9. Leaves 3-foliolate; fruit winged; vines.

56. Hernandiaceae (p. 212)

(liligera)

8. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits or by pores, never
by hinged valves.

9. Herbs with sheathing stipules, vines bearing tendrils,
or shrubs with flattened, jointed, leafless or nearly
leafies branches.....:............-- 42. Polygonaceae (p. 187)

9. Plants without sheathing stipules and without tendrils,
the branches not flattened and jointed.

10. Fruit a small drupe; calyx-lobes valvate; a shrub or
small ines. 3-2. ee 39. Opiliaceae (p. 184)

10. Fruit not drupaceous; calyx-lobes imbricate or
valvate.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES 37

11. Fruit entirely surrounded by the: usually elon-
gated calyx-tube.
45. Nyctaginaceae (p. 195)
11. Fruit not surrounded by the calyx-tube, the sepals
united only at the base.
12. Flowers without bracts, the perianth not

scarious................ 43. Chenopodiaceae (p 188)
12. Flowers with scarious bracts and perianth.
: 44. Amaranthaceae (p. 189)
5. Ovary of 4 to 8 nearly or quite free, few- to many-ovuled carpels;
stamens united into a column........ 86. Sterculiaceae (p. 326)
5. Ovary of several united carpels.
6. Flowers unisexual............................ 75. Euphorbiaceae (p. 279)
6. Flowers perfect. :
7. Shrubs or small trees..................-- 92. Flacourtiaceae (p. 334)
7. Herbs. :
8. Flowers 5-merous; leaves opposite or whorled; stems
22 Re eat ch a eae aah ant 46. Aizoaceae (p. 197)

8. Flowers 4-merous; leaves alternate; stems 4-angled.
97. Lythraceae (p. 340)

(Ammannia sp.)
2. Ovary inferior.

8. Anthers opening by hinged valves; vines iia 3-foliolate leaves and
oF he ig 0 I a eel dt 56. Hernandiaceae (p. 212)
(Illigera)
3. Anthers not opening by hinged valves; leaves simple.
4. Vines with medium to large, very irregular flowers.
41. Aristolochiaceae (p. 186)

4. Trees with small regular flowers.......... 102. Combretaceae (p. 348)
(Terminalia)

Choripetalae

(Polypetalae)

(Calyx and corolla both present, the corolla of distinct and separate
petals.) ‘

1. Ovary superior, free from the calyx.
2. Ovary simple, of a single carpel.
3. Submerged aquatic plants with finely divided leaves.
50. Ceratophyllaceae (p. 202)
3. Not submerged aquatic plants.
4, Anthers opening by hinged valves................ 55. Lauraceae (p. 209)
4. Anthers not opening by hinged valves.
5. Twining, herbaceous, somewhat fleshy vines, with small, perfect
flowers; sepals 2; fruit a dry or fleshy indehiscent utricle.
48. Basellaceae (p. 200)
5. Vines with small, unisexual fiowers; fruit a small drupe.
52. Menispermaceae (p. 208)
5. Plants of various habits, with perfect flowers, or if with
unisexual flowers, then shrubs or trees; sepals always more
than two.
6. Herbs, vines, shrubs, or trees with regular or irregular
flowers, the fruit a dehiscent on indehiscent pod (legume).
65. Leguminosae (p. 221)

38 A FLORA OF MANILA

6. Fruit not a pod (legume); flowers regular or nearly so.
7. An erect suffrutescent herb or under-shrub; stamens 5, the
filaments united into a tube; fruit a 2-valved capsule.
86. Sterculiaceae (p. 326)

(Waltheria)
7. Trees or woody vines.

8. Vines; stamens many; fruit a small follicle.
87. Dilleniaceae (p. 331)

(Tetracera)
8. Trees; fruit indehiscent, hard or fleshy. '

Ds GOPAMMOUIS TAI bacon tererteadeient 88. Guttiferae (p. 332)
9. Stamens few, as many or twice as many as the petals,
sometimes fewev...............- 76. Anacardiaceae (p. 298)

2. Ovary of few to many entirely free carpels, or if. united at all then
only at the base.
3. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; vines with small
unisexuil> flowers. 0.05.2) oe 52. Menispermaceae (p. 203)
3. Stamens twice as many as the petals.
4. Trees with simple leaves and small drupaceous fruits.
76. Anacardiaceae (p. 298)
(Buchanania)
4. Woody vines with pinnate leaves, the fruit a 1-seeded follicle.
64. Connaraceae (p. 220)
3. Stamens many, always more than twice as many as the petals.
4. Stamens attached to the calyx or to a disk lining its tube; sepals
united “below. 22) -2u.4. 9 Bt Se 63. Rosaceae (p. 219)
4. Stamens attached to the receptacle; sepals usually entirely free.
5. Sepals usually imbricate in bud, or if valvate then vines with
opposite leaves. ’
6. Sepals 3, deciduous; petals 6 or more, similar to the sepals,
in distinct whorls; shrubs or trees.
: 53. Magnoliaceae (p. 204)
6. Sepals 5 or more, quite different from the petals; herbs or

Vines! Seles 2 Aho lve 51. Ranunculaceae (p. 202)
5. Sepals valvate in bud; woody vines, shrubs, or trees with simple
alternate leaves.20.22 4. ae 54. Anonaceae (p. 205)

2. Carpels few to many, united, forming a es ete 1- to many-celled
ovary; styles free or united.
3. Stamens numerous, more than twice as many as the petals.
4. Herbs with milky juice; flowers yellow, showy; leaves spiny.
57. Papaveraceae (p. 212)
4. Not herbs with milky juice.
5. Leaves alternate.
6. Filaments united into a tube or in bundles.
7. Leaves digitately compound; fruit a capsule; seeds woolly;
stamens united into bundles.... 85. Bombacaceae (p. 325)
7. Leaves simple.
8. Ultimate anthers 1-celled; staminal-column adnate to the

base of the petals.............0.10.... 84. Malvaceae (p. 315)
8. Anthers 2-celled; staminal-column free from the petals
or nearly eot.8e.. ae 86. Sterculiaceae (p. 326)

6. Filaments free or nearly so.
7. Ovary 1-celled; fruit a prickly capsule; trees with showy
ANOWeTS.23. Fe ee ener 90. Bixaceae (p. 333)

KEY TO THE FAMILIES 39

7. Ovary more than 1-celled.
8. Flowers unisexual...........0........ 75. Euphorbiaceae (p. 279)
8. Flowers perfect.
9. Styles free, very numerous; leaves entire.
54. Anonaceae (p. 205)
(Anona)
9. Styles free, about 10, radiate; leaves toothed.
87. Dilleniaceae (p. 331)
(Dillenia)
9. Styles simple or entirely united.
10. Ovary raised on a stalk; woody, usually spiny vines
OF -ShTUDS: aii! 59. Capparidaceae (p. 214)
(Capparis)
10. Ovary not raised on a stalk.
11. Leaves not glandular-dotted, not jointed to the

215 Cc) |; es aa a 83. Tiliaceae (p. 312)

- 11. Leaves glandular-dotted, jointed to the winged
1 CC: Nae ey 69. Rutaceae (p. 268)
(Citrus)

5. Leaves opposite; sepals connate into a tube, the lobes valvate.
97. Lythraceae (p. 340)
3. Stamens few, never more than twice as many as the petals.
4. Leaves simple.
5. Tendril-bearing vines.
6. Flowers small to large, perfect, mostly solitary; ovary 1-

celled, many ovuled........................ 93. Passifloraceae (p. 335)
6. Flowers small, often uinsexual, numerous; ovary several-
celled, the ovules few.......00..0...20000.20.- 82. Vitaceae (p. 309)

5. Shrubs, trees, or woody vines, without tendrils.
6, Leaves opposite.
7. Erect shrubs; stamens 10........ 73. Malpighiaceae (p. 277)
7. Woody vines; stamens 5 or less, on the prominent disk.
78. Hippocrateaceae (p. 302)
7. Shrubs or low herbs; stamens 8...... 97. Lythraceae (p. 340)
6. Leaves alternate.
7. Stamens as many as the petals.
8. Stamens 3, alternating with cleft staminodes; woody

Waima 3 5 eee Se) eee Se 40. Olacaceae (p. 185)
8. Stamens 4 to 6.
9. Stamens united in a tube........ 86. Sterculiaceae (p. 326)

(Melochia)
9. Stamens free.
10. Stamens opposite the petals.
11. Flowers perfect.............. 81. Rhamnoceae (p. 307)
11. Flowers unisexual.
52. Menispermaceae (p. 203)
10. Stamens alternate with the petals.
11. Ovary 1-celled; ovules many.
62. Pittosporaceae (p. 219)
11. Ovary several-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell.
12. Flowers unisexual.
75. Euphorbiaceae (p. 279)
12. Flowers perfect........ 77. Celastraceae (p. 301)

40 A FLORA OF MANILA

7. Stamens twice as many as the petals.

8. Filaments connate below into a cup; ovary 3-celled;
shrubs with small, axillary flowers.

67. Erythroxylaceae (p. 267)

8. Filaments free or nearly so.

9. Flowers perfect; leaves glandular dotted.
69. Rutaceae (p. 268)
9. Flowers unisexual; leaves not glandular dotted.
75. Euphorbiaceae (p. 279)
5. Erect herbs.
6. Flowers tetradynamous, that is, stamens 6, two shorter than

tee: OtMOr FONT. pesicni- nnn: nied aes 58. Cruciferae (p. 213)

6. Flowers not tetradynamous.
7. Flowers irregular.

8. Ovary 2-celled; petals connate below with the staminal-
sheath, the lower one keeled and crested; fruit a
2-valved, 2-seeded capsule; stipules none.

. 74. Polygalaceae (p. 278)

8. Ovary 5-celled; anterior sepal with a long spur at the
base; stamens 5, their anthers connivent; capsule-
valves dehiscing elastically from the axis; stipules
none or represented by glands only; succulent herbs.

80. Balsaminaceae (p. 306)

8. Ovary i1-celled; sepals and petals 5, the lower petal
spurred at the base; stamens 5, their anthers united;
capsule 3-valved; stipules prominent.

91. Violaceae (p. 333)
7. Flowers regular.

8. Stamens free.

9. Sepals free; stipules small, scarious; styles free, as
many as the cells of the ovary; leaves serrate.

89. Hlatinaceae (p. 332)

9. Sepals united into a tube; stipules none; style 1; leaves

entiret.2iienieiei2osad, Wut ce 97. Lythraceae (p. 340)

-8. Stamens more or less united.

9. Filaments united throughout into an elongated, cylindric
» PWabe iia canis sortie. Se sen 72. Meliaceae (p. 273)
(Turraea)
9. Filaments united at the base, free above.
86. Sterculiaceae (p. 326)
4. Leaves compound.
5. Leaves biternate; vines with inflated capsular fruits.
79. Sapindaceae (p. 303)
(Cardiospermum)
5. Leaves 2- or 3-pinnate.
_ 6. Flowers irregular; stamens 5, free, alternating with 5
staminodes; fruit an elongated, 3-angled, 3-valved capsule.
60. Moringaceae (p. 217)
6. Flowers small, regular; stamens 5, united below into a tube;
fruit few-seeded, indehiscent, berry-like.
82. Vitaceae (p. 309)
(Leea)

KEY TO THE FAMILIES Al

5. Leaves palmately 8- to 7-foliolate.
6. Herbs; fruit a dehiscent capsule.
7. Leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets retuse; juice acid.
66. Owalidaceae (p. 264)

(Owalis)
7. Leaves usually 5-foliolate; erect, branched, often rank-
scented herbs........................ 59. Capparidaceae (p. 214)

6. Shrubs or small trees.

7. Leaves glandular-punctate, 3-foliolate; spiny shrubs or
small trees with small to large, few- to many-seeded
flemhip iitaits. cite ess. 69. Rutaceae (p. 268)
7. Leaflets not glandular-punctate, 5- to 7-foliolate; unarmed

shrubs with small drupaceous fruits.
79. Sapindaceae (p. 303)
(Allophylus)

5. Leaves simply pinnate. |

6. Prostrate herbs with solitary, pedicelled, axillary flowers, the

fruit of spinous cocci...............: 68. Zygophyllaceae (p. 267)

6. Erect herbs with sensitive leaves crowded at the ends of the

stems; fruit a capsule: :...::1:4.52.2:4¢ 66. Oxalidaceae (p. 264)

: (Biophytum)

6. Erect shrubs or trees.
7. Leaves glandular-punctate................ 69. Rutaceae (p. 268)
7. Leaves not glandular-punctate.
8. Anthers borne inside or at the apex of .a tube formed of
the wholly united filaments........ 72. Meliaceae (p. 273)
8. Stamens free, or the filaments united at the base only.
9. Sepals usually imbricate in bud.

10. Sepals free or nearly so.

11. Flowers regular; ovary 5-celled; ovules pendulous;
fruit fleshy, acid, indehiscent.

66. Oxalidaceae (p. 264)
(Averrhoa)
11. Flowers often irregular; ovary 1- to 4-celled;
ovules erect; fruit dry or fleshy, dehiscent or
indehiscent.................... 79. Sapindaceae (p. 303)

10. Sepals united at the base.
11. Ovules and seeds pendulous; plants with bitter
park.. So sewine. 2 70. Simarubaceae (p. 272)

11. Ovules and seeds erect.
76. Anacardiaceae (p. 298)
(Spondias)

9. Sepals valvate in bud; trees with resinous sap.
71. Burseraceae (p. 273)
1. Ovary inferior.
2. Stamens numerous, several to many times as many as the petals.

3. Aquatic herbs from submerged rootstocks, with large flowers, and
rounded, usually floating leaves; styles and stigmas united into a

THOIACG MR ..d a een ead 49. Nymphaeaceae (p. 201)
3. Fleshy, green, leafless, usually spiny, terrestrial plants, with jointed
SLOMGA etre eee RS knit 96. Cactaceae (p. 338)

3. Succulent terrestrial herbs with broad, inequilateral leaves; flowers
unisexual; fruit a winged capsule.............. 95. Begoniaceae (p. 338)

4? A FLORA OF MANILA

3. Erect trees or shrubs with broad leaves and perfect flowers.
4. Leaves. alternate......ciccive. iat 100. Lecythidaceae (p. 345)
4. Leaves opposite, rarely clustered.
5. Calyx-lobes imbricate in bud; leaves usually with glandular dots;
UMATWMOG.<.620)2d aides Mee ee eee 103. Myrtaceae (p. 350)
5. Calyx-lobes valvate in bud; leaves not glandular-dotted.
6. Fruit crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes; branches usually
BPMN co sies-ailedtc, pee eee 99. Punicaceae (p. 344)
6. Fruit half-superior, not crowned by the calyx-lobes, the latter
persistent; unarmed shrubs or trees.
98. Sonneratiaceae (p. 343)
2. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals.
3. Succulent herbs with small circumsciss capsules.
47. Portulacaceae (p. 199)
3. Parasitic shtabs with fleshy, indehiscent fruits.
38. Loranthaceae (p. 183)
3. Herbaceous or suffrutescent tendril-bearing vines, often with large
fleshy fruits.......... Fhe Scere in cp tie ning a EE 132. Cucurbitaceae (p. 455)
3. Not parasitic shrubs or tendril-bearing hicaiel the fruit never a
circumsciss capsule.
4. Herbaceous plants, sometimes suffrutescent, not woody. i
5. Ovules many; fruit capsular; plants with alternate, simple,
entire or only slightly toothed leaves.
105. Oenotheraceae (p. 354)
5. Ovules 1 in each cell; leaves simple or compound.

6. Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe............ 106. Araliaceae (p. 356)
6. Fruit dry when mature, splitting into two indehiscent parts
(mericarps) «/.4: said welAges: 107. Umbelliferae (p. 359)

4. Shrubs, trees, or woody vines.
5. Ovules many, basal or axile; leaves simple, entire, without
stipules. i ites tle lal 104. Melastomataceae (p. 3538)
5. Ovules few, 1 to 5, pendulous.

6. Stipules present, caducous; leaves entire, opposite, simple;

trees of the mangrove swamps.
101. Rhizophoraceae (p. 346)
6. Stipules none; leaves entire, simple, opposite or alternate;
ovary l-celleds .4::24. pettus. 102. Combretaceae (p. 348)
6. Stipules none or adnate to the petioles as a sheath; ovary
several-celled; shrubs or vines with simple or compound
alternate leaves 2032s tet eee : 106. Araliaceae (p. 356)

Gamopetalae
(Sympetalae)
(Calyx and corolla both present, the petals more or less united.)

1. Ovary superior.
2. Stamens free from the corolla.
3. Flowers very irregulav............................---- 74. Polygalaceae (p. 278)
3. Flowers regular.
4. Vines with small unisexual flowers.
5. Unarmed; leaves alternate.............. 52. Menispermaceae (p. 203)
5. Armed with slender axillary spines; leaves opposite.
113. Salvadoraceae (p. 366)

KEY TO THE FAMILIES 43

4. Erect or suberect, suffrutescent or shrubby plants with perfect,
elongated, showy flowers, the calyx viscid-glandular.
109. Plumbaginaceae (p. 361)
2. Stamens partly adnate to the corolla.
8. Stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla, as many as the lobes or
more numerous.
4. Ovary of several free or nearly free carpels; succulent herbs.
61. Crassulaceae (p. 217)
4. Ovary of a single carpel or of several united ones.
5. Ovary 1-celled.

6. Erect, normally unbranched trees with milky juice, large
palmately lobed leaves, dioecious flowers, and large, fleshy,
many-seeded fruits................---------.--.- 94. Caricaceae (p. 337)

6. Shrubs, trees, or woody vines with watery juice; small, usually
perfect aioe undivided leaves; and small 1-seeded fruits.

109. Myrsinaceae (p. 360)
5. Ovary several- hea trees.

6. Styles or stigmas distinct; flowers mostly unisexual; juice
AN eA EER iad Sebel Se Alea 111. Ebenaceae (p. 363)

6. Styles and stigmas united; flowers mostly perfect; juice milky.

110. Sapotaceae (p. 362)
3. Stamens fewer than the lobes of the regular corolla and alternate
: with them; woody shrubs or vines...............- 112. Oleaceae (p. 364)
3. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla in regular flowers
and alternate with the lobes, or sometimes fewer in irregular
flowers.
4. Carpels distinct, at least below, sometimes united at the apex by
the styles; plants with milky juice.
5. Styles united; stamens distinct; pollen of loose grains; shrubs,
trees, or woody vines................-....--- 116. Apocynaceae (p. 368)
5. Styles distinct, united by the stigma only; stamens usually
united; pollen united in waxy masses or the grains in groups
of four; herbs or vines................ 117. Asclepiadaceae (p. 375)
4. Carpels entirely united.
5. Ovary 1-celled.

6. Flowers irregular.

7. Aquatic submerged herbs with inflated bladder-like leaves,
or delicate, unbranched, leafless or nearly leafless herbs
growing in damp places.....128. Lentibulariaceae (p. 432)

7. Terrestrial herbs or shrubs with broad leaves.

127. Gesneriaceae (p. 481)

6. Flowers regular or nearly so; erect unbranched herbs with
Opposite leaves, UN tees. 115. Gentianaceae (p. 367)

5. Ovary 2- or falsely 4-celled.

6. Leaves with stipules or stipular scars.

114. Loganiaceae (p. 366)

6. Stipules none.
7. Flowers regular.
8. Herbs with radical leaves and small scarious flowers in
dense elongated spikes; capsules small, circumsciss.
130. Plantaginaceae (p. 444)
8. Flowers not scarious nor in dense spikes; fruit not
circumsciss.

44 A FLORA OF MANILA

9. Fruit: a: berry) assccs lets: 128. Solanaceae (p. 413)
9. Fruit capsular.
10. Ovules and seeds few, 1 or 2 in each cell; mostly
twining vines.............. 118. Convolvulaceae (p. 381)
, 10. Ovules many; erect, herbaceous or woody plants,
rarely vines.
11. Stamens 4.............. 124. Scrophulariaceae (p. 419)
11. Stamens 5.
12. Styles 2, distinct.
119. Hydrophyllaceae (p. 392)
12. Styles united................ 123. Solanaceae (p. 413)
9. Fruit drupaceous or on achene, or of 2 or 4 nutlets.
128. Boraginaceae (p. 393)
7. Flowers irregular; stamens 4, in 2 pairs, or sometimes
2 only.
8. Fruit drupaceous or an achene, or of two to four 1-seeded
nutlets.
9. Style apical; ovary not lobed.
121. Verbenaceae (p. 396)
9. Style arising between the four lobes of the ovary;
plants often aromatic and frequently with 4-angled
sheMmss.:. 5 lt -Asseccavinlaeee peels 129. Labiatae (p. 406)
_ 8. Fruit capsular, dehiscent or indehiscent.
9. Ovary with axile placentae.

10. Capsules opening elastically from the apex; seeds
usually supported on a curved hook (retinacula) ;
leaves mostly opposite.

129. Acanthaceae (p. 433)

10. Capsules not opening elastically; retinacula none.

11. Leaves always alternate; capsule fleshy.
128. Solanaceae (p. 413)
(Brunfelsia)
11. Leaves mostly opposite, sometimes whorled; cap-
sule dry.
12. Seeds without endosperm.
126. Pedaliaceae (p. 431)
12. Seeds with endosperm.
124. Scrophulariaceae (p.~419)
9. Ovary with parietal placentae.

10. Seeds minute; leaves always simple.

127. Gesneriaceae (p. 431)

10. Seeds large, often winged, in dehiscent capsules, or
if indehiscent then wingless and imbedded in pulp;
leaves mostly compound.

125. Bignoniaceae (p. 426)

1. Ovary inferior.
2. Flowers not in dense heads.
8. Stamens attached to the corolla.

6. Parasitic shrubs; stipules none........ 38. Loranthaceae (p. 183)

6. Tendril-bearing vines.................... 132. Cucurbitaceae (p. 455)

6. Herbs, shrubs, vines, or trees with opposite leaves, watery

juice, the stipules always present; tendrils none.
131. Rubiaceae (p. 445)

POLYPODIACEAE A5

6. Herbs without stipules or tendrils, usually with milky juice.
133. Campanulaceae (p. 462)
3. Stamens free from the corolla.
-4, Stamens and pistil distinct.
VA CIORGIIG. PORWUIAT. .. ..: cease csninnsehicivecee 133. Campanulaceae (p. 462)
B. Gorolls irre galay sce susn-sassdn-nssnnsisnennie 134. Goodeniaceae (p. 463)
4. Stamens and pistil united into a column; small herbs.
135. Stylidiaceae (p. 463)
2. Flowers crowded in dense heads.
8. Heads not involucrate; leaves opposite, stipulate; flowers regular;
enters, Sag ics ceil ee As heh sts 131. Rubiaceae (p. 445)
8. Heads surrounded by an onluere composed of many bracts; leaves
various; flowers regular or irregular; anthers united; fruit an
SUCTAQIRG oo Sl cet gk re cami oof ann avn ans 136. Comtoapttae (p. 464)

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES

PTERIDOPHYTA. FERNS AND FERN-LIKE PLANTS

In this group, also commonly known as the vascular cryptogams, repro-
duction is by means of spores of microscopic size, not by true seeds as in’
the flowering plants. In the systematic treatment certain technical terms
are used, the most important being the following: The vegetative parts,
corresponding to the leaves of flowering plants, are commonly called fronds,
and in compound ones the divisions are called pinnae, the ultimate divisions
the pinnules; the part corresponding to the stem is called the stipe. The
spores are borne variously, but in the true ferns usually in sori (dot-like
organs on the lower surface, margins, etc.), each sorus being made up of
many spore-cases or sporocarps containing the spores; the partial or
entire ring of thickened tissue surrounding the sporocarp is called the
annulus. The sori may be protected by a thin, variously shaped and at-
tached organ known as the indusiwm, which may be persistent or deciduous;
it is frequently entirely absent. In some: groups the spores are of two
kinds, macrospores and microspores, the former being much larger than the
latter.

The most important supplementary literature for the Philippine forms
are the following papers by Dr. E. B. Copeland: “The Polypodiaceae of
the Philippine Islands” Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 28 (1905) 1-138, in
which 62 genera and 450 species of Philippine ferns are described, and
“The Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region, Part I” Philip. Journ. Sci. 4
(1909) Bot. 1-64, including the Ophioglossaceae, Marattiaceae, Marsi-
leaceae, Salviniaceae, Osmundaceae, Schizaeaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Parker-
iaceae, Matoniaceae, and Cyatheaceae.

1. POLYPODIACEAE (PoLypopy or PAco FAMILY)

Ferns of very various habit from creeping or erect rootstocks, the stipes
tufted or scattered, jointed to the rootstock or not, the fronds entire or
variously lobed, pinnate, or decompound, the veins free or variously an-
astomosing. Sori definite, various in shape (round, oblong, or linear), dorsal
or marginal, or sometimes indefinite and densely crowded over the entire
lower surface of the frond, the sporangia usually stalked and provided with

AG A FLORA OF MANILA

a longitudinal, incomplete annulus, interrupted by the stalk, opening trans-
versely. Indusium present or absent.

Genera about 120, species nearly 5,000, in all parts of the world, 81
genera and about 700 species in the Philippines.

1. Sori densely covering the entire back of the frond, or parts of the frond.
2. Fronds pinnate; very coarse terrestrial ferns of brackish swamps, the

sporangia not gathered into SOPi......-........222..::::ees00- 16. Acrostichum
2. Fronds simple, entire; epiphytic ferns from creeping rootstock the
sporangia in contiQuous SOM1.....-2—-.-.ncssn0-o-1s--nda ceases es 14. Cyclophorus

2. Fronds finely 3- or 4-pinnately divided, the ultimate segments small,
the fertile ones golden-yellow on the lower surface, the indusium
consisting of the reflexed margins of the segments...... 10. Onychium

1. Sori definite, on the back of the frond, scattered, or in al rows,
not strictly marginal.

2. Fronds entire, dimorphous, the sori reticulate, following the nerves
over the’ entire lower surtare. 20008 4 ARE 6. Hemionitis

2. Fronds pinnately lobed, pinnate, or decompound.

3. Sori round or nearly so.
4. Indusium present.

5. Pinnae articulated to the rachis.....................0.22..... 2. Nephrolepis

5. Pinnae not articulated to the rachis........................ 1. Dryopteris
4, Indusium none.

6. Fronds? all: salilee: (13.0) 81 tase oh Jae aD 13. Polypodium

5. Fronds dimorphous; basal, sterile, concave, humus-gathering ones
which are at first green, soon becoming brown, and ordinary
green, pinnately lobed fertile fronds.................... 15. Drynaria

3. Sori elongated.
4. Indusium wanting; finely pinnately compound ferns, the lower
surface covered with white waxy powder................ 7. Ceropteris
4. Indusium present.
5. Veins forming regular areolae, or if not then the sori often

double, on both sides of the veinlets........................ 4. Athyrium
5. Veins not forming regular areolae, except sometimes at the
margin, the sori always simple...........................-.. 5. Asplenium

1. Sori marginal, definite.
2. Indusium half cup-shaped, attached by the base and margins, opening

Gritward: 7. UA. LL Se, SY 1 ee 3. Davallia
2. Indusium formed of the refiexed modified or unmodified margin of the
frond.

3. Sori borne on the inner face of the reflexed lent! -margin.
11. Adiantum
3. Sori not on the inner surface of the refiexed-margin, protected by

it, but borne on the frond itself.

4. Sori linear, on a strand connecting the tips of the veins, the
reflexed margin of the leaf continuous; usually coarse, not
“nely. ‘divided Terris. o00) 02 ece, oe eh ee 12. Pteris
4, Sori terminal on the veins, at first distinct, later confluent, the
reflexed margin of the leaf interrupted; slender, finely divided
Farr LOI wh hh ilo GN: aeRO DY Oe yh DE es 9. Cheilanthes
2. Indusium none; otherwise very similar to Cheilanthes.... 8. Notholaena

POLYPODIACEAE > AT

1. DRYOPTERIS Adanson (Nephrodium Rich.)

Rootstocks creeping or erect, the stipes scattered or clustered, not jointed
to the rootstock. Fronds elongated, simply pinnate or 2- to 4-pinnate, the
veins free, or the lower ones anastomosing and forming on each side of the
midribs of the pinnules a single row of regular deltoid areolae with an
excurrent veinlet springing from the apex, free or jointed in the angle of
the next upper anastomosing veins, often forming one or more rows of
rhomboid areolae between the costal ones and the margin. Pinnules mostly
equilateral, entire, toothed, or lobed, glabrous, puberulent, or ciliate. Sori
numerous, medial or submarginal, in regular rows on the veins. Indusium
usually reniform, attached by the sinus, deciduous or persistent. (Greek
“oak” and “fern.”) :

Species about 800 in all parts of the world, about 100 in the Philippines.

1. Fronds simply pinnate.
2. Basal pinnae reduced to small, auricular appendages less than 1 cm
[esphaiataer rnin ea ee RS oe a 1. D. basilaris
2. Basal pinnae not reduced, or only slightly so.
3. Veins anastomosing, the ultimate lobes not extending more than
UMMA CREE. EXELL IY co oo act gcd paras es octane hcnwinpeg 2. D. parasitica
3. Veins free, the ultimate lobes extending nearly to the midrib.
3. D. luerssenti
1, Fronds more divided, bipinnate or tripinnatifid, at least the lower pinnae.
2. Only the lower pinnae again pinnate, the upper part of the frond

simply pinnate; frond glabrous .....................--:c-::se-00-+ 4. D. dissecta
2. All the pinnae again pinnate; frond prominently white-ciliate on the
oT ols hr OE as gat a IR lid aa ARLEN 5. D. setigera

1. D. basilaris (Presl) C. Chr.

Rootstocks stout, suberect, the stipes tufted, 15 to 40 cm long, somewhat
sulcate and angled, usually puberulent, the base clothed with long, filiform,
brown, spreading scales. Fronds 30 to 65 em long, 15 to 20 cm wide,
oblong, acuminate, simply pinnate, more or less puberulent, the base abrupt,
but with 8 to 16, distant, mtich-reduced, auricular, orbicular to ovate pinnae
less than 1 cm long along the stipe, the normal pinnae lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, rather close, spreading-ascending, slenderly acuminate, alternate,
sessile or subsessile, 25 to 40 on each side, 7 to 10 mm wide, 10 to 14 cm
long, the base slightly inequilateral, subacute or somewhat truncate, the
margins coarsely toothed. Sori small, numerous, 3 to 5 in a row on each
side of the primary veins, the indusium persistent.

Along small streams on ledges, San Juan del Monte; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Endemic.

2. D. parasitica (L.) O. Ktze.

Rootstock short, stout, erect, clothed with linear brown scales on the
young parts, the stipes glabrous or puberulent, with few scattered scales
near the base, 10 to 50 cm tall. Fronds oblong, 20 to 50 cm long, simply
pinnate; pinnae 8 to 15 pairs, slenderly acuminate, base truncate, the basal
ones not reduced, oblong to lanceolate, 4 to 10 em long, pinnately lobed one-
third to one-half to the midrib into numerous, ovate to oblong, obtuse, falcate
lobes, glabrous or somewhat puberulent, the veinlets anastomosing near the

48 - A FLORA OF MANILA

midrib. Sori indusiate, in two rows one on each lobe about half-way between
the mid-nerve and margin. .

In dry thickets, Masambong to Gondilupes widely distributed in the
Philippines. All tropical countries.

3. D. luerssenii (Harr.) C. Chr.

Rootstock stout, creeping or suberect, covered with brown scales, the
stipes tufted, erect, glabrous, somewhat angled, pale, slender, 8 to 40 cm
long. Fronds lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, simply pinnate, 20 to 50 cm
long, 6 to 20 cm wide, acuminate, the basal pinnae slightly shortened;
pinnae distant, 10 to 20 on each side, lanceolate, acuminate, 8 to 20 mm
wide, cut nearly to the rachis into numerous, linear-spatulate to linear-
oblong, acute lobes, the sinuses as broad or nearly as broad as the lobes,
the lower surface slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous. Sori 3 to 5 on
each side of the midrib of each lobe, small, the indusium subpersistent,
glabrous.

San Juan del Monte, occasional; widely distributed in the Philippines.
Endemic.

4. D. dissecta (Forst.) O. Ktze.

Stipes tufted, with linear, dark-brown scales near the base, otherwise
glabrous, 10 to 30 cm long. Fronds 25 to 60 em long, oblong, simply
pinnate, or the lower pinnae again pinnate, up to 15 cm long, acuminate,
pinnatifid, the lobes oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate, or the basal ones
pinnately lobed, thin, glabrous, the veinlets free. Sori numerous, about
1 mm in diameter, submarginal.

In thickets, about old wells, ravines, etc., Pasay and Masambong; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Madagascar through tropical Asia and
Malaya to Polynesia.

5. D. setigera (Blume) O. Ktze.

Rootstock stout, erect or suberect, the stipes tufted, 25 to 70 cm long,
the base with numerous, pale, linear-lanceolate, spreading scales, the upper
part usually glabrous or nearly so. Fronds ample, ovate to deltoid-lanceo-
late, 30 to 100 cm long, tripinnatifid, the lower pinnae longest, 15 to 30 cm
long, 5 to 11 cm wide, oblong to lanceolate, the rachis very narrowly winged;
pinnules close, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5 to 15 mm wide,
cut nearly to the rachis into numerous, close, oblong, toothed lobes, the
lower surface, and sometimes also the upper one with few to many, weak,
spreading, white hairs. Sori minute, numerous, 2 to 4 on each side of the
midvein on each lobe of the pinnules, the indusium falling very early.

In thickets, Diliman, also occasionally cultivated in Singalong, etc.;
widely distributed in the Philippines. India to Japan, southward to
Australia and Polynesia.

2. NEPHROLEPIS Schott

Simply pinnate, terrestrial or epiphytic, often much elongated ferns,
from erect, creeping, or climbing rootstocks, often stoloniferous, the stipes
not jointed to the root-stocks, the pinnae jointed to the rachis. Sori round
or reniform, prominent, submarginal or medial in one row on each side
of the midrib, terminal on the anterior veinlets or at the once forked
veins, or marginal and uniting the apices of two or more veins. Indusium
reniform, attached by the sinus, the lobes often meeting or overlapping, the
indusium then becoming round and peltate, opening all around the edge

POLY PODIACEAE 49

or nearly so, or 2-valved and marginal, attached at the inner side, opening
outward. (Greek “kidney” and “scale,” allusion to the shape of the in-
dusium.)

Species about 17, in all tropical countries, about 7 in the Philippines.

1. Fronds very narrow, 1 to 2 em wide, the pinnae of two oblong to orbicular,

imbricated leaflets; cultivated only..............0....2:cccceceeeeteeeeeee 1. N. duffit

1. Fronds 2.5 to 5 cm wide; pinnae oblong, prominently auricled at the base.

2. N. cordifolia

1. Fronds 8 cm wide or more; pjnnae oblong to linear-lanceolate, elongated.

2. Pinnae deeply pinnately lobed, the lobes narrow, close, variable in
length; fronds prominently brown-ciliate; cultivated only.

8. N. floccigera, var. monstruosa

2. Pinnae entire, or only slightly crenate or toothed.

3. Fronds nearly glabrous, elongated, often exceeding 2 m in length,
the pinnae ak ai not auricled; sori distant from the margins.
4, N. biserrata
3. Fronds more or ee brown-ciliate; pinnae always auricled on the
upper side at the base; sori marginal or submarginal.
5. N. hirsutula
*1. N. DUFFII Moore."

Tufted, from stout rootstocks, the rachis and stipes chaffy with brownish
scales and hairs, the rachis 8 to 15 cm long. Fronds narrow, linear,
elongated, 20 to 35 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, narrowed toward the base,
the apex often forked. Pinnae numerous, the lower ones reduced and
distant, the central ones close, each consisting of 2, oblong to orbicular,
imbricated leaflets which are joined at the base, their margins entire or
crenate, usually less than 1 cm long.

Cultivated, not spontaneous; introduced. A native of Malaya and
northern Australia.

2. N. cordifolia (L.) Presl.

Fronds tufted, erect, from a short, suberect rootstock, the wiry apioas
roots often bearing tubers. Stipes 3 to 15 em long, glabrous or more
usually clothed with slender, soft, brown paleae. Fronds 15 to 50 cm
long, 2.5 to 5 cm wide, lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, the pinnae
numerous, close, sessile, often imbricate, toothed to subentire, oblong, 5
to 8 mm wide, inequilateral, the base cordate, or rounded on the lower
side and auricled on the upper side. Sori large, in a row midway between
the midrib and the margin; indusium broad, opening toward the apices
of the pinnae.

Not uncommon in cultivation in Manila; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines at medium and higher altitudes. Tropics generally.

*3. N. FLOCCIGERA (Blume) Moore, var. MONSTRUOSA Hort.

Tufted, the stipes furfuraceous, the rachis and pinnae furfuraceous
and more or less densely villous with weak, spreading or somewhat matted,
rather soft, brown hairs. Fronds oblong, 50 to 90 cm in length. Pinnae
numerous, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2.5 cm wide, deeply and
irregularly divided into numerous, unequal, close, often imbricate, linear

r estes sdsdatedk af light faced type are Sntopaneell’ stil those marked
with an mee are cultivated only.

50 A FLORA OF MANILA

segments which are very variable in size, a few mm to 1 cm or more in
length. ;

Commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes, not spontaneous. A
native of the Malay Archipelago, introduced here. !

4. N. biserrata (Sw.) Schott (N. acuta Presl).

Rootstock short, erect, stout, with scaly prop-roots, sending out long
stolons, the scales brown, often dense, entire or irregularly ciliate. Fronds
erect, or if epiphytic, then pendulous, tufted, the stipes 30 to 60 cm long,
nearly glabrous except at the scaly base, the fronds 0.6 to 2 m long or
more, 20 to 40 em wide; pinnae very numerous, linear-lanceolate to lan-
ceolate, usually separated by less than their own breadth, acute or acu-
minate, entire to slightly toothed or crenate, 1.2 to 2.5 em wide, the base
abruptly narrowed to subtruncate, slightly inequilateral, not auricled, or
auricled only on the upper side, glabrous or nearly so. Sori prominent,
numerous, distant from the margin, about 2 mm in diameter, the indusium
subreniform.

Occasional about boulders and cliffs, in thickets, Masambong to Guada-
lupe, also commonly cultivated; throughout the Philippines. All tropical
countries.

*Var. FURCANS Hort.

Similar to the species, but the pinnae forked or twice-forked above the
middle, the lobes spreading.

Commonly cultivated, not spontaneous; an introduced form here. Cul-
tivated in all tropical countries.

5. N. hirsutula (Forst.) Presl.

Rootstock erect, stout, densely covered with appressed, dark-brown
scales, stoloniferous, also with few prop-roots. Stipes tufted, 10 to 40
cm long, scaly at the base, more or less villous above, becoming nearly
glabrous. Fronds 30 to 120 cm long, 8 to 15 em wide; pinnae numerous,
rather close but not at all imbricate, 8 to 14 em wide, somewhat falcate,
acute or acuminate, subentire, toothed or somewhat crenate, the base
rounded on the lower side, prominently auricled on the upper side, more
or less villous on both surfaces, becoming subglabrous, the sterile pinnae
shorter than the fertile ones. Sori marginal or submarginal, about 1
mm in diameter, the indusium peltate or subreniform.

In dry thickets, Santa Mesa, El Deposito, etc., also sometimes cultivated;
widely distributed in the Philippines. All tropical countries.

3. DAVALLIA Smith

Mostly epiphytic ferns, usually finely divided, the rootstock creeping,
densely covered with narrow, brown, usually chaffy scales. Stipes not
jointed to the rootstocks. Fronds ovate to deltoid in outline, in most
species at least tripinnate. Sori at or very near the margins, the in-
dusium elongated, attached at the base and side. (In honor of E. Davall.)

Species about 70, in all tropical countries, 10 in the Philippines.

1. D. denticulata (Burm.) Mett. (D. elegans Sw.).

Rootstock stout, creeping, densely clothed with brown, elongated, very
narrow, somewhat flexuous scales. Stipes glabrous, brown, 15 to 40 cm
long. Fronds ovate to deltoid, 20 to 60 cm long, the lower pinnae some-
times 25 cm in length, 3- or 4-pinnatifid, the rachis margined toward

POLYPODIACEAE 51

the apex; ultimate segments of the fertile fronds oblong, prominently
toothed, inequilateral, coriaceous, the veins prominent, irregular, oblique.
Sori 4 to 15 to a segment, marginal, shorter than the teeth; indusium
half-cup-shaped.

Occasionally cultivated in hanging baskets, etc.; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Tropical Africa and Asia to Polynesia.

4. ATHYRIUM Roth

Terrestrial ferns with small to large, usually glabrous fronds. Root-
stock erect or creeping. Fronds usually clustered, simple, or pinnate to
tripinnate, the veins free or anastomosing, the stipes not jointed to the
rootstocks. Sori superficial, springing from the sides of the veins or
veinlets, single or double, usually elongated, the indusium opening on the
side away from the vein.

Species more than 300 in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, 46 in
the Philippines.

1. A. esculentum (Retz.) Copel. (Diplazium esculentum Sw.). Paco (Tag.).

Rootstocks stout, the caudex erect, woody, thickened, bearing many black,
wiry roots, the tip clothed with brown, linear scales. Stipes 20 to 50
em long, smooth or nearly so, green. Fronds 2- or 38-pinnate, 50 to 80
cm long, ovate in outline; about one-half as wide; pinnules lanceolate,
acuminate, rather coarsely serrate, or serrate-crenate, 2 to 5 cm long,
sessile or very shortly stalked, base truncate, sometimes auricled on one
or both sides, glabrous, chartaceous, veins pinnate, extending from the
costa to the margin, sterile, their branches bearing sori, anastomosing in
pairs from neighboring veins.

Occasional in gardens, Singalon; widely distributed in the Philippines
along streams, etc. India to Polynesia.

5. ASPLENIUM Linnaeus

Slender or coarse, terrestrial or epiphytic ferns with simple and entire
to pinnate or bipinnate and finely dissected fronds, the stipes not jointed
to the rootstock. Sori simple, usually linear and elongated, diagonal on
the lower surface of the frond, usually confined to the upper side of the
veins. Indusium the shape of the sorus, rarely continuous over the veins,
opening obliquely toward the costa, rarely toward the margins. (Greek
“without” and “spleen,” reference to supposed medicinal properties.)

Species about 440, in all parts of the world, about 45 in the Philippines.

Fronds simple; epiphytes with large entire fronds growing in crowns.

1. A. nidus
Fronds pinnate; terrestrial tufted ferns, the pinnae lanceolate, long-
ACUMINATE? TaAlCntere Mia Te See a 2. A. macrophyllum

1. A. nidus L. Bird’s Nest Fern.

A large, coarse, epiphytic fern, the fronds entire, radiately arranged,
spreading or ascending, coriaceous, shining, narrowly to broadly lanceo-
late, acuminate, 40 to 120 em long, 6 to 20 em wide, base narrowed; veins
very numerous, close. Sori numerous, linear, reaching from the midrib
about half-way to the margins. (Fl. Filip. pl. 395.)

52 A FLORA OF MANILA

Very commonly cultivated as a hanging plant, variable in size; throughout
the Philippines. Tropical Asia and Africa to Polynesia.

2. A. macrophyllum Sw.

Rootstock short, covered with linear-lanceolate, acuminate scales. Stipes
tufted, rigid, erect, brown, glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 30 cm long. Frond
simply pinnate, oblong in outline, 7 to 40 cm long; pinnae opposite or
alternate, 2 to 12 on each side, spreading, shortly stalked, subcoriaceous,
2 to 15 ecm long, 1 to 38 cm wide, lanceolate, long-acuminate, somewhat
falcate, the base inequilateral, cuneate, the margins sharply and irregularly
serrate; veins very oblique. Sori in close, long, parallel, oblique lines
reaching from the midrib nearly to the margin.

In dry thickets, near Fort McKinley, San Juan del Monte, Masambong,
ete.; widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropical Asia to Polynesia.

6. HEMIONITIS Linnaeus

Erect, terrestrial, tufted ferns with entire or lobed fronds, the fertile
ones different in shape from the sterile, the stipes not jointed to the root-
stock. Veins distinct, copiously anatomosing, the sori continuous along
the veins, reticulate, linear, the indusium wanting. (Greek “mule,” these
ferns originally supposed to be sterile.)

Species about 8, in the tropics of both hemispheres, 1 in the Philippines.

1. H. arifolia (Burm.) Moore.

Rootstocks erect, the scales linear-lanceolate. Stipes slender, shining,
dark-brown, with scattered, spreading hairs. Fronds dimorphous, the
sterile ones elliptic to oblong-elliptic, base deeply cordate, apex rounded,
entire, 4 to 10 cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide, their stipes 3 to 10 cm long, the
fertile fronds somewhat smaller than the sterile ones, triangular-ovate to
elliptic-ovate, obtuse, the base often sagittate, the basal lobes spreading,
or deflexed, rounded, very prominently reticulate on the lower surface, the
sori covering the veins; stipes longer than in the fertile fronds, 10 to 30
em in length. .

In dry thickets, banks of ravines, etc., Masambong to San Juan del
Monte; of local occurrence in the Philippines. Tropical Asia to Malaya.

7. CEROPTERIS Link

Erect, tufted, terrestrial, finely divided ferns from short, creeping or
suberect rootstocks, the stipes not jointed to the rootstock. Fronds small
to medium size, pinnately divided, the under surface covered with a white
or yellow waxy powder. Sori linear to linear-oblong, along the veins but
not quite reaching- their tips the indusium wanting. (Greek “wax” and
“fern.”)

Species about 8, chiefly in tropical America, 1 introduced in the Philip-
pines.

1. C. CALOMELANOS (L.) Underw. '

Rootstock short, suberect, with few brown scales, the stipes tufted,
dark-brown or‘purplish, polished, stiff, angular, 5 to 25 em long. Fronds
oblong, acuminate, 10 to 50 cm long, bipinnate to tripinnatifid, the pinnae
4 to 15 em long, lanceolate, the lowest ones the largest, the upper ones
gradually shorter, somewhat falcate, stalked, pinnate below, pinnatifid

POLYPODIACEAE 53
toward their tips, the pinnules oblong, the upper surface glabrous, naked,
the lower surface densely covered with a white, waxy powder. Sori
linear, forked, eventually nearly covering the lower surface of the frond.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, also spontaneous and abundant on
dry banks, cliffs, etc., Guadalupe to San Juan del Monte. A native of

‘tropical America and Africa, introduced and now .thoroughly naturalized

here.
8. NOTHOLAENA R. Brown

Terrestrial slender ferns from usually creeping rootstocks, the stipes
clustered, not jointed to the rootstock, the fronds rather small, pinnately
compound, glandular, hairy, or scaly, the veins free. Sori rounded to
oblong, terminal on the veins, often uniting into a continuous submarginal
line, naked or partly covered by the unaltered, usually recurved edge of
the frond. (Latin “false” and “cloak,” from the imperfect indusium.)

Species about 50 in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, 1 in the
Philippines.

1. H. hirsuta (Poir.) Desv. (N. densa J. Sm.).

Rootstocks short, densely covered with narrow brown scales, the stipes
rather crowded, slender, 3 to 15 cm long, brown, shining, glabrous or
more or less clothed with subulate, fibrillose scales. Fronds 6 to 20 em
long, oblong, 1.5 to 5 cm wide, 3-pinnatifid at the base, the primary pinnae
distant, 4 to 7 below the pinnatifid apex, deltoid-oblong, the pinnules oblong,
about 1 cm long, the rachis and lower surfaces of the fronds more or
less densely fibrillose with brown hairs. Sori usually continuous along
the margin.

On dry walls of Intramuros, and in dry thickets San Juan del Monte,
etc., of local occurrence in the Philippines. India through Malaya to
Australia and Polynesia.

9. CHEILANTHES Swartz

Usually slender, tufted, terrestrial ferns from creeping or ascending,
scaly rootstocks, the stipes dark-colored, not jointed to the rootstock, the
fronds pinnately divided, the veins free. Sori rounded to oblong, terminal
on the veins, at first small and distinct, afterward more or less confluent

in a submarginal line. Indusium consisting of the wholly or partly re-

curved modified margin of the frond. (Greek “lip” and “flower,” allusion
to position of the sori.)

Species over 100 in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, about 5 in
the Philippines.

1. C. tenuifolia (Burm.) Sw.

Stipes scattered or tufted, slender, brown, 8 to 20 em long, shining,
naked, or the base slightly fibrillose. Fronds oblong-ovate 8 to 20 cm
long, 4 to 10 cm wide, 3-pinnatifid, the lower pinnae distant, opposite, about
2 em wide, divided to the rachis in the lower part into oblong to linear,
entire or toothed lobes or segments, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori
rounded or subcontinuous, the indusium narrow, transversely oblong.

In dry thickets, on cliffs, banks, etc., Caloocan to Pasay; widely distri-
buted in the Philippines. Tropical Asia to New Zealand, eastward to
Polynesia.

me: 4: A FLORA OF MANILA

10. ONYCHIUM Kaulfuss

. Rootstocks creeping, the stipes tufted, not jointed to the rootstock.
Fronds finely pinnately divided, the sterile and fertile segments more or
less dissimilar in shape and size, both slender, the veins free. Indusium
consisting of the reflexed, somewhat modified margin which reaches to
or nearly to the costa.’ (Greek “claw,’’ reference to the shape of the lobes
in some species.)

Species about 5, in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, 2 or 3 in the
Philippines. '

1. O. siliculosum (Desv.) C. Chr. (O. awratum Kaulf.).

Rootstock rather stout, covered with lanceolate, brown, spreading scales.
Stipes glabrous, pale, sometimes brownish, 10 to 30 cm long. Fronds 15
to 40 cm long, ovate, finely 3- or 4-pinnately divided, the ultimate segments
small and narrow, numerous, the sterile ones usually spatulate, and less
than 5 mm long, often toothed at the apex, the fertile ones pod-like, linear,
entire, acuminate, 5 to 20 mm long, about 1 mm wide, the indusium and
sori golden-yellow.

On banks near Fort McKinley; widely distributed in the Philippines.
India to China, southward to Malaya.

11. ADIANTUM Linnaeus

Rootstocks creeping or erect, the stipes tufted, usually black and shin-
ing, naked, not jointed to the rootstock, erect, simply pinnate, to bi-, tri-,
or even quadripinnate, or forked, the leafiets usually. inequilateral, dimi-
diate to cuneate-flabellate or trapezoidal, the outer edge variously toothed
or lobed, continuous or jointed on their pedicels, the veins free, forked. Sori
rounded to oblong or linear, marginal, terminal on the veins, the indusium
consisting of the modified reflexed margin, bearing the sori on its surface.
(Greek “dry,” from the fact that when plunged in water, the fronds
come out dry.)

Species about 190 in both hemispheres, chiefly tropical, about 15 in the
Philippines.

1. Fronds simply pinnate.
2. Leaflets more or less villous or pilose, deeply incised...... 1. A. caudatum
2. Leaflets glabrous or nearly so, not deeply incised.
3. Leaflets dimidiate, the lower margin straight or forming an angle,
the upper one rounded, 1 to 3.5 cm long; sori not continuous.
2. A. philippense
3. Leaflets not dimidiate, 5 to 10 cm long, acute or acuminate, the

sori continuous; cultivated only.......................-.- 3. A. macrophyllum
1. Fronds 2- to 4-pinnate; cultivated only.
2. Leaflets flabellate-cuneate, 1 to 2 cm long.................-...-.----- 4. A. tenerum

2. Leaflets obliquely ovate to trapezoidal, 4 to 6 cm long.

5. A. trapeziforme
1. A. caudatum L.

Stipes tufted, 5 to 20 cm long, ascending, erect, or spreading, more or
less brown-villous. Fronds linear in outline, 15 to 30 em long, 1.5 to
3.5 em wide, simply pinnate, the rachis often elongated and rooting at
its apex; leaflets spreading or ascending, dimidiate, oblong, sessile or
nearly so, the lower margin straight and entire, the upper one deeply
incised, villous. Sori nearly round, on the ends of the lobes.

POLY PODIACEAE 55

Common in thickets; widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropical
Africa and Asia to Polynesia.

2. A. philippense L. (A. lunulatum Burm.). Culantrillo (Sp.-Fil.).

Stipes slender, dark-brown, shining, glabrous, tufted, 5 to 20 cm long.
Fronds simply pinnate, 10 to 30 cm long, 5 to 8 em wide; leaflets slenderly
stalked, thin, dimidiate, oblong to semilunate in outline, 1 to 3.5 em long,
0.8 to 1.5 em broad, the lower margin nearly straight or forming an angle
at the insertion of the stalk, the upper margin semicircular, entire or
slightly lobed. Sori oblong to linear, as long as the lobes are broad.

Common on wet or damp cliffs and banks in the rainy season, in thickets,
etc.; throughout the Philippines. Tropics generally.

*3. A. MACROPHYLLUM Sw. .

Stipes black, shining, naked, 15 to 30 cm long. Fronds simply pinnate,
20 to 35 cm long, 10 to 20 cm wide, with about 6 pairs of opposite, lateral,
sessile or subsessile pinnae (leaflets) below the terminal one; lower pinnae
of sterile fronds 7 to 10 em long, about 5 cm wide, their bases subhastate,
inequilateral, the fertile ones somewhat smaller than the sterile, somewhat
faleate, acuminate, the sori linear, continuous or somewhat interrupted,
along the margins.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, not spontaneous. A native of
_ tropical America, introduced here and in other tropical countries.

*4. A. TENERUM Sw. Alambre (Sp.-Fil.); Maiden Hair Fern.

Stipes stiff, 20 to 30 em high, naked, black or nearly so, shining. Fronds
25 to 70 cm long, deltoid, 3- or 4- pinnate. Leaflets flabellate-cuneate, thin,
1 to 2 em long, jointed on their pedicels, the base cuneate, the pedicel
attached at about the middle of the base, the upper and outer edge some-
_ what rounded, slightly or rather deeply lobed, the veins forked, slender.
Sori in rounded to transversely oblong patches in shallow hollows terminat-
ing the lobes.

Commonly cultivated but not spontaneous. A native of tropical America,
introduced here and in other tropical countries.

*5, A. TRAPEZIFORME L. ;

A stout, coarse fern, the stipes black, shining, 15 to 50 em high, naked. |
Fronds 2- or 3-pinnate with a terminal branch 10 to 20 em long and 2 to 4
large ones on each side, the lowest of which are often branched again.
Leaflets subcoriaceous, 4 to 6 cm long, 2 to 3 em wide, the base nearly
a right-angle, the pedicel attached at the angle, obliquely ovate to trape-
zoidal in outline, the apex subacute, the upper and outer margins slightly
lobed. Sori transversely oblong, terminating the lobes.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, not spontaneous; much the largest
species of the genus in the Philippines. A native of tropical America,
introduced here and in other tropical countries.

12. PTERIS Linnaeus

Terrestrial ferns, usually tufted, the stipes not jointed to the creeping
or erect rootstock. Fronds various, at least pinnate, the lowest pinnae
often most developed, especially on the lower side. Veins free or forming
areolae along the costa. Sorus on a submarginal strand connecting the
ends of the veins, protected by the modified and reflexed continuous margin
of the frond, without an extrorse indusium. (Greek name for a fern.)

56 A FLORA OF MANILA es

Species 160 or more, in the tropics of .both hemispheres, about 23 in
the Philippines. }

1. Veins free.

2.. Fronds simply pinnate, lower pinnae shorter than the median ones.

, 1. P. longifolia

2. Lowest pinnae pinnate, or pinnatifid; pinnules or segments few.

2. P. ensiformis

2. Lowest pinnae bipinnatifid.......0.000.22020 le 3. P. quadriaurita
1. Veins anastomosing, forming narrow areolae along the costa only; upper

part of the frond simply pinnate, the lower pinnae forked and
bipinnatifid, ......,-.0 C2120 72 20Eot 2... Sa One 4. P. biaurita
1. Veins copiously anastomosing; coarse ferns with 3-partite fronds.
5. P. tripartita
1. P. longifolia L.

Rootstock short, the tips clothed with copious, brown, linear scales.
Stipes clustered, 3 to 15 cm long, more or less clothed at the base with
linear, spreading, brown scales. Fronds simply pinnate, oblong, 20 to 50
cm long, the lower pinnae shorter than the median ones; pinnae sessile,
numerous, 5 to 20 cm long, linear-lanceolate to linear, acuminate, entire,
base truncate, subcordate, or auricled, glabrous, subcoriaceous, the terminal
one often much longer than the others; veins close, usually once forked.
Sorus extending the entire length of the pinnae on both sides.

Crevices of old dry walls, in thickets, on cliffs, etc.; throughout the
Philippines. Most tropical and subtemperate countries.

2. P. ensiformis Burm.

Rhizome short, creeping, slender, paleaceous. Stipes slender, those of
the sterile fronds 5 to 10 cm long, of the fertile ones 10 to 30 cm long,
naked, erect, green. Fronds membranaceous, often mottled with gray, the
sterile ones 7 to 20 cm long, bipinnatifid or bipinnate, the segments oblong
to obovate, dentate, about 1 cm long. Fertile fronds 20 to 40 cm long,
simply pinnate, sometimes bipinnate, the segments few, linear, 5 to 15 cm
long, the terminal one usually much longer than the few, distant, simple
or pinnatifid lateral ones, acute or acuminate, often denticulate at the sterile
apex; veins usually forked, free. Sorus continuous.

In shaded thickets, old gardens, etc.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. India to China southward to Australia and Polynesia.

3. P. quadriaurita Retz.

Roots clothed with soft brown hairs, the tips of the rootstocks paleaceous.
Stipes clustered, erect, 15 to 30 cm long, glabrous or nearly so, smooth,
green. Fronds oblong, 20 to 60 cm long, simply pinnate or the lower
pinnae again compound, the central terminal pinna elongated, acuminate,
cut nearly to the rachis into numerous, close, parallel, oblong to linear-
oblong, often falcate, obtuse, entire lobes 1 to 2 cm long; lateral pinnae
3 to 8 pairs or more, 8 to*20 cm long, 1.5 to 38 cm wide, deeply cut into
numerous lobes like the terminal pinna; veins usually once forked, free,
not forming areolae along the costa. Sori continuous along the entire
margin or interrupted in the sinuses and toward the ends of the lobes.

Occasional in thickets, sometimes in gardens; widely distributed in the
Philippines. All warm countries.

POLY PODIACEAE 57

4. P. biaurita L.

Roots clothed with soft brown hairs. Caudex stout, erect, somewhat
woody, paleaceous at the tip. Stipes clustered, green, somewhat paleaceous
near the base, otherwise glabrous, 20 to 60 cm high. Fronds oblong, 30
to 60 cm long, simply pinnate above, the basal pinnae usually once forked,
the terminal pinna usually longer than the lateral ones; pinnae 6 to 12
pairs, lanceolate, 9 to 20 em long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide, acuminate, cut nearly
to the costa into numerous, oblong, obtuse, entire, somewhat falcate, spread-
ing lobes, the sinuses often as wide as, or wider than the lobes; veins
anastomosing along the costa forming a single row of narrow areolae, those
in the lobes free, usually once forked. Sorus continuous along the margin
or interrupted at the sinuses and apices of the lobes.

In dry thickets Masambong, Guadalupe, etc.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. All tropical countries.

d. P. tripartita Sw. .

A coarse tufted fern from a stout, short, erect caudex. Stipes 30 to
100 cm high, stout, erect, smooth, green. Frond glabrous, tripartite, spread-
ing from the apex of the stipe, the central part simply pinnate, up to 60
em long, the pinnae numerous, 15 to 25 cm long, 2 to 3 em broad, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, cut half-way or more to the costa into oblong, falcate,
obtuse lobes, the sterile ones slightly toothed; lateral divisions usually
branched, similar to the middle one but shorter; lateral veins fine, distinctly
anastomosing. Sori usually continuous around the sinus but not reaching
to the ends of the lobes.

Not uncommon in gardens, brought in from the provinces; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Tropical Africa and Asia to Polynesia and
Australia.

13. POLYPODIUM Linnaeus

Rootstocks creeping or erect, the stipes scattered, jointed to the root-
stock. Fronds simple and entire, pinnatifid, or pinnate, rarely more com-
pound, glabrous, scaly, or hairy, the veins free or anastomosing. Sori
round, oblong, or linear, superficial or sunk in cavities, usually very num-
erous, dorsal. Indusium none. (Greek ‘‘many” and “feet.”)

A very large, polymorphous genus, with over 800 species, in both
hemispheres, mostly tropical, few in temperate regions, about 115 in the
Philippines, a single one in our area, aside from casual species like P.
punctatum which are occasionally brought in from the provinces.

1. P. phymatodes L.

A rather coarse fern, usually fragrant in drying. Rootstock widely
creeping, stout, often glaucous, bearing few, scattered, deciduous, fibrillose
scales, becoming nearly glabrous. — Stipes 5 to 30 em high, erect, glabrous.
Stipes 5 to 30 em high, erect, glabrous, shining. Frond exceedingly variable,
coriaceous, glabrous, sometimes simple, entire, and lanceolate to oblong,
obtuse to acuminate, 5 to 20 cm long, or more often pinnatifid into segments
similar in shape and size to the simple fronds above described, reaching a
length of 50 cm, the sinuses rounded, extending nearly to the midrib, some-
times only 3-lobed; veins indistinct. Sori large and prominent, in two
rows on each lobe, or scattered, brown, round to elliptic, 4 to 5 mm in
diameter.

58 A FLORA OF MANILA

On dry ledges San Juan del Monte, and occasional on walls and trees in
Manila; throughout the Philippines. Tropical Africa through Asia to
Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia.

14. CYCLOPHORUS Desvaux

Epiphytic, more rarely terrestrial ferns, the rootstocks creeping, scaly,
the stipes not jointed to the rootstock. Fronds coriaceous, simple, usually
elongated, entire, both surfaces with few to many, scattered or densely
arranged stellate hairs, the veins anastomosing, not apparent. Sori round,
sometimes hidden in the tomentum, entirely covering the lower surface
or parts of the lower surface of the fertile fronds, the sterile fronds usually
different in shape from the fertile ones. Indusium none. (Greek “circle”
and “to bear,” allusion to the round sori.)

Species about 70 in all tropical countries, about 10 in the Philippines.

1. C. adnascens (Sw.) Desv.

An epiphytic fern, the slender wiry rootstock widely creeping, branched,
densely covered with appressed brown scales. Stipes 2 to 5 cm high,
puberulent. Fronds dimorphous, coriaceous, oblong to lanceolate, 4 to 10
cm long, 1 to 1.5 em wide, the fertile ones linear-lanceolate, narrower, 10 to
20 em long, both surfaces slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous, the veins
obsolete. Sori distinct but closely crowded, densely pubescent between
them, occupying the entire lower surface, except the midrib, of the upper
one-half to two-thirds of the frond.

Occasional on trees, Singalon, Paco, etc.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. Tropical Asia to Polynesia.

’
15. DRYNARIA J. Smith

Coarse, usually epiphytic ferns with very stout, densely pdaleaceous,
creeping rootstocks. Fronds of two kinds very dissimilar in shape and
appearance, (1) sterile humus-gathers, at first green, soon becoming brown,
sessile, coriaceous, concave, shining, variously lobed, and (2) ordinary
fronds, large, green, deeply simply pinnately lobed; veins copiously anasto-
mosing and emitting free included veinlets. Sori numerous, dorsal, borne
on the veins, exindusiate. (Greek “oak-like,” from the resemblance of
the sterile humus-gathering leaves to the leaves of the oak.)

Species about 15, tropical Asia to Polynesia, 4 in the Philippines.

Sterile bract-like humus-gathering fronds large, 20 to 30 cm in length;
lower lobes of the ordinary fronds little or not at all reduced.

1. D. quercifolia

Sterile bract-like humus-gathering fronds small, not exceeding 6 cm in

length; lower lobes of the ordinary fronds much reduced.. 2. D. descensa

1. D. quercifolia (L.) Bory.

Rootstock very stout, somewhat fleshy, very densely covered with narrow
brown scales about 1 cm long. Humus-gathering fronds brown and shin-
ing when mature, ovate, coriaceous, somewhat imbricate, 20 to 30 cm in
length, 15 to 20 cm wide, concave, shallowly lobed below, deeply so above.
Stipes of the ordinary fronds stout, 15 to 30 cm long, narrowly winged,

PARKERIACEAE 59

the fronds firm, oblong or ovate-oblong, 40 to 90 cm long, the lobes 8 to
20, ascending, cut nearly to the midrib, 2 to 4 em wide. Sori in regular
rows, one row on each side of each main vein running to the margin.

Occasional on trees, old walls, etc., sometimes cultivated; throughout the
Philippines. Southern Asia to Australia and Polynesia.

2. D. descensa Copel.

Rootstocks stout, fleshy, densely covered with brown scales with long
caudate ‘tips. Humus-gathering fronds ovate to oblong-ovate, coriaceous,
concave, imbricate, brown and shining, 5 to 6 em long, base deeply cordate,
subentire, or lobed above. Stipes of the ordinary fronds 5 to 25 em long,
narrowly or broadly winged, the fronds oblong, 25 to 40 cm long, cut nearly
to the rachis into very distant, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, ascending or
spreading lobes 8 to 13 cm long, the lobes 7 to 12 on each side, much
narrower than the sinuses, the lower lobes much reduced. Sori in regular
rows or somewhat scattered.

On dry ledges and on trunks of small trees in ravines opposite Gua-
dalupe; of local occurrence in Luzon. Endemic. '

16. ACROSTICHUM Linnaeus

Very coarse tufted ferns from thick suberect rootstocks, the stipes not
jointed to the rootstock. Frond large, simply pinnate, the pinnae with
a prominent midrib, the veinlets distinct, freely anastomosing, the upper
pinnae in part or whole fertile. Sporangia densely covering the backs of
the fertile pinnae, except the midrib; indusium none. (Greek “tip” and
“row,” allusion to the upper pinnae bearing the sori.)

Species 3 or 4 in the tropics of both hemispheres, 1 in the Philippines.

1. A. aureum L. Lagolo (Tag.).

Rootstock stout, woody, scaly. Stipes clustered, stout, glabrous, 30 to
50 em long. Fronds 50 to 200 em long, the pinnae oblong, coriaceous, 20
to 50 em long, 4 to 6 em wide, base stipitate, apex obtuse or retuse, some-
times mucronate. Fertile upper pinnae somewhat smaller than the lower
sterile ones, the lower surface densely covered with the brown sporangia.

Common in open brackish swamps; throughout the Philippines near the
sea, occasional in suitable habitats inland. Tropics generally.

2. PARKERIACEAE (WATER FERN FAMILY)

Aquatic or subaquatie succulent plants growing in shallow water or in
mud, the rootstock short, erect. Fronds pinnately divided, somewhat di-
morphous, the veins anastomosing, but more copiously in the sterile than
in the fertile fronds. Sporangia dorsal, not gathered into sori, scattered
irregularly on the few longitudinal veins of the fertile fronds, parallel to
the margins and midrib, the indusium none, but the margins of the fronds
broadly recurved, hardly changed in texture, the edges meeting with the
midribs and quite enclosing the sporangia when young. Annulus vertical,
broad, incomplete, short, or interrupted by the very short stalk of the
sporangium.

A single genus and species, in all tropical countries.

60 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. CERATOPTERIS Brongniart

Characters of the Family as given above. (Greek “horn” and “fern”
allusion to the antler-like form of the fertile fronds.)

1. C. thalictroides (L.) Brongn.

Stipes tufted, thick, fleshy, filled with large air-cells, naked, 5 to 30 cm
long. Sterile fronds floating or more often erect, glabrous, thin and
flaccid in texture, 15 to 60 cm long, 2- or 3-pinnatisect, the ultimate segments
linear to lanceolate, rarely oblong-ovate, 1 to 6 cm long, the fronds of
young plants simple or more or less incised. Fertile fronds about as large
as the sterile ones, the ultimate segments linear, 1 to 5 em long, 2 mm’.
wide or less, pod-like.

In open wet places, in mud and shallow water, occasional; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. All tropical countries.

3. SCHIZAEACEAE (CLIMBING FERN OR NITO FAMILY)

Erect or twining terrestrial ferns from erect or horizontal rootstocks.
Sporangia 1 or 2, or numerous, in the axils of imbricating, clasping indusia
forming spikes along the margins of the fertile segments or arranged in
2 to 4 regular, close rows, covering one side of close distichous spikes at
the apex of the fertile fronds or segments. Annulus a complete trans-
verse ring at or just below the apex of the sporangium. Fertile teeth or
segments of the frond much contracted, the sterile ones larger.

Genera 4, species 120 in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, 2 genera
and about 10 species in the Philippines.

‘

ili. LYGODIUM Swartz

Much elongated, slender, terrestrial ferns, the rachis twining, the pinnae
stalked, opposite, the pairs on very short, alternate, primary petioles
(really dwarfed branches), which are often inconspicuous or wanting, the
pinnae pinnate, bipinnate, or dichotomous and somewhat radiate, the veins
free or anastomosing. Sporangia borne on special teeth or spikes arranged
in rows either on the margins of normal pinnae or on reduced fertile
pinnae.

Species about 30 in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, 8 in the
Philippines. (Greek “twining.”’)

Fertile pinnate more compound than the sterile ones; very slender ferns,
the sterile segments mostly 3 to 8 mm wide...................- 1. L. japonicum

Fertile pinnae not more compound than the sterile, the latter with segments
mostly exceeding 1-cm)in width...........21..21..22208_t 2. L. flecuosum

1. L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Nito, Nitong-puti (Tag.).

A very slender twining fern, 1 to 3 m in length, somewhat pubescent or
nearly glabrous, the dwarfed branches 2 to 4 mm long. Sterile pinnae
8 to 15 cm long, rarely longer, the rachis very narrowly winged, pinnate,
the pinnules 2 to 5 on each side, the upper ones simple, sessile, often sub-
confluent, entire, the intermediate ones somewhat hastate, and the lowest
ones stalked, pinnate or 2-pinnate, all oblong to linear, 1.5 to 8 cm long,
3 to 8 mm wide. Fertile pinnae smaller than the sterile ones, sometimes
tripinnate, the segments relatively broader and shorter.

: LYCOPODIACEAE 61

Occasional in open dry grasslands, dry thickets, etc., Diliman, San
Francisco del Monte, etc.; widely distributed in the Philippines. Japan
and Korea to India, southward to Australia.

2. L. flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito (Tag., Vis.).

A twining somewhat pubescent fern reaching a length of several meters,
the dwarfed branches short or none, the stems somewhat ridged. Sterile
pinnae pinnate, mostly 15 to 20 em long, the rachis usually narrowly winged,
the upper pinnules sessile, subconfluent, the intermediate ones hastate and
usually more or less cordate, the lowest ones usually pinnate, the segments
oblong to lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, 4 to 10 cm long, mostly 10 to 18
mm wide, very finely serrate. Fertile fronds about the same size as the
sterile ones, not more compound, the segments about as large as the sterile
ones.

Occasional in thickets, Masambong, San Francisco del Monte, Diliman,
ete.; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to southern China south-
ward to Australia.

4. MARSILEACEAE (MARSILEA FAMILY)

Slender plants growing in mud or in shallow water, the rootstocks
creeping, the leaves long-petioled, 4-folialate, circinate in vernation, the
leaflets sessile, obovate-cuneate, the nerves radiate-parallel. Sporangia
borne in closed, short-stalked sori or sporocarps close to the rootstocks, on
very reduced and modified leaves. Spores of two kinds, borne in the
same sporocarp, macrosporangia each containing one macrospore, and mic-
rosporangia, each containing numerous microspores.

Genera 3, species 75, warmer parts of both hemispheres, a single genus
and 1 or 2 species in the Philippines. Entirely different from all other
ferns in habit.

1. MARSILEA Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (In honor of G. Marsigli, an
early Italian botanist.)
Species 56, in most warm countries, 1 or 2 in the Philippines.

1. M. crenata Presl.

Rootstock slender, creeping, branched, the stipes of the sterile fronds 2
to 12 cm high, slender; leaflets 4, obovate-cuneate, glabrous, 10 to 15 cm
long, or smaller in terrestrial forms, rounded and slightly crenate or
subentire at the apex, the lateral margins entire, straight, cuneately nar-
rowed to the sessile base. Sporocarps covered with brown hairs when
young, becoming glabrous or nearly so, oblong, about 3 mm long, rounded,
slightly compressed, somewhat clustered or solitary, their pedicels 5 mm
long or less, the upper basal tooth prominent.

In muddy places, shallow pools, ete., Caloocan and Santa Ana; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

5. LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUBMOSS FAMILY)

Perennial, erect, prostrate, or pendulous, simple or branched plants with
fibrous roots, the stems usually produced. Leaves small, simple, 1-nerved,
entire or toothed, continuous with the stem, mostly very numerous and
densely arranged in many rows, rarely distichous. Sporangia in the axils
of the leaves or crowded in terminal, often elongated spikes- at the ends

62 A FLORA OF MANILA ;

of the branches, in the axils of bracts (modified leaves), coriaceous, com-
pressed, 1-celled, opening by a slit down the back. Spores all of one kind,
minute, globose, granulated.
Genera 2, species 150 or more all parts of the world, 1 genus in the
Philippines.
1. LYCOPODIUM Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (Greek “wolf” and “foot.”)

Species 150 or more in all parts of the world, about 20 in the Philippines.

None of the following species grow naturally within our area, but all
are indigenous Philippine forms found in Manila in cultivation.

1. Leaves little different from the sporangia-bracts and passing into them
gradually.

2. Stout, the leaves linear-lanceolate, spreading, 1 to 1.5 cm long.

1. L. squarrosum

2. Slender, the leaves appressed, less than 1 cm long........ 2. L. carinatum
1. Leaves very different from the bracts, the sporangia in distinct, slender,

elongated, simple, forked spikes.

2; ‘eaves ovate, .5’to. 8 mmGlong ee oe ee ee eee 3. L. filiforme

2. Leaves lanceolate, 1 to 1.5 em long, less than 5 mm wide.

4. L. play icovtedtan
1. L. squarrosum Forst.

A stout pendulous epiphyte 40 to 70 cm long, once or twice dichotom-
ously forked, the stems about 1 cm in diameter. Leaves very numerous,
crowded, spreading, or somewhat ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, shining,
1 to 1.5 em long, less than 2 mm wide, entire, the midrib distinct, the spikes
stout, 5 to 12 cm long, the bracts leaf-like and little smaller than the leaves.

Occasionally cultivated in hanging baskets, etc.; widely distributed in
the Philippines. India to the Mascarene Islands through Malaya to Poly-
nesia.

2. L. carinatum Desv.

A slender pendulous epiphyte 40 to 80 cm in length, several to many
times dichotomously branched, the stems 2 to 3 mm in diameter (without
the leaves) the branches somewhat 4-angled by the 4-ranked leaves or
bracts. Leaves rather close, ascending, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 6
to 8 mm long. Spikes elongated, square, 3 to 4 mm in diameter, up to 40
cm in length, simple or forked, the bracts 4 to 5 mm long, prominently
keeled. ‘

Occasionally cultivated in hanging baskets, etc.; of local occurrence in
the Philippines. India to Formosa, southward to Malaya and Polynesia.

3. L. filiforme Roxb.

Slender pendulous epiphytes, the stems 2 mm in diameter or less, usually
several times dichotomously branched. Leaves ovate, acute, 5 to 8 mm
long, 3 to 6 mm wide, acute, spreading, laxly disposed. Spikes very slender,
simple or dichotomously branched, 5 to 20 em long, less than 2 mm in
diameter, the bracts ovate, about 1 mm long, but little longer than the
sporangia.

Occasionally cultivated in hanging baskets, etc.; widely distributed in
the Philippines, but local. India to Malaya.

SELAGINELLACEAE 63

4. L. phyllanthum Hook. & Arn.

A pendulous, dichotomously forked epiphyte 40 to 70 cm in length, the
stems rather stout, 4 to 5 mm in diameter. Leaves lanceolate, very nu-
merous, spreading or ascending, 1 to 1.5 em long, up to 5 mm in width.
Spikes slender, simple or dichotomously forked, 8 to 15 cm long, about 2 mm
in diameter, the bracts ovate, imbricate, keeled, about 1.5 mm long.

Occasionally cultivated in hanging baskets, ete.; widely distributed in
the Philippines. India to Malaya, Polynesia, and the Hawaiian Islands.

6. SELAGINELLACEAE (SELAGINELLA FAMILY)

Prostrate, ascending, or erect,.delicate to coarse, subsimple to copiously
branched, annual or perennial plants, the branches usually in one plane.
Leaves small, spaced to closely imbricated, with a central vein, usually in
four rows and of two kinds, the two rows of the lower plane larger and
more spreading than the two rows of the upper plane which are usually
appressed to the stem. Spikes usually square, of four rows of closely
imbricated bracts more or less similar to the leaves, either all similar, or
two rows with bracts larger than the other two. Sporangia minute, round,
membranaceous, 1-celled, in the axils of the bracts, forming dense spikes at
the ends of the leafy branches, the microspores very minute, numerous, the
macrospores larger, few to many.

A single cosmopolitan genus.

1. SELAGINELLA Linnaeus

Character of the Family as given above. (Diminutive of Selago, an
ancient name of Lycopodium and which these plants greatly resemble.)

Species more than 400 in all parts of the World, but chiefly tropical, 50
or more in the Philippines.

1. Stems prostrate, simple to sparingly branched, less than 5 cm high.
1. S. belangeri
1. Stems erect or suberect, copiously branched, mostly 10 to 15 cm high.
2. Leaves of the lower plane about 3 mm long; spikes about 3 mm thick.
2. S. myosuroides
2. Leaves of the lower plane about 2 mm long; spikes about 2 mm thick.
3. S. barbata
1. S. belangeri (Bory) Spring.

A slender, prostrate, trailing annual 5 cm long or less, often forked at
the base, pinnate, the suberect branches usually less than 4 cm high,
simple or little branched. Leaves of the lower plane below the tips of the
branches spaced, spreading, ovate, acute, about 2 mm long, pale-green,
membranaceous, inequilateral, cordate and ciliate at the base, imbricated
over the stem on the upper side, those toward the tips of the branches
densely arranged. Leaves of the upper plane about one-half as large,
ovate, acuminate, base cordate. Spikes about 1 cm long, 3 mm thick, the
smaller bracts in the same plane with the larger leaves, the bracts of the
upper plane as large as the leaves of the lower plane, closely imbricated,
ciliate, somewhat spreading.

On damp cliffs, along streams and on banks of old rice paddies, San
Pedro Macati to Masambong, July-Dec.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. India to Australia.

64 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. S. myosuroides (Kaulf.) Spring.

A slender, erect or ascending annual, 5 to 15 em high, copiously
pinnate, the branches compound, the base of the stem with rootlets.
Leaves of the lower plane spaced, membranaceous, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
about 3 mm long, slightly inequilateral, light-green, those of the upper
plane 2 mm long or less, lanceolate, acuminate, appressed. Spikes 1 cm
long or less, about 3 mm thick, the bracts of the upper plane closely
imbricated, oblique, lanceolate, as long as and in the same plane as the
larger leaves. E

On damp banks, shaded ravines, etc., Guadalupe to San Juan del Monte
and Masambong, Aug.-Feb.; widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

3. S. barbata Spring.

An erect or suberect, somewhat tufted, branched annual from the slightly
prostrate base, 6 to 15 em high, with rootlets at the base only, pinnate,
the branches ascending, rather close, the branchlets numerous. Leaves
of the lower plane spaced on the stem, close on the branches, ovate, acute,
ascending, about 2 mm long, subequilateral, the base broadly rounded and
somewhat ciliate on the margins, imbricated on the upper side over the
stem, the leaves of the upper plane about one-half as large, obliquely
ovate, acute, appressed. Spikes about 5 mm long, 1.5 mm thick, the
bracts ovate, acuminate, keeled on the back. ’

On damp cliffs, banks of streams, etc., Masambong to San Pedro Macati,
Aug.—Oct.; of local occurrence in Luzon. Endemic.

A few forms of uncertain origin are found in cultivation, but these have
not been considered here.

SPERMATOPHYTA. PLANTS PRODUCING FLOWERS
AND SEEDS

Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE: Ovules naked, not borne in closed ovaries, the
stigma none.

7. CYCADACEAE (Cycas or PIToco FAMILY)

Stout erect shrubs or trees with simple, rarely forked stems, with
numerous, long, pinnate leaves crowded at the ends. Leaflets numerous,
somewhat falcate, linear, coriaceous, entire. Flowers dioecious, the males
in dense terminal, large, peduncled cones, composed of numerous closely
imbricate, cuneate, long-acuminate, scales, bearing beneath many crowded,
1-celled anthers. Female inflorescence consisting of elongated, flat, densely
brown-woolly carpellary leaves (carpophores), more or less crowded at
the apex of the stem, somewhat dilated above into an entire, toothed, or
pectinate blade. Flowers consisting of ovules only, 1 to 5 in distant
notches on each side of the stalk of the carpophyll. Seeds ellipsoid.

Genera 9, species about 90, in the tropics and south temperate zone of
both hemispheres, a single genus and 3 or 4 species in the Philippines.

1. CYCAS Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (The ancient Greek name.)
Species about 16, tropical Asia to Japan southward to Australia and
Polynesia, 3 or 4 in the Philippines.

TYPHACEAE > 65

Leaflets about 5 mm wide, strongly revolute, pubescent on the lower surface.
1. C. revoluta
Leaflets about 1 cm wide, flat or nearly so, entirely glabrous.
*g 2. C. circinalis
*1. C. REVOLUTA Thunb.

Trunk stout, cylindric, marked with prominent scars, simple, with us
usually not exceeding 1 m in height. Leaves very numerous, crowded,
spreading, 0.5 to 1.5 m long, the leaflets very numerous, close, linear,
sharply and’ slenderly acuminate, those in the middle up to 18 em long,
about 5 mm wide, toward the base gradually shorter, the basal few
reduced to sharp spines, coriaceous, revolute, glabrous on the upper sur-
face, pubescent beneath.

Commonly cultivated in Manila and in some of the larger towns in the
Philippines, rarely or never flowering here. A native of China and Japan,
now cultivated in many other countries.

2. C. circinalis L. Pitogo (Tag.); Oliva (Sp.-Fil.).

Trunk stout, with us rather short, but in some regions said to attain a
height of 12 m, and up to 50 cm or more in diameter, usually unbranched.
Leaves 1.5 to 2.5 m long, crowded at the apex of the trunk, the leaflets
20 to 30 cm long, about 1 cm wide, flat or nearly so, glabrous and shining,
falcate, 45 to 90 or more on each side of the midrib, sharply and slenderly
acuminte, the lower ones reduced to spines. Male cones terminal, elongated-
cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, up to 60 cm in length. Carpellary leaves
numerous, about 30 cm long, densely rusty-tomentose, fimbriate-pectinate
at the apex, acuminate. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 3 to 5 cm long.

Occasionally cultivated, fi. May; widely distributed in the Philippines.
Tropical Asia to Japan, southward to New Guinea and Polynesia.

The Gymnospermae are represented in the Philippines by the following
additional families: Pinaceae, Taxaceae, and Gnretaceae, and all are treated
by Foxworthy under the title “Philippine Gymnosperms” Philip. Journ.
Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 145-177. The Pinaceae is represented in Manila by
immature, introduced and cultivated snecies of the genera Cryptomeria and
Araucaria, and by rare specimens of Cupressus, the latter locally known
as ciprés.

Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE: Ovules borne in closed ovaries, the stigma
always present.

Subclass I. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE: Plants producing seeds with but a
single cotyledon.

8. TYPHACEAE (CAT-TAIL FAMILY)

Perennial erect marsh herbs with simple, erect, linear, entire leaves
which sheath the base of the stem. Flowers small, densely crowded in
long cylindric spikes, often intermixed with capillary bracteoles with
dilated tips, the male flowers superposed above the female ones. Perianth
of capillary hairs or none in the male flowers. Stamens 1 or more.
Ovary very small, on a long capillary stipe, narrowed into a capillary
style. Fruit very minute, the pericarp membranaceous, indehiscent or
splitting laterally.

A single genus, in most warm and tropical countries.

111555—5

66 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. TYPHA Linnaeus

Character of the Family as given above. (The old Greek name.)
Species 9 with some subspecies and many varieties in all parts of the
world, 2 in the Philippines.

1. Typha angustifolia L. subsp. javanica Schnizl. Lampacanay (Vis.) ;
Balangot (Tag.) ; Cat-tail.

Erect, glabrous, up to 2 m high. Leaves long, 10 to 12 mm wide.
Spikes. exserted, cylindric, the female one when mature brown, 12 to 20
cm long, up to 2 cm in diameter.

Locally abundant in low wet places, and shallow stagnant fresh water;
widely distributed in the Philippines. The subspecies extends from the
Mascarene Islands to Ceylon eastward and southward to New Guinea, the
species widely distributed in Europe, Asia, and North America.

9. PANDANACEAE (PANDAN FAMILY)

Erect dioecious shrubs or trees, usually with prop-roots, or vines climbing
by aerial roots, the leaves 3-ranked, spirally arranged, narrow, elongated,
acuminate, the margins and midribs usually spinously toothed. Inflores-
cence axillary or terminal, simple or branched, clothed with leafy spathes
or bracts. Flowers small, crowded on a catkin-like spadix. Perianth
none. Male flowers with many stamens, the filaments free or united.
Female flowers~with a 1-celled ovary which is free or connate with those
of contiguous flowers. Ovules 1 or many. Fruit a globose, oblong, ellip-
soid, or cylindric mass of usually many, free or somewhat connate, 1- to
many-celled, woody, usually angular drupes, or somewhat berry-like and
fleshy.

Genera 8, species over 300 in the tropics of the Old World, all genera and
about 80 species known in the Philippines.

1. PANDANUS Linnaeus filius

Erect, branched, rarely simple shrubs or trees with prop-roots, the
stems usually prickly. Leaves numerous, crowded at the ends of the
branches. Inflorescence terminal. Fruit a small or large, globose to oblong
or elliptic syncarp of few to many, woody, angled, truncate, rounded, or
pointed drupes. (From the Malay name.)

Species more than 200, about 35 known from the Philippines.

1. P. tectorius Sol. (P. odoratissimus L. f.). Pandan, Pangdan (Tag.,
Vis., Il.) ; Screw Pine.

An erect branched shrub or small tree 3 to 5 m high, the trunk bearing
few to many prop-roots. Leaves spirally crowded toward the ends of
the branches, glaucous, linear-lanceolate, slenderly long-acuminate, up to
1.5 m long, 3 to 5 cm wide, coriaceous, the margins and midrib beneath
toward the apex, armed with sharp spiny teeth that point toward the
apex of the leaf. Male inflorescence somewhat pendulous, up to 0.5 m
long, the bracts lanceolate, acuminate, white or nearly so, the flowers very
numerous, fragrant, densely disposed. Fruit solitary, pendulous, ellipsoid
to globose-ellipsoid, usually about 20 cm long, each composed of from 50
to 75 or more, obovoid, somewhat angular, fibrous-fleshy drupes 4 to 6 cm
long, which are narrowed below, truncate at the apex, the stone 4- to

POTAMOGETONACEAE 67

10-celled, slightly sulcate between the cells at the apex, at maturity
yellowish-red. ;

Very common along the seashore and along tidal streams, Pasay, etc., fl.
June—Sept., and probably in other months; throughout the Philippines near
the sea. Mascarene Islands to southern Asia, Malaya, Australia, and
Polynesia.

Some horticultural forms are cultivated in Manila, but their botanical
status is uncertain as flowers and fruits are unknown. A common form
with shining, uniformly green, not at all glaucous leaves, is probably only
a variety of Pandanus tectorius Sol.; another form quite similar to this but
with some of the leaves variegated with white, or the upper ones nearly .
or quite white is Pandanus veitchii Hort., which probably originated in
Polynesia, and which may also well be only a variety of P. tectorius Sol.

10. POTAMOGETONACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)

Herbs growing in fresh or salt water, usually submerged, from slender
rootstocks. Leaves usually distichous, opposite or alternate, submerged or
floating, entire, linear to ovate, base sheathing. Flowers very small, perfect,
in fascicles or spikes. Perianth none, or of 4 small sements. Stamens
2, sessile or subsessile.- Ovary of 1 to 4 or more carpels, each 1-ovuled.
Fruit a small, 1-seeded, cylindric or ovoid achene.

Genera 9, species about 115, in fresh or salt water in ail parts of the
world, 2 or 3 genera and 6 or 7 species in the Philippines.

Spikes cylindric, many-flowered; stamens 4; perianth of 4 small segments;

planpare? itrosh:iwater:* a2 222.252 acc kicen ietlesl el Eis 1. Potamogeton
Flowers 2 to 6 within the leaf-sheath; stamens 2; perianth none; plants
Of salt water with linear leaves:...2.:..i:00.100224-.1..408...2500... 2. Ruppia

1. POTAMOGETON Linnaeus

Perennial or annual, submerged or floating aquatic herbs, the stems weak,
flaccid, branched, leafy. Leaves opposite or alternate, all submerged and
sessile or the upper ones floating, often petioled, linear to oblong or elliptic.
Spikes cylindric, terminal, mostly densely many-flowered, the scape from a
membranaceous spathe. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments 4, concave,
green (dilated-winged connectives of the anthers of some authors). Anthers
4, sessile on the segments. Carpels 4, sessile 1-celled, l-ovuled. Fruit
small coriaceous or spongy, drupe-like. (From the Greek “river” and
“neighbor” in reference to the habitat of most species.)

Species about 87, with many varieties, in all parts of the world, about 4
in the Philippines.

1. P. malainus Miq.

Stems elongated, slender, up to at least 2 m in length. Submerged leaves
thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly long-petioled, both ends acute,
apex mucronate, 6 to 15 cm long, 1 to 1.5 cm wide, the midrib thick, the
nerves slender, the margins of the younger leaves crenulate-undulate.
Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Spikes slender, cylindric, up to 3.5
em long, interrupted, about 5 mm in diameter.

Abundant in the Mariquina River near Pasig, fi. Jan._Apr.; widely
distributed in the Philippines. India to China, Formosa, Java, Sumatra,
and Borneo, also reported from the West Indies.

68 A FLORA OF MANILA

2, RUPPIA Linnaeus

Slender, branched, submerged plants growing in brackish water. Leaves
very slender, elongated, filiform, entire, the bases with broad sheaths.
Flowers small, perfect, 2 to 6 together within the leaf-sheath on a short
peduncle which elongates after flowering. Perianth none. Anthers 2,
sessile, opposite. Carpels 4 or more and sessile, l-ovuled, in fruit long-
stipitate, ovoid, beaked. (In honor of H. B. Rupp, a German botanist.)

A single variable species in brackish water in most warm and tropical
regions.

1. R. maritima L. var. rostrata Agardh. Digman-palay (Tag.).

Stems very slender, branched, up to 50 cm in length. Leaves thin,
linear, entire, flat, 5 to 7 cm long, less than 1 mm wide, the sheaths
auriculate. Flowers very small. Peduncles elongated after flowering,
straight, slender, 1 cm long or more. Achenes obliquely ovoid, beaked,
about 2.5 mm long, and slenderly pedicelled, 4 or 5 or more subumbellately »
arranged on each peduncle.

In brackish water, fish-ponds at Malabon, fil. Dec._Feb., and probably in
other months; of very local occurrence in the Philippines. In most warm
and tropical countries.

11. NAJADACEAE (NAJAS FAMILY)

Slender, branched, submerged plants, the leaves numerous, small, linear,
toothed, sheathing at the base, in pairs, sessile. Flowers small, axillary,
monoecious, rarely dioecious. Male flowers naked or included in a small,
spathe, the perianth 2-lobed, adnate to the solitary anther. Female flowers
naked, rarely included in a spathe, the perianth none, the ovary 1-celled,
1-ovuled. Fruit small, included in the leaf-sheaths, the pericarp thin,
adherent to the seed.

A single genus.

1. NAJAS Linnaeus

Characters of the Family. (From the Greek “water nymph.”)
Species 32, with many varieties, in all parts of the world, 3 in the
Philippines.

1. N. graminea Del.

A slender branched plant 20 to 60 cm_in length. Leaves linear, numerous,
opposite, 1 to 2 em long, finely toothed, inflated and with toothed auricles at
the base. Flowers small, naked, fascicled, monoecious; anthers 4-celled.
Fruit oblong-ellipsoid, about 2 mm long.

In stagnant fresh water, fl. March-May and probably in other months;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Northern Africa to Japan south to
Australia.

12. HYDROCHARITACEAE (EEL GRASS FAMILY)

Aquatic, fresh or salt-water herbs, with simple, undivided leaves.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, enclosed in an entire or 2-leaved spathe.
Sepals 8, green or petaloid. Petals 3 or none. Stamens 3 to 15; anthers
erect. Ovary inferior, the placentas parietal or projecting; styles or style-
arms 3 to 12. Fruit rarely dehiscent, membranaceous or fleshy, few- to
- many-seeded.

HYDROCHARITACEAE 69

Genera 14, species about 60; 6 genera and 8 to 10 species in the Philip-
pines.

1, Fresh-water herbs.
2. Stems branched, leafy, elongated, the leaves whorled............ 1. Hydrilla
2. Stemless, or with stolons only.
8. Leaves very long and narrow, ribbon-like; perianth single.
2. Vallisneria
8. Leaves broad, the floating ones up to 20 cm in width; perianth double.

3. Ottelia

1. Salt-water herbs; stems slender, creeping.
EO RES 2S Se a Re ee) 4. Halophila
ST OS es Se GO RSS Pe Se ee oe ae» 5. Thalassia

1. HYDRILLA Richard

An elongated, branched, leafy, submerged, herb. Leaves short, in whorls,
or the lower ones opposite. Male flowers solitary, shortly pedicelled, in a
subglobose, sessile, muricate spathe; sepals 3, ovate, green; petals 3, oblong
or wedge-shaped; stamens 3, the anthers large, reniform. Female flowers
1 or 2, sessile, in a tubular, 2-toothed spathe, the perianth as in the staminate
flowers but the segments narrower; ovary produced beyond the spathe
in a filiform beak, 1-celled; styles 2 or 3. Fruit subulate, smooth or
muricate, seeds 2 or 3, oblong. (From the Greek, with reference to its
habitat.)

A monotypic genus.

1. H. verticillata (Roxb.) Royle. Digman (Tag.).

Submerged in still or slowly running water, forming large masses, often
2mlong. Leaves 4 to 8 in a whorl, thin, narrowly oblong, serrulate, 0.5 to
1.5 em long. Flowers about 0.5 cm long, the perianth very variable, the
male flowers escaping from the sheaths, when mature, and floating on the
surface of the water.

Abundant in fresh-water esteros, and in the Mariquina River; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Europe through Asia to the Mascarene
Islands, Malaya, and Australia.

2. VALLISNERIA Linnaeus

Submerged, tufted, stemless, stoloniferous, herbaceous, the leaves very
long, thin, linear. Male flowers very numerous, minute, in an ovoid, 3-lobed,
shortly peduncled spathe; sepals 3; petals none; stamens 1 to 3. Female
flowers solitary, in a tubular, 3-toothed spathe, terminating a very long,
filiform, spiral scape; perianth as in the male flowers. Fruit linear, included
in the spathe, many-seeded. (In honor of A. Vallisneri, an early Italian
botanist.)

A genus with three or four species in all warm regions.

1. V. gigantea Graebn. Sintas (Tag.) (From Sp. cinta=ribbon) ; Eel Grass.

Leaves often 2 m or more in length, or sometimes only a few cm,
according to the depth of the water, thin, 1 cm wide or less. Staminate
spathes about 0.5 cm long: when the flowers emerge they break off, rise to
and float on the surface of the water. Female spathes floating on the
surface of the water at the time the flowers are open, but after fertilization
the scape coils up and draws the ovary down to ripen under water.

70 A FLORA OF MANILA

Abundant in the Mariquina River at Pasig; in shallow water in lakes |
and still streams throughout the Philippines. New Guinea.

38. OTTELIA Persoon

Submerged herbs in fresh water. Leaves crowded, the submerged ones
often narrow, the floating ones long-petioled, with broad blades. Flowers
solitary, sessile, on a tubular, 2-fid spathe. Sepals linear or oblong. Petals
large, obovate or orbicular, the base with fleshy appendages. Stamens 6 to
15. Ovary oblong, beaked, almost 6-celled; styles 6, linear, 2-fid; ovules
many. Fruit oblong, 6-valved, enclosed in the spathe.

Species 6 or 7, tropical and subtropical, 1 in the Philippines.

1. O. alismoides (L.) Pers. Calaboa (Tag.).

Roots fibrous. Leaves extremely variable, short- or long-petioled ac-
cording to the depth of the water, the blades of the submerged leaves often
narrow, of the floating ones ovate to suborbicular, 5 to 20 cm long and wide,
base rounded or often cordate. Flowers white, about 2 cm long. Fruit
oblong, crowned by the withered perianth, 2.5 to 4 cm long, the enclosing
perianth-tube winged. : :

Abundant in the Mariquina River near Pasig, and in various fresh-water
esteros; throughout the Philippines in shallow lakes and in still streams.
Tropical Asia to Australia.

4, HALOPHILA Thouars

Slender, submerged, monoecious or dioecious, marine plants. Leaves in
pairs at each node of the slender creeping stem, ovate to oblong. Spathes
of both sexes small, solitary, sessile between the pairs of leaves, 1-flowered.
Male flowers pedicelled. Sepals 3. Petals none. Anthers 3, subsessile.
Female flowers sessile. Sepals 3. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 3, filiform.
Ovules several or many. Fruit subglobose, beaked. (Greek “salt” and “to
love” from habit of growth in salt water.)

Species, 6 or more, tropical seas of both hemispheres, at least 3 in the
Philippines.

Leaves ovate-elliptic, 4 to 5 mm wide...................22..2---222------------- 1. H. ovata
Leaves linear-oblong to Janceolate, about 2 mm wide................ 2. H. beccarii

1. H. ovata Gaudich.

A very slender, prostrate, creeping, submerged, marine plant, the stems
branched, rooting at the nodes. Leaves ovate-elliptic, thin, obtuse, about 10
mm long, 4 to 5 mm wide, the petioles slender. Flowers small, solitary,
monoecious or dioecious, the staminate ones pedicelled, the stamens 3, the
pistillate ones sessile, the perianth small, 3-parted. Ovary ovoid, 2 mm
long; styles 3, slender, about 6 mm long. Mature fruit membranaceous,
globose, 2 to 2.5 mm in diameter.

In shallow water, Manila Bay, abundant February to May, and washed
up on the beach in considerable quantities. Otherwise known only from
the Marianne Islands.

2. H. beccarii Aschers.

A delicate, densely matted or caespitose submerged plant, the slender
stems creeping and rooting on muddy bottoms. Leaves very thin, lanceolate
to linear-oblong, 0.8 to 1.5 cm long, about 2 mm wide, on long slender
petioles. Flowers small, monoecious.

GRAMINEAE 71

Abundant in some fish ponds in salt water, entirely submerged, near
Paranaque, in places quite covering the bottom; Ceylon and Borneo.

5. THALASSIA Solander

Submerged herbs growing in salt water, the rootstock slender, creeping,
marked with annulate rings. Leaves in pairs or fascicles at the nodes of
the rootstock, flat, linear, thin or coriaceous, arising from the axil of a
membranaceous sheath. Flowers monoecious, solitary, in a 2-valved spathe.
Male flowers with 3 petaloid sepals, the petals none. Stamens 6. Rudi-
mentary ovary none. Spathe with its valves connate at the top. Female
flowers: Ovary 1-celled; ovules many. Spathe caducous. Fruit stipitate,
globose, smooth, rugose, or echinate, coriaceous, 6-valved, the valves persis-
tent, spreading. (Greek “of the sea.’’)

Species 2, tropical shores of both hemispheres, 1 in the Philippines.

1. T. hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers.

Rootstock 2 to 3 mm in diameter, rather closely annulate. The young
shoots covered with hyaline sheaths. Leaves green, coriaceous when fresh,
membranaceous when dry, 3 to 20 cm long, 8 to 10 mm wide, somewhat
faleate, tip rounded, 2 to 5 in each fascicle. Fruit softly echinate.

Shallow water of Manila Bay, occasionally washed up on the beach at
Pasay. Of local occurrence in the Philippines. Red Sea through the
Indian ‘Ocean to Polynesia.

13. GRAMINEAE?! (GRASS OR ZACATE FAMILY)

Slender or coarse, annual or perennial plants of various habit, or in one
tribe, the bamboos, woody and tree-like. Stems jointed, terete or com-
pressed; internodes usually hollow, sometimes solid. Leaves simple, usually
long and narrow, entire, parallel-veined, the sheathing portion distinct from
the blade, split down one side. Inflorescence various, of few to many spike-
lets in panicles, racemes, spikes, or heads, the spikelets composed of 2 to
many, 2-ranked, imbricated scales (glumes), the lowest ones normally
empty, sometimes wanting, one or more of the upper glumes containing a
flower enclosed by the bract-like palea. Flowers perfect or staminate,
sometimes monoecious or dioecious. Stamens 1 to 6, usually 3. Ovary
1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis).

Genera about 345, species over 4,000, in all parts of the world, about 75
genera and 225 species known from the Philippines.

1. Spikelets 1-, rarely 2-flowered, falling from the pedicel entire or with
certain joints of the rachis, the rachilla not produced.
2. Spikelets cylindric or somewhat dorsally compressed; empty glumes
manifest.
8. Flowering glume and palea hyaline, much more delicate in texture
than are the empty glumes. ;
4. Spikelets unisexual, on separate inflorescences or on different
parts of the same inflorescence. (Tribe MAYDEAE.)
5. Staminate and pistillate inflorescences on different parts of the
SOS 7 ac Se ps a ears ee De cen A 1. Zea

‘For the grasses of the entire Archipelago see Merrill, E. D., “An
Enumeration of Philippine Gramineae with Keys to the Genera and
species.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 307-391.

72 A FLORA OF MANILA

5. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in the same inflorescence.
2. Coix
4, Spikelets usually in pairs, sometimes solitary or in threes, one
sessile and one or two pedicellate, in the same inflorescence, the
sessile one perfect, the pedicelled usually male or empty. (Tribe
ANDROPOGONEAE. ) 2
5. Spikelets all similar, perfect; joints of the rachis not much
thickened nor excavated for the reception of the spikelet.
6. Axis of the spikes continuous.
7. Spikelets solitary, in several, slender, unilateral, digitately

arranged spikeass.....0t2.. 14). ee 3. Dimeria
7. Spikelets in pairs, the spikes forming a white, cylindric,
spike-like pamicle..._.828 49 00> Meat Te 4, Imperata

6. Axis of the spikes jointed.
7. Spikes solitary, terminal.
8. Spikelets in pairs at each joint of the rachis.
5. Pogonatherum
8. Spikelets in threes at each joint of the rachis.
6. Polytrias
7. Spikes 2 to many, digitate or crowded on the short main
axis.
S. PDUSGICLA SOULARYs.-. 205.008 tene ec ena oeeaaeee 7. Arthraxon
8. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and one pedicelled.
9. Spikelets 1-, rarely 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the

first empty glume with a median furrow.. 8. Pollinia ©

9. Spikelets 2-flowered, the first empty glume not

furrowed: 22 Me 2 Sue: Bee ee oe 14. Ischaemum
7. Spikes in a much-branched panicle upon an elongated main
ARIS LAS ETS OPE AOR ee Ao ES ee ge 9. Saccharum

5. Spikelets dissimilar, the joints of the spike cylindric, more or
less hollowed out for the reception of the spikelets.
6. Spikelets in pairs.
7. First empty glume flat; very coarse grasses.. 10. Rottboellia
7. First empty glume globose; a slender, much-branched

6 af Sf ae ag Aa pin ED ced ay ahs A A baat 11. Manisuris

B.7 CMPIBClOLS BONLARY..o-.55 coos tees ee pace eee ee eee 12. Ophiurus

5. Spikelets dissimilar; joints of the spikes not thickened nor
excavated.

6. Sessile spikelets 2-flowered.
7. Spikes reduced to a terminal] joint, with 3 spikelets, more

or less enclosed by a sheathing leaf............ poe 13. Apluda
7. Spikes with many joints, digitate or in pairs; spikelets
AWNEG:.2 2098 Whee Roeee ae Shelia 14. Ischaemum

6. Sessile spikelets 1-flowered; grasses of various habit with
awned or unawned spikelets.
7. Fertile spikelets surrounded by a whorl of sterile or male

|<: lamellae LE Set IR Lt ia! PRU Die be 15. Themeda
7. Fertile spikelets not surrounded by a whorl of sterile or
WATE ONS. 2c. -ooacsn scene oe eee aoe 16. Andropogon

3. Flowering glumes similar in texture to the empty ones, never hyaline
or thin; inflorescence spicate, solitary, the spikelets falling singly
or in groups.

-

\

GRAMINEAE 73

4. Inflorescence spicate. (Tribe ZOISEAB)...............0.....-.--- 17. Zoisia
4. Inflorescence paniculate. (Tribe TRISTIGINEAE).... 18. Arundinella
8. Flowering glume and palea very different in texture and appearance
from the empty glumes, coriaceous or chartaceous. (Tribe
PANICEAE. )
4. Spikelets all perfect.
5. Spikelets not involucrate.
6. Empty glumes 2.
7. Perfect flowers 1 in each spikelet.
8. First empty glume with a ring-like callus... 19. Eriochloa
8. Ring-like callus wanting; spikelets in 1-sided racemes or
spikes.
9. Spikelets ovate or orbicular, obtuse, rarely acute.
20. Paspalum
9. Spikelets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acu-
a eal ada oi tae ie sta ka hat ei 21. Digitaria
7. Perfect flowers 2 in each spikelet........................ 22. Isachne
6. Empty glumes 38.
7. Glumes unawned; spikelets panicled or spicate.
23. Panicum
7. Empty glumes or flowering glumes awned or awn-pointed.
8. Slender grasses; empty glumes smooth.... 24. Oplismenus
8. Coarse grasses; empty glumes muricate.
23. Panicum § Echinochloa
5. Spikelets subtended by an involucre consisting of 1 to many
bristles or spines which are sometimes: grown together.
6. Involucre of 2 spine-bearing valves quite enclosing the spike-

ne SRG EIR E ath EOS MEE Shc anes Sinclair He 25. Cenchrus

6. Involucre of numerous bristles....................---.---.--++-+- 26. Setaria
6. Involucre of solitary bristles.

Tis POTS BOUSUC STAR... 5.2. ete 27. Chamaeraphis

mgr gh = TLS ge: Lhe atic) eee bud aee aay ly Meanie nee Ree oot fl 26. Setaria

4. Spikelets monoecious or dioecious.

5. Monoecious; a slender, prostrate grass, the inflorescence a
terminal spike, the 2 lower spikelets perfect, the 4 to 6 upper
og EEL peach an aaa ie el el dnl ee fl Naa i. a 28. Thuarea

5. Dioecious; a very coarse, spreading grass; female flowers in
large, globose heads with very long slender spines; male
flowers in umbellately disposed racemes................ 29. Spinifex

2. Spikelets laterally compressed; empty glumes none or rudimentary.
(Tribe ORYZEAE.)
3. Empty glumes 2, short but distinct; spikelets awned or awnless.
30. Oryza
3. Empty glumes none; spikelets awnless.................--------------- 31. Leersia
1. Spikelets 1- to many-flowered, the empty glumes persistent, the rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes and produced above the upper
glume.
2. Stems herbaceous; leaf-blades sessile, not jointed with the sheaths.
3. Spikelets 1-flowered; inflorescence paniculate. (Tribe AGROSTIDEAE. )
4, Flowering glume awnless....................-.-:---2-0se1e0e---ee0-00 32. Sporobolus
4. Flowering glume with a slender, 3-fid awn.................. 33. Aristida
3. Spikelets few- to many-flowered, if 1-flowered then the spikes
digitately arranged.

74 A FLORA OF MANILA

4. Spikelets on the spike-like branches of a simple panicle. (Tribe
FESTUCEAE. )

5. Flowering glumes 1- to 3-nerved.........20.2....2.-:-200--0-+ 34. Diplachne

5. Flowering glumes several-nerved...............-.:--00+0--- 35. Centotheca

4, Spikelets in open compound panicles, the branches usually not
spike-like.

5. A very coarse grass; rachilla clothed with long white hairs.
86. Phragmites
5. Slender grasses; rachilla glabrous or merely pubescent; glumes
S-MOP ROG gs ysiendiatachinne- btn increas na ede a 37. Eragrostis
4. Spikelets in 2 rows on one side of the digitately or racemosely
arranged spikes. (Tribe CHLORIDEAE.)
5. Spikes digitate or approximate.

G. Spikelets. 1-Howered ....32--<s.20----nc:ncndode scree 38. Cynodon
6. Spikelets 2- or more flowered, the upper flowers imperfect,
the flowering glume awned................:2::--:0-200---0000e" 39. Chloris

6. Spikelets with from 3 to 6 perfect flowers.
7. Spike with terminal spikelets.....................-------.--- 40. Eleusine
7. Spikes with the rachis extended beyond the upper spikelets
in a martitfest pointes oo nce 41. Dactyloctenium

5. Spikes racemosely arranged along the elongated rachis, filiform;
spikelets very small, alternate, several-flowered.
42. Leptochloa
2. Stems woody, plants usually tree-like; leaf-blade with a petiole-like
base which is jointed with the sheath. (Tribe BAMBUSEAE.)
3. Spikelets scattered along the branches, usually more than 1-flowered.

43. Bambusa
3. Spikelets in dense globose or cylindric clusters along the branches,
1s, rarely. .2-HOweted,:..-35 565 ee eee 44, Schizostachyum

1. ZEA Linnaeus

A tall, stout, unbranched, monoecious grass, the stems solid. Leaves
large, broad, flat. Male inflorescence of terminal, racemosely arranged
spikes, the spikelets in pairs, one sessile, one pedicellate at each of the
alternating teeth of the unjointed rachis, the glumes 4, first and second
empty, enclosing the very thin third and fourth ones. Female inflorescence
a solitary, axillary, stout, sheathed spike, the rachis thick, spongy, the
spikelets -1-flowered, sessile, densely crowded in many vertical series on the
thick, cylindric rachis. (A Greek name for some undetermined grain.)

A genus of one or two exceedingly variable species, natives of tropical
America, represented here by the following introduced and extensively
cultivated species.

*1. Z. MAYS L. Mais (Sp.); Corn, Indian Corn, Maize.

A very coarse, erect, grass, usually about 2 m high, the leaves very large,
often 10 cm wide and up to 1 min length. (FI. Filip. pl. 279.)

Commonly cultivated in and about Manila, and throughout the Philip-
pines; introduced by the Spaniards at an early date, originating in tropical
America. Cultivated in all temperate and tropical countries.

A closely allied genus and species, Euchlaena luxurians Schrad., generally
known as “teosinte,” has been cultivated in Singalon, but seems no longer
to be grown here. It is a native of Mexico and is very similar to Zea mays
in habit and appearance, differing chiefly in its smaller female inflores-
cence, the spikelets and grains arranged in a single row.

oe

GRAMINEAE 75

2. COIX Linnaeus

Tall, coarse, erect, branched, annual or perennial grasses with long, broad
leaves. Spikes numerous, axillary and terminal, the lower spikelets solitary,
female, enclosed in a hardened, shining, bead-like capsule, the pedicels
bearing the male spikelets protruding through the apex of the capsule.
Male spikelets lanceolate, in pairs or in threes at each node of the rachis,
1 sessile, and 1 or 2 pedicelled. Glumes 4, the first and second subequal,
empty, the third and fourth thin, paleate, each enclosing a flower, or empty.
Female spikelets ovoid, acuminate, of 4 glumes, the first chartaceous, the
others thinner. Grain orbicular, enclosed in the hardened, shining capsule.
(A Greek name used by Theophrastus for some reed-like plant.)

Species 3 or 4, or reduced by some botanists to a single variable one, in
the tropics of the Old World, 2 forms in the Philippines.

1. C. LACHRYMA-JoBI L. Tigbe (Tag.); Job’s Tears.

Stems coarse, stout, 1 to 2 m high, branched. Leaves 10 to 40 cm long,
2.5 to 4 em wide, acuminate, base broad, cordate. Spikes 6 to 10 cm.long,
erect, peduncled. Male spikelets about 8 mm long. Capsule enclosing the
female flowers and the grains hard, bony, white or nearly black, shining,
ovoid, about 8 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 188.)

In waste places, occasional, fl. Oct._Feb., and probably in other months;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropical Asia and Malaya, cultivated
in tropical Africa and America. Probably a native of India, and of pre-
historic introduction in the Philippines.

3. DIMERIA R. Brown

Slender, annual or perennial grasses. Leaves narrow, flat. Spikelets
1-flowered, unilateral, sessile or pedicelled, on 1 or 2 to several, digitately
or racemosely arranged spikes, the rachis not jointed. Glumes 4, the first
linear, rigid, the second broader, compressed, the third smaller, hyaline,
empty, the fourth hyaline, entire or 2-lobed,. keeled, 1-nerved, usually
awned, containing a perfect flower. Grain linear, laterally compressed, free.

Species about 12, Asia to Australia, 1 in the Philippines.

1. D. ornithopoda Trin., var. tenera (Trin.) Hack.

A very slender, annual, erect, more or less tufted grass 10 to 40 cm high.
Leaves linear, 2 to 3 cm long. Inflorescence long-exserted, consisting of 2,
ascending or spreading, slender spikes 5 em long or less, digitately arranged
at the apex of the stem, the rachis slender, slightly flexuous. Spikelets
sessile, about 2 mm long, the awn of the fourth glume very slender, often
nearly 1 cm long. (Greek “two parted” in allusion to the two spikes.)

In open wet lands, especially in fallow rice paddies, etc., fl. Aug.—Dec.;
widely distributed in the Philippines. India to Australia.

4, IMPERATA Cryrilli

Perennial, erect, unbranched grasses from stout underground rootstocks.
Leaves flat. Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, in dense, spike-like, silvery-silky
panicles, in pairs, both pedicelled, the upper flower perfect, the lower im-
perfect or none. Glumes 4, thin, awnless, the first and second lanceolate,
hairy, the third and fourth much smaller, thin, glabrous. Stamens 1 or
2; anthers large. Grain small, oblong, free. (In honor of F. Imperato,
an early Italian pharmacist.)

Species 5, chiefly tropical, 2 in the Philippines.

76 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. |. cylindrica (L.) Beauv., var. koenigii (Retz.) Benth. Cogon (T2g.).

An erect grass 30 to 80 cm high, the stems solid, rather slender, the
nodes glabrous or bearded. Leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, erect,
20 to 50 cm long, 5 to 9 mm wide. Panicles exserted, dense, subcylindric,
spike-like, white, 10 to 20 cm long, 5 to 15 cm in diameter, silvery-silky.
Callus hairs copious, about twice as long as the glumes. Spikelets 3 to 4
mm long.

In open, rather dry lands, common, fl. at intervals throughout the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines. All warm countries.

5. POGONATHERUM Beauvois

Slender, tufted, erect, annual or perennial grasses with capillary peduncles
and small, erect leaves. Inflorescence spicate, solitary. Spikelets 1- or
2-flowered, in pairs, usually a sessile perfect one, and a pedicelled female
one, densely crowded on the slender, fragile rachis of the slender spike, the
slender awns often interlaced. Glumes 4, thin, the first oblong, truncate
or rounded, long-ciliate, the second as long as the first, acute or 2-toothed,
awned, the fourth narrow, 2-fid, long-awned. Grain oblong, free. (Greek
“beard” and “awn” in allusion to the inflorescence.)

A genus of 2 or 3 closely allied species, India to Japan southward to
Malaya, 1 in the Philippines.

1. P. paniceum (Lam.) Hack. (P. saccharoideum Beauv.).

A slender, densely tufted, branched, erect grass 15 to 40 cm high.
Leaves 3 to 8 cm long, 3 mm wide or less. Spikes brownish, slender, 2 to
4 cm long, the awns very slender, 1.5 to 2 em long.

On ledges and banks along streams, and in ravines, Masambong, Guada-
lupe, etc., fl. at intervals throughout the year; common and widely distri-
buted in the Philippines. India to China and Japan, southward to Malaya.

6. POLYTRIAS Hackel

A low, slender, prostrate grass with ascending flowering branches, the
spikes terminal, brown, hairy, solitary, the rachis jointed, each joint bearing
two sessile spikelets and a pedicellate one, all 1-flowered. First and second
glumes equal, hairy, pointed, the third lacking, the fourth hyaline, long-
awned. Palea minute, subobsolete. (Greek “many” and “three,” in allu-
sion to the joints of the rachis each bearing three spikelets.)

A monotypic genus, native of Java, also found in Singapore (in-
troduced?), and introduced in the West Indies.

1. P. DIVERSIFLORA (Steud.) Nash. (P. praemorsa Hack.).

A slender annual grass, the stems usually decumbent, branched below, the
flowering branches erect or ascending, 20 to 40 em long. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, 2.5 to 6 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide. Spikes solitary, erect, brown,
hairy, 4 to 7 cm long. Spikelets hairy, about 4 mm long, the awns about
1 cm long.

In open grass lands and waste places, fl. Oct.-Feb.; not common in the
Philippines outside of the immediate vicinity of Manila. Introduced from
Singapore or Java. Java, Singapore, and the West Indies (introduced).

7. ARTHRAXON Beauvois

Slender, annual or perennial, usually branched grasses, with rather
short, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, often cordate leaves. Inflorescence

GRAMINEAE 77

of from 2 to many, slender, more or less fragile, jointed, digitately arranged
spikes. Spikelets solitary, sessile, not in pairs, 1-flowered. Glumes 4, the
first the largest, the second keeled, 3-nerved, the third small, hyaline, the
fourth smallest, hyaline, long-awned. Stamens 2 or 38. (Greek “jointed”
and “‘stem’’.)

Species about 12 in the tropics of the Old World, 3 in the Philippines.

1. A. quartinianus (A. Rich.) Merr.

A weak, slender, ascending or rambling, somewhat branched grass
reaching a length of 1 m or less. Leaves lanceolate, 2 to 5 cm long.
Inflorescence exserted, of 2 or 3, rarely more, slender, 2 to 5 cm long, green
or purplish spikes, the joints of the rachis white-pilose. Spikelets lanceo-
late, acuminate, 5 to 6 mm long, rather distant, scabrid, the awn slender,
geniculate, longer than the spikelet.

In dry thickets and open places, San Pedro Macati, fl. Dec._Jan.; other-
wise known in the Philippines only from northern Luzon. India to Abys-
sinia.

8. POLLINIA Trinius

Annual or perennial erect grasses, the spikes subdigitately fascicled at
the ends of the stems, hairy, the rachis fragile. Spikelets in pairs, one
sessile, one pedicelled, 1-flowered, or the sessile one 2-flowered. Glumes 4,
the first flattened or concave, margins narrowly inflexed, the second as long
as the first, keeled, acute, the third hyaline, ciliate, the fourth very short,
hyaline, or reduced to the dilated base of the long, twisted, exserted awn.
(In honor of C. Pollini; an Italian botanist.) .

Species about 30, tropical and subtropical parts of the Old World, 10 in
the Philippines, 1 in our area.

1. P. argentea Trin.

A tufted, erect, unbranched, rather slender grass 20 to 60 cm high.
Leaves linear, 5 to 15 cm long, mostly basal. Spikes 2 to 5, silky-hairy, 3
to 9 em long, at the apex of the stem, somewhat flexuous. Spikelets about
3 mm long, silky-hairy with white hairs, the awns 6 mm long or longer.

In dry grass lands, apparently rare in our area, June; widely distributed
in the Philippines. India, Malaya, and northern Australia.

9. SACCHARUM Linnaeus

Tall, coarse, erect, perennial, usually unbranched grasses, the stems
solid. Inflorescence a large terminal panicle, the branches slender, jointed.
Spikelets small, awnless, 1-flowered, in pairs, 1 sessile with a perfect flower,
1 pedicelled with a female flower. Glumes 4, all thin, the third empty, the
fourth shorter than the others, rarely wanting. (Latin “sugar.”)

Species about 12, chiefly in the tropics of the Old World, 3 in the Philip- °
pines.

Stem silky below the panicle; leaves harsh, 1.5 cm wide or less.

1. S. spontaneum
-Stem glabrous below the panicle; leaves broad, up to 5 cm in width;
eelivnted inl Wile ee edit eigen hotest. 2. S. officinarum

1. S. spontaneum L. subsp. indicum Hack. Talahib (Tag.).

A coarse, erect perennial, usually more or less tufted or gregarious grass
1 to 3.5 m high, from stout underground rootstocks. Leaves harsh, linear,
slenderly acuminate, 0.5 to 1 m long, 6 to 15 mm wide. Panicle white,

78 A FLORA OF MANILA

erect, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches slender, spreading, whorled, fragile,
the joints clothed with long, soft, white hairs. Spikelets about 3.5 mm
long, very much shorter than the copious long white hairs at the base.

In open waste places, fallow lands, etc., fl. Sept._Nov., and Apr.—June;
very common and widely distributed in the Philippines. Southern Europe
through the tropics of the Old World to Australia.

* 2. S. OFFICINARUM L. Tuba (Tag.); Cana dulce (Sp.); Sugar Cane.

A coarse, erect grass 1.5 to 3.4 m high, the stems green, yellow, or
purplish, 2 to 5 cm thick, the internodes long or short. Leaves very large,
broad. Panicles very large, 40 to 80 cm long, white, the branches up to
35 em in length, the stems glabrous below the panicle. Spikelets very nu-
merous, about 3 mm long, the surrounding white, villous hairs about twice
as long as the spikelet. (FI. Filip. pl. 18.)

Cultivated to a small extent in the vicinity of Manila, occasionally
flowering; extensively cultivated in the Philippines. Probably a native of
tropical Asia, now cultivated in all tropical countries; of prehistoric in-
troduction in the Philippines.

10. ROTTBOELLIA Linnaeus filius

Coarse, erect, annual or prennial grasses, the leaves mostly broad.
Spikes few or many, cylindric, solitary or panicled, the rachis fragile, the
joints usually excavated at the tip. Spikelets in pairs, 1 sessile and 1
pedicelled, the former perfect, the latter imperfect, its pedicel often adnate
’ to the joint, the spikelets more or less immersed in the hollowed outside of
the rachis-joints. Sessile spikelets with 4 glumes, the first coriaceous,
covering the excavation in the rachis-joint, the second thinner, keeled, the
third and fourth hyaline, not awned. (In honor of C. F. Rottboell, a Danish
botanist.)

Species about 30, in the tropics of both hemispheres, 3 in the Philippines,
a single one in our area. ?

1. R. exaltata L. f. Aguingay (Tag.).

A coarse, erect, usually branched, annual grass 1 to 2.5 m high, the
stems stout, spongy inside, the sheaths armed with few or many, stiff,
irritating hairs. Leaves flat, 20 to 60 cm long, 1 to 3 cm wide, acuminate.
Spikes cylindric, 8 to 15 em long, about 3 mm in diameter, mostly solitary,
narrowed upward, readily breaking up, the joints 6 to 7 mm long. Spike-
lets immersed in the side of the rachis, the first glume of the second one
about 4 mm long, very coriaceous.

In open, well-drained grass lands, thickets, etc., fl. all the year; through-
out the Philippines. Tropical Africa and Asia through Malaya to Australia.

11. MANISURIS Swartz

A slender, much-branched, annual grass, more or less hairy, the leaves
cordate at the base. Spikes cylindric, slender, solitary, axillary and
terminal, numerous, the peduncles often confluent and forming a
leafy panicle, the rachis fragile, joints very short, deeply excavated.
Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, in pairs, one sessile, globose, pitted externally,
the other pedicelled, ovate, flat, male or neuter, its pedicel adnate to the
rachis-joint. Sessile spikelet with 4 glumes, the first globose, pitted,
awnless. (Said to be from the Greek “lizard” and “tail,” in allusion to the
form of the spike.)

A monotypic genus.

F

4

GRAMINEAE 79

1. M. GRANULARIS L. f.

A slender, more or less hairy grass 20 to 60 cm high, erect, at length
much-branched. Leaves 15 cm long or less, 3 to 12 mm wide, papillose-
hirsute, margins ciliate. Spikes 1 to 2 cm long, slender. Sessile spikelet
about 1 mm in diameter, the pedicellate one about 2 mm long.

In dry grass lands, near Fort McKinley, fl. Sept._Dec.; widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines, certainly introduced. Tropics generally.

12. OPHIURUS Gaertner

Annual or perennial, erect, fine or coarse grasses, the spikes solitary
or fascicled, fragile, cylindric. Spikelets 1-flowered, solitary, sessile in
the joints of the rachis, the lateral ones absent or very rudimentary.
Glumes 4, the first thickly coriaceous, the second thin, the third and fourth ~
hyaline. (Greek “snake” and “tail” in allusion to the shape of the spike.)
Species 2, Africa, Asia, and Malaya, both in the Philippines, 1 in our
area. :

1. O. monostachyus Presl.

A slender, somewhat wiry, erect or ascending, loosely tufted, glabrous
grass 20 to 40 cm high. Leaves linear, 15 cm long or less, about 2 mm
wide. Spikes solitary, slender, cylindric, 5 to 10 cm long, 2 mm in diameter,
the spikelets immersed in the joints of the rachis, about 4 mm long.

Banks of old rice paddies and in open grass lands, Caloocan, San Juan
del Monte, etc., fi. Sept—March; not common in the Philippines. Marianne
Islands, Formosa, Hongkong, and Tonkin.

13. APLUDA Linneaus

Tall, leafy, erect or scandent grasses, the stems usually more or less
decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, branched. Leaves flat, numer-
ous. Inflorescence of many, small, simple spikes, each subtended by a
special thin spathe, together forming a leafy panicle. Spikes of one linear
joint, swollen at the base, jointed on the top of the peduncle at the base
of the spathe. Spikelets 3, one sessile, 2-flowered, flowers perfect, one
pedicelled, imperfect, reduced to a small glume, and one terminal, male or
neuter, rarely bisexual. Glumes 4, the fourth awned or not, entire or
2-toothed. Grain oblong. (Said to be from the resemblance of the glumes
to chaff.) ‘

A genus of one or two variable species, India to Malaya and Polynesia,
one in the Philippines.

1. A. mutica L. Cauacauayan (Tag.).

A tall, erect or subscandent, somewhat slender and glaucous grass,
glabrous or nearly so, 1 to 2 m high, the stems round, smooth, branched,
solid. Leaves acuminate, 10 to 30 cm long, 5 to 10 wide, base narrowed,
usually somewhat petioled, the upper ones gradually shorter. Spathes
subtending the spikelets lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, variable in length,
longer or shorter than the peduncles, the spikes about 8 mm long, green
or purplish, the spikelets awnless.

In thickets, fl. Sept—Feb.; widely distributed in the Philippines. India
to China, Malaya, and Polynesia.

80 A FLORA OF MANILA

Var. aristata (L.) Rendle.

, Differing from the species in having the fourth glume of the perfect
spikelet long-awned, the awn usually about 1 em in length.

India to China; rare in the Philippines.

14. ISCHAEMUM Linnaeus

Annual or perennial, erect or ascending grasses. Spikelets in pairs,
one sessile and one pedicelled, in digitate, paired, or fascicled, more or
less fragile spikes at the ends of the stems. Sessile spikelets with 4
glumes, the first oblong, usually thick, awnless, the second as long as
the first but narrower, the third hyaline, thin, the fourth hyaline, cleft,
awned. Pedicelled spikelets similar to the sessile ones, often imperfect.
(Greek “stypic’”, in allusion to the use of some species to stop the flow
of blood.)

Species about 40, chiefly tropical, about 7 in the Philippines.

1. Spikes 2, closely appressed to each other; first glume of the sessile spike-
lets rugose. ‘

2. Perennial; first glume nearly flat, with 2 to 4 marginal nodules or
low ‘transverse. Wrinkles i 72ers ores 1. I. aristatum

2. Annual; _first glume strongly convex, closely transversely ridged.
2. I. rugosum

1. Spikes 4 to 7; first glume of the sessile spikelet not rugose.

3. I. intermedium

1. |. aristatum L., var. gibbum (Trin.) Hack.

An erect, little or not at all branched, loosely tufted or scattered grass
40 to 80 cm high. Leaves flat, 6 to 15 cm long, about 5 mm wide. Spikes
2, closely appressed, erect, appearing like a single cylindric spike, 4 to 7
cm long, the internodes shorter than the spikelets. Sessile spikelets about
7 mm long, the first glume slightly wrinkled, the awn of the fourth glume
about 1.5 cm long. ;

In open grass lands, fi. all the year; common and widely distributed in
the Philippines. The species in India, China, and Malaya, the variety
endemic.

2. |. rugosum Salisb., var. distachyum (Cav.) Merr.

A rather slender, erect or ascending, annual grass, the stems ultimately
much branched, sometimes prostrate below, 30 to 70 cm long, glabrous or
sparingly hairy. Leaves 8 to 15 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide, flat, acuminate.
Spikes 2 at the end of each stem, appressed, 4 to 6 cm long. First glume
of the sessile spikelet oblong, convex, 5 mm long, prominently transversely
wrinkled, the awn of the fourth glume slender, about 2 cm long. Pedi-
celled spikelets about 4 mm long.

In open grass lands, Caloocan, San Juan del Monte, etc., fl. Nov.—Jan.;
widely distributed in the Philippines. India to China and Malaya.

3. |. intermedium Brongn.

A widely spreading, somewhat brdiched grass, the ascending stems 1 m _
long or more. Sheaths rather loose, usually pilose. Leaves flat, up to
15 cm in length and 1.5 cm wide. Spikes 5 to 7, digitately crowded at the
ends of the stems, 4 to 7 cm long, green. Spikelets lanceolate, about 6
mm long, acuminate, the glumes not wrinkled. Awn to the fourth glume
about 1 cm long.

GRAMINEAE Q1

In thickets bordering low wet lands, fl. Sept.-Dec.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Marianne Islands.

15. THEMEDA Forskal

Tall, annual or perennial grasses, with usually long leaves. Spikes

“many, short, crowded in panicled fascicles, the fascicles and spikes with
-spathe-like leafy sheaths. Spikelets many, the lower ones male or neuter

awnless, forming a false whorl about the 1 to 3 middle perfect ones which
are long-awned. Perfect or female spikelets linear-oblong, the first glume
terete or dorsally compressed or channelled, coriaceous, the second as long,

. the third hyaline, 1-nerved, the fourth very narrow, awned. Pedicelled

spikelets with 1 to 3, 1- to many-nerved glumes with often inflexed margins
and keeled wings. (From its Arabian name thaemed.)
Species about 10, warm parts of the Old World, 2 or 3 in the Philippines.

1. T. triandra Forsk.

Erect, perennial, nearly glabrous, 0.5 to 1.5 m high, the stems rather
slender, often with short branches and very leafy above. Leaves linear,
8 to 20 em long, glabrous or slightly hairy. Inflorescence long or short-
peduncled, paniculate, the spathes longer than the spikes, the outer ones
up to 5 em in length. Lower whorled spikelets about 1 cm long, the
perfect one solitary, somewhat shorter.

In open dry grass lands near La Loma, Fort McKinley, etc., fl. May—Oct.;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropical Africa and Asia through
Malaya to Australia.

16. ANDROPOGON Linneaus

Fine or coarse grasses of various habit. Leaves flat, base rounded or
cordate. Spikes solitary, in pairs, digitate, or panicled, the rachis usually
fragile, jointed. Spikelets usually narrow, in pairs, one sessile, female
or bisexual, the other pedicelled, male or neuter. Sessile spikelets 1-
flowered, the glumes 4, the first usually keeled, dorsally, rarely laterally
compressed, the second as long as the first, awned or not, the third hyaline,
empty, the fourth hyaline, broad or narrow, 2-fid and awned in the cleft
or reduced to an awn. Pedicelled spikelets various, glumes 3 or 4, the
fourth awnless. (Greek “man” and “beard” in allusion to the bearded
inflorescence of some species.)

Species about 240, tropical, subtropical, and temperate, about 18 in the
Philippines. A very large and polymorphous genus of many sections or
subgenera, these by some botanists considered to be of generic rank.

1. Internodes of the spike deeply cupped at the apex.

2. Sessile spikelets of the lowest pairs differing from those above them,
in sex or in form; spikes panicled; a cultivated, coarse, tufted, per-
ennial grass, the leaves with a lemon-like odor when crushed.

1. A. citratus

2. Sessile spikelets all alike; solitary, their peduncles enclosed in a spathe-
like leaf-sheath; a very slender grass..................2..........--- 2. A. fragilis

1. Internodes of the spike truncate, not cupped.
2. Sessile spikelets of the lowest pairs different from the upper ones.
3. Spikes digitate, densely white-villous........................... 3. A. sericeus
3. Spikes solitary; spikelets long-awned........................-... 4, A. contortus

111555——6

82 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. Sessile spikelets all alike.

3. Rachis-joints and pedicels with a median, translucent, longitudinal
line; spikes peduncled, paniculate.......................... 5. A. intermedius

8. Rachis-joints and pedicels without median translucent lines.
4. Spikes with only 3 spikelets, the tips of the branches bearded; a
slender27rassaisis.. 228 ees ee 6. A. aciculatus
4. Spikes with many spikelets, the tips of the branches not bearded; ©
coarse grasses. .
5. First glume muricate; internodes of the rachis laterally com-

promepd.(a.w0Leledion. sine eee 7. A. zizanioides
5. First glume not muricate; internodes of the rachis terete or
subterete.
6. Leaves about 1 cm wide or less.
7. Flowering-glume long-awned.....................--.------ 8. A. serratus
7. Flowering-glume awnless...................2.....-:22200-+++- 9. A. nitidus

6. Leaves mostly 2 to 5 ecm wide.
7. Rachis tenacious; spikelets awned or awnless; panicles
dense; an annual grass, cultivated only.... 10. A. sorghum
7. Rachis fragile; panicles lax; spikelets awnless; perennial.
11. A. halepensis
*1. A. ciTRATUS DC. (§ Cymbopogon.) Tanglad (Tag.); Paja de meca
(Sp.) ; Lemon Grass.

A tufted perennial grass, the leaves up to 1 m in length, 1 to 1.4 cm
wide, when crushed with a strong lemon-like odor, scabrous, flat, long-
acuminate, glabrous. Panicles 30 to 80 cm long, interrupted below, the
branches and branchlets somewhat nodding. Perfect spikelets linear-lan-
ceolate, pointed, not awned, about 6 mm long.

Frequently cultivated for its fragrant leaves which are used for flavoring
food, the source of ‘Lemon grass oil” of commerce; widely but not exten-
sively cultivated in the Philippines, but not spontaneous, very rarely
flowering. Certainly not a native of the Archipelago, but probably of
prehistoric introduction. Origin uncertain, but probably India or Malaya,
now cultivated in most tropical countries.

2. A. fragilis R. Br. (§ Schizachyrium.) ;

A slender annual, the erect or ascending, simple or slightly branched
stems 15 to 40 cm high, glabrous, leafy throughout, usually more or less
decumbent at the base. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, blunt or acute, 3
to 7 em long, 2 to 4 mm wide. Spikes solitary, fragile, the peduncle en-
closed in a narrow, spathe-like leaf-sheath. Spikelets 4 to 5 mm long,
the slender awn of the sessile spikelet somewhat geniculate, about 1.5 cm in
length.

In thin, poor soil, open, dry grass lands, San Pedro Macati, etc., fi.
Nov.—Feb.; of local occurrence in the Philippines. Queensland and New
South Wales.

3. A. sericeus R. Br. (§ Dichanthium.)

A slender, erect, annual grass, 0.4 to 1 m high, the nodes bearded, the
leaves linear-lanceolate, 5 to 12 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide. Spikes 2 to 4,
sessile, digitately arranged at the ends of the stems, 3 to 6 cm long, densely
villous with long white hairs. Spikelets crowded, 4 to 5 mm long, the
awns geniculate, 2 to 2.5 cm long.

GRAMINEAE 83

In open, dry grass lands in poor soil, San Pedro Macati, etc., fl.
July—Jan.; of local occurrence in the Philippines. New Guinea, New Cal-
_ edonia, and Australia.

4. A. conTorTuS L. (§ Heteropogon.)

A tufted or somewhat scattered grass 1 m high or less, the stems com-
pressed below, simple or somewhat branched, the spikes solitary, terminal.
Leaves flat, 10 to 20 cm long, 4 to 7 mm wide. Spikes 10 cm long or less,
the spikelets about 8 mm long, densely imbricated, the lower few pairs
staminate or neuter, the upper ones perfect, all hirsute, the awn of the
fourth glume stout, twisted, geniculate, about 10 cm long.

In open dry lands, Caloocan to San Pedro Macati, fl. most of the year;
rather widely distributed in the Philippines, and surely introduced. All
warm countries.

5. A. intermedius R. Br., var. haenkei (Presl) Hack. (§ Amphilophis.)

An erect, somewhat stout, loosely tufted, perennial grass, usually about
1 m high. Leaves linear, 20 to 40 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide. Panicles
compound, somewhat purplish, 15 to 20 cm long, the branches numerous,
ascending or somewhat spreading, each bearing from 2 to 6, slender, pedi-
celled spikes, the rachis easily breaking up. Spikelets about 3 mm long,
the fourth glume of the sessile ones reduced to a slender awn nearly 1.5
em in length.

In dry open grass lands, San Pedro Macati, fl. July—Nov.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Southern China and Ceylon, the species also
in India, Africa, Malaya, and Australia.

6. A. ACICULATUS Retz. (§ Chrysopogon.) Amores secos (Sp.—Fil.) ; Mo-
riscos (Tag.).

Stems densely leafy, creeping and branching below, the flowering stems
erect, 20 to 60 cm high. Leaves short, linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute,
3 to 10 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide, those on the wire-like flowering stems few.
Panicles purplish, open, the branches few, whorled, simple, 5 cm long or
less, bearing few-flowered spikes, branches bearded at the tips. Sessile
spikelet very narrow, about 3 mm long, the callus elongated, barbed, the
fourth glume linear, acuminate, bearing a short, scabrid awn.

In open grass lands, waste places etc., very common, fl. May-—Dec.;
throughout the Philippines, certainly introduced. India to Polynesia.
Very troublesome on account of its spikelets adhering to clothing etc., by
their sharp, barbed stalks. .

7. A. ZIZANIOIDES (L.) Urb. (A. squarrosus L. f.). (§ Vetiveria.) Moras,
or Raiz.de mora (Sp.-Fil.); Vetiver.

A tall, coarse, erect, tufted, perennial grass 1 to 2 m high, with fragrant,
fibrous roots. Leaves distichously arranged, numerous, usually about 1
m long, 1 em wide or less, folded. Panicles terminal, erect, purple or
greenish, about 20 cm long, the branches slender, whorled, spreading or
ascending, 5 to 12 em long. Sessile spikelet about 4 mm long, muricate,
the awn of the fourth glume very short or none.

Common in open rather wet lands, banks of rice paddies, etc., mostly
planted, fl. Aug.—Dec.; widely distributed in the Philippines, but certainly
introduced. A native of India, now widely distributed in the tropics,
cultivated and wild.

84 ' A FLORA OF MANILA

8. A. serratus Thunb. (§ Sorghum.)

A somewhat slender or rather stout erect grass 0.8 to 1.5 m high, the
stems usually unbranched, nodes pubescent. Leaves 20 to 40 cm long, -
10 mm wide or less, acuminate. Panicles rather lax, erect, brownish-red,
10 to 15 cm long, the branches slender, whorled, the lower ones 9 cm long
or less. Spikes solitary, scattered on the branches, each with from 2 to
6 joints, the joints, pedicels, and callus short-villous. Sessile spikelets
about 5 mm long, oblong-ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, the first glume some-
what villous, dark-brown or nearly black, shining, the fourth glume small,
with a slender geniculate and twisted awn 2 to 2.5 cm long, the pedicelled
spikelets very much narrower than the sessile ones.

In open places near streams, Masambong, fl. Dec._Feb.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Tropical Asia through Malaya to Australia.

9. A. nitidus (Vahl) Kunth.

A slender, simple, erect grass 0.6 to 1.2 m high, the nodes prominently
bearded. Leaves linear-lanceolate, up to 25 cm long, about 5 mm wide.
Panicles long-peduncled, 10 to 20 cm long, lax, the branches slender,
whorled, the lower ones, up to 8 cm long, the upper one gradually shorter.
Spikelets brown, shining, about 4 mm long, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, brown-
hirsute. Flowering glume awnless.

In open grass lands near Santa Mesa, fl. May—July; widely distributed in
the Philippines. India to Formosa and Malaya. Very similar to the
preceding, differing chiefly in its awnless flowering glumes.

*10. A. SORGHUM (L.) Brot. Batad (Tag.); Sorghum.

A stout, erect, annual grass usually about 2 m high, the stem often 1
cm or more in diameter, solid. Leaves 20 to 50 cm long, 2 to 5 em wide,
acuminate. Panicles dense, 15 to 30 cm long, compound, erect. Spikelets
ovoid, more or less pubescent, about 5 mm long, pale, purplish, or nearly
black, the first glume hard and shining, the fourth awnless or sometimes
awned.

Cultivated sparingly in our area; widely distributed in the Philippines
in cultivation, several forms being found in the Archipelago, not spontaneous
and certainly not a native of the Archipelago, although of prehistoric
introduction. Probably a native of Africa or Asia, now cultivated in all
warm and tropical countries.

11. A; halepensis (L.) Brot., var. propinquus (Kunth) Merr. Batad-
batadan (Tag.).

A tall, coarse, erect, unbranched perennial grass 1.5 to 3 m high.
Leaves up to 1 m in length, 1.5 to 4.5 em wide, long-acuminate. Panicles
erect, lax, 20 to 40 cm long, the branches few, distant, spreading or droop-
ing. Spikelets numerous, oblong-ovoid, pubescent, greenish or purplish,
awness, about 4mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 436, Sorghum saccharatum.)

In thickets and open damp places, occasional in our area, fl. most of the
year; widely distributed in the Philippines. Ceylon to the Moluccas, the
species in most tropical and some temperate regions.

17. ZOISIA Willdenow

A low, much-branched, rigid, erect, gregarious grass. Leaves subulate,
sharply pointed. Spikelets small, ovoid, 1-flowered, somewhat crowded in
erect, narrow spikes, jointed on and appressed to a stiff, notched, unjointed
rachis, sessile or shortly pedicelled. Glumes 2, the first empty, laterally

GRAMINEAE 85

compressed, shining, the second smaller, membranaceous, linear-oblong,
obtuse. Palea hyaline, short, or none. Grain free within the glumes. (In
honor of C. de Zoys.)

A monotypic genus.

1. Z. matrella (L.) Merr. (Z. pungens Willd.) .

A low, gregarious grass from rigid, wiry rootstocks, the branches root-
ing, sending up short, rather stiff, leafy, flowering branches 10 to 40 cm
high. Leaves mostly spreading, 2 to 7 em long, 2 to 4 mm wide. Spikes
slender, solitary, purplish or green, 2 to 4 cm long. Spikelets about 3
mm long.

In open grass lands especially near the sea, fl. all the year; throughout
the Philippines near the sea. India to Mauritius, China, Malaya, Polynesia,
and Australia.

18. ARUNDINELLA Raddi

Erect, usually unbranched, annual or perennial, slender or rather coarse
grasses with flat leaves. Panicles ample, lax or contracted, the spikelets
not jointed on the pedicels, usually 1-flowered. Glumes 4, thin, the first
ovate, acute or acuminate, much or little shorter than the second which is
slenderly awned, the third about as long as the first and with a palea or a
male flower, or neuter, the fourth much the smallest, with a perfect flower,
awnless or with a slender terminal awn. (Diminutive of Latin “arundo,”
a reed.)

Species about 30, in most tropical countries, about 5 in the Philippines.

1. A. agrostoides Trin.

An erect, tufted, glabrous grass 15 to 45 cm high. Leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, numerous, 8 to 20 cm long, 6 to 10 mm wide. Panicles exserted,
ovoid or oblong-ovoid, when young open, soon becoming contracted, green,
10 to 20 em long, the branches whorled, slender, mostly about 5 cm long.
Spikelets pedicelled, glabrous, green, lanceolate, acuminate, the first glume
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, 2.5 mm long, the second similar but 3 mm
long, 5-nerved, and more slenderly acuminate, the third about 2 mm long,
3-nerved the fourth glume about 1 mm long, hyaline, with a slender straight
awn 4 to 5 mm in length.

On ledges along streams, Masambong, opposite Guadalupe, ete., fl. Dec.—
Feb.; occasional in northern Luzon. India.

19. ERIOCHLOA Kunth

Annual or perennial, erect, tufted grasses. Leaves flat. Spikelets secund
on the spike-like branches of a raceme or panicle, base thickened and arti-
culate on the thickened top of the short pedicel. Glumes 3, first and second
sub-equal, thin, empty, the third shorter, apiculate, hardened in fruit.
Grain oblong, free within the hardened glume. Very close to Paspalum,
but distinguished by its habit and by the thickened base of the spikelet.
(Greek “wool” and “grass” in allusion to the hairy inflorescence.)

Species few, tropical and subtemperate, one in the Philippines.

1. E. ramosa (Retz.) O. Kuntze (EF. polystachya HBK.).

An erect, somewhat tufted, rather slender grass 0.5 to 1.3 m high, gla-
brous except the panicles. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 10 to
20 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide. Panicles exserted, 8 to 12 cm long, formed
of racemosely arranged branches, usually secund, often nodding. Spikelets

86 A FLORA OF MANILA

racemosely arranged, ovoid-lanceolate, acuminate, green or purplish, 3
mm long, in pairs, one of each pair longer pedicelled than the other.
First and second glumes appressed-pubescent with grayish hairs.

In open wet grass lands, paddy banks, etc., common, fl. all the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines, possibly introduced. Tropics gen-
erally.

20. PASPALUM Linnaeus

Annual or perennial, erect, ascending or spreading grasses. Spikelets
1-flowered plano-convex, in spike-like branches of a simple panicle or
raceme, the spikes digitately or racemosely arranged. Glumes 3, the first
and second equal, thin, the third coriaceous, bearing a perfect flower, the
palea similar in texture. (A Greek name for millet.)

Species about 175, in all warm countries, about 4 in the Philippines.

1. Spikes alternate on an elongated rachis.

2. Spikelets anostly .4-ranked s...-<csces- sich cptaonstgn- eos avieneaet 1. P. longifolium
2. Spikelets 2-ranked......... eT ad Perr ear rel ae 2. P. scrobiculatum

1. Spikes in pairs at the ends of the stems.
2. Spikelets ovate-oblong, glabrous; leaves narrow............ 3. P. distichum
2. Spikelets suborbicular, margins of the second glume ciliate; leaves
LY Ce ae ee eo eRe 2 ee ee OMS Rt er ee OP Meee 4. P. conjugatum

1. P. longifolium Roxb.

A tufted, glabrous, erect, perennial grass 0.8 to 1.3 m high, the stems
somewhat prostrate and branched below. Sheaths loose. Leaves about 20
cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide. Inflorescence exserted, each composed of from
4 to 8 or more, racemosely arranged, alternate, spreading or ascending,
5 to 8 cm long spikes. Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long, somewhat compressed,
obovoid, the empty glumes slightly pubescent, densely arranged in’ about
4 rows on the under surface of the somewhat flattened, green 3 to 4 mm
wide rachis. ;

In open wet grass lands, Pasay, fl. all the year; widely distributed in
the Philippines. India to Malaya.

2. P. scrobiculatum L.

An erect, rather slender, nearly glabrous, somewhat wiry, tufted, peren-
nial grass 40 to 80 cm high. Leaves flat, 6 to 15 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide.
Spikes 3 or 4, usually spreading, 4 to 8 cm long. Spikelets pale, 2-seriate,
about 2 mm long.

In open, usually dry lands, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines.
All warm countries.

Var. auriculatum (Presl) Merr.

Much coarser, taller, up to 1 m high. Leaves broad, often auriculate
at the base. Spikes stout, 4 to 6. Spikelets 2.5 mm long.

In low damp places near Pateros, fl. Dec._Jan.; widely distributed in the
Philippines, endemic.

Var. bispicatum Hack.

Smaller than the typical form, 20 to 40 cm high, with usually but two
spikes 3 to 4 em in length.

In old rice lands, San Pedro Macati, fl. July—Sept.; of very local occur-
rence. Endemic.

GRAMINEAE 87

8. P. distichum L.

Stems creeping and rooting, branched, usually rather stout and somewhat
compressed, the flowering branches erect, 15 to 50 cm high. Leaves flat
or involute, 4 to 15 cm long, 5 mm wide or less. Spikes 2, terminal, rather
stout, 4 to 6 cm long, ascending. Spikelets 2-seriate, about 2.5 mm long.

In low wet grass lands near the sea and tidal streams, fl. Aug.-Nov.;
widely distributed in the Philippines near the seashore. All warm countries.

4. P. CONJUGATUM Berg.

A gregarious, nearly glabrous grass, the stems spreading and branching
below, the flowering branches 20 to 70 em high. Leaves narrowly lanceo-
late, flat, thin, 8 to 20 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide. Spikes, 2, terminal,
slender, 6 to 12 cm long, the peduncles slender. Spikelets imbricate, 1.2
to 1.4 mm long, pale-green, plano-convex, the empty glumes with long, soft,
white marginal hairs.

In waste places, especially in the shade, very common, flowering all the
year; throughout the Philippines, introduced. A native of tropical America,
now found in most tropical countries.

In addition to the above species, Paspalum dilatatum Poir., an American
species, has been cultivated by the Bureau of Agriculture in Singalon.

21. DIGITARIA Scopoli

Annual, mostly ascending or erect, slender grasses, the inflorescence com- |
posed of spike-like racemes which are in whorls or somewhat scattered or
crowded at the apices of the stems. Leaves flat. Spikelets narrow, in
pairs or in threes on one side of the flattened rachis, one spikelet of each
pair generally longer-pedicelled than the other. Glumes 3 or 4, the 2 or
3 outer ones thin, the first sometimes wanting, the fourth or flowering
glume glabrous and shining, at length hardened, enclosing a palea, of similar
texture, and a perfect flower. (Latin “finger” in allusion to the digitate
inflorescence. )

A genus of considerable size in all tropical and temperate regions,
reduced by some botanist to Panicum and others to Paspalum, about 7
species in the Philippines.

‘

1. Spikelets about 3 mm long.
2. Marginal nerves of the second glume densely villous-ciliate with spread-
Ta Es ae Lee Re hot Tae OE ME RE SE IGT SLES 1. D. ciliaris
2. Glumes not ciliate.
3. Spikes digitate or in pairs at the apex of the stem.... 2. D. sanguinalis
3. Spikes somewhat scattered along the rachis; sheaths hirsute.
3. D. consanguinea
1. Spikelets about 1.5 mm long.
2. Spikes digitate or approximate at the apex of the stem.
3. Spikes usually 2 or 3, less than 5 cm long; stems short, erect from

& prostrate erecnimie Paseo i 4. D. longiflora
3. Spikes more numerous, 10 or less, frequently 10 cm long; stems
elongated, erect, base scarcely prostrate................ 5. D. violascens

2. Spikes alternate, scattered on the somewhat elongated rachis.
6. D. pedicellaris
1. D. cILIARIS (Retz.) Pers. Halos (Tag.).
A rather slender, erect or suberect, branched grass 1 m high or less,
the basal parts of the stem more or less decumbent. Leaves narrowly

88 ' A FLORA OF MANILA

lanceolate, acuminate, 6 to 14 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, the sheaths loose,
sparingly hirsute. Inflorescence exserted, of from 3 to 6 ascending or
spreading spikes about 10 cm long, whorled at the apex of the stem. Spike-
lets 3 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, in pairs, one sessile, one pedicelled, on
the lower surface of the flattened rachis, the empty glumes of the pedicelled
spikelets densely ciliate on the marginal nerves with numerous, long, soft,
spreading, often hooked hairs.

Roadsides and waste places, fl. more or less all the year and rather com-
mon about Manila, certainly introduced. India to Polynesia.

2. D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop., var. australis Thwaites.

A weak, slender, ascending, nearly glabrous grass usually less than
0.5 m high, the basal parts of the stems more or less decumbent. Leaves
thin, acuminate, 5 to 10 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide. Spikes slender, 2 to
4, ascending or spreading, 4 to 7 cm long, whorled at the apex of the
stem. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 3 mm long, in pairs, one sessile and
one pedicellate on the under surface of the flattened rachis, glabrous or
nearly so.

In thickets etc., fl. all the year, widely distributed in the Philippines,
variable. Tropical and temperate regions of the world kapeciceys the
variety India to Malaya.

3. D. consanguinea Gaudich.

Stems up to 1 m in length, the lower parts usually geniculate and
somewhat prostrate. Leaves up to 20 cm in length, 6 to 12 mm wide,
the sheaths usually lax, with scattered, long, stiff, white hairs arising
from small papillae. Inflorescence long-exserted, consisting of from 6
to 18, 8 to 15 em long spikes, somewhat scattered, fascicled, or whorled
along the upper part of the rachis. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, about
3 mm long.

In thickets and open places, fi. Nov.-_March and probably in other
months; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to Malaya and
Polynesia.

4, D. longificra (Gmel.) Pers.
A slender grass, the basal parts usually procumbent and rooting, the
flowering stems erect or ascending, 10 to 30 cm high. Leaves narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 6 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide. Spikes 2 to 4,
whorled at the apex of the stem, spreading or ascending 3 to 5 cm long,
grayish-white. Spikelets pale-green, rarely purplish, 1.5 mm long, in
pairs, one pedicellate and one sessile, the first glume usually wanting or
very minute.

In waste places, yards, etc., occasional, fl. Aug.—Dec., widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines. India to China and Malaya.

5. D. violascens Link.

A slender, erect or ascending, usually tufted grass 40 to 90 cm high.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 10 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide,
ascending or spreading, mostly basal or subbasal. Spikes slender, grayish,
3 to 8, whorled at the apex of the stem, ascending or spreading, 5 to 12
em long. Spikelets 1.5 mm long, crowded, in pairs on the lower side of
the slender rachis, the flowering glume when mature usually dark-purple.

In fallow lands, borders of thickets etc., Masambong, fl. Aug.—Nov.,
widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropics generally.

GRAMINEAE 89
. ;
6. D. pedicililaris (Trin.) Prain.

A slender, erect, tufted annual 15 to 30 cm high. Leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, ascending, 1.5 to 6 cm long, about 2 mm wide. Spikes
alternate, ascending or spreading, somewhat scattered, usually 3, some-
times only 2, 2.5 to 5 cm long, slender, grayish. Spikelets 1.5 mm long,
in pairs or in groups of threes, in each group one subsessile, the others
with slender pedicels as long as or longer than the spikelets.

In open, rather dry grass lands, Masambong, San Juan del Monte, etc.,
not common, fl. Aug.—Nov.; known from but three of four localities in Luzon.
India.

22. ISACHNE R. Brown

Annual or perennial slender grasses. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly
lanceolate, flat. Spikelets small or minute, in small, usually open panicles,
subglobose or obovoid, 2-flowered. Glumes 4, the first and second thin,
subequal, empty, the third and fourth somewhat thickened, paleate, each
enclosing a usually perfect flower. Grain free within the hardened glume
and palea. (Greek “equal” and “glumes.’’)

Species about 35, tropical and subtropical, about 9 in the Philippines,
one in our area.

1. |. miliacea Roth. (J. minutula Kunth).

A very slender, glabrous or somewhat pubescent grass, the stems branched
below, usually prostrate and rooting at the nodes, the flowering stems 10
to 20 cm high. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5 to 4 cm long, 3 to 5 mm
wide. Panicles exserted, usually ovate, lax or somewhat contracted, 2 to
4 em long. Spikelets pale-green, rarely purplish, 1.5 mm long, their
pedicels slender.

In open wet lands, especially in rice-paddies, etc., fl. more or less all
the year; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to China, Malaya,
and Polynesia.

23. PANICUM Linnaeus

Annual or perennial, fine or coarse grasses, of various habits. Leaves
in our species flat, acute or acuminate, linear to lanceolate. Spikelets
small, 1- or 2-flowered, terete or dorsally or laterally compressed, awnless,
or in § Echinochloa awned. Glumes 4, the first and second empty the first
much smaller than the others, second and third subequal 3- to many-
nerved, oblong, ovate, or lanceolate; third paleate or not, enclosing a
staminate flower or empty, the fourth paleate, enclosing a perfect flower,
hardened in fruit, glabrous, usually shining. Stamens 3. Grain free
within the fourth glume and the palea. (Ancient Latin name for the
Italian millet.)

A very large genus, found in all tropical and temperate countries, about
35. species in the Philippines.

1. Spikelets terete or dorsally compressed; inflorescence various.

2. Spikelets 1- to 4-seriate, close-set on the under side of the rachis of

the spike, the spikes alternately arranged.

3. Glumes smooth, awnless.
4. Spikes shorter than the internode$s............0.000.0...... 1. P. favidum
4. Spikes longer than the internodes.

5. Tip of spikes extended beyond the upper spikelets as a setiform
bristle; spikes very numerous...........................- 2. P. punctatum
5. Tip of spikes not produced; spikes 2 to 4.21). 3. P. distachyum

90 A FLORA OF MANILA

3. Empty glumes usually muricate, the second and third cuspidate or
awned.,
4. Lower spikes as long as or shorter than the internodes; third
glume awnless or nearly so; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long.
4. P. colonum
4. Lower spikes much longer than the internodes; coarse erect
grasses, the spikelets usually long-awned.
5. Spikelets nearly 5 mm long, green or purplish; an aquatic
ayy MARS SSR UB eS SALA CA a ha ei 5. P. stagninum
5. Spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long, usually purplish........ 6. P. crusgalli
2. Spikelets crowded in spiciform or narrow, cylindric panicles, or pedi-
cellate on the spreading, racemosely arranged panicle-branches.
3. Branches elongated, ascending or spreading................ 7. P. auritum
3. Panicles dense, cylindric.
4, Spikelets about 5 mm long, acuminate; a coarse, perennial,
ngwatic PTASH oyster eee ee 8. P. amplexicaule
4. Spikelets about 2.5 mm long; a slender, erect annual grass.
. 9. P. indicum
2. Spikelets in open, diffuse panicles.
3. First glume as long as the spikelet or nearly so; spikelets promi-
nently acuminate. 2.2... 2) Se See 10. P. caudiglume
3. First glume much shorter than the spikelet.
4. Second glume decidedly shorter than the flowering glume; panicles
ees 1 (RR OP Dae eR SS ek AR cn bts 11. P. nodosum
4. Second glume equaling or longer than the flowering glume; pani-
cles decompound.

Sr 1 1 ORR Mie eal ro pp ene ie sea ae et 12. P. psilopodium
5. Perennial.
6. Tall, leafy, 2 to 3 m high; cultivated.............. 13. P. maximum

6. Less than 2 m high.
7. Panicle branches rather stiff, spreading; spikelets 3.5 to 4

mm long, aquatic or subaquatic................ 14. P. paludosum
7. Panicle branches somewhat nodding; spikelets 3 mm long.
15. P. repens

1. Spikelets laterally compressed; small, slender, more or less prostrate,
spreading grasses.

2. Panicles very lax, open, the spikelets scattered............ 16. P. warburgti

2. Spikelets densely crowded on the usually ascending branches.

17. P. pilipes
1. P. FLAVIDUM Retz.

A loosely tufted, erect, somewhat branched, rather coarse grass 0.5
to 1 m high, the stems somewhat compressed. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
smooth, glabrous, acute or acuminate, 8 to 15 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide,
the lower sheaths usually loose. Inflorescence elongated, of erect, stout,
scattered, racemosely arranged spikes shorter than the internodes, the
spikes 1 to 2.5 cm long, about 5 mm wide. Spikelets very pale, densely
arranged in 2 rows, divaricate, about 3 mm long.

Very common in open waste places, roadsides, etc., fl. all the year;
throughout the Philippines at low altitudes, certainly introduced. Trop-
ical Asia and Africa, Malaya. ‘

2. P. punctatum Burm.
A stout, erect, perennial grass 1 to 1.5 m high, the base usually floating

GRAMINEAE 91
and rooting at the nodes, the stems stout, sometimes nearly 1 cm thick.
Leaves 10 to 20 cm long, about 1 cm wide, acuminate, the sheaths dilated.
Inflorescence slender, 30 to 60 cm long, of numerous, racemosely arranged
spikes, the spikes 1 to 3 cm long, longer than the internodes, the rachis
excurrent as a slender, sharp awn. Spikelets oblong-ovate, about 2.5 mm
long, arranged in 2 rows.

In shallow pools and in low, wet ground, San Pedro Macati, Sept.—Dec.;
not common in the Philippines. Tropical Africa, Asia, and Malaya.

3. P DISTACHYUM L.

A widely spreading, rather slender grass, the stems prostrate, branched,
rooting at the nodes, often 1 to 2 m in length, the flowering branches erect
or ascending, 20 to 40 cm high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
8 to 20 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, glabrous, base broad, rounded. In-
florescence exserted, of 2 to 4, distant, usually spreading, 2 to 5 cm long,
racemosely arranged spikes. Spikelets oblong-ovoid, acute, about 4 mm
long, arranged in 2 rows, sessile or nearly so, green.

In waste places, open, fairly dry land, rather common, fl. all the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes. India to China,
through Malaya to Australia.

4. P. COLONUM. L.

Stems tufted, 10 to 40 cm high, often decumbent below. Leaves 5 to
12 ecm long, 2 to 8 mm wide, acuminate. Inflorescence of from 4 to 8
racemosely arranged, short, dense spikes, the spikes 0.5 cm long, about 5
mm thick, spreading or appressed. Spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long, single, in
pairs, or in threes, in two rows, densely arranged, green or purplish, the
outer glumes hispid on the nerves, awnless.

Along roadsides, in waste places, etc., common, fl. throughout the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Troughout the tropics and in some
temperate countries.

5. P. stagninum Retz. Balili (Tag.).

A coarse, erect, aquatic or subaquatic grass 1 to 1.5 m high, the lower
parts often decumbent and rooting at the nodes, the stems 6 to 8 m thick.
Leaves 20 to 40 cm long, 8 to 13 mm wide. Panicles 20 cm long or less,
the spikes green or purple, distinctly longer than the internodes, spreading
or ascending, 1.5 cm long, nearly 1 cm thick. Spikelets in pairs in two
rows, nearly 5 mm long, the empty glumes hispid on the nerves, the third
glume with a long or short awn.

In shallow water and in low, wet lands, rather common, fl. more or
less all the year; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to Malaya.
By some botanists reduced to the next species to which it is indeed very
closely allied.

6. P. CRUS-GALLI L.

A coarse, erect, annual grass 0.6 to 1 m high. Leaves 10 to 20 cm
long, 8 to 15 mm wide, acuminate. Panicles 10 to 20 cm long, usually
narrowly pyramidal, the spikes numerous, ascending or spreading, 2.5 to
8 em long, about 7 mm in diameter, green or purplish. Spikelets 3.5 to 4
mm long, the empty glumes hispid on the nerves, the awn of the third
glume slender, 1 to 3 cm long, rarely wanting (var. mutica Doell.).

In open wet lands, waste places, etc., fl. all the year, widely distributed
in the Philippines. Tropical and temperate region of the world.

92 A FLORA OF MANILA ‘

7. P. auritum Presl.

A coarse, erect, perennial grass 1 to 2 m high, the stems simple or
slightly branched, usually about 5 mm thick, sometimes rooting at the
lower nodes. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 10 to 25 cm long, 0.7 to 2.5 cm
wide, base broad, cordate or auriculate. Panicles 15 to 40 cm long, diffuse
or contracted, according to’the stage of development, the spike-like branches
numerous, solitary or fascicled, 5 to 10 cm long, ascending or spreading,
densely flowered. Spikelets very numerous, green or purplish, re
ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, 2.5 mm long.

Common in low, wet lands, fl. more or less throughout the year, but
especially in the rainy season; widely distributed in the Philippines at
low altitudes. India to China and Malaya.

8. P. amplexicaule Rudge.

A rather coarse, erect, aquatic or subaquatic grass 1 m high or less,
the stems stout, usually decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves
flat, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 15 to 25 em long, 0.8 em wide. Spikelets
very numerous, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, about 5 mm long, crowded
in dense, cylindric, continuous or somewhat interrupted spike-like pani-
cles 15 to 20 em long, 1 to 1.5 em in diameter.

In shallow water, margins of the Pasig River, in esteros, etc., but not
abundant, fl. all the year; apparently quite widely distributed in the
Philippines at low altitudes. Tropics generally. —

9. P. indicum L. .

A slender, erect, annual grass a few cm to about 1 m in height.
Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, acuminate, 5 to 15 em long, 3 to 7 mm
wide. Inflorescence a dense, cylindric or oblong, spiciform panicle, 1 to 10
em long, about 5 mm in diameter. Spikelets green or purplish, oblong,
straight or somewhat curved, about 2.5 mm long.

In open, usually damp grass lands, common, fil. more or less throughout
the year; throughout the Philippines. Tropical Asia and Africa through
Malaya to Australia.

10. P. CAUDIGLUME Hack.

A loosely tufted, somewhat hairy, erect or ascending annual grass,
reaching a height of about 1 m. Leaves flat, lanceolate, hairy, 5 to
20 cm long. Panicles open, diffuse, very lax, decompound, 20 to 40 cm
long, the branches capillary. Spikelets long-pedicelled, arranged toward
the ends of the ultimate branchlets, purplish, ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 3.5
mm long, the first glume the longest, long-caudate-acuminate, the second
and third glumes shorter, acute, of about equal length, the flowering
glume oblong-elliptic, 1.5 mm long, shining.

In dry, well drained, fallow lands, near San Felipe Neri, fl. Nov.—Feb.;
of local occurrence in Luzon and Palawan, certainly introduced. Java.

11. P. nodosum Kunth.

A rather weak grass with elongated, slender, prostrate stems, and erect
or ascending branches 20 to 40 cm long. Leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate,
5 to 8 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide. Panicles weak, somewhat exserted, 10 cm
long or less, usually with from 2 to 4, solitary, ascending or spreading
branches, the lowest one 5 to 7 cm long. Spikelets green or purplish,
rather few, oblong, about 3 mm. long.

In thickets, Pasay, Masambong, etc., fl. June—Oct.; widely distributed
in the Philippines at low altitudes. Tropical Asia and Malaya.

GRAMINEAE 93

12. P. psilopodium Trin.

A tufted, erect or ascending, more or less branched, glabrous, annual
grass 15 to 30 cm high. Stems rather slender, base more or less decumbent.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 5 to 9 cm long, 3 to 56 mm wide,
the sheaths rather loose, mostly longer than the internodes, glabrous.
Panicles diffuse, 7 to 10 cm long, the branches solitary, spreading or
ascending, alternate, glabrous. Spikelets narrowly ovate, acute, glabrous,
3 mm long, green or slightly purplish, the pedicels long, scabrid.

Novaliches road, San Juan del Monte, etc., on banks and in open places,
not common, fl. July—Nov.; apparently rare in the Philippines, or at least
local. India and Ceylon to Burma and the Malay Peninsula.

* 13. P. MAXIMUM Jacq. Guinea Grass.

An erect, rather coarse, perennial grass 2 to 3 m high, the stems often
nearly 1 cm in diameter near the base, the nodes bearded. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, numerous, 20 to 30 cm long, 1 to 1.5 em wide.
Panicles diffuse, 20 to 30 cm long, the branches whorled, slender, the
lower ones 15 to 20 em long. Spikelets numerous, green, pedicellate,
3 mm long, elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse, glabrous.

Of recent introduction and considerably cultivated as a forage grass,
but not spontaneous, fl. all the year. A native of Africa, now cultivated
in many tropical countries.

14, P. paludosum Roxb.
* An aquatic perennial grass, the flowering stems erect or ascending,
often nearly 1 m tall, the basal parts floating or rooting in the mud, soft,
often 1 cm in diameter. Leaves 15 to 25 em long, 1.5 cm wide or less,
acuminate, scabrid, thin. Panicles only slightly exserted from the upper-
most sheath, at first contracted, ultimately very diffuse, usually about 20 cm
long, often as wide as long, the branches alternate or somewhat whorled,
branched from the base. Spikelets very numerous, lanceolate, acuminate,
green, 3.5 to 4 mm long, the pedicels solitary, scabrid, thickened upward.
In marshy borders of the Pasig River, esteros etc., not very common,
fl. all the year; widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium
altitudes. India to southern China and Malaya.

15. P. repens L.

An erect, rather wiry, perennial grass 0.4 to 1 m high, the rootstocks
stout, the whole plant somewhat glaucous, the stems below somewhat
prostrate or creeping. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 8 to 15 cm long, 5 to 8
mm wide, acuminate, scabrid. Panicles exserted, 7 to 18 cm long, somewhat
diffuse, the branches slender, erect or ascending, sometimes nodding, elon-
gated, scattered, 1 to 3 at each node. Spikelets oblong-ovate, acute or
slightly acuminate, 3 mm long.

Very common in low open grass lands, fl. all the year; widely distributed
in the Philippines at low altitudes. Tropics generally, and some subtrop-
ical and subtemperate countries.

16. P. warburgii Mez.

A weak, prostrate grass, the stems slender, rooting at the nodes and
sending up short, panicle-bearing branches 5 to 15 cm in length. Leaves
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5 to 5 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide. Pani-
cles slightly exserted, diffuse, 1.5 to 5 cm long, the branches few, spreading,
usually branched from the base. Spikelets few, green or purplish, long-
pedicelled, obovoid, somewhat laterally compressed, 1.5 mm long.

94 A FLORA OF MANILA

In thickets, Pasay, Masambong, etc., fl. Aug—Nov.; not uncommon in
the Philippines, and by some botanists considered only as a variety of
' Panicum patens L., a species of wide Indo-Malayan distribution.

17. P. pilipés Nees & Arn.

A slender, branched, widely spreading grass, the stems prostrate and
rooting at the nodes, often 1 m or more in length, the flowering branches
erect or ascending, 30 to 50 em long. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 10
cm long, glabrous or slightly hairy. Panicles exserted, 4 to 10 cm long, the
branches few, distant, ascending, densely many-flowered, the branchlets
many, short, fastigiate. Spikelets crowded, brown or greenish, laterally
compressed, about 1.6 mm long, glabrous or slightly pubescent, shortly pedi-
celled.

In thickets along trails, Masambong, fil. Nov.-Apr.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Tropical Asia to Madagascar, through Malaya to
Australia and Polynesia.

24. OPLISMENUS Beauvois

Slender, ascending or decumbent, mostly annual grasses, the leaves thin,
flat, ovate to lanceolate. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile or subsessile, densely
arranged along one side of the racemosely arranged spikes. Glumes 4,
the first short, 3-nerved, tipped with a long straight awn, the second
short, awn short or none, the third longest, 5-nerved, the fourth or flower-
ing glume lanceolate, hardened. Palea similar to the flowering glume ir
texture. (Greek ‘awned.”’)

Species 25 to 30, most tropical countries, many not well-defined, three
in the Philippines.

Spikelets about 2 mm long, densely crowded, the awns very slender.
1. O. burmanniit
Spikelets at least 3 mm long, scattered, awns stout............ 2. O. compositus

1. O. burmannii (Retz.) Beauv.

A rather slender, somewhat pubescent, annual grass, the stems branched,
prostrate and rooting below, the flowering stems 20 to 40 cm high. Leaves
thin, lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 5 cm long, 6 to 10 mm wide. Panicles
pale-green, erect or nodding, 3 to 5 cm long, the spikes 5 to 10, 2 cm long
or less. Spikelets about 2 mm long, the glumes awned, awns very slender,
that of the first glume about 1 mm long.

In dry bamboo thickets near Fort McKinley, fl. Aug.—Dec.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Tropical Africa, Asia through Malaya, north-
ward to Japan.

2. O. compositus (L.) Beauv. :

A variable, spreading or ascending, more or less hairy grass, the stems
prostrate and rooting below, branched, the flowering branches ascending,
40 to 60 cm high. Leaves flat, lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 10 cm long, 1 to
2 cm wide. Panicles exserted, of 5 to 8 spreading or ascending, green or
purplish, 2 to 10 cm long spikes. Spikelets somewhat scattered, 3 mm
long, the awn about 1 cm long.

In thickets near Guadalupe, fi. Dec._Feb.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. Tropics generally.

GRAMINEAE 95

25. CENCHRUS Linnaeus

Annual or perennial, erect grasses with flat leaves and dense, cylindric
spikes, composed of ovate involucres consisting of hardened spines connate
below and forming a cup, bristly at the base, enclosing 2 to 6 spikelets.
Involucres jointed to the rachis, deciduous. Glumes 4, the first and second
empty, the first small, the second shorter than or equaling the third, the
third enclosing a palea and sometimes a staminate flower, the fourth char-
taceous, enclosing a palea and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. (Ancient
Greek name for Italian millet.)

A small genus of tropical and some temperate regions, a single intro-
duced species in the Philippines.

1. C. ECHINATUS L. Cauit-cauitan (Tag.).

An erect, somewhat tufted, branched grass 0.2 to 0.8 m high, the lower
parts of the stems sometimes prostrate and rooting at the nodes. Leaves
8 to 30 cm long, 0.5 to 1 em wide. Spikes dense, cylindric, 3 to 10 cm long,
about 1 cm in diameter, involucres 20 to 50 or more, densely arranged,
green, about 5 mm in diameter, the spines 2 to 3.5 mm long, the basal
bristles numerous. Spikelets about 5 mm long.

Common in waste places, along roadsides, etc., in and about towns
throughout the Philippines; introduced from tropical America.

26. SETARIA Beauvois

Erect, slender or coarse, annual grasses, the leaves flat, the spikelets
arranged in dense, cylindric, spike-like panicles, or the panicles sometimes
lax, open, each spikelet subtended by an involucel of from one to many,
slender, persistent, scabrid bristles. Spikelets jointed on the branches,
unawned, the glumes 4, the first shorter than the others, the second and third
subequal, all thin, the fourth coriaceous or hardened, shining, smooth or
rugose, enclosing a palea of similar texture and a perfect flower. (Latin
“bristle.’’)

Species 25 or 30, temperate and tropical, 5 in the Philippines.

1. Inflorescence a dense cylindric spike-like panicle.
2. Bristles few, 1 to 3 at the base of each spikelet.................... 1. S. viridis
2. Bristles many at the base of each spikelet, yellow or purplish.
2. S. flava
1. Inflorescence a lax, open, few-flowered panicle, bristle one subtending
ein SReT. fe Stee WL SS at Bee one Oe sears 3. S. laxa

1. S. viripis (L.) Beauv.

A slender, tufted, erect, annual grass, the stems usually branched below,
10 to 60 cm high. Leaves 5 to 20 cm long, 2 to 8 cm wide, flat, acuminate.
Panicles dense, cylindric, spike-like, 2 to 8 em long, about 1 cm in diameter,
green. Spikelets about 2 mm long, elliptic, the flowering-glume elliptic,
faintly transversely rugoSse or pitted.

Along roadsides, rare; introduced from America or Europe; widely dis-
tributed in the Old World, introduced in America.

2. S. flava (Nees) Kunth.
A slender, erect, unbranched, loosely tufted or scattered, annual grass
1.3 m high or less. Leaves flat, 10 to 40 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide. Panicles

96 A FLORA OF MANILA

dense, cylindric, 2 to 10 cm long, erect or somewhat nodding, yellowish or
purplish, about 1.5 cm in diameter including the numerous, usually spread-
ing bristles. Spikelets 2 mm long, the flowering glume distinctly trans-
versely rugose.

In open, rather dry grass lands, San Pedro Macati, Masambong, etc.,
fl. July—Dec.; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to southern
China, Malaya, and Polynesia.

3. S. laxa Merr.

A tufted, lax, spreading or ascending, branched, nearly glabrous plant,
the stems slender, reaching a length of 1.2 m or less. Leaves thin, nar-
rowly lanceolate, acuminate, 6 to 25 cm long, 6 to 10 mm wide. Panicles
long-exserted, lax, 10 to 30 cm long, the branches remote, spreading or
ascending, slender, branched from near the base, the lower ones up to 10
cm long. Spikelets scattered, solitary, pedicelled, green or purplish, about
2 mm long, the involucre reduced to a solitary, slender, scabrid awn, 5 to
10 mm in length, terminating the branches, branchlets, and also on most
of the pedicels.

In thickets, opposite Guadalupe, Pasig etc., fl. Nov.Jan.; at present
known from but few localities in Luzon, but with a very closely allied if
not identical form in Java.

27. CHAMAERAPHIS R. Brown .

Prostrate, glabrous, marsh or aquatic grasses. Leaves flat, linear or
lanceolate. Spikelets narrowly lanceolate, 1- or 2-flowered, subsessile and
somewhat secund in spike-like branches that are racemosely arranged in a
simple panicle, the branches produced beyond the upper spikelet as a
slender awn. Glumes 4, the first very small, truncate, thin, the second
longest, acuminate or narrowed into a slender awn, the third lanceolate,
acute or awned-acuminate, enclosing a palea and a male or neuter flower,
the fourth small, oblong, thin, enclosing a female or perfect flower. (Greek
“round” and “needle,” in allusion to the awns.)

Species about 6, tropical Asia to Australia, 1 in the Philippines.

1. C. aspera (Koen.) Nees.

Stems elongated, floating, branched, often 1 to 2 m in length, the flower-
ing branches ascending, 20 to 30 cm long. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, 5 to 10 cm long, 3 to 6 wide. Panicles exserted, pyramidal, open,
6 to 11 cm long, the branches rather few, spreading, 2 to5cm long. Spike-
lets few or many, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 6 to 7 mm long.

In pools of stagnant water, local, fl. Aug.Jan.; widely distributed in
the Philippines. India to China, Malaya, and Australia.

28. THUAREA Persoon

A slender, creeping, maritime grass, rooting at the nodes, much-
branched. Leaves flat, short. Spikes surrounded by a sheathing leaf,
the rachis flat, thin, the base at length accrescent, dilated, and enclosing
the one or two perfect spikelets. Spikelets 1-seriate, jointed on one face
of the rachis, the upper 4 to 6 male, the lower 1 or 2 female or perfect.
Glumes 8 or 4, the first small, hyaline or wanting in the staminate ones, the
second empty, the third and fourth subequal. Grain free within the glume,
but with the rest of the spikelets enclosed in the thick, hardened base of

GRAMINEAE 97

the rachis, forming a beak which bores into the ground. (In honor of
L. M. A. du Petit-Thouars, a French cre
A monotypic genus.

1. T. involuta (Forst.) R. Br. (7. sarmentosa Pers.).

A slender, widely creeping gtass, the leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 5
em long, 3 to 5 mm wide. Spikes 1 cm long or less. Fruit 0.8 to 1 em
long, shaped like a bird’s head and beak.

In thickets back of the beach, Parafaque, sometimes in pure sand of
the beach, fl. Aug._Jan.; throughout the Philippines along sandy seashores.
Ceylon to Madagascar, Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia.

29. SPINIFEX Linnaeus

Coarse, rigid, prostrate, widely spreading, dioecious grasses, the leaves
rigid, involute. Male spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, subsessile, jointed on
rigid, peduncled, many-flowered spikes which are arranged in umbels sur-
rounded by spathaceous leafy bracts; glumes 4, the first and second
empty, the third and fourth paleate. Female spikelets collected in large
globose heads of radiate, spreading, very long, awn-like spikes, each
with a single spikelet at the base, the glumes about as in the staminate
spikelets but narrower, the fourth one pistillate. (Latin “spine.’’)

Species 4, mostly in Australia, 1 in the Philippines.

1. S. littoreus (Burm. f.) Merr. (S. squarrosus L.).

A gregarious, coarse, stiff, prostrate, widely spreading grass, the stems
often 10 to 15 m long, rooting at the nodes and sending up short, stout
flowering branches. Leaves stiff, rigid, involute, 10 to 20 cm long, the
sheaths often imbricating. Male inflorescences about 15 cm in diameter,
the spikelets about 1 cm long, the female inflorescence globose, 20 to 30 em
in diameter, including the long, slender, needle-like awns.

Along the seashore, Paranaque, fl. Aug._Jan.; widely distributed in the
Philippines on sandy seashores. India to China and Malaya.

The globose female heads become detached and are rolled along the
beach by the wind, thus dispersing the seeds.

30. ORYZA Linnaeus

Tall, leafy, annual grasses, the leaves flat, long. Panicles more or less
elongated, the branches slender. Spikelets many, jointed on the panicle-
branches, oblong, laterally compressed, their pedicels annular at the top.
Glumes 2 or 3, the first and second much the smallest, scale- or bristle-
like, or none, the third chartaceous, obtuse, acute, or awned, 3- or 5-nerved,
the palea as long as the glume and similar to it, keeled. Grain free or
adnate to the glume and palea. (From its Arabic name.)

Species 6 or 8, tropical, 3 in the Philippines.

Spikelets 7 to 9 mm long; cultivated...........2.22....22..2...ceeeeeeeeeeeeeen ee 1. O. sativa
ce cre ge). EGR Se ne na Sn ne ae ee 2. O. manilensis

*1. O. SATIVA L. Palay (Tag.); Arroz (Sp.); Rice.

An erect, slender or stout, variable, annual grass 1.5 m high or less.
Leaves flat, 15 to 30 cm long, up to 2 cm wide. Panicles erect or nodding,
25 cm long or less. Spikelets green or purple, 7 to 9 mm long, awned
or awnless. (FI. Filip. fl. 102.)

111555——7

98 A FLORA OF MANILA

Cultivated throughout the Philippines but nowhere wild, and of pre-
historic introduction; exceedingly variable, scores of varieties being
recognized by the natives. Cultivated in most tropical and some subtem-
perate countries, a native of tropical Asia.

2. O. manilensis Merr.

A slender, weak, erect or ascending annual grass 0.5 to 1.5 high. Leaves
7 to 20 cm long, 5 to 7 mm wide, acuminate, scabrid. Panicles exserted,
slender, 6 to 12 cm long, the few branches appressed or ascending. Spike-
lets green, about 4 mm long, the first glumes small, thin, about 1 mm
long, the flowering glume and palea hispid, the awn to the flowering glume
slender, straight, scabrid, 10 to 12 mm long.

Along small streams, Balintauac, opposite Fort McKinley, etc., fi. July—
Dec. Known only from Luzon and of. local occurrence.

31. LEERSIA Swartz

Tall slender grasses with flat leaves and rather small panicles. Spike-
lets 1-flowered, oblong, laterally compressed, awnless, the empty glumes
wanting. Flowering glume, strongly nerved, ciliate on the keel, awnless.
Palea as long as the glume. Stamens 6 or fewer. (In honor of J. D.
Leers, a German pharmacist and botanist.)

Species about 8, chiefly American, one in the Philippines.

1. L. hexandra Sw. Barit (Tag.); Zacate (Sp.-Fil.).

A weak, ascending or suberect, slender grass about 0.5 m high, the
stems below somewhat prostrate and rooting at the nodes. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, 5 to 20 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide. Panicles exserted,
ovoid or oblong, 5 to 12 cm long, the branches slender, suberect or
spreading. Spikelets oblong, 3 to 3.5 mm long, one-sided, pale-green,
the keels of the flowering glume and palea ciliate.

The commonly cultivated grass usually known as “zacate”’ and the
chief source of green forage in Manila. Common in low, wet lands, fi.
all the year; widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropics generally.

32. SPOROBOLUS R. Brown

Perennial or annual, slender or rather coarse, usually tufted grasses.
Leaves flat or, when dry, convolute. Spikelets small, usually 1-flowered,
in open or close, sometimes spiciform panicles, awnless. Glumes 3, thin,
usually nerveless, the first and second unequal, the third longer or shorter
than the first two. Grain loose within the glume and palea, the pericarp
or its epidermis usually loose. (Greek “seed” and “to cast forth.”)

Species about 80, tropical and temperate regions, about 4 in the Phil-
ippines.

Empty glumes both much shorter than the flowering glume.. 1. S. indicus
Empty glumes nearly or quite as long as the flowering glume.
2. S. virginicus

1. S. indicus (L.) R. Br.

A usually rather densely tufted, perennial, slender, wiry grass, the
stems erect, unbranched, 1 m high or less. Leaves flat, or, when dry,
convolute, 10 to 20 em long. Panicles slender, erect or somewhat nodding,
green, lax or somewhat spiciform, 10 to 35 em long, the branches scat-
tered, fascicled, 5 to 7 em long, spreading or ascending. Spikelets about

GRAMINEAE 99

1.5 mm long, the first and second glumes less than one-half as long as the
flowering glume.

In waste places, roadsides, etc., scattered, fl. all the year; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. India to China and Malaya.

2. S. virginicus (L.) Kunth.
A rather slender perennial grass with prostrate, creeping stems, the
erect or ascending flowering branches 8 to 30 cm high. Leaves close-set
2-ranked, spreading, convolute when dry, 1.5 to. 7 em long. Panicles
rather dense, spike-like, pale, 5 to 6 em long. Spikelets about 1.5 mm
long, the first and second glumes acute, nearly as long as the flowering
glume.

In open grassy places along tidal streams, Malate, Malabon, etc., fl.
June-Sept. Along the seashore throughout the tropics and in some tem-
perate regions.

33. ARISTIDA Linnaeus

Annual or perennial, slender or coarse, erect grasses, the leaves slender.
Spikelets usually in lax panicles, 1-flowered. Glumes 3, the first and
second empty, narrow, keeled, persistent, the third narrow, rigid, cylin-
dric or convolute, acuminate, the tip produced into a long, 3-partite,
naked or feathery awn which is often twisted below the branches. (Latin
“awn” in allusion to the awned flowering glumes.)

Species more than 100 in all-warm countries, 3 or 4 in the Philippines.

1. A. cumingiana Trin. & Rupr.

A very slender, tufted, glabrous, annual grass 6 to 30 cm high. Leaves
filiform, up to 10 cm long. Panicles purple, open, lax, 5 to 12 cm long,
the branches and pedicels capillary. Spikelets purple, long-pedicelled,
lanceolate, 3 to 3.5 mm long, the second glume longer than the first, the
flowering-glume about as long as the first, the awn slender, 8 to 10 mm
long, the lateral arms about one-half as long as the median one.

In open dry grass lands, La Loma, Masambong, etc., fl. Dec.—Feb.;
widely distributed in the Philippines but of local occurrence. India to
China; also in tropical Africa.

384. DIPLACHNE Beauvois

Tall, tufted, annual or perennial grasses. Leaves flat, narrow. Spike-
lets many-flowered, spicately arranged on the slender branches of a simple
panicle, the spikes not jointed at the base; frachilla jointed at the base
and beneath each flowering glume, not produced beyond the uppermost
glume. First and second glumes empty, unequal, obtuse, thin, 1-nerved,
persistent. Flowering glumes several, oblong, 1- to 3-nerved, 2- to 4-
toothed at the tips, mucronate or awned. Grain free within the glumes
and palea. (Greek “two” and “lobed” in allusion to the toothed or lobed
flowering glumes.)

Species about 15, in most warm regions, one in the Philippines.

1. D. fusca (L.) Beauv.

A tufted, rather stout, erect, glabrous grass, 40 em to 1 m high. Leaves
6 to 50 cm long, 6 mm wide or less, flat, scabrid, the sheaths smooth. Pani-
cles exserted, 10 to 30 cm long, pale-green, erect or nodding, the spikes
numerous, spreading or ascending, alternate, slender, 5 to 11 cm long.
Spikelets rather distant, 7 to 10 mm long, linear, 5- to 8-flowered.

100 A FLORA OF MANILA

In low lands, especially near the sea, fl. all the year; widely distributed
in the Philippines, but local. Tropical Asia and Africa through Malaya
to Australia.

35. CENTOTHECA Desvaux

A rather tall perennial grass with broad leaves. Panicles terminal,
the branches long, spreading or ascending, spike-like. Spikelets 1- or
2-flowered, secund, not jointed on the very short pedicels, the rachilla
jointed at the base and between the flowering-glumes. Glumes 5, the
first and second oblong-ovate, keeled, empty, the flowering-glumes oblong,
7-nerved, naked, or the upper one bearing soft, erect or deflexed, spines
above the middle. (Greek “point” or “pin” and “receptacle” in allusion
to the spiny upper glume.)

Species one, or 2 or 3 closely allied forms, Tropical Asia, Africa, Malaya
and Australia, the following in the Philippines.

1. C. latifolia (L.) Trin. (C. lappacea Desv.).

Erect, rather stout, 0.25 to 1 m high, glabrous or slightly hairy. Leaves
broad, lanceolate, acuminate, 7 to 15 cm long, 1 to 3 em wide. Panicles
terminal, 10 to 20 cm long, broad, the branches numerous, spreading,
smooth. Spikelets green, about 5 long, numerous, pedicelled.

In thickets, Masambong, fl. Nov._Jan.; common and widely distributed
in the Philippines in forests and thickets, possibly introduced. Tropical
Africa and Asia through Malaya to Australia and Polynesia.

36. PHRAGMITES Trinius

Coarse, tall, perennial grasses with long flat leaves and 3- to 7-flowered
spikelets in large, decompound terminal panicles, not jointed on the pedi-
cels. Rachilla jointed between the flowering glumes, silky-penicillate with
very long hairs. Glumes all glabrous, the first and second unequal, oblong-
lanceolate, 3-nerved, thin, persistent, the third much longer, the flowering
glumes subulate-lanceolate, hyaline, subaristate. (Greek “growing in
hedges” in allusion to its habit.)

A small genus in most tropical and warm countries, 2 species in the
Philippines.

1. P. vulgaris (Lam.) Trin. (P. communis Trin.). Tambo (Tag.).

A coarse erect grass 1.5 to 3.5 m high, the stems nearly 1 cm thick.
Leaves up to 50 cm long and 2.5 em wide. Panicles somewhat nodding,
30 to 50 cm long, brownish, rather dense, very many flowered, the branches
slender. Spikelets linear, about 1 cm long.

In low wet places along esteros etc., fi. Aug.—Dec.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Cosmopolitan.

37. ERAGROSTIS Beauvois

Annual or perennial, the stems erect or ascending. Leaves narrow.
Spikelets few- to many-flowered, in open or contracted panicles, the rachilla
jointed, breaking up or not. Spikelets laterally compressed. Glumes many,
the first and second much shorter than the spikelet, equal or unequal, 1-
nerved, or the second 3-nerved. Flowering glumes densely arranged, over-
lapping, deciduous, 3-nerved, mostly containing perfect flowers. Palea
deciduous with its glume, or persistent. Stamens 2 or 3. Grain minute,
free. (Greek “a spring” and “grass.’’)

_ GRAMINEAE 101

A large genus in all warm and tropical countries, about 13 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. Rachilla of spikelets more or less jointed, breaking up from above
downward. (§ CATACLASTOS.)
2. Panicles 10 cm long or less.

3. Stems not viscid below the panicles.......................2..2.00000.- 1. E. tenella
3. Stems viscid below the panicles.

4 Panicles: open, ratherslaxiscisii0. 20... 2. E. viscosa

4. Panicles dense, spike-like.....................22.-..020:00--++ 3. EB. mangalorica

2::Pamicles 20 to 40 cm: longiiiiit...28n02.4. 2 4, BE. interrupta

1. Rachilla of spikelets tough, persistent; flowering glumes falling away
from its base upward. (§ PTEROESSA.)
2. Panicle-branches elongated, spreading or ascending, the spikelets scat-
tered, pedicellate.
3. Annual; spikelets green or purplish.
4. Spikelets ovate to broadly oblong, 5 to 10 mm long 5. E. unioloides
4. Spikelets linear to linear-oblong.
5. Panicle-branches solitary, often spreading; spikelets 1 to 1.8

NE ESS Sg Ree A ee ES eh hk 6. E. distans

5. Panicle-branches ascending, the lower ones fascicled; spikelets

Saeco ee beater “Repragee ean SE EEL aR ARcnorboannacstans 7. E. pilosa

3. Perennial; spikelets plumbeous.......................2.....-.---- 8. E. elegantula
2. Panicle-branches short, appressed, distant, the spikelets densely ar-
Fe tae Mss tee I ek ail pops os fA hei dl a 9. E. spartinoides

1. E. TENELLA (L.) R. & S. (E. plumosa Link).

A slender, densely tufted, glabrous annual 20 to 50 cm high. Leaves
linear, acuminate, 2 to 10 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide. Panicles oblong,
rather open, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches solitary, spreading or ascending,
slender. Spikelets pale, long-pedicelled, about 2 mm long, the flowering
glumes 4 to 6, less than 1 mm long (FI. Filip. pl. 67, E. plumosa).

In waste places, common, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines,
certainly introduced. Tropical Asia, Africa, and Malaya.

2. E. viscosa (Retz.) Trin.

Similar to the preceding but stiffer, stouter, usually taller, reaching 1
m in height, the culms viscid below the panicle, the spikelets up to 5 mm
long, often purplish, flowering glumes more numerous, up to 15 in each
spikelet.

In similar habitats and with about the same range as the preceding;
certainly introduced here.

3. E. MANGALORICA Hochst.

A densely tufted, rather stiff grass 20 to 40 cm high. , Leaves 3 to 5
em long, about 3 mm wide, acuminate. Culms viscid below the panicles.
Panicles contracted, very dense, spiciform, 2 to 4 cm long, less than 1 cm
in diameter, the branches very short. Spikelets densely arranged, pale
or purplish, 3 to 4 mm long, the flowering-glumes 6 to 9, about 1 mm
long.

In dry grass lands, fl. July—-Sept.; not common in Luzon, certainly in-
troduced. India.

4, E. interrupta (Lam.) Doell.

An erect, loosely tufted grass 0.8 to 1.5 m high. Leaves 12 to 20 cm

long, 3 to 5 mm wide. Panicles elongated, erect, 20 to 40 cm long, con-

102 A FLORA OF MANILA

tracted or somewhat open, the branches slender, usually fascicled, often
up to 12 cm long. Spikelets pedicelled, very numerous, pale, 2 to 3 mm
long, the flowering glumes 6 to 10, about 1 mm long.

In open wet lands near San Pedro Macati, fl. Sept.—Dec.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Tropical Asia, Africa, and Malaya.

* 5. E. unioloides (Retz.) Nees.

An annual, erect, tufted or somewhat scattered, rather slender, glabrous
grass 20 to 40 cm high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, flat, 5 to
9 em long, 5 mm wide or less. Panicles exserted, oblong-ovoid, lax, open,
8 to 15 cm long, the branches slender, simple, solitary, distant, the lower
ones about 5 cm long. Spikelets long-pedicelled compressed, oblong-ovate
or broadly ovate, 5 to 10 mm long, usually purplish. Flowering glumes
numerous, about 2 mm long, falling away from the base upward, the
rachilla tough, persistent.

On ledges along streams, Masambong, fl. Nov.—Feb.; occasional in similar
habitats in Luzon. Widely distributed in tropical Asia, introduced in
Florida.

e
6. E. distans Hack.

A very slender, erect, loosely tufted, annual grass, 20 to 40 em high.
Leaves 5 to 10 cm long, 2 mm wide or less. Panicles pale, lax, erect, 10
em long or less, the branches few, solitary, distant, more or less spreading,
pale. Spikelets rather few, scattered, pedicelled, linear or oblong-linear,
1 to 1.5 em long, the flowering glumes 20 to 40, about 2 mm long.

In open dry grass lands, La Loma to San Pedro Macati, fl. Nov.—Feb.
Known only from Luzon.

7. E. PILOSA (L.) Beauv.

A tufted, slender, erect annual 15 to 50 cm high, the stems usually
somewhat geniculate below. Leaves 5 to 12 cm long, 2.5 mm wide or less.
Panicles lax, erect or somewhat nodding, 8 to 15 cm long, the branches
slender, the lower ones fascicled, up to 8 cm long. Spikelets long-pedi-
celled, 4 to 6 mm long, 9- to 13-flowered, the flowering glumes 1 to 1.2 mm
long.

Waste places, Cementerio del Norte, apparently of recent introduction,
fl. Aug.—Nov. In most warm countries.

8. E. elegantula (Kunth.) Steud.

A tufted, somewhat rigid, perennial grass about 1 m high, more or less
glaucous. Leaves 10 to 15 cm long, 2.5 to 5 mm wide, acuminate. Panicles
somewhat nodding, rather lax, 7 to 20 cm long, the branches solitary, naked
below. Spikelets numerous, long-pedicelled, scattered, oblong, about 7
mm long, plumbeous, each with from 10 to 16 flowers, the flowering glumes
nearly 2 mm long.

In open grass lands, Caloocan to Masambong, fl. all the year; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Tropical Asia through Malaya to Australia.

9. E. spartinoides Steud.

A rather densely tufted, slender but somewhat stiff perennial 15 to 50
cm high. Leaves 4 to 10 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, usually involute when
dry. Panicles slender, strict, 5 to 10 em long, of distant, solitary, short,
usually appressed branches, the branches densely flowered, 2 cm long or
less. Spikelets appressed, sessile, 4 to 15 on each branch, 5 to 9 mm long,
the flowering glumes 8 to 16, about 1.5 mm long.

GRAMINEAE 368

In open grass lands, Caloocan to La Loma, fl. all the year. Known
only from Luzon.
38. CYNODON Persoon

Perennial, slender, creeping grasses, the leaves narrow, flat. Spikelets
small, 1- or 2-seriate, unilateral on 3 to 7, slender, digitately arranged
spikes. Glumes 38, the first and second empty, thin, keeled, the third
broader, thin, awnless. Grain oblong, free within the glumes. (Greek
“dog” and “‘tooth.’’) ’

Species 5 or 6, mostly Australian, 2 in the Philippines.

Spikes 3 or 4, mostly less than 3 cm long; flowering stems mostly less than
RS Lg MOIR Gob Soo aS ARS EE pen 1. C. dactylon
Spikes 5 to 7, 8 to 10 cm long; flowering stems about 40 cm high.
2. C. arcuatus
1. C. dactylon (L.) Pers. Grama (Sp.-Fil.) ; Bermuda Grass.

Stems prostrate, usually widely creeping, branched and rooting at the
nodes, sending up erect, short, flowering branches usually less than 20 cm
high. Leaves 1.5 to 3 cm long. Spikes 3 or 4, 2 to 5 cm long, spreading,
green or purplish. Spikelets imbricate, about 1.5 mm long.

In lawns, along roadsides, and in waste places generally, fl. all the year;
throughout the Philippines, possibly introduced. In all warm countries.

2. C. arcuatus Presl.

An erect or spreading and ascending grass, the flowering stems 35 to
60 cm high, sometimes geniculate and rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves
narrowly lanceolate, 6 to 15 cm long, 4 to 5 mm wide. Spikes 5 to 7,
spreading, usually green, 8 to 10 cm long. Spikelets 2 mm long.

In open grass lands, San Pedro Macati, fl. Aug.Jan.; rather widely dis-
tributed in Luzon. Endemic.

39. CHLORIS Swartz

Erect, annual or perennial, usually tufted grasses with flat or convolute
leaves. Spikelets 2-seriate, on one side of the digitately arranged spikes,
the rachilla sometimes produced beyond the third glume and bearing one
or more empty glumes, awned. First and second glumes unequal, acute or
mucronate, or the second awned, the third glume acute or cleft, usually
awned.

Species about 40, mostly tropical, two in the Philippines, one apparently
introduced. (Named for Chloris, the goddess of flowers.)

1. C. BARBATA (L.) Sw.

A tufted, erect grass 0.3 to 1 m high. Leaves flat, 10 to 20 cm long,
linear-lanceolate. Spikes usually ascending, purple, 5 to 20, strict or
flexuous, 5 to 8 em long. Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long, with 3 slender awns.

Very common in open waste places, fi. all the year; in and about towns
throughout the Philippines but certainly introduced. Tropics generally,
but probably a native of tropical America.

40. ELEUSINE Gaertner

Annual or perennial tufted grasses. Leaves flat. Spikelets 3- to 12-
flowered, all perfect (except the terminal one), sessile, 2- or 3-seriate,
secund, imbricate, pointing forward, forming digitate or whorled spikes,
laterally compressed, not jointed at the base; rachilla continuous between

-

104 A FLORA OF MANILA

the flowering glumes. Glumes few or many, keeled, the first and second
shorter than the flowering glumes, subequal or unequal, persistent. Flower-
ing glumes 3-nerved. Grain free, pericarp hyaline, loose. (Name of a -
Greek town where Ceres, goddess of harvests, was worshipped.)

Species about 7, tropical and subtemperate regions, one in the Philip-
pines. .

1. E. INDICA (L.) Gaertn.

A rather stout, tufted, annual, erect, glabrous grass 10 em to 1 m high.
Leaves 10 to 30 cm long, sometimes involute when dry, 3 to 7 mm wide,
distichous, rather flaccid, the sheaths flattened. Spikes 3 to 6, all in a
terminal whorl, or one or two lower down, 2.5 to 10 cm long, 3 to 5 mm
thick. Spikelets very numerous, crowded, 3- to 5-flowered, 3 to 4 mm
long, the first glume 1-nerved, small, the second 3-nerved, the third and
succeeding ones ovate, acute.

Very common in waste places, along roadsides, etc., fl. all the year;
throughout the Philippines, probably of prehistoric introduction. Tropics
of the Old World, naturalized in America.

41. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willdenow

More or less tufted annual grasses. Leaves flat. Spikelets numerous,
crowded, imbricated, spreading, several-flowered, alternate in several rows
in dense, 1-sided spikes which are digitately arranged at the apices of the
stems. Glumes several, keeled, acute, or shortly awned, the two lower ones
empty, slightly unequal, the upper glumes broader, the lower ones enclosing
a 2-keeled palea and a flower, the upper ones empty. (Greek “finger” and
“little comb.”)

Species few, tropical, one in the Philippines.

1. D. 2#GyptTium (L.) Willd.

A rather coarse grass 15 to 60 cm high, the basal parts decumbent,
usually more or less creeping and rooting, the flowering stems erect or
ascending. Leaves 5 to 18 cm long 2 to 6 mm wide, the sheaths loose,
imbricate. Spikes 3 or 4, rarely only 2, digitate, stout, often purplish, 1
to 5 cm long, 5 to 7 mm thick, the rachis excurrent at the tip, mucronate.
Spikelets numerous, densely crowded, spreading, about 3 mm long, 3- or
4-fiowered, the first glume ovate, acute, the second obliquely awned, the
flowering glumes also cuspidate-awned, the cusps recurved.

Common in waste places, roadsides etc., fi. all the year; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines, probably of prehistoric introduction. A native
of the Old World where it is widely distributed, now extensively natural-
ized in the New World.

42. LEPTOCHLOA Beauvois

Annual, erect, usually tufted grasses with flat leaves, the slender, spike-
like panicle-branches racemosely arranged on the elongated rachis. Spike-
lets small, compressed, several-flowered, sessile or shortly pedicelled,
unilateral. Glumes 3 to many, thin, the first and second unequal, oblong
or lanceolate, 1-nerved, empty, the others ovate, acute or obtuse, 3-nerved.
Grain subglobose to obovoid, closely invested by the glume and palea.
(Greek “slender” and “grass.’’)

Species about 15, tropical and subtropical, 2 in the Philippines.

GRAMINBAE 105

1. L. chinensis (L.) Nees.

A tall, rather slender or somewhat stout, tufted, annual grass 0.6 to
1m high. Leaves 10 to 30 cm long, 8 mm wide or less, the sheaths loose.
Inflorescence 20 to 380 cm long, the spike-like branches numerous, slender,
spreading, 6 to 10 cm long. Spikelets 2.5 to 8 mm long, green or purplish,
about 5-flowered.

In shallow water, margins of the Pasig River, in low wet places, and
sometimes in cultivated lands, fl. all the year; widely distributed in the
Philippines. India to Japan southward to Australia.

43. BAMBUSA Schreber '

Erect shrubs or trees, tufted, the stem-sheaths broad, their blades usually
triangular. Leaves shortly-petioled, the sheaths variously auricled. Inflor-
escence generally of large leafless or leafy panicles. Spikelets 1- to
many-fiowered, the empty glumes 1 to 4; flowering glumes ovate-lanceolate.
Stamens 6. Ovary oblong or obovate, tip hairy. Grain oblong or linear
oblong, the pericarp thin, adherent. (From the Indian name.)

Species about 55, tropical Asia, Malaya, and Australia, 5 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. Shrubby, slender, 2 to 3 m high.........02.0200eee ee. 1. B. glaucescens
1. Arborescent coarse species.
2. Stems naked below, spineless.
B. Stems CSWeMouied on) 43 ara st hal es 2. B. vulgaris
3. Stems yellow, or yellow with green stripes.. 2. B. vulgaris var. striata
2. Stems surrounded at the base with spreading and interlaced spiny
Premiches.:. | BUbe ig ise OU Se Se LIS 3. B. blumeana,

1. B. GLAUCESCENS (Wild.) Sieb. (B. nana Roxb.). Cauayan China (Tag.).
A dwarfed shrubby species 1 to 3 m high, the stems 1 to 2 cm in diameter.
Leaves small, linear-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 3 to 10 em long.
Spikelets few, clustered or solitary on the branches, 1 to 3 cm long.
Occasionally cultivated as a hedge plant, introduced. A native of China
and Japan, not as yet found in flower in the Philippines.

2. B. vULGARIS Schrad. Cauayan quiling (Tag.).

Erect, loosely tufted, the stems up to 17 m in height and 15 em in
diameter, green, naked at the base, not supplied with spiny branches.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, up to 35 cm long and 4 ecm wide, often
smaller, the sheaths auriculate at the apex. Spikelets oblong, clustered
along the branches of the inflorescence, about 1.5 cm long.

In thickets, Masambong, not uncommon, rarely flowering; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines and probably not a native of the Archipelago,
but of prehistoric introduction. Tropics generally.

*Var. STRIATA (Lodd.) Gamble.

Stems about 12 m high, 5 to 6 cm in diameter, spineless, naked at the
base, the internodes 20 to 25 cm long, hard, rather bright-yellow, often
striped with std Leaves about 20 cm i longs 1.5 to 4 cmwide.

*For a ig RR al the aa species of Pinipiee banhiee see
Gamble, J. S., ‘Bambuseae of the Philippine Islands.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 5
(1910) Bot. 267-281.

»

106 A FLORA OF MANILA

Occasionally cultivated in Manila for ornamental purposes, introduced,
native country uncertain, but probably China or Japan. The flowers of this
variety are unknown; it is well characterized by its yellow stems.

*3. B..BLUMEANA Schultes f. Cauayan, Cauayan totoo (Tag.).

Stems 10 to 20 m high, 8 to 10 cm in diameter, the basal parts sur-
rounded by stiff, branched, interlaced, spiny branches. Leaves 10 to 20
em long, 1 to 2 em wide. Panicles large. Spikelets slender, compressed,
2to3cm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 100, B. arundinacea.) ,

Very common in our area, and widely distributed throughout the settled
regions of the Philippines, the common building bamboo of the Archi-
pelago, rarely flowering; probably of prehistoric introduction. Malay Pen-
insula and Archipelago.

44. SCHIZOSTACHYUM Nees

Erect or climbing bamboos, the stems with thin or thick walls. Leaves
narrow or broad, petioled. Inflorescence paniculate, the branches bearing
scattered or close heads of sessile flowers, or the spikelets rarely scattered
along the branches. Spikelets slender, usually fascicled; empty glumes
1 to 3, narrow, usually mucronate; flowering glumes 1 or 2, jointed below,
convolute, elongated. Stamens 6, the filaments-free. Fruit ovoid, beaked,
crustaceous or hard. (Greek “split” and “spike.”)

Species about 30, India to Polynesia, 11 in the Philippines.

1. S. toppingii Gamble.
_ An erect, unarmed, loosely tufted bamboo, the stems up to 2.5 cm in
diameter and from 3 to 5 m or more high, the sheaths hairy. Leaves
various, on young plants up to 40 cm long and 4.5 cm wide, on the branches
crowded, much smaller, and often 10 to 20 cm long and.1 to 2 em wide,
the sheaths ciliate at the mouth. Spikelets crowded in subglobose, scattered
or close heads, on the spike-like branches of the panicle, glabrous, fertile
and imperfect ones mixed. Empty glumes 2 opr 3, 2 to 4-mm long, 7- to
9-nerved, mucronate. Flowering glumes 5 mm long, 9-nerved, mucronate.
Fruit globose, glabrous, about 6 mm in diameter, the glumes persistent.

In ravines opposite Guadalupe, not found in flower here, but flowering
near Montalban in July. Known only from Luzon.

14. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE OR BALANGOT FAMILY)

Grass-like plants with usually 3-ranked leaves and solid, cylindric or
3-angled stems, the sheaths closed, sometimes leafless. Flowers perfect or
1-sexual, small, in the axils of the scales (glumes) of the spikes or spikelets,
these solitary or in panicles, heads, umbels, racemes, spikes, or fascicles.
Perianth none or of hypogynous bristles or scales. Stamens 1 to 3. Ovary
1-celled; style short, or slender and elongated, 2- or 3-cleft. Fruit a small,
compressed, 3-angled, cylindric, or globose nut.

Genera about 75, species more than 3,000, in all parts of the world, 25
genera and about 150 species in the Philippines.

1. Spikelets of few or many glumes, the first 1 or 2 always empty, the
uppermost male or empty, the intermediate ones with perfect flowers.
2. Flowering glumes many, distichously arranged.
3. Style 2-fid.

CYPERACEAE , 107

4. Rachilla of spikelet deciduous; spikelets crowded in sessile, glo-

DOGO OE OVOIE MOMUO.S oti te med rete ntea dene t Sheds catmecsloce ee 1. Kyllinga
4. Rachilla persistent long after the glumes have fallen.
5. Nut laterally compressed..........0c.cecnscosessssnccesbecnssccncnenesoey 2. Pycreus
6. Nut. dorsally compressedh.......-:.<....:-croseecesneesnensarssasenseece 3. Juncellus
3. Style 3-fid.
4. Rachilla of spikelet persistent......,.......-..2...icecsseccaecsse-nsenere 4. Cyperus
4. Rachilla deciduous.
5. Rachilla breaking at the lower node only.................. 5. Mariscus

5. Rachilla breaking up into several 1-seeded joints.. 6. Torulinium
2. Flowering glumes many, spirally arranged.
8. Style-base constricted or jointed above the nut; leaves all basal or
wanting, except the leaf-like floral bracts.
4. Hypogynous bristles present; leaves none.................... 7. Eleocharis
4. Hypogynous bristles none; leaves usually present.. 8. Fimbristylis
3. Style-base passing gradually into the nut.

4. Hypogynous bristles 0 to 6, linear; leaves glabrous........ 9. Scirnus

4, Hypogynous bristles 3 or 6, the inner ones broadly obovate; leaves
Tat gba MOS ES SY LE CRBs ERT A ULES RS" 2 PE SR xa Jb 10. Fuirena

4. Hypogynous scales 2, enclosing the nut; glumes with spreading
tips; inflorescence of a single spikelet.................... 11. Lipocarpha

2. Flowering glumes 1 or 2, with several lower empty ones and several
upper empty or male ones; style 2-fid..........2....00....... 12. Rynchospora

1. Spikelets 1-sexual or with 1 basal female flower and 1 or more male
or empty glumes; nut bony, globose, usually white and shining.
2. Nut smooth, verrucose, tessellated, or tuberculate; glumes entire,
Ea i AL AeA bs IER be BE A) Sn Det TCE ED GOLD ig Se aes Rep Se EELE 13. Scleria
2. Nut longitudinally fluted; glumes 3-fid, with 3 to 5 nerves.
14. Diplacrum

1, KYLLINGA Rottboell

Erect, tufted or scattered, the stems simple, leafy below only, terminated
by 1 to 3 capitate sessile spikes, subtended by about 3, leaf-like, spreading
bracts. Spikes ovoid to cylindric, dense. Spikelets numerous, compressed;
glumes 4 or 5, distichous, the rachilla breaking above the two lower empty
glumes; third*glume bearing a perfect flower; fourth male or empty, the
fifth rudimentary or none. Nut. laterally compressed; style linear, base
continuous with the nut, the branches 2, linear. (In honor of .P. Kylling, a
Danish botanist.)

Species 30 or more in most warm and hot countries, 5 or 6 in the
Philippines.

1. Heads green; nut-bearing glume -not winged along the upper one-half

COI Seated Ulin ria wel patie Mi leek. alia aM 1. K. brevifolia
1. Heads white; nut-bearing glume winged along the upper one-half of
wo Ao) nial anptem caren rote ip a peti ems Diab 6 Pact bait aid 2. K. monocephala

1. K. brevifolia Rottb.

Stems slender, glabrous, 10 to 50 cm high, usually scattered, from slender
creeping root-stocks. Leaves narrow, 3 to 10 cm long, less than 3 mm
wide, the bracts similar, spreading. Spikes mostly solitary, ovoid, green,
8 mm long or less. Spikelets very numerous, lanceolate, acuminate, about
38 mm long, keel of the flowering glume not winged. Nut about 1 mm
long, compressed.

108 A FLORA OF MANILA

In open grass lands, waste places, etc., fl. most of the year; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Most tropical and warm countries.

2. K. monocephala Rottb.

A more or less tufted glabrous plant from creeping rootstocks. Stems
10 to 40 cm high. Leaves up to 15 em in length or longer, 3 to 4 mm wide,
the bracts similar. Heads ovoid, simple, white, 8 to 18 mm long. Spikelets
very numerous, 3 to 3.5 mm long, the flowering glume distinctly winged
along the keel. Nut up to 1.5 mm long.

In open waste places, grass lands, lawns, etc., fl. all the year; eiroushia
the Philippines. All warm and tropical countries.

2. PYCREUS Beauvois

Tufted or scattered, annual or perennial, mostly slender plants, leafy
only at the base, the bracts subtending the inflorescence leaf-like. Inflores-
cence umbellate or subcapitate. Spikelets compressed, linear to oblong,
usually numerous; glumes many, arranged in two ranks, imbricate. Nut
laterally compressed; style-branches 2.

Species about 50 in all warm and temperate regions, about 5 in the
Philippines. /

1. Annual, slender; glumes 1.5 mm long........0000000000-ee 1. P. nitens
1. Perennial, stouter; glumes 2 mm long. .
2. Spikelets ascending; nut rounded or truncate.................. 2. P. odoratus
2. Spikelets spreading; nut apiculate..........0.20000020 3. P. eragrostis

1. P. nitens (Vahl) Nees.

A small, slender, erect, tufted annual, 5 to 20 cm high, the leaves slender,
narrow, shorter than the stems. Umbels simple or reduced to one head,
subtended by few leaf-like bracts. Spikelets usually pale, 5 to 30 in a
spike or head, narrowly oblong, 5 to 8 mm long, each composed of from
8 to 30, 1.5 mm long, mucronate glumes. Nut compressed, about 0.6
mm long.

In open grass lands, gardens, etc., fl. Aug.—Jan.; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Tropical Asia, Africa, Malaya, and Australia.

2. P. odoratus (L.) Urban (P. polystachyus Beauv.).

An erect, glabrous, rather slender perennial, the stems 20 to 70 cm high.
Leaves mostly shorter than the stems, sometimes equaling them. Umbels
simple or reduced to one head, subtended by leaf-like bracts, the rays
1 to 7. Spikes dense, composed of from 10 to 20 ascending spikelets.
Spikelets brown, linear, 1 to 1.5 cm Jong. Glumes oblong, 15 to 30 or
more, about 2 mm long, obtuse. Nuts oblong, black, 1 mm long, rounded
or truncate. ,

Var. paniculatus (Rottb.) Merr. (P. polystachyus var. lawiflorus Benth.).
Differing from the species in its lax, open inflorescence which is about
10 cm long, the spikelets also longer.
In open waste places, lawns, ete., common, flowering all the year;
throughout the Philippines. All warm regions, especially near the sea.

3. P. eragrostis (Vahl) Merr. (Cyperus eragrostis Vahl).

Erect, tufted, glabrous, 15 to 50 em high, the leaves narrow, much
shorter than the stems, somewhat flaccid, the involucral bracts leaf-like,
long and slender. Umbels simple, the rays 1 to 5, sometimes reduced

CYPERACEAE 109

to a simple head. Spikes globose, the spikelets spreading, fascicled, linear-
oblong, brownish, sessile, 1 to 1.5 em Jong. Glumes 10 to 50, ovate, obtuse,
2 mm long. Nut ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, apiculate, about 1 mm
long.

In open grass lands, La Loma, fl. Nov.—Jan.; of local occurrence in the
Philippines. Temperate and tropical parts of the Old World.

JUNCELLUS C. B. Clarke

Stems erect, tufted, leafy only near the base, the inflorescence umbellate
or capitate, subtended by leaf-like bracts. Spikelets compressed. Glumes
many, in two ranks, imbricate, concave, the first two empty, the others
with perfect flowers, the uppermost ones empty. Stamens 3 or 2. Nut
plano-convex, broad, the plane face against the rachilla; style-branches 2.
(Diminutive of Juncus, the Latin name of the rush.)

Species about 12, in all warm countries, 1 in the Philippines.

1. J. pygmaeus (Rottb.) C. B. Clarke.

An annual, tufted, glabrous plant, 3 to 20 cm high, the stems usually
numerous. Leaves thin, 10 cm long or less, 1 to 2 mm wide. Inflorescence
capitate, heads solitary, 1 cm in diameter or less. Spikelets very numerous,
about 5 mm long, the glumes about 20, oblong-lanceolate, 2 mm long.
Nut oblong-ellipsoid, about 1 mm long.

In open gravelly soil near Culiculi, fl. March—May; of local occurrence in
the Philippines. All warm countries.

4. CYPERUS Linnaeus

Coarse or slender, tufted or scattered, erect, annual or perennial plants,
the stems leafy only at the base, the bracts leaf-like. Inflorescence um-
bellate or capitate. Spikelets linear or oblong, compressed, the rachilla
persistent. Glumes distichous, the first two empty, the succeeding ones
bisexual, seriatim deciduous. Nut 3-angled or plano-convex; style 3-fid.
(Ancient Greek name.)

More than 300 species in all warm countries, about 21 in the Philippines.

1. Spikelets digitate or clustered, not spicate or racemose.
2. Low slender annuals, the leaves less than 5. mm wide.
3. Nuts about as long as the glumes......................22..22... 1. C. difformis
3. Nuts very much shorter than the glumes........................ 2. C. haspan
2. Perennials, the leaves or bracts 5 to 20 mm in width.
3. Coarse, erect, leafless at the base; cultivated only.
3. C. flabelliformis
3. Basal leaves numerous, equaling or longer than the stems.
4. C. diffusus
1. Spikelets spicately or subracemosely arranged.
2. Rachilla of spikelets not at all or obscurely winged.
8. Tufted annuals; mostly slender plants.
4. Spikelets 3 to 10 mm long; glumes about 1.2 mm long, obovate,
the nuts: as tone: as the Plame iin... s cic n-nee-nnn---o-ne 5. C. iria
4. Spikelets 10 to 30 mm long; glumes about 3.5 mm long, promi-
nently acuminate, much longer than the nuts.... 6. C. compressus
3. Perennials with woody rootstocks and often long stolons; coarse
plants.
4. Rachis of the spikes pubescent; spikelets 5 to 10 mm long, com-
PYOShOGn... 0.280... coe ahaha ts tangy pl nae a et bata ie 7. C. pilosus

110 A FLORA OF MANILA

4. Rachis glabrous.
5. Leaves very short, less than 5 cm long; spikelets crowded.
8. C. malaccensis
5. Leaves long, sometimes equaling the stem; spikelets laxly
disposed.:.-4.;.--0si-e 0oe-tb cand et ee ae 9. C. distans
2. Rachilla of spikelets distinctly winged.
3. Slender plants less than 0.5 m high.

4, Spikes mostly dense, of from 3 to 8 spikelets; roots with thickened,
ovoid or giobose tubers. 10. C. rotundus

4. Spikes lax, of from 2 to 6 spikelets; glumes rather distant.
11. C. zollingeri
3. Coarse plants often 1 m high;'spikes 3 to 6 at the end of each

branch of the inflorescence, densely many-flowered.
12. C. radiatus
1. C. difformis L.

A tufted glabrous annual 10 to 40 cm long, the stems sharply 3-angled at
the top. Leaves rather flaccid, somewhat shorter than the stems, 2 to 3
mm wide. Inflorescence umbellate, simple or compound, subtended by two
leaf-like bracts, contracted or spreading, the rays 1 to 5 em long, some
sessile, some long-peduncled. Spikelets very numerous, 2 to 5 mm long,
crowded in globose or ovoid masses on the ends of the branches, each
spikelet with from 8 to 25 flowers, the flowering glumes about 0.6 mm
long, obtuse, brownish. Nutlets about 0.6 mm long.

In open wet grass lands, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines. A
characteristic rice-paddy weed throughout the warmer parts of the Old
World, introduced in Mexico.

2. C. haspan L.

A tufted, glabrous, rather flaccid plant 10 to 40 cm high. Leaves often
as long as the stem, sometimes shorter, or nearly wanting, 3 to 5 mm wide.
Inflorescence umbellate, simple or compound, of few or many crowded or
spreading rays, each with few to many spikelets, dense or lax. Spikelets
brown, 3 to 10 mm long, 8- to 25-fiowered, the glumes about 1.2 mm long,
imbricate, obtuse. Nutlets 3-angled, about 0.4 mm long. :

In open, wet, grass lands, especially rice-paddies, fi. all the year; through-
out the Philippines. All warm countries; a characteristic rice-paddy weed.

*3. C. FLABELLIFORMIS Rottb. Umbrella Plant.

A stout, erect, tufted plant reaching a height of 1.5 m, the stems up to
1 cm in diameter, base covered with leafless sheaths. Leaves all crowded
in a dense, spirally arranged whorl at the ends of the stems, spreading, nu-
merous, up to 30 cm long, 0.5 to 2 cm wide, acuminate. Umbels in the
leaf-axils, numerous, 8 cm wide or less, their peduncles slender, 10 cm long
or less. Spikelets sessile, in peduncled and sessile heads, oblong, up to 1
cm long, the glumes 20 to 30, about 2 mm long. Nuts 0.8 mm long.

Frequently cultivated, but not spontaneous, fl. Dec—March. A native of
Arabia and Abyssinia, now cultivated in many warm countries.

4. C. diffusus Vahl.

An erect glabrous perennial 30 to 60 cm high, the leaves basal, flat,
broad, numerous, crowded, equaling or longer than the stems, 3-nerved, 8
to 15 mm wide, the root-stock short. Stems 3-angled, the bracts subtend-
ing the inflorescence leaf-like, 10 to 50 cm long, broad, spreading. Umbels
8 to 20 em in diameter, decompound, rather lax. Spikelets 3 or more

CYPERACEAE 144

together at the ends of the branchlets, 3 to 10 mm long, green, brownish,
or purplish, 3- to 10-flowered or more. Glumes ovate, mucronate, 3- to
5-nerved about 1.8 mm long. Nut oblong or ellipsoid, 1.5 mm long, 3-angled.

In shaded ravines, San Francisco del Monte, fl. Aug.—Feb.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. All tropical regions.

5. C. iria L. c

A tufted glabrous annual 10 to 70 cm high, the leaves long or short,
2 to 5 mm wide. Umbels 3 to 30 cm in diameter, the rays few to many,
long or short. Spikes loosely spicate, the spikelets numerous, lax or some-
what crowded, yellow or brown, 3 to 10 mm long, the glumes 6 to 20,
obovate, hardly imbricate, about 1.2 mm ie 3- to 5-angled, oblong-obo-
void, as long as the glumes.

In open wet grass lands, fl. all the year; ‘awadhaak the Philippines.
Warmer parts of the Old World; a characteristic rice-paddy weed.

6. C. compressus L.

A glabrous, green, densely tufted plant, 15 to 50 cm high, the leaves
often nearly as long as the stems, sometimes much shorter, 2 to 4 mm
broad. Rays of the inflorescence up to 8 cm long, spreading, the bracts
often long, leaf-like. Spikes of from 3 to 10 crowded spikelets. Spike-
lets usually greenish, 1 to 3 cm long, compressed, 10- to 50-flowered flowering
glumes about 3.5 mm long, prominently acuminate, densely imbricate.
Nuts obovoid, sharply 3-angled, concave on the faces, about 1.5 mm long.

In open grass lands, Masambong, San Pedro Macati, Pasay, etc., fl. July—
Jan.; throughout the Philippines. Tropics generally.

7. C. pilosus Vahl.

A somewhat stout, erect, loosely tufted plant, 0.4 to 0.8 m high, glabrous
except the pubescent rachis of the spikes. Leaves often three-fourths as
long as the stem, 4 to 7 mm wide, the bracts longer than the umbellate
inflorescence, leaf-like. Inflorescence 6 to 20 cm in diameter, compound,
the rays long and short. Spikelets 5 to 10 mm long, narrow, compressed,
spreading when ripe, the glumes 8 to 20, about 1.8 mm long, close or remote,
ovate, pointed. Nut acutely 3-angled, ovoid, acute, about 1 mm long.

_ In open grass lands, fi. all the year; widely distributed in the Philippines.
Tropical Asia and Africa through Malaya to Australia.

8. C. malaccensis Lam. Balangot (Tag.).

A tall, coarse, glabrous perennial from creeping rhizomes, the stems
0.5 to 1.5 m high, stout, sharply 3-angled, almost 3-winged at the top.
Leaves few or none, 3 cm long or less, the 2 to 5 bracts subtending the
inflorescence leaf-like, up to 20 cm long. Umbels 5 to 15 cm in diameter,
usually congested. Spikelets somewhat crowded, linear, 1 to 2 cm long,
the glumes 15 to 30, oblong, obtuse, about 2 mm long. Nut narrowly
oblong, about 1.7 mm long.

In brackish swamps, etc., fl. July—Dec.; throughout the Philippines along
tidal streams. Tropical Africa and Asia through Malaya to Polynesia and
Australia.

9. C. distans L.

A rather stout, erect, scarcely tufted, glabrous, stoloniferous perennial
0.4 to 1 m high, the stems triangular, covered with sheaths below. Leaves
often as long as the stem, 4 to 6 mm wide. Umbels diffuse, compound, 10
to 30 cm in diameter, the rays long and short, up to 20 em in length,

112 A FLORA OF MANILA
slender. Spikelets red or reddish-brown, spreading, slender, rather laxly
disposed, 1 to 3 em long, 10- to 25-flowered, the glumes obtuse, oblong-
elliptic, remote, 2mm long. Nut oblong, 1.3 to 1.5 mm long.

In open grass lands, San Juan del Monte and other places, fi. all the
year; throughout the Philippines. Tropics generally.

10. C. rotundus L. Mutha (Tag.).

A slender, erect, glabrous perennial 10 to 40 cm high, the rhizomes
wiry, bearing black, hard, ovoid tubers about 1 cm in diameter. Stems
usually solitary, 3-angled above. Leaves 5 to 15 cm long, or sometimes
as long as the stems, 3 mm wide or less. *Umbel simple or compound,
2 to 6 cm long, the rays long or short, the spikes dense or rather lax, of
from 3 to 8 spikelets. Spikelets brown, slender, 10 to 25 mm long, 10-
to 25-flowered, the glumes 2.5 to 3 mm long.

In gardens, lawns, waste places, etc., very common, fi. all the year;
throughout the Philippines. In all warm countries.

11. C. zollingeri Steud. :

A slender glabrous perennial 10 to 50 cm high, the stems mostly soli-
tary. Leaves 5 to 20 cm long, 2 mm wide or less. Umbels simple or
compound, rather lax, of few long and short rays, sometimes reduced to
one, the spikes rather lax, of from 2 to 6 spikelets. Spikelets brown,
slender, 1 to 2.5 cm long, 10- to 15-flowered, the glumes about 3 mm
long, rather distant. Nut 3-angled, 2 mm long.

In open, dry grass lands, Masambong, fl. July-Sept.; not common in the
Philippines. Tropical Asia and Africa, through Malaya to Australia.

12. C. radiatus Vahl.

A coarse, erect, tufted perennial 0.2 to 1 m high. Leaves one-half to
two-thirds as long as the stems, 7 mm wide or less, the bracts subtending
the inflorescence leaf-like. Inflorescence compound, umbellate, brown, the
rays long or short. Spikes 3 to 6 at the end of each branch, sessile,
dense, cylindric, 1.5 to 4 cm long, 6 to 8 mm thick. Spikelets 4 to 5 mm
long, 12- to 18-flowered, the glumes about 1.2 mm long. Nut ovoid, about
0.9 mm long. ©

In open wet lands and swampy places, common, fi. all the year; through-
out the Philippines. Widely distributed in the tropics.

5. MARISCUS Gaertner

Coarse or slender tufted plants, usually perennials, rarely annuals.
Leaves mostly basal, sometimes cauline, the bracts leaf-like. Inflores-
cence of umbelled heads or spikes. Spikelets more or less compressed;
glumes distichous, the rachilla of the spikelet disarticulating above the
2 lowest glumes. Nut trigonous; style 3-fid.

Species about 160 in all warm regions, about 8 in the Philippines. A
genus very closely allied to Cyperus, differing chiefly in the articulated
rachillas.

1. Umbels simple.
2. Spikes cylindric, dense, about 2 cm long; spikelets usually 2-flowered.
1. M. cyperinus
2: “Spikes limevir,, ‘lax. 45.00. Ree Ae lee rs oat 2. M. flabelliformis

pet

Ld

CYPERACEAE ~ 113

1. Umbels compound.
2. Spikelets oblong, turgid, 7 mm long or less, arranged in spikes; a

Ceara rACeOUs PRAM Ee Cr Ee FR cieeeperaancgecnene 3. M. stuppeus
2. Spikelets linear or linear-lanceolate, 8 to 15 mm long, in dense globose
heads at the ends of the branches.................2....2..-..--2---- 4. M. dilatus

1. M. cyperinus (Retz.)* Vahl.

A glabrous, erect, tufted plant 20 to 60 cm high, the inflorescence um-
bellate. Leaves 15 to 30 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide, the bracts subtending
the inflorescence similar to the leaves. Spikes 5 to 10, cylindric, dense,
about 2 cm long. Spikelets lanceolate, 4 to 5 mm long, green or brownish-
green, straight, each with about 2 flowers, the nutlets oblong, 2 mm long.

In thickets, Masambong, fil. Aug.—Oct.; throughout the Philippines.
Tropical Asia through Malaya to Polynesia.

2. M. flabelliformis HBK.

A slender, erect, tufted plant 25 to 40 cm tall. Leaves 20 to 30 cm
long, 2 to 8 mm wide, the bracts similar. Inflorescence umbellate, the
rays usually about 5, 2 to 5 cm long. Spikes 1.5 to 2 cm long, rather lax,
green. Spikelets ascending, slender, about 1 ecm long, the glumes about 5,
distant, about 3.5 mm long. Nutlets oblong, 2 mm long.

In shady thickets, Masambong, fl. Aug.—Oct.; rather widely distributed
in the Philippines. Most tropical countries.

3. M. stuppeus (Forst.) Merr. (M. albescens Gaudich.).

A coarse, erect, tufted perennial 50 to 80 cm high, pale-green or glaucous.
Leaves rather thick, stiff, nearly as long as the stem, 4 to 6 mm wide,
often complanate, the bracts similar. Inflorescence umbellate, 6 to 15 cm
in diameter, the spikes dense, 1.5 to 3 cm long, about 1 cm in diameter,
brown. Spikelets spreading, 5 to 7 mm long, the glumes obtuse, 5 to 9,
2to 3 mm long. Nutlets ovoid, dark-brown, 1 to 1.2 mm long.

In open wet lands near the sea, fl. all the year; throughout the Philip-
pines near the seashore. Tropical Asia and Africa through Malaya to
Australia and Polynesia.

4, M. dilutus (Vahl) Nees (M. microcephalus Presl).

A coarse, erect, loosely tufted, glabrous plant 4 to 80 cm high. Leaves
and bracts somewhat spongy, the former often nearly as long as the
stem, 8 mm wide or less. Inflorescence 10 to 25 cm in diameter, com-
pound, the spikes radiately globose at the ends of the branchlets, each
composed of very numerous, linear or linear-lanceolate, brown, straight
spikelets 0.8 to 1.5 em long. Glumes 6 to 14, obtuse, somewhat distant,
3 to 4 mm long. Nutlet oblong, beaked, 2 mm long.

In open wet lands, fi. all the year; throughout the Philippines. India
to Mauritius, China, and Malaya.

6. TORULINIUM Desvaux

Similar to Mariscus and Cyperus, but the spikelets breaking up into
several joints, each containing 1 nut.
A genus consisting of a single variable species found in all warm
regions.
1115558

114 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. T. ferax (Rich.) Ham. (7. confertum Desv.).

A rather coarse, erect, glabrous plant 0.2 to 1 m high, scarcely tufted,
the stems 3-angled. Leaves few, 1 cm wide or less, the bracts subtending the
inflorescence spreading, few to many, leaf-like. Umbels usually com-
pound, 10 to 25 cm in diameter. Spikes 2 to 5 cm long, bearing very
numerous, spreading, slender spikelets. Spikelets usually about 1 cm
long, yellow or brown, the glumes 6 to 10, rather distant, elliptic, about
7-nerved, the rachilla flexuose, breaking up into joints, each bearing one
glume and nut. Nut oblong, about 1.8 mm long. ,

In open wet places, occasional, fl. Nov._Jan.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. All warm regions.

s 7. ELEOCHARIS R. Brown

Glabrous, erect, tufted plants, the stems simple, without nodes. Leaves
none; sheaths few, cylindric, truncate or with a small tooth. Inflores-
cence a single terminal spikelet. Glumes imbricate all around. Hypogy-
nous bristles 5 to 8. Nut obovoid, plano-convex or 3-angled; style-base
constricted and apparently articulated on the nut but usually persistent;
arms 2 or 3. (From the Greek “marsh” and “grace.’’)

More than 100 species, in all parts of the world, 8 or 9 in the Philip-
pines.

1. Spikelets elongated, 1 cm iong or more.

ARES TIE et : ae a Oe a ge Sa RS SEL ER pe > Ce Waka sap 1. E. equisetina
2. Nuts longitudinally rugose............... nie hea meee an a 2. E. variegata
1. Spikelets globose or ovoid, 5 mm long or less......................-- 3. E. capitata

1. E. equisetina Presl.

A somewhat slender tufted plant, the stems sometimes nearly 1 m
high, usually much shorter, about 3 mm in diameter, transversely septate
when dry, the uppermost sheath close-fitting, continued on one side as a
short triangular tooth. Spikelet 1 to 3 cm long, scarcely thicker than the
stem. Glumes broadly oblong-ovoid, rounded. Nut smooth and shining,
ellipsoid or obovoid, 2 mm long.

In open wet lands, swampy places, etc., fl. Oct._Dec., and probably in
other months; of local occurrence in the Philippines. Ceylon to New
Caledonia.

2. E. variegata Kunth, var. laxiflora (Thw.) C. B. Clarke.

A rather slender tufted plant 10 to 30 cm high, the stems about 1.5
mm in diameter. Sheaths close-fitting. Spikelet only a little thicker
than the stem, 1.5 to 2.5 em long. Glumes oblong-ovate, acute or acu-
minate, 4 mm long. Nuts brown, obovoid, nearly 2 mm long, longitudi-
nally rugose, the hypogynous bristles longer than the nut, retrorsely
scabrid.

In old rice-paddies near Caloocan, fl. Dec.—Feb.; of local occurrence in
the Philippines. India to China, Malaya, a Polynesia,
3. E. capitata (L.) R. Br.

Stems slender, densely tufted, erect, rather stiff, often purplish at
the base, 10 to 30 cm long. Spikelets small, dense, ovoid, 4 to 5 mm long.
Glumes ovate, obtuse, thin, 2 mm long. Nut black, shining, obovoid, about
1 mm long, the bristles as long as the nut, retrorsely scabrid.

In open wet grass lands especially near the sea, fl. most of the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Most warm countries.

e

al

CYPERACEAE 115

8. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl

Tufted plants from fibrous roots. Leaves all basal, short or long.
Inflorescence terminal, umbellate, simple or compound, or reduced to a
single spikelet. Spikelets solitary or clustered, sessile or pedicelled, many-
flowered. Glumes spirally arranged, imbricate, or the lower ones 2-ranked.
Hypogynous bristles none. Style usually long, villous, 2- or 3-fid. Nut
obovoid, rarely oblong, usually compressed and biconvex, smooth, striate,
or rugose. (From the Latin “fringe” and “style.”)

A large genus with 125 or more species, about 25 in the Philippines.

1. Glumes all spirally arranged.
2. Stems with only one spikelet.

@ Nut: linear-oblongs 2c. ies ape tek hana... .20 1. F. tetragona
3. Nut obovoid.
4. Nut transversely wavy-wrinkled........0020....02.00022.2..-..- 2. F'. acuminata
si Nat crore ee ee ee 3. F’. polytrichoides

2. Stems with few to many spikelets.
3. Style 2-fid.
4. Spikelets few, 2 to 5.
O, cpemciets 2 to 1.5 chi Tong he oe re ee 4. F. schoenoides
5. Spikelets less than 1 cm long..........-....2.....2...- 5. F’. corniculata
4. Spikelets numerous.
5. Nut cylindric; glumes long-acuminate, the tips spreading.
6. F'. dipsacea
5. Nut obovoid; glumes obtuse or acute.
6. Nut longitudinally striate; leaves many, mostly long.
7. F. diphylla
6. Nut smooth or nearly so; leaves usually short, often wanting.
8. F. ferruginea

8. Style 3-fid.
4. Spikelets crowded in globose, solitary heads................ 9. F’. barbata
4. Spikelets in open decompound umbels........................ 10. F. miliacea
1. Lower glumes distichous, the upper ones spiral; spikelets 1 or 2 on each
CE BRC 9 ie See a RE BOE IDN tPA A ROD MAR ESL LCS 11. F. monostachya

1. F. tetragona R. Br.

A slender, tufted, leafless or nearly leafless annual plant 10 to 45 cm
high, the stems somewhat 4-angled. Spikelets erect, solitary, terminal,
ovoid-conic, 7 to 14 mm long, densely flowered. Glumes oblong, obtuse, 3
to 3.5mm long. Nut linear-oblong, 2 mm long, reticulate, somewhat curved;
style villous, the arms 8 or 2. ;

In open wet grass lands, La Loma, rare, fl. Nov.—Jan.; of local occurrence
in the Philippines. India to Australia.

2. F. acuminata Vahl.

A slender, tufted, somewhat wiry leafless plant, the stems nearly terete,
10 to 25 em high. Spikelets solitary, terminal, 8 to 12 mm long, lanceo-
late, acuminate. Glumes ovate, usually brown or purplish with a green
keel, about 5 mm long, acute. Nut obovoid, compressed, about 2 mm long,
transversely wavy-wrinkled. Style 2-cleft.

In open wet grass lands, Novaliches road; widely distributed in the
Philippines. Tropical Asia through Malaya to Australia.

3. F. polytrichoides (Retz.) Vahl.

A rather slender, glabrous, densely tufted plant 10 to 20 em high. Leaves

slender, one-half as long as, or equaling, the stems. Spikelets terminal,

116 A FLORA OF MANILA

solitary, oblong-ovoid, 5 to 8 mm long, brownish. Glumes numérous, -all
spirally arranged, oblong-ovate, obtuse, about 3 mm long. Nut obovoid,
obtuse, compressed, brown, smooth, 1 mm long. Style-arms 2.

In open lands, especially near the sea or within the influence of salt’
water, fl. all the year; widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropics of the
Old World.

4. F. schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl.

A tufted, slender, glabrous plant 15 to 50 cm high, the leaves hasal,
numerous, usually much shorter than the stems, filiform. Spikelets few,
2 to 5 on each stem, peduncled, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, pale or brown, 1 to
1.5 cm long. Glumes broadly ovate, all spirally arranged, obtuse or slightly
mucronate, striate, about 4 mm long, all caducous from the base of the
spikelet upward. Nut obovoid, somewhat compressed, shining, stalked,
brownish, smooth, 1.5 to 2mm long. Style-arms 2.

In open grass lands, San Pedro Macati, fi. Nov._Feb.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. India to China, Malaya, and Australia.

5. F. corniculata Merr.

A slender, tufted, annual plant, quite glabrous, the basal leaves few,
linear, 5 to 8 mm long, the leaves reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets
brown, few, 3 to 8 mm long, 3 to 5 in a simple umbel, the central one sessile.
Glumes 15 or less, brown, ciliate on the margins, retuse or rounded, the
keel prominent, excurrent as a stout awn. Nut obovoid, 0.5 mm long,
verruculose, black; style 3-fid.

In open grass lands, La Loma, fl. Nov—Dec.; known only from this
locality.

6. F. dipsacea (Rottb.) Benth.

A slender, tufted, glabrous annual 8 to 20 cm high. Leaves short or
sometimes as long as the stems, capillary. Umbels simple or sometimes
compound mostly under 2 cm in diameter, of 2 or 3 to 8 or 10 spikelets, the
bracts filiform. Spikelets ovoid, dense, 3 to 5 mm long, the glumes aristate,
tips spreading. Nuts cylindric-oblong, brown, 0.5 mm long. Style-arms 2.

On sandy mudbanks along the river near Pasig, fl. Feb—Apr.; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Tropical Asia and Africa to Malaya.

7. F. diphylla (Retz.) Vahl.

An exceedingly variable, tufted, glabrous or somewhat pubescent plant
80 to 50 cm high. Leaves linear to filiform, basal, numerous, 10 to 30 cm
long, 1 to 3 mm wide. Umbels simple or compound, 3 to 7 cm long.
Spikelets pedicelled or some sessile, brown, ovoid, 6 to 8 mm long. Glumes
numerous, all spirally arranged, imbricate. Nut oblong-ovoid to obovate,
1 to 1.2 mm long, distinctly longitudinally striate.

Common in open grass lands, etc., fl. all the year, exceedingly variable;
throughout the Philippines. All warm countries.

8. F. ferruginea (L.) Vahl.

A densely tufted, usually glabrous, sometimes slightly pubescent plant,
the stems rather stiff, slender, 30 to 60 cm high. Leaves narrow, erect,
stiff, striate, short, or sometimes none, the sheaths only present. Umbels
simple or compound, usually contracted, 5 to 7 cm long. Spikelets brown,
5 to 20, all pedicelled or some sessile, about 1 cm long. Glumes very
numerous, ovate, 3 mm long, obtuse. Nuts obovoid, usually pale, or brown-
ish, compressed, smooth, about 1.2 mm long. Style villous below, arms 2.

aa

In open places especially near the sea, fl. all the year; in maritime dis-
tricts throughout the Philippines. All warm regions.

CYPERACEAE 117

‘9. F. barbata (Rottb.) Benth. (Bulbostylis barbata Kunth).

A very slender, densely tufted annual 5 to 25 em high. Leaves num-
erous, filiform, much shorter than the stems, the sheaths with few to many
long white hairs. Spikelets few to many, brownish, about 3 mm long,
crowded in dense, globose, solitary heads 3 to 7 mm in diameter, each head
subtended by usually two filiform leaves, one much longer than the other.

In open, dry grass lands, railroad grades, etc., fl. Aug.—Jan.; throughout
the Philippines. Warmer parts of the world.

10. F. miliacea (L.) Vahl.

A tufted, slender, glabrous, rather flaccid annual 40 to 60 em high,
the leaves basal, distichous, up to 40 cm in length. Umbels decompound,
rather lax and diffuse, 6 to 10 cm long. Spikelets small, obtuse, globose,
2 to 2.5 mm long, pale or brown, mostly slenderly pedicelled, some sessile.
Nuts obovoid, 0.5 mm long. Style 3-fid.

In open wet grass lands, old rice fields etc., common, fl. throughout the
year; widely distributed in the Philippines. All warm countries.

11. F. monostachya (L.) Hassk.

A tufted glabrous plant, the stems slender, leafy at the base, 10 to 40
em high. Leaves usually as long as the stem, filiform. Spikelet terminal,
usually solitary, ovoid, 5 to 10 mm long or more, the lower glumes dis-
tichous, the upper ones spiral, ovate, acuminate, 4 mm long, the keel
green, the sides shining, straw-colored. Nut obovoid, pale, 2 mm long,
tuberculate.

In open grass lands, San Pedro Macati, fl. July-Sept.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. All warm regions.

9. SCIRPUS Linnaeus

Tufted or scattered, glabrous. Stems slender or coarse, 3-angled or
terete. Spikelets many-flowered, in terminal corymbs or in lateral heads,
the latter sometimes reduced to single spikelets. Hypogynous bristles
present or wanting. Style 2- or 3-fid. Nut 3-angled or plano-convex.
(Latin name for the rush.)

Species about 125 in all parts of the world, about 8 in the Philippines.

1. Inflorescence a terminal corymb; coarse plants 1.5 to 2 m high with

STE ea, MPO NORE Aen. Se EM 1. S. grossus
1. Inflorescence lateral, capitate or reduced to few or 1 spikelets.
BN SB RTT ES ane pee Pe eaneee er, LAOee may 2. S. mucronatus
2. Stems terete.
3. Heads of the lower part of the stems.......................-.... 3. S. articulatus
3. Heads on the upper part of the stems.
4. Hypogynous bristles none.................... AA IRE Sh. 4. S. supinus

4, Hypogynous bristles present... o.0ooooeoeecee eee 5. S. erectus

1. S. grossus L. f.

A very coarse, erect, glabrous perennial, the stems triangular 1.5 to
2 m high, the leaves basal, often half as long as the stem, 1 to 2 cm wide,
the leaf-like bracts subtending the inflorescence, spreading, broad, 30 to 60
em long. Inflorescence corymbose, 10 to 18 cm long. Spikelets very nu-
merous, brown, ovoid, 5 to 8 mm long.

118 A FLORA OF MANILA

In open fresh water swamps, along streams etc., fl. May—Nov.; widely
distributed in the Philippines. India to Malaya.

2. S. articulatus L. ;

A densely tufted plant 20 to 50 cm high, the stems rather spongy,
terete, leafless, when dry often transversely septate. Spikelets ovoid to
oblong, 1 cm long or less, 7 to 30 in a dense, globose, lateral head near the
base of the stems. Glumes ovate, about 4 mm long. Nuts 3-angled,
black and shining, obovoid, about 2 mm long. Hypogynous bristles none.

In open wet places, fl. Oct.-Apr.; widely distributed in the Philippines.
Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.

3. S. mucronatus L.

A tufted rather coarse plant, the stems 3-angled, 40 to 80 cm high,
leafless or nearly so, produced beyond the inflorescence 2 to 9 cm, sharp,
the sheaths basal. Spikelets in a single, lateral, dense head, ovoid to
oblong, 6 to 15 mm long, 5 to 20 in each head. Glumes numerous, ovate,
acute, about 4 mm long. Nut obovoid, somewhat compressed, about 2 mm
long, smooth and shining; style 3-fid. Hypogynous bristles 5 or 6, re-
trorsely scabrous. ; '

In open wet places, fi. all the year; widely distributed in the Philippines.
Europe to Madagascar, Asia, Malaya, and Australia.

4. S. supinus L.

A slender tufted plant 10 to 30 cm high, the leaves all basal, few,
1 cm long or less or reduced to sheaths. Stems terete, produced 3 to 10 -
cm above the inflorescence. Spikelets 3 to 7 in a single lateral head,
ovoid to oblong, 4 to 7 mm long. Glumes numerous, ovate, acuminate,
2 to 2.5 mm long. Nuts brown or black, 1.2 mm long, shining, slightly
transversely rugose, 3-angled and somewhat compressed. Hypogynous
bristles none.

In old rice-paddies and open wet places, Caloocan, fil. Oct.-March;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropics generally.

5. S. erectus Poir.

A rather slender tufted plant 20 to 60 cm high, the leaves few, short,
basal, or wanting, the stems terete, produced beyond the inflorescence
2 to 10 cm. Spikelets solitary or more often 2 to 5 in a lateral head,
ovoid to oblong, 1 cm long or less. Glumes ovate, concave, about 3.5 mm
long. Nut obovoid, black or brown, shining, somewhat compressed, 2 mm
long. Hypogynous bristles 5 or 6, about as long as the nut.

In open grass lands, San Pedro Macati, fl. more or less all the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Temperate and tropical regions
generally.

10. FUIRENA Rottboell

Tufted, the stems bearing leaves or leaf-like bracts even in the upper
half. Leaves grass-like, base sheathing. Spikelets clustered. Glumes im-
bricate on all sides, strongly aristate, hairy on the upper one-half. Hypogy-
nous bristles 6, often much reduced, or none. Sepals 3, bristle-like. Petals
and stamens 8. Style long, glabrous, slender, 3-cleft. Nut small, ovoid
or obovoid, 3-angled, often stalked, smooth or reticulate. (In honor of
G. Fuiren, a Danish physician and botanist.)

Species about 25 in all warm regions, 2 in the Philippines.

CYPERACEAE 119

1. F. ciliaris (L.) Roxb. (F. glomerata Lam.).

An annual, tufted, rather flaccid, usually hairy plant 15 to 40 cm high.
Leaves scattered along the stems, 5 to 15 cm long, 4 to 7 mm wide. Clus-
ters of spikelets 1 to 3 on each stem, rather dense, 1.5 to 2 em in diameter,
each composed of from 8 to 12, 5 to 10 mm long spikelets. Glumes very
numerous, oblong-ovate, with a terminal, aristate, straight, hairy, 1.5 to 2
mm long awn. Petals clawed. Nutlet brown, 3-angled, smooth, about
1 mm long. ¥

Abundant in old rice-paddies, Caloocan, San Pedro Macati, etc., fl.
Oct._Jan.; throughout the Philippines. Tropical Asia and Africa, through
Malaya to Australia.

11. LIPOCARPHA R. Brown

Glabrous, erect, tufted plants, the stems leafy only near the base, bearing
a single head of few spikelets, the perfect flowers numerous. Glumes
spirally arranged, deciduous, leaving the persistent rachilla marked with
lozenge-shaped scars. Hypogynous bristles represented by 2 elliptic scales
as long as the nut, style short, 2- or 3-fid. Nut small, oblong or ovoid,
plano-convex, smooth, reticulate. (Greek “fat” and “chaff,” in reference :
to the thick glumes of some species.) :

Species about 13, of wide distribution, 2 in the Philippines.

1. L. microcephala (R. Br.) Kunth.

A slender, erect, tufted annual 10 to 40 cm high. Leaves narrow,
slender, 2 to 10 em long. Spikelets 1 to 4 at the ends of the stem, sub-
tended by 2, slender, leaf-like unequal bracts. Spikelets ovoid, 3 to 5 mm
long, the glumes linear-lanceolate, very numerous, 2 mm long, the tips
long-acuminate, spreading. Nut linear-oblong, about 1.2 mm long.

In open places, Malabon, Pasay, fl. Sept.—Dec.; of local occurrence in
the Philippines. Southeastern Asia to Australia.

12. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl

Tufted or scattered erect plants with long narrow leaves. Spikelets in
one or more heads, or panicled. Glumes often 7 or 8, the lower ones dis-
tichous, the upper spiral, the lower 3 or more empty, the next usually
longer and containing a perfect flower, the next also nut-bearing, the
upper ones male or sterile. Hypogynous bristles often present. Style
dilated at the base, long, 2-fid, arms long or short. Nut oblong or ovoid,
compressed, the style-base persistent. (Greek “beak” and “seed.”)

Species about 150, most numerous in tropical America, about 3 in the
Philippines.

1. R. rubra (Lour.) Makino (R. wallichiana Kunth).

A tufted, erect, rather slender, wiry, glabrous plant, the stems 20 to 60
em high. Leaves mostly near the base, rather numerous, 10 to 30 cm
long, about 2.5 mm wide. Heads solitary, dense, terminal, subglobose,
1 to 1.5 em in diameter, each subtended by several, short, leaf-like bracts
and containing from 20 to 50 spikelets. Glumes 6 or 7, brown. Nut ovoid,
about 2 mm long.

In open grass lands, Caloocan, fl. Aug.—_Dec.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. India to Japan, Malaya, and Australia.

120 A FLORA OF MANILA

13. SCLERIA Bergius

Annual or perennial, usually tufted, the stems erect, leafy. Leaves
narrow, often minutely toothed, sheathing at the base. Panicle often stout,
elongated, compound, sometimes narrow, the primary bracts leaf-like, the
secondary ones often setaceous. Flowers all unisexual, usually both male
and female in the same spikelets, one female below and few males above,
usually 2 to 4 empty glumes below the flowering ones. Stamens 1 to 3.
Nut bony, often shining, smooth or variously roughened, globose or ovoid,
the gynophore usually prominent under the nut. (From the Greek “hard,”
alluding to the hardened seeds.)

Species 150 or more in most warm countries, about 15 in the Philippines.

1. Nut smooth; slender plants less than 60 cm high.
2. Rootstocks stout, woody; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, few.
1. S. lithosperma
2. Roots fibrous; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long..............................-- 2. S. zeylanica

1. Nut rugose.
2. Slender, hairy or smooth; nuts tesselate, the raised reticulations with

short Taha. oo sets Sets 2 ec Be 3. S. tessellata
2. Coarse, scabrid; nuts rugose, glabrous...........................- 4. S. scrobiculata

’

1. S. lithosperma (L.) Sw.

A rather slender, laxly tufted plant, or the stems scattered, from woody
rootstocks, glabrous or the sheaths somewhat pubescent, 15 to 60 cm high.
Leaves 2 to 20 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide. Panicles thin, rather lax, narrow,
5 to 15 cm long, the branches few, distant. Spikelets few, more or less
clustered, 3 to 4 mm long. Nut hard, white, shining, smooth, 2.5 mm long,
ellipsoid, slightly 8-angled at base and apex.

In dry thickets, Masambong, fi. July—Nov.; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. Tropics generally, except Africa.

2. S. zeylanica Poir.

A rather slender, glabrous or somewhat hairy plant, tufted or the
stems scattered, 20 to 40 cm high, from fibrous roots. Leaves 5 to 20 cm
long, about 2.5 mm wide. Panicles axillary, distant, small, or reduced to
spikes, 1 to 2.5 cm long. Spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, the glumes prominently
acuminate. Nut ovoid, white, usually shining, smooth or obscurely rugose,
about 2 mm long.

In open wet grass lands, old rice-paddies etc., Caloocan to San Pedro
Macati, fl. Sept.Jan.; widely distributed in the Philippines. India and
Ceylon to Malaya.

8. S. tessellata Willd. Catabad (Tag.).

Erect, slender, loosely tufted, from fibrous roots somewhat hairy or
glabrous, 30 to 60 cm high. Leaves linear, 10 to 20 cm long, scattered.
Inflorescence interrupted, the partial panicles 5 to 7 cm long, few-flowered.
Spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, the glumes caudate-acuminate. Nut white, sub-
globose, about 2 mm in diameter, prominently tessellate, the margins of the
raised reticulations pubescent with short pale or brownish hairs.

In old rice lands and similar places, occasional, fl. Aug—Jan.; of wide
distribution in the Philippines. India to Japan southward to Australia.

PALMAE Cat

4, S. scrobiculata Nees.

A stout, loosely tufted, glabrous perennial, the stems up to 1.5 m in
height, scabrid on the angles. Leaves numerous, 12 to 30 cm long, about
1 cm wide, sometimes narrower, margins scabrous, the upper ones falsely
opposite or ternate, the sheaths triangular, scabrid. Panicles 15 to 20 cm
long, the partial ones 5 to 10 cm long, spreading or ascending. Spikelets
brownish-purple, numerous, about 5 mm long, scattered or slightly clustered.
Nut white, globose, rugose, 2.5 to 3 mm in diameter.

In thickets, La Loma, fl. most of the year; widely distributed in the
Philippines. Malay Peninsula to New Guinea.

‘

14. DIPLACRUM R. Brown

A small, tufted, glabrous annual with leafy stems, the leaves linear.
Spikelets in small, dense, axillary clusters at the mouths of the leaf-sheaths,
small, unisexual. Male spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, the glumes about 3,
narrow, thin. Female spikelets 1-flowered, the glumes distichous, the lower
ones boat-shaped, empty, the upper oblong, 3-lobed, many-veined, the middle
lobe stout, the lateral one short, incurved. Nut smooth, white, fluted
longitudinally; style slender; stigmas 3.

A monotypic genus.

1. D. caricinum R. Br. (Scleria caricina Benth.).

A slender tufted plant 5 to 15 cm high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves
1 to 4 cm long, acute, narrow. Heads sessile, axillary, less than 5 mm in
diameter. Female spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, the nut globose, about 1 mm
in diameter.

In old rice-paddies and fallow lands, La Loma, rare, fil. Nov.—Dec.; of
local occurrence in the Philippines. India to China, Malaya, and Australia.

15. PALMAE (PALM oR ANAHAO FAMILY)

Erect shrubs or trees, slender or very large, sometimes climbing, naked
or spiny. Stems unbranched, cylindric. Leaves alternate, at the ends
of the stems, palmate, pinnate, or bipinnate, the petioles sheathing. Flow-
ers small, 1- or 2-sexual in panicles or spikes (spadices) that are often
more or less enclosed by one or more large sheathing bracts (spathes).
Perianth-segments 6, in 2 series, usually all free, imbricate or valvate. Sta-
mens 3 to 6, sometimes more. Ovary 1- to 3-celled, or of 3 1-celled carpels,
superior; stigmas 8, usually sessile; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit
a 1 to 3-celled drupe, or berry-like with 1 to 3 carpels.

Genera 150, species about 1,350, chiefly tropical, 21 genera and over
100 species in the Philippines.

1. Leaves orbicular, palmately lobed.
2. Inflorescence axillary, pendulous or spreading........................ 1. Livistona
2. Inflorescence a very large, terminal, erect panicle.................. 2. Corypha

1. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets obliquely rhomboid to lanceolate, strongly
OE Tog ila lis 2 MD A chi Ane cea Sa <A oo Ai Ce 3. Caryota

1. Leaves simply pinnate. }
2. Slender climbing palms, the younger parts armed with spines, also
bearing long, retrorsely armed flagellae.......................0........ 4. Calamus

122 A FLORA OF: MANILA

2. Stemless palms growing in brackish swamps, the fruits in very large,
peduneled, globose ‘heads. Ae Seu S etree tcteeicee..sheas 2. Nipa
2. Slender or stout, erect, unarmed palms.
3. Inflorescence borne in the leaf-axils.
4. Fruit very large, 15 to 30 cm in diameter............................ 6. Cocos
4. Fruit small, not exceeding 5 cm in diameter.
5. Lower leaflets spinescent; flowers in very dense heads..7. Elaeis
5. Leaves very long; flowers on very long pendulous branches of
the inflorescerice toi. a ee eee 8. Arenga
3. Inflorescence borne below the sheaths which are imbricate, cylindric,
and enclose the apical portion of the trunk.
4. Large stout palms with thick swollen trunks, the inflorescence
pendulous; fruit less than 1.5 em long........................ 9. Oreodoxa
4, Slender palms with cylindric trunks.
5. Flowers in groups of threes, one female between two males,

the latter the larger! :ccciyis!). Zialodiok spe 10. Normanbya
5. Female flowers at the base of the branches of the inflorescence,
few, much larger than the males...............0..-.2.....-000+---- 11. Areca

1. LIVISTONA R. Brown

Tall palms with annulate trunks, the leaves fan-like, orbicular, flabel-
lately plicate, split to the middle into slender, 2-fid lobes; petioles long, their
margins spinous. Inflorescence in the leaf-axils, long-peduncled, loosely
and narrowly panicled, elongated, pendulous in fruit; spathes many, small,
tubular, sheathing. Flowers small, perfect. Sepals 3, imbricate. Corolla-
lobes 3, valvate. Stamens 6, their filaments united in a ring. Ovary
of 3 nearly free carpels. Fruit a small globose drupe. (In honor of P.
Murray, Baron of Livistone.)

Species about 20, tropical Asia, through Malaya to Australia, 6 or 7
in the Philippines.

1. L. rotundifolia Mart. Anahao (Tag.).

A tall palm reaching a height of 15 to 20 m, the trunk straight, smooth,
marked with close annular scars. Leaves crowded at the apex, their petioles
long and armed on the sides with sharp hard teeth. Leaf-blades orbicular,
plaited, base cordate, about 1 m in diameter, cleft into numerous 2.5 to 4
cm wide segments, those in the middle about 20 cm long, toward the sides
longer, all cleft at the apex into 2, lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 5 cm long
lobes. Inflorescence axillary, pendulous, up to 1.5 m long, composed of
sheathing partial spathes and spreading branches. Flowers small, sessile,
numerous, about 2 mm long. Fruit globose, somewhat fleshy, yellowish,
about 1.5 cm in diameter.

Occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes; of local occurrence in
the Philippines. Celebes; cultivated in other tropical countries.

Several other species of this genus are cultivated in Manila, but no
mature specimens of them have been observed.

2. CORYPHA Linnaeus

Tall, stout, unarmed palms, dying after once flowering and fruiting.
Leaves very large, fan-like, suborbicular, with many narrow lobes, the
petioles long, stout, spiny on the margins. Inflorescence very large, ter-
minal, erect, branched. Flowers small, perfect, spicately arranged on
the ultimate branchlets in groups of threes. Calyx cupular, 8-fid. Petals

PALMAE 123

8, connate below. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-lobed,. 3-celled. Fruit globose,
drupaceous. (Greek “summit,” in allusion to the inflorescence.)
Species about 6 in tropical Asia and Malaya, 1 in the Philippines.

1. C. elata Roxb. Buri, Buli (Tag., Vis.).

Trunk erect, straight, up to 0.7 m in diameter and 20 m high. Leaves
suborbicular, up to 3 m long, palmately split into about 100, lanceolate,
acuminate, 1.5 to 6 cm wide segments extending one-half to two-thirds to
the base; petioles very stout, about 3 m long, 20 cm thick at the base,
margins armed with very stout black spines. Inflorescence pyramidal, up
to 7 m in height, the lower branches up to 3.5 long, the upper ones gradually
shorter, the ultimate branches up to 1 m in length. Flowers very nu-
merous, greenish-white, 5 to 6 mm in diameter. Fruit globose, fleshy,
2 to 2.5 ecm in diameter, the seed hard, globose, 1.5 ecm in diameter.

Occasionally cultivated in Manila for ornamental purposes, our largest
palm; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to Malaya.

8. CARYOTA Linnaeus

Medium or stout palms with axillary inflorescences and few, large,
bipinnate leaves. Leaflets wedge-shaped to lanceolate, broad or narrow,
apex very oblique, variously toothed or incised. Inflorescence medium or
very large, the peduncles stout, decurved, the uppermost one developing
first. Sheathes (spathes) 3 to 5, small or large. Spadices fastigiately
branched, the branches pendulous. Flowers many, in threes, a female
between two males. Male fiowers: Sepals 3, rounded. Petals 3, oblong,
valvate. Stamens 6 to many. Female flowers: Sepals and petals rounded.
Ovary 3-celled. Fruit small, globose, 1- or 2-seeded. (An ancient Greek
name for a kind of date.)

Species about 12, tropical Asia, through Malaya to Australia, 4 or 5 in
the Philippines.

Stamens 6, the flowers small; inflorescence less than 1 m long; leaves less

beret reg ees Sess, ek lt ceri See al Said 1. C. cumingii
Stamens about 40, the flowers rather large; inflorescence up to 2 m long;
leaves Opi toe) Wyong...) e246 ee ee a eee 2. C. maxima

1. Caryota cumingii Lodd. Pugahan, Taquipan (Tag.).

A rather slender palm reaching a height of 5 m. Leaves scattered
along the upper part of the trunk, spreading, up to 1.5 m long; petiole
very short; pinnae about 10 on each side of the midrib, up to 1 m long;
leaflets numerous, up to 20 em long, broad, flabelliform, 2 sides straight,
the apex obliquely truncate; irregularly and prominently toothed, obliquely
acuminate. Inflorescence axillary, pendulous, up to 80 cm long, the
peduncle about 3 cm in diameter, the spathes small, not exceeding 20 cm
in length. Spikes numerous, furfuraceous, slender, up to 50 cm long. Male
flowers dull-purplish and yellow, the petals about 5 mm long. Stamens
6. Fruit globose, purple, fleshy, containing a single globose seed.

Occasionally cultivated, fl. continuously, from the upper axils first, until
exhausted; widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

2. C. maxima Blume. Pugahan, Taguipan (Tag.).

Trunk stout, cylindric. Leaves large, bipinnate, up to 3.5 m long,
the petioles sheathing, their margins with stout black fibers; pinnae up
to 20 on each side of the midrib, the lower and middle ones up to 1.5
m long, shorter upward; leaflets numerous, 20 to 45 em long, flabellate

124 A FLORA OF MANILA

to linear-lanceolate, straight on the lower side, curved and variously
‘irregularly toothed on the upper, acuminate. Inflorescence very large,
pendulous, up to 2 m in length, the peduncles curved, 10 cm in diameter,
the spathes large, the first up to 40 cm long, the largest 1 m in length.
Spikes very numerous, furfuraceous, 80 to 150 ecm long. Male flowers 2
cm in diameter. Petals oblong-ovate, dull-purplish and yellow, 10 to 11
mm long. Stamens about 40.

Occasionally cultivated, fi. continuously, from the upper axils first,
until exhausted, when the tree dies. Java. x

4. CALAMUS Linnaeus

Spiny, slender, climbing, rarely erect palms, the leaves, sheaths, or
inflorescences bearing long, slender, retrorsely armed flagellae. Leaves
alternate, pinnate, the leaflets entire, acuminate, the sheaths spiny, produced
into a ligule or ochrea. Inflorescence axillary, usually elongated, branched.
Spathes tubular or open, persistent, sheathing the peduncle and branches
of the inflorescence, close or distant, passing into bracts and bracteoles.
Flowers small, polygamo-dioecious, in distichous often scorpoid spikes.
Male flowers with a cupular 3-toothed calyx. Petals 3, acute, valvate.
Stamens 6. Female flowers with a calyx as in the males. Corolla tubular
below, 3-fid. Staminodes forming a cup. Fruit globose to ovoid, 1-seeded,
covered with appressed, imbricated, spirally arranged scales. (Greek
“reed.’’)

Species about 175, tropical Asia to Australia, few in tropical Africa,
about 35 in the Philippines.

1. C. mollis Blanco. Uay (Tag.); Bejuco (Sp.-Fil.) ; Rattan.

A climbing slender palm 2 to 3 to many meters in length, the stems 10 to
12 mm in diameter, the younger parts armed with sharp slender spines.
Leaves about 80 cm long, the rachis not produced, armed beneath with
short, curved spines; leafiets linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 20 to 30 cm long,
margins with short, slender, spiny teeth. Inflorescence leaf-opposed, the
rachis slender, armed with refiexed spines, up to 1.5 m in length, the tip
produced as a long armed flagella. Partial inflorescences, few, remote, 6 to
15 cm long. Flowers yellow, fragrant, the males about 3 mm long, crowded
in distichous, straight or curved, linear-oblong, 1 to 2.5 cm long spikes, 9
to 15 to each partial inflorescence. Fruits many, ellipsoid, apiculate,
abouticm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 99.)

In thickets, Pasay, occasional, fl. most of the year; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Endemic.

Young plants of some other species of this genus are commonly cultivated
in Manila for ornamental purposes; one of the most common being C. dis-
color Mart., the leaves white on the lower surface.

5. NIPA Wurmb

A gregarious palm of brackish swamps, from stout, branched rootstocks.
Leaves elongated, pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, entire. Inflorescence erect,
from the rootstock, the male with many, brown, imbricate sheaths (spathes), —
the male flowers small, mixed with slender bracteoles, in catkin-like lateral
branches of the spadix. Sepals linear, the tips broad, inflexed. Petals
smaller. Stamens 3. Female flowers much larger than the males, in
globose terminal heads. Fruit large, globose, of many, dark-brown, some-

\

: PALMAE 125

what compressed, obovoid, more or less angular, fibrous, 1-seeded carpels.
(From the Malay name.)
A monotypic genus.

1. N. fruticans Wurmb. Nipa, Sasa (Tag.).

Rootstock stout, subterranean, the trunk none. Leaves at the ends of
the rootstocks, 5 to 10 m long, the petioles stout; leaflets numerous, rigid,
lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, up to 1 m long, 2 to 7 cm wide. Male
inflorescence brown, erect up to 1 m in height. Peduncles of the female
inflorescence stout, 1 m high or less, the fruit globose, nodding, up to 30 em
in diameter. Carpels numerous, dark-brown, striate, smooth 10 to 14 cm
long, compressed, obovate. Seed hard, white. (Fl. Filip. pl. 386.)

Along tidal streams, occasional, but usually immature specimens near
Manila; along tidal streams throughout the Philippines. India through
Malaya to Australia.

6. COCOS Linnaeus

Stout, unarmed, monoecious palms. Leaves long, pinnate, the leaflets
narrow, acuminate. Spadix axillary, at first erect, later drooping, panicled,
the branches bearing scattered female flowers below and more numerous
males above, or often with males intermixed with females. Spathes 2 or
more, short, the bracts various. Male flowers unsymmetric, the sepals
small, valvate, the petals oblong, acute. Stamens 6. Female flowers much
larger than the males, ovoid, the perianth enlarged in fruit. Sepals
imbricate. Petals shorter than the sepals. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit large,
ovoid, 1-seeded, the pericarp thick, fibrous, the endocarp very hard, with
3 basal scars or pores. (From the Portuguese coco or coquo, “monkey,”
from fancied resemblance of the 3 scars at the base of the fruit to a mon-
key’s face.)

Species about 30 in tropical America, 1 cosmopolitan in the tropics.

*1. C. NUCIFERA L. Niog (Tag.); Coco (Sp.); Coconut.

A tall palm reaching a height of 25 m, the trunk stout, marked with
annular scars, base thickened. Leaves 4 to 5.5 m long, crowded at the
apex of the trunk, the petiole stout, 1 m or more in length; leaflets very
numerous, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, up to 1 m in length.
“ Inflorescence 1 m long or less. Fruit variable in shape and size, obovoid
to subglobose, often obscurely 3-angled, 15 to 25 cm long. Albumen lining
the bony endocarp. (FI. Filip. pl. 364.)

Frequently cultivated, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines in
cultivation. Undoubtedly a native of tropical America, but of prehistoric
distribution all over the tropics; there is no evidence of its being an
indigenous plant in the Philippines.

7. ELAEIS Jacquin

Erect unarmed palms, the trunks solitary. Leaves large, pinnate, the
segments narrow, acuminate, the lower ones reduced to spines. Inflorescence
axillary, branched, short, dense, the spadices stout, the peduncles short,
subtended by laxly imbricate bracts, the male and female flowers in different
inflorescences. Male flowers small, imbricate, in dense cylindric spikes.
Sepals oblong or lanceolate, concave, imbricate. Petals oblong. Stamens
6, the filaments united into a thick cylindric tube. Female flowers much
larger than the males, arranged in congested branched inflorescences, the

126 A FLORA OF MANILA

perianth acrescent. Ovary ovoid, 3- to 1-celled. Fruit ovoid to obovoid,
1- to 3-seeded, the pericarp oily, the endocarp hard. (Greek name of the
olive.)

Species 6 or 7 in tropical America and Africa, 1 introduced in the Phil-
ippines.

*1. E. GUINEENSIS Jacq. Oil Palm.

An erect palm 4 to 10 m high, the leaves numerous, 3 to 4.5 m long, the
petioles broad, armed on the sides with spinescent reduced leaves. Leaflets
numerous, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly 1 m long, 2 to 4 em wide.
Male inflorescence dense, of numerous, cylindric, 7 to 12 em long spikes
which are about 1 cm in diameter, their rachises excurrent as a stout awn.
Female inflorescence dense, branched, 20 to 30 cm long, the flowers densely
disposed, the fruits borne in large dense masses.

Occasionally cultivated, fl. all the year. A native of tropical Africa, now
cultivated in most tropical countries, and in some regions of great economic
importance on account of the oil yielded by its seeds.

8. ARENGA Labillardiére

Stout palms with very long, erect or ascending, pinnate leaves, the trunk
densely clothed with the stout, black, fibrous remains of the sheaths; leaflets
very numerous, long, linear, usually more or less irregularly toothed at the
apex, sometimes lobed, base often 1- or 2-auricled. Spadices in the leaf-
axils, the upper one flowering first, and then the lower ones successively,
large, much-branched, long, pendulous. Male and female flowers usually
solitary and in separate spadices, sometimes in threes, a female between
two males. Male flowers: Sepals orbicular, imbricate. Petals oblong,
valvate. Stamens many. Female flowers subglobose, the sepals enlarging,
the petals triangular, valvate; staminodes many or none. Fruit subglobose
to broadly obovoid, 2- or 8-seeded. (From the Malayan name.)

Species about 10, tropical Asia, Malaya, and Australia, about 5 in the
Philippines.

1. A. SACCHARIFERA (Wurmb.) Labill. Caong, Iroc (Tag.); Cabo negro

(Sp.-Fil.); Sugar Palm.

Trunk stout, marked with rather distant annular scars, up to 12 m high.
Leaves 6 to 8.5 m long, ascending, the sheathing basal parts with stout,
black fibers; leaflets up to 100 or more on each side, linear, 1 to 1.5 m long,
the tip lobed and variously toothed, the base 2-auricled, the lower surface
white or pale. Inflorescence axillary, the peduncle stout, decurved, the
pendulous branches very numerous, up to 1.5 m in length. Male flowers in
pairs, about 12 mm long. Fruit globose on depressed-globose, about 5 em
in diameter, produced in great abundance. (FI. Filip. pl. 419.)

Rare in Manila in cultivation, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines,
but undoubtedly introduced. India to Malaya. ;

9. OREODOXA Willdenow

Large unarmed palms, the trunks solitary, cylindric or thickened in the
middle. Leaves terminal, pinnate, the segments narrowly linear-lanceolate,
unequally 2-fid at the apex; sheaths elongated, cylindric, imbricate, enclosing
the top of the trunk. Inflorescence below the sheaths, the spadix large, the
branches elongated, slender, pendulous, the spathes 2, the lower one nearly
cylindric, as long as the spadix. Flowers small, monoecious, the lower ones

PALMAE | 127

in groups of threes, the upper ones in pairs or solitary. Male flowers:
Sepals minute. Petals ovate, acute, valvate, thinly coriaceous, connate at
the base. Stamens 6, 9, or 12, exserted, the filaments adnate to the base of
the petals. Female flowers smaller than the males. Corolla urceolate,
8-lobed to the middle, the lobes triangular, acute. Staminodes 6, scale-like,
connate. Ovary subglobose, 2-celled. Fruit obovoid or oblong-ovoid, 1-
celled, 1-seeded. (Greek “mountain” and “glory.”)

Species 5, in tropical America, 1 now cultivated in many other tropical
countries.

*1. O. REGIA HBK. Royal Palm.

A stout palm reaching a height of 25 to 30 m. Trunk swollen
in the middle, tapering below and above, base swollen, up to 60 cm in
diameter. Leaves crowded at the apex, up to 3.5 long, their sheaths
elongated, imbricate; leaflets very numerous, narrow, 60 to 90 em long,
acuminate. Spadix 50 to 60 cm long. Staminate flowers 6 to 7 mm long,
the pistillate about one-half as large. Drupe oval-oblong, about 13 mm
long, violet-blue when mature. ‘

_ Mature specimens in the old Botanical Garden, younger ones now quite
generally distributed about the city. A native of tropical America.

10. NORMANBYA F. Mueller

Trunk erect, annulate. Leaves pinnate, their sheaths imbricate and
surrounding the top of the stem, the rachis somewhat curved. Inflores-
cence borne just below the sheaths, paniculate, its branches spreading, the
peduncle short. Flawers in groups of threes on the ultimate branchlets,
sessile, one female between two males. Male flowers symmetric. Calyx cup-
ular, the sepals 3, imbricate. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, the petals
38. Stamens numerous. Rudimentary ovary conspicuous. Female flowers
globose-conical. Sepals strongly imbricate. Petals short, very broad. Ova-
ry l-celled, 1l-ovuled. Fruit drupaceous, the pulp thin, the seed with
ruminated albumen, the calyx somewhat accescent and surrounding the
base of the fruit. (In honor of Normanby.)

Species 2, 1 in New Guinea, 1 in the Philippines.

1. N. merrillii Bece. Bunga de China, Bunga de Jolo (Tag.).

A rather slender palm reaching a height of 5 to 6 m, the trunk about
25 em in diameter, marked with annular scars. Leaves about 2 m long,
strongly arched, the sheaths cylindric, about 0.5 m long; leaflets about 50
on each side, narrowly lanceolate, about 70 em long and 4 to 5 cm wide.
Spadix forming a divaricately branched glaucous panicle, 40 to 50 cm long.
Male flowers 10 to 12 mm long. Fruit bright-red, elliptic-ovoid, smooth,
3 cm long, pulp scanty, the mesocarp fibrous.

Commonly cultivated, fl. at most seasons; probably a native of Palawan.
Endemic.

11. ARECA Linnaeus

Trunk erect, rather slender, tall, annulate. Leaves pinnate, their sheaths
imbricate and surrounding the top of the stem. Inflorescence borne just
below the sheaths, finely branched. Male flowers numerous, very small.
Sepals smail. Petals obliquely lanceolate, valvate. Stamens 3 or 6; anthers
basifixed. Female flowers much larger, few at the base of the branches,
the perianth enlarging. Sepals and petals orbicular, imbricate,; the latter

128 A FLORA OF MANILA.

with acute valvate tips. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit ovoid to oblong, red;
pericarp fibrous. Seed with ruminate albumen. (From the Malabar
name.)

Species about 35, tropical Asia to Australia, 7 in the Philippines.

*1. A. CATECHU L. Bunga (Tag.); Betel-nut Palm.

Trunk erect, slender, up to 25 m high, marked with annular scars.
Leaves up to 5 m long, the leaflets numerous, 60 to 90 long, the upper ones
confluent. Spadix much-branched, the branches filiform above, bearing
very numerous, somewhat distichous male flowers which are yellow and
about 5 mm long. Female flowers at the bases of the branches and in
the axils, 1 cm long or more. Fruit ovoid, smooth, red, 4 to 6 cm long,
the pericarp somewhat fleshy, the mesocarp fibrous. (FI. Filip. pl. 350.)

Commonly cultivated, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines in
cultivation, certainly of prehistoric introduction. India to Malaya, fre-
quently only cultivated; probably a native of India.

16. ARACEAE (ARUM OR GABI FAMILY)

Perennial plants from rhizomes or fleshy corms, with radical leaves, suf-
frutescent or woody vines, or in one genus aquatic and floating. Leaves
alternate, various. Flowers 1- or 2-sexual, sessile on a spadix which is
more or less enclosed by a green, white, or colored spathe, if 1-sexual the
males usually above the females, neuter flowers often between them. Per-
ianth none, or of 4 to 6 scale-like segments. Anthers 2- to 4-celled.
Ovary sessile, 1- to 3-celled; ovules 1 or more. Fruit baccate, 1- to many-
seeded. ' -

Genera 110, species more than 1,000, in all parts of the world, chiefly
tropical, 20 genera and about 65 species in the Philippines.

1. Coarse climbing vines with large, entire or pinnately lobed leaves.
2. Leaves not mottled; ovaries sub-2-celled, many ovuled.
1. Raphidophora
2. Leaves pale-green, mottled with yellowish-green or nearly white spots
and blotches; ovaries 1-celled, 1-ovuled...........................- 2. Scindapsus
1. Erect plants, never climbing.
2. Lettuce-like plants floating on fresh water; leaves and petioles not
LL ot kel i. i.” AMM Whe vel Ao scety See aot atl te 3. Pistia
2. Terrestrial plants.
3. Plants from very aromatic rootstocks, the leaves linear, flat, equi-
|), on Oo AR FAA! Sea haem Ae tae Pa th pad sore Se 4. Acorus
3. Plants from large globose corms, the flowers appearing before the
leaves, the spathes very large; leaves long-petioled, the blade
deeply 3-parted, spreading................-.------.----------- 5. Amorphophallus
3. Leaves and flowers borne at the same time; plants with broad simple
leaves.
4, Ovaries 2- or 8-celled; cultivated plants with variegated leaves.
6. Caladium
4. Ovaries 1-celled.
5. Ovules 1 or 2; anther-cells larger than the connective.
7. Typhonium
5. Ovules few to many.
B. UVEIGS, LOW, DASAE rors steers ha 52: see er eS nee aes 8. Alocasia
B. OVINES MANY, WARIS t cok cece cease See ene Peer 9. Colocasia

ARACEAE 129

1. RAPHIDOPHORA Schott

Coarse, climbing, suffrutescent or woody vines rooting on trees. Leaves
long-petioled, large, entire or pinnatifid, the petioles somewhat sheathing.
Spathes ovate, boat-shaped, acute or acuminate, deciduous. Spadix sessile,
elongated, cylindric, the flowers crowded, perfect, the perianth none. Sta-
mens 4; filaments linear, broad, longer than the anthers. Ovary truncate,
sub-2-celled, with many parietal placentae, 4- to 6-angled. Berries many-
seeded, confluent. (Greek “needle” and “to bear,” in allusion to the minute
stinging crystals in the pulpy part of the fruit.)

Species 61, tropical Asia to Australia and Polynesia, about 5 in the
Philippines.

1. R. merrillii Engl. Tibatib (Tag.); Amlong (Bic.).

A stout vine climbing on tree-trunks, reaching a height of 5 to 6 m.
Leaves oblong-ovate in outline, up to 60 em long, pinnately cleft nearly
or quite to the midrib into 7 to 12 pairs of lanceolate, acuminate, falcate,
1-nerved lobes 12 to 20.cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide. Spathes several, terminal,
white or greenish, in flower about 15 cm long, acuminate, deciduous. Spadix
green, dense, cylindric, nearly or quite as long as the spathe, 2 to 2.5 cm
thick in flower, thicker in fruit. (Fl. Filip. pl. 399, Scindapsus pertusus.)

Not uncommon in dry thickets, Pasay, Masambong, etc., also frequently
cultivated, fl. Jan—March; widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

2. SCINDAPSUS Schott

Climbing on trees, herbaceous or somewhat woody. Leaves long-petioled,
the petiole geniculate at the apex, base somewhat sheathing, the blades
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or lobed, often large and some-
times variegated. Peduncles short. Spathes boat-shaped, deciduous. Spa-
dix sessile or nearly so, cylindric, densely many-flowered, shorter than the
spathe. Flowers perfect, the perianth none. Stamens 4. Ovary somewhat
4-angled, truncate, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style none. Fruit drupaceous, more
or less united, often large. (Ancient Greek name for some kind of a vine.)

Species 21, India to the Solomon Islands, 3 or 4 in the Philippines.

*1. S. AUREUS (Lindl. & André) Engl. (Pothos aureus Lindl. & André).

A stout vine climbing on trees by means of roots, reaching a height of
10 m or more, often with long, pendulous branches. Petioles 25 to 40
cm long, geniculate at the apex, base sheathing. Leaves thinly coriaceous,
smooth and shining, pale-green, variously blotched with pale-yellow or
nearly white spots on the upper surface, entire, or in mature specimens
more or less incised, 30 to 75 cm long, 25 to 40 em wide, those on the pen-
dulous branches frequently very much reduced in size. Flowers and fruits
unknown.

Commonly cultivated, but rarely or never flowering. A native of the
Solomon Islands, now widely distributed in cultivation; of comparatively
recent introduction here. :

3. PISTIA Linnaeus

A floating stemless herb in fresh water, the leaves obovate-cuneate,
erect, together forming a cup-like plant. Spathe small, tubular below,
open above. Spadix adnate to the back of the spathe, free above. Male
inflorescence of few, sessile, connate anthers beneath the apex of the spadix.

111555——9

130 A FLORA OF MANILA

Female inflorescence a solitary, conical-ovoid, 1-celled ovary; ovules many.
Fruit membranaceous, few-seeded. (Probably from the Greek “watery,”
in allusion to its habitat.)

A monotypic genus.

1. P. stratiotes L. Quiapo (Tag.).

Leaves few or many, 2.5 to 15 cm long, the basal part thickened, of
very porous tissue, truncate or rounded, somewhat pubescent, the nerves
raised on the lower surface. Spathes few, tomentose, white, about 12
mm long, oblique, short-peduncled, in the center of the rosette of leaves.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 468.)

Floating on stagnant water, sometimes rooting on muddy banks, abun-
dant, fil. at intervals; throughout the Philippines. Tropics generally.

4. ACORUS Linnaeus

Herbs growing in wet soil, from very aromatic rootstocks. Leaves 2-
ranked, equitant at the base, ascending, sword-shaped, coriaceous.
Peduncle leaf-like, continued as the ensiform spathe. Spadix cylindric,
dense, sessile, flowering at the base first. Flowers small, perfect. Sepals
6, orbicular. Stamens 6. Ovary conical, 2- or 3-celled; ovules many.
Fruit a few-seeded berry. (An ancient name, origin obscure.)

Species few in the north-temperate regions, 2 in the Philippines.

*1. A. caLAmMus L. Acoro (Sp.); Lubigan (Tag., Vis.) ; Sweet Flag.

Rootstock stout, branched, aromatic. Leaves linear, flat, smooth, acu-
minate, 25 to 60 cm long, 1 to 1.5 cm wide. Peduncle compressed.
Spathe green, much-elongated, similar in shape to the leaves. Spadix
3 to 5 cm long, 1 cm or less in diameter, densely flowered. ,

Occasionally cultivated, certainly introduced; I have seen no Philippine
specimens in flower. Of wide distribution in the northern parts of both
hemispheres.

5. AMORPHOPHALLUS Blume

Herbs from large fleshy corms, flowering before the leaf appears.
Leaves with a long, roughened and mottled petiole, 3-parted, the segments
spreading, pinnately lobed or dissected. Spathe various, often very large,
campanulate and open, or convolute and ovoid, the limb short and broad,
or narrower and much elongated. Spadix included or exserted, the ap-
pendage large, short or long, the flower-bearing part short, cylindric,
male and female flowers contiguous. Anthers 2 to 4, sessile. Ovaries
globose to obovoid, 1- to 4-celled; ovules solitary. Fruit a globose to
ovoid, fleshy, 1- to 4-seeded berry.

Species about 80 in the tropics of the Old World, 5 in the Philippines.

1. A. campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume. Pungapung (Tag., Vis.).

Corm depressed-globese, up to 30 cm in diameter. Leaves usually
solitary, the petiole stout, up to 1.2 m high, warty-roughened, mottled
with gray, the blades up to 1 m in diameter, trisected, the segments
dichotomous, the ultimate ones pinnately divided into oblong to oblong-
obovate, acuminate lobes. Spathe sessile, broadly campanulate, dull-
purplish, margins somewhat spreading or recurved, waved and crenulate,
up to 30 cm in diameter. Spadix hardly longer than the spathe, the appen-
dage ovoid, variously sulcate or depressed, up to 15 cm long, foetid when
in flower.

ARACEAE 131

In dry thickets, Masambong, San Juan del Monte, ete., also occasionally
cultivated, fl. Jan.Feb.; common and widely distributed in the Philippines.
India to Madagascar through Malaya to the Fiji Islands.

6. CALADIUM Ventenat

Herbs from fleshy subglobose corms, the leaves petioled, ovate to
oblong, sagittate or cordate, peltate or not, usually variously variegated.
Peduncles solitary, erect. Spathe-tube convulute, persistent, ovoid, some-
what constricted above, the limb boat-shaped. Spadix erect, shorter than
the spathe, the male part about twice as long as the female. Male flowers
naked. Stamens 3 to 5. Female flowers with a 2- rarely 3-celled ovary;
ovules numerous; style none. Fruit a many-seeded berry. (Name of
obscure origin.)

Species about 10 with an indefinite number of varieties in tropical
America.

1. C. BICOLOR (Ait.) Vent. Corazon de Maria (Sp.-Fil.).

Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, peltate, 10 to 40 em long, apex acuminate,
base deeply cordate, the basal lobes somewhat spreading, usually rounded,
of great variation in color, the upper surface green with scattered spots
and blotches of red and white (var. wightii Engl.) or the entire center
red or pink (var. splendens Engl., or the whole leaf pale-green blotched
with still paler-green and white (var. albomaculatum Engl.). Spathe
stout, about 10 cm long, the limb white, boat-shaped, the tube green,
often tinged with purple.

Commonly cultivated and at least subspontaneous, fl. most of the year.
A native of tropical America, apparently of early introduction here.
There is an indefinite number of varieties based mostly on the different
variations in leaf-color and markings.

7. TYPHONIUM Schott

Leaves and scapes erect from fleshy corms, the leaf-blades entire, or
3- to 5-lobed or angled. Spathe with a broad, short tube which is per-
sistent and contracted at the mouth, the limb linear to ovate-oblong
deciduous. Spadix exserted, the male and female flowers distant, with
neuter flowers above the females and sometimes below the males, the
appendage smooth, elongated. Anthers 1 to 8, sessile or nearly so. Ovary
1-celled, 1- or 2-ovuled. Fruit an ovoid, 1- or 2-seeded berry. (From
a name of Greek mythology, “the God of storms.’’)

Species about 15 in the tropics of the Old World, 2 or 3 in the
Philippines. \

1. T. cuspidatum Blume.

Tubers subglobose, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter. Leaves several, their
petioles 7 to 14 cm long, the blades thin, cordately or hastately ovate to
oblong, 6 to 14 cm long, apex acuminate. Spathe inflated, green, 1.5 cm
in diameter below, then narrowed and contracted, the limb purplish, 1.5
to 2 em wide, reflexed, gradually narrowed into a long, slender, erect,
ultimately pendulous tail, 8 to 16 cm long, deciduous. Appendage to the
spadix erect, white, gradually narrowed upward, about 4 mm thick below,
as long as the spathe-limb.

In thickets, Masambong, Malate, Pasay, etc., fl. Aug.—Dec.; apparently
not common in the Philippines. Bengal to the Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. ‘

132 A FLORA OF MANILA.

Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott, a native of Ceylon with large,
deeply 3-lobed leaves, 10 to 20 cm long, and spathes 12 cm long or more,
its blade purplish and 5 to 7 cm wide has been cultivated in Manila, but
I have seen no specimens. T. divaricatum Decne. (FI. Filip. pl. 330.), also
with 8-lobed leaves 4 to 6 cm long, and spathes somewhat similar to the
above is occasionally cultivated. This species extends from India to Japan
southward to Malaya, introduced here.

8. ALOCASIA Schott

Small to very coarse herbs from fleshy corms, sometimes with a short
stout caudex. Leaves oblong to ovate, base deeply cordate, peltate or
not, entire or variously lobed. Spathe erect, peduncled, the tube ovoid,
the limb usually elongated, deciduous. Spadix shorter than the spathe,
the male and female flowers usually separated by interposed neuter ones.
Ovaries 1-celled; ovules few, basal, erect. Berries few-seeded. (Name
altered from Colocasia.)

Species 25 or more, tropical Asia to Malaya, many now cultivated in
other countries for ornamental purposes, about 10 in the Philippines.

1. Leaves peltate, the blades green above with white veins, often purple
[ns 1 1 A SS Sa SERS, See eae LO) MLE RN 1. A. sanderiana
1. Leaves not peltate.
2. Leaves very deeply pinnately lobed, the lobes distant, oblong to oblong-
| ETT Le ce F - PRNINN AURES AES SIR OIE PL NE ce Dg nt ALI 2. A. portei
2. Leaves entire or at most undulate.
8. Very coarse plants with stout stems and very large leaves 0.5 to 1.5
CRE ey ey 3 (AR RMR I RE Shea Eat RRA Bh TR Si es Ute 3. A. indica
8. Smaller plants without distinct stems.
4, Leaves broadly ovate, 35 to 65 cm long; petioles mottled.
4. A. zebrina
4. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 15 to 25 cm long.
5. A. heterophylla

1. A. sanderiana Bull.

A small or medium sized glabrous plant from underground rootstocks.
Leaves oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, the base peltate,
deeply lobed, 15 to 40 cm long, the margins rather deeply undulate-lobed,
the basal lobes rather narrow spreading; upper surface dark-green, the
nerves and sometimes the margins white, the lower surfaces usually
purple or tinged with purple. Peduncles erect, shorter than the leaves.
Spathes greenish, about 5 cm long. Spadix greenish-white, nearly as long
as the spathe.

A very ornamental species occasionally cultivated for its striking leaves,
a native of Mindanao. Endemic. Frequently cultivated in Europe and
America.

2. A. portei (Schott) Engl. & Becc.

Stem stout, erect, usually less than 1 m high. Leaves green, oblong-
ovate in outline, up to 1 m in length, deeply pinnately lobed, the lobes
narrow, oblong to lanceolate-ovate, distant, the base deeply cordate, not
peltate, the basal lobes narrow, prominently lobed. Spathes peduncled,
the tube about 4 cm long, accrescent, the blade 20 cm long or more.
Staminate part of the spadix 4 to 5 em long, cylindric, the appendage up
to 18 cm in length.

ARACEAE , 133

Occasionally cultivated for its ornamental leaves. Not uncommon in
Luzon and probably occurs in other parts of the Philippines. New Guinea.

8. A. indica (Roxb.) Schott. Biga (Tag.); Badiang (Vis.); Elephant’s
Ear.

A coarse erect plant, the trunk stout, up to 2 m in height. Leaves
very large, broadly ovate, the larger ones up to 1.5 m in length, margins
slightly undulate, apex acute or acuminate, base deeply cordate, not at all
peltate, the petioles long, very stout. Spathes peduncled, the tube 4 to 5
em long, the blade yellowish to yellowish-green, up to 23 cm long and, when
spread, 9 cm wide, often slightly mottled with purple inside. Pistillate
part of the spadix 3 to 4 cm long, about 1.5 cm thick, contracted above,
the fertile part of the male inflorescence about 6 cm long, the appendage
15 cm in length. Berries red when mature, globose or ovoid, fleshy. (FI.
Filip. pl. 177, A. montana.)

Commonly cultivated, occasionally also found in waste places, vacant
lots, etc., fl. all the year; common and widely distributed in the Philippines.
India to Malaya. .

* Var. VARIEGATA Engl., differs from the species in having the leaves
strongly mottled with white or gray.

Occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes.

4. A. zebrina C. Koch & Vietch.

Stem short or none, petioles equaling or longer than the leaves, prom-
inently striped or blotched with dark-green and white. Leaves broadly
ovate, base deeply cordate, not peltate, entire, 35 to 65 em long, the apex
very shortly and sharply acuminate, the basal lobes oblong-ovate, 15 to 20 .
em in length. Spathes long-peduncled, greenish, the tube 2.5 to 3.5 cm
long, the blade about 10 cm in length, longer than the white spadix.

Occasionally cultivated; a species known only from Luzon.

5. A. heterophylla (Presl) Merr.

Rather slender plants from underground rhizomes, glabrous. Leaves
15 to 25 cm long, green, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, sharply and slenderly
acuminate, entire or only slightly undulate, the base deeply cordate, not
peltate, the basal lobes spreading or not, oblong to lanceolate, narrow,
obtuse, 6 to 10 cm long. Spathes slenderly peduncled, white, 6 to 7 cm
long, the limb 4 to 5 em long, longer than the slender spadix, soon reflexed
and deciduous. rep

Occasionally cultivated. A widely distributed endemic species.

9. COLOCASIA Linnaeus

Coarse herbs from fleshy corms, with a short caudex, producing flowers
and leaves at the same time. Leaves ovate, peltate at the cordate base,
' stoutly petioled. Spathe erect, peduncled, the tube thick, accrescent, per-
sistent, constricted at the mouth, the limb erect, elongated, deciduous.
Spadix shorter than the spathe, slender or stout, the male and female
flowers usually separated by interposed fiat neuter ones; appendage cylindric,
subulate, or none. Ovaries ovoid, 1-celled; ovules many, orthotropous.
Berries small. (An ancient Greek name.)

Species 6 or 7, in tropical Asia to Polynesia, 1 in the Philippines.

134 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. C. ESCULENTUM (L.) Schott (C. antiquorum Schott). Gabi (Tag.); Taro.
Leaves two or three or more, long-petioled, ovate, 20 to 50 cm long,
glaucous, entire, acute or shortly and sharply acuminate, with a broad,
triangular, basal sinus extending one-third or half-way to the insertion of
the petiole, the basal lobes broad, rounded; petiole green or purplish, 0.2
to 1 m long. Peduncles usually solitary. Spathe variable in length but
usually about 20 cm long, the tubular part green, usually about 4 cm long,
the limb lanceolate, acuminate, involute, yellow, about 20 cm long. Spadix
cylindric, about 8 em long, green below, yellow or straw-colored above.

Commonly cultivated in low wet lands, fl. SeptDec.; in general cultiva-
tion throughout the Philippines. Probably a native of India, now cultivated
in all tropical countries.

In addition to the species considered above, some exotic forms are
cultivated, especially of the American genera Anthurium and Philodendron.
No attempt has been made to include these forms as material for proper
classification has not been available.

17. LEMNACEAE (DUCKWEED OR LIA FAMILY)

Small or minute, green, scale-like plants, rootless or with capillary roots,
floating on stagnant fresh water, propagated by budding, or by bulbils,
rarely flowering. Flowers monoceious, 1 to 3 from the margins ‘or upper
surface, naked or in a spathe, the perianth none. Stamens 1 or 2. Ovary
1-celled, 1- to 7-ovuled.

Genera 3, species about 20, in all countries, all genera and 4 or 5 species
in the Philippines.

Scio UR eee kage ck ai Bessie Pd FR oe) niente an Mil ial ca oh eran Ms 2D. Ree RG! acess Fe 1. Lemna
Plants bearing several to many roots...............-----..----20----0ee-ee------ 2. Spirodela

1. LEMNA Linnaeus

Small floating plants bearing a single root, the flowers borne in marginal
clefts. Filaments slender; anthers 2-celled. Ovules 1 or more. (Greek
name of a water plant.)

Species about 15 in all countries, 2 or 3 in the Philippines.

1. L. paucicostata Hegelm. Lia (Tag.); Duckweed.
Plant flat, green or both surfaces, elliptic to oblong-ovate, rounded, very
slightly inequilateral, faintly or distinctly 3-nerved, 2 to 4 mm long.
Common on stagnant pools of fresh water, sometimes nearly covering
the surface; throughout the Philippines. Cosmopolitan in the tropics.

2. SPIRODELA Schleiden

Differing from Lemna in the plants bearing several to many roots.
Species 2, of wide distribution, 1 in the Philippines.

1. S. polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. Lia (Tag.).

Plant nearly or quite flat, orbicular to obovate, rounded, 4 to 7 mm
long, faintly about 7-nerved, the upper surface green, the lower one
purplish.

Floating on pools of stagnant fresh water, occasional; widely distributed
in the Philippines. In most temperate and tropical regions.

| ERIOCAULACEAE 135

18. XYRIDACEAE (XyrRIS FAMILY)

Tufted or scattered, rigid or wiry, erect herbs, the leaves all radical,
grass-like, linear or subulate. Scape simple, naked, elongated, bearing
a single head. Flowers sessile, perfect, each subtended by a dark-brown,
imbricating, concave, rigid bract. Bracteoles or sepals 8, deciduous, dry,
embracing the claws of the petals, the dorsal one often hooded, broader
than the 2 lateral ones. Petals 3, clawed, the limb yellow. Stamens 3,
inserted at the bases of the petals, included; staminodes 3, or sometimes
none. Ovary superior, imperfectly 3-celled; placentas 38, many-ovuled;
style trifid. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved or the top circumciss. Seeds
small, numerous, linear.

Two genera and about 50 species, in all warm countries, a single genus
and 2 species in the Philippines.

1. XYRIS Linnaeus

Character of the Family as given above. (A Greek name of a plant
with 2-edged leaves.)

1. X. pauciflora Willd.

A slender, erect, tufted or scattered, grass-like plant 15 to 30 cm high.
Leaves erect, rather rigid, linear, flat, acuminate, about 2 mm wide, very
much shorter than the scape which is slender and exserted. Head ovoid,
yellowish-brown, dense, 4 to 6 mm long, the bracts broadly ovate, shining,
strongly imbricate. Flowers yellow, small.

In open wet grasslands, old rice paddies, etc., La Loma to Masambong,
fl. Oct.Dec.; rather widely distributed in Luzon. India to China south-
ward to Australia.

19. ERIOCAULACEAE (PIPEWORT FAMILY)

Herbs growing in wet places with narrow leaves crowded in a rosette
at the base, the flowers small, crowded in dense, bracteate, globose to
ovoid, usually long-peduncled heads, dimerous or trimerous, male and
female flowers usually in the same head. Involucral bracts usually wider
than the floral ones which are usually longer than the flowers, glabrous or
ciliate. Male flowers: Sepals 2 or 3, free or connate, very rarely wanting.
Petals 2 or 3, rarely wanting, small, often obscure, inserted at the top of
an elongated stipe with the stamens, usually gland-bearing. Stamens 6.
Female flowers: Sepals 2 or 3, free, rarely connate. Petals 3, rarely 2
or none, usually oblanceolate, or spathulate, glabrous or ciliate. Ovary 3-,
rarely 2-celled; stigmas 3 or 2. Capsules membranaceous, usually 3-lobed;
seeds small, solitary, smooth or striate.

Genera 9, species about 575, in the warmer parts of both hemispheres,
a single genus in the Philippines.

1. ERIOCAULON Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (Greek “wool” and “stem.’)
Species over 200 in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, 7 or more
in the Philippines.
1. Sepals of the female flowers very strongly keeled................ 1. E. alatum
1. Sepals of the female flowers narrow, flat, not at all keeled, or rarely
wanting. ;

136 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. Anthers black; sepals of the female flowers spatulate, very rarely
SURI AT NG oath nw viuio edn igeigsmneeseie etek wee i aa aes 2. E. merrillii
2. Anthers white; sepals of. the female flowers filiform.... 3. E. cinereum

1. E. alatum H. Lecomte.

Stems very short, the leaves densely crowded, linear, 2 to 4 cm long,
acute or obtuse. Peduncles many, 5-angled or ribbed, slender, 6 to 18 cm
long. Head globose or ovoid, dense, pale, shining, 4 to 7 mm in diameter,
the floral bracts ovate, glabrous, triangular at the apex, concealing ‘the
flowers, the receptacle densely pilose-ciliate. Sepals of the male flowers
spathe-like, split down one side, connate. Petals 3, small, not glandular.
Stamens black. Female flowers: Sepals 2, free, ovate, obtuse, prominently
keeled on the back. Petals 3, small, linear, not glandular; stigmas 3.

In wet rice lands, La Loma, fl. Nov.—Jan.; of very local occurrence in
the Philippines. Indo-China.

2. E. merrillii Rhul.

Glabrous, the leaves densely caespitose, linear to lanceolate, acute,
2 to 5 em long. Peduncles many, slightly twisted, 5-ribbed, slender, 3 to
10 cm high. Head obconic-globose to depressed-globose, pale, shining, 3 to
5 mm in diameter; floral bracts oblong-obovate. Sepals of the male flowers
connate into a 2- or 3-lobed spathe, split down one side. Petals 3, small,
glandular at the tip. Stamens 6; anthers black. Female flowers: Sepals
2, lanceolate, rarely none. Petals 3, linear, or spatulate, minutely glandular
at the apex, white. Stigmas 3.

In old rice paddies, low wet lands, etc., Caloocan to Masambong, fi.
Aug.—Dec.; widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

3. E. cinereum R. Br. (E. sieboldianum S. & Z.).

Glabrous, densely caespitose, the leaves linear, 2 to 5 cm long, acuminate.
Peduncles numerous, slender, 5-ribbed, 6 to 15 em long. Heads subglobose,
about 4 mm in diameter, the fioral-bracts oblong to lanceolate-oblong, the
interior ones acute, concealing the fiowers, pale, shining. Male flowers
with the sepals connate into a spathe, split down one side. Petals very
small. Petals none. Styles 3.

In low wet grasslands, old rice paddies, etc., Caloocan, fi. Aug.Sept.;
not common in the Philippines. Tropical Africa and Asia to Japan,
southward to Australia.

20. BROMELIACEAE (PINEAPPLE OR PINA FAMILY)

Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs. Leaves long, narrow, chiefly basal,
rosulate, entire or spiny-toothed, bases usually spreading. Flowers perfect,
regular, in dense, terminal spikes, the bracts usually prominent. Sepals 3,-
free or partly united. Petals 3, free or somewhat united. Stamens 3 to 6,
free or somewhat united with the petals. Ovary inferior or superior, 3-
celled; styles united; stigmas 3-lobed; ovules many. Fruit of numerous,
fleshy, united berries or a 3-valved capsule.

Genera 45, species about 1,000, all American, a single introduced one in
the Philippines.

1. ANANAS Adanson

An herb with numerous, elongated, finely toothed, rosulate leaves.
Scape short or somewhat elongated, leafy, erect, central, bearing at its
apex a simple, dense, cone-like spike. Flowers in the axils of the bracts,

COMMELINACEAE 137

perfect. Sepals short, imbricate. Petals violet, free, erect, supplied at
the base with 2 small scales. Stamens 6. Ovary inferior, fleshy, the base
broad, adnate to or immersed in the fleshy rachis; style filiform. Fruit
fleshy, cone-like, composed of the densely spirally arranged, connate,
mature ovaries and fleshy rachis, the bracteoles persistent, and crowned
by a rosette of reduced leaves. (From a native American name.)

A single variable species, native of South America, now cultivated in
all tropical countries.

1. A. sativus Schultz (Ananassa sativa Lindl.). Pifa (Sp.); Pineapple.

Leaves numerous, linear-lanceolate, 1 to 1.5 m long, 5 to 7 em wide,
acuminate, the margins sharply spiny-toothed, green and shining on the
upper surface, the lower surface pale beneath, those subtending the in-
florescence red, at least at the base, much reduced. Stem erect, 0.5 to
1.5m high. Heads terminal, solitary, cvoid, 6 to 8 em long, much enlarged
in fruit; bracteoles reddish, numerous, triangular-ovate to oblong-ovate,
acute, imbricated. Sepals 3, ovate, thick, fleshy, about 1 em long. Petals
3, oblanceolate, about 2 cm long, white below, violet-purple above. Mature
fruit up to 20 cm long or more. (FI. Filip. pl. 548, Ananassa sativa.)

Commonly cultivated, fi. Jan—Apr.; throughout the Philippines in cul-
tivation and in some places, at least, subspontaneous. Introduced by the
Spaniards at an early date.

21. COMMELINACEAE (SPIDERWORT OR ALICBANGON
FAMILY)

Herbs, sometimes suffrutescent, spreading, ascending, or sometimes
climbing. Leaves entire, more or less succulent, parallel-veined, sheathing
at the base. Inflorescence fascicled, cymose, or paniculate, axillary or
terminal. Flowers perfect, irregular or nearly regular. Sepals 3, usually
green, persistent or deciduous. Petals 3, white, purplish, or yellow, free
or united in a tube below. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments,
all perfect or 2 or more reduced to staminodes, the filaments often bearded.
Ovary free, superior, 2- or 3-celled; ovules 1 or few in each cell. Capsule
loculicidal or indehiscent.

Genera about 26, species more than 300, tropical and subtropical, 7
genera and about 20 species in the Philippines.

1. Fertile stamens 3 or 2, staminodes or imperfect stamens 1 to 3.
2. Flowers included im spathe-like bracts.......0....0022202.22--...---- 1. Commelina
2. Flowers panicled or axillary, spathe-like bracts none........ 2. Aneilema

1. Fertile stamens 6.

2. Petals free or nearly free; flowers numerous, crowded in compressed,
spathe-like, axillary bracts; ovary-cells 1-ovuled; cultivated only.
3. Rhoeo

2. Petals more or less united into a tube.
3. Sepals free or united only at the base; inflorescence 1- to several-
flowered, from imbricating bracts; leaves green............ 4, Cyanotis
3. Sepals united into a tube; flowers beteween the two terminal leaves,
not bracteate; leaves green and purple with paler stripes.
5. Zebrina

1. COMMELINA Linnaeus

Usually slender herbs, the stems more or less branched, succulent, pros-
trate and rooting below. Flowers blue, in usually 2-flowered cymes, emerg-

138 A FLORA OF MANILA

ing one at a time from a terminal, complicate, compressed-funnel-shaped,
or hooded spathe, the fruiting pedicel and capsule retracted within the
spathe. Sepals 3, thin. Petals larger than the sepals, clawed, blue.
Stamens 8 perfect and 2 or 3 imperfect; anthers oblong, one usually
larger than the others. Capsule loculicidal. (In honor of K. Commelin,
a Dutch botanist.)

Species about 90, all tropical and subtropical, 2 in the Philippines.

Spathes complicate, margins free or nearly so; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lancedlate:!t. 2.2 seid R lo ii 5 Bek ee Gy eee, 1. C. nudiflora
Spathes funnel-shaped, margins more or less united; leaves elliptic-ovate
2. C. benghalensis

1. C. nudiflora L. Alicbangon (Tag.).

A prostrate, spreading, branched, glabrous or nearly glabrous plant,
the stems rooting at the nodes, the ultimate branches ascending. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 7 em long, 1 to 2 em wide. Inflorescence
axillary, peduncled, the flowers cymose, inclosed in a complicate leaf-like
spathe, the margins free, the cymes usually 2 in each spathe, few-flowered.
Inner petals larger, blue, 6 to 7 mm long, the outer ones much smaller,
pale or nearly white.

In open waste places, common, fl. all the year; widely distributed in
the Philippines. In most tropical and subtropical countries.

2. C. benghalensis L. Alicbangon (Tag.).

A prostrate or ascending, branched, usually pubescent plant, the stems
rooting at the nodes. Leaves elliptic-ovate, obtuse or acute, base narrowed
into a petiole, 4 to 7 cm long. Spathes 1 to 3 together, green, funnel-
shaped, compressed, about 1.5 cm long and wide. Flowers blue, long-
pedicelled in anthesis, facicled, several in each spathe, the petals 3 to 4
mm long. Capsules 4 to 5 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 13.)

In open waste places, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines.
Tropical Asia, Africa, and Malaya.

Cleistogamous flowers are usually produced at the lower nodes, ripening
the capsules on the surface of or below the ground.

2. ANEILEMA R. Brown

Simple or branched, prostrate, ascending, or erect herbs. Flowers pur-
plish or yellow, in axillary and terminal panicles, the bracts not spathe-like.
Sepals 3, free, thin. Petals 3, obovate, equal. Stamens usually 3, rarely
2, the filaments glabrous or bearded; staminodes 2 to 4. Ovary sessile.
Capsule loculicidal, cells 1- to several-seeded. (In allusion to the flowers
not having a spathe.)

Species about 60, chiefly in tropical Asia, about 5 in the Philippines.

Hlowerst pale-purkplish <i. sie ene ee eo ea 1. A. malabaricum
Flowers russet- or yellowish-brown.................2...-22---:.0es+-e00-0+0e= 2. A. versicolor

1. A. malabaricum (L.) Merr. (A. nudiflorum R. Br.).

A rather slender, nearly glabrous plant, branched and decumbent below,
the flowering stems erect or ascending, 10 to 30 cm high. Leaves narrowly
oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 10 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide. Inflorescence terminal,
the flowers racemosely clustered near the ends of the few branches. Flowers
pink-purple, small, numerous, about 6 mm in diameter. Capsule ovoid,
about 3mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 467.)

.

COMMELINACEAE 139

In open grasslands, waste places, etc., common, fl. all the year; through-
out the Philippines. India to China, and Malaya.

2. A. versicolor Dalz.

A succulent, spreading, branched plant, the stems 10 to 40 cm long,
often ascending, glabrous or sparingly hairy. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate,
1 to 4 cm long, base broad and cordate, somewhat clasping the stems, the
sheaths usually short, hairy. Flowers solitary or in pairs, in the upper
axils, their pedicles 1.5 to 2 cm long. Sepals green, oblong-elliptic, obtuse,
4 to 5 mm long. Petals orbicular-ovate to broadly elliptic, 5 to 6 mm
long, yellowish- or russet-brown, turning purple in drying. Filaments
clothed with weak yellowish-brown hairs. Capsule oblong, 5 mm long,
inclosed by the sepals. Capsule about 4 mm long, the seeds 1-seriate, pitted.

In open wet grasslands, Caloocan to Masambong, ete., fl. Oct.—Dec.;
very local in the Philippines. India.

38. RHOEO Hance

A stout, erect or ascending, unbranched herb. Leaves large, alternate,
base sheathing. Peduncles axillary, short, terminated by 2, large, com-
pressed, somewhat boat-shaped, subopposite bracts that inclose the inflores-
cence. Flowers very numerous, congested, their pedicels with sheathing
basal bracteoles. Sepals 3, free, petaloid. Petals 3, free. Stamens 6, all
fertile; filaments bearded. Ovary Sessile, ovoid, 3-celled, the cells 1-ovuled.
Capsule 3- or 2-celled, loculicidally dehiscent.

A monotypic American genus, with us only cultivated and not spontaneous.

*1. R. piscoLtor (L’Hér.) Hance.

A stout, perennial, herbaceous, somewhat fleshy plant 0.5 m high or less,
the stem thick, unbranched. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 30 to 40 cm
long, 4 to 6 em wide, fleshy, the upper surface dark-green, the lower
purple. Inflorescence axillary, short-peduncled, the flowers surrounded by
two, large, imbricate, laterally compressed, distichous, 3 to 4 cm long,
purplish bracts. Flowers numerous in each inflorescence, fascicled, white,
about 1 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 84, Tradescantia discolor.)

Cultivated-for ornamental purposes, fi. most of the year. A native of
tropical America.

4. CYANOTIS Don

Prostrate or ascending, usually branched herbs. Flowers in axillary and
terminal cymes formed of large, imbricated, leafy, biseriate, falcate brac-
teoles, or in axillary clusters with small bracts. Sepals unequal, free or
connate below. Petals 3, subequal. Stamens 6, all perfect, the filaments
usually bearded. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled. Capsule 3-celled, loculi-
cidal. (Greek “blue” and “ear” from the color and form of the petals.)

Species about 35 in the tropics of the Old World, 4 or 5 in the Philippines.

BIGWers solitary, telminals fe t= oo As aS es es 1. C. moluccana

Flowers enclosed in large, biseriate, falcate, imbricate bracteoles.
2. C. cristata
Flowers fascicled in the leaf-axils, the bracteoles small, not imbricate and
BiGe GRICIOMIN Lite TOW esd aes sene een tiga an sapive 3. C. axillaris

1. C. moluccana (Roxb.) Merr. (C. uniflora Hassk.).
A slender, prostrate plant, the stems branched, rooting at the nodes,
10 to 30 cm in length. Leaves oblong, acute, 2 to 4 cm long, the upper

140 A FLORA OF MANILA

surface glabrous, the lower surface often pilose, the sheaths ciliate with
long, soft, brownish hairs, the leaves of the lateral branches often smaller
thah those on the main stem. Flowers blue, terminal, solitary, sessile or
nearly so. Sepals about 4 mm long. Filaments bearded.

In damp ravines opposite Fort McKinley, fl. Oct.Nov.; not uncommon
in the Philippines. Malay Archipelago.

2. C. cristata (L.) Schultes f.

A succulent, prostrate, glabrous or somewhat hairy, much branched herb,
the stems often purplish, rooting at the lower nodes, the branches ascending,
15 to 40 cm high. Leaves distant, ovate to ovate-oblong, sessile, fleshy,
acute or obtuse, 3 to 5 em long. Inflorescence enclosed in a series of
2-seriate, falcate, imbricate bracteoles, about one flower opening at a time,
the bracteoles crowded, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Sepals lanceolate, green, hairy,
4to5mm long. Corolla blue, 8 mm long, the filaments prominently bearded
with blue hairs above. (FI. Filip. pl. 83.)

In open waste places, occasional, fl. Sept._Feb.; throughout the Philip-
pines. Tropical Africa, Asia, and Malaya.

3. C. axillaris (L.) R. & S.

A succulent, prostrate, somewhat branched, glabrous plant, the stems
about 5 mm thick, 20 to 40 cm long, rooting at the nodes. Leaves lanceolate,
4 to 11 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide. Flowers several in each leaf-axil, only
one opening at a time, the bracteoles small, not imbricating. Calyx pale-
greenish. Corolla purplish, the petals long-clawed, limb 5 to 6 mm long.

In open waste places, cultivated lands, etc., fl. all the year; throughout
the Philippines. India to China, Malaya, and Australia.

5. ZEBRINA Schnizlein

Decumbent, spreading or pendulous, branched herbs, slightly pilose.
Leaves oblong to ovate, variegated, base sheating. Flowers several to
many, more or less crowded between the two terminal somewhat bract-like
leaves. Calyx of 3 sepals connate into a cylindric tube. Petals 3, connate
into a slender tube longer than the calyx, the limbs spreading, ovate to
lanceolate. Stamens 6, equal, inserted on the throat of the corolla-tube.
Capsule 3-celled, on a short recurved peduncle, the seeds 1 or 2 in each
cell. (From the striped leaves.)

Species 2 or 3 in Texas and Mexico, 1 widely cultivated, introduced in
the Philippines.

1. Z. PENDULA Schnizl. Wandering Jew.

Stems rather slender, branched, spreading or pendulous, up to 1 m long,
glabrous or somewhat hairy on one side. Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong-
ovate, acute, 3 to 9 cm long, the upper surface with grayish-green and
purple longitudinal stripes, the lower surface purple, base sheathing, villous.
Flowers glomerate between the 2 terminal, somewhat bract-like leaves.
Calyx about 6 mm long. Corolla-tube very slender, nearly 1 cm long, the
lobes oblong, pink-purple, 6 to 7 mm long.

Cultivated, fl. at intervals; occasionally escaped from cultivation in Ma-
nila, and naturalized in some provinces. A native of Mexico, now widely
cultivated, but apparently of comparatively recent introduction in the
Philippines.

LILIACEAE | 141

22. PONTEDERIACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)

Subaquatic or marsh herbs, quite glabrous. Leaves erect, the nerves
parallel or subparallel. Flowers perfect, in spikes or racemes from the
sheath of the uppermost leaf, bracts sheathing, irregular. Perianth un-
equally 6-partite, blue, marcescent. Stamens 1 to 6, inserted at the base
of the perianth-lobes; anthers erect or versatile, one longer than the others.
Ovary free, 3-celled, many-oyuled; style slender; stigma subentire or lobed.
Fruit a membranaceous, loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds small, albu-
men horny or flower-like.

Genera 5, species about 21 in all warm and tropical countries, represented
in the Philippines by the following genus only.

1. MONOCHORIA Presl

Characters of the Family as given above. (Greek “one” and “to se-
parate,” allusion to one stamen being longer than the others.)
Species about 6, tropics of the Old World, 2 in the Philippines.

Leaves hastate, the basal lobes spreading, oblong-ovate, the blades up to
60 cm long; lower pedicels 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, the upper ones much
ELE REIL POREE EP FEET Oe RANT ONES PTR © TENET 1. M. hastata

Leaves cordate, the basal lobes very broad, not spreading, the pedicels less
bagel oL) aellenedhlesnaait sethantes table deel aestile settee 1 hadi 2. M. vaginalis

1. M. hastata (L.) Solms. Calaboa (Tag.).

Leaves long-petioled, the petioles stout, up to 60 cm long, sheathing
below, the blade broadly ovate, coriaceous, 10 to 30 ecm long, slightly
acuminate, base prominently hastate, the sinus very broad, the lobes
spreading, oblong-ovate. Inflorescence many-flowered, 4 to 5 cm long,
spicate. Flowers blue, about 1 cm long, the lower ones with elongated
pedicels.

In shallow stagnant water, fi. most of the year; throughout the Philip-
pines. India to southern China and Malaya.

2. M. vaginalis (L.) Presl. Calaboa (Tag.).

Smaller than the preceding, the petioles usually less than 30 cm in length.
Leaves broadly ovate to ovate or oblong-ovate, sharply acuminate, base
cordate, the lobes very broad, rounded, not spreading, or base even rounded,
6 to 10 cm long. Inflorescence spicate, 3 to 6 cm long, few-flowered.
Flowers blue, about 1 cm long, their pedicels all less than 1 cm long, and
of about the same length. (FI. Filip. pl. 466.)

In open wet grass lands, marshy, places, etc., fl. most of the year;
throughout the Philippines. India to southern China and Malaya.

23. LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY)

Herbs with fibrous roots or from rootstocks, bulbs, or corms, sometimes
shrubby and tree-like, or climbing and armed with prickles or spines.
Leaves various. Flowers perfect or sometimes unisexual. Perianth thin
or petaloid, 6-merous, in 2 series, rarely 8- or 10-merous, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 6, rarely 3 or fewer, the filaments free or connate... Anthers
oblong to linear, often versatile. Ovary superior, 3-celled; ovules 2 to many

142 A FLORA OF MANILA

in the inner angles of the cells. Fruit a 3-, rarely 1-celled, 1- to many-
seeded capsule or a berry.

Genera 215, species about 2,500, in all parts of the world, 15 genera and
about 25 species in the Philippines.

1. Prickly tendril-bearing. vines, with 3- to 5-nerved leaves, the flowers

small, in axillary: winibels)2. 062 22s dcp accbeeeeede oe 1. Smilax
1. Herbs or shrubby plants without tendrils, usually erect and unarmed.
2. Leaves replaced by linear or acicular cladodes.................. 2. Asparagus

2. Leaves present, broad, linear, or cylindric.
3. Stemless herbs.
4, Strong-scented herbs from underground bulbs, with narrow or

cylindric leaves; flowers umbellate..........00000002.-..00 eee 3.: Allium
4. Rootstock stoloniferous; leaves broad, flat, fleshy; flowers race-
TCT. [nee Ce eT cae ADEA Pe MENGE SUEDE DEP UN eC dp. 4. Sansevieria

3. Shrubby plants.
5. Leaves thin, colored, long-petioled...........0..00-2000.00000...- 5. Cordyline
5. Leaves rigid, sessile, tipped with a sharp spine................ 6. Yucca

1. SMILAX Linnaeus

Climbing, prickly, more or less woody vines. Leaves alternate, 3- to
7-nerved, reticulate with cross-veinlets, the petiole usually bearing 2
tendrils above the base. Flowers small, dioecious, in axillary, peduncled
umbels, the perianth-segments 6, free. Male flowers with 6 or more free
stamens. Female flowers with 3 or 6 staminodes. Ovary 3-angled, 3-celled;
ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit a globose, 1- to 3-seeded berry. (The
Greek name of the yew.) i

Species about 200 in temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres,
about 7 in the Philippines.

1. S. bracteata Presl. Obat, Camagsa-obat; Hampas-tigbalang (Tag.) ;

Banag (Vis.).

A woody vine reaching a height of several meters, the stems armed with
few to many stout spines. Leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, 7-nerved, 8 to
13 cm long, base broadly rounded or slightly cordate, apex shortly and
abruptly acuminate, of about the same color on both surfaces. Umbels
many-flowered, about 2 cm in diameter, in axillary racemes. Flowers
greenish-yellow, about 5 mm long, fragrant. Berries globose, 5 to 8 mm
in diameter, black when mature.

In thickets, Masambong, fl. May-June; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. Endemic.

2. ASPARAGUS Linnaeus

Erect, climbing or ‘straggling, herbaceous plants from stout, creeping, or
sometimes tuberiferous rootstocks, the stems round, grooved, or angled.
Leaves reduced to minute scales, bearing in their axils tufts of needle-like
or flattened, green branchlets (cladodes). Flowers small axillary, solitary,
‘fascicled, or racemed, their pedicels jointed. Perianth campanulate, 6-
parted. Stamens inserted on the bases of the segments. Ovary 3-angled,
3-celled, cells with 2 or more ovules. Fruit a small, globose, 3- to 6-seeded
berry. (The ancient Greek name.)

Species about 100, in Europe and temperate and tropical Asia and Africa,
ene indigenous and several introduced species in the Philippines.

LILIACEAE 948

1. Flowers racemose; stems spiny; “leaves” (cladodes) narrow, flattened.
1. A. spengeri
1. Flowers solitary or fascicled; “leaves” (cladodes) setaceous.
2. Erect, unarmed, the branches verticillately spreading; “leaves”

(eladodes) 5 to 16: mim longi h..200200.. Aue. 2. A. officinalis
2. Climbing or ascending, branches and branchlets horizontally spreading;
“leaves” (cladodes) 5 mm long or less.......................... 3. A. plumosus

*1. A. SPRENGERI Regel.

Stems straggling or pendulous, round, striate, the branchlets subtended
by slender sharp spines 0.5 em long or less. Cladodes (branchlets) tufted,
flattened, linear, straight or curved, 1 to 1.5 cm, long. Racemes axillary,
spreading, 2 to 5 cm long. Flowers white, somewhat fragrant, about 5 mm
in diameter, the anthers orange-yellow. Fruits globose, red, fleshy, about
8 mm in diameter, containing about 2 seeds.

Quite common in cultivation as an ornamental plant, flowering and
fruiting freely. A plant of recent introduction, a native of South Africa.

*2. A. OFFICINALIS L. Esparrago (Sp.); Asparagus.

An erect, unarmed, branched herb 2 m high, or here usually much less,
the stem and branches green. Leaves (scales) very minute, the cladodes
(branchlets) fascicled, slender terete, 0.5 to 1.5 cm long. Flowers axillary,
fascicled, solitary or in pairs, pedicelled, the perianth straw-yellow, or
greenish-yellow, about 5 mm long. Fruit globose, fleshy, red.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes and by Chinese gardeners for the
local market, fl. most of the year. A native of Europe, now cultivated in
all temperate and subtemperate regions.

*3. A. PLUMOSUS Baker.

A slender, climbing or ascending, branched perennial, the stems round,
_green, the branches and branchlets very numerous, slender, spreading
horizontally forming fern-like sprays, the upper internodes 1 to 2 mm long.
Cladodes setaceous, very slender, 3 to 5 mm long, ascending or spreading,
6 to 12 in a fascicle. Flowers small, perfect, solitary at the ends of the
branches, the pedicels very short, about 1 mm long. Perianth-segments
about 2 mm long, spreading.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, of recent introduction here. A
native of South Africa, now cultivated in most warm countries.

8. ALLIUM Linnaeus

Rank-scented herbs from underground tunicated bulbs, the leaves narrow,
flat or cylindric, the flowers capitate or umbelled at the apex of an erect
scape, all at first enclosed by 1 to 3 thin sheaths. Perianth-segments 6,
free or united below, usually spreading. Stamens hypogynous or inserted
on the perianth, the filaments free or connate below. Ovary 3-angled,
3-celled; cells few-ovuled. Fruit a small loculicidal capsule. (Ancient
Latin name of the garlic.)

Species about 250 in all parts of the North Temperate zone, a few
introduced and cultivated in the Philippines.

Leaves cylindric, inflated.......--.......-..21.c.--c--sceccstonesecseesstntececonensennenses 1. A. cepa
aa CS cenit panei phpnonseaeanan nate 2. A. porrum

144 A FLORA OF MANILA

*1. A. cepa L. Cebolla (Sp.); Sebuyas (Tag.); Onion.

Leaves shorter than the scape, cylindric, hollow, 8 mm in Hiniuaeay or
less, narrowed upward to the slender apex. Scape inflated, usually about
80 cm high, about 1 cm thick in the middle, narrowed at both ends. Flowers
very numerous in a dense globose umbel, the pedicels 5 to 7 mm long.
Perianth-segments oblong, acuminate, 5 to 6 mm long, white or nearly so.
Filaments longer than the petals. (FI. Filip. pl. 87, A. tricoceum.)

Cultivated by Chinese gardeners at all seasons for the Manila market.
Cultivated in all warm countries; a native of Europe.

*2. A. PoRRUM L. Cuchai (Tag.); Puerro (Sp.); Leek.

A rank-scented, bulbous, glabrous plant. Leaves fiat, fleshy, 20 cm long
or more, about 5 mm wide. Scapes very sligthly compressed, slender, solid.
Umbels many-flowered, 3 to 4 cm in diameter. Flowers white, fragrant,
about 1 cm in diameter.

Cultivated by Chinese gardeners for the Manila market, occasionally
flowering. A native of the Mediterranean Pepin, now cultivated in most
‘warm countries.

In addition to the above the garlic (Sp. Ajo; Tag., Vis., Bawang=Allium
sativum L.) is extensively cultivated in some parts of the Philippines, but
I have seen no growing specimens in our area.

4. SANSEVIERIA Thunberg

Rootstock short, often stoloniferous. Leaves numerous, narrow, erect,
fleshy, flat, nerveless, often mottled. Scape erect, stout, racemose, the
flowers in alternate fascicles. Perianth-tube long, slender, the lobes narrow.
Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth-lobes; anthers dorsifixed.
Ovary superior, 8-celled; style slender; stigma simple; ovules 1 in each
cell. Fruit membranaceous, dehiscent. (In honor of R. de Sangro, Prince
of Sanseviero.)

Species about 10 in tropical Asia and Africa, a single introduced one in
the Philippines.

1. S. ZEYLANICA (L.) Willd. Buntot-tigre (Tag.); Bowstring Hemp.

Leaves erect, fleshy, flat, acuminate, dark-green mottled with gray,
glabrous, 0.4 to 1.5 m high, 4 to 7 em wide, base somewhat narrowed.
Scape erect, up to 80 cm high. Flowers numerous, pale-straw-colored,
usually tinged with green, 2.5 to 3 cm long, slender, the perianth segments
nearly twice as long as the tube. (FI. Filip. pl. 422.)

Frequently cultivated, and occasionally subspontaneous, fl, Dec.—Feb.;
widely distributed in the Philippines in and about towns. A native of
tropical Africa, now found in many other tropical countries.

5. CORDYLINE Commerson

Erect, simple or sparingly branched shrubs with elongated, alternate,
petioled, costate, many-nerved leaves somewhat crowded toward the ends
of the stems. Inflorescence terminal, paniculate, the flowers racemosely
arranged on the long slender branches. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, the lobes
narrow. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled, cells, 4- to 16-ovuled. Fruit a usually
1-seeded berry. (Greek “club.’’)

Species about 10, Malaya to Australia and Polynesia, 1 in Brazil, a
single introduced one in the Philippines.

AMARYLLIDACEAE 145

*1. C. TERMINALIS (L.) Kunth. Baston, Baston de San Jose (Sp. Fil.);
Saguilala, Toncodpari (Tag.).

An erect, shrubby, glabrous plant 1 to 3 m high from tuberous roots,
the stems simple or somewhat branched, marked with leaf-scars. Leaves
lanceolate to oblanceolate, usually tinged with red or purple, 30 to 50 cm
long, mostly near the apex of the stem, acuminate, base narrowed,
the nerves very numerous, slender, diverging from the midrib. Panicle
terminal, purplish, laxly branched, the branches up to 30 cm in length,
slender, the pedicels very short. Flowers pink, about 1 cm long, slender,
tubular, the perianth split to the middle into 6 equal lobes. Berry globose,
about 5 mm in diameter, few- or 1-seeded. (FI. Filip. pl. 98, Dracaena
terminalis.)

Commonly cultivated for its ornamental foliage, fl. Dec —Feb.; common in
and about towns in the Philippines, but certainly introduced. India to
Polynesia, but frequently only in cultivation.

6. YUCCA Linnaeus

Shrubby, erect, simple or branched plants with stout thickened stems.
Leaves alternate, crowded, numerous, narrow, sessile, with a sharp rigid
point, the margins entire or denticulate. Flowers numerous, in terminal
racemes or panicles, usually white. Perianth pendulous or drooping, sub-
globose to campanulate, the segments distinct or slightly united at the
base. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments shorter-than the perianth, en-
larged above. Ovary 3-celled, rarely with 1 or 6 cells. Ovules 2 to
several in each cell. Fruit berry-like and indehiscent, or a loculicidal
capsule. (The Indian (American) name of Manihot, erroneously applied
here.)

Species about 20 in the warmer parts of America, 1 or 2 introduced in
the Philippines.

*1. Y. ALOIFOLIA L.

Stem stout, cylindric, marked with leaf-scars, 1 to 2 m high usually
sparingly branched above. Leaves very numerous, stiff, spreading above,
the older and lower ones deflexed, falling from the lower part of the stem,
30 to 70 cm long, about 3 cm wide, the apex with a sharp, rigid point, con-
stricted below the middle, the base slightly dilated, margins finely scabrid-
denticulate. Panicles conical, ample, many-flowered, 30 to 50 cm long.
Flowers white, about 5 cm long.

Occasionally cultivated, rarely flowering here. A native of tropical
America, now cultivated in many other warm countries.

24. AMARYLLIDACEAE (AMARYLLIS OR MAGUEY FAMILY)

Slender or coarse herbs from bulbous, tuberous, or corm-like rootstocks,
the leaves radical, narrow or broad, sessile or pedicelled, the scape naked
or leafy. Perianth superior, regular or irregular, the tube long, short,
or none, 6-lobed or 6-parted, sometimes with a crown at the mouth. Sta-
mens 6, inserted on the segments, the filaments free or connate; anthers
erect or versatile. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; ovules many, 2-seriate. Fruit
capsular, loculicidal, rarely fleshy and bursting irregularly.

Genera 80, species about 800, in all warm countries, 11 genera and about
15 species in the Philippines, mostly introduced.

111555——10

146 A FLORA OF MANILA |

1. Inflorescence spicate or panicled.
2. Coarse plants with thick, fleshy, spiny-toothed leaves and very large,
Patiicled ‘infloresceriCes:.- cies, iennhedanscnh- etme cencnieeaeleokePE aie aev hater 1. Agave
2. Slender plants with narrow, toothless leaves and spicate flowers.

2. Polianthes
1. Flowers solitary or umbellate.

2. Filaments free.

3. Flowers solitary......... here tammy meee 3. Zephyranthes
$.'Flowers ambellate su 2445 An ht a ee 4. Crinum
2. Filaments appendiculate and united at the base into a distinct cup.
Bi SED WETS BOLUS EV os ts Seek a tisaceceatinla t+ Wipe ata tan s-bap res aeRe 5. Pancratium

8. Flowers umbellate.
4. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; ovary-cells 2-ovuled.
6. Hymenocallis
4. Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular; ovary-cells 2- or 3-ovuled.

7. Eurycles
4. Leaves elliptic-oblong; ovary-cells many-ovuled............ 8. Eucharis

1. AGAVE Linnaeus

Fleshy or somewhat woody, coarse plants, with usually very short stems.
Leaves crowded on the stem, radiate, thick, fleshy, persisting for several
years, sharply pointed, margins with stout spiny teeth. Inflorescence
terminal, tall, stout, branched. Flowers succulent, panicled, usually green-
ish. Sepals and petals partly united, the lobes equal or subequal. Stamens
6; filaments more or less adnate to the*perianth-tube. Ovary 3-celled;
ovules numerous. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. (Greek ‘‘noble.’’)

Species about 140 in tropical America, 1 introduced in the Philippines.

*1, A. CANTULA Roxb. Maguey (Sp.-Fil.); Sisal Hemp, Century Plant,

Stems short, stout. Leaves 20 to 50 in a dense rosette, linear-lanceolate,
thick, more or less glaucous, 0.8 to 1.3 m long, up to 8 or 10 cm wide,
narrowed toward both ends, apex with a sharp, horny point, margins
with sharp spine-like teeth. Inflorescence erect, up to 6 m in height, stout,
branched. Flowers greenish, the perianth 4 to 5 cm long; filaments exceed-
ing the segments. (FI. Filip. pl. 96, A. americana.)

Cultivated in our area for ornamental purposes, in many provinces ex-
tensively cultivated for the fiber produced by the leaves. The plants
flower when several years old; bulbils are often produced in place of
flowers. A native of tropical America, now introduced in many other
tropical countries.

2. POLIANTHES Linnaeus

Erect, leafy, unbranched plants from tuberous rootstocks. Leaves linear,
basal and scattered along the stem. Inflorescence terminal, spicate, the
bracts persistent. Perianth with a long, narrowly funnel-shaped, curved
tube, and short, unequal segments. Stamens inserted at the middle of the
tube, not exserted. Ovary 3-celled, free at the apex; ovules many; style fili-
form. Fruit ovoid, crowned by the persistent perianth. (Greek “white”
and “flower.”’) ;

A monotypic Mexican genus.

*1. P. TUBEROSA L. Azucena (Sp.-Fil.) ; Tuberose.
Rootstock stout, tuberous. Basal leaves linear, 40 to 60 cm long, less
than 1 em wide, those on the stem much shorter. Stems erect, 0.5 to 1

AMARYLLIDACEAE 147

m high. Flowers fragrant, waxy-white, in pairs, 5 to 6 cm long, the seg-
ments oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 1.5 em long.
Cultivated, fl. Mar.-May; a native of Mexico, now cultivated in most
warm countries.
3. ZEPHYRANTHES Herbert

Stemless herbs from tunicated bulbs. Leaves basal, glabrous, the blades
few; linear, flat. Scape 1-flowered. Perianth pink to purple, the tube
funnel-shaped, the lobes 6, somewhat spreading. Stamens 6; filaments
adnate to the throat of the perianth-tube. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform,
the stigma subcapitate or 3-lobed. Capsule subglobose or depressed, 3-
valved. (Greek “wind” and “flower.’’)

Species about 30, eastern United States to Mexico and South America,
1 introduced in the Philippines.

“1. Z. ROSEA Lindl.

Bulbs ovoid, about 2 cm in diameter.. Leaves all basal, fleshy, glabrous,
shining, linear, up to 35 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide. Scapes solitary, erect,
green, slightly compressed, equaling or slightly longer than the leaves,
1-flowered, the spathe subtending the pedicel membranaceous, about 2
cm long, 2-cleft, the pedicel 3 to 4 cm long. Perianth light-purple, some-
what funnel-shaped, about 4 em long, the lobes oblong-ovate, 1 to 1.5 cm
wide, the inner 3 somewhat narrower than the outer ones. Anthers yellow,
included. Style longer than the stamens, trifid. (Fl. Filip. pl. 271, Habran-
thus versicolor.)

Commonly cultivated as a border-plant, fl. June-Sept., and probably
in other months. A native of tropical America.

4, CRINUM Linnaeus

Rootstocks bulb-like, usually large. Leaves numerous, usually broad.
Peduncle solid. Flowers umbellate, white to red or purplish. Perianth-tube
long, cylindric, straight or curved, the segments linear to oblong. Stamens
on the throat of the perianth-tube; filaments long, slender; anthers ver-
satile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules few in each cell; style long; stigma capitate.
Fruit usually subglobose, at length dehiscent, the seeds few, large. (Greek
“lily.”)

Species about 80 in the tropics of both hemispheres, 2 or 3 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. Corolla salver-shaped; perianth-lobes spreading, less than 1 cm broad.
1. C. asiaticum
1. Corolla funnel-shaped, perianth-lobes 2 to 3 cm wide.
D>. Peemannitla peels 1 as oo a henner nena 2. C. zeylanicum
2. Perianth white, flushed with pale-purple........................ 3. C. latifolium

1. C. asiaticum L. Bacon (Tag.).

Trunk short, stout, 10 to 15 em in diameter, the leaves crowded at its
apex, lanceolate, up to 1.2 m long, and 15 cm wide, acuminate. Scape erect,
stout, solid, green, 1 m high or less, 2 to 3 cm in diameter. Spathe
subtending the flowers about 15 cm long, membranaceous, split to the base.
Flowers fragrant, 20 to 40, each subtended by a thin, narrow bracteole.
Perianth-tube greenish, about 10 cm long, the lobes spreading, 8 cm long,
about 8 mm wide, white. Filaments purplish above. Fruit subglobose,
about 5 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 168.)

148 A FLORA OF MANILA

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, also in open places near the sea,
flowering most of the year; throughout the Philippines near the sea. India
to Malaya.

*2. C. ZEYLANICUM L. Lilio (Sp.-Fil.).

-Stout, glabrous, the bulbs globose 10 to 15 cm in diameter. Stems stout,
short, erect. Leaves up to 1 m long, 7 to 10 cm wide. Peduncles stout,
about as long as the leaves, with 10 to 20 umbellately arranged, reddish,
fragrant flowers. Pedicels short. Flowers long, the tube slender, about
10 cm long, the limb usually a little longer, the segments oblong-lanceolate,
acute, about 2 cm wide, purplish-red, margined with white, paler inside.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. June-Aug., and probably in
other months. Tropical Asia and Africa, introduced in the Philippines and
not spontaneous.

*3. C. LATIFOLIUM L. Lilio (Sp.-Fil.).

Bulb subglobose, up to 10 cm or more in diameter. Leaves 60 to 100 cm
long, 5 to. 8 em wide. Peduncles stout, solid, green, 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter,
up to 60 cm in length. Flowers about 10 in each umbel, fragrant, sessile
or shortly pedicelled, the spathe-valves thin, about 8 cm long, oblong-ovate,
acute. Perianth tube 10 to 12 em long, purplish below, greenish above,
curved at the apex, 6 to 7 mm in diameter, the limb campanulate, horizontal
or ascending, 10 to 12 cm long, the segments about 3 cm wide, white flushed
with pale purple in the median part. Filaments white, declinate.

Occasionally cultivated, fi. June—Oct., and probably in other months;
introduced from tropical Asia.

5. PANCRATIUM Linnaeus

Herbaceous, from a thick, underground bulb. Leaves few, 2-ranked,
narrow. Scape from the bulb, solid. Flowers large, white, solitary (in
our species). Perianth funnel-shaped, the tube elongated, the limb spread-
ing, the lobes 6, narrow. Stamens erect, inserted on the throat of the
perianth, united by a toothed or lobed membrane which forms a cup;
anthers dorsifixed. Style slender; ovules many in each cell. Capsule sub-
globose, 3-angled, loculicidal. (Greek “all” and “strength.’’)

Species about 12, southern Europe, Asia, and Africa, a single introduced
one in the Philippines.

*1. P. ZEYLANICUM L.

Bulb subglobose or ovoid, about 5 cm in diameter. Leaves 6 to 8,
2-ranked, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, about 25 cm long and 2 cm wide.
Scape somewhat shorter than the leaves, slightly compressed. Flowers
solitary, erect, white. Corolla-tube 4 to 5 cm long, thé membranaceous
part connecting the stamens about 5 cm in diameter, with 12 large,
acuminate teeth, the perianth-lobes recurved, lanceolate, acuminate, about
5 cm long, 1 cm wide. Filaments erect, the free parts about 3 cm long.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 321.)

Occasionally found in gardens, flowering all the year; introduced from
India or Ceylon. -

> 6. HYMENOCALLIS Salisbury

Rootstock stout, tunicated, the leaves numerous, long, sessile. Peduncle
solid, erect, bearing many, white, fragrant flowers in a terminal umbel.
Perianth salver-shaped, the tube cylindric, the segments linear, equal,

AMARYLLIDACEAE . 149

elongated. Stamens united by a large, white cup, the free parts of the
filaments filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell;
style long, filiform; stigma minute. Fruit a large, bulb-like, finally dehi-
scent capsule. (Greek “membrane” and “beauty.’’)

Species about 30 in the tropical and warmer parts of America, 1 intro-
duced in the Philippines.

*1. H. TENUIFLORA Herb.

Leaves crowded, narrowly lanceolate, fleshy, acuminate or acute, 0.5 to
1 m long, 6 to 7 cm wide. Scape erect, solid, somewhat compressed, about
0.5 m tall, bearing at its apex few to many, sessile, umbellate flowers, the
spathe subtending the flowers very thin, marcescent. Flowers fragrant,
the perianth-tube greenish below, whitish above, about 12 cm long, the
lobes linear, white, spreading, 10 cm long, 5 to 7 mm wide. The mem-
branaceous cup connecting the filaments white, funnel-shaped, 4 to 5 cm in
diameter. Anthers erect, green. (FI. Filip. pl. 411, H. adnata.)

Commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. most of the year. A
native of tropical America.

7. EURYCLES Salisbury

Rootstock a tunicated bulb, the leaves broad, petioled, with lax, arcuate
main-veins and oblique cross-veinlets. Flowers many, in a peduncled umbel,
white. Perianth-tube cylindric, the lobes subequal, ascending, oblong-
lanceolate. Stamens inserted at the throat, the filaments united in a
distinct, 12-toothed, cup; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled, the ovules 2 or
3 in each cell; style filiform. Capsule globose, suculent.

Species 2, Malaya and Australia, 1 in the Philippines.

1. E. amboinensis (L.) Lindl. :

Bulb 5 to 10 cm in diameter. Leaf-blade suborbicular or broadly ovate,
base broadly cordate, shortly and abruptly acuminate, up to 25 cm long
and wide, the petiole longer than the blade, dilated at the base, the nerves
12 to 15 on each side of the midrib. Peduncle about as long as the leaves,
bearing from 15 to 30 flowers in a dense umbel. Perianth about 5 cm long,
the segments as long as the tube. (FI. Filip. pl. 406.)

Frequently cultivated, fl. June—Aug., and probably in other months; of
very local occurrence in the Philippines. Malay Peninsula to northern
Australia.

8. EUCHARIS Planchon

Bulbs tunicated, the leaves petioled, oblong, green. Flowers large,
umbellate, white, fragrant, the outer spathe-valves 2 or 3, ovate-lanceolate.
Perianth-tube cylindric, slender, dilated above, the segments broad, spread-
ing, imbricate, subequal. Stamens inserted at the throat of the perianth-
tube, shorter than the segments, erect, the filaments broadly appendaged
below, the appendages united into a 12-toothed cup, the free parts of the
filaments stout, shorter than the appendages. Anthers versatile. Ovary
globose, 3-celled; ovules many; style filiform. Fruit deeply 3-lobed, finally
dehiscent. (Greek “well” or “true,” and “graceful.’’)

Species 6 or 8, natives of Colombia, most of them in cultivation.

*1. E. GRANDIFLORA Planch. Amazon Lily.
Leaves oblong-elliptic, narrowed at both ends, acuminate, coriaceous, 25
to 35 em long, about 15 cm wide, shining, the petioles stout, about 20 cm

150 } A FLORA OF MANILA

long. Peduncle solid, about as long as the leaves, bearing from 4 to 6,
large, umbellate, white, fragrant flowers, the spathe-valves oblong-lanceo-
late, about 5 cm long. . Flowers about 9 cm in diameter, the ovary and its
stalk green, the tube slender, about 5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped
above the middle. Perianth-lobes ovate, acute or obtuse, spreading, about
4 cm long and 3 cm wide. Appendages to the stamens greenish inside,
quadrate, each 2-toothed, united into an erect cup; free parts of the fila-
ments stout, erect. i

Not uncommon in cultivation, fi. most of the year. A native of Colom-
bia, now widely cultivated in most warm countries.

25. TACCACEAE (TACCA OR PANARIEN FAMILY)

Herbaceous plants from tuberous or creeping rootstocks, the leaves
radical, lobed or laciniate. Scape erect, leafless. Flowers umbellate, sub-
tended by leaf-like bracts. Perianth 6-lobed, superior. Stamens 6, at the
base of the lobes, the filaments short, dilated or appendaged on each side,
above dilated into an inflexed hood; anthers sessile within the hood. Ovary
1-celled; style short; stigmas broad, or petaloid and umbella-like. Fruit
fleshy and indehiscent, or at length 3-valved. Seeds many.

A single genus of about 10 species, all tropical.

1. TACCA Linnaeus
Character of the Family. (From the local Amboyna name.)

Coarse, erect, the petioles up to 1 m in length; leaves 1 to 1.5 m in diameter,
3-partite, the segments variously lobed and toothed...... 1. T. pinnatifida
Slender, the leaves 15 to 20 cm in diameter, pedately 5- or 7-partite, the
BePIneTiCS entire re ee ree ee ee 2. T. palmata

1. T. pinnatifida Forst. Panarien (Il.); Yabyaban (Tag.); Polynesian

Arrowroot.

Rootstock tuberous, depressed-globose, up to 30 cm in diameter. Petiole
often nearly 1 m long, hollow, 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter, striate. Leaves
tripartite, spreading, 1 to 1.5 m in diameter, the segments 2-fid or irregularly
pinnatifid or pinnate at the base, often large, irregularly lobed. Scape up
to 1.4 m long, hollow, tapering, green, erect 10- to 40-flowered, flowers
crowded at the apex, pedicelled, drooping, intermixed with very long,
filiform bracts, subtended by from 4 to 12, oblong, acuminate, 5 to 7 cm
long, involucrate leaves. Perianth green and purplish, about 1 cm long.
Fruit ellipsoid, or ovoid, smooth, yellowish, 6-ribbed, 3 to 4 cm long.

In thickets, Pasay, Masambong, etc., occasional, fl. July—Aug.; widely
distributed in the Philippines near the seashore. Tropical Asia and Africa,
Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia. The fleshy roots are edible, the plant
being cultivated in some countries.

2. T. palmata Bl. Payong-payongan (Tag.).

Rootstock tuberous, ovoid, small, 2 to 4 cm in diameter. Petiole slender,
20 to 30 cm long. Leaves 15 to 20 cm in diameter pedately 5- to 7-partite,
thin, the segments oblong to elliptic-oblong, entire, acuminate, the lower
two on each side more united than the others. Scapes slender, about as
long as the leaves. Flowers umbellate, pedicelled, purple and green, about
8 mm long, the involucre usually of four leaves, the outer two broadly
ovate, acuminate, nearly sessile, 3 to 6 cm long, the inner two with
constricted bases, petioled. Fruit subglobose, fleshy, red, about 1 cm long.

In thickets, Pasay, Masambong, ete., fil. June-July; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Malaya.

DIOSCOREACEAE 151

26. DIOSCOREACEAE (YAM or Usr FAMILY)

“Usually twining vines, snooth or armed, from fleshy rootstocks. Leaves
simple or digitately 3- to 7-foliolate. Flowers small, in spikes, racemes, or
panicles, unisexual. Male flowers: Perianth 6-lobed. Stamens inserted
at the base of the perianth or on its lobes, 3 or 6, or sometimes 3 perfect
and 3 staminodes. Rudimentary ovary present or wanting. Female
flowers similar to the males. Staminodes 0, 8, or 6. Ovary 3-winged, 3-
celled; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsules 3-valved, 3-winged. Seeds winged.

Genera 9, species about 225, of wide tropical distribution, 2 genera and
18 or more species in the Philippines.

1. DIOSCOREA Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (In honor of Dioscorides, a
famous Greek physican and botanist.)
Species 150 or more, warmer parts of both hemispheres, about 15 in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves simple.
2. Stems 4-angled or 4-winged......................:cssssscsseessesceseceneeseeseeens 1. D. alata
2. Stems terete, not at all angled or winged.
3. Unarmed, glabrous; leaves 7- or 9-nerved, ovate, slenderly acuminate.
2. D. bulbifera
3. Somewhat spiny, pubescent; leaves orbicular to reniform, 11- to 15-

Eg MERE es RE TE RB ANAS oP eae Sa EE 3. D. fasciculata
1. Leaves 3-foliolate; stems spiny...................0.220.c..0cc-se0ceeeeeseeeee 4. D. daemona

PCH DasOr. fsTOlmlebe. see Ee 5. D. pentaphylla

*1. D. auaTta L. Ubi (Tag., Il, Vis.).

A twining glabrous vine from large tuberous roots, the stems acutely
4-angled or narrowly winged, often bearing axillary bulbils. Leaves op-
posite, oblong-ovate, 8 to 16 cm long, 3 to 8 em wide, sharply acuminate,
base cordate, 7- to 9-nerved, the basal lobes rounded. Staminate inflores-
cence axillary, narrowly paniculate, up to 30 cm in length, the flowers
alternate, on the short, zigzag, fasciculately and racemosely arranged
spikes, greenish, 1 to 1.5 mm long.

Commonly cultivated for its edible tubers, fl. Oct—Nov.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines, but certainly not indigenous. India to Malaya.

2. D. bulbifera L.

A glabrous, unarmed, herbaceous vine reaching a length of several
meters, the stems terete. Leaves simple, 7 to 14 cm long, ovate, acuminate,
base broad, prominently cordate, the sinus broad and rounded, the lobes
rounded, 7- or 9-nerved. Spikes slender, panicled, numerous, 8 to 10 cm
long, rather densely many-flowered, the flowers about 3 mm long. Axils
often bulbiferous.

In thickets, occasional, fl. Aug.; of local occurrence in the Philippines.
India to Malaya.

3. D. fasciculata Roxb. Tungo (Tag.); Tugue (Il.); Tamis (Vis.).

A slender somewhat pubescent vine reaching a height of several meters,
the stems with scattered sharp spines. Leaves simple, suborbicular to
reniform 6 to 12 cm long, apiculate, base 11- to 15-nerved, prominently
cordate, lobes rounded. Spikes slender, axillary, pubescent, up to 50 cm
long. Flowers green, about 4 mm in diameter.

In dry thickets, occasional, fl. June-Aug.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. India.

152 A FLORA OF MANILA |

4. D. daemona Roxb. Nami (Tag.); Corot (II., Vis.).

A twining vine from tuberous roots, reaching a length of several meters,
the stems with few or many, short, sharp spines. Leaves 3-foliolate, the
leaflets 12 to 20 cm long, acuminate, somewhat pubescent, the lateral ones
oblique, oblong-ovate, terminal one equilateral, oblong to oblong-obovate.
Panicles axillary, slender, pubescent 12 to 20 cm long. Flowers small.
Stamens 6. Capsules oblong, about 5 cm long.

Occasional in thickets, fl. June-July; throughout the Philippines. India
to Malaya. ‘

5. D. penaphylia L. Lima-lima (Tag., Vis.).

A climbing vine from stout tubers, the stems with scattered small
spines. Leafiets 5 to 7, oval to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or
nearly so, 8 to 15 cm long. Panicles axillary, pubescent, much longer than.
the leaves. Flowers yellowish-white, somewhat fragrant. Stamens 3, al-
ternating with 3 staminodes. Capsules 2 to 2.5 cm long, usually rounded
at both ends.

In thickets, Pasay, Masambong, etc., fi. Nov.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. Tropical Africa, India and Malaya.

27. IRIDACHAE (IRIS FAMILY)

Perennial herbs from often thickened rootstocks. Leaves narrow, often
distichous and equitant, sometimes plicate, sessile or petioled. Inflorescence
various. Flowers in spathes, few to many, usually but 1 or 2 opening at a
time. Perianth superior, petaloid, the segments 6, 2-seriate, imbricate.
Stamens 3, epigynous or adnate to the outer segment; anthers extrorse.
Ovary 38-celled; style simple; stigmas 3; ovules many, 2-seriate. Capsule
3-angled or cylindric, loculicidally 3-celled. Seeds many.

Genera 59, species about 1,000, chiefly in temperate regions, 3 or 4
genera and species in the Philippines, a single one indigenous.

Leaves distichous, equitant, vertical, not or obscurely nerved.
1. Belamcanda
Leaves not distichous or equitant, prominently nerved and plicate.
2. Eleutherine
1. BELAMCANDA Adanson

Erect herbs from stout rootstocks. Leaves many, ascending or erect,
large, 2-ranked, lanceolate, vertical, those of the stem similar to the basal
ones and gradually smaller upward. Inflorescence dichotomously corym-
bose, the spathes small, many-flowered, the valves many, membranaceous,
the pedicels exserted, joined at the apex. Perianth rotate, nearly or quite
regular, the tube not produced above the ovary. The segments oblong-
oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, clawed, spreading in flower. Stamens 3,
shorter than the perianth. Ovary 3-celled; ovules many. Capsule obovoid,
loculicidally 3-valved. (From the Malabar name.)

A monotypic Chinese genus, the single species introduced in the Phil-
ippines.

1. B. CHINENSIS (L.) Leman.

Erect, tufted, glabrous, 0.5 to 1.5 m. high. Leaves 2-ranked, strongly
imbricated, crowded, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, ascending, vertical,
coriaceous, 40 to 60 cm long, 2.5 to 4 em wide, those of the stem equitant.

MUSACEAX ) 158

Inflorescence terminal erect, dichotomously branched, the spathes ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, about 1 cm long, many-flowered, 1 or 2 opening at a
time, 5 to 6 cm in diameter, the perianth-lobes spreading narrowly-
elliptic, narrowed at both ends, yellowish outside, inside reddish-yellow
with darker spots. (Fl. Filip. pl. 376, Pardanthus chinensis.)

Cultivated in larger towns in the Philippines, sometimes spontaneous,
fl. all the year. A native of China now introduced in many warm and
tropical countries.

2. ELEUTHERINE Herbert

Herbs from purple, tunicated bulbs, the outer layers membranaceous.
Leaves few, petioled, lanceolate, 6- or 7-nerved, plicate. Scapes as long as
the leaves, flowering at the apex, the long-peduncled spathes fascicled,
subtended by a lanceolate, leaf-like bract. Spathes green, oblong, up to
12 on each scape, much shorter than their peduncles, many-flowered, one
flower opening at a time, the inner valves many, membranaceous, im-
bricate. Perianth regular, rotate, white, the tube not produced above the
ovary; segments 6, obovate, the interior ones slightly smaller. Stamens 3,
shorter than the perianth-limb. Ovary clavate, 3-celled, cells many-
ovuled. Capsule cylindric, 6-suleate, operculate, 3-valved at the apex.
(Greek “free.’’)

An American genus of one or two species, 1 introduced in the Phil-
ippines.

1. E. PALMAEFOLIA (L.) Merr. (E. plicata Herb.). e

Bulbs about 4 cm long, ovoid-oblong, narrowed at,both ends, the outer
layers thin, purple. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, plicate,
3 or 4 from each bulb, 30 to 50 cm long, 1.5 to 3 em wide. Scapes
‘rather slender, as long as the leaves, green. Spathes 10 to 12 mm long,
the outer two green, the inner ones very much thinner, greenish-white.
Flowers white, about 2 cm in diameter, the lobes obovate, spreading.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 100, Antholyza meriana.)

Occasionally cultivated, fl. May-July, and probably in other months;
in and about some towns in the Philippines, sometimes spontaneous.
Introduced from tropical America at an early date.

28. MUSACEAE (BANANA OR SAGUING FAMILY)

Stems erect, tree-like with the leaves all at the top, or formed of the
fleshy, convulute, closely imbricate, leaf-sheaths. Leaves very large,
oblong, distichous or spirally arranged. Inflorescence simple or compound,
bracteate. Flowers sessile or pedicelled, ebracteolate or with small
bracteoles, perfect or monoecious. Petals free or connate, the corolla
often inflated and surrounding the anthers and style. Stamens 5, free;
staminode 1 or none. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; ovules 1 to many in each
cell. Fruit fleshy and baccate, or a dehiscent capsule.

Genera 6, species more than 100, in the tropics of both hemispheres,
1 indigenous genus with a number of distinct species, and several in-
troduced ones in the Philippines.

Leaves spirally arranged, their sheaths closely imbricated forming a
ESTATE NC TICINY GYNTN onan seogene agate vgcontive nr ssn onrrnensnabngi 1. Musa
Leaves distichous, radiately arranged in one plane like a fan at the apex
Sa mp iL (Sg rag t hed feel Mana: Cat = fan ROC ta eR tata ls Ad Oh. ea 2. Ravenala

154 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. MUSA Linnaeus

Very coarse herbaceous plants from usually perennial rootstocks. Trunks
erect, soft, formed of the thickened, closely imbricate leaf-sheaths. Leaves
very large, oblong, the midrib prominent, the blade penninerved. Inflor-
escence terminal in an erect or reflexed bracteate spike, the lower flowers
female with imperfect stamens, the upper ones male, the intermediate
ones often perfect. Flowers crowded in the axils of large, ovate, persistent
or deciduous bracts. Calyx slit down one side to the base, 3- to 5-lobed
at the apex. Corolla equalling or shorter than the calyx, concave, inflated,
thin, more or less surrounding the stamens and style. Perfect stamens 5,
the sixth rudimentary or wanting; filaments stout; anthers linear, erect,
2-celled. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, elongated,
cylindric or angled, the pericarp tough; seeds subglobose, in many cultivated
forms wanting. (Named after Musa, physician to Augustus.)

Species 50 or more with many varieties, in the tropics of both hemi-
spheres, the Philippine forms not well understood.

1. M. PARADISIACA L. Saguing (Tag.); Banana.

Rootstock stout, stoloniferous, the stem stout, erect, 1.5 to 3.5 m high.
Leaves up to 2 m in length. Spike recurved, stout, much shorter than the
leaves, the bracts large, dull-purplish, deciduous. Flowers about 7 cm
long, the calyx about twice as long as the much inflated corolla. Fruit
exceedingly variable, 10 to 20 cm long, cylindric or angled, the pericarp
thick or rather thin, seedless or with numerous seeds. (Fl. Filip. pl.
88, 89.)

Very commonly cultivated, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines,
probably of prehistoric introduction here, at least many of the forms or
varieties, others of more recent introduction. Cultivated in all tropical
countries.

The banana has numerous varieties, the distinguishing characters being
chiefly in the fruits. Commonly among the natives saguing is the name
for all bananas, but the Spanish name platano or plantano is much used
to designate those forms especially used for food after being cooked, and
banana for the forms used for food without cooking.

Blanco in 1837 states that there were then 57 varieties known in the
Archipelago. The various varieties have distinctive names, the chief forms
found in Manila being enumerated below.

Sabd, Bisco, or Obispo; the most common form in cultivation in Manila,
the fruit with a thick skin, yellow when mature, about 10 cm long, prom-
inently 3-angled; pulp somewhat fibrous, acid, with or without seeds.
Bungulan; fruit elongated, cylindric and green when mature, up to 20 cm
in length, the pulp soft with a very delicate flavor. Gloria or Ternate;
fruit angular, yellow, stout, up to 15 cm or more in length, well-flavored.
Letondal; fruit stout, cylindric, about 10 cm long, the skin thin, yellow,
the pulp pale, subacid, the most common banana in the Manila markets.
Lacatan; fruit cylindric or slightly angled when mature, about 15 cm
long, yellow, the pulp firm, with a delicate flavor. Morado, fruit stout,
usually angled when mature, up to 15 cm long, the skin tough, brownish--
purple, the pulp firm, well-flavored. Other forms are occasionally found.

Musa textilis Née, the well-known abacd plant, an endemic species
yielding the fiber known as abacad or Manila hemp is represented by few
specimens in cultivation in Singalon. The very large Musa superba Roxb.,

ZINGIBERACEAE 155

a nonstoloniferous species, native of India, has been cultivated in Manila
for ornamental purposes, but has not persisted. Musa coccinea Andr.
of southern China, a small slender species with erect inflorescence and
few-flowered red bracts has also been introduced’ and cultivated for or-
nament, but has not persisted in Manila.

2. RAVENALA Adanson

Tall trees, with cylindric trunks, the leaves large, oblong, long-petioled,
distichous, disposed in one plane in the form of a fan at the top of the
trunk. Inflorescence axillary, distichous, compound, bracteate, the bracts
spathe-like, many flowered. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, free, long, narrow,
acuminate. Petals 3, the exterior one shorter than the others, narrow,
the lateral two similar to the sepals. Stamens 5, slightly shorter than
the petals. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule ovoid, somewhat 3-
angled, 3-valved. (From its native Madagascar name.)

Species 2, one in Madagascar and 1 in tropical South America, the
former now widely distributed in cultivation.

*1, R. MADAGASCARIENSIS Sonn. Traveller’s Tree.

Trunk erect, cylindric, woody, marked with scars of fallen leaves, up
to 10 m in height. Leaves oblong, the blades 1.5 to 3 m long, shorter than
the petioles, the petioles stout, imbricated in one plane. Inflorescence in
the leaf-axils, about 12 spathes or bracts in each inflorescence. Flowers
yellow.

Not uncommon in cultivation, introduced, rarely flowering here. Its
common English name is derived from the fact that travelers in Mada-
gascar secure good drinking water from the large cells of the petioles.

Other representatives of this family, such as Strelitzia reginae Banks
from South Africa, and one or two species of Heliconia from tropical
America, are of such recent introduction here that they are at present very
rare in gardens and have not been included.

29. ZINGIBERACEAE? (GINGER OR LUYA FAMILY)

Slender or coarse, often aromatic herbs from fleshy rootstocks, the stems
simple. Leaves simple, radical or cauline, usually distichous, sometimes
spirally arranged, small to large, closely pinnately veined from the midrib,
the sheaths usually present, ligule present or absent. Flowers small to
large, irregular, perfect, solitary, spicate, racemose, or panicled, often in
dense cone-like heads, bracts and often bracteoles present. Calyx tubular
or spathe-like, 3-toothed or lobed, produced above the ovary. Corolla-tube
long or short, the limb 3-partite. Perfect stamen 1, one or more petaloid
staminodes usually present, the staminodes often large and showy, some-
times small and inconspicuous or wanting. Ovary inferior, 1- to 3-celled;
style usually slender; ovules many. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved, mem-
branaceous, coriaceous, or fleshy capsule, sometimes indehiscent, crowned by
the remains of the perianth. Seeds numerous, arillate or not, small.

. Genera about 45, species over 800, in the tropics of both hemispheres,
about 16 genera and 65 species in the Philippines.

*For a consideration of the Philippine species see Ridley, H. N., “The
Scitamineae of the Philippines.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 155-199.

156 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. Staminodes 2, broad and petal-like.
2. Inflorescence terminating the leafy stem.
3. Filament long, slender, longer than the corolla; stems elongated,

leafy.
4. Lip adnate to the filament above the corolla; ovary 1-celled.
, 1. Globba
4. Lip free; ovary 3-celled............ See iS PA EL 8 oP el 2. Hedychium

3. Filament shorter than the corolla; leaves radical, usually only 2.
3. Kaempferia
2. Inflorescence cone-like, cylindric, dense, spicate, peduncled, arising
From "the FOOtshOCR oe Ne a eae ht ee 4. Curcuma
1. Staminodes small or none.
2. Leaves arranged in two ranks; sheaths split.
3. Inflorescence peduncled, dense and cone-like, arising from the root-

20, of ae a ball he i eee Sf Real 835 x5 SF. editae danke Niles cy oe 5. Zingiber

3. Inflorescence terminating the leafy stem; panicle branches covered
with persistent, oblong, closely appressed bracts...... 6. Kolowratia

2. Leaves spirally arranged; sheaths united..............0..222..-..20---- 7. Costus

1. GLOBBA Linnaeus

Usually slender erect herbs with leafy stems, from short rootstocks,
the leaves distichous, ovate to lanceolate, basal part sheathing the stem,
ligulate. Inflorescence terminal, dense and spicate or racemose, or more
lax and paniculate. Flowers small, yellow or white. Calyx, tubular, 3-
toothed, regular or irregular. Corolla-tube slender, longer than the calyx,
3-lobed, the lobes boat-shaped, deflexed. Staminodes similar to the lobes.
Base of the lip adnate by its edges to the stamen, forming a tube below,
its limb free, narrow, elongated, deflexed, usually 2-lobed. Filament elon-
gated, erect, slender. Connective of the anther extended laterally into an
entire margin, or sometimes with 2 or 4 triangular spurs. Ovary 1-celled.
Capsule globose, smooth or verrucose, fleshy, dehiscing irregularly. (From
its Amboynese name “galoba.’’)

Species about 75, tropical Asia to New Guinea, about 10 in the Philip-
pines.

1. G. MARANTINA L.

Erect, glabrous or sparingly pilose, 25 to 60 cm high, from slender root-
stocks. Stems rather loosely covered with sheaths. Leaves ovate to
elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate, 8 to 15 cm long. Inflorescence dense,
spike-like, 2 to 8 cm long, the bracts persistent, ovate, green, gland-dotted,
ciliate on the edges,\1 to 2 cm long, frequently containing ellipsoid to
conic bulbils in place of flowers. Flowers yellow, slender, about 5 cm
long. Calyx tubular, 3-toothed. Corolla-tube much longer than the calyx,
glandular-dotted. Lip short, oblong, cuneate, widely retuse. Anther-
spurs 4, triangular, equal. (Fl. Filip. pl. 351.)

In thickets, Masambong to Pasig and Pasay, fl. June—Sept.; widely dis-
tributed about towns in the Philippines, certainly introduced. Amboyna
and Celebes to New Guinea, a weed of cultivation in Java, Singapore, etc.

2. HEDYCHIUM Koenig

Terrestial erect herbs with elongated leafy stems from stout rootstocks.
Leaves distichous, sessile or shortly petioled, ligulate, oblong to linear-
oblong or lanceolate, acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal, usually dense,

_ ZINGIBERACEAE 157

bracteate spike, the bracts oblong to obovate or lanceolate, usually im-
bricate, persistent, each with from one to several flowers. Calyx tubular
and 3-toothed, sometimes split down one side, much shorter than the very
slender corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes linear, spreading or reflexed. Stami-
nodes broad and petaloid, often much wider than the petals. Lip large,
often suborbicular, 2-lobed at the apex, usually much larger than the petals
and staminodes. Filament elongated. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule 3-valved,
globose to oblong. Seeds numerous, small, arillate. (Greek “sweet” -and
“snow,” in allusion to the fragrant white flowers.)
Species about 40, India to Malaya, 2 in the Philippines.

1. H. coRONARIUM Koenig. Camia (Sp.-Fil.).

Erect, 0.4 to 1 m in height. Leaves glabrous or the lower surface some-
what pilose, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, 10 to 50
em long, 3 to 11 cm wide, the ligule prominent, 1 to 8 cm long. Spike
ellipsoid, 5 to 12 cm long, thick, the bracts green, ovate to obovate, rounded
or acute, about 4 cm long, each with 2 or 3 flowers. Flowers very fragrant.
Calyx tubular, cleft on one side, about 4*cm long. Corolla-tube slender,
8 em long, the lobes narrow, involute, about 4 em long. Lip obcordate or
obovate, white, pale-yellow in the center, 5 to 6 cm in diameter. Staminodes
white, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 4 to 5 cm long and 2
to 2.5 em wide.

Very commonly ‘cultivated, fl. June—Dec.; widely distributed in the
Philippines, cultivated and naturalized. A native of India, now cultivated
or spontaneous in most tropical countries.

8. KAEMPFERIA Linnaeus

Small stemless herbs from aromatic tuberous rootstocks, or sometimes
with short stems. Leaves few, suborbicular to ovate or lanceolate, basal.
Inflorescence spicate, few-flowered, shortly peduncled, erect, with few lance-
olate bracts. Flowers white or violet, of short duration. Calyx mem-
branaceous, tubular or clavate, sometimes split down one side. Corolla-
tube slender, the lobes narrow, linear. Lip large, 2-lobed. Staminodes
large, clawed, rounded, spreading. Stamen thin, flat, not exserted; anther
narrow, crested. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule oblong, thin-walled. (In honor
of E. Kaempfer, an early Dutch physician and botanist.)

Species about 55, tropical Asia and Malaya, 2 in the Philippines.

1. K. GALANGA L. Dusol, Gusol (Tag.).

A glabrous stemless herb from tuberous aromatic rootstocks. Leaves
two, horizontally spreading, orbicular to broadly ovate, acute, obtuse, or
broadly acuminate, 7 to 15 cm long, base rounded. Flowers few, 4 to 6 or
more, pink, the bracts lanceolate, about 3.5 em long. Corolla-tube slender,
2.5 to 3 cm long, the lip cleft to the middle, about 2.5 em wide, white or
pale-pink spotted with violet. Staminodes obovate, about 1.2 cm long.
Staminal-crest quadrate, 2-lobed.

-Not common in cultivation in Manila, fl. July-Aug.; widely distributed
in the Philippines, cultivated and spontaneous, certainly introduced. A
native of India, now widely spread in the eastern hemisphere, cultivated
and spontaneous.

4, CURCUMA Linnaeus

Erect herbs from aromatic, fleshy rootstocks. Leaves distichous, oblong
to oblong-elliptic or obovate, usually tufted. Spikes dense, peduncled,

158 A FLORA OF MANILA >

arising from the rootstocks, usually leafless, the bracts large, persistent,
forming a dense, usually colored, cone-like or cylindric head, the upper
bracts often longer than the lower ones. Flowers several in each bract,
usually but a single one opening at a time, bracteolate. Calyx short,
cylindric, toothed. Corolla-tube broad, funnel-shaped, sometimes split down
. one side, 2- or 3-toothed, the teeth ovate or oblong. Staminodes peta-
loid, united with the filament below. Lip orbicular or obovate, entire,
emerginate, or 2-lobed. Stamen somewhat petaloid. Ovary 3-celled. Cap-
sule membranaceous, globose, 3-valved. Seeds small, arillate. (From’ the
Indian name, signifying yellow.)
Species about 42, India to Malaya, 2 introduced in the Philippines.

1. C. ZEDOARIA (Berg.) Rose. Tamo, Barac (Tag.); Lampoyang (Vis.) ;
Conic (Il.).

Rootstocks stout, fleshy, slightly aromatic, pale-yellow, with oblong,
tuber-like branches. Leaves usually in pairs, erect, petioled, green, often
with a purplish blotch in the center, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
slenderly acuminate, 25 to 70 cm long, 8 to 15 cm wide. Scape from the
rootstocks, not from the leaf-tuft, often appearing before the leaves, the
peduncle 10 to 20 cm long, covered with few loose bracts. , Spike cylindric,
5 to 8 cm in diameter, 10 to 15 cm long, composed of numerous, ovate to
obovate, somewhat spreading, rounded bracts, the lower ones green, more
or less tipped with pink, the upper ones usually longer and purple, each
containing several flowers, the lower ones opening first. Calyx small, bifid.
Corolla-tube about 2 cm long, yellowish-white, sometimes tinged with purple,
the lip usually yellow, 2-lobed. (FI. Filip. pl. 3, Costus luteus.)

In thickets and open places, common, fil. Jan.Aug.; widely distributed
in the Philippines in the settled regions, certainly introduced. Probably
a native of India, now widely distributed in the warmer parts of the east-
ern hemisphere.

The Turmeric plant, C. longa L., with a very yellow root widely known
here as dilao, is not uncommon in the Philippines, and its rhizomes are
commonly sold in the Manila markets, but living specimens have not been
found in our area. It resembles the above species, but its flower-scape is
borne within the tuft of leaves, not ditectly from the rootstocks.

5. ZINGIBER. Adanson

Stems erect, leafy, from fleshy, underground, more or less aromatic root-
stocks. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, distichous. Spikes erect, from the
rhizomes, rarely terminating a leafy stem, cylindric, conic, or ovoid, usually
peduncled, the peduncles covered with bracts, the bracts of the inflorescence
green or colored, imbricate, usually holding water, each containing from
1 to several flowers. Calyx tubular, 3-lobed, short. Corolla-tube usually
longer than the bract, slender, the lobes oblong to lanceolate, white or
yellowish. Staminodes none. Lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe longer than
the lateral ones. Connective of the anther prolonged into a curved beak.
Ovary 8-celled. Capsule thin-walled, splitting into 3-valves. Seeds black,
angled, arillate. (From the ancient Greek or Latin name, derived from
the Indian name sringavera.)

Species 60, tropical Asia to New Guinea, about 5 species in the Phil-
ippines, some of them inperfectly known.

ZINGIBERACEAE 159

Spikes large, cylindric or ovoid, 5 to 20 em long, the bracts orbicular,
wom: Gr- truncate. fn O8j. 2 ed begs Sha al ios 1. Z. zerumbet
Spikes small, 5 cm long or less, the bracts ovate, cuspidate; cultivated only.
2. Z. officinale

1. Z. ZERUMBET (L.) Smith. Tumbong-aso (Tag.).

A glabrous, erect, herbaceous plant from tuberous rootstocks. Leafy
stem 0.6 to 2 m high, the leaves numerous, distichous, lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, 15 to 30 cm long, sessile or- shortly petioled. Flower bearing
scape produced from the rootstocks, 10 to 30 em long, bracteate, bearing
at its apex the ovoid to oblong or cylindric, green or red, cone-like inflo-
rescence 5 to 20 cm long. Bracts numerous, orbicular, imbricate, greenish,
turning red, holding water, 2 to 3 em long. Flower 5 cm long, whitish or
cream-colored, the tube as long as the bracts, the lip 3-lobed. (FI. Filip.
pl. 870, Z, cassumunar.)

In thickets, common, fl. July to Oct.; throughout the Philippines, cer-
tainly introduced. Tropics of the Old World, wild and cultivated.

* 2. Z. OFFICINALE Rose. Luya (Tag.); Gengibre (Sp.); Ginger.

An erect glabrous plant from thickened, fleshy, very aromatic rootstocks.
Stems 0.4 to 1 m high, leafy. Leaves distchous, lanceolate to linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate, 15 to 25 cm long, 2 em wide or less, base narrowed. Scape
erect, from the rootstocks, 15 to 25 em high, covered with distant, imbricate
bracts, the spike ovoid to ellipsoid, dense, about 5 cm long. Bracts ovate,
cuspidate, about 2.5 cm long, pale-green. Calyx 1 cm long or somewhat —
less. Corolla greenish-yellow, its tube less than 2 cm long, the lip oblong-
obovate, slightly marked with purplish. (Fl. Filip. pl. 131.)

Commonly cultivated, fl. Oct._Dec.; widely distributed in the Philippines
in cultivation. Probably a native of India, now cultivated in all tropical
countries.

6. KOLOWRATIA Presl

Coarse tall plants from underground rootstocks. Stems stout, simple,
leafy. Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, large, spreading or reflexed,
petioled, the ligule prominent, entire. Inflorescence terminal, branched,
stiff, the branches short, rigid, scattered, clothed with large, oblong, per-
sistent, rather stiff, densely arranged bracts, but one flower opening at a
time. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side, 3-toothed at the apex. Co-
rolla-tube short, slightly curved, the lobes broad, the upper one erect,
concave, wider than the other two, spreading or reflexed ones. Staminodes
short, oblong or ovate, attached to the sides of the lip above the base. Lip
obovate, slightly 3-lobed or subtruncate. Filament broad, fleshy, adnate
to the corolla-tube; anther elongated, grooved on the inner face, the connec-
tive prolonged as a flat, ovate appendage. Ovary 3-celled; ovules many;
style very slender, stigma obconic. Capsule ellipsoid, somewhat woody,
ultimately splitting into 3 valves; seeds very numerous. (In honor of Count
F. Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky of. Hungary.)

Species 2, both confined to the Philippines.

1. K. elegans Presl (Alpinia elegans K. Sch.). Tagbac, Talbac (Tag.).
A stout herbaceous plant 2 to 4 m high, nearly glabrous, the root-
stocks stout, stems swollen at the base, leafy throughout. Leaves coriace-

160 A FLORA. OF MANILA.

ous, spreading or reflexed, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, or
caudate-acuminate, 25 to 60 em long, 5 to 20 cm wide, the petioles stout,
short. Inflorescence about 30 cm long, the base of the peduncle with an
oblong-lanceolate, chartaceous, 8 to 12 cm long bract. Branches about
8, scattered, spreading, stout, about 5 cm long, covered with persistent
bracts, each branch bearing several to many flowers, but only one opening
at a time. Calyx about 4 cm long. Corolla pale-straw-colored, about 7
em long, the tube cylindric, the upper lobe about 4 cm long, concave,
erect, the other two as long but refiexed, oblong-ovate; lip about as long
as the corolla-lobes, spreading. Capsule ellipsoid, woody, 3 to 4 cm long,
splitting into 8 valves, crowned by the persistent calyx. (Fl. Filip. pl.
1, Renealmia elegans.)

Waste places, Singalon, rare, fl. all the year; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Endemic.

7. COSTUS Linnaeus

Tall leafy herbs, sometimes branched, the leaves oblong to lanceolate,
spirally arranged, the sheaths entirely closed. Inflorescence a dense, cone-
like, terminal or basal spike, the bracts stiff, imbricate, persistent. Calyx
tubular, 3-lobed. Corolla-tube broadly funnel-shaped, as long as the calyx-
tube, the lobes large, showy, oblong to lanceolate. Lip large, obovate,
somewhat spathe-like below. Stamen very broad and thin, petaloid, the
‘staminodes none. Capsules woody, 3-celled, splitting down the back of each
‘cell; seeds very numerous, black, angled. (The ancient Greek name.)

Species about 100, chiefly in South America and Africa, few in the Indo-
Malayan region, 2 in the Philippines.

1. C. speciosus (Koenig) Smith.

Stems stout, about 1 m high and 1.5 cm in diameter, leafy. Leaves
spirally arranged, oblong, acuminate, subsessile, about 30 cm long, softly
pubescent on the lower surface. Spikes solitary, terminal, ovoid, very
dense, 5 to 8 em long, the bracts ovate, acuminate, purple, 3 to 4.5 cm long.
Calyx flattened, purple, about 3 cm long, the lobes 3, rather short, ovate.
Corolla-segments white, oblong, 5 to 6 cm long, pointed. Lip white, sub-
orbicular, 6 to 8 cm long, crinkled, irregylarly and rather finely toothed,
the margins incurved and meeting. Stamen flat, including the broad con-
nective about 5 cm long, 12 to 15 mm wide. Capsules ovoid to globose,
red, crowned by the persistent calyx, 1.5 to 2cm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 442.)

Occasionally cultivated, fl. Sept._Dec.; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. India to Formosa, southward to New Guinea.

30. CANNACEAE (CANNA OR TICAS-TICAS FAMILY)

Erect, coarse, perennial, unbranched herbs with leafy stems from fleshy
rootstocks. Leaves large, oblong, acute or acuminate, parallel-veined from
the midrib, their petioles sheathing the stem. Flowers irregular, perfect,
medium to large, usually bright-colored and showy, in lax, simple or
branched, terminal racemes, bracteate. Sepals 3, small, oblong. Corolla-
tube cylindric, the segments 3, lanceolate, ‘equal. Staminal-tube connate
below with the corolla-tube, the segments 4 or 5, unequal, petioled, much
larger than the petals, one of the smaller ones with a single, 1-celled
anther attached to its margin. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; ovules many;

- CANNACEAE © 161

style flattened, adnate to the base of the staminal-tube, free above. Fruit
globose to ovoid, capsular, the seeds globose, hard, black.

A single genus in tropical America, some species now distributed in
all warm countries.

1. CANNA Linnaeus

Characters of the Family. (From the Latin “cane,” probably of Orien-
tal origin.)

Species 30 or more, natives of tropical and subtemperate America,
some now found in all warm countries.

1. Flowers red, less than 12 em in length. ,
2. Flowers 5 to 6 em long.
3. Stems green, usually less than 1.5 m high......0000000000..... 1. C. indica
3. Stems, midribs of the leaves, inflorescence, and fruits purplish;
PART 2 D018. A alah Bs ek .... 2. C. speciosa
2. Flowers 10 to 11 cm long.
3. Whole plant green, inflorescence very glaucous............ 3. C. coccinea
3. Whole plant purplish or bronzy-purple................ 4. C. warscewiczii
1. Flowers yellow, sometimes with small orange dashes............ 5. C. glauca

1. Flowers very large, up to 16 cm in length, lemon-yellow blotched and
mottled with orange-yellow and ‘reddish-yellow.
6. C. flaccida x iridiflora

1. C. INDICA L. Ticas-ticas (Tag.) ; Indian Shot.

Whole plant green, glabrous, up to 1.5 m in height. Leaves 10 to 30 em
long. Inflorescence somewhat waxy-glaucous. Flowers red, solitary or in
pairs, the bracts about 1.3 cm long. Sepals 1 cm long, greenish-white, some-
times tinged with red. Corolla-tube about 1 cm long, the lobes red or
reddish, about 3 cm long, involute. Staminodes bright-red, the outer one
about 4 cm long, somewhat spatulate, acute or slightly acuminate, the
others somewhat smaller, the antheriferous one as long as the outer one,
about 5 cm wide, recurved above the insertion of the anther. Capsules
green, oblong-ovoid, softly echinate, 2 to 2.5 em long. (FI. Filip. pl. 4.)

Common in waste places, fi. all the year; throughout the Philippines,
thoroughly naturalized. All tropical countries probably originating in
tropical America.

2. C. SPECIOSA Rosc.

Stems 2 to 3 m high, purplish, as are the midribs, petioles, and margins
of the leaves, and the inflorescence, the latter with a glaucous bloom. Leaves
up to 35 cm in length. Flowers red, usually solitary, about 5 cm long,
the bracts about 12 mm long. Sepals purplish, erect, about 13 mm long.
Petals erect, about 4 cm long, involute. Staminodes red, the outer one
spatulate, 4 cm long, toothed at the apex, the others similar but narrower,
_ the antheriferous one about 5 mm wide, refiexed above the insertion of the
anther. Capsules reddish-brown or purplish, up to 3 cm in length.

Not uncommon in waste places, fi. all the year. A native of tropical
America.

*3. C. COCCINEA Mill.
Stems about 1.5 m high, green, the inflorescence slightly tinged with
purple and with a conspicuous waxy bloom. , Leaves 30 to 40 em in length.
111555——11

162 A FLORA OF MANILA

Flowers deep-red, about 10 cm long, the bracts ovate to oblong-ovate,
blunt, 2 cm long or less, purplish, glaucous. Sepals purplish and somewhat
glaucous, 1.5 cm long, acute. Petals 6 em long, 1 cm wide when spread,
involute, slightly paler red than the staminodes and yellowish inside. Stami-
nodes deep-red, about 8 cm long and 3 cm wide, irregularly retuse, rarely
rounded, tapering to the base, the fourth one narrower, the staminiferous
one about 6 cm long and 7 to 8 mm wide, falcate, recurved. Capsules not
maturing.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. all the year, its range in ‘the
Philippines unknown. A native of tropical America.

*4. C. WARSCEWICZII Dietr.

Whole plant bronzy-purple, 1 to 1.5 m high. Flowers solitary, red, the
tube with traces of yellow on the inside, about 11 cm long. Bract about 6
mm long, suborbicular, purplish. Sepals purplish, 1.5 cm long, obtuse.
Corolla-tube about 2 cm long, the petals reflexed, slightly involute, 5 cm
long, acuminate, purplish-red. Staminodes 4, about 8 em long and 3.5 cm
wide, red, rounded, the fourth somewhat broader and somewhat yellowish
in the basal part, about 2 cm wide, somewhat inequilaterally falcate, re-
curved above the anther. Capsules not maturing.

Commonly cultivated especially for its colored foliage, fl. all the year.
A native of tropical America.

*5. C. GLAUCA L.

Erect, green, 1 to 1.5 m high. Leaves 20 to 35 em long. Flowers yellow,
solitary, about 7 cm long, sometimes with faint orange-red dashes inside, the
inflorescence glaucous. Bracts suborbicular, about 1.5 cm long. Sepals
greenish, about 2 cm long. Petals erect, slightly involute, yellow, 4 to 5
em long. Staminodes 4, the first three about 6.5 cm long, and. 2.2 cm
wide, cleft or irregularly retuse at the apex or the third entire, the fourth
recurved and narrower. Stamen about 6 mm wide, recurved above the
insertion of the anther.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fi. all the year. A native of tropical
America. A form with much larger flowers, about 12 cm long, with more
prominent dashes of orange-red, also cultivated, may be referable here.

*6. C. FLACCIDA Salisb. X IRIDIFLORA Ruiz. & Pav. Bandera Espanola
(Sp.-Fil.); Spanish Flag; Canna.

A commonly cultivated hybrid, 1.5 to 2 m high, green, the inflorescence
somewhat glaucous. Leaves up to 60 cm in length. Flowers large and
showy, up to 16 cm in length, lemon-yellow, variously blotched and spotted
with orange-red and orange-yellow, usually in pairs. Bracts green, about
1.5 cm long, obtuse. Sepals green, purplish above 2.5 cm long, obtuse.
Corolla-tube about 2.5 cm long, the petals 6 to 6.5 cm long, reflexed, yellow
and purplish, acuminate. Staminal-tube up to 3.5 cm long, the staminodes,
obovate-oblong, 10 to 11 cm long, margins crinkled and undulate. Stamen
about 8 cm long and 4 cm wide. Capsules not maturing.

Very commonly cultivated, fi. all the year. One of the numerous hybrids
produced in Europe, from American species, various forms now found in
all large towns in the Philippines in cultivation.

MARANTACEAE 163

31. MARANTACEAE (Arrow Root oR AROUROU FAMILY)

Perennial herbaceous plants from more or less fleshy rootstocks, stem-
less or with erect, simple or branched stems. Leaves usually large,
pinnately veined from the midrib, usually distichous, petioled, the petioles
sheathing the stem below. Flowers very irregular, perfect, often in
pairs, in dense bracteate spikes or in open, more or less panicled inflores-
cences. Sepals 3, equal, free. Corolla-tube short or elongated, usually
slender, 3-lobed, the exterior lobe often large and more or less concave or
hooded. Staminodes usually 4, the two interior ones always present, one
cucullate, the other callose, the exterior ones petaloid. Stamen 1, pe-
taloid, bearing a 1-celled anther. Ovary inferior, 1- to 8-celled; ovules 1
in each cell; style slender, curved. Fruit capsular, nut-like or berry-like,
dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds hard, arillate.

Genera 26, species about 300, in the tropics of both hemispheres, 5
genera and 8 or 9 species in the Philippines.

MARANTA Linnaeus

Erect branched herbs from tuberous rootstocks.. Leaves petioled, ellip-
soid to ovate, acuminate. Flowers few, in pairs, racemose, sometimes laxly
and somewhat dichotomously paniculate, the bracts few, usually caducous.
Sepals 3, narrow. Corolla-tube cylindric, slender, elongated, often swollen
at the base, the lobes 3, subequal. Staminal-tube commonly short, the two
exterior staminodes broad, petaloid usually obovate, the others shorter.
Stamen petaloid, the anther 1-celled, attached to its margin. Fruit obovoid
or oblong, nut-like, indehiscent. (In honor of B. Maranta, a Venetian
botanist and physician.)

Species 14, in tropical America, 1 now more or less cultivated in all
tropical countries.

1. M. ARUNDINACEA L. Arourou (Sp.-Fil.); Arrow Root.

An erect, glabrous, dichotomously branched, perennial herb 0.4 to 1 m
high, from fleshy, fusiform rootstocks. Leaves ovate-oblong, thin, pe-
tioled, acuminate, base rounded, 10 to 20 cm long, green. Inflorescence
terminal, lax, divaricate, few-flowered. Flowers white, 2 cm long.

Occasional in our area, fl. most of the years cultivated to a small extent
and occasionally spontaneous in the Philippines. Introduced from tropical
America at an early date, now found in most tropical countries.

Var. VARIEGATUM (N. E. Br.) (Phrynium variegatum N. R. Br.).

Leaves variously marked with white, frequently entire leaves being
white with little or no green.

Commonly cultivated in gardens and as a house plant for its orna-
mental foliage; introduced from Singapore.

In addition to the above, various species or horticultural forms of the
American genus Calathea are found in cultivation in Manila. The forms
here usually have leaves purplish beneath, and variously variegated on
the upper surface, in one form with narrow, parallel, red lines between
each two primary nerves. All or most of the forms here appear to be
referable to Calathea ornata Koernicke (C. sanderiana Hort.).

164 A FLORA OF MANILA

382. ORCHIDACEAE* (ORCHID oR DAPO FAMILY)

Terrestrial or epiphytic, usually succulent or fleshy herbs, the former
usually with thickened tuberous roots, the latter often with thickened bases
(pseudobulbs), green, more rarely white and colorless or brownish sapro-
phytes, exceedingly variable in habit. Flowers very irregular, perfect,
rarely 1-sexual and monoecious. Perianth of 6 free or variously combined
parts, in two sets, the three outer (sepals) more or less alike, the three
inner (petals) dissimilar, 2 lateral ones alike, the third (lip or labellum)
very different in shape. Stamens and style united into a column opposite
the lip, the anther 1, rarely 2, on the front, or back of the column. Pollen-
grains usually cohering in 1 to 4 pairs of waxy or powdery, globose to
oblong masses (pollinia), in each cell. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovules
exceedingly numerous, on 38 parietal placentae. Fruit a 1-celled, 3-valved
capsule, containing innumerable, minute, almost dust-like seeds.

Genera over 450, species about 7,000, in all parts of the world, chiefly
tropical, about 77 genera and over 500 species in the Philippines.

In the consideration of the Orchidaceae only those species growing
naturally within the area covered by this work have been included, no
attempt having been made to discuss the numerous forms brought in
from the provinces and cultivated; to include the latter would necessitate
a consideration of practically all the species with showy flowers found at
low altitudes in the Philippines, as well as many of the forms with small °
and insignificant flowers. The presence of these cultivated plants in
Manila is dependent on a continued supply, which varies in quantity and
in number of species from year to year, so that a complete “orchid flora”
for Manila for one year might not closely apply to those species found
here in other years.

As a rule only species that grow naturally in the Archipelago at low
altitudes can be successfully grown in Manila, those found above altitudes
of about 800 meters, usually soon dying when brought to sea level. The
common native name for all epiphytic orchids, the bulk of our species, is
dapo, but this name is applied to other epiphytic plants, such as species
of ferns growing as epiphytes, and even to parasitic plants, such as
Loranthus, etc.

Among the more generally cultivated species are representatives of the
genus Dendrobium, such as D. superbum Reichb. f., with large, somewhat
rank-scented, purple flowers from its leafless stems, flowering in February
and March, the flowers 5 to 6 cm long; D. heterocarpum Wall. (D. aureum
Lindl.) with yellowish flowers about 3.5 cm long, and D. tawrinum Lindl.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 429), with much-elongated stems, broad, elliptic leaves, and
large pink and purplish flowers. Phalaenopsis, species with green leaves
and large white flowers, P. amabalis Blume, and its variety aphrodite
Ames, locally known as “dapo mariposa,” that is, butterfly-orchid: with
mottled leaves and large pink flowers, P. schilleriana Reichb. f.; and with
mottled leaves and white, purple-spotted flowers, P. stuartiana Reichb. f.,

1 For special papers on Philippine Orchidaceae, see Ames, O., “Orchida-
ceae.” 1 (1905), 2 (1908), 3 (1908), and in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909)
Bot. 593-600: 663-676; 6 (1911) Bot. 35-56; 7 (1912) Bot. 1-27: 125-148.

ORCHIDACEAE 165

both locally known as “dapo tigre,” that is, tiger orchid: with green leaves
and medium, straw-colored or yellowish flowers with purplish markings,
P. luddemanniana Reichb. f., and with green leaves and small pink
flowers, P. equestris (Schauer) Reichb. f. Vanda, with elongated 2-ranked
_ leaves and recemose flowers, V. sanderiana Reichb. f., from Mindanao with
very large purplish flowers about 8 cm in diameter, and V. lamellata Lindl.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 465), with white and purple flowers about 4.5 cm in diameter.
Aerides, represented by A. quinquevulnerum Lindl. (FI. Filip. pl. 409),
with showy racemes of very fragrant flowers, each perianth-segment and
the lip with a large purple spot. Rhynchostylis, with R. retusa (L.)
Blume, simulating the preceding in habit and appearance, but with odorless
flowers, and occasional species of Paphiopedium (Cypridiwm), as well as
less desirable species of such genera as Pholidota, Eria, Grammatophyllum
(Fl. Filip. pl. 276), Cymbidium, Renanthera, pepe Trichoglottis (FI.
Filip. pl. 848.), etc.

1. Terrestrial, saprophytic, white and colorless or brownish plants.
1. Didymoplexis
1. Terrestial herbs with green leaves.
2. Leaves plicate; flowers few, in nodding racemes, the scapes from

(EES E Cl Salat se oa, Id Ses SO Oe a 2. Geodorum
2. Leaves not plicate; flowers numerous in erect spikes or racemes ter-
PS RNRES RTECS MEAS" COIN pe nS rt Nn cnach ccnsawinn eer conse 3. Habenaria

1. Elongated epiphytic plants with distichous leaves.
2. Leaves not equitant.

SEEMS Obs MALCKENeG Ab, DNC, BSC: ccs ones censaeceed--= 4. Cleisostoma
8: Stems much thickened at the base......... cae el rt eee 5. Dendrobium
aE AINA cee tan) ccs: ory Ake chee an pte ~~ =< Teeentiar cer 6. Oberonia

1. DIDYMOPLEXIS Griffith

A slender, leafless, white or brown saprophyte from thickened tuberous
roots, the scape slender, erect, with few racemosely arranged flowers, the
pedicels much elongated in fruit. Flowérs small, the dorsal sepal connate
with the petals forming a 38-fid upper lip, the lateral ones connate into an
entire or 2-fid lower lip forming a small projection at the foot of the col-
umn, Lip inserted on the short column-foot, short, broad, included. Col-
umn elongated, narrow, narrowly 2-winged above, 2-toothed; stigma broad;
anther broadly ovate. (Greek “twin” and “a knitting,” in allusion to the
connate sepals and petals.)

A monotypic genus, by some anthers reduced to Gastrodia R. Br.

1. D. pailens Griff.

A slender, white or brown, leafless saprophyte growing about clumps
of bamboo, 6 to 20 cm high, the tuberous roots 1 to 3 cm long, up to 1 cm
in diameter. Flowers white or flesh-colored, few, in lax racemes, the
bracts much shorter than the pedicels. Ovary about as long as the ped-
icel which becomes greatly elongated in fruit. Lip fan-shaped, cuneate
at the base. Sepals and petals adherent, forming a tubular perianth, 6 to

pot long. Column about 4 mm long, half-rounded below, narrowly winged
above.

About clumps of bamboo, occasional, fl. June-July; of local occurrence
in the Philippines. India to Formosa, southward to Malaya.

166 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. GEODORUM Jackson

Terrestrial herbs from underground tuberous rootstocks, the leaves ellip-
tic to lanceolate, plicate. Scapes erect, from the rootstock, stout, sheathed,
shorter than the leaves. Flowers few, crowded in nodding racemes, the
bracts narrow, thin. Sepals and the broader petals conniving or spreading.
Lip sessile on the short column-foot, boat-shaped, with a forked basal
callus. Column short, stout. Anthers 2, appendaged after opening by the -
persistent detached covering of the cells. '

Species about 9, tropical Asia through Malaya to Australia, 1 in the
Philippines.

1. G. nutans (Presl) Ames. (G. semicristatum Lindl.).

A glabrous plant from somewhat fleshy underground roots, reaching
a height of 70 cm. Leaves 2 to 4, large, variable in size, elliptic-oblong to
lanceolate, plicate, acuminate, up to 85 cm long and 7 em wide, petioled.
Scapes 20 to 50 cm high, leafless, from the base of the leaf-shoot, brac-
teate. Racemes nodding, about 3 cm long in flower, longer in fruit.
Flowers pale-pink to purplish, about 1 cm long, numerous, the lip retuse
or bilobed at the apex. Capsule nodding, about 3.5 cm long. (Fil. Filip.
pl. 429.)

In thickets and open places, scattered, fl. July-Aug.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Formosa.

3. HABENARIA Willdenow

Erect, simple, leafy, terrestrial herbs, the leaves sheathing at the base,
usually broad. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, small to large.
Sepals subequal, or the dorsal one shorter than the others, the lateral ones
ascending to reflexed. Petals shorter or longer than the sepals, entire or
cleft. Lip continuous with the base of the column, entire, 3-lobed, or
3-partite, spurred at the base. Anther adnate to the very short column,
the cells parallel or divergent below, the base often produced into a tube.
Stigma a single or double viscid area on the column below the anthers, or
globose or clavate processes. (Latin “thong” or “rein,” from the shape
of the lip in some species.)

Species more than 400, in most temperate and tropical regions, about 20
in the Philippines.

1. Leaves 2 to 5 em wide.

2. Bepals about: 5mm loné....:....202 1 See .. 1. H. goodyeroides
2. Sepals -12 to, 44 mm lone. ito. 2.2 ape See 2. H. pelorioides
1; Leaves linear, less than 1 em-wide....n._.---—-------g¢-<2cse0--toee-= 3. H. congesta

1. H. goodyeroides Don.

An erect glabrous plant 30 to 50 cm high. Leaves alternate, near the
middle of the stem, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5 to 11 cm long. Spike dense,
up to 10 em long, cylindric, about 1.5 cm thick. Flowers small, yellowish-
green, the sepals 5 mm long. Petals oblong, obtuse, 4 mm long. Lip trifid,
about as long as the sepals. Spur short, about 1 mm long.

In open grass lands, along streams, Masambong, fl. July-Aug.; widely
distributed in the Philippines. India to China and Formosa, through
Malaya to New Guinea.

2. H. pelorioides Parish & Reichb. f.
An erect, glabrous, leafy plant 30 to 70 cm high, from oblong, 2 to 4 cm
long, fleshy rootstocks. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, 5 to 12 em long, the

ORCHIDACEAE 167

upper ones much reduced. Racemes 5 to 15 em long, the bracts linear-
lanceolate, the lower ones longer than the flowers. Flowers white, showy,
the sepals oblong-lanceolate, 12 to 14 em long. Petals oblong, 6 to 8 mm
long. Lip variable, sometimes hastate, sometimes lanceolate, acute, 11 to
12 mm long. Spur usually wanting, when present slender and 2 mm long
or less.

In thickets and open grass lands, San Lazaro, Masambong, etc., fl.
Oct._Nov.; widely distributed in the Philippines. Burma and the Malay
Peninsula.

8. H. congesta Ames.

An erect, glabrous, rather slender terrestrial plant from somewhat fleshy
rootstocks, 10 to 20 cm high. Leaves linear, grass-like, up to 11 em long
and 7 mm wide, ascending, acuminate, the lower ones somewhat clasping
the stem, the upper ones passing gradually into linear-acuminate bracts.
Racemes rather dense, ovoid, 2 to 5 cm long, many-flowered. Flowers
white, odorless, the lateral sepals somewhat ovate, acute, 4 mm long, the
dorsal one slightly shorter. Petals falcate, shorter than the dorsal sepal.
Lip 3-parted, the lateral lobes linear, 4 mm long, the middle one broader,
6mm long. Spur slender, about 7 mm long.

On banks of old rice-paddies, Caloocan, very rare, fl. Nov.—_Dec.; of wide
distribution in the Philippines but of very local occurrence. Endemic.

4, CLEISOSTOMA Blume

Epiphytic herbs with elongated leafy stems, emitting solitary roots at
the nodes, the stems not thickened at the base. Leaves distichous, spread-

' ing, thick, flat, elongated, the base sheathing the stem. Flowers small,

numerous, axillary, in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Sepals somewhat
spreading, subequal, the petals similar to the sepals, both adnate to the
column, spreading. Lip adnate to the base of the column, the base with a
short or elongated spur with a scale or callus at its mouth. Column short,
half-rounded, not winged. Anther terminal, 2-celled. Capsules narrow,
elongated. (Greek “closed” and “mouth,” in allusion to the structure of the
spur.)

Species about 40, tropical Asia to Australia, about 5 in the Philippines.

1. C. bicolor Lindl.

An erect or ascending, vine-like epiphyte, quite glabrous, the stem often 2
m in length, 4 to 7 mm thick, with usually one, long, stout, lateral root
at each internode. Leaves thick, narrowly oblong, 10 to 18 cm long, 2.5
to 3.5 em wide, apex somewhat obliquely retuse, base narrowed, sheathing.
Inflorescence lateral, 40 to 80 cm long, long-peduncled, simple or sparingly
branched above, the flowers racemosely disposed. Flowers 1.5 to 1.8 cm in
diameter, yellow-green with purple spots. Lateral sepals elliptic, about 7
mm long, the upper one oblanceolate, obtuse, about 1 cm long. Petals about
8 mm long. Apical lobe of the lip orbicular-cordate, acute, fleshy, about
2 mm long, the lateral lobes triangular.

In shaded ravines, opposite Guadalupe, fl. May—Aug.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Endemic.

5. DENDROBIUM Swartz

Slender or coarse, epiphytic plants, the stems often elongated, usually
bulbous at the base. Leaves distichous, flat, sessile. Flowers solitary,
fascicled, or racemose, sometimes small and insignificant, sometimes large

168 A FLORA OF MANILA
and showy, white or variously colored. Sepals subequal, the lateral ones
obliquely adnate to the foot of the column, and forming with it a sac. Lip
contracted at the base, rarely clawed, adnate to the foot of the column, the
side-lobes embracing the column, or spreading, or none, the terminal lobe
flat to saccate. Column short, the foot long or short. Anther 2-celled;
pollinia 4, in pairs in each cell. (Greek “tree” and “life,” from the
epiphytic habit of the species.)

Species nearly 600, tropical Asia through Malaya to Australia, and
Polynesia, about 50 in the Philippines.

1, D. crumenatum Sw. White Dove Orchid.

Stems fascicled, glabrous, elongated, up to 1 m in length, slender, the
basal bulbs 8 to 12 em long, about 2 cm thick. Leaves scattered, distichous,
oblong, obtuse, 5 to 8 em long and 1.5 to 2.5 em wide. Flowers fugacious,
appearing on the upper parts of the stems at the nodes, white, the center
pale-yellow, very fragrant, solitary or somewhat fascicled, 2.5 to 3 cm long,
lasting a day or less.

Occasional on trees, Santa Mesa to San Juan del Monte, also commonly
cultivated, fl. at intervals, all the plants in the same region flowering the
same day; widely distributed in the Philippines. Indo-China to Malaya.

6. OBERONIA Lindley

Tufted, usually small, epiphytic plants with distichous, equitant, flattened
leaves. Flowers very numerous, minute, in dense, often cylindric, solitary
spikes or racemes terminating the leafy stems. Sepals broadly ovate or
oblong, subequal, the petals smaller. Lip sessile, concave, entire or 2- to
4-lobed. Column very short; anther terminal, incumbent; pollinia 4, waxy, —
cohering. (After Oberon, king of the fairies.)

Species about 90, tropical Asia to the Mascarene Islands through Malaya
to Australia and Polynesia, about 13 in the Philippines.

1. O. merrillii Ames.

A small, tufted, glabrous plant 9 cm high or less, with many fibrous
roots, stemless, or with very short stems. Leaves fleshy, flattened, ensiform,
acute, 2.7 to 7 cm long, about 5 mm wide, shorter than the inflorescence.
Peduncle slender, 7 to 12 cm long, the spike 4 to 9 cm long, about 4 mm in
diameter, with numerous small bracts below the flower-bearing part.
Flowers minute, reddish, verticillate or subverticillate, the verticels 2 to 3
mm apart, short-pedicelled. Sepals 1 mm long or less. Petals suborbicular,
about 0.75 mm in diameter, the lip 3-lobed, as long as the petals, the lateral
lobes minute, smaller than the middle one.

On santol trees, Masambong and along the Novaliches Road, fl. Nov.; of
very local occurrence in Luzon. Endemic.

Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE: Plants producing seeds with two coty-
ledons.

33. CASUARINACEAE (CASUARINA.OR AGOHO FAMILY)

Leafless trees, the branchlets cylindric, grooved, jointed, the internodes
terminating in short sheaths of connate subulate scales (reduced leaves).
Flowers unisexual. Staminate flowers in terminal spikes formed of short,
superposed, toothed cups; sepals 1 or 2, concave, circumsciss at the base;
stamen 1, inflexed in bud. Pistillate flowers in ovoid or globose heads,
bracteate and 2-bracteolate; ovary minute, 1-celled; style 2-fid; the arms
stigmatose to the base; ovules 2, collateral. Fruit an ovoid or oblong cone

PIPERACEAE 169

formed of the enlarged hardened bracts and bracteoles together forming
2-valved cavities enclosing the compressed, winged achenes, the wing
terminal.

A single genus, species mostly Australian, a few Malayan and Polynesian.

.

1. CASUARINA Forster

Characters of the Family. (From the Latin name of the cassowary, on
account of the resemblance of the branches to the feathers of that bird.)
Species about 25, 3 in the Philippines, one cultivated in our area.

1. C. equisetifolia Forst. Agoho (Tag.).

A dioecious tree, 15 m high or less, the crown narrowly pyramidal,
resembling some of the conifers in appearance. Branchlets very slender 20
cm long or less, deciduous, composed of many joints, the internodes 1 cm
long or less. Somewhat 6- to 8-angled, suleate. Staminate spikes slender,
1 to 3 cm long. Cones usually ellipsoid, 1 to 2 em long, composed of about
12 rows of achenes enclosed in the hardened bracts.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. most of the year; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines along the seashore and some rivers, the wood
very hard. India to Australia and Polynesia; cultivated in other tropical
countries.

34. PIPERACEAE! (PEPPER OR ICMO FAMILY)

Succulent herbs or climbing woody or subherbaceous vines, usually
aromatic. Leaves simple, entire, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled,
‘frequently inequilateral; stipules none or 2 and connate, or adnate to the
petiole. Flowers minute, 1- or 2-sexual, rarely perfect, in axillary or
terminal, usually slender, catkin-like spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 2
to 6. Ovary 1-celled; stigma sessile, simple or penicillate; ovules solitary.
Fruit a small, ovoid or globose drupe, often in dense, fleshy, cylindric spikes.

Genera 9, species 1,200 or more in’ the tropics of both hemispheres, 2
genera and about 125 species in the Philippines.

Low succulent herbs with minute fruits, the stigmas usually penicillate.
1. Peperomia
Climbing suffrutescent or somewhat woody vines, the fruits not minute, the
IS UB SVC i ates R= el an OR SER i ae 2. Piper

1. PEPEROMIA Ruiz & Pavon

Annual or perennial, small, simple or branched, succulent herbs. Leaves
alternate, opposite, or whorled, entire, without stipules. Spikes terminal
or leaf-opposed, solitary or fascicled, rarely axillary. Flowers minute,
perfect, sessile or sunk in the rachis of the slender spikes, bracteate.
Stamens 2. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; stigma usually penicillate. Fruit
minute, indehiscent. (Greek “pepper-like.’’)

Species 400 or more, in all tropical countries, chiefly American, 22 in the
Philippines.

Leaves 1 to 3 cm long, pale-green, base cordate, not peltate....1. P. pellucida
Leaves up to 15 cm long, green, longitudinally striped with gray, base
rounded, peltate; cultivated only....................-----.-ce--1cc2-e0e--ee 2. P. argyreia

1For a consideration of the Philippine species see De Candolle, C., “A
Revision of Philippine Piperaceae.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot.
405-463.

170 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. P. PELLUCIDA HBK.

An annual, very succulent, erect, branched herb, 5 to 40 cm high, the
stems round, often 5 mm thick, pale-green. Leaves ovate, acute or obtuse,
base broad, cordate, pale-green, pellucid, shining, 1 to 8 em long. Spikes
green, erect, slender, 1 to 6 cm long, the fruits globose, brownish, less than
1 mm thick.

Very common in damp shaded places, on damp walls etc., fl. all the year.
A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in most tropical
countries.

*2,. P. ARGYREIA Morren.

A glabrous plant with large peltate leaves longitudinally striped or
blotched with gray between the nerves, the stems and petioles purplish.
Petioles up to 15 cm long. Leaves broadly ovate, 8 to 15 cm long, apex
shortly and broadly acuminate, base rounded, the nerves 8 to 10, the
flowering stalk sometimes bearing much smaller reduced leaves which are
often not peltate. Spikes very slender, up to 10 cm in length.

Cultivated, Singalon, fl. at intervals all the year. Of recent introduction
here, a native of tropical America.

2. PIPER Linnaeus

More or less climbing shrubs with swollen nodes, aromatic when crushed.
Leaves entire, usually unequally sided, pointed, usually longitudinally
nerved. Flowers small, dioecious, rarely perfect, in short or elongated
spikes, each flower subtended by a small bract, frequently also with lateral.
bracteoles, the former peltate or cupular and adnate to the rachis.
Perianth none. Stamens 1 to 4; filaments short; anthers 2-celled. Ovary
1-celled, 1-ovuled; stigmas 2 to 5. Fruit ovoid or globose, usually yellow
or red. (The ancient Latin name.)

Species about 650, in all tropical countries, over 100 in the Philippines.

1. Fruit imbedded in the pulp of the mature spike.

2. Leaf multiplinerved, that is some of the nerves basal, others leaving

the midrib above the ‘base.020.00 2 eee 1. P. betle

2. Leaf penninerved, all the nerves leaving the midrib, none basal.

2. P. retrofractum
1. Fruit free, not imbedded in pulp; leaves 7-nerved from the base.
, 3. P. loheri
1. P. BETLE L. Icmo (Tag.); Betel Pepper.

A glabrous climbing vine reaching a height of 2 to 4 m. Upper leaves
ovate, 10 to 18 cm long, mostly 7-nerved from near the base, the outer
pair of nerves free to the base, apex acuminate, base somewhat inequi-
laterally rounded or cordate, the petioles 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, sheathing.
Male spikes about as long as the leaves, about 2 mm in diameter, the
rachis hirsute. Female spikes, when mature, red, fleshy, 2 to 4 cm long,
0.5 to 1 em thick. (FI. Filip. pl. 12.)

Cultivated extensively in Pasay, fi. occasionally; throughout the Philip-
pines, wild and cultivated, probably introduced. Cultivated in all tropical
countries.

2. P. retrofractum Vahl. Sabia (Tag.).
Climbing, reaching a height of 2 to 4 m, glabrous. Leaves short-petioled,
pale when dry, oblong- to ovate-elliptic, 8.5 to 16 cm long, base acute,

ULMACEAE 3 wrT
obtuse or slightly cordate, subequilateral or somewhat inequilateral, apex
acuminate, penninerved, the lateral nerves 3 to 5 on each side, ascending.
Male spikes shorter than the leaves, slender. Female spikes, when mature,
red, fleshy, cylindric, 2 to 5 cm long, about 1 cm in diameter.

In thickets Masambong etc., fl. Jan.Apr.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. Tropics of the Old World, introduced in the West Indies.

3. P. loheri C. DC. Litlit (Tag.).

A dioecious glabrous vine reaching a length of several meters. Leaves
thin when dry, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 9 to 10 cm long, 7-nerved from
the acute to broadly rounded, very slightly inequilateral base, apex sharply
acuminate, petioles up to 2 cm in length. Male spikes filiform, as long as
the leaves. Female spikes about as long as the leaves, slender, the fruits
scattered, not imbedded in the pulpy spike, yellow, about 4 mm long.

In thickets, Singalon, Paco, Pasig, etc., fl. Aug.—Dec.; widely distributed
in Luzon. Endemic.

35. ULMACEAE (ELM OF HANAGDONG FAMILY)

Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple or toothed, usually distichous,
frequently inequilateral leaves, and watery sap, the stipules small, falling
early. Flowers small, perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, in axillary cymes,
racemes, or sometimes solitary or fascicled. Calyx of 4 or 5, rarely fewer
or more, usually imbricate, sometimes induplicate-valvate sepals which
are more or less united at the base or free. Corolla none. Stamens as
many as the calyx-segment opposite the lobes. Ovary superior, free, 1-,
rarely 2-celled; stigmas 2; ovule 1, pendulous, anatropous, or amphitropous.
Fruit (in our genera) drupaceous or nut-like, mostly small.

Genera 14, species about 140, in the warmer parts of both hemispheres,
5 genera and about 11 species in the Philippines.

1. TREMA Loureiro

Trees or shrubs with ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, usually pubescent
and scabrid, distichous, finely toothed leaves which are 3- to 5-nerved at
the base. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, small, in rather dense, short,
axillary cymes. Male flowers with 4 or 5 induplicate-valvate sepals.
Stamens erect. Rudimentary ovary none or very small. Female flowers
with induplicate-valvate sepals, those of the perfect flowers somewhat
valvate. Ovary sessile; style terminal; stigmas 2; ovule pendulous. Fruit
a small ovoid to globose drupe. (Greek “hole,” from the small pits in the
endocarp of some species.)

Species about 30 in the tropics of both hemispheres, 2 or 3 in the
Philippines.

1. T. amboinensis Blume. Hanagdong (Tag., Vis.); Hagod (Tag.).

A small tree 5 to 8 m high with elongated branches, the leaves dis-
tichous, the upper surface scabrid, the lower one usually pale and rather
softly and densely pubescent. Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 8 to 15
em long, base broad, cordate, usually somewhat inequilateral, prominently
3-nerved, apex long and slenderly acuminate, margins finely toothed.
Cymes dense, pubescent, 1 to 2.5 cm long. Flowers very numerous, about
38 mm long, white. Drupes ovoid, about 3.5 mm long.

Not common in our area, in thickets and open places, fl. Jan.—Apr.;
throughout the Philippines at low altitudes. India to southern China and
Malaya.

172 A FLORA OF MANILA

36. MORACEAE (MULBERRY, F1G, oR BALETE FAMILY)

Shrubs or trees, sometimes vines, usually with milky sap, rarely her-
baceous, with alternate or opposite, entire, toothed, or lobed leaves, the
stipules present, often early deciduous. Flowers small, unisexual, often
monoecious, densely crowed on the outside of small or large, fleshy, globose
to elongated, thick or slender receptacles, or covering the inside of a closed
receptacle. Male flowers with from 2 to 6, usually 4, perianth-segments,
which are imbricate or valvate, free or more or less united below. Stamens
as many as the segments, sometimes only 1. Female flowers with usually
4, rarely fewer or more segments, often more or less enlarged and enveloping
the achene at maturity. Ovary 1-, rarely 2-celled, superior, half-superior,
or inferior; styles or stigmas 2 or 1, simple or branched; ovules solitary,
pendulous. Fruit various, composed of numerous more or less united
carpels, each surrounded by its accrescent fleshy perianth, rarely dry,
sometimes (Ficus) the individual fruits borne on the inside of a fleshy,
closed receptacle. \

.Genera 67, species about 1,000, chiefly in the tropical regions of both
hemisphers, few in subtemperate regions, 13 genera and about 150 species
in the Philippines.

1. Flowers and mature fruits borne on the inside of a closed receptacle.
1. Ficus
1. Flowers on the outside of the receptacle.
2. Erect shrubs or trees.

3. Trees with large fleshy fruits, each composed of numerous ripened
carpels with their fleshy pericarps, forming a variously tubercled,
echinate, or roughened syncarp.......-..-...-c-:---20secseeeee+ 2. Artocarpus

3. Fruits small.

4. Female flowers solitary or few together, pedicelled; fruit usually

a solitary sea rnel sno core oe ose eke eee 3. Streblus
4. Female flowers numerous, crowded; fruit composed of many
carpels.

5. Trees with distichous, pinnately nerved leaves, the flowers in
bracteate, usually lobed receptacles.......................- 4. Castilloa
5. Shrubs with palmately 3- or 5-nerved leaves, the flowers in
(étise BEGrU Opies ens ee eee 5. Morus

2. Climbing shrubs or vines.
3.. Unarmed _..2 eS Se ee gee eee 6. Malaisia
3. Armed with stout, often elongated spines........... rey re 7. Cudrania
2. A small suffrutescent herb, the male and female flowers intermixed,
in small, axillary, peduncled heads..................-.0020-00--------- 8. Fatoua

1. FICUS Linnaeus

Trees or shrubs, often climbing, with milky juice. Leaves alternate or
opposite, entire, toothed, or lobed, smooth or rough. Flowers minute, very
numerous, on the inner wall of a closed, usually ovoid or globose, fleshy
receptacle, the receptacles axillary or variously arranged on the trunk
and larger branches. Male flowers with a 2- to 6-fid perianth. Stamens
1 or 2, rarely more. Female flowers with a perianth as in the male, or
imperfect or none. Ovary usually oblique. Achenes small, crustaceous.
(The ancient Latin name.)

-. =

MORACEAE 173

Species 800 or more in all tropical countries, few in warm temperate
regions, about 100 in the Philippines. .

A very large and polymorphous genus, many species being erect shrubs
or trees, a few unbranched, others being vines, and very many having a
“strangling” habit, starting on some other tree, with a vine;like habit, even-
tually killing the supporting host and assuming a tree-like habit.

The receptacles are sometimes unisexual, but more often bear both male
and female flowers, the former usually among or near the scales at the
orifice. In addition to the male and female flowers, gall-flowers similar
to the latter, but with the ovary occupied by the pupa of an Hymenopterous
insect, are usually present. ;

1. Erect unbranched shrubs with large leaves up to 80 cm long crowded at
Fe ORGS OF tie Mei od «sn tsensseecensye-teeset sone fihk--dp-5 1. F. pseudopalma

1. Branched shrubs or trees with leaves less than 40 cm long.
2. Receptacles borne on the trunk and larger branches on special,
branched, leafless inflorencences........................c20--0---00sceseeseeees 2. F. nota
2. Receptacles in the leaf-axils, or in the axils or fallen leaves, solitary,

in pairs, or fascicled.
3. Leaves harsh and rough to the touch, often variously tovthed or
lobed, sometimes entire or nearly so.

4. Leaves very strongly obliquely cordate, fragrant in drying; re-

CEOGICIER MOMSehy WIR GUCG oe anton aec sn cee dunverceasdeeanens 3. F. odorata

4. Leaves not obliquely cordate; receptacles glabrous or somewhat
hispid.

6. Leaves: alternatel....0000.2/00.02al kd 4. F. ulmifolia

esdadod opposite al i a eae 5. F. cumingii

8. Leaves smooth, not at all roughened, always entire.
5. An erect shrub or small tree with more or less angled or ridged
OCRPUNeR Ss yf datiGle hse: SE BU EO 6. F. hauili
5. Trees or shrubs starting as epiplytes and eventually strangling
their host, assuming a tree-like form; receptacles globose or
ovoid, not ridged or angled.

6. Receptacles numerous, borne on the branchlets below the
leaves in the axils of fallen leaves; leaves 12 to 20 cm
EES SS OT LE Sane Se eae eae 7. F. stipulosa

6. Receptacles solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils.
7. Leaves very densely nerved, the nerves parallel, close, the

secondary ones as prominent as the primary ones.

8. Leaves 15 to 25 cm long; stipules very large, thin, red,

deciduous; cultivated only............................. 8. F. elastica
8. Leaves less than 15 cm long; stipules small, inconspi-
; sO: [atta tet te RARE Ae ot 23.2. 5.0 Sweat 9. F. benjamina

7. Primary nerves distant, much more prominent than the
secondary ones.
8. Petioles 6 to 12 mm long; leaves very coriaceous; recep-

TS EIT TS ESET NO ae 10. F’. indica
8. Petioles up to 3.5 cm long; leaves chartaceous; receptacles
ghontls peduncles .. <.c-ngessrasstiasyytde-neven---6 11. F’. concinna

1. Ficus pseudopalma Blanco. Niog-niog, Niog-niogan (Tag.); Lamiog,
Sulamiog (Viz.).

An erect, glabrous, unbranched shrub 2 to 6 high, the trunk 4 to 6

em in diameter, with prominent leaf-scars. Leaves crowded at the end of

174 A FLORA OF MANILA

the trunk, giving the plant the appearance of a small palm, oblanceolate,
acute or acuminate, coriaceous, up to 80 cm in length, narrowed to the
slightly cordate base, subsessile or shortly petioled, the margins coarsely
and irregularly sinuate-toothed; stipules lanceolate, persistent, 5 to 7 cm
long. Receptacles dark-green, ovoid, obscurely angular, 3 to 4 cm long,
usually in pairs on short peduncles in the axils of the leaves. (FI. Filip.
pl. 856.)

In thickets near San Pedro Macati, also cultivated in the old Botanic
Garden, fl. all the year; widely distributed in the Philippines at low alti-
tudes. Endemic.

2. F. nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig (Tag.).

An erect tree 4 to 8 m high, more or less pubescent. Leaves oblong
to oblong-obovate, 15 to 35 cm long, acuminate, base somewhat peter be
cordate, margins distantly and irregularly toothed, the teeth small, mor
or less pubescent, not or slightly roughened. Receptacles borne in large
masses on special, branched inflorescences springing directly from the
trunk and from the larger branches, 10 to 25 cm in length, frequently
very dense, the receptacles themselves subglobose, green or when mature
yellowish, fleshy, 2-to 3.5 cm in diameter.

Occasional in thickets and not uncommon in yards etc., fl. all the year;
throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Endemic.

8. F. odorata (Blanco) Merr. Paquiling (Tag.).

A tree 6 to 9 m high, very fragrant in drying, the leaves harsh, the
upper surface with numerous hard papillae, the lower surface also rough
and more or less pubescent, very strongly inequilateral and obliquely cordate,
one basal lobe broad and rounded, the other usually acute, 15 to 25 cm
long, acuminate, margins obscurely toothed. Receptacles axillary, solitary,
sessile, subglobose, densely hirsute, yellowish when mature, 1.5 to 2.5 em in
diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 358.)

Occasionally cultivated in our area, fi. all the year, the rough leaves being
used for scouring purposes; widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

4, F. ulmifolia Lam. (F’. sinuosa Miq.). Isis, Asis (Tag.) ; Hagupit (Vis.) ;
Uplas (Il.).

A shrub usually from 8 to 5 m high. Leaves alternate, variable, very
harsh, oblong, sub-entire or undulately lobed or coarsely toothed, sometimes
deeply and narrowly lobed, acuminate, base rounded, 3-nerved, often ine-
quilateral, 9 to 17 cm long, 4 to 8 em wide. Fruits axillary, solitary or in
pairs, soft and fleshy when mature, orange-red to purplish, ovoid to ellipsoid,
about 1.5 cm long, the peduncles about 5 mm long.

Rather common in thickets, etc., fl. ail the year; throughout the Philip-
pines, very waniablgge Huderntc,

5. F. cumingii Mig. Isis, Isis na puti (Tag.).

An erect shrub or small tree 2 to 8 m high, glabrous, or the young branch-
lets somewhat pubescent. Leaves opposite, linear to lanceolate or oblanceo-
late, slightly or decidedly scabrid, rough to the touch or sometimes nearly
smooth, 8 to 20 cm long, acuminate, base usually acute and somewhat
3-nerved, margins entire or irregularly toothed, the nerves distant, distinct,
spreading, interarching near the margins. Receptacles axillary, solitary
or more often in pairs, peduncled, subglobose, 1 to 1.3 cm in diameter, smooth
or somewhat roughened, brownish or reddish when mature.

MORACEAE 175

In dry thickets, occasional, fl. all the year; widely distributed in the
Philippines. Endemic.

6. Ficus hauli Blanco. Hauili (Tag.); Lagnob (Vis.).

An erect shrub or small tree, 3 to 8 m high, glabrous or the young shoots
more or less pubescent. Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, smooth and
shining, glabrous, not at all roughened, 10 to 20 cm long, apex rather
sharply acuminate, base acute, nerves prominent, 10 to 12 pairs. Re-
ceptacles axillary, solitary, depressed-globose or turbinate, obscurely ridged
or angled, 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter, shortly peduncled.

In thickets, occasional, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines at
low altitudes. Endemic.

7. F. stipulosa Miq. (F. caulobotrya Miq.). Balete (Tag.).

A deciduous tree 6 to 10 m high, starting as an epiphyte, glabrous
throughout. Leaves smooth, glabrous and shining, oblong, acuminate, base
usually rounded, entire, 12 to 20 cm long, the petioles 5 to 7 cm in length,
the nerves spreading, distant, not prominent. Stipules membranaceous,
pink, oblong, about 8 cm long, falling soon after the new leaves appear. Re-
ceptacles solitary, in pairs, or in fascicles in the axils of the leaves and in
the axils of fallen leaves on ‘the ultimate branchlets, short-pedicelled,
globose, often in great abundance, about 5 mm in diameter, 3-bracteate at
the base.

Old Botanic Garden, fl. June-July and probably in other months; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

*F, ELASTICA Roxb. India-rubber Tree.

A spreading, glabrous tree reaching a height of 10 m, normally starting
as an epiphyte, sending down numerous adventitious roots from the trunk
and larger branches. Leaves very coriaceous, smooth and shining, elliptic-
oblong, sharply and slenderly acuminate, 15 to 25 cm long, entire, the
nerves very numerous, dense, parallel; stipules deciduous, membranaceous,
usually red, often as long as the leaves. Receptacles axillary, usually in
pairs, sessile, smooth, greenish-yellow, about 1 cm long, oblong-ovoid.

Not uncommon in cultivation, fl. Jan._March; in most large towns in the
Philippines. Introduced from India.

9. F. benjamina L. Balete (Tag.).

A strangling fig, assuming a tree-form and reaching a height of 15
m or more, quite glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, 6 to 10 cm long, oblong-
ovate, prominently and rather slenderly acuminate, quite entire, base
rounded, smooth, green and shining, the nerves slender, spreading, not
prominent; petioles 5 to 10 mm long. Fruits axillary, solitary, sessile,
dark-purple and fleshy when mature, subglobose, about 1 cm in diameter.

Along streams, Masambong to San Francisco del Monte, occasional, in
fruit Feb._Apr.; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to Malaya.

10. F. indica L. Balete (Tag.).

An erect, glabrous shrub or tree 4 to 12 m high, starting as an epiphyte,
strangling its supporting host and assuming a tree-form. Leaves coria-
ceous 5 to 12 em long, shining, smooth, elliptic-ovate, entire, narrowed at
both ends, base acute or somewhat rounded, more or less 3-nerved, apex
acute or acuminate, the acumen sometimes blunt, the petioles 6 to 12 mm
long, the primary nerves usually about 6 pairs, the secondary ones some-
times nearly as prominent and more numerous. Receptacles globose,

176 A FLORA OF MANILA

axillary, solitary or in pairs, sessile, dark-purple and fleshy when mature,
glabrous, 1 cm in diameter or less, the base with three small ovate bracts.

In dry thickets opposite Fort McKinley, fl. Nov.Jan.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. India to Malaya.

11. F. concinna Mig. Balete (Tag.).

A strangling fig, assuming a tree-like form, 5 to 10 m high, quite
glabrous. Leaves entire, oblong to elliptic-oblong, smooth, green, shining,
6 to 11 cm long, acuminate, the petioles 1.5 to 3.5 cm long. Receptacles
axillary, in pairs or solitary, globose, subsessile or shortly peduncled, pink,
when mature becoming soft and fleshy, dark-purple, 7 to 8 mm in diam-
eter, smaller when dry. (FI. Filip. pl. 382.) ;

In thickets, Masambong to Pasig, occasional, fi. March-Apr.; widely
distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes. Endemic.

2. ARTOCARPUS Forster

Trees with milky juice, the leaves alternate, coriaceous, entire or pin-
nately lobed, often large. Flowers monoecious, small, densely crowded
on globose to oblong, solitary, lateral, axillary, or terminal receptacles.
Male flowers: Perianth 2- to 4-lobed, the lobes obtuse, valvate or im-
bricate. Stamen 1, erect. Female flowers: Perianth tubular, connate,
confluent below with the receptacle. Ovary straight; style central or
lateral. Fruit large, globose to oblong, composed of numerous, greatly
enlarged, fleshy perianths and carpels (anthocarps), their tips hardened,
truncate, pyramidal, or spinous. Achenes deeply sunk in the fleshy mass,
1-seeded. (Greek “bread” and “fruit.”) :

Species 50 or more, tropical Asia to Polynesia, about 18 in the Phil-
ippines.

Leaves usually less than 15 cm long, mostly entire; fruit very large, borne
on the trunk and larger branches, oblong, 25 to 60 em long.

1. A. integrifolia

Leaves very large, deeply pinnately lobed; fruit globose to ovoid, borne on

the twists! thee (ae ee ee 2. A. communis

1. A. INTEGRIFOLIA L. f. Lanca, Nanca (Tag.); Jak-fruit.

A tree reaching a height of from 8 to 15 m. Leaves elliptic-oblong
to obovate, entire or sometimes 3-—lobed, shining, very shortly acuminate,
base acute, 7 to 15 cm long, the stipules spathe-like, deciduous. Female
heads from the trunk or large branches the males terminal or axillary,
cylindric, 5 to 8 cm long, about 2.5 cm in diameter, when young enclosed
by spathe-like, stipular sheaths. Sepals 2. Fruit green, oblong, very
large, fleshy, edible, 25 to 60 cm long, the tips of the anthocarps pyramidal.

Commonly cultivated, fl. at all seasons; throughout the Philippines,
cultivated and spontaneous. India to Malaya, but frequently only culti-
vated; certainly an introduced species in the Philippines.

*2. A. COMMUNIS Forst. (A. incisa L. f., A. camansi Blanco, A. rima
Blanco). Rimas, Camansi (Tag.); Colo (Vis.); Pacac (Il.); Bread-
fruit.

A tree reaching a height of 15 m. Leaves very large, ovate to oblong,
coriaceous, 40 to 50 cm long, or frequently much larger on young plants,
some much smaller leaves frequently also present, somewhat pubescent

MORACEAE 177

or nearly glabrous, acuminate, deeply pinnately 8- to 8-lobed, the lobes
lanceolate, acuminate; stipules large, deciduous. Male receptacle narrowly
oblong-obovoid, cylindric, up to 15 em long, yellowish. Fruit globose to
ellipsoid, up to 20 em in length, green, covered with the slightly projecting,
rounded to conical tips of the anthocarps, the individual ones usually 5
mm in diameter or less, seedless (A. rima, Fl. Filip. pl. 267), or with
ovoid to subglobose seeds about 2.5 cm in diameter (A. camansi, FI. .Filip.
pl. 457.)

Not uncommon in cultivation, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines,
but neither form indigenous. Widely distributed in various forms in Ma-
laya and Polynesia, variable in its fruit characters.

3. STREBLUS Loureiro

Trees with somewhat milky juice. Leaves alternate, harsh, rather finely
toothed. Flowers axillary, small, dioecious or monoecious. Male flowers
in small, short-peduncled heads. Sepals 4, imbricate. Stamens 4, in-
flexed in bud. Rudimentary ovary somewhat dilated above. Female
flowers bracteate, solitary, or 2 to 4 together, pedicelled. Ovary straight,
the style-arms elongated. Fruit fleshy, surrounded by the accrescent
sepals, 1-seeded. (Greek “crooked” in reference to the often crooked
branches.)

Species 2, India to Malaya, 1 in the Philippines.

1. S. asper Lour. Calios (Tag.); Alodig (Il.).

A rigid, densely branched tree 4 to 15 m high. Leaves oblong-ovate
to subrhomboid, very scabrid, 4 to 12 cm long, finely toothed, obtuse to
acuminate, base narrowed. Male heads solitary or in pairs, 4 to 7 mm in
diameter, short-peduncled, globose, greenish-yellow or nearly white.
Female flowers peduncled, usually in pairs, green, the sepals accrescent
and nearly enclosing the fruit. Fruit ovoid, pale-yellow, 8 to 10 mm long,
the pericarp soft, fleshy, the seed 5 to 6 mm long, ovoid. (FI. Filip. pl. 171.)

Very common, fil. most of the year; throughout the Philippines. India
to China and Malaya.

4. CASTILLOA Cervantes

Trees with abundant latex, and alternate, shortly petioled, large, entire
or minutely toothed, distichous leaves. Male flowers: Perianth none.
Stamens numerous, scattered among the numerous bractlets. Female
flowers: perianth 38- to 6-lobulate. Ovary adnate to the perianth, stigma
2- to 5-branched; ovule solitary. Fruiting perianth enlarged, dry or fleshy,
more or less adhering to the receptacle and to each other, and enclosing
the rounded to oblong nutlets (achenes). (In honor of J. del Castillo, a
Mexican pharmacist and explorer.)

Species 10, western America from Mexico to Peru and Bolivia, a single
introduced one in the Philippines.

*1. C. ELASTICA Cerv. Castilloa Rubber Tree.

A tree reaching a height of 15 m, the branches spreading or depressed,
the young one densely hairy. Leaves distichous, oblong, 20 to 45 em long,
8 to 15 em wide, acuminate, base cordate, rough, pubescent, entire, the
nerves 17 to 20 pairs, prominent. Male receptacles shortly stalked, 1 to
1.5 em long, 2 to 2.5 cm thick, lobed, the imbricating involucre-scales nu-

111555——12
/

178 A FLORA OF MANILA

merous, small, in about 6 rows. Fruiting receptacles large, about 4 cm

in diameter, each with many red, fleshy fruits 1.5 to 2 em long.
Occasionally cultivated, fl. all the year. A native of Mexico, now cul-

tivated in many other tropical countries, of recent introduction here.

5. MORUS Linnaeus

Trees or shrubs with alternate, entire, toothed, or lobed leaves which
are 3- or 5-nerved at the base, the stipules lateral, small, soon falling.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, spicate. Male flowers with 4 imbricate
sepals; stamens 4, inflexed in bud; the rudimentary ovary turbinate.
Female flowers with 4 sepals, which are imbricate, accrescent and fleshy
in fruit. Ovary included, 1-celled; style 2-partite. Fruiting spikes or
heads composed of many achenes enclosed in the succulent perianths.
(The Latin name.)

Species few in tropical and temperate regions, 1 introduced in the
Philippines.

1. M. ALBA L. Moral, Morera (Sp.-Fil.) ; Mulberry.

A dioecious or monoecious shrub or small tree 3 to 6 m high. Leaves
ovate, acuminate, base cordate, 3-nerved, margins toothed, sometimes
deeply 3-lobed, 5 to 20 cm long, slightly hairy along the nerves on the
lower surface or nearly glabrous. Fruit axillary, peduncled, dark-purple
or nearly black when mature, fleshy, edible, 1.5 to 2 em long. (FI. Filip.
pl. 206.)

Not uncommon in Manila in cultivation, fl. all the year; found in many
towns in the Philippines and naturalized in northern Luzon. Introduced
from China at an early date for the purpose of feeding silkworms. India
to China and Japan, cultivated in many other countries. _

6. MALAISIA Blanco

A dioecious, climbing, nearly glabrous shrub. Leaves alternate, entire
or toothed, penninerved. Male spikes dense, shortly peduncled, simple or
slightly branched, short, axillary. Perianth 3- or 4-parted, the segments
valvate. Stamens 8 or 4, the filaments inflexed in bud; rudimentary ovary
small. Female flowers in small, axillary, solitary or fascicled, shortly
peduncled heads, the flowers surrounded by bracteoles, 1 or 2 fertile,
the others usually sterile. Perianth urceolate, mouth contracted. Ovary
straight, included; style 2-fid, the branches filiform. Fruit 1 or 2 to
each head, small, red, the pericarp thin, fleshy. (From the Tagalog name,
malaisis.)

A monotypic genus.

1. M. scandens (Lour.) K. Sch. (M. tortuosa Blanco). Malaisis (Tag.).

A climbing shrub reaching a height of 4 to 8 m, glabrous except young
branchlets and inflorescence. Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic-oblong, smooth
or somewhat rough, 4 to 10 cm long, entire or obscurely toothed, acute or
acuminate, base rounded or acute, often slightly inequilateral, the nerves
small, greenish, the female inflorescence densely pubescent. Fruit oval,
6 to 7 mm long, bright-red, sessile, 1 or 2 to each receptacle.

In dry thickets, Balintauac, near Fort McKinley, etc., ‘fl. May—June;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Southern China through Malaya
to Australia and Polynesia.

—

~

URTICACEAE | 179

7. CUDRANIA Trécul

Erect or climbing, dioecious, spiny shrubs with alternate, entire leaves,
and small lateral stipules. Flowers in small, axillary, globose, peduncled
heads. Male flowers: Sepals 8 to 5, oblong, obtuse, adnate to the bracts.
Stamens 4, more or less adnate to the sepals. Female flowers: Sepals
surrounding the ovary; style simple or 2-parted. Achenes enclosed by
the fleshy bracts and perianth, forming a globose, fleshy head. (From its
Malayan name.)

Species 3 or 4, India to Australia, 1 or 2 in the Philippines.

1. C. javanensis Tréc.

A scandent or straggling glabrous shrub 2 to 4 m in length, the branches
armed with stout, sharp, straight or somewhat recurved spines, 1 to 1.5
em long. Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, shortly
acuminate, base rounded, 3 to 8 cm long, shining. Heads solitary or in
pairs, globose, short-peduncled, the female ones 7 to 8 mm in diameter,
yellowish, dense, in fruit fleshy and up to 5 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip.
pl. 418.)

In thickets Pasay, La Loma, etc., occasional, fi. Feb—Aug.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Tropical Asia to eastern Africa, Malaya, and
Australia.

8. FATOUA Gaudichaud

An erect, branched, often suffrutescent herb with alternate, toothed
leaves. Flowers monoecious, in axillary, peduncled heads, the male and
female ones intermixed, the outer bracts forming an irregular involucre.
Perianth of the male flowers deeply 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inflexed. Rudi-
mentary ovary very small. Perianth of the female flowers similar to that
of the male, but the lobes narrower. Style lateral, tapering into a long,
slender, papillose stigma with a tooth-like branch at the base; ovule pen-
dulous. Fruit small, surrounded by the persistent perianth, slightly com-
pressed, the pericarp thinly crustaceous.

A monotypic genus.

1. F. japonica (Thunb.) Blume (F’. pilosa Gaudich.).

An ascending or erect, slightly branched, suffrutescent herb, the branches
slender, terete, 50 cm high-or less, slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, base broad, truncate or somewhat
cordate, 3-nerved, margins crenate-dentate, 2 to 6 cm long, 1 to 4 cm wide,
widest at the base. Heads axillary, globose, solitary or in pairs, greenish-
yellow, about 5 mm in diameter.

In rather dry places on cliffs, talus-slopes, etc., opposite San Pedro
Macati, fl. all the year; widely distributed in the Philippines. Japan and
China through Malaya to Australia and Polynesia.

37. URTICACEAE! (NETTLE OR LIPAY FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes with stinging hairs, with alternate,
rarely opposite, often oblique leaves. Inflorescence cymose, clustered, spi-
cate, or panicled, axillary or terminal. Flowers small, unisexual, monoe-

For a consideration of all the known Philippine species ‘of this family
see Robinson, C. B., “Philippine Urticaceae.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910)
Bot. 465-5438; 6 (1911) Bot. 1-81.

180 A FLORA OF MANILA

cious or dioecious. Male flowers: Calyx equally or unequally toothed or
divided. Petals none. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes or fewer, in-
flexed in bud. Female flowers: Perianth much as in the male flowers.
Ovary superior, 1-celled; style or stigma solitary; ovule one, erect. Fruit
an achene. F

Genera 44, species about 500, of wide distribution, but chiefly tropical,
21 genera, and about 130 species in the Philippines.

1. Erect shrubs or trees. ‘
2. Flowers. in astillary fasticles......ii.2220002 1. Pipturus
2. Flowers paniculate or cymose.
3. Vegetative parts with stinging hairs; fruit fleshy........ 2. Ldportea
3. No stinging hairs; fruit dry................ ah inileencrt esi 7 3. Boehmeria
1. Spreading or erect herbs.
2. Flowers cymose.
3. A coarse, erect, branched herb with large leaves, the vegetative parts
APECD STU CUS OTS sec cone sorte ses alah eee aco eee 4, Fleurya
38. A very small herb with small leaves and no stinging hairs.... 5. Pilea
2. Flowers in axillary fascicles, or on sessile or peduncled fleshy re-

ceptacles.
3. Flowers on a fleshy sessile or peduncled receptacle, involucrate;
leaves strongly inequilateral........2.0.......0....:.:c-:eeceeee- 6. Elatostema
3. Flowers in axillary fascicles, not involucrate; leaves equilateral or
WOAPIF * B00... 29. LS Ee Pe ee ee 7. Pouzolzia

1. PIPTURUS Weddell

Erect dioecious shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 3- or 5-nerved, the
stipules bifid. Flowers small, in axillary clusters or the clusters spicately
arranged. Male flowers: Perianth 4- or 5-fid, lobes valvate. Stamens
4 or 5. Female flowers on a somewhat fleshy receptacle. Perianth ovoid,
narrowed to a minute mouth. Ovary adherent to the perianth; stigma
elongated. Achenes small, surrounded by the accrescent fleshy perianths,
forming a soft and fleshy fruit. (Greek “to fall” and “tail,” in allusion to
the inflorescence of some species.)

Species about 12, Mascarene Islands to Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia,
6 in the Philippines. .

1. P. arborescens (Link) C. B. Rob. (P. asper Wedd.). Dalunot (Tag.).

A dioecious shrub or small tree 3 to 5 m high. Leaves ovate, 7 to 18
em long, 8 to 10 em wide, sharply acuminate, base rounded or somewhat
cordate, the margins toothed, the upper surface green, only slightly pubes-
cent, a little scabrid, the lower surface pale, rather densely and softly
pubescent. Male flowers in dense, axillary fascicles, the styles greenish-
white, exserted. Female flowers small, greenish, in dense, axillary, hemi-
spheric heads 5 ¢o 6 mm in diameter, the styles long-exserted. Fruit white,
very soft and fleshy, depressed-globose, 1 cm in diameter or less, cf many
small achenes immersed in the fieshy perianths. (FI. Filip. pl. 371.)

Common in thickets, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines. Borneo.

2. LAPORTEA Gaudichaud

Trees or shrubs with few to many, often minute, stinging hairs. Leaves
ample, entire or toothed. Flowers small, monoecious or dioecious, glomer-
ate, in axillary panicles. Male flowers: Sepals 4 or 5. Stamens 5, in-

URTICACEAE 181

flexed in bud, the rudimentary pistil clavate or subglobose. Female flowers:
Perianth segments 4, subequal. Ovary at length oblique. Achene oblique,
flattened or compressed, seated on the perianth, usually fleshy. (In honor
of F. L. de Laporte, a French entomologist.)

Species about 50, tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia, a few in North
America, 16 in the Philippines, a single one in our area.

1. L. meyeniana (Walp.) Warb. Lipay, Lipang-calabao (Tag.).

A dioecious shrub or small tree 3 to 5 m high, with numerous, minute,
very irritating, stinging hairs. Leaves ovate to broadly elliptic-ovate, 20
to 40 cm long, 10 to 22 em wide, entire, shortly acuminate, base somewhat
cordate, the upper surface green, glabrous, the lower surface paler, rather
densely and softly pubescent; petioles 20 cm long or less. Male inflores-
cence axillary, paniculate, up to 20 em long. Flowers very numerous,
crowded in small glomerules on the branches, the perianth-segments about
2 mm long, the stamens about 3 mm long, somewhat spirally recurved.
Female flowers at the ends of the branchlets of the inflorescence, 8 to 12,
flabellately arranged, the individual inflorescences 5 to 7 mm in diameter.
greenish. Fruit small, fleshy, pale-violet or white, 5 to 7 mm in diameter.

In thickets, San Pedro Macati, fl. Aug.—Nov.; widely distributed in Luzon
and Mindoro. Endemic.

One of the worst of our nettle-like plants. The stinging hairs appear
to be mostly along the margins of the leaves, and cause very painful blisters;
the best remedy seems to be ammonia rubbed on the effected parts.

3. BOEHMERIA Jacquin

Shrubs, often with herbaceous branches, or small trees, with opposite or
alternate, toothed, 8-nerved leaves, the stipules usually free. Flowers
unisexual, in axillary, spiked, racemed, or panicled clusters. Male flowers:
Perianth 3- to 5-lobed or parted. Stamens 3 to 5, inflexed in bud. Female
flowers: Perianth tubular, 2- to 4-toothed, in fruit sometimes angled,
winged, or swollen. Ovary included; stigma slender, persistent. Achene
closely surrounded by the perianth, crustaceous, finally free. (In honor
of G. R. Boehmer, a German botanist.)

Species about 50, chiefly tropical, 9 in the Philippines, a single introduced
one in our area.

*1. B. NIVEA (L.) Gaudich. Ramie.

An erect, branched, monoecious shrub, 1 to 2 m high, the branches and
petioles hairy. Leayes all equal, long-petioled, broadly ovate, acuminate,
coarsely toothed, the upper surface green, scabrid, with few scattered hairs,
the lower surface very white, except the nerves, densely covered with ap-
pressed matted white hairs. Flowers small, clustered, the clusters arranged
in axillary panicles shorter than the petioles. (Fl. Filip. pl. 285.)

Rarely cultivated in Manila, fl. in Nov. and probably in other months;
occasional in Luzon and certainly introduced. Probably a native of China,
now found in many tropical and subtropical countries in cultivation.

4. FLEURYA Gaudichaud

Annual erect herbs usually with few or many stinging hairs. Leaves
alternate, toothed, 3-nerved. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered,
the clusters arranged in cymes or spikes. Male flowers: Sepals 4 or 5,
ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 4 or 5, inflexed in bud. Rudimentary ovary

182 A FLORA OF MANILA

globose or clavate. Female flowers: Calyx cupular, 4-lobed, or sepals 4,
equal or very unequal. Ovary oblique; style ovoid or linear. Achene
oblique, compressed, exserted, membranaceous. (In honor of J. F. Fleury,
a French botanist.) -

Species 8, of wide tropical distribution, 2 in the Philippines.

1. F. INTERRUPTA (L.) Gaudich. Lipang-aso, Lipang-castila (Tag.).

An erect, somewhat branched or simple, rather stout, annual herb 0.4 to
1.3 m high, the stems green, succulent, the vegetative parts with scattered,
somewhat stinging, spreading hairs. Leaves ovate, acuminate, crenate or
serrate, base broad, rounded or faintly cordate, 5 to 15 cm long, with
scattered -hairs on both surfaces, the petioles long. Inflorescence narrow,
axillary, slender, up to 20 cm in length, of numerous, short, paniculately
arranged cymes. Flowers crowded, greenish, small, intermixed with
numerous pedicels of fallen flowers, the perianth of the pistillate ones 1
to 1.5 mm long; achenes straw-colored, compressed, 1.5 to 1.8 mm long.

Occasional in waste places, scattered, fi. all the year, but mostly in the
rainy season, almost certainly introduced; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. India to China, Malaya, and Polynesia.

5. PILEA Lindley

Herbs, the leaves opposite, in equal or unequal pairs, entire or serrate,
usually 3-nerved, the stipules connate into an intra-petiolar one. Flowers
monoecious or dioecious, in axillary short- or long-peduncled, dense or
dichotomously branched cymes. Male. flowers: Sepals 2 to 4, free or
connate at the base, often swollen or spurred at the back. Stamens 2 to 4.
Rudimentary ovary conic or oblong. Female flowers: Sepals 3, rarely 4,
very small, unequal, the dorsal one longest and sometimes swollen or
hooded. Staminodes minute or none. Ovary straight; stigma sessile,
penicillate. Achene ovoid or oblong, compressed, membranaceous or crus-
taceous. (Latin “felt cap” from a flower character in the original species.)

Species 170 or more, of wide tropical distribution, 13 in the Philippines,
a single introduced species in our area.

1. P. MICROPHYLLA (L.) Liebm. (P. muscosa Lindl). Gunpowder Plant.

An erect or ascending, simple, glabrous, annual, somewhat succulent,
usually gregarious herb 10 cm high or less, stems slender, green or tinged
with purple, angular. Leaves 2-ranked, petioled, the blades green, sub-
elliptic, 2 to 5 mm long. Flowers in small, congested, subcapitate, nearly
‘sessile, axillary cymes, the individual flowers greenish or tinged with red,
less than 1 mm long.

Abundant on damp walls, etc., fl. throughout the year, but mostly in the
rainy season; widely distributed in the Philippines. A native of South
America, now introduced in various other tropical countries.

The common English name is derived from the fact that a clowd of pollen
is discharged when the plant is shaken.

6. ELATOSTEMA Forster

Prostrate or erect, simple or branched herbs, sometimes suffrutescent.
Leaves alternate, or a minute one often opposite the normal ones, distichous,
sessile or subsessile, usually oblique or unequal-sided, mostly 3-nerved at
the base or above it. Flowers very small, monoecious or dioecious, crowded
on sessile or peduncled, axillary, unisexual, involucrate receptacles, the
bracts rounded or oblong, the outer ones sometimes spurred. Female

LORANTHACEAE 183

flowers: Sepals 4 or 5, 2 or more usually tubercled or spurred on the back.
Stamens 4 or 5, inflexed in bud. Female flowers: Sepals 3 to 5, very mi-
nute, much shorter than the ovary. Achene minute, ellipsoid or fusiform,
subtended by the very minute perianth. (Greek “drive” and “filament” from
the elastic stamens.)

Species probably about 100, tropical Africa, Asia, through Malaya to
Australia and Polynesia, 43 in the Philippines.

1. E. luzonense C. B. Rob.

An erect, annual, succulent, usually simple annual 10 to 50 cm high,
glabrous but marked with cystoliths. Leaves alternate, distichous, mostly
lanceolate and from 3 to 7 cm long, rather coarsely dentate, apex acu-
minate, base inequilateral, 3-nerved. Male receptacles axillary, peduncled,
usually 5 to 6 mm in diameter, the perianth deeply 4-parted, the segments
about 2mm long. Female receptacles axillary, sessile or shortly peduncled,
solitary or fascicled, up to 8 mm in greatest diameter, the perianth very
minute, with 3 rounded lobes.

On damp cliffs, Guadalupe, near Fort McKinley, etc., fl. Sept—Dec.;
widely distributed in Luzon. Endemic.

7. POUZOLZIA Gaudichaud

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, or the lower ones, rarely all,
opposite, usually entire, 3-nerved, the upper ones gradually smaller.
Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, in axillary fascicles. Male flowers:
Perianth 4- or 5-lobed, rarely 3-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 3. Rudi-
mentary ovary oblong or clavate. Female flowers: Perianth tubular, 2- to
4-toothed. Ovary straight; stigma penicellate, the slender style jointed on
top of the ovary. Achenes ovate, surrounded by the perianth-segments or
slightly exserted. (In honor of P. C. M. de Pouzolz, a French botanist.)

Species about 35, tropics of the Old World, 4 in the Philippines.

1. P. zeylanica (L.) Benn. (P. indica Gaudich.).

A perennial, more or less prostrate or spreading herb, the stems terete,
sometimes 1.5 m long, often less, the whole plant glabrous or more or less
pubescent. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, thin,
the base rounded or obtuse, 3-nerved, 2 to 7 cm long, mostly alternate.
Flowers small, 4-merous, in axillary clusters, the staminate ones greenish
or tinged with purple, the perianth 4-lobed, the stamens white, exserted,
the pistillate ones in the same fascicles with the staminate ones. Fruit
small, longitudinally ribbed, the style deciduous.

In low, open grass lands and waste places, common and very variable, fl.
all the year; throughout the Philippines. India to China and Malaya.

38. LORANTHACEAE! (MISTLETOE FAMILY)

Parasitic evergreen shrubs. Leavés alternate, opposite, or whorled,
entire, usually thick and coriaceous, sometimes wanting. Flowers perfect
or 1-sexual, racemed, spicate, fascicled, or umbellate, usually axillary,
bracteate and 2-bracteolate. Calyx adnate to the ovary, the limb truncate,
rarely toothed, or none. Petals 4 to 8, free or connate, valvate. Stamens

*For a consideration of the known Philippine representatives of this
family see Merrill, E. D., “A Revision of Philippine Loranthaceae.”
Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 129-153.

184 - A FLORA OF MANILA

as many as the petals and opposite them, usually inserted on the petals.
Ovary inferior, 1-celled; style long or short; ovule 1, adnate to the walls
of the ovary. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe.

Genera 25 or more, species about 1,000, in all tropical countries, a few in
temperate regions, 5 genera and about 60 species in the Philippines.

1. LORANTHUS Linnaeus

Branched, glabrous or pubescent, parasitic shrubs with opposite, whorled, ~
or alternate, entire, leathery leaves. Flowers perfect, small to large, often
colored and showy. Petals free or more or less connate into a cylindric or
inflated tube, the tips above the insertion of the anthers spreading or
reflexed. Stamens inserted on the corolla-lobes, the anthers erect, adnate.
(Greek “thong” and “flower,” in reference to the long petals of some
species. )

Species about 500, mostly tropical, about 50 in the Philippines.

Leaves alternate; flowers in peduncled compound umbels.... 1. L. haenkeanus
Leaves whorled; flowers in fascicles............--...----.:c---0e-e-+e00e--00-" 2. L. merrittii

1. L. haenkeanus Pres] (L. malifolius Presl). Cansasayao (Tag.).

A nearly glabrous, coarsely branched parasitic shrub 0.5 to 1.5 m high.
Leaves alternate, thickly coriaceous, lanceolate to oblong-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, 6 to 15 cm long, acuminate, acute, or obtuse, base acute or
rounded. Flowers very numerous in dense, peduncled, lateral, compound,
somewhat pubescent umbels, each branch of the umbel carrying one
sessile, and two lateral short-pedicelled flowers. Flowers red, the corolla
tubular, about 3 cm long, split about half-way to the base into 5 or 6 linear
segments, the parts above the insertion of the stamens sharply reflexed.
Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, nearly 1 em long. (FI. Filip. pl. 459, L. malifolius.)

Parasitic on mango trees, Masambong, Santa Mesa, etc., fl. Dec—Feb.;
widely distributed on various trees in the Philippines. Endemic.

2. L. merrittii Merr. Dapo sa bacauan (Tag.).

A branched, glabrous shrub, 1 m high or less. Leaves coriaceous,
oblong-obovate to broadly oblanceolate, rounded, 3 to 7 cm long. Flowers
few, fascicled in the axils, shortly pedicelled or sessile, red, 12 to 13 mm
long. Fruit ovoid, about 8 mm long.

On mangrove trees, occasional, fl. Apr.June; occasional in the Philip-
pines on various trees. Endemic.

39. OPILIACEAE (OPILIA FAMILY)

Shrubs or trees, sometimes woody vines, with alternate, simple, entire
leaves, and small, regular, usually perfect flowers in simple or compound,
axillary or terminal panicles, spikes, or racemes. Calyx small, not enlarged
in fruit, 4- or 5-toothed or lobed. Petals 4 or 5, free or united, or none.
Stamens as many as the petals or calyx-lobes. Ovary free or half-
immersed in the disk, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit a drupe, the pericarp thin
fleshy, the endocarp usually hard.

Genera 7, species about 20, mostly in the tropics of the Old World, few
in America, 2 genera and 2 or 3 species in the Philippines.

ade

*

OLACACEAE 185

1. CHAMPEREIA Griffith

Erect glabrous shrubs or small trees with alternate, entire leaves.
Flowers minute, in few-flowered cymes which are arranged in axillary
panicles, the bracts minute. Calyx-lobes 5, valvate. Petals none. Stamens
5, perigynous, opposite the lobes. Ovary superior, half immersed in the
disk; stigma sessile, broad; ovule solitary, erect. Fruit an ellipsoid drupe.

Species 2 or 3, Tenasserim to Malaya, 1 in the Philippines.

1. C. manillana (Blume) Merr. Malalucban (Tag.).

An erect glabrous shrub 2 to 4 m high. Leaves shining, oblong to
oblong-ovate, shortly petioled, 7 to 14 cm long, base acute or rounded, apex
acute or somewhat acuminate. Panicles pale-green, slender, 4 to 10 em
long. Flowers pale-green or yellowish-green, about 2 mm long, the calyx-
lobes oblong-ovate, acute, 1.5 mm long, spreading. Fruit glabrous, fleshy,
ellipsoid, yellow or red, about 12 mm long, pericarp thin, seed large.

In thickets, occasional, fl. Jan—March; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. Burma to the Malay Peninsula; Formosa.

40. OLACACEAE (OLAX FAMILY)

Erect or climbing shrubs, or trees, with alternate, simple, entire leaves.
Flowers small, regular, perfect, in axillary racemes or cymes. Calyx small,
truncate, or 4- to 6-toothed, accrescent and enclosing the fruit. Petals 3
to 6, free or coherent, valvate, sometimes cleft. Stamens 3 or more, opposite
the petals, or alternate with them; staminodes twice as many as the
stamens, often bifid, or none. Ovary superior, free, 1- to 5-celled, cells
l-ovuled; style simple. Fruit a drupe or nut-like, surrounded by the
enlarged, often fleshy calyx.

Genera 26, species about 150 in the tropics of both hemispheres, 5
genera and 5 or 6 species in the Philippines.

OLAX Linnaeus

Climbing shrubs or trees with alternate, entire, simple leaves. Flowers
in axillary, simple or branched racemes, the bracts small. Calyx small,
cup-shaped, truncate or slightly toothed, accrescent and surrounding the
fruit. Petals 3 to 6, hypogynous, valvate, somewhat coherent or free.
Fertile stamens 3, the filaments attached near the base of the petals;
staminodes usually 6, attached near the edges of the petals, bifid. Ovary
superior, free, more or less 3-celled below, 1-celled above; style simple;
stigma 3-lobed; ovules 3, pendulous. Fruit nearly covered by the fleshy
accrescent calyx, the stone 1-celled, 1-seeded. (Latin “smelling” in allusion
to the rank-scented wood of some species.)

Species about 30, tropics of the Old World, 1 in the Philippines.

1. O. imbricata Roxb. Malabaguio (Tag.).

A scandent shrub reaching a height of 10 m or more, or a small tree
with pendulous branches, nearly glabrous. Leaves distichous, oblong-ovate,
obtuse to acuminate, base rounded or acute, 6 to 15 em long. Racemes
puberulent, many-flowered, dichotomous, 1.5 to 3 em long. Flowers white,
the calyx truncate. Petals 3, free or nearly so, about 1 cm long, entire,
or cleft at the apex. Stamens 3. Staminodes 6, bifid, nearly as long as

186 A FLORA OF MANILA

the petals. Fruit orange to red when mature, ovoid, 1.5 to 2 em long,
quite surrounded by the fleshy calyx except at the apex. (FI. Filip. pl. 311.)

In dry thickets near Fort McKinley, fl. Feb—Apr.; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Chittagong to Java.

41. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (ARISTOLOCHIA FAMILY)

Herbs or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves alternate, entire, or 3-
to 5-lobed; stipules none. Flowers perfect, small or large, regular or very
irregular, terminal, axillary, or lateral, solitary, racemose, or cymose,
bracteate or ebracteate. Calyx superior, regular and 3-lobed, or tubular
and very irregular. Petals none or very rudimentary. Stamens 6 or
more, inserted in a ring around the base of the style, anther-cells opening
by dorsal slits. Ovary inferior, 4- to 6-celled; ovules numerous. Fruit
capsular.

Genera 6, species over 200, in most tropical and in some temperate
countries, 2 genera and 6 or 7 species in the Philippines.

1. ARISTOLOCHIA Linnaeus

Usually twining perennial herbs or sometimes shrubby. Leaves entire;
petiole usually dilated at the base. Perianth variously colored, the tube
inflated at the base then contracted, hairy within, the limb dilated, obliquely
1- or 2-lipped. Anthers 6, rarely 5, or more. Style short, 3- to 6-lobed.
Capsule septicidally 6-valved or splitting through the placentas. (Greek
“best” and “child-birth,” from reputed medicinal properties of some species.)

Species about 180, chiefly tropical, 4 or 5 in the Philippines.

Leaves ovate; flowers racemose, small, narrow.............-...:.--2+---- 1. A. tagala
Leaves reniform; flowers solitary, large, broad; cultivated only.
2. A. elegans

1. A. tagala Cham. Timbangan, Mala-ube (Tag.).

A twining, suffrutescent, nearly glabrous vine. Leaves ovate to oblong-
ovate, 8 to 20 ecm long, acuminate, base deeply cordate, the sinus broad.
Flowers in axillary racemes, the perianth purplish, rather slender, 3 to 3.5
cm long, the base inflated, globose, the tube somewhat curved, the mouth
oblique. Capsule pendulous, ovoid, obovoid, or oblong-obovoid, 2 to 4 cm
long, with a long stipe. (FI. Filip. pl. 104.)

In thickets, Masambong to Fort McKinley, fl. March—October; widely
distributed in the Philippines. India and Malaya.

*2. A. ELEGANS Mast.

A vine reaching a height of several meters. Leaves reniform, or trian-
gular-reniform, up to 7 cm long and 10 cm wide, obtuse, base broadly
cordate. Flowers solitary, the tube sharply curved, the lip expanded,
concave, ovate-cordate, 6 to 7 cm in diameter, pale, with numerous purple
spots. Capsule oblong-cylindric, longitudinally ribbed, 5 to 6 em long,
about 1.5 cm thick.

Occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. Jan—May. A native
of Brazil, of recent introduction here. ;

POLYGONACEAE 187

42. POLYGONACEAE (SMARTWEED FAMILY)

Herbs, sometimes undershrubs, or somewhat woody vines. Leaves simple,
alternate, entire (much reduced or wanting in Muehelenbeckia), the stipules
usually scarious and sheathing the stems. Flowers usually perfect, some-
times dioecious, jointed on their pedicels. Perianth of 3 to 6, free or
connate, persistent, usually accrescent and persistent sepals, often petaloid.
Petals none. Stamens 5 to 8, rarely more or less, opposite the sepals.
Ovary free, usually 2- to 4-angled, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit a small,
1-seeded nut, usually 3-angled and enclosed by the sepals.

Genera 30, species about 750 in all parts of the world, 3 or 4 genera
and about 20 species in the Philippines.

Herbs with lanceolate leaves, the stipules sheathing the stems.
1. Polygonum

Tendril-bearing vines with cordate leaves...................-22::..::--+--- 2. Antigonon
Leafless shrubs with flattened, striate, jointed branches bearing small
fascicled flowers at the nodes.......................................... 8. Muehelenbeckia

1. POLYGONUM Linnaeus

Glabrous or pubescent herbs with alternate, entire leaves, and mem-
branaceous, tubular, sheathing stipules. Flowers perfect, small, clustered,
the clusters arranged in cylindric or slender, spike-like, usually solitary,
peduncled racemes; pedicels usually jointed; bracts and bracteoles tubular.
Perianth 38- to 5-cleft, the outer 2 sepals usually smallest. Stamens usually
5 to 8, perigynous. Ovary usually 3-angled. Fruit usually 3-angled,
included in the, more or less enlarged calyx. (Greek “many” and “knee,”
from the numerous joints.)

Species about 200 in all warm regions, about 15 in the Philippines.

Leg RO ll aie elle thet oa aan ties whe ee 1. P. barbatum
OL AIS 2 2S ana ta GE Sa eed eels heme Sena OS 2. P. tomentosum

1. P. barbatum L.

An ascending, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous plant 30 to 60 cm
high, the stems often prostrate below. Stipules sheathing, cut into long,
filiform cilia which are longer than the tube. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
10 to 15 em long, glabrous or nearly so except the ciliate margins and
midrib. Inflorescence terminal and in the upper axils, sparingly branched,
the racemes erect, peduncled, 2 to 6 cm long, 5 to 7 mm in diameter,
the bracts close, ciliate. Perianth white, or purplish, about 2 mm long.

Along the river near Fort McKinley, fl. Mar.Apr., and probably in
other months; throughout the Philippines. Tropical Asia, Africa, and
Malaya.

2. P. tomentosum Willd.

An erect or ascending pubescent plant, the stems stout, about 1 cm
in diameter, simple or sparingly branched, usually less than 1 m high.
Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, softly pubescent, 12 to 20 cm long, the
stipules thin, strigose, truncate, ciliate, surrounding the stems, 1.5 to 2 em
long. Racemes few, panicled, erect or slightly nodding, peduncled, 2 to 10

188 A FLORA OF MANILA

em long, dense, cylindric, about 1 cm in diameter, each bract subtending
several flowers. Flowers white, 4 mm long.

In open wet or damp places, occasional, fl. most of the year; throughout
the Philippines. Tropical Asia and Africa, Malaya.

2. ANTIGONON Endlicher

Climbing, somewhat woody vines from thickened roots, with alternate,
cordate leaves and somewhat stem-clasping petioles. Panicles axillary or
terminal, the rachis extended as a tendril. Flowers perfect, white to deep-
pink. Perianth 5-parted, persistent and somewhat enlarged in fruit, the
outer 3 lobes larger than the inner 2. Stamens 7 or 8, filaments connate
at the base. Ovary 3-angled. Nut 3-angled, smooth, enclosed by the
persistent calyx-lobes.

Species 3 or 4 in Mexico and Central America, 1 now widely cultivated in
tropical countries, introduced and extensively cultivated here.

*1, A. LEPropuS Hook & Arn. Cadena de amor (Sp.).

A scandent, somewhat woody, perennial vine from thickened tuberous
roots, reaching a height of 10 m. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 6 to
14 cm long, prominently reticulate, base deeply cordate, the lobes usually
overlapping. Inflorescence terminal and in the upper axils, of paniculate
racemes, the rachises of the racemes produced as tendrils. Flowers nu-
merous, pale- to deep-pink, sometimes white, about 1 em long, fascicled,
secund, the perianth lobes somewhat enlarged, persistent, loosely surround-
ing the ovoid 1 cm long fruit. (FI. Filip. pl. 462, A. cordatum.)

Very commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes, fi. all the year. A
native of Mexico, now cultivated in many tropical countries.

3. MUEHELENBECKIA Meissner

Erect shrubs with flattered striate branches and much-reduced leaves
(in our species), the sheaths reduced to transverse lines, making the branches
appear jointed. Flowers small, dioecious or polygamo-dioecious, fascicled
at the joints. Perianth deeply subequally 5-lobed. Stamens usually 8.
Ovary 3-angled. Nut obtusely or acutely 3-angled, small, enclosed by the
perianth. (In honor of H. G. Muehelenbeck, an Alsatian botanist.)

Species 15, Australia, Polynesia, South America and Mexico, 1 introduced
in the Philippines.

1. M. PLATYCLADA Meissn.

An erect glabrous shrub 1 to 3 m high. Branches green, flattened,
striate, 5 to 15 mm wide, the joints 5 to 20 mm long, bearing at the nodes
few, reduced, lanceolate leaves 4 to 20 mm long, or the leaves nearly or
quite wanting. Flowers whitish, small, about 2 mm long, fascicled, rarely
solitary, alternating at the nodes. (FI. Filip. pl. 317, Exocarpus ceramica.)

Occasionally cultivated, fl. all the year. A native of the Solomon Islands,
now widely distributed in cultivation, introduced here and now naturalized
in some localities.

43. CHENOPODIACEAE (GO0OOSEFOOT OR APOSOTIS FAMILY)

Herbs or shrubs with simple alternate leaves. Flowers perfect or
unisexual, small, usually regular. Calyx of 8 to 5 free or connate sepals.
Petals none. Stamens usually 5, opposite the sepals, perigynous or hypogy-
nous. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; stigmas 2 to 4. Fruit usually
a utricle enclosed by the calyx.

AMARANTHACEAE 189

Genera about 75, species about 550 in most parts of the world, repre-
sented in the Philippines by introduced forms only.

1, CHENOPODIUM Linnaeus

Erect, sometimes aromatic, branched herbs, with angled stems and al-
ternate, entire, lobed, or toothed leaves. Flowers small, regular, perfect
in axillary and terminal, simple or panicled, spikes. Calyx inferior, the
sepals 5 or fewer, persistent. Stamens as many as the sepals, hypogynous
or somewhat perigynous; filaments distinct, anthers introrse. Ovary 1-
celled, free, usually depressed; styles 2 or 3. Fruit a membranaceous
utricle enclosed by the calyx. (Greek “goose” and “foot,” in allusion to
the shape of the leaves of some species.)

Species about 50, of wide distribution, 2 introduced in the Philippines.

1. C. AMBROSIOIDES L. Aposotis (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect or ascending branched herb often nearly 1 m high, with angled
stems, glabrous or glandular-pubescent, with a rank aromatic odor when
crushed. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 10 cm long, repand-
dentate or undulate. Flowers small, spicate. Sepals 5, sometimes only 3.
Utricle less than 1 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 69.)

Quite frequently cultivated by the natives and occasionally spontaneous,
fl. Mareh-Apr., and probably in other months; widely distributed in the
Philippines and in tropical and temperate countries generally, a native
of tropical America.

In addition to the above, the common beet, Beta vulgaris L., (Sp.,
remolacha), a native of Europe, also belonging to this family, is cultivated
by Chinese gardeners for the Manila markets.

44, AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTHUS OR COLITES FAMILY) ©

Herbs, sometimes climbing, rarely shrubby (Deeringia). Leaves op-
posite or alternate, exstipulate. Flowers in axillary clusters or in simple
or panicled spikes, racemes, or heads, the bracts and 2 bracteoles scarious.
Sepals 5, sometimes 1 to 3, rigid or scarious, persistent, imbricate in bud.
Petals none. Stamens 1 to 5, opposite the sepals, free or connate below,
often with intervening membranaceous staminodes, all united into a cup;
anthers 1- or 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled; styles 1 to 3; ovules 1 or more,
basal. Fruit a utricle, rarely a berry (Deeringia) or capsular, indehiscent
or circumsciss. Seed orbicular or ovate, usually compressed.

Genera 54, species about 450, in all temperate and tropical countries,
10 genera and about 20 species in the Philippines.

1. Climbing shrubs; ovules 2 or more; fruit fleshy, berry-like.. 1. Deeringia
1. Herbs.
2. Ovules 2 or more; fruit membranaceous..........0....0...2.-.----.--- 2. Celosia
2. Ovules 1.
3. Anthers 1-celled; flowers in sessile or peduncled heads.
4. Heads peduncled, subtended by 2 leafy bracts; style long; stigma

tO Re od lo lhe ~ tbh iit aaen 3. Gomphrena
4. Heads sessile or subsessile, solitary or clustered; stigma subses-
Wane,» CH DIEMeG tee reek tk n..:.....-.. ee ae .... 4. Alternanthera

3. Anthers 2-celled; fiiforestence ° various.
4. Staminodes none.

190 A FLORA OF MANILA

5. Leaves . alternate...isd:-sepsdedinsbectatnihesesitinuees 5. Amaranthus

5. Leaves Opposites i. sccsaahs-docssscdac dtl. eet- aries aie ea 6. Pupalia
4. Staminodes present.

5. Perfect flowers 1 to 3 in each cluster, surrounded by ‘several

to. many delormed ORCH oi esnccac teeta oe 7. Cyathula

5. Flowers all perfect, no deformed ones.
6. Sepals short, hyaline, woolly...................ccccscssccseceeeeee 8. Aerua
6. Sepals subulate-lanceolate, awned, shining, finally hardened.

Pe 9. Achyranthes
1. DEERINGIA R. Brown

Rambling or climbing shrubs with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers
small, 1- or 2-sexual, in simple or panicled spikes. Sepals 5, oblong,
spreading in fruit. Stamens 4 or 5; staminodes none. Ovary ovoid or
subglobose; ovules few to many; stigmas 2 or 4. Fruit a globose or
ovoid, fleshy, red or white berry. (In honor of Dr. Charles Deering.)

Species 5 or 6, tropical Asia to Australia and Polynesia, 2 in the
Philippines.

1. D. baccata (Retz.) Mog.

A scandent, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous vine, reaching a
length of 5 to 6 m, the branches drooping. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate,
entire, 7 to 14 cm long, acute or acuminate, base subtruncate. Racemes
slender, elongated, 20 to 40 cm long, in the upper axils, forming drooping,
leafy panicles. Flowers numerous, shortly pedicelled, greenish-white, the
perianth-segments about 1.5 mm long, reflexed. Stamens white, erect.
Fruit ovoid, fleshy, red, about 4 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 236.)

In thickets, occasional, fil. Oct.Jan.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. India to China, southward to Australia.

2. CELOSIA Linnaeus

Erect, simple or branched herbs, with alternate leaves. Flowers clus-
tered or spicate, white, pink, purple, or yellowish, shining. Sepals dry,
striate or ribbed. Stamens 5, united below into a cup; anthers 2-celled;
staminodes none. Utricle circumsciss. (Greek “a burning,” in allusion
to the seared look of the fiowers.)

Species about 30 in most tropical countries, 2 introduced in the Philip-
pines.

1. C. ARGENTEA L.

An erect, coarse, simple or branched, glabrous, annual herb 0.5 to 1.5
m high. Leaves linear to lanceolate, 4 to 14 cm long. Spikes solitary,
erect, stout, dense, white or pink, ovoid to oblong-linear, 3 to 30 cm long,
about 1.5 cm thick, usually numerous, the flowers white or pale-pink,
shining. Sepals about 6 mm long, acute or acuminate, the bracts shorter;
style elongated after flowering. Seeds shining, about 1.5 mm in diameter.

In fallow lands, cultivated ground, etc., fl. Aug.Feb.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines but certainly introduced. All tropical coun-
tries, probably a native of tropical. America.

In addition to the above the Cock’s Comb (Celosia cristata L.) is not
uncommonly cultivated for ornamental purposes (Fl. Filip. pl. 64); it is
exceedingly variable with usually broader leaves than C. argentea, and

: AMARANTHACEAE 191

with yellow, pink, red, or purple flowers, the tips of the spikes variously
fasciated. It has not been found as a spontaneous plant here. Tropics
generally, cultivated and as an escape. .

3. GOMPHRENA Linnaeus

Erect, branched, hirsute or villous herbs, the nodes usually thickened.
Leaves opposite. Flowers in peduncled heads, white or purple. Sepals 5,
lanceolate, acuminate. Stamens 5; filaments united into a long tube,
cleft at the top, usually without staminodes. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled;
style short or long; stigmas 2. Utricle compressed, indehiscent. (From
the Greek name of an allied plant.)

Species about 70 in South America and Australia, the following now
cosmopolitan in the tropics.

1. G. GLoBosA L. Botoncillo (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect, branched, pubescent annual, the branches more or less
thickened and often purplish at the nodes. Leaves petioled, oblong, acute
or obtuse, 7 to 11 cm long. Flowers numerous, densely crowded in globose
heads, the heads white, pink, or purple, solitary, peduncled, 1.5 to 2 cm in
diameter, subtended by 2 leafy bracts. Bracteoles 8 to 10 mm long, en-
closing the flowers, lateral, keeled. Sepals pubescent. (FI. Filip. pl. 68.)

Commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes, occasionally spontaneous,
fl. all the year. Undoubtedly a native of tropical America, now wild or
cultivated in most warm and tropical countries.

4. ALTERNANTHERA Forskal

Prostrate or spreading branched herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers
small, white, in axillary, sessile or subsessile, solitary or clustered heads.
Sepals unequal, three flattened, the inner and lateral two concave. Stamens
2 to 5, filaments short, connate into a short cup, with or without alter-
nating staminodes; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled, 1l-ovuled; stigma
subsessile. Utricle compressed, ovoid to obcordate, margins often winged
or thickened. (Latin “alternate” and “anther.”’)

Species about 16 in most tropical and subtropical countries, 3 or 4 in
the Philippines.

1. Glabrous or nearly so.
2. Spreading; leaves elliptic-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, green.
1. A. sessilis
2. Usually erect; leaves spatulate to oblong-obovate; cultivated plants,
the leaves variegated with red................c:::c:-s--2000000000 2. A. versicolor
1. Younger parts and heads rather densely hirsute.............. 3. A. frutescens

1. A. sesstmnis (L.) R. Br. :

_A spreading or prostrate much-branched herb, the branches up to 60
em long, the ultimate ones with 2 lines of hairs on the internodes, the
flowering ones ascending. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, elliptic-lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, sessile, obscurely toothed. Heads
axillary, solitary or clustered, globose to oblong, white, 5 to 7 mm long.
Sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2 to 2.6 mm long. Stamens 2 or 3.
Utricle broadly obcordate.

In open waste places, common, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines.
Tropics generally.

192 A FLORA OF MANILA

*2. A. VERSICOLOR Regel. Cucharitas (Sp.-Fil.).

A slender, erect or ascending, much-branched, nearly glabrous herb,
‘the stems reddish, often prostrate below, 20 to 60 em long. Leaves oblong-
obovate to spatulate, acute or obtuse, long-petioled, the blades 1 to 6 cm
long, green and red or purplish. Heads axillary, sessile, solitary, ovoid
to subglobose, 5 to 7 mm long, somewhat hairy.

Commonly cultivated, fl. all the year; now found in cultivation in most
large towns in the Philippines. Probably a native of Brazil.

8. A. FRUTESCENS (L’Her.) R. Br.

A wide-spreading, branched, prostrate, perennial herb, the stems rooting
at the lower nodes, the branches up to 60 cm in length, the flowering ones
ascending, the younger ones clothed with long, appressed, weak, white
hairs. Leaves opposite, or the upper ones somewhat whorled, oblong to
oblong-oblanceolate or spatulate, petioled, 1 to 2.5 em long, acute or obtuse,
entire, base gradually narrowed. Heads axillary, solitary or clustered,
white, globose to ovoid, 5 to 10 mm long. Anthers 5. Sepals ianceolate,
acuminate, about 5 mm long. Utricle compressed, obovoid, about 2 mm
long.

In open waste places, fi. all the year, common about Manila. A
native of tropical America, now thoroughly naturalized here, but not re-
ported from any other part of the Orient. ’ =

5. AMARANTHUS Linnaeus

Erect, branched, annual herbs with alternate leaves. Flowers small,
unisexual, in dense axillary clusters or in erect or drooping, densely or
laxly panicled, spike-like clusters. Sepals 5, or 1 to 3, ovate to linear,
often aristate. Stamens 1 to 5, free; staminodes none. Ovary com-
pressed; style short or none; ovule 1. Fruit a compressed, indehiscent or
circumsciss utricle. Seed orbicular. (Greek “unfading.”)

Species many in all warm and tropical countries, 5 or 6 in the Philip-
pines.

1. Spiny tthe leat-axuss. 2.520. ee ee ee ee 1. A. spinosus

1. Spineless.
2. Sepals and stamens 5; bracts setaceous or awned............ 2. A. caudatus

2. Sepals and stamens 2 or 3; bracts subulate.
8. Plant dull-purple or reddish, 1 to 1.5 m high; leaves acuminate.
3. A. gangeticus
3. Plant green, 0.3 to 0.6 m high; leaves obtuse, often notched.
4. A. viridis
1. A. SPINOSUS L.

A stout, erect, glabrous, branched annual 0.4 to 1 m high, armed with
slender, axillary spines. Leaves long-petioled, oblong to oblong-ovate or
elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, 4 to 10 cm long. Flowers about 1 mm long, in
axillary clusters and in elongated terminal and axillary, usually densely
flowered spikes, green or greenish-white, the setaceous bracts as long as
or exceeding the five sepals.

In waste places, gardens etc., fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines,
but certainly introduced. Most tropical countries.

AMARANTHACEAE 193

2. A. CAUDATUS L.

An erect, stout, branched, unarmed, annual herb 1 to 2 m high, sparingly
pubescent or nearly glabrous, all parts usually reddish-purple. Lower
leaves long-petioled, oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 25
em long, the upper ones similar but smaller. Inflorescence terminal and
in the upper axils, paniculate, the panicles 15 to 30 cm. long, the primary
branches very numerous, 10 to 15 cm long, densely flowered. Flowers
about 1.5 cm long. Sepals oblong to oblong-obovate, apiculate, shorter
than the caudate-acuminate bracts. Stamens 5. Utricle 8-toothed at
the apex, circumsciss, exceeding the calyx. Seed brown or black, shining,
about 1 mm in diameter, the margins round... (FI. Filip. pl. 480, A. panic-
ulatus.)

Cultivated for its ornamental foliage, fl. all the year. In various tropical
and subtropical countries in both hemispheres, wild and cultivated; in-
troduced in the Philippines.

3. A. GANGETICUS L.

A coarse, erect, unarmed, glabrous, much-branched herb 1 to 1.5 m high,
the vegetative parts often dull-purplish or reddish. Leaves long-petioled,
broadly ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, base long-decurrent-acuminate,
5 to 12 cm long. Clusters of flowers in the lower axils, and forming
elongated spikes which are cylindric, somewhat interrupted, up to 10 cm
long and 1 cm in diameter. Bracts about 4 mm long, lanceolate, awned-
acuminate. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate. Stamens 3. Utricle cireum-
sciss, shorter than the sepals. Seed black, shining, about 1.2 mm in
diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 289, A. cruentus.)

Occasionally cultivated, fl. July—Dec., and probably in other months;
not spontaneous in our area, although so found in some parts of the
Philippines, certainly introduced. Tropics generally, cultivated and in
cultivated ground.

4, A. viripIs L. Colites (Tag.).

An erect, glabrous, branched, unarmed annual 30 to 60 cm high. Leaves
long-petioled, 4 to 10 cm long, ovate, obtuse, tip usually notched, base
truncate or decurrent. Inflorescence of terminal and axillary, simple or
panicled, interrupted spikes. Flowers very small, densely disposed, green,
about 1 mm long. Seed brown or black. (FI. Filip. pl. 262, Euxolus
caudatus.)

In open waste places, cultivated grounds etc., common, fi., all the year;
throughout the Philippines, but probably introduced. All tropical and
warm countries.

6. PUPALIA Jussieu

Herbs or undershrubs with opposite leaves. Flowers perfect or im-
perfect, in spicate clusters, the imperfect ones reduced to awns bearing
stellately spreading hooked bristles. Sepals 5, acuminate, 3- to 5-nerved.
Stamens 5, nearly free below; anthers 2-celled; staminodes none. Ovary
ovoid; style slender. Fruit an ovoid, compressed, indehiscent utricle.

Species 3 in tropical Asia and Africa, 1 in the Philippines.

1. P. ATROPURPUREA (Lam.) Mog.
A slender, erect, straggling, glabrous or sparingly pubescent annual
herb 0.5 to 1.5 m high. Leaves opposite oblong-ovate, acuminate, base
111555——18

194 . A FLORA OF MANILA

narrowed, petioled. Spikes terminal, 5 to 30 cm long, slender, the clusters
of flowers remote, bracteate, woolly. Bristles of the imperfect flowers
brown or purplish, stellately arranged, slender, hooked at the ends.

In thickets along roads and trails, San Pedro Macati, Pasay, etc., fl.
Aug.—Nov.; widely distributed in the Philippines, surely introduced. Trop-
ical Asia, Africa, and Malaya.

7. CYATHULA Loureiro

"Ss

Prostrate or ascending herbs with opposité leaves. Flowers clustered,
the clusters spicate, reflexed in fruit. Perfect flowers 1 or 2 in each
cluster, surrounded by imperfect ones reduced to sepals and with rigid
hooked awns. Sepals 5, 1-nerved, acuminate. Stamens 5, connate, united
below with the retuse or 2-fid staminodes. Ovary obovoid, ovules 1, pen-
dulous. Fruit a small, ovoid, indehiscent utricle. (Diminutive of Greek
“cup.”)

Species about 10, of wide tropical distribution, the following in the
Philippines.

1. C. PROSTRATA (L.) Bl. Dayang (Tag.).

An annual branched herb, the stems prostrate and creeping below,
reaching a length of 1 m or more, the branches erect or ascending.
Leaves rhomboid-oblong, 2 to 8 cm long, acute or obtuse, gradually
narrowed from the middle to the acute base, nearly sessile. Spikes terminal
and axillary, slender, peduncled, 5 to 20 cm long. Clusters of flowers
numerous, ovoid, about 3 mm long, greenish. Sepals pubescent.

In thickets, occasional, fl. Nov._Feb.; common and widely distributed in
the Philippines. Tropics generally.

8. AERUA Forskal

Woolly herbs or undershrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate or
opposite. Flowers small in solitary or panicled spikes or in sessile
axillary heads. Sepals 4 or 5, short, thin, all or only the inner ones
woolly. Stamens 4 or 5, connate below, with interposed linear staminodes;
anthers 2-celled. Fruit an indehiscent or circumsciss utricle.

Species about 10 in tropical Asia, Malaya, and Africa, 2 in the Phil-
ippines. -

1. A. LANATA (L.) Juss.

An ascending or prostrate densely grayish-pubescent herb, the stems
0.2 to 0.8 m in length, simple or branched. Leaves alternate, petioled,
elliptic to orbicular or obovate, obtuse, 1 to 3.5 cm long. Spikes numerous,
white, axillary, solitary or crowded in the axils, densely flowered, 1 cm
long or less, the flowers green and white, 2 mm in diameter. (FI. Filip.
pl. 354.)

In open dry lands, common locally, fi. all the year; throughout the
Philippines at low altitudes, undoubtedly introduced. Africa, India, and
Malaya.

9. ACHYRANTHES Linnaeus

Coarse herbs with opposite leaves, the flowers in simple or panicled
spikes, deflexed immediately after opening, the bracts and bracteoles
spinescent. Sepals 4 or 5, the filaments connate at the base, the stami-

NYCTAGINACEAE 195

nodes square, toothed or fimbriate. Ovary oblong, 1l-ovuled. Utricle
oblong or ovoid, indehiscent. (Greek “chaff” and “flower.”)

Species 12 in tropical and subtropical countries, 1 or 2 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. A. ASPERA L.

A coarse, rambling or erect, distantly branched, annual herb, 0.5 to 2
m high. Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic or obovate, 6 to 15 cm long,
acuminate, base narrowed, more or less pubescent or nearly glabrous.
Spikes rigid, elongated, 10 to 50 cm long. Flowers green, 5 mm long,
the stamens and staminodes pale-purplish, the staminodes fimbriate. Buds
ascending, flowers spreading, immediately after flowering reflexed and
closely appressed to the rachis.

In waste places, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines, certainly
introduced. Most tropical countries.

45. NYCTAGINACEAE (PISONIA OR MALUCO FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, or sometimes woody spiny vines. Leaves simple,
opposite or alternate, entire, exstipulate. Inflorescence various, usually of
terminal or axillary corymbs or cymes, the flowers often involucrate.
Flowers perfect or unisexual. Calyx-tube long or short, cylindric or funnel-
shaped, persistent and enveloping the fruit, the limb 3- to 10-toothed or
lobed, sometimes petal-like. Petals none. Stamens 1 to many, hypogynous,
the filaments usually unequal. Ovary superior, free, 1-celled; ovule 1;
stigma simple or multifid. Fruit usually membranaceous, sometimes hard,
usually enclosed in the more or less hardened, coriaceous or fleshy perianth-
tube.

Genera 19, species about 175, chiefly in tropical America, 4 genera and
about 10 species in the Philippines.

1. Glabrous unarmed shrubs or trees or more or less spiny woody vines.

2. Flowers small, without involucres, the bracts minute............ 1. Pisonia
2. Flowers medium, inserted on the midribs of the large, colored, per-
sistent; shows: Dractar 2.286254 estas ieee ates: 2. Bougainvillea

1. Herbs.
2. Flowers large, showy, involucrate.............22..2.....2-2-:0c2:00-0000--+ 3. Mirabilis
2. Flowers very small, bracteolate..............2...2.222..1.::000-1--++ 4. Boerhaavia

1. PISONIA Linnaeus

Erect unarmed shrubs or trees or scandent and armed with curved
spines. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire. Flowers in corymbose
axillary and terminal cymes, usually dioecious, bracteolate. Perianth 5-
to 10-toothed, of the male flowers funnel-shaped, of the female ones tubular.
Stamens 6 to 10, exserted. Ovary sessile, oblique. Fruit oblong, muricate
or angled, glandular. (In honor of W. Piso, an early writer on the
medicinal plants of Brazil.)

Species about 60, tropical, few in Africa, about 6 in the Philippines.

A scandent shrub, armed with curved spines; leaves 6 to 10 cm long.
1. P. aculeata

An erect unarmed tree, the leaves very pale-green, 12 to 25 cm long.
2. P. alba

196 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. P. aculeata L.

A large scandent shrub, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, the branches
pendulous, armed with solitary, axillary, recurved spines which are 1 cm
long or less. Leaves ovate-oblong to elliptic, shining, 6 to 10 cm long,
obtuse or obscurely acuminate, base acute. Inflorescence axillary and
terminal, peduncled, of densely flowered corymbose cymes. Flowers
yellowish-white, the males 4 to 5 mm in diameter. Fruit narrowly oblong
or clavate, 5-ribbed, 7 to 14 mm long, viscid, the ribs muricate with several
rows of glands. (FI. Filip. pl. 394.) :

In thickets, Masambong, fl. Jan._Feb.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. Tropics generally.

*2. P. ALBA Spanoghe. Coles-maluco; Maluco (Tag.).

An erect, unarmed, glabrous or nearly glabrous tree reaching a height
of 10 m. Leaves thin, very pale-green or often nearly white when young,
oblong-ovate, acuminate, base rounded, 12 to 25 cm long. Cymes terminal,
dense, corymbose, the male flowers white or greenish-white, about 6 mm
long, the female ones smaller. Fruit long-pedicelled, club-shaped, 5-angled,
the angles with one row of prickles. (FI. Filip. pl. 44, Cordia ? olitoria.)

Frequently cultivated for its ornamental, pale foliage, but rarely or
never producing flowers in Manila. A native of Malaya, now cultivated in
India and Ceylon.

2. BOUGAINVILLEA Commerson

Climbing spiny vines with alternate leaves. Inflorescence axillary or
terminal, showy, the flowers inserted below the middle of the large colored
bracts which are borne in threes. Perianth tubular, slightly curved, the
lobes 5 or 6, short, spreading. Stamens 7 or 8, equal, included. Ovary
stipitate, narrowly fusiform. Utricle stipitate, cylindric or clavate. (In
honor of A. de Bougainville, a French navigator.)

Species 7, in tropical America, 1 now cultivated in all tropical and
subtropical countries.

*1. B. SPECTABILIS Willd.

A stout, climbing, spiny, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous woody
vine, reaching a height of 15 m, with long drooping branches. Leaves
ovate, 6 to 10 cm long, acuminate, base usually rounded, each axil with a
stout, slightly curved, sharp spine 5 to 8 mm long. Flowers in the upper
axils, forming a terminal leafy inflorescence. Cymes peduncled, tricho-
tomous, the flowers in groups of threes on the ultimate branches, each
group of flowers subtended by three, large, thin, persistent, colored, oblong-
ovate, acuminate 2.5 to 4 cm long bracts. Flowers salver-shaped, inserted
on the midrib of the bracts, the tube slender, about 2 cm long, greenish,
angled, inflated below, the limb white, 5 to 7 mm in diameter.

Frequently cultivated, but not spontaneous, fl. Oct—March. A most
striking ornamental, a native of Brazil, now cultivated in many other
tropical countries.

3. MIRABILIS Linnaeus

Glabrous or glandular herbs, the branches forked. Leaves opposite, the
lower ones petioled, the upper often sessile. Involucres 1- to many-flowered,
calyx-like, the 6 lobes imbricate, not enlarged after flowering, usually
arranged in dense cymes. Perianth-tube elongated, white or colored,
constricted above the ovary, the limb 5-lobed, petal-like. Stamens 5 or 6,
unequal in length, exserted. Ovary ellipsoid or ovoid; style filiform,

AIZOACEAE 197

,exserted; stigma capitellate. Utricle obovoid, coriaceous. (Adapted from
the Latin “wonderful.’’)

‘Species about 25, in tropical America, 1 now cultivated in many warm
countries.

1. M. sALAPA L.. A las cuatro, Oraciones (Sp.-Fil.) ; Four-o’clock, Marvel of
Peru.

An erect, nearly or quite glabrous, branched plant 20 to 80 cm high.
Leaves 4 to 10 cm long, narrowly ovate, acuminate, base often subtruncate
and somewhat inequilateral. Involucres crowded, calyx-like, 1 em long or
less, 1-flowered. Perianth white, purple, or yellow, the tube cylindric,
slightly enlarged upward, 3 to 4 em long, the limb spreading. Fruit
narrowly ovoid, about 8 mm long, black, finely ribbed.

Commonly cultivated, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines, in
and about towns, cultivated and naturalized. A native of tropical America,
now cultivated in many warm countries.

4, BOERHAAVIA Linnaeus

Diffuse spreading herbs with divaricate branches and opposite leaves.
Flowers small, jointed on their pedicels, panicled or umbellate, bracteolate.
Perianth-tube funnel-shaped, short, 5-lobed. Stamens 1 to 5, unequal
exserted. Ovary oblique, stipitate. Fruit small, glandular, 5-ribbed, the
utricle oblong. (In honor of H. Boerhaave, an early Dutch botanist.)

Species 25 or more, in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemi-
spheres, a single variable one in the Philippines.

1. B. DirFusA L.

A diffuse, spreading, laxly branched, glabrous or somewhat pubescent
herb, the branches sometimes 2 m in length. Leaves scattered, ovate,
elliptic, or oblong, sometimes undulate, pale beneath, 1 to 4 cm long, apex
rounded or acute, base usually rounded. Cymes very lax, panicled, the
branches slender, flowers usually fascicled or subumbellate on the ultimate
branchlets, pink, about 1.5 mm long. Fruit glandular, narrowly oblong-
obovoid, about 3 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 93.)

In waste places, occasional, surely introduced, fl. Sept._May; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Tropical Asia to Polynesia.

46. AIZOACEAE (MOLLUGO OR TOSTON FAMILY)

Herbs with entire, simple, alternate, opposite, or whorled leaves. Flow-
ers in axillary or terminal clusters or cymes, small, regular, perfect. Calyx
of 4 or 5 nearly free or more or less united segments, usually persistent.
Petals none. Stamens perigynous or hypogynous, few or many. Ovary
free, 2- to 5-celled, of 2 to 5 united carpels; styles as many as the carpels;
ovules usually many, rarely few or one in each cell, axile. Fruit capsular,
circumsciss or dorsally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, small.

Genera 7, species 52, chiefly in Africa, a few in most tropical and sub-
tropical countries, 3 genera, and 5 species in the Philippines.

1. Capsule circumsciss; stamens inserted on the calyx-tube.
2. Ovary and capsule 3- to 5-celled................0......cceeeeceeteeeeeee es .. 1. Sesuvium
2. Ovary and capsule 1- or 2-celled..............0......2.--seceeeeeeeeeeeees 2. Trianthema
1. Capsule dehiscing dorsally; stamens inserted on the receptacle.
3. Mollugo

198 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. SESUVIUM Linnaeus

Prostrate or spreading, succulent, branched herbs. Leaves opposite, very
fleshy, entire. Flowers small, axillary, solitary. Calyx-tube short, the
lobes 5, persistent. Stamens few or many, inserted near the top of the
calyx-tube. Ovary free, 3- to 5-celled; styles 3 to 5; ovules many. Fruit
an ovate-oblong, membranaceous, 3- to 5-celled, circumscissly dehiscent cap-
sule. (An unexplained name.)

Species 4, along the seashores of warm countries, 1 in the Philippines.

1, S. portulacastrum L. Dampalit (Tag.).

A fleshy, prostrate, spreading, branched herb, the stems rooting at the
nodes, often reddish, 20 to 50 cm in length, with short astending branches.
Leaves oblong-linear to linear, green, fleshy, very thick, 2 to 4 cm long,
the petioles short, dilated below and clasping the stems by their thin margins.
Flowers small, shortly pedicelled. Calyx pink or red within, the segments
5 to 6 mm long, cuspidate. Capsule about 5 mm long.

Along the banks of tidal streams, etc., Maypajo, fl. May and probably in
other months; along the seashore throughout the Philippines. Most tropical
and subtropical seashores.

2. TRIANTHEMA Linnaeus

Prostrate, glabrous or slightly hairy, succulent, branched, annual herbs.
Leaves petioled, opposite, in unequal pairs, entire, ovate to obovate, their
petioles dilated at the base and connected by their thin margins. Flowers
axillary, small, solitary, sessile or pedicelled. Calyx-tube short or long,
5-lobed, often colored within. Stamens 5 or more, inserted near the top
of the calyx-tube. Ovary free, 1- or 2-celled; styles 1 or 2; ovules 1 to
many. Capsule thin or coriaceous, clavate to obovate, circumsciss. (Greek
“three” and “flower,” from the arrangement of the flowers in some species.)

Species about 10, tropical and subtropical, a single one in the Philippines.

1. T. PORTULACASTRUM L. (T. monogyna L.). Toston (Tag.); Ayam (Vis.).

Glabrous or nearly so, the branches up to 60 cm or more in length.
Leaves obovate, 1 to 5 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, the
calyx-lobes oblong, mucronate, 4 to 5 mm long, pink, imbricate. Stamens
about 15. Style simple. Capsule 5 to 6 mm long, truncate; seeds about 10,
small. (Fl. Filip. pl. 165, T. obcordata.) 3

In open waste places, cultivated lands etc., fl. Aug.—Mar.; in and about
towns in the Philippines. All tropical countries.

3. MOLLUGO Linnaeus

Spreading or ascending branched herbs, the leaves entire, alternate,
opposite, or whorled, fleshy. Flowers small, axillary, sessile or pedicelled,
in clusters, cymes, or racemes. Sepals 5, persistent. Stamens 3 to 5,
rarely many, the staminodes small or none. Ovary free, 3- to 5-celled;
ovules many, axillary; styles 3 to 5. Capsule enclosed by the sepals,
membranaceous, loculicidally 3- to 5-valved. (Old Latin name for some
soft plant.)

Species about 12 in tropical and subtropical countries, 3 in the Philip-
pines.

DeTiGeig PU DES CONG... sen sors oo ack noe ee nc SEe Klee cues wat ceeanestee yore 1. M. lotoides
RarPea tote. 28 Se tis Se Sa ck nt ene ec noe 2. M. oppositifolia

PORTULACACEAE 199

1. M. Loromwes (L.) O. Kuntze (M. hirta Thunb.) Lobio (Tag.)

A spreading or prostrate, much branched, annual herb, the branches 20
to 50 cm long, all parts densely stellate-pubescent with short gray hairs.
Leaves broadly obovate, rounded, opposite or whorled, 1 to 3 cm long.
Flowers fascicled, sessile or shortly pedicelled, greenish, about 5 mm long,
the sepals densely pubescent outside. Stamens about 10, sometimes more,
or less numerous. Capsule ovoid, somewhat shorter than the sepals. Seeds
small, brown or black, very numerous, appendaged at the hilum.

In waste places, fl: Jan—May; widely distributed in the Philippines.
Tropics generally.

2. M. opposiTIFOLiA L. (M. spergula L.).

A slender, spreading or ascending, glabrous, branched, annual herb, the
branches 10 to 40 cm in length. Leaves opposite or whorled, spatulate,
oblanceolate, to oblong-obovate, 1 to 3 em long. Flowers white, fascicled,
the pedicels slender, up to 1 cm in length. Sepals 3 to 3.5 mm long. Sta-
mens 5 to 10. ;

In open waste places, etc., fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines,
but certainly introduced. Tropics generally.

47. PORTULACACEAE (PURSLANE OR GOLASIMAN FAMILY)

Diffuse, succulent, annual or perennial, prostrate or erect herbs. Leaves
opposite or alternate, or the upper ones whorled, entire, terete or flat, the
nodes with scale-like or hairy appendages, rarely naked. Flowers terminal
often surrounded by a whorl of leaves, solitary or clustered. Sepals 2,
connate below, the free parts deciduous. Petals 4 to 6. Stamens 5 or
more, inserted with the petals. Ovary partly or quite inferior, 1-celled;
style’3- to 8-fid; ovules numerous. Capsule crustaceous, circumsciss. Seed
many, small, reniform. ;

Genera 18, species 200, in most warm and tropical countries, most abun-
dant in tropical America, a single genus and 8 or 4 species in the Phil-
ippines.

1. PORTULACA Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (An old Latin name of un-
certain meaning.)

Species about 30 in temperate and tropical regions, 3 or 4 in the Phil-
ippines, mostly introduced.

1. Leaves nearly terete; flowers pink or red..............22..-2----200--------+ 1. P. pilosa
1. Leaves flat; flowers yellow.

2. Glabrous; nodal appendages none or very small; flowers 5-merous,

yt: a eer ene ee ek Sk: ne eae 2. P. oleracea

2. Pilose; nodal appendages pilose; flowers 4-merous, solitary.

3. P. quadrifida
1. P. PILosA L.

An erect or spreading, branched herb 10 to 30 cm high. Leaves alternate,
linear, nearly terete, 1 to 2 cm long, pilose in the axils, those subtending
the flowers in whorls of 6 to 9. Flowers few, sessile, surrounded at the
base by numerous pilose appendages. Petals 5, red or pink. Stamens
20 to 25. Capsule ovoid.

In open dry places, San Juan del Monte, fl. July—Oct.; of local occurrence
in the Philippines. A native of tropical America, introduced and natural-
ized here.

200 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. P. oleracea L. Golasiman (Tag.); Purslane.

An annual, prostrate or spreading, succulent, branched herb, quite
glabrous, 10 to 50 cm long, the stems often purplish. Leaves fleshy, flat,
obtuse, oblong-obovate, base cuneate, 1 to 2.5 cm long. Flowers in sessile,
axillary and terminal, few-flowered heads, the heads solitary or cymose,
the buds compressed. Petals 5, yellow, about as long as the sepals. Sta-
mens 8 to 12. (Fl. Filip pl. 164.)

In open waste places, very common, fl. all the year; throughout the
Philippines. All temperate and tropical countries. .

3. P. QUADRIFIDA L.

A slender, prostrate, annual, succulent plant, the stems often rooting
at the nodes, the nodal appendages pilose. Leaves ovate-elliptic, about 5
mm long, subsessile. Flowers small, terminal, solitary, surrounded by a
4-leaved involucre and copious white hairs. Petals 4, yellow.

Cementerio del Norte, Pasay, etc., in waste places, fi. all the year; of local
occurrence in the Philippines and apparently introduced. Tropical Asia and
Africa.

48. BASELLACEAE (BASELLA OR LIBATO FAMILY)

Twining, glabrous, herbaceous vines, more or less succulent. Leaves
alternate, entire. Inflorescence axillary, spicate or racemose. Flowers
small, perfect, 2-bracteolate. Sepals 2, more or less adnate to the corolla.
Corolla-lobes 5, nearly free or more or less united. Stamens 5; anthers
versatile. Ovary free, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit indehiscent, dry or fleshy
surrounded by the perianth.

Genera 5, species about 14, mostly in tropical America, 2 genera and 2
species in the Philippines, both introduced.

Sepals not winged; filaments erect in bud.2.....2..22.22cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 1. Basella
Sepals broadly winged down the back; filaments recurved in bud.
2. Anredera
1. BASELLA Linnaeus

A succulent, glabrous, twining vine. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers
in axillary spikes, white or red, small. Bracteoles minute, caducous. Se-
pals 2, connate, not keeled. Corolla 5-fid, somewhat fleshy, the lobes erect,
obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube. Filaments straight in
bud. Ovary globose; styles 3, connate at the base; stigmas linear-clavate.
Fruit a globose utricle enclosed in and adnate to the perianth. (A Malabar
name.)

A single variable species found in most tropical countries, its original
home uncertain, possibly tropical Asia.

1. B. RuBRA L. Libato (Tag.).

A succulent, branched, glabrous, twining, herbaceous vine, reaching a
length of several meters, the stems green or purplish. Leaves somewhat
fleshy, ovate, petioled, acuminate, base cordate to decurrent, 5 to 12 cm
long. Spikes axillary, solitary, 5 to 20 cm long. Flowers pink, about 4
mm long. Fruit ovoid or globose, 5 to 6 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 74.)

Occasional in waste places, escaped from cultivation, fi. most of the
year; throughout the Philippines but certainly introduced here. In most
tropical countries, wild or cultivated, possibly a native of India.

NYMPHAEACEAE 201

2. ANDREDERA Jussieu

A scandent, glabrous, annual vine from fleshy tuberous roots, Leaves
somewhat fleshy, entire. Racemes axillary. Flowers small, perfect, the
bracteoles small. Sepals 2, boat-shaped, enclosing the corolla, broadly
keeled down the back. Corolla deeply 5-parted, thin. Stamens 5, the
filaments reflexed in bud. Ovary small, rounded; styles 3, somewhat con-
nate at the base. Utricle ovoid or globose, included in the perianth.

A monotypic genus of tropical America, introduced in the Philippines.

1. A. SCANDENS (L.) Mog.

A glabrous, somewhat succulent, herbaceous, annual vine from large,
fleshy, tuberous roots. Stems green or purplish, slender. Leaves shining,
somewhat fleshy, ovate to oblong-ovate, obtuse to shortly acuminate, 5 to
10 cm long. Racemes axillary, solitary, erect, usually simple, 12 to 20
em long. Flowers numerous, pale-greenish, 3 mm:long, the sepals broadly
winged down the back.

Common in thickets along roadsides, etc., fl. Aug.-Nov. A native of tro-
pical America, now thoroughly naturalized in and about Manila, but not
reported from any other part of the Orient.

49. NYMPHAEACEAE (WATERLILY OR LAUAS FAMILY)

Aquatic perennial herbs, often from stout rootstocks, the leaves usually
floating, often peltate. Flowers solitary, often showy, on elongated scapes,
floating on the surface of the water or raised above the surface. Sepals
3 to 5, free. Petals 38 to many, free, hypogynous or adnate to the fleshy
disk. Stamens many. Carpels 3 or more, free or connate, or irregularly
sunk in pits in the fleshy disk; ovules few or many. Fruit of free and
indehiscent carpels, or the carpels more or less united, or sometimes of the
enlarged fleshy disk bearing the nut-like carpels sunk in its crown. Seeds
naked or arillate.

Genera 8, species about 50, in all temperate and tropical regions, 2
genera and 3 or 4 species in the Philippines.

1. CASTALIA Salisbury

Herbs of fresh water, the rootstocks large, creeping. Flowers on elon-
gated scapes, usually floating, rarely borne above the surface of the water.
Sepals 4. Petals white or colored, in several to many series, the inner
ones gradually smaller and transformed into stamens. Filaments petal-
like; anthers linear. Carpels many, in one series, sunk in the fleshy disk,
crowned by the radiating stigmas; ovules many. Fruit a spongy berry
ripening under water. (A fountain of Greek mythology.)

Species about 25 in all warm countries, 2 in the Philippines.

1. C. STELLATA (Willd.) Blume (Nymphaea stellata Willd.). Waterlily.

Leaves ovate to suborbicular, entire, rounded, slightly peltate, base
deeply cordate, 15 to 25 cm long, often purplish beneath, glabrous. Flowers
fragrant, white, about 8 cm in diameter. Sepals green, with few purple
dashes, acuminate. Petals linear-oblong to lanceolate.

In stagnant pools of fresh water, Malate, rare, fl. Sept.-Nov.; in the
Philippines known only from Manila, certainly introduced. Tropical Asia
and Africa.

202 A FLORA OF MANILA

C. pubescens (Willd.) Blume (Lauas, Tag.), is of wide distribution in
the Philippines, differing in many characters from the above, but es-
pecially in its leaves being pubescent beneath; it does not occur in our
area. The lotus (Nelumbium speciosum Willd.) (Baino, Tag.) occurs
in Laguna de Bay, and its flowers are occasionally sold in Manila.

50. CERATOPHYLLACEAE (CERATOPHYLLUM OR INATA
FAMILY)

Submerged, slender, monoecious herbs growing in fresh water, the
leaves whorled, cleft into slender, toothed lobes. Flowers minute, axillary,
sessile, the perianth or involucre of 6 to 12, narrow, 2-fid segments. Male
flowers with 20 to 30 stamens. Female flowers with a sessile, ovoid,
1-celled ovary; style subulate; ovule solitary. Fruit a small, coriaceous,
ovoid or ellipsoid, compressed nut, terminated by the style.

A single genus with 3 species of wide distribution in fresh water in
temperate and tropical regions of the world, a single species in the
Philippines.

1. CERATOPHYLLUM Linnaeus

Characters of the Family. (From the Greek “horn” and “leaf.’’)

1. C. demersum L. Inata (Tag.).

Stems long, branched, slender, submerged, densely leafy. Leaves 1.5
to 2.5 cm long, whorled, the segments spreading when submerged, linear,
toothed. Segments of the perianth subulate. Fruit variable, with two
horns at the base.

Pasig River, not uncommon floating down from Lake Bay; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Most temperate and tropical regions.

51. RANUNCULACEAE (CLEMATIS FAMILY)

Annual or perennial often suffrutescent herbs, sometimes climbing.
Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound, entire, toothed, or lobed.
Flowers regular in our genera, perfect or 1-sexual. Sepals 5 or more.
Rarely fewer, valvate or imbricate, deciduous, sometimes petaloid. Petals
none, or 3 to 5 or more, hypogynous, sometimes small. Stamens hypogy-
nous, usually many. Carpels usually many, free, 1-celled, each with 1
or more ovules. Fruit of numerous 1-seeded achenes, often tailed or
otherwise appendaged.

Genera 30, species about 1,100, in all parts of the world, 5 genera and
10 species in the Philippines, mostly at medium or higher altitudes.

1. NARAVELIA DeCandolle

Climbing, herbaceous or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite, 3-foliolate or
2-foliolate, the terminal leaflet usually transformed into a tendril. Flowers
axillary, solitary or racemose, long-peduncled. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 6
to 12, longer than the sepals. Achenes narrow, stipitate, beaked or
crowned with the long bearded styles. (Named from the “ancient city
of Gour” in Bengal.)

Species 3, India to Malaya, 2 in the Philippines.

1. N. loheri Merr. & Rolfe.
A slender, herbaceous, slightly pubescent vine, becoming nearly or
quite glabrous. Leaves with 2, ovate to oblong-ovate, 5-nerved, somewhat

MENISPERMACEAE 203

acuminate, entire or sometimes coarsely 1- or 2-toothed leaflets 5 to 8 cm
long, the tip minutely mucronate, base rounded, the tendril taking the
place of the third leaflet slender, 3-partite at the apex. Flowers white or
greenish-white, their pedicels up to 4 cm in length. Sepals 4, about 9 mm
long. Petals about 12, linear-spatulate, 2 cm long or less, 1 to 2 mm wide.
Achenes 10 to 15, about 2 cm long, hirsute, narrowed above into a slender
beak, not tailed.

In thickets near the Pasay cemetery, fl. April-May; of very local

_ occurrence in Luzon. Endemic.

52. MENISPERMACEAE (MOONSEED OR MACABUHAY FAMILY)

Twining or climbing, slender or stout, subherbaceous or woody vines.
Leaves alternate, entire or lobed, usually palmately, rarely penninerved;
stipules none. Flowers small, dioecious, solitary, fascicled, racemose or
panicled. Sepals 6, rarely fewer or more numerous, imbricate in 2 to 4
series. Petals usually 6, rarely fewer or none, free or connate. Male
flowers: Stamens hypogynous, usually one opposite each petal; anthers
free or connate. Rudimentary ovary small or none. Female flowers:
Staminodes 6 or 0. Ovaries 3, rarely 1 to 6 or more; style terminal,
simple or divided; ovules solitary. Ripe carpels drupaceous. Seed usually
hooked or reniform.

Genera 63, species about 360, in all tropical countries, few in some tem-
perate regions, 15 genera and 26 species in the Philippines.

UTC 2 Ro iva () Ee ces a co ee 8 1. Pycnarrhena
1. Leaves palmately 3- to 7-nerved.
2. Sepals and petals 6; bracts very small or none.................... 2. Tinospora

2. Sepals and petals 4; bracts on the female inflorescence prominent.
3. Cissampelos

1. PYCNARRHENA Miers

Climbing woody vines or suberect shrubs. Leaves oblong, coriaceous,
entire, penninerved. Cymes axillary, short, usually fascicled. Male
flowers: Sepals 6 to 9, the outer ones small, bract-like, the interior ones
gradually larger, the innermost suborbicular, concave. Petals 2 to 6,
smaller than the inner sepals. Stamens 2 to 10; filaments very short or
none. Female flowers: Sepals and petals as in the males. Carpels 2 to 4,
glabrous or pilose. Drupes 3, or fewer by abortion, subglobose; style-scar
lateral. (Greek “dense” and “male” from the dense inflorescence.)

Species 17, south-eastern Asia through Malaya to Australia, 3 or 4 in
the Philippines.

1. P. manillensis Vid. Ambal (Tag.).

A suberect or climbing shrub 1 m high or more. Leaves subcoriaceous,
shining, elliptic-ovate, to oblong-elliptic, 13 to 30 cm long, acuminate, the
nerves 5 to 7 pairs, very prominent on the lower surface. Male inflores-
cences axillary, short, pilose. The flowers crowded, yellowish, the sepals 7,
the outer ones small, the 5 inner ones 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter. Petals
about 3, obovate. Stamens 8 to 10. Drupes ellipsoid-globose, 10 to 15 mm
long.

San Juan del Monte (Vidal), fl. June. Of local occurrence in the Phil-
ippines. Endemic.

204 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. TINOSPORA Miers

Climbing vines with very bitter sap and warty stems. Leaves deciduous,
thin, entire, palmately 8- to 5-nerved. Racemes lateral, slender. Male
flowers: Sepals 6. Petals 6, rarely 3, cuneate-ovate to subcordate. Stamens
6; filaments flattened. Female flowers: Sepals about as in the males.
Petals minute, spatulate-oblong. Staminodes 6. Ovaries 3, free, erect;
styles short. Drupes 3, or fewer by abortion, compressed, stipitate, globose
or ellipsoid, the endocarp dorsally convex, ventrally flat or slightly concave.
(From the old Latin name of Viburnum tinus and the Greek “seed.’’)

Species 24, tropical Asia and to Malaya and Australia, 1 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. T. reticulata Miers. Macabuhay (Tag.).

A very bitter, climbing, dioecious vine reaching a height of 4 to 10 m,
the branches pendulous, all parts glabrous, the stems up to 1 em thick,
somewhat fleshy, with scattered protuberances. Leaves thin, ovate, acu-
minate, base truncate or somewhat cordate, glabrous, shining, 6 to 12 cm
long, base 5-nerved; petioles 3.5 to 6 em long. Racemes solitary or in
pairs from the axils of fallen leaves, pale-green, slender, 10 to 20 cm long.
Male flowers pale-green, short-pedicelled. Outer three sepals 1.5 mm long,
the inner three 4 to 5 mm long. Drupes 7 to 8 mm long.

In dry thickets, common, Balintauac to Fort McKinley, fl. Mar—May;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

3. CISSAMPELOS Linnaeus

Scandent, slender, suffrutescent or woody vines, the leaves ovate, some-
times peltate. Male flowers in axillary cymes, small. Sepals usually 4,
erose. Petals 4, connate. Stamens 4, connate, surrounding the apex of
the staminal-column. Female flowers racemed, fasciculate in the axils of
leafy bracts. Sepals 2, or sepal 1 and petal 1, 2-nerved. Ovary 1; style
short. Fruit globose, fleshy, 1-seeded. (Greek “ivy” and “grape vine.”)

Species 21, in all tropical countries, a single variable one in the Philip-
pines.

1. C. pareira L. Sinsao-sinsaoan (Tag.).

Scandent, slender, more or less pubescent or nearly glabrous, 3 to 4 m
high, or of indefinite length. Leaves ovate to orbicular-ovate, often broader
than long, 2 to 7 cm long, acute, usually apiculate, base broad, somewhat
cordate or subtruncate, usually slightly peltate. Male panicles slender, 3
to 6 cm long, hairy, usually diffuse, the flowers very small, greenish. Female
racemes 2 to 6 cm long, the bracts green, reniform, 1 to 1.5 cm long, broader
than long. Fruit fleshy, globose, red, 5 to 7 mm in diameter, somewhat
pubescent. (FI. Filip. pl. 432.)

In thickets, flowering at intervals throughout the year; common and
widely distributed in the Philippines. All tropical countries.

538. MAGNOLIACEAE (MAGNOLIA OR CHAMPACA FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent, with alternate, simple, entire
or toothed leaves. Stipules large, small, or wanting. Flowers yellow
or white, fragrant, axillary and terminal, solitary, perfect. Sepals and
petals similar, deciduous, thin, arranged in whorls of threes. Stamens
numerous, many-seriate, hypogynous; anthers adnate, introrse. Carpels
many, free or partly cohering in one whorl or on an elongated axis;

ANONACEAE 205

ovules 2 or more. Fruit of several to many follicles, or berry-like,
arranged in a whorl or on an elongated cone. Seeds solitary or few, some-
times pendulous from a long funicle.

Genera 9, species about 80, chiefly natives of the mountains of tropical
and temperate Asia and of the eastern United States, a few in Malaya
and Australia, 5 genera and about 15 species in the Philippines.

1. MICHELIA Linnaeus

Tress with alternate, simple, entire leaves, the stipules large, sheathing |
the buds, deciduous. Flowers axillary, solitary, yellow or white, very
fragrant. Sepals and petals similar, 9 to 15 or more, 3- or more-seriate,
deciduous. Stamens numerous, many-seriate; filaments flat; anthers
adnate. Carpels many, on an elongated axis; stigma decurrent; ovules
2 or more. Fruit a lax or dense elongated spike of coriaceous, dorsally
dehiscing carpels. Seeds pendulous from the carpels by a long cord. (In
honor of P. A. Micheli, an early Italian botanist.)

Species about 15, India to China and Malaya, 2 introduced and one or
two indigenous species in the Philippines.

NN a an i Reasearch dean nn teen 1. M. champaca
Flowers white...................---- SEI eT aaa Soe tine ri 2. M. longifolia

*1. M. CHAMPACA L. Sampaca or champaca (Sp.-Fil.).

A small tree, the young branchlets appressed-pubescent. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed upward to the long-
acuminate apex, 12 to 20 cm long 2.5 to 6 cm wide. Flowers yellowish-
brown, very fragrant, 4 to 5 cm long; perianth segments usually 15 to
20. Ovaries pubescent. (FI. Filip. pl. 191.)

Introduced from India or Malaya and only cultivated in the Philippines,
not spontaneous; occasional in Manila, fl. June—Dec., and probably in
other months.

*2. M. LONGIFLORA Blume. Champacang-puti (Tag.).

A small tree with elliptic-ovate to elliptic-oblong leaves, up to 20 cm
long and 9 cm wide. Flowers white.

Introduced and occasionally cultivated in Manila, fil. Sept., and other
months; a native of Java.

The fruits of Jilicitum anisatwm L., the star-anise, locally known as
sanki, are imported from China in considerable quantities and are sold
in the local markets. The species however, does not grow in the Phil-
ippines.

54. ANONACEAE (CUSTARD APPLE OR LANUTAN FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent. Leaves alternate, exstipulate,
simple, entire. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, free or connate, usually val-
vate. Petals 6, hypogynous, 2-seriate, or the inner absent. Stamens many,
hypogynous, closely packed on the torus; filaments short or none; anthers
adnate, the connective produced into an oblong or truncate head. Ovaries
one or more, free or united; stigmas distinct; style none or very short;
ovules 1 or more. Fruit of 1 or more, sessile or stalked, 1- to many-
seeded, fleshy, indehiscent carpels, rarely dry and dehiscent.

Genera about 45, species 500, chiefly in the tropics of the Old World,
about 20 genera and 80 species known from the Philippines.

206 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. Seandent shrubs.
2. Petals spreading, broad, flat, not covering the anthers........ 1. Uvaria
2. Petals inflated at the base, conniving and covering the anthers.
' 2. Artabotrys
1. Erect shrubs or trees.
2. Inner petals very different from the outer ones; ovules solitary in
each carpel; fruit large, fleshy, of many connate carpels, edible.

3. Anona

2. Inner petals similar to the outer ones, or wanting. :
8. Ovules many, 2-seriate; petals long, lanceolate............ 4. Canangium
3. Ovules 2 to 6, 1-seriate on the ventral suture...........0....00..... 5. Unona
$° Ovulles' 2, Pasaliit..22..54..90.5. RRA Seiad. De Ree 6. Polyalthia

1. UVARIA Linnaeus

Scandent shrubs usually more or less stellate-pubescent. Flowers ter-
minal, leaf-opposed, or extra-axillary, cymosely fascicled or solitary. Sepals
3, densely pubescent. Petals 6, orbicular, imbricate in 2 rows, spreading.
Stamens indefinite; top of the connectives truncate. Ovaries many, linear-
oblong; ovules many, 2-seriate, rarely few or 1-seriate. Ripe carpels
fleshy, usually many-seeded. (Latin “grape,” from the resemblance of the
fruit of some species.)

A large genus, chiefly of tropical Asia and Malaya, about 12 known to
occur in the Philippines, a single one in our area.

1. U. rufa Blume. Susong-calabao (Tag.).

A seandent shrub often 5 to 6 m in length, the younger parts and lower
surfaces of the leaves rather densely and softly pubescent with stellately
arranged, rusty, short hairs. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 8
to 16 cm long, apex acuminate, base rounded or cordate, the petioles very
short. Flowers extra-axillary, solitary or 2 or 3 in depauperate cymes,
usually about 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter. Fruits fleshy, red when mature.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 195, U. purpurea.)

In thickets, La Loma to Guadalupe, fl. May-July; rather widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines at low altitudes; Malay Archipelago.

2. ARTABOTRYS R. Brown

Scandent shrubs with shining leaves. Flowers mostly solitary, usually
on woody, mostly hooked, recurved peduncles. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals
6 in 2 series, their bases concave, connivent, the limbs spreading, flat or
terete. Stamens many, oblong or cuneate, the connectives truncate or
produced. Torus flat or convex. Ovaries few or many; style oblong;
ovules 2, erect. Ripe carpels fleshy. (Greek “joint” and “panicle,” in allu-
sion to the peculiar inflorescence.) ‘

Species about 25, tropical Africa, Asia, and Malaya, about 4 in the
Philippines, a single introduced one in our area.

* 41, A. UNCINATUS (Lam.) Merr. (A. odoratissimus R. Br.). Mlang-ilang
de China (Sp.-Fil.).

A scandent woody shrub, glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 4 m in length.
Leaves oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base acute, 9 to 16
em long. Flowers yellow, fragrant, solitary or in pairs. Sepals green,
short, ovate, connate below. Petals elliptic-oblong to ovate-lanceolate above

ANONACEAE 207

the inflated saccate base, acute, slightly pubescent, about 2.5 cm long,
yellow. Ripe fruit 4 to 10 or more on each peduncle, narrowly obovoid,
yellow, glabrous, 2.5 to 4cm long. (Fl. Filip. pl. 194, A. odoratissimus.)
Rarely cultivated, flowering most of the year. A native of India and
Ceylon, cultivated in other tropical countries.

*
38. ANONA Linnaeus

Small trees or shrubs. Flowers solitary or fascicled, terminal or leaf-
opposed. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 3 or 6, valvate in 2 series or
the inner series wanting, the outer ones 3-angled or broad and flat, concave
at the base, the inner ones quite different from the outer. Stamens
numerous; anther-cells narrow, dorsal, contiguous, top of the connective
ovoid. Ovaries many, subconnate; style oblong; ovule 1, erect. Ripe
carpels confluent into a many-celled, ovoid or globose, many-seeded, fleshy
fruit. (Said to be derived from the Malay name menona.)

Species many in Africa and America, several other species introduced
from the latter region into other tropical countries for the sake of their
edible fruits; 3 species in the Philippines, all introduced from Mexico at
an early date.

1. Outer 3 petals broadly ovate-cordate, about 3 cm wide, the inner 3 also

large; fruit prominently echinate................00.2..2..-2:---0--++ 1. A. muricata

1. Outer 3 petals narrowly oblong, less than 1 cm wide, inner 3 minute or
wanting.

2. Flowers 2 or 3 together on lateral peduncles; leaves long-acuminate;

ca RTs ee Tey 200 2, aR ee ie aR 2. A. reticulata

2. Flowers solitary; leaves obtuse or acute; fruit roughened by the

rounded ends of the carpels.-.:...---..-..---sscas.s0-<<e-rs-s00e--n- 3. A. squamosa

*1. A. MuRICATA L. Guanabanos (Sp.-Fil.) ; Soursop.

A tree 5 to 7 m high. Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong, 7 to 20 cm
long, smooth and shining, apex shortly and abrubtly acuminate, base
usually acute; petioles about 5 mm long. Flowers large, yellowish or
greenish-yellow, solitary. Outer 3 petals broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate,
very thickly coriaceous, up to 5 cm long and 3 cm wide, the inner 3 also
large, elliptic to obovate, rounded, coriaceous. Fruit ovoid, up to 18 cm
long, fleshy, edible, covered with scattered, soft, spine-like processes. (Fl.
Filip. pl. 196.)

Occasionally cultivated, fl. most of the year; a native of tropical America,
introduced at an early date and now widely cultivated in the Archipelago.

* 2. A. RETICULATA L. Anonas (Sp.-Fil.) ; Custard Apple.

A tree 10 m high or less. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
20 em long or less, glabrous; petioles 1 to 1.5 cm long. Flowers greenish-
yellow, fragrant, 2 to 2.5 cm long, 2 or 3 together on lateral peduncles.
Outer petals as in the next species, the inner one very small, narrowly
oblong or wanting. Fruit subglobose or ovoid, large, fleshy, edible, with
pentagonal areolae on the outside. (FI. Filip. pl. 197.)

Cultivated, fl. at intervals throughout the year. Extensively cultivated
in the Philippines, a native of tropical America; introduced into the Phil-
ippines at an early date, now widely distributed in the tropics of the
world.

208 A FLORA OF MANILA

*3. A. sQUAMOSA L. Ates (Sp.-Fil.); Sugar Apple.

A small tree 3 to 5 m high. Leaves somewhat pubescent when young,
oblong, obtuse, acute, or obscurely acuminate, 8 to 15 cm long; petioles 1
to 1.5 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, about 2.5 em long; pendulous,
pubescent, 3-angled, greenish-white or yellowish. Fruit somewhat heart-
shaped or ovoid, large, fleshy, pale or glaucous when mature, edible, 6 to
9 em long, the outside roughened by the ends of the carpels. (Fl. Filip.
pl. 192.)

Commonly cultivated, fi. most of the year; widely distributed in the
Philippines and subspontaneous. A native of tropical America, introduced
in the Philippines at an early date by the Spaniards; now found in most
tropical countries.

4. CANANGIUM Baillon

Trees with rather large leaves, somewhat drooping branches and large
axillary, fascicled flowers. Sepals 3, ovate, valvate. Petals 6, 2-seriate,
subequal, long, flat. Stamens linear, anther-cells approximate, extrorse;
connective produced into a lanceolate, acute process. Ovaries many; ovules
numerous, 2-seriate. Fruit fleshy, cylindric-oblong, stalked; seeds many,
the testa crustaceous, pitted. (From the Malay name of one species.)

Two or three species confined to Malaya, a single one in the Philippines.

1. C. odoratum (Lam.) Baill. (Cananga odorata Hk. f. & Th.). Ilang-
ilang (Tag.).—

A medium-sized to rather large tree, the branches somewhat drooping.
Leaves oblong-ovate, apex acuminate, base usually rounded 12 to 20 cm
long, usually slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers very fragrant, greenish,
soon turning yellowish, pendulous, their pedicels 1 to 2.5 cm long, elongated.
in fruit. Sepals ovate, pubescent. Petals somewhat pubescent, lanceolate,
4 to 6 cm long, 0.5 to 1 em wide. Fruit fleshy, oblong-cylindric, green or
olivaceous, 2 cm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 221, Cananga odorata.)

Very commonly cultivated in Manila, fl. all the year, the flowers being
distilled in large quantities for the valuable perfume-oil known as ilang-
ilang; throughout the Philippines, cultivated and indigenous, ascending
to at least 700 m in forests. Ava, Tenasserim, and Java; planted in many
other tropical countries.

5. UNONA Linnaeus

Erect or scandent shrubs or trees. Flowers usually solitary, axillary,
extra-axillary, or leaf-opposed. Sepals 3. Petals 6, 2-seriate. Stamens
cuneate; anther cells linear, extrorse, top of the connective subglobose or
truncate. Ovaries numerous; style ovoid or oblong, recurved, grooved;
ovules usually 5 or 6, 1-seriate. Ripe carpels many, elongated and con-
stricted between the seeds. (Altered from Anona, another genus of the
family.)

Species about 50, tropical Asia and Africa, about 7 known from the
Philippines; one introduced in our area.

* 1. U. CHINENSIS (Lour.) DC. (U. discolor Vahl).

An erect shrub or a small tree. Leaves 8 to 15 cm long, oblong to
oblong-ovate, apex acuminate, base rounded, nearly glabrous, the lower
surface, when dry, somewhat glaucous. Peduncles extra-axillary, about

LAURACEAE 209

5 em long, 1-flowered, with a lanceolate, 2 em long bract below the middle.
Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 1.3 em long. Petals somewhat
pubescent, yellow, fragrant, 4 to 5 em long. Carpels numerous, moniliform,
2 to 5 cm long, stalked, each joint with a single seed.

I have seen a single specimen of this collected in Manila, but have never
seen the living plant; introduced here, although apparently indigenous in
Palawan. India to Malaya.

6. POLYALTHA Blume

Erect shrubs or trees. Flowers leaf-opposed, solitary. Sepals 3. Petals
6, 2-seriate, ovate or elongated, flat. Stamens cuneate; anther-cells ex-
trorse, remote. Ovaries many; ovules 1 or 2, basal and erect of subbasal
and ascending. (Greek “many” and “to heal,” from supposed medicinal
properties of some species.)

Species about 50, mostly tropical Asia and Malaya, a few in Africa and
Australia, about 15 in the Philippines.

1. P. suberosa (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook. f. Tagputagpuan, Duhatduhatan
(Tag.). -

A shrub or small tree 2 to 4 m high, the branchlets slightly pubescent.
Leaves oblong to narrowly obovate-oblong, subacute, blunt or somewhat
rounded at the apex, 5 to 11 cm long, slightly pubescent beneath, the
petioles very short. Flowers pale-yellow, solitary, 1 cm long or less, their
pedicels leaf-opposed, slender, 1 to 2 em long, the sepals and petals slightly
pubescent. Fruits numerous, ovoid or globose, purple, fleshy, edible, 4 to
5 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 193, Phaeanthus malabaricus.)

Occasional in thickets etc., fl. all the year; widely distributed in the
Philippines at low altitudes. India.

55. LAURACEAE (LAUREL OR BATICULING FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs with opposite, alternate, or somewhat whorled, ex-
stipulate leaves, or (Cassytha) leafless, parasitic, herbaceous, vines. Flow-
ers small, regular, perfect, or uninsexual and monoecious or dioecious,
axillary, usually paniculate, sometimes spicate. Perianth with a short
tube, the segments 3 to 8, usually 6, often deciduous. Stamens 6 to 30,
usually 9, in 3 or more rows, inserted on the perianth-tube; filaments flat-
tened, sometimes with glands near the base; anthers 2- or 4-celled, opening
by up-curving lids. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with a solitary ovule pen-
dulous from the top. Fruit dry or fleshy, often surrounded at the base
by the persistent perianth-tube. Seed solitary, pendulous, embryo large,
cotyledons plano-convex, endosperm none. ;

Genera 47, species more than 1,000, warmer parts of both hemispheres,
chiefly tropical, about 12 genera and 75 species in the Philippines.

1. Shrubs or trees.
2. Perianth persistent in fruit; fruits small.
3. Leaves and bark very aromatic; leaves mostly 3- or 5-nerved;

DOWER MOG MVOROer tee... .--.---------ged naa ireeai=o> 1. Cinnamomum

8. Leaves and bark not or but slightly aromatic; leaves penninerved;
WM cy PS i IRIE iat RT RI 2. Litsea

2. Perianth deciduous; fruit large, fleshy edible............................ 3. Persea
1. Twining, leafless, yellow-brown, parasitic, slender vines........ 4, Cassytha

111565——14

210 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. CINNAMOMUM Blume

Trees with opposite, coriaceous, 3-nerved leaves, and very aromatic bark
and twigs. Flowers small, often unisexual, in axillary or subterminal
panicles or racemes. Perianth-tube short, cup-shaped or campanulate, the
segments 6, either deciduous or persistent and enlarging in fruit. Sta-
mens 9, in 3 rows; anthers 4-celled, of the first two rows introrse, of the
third row extrorse, a fourth row represented by 3 sagittate staminodes.
Fruit small, ovoid, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, persistent.
perianth. (From the Arabic name of cinnamon.)

Species about 50, 4 to 5 in the Philippines, a single introduced one in
our area.

wv
* 1. C. ZEYLANICUM (L.) Bl. Canela (Sp.); Cinnamon.

A small tree, glabrous except the finely silky-pubescent buds. Leaves
coriaceous, shining, 8 to 15 cm long, oval or oval-lanceolate, base acute,
apex acuminate, strongly 3- or 5-nerved. Panicles usually about as long
as the leaves, mostly clustered in the upper axils. Flowers numerous,
pale-yellow, small, pubescent outside with grayish hairs. Fruit about 1
em long, oblong-ovoid, dry or slightly fleshy, surrounded by the enlarged
perianth, the perianth-segments persistent.

Occasionally cultivated in Manila, fl. May—Aug., and probably in other
months; introduced from India or Ceylon.

In addition to the above the-camphor tree [C. camphora (L.) Nees], a
native of China and Formosa, is represented in our area by young speci-
mens cultivated in Singalon.

2. LITSEA Lamarck

Trees with penninerved, alternate leaves and rather small, dioecious
flowers crowded in small glomerules or umbels, each umbel subtended by
4 concave imbricate bracts which look like sepals, forming an involucre,
the glomerules or umbels umbellately or racemosely arranged, axillary. Per-
ianth-tube long or short. Stamens in several rows, the innermost ones more
or less imperfect; anthers all introrse, 4-celled. Fruit globose or ovoid,
often fleshy, seated on the cup-shaped, enlarged perianth-tube. (From the
Chinese name of one species.)

Species more than 100, in the Indo-Malayan region, 25 or more in the
Philippines, two in our area.

Heads or umbels of flowers solitary or umbellate; leaves very densely and

softly: pubescent.<.c5--24230.-ab 6 a. 23h ees 1. L. glutinosa
Heads or umbels racemosely disposed; leaves glabrous or only slightly
pBbescent,. ..-.---. a: anno mae nonce oe ee a eeepea ceeeiee 2. L. perrottetii

1. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob. Puso-puso (Tag.).

A tree 10 m high or less, the young parts usually more or less softly
pubescent. Leaves elliptic to oblong-elliptic, usually softly pubescent, 9
to 20 cm long. Umbels in the upper axils, solitary or umbellate, 1 to 1.5
em in diameter, their peduncles about 1 cm long, containing many, small
crowded, yellowish flowers. Fruit globbose, 8 mm in diameter or less.
(Fl, Filip. pl. 360, Sebifera glutinosa.)

Occasional, Malate, Pasay, Masambong etc., fl. Mar—May; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines at low altitudes and in the Indo-Malayan region
generally.

2. L. perrottetii (Blume) F.-Vill. Bacan (Vis., Tag.); Maguilic, Bati-
culing (Tag.); Cubilan (Il.). ;

LAURACEAE 211

A tree 5 to 15 m high, glabrous, or the branchlets, inflorescence, and
lower surfaces of the leaves slightly pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous,
ovate to oblong-ovate, brown and shining when dry, 8 to 14 ecm long,
base usually rounded or somewhat cordate, apex acuminate, the nerves
and reticulations prominent on the lower surface. Inflorescence axillary,
the flowers small, greenish-white, or yellowish, in dense, subcapitate, bract-
eate umbels which are arranged in 2 to 8 cm long, usually pubescent
racemes, the individual umbels in flower 6 to 10 mm in diameter. Fruit
subellipsoid, 8 to 10 mm long.

In thickets, Pasig, fl. Jan.—Feb.; widely distributed in the Philippines.
Endemic.

3. PERSEA Gaertner

Small or medium trees with alternate, penninerved leaves. Flowers
small, perfect, yellowish-green, cymose or panicled, the inflorescence axillary.
Perianth-segments 6, those of the outer series shorter than the others.
Stamens 12, in 4 series, those of the inner one or two series reduced to
staminodes; anthers erect, 4-celled, those of the third row extrorse, in-
trorse in the outer row. Fruit a large fleshy drupe. (A name applied
by Theophrastus to an Egyptian tree.) ;

Species 10 or more, of wide tropical distribution, several in the Philip-
pines, a single introduced one in our area.

*1. P. AMERICANA Mill. (P. gratissima Gaertn.). Alligator Pear, Avocado.

A tree 10 m high or less. Leaves oblong to oval or obovate, about 20
em long. Flowers in naked, panicled, pubescent cymes. Flowers small,
the perianth-segments 4 to5 mm long. Fruit large, fleshy, elongated, often
somewhat pear-shaped, 8 to 18 cm long, the flesh soft, edible, the single
seed large. ;

Singalon, cultivated, fl. March. A native of tropical America and a
highly prized fruit worthy of extended culture in the Philippines. The
only specimens at present known are those introduced from Honolulu in
1903; it was, however, introduced by the Spaniards before 1700 and a few
trees persisted until recent times, but apparently it was never widely
distributed in the Archipelago.

4. CASSYTHA Linnaeus

Leafless, parasitic, twining, brown vines, the branches filiform, provided
with suckers. Flowers minute, usually perfect, bracteate, in short spikes.
Perianth-tube short, enlarged and fleshy in fruit, the segments 6, in 2
rows. Stamens 9, in 3 rows; anthers all 2-celled, the 2 outer rows in-
trorse, the inner row extrorse. Fruit inclosed in but free from the en-
larged, succulent, perianth-tube. (Greek name for dodder (Cuscuta), -a
plant having a similar appearance.)

Species about 15 in the tropics of both hemispheres, 1 in the Phil-
ippines. '

1, C. filiformis L.

Stems very long, slender, brown, yellowish-brown, or greenish, twining
and matted together, branched, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers small,
sessile, in short spikes. Fruit globose about 7 mm in diameter, fleshy.

In thickets along the beach, Paranaque, Malabon, etc., fl. all the year;
widely distributed in the littoral districts of the Philippines and in the
tropics generally. It has quite the aspect and habit of dodder (Cuscuta).

212 A FLORA OF MANILA

56. HERNANDIACEAE (HERNANDIA FAMILY)

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines, with alternate, entire, simple or 3- foliolate,
exstipulate leaves. Inflorescence cymose or paniculate, axillary or terminal.
EKlowers regular, perfect, or through abortion monoecious, the perianth-
segments 3 to 10, valvate, in two series, or the corolla wanting. Stamens
few, inserted in a single row, the filaments with glands or staminodes at
their base; anthers introrse, 2-celled, opening by recurved valves. Ovary
inferior, 1-celled, with a single pendulous ovule. Fruit various, inde-
hiscent, sometimes winged.

Genera 4, species 27, in all tropical countries, 3 genera and 4 species in
the Philippines.

1. ILLIGERA Blume

‘Climbing shrubs with alternate, 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets entire.
Inflorescence axillary, elongated, lax, cymose. Flowers 5-merous, brac-
teolate, the calyx tube shortly constricted above the ovary, the limb 5-lobed.
Petals 5, valvate, oblong, alternate with the calyx-lobes and about as long.
Stamens 5, epigynous, the filaments with a pair of staminodes on each side
near the base. Ovary 1-celled, inferior, 1-ovuled; style simple, filiform;
stigma dilated. Fruit indehiscent, with 2 broad lateral wings, and fre-
quently with two additional keels or narrow wings. (In honor of J. K. W.
IHiger, a German naturalist.)

Species 13, 1 in Africa, the remaining 12 India to southern China and
Formosa southward to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, 2 in the
Philippines.

1. 1. luzonensis (Presl) Merr. (J. meyeniana Kth.).

A vine reaching a height of 4 to 5 m, nearly glabrous except the some-
what pubescent younger parts and inflorescence. Leaflets broadly ovate,
somewhat acuminate, base rounded or slightly cordate, 5 to 10 cm long.
Cymes axillary, lax, up to 20 cm in length. Flowers pinkish to purplish-
red, 8 to 10 mm long. Fruits somewhat 4-angled, including the lateral
wings 2 to 3 cm long, 4 to 5 em wide, the wings rather thin, rounded, the
two additional keels or narrow wings between the broad ones 5 mm wide
or less.

In thickets, Masambong to Diliman, fl. Sept.—Oct.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Formosa.

57. PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy FAMILY)

Annual herbs with yellow juice. Leaves alternate, sessile, sinuate-lobed,
spiny. Flowers large, yellow, perfect, regular. Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4
to 6. Stamens indefinite. Ovary 1-celled; style short; stigma 4- to 7-lobed;
ovules very many on 4 to 7 parietal placentas. Capsule dehiscing at the
top by short valves; seeds many.

Genera 30, species about 300. Represented in the Philippmes by a
single introduced genus and species.

1. ARGEMONE Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (From a Greek name signify-
ing a desease of the eye, for which the juice of a plant so called was
considered to be a remedy.)

Species 6 in tropical America, 1 now found in many other countries.

CRUCIFERAE 213

1. A. MEXICANA L.

An erect, rather stout, branched, annual herb 1 m high or less, with
yellowish sap. Leaves 5 to 15 em long, more or less variegated with
green and white, glaucous, the base broad, half-clasping the stem, pro-
minently sinuate-lobed, spiny. Flowers terminal, yellow, 4 to 5 cm in
diameter. Capsule spiny, about 3 cm long. (Fl. Filip. pl. 187.)

Waste places, roadsides etc., fl. most of the year. A native of tropical
America, introduced into the Philippines at an early date and now widely,
distributed; tropics of the world.

58. CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD OR MOSTAZA FAMILY)

Herbs with watery, often pungent juice. Basal leaves in a rosette,
those on the stem alternate, variously toothed or lobed, or entire. Flowers
racemose. Sepals 4, free, the two lateral ones often large and saccate at
the base. Petals 4, free, imbricate. Stamens usually 6, the two outer
opposite the lateral sepals, the 4 inner longer, in opposite pairs. Disk
usually with 4 glands opposite the sepals. Ovary 2- or 1-celled; stylés
short or none; ovules usually many and 2-seriate. Fruit usually a 2-celled,
2-valved pod, the valves diciduous and leaving the seeds on the placentas,
or indehiscent, or jointed. Seeds small.

Genera 218, species about 2,000, mostly in the temperate regions of the
Old World, 4 genera and about 6 species in the Philippines, mostly in-
troduced.

1. Pods dehiscent.
2. Seed 2-seriate; cotyledons plane, accumbent.................... 1. Nasturtium

2. Seeds 1-seriate; cotyledons conduplicate........................ 2. Brassica
ESE BUSES SU! SE S02 Pe 2 EE oe ena RE ee oe Re eee OE 3. Raphanus

1. NASTURTIUM R. Brown

Erect, simple or branched, glabrous or hairy herbs. Leaves entire, lobed
or pinnatifid. Flowers small, yellow, racemose. Sepals short, spreading,
equal at the base. Petals short, narrowed below, or wanting. Stamens
2, 4, or 6. Pod slender, cylindric, short or long. Seeds small, 1-seriate,
the cotyledons accumbent. (Latin name of a strongly scented cress, from
“nose” and “to twist.’’)

Species about 20 in temperate and tropical countries, 1 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. N. 1npIcum DC.
An erect, usually branched nearly glabrous herb 20 to 40 cm high.
Leaves oblong, variously lobed and toothed, 5 to 10 em long, often lyrate,
petioled, the upper ones sessile or nearly so. Racemes long, many-flowered,
flowering at the tip. Flowers small, yellow, 2.5 to 3 mm long, the sepals
as long as the petals. Pods spreading, slender, cylindric, 1 to 2 cm long.
Damp ditches along roadsides, etc., fl. all the year, widely distributed in
the Philippines, and undoubtedly introduced. India to Japan, southward
to Malaya.

/

2. BRASSICA Linnaeus

Erect, simple or branched, glabrous or hairy herbs. Leaves large, lyrate
or pinnatifid, sometimes entire. Racemes long, many-flowered. Flowers
small, yellow. Sepals erect or spreading, the lateral ones usually saccate
at the base’ Pods slender, dehiscent, cylindric or angular, often with an

914 A FLORA OF MANILA

indehiscent beak. Seeds 1-seriate; cotyledons usually conduplicate. (Latin
name of the cabbage.)

' Species about 80 in the temperate parts of the Old World, a few intro-
duced in the Philippines.

1. B. sUNCEA (L.) Coss. Mostaza (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect, branched, glabrous annual 0.4 to 1 m high. Leaves 5 to 15 em
long, or in some cultivated forms much larger, thin, oblong-obovate to oblong-
lanceolate, irregularly toothed or subentire, or the lower ones lobed or pinna-
tifid. Flowers yellow, 6 to 8 mm long. Pods ascending, linear-lanceolate,
1.5 to 8 em long, somewhat contracted between the seeds, the beak seedless.

Commonly cultivated, also occasional in waste places, fl. all the year;
certainly an introduced plant in the Philippines. Europe to India and
China, introduced in other regions.

The form commonly cultivated by Chinese gardeners, known as “pechai,”
seems to be a form of B. juncea (L.) Coss. Cabbage (Sp., repollo=Brassica
oleracea L.) is also commonly cultivated in and about Manila and in many
of the provinces; it is a native of Europe.

8. RAPHANUS Linnaeus

Coarse, erect, glabrous or hairy herbs, usually with fleshy tap roots.
Leaves lyrately or pinnately lobed. Flowers large, white to pale-purplish,
in elongated racemes. Sepals erect, the lateral ones saccate at the base.
Pod indehiscent, elongated, constricted between the seeds, and with a long
beak. (The ancient Greek name.)

Species about 6, in Europe and Asia, 1 introduced and cultivated in the
Philippines.

*1,. R. sativus L. Rabano (Sp.); Radish.

A coarse, erect, branched plant 0.5 to 1.5 m high, from a fleshy tap root,
the leaves up to 20 cm long, lyrately lobed, rough and somewhat hairy or
nearly glabrous. Flowers white to pale-purple, about 1.5 cm long. Pods
lanceolate, long-beaked, acuminate, few seeded, 2 to 6 cm long.

Commonly cultivated, occasionally flowering. A native of Europe or Asia,
introduced here and very generally cultivated.

59. CAPPARIDACEAE (CAPER OR DAUAG FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, erect or climbing. Leaves simple or palmately
compound, alternate, the stipules 2 or none, sometimes represented by sharp
spines. Flowers regular or irregular, perfect, solitary, racemed, umbelled
or corymbose, terminal or axillary. Sepals 4, free or connate. Petals 4,
hypogynous or inserted on the disk. Stamens 4 to many, sometimes inserted
on a long or short gynophore. Ovary stalked or sessile, 1-celled; style short
or none; ovules many, on 2 to 4 parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or
berry-like.

_ Genera 40, species over 400, in the warmer part of both hemispheres, 5
genera and 20 species in the Philippines.

1. Erect or climbing spiny shrubs with simple leaves.................... ‘1. Capparis
1. Herbs with digitately compound leaves.
-. 2. Stamens inserted on the disk; petals imbricate in bud............ 2. Cleome

2. Stamens inserted on the gynophore; petals spreading in bud.
3. Gynandropsis

CAPPARIDACEAE 215

1. CAPPARIS Linnaeus

Erect or climbing shrubs or small trees, armed with short, sharp, re-
flexed, stipular spines. Leaves simple, entire. Inflorescence various, the
flowers axillary, solitary, fascicled, umbellate, or arranged in vertical lines
along the branches, or racemose, or paniculate. Sepals 4,in 2 series. Petals
4, imbricate, white or colored. Stamens many, inserted at the base of the
long, slender gynophore. Ovary long-stalked. Fruit globose to ovoid, fleshy,
indeshiscent. Seeds many, imbedded in the pulp of the fruit. (The Latin
name for the caper.)

Species 120 or more in most warm and tropical countries, about 15 in
the Philippines.

1. Flowers in axillary umbels; leaves small; spiny vines........ 1. C. sepiaria
1. Flowers in vertical lines along the branches.
2: Glabrous; ‘erect OF SUDETOCE .....2 ic. scecseecinsencnsectanee 2. C. micracantha
2. Younger parts brown-tomentose; climbing........................ 3. C. horrida

1. Flowers large, solitary, long-pedicelled; an erect, unarmed shrub.
4. C. cordifolia
1. C. sepiaria L.

A woody vine 1.5 to 3 m high, the young branches pubescent, spines
short, sharp, recurved. Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, 2 to 8 cm
long, retuse. Flowers in 5- to 15-flowered, axillary and terminal, sessile or
short-peduncled umbels, the pedicels slender, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Sepals green,
concave. Petals oblong, white, ciliate, 7 to 8 mm long. Fruit globose, 8 to
10 mm in diameter, nearly black when mature, 1-seeded. (FI. Filip. pl. 209.)

In dry thickets Pasay to Pasig, etc., fl. Mar.-May; widely distributed in
the Philippines. India to southern China and the Philippines.

2. C. micracantha DC. Halobagat (Tag.).

A glabrous suberect shrub with drooping branches, or scandent, 2 to 4m
high, the stipular thorns short, sharp, nearly straight. Leaves oblong or
oblong-elliptic, 8 to 17 cm long, leathery, shining, obtuse, apiculate, base
rounded. Flowers in vertical lines along the branches above the leaf-axils,
shortly pedicelled, 2 to 6 in a series, the uppermost one of each series opening
first. Sepals pale-green. Petals oblong or elliptic, about 1 cm long, white,
or the lower ones yellowish or reddish. Stamens white, much exceeding the
petals. Fruits ovoid or globose, about 5 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 180,
C. callosa.)

In thickets, occasional, fl. Nov._Feb.; common and widely distributted in
the Philippines. India to Malaya.

8. C. horrida L. Dauag (Tag.).

A climbing spiny shrub reaching a height of 3 m or more, the young
leaves and branches pubescent. Spines short, sharp, recurved, in pairs
subtending each leaf or branch. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, acuminate,
9 to 15 cm long, soon becoming leathery and glabrous or nearly so. Flowers,
seriately arranged in vertical lines above the axils, usually 3 to each axil,
the pedicels 1 to 2cmlong. Sepals green, concave, about 1 cm long. Petals
pink, soon turning purplish, pubescent inside, 1.5 to 1.8 cm long narrowly
obovate-oblong to oblong. Stamens pink, soon turning dark-purple, about
3.5 em long. Fruit subglobose to ellipsoid, 2 to 3 cm in diameter, fleshy.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 178, C. micracantha.)

In thickets, Pasay, etc., fl. Jan._Mar.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. India to Malaya.

216 A FLORA OF MANILA

*4. C. CORDIFOLIA Lam. (C. mariana Jacq.). Aleaparro (Sp.-Fil.).

A shrub about 2 m high, unarmed, the younger parts somewhat pubes-
cent. Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, soft, base cordate, apex broad
and retuse, 4 to 7 cm long. Flowers large, axillary, solitary, long-pedi-
celled, the sepals green, unequal, concave, the petals very oblique, 3 to 5
cm long, white, turning purplish. Fruit somewhat club-shaped, large. (FI.
Filip. pl. 179, C. mariana.)

Paranaque, occasionally cultivated, fl. Sept._Oct., and probably in other
months; introduced from the Marianne Islands. Marianne, Caroline, and
Marshalls Islands; Timor.

2. CLEOME Linnaeus

Erect, often rank-scented herbs with digitately 3- to 9-foliolate leaves.
Flowers yellow, racemose. Sepals and petals 4 each. Stamens 4 or more,
inserted on the disk. Ovary sessile or on a short gynophore; ovules on
2 parietal placentas. Fruit an oblong or linear, 2-valved capsule, the valves
separating from the seed-bearing placentas. Seeds small, numerous, reni-
form. (A Latin plant name of uncertain origin.)

Species about 80, chiefly tropical, 2 in the Philippines, both introduced.

1. C. viscosa L.

An erect, branched, annual, glandular-pubescent, somewhat rank-smelling
herb 0.3 to 1 m high. Leaves 3- to 5-foliolate, the leaflets 1 to 3 cm long,
oblong to obovate-oblong. Flowers in leafy terminal racemes, the pedicels 1
em long or less. Petals yellow, narrowly obovate, 7 to 8mm long. Stamens
12 to 20. Capsules cylindric, striate, glandular-pubescent, 4 to 7 cm long,
3 to 4 mm in diameter, narrowed above.

In open waste places, fi. all the year; throughout the Philippines but
certainly not indigenous. In all tropical countries.

3. GYNANDROPSIS DeCandolle

An erect, annual, glandular-pubescent or glabrous herb. Leaves digi-
tately 5-foliolate, long-petioled. Flowers in racemes. Sepals and petals 4
each, the latter long-clawed, spreading in bud. Stamens 6, the filaments
adnate below to the slender gynophore, spreading above. Ovary long-
stalked. Capsule cylindric, elongated, 2-valved, the valves separating from
the placentas. Seeds many, small, reniform. (Greek “woman” and “man,”
in reference to the filaments being adnate to the stalk of the ovary.)

A monotypic genus, found in all tropical countries, but probably intro-
duced here.

1. G. PENTAPHYLLA (L.) DC.

An erect, branched, somewhat pubescent herb 0.4 to 1 m high, the stems
usually purplish. Leaflets 5, sessile or nearly so, obovate or oblong-obovate,
acute or obtuse, entire or slightly serrulate, 2 to 5 cm long. Racemes ter-
minal, elongated, glandular-pubescent, flowering at the tip, the pedicels
about 1.5 cm long, each subtended by a 3-foliolate bract. Sepals lanceolate,
green, about 4 mm long. Petals white or tinged with purple, 1 to 1.2 cm
long, the blades elliptic to obovate. Gynophore purplish, 1.5 cm long, the
filaments 1.5 to 1.8 ecm long. Capsules cylindric, 4 to 10 cm long, about 5
mm in diameter. Seeds very numerous, small. (FI. Filip. pl. 223.)

In open dry grass lands, especially near the sea, Pasay, fl. all the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropics generally.

CRASSULACEAE _ 217

60. MORINGACEAE (MoRINGA OR MALUNGAY FAMILY)

Deciduous trees with soft wood. Leaves alternate, 3-pinnate; leaflets
opposite, entire, the pinnules jointed to the rachis, usually glandular at the
base. Panicles axillary. Flowers perfect, slightly irregular. Calyx cup-
shaped, 5-cleft, the segments unequal, petaloid, deciduous from above the
base. Petals 5, unequal, the upper one smaller, erect, the lateral ones ascend-
ing, anterior one larger, reflexed. Stamens inserted on the edge of the disk,
declinate, 5 perfect opposite the petals, alternating with 5, reduced, antherless
filaments; anthers dorsifixed, 1-celled. Disk lining the calyx-tube. Ovary
stipitate, 1-celled; style slender, tubular; stigma perforated; ovules nu-
merous in 2 series on 3 parietal placentae. Capsule elongated, beaked,
3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved, corky within. Seeds many, in pits on the
valves, corky-winged.

A single genus, containing 3 species, natives of western Asia and northern
Africa.

1. MORINGA Jussieu

Characters of the Family. (From the Singalese name.)

*1. M. OLEIFERA Lam. (M. pterygosperma Gaertn.). Malungay (Tag.);
Horse-radish Tree.

A small tree 8 m high or less, bark corky, roots with a pungent taste.
Leaves 25 to 50 cm long, usually 3-pinnate; pinnae 4 to 6 pairs; leaflets
3 to 9 on the ultimate pinnules, pale beneath, thin, ovate to elliptic, 1 to 2
em long. Panicles spreading. Flowers white, 1.5 to 2 em long. Fertile
filaments villous at the base. Ovary hairy. Pod 15 to 30 cm long, pen-
dulous, 3-angled, 9-ribbed. Seeds 3-angled, winged on the angles. (FI.
Filip. pl. 125.)

Occasional in our area, but cultivated only, fl. Jan—May; widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines. A native of India, now widely distributed in the
tropics and probably introduced into the Philippines in prehistoric times.
The leaves are cooked for food.

61. CRASSULACEAE (STONECROP OR SIEMPREVIVA FAMILY)

Succulent, usually perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple
or pinnately compound, extipulate. Flowers small to large, cymose,
sometimes spicate-racemose or paniculate, regular, perfect or unisexual.
Calyx 4- or 5-fid, free. Petals as many as the sepals, free or connate.
Stamens hypogynous or upon the petals, as many or twice as many as the
petals. Carpels usually as many as the petals, with a hypogynous gland or
scale at the base of each, free or connate below; ovules many on the edges
of the carpels. Fruit a many-seeded follicle dehiscing down the inner face.
Seeds albuminous; embryo terete; cotyledons short.

Genera 13, species about 400, widely distributed, but few in Australia,
Polynesia, and South America, 3 genera and 3 or 4 species known from
the Philippines.

he A <A 1. Bryophyllum
Calyx-lobes free nearly to the base........................--.0.--ss2e0ecceeeeeee 2. Kalanchoe

218 A FLORA OF MANILA
1. BRYOPHYLLUM Salisbury

Erect, perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, thick, succulent, crenate, sim-
ple or 8-foliolate. Flowers large, pendulous, in spreading panicles. Calyx
with a long, inflated tube; lobes 4, short, valvate. Corolla with a campanu-
late tube and a shortly 4-fid limb. Stamens 8, in 2 series, inserted on the
middle of the corolla-tube. Hypogynous scales 4, obtuse. Carpels 4, free
or connate at the base, attenuated into long styles; ovules very many.
Follicles 4, many-seeded. (Greek “swell” or “full” and “leaf” in refererice
to the thick fleshy leaves.)

Species 4 in tropical Africa, the following throughout the tropics.

1. B. PINNATUM (Lam.) Kurz (B. calycinwm Salisb.). Catacataca (Tag.) ;
Siempre viva (Sp.).

An erect, more or less branched, glabrous, succulent herb 0.4 to 1.4 m
high. Leaves simple or pinnately compound, the leaflets, elliptic, crenate,
usually about 10 cm long, thick and succulent. Flowers paniculate, pen-
dulous. Calyx brownish or purplish, 3.5 to 4 cm long, cylindric. Corolla

about 5 cm long inflated at the base, then constricted, the exserted parts.

reddish or purplish, the lobes acuminate. (FI. Filip. pl. 147.)

In thickets and open places, also cultivated, fl. Dec—March; widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines and probably of prehistoric intreduction. Tropics
of the world, probably originating in Africa.

2. KALANCHOE Adanson

Stout, erect, succulent, perennial herbs, often unbranched, the leaves op-
posite, or the upper ones alternate, entire or laciniately 2- or 3-fid. Flowers
erect, yellow, in many-flowered, subpaniculate cymes. Calyx deeply 4-
parted. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube flask-like, narrowed above, the
limb spreading, 4-lobed, longer than the calyx, persistent. Stamens 8, in
two series, adnate to the corolla-tube. Hypogynous scales 4, linear or
oblong. Carpels 4, adnate to the base of the corolla-tube, narrowed into
long styles; ovules many. Follicles 4. Seeds very many, oblong, small.
(From the Chinese name.)

Species about 60, chiefly in tropical Africa, few in Asia and in tropical
America, 2 in the Philippines.

*1, K. LACINIATA (L.) Pers.

An erect, simple, robust plant less than 1 m in height, quite glabrous.
Leaves opposite, fleshy, pinnatisect, 8 to 15 cm long, the lobes distant,
spreading, subentire, toothed, or somewhat lobed, lanceolate, distant, few.
Inflorescence terminal, peduncled. Flowers about 1.5 cm long, the sepals
green, lanceolate, acuminate, the limb of the corolla spreading, about 2 cm
in diameter.

Rare in cultivation, Singalon, fl. Jan., and probably in other months,
introduced. Tropical Africa through India to China and Formosa, south-
ward to Malaya.

ote i in

ROSACEAE 219

62. PITTOSPORACEAE (PITCHSEED OR MAMALIS FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs, mostly glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple, entire,
exstipulate. Flowers 5-merous, perfect, in terminal or axillary corymbose
cymes, rarely fascicled. Sepals free or connate below, imbricate. Petals
narrow, hypogynous, imbricate, their claws usually connate. Staments 5,
opposite-the sepals. Ovary incompletely 2- or 3-celled, sessile or shortly
stalked; ovules 2 to many on each placenta. Fruit a fleshy, coriaceous, or
woody, 1-celled, 2- or 8-valved capsule, the valves bearing placentae in
the middle, the seeds few to many, embedded in a resinous or oily pulp.

Genera 9, species about 110, chiefly Australian, 1 genus in the Philip-
pines.
1. PITTOSPORUM Banks

Characters of the Family as given above. (Greek “pitch” and “seed.’’)
Species about 75, India to Australia and Polynesia, about 8 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. P. pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. Mamalis (Tag.).

‘A small tree 4 to 8 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence. -Leaves
lanceolate, gradually narrowed at both ends, rather slenderly acuminate,
6 to 15 cm long. Panicles 5 to 8 cm long, rusty-pubescent, rather dense,
many-flowered. Flowers white, fragrant, about 6 mm long. Fruit sub-
globose when fresh, pale-yellow, 6 to 8 mm in diameter, resinous inside and
with a strong, somewhat turpentine-like odor. Seeds brown, flattened,
about 8 in each capsule.

Cementerio del Norte, fl. June-July; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. Endemic.

63. ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate, simple or compound leaves,
usually stipulate. Flowers perfect, regular, rarely irregular. Calyx-tube
free or adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, deciduous, imbricate.
Disk lining the calyx-tube or forming a ring at its base. Stamens pe-
rigynous, numerous, rarely 5 or 10, in one or many series. Ovary of
one or more free or connate carpels, with free or connate, basal, lateral,
or terminal styles; ovules 1 or more in each cell. Fruit drupaceous,
baccate, or of many achenes on a dry or fleshy receptacle, rarely capsular.

Genera 100, species about 1,500, in all parts of the world, but chiefly
in temperate regions, 6 genera and 30 species in the Philippines.

Family description included here as various horticultural forms of the
rose (genus Rosa) are cultivated in Manila; however, it has been found
to be impossible to classify these with any degree of accuracy, hence
no descriptions are included. A single indigenous species of the genus
occurs in the Mountain Province, Luzon (Rosa multiflora Thunb.). Of
other representatives of the family occasionally found in Manila, the
strawberry, Sp. fresa (F'ragaria vesca L.), is sometimes cultivated. I have
seen a single plant of one species of raspberry (Rubus rosaefolius Sm.),
cultivated, but as it persisted for a few months only it has not been in-
cluded; the species is widely distributed in the Philippines.

220 A FLORA OF MANILA

64. CONNARACEAE! (CONNARUS OR PALO SANTO FAMILY)

Erect or climbing shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate,
_ 1- to 3-foliolate or odd-pinnate; leaflets entire. Flowers racemose or pani-

cled, regular, perfect. Calyx 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5, free or nearly
so. Stamens 5 or 10, those opposite the petals often shorter or imperfect
’ Disk none or small. Carpels usually 5, rarely more or less, free or nearly
so, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit of 1, rarely 2 or 38, sessile or stalked, 1- or
2-seeded follicles, the testa usually arilliform.

Genera 17, species about 175, all tropical; 6 genera and 17 species in
the Philippines.

Fruit sessile:...0..2.02-2.:. ee ee eee 12 ee OS" Se area ie, POMS L 1. Rourea
Bulb Getaleede sire es ent sete ears, Une ok ce ile ine e 2. Connarus

1. ROUREA Aublet

Scandent shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves, the leaflets entire. Panicles
axillary. Flowers small. Sepals 5, orbicular, somewhat enlarged and
clasping the base of the ripe capsules. Petals 5, usually linear-oblong.
Stamens 10; filaments connate below. Ovaries 5, 4 usually imperfect.
Capsules sessile, curved. Seeds arillate. (A name for one or some of
the species in French Guiana.)

Species about 50, 2 in the Philippines.

1. R. erecta (Blanco) Merr. (R. multiflora Planch). Camagsa (Tag.);
Palo Santo (Sp.-Fil.).

A suberect or scandent, woody, glabrous shrub 1 to 3 m high. Leaves
15 to 25 cm long, the leaflets 12 to 20, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
4to8cm long. Panicles axillary, many-flowered, 5 to 15 cm long. Flowers
white or pink, 5 to 7 mm long, very numerous. Pods red, about 1 cm
long, sessile, somewhat curved, split down one side, surrounded at the
base by the calyx. (FI. Filip. pl. 140.)

In thickets, San Juan del Monte, fl. April-June; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Endemic.

2. CONNARUS Linnaeus

Seandent shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves, the leaflets 3 to 5 or more,
entire. Panicles axillary and terminal. Flowers small. Sepals clasping
the pedicles of the capsules. Petals 5, slightly enlarged upward. Stamens
10, 5 alternating ones shorter than the others. Ovaries 5, pubescent,
one perfect, the other 4 imperfect. Capsules oblique, inflated, broader
upward, the valves glabrous or pubescent within. Seeds arillate.

Species about 70, all tropical; 10 in the Philippines, a single one in
our area.

1. C. neurocalyx Planch. Sandaleno (Tag.).
A scandent woody vine 2 to 6 m high, nearly glabrous except the
inflorescence. Leaves 25 to 30 cm long. Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong, blunt-

‘For a consideration of the known Philippine genera and species see
Merrill, E. D., “A Revision of Philippine Connaraceae.” Philip. Journ. Sci.
4 (1909) Bot. 117-128.

LEGUMINOSAE 221

acuminate, 8 to~15 em long, subcoriaceous. Panicles in the upper axils,
rusty-pubescent, many-flowered, 10 to 20 cm long. Flowers yellowish-
white, fragrant, about 7 mm long. Pods red, 2 to 3 cm long, obovoid,
somewhat curved and compressed, short-stalked.

In thickets, Masambong, fl. Feb.-March; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. Endemic.

65. LEGUMINOSAE ' (BEAN OR NARRA FAMILY)

Annual or perennial herbs or vines, shrubs, or trees. Leaves usually
alternate, stipulate, simple, digitate, or pinnate. Flowers in axillary or
terminal racemes or panicles, sometimes solitary, bracts and bracteoles
usually present. Flowers regular (Mimosoideae) or irregular, usually
perfect. Calyx truncate or toothed, sometimes 2-lipped, the lobes some-
times free or nearly so. Petals usually 5, sometimes reduced to 1 or 3,
equal (Mimosoideae) or very unequal. Stamens normally 10, fewer in
some genera, or indefinite in some Mimosoideae; filaments free or variously
combined. Ovary free, superior, 1- to many-ovuled; style simple; stigma
capitate, terminal or oblique. Fruit a usually dry or sometimes fleshy pod,
splitting down one or both sutures or sometimes indehiscent, or separating
into 1-seeded, indehiscent joints. Seeds usually exalbuminous.

One of the largest families, consisting of about 500 genera, and 12,000
species, in all parts of the world, 91 genera and about 290 species in
the Philippines.

This vast family is divided into three very natural subfamilies, treated
by some authorities as distinct families. They are the Mimosoideae, with
regular flowers, the petals valvate, free or united above the base, the
stamens definite or indefinite; the Caesalpinioideae, with irregular flowers,
the petals imbricate, the upper one innermost in bud, sometimes reduced
to 1 or 3, the stamens definite; and the Papilionatae, with very irregular
petals, the corolla papilionaceous, that is, butterfly-like, consisting of the
upper outer petal, the standard, the four others in two opposite pairs
called the keel and the wings, the stamens definite, their filaments variously
united. All have in common the characteristic fruit known as a pod or
legume, which may be dehiscent or indehiscent, dry or fleshy, and 1- to
many-seeded.

T Pews Varvaue. Mowers remimiar. f..< eecra at ceeacse A. Mimosoideae
1. Petals imbricate; flowers irregular.
2. Flowers not papilionaceous, the upper petal interior.
B. Caesalpinioideae
2. Flowers papilionaceous, the upper petal (standard) exterior.
C. Papilionatae
A. MIMOSOIDEAE

1. Calyx-lobes valvate.
2. Stamens usually numerous, at least more than twice as many as
the petals.

‘For a consideration of the known Philippine species see Merrill, E. D.,
“An Enumeration of Philippine Leguminosae, with Keys to the Genera
and Species.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 1-136.

222 A FLORA OF MANILA

8. Filaments more or less connate.

4. Pods indehiscent, septate between the seeds............ 1. Enterolobium
4. Pods dehiscent or indehiscent, not septate between the seeds.

5. Pods strongly spirally twisted........................ ‘..... 2. Pithecolobium

6) Peds athe iy li. eR Oe 2 ee, ee 3. Albizzia

8, Rilamente :: Preece at ee ool a, ve eee eee 4, Acacia

2. Stamens as many, or twice as many, as the Se Bhs)
3. Anthers not gland-tipped.
4. An erect shrub or small tree; pods straight, flat, smooth.
5. Leucaena
4. A suffrutescent, spreading, spiny herb with very sensitive leaves.
6. Mimosa
3. Anthers gland-tipped.
4, Pods indehiscent; shrubs or small trees armed with long spines.
7. Prosopis
4. Pods dehiscent; unarmed trees...................0.00-2s--ee-e-+ 8. Adenanthera
1. Calyx-lobes imbricate; large unarmed trees with bipinnate leaves and
very numerous small leaflets, the flowers very numerous, in dense
obovoid heads.................. SB on penea stern Sede Spe tere eae eee RE: 9. Parkia

B. CAESALPINIOIDEAE

1. Calyx entire, or the segments above the receptacle more or less united
into a toothed or lobed tube.
2. Leaves 2-pinnate; spiny climbing shrubs...................... 10. Mezoneurum
2. Leaves simple, 2-cleft or lobed; unarmed shrubs, vines, or trees.
11. Bauhinia
1. Calyx-segments free or nearly free above the receptacle.
2. Leaves 2-pinnate.
3. Calyx-segments valvate; large trees with very showy red and yellow
flowers and numerous small leaflets... 12. Delonix
3. Calyx-segments imbricate.
4. Pods not winged; erect, slightly spiny shrubs........ 13. Caesalpinia
4. Pods winged on one or both sutures.
5. Climbing, very spiny shrubs; pods winged along one suture.
10. Mezoneurum
5. Erect, unarmed trees with large panicles of showy yellow
flowers; pods winged along both sutures........ 14. Peltophorum
2. Leaves 1-pinnate or reduced to single leaflets.
3. Anthers basified, opening by terminal pores; herbs, shrubs, or trees.
15. Cassia
3. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits.
4. Ovary or its stipe more or less adherent to the calyx-tube.

b. Petals 3; pods fleshy ee ee 5 oocb severest 16. Tamarindus
5. Petal 1.
6. Perfect stamens 3; seeds not arillate.......20020....... 17. Intsia
6. Perfect stamens usually 7; seeds arillate................ 18. Pahudia

4. Ovary quite free from calyx; ovules 1 or 2. rarely 3; petals 5.
19. Cynometra
C. PAPILIONATAE

1. Fruit composed of 1-seeded joints which are usually indehiscent.
2. Leaves pinnate.

LEGUMINOSAE 993

8. Leaflets numerous, very small; stamens united intg two groups of

| Te enennenrnt ee HF recon) 04 4 5 | 20. Aeschynomene
8. Leaflets few, medium; stamens united in a closed tube; cultivated
herbs, the fruit ripening under ground........................ 21. Arachis

2. Leaves digitately 2-foliolate; joints of the pod muricate.... 22. Zornia
2. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate or reduced to a single leaflet.
3. Pod exserted, equaling or exceeding the calyx.
MPP Od Hettboned isis psec eae iran a ctstte eee tthe 23. Desmodium
Pg MAD ELCs tig Coenen kts pa id LS Ea NR eR 24. Alysicarpus
8. Pod folded together within the calyx.
4. Calyx not enlarged in fruit; leaflets longer than broad; flowers

in very dense capitate racemes..............c......:::cc00ceeeee--- 25. Uraria
4, Calyx enlarged in fruit; leaflets broader than long; flowers few
in: lass PeOeER EL 7... ERP eee eee 26. Lourea

1. Pods not jointed, dehiscent or indehiscent.
2. Leaves pinnate, with 5 to many leaves.
8. Leaves odd-pinnate.
4. Pods dehiscing by both sutures.
5. Herbs or undershrubs; flowers racemose.

6.. Pods cylindric or.. 4-angled..:.......8..05.0..0200000....... 27. Indigofera
Seeeeants) Haters) te re O07 20 tes ae 28. Tephrosia
5. Trees with flat pods; flowers racemose.
6. Racemes terminal or from the upper axils............ 29. Millettia
Giiinaremes “binterah 072.000. teres Bis. SB R900 7 30. Gliricidia
5. Herbaceous vine with large, showy, white or blue, axillary
Powers fk. aE Bea eT EE A. 31. Clitorea

4. Pods indehiscent.
5. Herbs with subcapitate blue flowers and numerous small leaflets.
32. Parosela
5. Trees or woody vines.
6. Leaflets alternate.

7. Trees with yellow flowers and orbicular winged pods.
33. Pterocarpus
7. Woody vines with pink or white flowers and elongated nar-

TOW WOdsay...c 218205 si h01) is 0), SNS ER Sees 34. Dalbergia
6. Leaflets opposite.
7. Trees with thick wingless pods ........................ 35. Pongamia
7. Woody vines with thin, winged pods .................... 36. Derris
3. Leaves even-pinnate.

4. Rachis terminating: in.a tendril....2. 0222.2) 2022 et. 37. Pisum

4. Rachis not tendril-bearing.
5. Slender vines with short flat pods ........000.0000000....0...... 38. Abrus

5. Coarse shrub-like plants with yellow flowers, or trees with very
large white flowers; pods very long, subcylindric.
39. Sesbania
2. Leaves simple or with 3 or more digitately arranged leaflets; pods

inflated.
3. Stamens monadelphous; pods many-seeded...................- 40. Crotalaria
3. Stamens diadelphous; pods few-seeded.................2....------ 41. Flemingia

2. Leaves pinnately 3-foliate.
3. Leaflets not stipellate; herbaceous or shrubby, climbing or erect
plants.
4. Pods indehiscent; herbs with toothed leaflets and small spiral
OS RS Se” eo eee 42. Medicago

224 A FLORA OF MANILA

4. Pods dehiscent.
5. Leaves not gland-dotted beneath................2.....--2.--+- 43. Pueraria
5. Leaves gland-dotted beneath.
6. Herbaceous vines.
7. Pods acuminate, scarcely depressed between the seeds.
44, Dunbaria
7. Pods obtuse or apiculate, deeply depressed between the

pec | TERR Ee Sens SRO ey RENO REE DEAD 45. Cantharospermum

6. Erect, shrubby; cultivated ._.:.........>:.. 42S 46. Cajanus

3. Leaflets not stipellate, the stipels replaced by large glands; trees
with large red flowers..............--.--.1----s-sess-seeeseoreessees--= 47. Erythrina

3. Leafiets stipellate; herbaceous or woody vines.
4. Style not bearded below the stigma.
5. Stamens monadelphous, the vexillary filament more or less
united with the others.
6. Nodes of the racemes not swollen........................ 46. Teramnus
6. Nodes of the racemes swollen.
7. Upper lip of the calyx projecting, distinctly longer than
the lower one; pods large, keeled along each side of the

dorsal -suture...,-i0t,<5.- aos Se 49. Canavalia
7. Upper lip of the calyx not exceeding the lower one; pods
small; . wel. keeled sited. tal. 23222 43. Pueraria

5. Stamens diadelphous, the vexillary one free from the others.
6. Nodes of the receme not swollen; pods longitudinally ridged,
Blabrous....202.44...d0 ee ae. eee 51. Centrosema
6. Nodes of the racemes swollen.
7. Flowers large; petals very unequal; pods large, densely
pubescent or covered with stinging hairs........ 52. Mucuna
8. Flowers small, petals nearly equal; pods small.
53. Galactia
4. Style bearded below the stigma.
5. Stigma oblique.

6: Beclapirally twiste 22.2. > ee 54. Phaseolus

6. Keel not spiral.
7. Style filiform: Jeafets. entire........200e os 55. Vigna
7. Style flattened upward; flowers blue; leaflets toothed;
roots large, fleshy, turnip-shaped............ 56. Pachyrrhizus

5. Stigma not oblique.
6. Pod flattened, not winged............-....------..:---2-00---- 57. Dolichos
6. Pod square, 4-wineseec:. 2) eatiee 58. Psophocarpus
MIMOSOIDEAE

1. ENTEROLOBIUM Martius

Erect, unarmed, large trees. Leaves evenly bipinnate. Flowers in
globose heads, 5-merous, usually perfect. Calyx campanulate, toothed.
Corolla funnel-shaped, petals connate to the middle. Stamens monadel-
phous, much exserted; anthers not gland-crested. Ovary sessile, many-
ovuled. Pod strap-shaped, straight, somewhat thickened and fleshy, the
mesocarp pulpy and soft, the endocarp firm, the sutures thickened. (Greek
‘intestine’ and “pod.’’)

Species 5 or 6 in tropical America, the following introduced here.

LEGUMINOSAE 295

1. E. SAMAN (Jacq.) Prain (Pithecolobium saman Benth.). Acacia (Sp.-
Fil.) ; Rain-tree.

A large tree reaching a height of 20 to 25 m, the branches wide-spread-
ing. Leaves evenly 2-pinnate, pinnae 8 to 12, 15 cm long or.less; leaflets 12
to 16 in the upper pinnae, 6 to 10 in the lower ones, decreasing in size down-
ward, pubescent beneath, oblong-rhomboid, base and apex more or less
oblique, the midnerve diagonal, 1.5 to 4 cm long. Flowers pink, in dense,
peduncled, axillary solitary or fascicled heads. Pod straight, somewhat
fleshy, indehiscent, 15 to 20 cm long, 2 em wide, the mesocarp pulpy, sweet.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 309.)

Very commonly cultivated as a shade tree, decidous in February, fl.
March-Sept.; quite generally cultivated in the larger towns in the Phil-
ippines. A native of the West Indies, now widely distributed in the tropics
in cultivation.

2: PITHECOLOBIUM Martius

Erect trees with 2-pinnate leaves sometimes with spinose stipules.
Flowers small, perfect, 5-merous, in globose heads which are solitary, fas-
cicled, or paniculate. Calyx campanulate or funnel-shaped, shortly toothed.
Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, the petals united below the middle.
Stamens exserted, monadelphous; anthers not gland-crested. Ovary many-
ovuled; style filiform; stigma capitate. Pod strap-shaped, variously
faleate, or circinate, usually much twisted at maturity, dehiscent. Seeds
arillate or not. (Greek “monkey” and “pod.’’)

Species about 100, tropical, mostly American, 9 in the Philippines.

1. P. DULCE (Roxb.) Benth. Camanchiles, Camonsil (Sp.-Fil.).

A tree 5 to 18 m high, the ultimate branches often pendulous, armed
with short, sharp, stipular spines. Leaves evenly 2-pinnate, 4 to 8 cm
long; pinnae a single pair, each pinna bearing a single pair of oblique,
ovate-oblong, obtuse, 1 to 4 cm long leaflets. Flowers white, in dense
heads about 1 cm in diameter, their peduncles solitary or fascicled in the
axils of small bracts, along the slender branchlets. Pod turgid, twisted,
often spiral, 10 to 18 cm long, about 1 cm wide, dehiscent along the lower
suture, the valves red when ripe. Seeds 6 to 8, surrounded by an edible,
whitish, pulpy arillus. (FI. Filip. pl. 237.)

Common and widely distributed, fl. Oct—April. A native of tropical
America, now throughly naturalized in the Philippines, and also found in
India and Malaya. The local names are corruptions of its old Mexican name
Quamochitl.

38. ALBIZZIA Durazz

Unarmed trees with 2-pinnate leaves. Flowers small, 5-merous, perfect,
pedicelled or sessile in globose heads which are usually paniculate. Calyx
campanulate or funnel-shaped, toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, the petals
united below the middle. Stamens many, monadelphous at the base, long-
exserted; anthers not gland-crested. Ovary many-ovuled. Pod thin, flat,
strap-shaped, straight, not curved or twisted, indehiscent or very tardily so.
(In honor of the noble Italian family of Albizzi.)

Species about 30 in the tropics of the Old World, 8 in the Philippines.
111555——15

296 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. Leaflets small, never more than 5 cm long.
2. Flowers sessile; upper half of the leaflets broader than the lower.
1. A. procera
2. Flowers pedicelled; lower half of the leaflets broader than the upper.
2. A. lebbeck
1. Leaflets large, the upper ones 10 to 18 cm long.
2. Pinnae with 2 pairs of leaflets which are pubescent beneath.
3. A. saponaria
2. Pinnae with 1 pair of glabrous leaflets.........0..2022 eee 4. A. acle

1. A. procera (Roxb.) Benth. Aninapla; Acleng-parang (Tag.).

An erect, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous tree 10 to 25 m high.
Leaves about 40 cm long; pinnae 6 to 10, 15 to 20 cm long; leaflets 12 to
20, oblong-elliptic, rounded or retuse, 2 to 5 cm long, somewhat. oblique.
Panicles terminal or in the upper axils, up to 20 cm long, diffuse. , Flowers
yellowish-white, in globose heads at the ends of the branchlets, the heads
in flower 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter. Pods oblong, thin, smooth, flattened,
10 to 15 cm long, 2 to 2.4 em wide, containing 8 to 10 seeds.

In open dry lands, Masambong, fl. Sept.; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. India to Malaya.

*2. A. LEBBECK (L.) Benth. Languil (Tag.).

A nearly glabrous or somewhat pubescent tree 8 to 12 m high. Leaves
about 25 cm long; pinnae about 6, 15 em long; leaflets 6 to 8, oblong, obtuse,
somewhat oblique, 2 to 5 cm long, coriaceous. Flowers in long-peduncled,
axillary, fascicled heads, the peduncles up to 6 cm in length. Heads in
bud, about 2 cm in diameter, in flower, including the anthers, 3 to 4 cm
in diameter. Corolla greenish-yellow. Stamens white and green. Pods
oblong, coriaceous, 15 to 20 em long, 2 to 3 cm wide, fiat, shining, reticulate,
swollen or impressed opposite the seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 316.)

Occasionally cultivated as shade-tree, fl. March—June; not common in
the Philippines, apparently introduced and cultivated only. A native of
tropical Africa and Asia, now in most tropical countries. 5

3. A. saponaria (Lour.) Bl. Gogon-toco, Malatoco (Tag.).

A small tree 5 to 10 m high. Leaves 30 to 40 cm long; pinnae 4, the
upper pair usually longer than the lower; leaflets 4 to 8, gradually larger
toward the ends of the pinnae, 5 to 15 cm long, ovate to elliptic-ovate,
acuminate, often inequilateral, more or less pubescent. Panicles terminal,
pubescent, spreading, 15 to 30 cm long. Flowers white, crowded in heads
at the ends of the ultimate branchlets, heads in flower 1.5 to 2 cm in
diameter. Calyx pubescent. Pods thin, flat, 7 to 18 cm long, 2.5 to 3 cm
wide, containing 7 to 12 seeds. .

In thickets, Masambong, fl. Sept._Oct.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines; Malaya.

4, A. acle (Blanco) Merr. (Pithecolobiwm acle Vid.). Acle (Tag.).

A tree reaching a height of 20 m or more, glabrous except the inflores-
cence. Leaves bipinnate, the petiole 2 to 5 cm long; pinnae a single pair;
leaflets 4 to 8, the upper ones of each pinna the largest, 8 to 18 cm long.
Inflorescence axillary, pubescent, of several short panicles. Flowers 10 to
15 in each head, greenish-white, the calyx 3 mm long, the corolla 7 mm
long. Pods 20 to 40 cm long, 3.5 to 5 cm wide, indehiscent, inflated opposite
the seeds. Seeds 10 to 12 in each pod, about 2 cm long.

LEGUMINOSAE 227

Rarely cultivated, Singalon, fl. April-May. A widely distributed en-
demic species yielding a valuable timber.

4. ACACIA Willdenow

Spinose or prickly, rarely unarmed, erect or climbing shrubs or small
trees. Leaves bipinnate, the leaflets numerous, small, or in one Philip-
pine species represented by phyllodia only. Flowers 5-merous, usually per-
fect, in globose, axillary, solitary or panicled heads. Calyx toothed, cam-
panulate or funnel-shaped. Petals exserted, united below. Stamens many,
free, exserted. Ovary many-ovuled. Pod ligulate or oblong, not jointed,
flat or swollen, dehiscent or indehiscent. (Ancient Greek name of a spiny
Egyptian tree.)

Species about 450 in all tropical countries, 5 in the Philippines.

Erect ‘shrubs; pods) tured: ia. ie el a eas kik 1. A. farnesiana
Climbing ‘shrubs; pods latin Wi. 28nn ABR a ac. 2. A. rugata

1. A. FARNESIANA (L.) Willd. Aroma (Sp.-Fil.).

A much branched spiny shrub 2 to 4 m high, the branches more or less
zig-zag, lenticellate, the spines stipular, sharp, 1 to 4 cm long, those on the
branchlets smaller. Leaves 5 to 8 cm long; pinnae usually 10 to 12; leaflets
linear-oblong, 15 to 40,4 to 7mmlong. Heads axillary, solitary or fascicled,
globose, densely many-flowered, about 1 cm in diameter, the peduncles slen-
der, pubescent, 2 to 3.5 cm long. Flowers yellow, fragrant. Pods turgid,
5 to 7 cm long, 1 to 1.5 em wide, straight or curved.

In waste places, common, fi. Oct.-May; widely distributed and abundant
in the Philippines, thoroughly naturalized. Probably a native of tropical
America, now found in most tropical countries.

2. A. rugata (Lam.) Ham. (A. concinna DC.).

A scandent, prickly shrub reaching a height of 4 to 5 m. Branches
gray, armed with short, sharp prickles. Leaves 15 to 25 em long; pinnae
8 to 10 pairs, the rachis with one gland near the base and one or two
near the apex; leaflets 20 to 32 pairs, linear-oblong, 8 to 10 mm long, acute,
base subtruncate, midrib oblique. Panicles terminal and in the upper axils,
ample, the heads yellow, about 1 cm in diameter. Pod straight, somewhat
fleshy, wrinkled when dry, flat, 7 to 10 cm long, about 2 cm wide.

In thickets on dry bluffs opposite Fort McKinley, fl. March; of local
occurrence in Luzon. India to China and Malaya.

5. LEUCAENA Bentham

Small, erect, unarmed trees. Leaves evenly bipinnate, the leaflets small.
Flowers sessile, in dense, globose heads, 5-merous, usually perfect. Calyx
eylindric-campanulate, shortly toothed. Petals valvate, free. Stamens 10,
free, much exserted; anthers not gland-crested. Ovary stalked. Pod flat,
coriaceous, strap-shaped, thin, dehiscent. (Greek “white.’’)

Species 8, mostly American, the following introduced in the Philippines.

1. L. GLAUCA (L.) Benth. Malaganit, Ipel or Ipel-ipel (Tag.).

A shrub or small tree 2 to 6 m high. Leaves 15 to 25 cm long, rachises
pubescent; pinnae 8 to 16, 5 to 9 cm long; leaflets 20 to 30, linear-oblong,
acute, inequilateral, 7 to 12 mm long. Heads solitary, axillary, long-pedun-
cled, globose, densely many-flowered, 2 to 5 cm in diameter. Flowers white.
Pod thin, flat, strap-shaped, acuminate, 12 to 18 cm long, 1.4 to 2 em wide,
usually many developing from each head of flowers, each containing from
15 to 25, elliptic, compressed, shining, brown seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 400.)

228 A FLORA OF MANILA

In thickets, common, fl. all the year; very widely distributed in the
Philippines, thoroughly naturalized. A native of tropical America, now
found all over the tropics.

6. MIMOSA Linnaeus

Herbaceous prickly plants with bipinnate, sensitive leaves, the leaflets
small. Flowers small, in dense, globose heads, polygamous, mostly 4-merous.
Calyx campanulate, short-toothed. Petals connate below. Stamens as
many as, or twice the number of, the petals, much exserted; anthers not
gland-crested. Ovary stalked. Pod flat, membranaceous, made up of 1-
seeded joints that on maturity separate from the sutures. (From the
Greek “mimic,” the sensitive leaves mimicing living animals.)

A very large genus mostly confined to tropical America, a single intro-
duced one in the Philippines.

1. M. pupicA L. Macahia (Tag.); Sensitive Plant.

A diffusely spreading, suffrutescent herb, the stems branched, up to 1
m in length, sparingly prickly and with numerous deflexed bristly hairs.
Leaves very sensitive, both the pinnae and the leaflets falling when touched;
pinnae usually 4, digitately arranged at the end of each petiole, 4 to 9 cm
long; leaflets narrowly oblong, inequilateral, acute, 1 to 1.5 em long, sessile,
sparingly bristly. Heads long-peduncled, solitary or 2 or 3 in each axil,
nearly 1 cm in diameter. Flowers pink, very numerous. Stamens 4. Pods
flat, slightly recurved, numerous, 1 to 2 cm long, made up of from 3 to 5,
l-seeded joints that at maturity fall away from the persistent, armed,
sutures which bear numerous, weak, spreading, yellowish-white bristles.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 253.)

In open waste places, very common, fl. all the year; throughout the Phil-
ippines. A native of tropical America, now found in all tropical countries.

7. PROSOPIS Linnaeus

Erect shrubs or trees with stout spines. Leaves 2-pinnate, the leaflets
numerous, small. Flowers polygamous, small, in spikes or spike-like race-
mes. Calyx small, campanulate, entire or slightly 5-toothed. Petals 5,
ligulate, somewhat coherent at the base. Stamens 10, free, somewhat ex-
serted; anthers crowned with a gland. Ovary many-ovuled. Pod turgid,
narrowly oblong, somewhat curved, the mesocarp fleshy, septate between the
seeds. (An ancient Greek plant name of uncertain application.)

Species 25 or more in most tropical countries, 1 introduced in the Philip-
pines. :

1. P. VIDALIANA Naves. Aroma (Sp.-Fil.).

A shrub or a small tree 2 to 6 m high, glabrous throughout, the branches
armed with numerous, long, sharp spines. Leaves bipinnate, solitary or
somewhat fascicled, each leaf or fascicle subtended by a pair of 1.5 to 4 cm
long spines, mostly with 2 pairs of 5 to 10 cm long pinnae. Leaflets nu-
merous, linear-oblong, about 1.5 em long, obtuse. Spikes axillary, 8 to 10
cm long. Flowers numerous, yellowish or straw-colored, spreading, in-
cluding the stamens about 7 mm long. Pods 15 to 20 cm long, nearly 1
em wide, somewhat compressed, rather strongly curved, containing about
20 seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 392.)

Abundant along the Pasay beach, and along and near some tidal streams,
fl. Sept.-March; very abundant about Manila Bay, and in a few other local-
ities in the Philippines, undoubtedly introduced from Mexico.

LEGUMINOSAE 299

8. ADENANTHERA Linnaeus

Erect unarmed trees with 2-pinnate leaves. Flowers small, perfect,
5-merous, in spike-like racemes. Calyx campanulate, toothed. Petals val-
vate, cohering at the base, lanceolate. Stamens 10, free; anthers gland-
tipped. Ovary sessile, many-ovuled. Pod strap-shaped, falcate, the valves
coriaceous, twisted after dehiscence. Seeds 2-colored. (Greek “gland” and
“anther” from the gland-tipped anthers.)

Species 5 or 6 in most tropical countries, 1 in the Philippines.

1. A. intermedia Merr. Malasagad, Tafglin (Tag.).

An erect glabrous tree 10 to 15 m high. Leaves 25 to 40 cm long;
pinnae 4 to 6, 10 to 20 cm long; leaflets 5 to 9, elliptic, truncate or slightly
retuse, when dry dark above, pale beneath, 2 to 4 cm long. Racemes in
the upper axils, solitary or paniculate, 12 to 20 cm long, slender. Flowers
numerous, brownish, about 3 mm long, their pedicles slender. Pods nar-
rowly oblong, about 15 cm long 1 to 1.3 cm wide, containing 8 to 12, some-
what compressed, 8 mm long shining seeds, half red and half black.

Cementerio del Norte, fl. Aug.—Oct.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. Endemic.

9. PARKIA R. Brown

Tall, unarmed trees with evenly bipinnate leaves, the leaflets very nu-
merous, small. Flowers in dense, long-peduncled, obovoid heads. Calyx
tubular, shortly 5-cleft, the lobes imbricate. Corolla tubular, somewhat
cleft. Stamens 10, exserted, the filiform filaments in the lower part united
with each other and with the corolla-tube; anthers gland-tipped. Ovary
stalked. Pod large, flat, strap-shaped coriaceous, very tardily dehiscent.
(In honor of M. Park, an African traveler.)

A genus of about 10 species, in the tropics of both hemispheres, 2
in the Philippines.

1. P. timoriana (DC.) Merr. Cupang (Tag.).

A very large tree 25 to 40 m high. Leaves evenly bipinnate, 30 to 80
em long; pinnae 40 to 60, 8 to 20 cm long; leaflets 60 to 140, linear-oblong,
faleate, 6 to 12 mm long, close set, shining above, acute. Heads dense,
obovoid or pyriform, axillary, long-peduncled, up to 6 cm in length.
Flowers white and yellow, about 1 cm long. Pods 25 to 30 cm long, about
3.5 em wide, rather thick, pendulous, black and shining when maiure, con-
taining from 15 to 20 seeds.

A single tree in the old botanic garden, fl. Nov.; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Timor, its other range uncertain.

CAESALPINIOIDEAE
10. MEZONEURUM Desfontaines

Woody, prickly climbers with abruptly 2-pinnate leaves. Flowers in
panicled racemes. Calyx very oblique, usually deeply cleft, the disk mostly
basal, the lobes imbricate, the lowest one hooded, larger than the others.
Petals obovate, spreading, subequal. Stamens free, declinate, exserted.
Ovary many-ovuled; style filiform, incurved. Pod oblong, flat, thin, in-
dehiscent, with a broad wing extending down the upper suture. (Greek
“middle” and “nerve,” in allusion to the nerved pods.)

Species 10 in the tropics of the Old World, 3 in the Philippines.

230 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. M. pubescens Desf. Camat-cabag, Dauag (Tag.).

A scandent, woody, very spiny vine reaching a length of from 3 to 5
m. Leaves 30 to 50 cm long, the rachis softly pubescent, armed with stout,
sharp, recurved spines; pinnae 24 to 30; leaflets 12 to 20, oblong, thin,
pubescent, 1 to 2 cm long. Panicles terminal, many-flowered, pubescent,
15 to 25 m long. Flowers yellow, about 3 cm in diameter. Pods oblong,
thin, indehiscent, 11 to 18 cm long, about 3.5 em wide including the thin,
8 mm wide wing along the dorsal suture.

_ In open dry lands and thickets, La Loma to San Pedro Macati, fl. Sept:—
Nov.; of very local occurrence in the Philippines. Timor.
11. BAUHINIA Linnaeus
)

Erect shrubs or trees or climbing vines, sometimes with circinate ten-
drils. Leaves simple, usually deeply cleft from the tip, rarely entire.
Flowers usually showy, in simple or panicled racemes. Calyx-tube short
or long, the limb entire and spathe-like or 2- to 5-cleft. Petals 5, subequal,
usually clawed. Stamens 10, or reduced to 5, 3, or 1, when fewer than 10
usually with sterile filaments. Ovary many-ovuled; style short or long;
stigma often peltate. Pod linear to oblong, flat, dehiscent or indehiscent.
(In honor of K. Bauhin, an early Swiss botanist.)

Species about 150 in all tropical countries, 18 in the Philippines.’

1. Fertile stamens 10; shrubs.
2. Tips of leaf-lobes rounded; flowers yellowish, solitary or in pairs;
io EAaS 66 10 c) ores a Reve Ae Sam een hata Aa ae alae Oop tea Le a 1. B. tomentosa
2. Tips of leaf-lobes acute; flowers white, racemose; pods glabrous.
- 2. B. acuminata
Ae Mere stamens) 2 Ure ok ee eee ee ee 3. B. monandra

*1. B. TOMENTOSA L.

An erect, branched shrub 1.5 to 3 m high, the branchlets, lower surfaces
of the leaves, and the pods somewhat pubescent. Leaves 4 to 7 cm long,
about as wide, split about one-third to the base into two, ovate, rounded
lobes. Flowers pale-lemon-yellow, usually in pairs on axillary peduncles.
Calyx-limb spathaceous, split down one side. Petals about 5 cm long, 4
em. wide. Stamens 10, all fertile, unequal in length, the filaments 1 to
2 cm long. Pod 9 to 11 cm long, about 1.5 cm wide, flattened, acuminate,
containing 6 to 10 seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 119, B. binata.) .

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. most of the year. A native of
India, now rather widely distributed in the tropics in cultivation and as
an escape.

2. B. ACUMINATA L.

An erect shrub 2 to 4 m high, somewhat pubescent. Leaves 7 to 13
em long, 6 to 12 em wide, base somewhat cordate, 9- to 11-nerved, the lobes
acute or slightly acuminate, about one-third the length of the leaf. Ra-
cemes axillary, short, few-flowered. Calyx green, about 3 em long, split
down one side, acuminate, the apex with 5, short, slender teeth. Corolla
white, about 8 cm in diameter. Stamens 10, shorter than the petals, all
acuminate, glabrous, containing 7 to 9 seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 111.)

In dry thickets opposite San Pedro Macati, also cultivated, fl. Aug.—Oct.;
of local occurrence in the Philippines; and surely introduced. India to
China and Malaya. :

LEGUMINOSAE 931

* 3. B. MONANDRA Kurz.

A small or medium-sized tree, the branches long, spreading. Leaves
11 to 15 em long and wide, cleft about half way to the base, the lobes
rounded or obtuse, base broadly cordate, 13-nerved. Racemes few-flowered, -
axillary. Calyx 2.5 cm long, split to the base on one side. Corolla about
10 cm in diameter, the petals spreading, not at all imbricate, narrowly
obovate, long-clawed, pink-purple with numerous, small, darker dots, the
upper petal much darker purple than the others. Stamen 1, as long
as the style and ovary. Pod stout, thick, about 20 em long, 2.5 to 3 cm
wide. (FI. Filip. pl. 82, B. subrotundifolia.)

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. most of the year. Probably a
native of tropical America, now found in many tropical countries.

12. DELONIX Rafinesque

Large unarmed trees, the leaves bipinnate, the leaflets small, numerous.
Flowers large and showy, red or yellowish, in racemes at the ends of the
branches forming leafy panicles. Calyx-tube disk-like or shortly turbinate,
with 5, subequal, valvate segments. Petals 5, spreading, clawed, the limbs
orbicular, the upper one differing somewhat in shape and involute at the
base. Stamens 10, free, declinate, villous below. Ovary sessile, many-
ovuled. Pod large, elongated, woody, compressed, 2-valved, many-seeded.

Species 3 in tropical Africa and Asia, 1 introduced in the Philippines.

*1. D. REGIA (Boj.) Raf. (Poinciana regia Boj.). Caballero, Arbol del
fuego (Sp.-Fil.); Flame Tree, Fire Tree, Flamboyant.

A deciduous tree reaching a height of 20 m or more, slightly pubescent
or nearly glabrous. Leaves 20 to 40 cm long, with small, decidous, pinnate
stipules; pinnae opposite, 15 to 20 pairs, 7 to 15 cm long, leaflets oblong,
obtuse, 18 to 30 pairs 1 cm long or less. Racemes in the uppermost axils,
the inflorescence 20 to 40 cm long. Flowers long-pedicelled, red or red and
yellow, 10 to 12 cm in diameter. Pods pendulous about 50 cm long and 5
em wide. (FI. Filip. pl. 451.)

Commonly planted for ornament, fl. March—July; now found in cultiva-
tion in most large towns in the Philippines, probably introduced about the
middle of the last century. A native of Madagascar and tropical Africa,
now cultivated in most tropical countries.

13. CAESALPINIA Linnaeus

Shrubs, trees, or prickly climbers. Leaves large, abruptly 2-pinnate,
the leaflets large or rather small. Flowers usually showy, yellow or red,
in many-flowered, axillary racemes. Calyx deeply cleft, the disk basal, the
lobes imbricate, the lowest one larger than the others. Petals spreading,
usually orbicular, usually clawed, the uppermost smaller than the others.
Stamens 10, free, declinate; anthers versatile. Ovary few-ovuled. Pod
oblong or ligulate, flat or inflated, smooth or spiny, dehiscent or indehiscent.
. (In honor of A. Cesalpini, an early Italian botanist.)

Species about 40 in all tropical countries, 6 in the Philippines.

1. Pods armed with numerous slender spines; a spiny vine........ 1. C. crista
1. Pods glabrous.
2. A scandent prickly vine; leaflets few, 2 or 3 pairs on each pinna.
2. C. nuga

232 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. Shrubs or trees; leaflets many, 7 or more pairs on each pinna.
3. Stamens several times as long as the petals; pods about 2 cm wide.
3. C. pulcherrima
3. Stamens not or but little longer than the petals; pods 3 to 4 em wide.
4. C. sappan

1. C. crista L. (C. bonducella Flem.). Calumbibit (Tag.).

A scandent woody vine reaching a length of 10 m or more, the stems
very spiny. Leaves bipinnate, often nearly 1 m long, the rachis armed
with stout, sharp, recurved spines; pinnae usually about 10 pairs, about
20 cm long, with a pair of short sharp spines at the attachment of each
pair of leaflets. Leaflets about 10 pairs, oblong, obtuse or acute, somewhat
pubescent, 2 to 5 cm long. Racemes axillary, simple or panicled, dense
at the top. Flowers yellow, about 1 cm long. Pods 5 to 7 em long, oblong,
inflated, covered with slender spines. Seeds large, one or two, PUbEigpore,
hard, gray, shining.

In thickets especially near the sea, fl. Sept._Jan.; throughout the Philip-
pines near the seashore. Cosmopolitan in the fropies

2. C. nuga (L.) Ait. Sapinit (Tag.).

A glabrous, scandent shrub reaching a length of 10 m or more, the
branches armed with short, stout, hard, hooked prickles. Leaves bipin-
nate, 20 to 30 cm long, the rachis armed with recurved spines beneath;
pinnae 6 to 8, rather distant; leaflets 4 to 6 on each pinna, coriaceous,
shining, ovate to elliptic-ovate, acute, 2 to 5 cm long. Panicles terminal,
ample, many-flowered. Flowers yellow, racemosely arranged, about 1 cm
in diameter. Stamens woolly at the base, slightly exserted. Pods 4 to 5
em long, 2.5 to 8 cm wide, beaked, hard, indehiscent, containing a single
seed. (FI. Filip. pl. 150.)

In thickets near the seashore or within the influence of brackish water,
Pasay, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines near the sea. Tropics
of the world.

3. C. PULCHERRIMA (L.) Sw. Caballero (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect, glabrous, sparingly spiny shrub or small tree 1.5 to 8 m high.
Leaves bipinnate; pinnae 4 to 8 pairs, 6 to 12 cm long; leaflets sessile, 7
to 11 pairs, obtuse, elliptic, 1 to 2 em long. Racemes terminal, lax, the
pedicels long, slender. Flowers red and yellow, or yellow, about 4 cm in
diameter, the petals crisped, clawed; stamens long-exserted. Pods 5 to 9
em long, 1.5 em wide. (FI. Filip. pl. 112.)

Commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes, fi. all the year. A
native of tropical America, introduced here at an early date, and natural-
ized. Now everywhere in the tropics.

4, C. SAPPAN L. Sappang, Sibucao (Tag., Vis.).

A small tree 3 to 5 m high, with scattered prickles. Leaves up to 50
em long; pinnae about 20, opposite, 10 to 20 cm long; leaflets 20 to 30,
oblong to oblong-rhomboid, very oblique, attached at the lower corner,
apex usually retuse. Panicles often as long as the leaves, terminal. Flow-
ers yellow, 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, the filaments densely woolly in the
lower one-half. Pods oblong to oblong-obovate, hard, indehiscent, shining,
about 7 cm long, 3.5 to 4 em wide, with a hard recurved beak at the upper
angle. (FI. Filip. pl. 121.)

In thickets, San Pedro Macati, fl. Aug.—Sept.; common and widely
distributed in the Philippines, but probably introduced. India and Malaya.

LEGUMINOSAE 233

14. PELTOPHORUM Vogel

Unarmed trees with abruptly bipinnate leaves and showy yellow flowers
in. ample terminal and axillary panicles. Calyx deeply cleft, the lobes
imbricate. Petals oblong or roundish, spreading. Stamens 10, free, decli-
nate, the filaments with a dense tuft of hairs at the base; anthers uniform.
Ovary sessile, free, few-ovuled; stigma large, peltate. Pod oblong, flat,
indehiscent, winged along both sutures. (Greek “shield” and “to bear,”
from the peltate stigma.) ~

Species about 6 in most tropical countries, 1 in the Philippines.

1. P. inerme (Roxb.) Naves (P. ferruginewm Benth.).

A tree usually 8 to 15 m high with a dense crown of spreading branches,
the younger parts and inflorescence brown-tomentose. Leaves 25 to 40 cm
long; pinnae opposite, 10 to 15 pairs, 5 to 12 cm long; leaflets oblong,
10 to, 15 pairs, somewhat oblique, obtuse or retuse 10 to 18 mm long.
Panicles 10 to 20 em long. Calyx brown-tomentose. Petals yellow, obovate,
about 2 cm long. Pods oblong, 5 to 8 cm long, glabrous, closely long-
itudinally veined, 1- to 4-seeded. (FI. Filip. pl. 335.)

Commonly cultivated as a shade-tree, fl. March-April; of local occur-
rence along the seashore in the Philippines. Ceylon, through Malaya to
northern Australia.

15. CASSIA Linnaeus

Erect trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers
usually large and showy, in axillary and terminal racemes or panicles.
Calyx-tube short, the sepals imbricate. Petals 5, subequal. Stamens 10,
rarely all perfect, 3 to 5 being reduced to staminodes or sometimes absent;
anthers mostly basifixed, opening by terminal pores or with the slit more
or less continued downward. Ovary sessile or stalked. Pod very variable,
terete or flat, dehiscent or indehiscent, usually septate between the seeds.
(An ancient name, derivation obscure.)

A very large genus in all tropical regions, and a few apeae in temperate
countries, about 12 in the Philippines.

Dee reeres AUR Mie WBE oO! en ER SN ae, ee, 1. C. siamea
1. Undershrubs, shrubs, or suffrutescent herbs.
2. Leaves with glands on the common rachis; suffrutescent herbs or

undershrubs.
3. Leaflets obtuse; seeds rhombohedral...................-.....2...0........-. 2. C. tora
3. Leaflets acuminate, seeds compressed.
4 Plant elabrous or tiearly ‘s0.2..°) 0020 eee he 3. C. occidentalis
A PASH PEpeetenU LM AS 2 OE oon soothes 4. C. hirsuta

2. Leaves without glands on the rachis; a coarse bi‘anched shrub with
large leaves, racemose bracteate flowers, and winged pods.
5 C. alata
1. C. SIAMEA Lam. (C. florida Vahl). Acacia (Sp.-Fil.).

A tree 8 to 12 m high, the branches spreading. Leaves equally pinnate,
15 to 25 em long; leaflets 8 to 14, opposite, oblong, obtuse or retuse, 2 to 5
em long. Panicle large, erect, terminal, 15 to 30 cm long, extending into
the upper axils, composed of alternate corymbs. Flowers yellow, about
2.5 em in diameter. Stamens 7, the other 3 upper ones reduced to stami-
nodes; the lower 3 larger than the lateral ones. Pods nearly straight, thin,
flat, 15 to 20 cm long, 1.2 to 1.4 em wide, containing 15 to 25 seeds. (FI.
Filip. pl. 426.) ,

234 A FLORA OF MANILA

Commonly cultivated as a shade tree, not spontaneous, fl. June—Dec.;
introduced from India or Malaya. India to Cochin China, the Malay Penin-
sula and Archipelago.

2. C. TORA L. ‘

Stout, erect, glabrous, rank-smelling, suffrutescent annual 1 m high or
less. Leaves 8 to 12 cm long, the stipules linear-subulate; leaflets 6,
obovate to oblong-obovate, obtuse, apiculate, 2 to 5 cm long. Flowers
axillary, in pairs, the peduncle very short, the pedicels 2.5 cm long or
less. Corolla yellow, 1.5 cm in diameter. “Pod slender, up to 15 em long,
3 to 4mm thick. (FI. Filip. pl. 122.)

In open waste places, very common, fl. all the year; throughout the
Philippines. A native of tropical America, now in most tropical countries.

3. C, OCCIDENTALIS L.

An erect, somewhat branched, glabrous, suffrutescent herb or a shrubby
plant 0.8 to 1.5 m high. Leaves pinnate, about 20 cm long, the rachis with
a large gland at the base. Leaflets rank-smelling, 5 pairs, oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, 4 to 9 cm long. Racemes few-flowered, axillary and term-
inal, corymbose. Flowers yellow, 2 cm long. Pods about 10 cm long,
9 mm wide, thickened, containing about 40 seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 73.)

In open waste places, fl. all the year. Widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. A native of tropical America, now in most tropical countries.

4. C. HIRSUTA L.

An erect, branched, annual, suffrutescent herb or undershrub 0.6 to 1.4
m high. Leaves equally pinnate, 15 to 30 cm long; leaflets 8 to 12, ovate
\to oblong-ovate, acuminate, more or less pubescent, 4 to 10 cm long.
Flowers yellow, about 2 cm in diameter, in pairs in the axils of the leaves
or in terminal, somewhat crowded panicles. Pods 15 to 25 cm long, about
5 mm wide, pubescent, the seeds very numerous.

Occasional in open waste places, fl. Nov.Jan. Of local occurrence in
the Philippines. A native of tropical America, now pantropic.

5. C. ALATA L. Acapulco, Capuleo, Capurco (Tag.).

A coarse, erect, branched shrub 1.5 to 3 m. high, the branches stout,
green. Leaves equally pinnate, 40 to 60 em long; leaflets 16 to 28, oblong,
apex broad, rounded, apiculate, 5 to 15 cm long, gradually increasing in
size upward. Inflorescence of terminal and axillary, simple or panicled
spike-like, peduncled racemes, 10 to 50 cm long. Flowers yellow, about
4 cm in diameter, the buds subtended by thin, yellow, oblong, concave bracts,
2.5 to 3 em long, which are imbricate and conceal the buds, falling as the
flowers open. Upper 3 stamens reduced to staminodes, the lower two with
large anthers, the lateral pairs small. Pods straight, spreading, about
15 ecm long, 1.5 em wide, valves with a crenulated, chartaceous wing run-
ning from end to end. Seeds 50 to 60, flattened, triangular. (FI. Filip.
pl. 124.)

In open waste places, fl. Oct—Jan.; widely distributed in the Philippines
in and about towns. Tropics of the World, a native of tropical America.

Cassia glauca Lam., a native of south-eastern Asia, was introduced and
cultivated in the old Botanic Garden in Spanish times. It seems not to
have persisted. It is a tree, the flowers with 10 perfect stamens.

LEGUMINOSAE 235

16. TAMARINDUS Linnaeus

A large, unarmed tree with abruptly pinnate leaves. Flowers in axil-
lary racemes. Calyx-tube turbinate, the teeth lanceolate, much imbri-
cated, the lower two connate. Only the three upper petals developed, the
two lateral ones ovate, the upper hooded, the two lower ones reduced to
scales. Stamens monadelphous, only 3 developed, the others reduced to
mere bristles at the top of the sheath. Ovary many-ovuled, the stalk ad-
nate to the calyx-tube. Pod oblong, indehiscent, thick, the mesocarp fleshy,
containing several seeds. (Latinization of the Arabic “date” and “Indian,”
literally “Indian date.”)

A single species now planted in all tropical countries.

*1. T. 1npIcA L. Sampaloc (Tag.); Tamarindo (Sp.); Sambac (Vis.);
Salomague (Il.); Tamarind.

A large tree 12 to 20 m high, nearly glabrous. Leaves even-pinnate,
6 to 10 em long; leaflets 20 to 40, rather close, oblong, obtuse, 1 to 2 cm
long. Racemes mostly axillary, sometimes panicled, 5 to 10 cm long.
Calyx about 1 cm long. Petals yellowish with pink stripes, obovate-oblong,
less than lem long. Pods oblong, thickened, 6 to 15 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide,
slightly compressed, the epicarp thin, crustaceous, the mesocarp pulpy, acid,
edible. (FI. Filip. pl. 14.)

Commonly cultivated, fl. April—Oct.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines, introduced in prehistoric times. Probably a native of tropical Africa,
but now cultivated in all tropical countries.

17. INTSIA Thouars

Erect, unarmed trees with even-pinnate leaves of few large opposite
leaflets. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx with the disk produced to
the top of the elongated tube, the lobes slightly unequal, imbricated. Petals
one only developed, orbicular, with a distinct claw, the others absent or
rudimentary. Stamens 3 perfect, imperfect ones usually present, the
filaments long, pilose. Pods large, flat, oblong, somewhat woody, 3- to
6-seeded. Seeds not arillate. (From the native Madagascar name of one
species. )

Species 6, tropics of the Old World, 2 or 3 in the Philippines.

1. |. bijuga (Colebr.) O. Kuntze (Afzelia bijuga A. Gray). Ipil (Tag.,
Vis.).

An erect, nearly glabrous tree, 5 to 25 m high. Leaves even-pinnate,
the leaflets 4, rarely only 2, opposite, glabrous, base somewhat oblique,
apex retuse or rounded, 5 to 10 cm long. Panicles terminal or leaf-opposed,
pubescent, corymbose, 6 to 10 cm long. Calyx pubescent, the lobes about
8 mm long. Petal somewhat exceeding 1 cm in length, the limb about 1
cm wide, white or pink. Fertile stamens 3. Ovary stalked, pubescent on
both sutures, exserted. Pod 10 to 25 cm long, 4 to 6.5 cm wide, thickly
coriaceous, containing from 3 to 6 orbicular seeds.

Singalon and Cementerio del Norte, cultivated, fl. in June and probably
in other months; throughout the Philippines near the seashore. Tropical
shores from Madagascar, through Malaya to the Caroline Islands and
Fiji.

236 ; A FLORA OF MANILA

18. PAHUDIA Miquel

Unarmed trees with even-pinnate leaves. Flowers in terminal panicles.
Calyx pubescent, the tube elongated, the limb 4-lobed, the lobes imbricate.
Petal 1, shortly clawed, broadly orbicular, the others rudimentary or none.
Stamens 9 with 7 perfect, rarely 7 with 5 perfect, filaments more or less
united, or free. Ovary stalked, stalk adnate to the calyx-tube. Pod
oblong to rhomboid, thick, woody, 2-valved, dehiscent, septate between the
seeds. Seeds ovate to oblong, base arillate. (In honor of C. F. Pahud.)

Species 8, British India to Malaya and tropical Africa, 1 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. P. rhomboidea (Blanco) Prain (Afzelia rhomboidea Vid). Tindalo
(Tag.); Balayong (Vis.).

A tree reaching a height of 25 m, glabrous except the inflorescence.
Leaves simply pinnate, up to 25 cm long; leaflets usually 8, opposite, oblong-
ovate to elliptic-ovate, acuminate, shining, 5 to 8 cm long. Panicles term-
inal and axillary, pubescent, equaling or shorter than ‘the leaves.
Calyx green, pubescent. Petal yellowish-red. Pod woody, thick, some-
what rhomboid, about 20 cm long, 8 to 10 cm wide, about 8-seeded, the
seeds black, more than one-half enclosed by the orange-red aril. (FI. Filip.
pl. 281.)

Immature specimens in Singalon in cultivation. A widely distributed,
endemic, valuable timber tree, in regions near Manila fl. Aug.—Sept.

19. CYNOMETRA Linnaeus

Erect, usually glabrous shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate, the
leaflets coriaceous, entire, opposite, few, unequal, or the leaves some-
times simple. Flowers numerous, small, bracteate, in axillary fascicles,
short racemes, or corymbs. Calyx-tube very short, disk subbasal, the lobes
4 or 5, oblong, imbricate. Petals 5, oblanceolate, equal. Stamens 10, the
filaments free, exserted. Ovary sessile or short-stalked, 2-ovuled. Pod
turgid or flat, indehiscent, often very thick and usually rugose. (Greek
“dog” and “womb” from the shape of the pod of some species.)

Species 25 or more, in all tropical countries, about 7 in the Philippines.

1. C. simplicifolia Harms.

A tree, reaching a height of 15 m or more, glabrous. Leaves simple,
coriaceous, short-petioled, oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, apex obscurely
acuminate, the base usually rounded, 5 to 9 cm long, green and shining
on the upper surface, the lower surface somewhat glaucous when fresh.
Flowers small, white, in 5 to 10 mm long, many-flewered, axillary racemes.
Petals narrowed below.. Pods 2 to 3 cm long, obliquely oblong, flattened.

In thickets near San Francisco del Monte; rather widely distributed in
the Philippines. Endemic.

Cynometra cauliflora L., a Malayan species, was formerly cultivated in
Manila, but appears no longer to be found here; it is characterized by its
leaves having one pair of leaflets, and its flowers being borne in racemes
that spring from the trunk and larger branches.

; LEGUMINOSAE 237

a PAPILIONATAE
20, AESCHYNOMENE Linnaeus

Erect branched herbs, the leaves with very numerous, close, sensitive,
odd-pinnate, small, linear leaflets. Flowers small, in few-flowered racemes.
Calyx deeply 2-lipped, the lips somewhat toothed. Standard orbicular;
keel not beaked. Stamens in 2 bundles of 5 each. Pod linear, stalked, flat,
4- to 8-seeded, ultimately separating into 1-seeded points. (Greek sone
ashamed,” from the sensitive leaflets.)

Species about 30 in all tropical countries, 1, probably introduced, in
the Philippines.

1. A INDICA L.

An erect, branched, suffrutescent, annual herb 0.3 to 1.2 m high, gla-
brous, the branches green, cylindric. Leaf-rachis 3 to 5 em long, the
leaflets small, linear or oblong, numerous, obtuse, 1-nerved, close, about
5 mm long; stipules lanceolate, 1 em long, deciduous, produced below the
point of attachment. Racemes axillary, short, 1- to 4-flowered. Flowers
about 8 mm long, yellow and purplish. Pod linear-oblong, straight or
curved, 1 to 8 em long, about 3 mm wide, composed of from 4 to 8 joints.

In open wet grass lands, fi. all the year; throughout the Philippines, but
probably introduced. Tropics of the Old World, extending to Japan.

21. ARACHIS Linnaeus

Low, usually prostrate herbs with even-pinnate leaves, the leaflets 2
or 3 pairs, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, crowded in short, axillary
spikes, or pedicelled in the axils of the leaves. Calyx-tube slender, the
4 upper wings oblong; keel incurved, beaked. Filaments united in a
closed tube, some anthers versatile, the alternating ones subbasifixed. Pod
oblong-cylindric, reticulate, indehiscent, torulose but not jointed, maturing
under the surface of the ground. (Ancient Greek name for some legumi-
nous plant.)

Species 7, all tropical American, 1 now cultivated in all warm countries.

*1. A. HYPOGAEA L. Mani (Sp.); Peanut.

An annual, spreading, hairy, branched herb, the stems 30 to 80 cm long.
Leaves & to 12 em long, the base of the petiole clasping, the sheath
produced in 2 linear-lanceolate stipules. Leaflets oblong to obovate, 2 to
5 em long. Flowers axillary, few, fascicled, yellow, about 8 mm long.
Pods ripening under ground, oblong, leathery, reticulate, 1 to 5 em long,
containing from 1 to 3 seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 157.)

Commonly cultivated, fl. Dec.—March. A native of tropical America now
widely distributed in cultivation in most tropical and subtropical countries.

22. ZORNIA Gmelin

Slender annual herbs, gland-dotted, the leaves compound, leaflets in 1
or 2 opposite pairs. Flowers small, in lax racemes, enclosed by lanceolate,
paired bracts. Calyx small, the upper teeth short, connate. Corolla ex-
serted. Stamens monadelphous, the anthers dimorphous. Ovary many-

238 A FLORA OF MANILA

ovuled. Pod of several, rounded, flattened, finely prickly, indehiscent,
1-seeded joints. (In honor of J. Zorn, an early German physician and
botanist. )

Species 10, all of tropical America, except 2; 1, probably introduced,
in the Philippines.

1. Z. DIPHYLLA (L.) Pers.

Glabrous, the stems slender, wiry, branched, spreading or ascending from -
the rather stout root, up to 40 cm in length. Leaflets 2, lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, 1 to 2.5 cm long; stipules lanceolate, produced below the
point of insertion. Racemes 2 to 6 cm long, slender, 3- to 15-flowered.
Flowers small, yellow, quite hidden by the paired, lanceolate, acuminate,
persistent bracts which are 8 to 10 mm long and tailed at the base. Pod
of 2 to 6, round, prickly joints about 2 mm wide.

In open dry grass lands, San Pedro Macati, fil. Nov.—Jan.; of local
occurrence in the Philippines, probably introduced. Most tropical countries,
possibly originating in tropical America.

23. DESMODIUM Desvaux

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees with simple or 3-foliolate stipulate leaves.
Flowers small, white, pink, red, or purplish, in few- to many-flowered
axillary or terminal racemes or umbels, sometimes panicled. Calyx-teeth
longer or shorter than the tube, the upper two often subconnate. Corolla
exserted; standard broad; wings more or less adhering to the usually
obtuse keel. Upper stamen free or partly so, the other 9 united. Ovary
few- to many-ovuled. Pod usually composed of few to many, 1-seeded,
indehiscent, compressed joints, smooth or covered with minute hooked hairs.
(Greek “bond” or “chain,” allusion to the jointed pods.)

Species 130 or more, in all tropical countries, a few in PeeEe regions,
30 in the Philippines.

1. Leaves 3-foliolate.
2. Bracts large, orbicular, persistent, leaf-like, enclosing and concealing
the flowere/(. 0.4. Oe, pee, boa 2 1. D. pulchellum
2. Bracts very small or none.
3. Flowers umbellate, umbels arranged in terminal or axillary pani-
eles >,erect Bhrubs Aint. etic tl. tele ce 2. D. quinquepetalum
3. Flowers not umbellate; herbs or undershrubs.

4. Pods not sinuate, the segments much longer than broad.
3. D. scorpiurus
4, Pods deeply sinuate, spirally twisted, the segments as broad
os JONG) 22.2535.) 5 eee eae tel eae te, pe 4. D. procumbens

4, Pods not deeply sinuate nor spirally twisted.
5. Prostrate or spreading, suffrutescent; leaves silvery-pubescent
beneath; flowers numerous...............--..--0----------- 5. D. capitatum
5. Slender spreading herbs with 1 to 3 flowers in the leaf-axils.
6. Pedicels usually shorter than the petioles; leaflets obovate-
cuneate, truncate or emarginate; branches nearly glabrous.
6. D. triflorum
6. Pedicels longer than the petioles; leaflets usually oblong,
rounded at the apex; branches pubescent with spreading
) 1 | Ne MSL yo SMR EM Neplots ee Bld 7. D. heterophylla
1. Leaves 1-foliolate.

LEGUMINOSAE 939

GomPetielée Droadty -winged::....::....0222 ARO ee at 8. D triquetrum
2. Petioles not winged.
3. Leaflet ovate to oblong-ovate, fettowed to the acute or acuminate
apex.

4. Petioles less than 5 mm long; racemes rather dense; pods pub-
ET EA RS ETE II BE wa 9. D. virgatum
4. Petioles 1 to 2.5 em long; flowers laxly disposed; leaves gray-
pubescent beneath; pods nearly glabrous........ 1Oe kee gangenour

8. Leaflet orbicular-ovate to orbicular, obtuse or rounded.
11. D. lasiocarpum

1. D. pUCHELLUM (L.) Benth. Payang-payang (Tag.).

An erect undershrub 0.5 to 1.5 m high. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets
finely pubescent beneath, the terminal one oblong, 8 to 18 cm long, more
than twice as large as the two lateral ones. Inflorescence terminal and
axillary, 8 to 25 cm long, the flowers umbellate or fascicled, hidden by
the distichous, orbicular bracts which are 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter. Flowers
white, about 6 mm long. Pods oblong, pubescent, usually of 2, rarely
of 1 or 3 joints.

_ In open dry grass lands and thickets, fl. Oct.Jan.; widely distributed
in the Philippines, probably introduced. Tropical Asia to the Mascarene
Islands, Malaya, New Guinea, and Polynesia.

2. D. quinquepetalum (Blanco) Merr. Payispis, Baquisquis (Tag.).

An erect branched shrub or small tree 2 to 7 m high, nearly glabrous
or somewhat pubescent. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong-ovate to lan-
ceolate-ovate, sharply acuminate, prominently nerved, 3 to 9 cm long.
Inflorescence paniculate, terminal and axillary, 10 to 35 cm long, pubescent,
the flowers in racemosely arranged 2- to 7-flowered umbels. Flowers white,
fragrant, 1.5 cm long, very numerous. Pods oblong, curved, consisting
of from 38 to 6 joints.

In thickets Masambong, Fort McKinley, etc., fl. Sept—Nov.; widely
distributed in Luzon. Endemic.

3. D. scorPIuRUS (Sw.) Desv. :

A prostrate or ascending, slender, often widely spreading, somewhat
hirsute annual. Leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets elliptic to oblong-elliptic,
rounded, 1.5 to 3.5 em long, the terminal one larger than the lateral ones.
Racemes terminal, slender, distantly few-flowered. Flowers pale-purplish,
about 4 mm long. Pods slender, green, 2 to 5 em long, less than 2 mm
wide, pubescent, of from 3 to 8 joints, which are much longer than wide,
scarcely constricted between the joints.

In open dry places, old walls, cliffs, etc., fl. all the year; widely distrib-,
uted in the Philippines. A native of tropical America; introduced and
naturalized here and in Polynesia, but not reported from any other part
of the Orient.

4. D. PROCUMBENS (Mill.) A. S. Hitche. (D. spirale DC.).

An erect, nearly or quite glabrous, slender, annual herb 0.5 to 1. m
high. Leaves petioled, 8-foliolate; leaflets ovate-oblong to lanceolate, ob-
tuse, 1 to 6 cm long, the terminal one longer than the lateral ones. Racemes
axillary and terminal, lax, slender, 8 to 20 cm long. Flowers usually in
scattered pairs, yellowish-green, about 2.5 mm long, their pedicels long
and slender. Pod 1 cm long or less, slender, 4 to 6-jointed, spirally twisted,
the joints about as long as broad.

240 A FLORA OF MANILA

In thickets, open waste lands, etc., San Pedro Macati, Tondo, etc., fl.
Sept._May; local in the Philippines and certainly introduced; undoubtedly
a native of tropical America, now in many tropical countries.

5. D. capitatum (Burm.) DC. Manimani, Manimanihan (Tag.).

A somewhat woody plant, the branches prostrate and spreading or
somewhat ascending, up to 1 m in length, all parts more or less white-
pubescent, at least when young. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets broadly obo-
vate, base wedge-shaped, apex rounded, truncate or retuse, 1.5 to 4 cm
long, silky-pubescent with white hairs beneath. Racemes numerous, axil-
lary and terminal, dense, many-flowered, 2 to 5 cm long. Flowers pale-
purple, about 6 mm long. Pods numerous, 1 to 2 cm long, veined, somewhat
pubescent, consisting of from 3 to 6 joints.

In open grass lands Caloocan to Fort McKinley, fil. Nov._Jan.; widely
distributed in the Philippines, possibly introduced. India to Malaya.

6. D. TRIFLORUM (L.) DC.

A slender, prostrate, branched, somewhat hairy herb, the stems 10 to 30
cm long. Leaves 3-foliolate, small, the stipules brown, acuminate. Leaf-
lets oblong-elliptic to obovate, usually retuse, 7 to 15 mm long. Flowers
purplish, about 6 mm long, axillary, solitary or 2 or 3 together, the pedicels
slender, about 1 cm long. Pod 5 to 12 mm long, of 2 to 6 joints.

In open dry grass lands, lawns, waste places, etc., common, fl. most of the
year; throughout the Philippines, undoubtedly introduced. Cosmopolitan
in the tropics.

7. D. HETEROPHYLLUM (Willd.) DC.

A prostrate, spreading, slender plant, the stems clothed with long,
spreading hairs, branched, 10 to 40 cm long. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets
oblong,: elliptic, or obovate-oblong, apex rounded, 1 to 2 cm long, hairy
beneath. Pedicels axillary, slender, much longer than the petioles, 1- or
few-fiowered. Flowers purple, 5 to 6 mm long. Pods about 1.5 cm long,
of 4 or 5 joints, the joints as broad as long, the upper suture continuous, the
lower indented.

In open grass lands Santa Mesa, Masambong, etc., fl. Oct.Jan.; of very
local occurrence in the Philippines, undoubtedly introduced. India to the
Mascarene Islands, China, and Malaya.

8. D. TRIQUETRUM (L.) DC.

An erect, branched, suffrutescent herb or a shrub 1 to 2m high. Leaves
simple, oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, 10 to 25 cm long; petiole 2 to 3
em long, prominently winged. Racemes terminal and axillary, up to 30
em in length. Flowers numerous, purplish, about 5 mm long. Pods 2 to
5 em long, the joints 6 to 8, nearly square.

Cementerio del Norte, fl. Oct.—Dec.; of local occurrence in the Philippines.
Indix to the Mascarene Islands, China, Malaya, and northern Australia.

9. D. virgatum Zoll.

A slender, erect, simple or somewhat branched undershrub less than 1
m high, more or less pubescent. Leaves simple, ovate to oblong-ovate,
acute to acuminate, 7 to 14 cm long, appressed-pubescent beneath, the
petioles short, pubescent, about 6 mm long. Racemes terminal and axillary,
erect, many-flowered, slender, 6 to 20 cm long. Flowers white, usually

LEGUMINOSAE 241

tinged with pink, 4 to 5 mm long. Pod pubescent, slightly curved or
faleate, 1 to nearly 2 cm long, consisting of from 3 to 7 joints. (FI. Filip.
pl. 387, D. gangeticum.)

In thickets, Masambong, fl. Nov.—Jan.; of local occurrence in Luzon and
Palawan. Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and Java.

10. D. GANGETICUM (L.) DC.

An erect or ascending, suffrutescent, somewhat branched plant usually
about 1 m high, the stems slender, somewhat angular and grayish-pubescent.
Leaves simple, the petiole 1.5 to 2 cm long, the blades oblong-ovate, acute,
base rounded, grayish-pubescent beneath, 6 to 13 cm long, 3.5 to 7 cm wide.
Racemes lateral and terminal, ascending, slender, up to 30 cm long.
Flowers numerous pale-greenish, about 4 mm long. Pods numerous, some-
what curved, crowded, 1.5 to 8 em long, about 3 mm wide, consisting of
from 4 to 10 joints, pubescent.

In open, rather dry lands, San Pedro Macati, etc., fl. most of the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines, undoubtedly introduced. Tropical
Africa, and Asia, extending to Australia and Polynesia.

11. D. LAstocarpuM (Beauv.) DC. (D. latifolium DC.).

An erect, somewhat branched, suffrutescent herb or undershrub 1 m
high or less, densely and softly pubescent. Leaves simple, rarely 3-foliolate
with a pair of much reduced lateral leaflets, coriaceous, broadly ovate,
rounded or obtuse, base broadly rounded or subcordate, 4 to 8 cm long.
Racemes axillary and terminal, erect, solitary, densely many-flowered, 5 to
10 cm long. Flowers pink-purple, 4 to 5 mm long. Pods 1.5 to 2 cm long,
linear, about 5-jointed, slightly curved, densely covered with spreading,
hooked hairs.

In open dry places near Fort McKinley, fl. Nov._Dec.; widely distributed
in the Philippines, probably introduced. Tropical Africa, Asia, and Malaya;
introduced in the West Indies.

24. ALYSICARPUS Necker

Erect or spreading, branched, annual herbs. Leaves simple, stipellate,
suborbicular to linear. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal racemes.
Calyx deeply toothed, the upper 2 teeth often connate. Corolla not
exserted; standard broad; keel obtuse, adhering to the wings. Stamens
diadelphous. Ovary sessile or subsessile, many-ovuled. Pod cylindric or
turgid, composed of several, indehiscent, 1-seeded joints. (Greek “chain”
and “fruit,” in allusion to the jointed pods.)

Species about 15 in the tropics of the Old World, 3 in the Philippines,
possibly all introduced.

1. Leaves linear to lanceolate-linear; pods smooth; calyx equaling several

Soames: of “thie; pOdig8 bia eee. 4es 012 SS 1. A. bupleurifolius

1. Leaves suborbicular to oblong or oblong-lanceolate; calyx as long as the
first or the first two joints of the pod.

2. Erect or suberect often 1 m high; pods quite glabrous.. 2. A. vaginalis

2. Prostrate or spreading; pods pubescent.............. 3. A. nummularifolius

1. A. buplurifolius (L.) DC.

An erect, slender, branched, somewhat wiry herb 25 to 50 cm high.
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 2 to 5 cm long; stipules lanceolate-
acuminate, brown, 8 mm long or less. Racemes terminal, slender, inter-

111555——-16

242 A FLORA OF MANILA ,

rupted, 10 to 15 cm long, the flowers in pairs, 6 mm long, the pedicels very
short. Calyx teeth twice as long as the tube. Pods 1 cm long or less,
composed of 4 to 6, glabrous, smooth joints.

In open grass lands, San Pedro Macati, common, fl. Oct._Feb.; of local
occurrence in the Philippines. India to China, Malaya, and Polynesia.

2. A. vaginalis (L.) DC.

An erect or ascending, branched herb reaching a length of 1 to 1.5 m,
sparingly pubescent and hirsute. Leaves elliptic, retuse or rounded, 1.5
to 5 cm long. Flowers as in the next species. Pods cylindric, glabrous,
rugose, 1.5 to 2 em long, composed of from 4 to 7 joints.

In open grass lands near Fort McKinley, fl. Aug.—Feb.; of local occur-
rence in the Philippines. Range of the next species to which it is very
closely allied, differing in its much larger size and glabrous pods.

3. A. nummularifolius (L.) DC. Malacalisquis, Banig-usa, Manimanihan
(Tag.).

A usually spreading or prostrate, rarely ascending, branched, nearly
glabrous herb, the stems sometimes nearly 1 m long, often much shorter,
the branchlets pubescent. Leaves exceedingly variable, elliptic to oblong
or lanceolate, obtuse, rounded, or acute, 1 to 4 cm long, 0.5 to 1.5 em wide.
Racemes terminal, 2 to 3 cm long. Flowers pink-purple, 6 mm long,
usually rather densely arranged. Pods mostly crowded, 1 to 2 cm long,
2.5 mm thick, composed of from 3 to 6, somewhat rugose, pubescent joints.

In open waste places, grass lands, etc. common, fl. more or less all the
year; throughout the Philippines. Tropics of the Old World; introduced in
America.

25. URARIA Desvaux

Herbaceous or suffrutescent perennial herbs, erect or spreading. Leaves
1- to 3-foliolate, leaflets stipellate. Flowers numerous, small, in dense
cylindric or spike-like racemes. Calyx-tube short, the upper 2 teeth short,
the lower 3 usually elongated, setaceous. Standard broad; wings adhering
to the keel. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary few-ovuled;
style slender, inflexed. Pod small, of 2 to 6, swollen, 1-seeded, indehiscent
joints. (Greek “tail.”)

Species 8, India to China, southward to Australia, 2 in the Philippines.

1. U. lagopodioides (L.) Don.

A pubescent, spreading or trailing plant, the stems branched, up to
60 cm in length, the flowering branches erect or ascending. Leaves 1- and
8-foliolate, often intermixed, the stipules linear or setaceous; leaflets
orbicular to elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, rounded or subacute, apiculate,
1 to 6 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, the flowers pale-purple, in very
dense, cylindric, ovoid to oblong, pubescent racemes, 3 to 8 cm long, usually
about 2 em thick, the bracts ciliate, ovate to lanceolate, long-acuminate,
8 to 12 mm long. Lower calyx-teeth elongate, ciliate, the pedicels densely
ciliate. Corolla about 6 mm long. Pod with 1 or 2 ellipsoid, swollen,
shining, 3 mm long joints.

In open dry grass lands, Masambong, San Pedro Macati, etc., 4. Apr.
Dec.; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to China, southward
to Australia and Polynesia.

LEGUMINOSAE 243

26. LOUREA Necker

_ Erect or spreading herbs with thin, stipellate, 1- to 3-foliolate leaves.
Flowers in terminal, simple or panicled racemes. Calyx thin, campanulate,
enlarged in fruit, the teeth lanceolate, as long as the tube. Corolla equaling
or longer than the calyx; standard broad; keel obtuse. Stamens diadel-
phous. Ovary few-ovuled; style ‘inflexed, slender. Pod of few, small,
distinct, 1-seeded, smooth, veined joints, included in the calyx.

Species 4, India to China, Malaya, and Australia, 2 in the Philippines,
the following introduced.

* 1. L. VESPERTILIONIS (L.) Desv.

Erect, slender, about 60 cm high, the upper parts finely pubescent.
Leaves with 1, rarely 3 leaflets, green, mottled or clowded with white, the
end one several times broader than long, 4 to 7 em wide, usually less
than 1 em long, the halves linear to lanceolate, spreading, apex broadly
marginate. Racemes slender 3 to 12 cm long. Flowers small. Calyx in
fruit about 1 cm long. Pod of 4 or 5 joints. (FI. Filip. pl. 201.)

Occasionally cultivated in Singalon for ornamental purposes. A native
of India, now widely distributed in the tropics, wild or cultivated.

27. INDIGOFERA Linnaeus

Erect branched herbs, shrubs, or small trees, more or less pubescent.
Leaves pinnate, sometimes simple or 3-foliolate. Flowers small, in many-
flowered, axillary racemes. Calyx small, campanulate, 5-toothed, the teeth
subequal or the lowest one longest. Standard obovate, the keel straight,
spurred on each side near the base. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary few-
to many-ovuled; style short; stigma capitate, usually penicillate. Pod
usually linear-cylindric, often curved. (So named because some species
yield indigo.)

Species about 300 in all tropical regions, 8 in the Philippines.

1. Pods densely hirsute with spreading hairs; densely pubescent plants.
1. J. hirsuta
1. Pods glabrous or nearly so, not hirsute; nearly glabrous plants.
2. Pods much curved, 1 to 1.5 em long, 6- to 8-seeded.... 2. J. suffruticosa
2. Pods straight or curved only at the apex, 2 to 3 cm long, 8- to 12-seeded.
3. I. tinctoria
1. I. HIRSUTA L. Tayom-tayoman (Tag.).

An erect, branched, annual, suffrutescent herb 0.4 to 1 m high, the
stems reddish-brown, covered with spreading brown or purplish hairs.
Leaves 8 to 15 cm long, the stipules linear, hirsute, 1 em long; leaflets
5 to 11, obovate, pubescent, pale, beneath, 1.5 to 3 cm long. Racemes
axillary, dense, 6 to 20 cm long, hirsute. Flowers about 6 mm long, the
calyx hirsute, the corolla reddish-purple, slightly exserted. Pods straight,
reflexed, 1.5 to 2.5 em long, about 2.5 mm wide, covered with brown,
spreading hairs.

In open grass lands, waste places, etc. fl. most of the year; widely
distributed in the Philippines, but surely introduced here. Tropics generally.

2. I. SUFFRUTICOSA Mill. (J. anil L.). Tayom (Tag.); Indigo.
An erect, branched, suffrutescent plant 1 m high or less, slightly pubes-
cent with short, appressed hairs. Leaves 5 to 8 cm long; leaflets 9 to 11,

244 A FLORA OF MANILA

oblong to elliptic-oblong, apiculate, 1 to 2 cm long, pale and appressed-
pubescent beneath. Racemes axillary, solitary, 2 to 3 cm long. Flowers
red, about 5 mm long, corolla long-exserted. Pods numerous, crowded,
refiexed, strongly curved, 1 to 1.5 cm long, 6- to 8-seeded, slightly appressed-
pubescent with very short hairs.

In open waste places, San Pedro Macati, etc., fl. most of the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines. A native of tropical America, now
found in many other tropical countries. ;

8. I. TINCTORIA L. Tayom (Tag.); Indigo.

An erect, slightly pubescent shrub, 1 to 1.5 m high. Leaves 6 to 10
em long; leaflets 9 to 13, obovate-oblong, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long. Racemes
rather lax, sessile, 2 to 6 cm long. Flowers reddish or reddish-yelow,
small. Pods spreading or reflexed, straight or nearly so, 2 to 3 cm long,
8- to 12-seeded. (FI. Filip. pl. 163.)

In thickets and waste places, Pasig, fl. ‘Aug. —Dec. and probably in other

months; widely distributed in the Philippines but certainly introduced.
Formerly, like the preceding species, extensively cultivated for indigo.
Tropics generally.

27. TEPHROSIA Persoon

Herbs or undershrubs, erect or spreading, with odd-pinnate leaves,
the leaflets opposite, usually pubescent. Racemes leaf-opposed. Flowers
usually small, numerous. Calyx-tube campanulate, the teeth subequal.
Petals clawed; standard suborbicular; keel incurved. Stamens diadel-
phous; anthers obtuse. Ovary linear, many-ovuled; style incurved; stigma
capitate, often penicillate. Pod linear, flat, 2-valved, many-seeded. (Greek
“ash-colored,” from the gray pubescence of many species.)

Species about 100 in the tropics of both hemispheres, 4 in the Philip-
pines.

1. T. dichotoma Desv. Balabalatungan (Tag.).

An erect or ascending, branched, shrubby or suffrutescent plant 1 m high
or less, all parts pubescent. Leaves 5 to 10 cm long, odd-pinnate; leaflets
5 to 21, narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, mucronate, base cuneate, 1 to 2.7
em long, the lower surface pubescent with appressed pale hairs. Racemes
short, dense, axillary, many-flowered. Flowers pink-purple, about 7 mm
long. Pods many, straight or slightly curved, narrowly oblong, pubescent,
2.5 to 3.5 cm long, about 4 mm wide, containing 7 to-12 seeds. (Fl. Filip.
pl. 162, T. luzoniensis.)

In open waste places, occasional, fl. most of the year; wapscnd distributed
in Luzon. Endemic.

29. MILLETTIA Wight & Arnott

Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers
showy, in axillary, simple, often fascicled racemes or in terminal panicles.
Calyx campanulate, truncate or with short teeth. Corolla exserted, the
petals clawed; standard broad; keel not beaked. Stamens monadelphous
or diadelphous. Ovary linear, few-ovuled; style incurved; stigma capitate.
Pod linear to oblong, usually flat, few-seeded, indehiscent or tardily so.
(In honor of Doctor Millet, an English physician.)

Species 60 or more in the tropics of the Old World, 6 or more in the ~
Philippines. .

LEGUMINOSAE 245

1. M. merrillii Perk.

A glabrous shrub or small tree fonbtis a height of 8 to 10 m. Leaves
15 to 22 cm long. Leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, 4 to 8 cm
long. Racemes axillary, about as long as the leaves. Flowers pink to
purple, about 12 mm long, the calyx cup-shaped, truncate. Pod oblong
to oblong-oblanceolate, flat, 9 to 138 em long, about 1 em wide, acuminate.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 79, M. xylocarpa.)

In thickets, Masambong, near San Pedro Macati, etc., fl. Feb.—Apr.; of
local occurrence in the Philippines. Endemic.

30. GLIRICIDIA Humbolt, Bonpland, & Kunth

Trees with odd-pinnate leaves, the leaflets entire, often mottled when ~
dry, not stipellate. Flowers in axillary racemes, often from the branches
below the leaves. Calyx-teeth short, the upper 2 subconnate. Standard
broad, reflexed; wings falcate-oblong, free; keel incurved, obtuse. Vexillary
stamen free, the others united in a sheath. Ovary many-ovuled. Pods
stipitate, flat, 2-valved, the valves coriaceous.

Species 3 or 4 in tropical America, 1 introduced in the Philippines at
an early date and now widely distributed here.

1. G. SEPIUM (Jacq.) Steud. (G. maculata HBK.). Madre cacao; Cacauate
(Sp.-Fil.).

A glabrous deciduous tree 3 to 10 m high. Leaves 15 to 25 cm long;
leaflets about 13, opposite, oblong-ovate, slightly acuminate, blunt, base
usually rounded, 4 to 6 cm long, rather pale beneath, green and shining on
the upper surface. Racemes numerous on the leafless branches, densely
many-flowered, solitary in the axils of fallen leaves, 4 to 8 em long.
Flowers 2 cm long, pink, the calyx truncate. Standard reflexed, retuse,
pale-yellow in the median part. Pods narrowly oblong to oblanceolate,
10 to 14 cm long, about 2 cm wide, flat, 6- to 8-seeded, tardily dehiscent.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 250, Galedupa pungam.)

In thickets, hedge rows, etc., very common, fl. Dec.—Apr.; throughout
the Philippines in and about towns. A native of Mexico, introduced here
at early date and thoroughly naturalized; not reported from any other
part of the Orient.

31. CLITOREA Linnaeus

Scandent, somewhat woody vines with showy white or blue flowers and
pinnately 5- to 7-foliolate leaves, the leaflets stipellate. Flowers solitary,
axillary, the peduncles with 2 small bracts and 2 large bracteoles. Calyx
thin, tubular, 5-lobed. Corolla exserted, the standard shaped like the bowl
of a spoon, very much larger than the wings and incurved keel. Stamens
monadelphous or diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary stalked, many-
ovuled. Pod linear, flattened.

Species about 30, mostly in the tropics of the New World, one in the
Philippines.

1. C. TERNATEA L.

A scandent vine, the stems sometimes 1 cm in diameter. Leaflets 5 to
7, elliptic to oblong, obtuse, 3 to 7 cm long, the stipels small, acicular.
Flowers solitary, the bracts oblong, about 2 mm long, the bracteoles green,
roundish, 5 to 8 mm long. Calyx green, 1.5 em long. Corolla 3.5 to 4 em
long, the standard deep-blue with a white or yellowish center, pale-blue, or

246 A FLORA OF MANILA

nearly white. Pod 5 to 10 cm long, flat, 6- to 10-seeded. (FI. Filip.
pl. 301.)

Quite common in thickets, ‘ites cultivated; throughout the Philippines,
but certainly introduced. Cosmopolitan in the tropics.

32. PAROSELA Cavanilles :

Erect, branched, glandular-punctate herbs with alternate, odd-pinnate
leaves, the leaflets small, numerous. Flowers blue or purplish, in dense,
terminal, peduncled, or subsessile, head-like spikes. Calyx-teeth subequal.
Standard broad, clawed, base of the limb cordate or auricled; wings and
keel usually longer than the standard, their claws usually adnate to the
staminal tube. Stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous. Pods membranaceous,
included in the calyx, usually 1-seeded and indehiscent. (Anagram of
Psoralea, an allied genus.)

Species 100 or more mostly in North America, few in South America,
1 Mexican species introduced and thoroughly naturalized here.

1. P. GLANDULOSA (Blanco) Merr. (Psoralia nigra Mart. & Gal.). Dura
(Tag.).

An erect, branched, nearly or quite glabrous herb 30 to 60 cm high, the
stems reddish or purplish. Leaves about 3 cm long; leaflets linear to
narrowly oblong, obtuse, 4 to 10 mm long, prominently glandular-punctate
beneath. Spikes dense, capitate ovoid to oblong, 1 to 2 cm long. Flowers
very numerous, each substended by a lanceolate, long-acuminate, pubescent,
glandular, 6 to 7 mm long bract. Calyx greenish, hirsute. Corolla, includ-
ing the slender white tube, about 7 mm long, the limb blue, exserted. Pod
small, pubescent.

Very common in open dry lands, San Pedro Macati, etc., fi. Sept._Feb.;
locally common in Luzon. A native of Mexico thoroughly naturalized here,
but not reported from any other part of the Orient.

83. PTEROCARPUS Linnaeus

Trees with odd-pinnate leaves, the leaflets ovate, entire, alternate.
Flowers yellow, in axillary panicled racemes, the pedicels jointed at the
apex. Calyx turbinate, curved in bud, the teeth short. Petals exserted,
long-clawed, the standard and wings crisped. Staminal sheath slit above
and below or only above, the upper stamen often nearly or quite free.
Ovary. 2-ovuled; style incurved. Pod orbicular, usually 1-seeded, indehis-
cent, surrounded by a broad wing. (Greek “wing” and “fruit.’’)

Species 15 or more, cosmopolitan in the tropics, 3 in the Philippines.

Eb OT + ies LE a Aaa A = SCs ha Ralaat ead 2a 1 Ean ena B 1. P. indicus
Pods covered with slender spreading spines.....................--.-.-.---- 2. P. echinatus

1. P. indicus Willd. Narra (Tag.); Naga (Vis.).

A tree reaching a height of 25 m or more. Leaves 15 to 30 em long;
leaflets 7 to 11, ovate to oblong-ovate, blunt-acuminate, 5 to 10 cm long,
alternate, shining. Panicles axillary, branched. Flowers numerous, yellow,
about 1.5 em long. Young pods pubescent, glabrous or nearly so when
mature, orbicular to obovate, including the wing 4 to 5.5 cm long, the wing
1 to 1.5 cm wide, more or less reticulate and undulate, very shortly beaked.
(Fl. Filip pl. 205.)

A single tree in the old Botanical Garden, fl. Apr—May; widely distributed
in the Philippines. India to China, Malaya, and Polynesia.

» a

LEGUMINOSAE 247

2. P. echinatus Pers. Narra (Tag.); Naga (Vis.).
Very similar to the preceding, differing in that part of the pod opposite
the seeds being covered with slender, spreading, straight spines.
A few trees in Singalon, fl. June-July; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. Celebes.
34. DALBERGIA Linnaeus fils

Climbing shrubs or erect trees. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets alternate.
Flowers small, numerous, in terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx cam-
panulate, with 5 short teeth. Corolla exserted; standard broad; keel obtuse,
its petals joined at the tip. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous, or the sheath
slit down one side. Ovary stalked, few-ovuled; style short, curved, gla-
brous. Pod oblong or strap-shaped, usually thin and flat, 1- to 4-seeded,
indehiscent, sutures not winged. (In honor of N. Dalberg, a Danish phys-
ician.) ;

A large genus of wide distribution in the tropics, 6 or 7 in the Philippines.

1. D. ferruginea Roxb.

A climbing shrub reaching a height of several meters, the younger parts
brown-pubescent, often becoming nearly glabrous when old. Leaves 10 to
20 cm long; leaflets 15 to 21, elliptic-oblong or oblong, apex rounded or
retuse, base slightly oblique, 1.5 to 4 cm long. Panicles axillary and ter-
minal, forming a leafy inflorescence. Flowers pink, white, or yellowish,
about 5 to 7 mm long. Pods 3 to 7 cm long, 1.5 cm wide or less, 1- to 3-
seeded, stalked, oblong to strap-shaped, the parts opposite the seeds thick-
ened, the other parts thin.

In thickets, Masambong, fl. March—June; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. Borneo to New Guinea and the Caroline Islands.

35. PONGAMIA Ventenant

Glabrous trees with odd-pinnate leaves, the flowers in axillary racemes.
Calyx campanulate or cup-shaped, truncate or subtruncate. Corolla ex-
serted, the standard broad, the keel obtuse. Stamens monadelphous, the
upper filaments free nearly to the base. Ovary 2-ovuled; style incurved.
Pod woody, flattened, oblong, indehiscent, not winged or thickened along the
margins. (From its Indian name.)

A single variable species.

1. P. mitis (L.) Merr. (P. glabra Vent.). Balic-balic (Tag.).

A tree 8 to 25 m high, glabrous throughout. Leaves 20 to 25 em long;
leaflets 5 to 7, ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, 6 to 15 cm long, the
terminal one larger than the others. Racemes in the upper axils, 15 to 20
em long. Flowers numerous, purplish, pink or nearly white, about 1.5 cm
long. Pod woody, glabrous, oblong, 5 to 7 cm long, 5 to 8 mm thick, shortly
beaked at the apex. (FI. Filip. pl. 417.) .

Along tidal streams and near the sea, fl. Oct., and probably in other
months; throughout the Philippines in similar habitats. India to the
Seychelles, Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia.

36. DERRIS Loureiro

Scandent or more rarely erect shrubs or small trees. Leaves odd-pinnate,
the leaflets not stipellate. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal racemes
or panicles. Calyx nearly truncate. Corolla much exserted. Stamens
usually monadelphous or the upper one free. Ovary sessile, few-ovuled.

248 A FLORA OF MANILA

Pods rather rigid, flat, indehiscent, oblong or strap-shaped, with a distinct
wing down one or both sutures. (Greek “membrane” from the thin pods
of some species.)

Species about 40, in most tropical countries, about 12 in the Philippines.

1. Vexillary filament free throughout; flowers solitary on the nodes of the

inflorescenee..5 62-2. canine teeta eae 1. D. diadelpha

1. Vexillary filament more or less united with the others; flowers fascicled
on the usually thickened nodes of the inflorescence. ‘

2. Leaflets 9 to 13; pods 4 to 6 cm long, about 1 em wide.... 2. D. scandens

2. Leaflets 3 to 7; pods 2.5 to 5 cm long, 2 to 3 em wide.... 3. D. trifoliata

1. D. diadelpha (Blanco) Merr. (D. sinuata Thwaites). Tibalao, Baga-
rilao (Tag.).

A scandent shrub 2-to 8 m high. Leaves 15 to 30 cm lott leaflets
large, 7 to 11, oblong to oblong-ovate, broadly acuminate, 6 to 15 cm long.
Panicles about as long as the leaves, pubescent. Flowers numerous, white,
about 1.5 cm long, the calyx pubescent. Vexillary filament entirely free
from the others. Pods 4 to 12 cm long, about 2 cm wide, rather hard,
narrowly winged down one suture, containing from 1 to 4 seeds. (FI. Filip.
pl. 336, D. floribunda.)

In thickets near Caloocan, occasional, fl. Apr—June; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Ceylon and India to Indo-China and Malaya.

2. D. scandens (Roxb.) Benth.

A scandent shrub 3 to 6 m high, somewhat ferruginous-pubescent or
nearly glabrous. Leaves odd-pinnate, about 15 cm long. Leaflets 9 to
18, oblong-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2 to 6 cm long, 1 to 2.5 ecm wide,
apex broadly acuminate, usually retuse. Racemes axillary, few- to many-
flowered, longer than the leaves, the flowers usually fasciculate on the
very short lateral branches. Calyx dull-purple, somewhat oblique, 3 mm
long. Corolla white, about 1 cm long. Pods flattened, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, 4 to 6 cm long, about 1 cm wide, with
a narrow wing along the dorsal suture, containing from 1 to 3 seeds. (FI.
Filip. pl. 232, Galedupa frutescens.)

In thickets, Malate, Malinta, etc., fl. June-Sept.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. India to China, Malaya, and northern Australia.

3. D. trifoliata Lour. (D. uliginosa Roxb.).

A seandent glabrous shrub reaching a length of 8 m or less. Leaves
10 to 20 cm long; leaflets shining, oblong-ovate, acuminate, 3 to 7, very
variable in size, 4 to 18 em long. Inflorescence of simple, axillary racemes
or narrow panicles, 5 to 10 cm long. Flowers white, often tinged with
violet, 8 to 10 mm long. Pods subrhomboid to broadly oblong, 2.5 to 5
em long, 2 to 3 cm wide, glabrous, 1- or 2-seeded, prominently veined,
with a narrow wing along the upper suture. (Fl. Filip. pl. 161, D. for-
stenianda.)

In thickets along the tidal sbiditenth fl. more or less all the year; along
the seashore and tidal streams throughout the Philippines. Tropical Africa
and Asia, through Malaya to Australia and Polynesia.

37. PISUM Linnaeus

Annual herbs with equally pinnate leaves, ending in a branched tendril,
the stipules large, leaf-like. Flowers white, axillary, solitary, pedicelled.

- LEGUMINOSAE 249

Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla exserted, the
standard very broad, the keel shorter than the wings. Stamens diadel-
phous, the mouth of the tube truncate. Ovary many-ovuled; style thick,
compressed. Pods strongly inflated, the valves rather thin. Seeds several,
globose. (From the ancient Greek name.)

Species 6 in Europe and Asia, a single cultivated one in the Philippines.

*1. P. sativum L. Chicharo (Sp.); Pea.

An ascending, somewhat glaucous, glabrous, annual plant 0.5 m high or
less. Leaves alternate, ending in branched tendrils; leaflets 4 or 6, oblong
or elliptic-oblong, blunt or apiculate, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, the stipules larger
than the leaflets, obliquely oblong or ovate, up to 3 cm long, base denticulate,
rounded and half-clasping the stem. Flowers write, 1.5 to 2 cm long. Pods
inflated, 4 to 8 em long.

Grown from imported seed for the local market, fl. Dec.-Apr. A native
of Europe, now cultivated in all temperate and some tropical countries.

38. ABRUS Linnaeus

Slender, climbing, somewhat woody vines with odd-pinnate leaves. Leaf-
lets small, numerous. Racemes rather dense, peduncled, axillary, many-
flowered. Flowers small, pink or purplish. Calyx-teeth short. Standard
ovate, below adhering to the staminal-tube; wings narrow; keel arched.
Stamens 9, the filaments united in a tube which is slit above, the 10th
wanting. Ovary many-ovuled, style short. Pod oblong, flat or turgid;
seeds black or black and red. (Greek “elegant,” in allusion to the shining
red and black seeds.)

Species about 5, cosmopolitan in the tropics, 2 in the Philippines.

Pods oblong, turgid, 2.5 to 5 cm long, 3- to 6-seeded, the seeds red and black.
1. A. precatorius

Pod narrowly-oblong, thin, flat, 6 to 8 cm long, 6- to 12-seeded, the seeds black.
2. A. laevigatus

1. A. precatorius L. Saga, Saga-saga (Tag.).

A slender, scandent, branched, annual vine reaching a length of 9 m or
less, sparingly pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves 5 to 10 cm long.
Leafiets 20 to 40, oblong, mucronate, thin, 1 to 3 cm long. Racemes axillary,
usually shorter than the leaves. Flowers numerous, often crowded, pink
to pale-purple or salmon, about 1 em long. Pods oblong, turgid, 2.5
to 5 em long, about 1.5 cm wide. Seeds 3 to 5, shining, 6 mm long, half
black, half scarlet. (FI. Filip. pl. 156.)

In thickets, occasional, fl. Aug—Apr.; common and widely distributed
in the Philippines, possibly introduced. Tropics generally.

2. A. laevigatus E. Mey. (A. pulchellus Wall.).
A slender twining vine reaching a height of 1.5 to 3 m. Leaves 5 to 10

. em long, the leaflets 8 to 16 pairs, oblong, rounded, apiculate, 1 to 2.5 em

long, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers numerous, pink, 7 to 8 mm long.
Pod thin, flat, smooth, somewhat curved, 6 to 8 cm long. Seeds 6 to 12,
black.

In thickets, San Pedro Macati, fi. Oct.-Dec.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. India to Africa and Malaya.

250 A FLORA OF MANILA

39. SESBANIA Scopoli

Erect, branched, suffrutescent herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves long,
narrow, evenly pinnate, with numerous, oblong or linear-oblong, small,
obtuse, mucronate leaflets. Flowers in few-flowered, axillary racemes,
small to very large. Calyx campanulate, shallowly 2-lipped or 5-toothed.
Corolla much exserted, white or yellow; petals long-clawed; standard broad;
keel straight or recurved. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary linear, many-
ovuled; style incurved. Pods very long and narrow, septate between the
seeds, dehiscent, the seeds very numerous. (From the Arabic name of
one species.)

Species about 20 in all tropical countries, 3 in the Philippines.

1. Trees with very large flowers 7 to 8 cm long, white or tinged with pink
OF PCG 6 eS Ck oe ee ee eee 1. S. grandiflora
1. Suffrutescent herbs or shrub-like; flowers small, yellow.
2. Flowers about 1 cm long, with numerous purplish spots and dashes;
pods erect, or spreading: s: 05,52 os ee 2. S. cannabina
. Flowers about 1.5 cm long,.uniformly GaNewes pods pendulous.
3. S. sesban

1. S. GRANDIFLORA (L.) Pers. Caturay (Tag.); Gauay-gauay (Vis.).

A glabrous tree 5 to 12 m high. Leaves 20 to 30 cm long. Leaflets 20
to 40 pairs, oblong, obtuse, pale-green, 2.5 to 3.5 em long. Racemes short,
axillary. Flowers few, very large, white, 7 to 9 cm long. Calyx green,
subtruncate or very shallowly 2-lipped. Pods pendulous, linear, 20 to 60
cm long, 7 to 8 mm wide, somewhat ioe many-seeded. (FI. Filip.
pl. 291.)

Not uncommon in cultivation and half-wild, fi. Oct.Apr.; throughout
the Philippines in settled regions and certainly not indigenous, but of
prehistoric introduction. India to Mauritius, Malaya, and Australia, often
only cultivated.

2. S. CANNABINA (Retz.) Pers. Balacbac (Tag.).

A coarse, erect, branched, suffrutescent, annual herbaceous plant reaching
a height of 3 m, with few, scattered, appressed hairs or nearly glabrous.
Leaves 20 to 30 cm long, abruptly pinnate, the leaflets 30 to 40, narrowly
oblong, obtuse or retuse, apiculate, 1 to 3 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide.
Racemes axillary, 3 to 5 cm long, elongated in fruit, 3- to 6-flowered.
Flowers nearly 1.5 cm long, the calyx green, tinged with purple. Petals
yellow, the standard with numerous dots and splashes of dark-purple on
the back, retuse, reflexed, nearly 1.5 cm wide. Pods pendulous, straight
or somewhat curved, 15 to 20 cm long, about 3 mm wide, sharply pointed,
containing from 25 to 35 seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 405, S. aegyptiaca.)

In open, usually rather wet lands, scattered, fi. more or less throughout
the year; widely distributed in the Philippines, surely introduced. India to
the Malay Peninsula and Java.

3. S. SESBAN (L.) Merr. (S. aegyptiaca Pers.).

An erect, branched, stout, shrubby plant 2 to 3 m high, slightly ap-
pressed-pubescent. Leaves 10 to 20 cm long; leaflets oblong, rounded,
apiculate or mucronate, 2 to 3 cm long, 10 to 20 pairs. Racemes axillary,
about 10 ecm long, few-flowered above the middle. Flowers uniformly
yellow, not spotted with purple, slenderly pedicelled, about 1.5 cm long.

LEGUMINOSAE 251

Pods subeylindric or somewhat flattened, slightly twisted, pendulous, about
20 cm long, 3 mm wide, depressed between the seeds.

In waste places, rare, fl. Aug.—Oct.; known in the Philippines only ‘from
the vieinity of Manila, introduced. Widely distributed in the tropics.

40. CROTALARIA Linnaeus

Herbs or shrubs, various in habit, with simple or palmately 3- to 7-folio-
late leaves. Flowers racemose. Calyx-tube short, the teeth linear or lan-
ceolate. Corolla as long as or exceeding the calyx, the standard usually
round, longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary sessile
or stalked, ovules few or many; style bearded upward. Pod inflated, sessile
or stipitate, straight or curved. (Greek “rattle.”)

A very large genus in all tropical and subtropical regions, 15 species in
the Philippines.

1. Leaves simple.

2... ‘Pod elagh 8: lone 88 TG Cage ncn inseennntinniesnietheb eee 1. C. linifolia
2. Pod much longer than the calyx.
3. Flowers yellow; leaves linear to oblong.....................-..---. 2. C. juncea

3. Flowers blue; leaves ovate; stems angular; stipules large, persistent.
3. C. verrucosa

1. Leaves 3-foliolate.

3. Inflorescence terminal; leaflets broad at the apex............ 4. C. incana
3. Inflorescence axillary; leaflets narrowed to the apex.. 5. C. bracteata
1. Leaves 5- to 7-foliolate........................ sls wi-tfhediohe 30.2 6. C. quinquefolia

1. C. linifolia L. f.

A slender, erect, simple or branched, annual herb 10 to 80 cm high,
pubescent. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 3 cm long,
2 to 5 mm wide. Racemes terminal, elongated, the flowers less than 1 cm
long, scattered, yellow. Calyx green, tinged with brown, 2-lipped, the
upper lip with 2 short teeth, the lower lip with.3 linear ones. Corolla
yellow, the standard 6 to 7 mm wide. Pod glabrous, black, ovoid-oblong,
obtuse, about 7 mm long, 4 mm thick, inflated, containing 8 to 10 seeds.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 268, C. stenophylla.)

Common in open, rather dry grass lands, fl. all the year, but mostly in
the rainy season; widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropical Africa,
India to China; Malaya, and northern Australia.

2. C. JUNCEA L. Sunn Hemp.

An erect, stiff, branched, suffrutescent herb usually about 1 m high, all
parts finely pubescent. Leaves simple, linear-oblong to oblong, sessile or
shortly petioled, obtuse, 4 to 10 em long. Racemes terminal, 8 to 20 cm
long. Flowers scattered, about 2.5 cm long. Calyx densely brown-pubes-
cent, the lobes long. Corolla yellow. Pods oblong, sessile, brown-pubes-
cent, about 3 cm long.

Singalon, cultivated, fl. Apr—June. A native of India, of recent intro-
duction in the Philippines and apparently spontaneous in some provinces.

3. C. VERRUCOSA L. Bulailaua (Tag.).

An erect, branched, somewhat pubescent or nearly glabrous herb 40 to
80 cm high, the stems angled. Leaves simple, ovate, obtuse, 5 to 11 cm
long, base acute, short-petioled, the stipules prominent, leaf-like, semilunate,

252 A FLORA OF MANILA

5 to 20 cm long. Racemes terminal and lateral. Flowers about 12 mm
long, the corolla blue and white. Pods 2.5 to 3.5 em long, somewhat hairy.

Occasional in open places, Parafiaque, fl. Dec.—Apr.; widely distributed
in the Philippines, but certainly not an indigenous plant. Most tropical
countries.

4. C. INCANA L. Latuc-latucan, Patoc-patocan, Bulailaua (Tag.).

An erect, branched, suffrutescent plant usually about 1 m high, rather
softly gray-pubescent, the stems and branches cylindric. Leaflets 3, elliptic
to obovate, obtuse or very slightly acuminate, 2 to 5 cm long, 1.5 to 3 em
wide. Racemes terminal, 5 to 20 cm long. Calyx about 1 cm long, the
lobes lanceolate, acuminate, much longer than the tube. Corolla yellow, the
standard 10 to 18 mm wide. Pods deflexed, inflated, hirsute, 3 to 4 cm
long, 1 em thick or less, containing 20 to 30 seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 160.)

In waste places, fl. all the year; common about towns throughout the
Philippines. A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in the
tropics of the world.

5. C. bracteata Roxb.

An erect, branched, suffrutescent herb, or somewhat shrubby plant about
1 m high, sparingly pubescent. Leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets nearly
sessile, ovate to oblong-ovate, narrowed at both ends, 5 to 10 cm long.
Racemes axillary and terminal, peduncled, 4 to 10 cm long, densely flowered.
Flowers yellow, about 1 cm long. Pods oblong-cylindric, densely pubescent.

Near Fort McKinley, fil. Jan.Feb.; of local occurrence in Luzon. India
and the Malay Archipelago.

6. C. QUINQUEFOLIA L. Patocan, Patoc-patocan, Bulailaua (Tag.).

An erect, branched, rather coarse, annual herb 1.5 to 1.3 m high the
stems green, striate. Leaflets 5, rarely 7, linear to linear-lanceolate, 4 to
12 cm long, 0.5 to 2 em wide, pubescent beneath, apex blunt, apiculate.
Racemes terminal, the bracteoles narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 1.5
em long. Calyx glabrous, green, about 1 cm long, the lobes ovate or ovate-
lanceolate. Petals yellow, the standard more or less brownish-purple on
the back, about 2.5 em wide. Pod inflated, boat-shaped 5 to 6 cm long,
about 2 cm wide, stalked, containing 30 to 40 seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 159.)

In waste-places, old rice-fields, etc., fl. Aug.—Jan.; throughout the Phil-
ippines, but certainly introduced. India to Malaya.

41. FLEMINGIA Roxburgh

Shrubs or suffrutescent herbs, the leaves digitately 3-foliolate or simple.
Flowers racemose, the racemes solitary or panicled, or in small cymes, each
cyme hidden by a large folded bract, the bracts distichously arranged in
zig-zag racemes. Calyx-tube short, the lobes narrow, acuminate, the lowest
one often the longest. Corolla little or not at all exserted, the petals equal
in length. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary 2-ovuled. Pod oblong, swollen,
small, usually 2-seeded. (In honor of J. Fleming.)

Species about 20, tropical Asia, Africa, Malaya, and Australia, 5 in the
Philippines.

Leaves 3-foliolate; flowers in dense, solitary racemes........ 1. F. cumingiana
Leaves simple; cymes hidden by large, folded, persistent, distichous bracts,
arranged in simple or branched racemes..................------ 2. F. strobilifera

LEGUMINOSAE 253

1. F. cumingiana Benth.

An erect or spreading slightly branched, pubescent, shrubby or suffrutes-
cent plant 1 to 2m high or less. Stems 3-angled, densely pubescent. Leaves
8-foliolate; leaflets ovate to rhomboid-ovate, acute, 5 to 12 em long, rather
densely pubescent beneath, the lateral ones inequilateral. Racemes in. the.
upper axils, dense, pubescent, 2 to 5 cm long. Flowers about 8 mm long.
Calyx densely silky-pubescent, as long as the corolla. Standard rather
dark-purple, the wings and keel greenish. Pod inflated, about 1 cm long.

In thickets, Pasay, Caloocan to Masambong, etc., fl. Dec.—Feb.; of local
occurrence in the Philippines. Endemic.

2. F. STROBILIFERA (L.) R. Br. Payang-payang; Paraparanahan (Tag.).

An erect branched shrub 0.5 to 2 m high, the branchlets velvety, the
leaves slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous, ovate to oblong, simple, acute
or bluntly acuminate, base rounded or subcordate, 6 to 14 em long, the
nerves ascending. Racemes axillary and terminal, 5 to 15 cm long, com-
posed of numerous, thin, rounded or reniform, folded, imbricated, green
bracts which enclose the fascicles or dwarfed cymes of small flowers;
bracts very shortly petioled, cordate, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long. Rachis of the
racemes zig-zag. Corolla yellowish-green, tinged with purplish, about 8 mm
long. Pods oblong, 1 cm long or less, swollen, 2-seeded.

In thickets and open dry places, fl. Dec._Feb.; widely distributed in the
Philippines, undoubtedly introduced. India to China and Malaya; intro-
duced in Mauritius and in the West Indies.

42. MEDICAGO Linnaeus

Erect or trailing herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets
toothed. Calyx-tube campanulate, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla exserted,
free from the staminal-tube; standard and wings oblong; keel straight,
obtuse. Stamens diadelphous; filaments slender. Ovary many-ovuled;
style short, slightly incurved; stigma oblique. Pod spirally twisted, many-
seeded, indehiscent. (Greek name for alfalfa or lucerne, which came from

. Media.)

Species about 40, chiefly in the Mediterranean region; 2 introduced in the
Philippines.

1, M. DENTICULATA Willd.

An annual, prostrate or spreading, branched, nearly glabrous herb, the
stems 20 to 40 cm long. Leaflets obovate-cuneate, 1 to 2 cm long, toothed;
stipules laciniate. Peduncles axillary, short, closely 2- to 6-flowered.
Flowers yellow, about 5 mm long. Calyx-teeth as long as the tube. Pod
with 2 to 4 spirals, the margins pectinate with spreading spines.

A casual plant in recently disturbed soil, adventitious from Europe or
America, fl. Apr. and probably in other months. Europe and Asia to
Japan; introduced in North America.

43. PUERARIA DeCandolle

Slender or coarse, twining, herbaceous or suffrutescent vines with 3-
foliolate leaves, the leaflets stipellate. Flowers small to large, in few- to
many-flowered, simple or compound racemes. Calyx-teeth long or short,
the upper 2 connate. Corolla exserted; standard as long as the wings
and keel. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled. Pod linear, com-
pressed.

254 A FLORA OF MANILA
Species about 15, India to Japan, southward to Malaya, 4 in the Phil-
ippines.

Stipules peltate; pods densely hirsute, about 8 mm wide.

1. P. thunbergiana
Stipules not peltate; pods nearly or quite glabrous, less than 5 mm wide.

2. P. phaseoloides

1. P. thunbergiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Benth.

A rather coarse, scandent, pubescent, annual, herbaceous vine reaching a
length of at least 8m. Leaflets ovate, acuminate, entire or slightly repand,
10 to 20 cm long, the upper surface glabrous or nearly so, the lower surface
rather densely pubescent with soft, grayish hairs. Racemes axillary, 15
to 30 cm long. Flowers about 2 cm long. Calyx pubescent, the lobes acu-
minate. Corolla rather bright-purple, the standard 2 em broad, with a
rather large yellow spot near the base. Pod 5 to 8 cm long, about 1 cm
wide, hirsute with spreading brown hairs.

In thickets, dry hillsides, Pateros, opposite Guadalupe, etc., fl. July—Oct.;
docal in the Philippines. Japan to China and Formosa.

2. P. PHASEOLOIDES (Roxb.) Benth.

A slender,. scandent, hairy, herbaceous vine 2 to 4 m in length, the
stipules small, basifixed. Leaflets ovate, irregularly 3-lobed and somewhat
sinuate, 6 to 12 cm long, the upper surface green, the lower surface pale,
and covered with long, appressed, white hairs. Racemes axillary, solitary,
8 to 25 cm long, or longer. Flowers pale-blue or purplish, about 12 mm
long, fasciculate along the rachis, the calyx appressed-hirsute. Pod 5 to
8 cm long, 4 mm wide, slightly appressed-hirsute.

In open grass lands and thickets, fi. all the year; common and widely
distributed in the Philippines, undoubtedly introduced. India to China
and Malaya.

44, DUNBARIA Wight & Arnott

Slender, herbaceous or woody, climbing vines. Leaves 3-foliolate, dis-
tinctly gland-dotted on the lower surface, stipels usually wanting. Flowers
solitary, axillary, or racemose. Calyx-teeth long and narrow, the lower
one longer than the others. Corolla more or less exserted, soon falling
or drying up and subpersistent, the keel usually not beaked. Stamens
diadelphous, anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or stalked, many-ovuled;
style inflexed, glabrous. Pod linear, flat not marked with depressed lines
between the seeds. (In honor of Professor Dunbar.)

Species about 15, India to Japan, southward to Australia, 3 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. D. punctata (W. & A.) Benth. (D. conspersa Benth.).

A slender, twining, herbaceous vine, the stems filiform, somewhat pubes-
cent. Leafiets thin, subrhomboid, obtuse, 2 to 3.5 cm long, the lower
surface gland-dotted with small, reddish glands. Flowers yellow, axillary,
solitary, short-petioled, about 9 mm long, the calyx gland-dotted and pub-
escent. Pod linear, recurved, 3 to 5 cm long.

In thickets near Fort McKinley, fi. Sept. —Oct.; known in the Philippines
only from the vicinity of Manila. India to Chima southward to northern
Australia.

~

LEGUMINOSAE 255

45. CANTHAROSPERMUM Wight & Arnott

Slender twining herbs with 3-foliolate leaves which are gland-dotted
beneath. Flowers axillary, solitary or racemed. Calyx-teeth distinct,
longer or shorter than the tube. Corolla exserted, the keel not beaked.
Stamens diadelphous. Ovary sessile, with 3 or more ovules; style glabrous.
Pod oblong, somewhat turgid, marked with transverse lines or depressions
between the seeds. (Greek name for a beetle, and “seed” from the scarab-
like joints of the pods.)

Species about 25, India to Mauritius and Australia, 2 in the Philippines.

Petals deciduous; leaflets 1.5 to 3 cm long; pods less than 8 cm long.
1. C. scarabacoides
Petals marcescent; leaflets 3 to 9 em long; pods 5 to 7 em long.. 2. C. volubile

1. C. scarabaeoides (L.) Baill. (Atylosia scarabaeoides Benth.).

A slender, herbaceous, trailing or twining, more or less pubescent vine
reaching a length of 2 m or less. Leaflets obovate-oblong to oblong, obtuse,
1 to 4 em long, gray-pubescent on both surfaces. Racemes or corymbs short,
few-flowered. Flowers yellow, about 1 cm long, the calyx pubescent. Pod
oblong, straight, 2 em long or less, covered with spreading brown hairs,
containing 3 to 5 seeds, distinctly depressed between the seeds.

In open grass lands and thickets, San Pedro Macati, Pasay, etc., occa-
sional, fl. Oct-March; widely distributed in the Philippines, possibly intro-
duced. India to Madagascar, China, Malaya, and the Marianne Islands.

2. C. volubile (Blanco) Merr. (Atylosia crassa Prain).

A scandent herbaceous vine of indefinite length, more or less pubescent.
Leaflets rhomboid-ovate, acuminate, base slightly cordate, the lateral ones
somewhat oblique, 3 to 9 cm long. Racemes axillary, few-flowered, 3 to 8
em long, the bracteoles ovate to oblong-ovate, green, deciduous, up to 2 cm in
length. Flowers yellow, about 2 cm long, the calyx-teeth acuminate. Pods
oblong, villous, 4 to 5 ecm long, about 1.3 cm wide, containing from 4 to 6
seeds.

In thickets, San Juan del Monte, rare, fl. Nov._Jan.; widely distributed in
the Philippines, but not common; India to Indo-China and Malaya.

46. CAJANUS DeCandolle

An erect branched shrub or suffrutescent herb. Leaves 3-foliolate.
Flowers racemed. Calyx-tube campanulate, the teeth short. Corolla much
exserted, the petals equal in length, the keel truncate. Stamens diadel-
phous. Ovary few-ovuled; style long, filiform. Pod linear, straight, nar-
rowed at both ends, 3- to 5-seeded, with oblique depressions between the
seeds. (From its Malabar name.)

A monotypic genus.

1. C. CAJAN (L.) Merr. (C. indicus Spreng.). Caguios (Tag.).

An erect, branched, pubescent, shrubby plant 1 to 2 m high. Leaflets
8, oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 10 cm long, grayish
beneath when dry. Inflorescence axillary, of few-flowered, corymbose,
peduncled racemes, 3 to 7 cm long. Flowers yellow, about 1.5 cm long.
Pods 4 to 7 cm long, about 1 cm wide, pubescent, prominently acuminate,
obliquely sulcate between the 2 to 7 seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 167.)

Cultivated for its edible seeds, fl. Dec.—Apr.; widely distributed in
the Philippines, cultivated and subspontaneous, but certainly introduced.
Tropics of the world, probably a native of India.

256 A FLORA OF MANILA

47. ERYTHRINA Linnaeus

Trees, usually with prickly branches, the leaves 3-foliolate, the petio-
lules with prominent glands at their tips. Flowers large, red, in dense
racemes. Calyx oblique, spathe-like, finally splitting to the base, or cam-
panulate and 2-lipped. Petals very unequal, the standard longer than the
keel and wings. Upper filament free nearly to the base, or more or less
connate with others. Ovary many-ovuled; style incurved. Pod linear,
swollen, contracted between the seeds or flattened at one end. (Greek
“yed” in allusion to the large red flowers.)

Species 30 or more, tropics of both hemispheres, 4 in the Philippines.

1. Pods turgid and seed-bearing throughout.
2. Calyx spathe-like, oblique, splitting to the base down the back; flowers

Joya (3 jy ee neanlP RCE temtanh iy PEG 68> AHS Pts Oy 1. E. indica

2. Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped, not splitting to the base; flowers dull-
DEO WU POC nacre. eerie teak anda oe ee 2. E. fusca

1. Pods flattened and seedless in the lower one-half........ 3. E. subumbrans

1. E. indica Lam. Dap-dap (Tag., Vis.).

A diciduous tree reaching a height of 15 m, the branches and branchlets
stout, armed with short, few to many, sharp prickles. Leaflets broadly
ovate, 8 to 18 cm long, somewhat acuminate, base broad or subrhomboid.
Racemes terminal, pubescent, dense, up to 25 cm long. Flowers large,
numerous. Calyx about 4 cm long, minutely 5-toothed at the tip, mouth
very oblique. Petals bright-red, the standard 7 to 9 cm long, the wings
and keel subequal, shorter than the calyx. Pod 10 to 25 cm long, 1.5 to 2
em in diameter, distinctly constricted between the seeds. (FI. Filip.
pl. 217.) .

Common, fi. Jan—Apr., quite or partly leafless at time of flowering;
throughout the Philippines, especially near the sea. India, through Malaya
to Polynesia.

2. E. fusca Lour. (LE. ovalifolia Roxb.).

A tree reaching a height of 10 m, the trunk with large, conical protu-
berances, the branchlets and sometimes the petioles with small scattered
prickles. Leaflets oblong or elliptic-oblong, 8 to 15 cm long, acute or
obtuse, base acute or rounded. Racemes 10 to 20 cm. long. Calyx pubes-
cent, 2-lipped, about 1 cm long. Petals dull-purplish-red, the standard
about 4 em long, rounded or emarginate, the keel about one-half as long,
’ the wings somewhat shorter than the keel. Pods subcylindric, 10 to 25 cm
long, about 1.5 mm wide, 6- to 11-seeded, apiculate. (Fl. Filip. pl. 326.)

In open wet lands, fl. Jan—Feb.; widely distributed in the Philippines.
India, through Malaya to Polynesia.

8. E. subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. Dap-dap (Tag.).

A tree reaching a height of 15 m, unarmed or with few prickles.
Leaflets ovate, acuminate, base rounded or subacute, 7 to 14 em long.
Racemes pubescent, in the upper axils; about 10 cm long. Calyx pubescent,
about 8 mm long, 2-lipped. Petals red, the standard about 3 cm long, the
keel and wings subequal, less than one-half as long. Pod fiat, indehiscent
and seedless in the lower one-half, bearing 1 to 8 seeds at the tip, 10 to 12
em long, with a elongated slender stalk. (Fl. Filip. pl. 345, E. lithosperma.)

A single specimen in the old botanical garden fl. Oct.Feb.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Burma to Indo-China and Malaya.

LEGUMINOSAE 257

48. TERAMNUS Swartz

Slender, twining, herbaceous vines. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers small,
in axillary panicled racemes. Calyx campanulate, the teeth distinct. Co-
rolla little exserted, the petals equal in length; standard not spurred.
Stamens monadelphous; alternate anthers small, abortive. Ovary many-
ovuled; style short. Pods linear, somewhat compressed, septate between
the seeds, curved or hooked at the apex.

Species 4, in all tropical countries, 1 in the Philippines.

1. T. labialis (L. f.) Spreng.

A slender, twining, more or less pubescent, annual vine reaching a length
of 4m. Leaflets oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute, green and
shining on the upper surface, pale and appressed-pubescent beneath, 2.5 to 5
em long. Inflorescence of axillary, panicled, pubescent racemes 5 to 8 cm
long. Flowers 5 mm long. Calyx appressed-pubescent. Corolla purple,
only slightly exserted. Pod linear, flat, curved at the apex, slightly pubes-
cent, about 4 cm long, 3 mm wide, containing about 10 seeds. |

In thickets, San Pedro Macati, etc., common, fl. Oct.-June; widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines, possibly introduced. Cosmopolitan in the tropics.

49. CANAVALIA DeCandolle

Coarse, twining, annual or perennial vines with 3-foliolate leaves, the
leaflets stipellate. Flowers rather large. Calyx-limb 2-lipped, the upper
lip projecting, entire or emarginate, the lower one shortly 3-toothed.
Corolla much exserted, standard large, roundish; wings somewhat shorter,
equaling the incurved keel. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled.
Pod large, linear, to oblong, flat, sometimes swollen, with a rib on each
valve near the upper suture. (From the Malabar name of one species.)

Species about 15, mostly in tropical America, 4 in the Philippines.

1. Pod swollen, 10 cm long or less, about 4.5 em wide................ 1. C. turgida
1. Pod flat, or if swollen then less than 3 cm wide.
2. Leaflets broad and rounded at the apex; a species growing along

Gy gS Sh Lats Rie la ele SE A ht te aba ee 9 OL ts RAE 2. C. lineata

2. Leaflets acuminate.
8. Pod less than 20 cm long and 3 em wide.................... 3. C. ensiformis
8. Pod 25 to 30 cm long, 4 to 5 cm wide....................2...----.. 4, C. gladiata

1. C. turgida Grah.

A coarse, scandent, herbaceous vine in thickets near the seashore.
Leaflets ovate, acuminate, 8 to 15 cm long, base- usually rounded. Flowers
in pairs at the ends of the scapes, reflexed, about 4 cm long, pink-purple,
quite as in the next species. Pods thick, broad, swollen, often nearly
flat along the back, 10 to 14 cm long, 5 cm wide, apiculate-acuminate,
containing about 6, brown, ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, hard, smooth
seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 319, C. virosa.)

In thickets near the seashore, but not on the sandy beach, Navotas,
Pasay, etc., fl. July-March; throughout the Philipppines near the sea.
India to Formosa and Malaya.

2. C. lineata (Thunb.) DC. Pataning-dagat (Tag.).
A coarse, prostrate, herbaceous vine, growing on the sandy beach,
sending up large 3-foliolate leaves and long-peduncled racemes of pink-
111555——17

258 A FLORA OF MANILA

purple flowers. Petioles 8 to 12 cm long. Leaflets subcoriaceous, broadly
obovate-elliptic, 8 to 15 cm long, nearly as wide, the base usually acute,
apex broad and rounded or retuse. Scapes erect, 20 to 40 ecm high, bear-
ing near the apex few, paired, racemosly arranged flowers about 4 cm
long. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip large, broadly 2-lobed, the lower one
small, subtruncate, 3-toothed. Standard 3 cm wide, retuse. Pod 8 to 12
em long, 2.3 to 3 cm wide, somewhat turgid when mature.

Pasay beach, fl. Aug.March; throughout the Philippines along the
seashore. Tropics of the world. :

8. C. ensiformis (L.) DC.

A scandent herbaceous or suffrutescent vine reaching a length of from
2 to 5 m, nearly glabrous, or some parts more or less pubescent. Leaflets
narrowly ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate or acute, base usually rounded,
8 to 16 cm long. Racemes axillary, solitary, up to 40 cm long, flowering
only near the apex, only 2 or 3 flowers open at a time. Flowers nearly
sessile, reflexed. Calyx green, about 1.5 cm long, the upper lip cleft into
2 broad lobes, the lower reduced to 3 small teeth. Corolla pink, about
3.5 cm long. Pod 14 to 17 cm long, 2 to 2.5 cm wide, flattened, not turgid,
8 to 10 mm thick along the upper suture, containing about 15 seeds.

In thickets, Masambong, fl. Nov._March; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines, some forms cultivated. Tropics generally, wild and cultivated.

*4, C. GLADIATA (Jacq.) DC. Haba (Sp.-Fil.).

A glabrous vine reaching a length of several meters. Leaflets ovate,
somewhat acuminate, 8 to 15 em long. Racemes axillary, long-peduncled,
few-flowered. Flowers white, turning pink, about 3 cm long. Pods large,
narrowly-oblong, somewhat curved, 25 to 35 cm long, 4 to 5 cm wide. Seeds
red. (FI. Filipi. pl. 449.)

Occasionally cultivated. Not common in the Philippines and only cul-
tivated; undoubtedly native of tropical America, now wild or cultivated in
many hot countries.

50. CENTROSEMA DeCandolle

Scandent herbaceous vines with 3-foliolate leaves, the stipules persistent,
basifixed. Flowers rather large and showy, in axillary racemes, the bracts
and bracteoles persistent. Calyx shortly campanulate, the lobes or teeth
subequal, or the upper 2 connate. Corolla much exserted. Standard broadly
orbicular, longer than the wings. Stamens usually diadelphous. Ovary
subsessile, many-ovuled; style somewhat enlarged upward, incurved. Pods
linear, the valves longitudinally 2-ribbed. (Greek “spur” and “standard.”)

Species about 26, all American, 1 introduced here.

1. C. PLUMIERI (Turp.) Benth.

A twining, herbaceous vine, from a woody base, reaching a length of
5 m or more, glabrous or nearly so. Leaflets ovate, shortly acuminate, 5
to 15 em long, entire. Racemes axillary, solitary, few-flowered. Flowers
4 to 5 em long, white, the center magenta. Pods 10 to 15 cm long, about
1 cm wide, long-acuminate, prominently longitudinally 2-ribbed along each
valve. (FI. Filip. pl. 455, Clitorea plumie7i.)

In thickets near the Balicbalic cemetery; not common in the Philippines
and doubtfully spontaneous. A native of South America, introduced and
now spontaneous in Malaya.

LEGUMINOSAE 259

51. MUCUNA Adanson

Annual or perennial, usually coarse vines. Leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets
ample, stipellate. Flowers racemose, large, showy, dark-purple or pale-
greenish. Calyx-tube campanulate, the 2 upper teeth quite connate, the
lowest longer than the middle ones. Corolla much exserted; standard
not more than one-half as long as the beaked keel, the wings usually a
little longer than the keel. Stamens diadelphous; anthers dimorphous.
Pod linear to oblong, compressed, smooth or transversely ridged, keeled
along the sutures or not, softly pubescent or often covered with very irri-
tating, brown, bristle-like hairs. (A Brazilian name.)

Species 25 or more in all tropical countries, about 10 in the Philippines.

Pods covered with stiff, brown, stinging hairs...........00000000000.... 1. M. pruriens
Pods velvety-pubescent, no stinging hairs... eee 2. M. lyonii

1. M. pruriens (L.) DC. Lipai, Nipai (Tag.).

A climbing or spreading annual vine reaching a length of several meters,
more or less pubescent. Leaves thin, ovate to oblong-ovate, rounded or
subacute, apiculate, 5 to 12 cm long, the lateral ones oblique. Racemes
pendulous, many-flowered, 10 to 25 cm long, Calyx gray-pubescent and
with intermixed, brown, stinging hairs. Corolla dark-purple, almost black,
4 cm long. Pod stout, compressed, slightly curved near the apex, 6 to 11
em long, 2 em wide, densely covered with stiff, somewhat appressed,
brown, very irritating stinging hairs. (FI. Filip. pl. 331, M. hirsuta.)

In thickets etc., occasional near Fort McKinley, fi. Sept—March; widely -
distributed in the Philippines. India to Malaya, introduced in tropical
America.

*2. M. lyonii Merr.

A stout, herbaceous, twining vine reaching a length of 4 m or more.
Leaflets thin, broadly ovate, the lateral ones oblique, 5 to 18 cm long,
slightly hairy beneath. Racemes up to 40 cm in length. Flowers numer-
ous, about 4 cm long, the calyx grayish-pubescent, the corolla dark-purple.
Pods 6 to 10 cm long, 1.5 to 1.8 em wide, the valves with 2 longitudinal
ribs, rather velvety-pubescent with short gray hairs, and with no stinging
hairs.

Cultivated, Singalon, fl. May—July, and probably in other months;
widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation. This has been reduced
to the Indo-Malayan M. nivea W. & A., but that species has greenish-white
flowers.

52. GALACTIA P. Browne

Slender, twining, herbaceous vines with 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets
stipellate. Flowers racemose, small, the nodes of the infiorescence usually
enlarged. Calyx tube short, the teeth narrow, the upper 2 fused in one.
Corolla little exserted, the petals nearly equal in length; keel obtuse,
nearly straight. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled; style slender.
Pod linear, flattened. (From the Greek “milk,” some species formerly
thought to yield milky sap.)

Species about 45, mostly in tropical America, 1 in the Philippines.

1. G. tenuiflora (Klein) W. & A.
A slender, pubescent, twining, annual vine reaching a length of 2 to 3
m. Leaflets thin, oblong to elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex, 2 to 3.5

260 A FLORA OF MANILA

em long, green and shining above, paler and slightly pubescent beneath.
Racemes axillary, solitary, 5 to 8 cm long, slender. Flowers in distant
pairs, the nodes slightly or distinctly thickened. Calyx about 6 mm long,
pubescent, the teeth longer than the tube. Corolla pink-purple, nearly 1
cm long. Pods flat, thin, sparingly pubescent, 3 to 5 cm long, 5 to 6 mm
wide. :

In thickets, San Pedro Macati, fl. Oct.Jan.; not common and very local
in the Philippines. India to Malaya and Australia.

53. PHASEOLUS Linnaeus

Twining or erect herbs with 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets stipellate.
Flowers in axillary racemes. Calyx campanulate, the lower tooth usually
longer than the others, the upper 2 subconnate. Corolla much exserted,
the keel prolonged, spirally twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary many-
ovuled; style filiform, twisted with the keel, bearded along one side below
the stigma. Pod linear to oblong, compressed or swollen. (The ancient
name of the kidney bean.)

Species about 60, chiefly tropical, many cultivated, 7 or 8 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. Stipules small, basifixed; flowers usually pink or purple.
2. Erect herbs with appressed-pubescent narrow pods and dark-purple
cALCT oa tie ai" SENS Pe RI ee CT ete Citra 1. P. lathyroides
2. Twining vines with broader glabrous pods, and greenish-yellow or
pale-purple flowers.
3. Flowers less than 2 cm long.
4, Pods broad, flat, 1.5 to 2 cm wide; flowers greenish-yellow, less

Wran 2 were Jone oe a ee 2. P. lunatus

4. Pods swollen, less than 1.5 wide; flowers 1.5 to 2 cm long, pale-
purple or pink and white; cultivated plants.......... 3. P. vulgaris

8.: Flowers aboth 25 en lon 6... 22s steeds. hie 4. P. adenanthus

1. Stipules produced below the point of insertion; flowers usually yellow.
2. Leaflets oblong to lanceolate or linear, usually less than 1 cm wide.
5. P. minimus
2. Leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate, 2 to 3 cm or more in width.
8. Pods with slightly appressed hairs or glabrous; leaflets often some-
went; Sete i ..- 3: ABA hs oak el ee ee eee 6. P. calcaratus
8. Pods hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves entire........ 7. P. radiatus

1. P. LATHYROIDES L. (P. semierectus L.).

An erect, suffrutescent, somewhat branched plant 1 to 1.5 m high, the
branches often flexuous, rarely twining, clothed with deflexed hairs. Leaf-
lets oblong to oblong-ovate, 4 to 7 em long; stipules lanceolate, acuminate,
6 to 8 mm long. Racemes axillary, long-peduncled, the racemes 20 cm
long or less, the peduncles as long or longer, the flowers about 2 cm
long. Calyx green, 6 to 7mm long. Standard about 1 cm wide, greenish,
the keel and wings dark-purple. Pods reflexed, 8 to 10 cm long, about 4
mm wide, somewhat compressed, appressed pubescent. Seeds numerous,
about 3 mm long.

In open grass lands, common, fi. all the year; apparently not widely
distributed in the Philippines. A native of tropical America, introduced
‘ in the tropics of the Old World.

1?

LEGUMINOSAE 261

2. P. LUNATUS L. Patani (Tag.); Lima Bean.

A scandent, slender, annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, herba-
ceous vine reaching a length of 4 m or more, the stipules small, basifixed.
Leaflets ovate, acuminate, thin, 6 to 12 cm long. Racemes axillary, soli-
tary, peduncled, 8 to 20 cm long. Flowers long-pedicelled, about 13 mm
long, the calyx pale-greenish, the corolla much longer than the calyx,
greenish or pale-yellowish. Pods oblong, somewhat curved, 6 to 12 cm
long, about 2 cm wide, containing from 1 to 4 large, variously colored or
white seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 352, 369.)

Frequently cultivated for its edible beans, fl. Sept—Apr. Cultivated
in all tropical and warm countries, a native of tropical America.

*38. P. vuLGARIS L. Habichuela (Sp.); Common Bean.

An annual nearly glabrous or slightly hairy, erect, branched plant, or
a slender twining vine. Leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets ovate, acuminate,
base rounded, 7 to 11 cm long, the lateral ones inequilateral. Racemes
axillary, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves, the pedicels longer than
the calyx. Flowers white, turning straw-colored or somewhat pink-pur-
plish, 1.5 to 2 em long. Bracteoles ovate, green, persistent. Pods linear,
somewhat curved, 10 to 15 em long, about 1 cm wide.

Commonly cultivated by Chinese gardeners for the Manila market, fl.
Nov.-May. Cultivated in all warm countries, where native uncertain.

4. P. adenanthus G. F. W. Meyer.

A rather slender, glabrous, twining, herbaceous vine 2 to 5 m or more
in length. Leaflets firm, 8 to 14 em long, oblong-ovate, entire, acute or
acuminate, base rounded, 3-nerved. Racemes axillary, long-peduncled, the
flowers few, crowded at the ends. Flowers 2.5 to 8 cm long. Calyx green
or purplish, the three lower teeth lanceolate, acuminate, the two upper
shorter, wholly or partly connate. Standard 3 to 3.5 cm wide, retuse,
white, tinged with purple; wings with more purple than the stand-
ard; keel white, all the petals turning brownish-yellow before falling.
Pods linear, recurved, flat, many-seeded, 8 to 10 cm long, about 1 cm wide,
acuminate. ;

In thickets, especially in low wet lands, fl. Nov._Apr.; widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines. Tropics generally.

5. P. minimus Roxb.

A slender, twining, nearly glabrous annual reaching a length of 1 to
2m. Leaflets oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 3 to 7
em long, entire, the stipules small, peltate. Racemes slender, axillary,
long-peduncled, the flowers few, usually 2 or 3, only one opening at a
time. Corolla yellow, about 1.3 cm long, the standard 1.5 em wide, strongly
recurved. Pods 4 to 5 cm long, 3 mm wide, nearly cylindric.

In thickets and among coarse grasses, Masambong, fl. Nov.—Apr.; of
local occurrence in the Philippines. Southern China.

6. P. CALCARATUS Roxb.

A slender, herbaceous, nearly glabrous or somewhat pubescent vine, the
stipules peltate. Leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, entire
and shallowly-lobed ones commonly found on the same plant, 5 to 10 cm
long. Racemes long-peduncled, flowers few at the apex, yellow, about 1.5 em
long. Pods slender, slightly appressed-hairy or glabrous, 6 to 10 cm long,
about 5 mm wide, the valves twisted when dry.

ae ia

262 A FLORA OF MANILA

In open grassy places opposite Guadalupe, fl. most of the year; widely
distributed in the Philippines, undoubtedly introduced. A native of tropical
_ Asia, now found in most warm countries, wild or cultivated.

*7. P. RADIATUS L. Mungos (Tag.); Green Gram.

An erect or climbing annual herb, branched from the base, or more or
less clothed with spreading, brownish hairs. Leaflets ovate, entire, acu-
minate, 8 to 15 cm long, the lateral ones inequilateral. Flowers about 1
cm long, yellow, racemosely arranged near the ends of the short peduncles,
the pedicels very short. Pods linear, spreading, 6 to 8 cm long, about 6
mm wide, hirsute with scattered, long, brownish hairs. Seeds 4 to 6 mm
long.

Rarely cultivated in our area, fi. Nov.Jan., and probably in other
months; extensively cultivated in many parts of the Philippines, but scarce-
ly spontaneous. A native of the Old World, now cultivated in most warm
countries.

54. VIGNA Savi

Twining or spreading herbaceous vines similar to the preceding genus,
differing chiefly in having the keel not or but slightly curved and not
twisted. Calyx campanulate, the teeth long or short, the upper 2 often
connate. Corolla much-exserted; keel truncate or with an ascending or
slightly recurved beak. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled; style
bearded along one side below the stigma. Pods linear. (In honor of D.
Vigna, an early Italian botanist.)

Species 40 to 50, chiefly tropical, 4 in the Philippines.

1. Pods glabrous; keel not produced into a beak.
2. Pods very long, up to 60 cm in length; cultivated. 1. V. sesquipedalis
2. Pods less than 7 cm long; a littoral species with yellow flowers.
2. V. luteola
1. Pods densely pilose; keel prolonged into a beak... 3. V. pilosa

*1. V. SESQUIPEDALIS L. Sitao (Tag.). :

An annual, scandent, herbaceous, nearly glabrous vine, the stipules about
i em long, attached above the middle: Leaflets ovate-rhomboid, acute,
entire or nearly so, 6 to 15 cm long, the nerves often purplish. Racemes
few, axillary, long-peduncled. Flowers 3 to 6, crowded at the ends of the
peduncles. Calyx greenish, 1 cm long, the teeth lanceolate, long-acuminate.
Corolla pale-purplish, usually about 2 em long. Pods slender, usually
purplish, less than 1 cm wide, 20 to 40 cm long, many-seeded. (Fl. Filip.
pl. 286, 285, V. sinensis.)

Commonly cultivated for its edible pods and beans, fi. all the year;
widely cultivated in the Philippines, but scarcely spontaneous, probably a
native of China. Cultivated in most warm and tropical countries.

2. V. lutea (Sw.) A. Gray.

A prostrate or climbing herbaceous annual vine, glabrous throughout.
Leaves 3-foliolate, their petioles 5 to 10 cm long. Leafiets broadly ovate
to oblong-ovate, or suborbicular-ovate, shining, acute or rounded, 5 to 10 cm
long, stipellate. Scapes axillary, erect, 10 to 20 cm long, bearing numer-
ous, racemosely arranged flowers at the apex, but 2 or 3 flowers opening
at one time. Flowers yellow, 1.5 cm long, the standard suborbicular,
retuse, 1.8 cm wide. Pods subcylindric, 4 to 5 cm long, 6 to 7 mm wide,
reflexed, each containing from 8 to 6 ellipsoid seeds 5 to 6 mm long.

LEGUMINOSAE 263

In thickets along the seashore and on sandy beaches, Pasay, Malabon,
ete., fl. Aug.—May; in littoral districts throughout the Philippines. Tropics
of the world.

3. V. pilosa (Roxb.) Baker.

A slender, twining, herbaceous, more or less pubescent, annual vine
reaching a height of 2 to3 m. Leaflets ovate to lanceolate, 4 to 9 cm long,
entire, acute, base rounded. Racemes short, few-flowered. Corolla pur-
plish, nearly 1.5 cm long. Pod 5 to 7 cm long, about 7 mm wide, slightly
curved, beaked, swollen, densely covered with spreading or appressed, per-
sistent brown hairs.

In dry thickets, Caloocan to San Pedro Macati, fl. Nov.-March; of very
local occurrence in the Philippines. India.

55. PACHYRRHIZUS Richard

Herbaceous twining vines from large, turnip-shaped, fleshy roots. Leaves
8-foliolate, the leaflets stipellate, lobed or sinuate. Racemes axillary, long,
bearing the flowers in fascicles at the thickened nodes. Calyx 2-lipped, the
tube about as long as the lips, the upper lip notched, the lower one 3-toothed.
Corolla exserted, the petals subequal; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous.
Ovary many-ovuled; style bearded down the inner side below the oblique
stigma. Pod linear, somewhat swollen, depressed between the seeds.
(Greek “thick” and “root.”)

Species 2 or 3 in Mexico and in tropical Africa, 1 introduced in the
Philippines.

1. P. eERosus (L.) Urb. (P. angulatus Rich.). Sincamas (Sp.-Fil.).

A rather coarse, scandent, herbaceous vine, somewhat pubescent, from
rather large, edible, turnip-shaped, fleshy roots. Leaflets, at least the
terminal one, broader than long, up to 15 cm long and 20 cm wide, base
deltoid, irregularly and shallowly lobed in the upper half, the lateral ones
inequilateral. Racemes up to 45 cm in length, the lower nodes produced
into short branches, each node with several flowers. Flowers pale-blue or
blue and white, 2 to 2.5 cm long, the standard about 1.5 cm wide. Pods
about 10 cm long, 10 to 12 mm wide, flat, pubescent, containing 8 to 10
seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 249.)

Common in thickets, fl. Sept.—Jan., also cultivated; throughout the Philip-
pines, thoroughly naturalized. A native of tropical America, now widely
distributed in the tropics.

56. DOLICHOS Linnaeus

Twining herbs with 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets stipellate. Flowers
axillary, solitary or in racemes. Calyx-tube campanulate, the teeth long
or short. Corolla exserted, the petals equal or subequal in length, the keel
obtuse or beaked. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled; style bearded
down the inner side or around the stigma. Pod flat, linear to oblong.
(Greek “long” from extended growth of some species.)

Species about 20 in the tropics of both hemispheres, 3 in the Philippines.

Flowers many, about 2 cm long; pods large, about 2 cm wide.... 1. D. lablab
Flowers few, about 1 cm long; pods small, less than 1 cm wide.
2. D. faleatus

264 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. D. LABLAB L. Batao (Tag.).

A glabrous, twining, annual vine reaching a length of 6 m or more, the
stems often purplish. Leaves 3-foliolate, the stipules small, basifixed;
leaflets ovate, acute or acuminate, entire, 7 to 15 cm long. Racemes erect,
long-peduncled, 15 to 25 cm long. Flowers few to many, pink-purple or
nearly white, about 2 cm long. Pods oblong, flattened, 7 to 12 cm long,
about 2 cm wide, acuminate, containing 3 to 5 seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 292,
Lablab cultratus.) 2

Commonly cultivated for its edible beans, frequent in thickets etc., fi.
Oct.-_May; widely distributed in the Philippines, wild and cultivated, but
certainly introduced. Tropics of the Old World.

2. D. falcatus Klein.

A slender, twining, glabrous or nearly glabrous annual vine reaching
a length of 3 to 4 m. Leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate, 2 to 6 cm long,
subentire to somewhat 3-lobed, acute or acuminate, base broad. Peduncles
solitary, axillary, slender, equaling or exceeding the petioles, each bearing
from 1 to 3 or 4 flowers at the apex. Flowers pink and white or purplish,
1cm long. Pods oblong, somewhat curved, 5 to 7 cm long, about 8 mm wide.

In dry thickets, Guadalupe etc., common, fl. Oct.-March; widely distributed
in Luzon. India.

57. PSOPHOCARPUS Necker

Twining herbaceous or suffrutescent vines from tuberous roots. Leaves
3-foliolate, the stipules produced below the point of attachment; leaflets
stipellate. Flowers rather large, pale-blue or purplish. Calyx-teeth
shorter than the tube, the upper 2 connate. Corolla much-exserted, petals
equal, the keel incurved. Stamens monadelphous, the upper one free below.
Ovary many-ovuled; style long, bearded around the stigma. Pod square,
oblong, distinctly longitudinally winged along each angle, septate between
the seeds.

Species 3 or 4 in the tropics of the Old World, 1 in the Philippines.

1. P. TETRAGONOLOBUS (L.) DC. Segidilla (Sp.-Fil.); Calamismis (Tag.) ;
Asparagus Bean.

A glabrous, twining, annual vine reaching a length of 6 m or more.
Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets ovate, entire, acuminate, 8 to 14 cm long, base
deltoid. Racemes few-flowered up to 15 cm in length. Flowers light-blue,
3 to 8.5 cm long. . Pod square, 10 to 20 cm long, about 2 cm thick, 4-winged,
the wings about 5 mm wide, crisped. (FI. Filip. pl. 293.)

Commonly cultivated for its edible pods, occasionally spontaneous, fl.
Oct.—_Dec., certainly introduced. India and Malaya.

66. OXALIDACEAE (OXALIS OR BALIMBING FAMILY)

Herbs or trees, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite or alternate,
usually 2-stipulate. Inflorescence axillary or cauline. Flowers umbellate
or cymose, perfect, regular, small. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5. Stamens
10, in 2 series; filaments somewhat united below. Ovary 5-celled; ovules
one to many in each cell; styles free. Fruit capsular or fleshy, dehiscent or
indehiscent. {

Genera 7, species about 250, chiefly in temperate regions, 3 genera and 6
species in the Philippines.

OXALIDACEAE 265

1. Herbs; fruit a capsule.
“ Leaves 3-foliolate; valves of the capsule cohering with the axis.

1. Oxalis

2. Leaves pinnate; valves of the capsule separating from the axis to the
Ritieriin il 228 ee LO A 2. Biophytum

1. Trees or shrubs with pinnate leaves and fleshy fruits............ 3. Averrhoa

-

1. OXALIS Linnaeus

Small herbs acid in taste, usually postrate and creeping, the leaves
alternate, 3-foliolate; stipules small. Flowers on axillary 1 to few-flowered
peduncles, regular, yellow. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous.
_ Stamens 10, free, or united at the base, all anther-dzaring. Ovary 5-lobed,

5-celled; styles 5, distinct. Fruit a capsule dehiscing loculicidally. (From
the Greek “sour.”)

Species about 200, chiefly in tropical and temperate South America and
South Africa, 2 in the Philippines.

Leaflets less than 1.5 cm long; flowers yellow ...........................- 1. O. repens
Leaflets exceeding 1.5 cm in length; flowers purplish; cultivated only.

2. O martiana
1. O. repens Thunb. Taingandaga, Susocoyili (Tag.).

A small, variable, prostrate herb, somewhat pubescent with long, scat-
tered hairs, the stems creeping, up to 50 cm in length, usually rooting at
the nodes. Leaves 3-foliolate, their petioles 5 cm long or less; leaflets
obcordate, 0.5 to 1.5 cm long, sessile. Flowers yellow, one to several on
each peduncle, subumbellately disposed, nearly 1 cm long, the petals ob-
cordate. Capsules tomentose, subcylindric, 1 to 1.8 em long.

In waste places, along old walls, etc., fl. all the year; widely distributed
in the Philippines, ascending to an altitude of 2,300 m. Widely distributed
in temperate and tropical parts of the world, often confused with O. corni-
culata L.

*2. O. MARTIANA Zucc.

Erect, from tuberous rootstocks or small bulbs, the leaves all radical,
their petioles up to 25 cm long, ciliate-pubescent. Leaflets broadly obcor-
date or suborbicular-obcordate, about 3 cm long, often wider than long, mi-
nutely glandular on the lower surface, slightly pilose-ciliate. Flowers
umbellate, few to many, the peduncles about as long as the leaves, the
corolla lilac or pink-purple, about 12 mm long.

Not uncommon in cultivation, Singalon, fl. most of the year; introduced
from tropical America.

2. BIOPHYTUM DeCandolle

Annukl, erect, small, unbranched herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate,
crowded at the top of the stem, the leaflets opposite; petiole swollen at
the base. Peduncles terminal. Flowers unbellate, small, yellow. Sepals
5, lanceolate, acuminate. Petals 5. Stamens 10, filaments free, the outer
5 smaller. Capsule ovoid to oblong, loculicidally dehiscent. (Greek “life”
and “plant” from the sensitive leaves).

Species about 20 in tropical Asia, Africa, and America, 2 in the Phil-
ippines.

266 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. B. sensitivum ¢L.) DC. Macahia (Tag.).

Stems up to 30 cm high, usually shorter. Leaves numerous, crowded at
the apex of the stem, 5 to 12 long, the leaflets 8 to 14 pairs, the upper ones
gradually increasing in size, 1.5 cm long or less, oblong to oblong-obovate,
often somewhat curved, apex rounded or apiculate. Peduncles numerous,
usually about as long as the leaves. Flowers many, crowded at the apices
of the peduncles, shortly pedicelled. Sepals subulate-lanceolate, striate,
about 7 mm long. Petals yellow. Capsules shorter than the persistent
calyx.

San Pedro Macati, Pasay, etc., in dry places, fl. Aug.—Oct., and probably
in other months; widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium
altitudes. Tropical Asia, Africa, and America.

8. AVERRHOA Linnaeus

Small trees. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, the leaflets opposite or
nearly so; stipules none. Flowers small, regular, in panicled cymes, either
axillary or from the trunk and larger branches. Sepals 5, imbricate.
Petals 5, contorted. Stamens 10, united at the base, all perfect or 5 without
anthers. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled; styles 5, distinct; stigmas capitate;
ovules numerous. Fruit fleshy, oblong, cylindric or longitudinally 5-lobed.
Seeds naked or arillate, albumen scanty, fleshy; embryo straight. (In
honor of Averrhoés, latinized form of Ibn-Roshd, an Arabian philosopher.)

Three or four species in tropical America, two now widely distributed in
the tropics in cultivation, both found in the Philippines.

Inflorescence mostly axillary; leaflets usually 5 pairs, glabrous; fruit with
5 sharp lobes, star-shaped in cross-section.....................--- 1. A. carambola
Inflorescence on the trunk and larger branches; leaflets 10 to 17 pairs, pu-
bescent; fruit cylindric or with 5 obscure rounded lobes.... 2. A. bilimbi

1. A. CARAMBOLA L. Bilimbing (Sp.-Fil.).

A shrub or small tree 6 m high or less. Leaves pinnate, about 15 cm
long; leaflets quite glabrous, usually about 5 pairs, ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, the upper ones about 5 cm long, the lower ones smaller.
Panicles small, axillary, usually about 3 em long. Flowers 5 to 6 mm
long, somewhat campanulate. Calyx reddish-purple. Petals pale-purple
to rather bright-purple, often margined with white. Stamens 10, the 5
shorter ones usually without anthers. Fruit fleshy, green, or greenish-
yellow usually about 6 cm long, with 5 longitudinal, sharp, angular lobes,
acid, edible. Seeds arillate. (Fl. Filip. pl. 139.)

Rather common in cultivation, fl. most of the year. Widely distributed
in the Philippines and throughout the tropics, a native of tropical America.

Curiously when this species was introduced into the Philippines it appears
to have received the common name used for A. bilimbi L. in most other
countries, which error has persisted.

2. A. BILIMBI L. Camias, Iba (Tag.).

A small tree 5 to 12 m high. Leaves pinnate, 20 to 60 cm long, the
rachis and leafiets pubescent; leaflets 10 to 17 pairs, oblong, acuminate,
5 to 10 cm long. Panicles from the trunk and larger branches, usually
fascicled, pubescent, 15 em long or less. Flowers about 1.5 cm long, some-
what fragrant. Calyx pubescent. Corolla purple, often marked with white.
Fruit subcylindric or with 5, obscure, broad, rounded, longitudinal lobes,
green, acid, edible, about 4cm long. Seeds not arillate. (FI. Filip. pl. 138.)

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 267

Cultivated, not uncommon, fl. most of the year; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Throughout the tropics, a native of tropical America.

The closely allied family Geraniaceae is represented in the Philippines
only by introduced and cultivated forms, a few species of Pelargonium
(“geranium” of gardeners) which do not, as rule, thrive in Manila. A
single species, Pelargonium graveolens Ait., a native of South Africa, the
“rose geranium” of America and “malva rosa” of Spaniards, is extensively
cultivated here as a pot-plant, but it very rarely or never flowers in Manila.

67. ERYTHROXYLACEAE (CocA FAMILY)

Glabrous slender shrubs or trees with alternate, entire leaves, involute
in bud, the stipules solitary, intrapetiolar. Flowers axillary, solitary or
fascicled, 5-merous, perfect. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed. Petals 5, free,
clawed, ligulate at the base inside. Stamens 10, the filaments connate
into a shallow cup. Ovary superior, 3-celled, 2 cells usually sterile, the
third with 1 or 2 ovules; styles 3, free or connate. Fruit drupaceous, the
pulp scanty.

Genera 2, species about 195, of wide tropical distribution, but mostly in
tropical America.

1. ERYTHROXYLUM P. Browne

Characters of the Family as given above. (From the Greek “red” and
“wood.”’)
Species 194, 3 in the Philippines, the following introduced.

*1. E. cocA Lam. Cocaine Plant.

An erect, branched, glabrous shrub 1 to 2 m high. Leaves thin, elliptic-
oblong or narrowly obovate-elliptic, 2 to 7 cm long, obtuse, mucronulate,
base acute, longitudinal nerves or lines 2 or 4, slender, more distinct in
young leaves. Flowers white, axillary, several in each axil, their pedicels 3
to 4 long. Petals about 4.5 mm long, the blade elliptic. Fruit oblong, red,
the pulp thin, 7 to 10 mm long, cylindric, when dry 3-angled.

Cultivated, Singalon, Cementerio del Norte, etc., fi. most of the year.
A native of South America, now cultivated in many tropical countries
and of very recent introduction in the Philippines.

68. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (TRIBULUS FAMILY)

Herbs with opposite, stipulate, abruptly pinnate leaves. Peduncles axil-
lary, solitary, 1-flowered. Flowers perfect, regular, rather showy, yellow.
Sepals 5, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading, imbricate. Disk an-
nular, 10-lobed. Stamens 10, inserted on the base of the disk, the 5
longer ones opposite the petals, the 5 shorter ones with a gland at the
base. Ovary sessile, lobed, usually of 4 or 5 carpels. Fruit of several,
spinous, indehiscent cocci. Seeds obliquely pendulous.

Genera about 20, species more than 100, chiefly tropical and subtrop-
ical, one genus and species known from the Philippines.

1. TRIBULUS Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (Greek “caltrop,” literally
3-pointed. )

About 15 species, in most warm countries, 1 introduced in the Philip-
pines.

268 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. T. cISTOIDEs L.

A perennial, prostrate or spreading, more or less pubescent plant with
elongated stems up to 1 m in length. Leaves 4 to 6 cm long; leaflets
about 6 pairs, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apiculate, 0.7 to 1.5 cm long,
gray-pubescent beneath. Peduncles 2 to 4 cm long. Flowers yellow,
about 3 cm in diameter. Fruits subglobose, about 1 em in diameter, hairy,
each coccus with about 2 stout sharp spines.

Abundant about the Parafiaque church, fi. most of the year; known from
several towns in Luzon, local and certainly an introduced plant in the Phil-
ippines. Tropics generally.

69. RUTACEAE (ORANGE OR LUCBAN FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, often spiny, the leaves with nu-
merous or few, pellucid, oil-glands. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or
compound. Flowers regular, perfect, axillary or terminal, solitary, or in
fascicles, racemes, cymes, or panicles. Calyx 4- or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or
5 or more, valvate or imbricate, free. Stamens 4 to 10, or in some genera
up to 60, hypogynous, the filaments free or connate into a tube, inserted
around the disk. Ovary of 4 or 5, free or connate carpels, or simple and
many-celled; styles free or variously united; ovules 1 or 2 to many in each
cell. Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe, or capsular, or of 1 to 4 capsule-
like cocci.

Genera 121, species more than 700, in most tropical and many temperate
countries, 18 genera and about 50 species in the Philippines.

1. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell.
2. Unarmed shrubs.
B.. Style. vary ‘short; persistent:.....2iigh is aay. Vines 1. Glycosmis

3. Style jointed on the ovary, deciduous; shrubs or trees with pinnate
leaves.

4. Filaments linear-subulate:................0226200.2...0ec.eccceseeececeeeeee 2. Murraya

4, Filamente ‘dilated below .20. 252". veel Tes Sere 3. Clausena

2. Spiny shrubs with 3-foliolate leaves. ..........2...2..2:-2:0seceeee-e0e= 4. Triphasia

1. Ovules 4 to,many in each cell.

2. Leaves '*1-foliolate. sca. toe eee eee eee 5. Citrus
Zz.) Leaves S-foliolate...<.. oc ee eee ee 6. Aegle

1. GLYCOSMIS Correa

Spineless shrubs or trees, with 1- to 5-foliolate leaves, the leaflets entire,
alternate. Flowers small, in short, narrow, axillary panicles. Calyx 4- or
5-toothed, the segments imbricate. Petals 4 or 5, imbricate. Stamens 8
to 10, free, the filaments dilated below. Ovary 2- to 5-celled, the style very
short, not jointed, persistent. Ovules1in each cell. Fruit a globose, fleshy,
1 to 3-seeded berry. (From the Greek “sweet.’’)

Species 5 or more, tropical Asia to Australia, the following exceeding
variable one, and perhaps one other in the Philippines.

1. Glycosmis cochinchinensis (Lour.) Pierre (G. pentaphylla Correa).
Guing-guing (Tag.).

A shrub 1 to 5 m high, the leaves usually with from 3 to 5 pinnately

arranged leaflets, sometimes reduced to one or two, all often found on the

same plant. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, 5 to 18

RUTACEAE 269

em long, 2 to 7 cm wide. Flowers small, white, about 6 mm in diameter,
borne in axillary, solitary or paired, interrupted, narrow, cymose panicles,
5 em long or less. Calyx-teeth 5, short. Petals oblong-ovate, 5 mm long,
white. Stamens 10. Fruit fleshy, globose, pink or reddish, 1 cm in
diameter, containing a single globose seed 5 mm in diameter. (FI. Filip.
pl. 187, G. trifoliata.)

Occasional in thickets and hedges, fl. most of the year; widely distributed
in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. India to southern China,
Malaya, and tropical Australia.

2. MURRAYA Linnaeus

Small trees or shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers in axillary
or terminal small cymes. Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, imbricate,
free. Stamens 10, inserted around an elongated disk, the filaments slender,
the alternating ones shorter. Ovary 2- to 5-celled, narrowed above into
the style; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit small, fleshy, 1-, sometimes
2-seeded. (In honor of J. A. Murray, a Danish botanist.)

Species 4 or 5 in tropical Asia and Malaya, 2 in the Philippines.

1. M. exotica L. Camuning (Tag., Vis.).

A shrub or small glabrous tree with very hard wood, 3 to 8 m high.
Leaves 8 to 15 cm long, the leaflets usually 3 to 7, sometimes reduced to 1;
leaflets oblong to ovate, elliptic or subrhomboid, blunt-acuminate, entire,
2 to 7 cm long, or in one form up to 14 ecm in length. Cymes short,
terminal or in the upper axils, usually few-flowered. Flowers white, very
fragrant, 1.5 to 2 cm long. Fruit ovoid, fleshy, red, 1 to 1.5 em long.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 155, M. sumatrana.)

Frequently cultivated and also abundant in dry thickets about Manila,
fl. July-Sept., and probably in other months; widely distributed in the
Philippines. India to China southward to Australia and Polynesia.

3. CLAUSENA Burmann

Erect, spineless shrubs or small trees, aromatic when crushed. Leaves
odd-pinnate. Flowers small, in terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx 4-
or 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, free, imbricate. Stamens 8 to 10, inserted
around an elongated disk, the filaments enlarged below, subulate at the
tips, the alternating ones shorter. Ovary stipitate, usually 4- or 5-celled;
ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a fleshy, globose or ovoid, 2- to 5-celled berry.
(After P. Clausen, a Danish botanist.)

Species about 20, tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia, 4 or 5 in the
Philippines.

1. C. anisum-olens (Blanco) Merr. Cayomanis, Calomata (Tag.).

A small tree 3 to 6 m high, nearly or quite glabrous. Leaves 20 to 30
em long; leaflets 7 to 11, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5 to 11 cm long,
very aromatic when crushed, acuminate, crenate, base inequilateral. Pan-
icles 15 to 20 em long, terminal and in the upper axils, narrowly
pyramidal. Flowers greenish-white, fragrant, about 8 mm in diameter,
5-merous. Fruit globose or ovoid, nearly 1 cm in diameter, whitish when
mature.

Occasionally cultivated, Singalon, fl. May-June; rather widely distri-
buted in the Philippines. Endemic.

270 A FLORA OF MANILA

4. TRIPHASIA Loureiro

An erect, branched, spiny shrub with 8-foliolate leaves. Flowers axil-
lary, solitary, or in 3-flowered cymes. Calyx 3-lobed. Petals 3, free,
imbricate. Stamens 6. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled, narrowed above, the style
deciduous; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit a small, ovoid, 1- to 3-celled, 1-
to 3-seeded berry. (Greek, “three-fold.’’)

A monotypic genus, probably a native of southeastern Asia.

1. T. TRIFOLIA (Burm.) P. Wils. (7. trifoliata DC.). Limoncito (Sp.-Fil.).

A glabrous shrub 1 to 3 m high, the spines in pairs, slender, straight.
Leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate, obtuse or retuse, crenate, the terminal one
2 to 4 cm long, the lateral ones smaller, the petioles very short. Flowers
very shortly pedicelled, white, fragrant, about 1 cm long. Fruit ovoid,
fleshy, red, edible, gland-dotted, about 12 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 129.)

In thickets, sometimes cultivated, fi. most of the year; widely distributed
in the Philippines, certainly introduced, but now naturalized. Generally
cultivated in the tropics of the East and in other tropical countries;
probably a native of tropical Asia.

5. CITRUS Linnaeus,

Shrubs or trees, usually spiny. Leaves alternate, 1-foliolate, the petiole
often winged. Flowers axillary, solitary or in short racemes or cymes,
fragrant. Calyx mostly cup-shaped, 3- to 5-toothed. Petals 4 to 8, thick,
imbricate. Stamens 10 to 60, inserted around the disk, the filaments more
or less connate or nearly free. Ovary usually many-celled; ovules 4 to
8 in each cell, 2-seriate. Fruit a medium to very large, oblong or globose,
fleshy berry, 5- to many-celled, the pericarp leathery. (The Latin name.)

Species 6 or more, very variable, India to Japan south to Australia,
some cultivated in most subtropical and tropical countries, most of the
species in the Philippines.

In addition to the species considered below, imported oranges are com-
monly sold in the Manila markets. A common native form is a tight-
skinned sour orange locally known as “‘cahel” (Citrus aurantium L.); a
more common loose-skinned form is known as “narangita” or “sintones”
(Citrus nobilis Lour). Imported lemons (C. medica L.) are to be had at
all seasons.

1. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, rarely in pairs.................-.-.--- 1. C. mitis
1. Flowers in short racemes.

2. Petioles narrowly winged; flowers less than 1.5 cm long; fruit small.

2. C. lima

2. Petioles very broadly winged; flowers about 2 cm long; fruit very large.

3. C. decumana

*1. C. mitis Blanco. Calamondin, Calamansi (Tag.).

A glabrous, somewhat spiny tree 4 to 5 m high. Leaflets elliptic to
oblong-elliptic, 4 to 8 cm long, apex usually retuse, base acute, margins
slightly crenulate, the petioles very narrowly or scarcely winged, about 1
cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, rarely in pairs, white, short-pedicelled.
Calyx 5-toothed. Petals elliptic-oblong, about 12 m long. Stamens about
20, the filaments more or less united into a tube. Fruit globose, yellow,
2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, 6- or 7-celled, the skin thin. (Fl. Filip. pl. 185.)

RUTACEAE 271

Occasionally cultivated, fl. most of the year; rather widely distributed
in the Philippires. Endemic.

*2. C. LIMA Lunan (C. acida Roxb.). Dayap (Tag.); Limon (Sp.-Fil.).

A shrub or small tree 2 to 4 m high, glabrous throughout, the branches
armed with slender, solitary, axillary, sharp spines 1 cm long or less.
Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, crenulate, 4 to 6 cm long, acute or
obtuse; petioles 1 to 1.5 em long, narrowly winged, oblanceolate. Racemes
short, axillary, few-flowered. Flowers white, fragrant. Calyx about 5
mm in diameter, the teeth short. Petals 4, oblong, 10 to 12 mm long,
glandular-punctate. Stamens 10 to 25, free or nearly so. Fruit sub-
globose, yellow, 3 to 5 cm in diameter, 10-celled or more, the skin thin,
the pulp sharply acid.

Cultivated, fl. most of the year; widely distributed in the Philippines,
and undoubtedly of prehistoric introduction. India and Malaya; cultivated
in all tropical countries.

*2. C. DECUMANA Murr. Lucban, Suha (Tag.); Pomelo.

A tree 5 to 10 m high, the branches with solitary spines, the branchlets
compressed, pubescent, green. Leaflets ovate-oblong to elliptic, entire or
nearly so, apex retuse, sparingly pubescent beneath and on the margins,
8 to 12 cm long; petioles broadly winged, obovate. Racemes axillary, short,
the flowers crowded, white, very fragrant. Calyx about 1 cm in diameter,
shallow, broadly 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong, 2 cm long. Stamens 16 to 24.
Fruit large, globose or obovoid, up to 15 cm or more in diameter, the rind
very thick, the pulp pale-yellow to pink or red, sweet or acid, the vescicles
large, distinct. (FI. Filip. pl. 304.)

Commonly cultivated, fl. most of the year; throughout the Philippines
in cultivation, but probably not a native of the Archipelago. A native of
Malaya or Polynesia, now cultivated in most tropical and subtropical
countries.

6. AEGLE Correa

Trees with alternate, 3-foliolate leaves, spiny. Flowers in short axillary
racemes or clusters. Calyx small, 4- or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, free,
spreading, imbricate in bud. Stamens 10 or more, inserted around the
disk. Ovary ovoid, 8- to 20-celled; ovules numerous, 2-seriate. Fruit
large, ovoid to oblong, 8- to 15-celled, the cells many-seeded, the rind thick,
the pulp aromatic. (From Aegle, one of the Hesperides, of Greek
mythology.)

Species 3 or 4, tropical Asia and Africa, 1 in the Philippines.

1. A. glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. Taboc, Tabog (Tag.).

A tree reaching a height of 10 m, glabrous except the younger branch-
lets and inflorescence. Trunk usually spiny, small spines usually present
on the branches. Leaves 3-foliolate, oblong-ovate to elliptic, obtuse or
retuse, entire or somewhat crenate, the terminal one 6 to 10 cm long, the
lateral ones smaller. Flowers white, fragrant, about 1.5 cm long. Fruit
green or yellow, oblong, about 10 cm long, 10-celled, the pericarp rough, the
seeds numerous, surrounded by a fibrous coating. (FI. Filip. pl. 124, A.
decandra.)

Occasional in Manila, fl. Mar—Apr.; widely distributed in Luzon. En-
demic.

In addition to the species considered above, the European rue (Ruta
graveolens L.), locally known under its Spanish name, ruda, is occasionally
cultivated for medicinal purposes. It is an undershrub less than 1 m high.

272 A FLORA OF MANILA

70. SIMARUBACEAE (QUASSIA FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, with usually bitter bark, and al-
ternate, pinnate, leaves. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, racemose,
cymose, or paniculate. Flowers regular. Calyx 3- to 5-lobed. Petals 3
to 5, hypogynous. Disk annular or elongated, rarely none. Stamens as
many as, or twice as many as, the petals, free. Ovary superior, free,
1- to 6-celled, entire or deeply lobed; ovules 1 or few in each cell; styles
free or more or less united. Fruit drupaceous or capsular; seeds usually
solitary.

Genera 32, species about 130, tropical and subtropical regions in both
hemispheres, 8 genera and about 12 species in the Philippines.

Somewhat climbing, armed with short spines; petioles not winged; flowers

ermal, woladbes Jeo sos tie. ee ae ey 1. Harrisonia
Erect, unarmed; petioles and leaf-rachis winged; flowers large, red.
2. Quassia

1. HARRISONIA R. Brown

Erect or somewhat climbing, spiny, glabrous or pubescent shrubs.
Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers perfect, racemose or cymose. Calyx small,
4- or 5-fid. Petals 4 to 5, longer than the calyx. Stamens twice as many
as the petals, the filaments with small scales at the base; ovary globose,
4- or 5-lobed, 4- or 5-celled; ovules solitary. Fruit berry-like, fleshy, glo-
bose. (In honor of J. Harrison, an English horticulturist.)

Species 3 or 4, tropical Africa and Asia through Malaya to Australia,
2 in the Philippines.

1. H. perforata (Blanco) Merr. (H. paucijuga Benn.). Asimao, Laiya,
Mamiquil (Tag.).

Somewhat climbing or nearly erect, 2 to 4 m high, the branches armed
with short sharp spines. Leaves 5 to 10 em long, slightly pubescent or
nearly glabrous; leaflets oblong-ovate, 1.5 to 3.5 cm long, entire or crenate,
acute or obtuse. Racemes 3 to 5 cm long, terminal. Flowers white; petals
about 6 mm long; filaments villous at the base. Fruit globose, fleshy,
glabrous, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 28 Fagara piperita.)

In dry thickets near Fort McKinley, fl. Apr._June; of local occurrence
in the Philippines. India to China and Malaya.

2. QUASSIA Linnaeus

A glabrous erect shrub, intensely bitter. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate,
the petiole and rachis winged. Flowers large, perfect, in terminal simple
racemes or panicles. Calyx small, 5-partite. Petals 5, elongated, erect,
not spreading. Stamens 10, inserted at the base of the large columnar
torus. Ovary 5-lobed. Drupes 5 or fewer, spreading. (Named after
Quassi, or Coissi, a negro slave in Surinam who used the plant for
medicine. )

A monotypic genus of tropical America.

1. Q. amaRA L. Corales (Sp.-Fil.); Quassia.
A glabrous shrub 2 to 3.5 m high. Leaves alternate, about 20 cm long,
the petiole and rachis broadly winged; leaflets 5, sessile, elliptic-oblong,

MELIACEAE 273

or the terminal one oblong-obovate, acuminate, 7 to 12 cm long. Racemes 8
to 20 em long. Flowers bright-red, the corolla about 2.5 cm long.

Cultivated only, fl. Nov.-March. A native of tropical America, of com-
paratively recent introduction here.

71. BURSERACEAE (CANARIUM OR PILI FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs, resiniferous, with alternate or opposite, odd-pinnate
leaves. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, paniculate or racemose. Flow-
ers small, regular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx 3- to 6-lobed. Petals
3 to 6, free, rarely connate, imbricate or valvate. Disk annular or cup-
shaped. Stamens 3 to 12, equal or unequal, inserted at the base of, or on
the margin of the disk, free, or sometimes united at the base. Ovary free,
1- to 5-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell; style simple. Fruit drupe-like,
indehiscent, the pulp usually thin, the endocarp bony, often 3-angled,
1- to 3-seeded.

Genera 19, species about 400 in the tropics of both hemispheres, 4 genera
and about 40 species in the Philippines.

1. CANARIUM Linnaeus

Usually large trees with fragrant sticky resin. Leaves alternate, odd-
pinnate. Flowers small, in terminal or axillary, often narrow panicles,
perfect or polygamous. Calyx short, 3-lobed. Petals 3, free. Stamens 6,
‘inserted on the margin of the disk, or outside of it. Ovary 2- or 3-celled;
ovules 2 in each cell. Drupe ovoid to ellipsoid, often distinctly 3-angled,
the pulp thin, the stone 1- to 3-celled, 1- to 3-seeded. (From the Malay
name of one species.)

Species about 100 in tropical Asia and Malaya, about 35 in the Philip-
pines.

1. C. villosum (Blume) F.-Vill. Pagsainguin (Tag.).

A tree reaching a height of 20 m, the young branches, leaves, and in-
florescence more or less covered with soft brown hairs, in age becoming
nearly glabrous. Leaves 20 to 50 cm long; leaflets 7 to 15, ovate to oblong-
ovate, 6 to 18 cm long, entire, acuminate, base rounded or subcordate,
oblique, the nerves prominent beneath. Inflorescence axillary, paniculate,
10 to 30 cm long, the primary branches distant, very short, or sometimes
none. Flowers pubescent, greenish-white, 4 to 5 mm long, sessile, fasci-
culate. Fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, terete, not 3-angled, about 1 cm long. (FI.
Filip. pl. 343, C. pimela.)

In thickets, Masambong, occasional, fl. Mar.—Apr.; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Endemic.

72. MELIACEAE (SANTOL FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs, rarely small undershrubs or herbs, with alternate,
usually pinnate, sometimes 2- or 3-pinnate, rarely simple leaves. Flowers
perfect or polygamo-dioecious, regular, in axillary or terminal panicles,
racemes, spikes, or fascicles. Calyx 3- to 6-lobed, rarely entire or of free
sepals. Petals 3 to 6, free or connate at the base, sometimes cohering with
the staminal tube below. Anthers 4 to 12, sessile, usually borne inside of,
or on the margin of a staminal tube. Disk tubular, annular, or none.

111555——18

274 A FLORA OF MANILA

Ovary usually free, 2- to 5-celled; style simple; stigma capitate or disk-
like; ovules usually 2 in each cell. Fruit capsular, drupe-like, or berry-
like, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds various.

Genera 47, species about 800, in the tropics of both hemispheres, 18
genera, and about 90 species in the Philippines.

1. Leaves simple; a very low undershrub or herb........................ 1. Turraea
1. Leaves 38-foliolate; trees with baccate edible fruits............ 2. Sandoricum
1. Leaves simply pinnate.
2. Flowers globose, small.
3. Stamens 5 or 6, rarely more, in 1 series; ovary 1- or 2-celled.

:; 3. Aglaia

3. Stamens 10, in 2 series; ovary 3- to 5-celled.................... 4. Lansium

a. Plowers ‘elongated, cylindric.) eS ee ee ennt oe 5. Dysoxylum
Moenves Z-ror S-pinn assess See OE ea cae eecaeean deere 6. Melia

1. TURRAEA Linnaeus

Trees, shrubs, or in our representative a low subherbaceous undershrub.
Leaves simple, entire or toothed. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, few-
flowered. Flowers white or yellow, elongated. Calyx 4- or 5-fid. Petals
4 or 5, elongated, imbricate, spatulate. Staminal-tube elongated, toothed
at the apex; anthers 8 or 10, alternating with the teeth, inserted just
within the mouth: Disk annular or none. Ovary 4- or more-celled; cells
2-ovuled. Fruit a 4- or more-celled loculicidal capsule. (In honor of G.
Turre, an early Italian botanist.)

Species 25 in tropical Asia and Africa, through Malaya, to Australia,
2 in the Philippines.

1. T. humilis (Blanco) Merr.

An erect, usually unbranched undershrub or suffrutescent herb 20 cm
high or less, slightly pubescent. Leaves simple, elliptic-ovate, 2.5 to 8
cm long, margins sinuate-toothed. Racemes axillary, usually 3-flowered,
short, erect. Flowers white, about 3.5 cm long. Corolla-tube slender, the
lobes 5. (FI. Filip. pl. 181, T. pumila.)

On banks about rocks and ledges, Guadalupe, San Sit del Monte, etc.,
fl. June; known in the Philippines only from the vicinity of Manila. Java.

2. SANDORICUM Cavanilles

Trees with 3-foliolate leaves and 5-merous flowers in axillary panicles.
Calyx cup-shaped. Petals imbricate in bud, spreading. Staminal-tube
cylindric, nearly as long as the petals, toothed. Stamens 10 or 8, included.
Disk surrounding the ovary, laciniate. Ovary 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled.
Fruit a large, fleshy, 3- to 5-celled berry, seeds 1 in each cell surrounded
by a translucent, fleshy pulp. (From its Malay name, santoor.)

Species about 7, India and Malaya, 2 in the Philippines.

1. S. KOETJAPE (Burm. f.) Merr. (S. indicum Cav.). Santol (Tag.).

A tree reaching a height of 15 m, the young branches and leaves
softly pubescent. Leaflets 10 to 25 cm long, acuminate, base rounded or
obtuse, elliptic to oblong-ovate. Panicles 10 to 20 cm long, the flowers
numerous, somewhat fascicled on the branchlets, greenish-yellow or straw-

MELIACEAE 275

colored, about 1 cm long. Fruit globose or depressed-globose, yellowish,
4 to 6 cm in diameter, the pericarp thick, the seeds large and surrounded
by a soft, translucent or pale, edible, acid pulp. (FI. Filip. pl. 127.)

Commonly cultivated, fl. Feb—March; throughout the Philippines, wild
and cultivated, undoubtedly introduced. India to Malaya.

3. AGLAIA Loureiro

é

Shrubs or trees with pinnate, rarely 3-foliolate or simple leaves, gla-
brous, lepidote, or stellate-pubescent; leaflets entire. Flowers small, glo-
bose, polygamo-dioecious, numerous, in axillary or terminal panicles.
Calyx 5-lobed or toothed. Petals 5, concave, imbricate. Staminal-tube
urceolate, subglobose, or obovoid, entire or 5-toothed. Anthers 5, included
or half-exserted, or in one section inserted on the rim of the tube. Ovary
1- to 3-celled, small. Fruit berry-like, 1- or 2-celled and -seeded, the seeds
usually surrounded by a gelatinous, fleshy integument. (Greek “splendor,”
from the beauty of the original species.)

Species 100 or more, India to China through Malaya to Australia and
Polynesia, about 40 in the Philippines.

* 1. A. opoRATA Lour. Cinnamomo de China (Sp.-Fil.).

A small, much-branched, glabrous tree 4 to 7m high. Leaves 5 to 12
em long, the rachis slightly winged, leaflets 5, obovate to oblong, obtuse, 2
to 7 em long, the lower ones smaller than the upper. Panicles axillary,
5 to 10 cm long, rather lax. Flowers numerous, yellow, very fragrant,
about 3 mm in diameter, racemosely arranged. Fruit ovoid or subglobose,
about 12 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 410.)

Commonly cultivated for its fragrant flowers, but not spontaneous, fl.
Aug.—Dece. A native of southeastern Asia, now more or less cultivated in
many tropical countries.

4, LANSIUM Jack

Trees with odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers small, subglobose, polygamo-
dioecious, the males often panicled, the females in axillary or cauline
spikes or racemes. Sepals and petals 5, rounded, imbricate. Stamens
united in a tube; anthers 10, included, mostly in 2 series. Ovary 3- to
5-celled; cells 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, 3- to 5-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds sur-
rounded by a soft, fleshy pulp. (From its Malay name.)

Species 5 or 6, India to Malaya, 2 in the Philippines.

*1. L. DomMESTICUM Jack. Lansones (Tag.).

A tree 4 to 8 m high or more, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous.
Leaves alternate, 20 to 40 cm long; leaflets 5 to 7, oblong or elliptic-
oblong, acuminate, 7 to 18 cm long, the nerves prominent on the lower
surface. Perfect flowers in spikes which are solitary or fasicled on the
trunk and larger branches, much shorter than the leaves. Flowers sessile,
small. Fruit edible, oblong-ovate or ellipsoid, pubescent, usually about 3
em long, the pericarp tough. Seeds 1 or 2, surrounded by translucent pulp,
as are the remaining 3 or 4 aborted seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 117.)

Rarely cultivated in our area, fi. June; widely distributed in the
Philippines in cultivation, certainly introduced. Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.

276 A FLORA OF. MANILA

5. DYSOXYLUM Blume

Trees with pinnate, often much elongated leaves, the leaflets entire,
often oblique at the base. Flowers elongated, perfect, paniculate. Calyx
4- or 5-fid, dentate, or subentire. Petals 4 or 5, oblong, valvate or only
slightly imbricate. Staminal-tube cylindric; anthers short, 6 to 10, usually
included. Disk tubular, equaling or longer than the ovary. Ovary 3- or 4-
celled; style about as long as the staminal-tube. Capsule usually globose,
the pericarp coriaceous, 1- to 4-celled, loculicidal. (Greek “bad” and
“wood,” from the ill-smelling wood of some species.)

Species 100 or more, India to Malaya, few in Australia and New
Zealand, 17 in the Philippines.

1. D. decandrum (Blanco) Merr. Iguio (Tag.).

A tree 10 to 20 m in height. Leaves crowded at the ends of’ the
branches, 60 to 90 cm long. Leaflets 10 or more pairs, thin when dry,
the lower ones usually ovate and less than 10 cm long, the median and
upper ones oblong, 20 cm long or more, base inequilateral. Panicles axil-
lary, drooping, about 40 cm long. Flowers sessile, pale-yellowish, pubes-
cent, about 1 cm long, 5-merous. Capsule depressed-globose, 1.5 to 2 em
in diameter, pericarp yellow, pubescent. Seeds red.

Occasionally cultivated, fl. May-July; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. Java to New Guinea.

6. MELIA Linnaeus

Trees with pinnate or 2- or 3-pinnate leaves, the leaflets toothed.
Panicles axillary. Calyx short, 5- or 6-lobed. Petals 5 or 6, free, spread-
ing. Staminal-tube cylindric 10- or 12-striate and toothed; anthers 10 or
12, inserted near the apex. Disk annular. Ovary 3- to 6-celled; style
nearly as long as the tube. Fruit drupe-like. (Greek name of the ash,
applied here on account of the resemblance of the leaves.)

A small genus of the Indo-Malayan region, 2 species in the Philippines, -
the following introduced.

Fieaflets prominently. toothed.2.202...W wo... Stee 1. M. azedarach
Leaflets entire or only slightly crenate..................2....-2-..220.-----+- 2. M. candollei

* 1. M. AZEDARACH L. Paraiso (Sp.-Fil.).

A shrub or small tree, usually not more than 3 or 4m in height. Leaves
bipinnate, occasionally tripinnate, 20 to 40 cm long; leaflets numerous,
oblong-ovate, toothed, acuminate, 4 to 7 cm long. Panicles 10 to 20 cm
long. Flowers fragrant, 5-merous, the petals about 1 cm long, oblong-
spatulate, pale-lilac, the staminal-tube usually dark-purple, about 7 mm
long. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, about 1 cm long.

Frequently cultivated for its fragrant and ornamental flowers, fli. all the
year. A native of tropical Asia, now cultivated in most tropical countries.

2. M. candollei Juss. Gango (Tag.); Bagaliga (Vis.).

A tree 6 to 15 m high, glabrous when mature, the younger es
tomentose-farinose. Leaves long-petioled, about 50 cm long, usually bi-
pinnate. Leaflets numerous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire
or obscurely crenate, 4 to 8 cm long. Panicles in the upper axils, shorter

MALPIGHIACEAE 277
than the leaves, many-flowered. Flowers violet and white, fragrant, about
8 mm long, the petals pubescent. Fruit drupaceous, ellipsoid, about 1.5
em long. (FI. Filip. pl. 420.)

Occasionally cultivated, Singalon, ete., fl. March; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Timor.

73. MALPIGHIACEKAE (MALPIGHIA FAMILY)

Shrubs, trees, or woody vines. Leaves opposite, entire, glandular at the
base or on the petioles. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, racemose, the
pedicels jointed. Flowers perfect, regular or irregular. Calyx 5-partite,
one or more lobes furnished with a large gland, or eglandular. Petals 5,
clawed or not. Stamens 10, equal, or one much larger than the others;
filaments free or connate below. Ovary 3-celled; styles 1 to 3; ovules
solitary in each cell. Fruit capsular or of variously winged samaras.

Genera 55, species about 650, widely distributed in the tropics, but
chiefly American, 5 genera and about 15 species in the Philippines.

An erect shrub; fruit not winged; cultivated only..................... 1. Galphimia
A scandent woody vine; fruit radiately several-winged........ 2. Tristellateia

1. GALPHIMIA Cavanilles

Shrubs with small, opposite, mostly entire leaves, usually more or less
glaucous beneath, glandular on the margins near the base or at the apex
of the petioles. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, the pedicels 2-bracteo-
late. Flowers yellow. Calyx 5-partite, usually eglandular. Petals sub-
‘equal, glabrous, clawed. Stamens 10, all perfect, the filaments distinct or
united at the base. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3. Capsule of 3 indehiscent cocci.
(Anagram of Malpighia, another genus of the family.)

Species 11, all in tropical America, a single introduced and cultivated
one in the Philippines.

1. G. GLAUCA Cav. Cuisia (Tag.).

A shrub 1 to 3 m high, glabrous, the branches slender, brownish.
Leaves opposite, oblong or elliptic-oblong, petioled, 1.5 to 5 cm long, 0.8
to 1.8 cm wide, acute. Flowers in terminal racemes, yellow, about 1.5
cm in diameter, their pedicels 1 cm long or less. Carpels small.

Occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes, not spontaneous, fil.
all the year. A native of tropical America.

2. TRISTELLATEIA Thouars

Scandent woody shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, the petioles with
1 or 2 glands at the top. Flowers yellow, in terminal or lateral racemes.
Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 10, all perfect. Filaments
truncate and jointed at the top. Ovary 3-lobed; styles 1 to 3, slender,
one or more reduced to small papillae. Ripe carpels each with. 3 or
more wings, more or less united, the whole forming a stellate fruit.
(Latin “three” and “star,” referring to the star-like wings of the 3
carpels.)

Species about 16, almost all in Madagascar, the following widely dis-
tributed in Malaya and the only Philippine representative.

278 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. T. australasiae Rich. Bagnit (Tag.).

A glabrous, scandent, woody vine several meters in length. oe
oblong-ovate, acute, base rounded, 5 to 14 em long, the petioles with
1 or 2 glands at the apex. Racemes terminal, 5 to 15 long. Flowers
yellow, about 2 cm in diameter, the pedicels 1.5 to 3 cm long, opposite,
with 2, small bracteoles below the middle. Petals oblong or oblong-ovate,
base cordate, the claw slender. Fruit subglobose, about 12 mm in diam-
eter, the carpel-wings 6 or 17, vertically compressed, spreading and
recurved, linear-oblong. (FI. Filip. pl. 435.)

In thickets near the seashore and along tidal streams, Tondo to.Caloocan,
fi. most of the year; widely distributed in the Philippines along the sea-
shore. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to Australia.

74. POLYGALACEAE (MILKWORT FAMILY)

Annual or perennial herbs, scandent shrubs, or trees. Leaves alter-
nate, entire, simple. Flowers perfect, irregular, 3-bracteate. Sepals 5,
unequal, the inner 2 often petal-like. Petals 5 or 3, distinct, unequal, the
lower one usually boat-shaped or keeled. Stamens 4 to 8, hypogynous,
the filaments united into a sheath, rarely free. Ovary free, 1- to 3-celled;
ovules 1 or more in each cell. Fruit generally a 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule,
dehiscent or indehiscent.

Genera 11, species about 720 of very wide distribution, 5 genera, and
19 species in the Philippines.

Inner sepals larger than the outer ones and petal-like; anthers 8.

1. Polygala
Sepals nearly equal; anthers.4 or 5; flowers minute, in terminal spikes. ~
2. Salomonia
1. POLYGALA Linnaeus ;

Erect, simple or branched, often slender herbs, rarely under-shrubs.
Leaves alternate, rarely whorled, simple, entire, exstipulate. Flowers in
terminal or axillary, short or elongated spikes or racemes. Sepals usually
persistent, unequal, the 2 inner ones large and petal-like. Petals 3, united
below with the staminal sheath, the lower one keel-shaped and usually
crested. Stamens 8, the filaments united for the lower one-half into a
sheath that is split down one side. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary.
Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, small, loculicidal. (Greek “much” and “milk,”
the name applied by Dioscorides to a plant that was supposed to increase
the secretion of milk.)

Species more than 400 in all parts of the world, about 7 in the Philip-
pines.

1. P. CHINENSIS L.

‘A slender, erect, simple or sparingly branched, slightly pubescent, an-
nual herb 6 to 20 cm high. Leaves alternate, linear-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, apex atute, apiculate, base acute, short-petioled, 1 to 3 cm long.
Racemes axillary, solitary, few-flowered, much shorter than the leaves.
Flowers horizontal or pendulous, about 5 mm long, the outer 3 sepals
oblong-ovate, about 1.5 mm long, the inner two as long as the corolla,
faleate, much longer than the compressed, oblong-ovate, retuse capsule.

In open grass lands, near La Loma; of local occurrence in the Philip-
pines, undoubtedly introduced. India to China, through Malaya to tropical
Australia.

EUPHORBIACEAE 279

2. SALOMONIA Loureiro

Erect, branched, slender, annual, leafy herbs. Flowers small, in dense
terminal spikes. Sepals nearly equal, the 2 interior ones somewhat larger.
Petals 8, united at the base with the staminal-tube, the lower one keeled,
vaulted, not crested. Stamens 4 or 5, filaments united below into a
sheath. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule laterally compressed, loculicidal, the
margins toothed. (Commemorating the Hebrew king, Solomon.)

Species about 6, tropical Asia through Malaya to Australia, 1 in the
Philippines.

1. S. cmraTa (L.) DC. (S. oblongifolia DC.).

A slender, erect, simple or branched, annual herb 8 to 30 cm high, nearly
glabrous. Leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sessile,
base rounded, 6 to 12 mm long, margins with few, long, distant hairs.
Spikes slender, terminal, 2 to 8 cm long. Sepals green, nearly equal,
lanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 1.2 mm long. Corolla pink-purple, about
2.5 mm long. Capsule 2 to 2.5 mm wide, broader than long, compressed,
valves with a pectinate row of greenish or reddish teeth on the margins.

In open grass lands, Caloocan and La Loma, fl. Oct.Jan.; -widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines, undoubtedly introduced. India to China, south-
ward through Malaya to Australia.

75. EUPHORBIACEAE (EUPHORBIA OR LUMBANG FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, rarely vines, often with milky juice. Leaves
alternate or opposite, entire or toothed, sometimes deeply lobed, rarely
compound (Bischofia), or wanting. Inflorescence various. Flowers mostly
small, always unisexual, monoecious or dioecious. Perianth simple, calyx-
like, often wanting in one or both sexes, sometimes with the inner series
of 4 or 5 small petals, or in Huphorbia entirely wanting, the solitary
pistil surrounded by few to many naked stamens, all enclosed in a perianth-
like involucre. Stamens few to many, the filaments free or variously
united. Ovary superior, 1- to many-celled, usually of 3, rarely fewer or
more, more or less united carpels; styles as many as the carpels, free or
united, entire or variously divided; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit a
capsule composed of 2-valved, 1- or 2-seeded cocci separating from the
central axis, or drupe-like, the stone 1- to 4-celled, berry-like, or nut-like.

Genera 250, species about 4,500, in all parts of the world, chiefly tropical,
52 genera and about 300 species in the Philippines.

1. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. .

2. Perianth none; female flowers solitary, surrounded by numerous male
flowers, each consisting of a solitary stamen, all enclosed in a per-
ianth-like involucre; plants with abundant milky juice.. 1. Euphorbia

2. Perianth present; flowers not enclosed by involucres.

8. Petals present; fruit a drupe...............):0:000. 800)... 2. Bridelia
3. Petals none.
4, Leaves simple or compound.
5. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled; leaves simple.
6. Fruit dry, capsular, of 3 to many, dehiscent cocci.
7. Herbs; disk present in flowers of both sexes.
3. Phyllanthus
a. wurubs or trees dislc None...:..oe en. —-2.-.---.22 4, Glochidion

P80) A FLORA OF MANILA

G.. Fruit a berry cla A Se ce eee 3. Phyllanthus
6. Fruit of 3 to 6 cocci enclosed in a fleshy pericarp.
7. Calyx truncate or minutely toothed, enlarged in fruit.
5. Breynia
7. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, not enlarged in fruit........ 6. Fluggea
5. Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes; fruit a small drupe,
endocarp- Iscelled sia. eA 7. Antidesma
5. Flowers in elongated racemes which are fascicled on the branches
below the leaves; fruit a drupe, the endocarp 3- or 4-celled.
8. Cicca
4. Leaves digitately compound, 3-foliolate; flowers panicled.
9. Bischofia
1. Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled.
2. Petals present.
3. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes or panicles.

4. Shrubs or suffrutescent herbs; monoecious.................. 10. Jatropha

Ge PROGR S CPOCCIOUS ooo oc gt Seen aterancetauen nancy «thine an es sera a 11. Aleurites
3. Flowers in axillary racemes.

4. Glabrous; calyx-lobes imbricate...................-.-.....--00 aie 3 12. Codiaeuwm

4. Stellate-tomentose; calyx-lobes valvate....................---- 13. Sumbavia

2. Petals wanting.
3. Styles very long-fimbriate or lacerate; flowers in long spikes, the

females often with numerous large bracts.................... 14. Acalypha
3. Styles not fimbriate.
A TRIOS he OLIOL AROS cache sake ek a eet as eee 15. Hevea

4, Leaves simple.
5. Stamens numerous.

6. Filaments free.
Ts SASHES (CONC CG aia ok, sein cepa. oe ea eee 16. Mallotus
TPOAMEROES <— Or AH COLO set nea cas: ck ceenees areata oes 17. Macaranga

6. Filaments variously united in bundles.
7. Flowers in axillary spikes; leaves narrow, entire.

18. Homonoia

7. Flowers in terminal panicles or racemes; leaves large,

deenly palmately lobeds.%:- 222 ake 19. Ricinus

5. Stamens 10, in 2 rows; flowers racemose or paniculate; leaves
deeply: lobed... Sots: eee eee eee 20. Manihot

5. Stamens 8; flowers small; the males in dense spikes; leaves
171.0171). | Seah ine ve Se em Mai mo SNe 5 bod Ree Sy 21. Alchornea

5. Stamens 3; flowers small; leaves entire; shrubs with abundant
per Ua et | ee | Oo aN me, SUES ns ipl eR 22. Excoecaria

1. EUPHORBIA Linnaeus

Annual or perennial spreading or erect herbs or shrubs, with milky
juice, sometimes fleshy and cactus-like. Inflorescence of many male and
one female flower in a small, 4- or 5-lobed, turbinate or campanulate,
perianth-like involucre, the lobes with thick glands at the sinuses, the
glands often with a petal-like, spreading, white or colored limb, the involu-
eres fascicled or cymose. Male flower a pedicelled stamen without floral
envelopes. Female flowers a pedicelled, 3-celled, 3-ovuled ovary in the
center of the involucre, also without floral envelopes; styles 3, free or
united, simple or 2-fid. Capsule of 3, 2-valved, dehiscent cocci, separating

EUPHORBIACEAE 921

elastically from the columella. (Named after Euphorbus, physician to
King Juba.)
Species about 600, in all parts of the world, about 10 in the Philippines.

1. Erect branched shrubs or undershrubs with stout, often fleshy branches,
armed with stipular spines.
2. Very coarse, the branches very stout, 4- or 5-angled, the spines less
than 4 mm long, from thickened bases; leaves 5 to 30 em long.
1. EL. trigona
2. Branches less than 1 em thick, the spines 4 to 12 mm long; lobes of
the involucre red; SmOWwy. sc. Sk Eiri, erence 2. HE. splendens
1. Erect unarmed shrubs with slender cylindric branches which are green
andi nearly: lémtanas 25.4. tt Lie ek thc oe 3. EB. tirucalli
1. Erect, unarmed, leafy shrubs or herbs, with terminal cymes subtended
by showy colored bracts or bract-like leaves.
2. Herbaceous or suffrutescent; leaves 3 to 10 ecm long, irregularly

lobed, the bracts green and red...............---0.2.:-+00++ 4, E. heterophylla
2. An erect shrub; leaves 10 to 18 cm long, the bracts large, uniformly
pS 2 ER a IRE co OT ae Oey orto 5. EB. pulcherrima

1. Erect, spreading, or prostrate, unarmed herbs, the flowers in axillary
cymes or fascicles. -
2. Erect glabrous herbs with rather lax cymes, the limb of the involu-
cral-gland white, small but conspicuous.

8. Leaves linear, 1.5 to 6 cm long, serrulate.................... 6. E. serrulata
3. Leaves elliptic to oblong, somewhat oblique, 1 to 1.5 cm long, very
PATA PRUE RHINE tan Been sb kewm ac Ages cap 7. HB. hypericifolia

2. Prostrate or spreading plants with short, densely flowered cymes or
fascicles, the limb of the involucral gland none or inconspicuous.

8. Leaves 1 to 2 cm long; plants prominently hirsute or hispid-

il oe Hae TOS 13s a NRA Re ase epee SAMMI SURE Fev ee er et 8. E. hirta

3.. Leaves less than 1 cm long; slender, nearly glabrous or only slightly

pubescent plants.

4 Capsules: pubestontes s:sic2c6c cit ks 9. EB. thymifolia

4. Capsules hispid-ciliate-on the keels of the cocci, otherwise glabrous.

10. EF. prostrata

1. E. trigona Haw. Sorog-sorog (Tag.) ; Suda-suda (Vis.).

A shrubby, erect, branched, fleshy, cactus-like plant 2 to 4 m high, the
trunk and older branches grayish, cylindric, the medium branches slightly
twisted, stout, fleshy, 4- or 5-angled or winged, the younger ones usually
3-winged, the wings lobulate, with a pair of stout, sharp, 2 to 4 mm long
spines from thickened bases at each leaf or petiole-scar. Leaves from the
sides of wings toward the ends of the branches, fleshy, oblong-obovate,
obtuse or acute, 5 to 15 em long, or in young plants somewhat longer.
Cymes short, solitary in the sinuses, usually of 3 involucres, the involucres
green or pale-yellow, about 6 mm in diameter, the lobes fimbriate.

Occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. March; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines in cultivation, and in some provinces apparently
indigenous. India to Malaya.

* 2. E. SPLENDENS Boj. Corona de espinas (Sp.); Crown of Thorns,

An erect branched shrub 1 m high or less, the branches grayish, cylin-
dric or obscurely angled, armed with slender, sharp, spreading, 4 to 12
mm long spines. Leaves few, alternate, oblong-obovate, obtuse or apiculate-

282 A FLORA OF MANILA

acuminate, entire, 1.5 to 5 cm long. Inflorescence from the uppermost
axils, peduncled, forked or twice forked, each peduncle with 2 to 4 involu-
cres, each involucre with 2, spreading, red, reniform lobes about 8 mm
long and 10 to 12 mm wide. (FI. Filip. pl. 167, left hand figure.)

Not uncommon in cultivation, fl. all the year. A native of Madagascar,
now widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.

3. E. TIRUCALLI L. Consuelda (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect, glabrous, unarmed shrub or small tree 2 to 5 m high, ‘the
branches green, somewhat fleshy, cylindric, clustered or scattered, the
ultimate ones about 5 mm thick. Leaves none, or few and scattered, linear-
oblong, 1 cm long or less. Involucres shortly pedicelled, clustered in the
forks of the smaller branches, small, turbinate. (FI. Filip. pl. 210.)

In thickets and hedges, Malabon; of rather wide distribution in the
Philippines, but certainly introduced. A native of Africa, now naturalized
in many parts of India.

4. E. HETEROPHYLLA L. Painted Leaf.

' An erect, branched, glabrous or nearly glabrous, suffrutescent herb or
shrubby plant 0.5 to 1.5 m high. Leaves alternate, very variable, mostly
oblong-ovate, acute, 3 to 10 cm long, the lower ones usually entire, the
upper ones variously lobed, sinuate, dentate, or subentire, the uppermost
ones often blotched with red at the base, similar to the bracts. Bracts
leaf-like, but much smaller than the leaves, the lower part red, the upper
part green. Involucres clustered at the ends of the branches, about 3
mm long, green, one sinus bearing an unappendaged gland. Capsules
nodding, about 5 mm wide.

Frequently cultivated for ornamental purposes, also spontaneous in
vacant lots, etc., fl. all the year. A native of temperate and tropical
America, of comparatively recent introduction here.

*5. E. PULCHERRIMA Willd. Pascuas (Sp.-Fil.); Poinsettia. -

An erect, sparingly and laxly branched shrub 2 to 4 m high. Leaves
elliptic to oblong-elliptic or the upper ones lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
10 to 18 cm long, the lower ones all green, obscurely repand or slightly
lobed, long-petioled, slightly pubescent beneath, the upper ones, at time of
flowering, uniformly bright-red. Inflorescence terminal. Involucres ovoid,
about 1 cm long, the margins toothed, each with one or two large, yellow
glands. Flowers crowded, red. (FI. Filip. pl. 167, right hand figure.)

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. Oct.-Feb., very showy at time of
flowering, the upper leaves then being bright-red. A native of tropical
America, now cultivated in most tropical and subtropical countries.

6. E. serrulata Reinw.

A slender, erect, glabrous, simple or branched, somewhat suffrutescent
and wiry plant 25 to 70 cm high, the stems terete. Leaves opposite, linear
to oblong-linear, 1.5 to 6 cm long, obtuse or apiculate, base rounded, mar-
gins remotely serrulate. Cymes small, axillary and terminal, the heads
small, pedicelled, 5 to 9 in each cyme, the involucre purplish, ovoid,
nearly 2 mm long, each with about 4, white, petal-like, orbicular or reniform
appendages, 1 to 1.5 mm wide. Styles short, bifid. Capsules ovoid, about
2 mm long.

In open grass lands, Caloocan to San Pedro Macati, fl. Aug.—Dec.; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Southern China and Formosa to Celebes
and Timor.

EUPHORBIACEAE 223

7. E. HYPERICIFOLIA L.

An annual, erect, branched, glabrous, plant 20 to 60 m high, the
branches slender, often purplish. Leaves shortly petioled, thin, oblong, 1
to 2.56 em long, somewhat oblique, obtuse, base broad, rounded or cordate,
margins serrulate. Involucres about 1 mm long, in axillary and terminal,
leafy, many-flowered cymes, greenish, the glands small, the lobes white
or pink, very small. Capsule trigonous, ovoid, about 1.5 mm long, nod-
ding.

In open grass lands, Caloocan, La Loma, etc., fl. Dec—Apr.; of local
occurrence in the Philippines and undoubtedly introduced here. Tropics
generally.

8. E. Hirta L. (£. pilulifera L.). Batobatonis, Bucasbucas (Tag.); Go-
landrina (Sp.—Fil.). .

An annual, hispid-pubescent herb usually much-branched from the base,
the branches ascending or spreading, up to 40 cm long, simple or forked,
often reddish or purplish. Leaves opposite, distichous, elliptic-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, oblique, serrulate, acute, usually blotched with purple
in the middle, 1 to 2.5 em long. Involucres greenish or purplish, about
1 mm long, very numerous, in dense, axillary, sessile or short-stalked clus-
ters or crowded cymes. Capsules broadly ovoid, 1.5 mm long or less,
hairy, 3-angled.

In open waste places, abundant, fi. all the year; throughout the Phil-
ippines, but certainly introduced. Tropics generally.

9. E. THYMIFOLIA Burm.

An annual, spreading or prostrate, much-branched, slender, glabrous or
somewhat pubescent herb, the stems usually reddish, up to 20 cm in length.
Leaves opposite, distichous, somewhat oblique, elliptic to oblong, obtuse,
obscurely crenulate, 4 to 7mm long. Involucres about 1 mm long, purplish,
in the axils of much reduced leaves or bracts on crowded short branchlets
from the leaf-axils. Capsules pubescent, 3-angled, about 1.5 mm long.

In open waste places, roadsides, etc., fl. all the year; common and widely
distributed in and about towns in the Philippines and certainly introduced.
Tropics generally.

10. E. PROSTRATA Ait.

A slender, prostrate or spreading, branched, nearly glabrous annual
herb, the stems usually less than 15 cm in length, usually pubescent along
one side. Leaves small, short-petioled, elliptic to obovate, rounded, base
inequilateral, margins sharply toothed, 5 to 8 mm long. Involucres axil-
lary, pedicelled, intermixed with reduced leaves. Capsules glabrous except
for the hispid-ciliate keels of the cocci. Similar in appearance to the
preceding species, ’

In waste places, not common, fl. all the year. A native of tropical
America, now widely distributed in the tropics.

2. BRIDELIA Willdenow

Shrubs or trees with alternate, entire leaves. Flowers small, monoecious
or dioecious, in axillary fascicles, sessile or shortly pedicelled, bracteate.
Calyx usually 5-cleft, the lobes valvate. Petals much smaller than the calyx-
lobes. Disk broad, in the male flowers cushion-like or adnate to the calyx-
tube, in the female flowers often enclosing the ovary. Stamens 5; filaments
united below in a column which bears the rudimentary ovary, free above,

284 A FLORA OF MANILA

spreading. Ovary 2- or 38-celled; styles usually 2, forked; ovules 2 in
each cell. Fruit drupe-like, with often scanty flesh and 1 or 2 1-seeded
cocci or pyrenes. (In honor of S. E. Bridel, a bryologist.)

Species 30, tropical Asia and Africa through Malaya to Australia, 2
or 3 in the Philippines.

1. B. stipularis (L.) Blume. Lubdlub (Tag.).

_ Ascandent shrub, or suberect with scandent or dropping branches, reach-
ing a height of 6 m, rather densely pubescent. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-
ovate, acute or obtuse, base rounded or subcordate, 4 to 10 cm long, pale
beneath. Flowers axillary, clustered, pale-green, about 1 cm in diameter,
with few, scattered, purplish dots, the males sessile, the females pedi-
celled. Fruits about 1 cm long, oblong, seated on the enlarged calyx.

In thickets, San Pedro Macati, etc., fl. Oct—Nov.; widely distributed and
common in the Philippines. Tropical Asia, Africa, and Malaya.

3. PHYLLANTHUS Linnaeus’

Herbs or shrubs with 2-ranked, alternate, entire, often small leaves.
Flowers small, monoecious, apetalous, in axillary clusters. Disk various,
rarely none. Male flowers: Sepals 4 to 6, imbricate in 2 series. Disk-
glands various. Stamens 3 to 5 in the center of the flower, the filaments
free or united; anthers oblong, the cells parallel or diverging, the slits
vertical or transverse. Female flowers: Sepals as in the male. Ovary 3-
celled or more; styles free or connate, usually 2-fid; ovules 2 in each cell.
Fruit of 3 or more, crustaceous, 2-valved cocci, or fleshy and berry-like. —
(Greek “leaf” and “flower” from the fact that in the typical American
forms the flowers are borne on the leaves.)

Species about 400, in all warm countries, 20 in the Philippines.

1, weorabs ‘with Deshy berry-like trutt.20 7-2 .4225ee- ee 1. P. reticulatus
1. Herbs with dehiscent capsules.
2. Anthers dehiscing vertically; flowers sessile or nearly so; capsules

pana Z ese Recta i tf Col | 7 — lA ae lad eG ni anh: PP Pe 2. P. urinaria

2. Anthers dehiscing horizontally; flowers distinctly pedicelled; capsules
smooth.

8. Leaves 2 to 5 mm wide; usually much-branched plants; pedicels

iL doce long... ic Aes atta onde ae 3. P. niruri

3. Leaves 6 to 9 mm wide; slightly or not at all branched plants;

pedicels ‘about 5. mar: lame iis.tcs tie si ee 4. P. simplex

1. P. reticulatus Poir. Tintatintahan (from Sp. tinta=ink).

An erect or somewhat scandent shrub 1.5 to 5 m high, the branches
elongated, often pendulous, somewhat. pubescent or glabrous. Leaves dis-
tichous, oblong to elliptic-oblong, 1.5 to 4 em:long, obtuse or acute, rather
pale beneath, short-petioled, base rounded or obtuse. Flowers axillary,
solitary or few in each axil, slenderly pedicelled, 2 to 3 mm long, green
tinged with purple. Fruit depressed-globose, soft and fleshy, smooth, black
when mature, 5 to 7 mm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 239.)

*For the Philippines species of this and allied genera (Agyneia, Flug-
gea, Glochidion, Phyllanthus, Cicca, Sauropus, and Securinega) see Ro-
binson, C. B., “Philippine Phyllanthinae.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot.
71-105. P

EUPHORBIACEAE 285

Very common in thickets, hedges, etc., fl. all the year; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Tropical Africa, Asia, and Malaya.

2. P. URINARIA L.

An erect, branched, slender, glabrous or nearly glabrous herb 10 to 40
em high, the branches angled. Leaves distichous, imbricate, alternate,
pale beneath, sessile, elliptic-oblong to oblong, thin, 5 to 10 mm long, ob-
tuse or apiculate, base slightly oblique; stipules lanceolate. Flowers very
small, 5-merous, axillary, about 1 mm in diameter, sessile or very shortly
pedicelled. Sepals greenish. Stamens 3; filaments united below; anthers
erect, the slits vertical. Capsules about 2 mm in diameter, muricate or
smooth, of 3 dehiscent cocci.

In waste places, occasional, fl. all the year; widely distributed in the
Philippines, probably introduced. Tropics generally.

3. P. NIRURI L.

An erect, slender, branched, glabrous herb, 10 to 60 em high, the branch-
lets distichous. Leaves distichous, often imbricate, oblong to elliptic-
oblong, obtuse or rounded, very shortly petioled, rather pale beneath, 5
to 8 mm long, the stipules small, subulate. Flowers axillary, shortly pedi-
celled, whitish or pale-green, about 0.5 mm long, the sepals 5, oblong,
green, margined with white, the pedicels distinct, 1 to 2 mni long. Anthers
3, opening by transverse slits. Capsules depressed-globose or globose,
smooth, 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter.

In waste places, roadsides, etc., occasional, fl. all the year; widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines, probably introduced. Tropics generally.

4, P. simplex Retz.

A slender, erect, simple or slightly branched, glabrous, annual herb 20
to 50 em high, the stems compressed, usually purplish. Leaves two-
ranked, subsessile or shortly petioled, oblong-linear, acute, or obtuse, 1.5
to 3 cm long, 6 to 9 mm wide, the stipules small, acuminate. Flowers
axillary, solitary, the males very small, on short pedicels, the females with
pedicels 8 mm long or less. Capsules depressed-globose, 3 to 3.5 mm in
diameter, smooth.

In open grass lands, scattered, fil. all the year; throughout the Philip-
pines in the cultivated areas, possibly introduced. India to China, Malaya,
and Polynesia.

4. GLOCHIDION Forster

Erect shrubs or trees, glabrous or hairy, monoecious or dioecious. Leaves
alternate, 2-ranked, entire. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, apetalous,
without disk-glands or scales. Male flowers: Sepals 6, rarely 5, imbricate
in 2 series. Anthers 3 to 8, connate in an oblong column. Rudimentary
ovary none. Female flowers: Calyx about as in the males, sometimes
toothed. Ovary 3- to many-celled; styles connate in a column which is
toothed or lobed at the tip; ovules 3 in each cell. Capsule globose or
depressed-globose, dry or fleshy, of 3 to many 2-valved cocci, which are
longitudinally lobed or ridged. (Greek ‘‘an angular end,” from the style-
characters. )

Species about 175, tropical Asia to Polynesia and Australia, 29 in the
Philippines.

IR6 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. G. rubrum Blume.

A shrub or small tree 3 to 6 m high, glabrous except the sometimes
slightly pubescent twigs. Leaves coriaceous, 5 to 10 cm long, shining,
elliptic-ovate to oblong, base acute, apex acuminate. Flowers small, about
2.5 mm long, greenish, short-pedicelled, in axillary fascicles. Stamens 3.
Ovary pubescent, globose, 8- to 5-celled, the styles united in a column about
as long as the ovary. Capsule depressed-globose, glabrous, pink or red,
7 to 10 mm in diameter, crustaceous, longitudinally about 6-sulcate.

In dry thickets near Fort McKinley, La Loma, etc., fi. June-July, and
probably in other months; widely distributed in the Philippines. Malaya.

5. BREYNIA Forster

Erect shrubs or small trees with alternate, often distichous, entire,
simple leaves. Flowers very small, axillary, monoecious. Petals and disk
none. Male flowers: Calyx turbinate or hemispheric, truncate, the rim
sometimes much thickened and lobulate. Stamens 8; filaments united in
a column. Rudimentary ovary none. Female flowers: Calyx hemispheric
to rotate, shortly or shallowly 6-lobed, enlarged in fruit and disk-like or
cupular. Staminodes none. Ovary globose, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each
cell; styles 3, 2-fid or 2-lobed. Fruit fleshy, globose, indehiscent, seated on
the enlarged persistent calyx. Seeds few. (In honor of J. Breyne, an
early German botanist.)

Species about 15, tropical Africa through Asia and Malaya to Polynesia,
3 in the Philippines. ;

Leaves usually ovate; calyx distinctly increasing in size in fruit.
1. B. cernua
Leaves subelliptic to oval; calyx not or but very slightly increasing in size.
2. B. rhamnoides

1. B. cernua (Poir.) Muell.-Arg. Matang-olang (Tag.).

An erect glabrous shrub 1 to 6 m high, the branchlets and paste disti-
chous. Leaves ovate or subovate, thin, pale beneath, 2 to 5 cm long, acute
or obtuse. Flowers small, axillary. Fruit globose, pink or red, about
5 mm in diameter, somewhat fleshy, seated on the green, enlarged, disk-
like or saucer-shaped calyx which is often as wide or nearly as wide as
the fruit.

In thickets, Pandacan, fl. most of the year; common and widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Timor to northern Australia.

2. B. rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell.-Arg. Matang-olang (Tag.).

An erect, monoecious, slender, glabrous shrub 1.5 to 4 m high, the
branchlets distichous. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-ovate, distichous, obtuse
or rounded, green above, pale beneath, 1 to 3 cm long. Flowers very
small, greenish, axillary, short-pedicelled, about 1 mm in diameter. Fruit
globose, pink, about 5 mm in diameter, somewhat fleshy, seated on the very
slightly accrescent calyx.

In thickets, Pasay, San Pedro Macati, etc., fl. June-July; widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines. India to China and Malaya.

6. FLUGGEA Willdenow

Erect shrubs or small trees with small, alternate, entire, distichous
leaves. Flowers small, pedicelled, dioecious, apetalous, axillary. Male
flowers numerous. Sepals 5, imbricate. Stamens 3 to 5, alternating with

EUPHORBIACEAE 287

the disk-glands; filaments free; rudimentary ovary large, 2- or 3-fid.
Female flowers: Calyx as in the male. Disk annular, toothed. Ovary 1-
to 3-celled; styles united below, recurved, entire or notched; ovules 2 in
each cell. Fruit fleshy, globose, 3- to 6-seeded. (In honor of J. Fliigge, a
German physician and botanist.)

Species 6‘in the tropics of the Old World, 2 in the Philippines.

1. F. virosa (Willd.) Baill. (F. obovata Wall.).

An erect glabrous shrub 2 to 4 m high, with distichous, oblong-obovate
to elliptic or ovate, thin, obtuse or acute leaves, 1 to 5 cm long, which are
usually pale beneath. Flowers numerous, pale-yellowish, short-pedicelled,
in dense axillary fascicles, the calyx about 2 mm in diameter. Stamens
usually 5, exserted, free. Fruit globose, white, 5 mm in diameter or less,
8- to 6-seeded.

In dry thickets, not uncommon, fl. May-June; widely distributed in the
Philippines. Tropical Asia and Africa, through Malaya to Australia.

7. ANTIDESMA Linnaeus

Trees or shrubs with alternate, entire, stipulate leaves. Flowers small,
dioecious, in slender, axillary or terminal, simple or panicled spikes or
racemes, apetalous. Male flowers: Calyx 3- to 5-toothed or lobed. Disk
entire or lobed. Stamens 2 to 5, exerted, inserted around the disk, the
rudimentary ovary small or none, glabrous or. hairy. Female flowers
with the calyx as in the males, or sometimes truncate. Disk annular or
cushion-like. Ovary 1-celled; stigmas 2 to 4; ovules 2. Fruit a small,
ovoid to globose, fleshy, often compressed drupe, the seed compressed,
rugose. (Greek “for” and “band,” the bark of some species used for
cordage.)

Species 65 or more in the tropics of the Old World, about 10 in the
Philippines.

1. Leaves broadly elliptic, rounded at the apex................ 1. A. ghaesembilla

1. Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, acute or acuminate.
2. Leaves 8 to 20 cm long, glabrous; fruit about 8 mm long.. 2. A. bunius
2. Leaves 5 to 10 cm long, somewhat pubescent; fruit about 5 mm long.
3. A. leptocladum

1. A. ghaesembilla Gaertn. Binayoyo, Bignay-pogo (Tag.).

An erect, much-branched tree 3 to 10 m high, more or less pubescent
or nearly glabrous. Leaves broadly elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 3 to 8 em
long, apex broad, usually rounded, base subcordate. Spikes pubescent,
panicled, 4 to 10 em long, the flowers small, sessile, white. Stamens 4 to
7. Fruit subglobose, olivaceous, acid, 4:to 5 mm in diameter, smooth, when
dry strongly wrinkled. (FI. Filip. pl. 26.) ;

In thickets, Masambong to Santa Mesa, Pasay, etc., fl. Mar._May, and
probably in other months; widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropical
Africa, Asia, and Malaya.

2. A. BUNIUS (L.) Spreng. Bignay (Tag., Vis.).

A dioecious tree 4 to 10 m high, glabrous. Leaves oblong, acute or
shortly acuminate, base usually rounded, shining, 8 to 20 cm long, the
spikes axillary or terminal, simple, usually 5 to 15 em long. Male flowers
sessile, the calyx green, about 1.5 mm in diameter, shallowly lobed.
Stamens 3; anthers purple. Female flowers shortly pedicelled, green.
Calyx cup-shaped. Ovary glabrous. Fruit ovoid, fleshy, red, acid, edible,

‘

288 A FLORA OF MANILA

about 8 mm long, wrinkled when dry, the seed somewhat compressed,
rugose. (Fl. Filip. pl. 361.)

Common, fil. March—Aug.; throughout the Philippines, introduced. India
to Malaya.

3. A. leptocladum Tul. Bignay, Bignay-pogo (Tag.).

A shrub 1 to 4 m high, the branchlets and lower surface, of the leaves
pubescent with short hairs. Leaves shining on the upper surface, oblong-
ovate to elliptic-ovate, 5 to 10 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, base acute or rounded,
apex shortly acuminate; petioles 2 to 3mm long. Racemes slender, axillary,
pubescent, 3 to 7 cm long. Flowers greenish, small, 4-merous. Fruit in
rather dense cylindric racemes about 5 cm long, 1.5 cm in diameter, when
fresh globose, purple, glabrous, acid, 5 mm in diameter, when dry com-
pressed and wrinkled.

Common in thickets, fl. June-July throughout the Philippines. Endemic.

8. CICCA Linnaeus

A dioecious tree with distichous, alternate, odd-pinnate leaves crowded
at the ends of the stout branches, the flowers fascicled along elongated
racemes which are in turn fascicled on nodules along the branches below
the leaves. Flowers small, numerous. Sepals 4, rarely 5 or 6, in both
-sexes. Stamens 4, filaments free; anthers oblong, erect, opening vertically.
Styles 3 or 4, free. Fruit fleshy, with a 3- or 4-celled bony endocarp.
(Apparently from one of its Indian names.)

A single Indo-Malayan species.

*1. C. pisticHa L. (Phyllanthus distichus Muell.-Arg.). Iba (Tag.).

A small, glabrous, deciduous tree 4 to 9 m high, the branches thickened,
bearing nodules in the axils of the fallen leaves. Leaves unequally pinnate,
crowded at the ends of the branches, 20 to 40 cm long; leaflets alternate,
entire, oblong-ovate, pointed, 2 to 7 cm long, usually about 20. Racemes
fascicled, 10 to 15 cm long, fascicled on protuberances on the branches
below the leaves. Flowers pink, small, crowded in many-flowered fascicles
along the racemes, male and female, usually on separate plants. Fruit
globose, fleshy, acid, edible, greenish-white, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter, con-
taining a hard, bony, 6- or 8-grooved, 3- or 4-celled stone, each cell with a
single seed. (FI. Filip. pl. 303, C. acidissima.)

Occasionally cultivated for its edible fruits, fl. at intervals throughout
the year; widely distributed in the Philippines in and: about towns, of
prehistoric introduction. India to Madagascar, Malaya, and Polynesia;
introduced in tropical America.

9. BISCHOFIA Blume

A glabrous tree with alternate, 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets usually
crenate. Flowers small, dioecious, apetalous, in axillary panicled racemes.
Male flowers scattered or clustered. Sepals 5, concave, imbricate, concealing
the anthers. Disk none. Stamens 5. Rudimentary ovary short, broad.
Female flowers: Sepals caducous. Staminodes 5, small, or none. Ovary
3- or 4-celled; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit globose, fleshy, with 3 or 4 cells.
Seeds oblong. (In honor of G. W. Bischoff, a German botanist.)

A monotypic genus.

1. B. javanica Blume (B. trifoliata Hook. f.). Toog (Tag.).
A glabrous tree reaching a height of 25 m. Leaves 3- foliolate, ovate to

)

EUPHORBIACEAE 289

elliptic-ovate, acuminate, crenate-dentate, 8 to 15 em long. Panicles in
the upper axils, many-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Flowers small,
greenish. Fruit fleshy, globose, brown or reddish, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter.
Seeds brown, oblong, 5 mm long.

Cementerio del Norte, Malate, ete., immature specimens; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. India, through Malaya to Polynesia.

10. JATROPHA Linnaeus

Herbs, or shrubs, often glandular. Leaves alternate, entire, angled, or
digitately lobed. Flowers monoecious, in terminal cymes, the central flowers
of the cyme usually female. Male flowers with 5 imbricate sepals and 5
free or connate petals. Stamens usually 8 or 10, sometimes more; filaments
all connate, or outer ones free. Female flowers with calyx as in the males,
the petals often absent. Carpels connate in a 2- to 4-celled ovary; ovules
solitary; styles connate below, 2-fid above. Fruit a dehiscent capsule of
two to four 2-valved cocci. Seed ovoid or oblong, albumen fleshy. (Greek
“physician” and “food,” from medicinal qualities.)

Species about 160 in the tropics of both hemispheres, ies in Africa and
America, 4 introduced in the Philippines.

1. Leaves peltate; stems much swollen and thickened at the base.
e 1. J. podagrica
1, Leaves not peltate.
2. Leaves palmately divided into about 10 lanceolate lobes.. 2. J. multifida
2. Leaves 3- to 5-lobed or angled, or subentire.
ae ah hogs 1 1 Rae dba EOD at Aa ei At Wat aie Dis terest: tS God 3. J. curcas
3. Plant with numerous capitate-glandular hairs........ 4, J. gossypifolia

*1. J. PoDAGRICA Hook.

Stems erect, simple or sparingly branched, much thickened and fleshy
below, 0.5 to 1.5 m high, the petiole-scars large, the stipules dissected,
glandular. Leaves peltate, orbicular-ovate, 10 to 25 cm long, 3- to 5-lobed,
base truncate or rounded, the lower surface glaucous, the petioles as long
as the leaves. Cymes terminal, long-peduncled, the branches short, thick,
the branchlets and flowers red. Sepals about 2 mm long, connate to about
the middle. Petals about 7 mm long, oblong-obovate. Capsules ellipsoid,
1.3 to 1.8 cm long. .

Rarely cultivated and of very recent introduction, fi. all the year. A
native of Central America.

*2. J. MULTIFIDA L. Mana (Sp.-Fil.).

A glabrous shrub 2 to 3 m high, the petioles about as long as the
leaves. Leaves glaucous beneath, 15 to 30 cm in diameter, cleft nearly
to the base into about 10 lanceolate, acuminate, entire or pinnately incised
lobes, the lobes 1 to 4 cm wide; stipules 1 to 2 cm long, setaceous-dissected.
Cymes long-peduncled, 3 to 6 cm broad. Flowers red, 5 to 6 mm long.
Capsule obovoid somewhat 3-angled, the angles rounded, about 2 cm long.
_ (Fi. Filip. pl. 342.)

Occasionally cultivated, fl. most of the year. A native of tropical
America, introduced here at an early date, but not spontaneous.

8, J. curcas L. Tuba (Tag.); Physic Nut.
A glabrous, erect, branched shrub 2 to 5 m high. Branches stout,
cylindric, green. Leaves orbicular-ovate, angular or somewhat 8- or 5-lobed,
111555——19

290 A FLORA OF MANILA

10 to 18 cm long, acuminate, base cordate, the petioles long. Cymes axillary,
peduncled, the flowers greenish or greenish-white, 7 to 8 mm in diameter,
the staminate ones villous inside, the petals reflexed. Stamens 10, the
filaments of the inner 5, connate. Capsule at first fleshy, becoming dry, of
3 or 2 cocci, 3 to4 cm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 384.)

In thickets and hedges along roadsides etc., common, fl. all the year;
throughout the Philippines, thoroughly naturalized. A native of tropical
America, now widely distributed in the tropics.

4. J. GOSSYPIFOLIA L. Tubang-morado (Tag.).

An erect, branched, shrubby plant usually less than 1 m high, the
petioles, margins of the leaves, and the inflorescence with numerous, capitate-
glandular hairs. Leaves palmately 3- or 5-lobed, shining, glabrous, 7 to
12 cm long, the lobes oblong-ovate, the younger leaves purplish, the
petioles about as long as the leaf-blades. Cymes peduncled. Flowers
purple, small. Capsules usually 3-lobed, about 1 cm long.

In gardens etc., occasionally spontaneous, fl. July—Sept., and probably in
other months. A native of tropical America, of comparatively recent
introduction here.

11. ALEURITES Forster

Trees with simple, entire or lobed, alternate, long-petioled, ample leaves,
the petioles 2-glandular at the top. Flower monoecious, in lax, terminal,
panicled cymes. Male flowers: Calyx subglobose, bursting into 2 or 3
valvate lobes. Petals 5. Stamens 8 to 20 on a conical receptacle, the
5 outer ones opposite the petals, alternating with small glands. Rudi-
mentary ovary none. Female flowers: Perianth as in the male. Disk
obscure or of glands. Ovary 2- to 5-celled; styles 2-armed; ovules 1 in
each cell. Fruit rather large, drupaceous or capsular, the pericarp hard
or crustaceous, 1- to 3-celled, seeds 1 to 3, large. (Greek “meal,” from
indumentum of one species.)

Species 4, southern Asia to Polynesia, 2 in the Philippines.

Stamens 15 to 20, inserted in 4 rows; ovary 2-celled; fruit 1- or 2-seeded.
1. A. moluccana
Stamens 7 to 10, in 2 rows; ovary 3- or 4-celled; fruit usually 3-seeded.
2. A. trisperma

1. A. moluccana (L.) Willd. Lumbang, Lumbang-bato (Tag.); Biao
(Vis.) ; Candle Nut.

A large tree, the younger parts and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves
long-petioled, ovate to lanceolate, 10 to 20 cm long, acuminate, base
acute, truncate, or cordate, the margins entire or 3- to 5-lobed. Panicles
10 to 15 cm long, pubescent, many-flowered. Flowers 6 to 8 mm long,
the petals obovate-lanceolate. Fruit fleshy, ovoid, 5 to 6 em long, glabrous,
olivaceous, containing 1 or 2, hard-shelled, oily seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 220.)

Cementerio del Norte, immature specimens. Common and widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines, a native of Malaya and Polynesia, now planted
in most tropical countries.

2. A. trisperma Blanco. Banucalad, Baguilumbang (Tag.).

A tree 10 to 15 m high or more, glabrous except the inflorescence.
Leaves suborbicular to broadly ovate, 10 to 20 cm long, entire, base broadly
cordate. Panicles about 15 cm long, densely pubescent. Flowers 10 to
12 mm in diameter, the petals obovate, outside densely pubescent. Stamens

EUPHORBIACEAE 291

about 8, inserted in 2 rows. Ovary 3- or 4-celled. Fruit 5 to 6 cm in
diameter, subglobose, tardily dehiscing, usually 38-celled, 3-seeded. (Fl.
Filip. pl. 296.)

Immature specimens, Cementerio del Norte, fl. in regions near. Manila
Jan.—March; widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

12. CODIAEUM Jussieu

Erect, branched, glabrous shrubs with alternate, entire or lobed, often
variegated leaves. Flowers monoecious, in unisexual, axillary racemes,
sometimes a female flower at the base of the male racemes. Male flowers
white, fascicled, pedicelled. Calyx-lobes 3 to 6, thin, imbricate. Petals
much smaller than the sepals, alternate with the disk-glands. Stamens 15
to 30, free. Female flowers solitary, the calyx 5-lobed. Petals none.
Ovary 3-celled, cells 1-ovuled; styles slender, entire. Capsule globose, of
three 2-valved cocci. (From the Malayan name.)

Species about 7 in Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia, 4 in the Philippines.

*1.C. VARIEGATUM (L.) Blume. San I rancisco, Buenavista (Sp.-Fil.) ;
Saguilala (Tag.); Croton.

An erect, branched, glabrous shrub 1 to 2 m high, the leaves exceedingly
variable in shape and color, linear to oblong, entire or sparingly lobed,
flat or variously crisped, undulate, or even spiral, sometimes interrupted,
8 to 25 cm long, 6 to:10 cm wide, pale-green, green to purple, some forms
spotted or mottled with yellow, others with the midrib and nerves red or
purple, etc. Racemes axillary, solitary, lax, 15 to 25 cm long, the pedicels
slender. Male flowers white, about 6 mm in diameter, the sepals reflexed.
(F1. Filip. pl. 390.)

Very common in cultivation but not spontaneous, fi. at intervals through-
out the year; in towns throughout the Philippines. Probably a native
of the Moluccas, now cultivated in most tropical countries. The leaves are
infinitely variable in form and color, in these respects by far the most
variable plant in the Archipelago.

13. SUMBAVIA Baillon

Shrubs or trees with pale, dense, stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate,
broad, 3- or 5-nerved, entire or slightly toothed. Flowers monoecious, in
axillary, spike-like racemes, the males subsessile, clustered, the females
solitary, pedicelled, below the males. Male flowers: Calyx globose, thin,
splitting into valvate lobes. Petals 4 or 5, short. Stamens many, on a
convex, eglandular receptacle, filaments free. Rudimentary ovary none.
Female flowers: Calyx 5- or 6-fid, the lobes narrow. Petals small or none.
Ovary 3-celled; styles recurved; ovules 1 in each cell. Capsule of two or
three 2-valved cocci. (From the Island of Sumbava.)

Species 3, Burma to Malaya, 1 in the Philippines.

1. S. rottleroides Baill. Quilap or Quirap (Tag.).

A shrub 2 to 3 m high, the young branches, petioles, inflorescence, and
lower surfaces of the leaves densely white- or gray-stellate-pubescent.
Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, 5 to 9 em lorig, the upper surface
glabrous, base broad, rounded or truncate, 3- or 5-nerved, apex obtuse or
very broadly blunt-acuminate, margins slightly undulate or subentire.
Racemes in the upper axils, solitary, 5 to 7 em long, the lower flowers
female, the upper ones male, both sexes densely stellate-tomentose. Fe-
male flowers with a 6-cleft calyx. Capsule depressed-globose, 3-sulcate,

292 A FLORA OF MANILA

10 to 12 mm wide, densely stellate-pubescent. (FI. Filip. pl. 468, Mercadoa
mandalojonensis.)
In thickets, Masambong, fl. May. Of local occurrence in the Philippines.
Malaya.
14. ACALYPHA Linnaeus

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate, toothed or crenate, 3- to 5-pli-
nerved or penninerved leaves. Flowers very small in axillary spikes, monoe-
cious, rarely dioecious, without petals. Male flowers very small, ebracteate.
Calyx thin, splitting into 4 valvate sepals. Disk none. Stamens 8 or many,
on a convex receptacle; filaments free. Rudimentary ovary none. Female
flowers at the base of the male spike or more often in separate ones, often
with large, accrescent leafy bracts. Sepals 3 or 4, very small. Ovary 3-
celled; styles slender, often very long and laciniate or fimbriate; ovules 1 in
each cell. Capsule of 3, small, crustaceous, 2-valved cecci. (From an
ancient Greek name of the nettle.)

Species about 300 in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres,
8 or more in the Philippines.

1. Herbs.
2. Spikes 5 to 6 cm long; bracts distant, glabrous or nearly so.
1. A. indica
2. Spikes 1 to 2 em long, dense; bracts close, somewhat imbricate, densely
pt hate 21 | ilies NCA ME Lie Sel A a Rae Ade He» ae RNR I i ABS Wy 1) yi lo
1. Shrubs or undershrubs.
2. Spikes pendulous, purple, dense, about 1 cm in diameter, up to 40 cm
a RRs C0 0g fc RRM RANA ak RE la ie ce cel et ea RS ee ote 3. A. hispida
2. Spikes slender, 10 to 20 cm long less than 5 mm in diameter.

4, Leaves broadly ovate, variously mottled with red and purple.
4. A. wilkesiana
4, Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, green...... 5. A. stipulacea

1. A. INDICA L.

An erect, simple or branched, somewhat appressed-pubescent, annual
herb, 30 to 80 cm high. Leaves long-petioled, ovate, crenate-serrate, acute
or obtuse, base acute, entire, 8 to 6 cm long, shorter than the petioles.
Spikes axillary, solitary, erect, 4 to 8 cm long. Male flowers few, small,
terminal. Bracts few to many, distant, green, glabrous or nearly so, 5
to 6 mm long, crenate, reniform when spread, each with 1 or more female
flowers. Capsules about 2 mm long, slightly hispid. (FI. Filip. pl. 266.)

In waste places, fl. all the year; widely distributed in the Philippines,
undoubtedly introduced. Tropical Africa, through tropical Asia to Ma-
laya.

2. A. BOEHMEROIDES Miq.

An erect, simple, rarely branched, annual, appressed-pubescent herb 20
to 80 em high. Leaves 2 to 7 em long, long-petioled, ovate to oblong-
ovate, acuminate, base acute, entire, margins dentate. Spikes axillary,
usually solitary, dense, 1 to 2 cm long. Male flowers few, at the apices of
the spikes. Bracts numerous, crowded, somewhat imbricate, rather densely
pubescent, 4 to 5 mm long, toothed, reniform when spread. Capsules
much shorter than the bracts, hirsute.

In waste places, fl. all the year; of local occurrence in and about towns
in the Philippines, probably introduced. Malaya.

; EUPHORBIACEAE 293

* 3. A. HISPIDA Burm.

A shrub 0.5 to 3 m high. Leaves broadly ovate, 10 to 20 cm long, 6 to
16 cm wide, acuminate, base rounded, slightly cordate, margins rather
coarsely toothed. Spikes unisexual, the pistillate ones dense, cylindric,
pendulous, purple, up to 40 cm long, about 1 cm in diameter. Ovary densely
villous; styles divided into many, filiform, slender, elongated branches.

Frequently cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. all the year, intro-
duced; probably a native of Malaya or of Polynesia. A striking ornamental
on account of its dense, cylindric, pendulous purple spikes; cultivated in
all tropical countries.

* 4. A. WILKESIANA Muell.-Arg. (A. tricolor Seem.).

An erect branched shrub 2 to 5 m high. Leaves broadly ovate, 10 to 18
em long, 6 to 12 cm wide, acuminate, base rounded or acute, not cordate,
very sparingly hairy on the nerves or quite glabrous, variously mottled
with shades of red, purple, and olive, the margins distinctly and regularly
toothed. Spikes purplish, slender, the staminate ones up to 20 cm long,
less than 5 mm in diameter, interrupted, the flowers glomerate.

An introduced and cultivated species, very ornamental on account of its
variously colored leaves, fl. all the year. A native of the Fiji Islands, now
cultivated in most tropical countries. i

5. A. stipulacea Klotz.

An erect, monoecious or dioecious shrub or small tree 2 to 6 m high,
glabrous or nearly so. Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 10 to 20
em long, 5 to 9 em wide, shining, long-acuminate, base usually rounded,
8-nerved, margins crenulate. Spikes axillary, solitary, the staminate ones
slender, greenish, dense, 2 to 2.5 mm in diameter, 10 to 20 cm long, the
pistillate ones stouter, somewhat interrupted, the ovate bracts subtending
the flowers greenish, toothed, 3 to 4 mm long; pistils purplish.

In thickets, San Pedro Macati, fl. Sept., and probably in other months;
throughout the Philippines. Malaya to New Guinea and Samoa.

15. HEVEA Aublet

Trees with abundant milky sap and long-petioled, 3-foliolate leaves, the
petioles glandular at the apex; leaflets entire, thin, penninerved. Flowers
apetalous, monoecious, small, cymose, the cymes paniculate, the central
flowers of each cyme usually female, the others male. Calyx 5-toothed or
lobed. Male flowers: Stamens 5 to 10; filaments united; anthers 1- or
2-verticillate. Disk-glands 5, small, free or united. Female flowers with
a 8-celled ovary; ovules 1 in each cell; stigma thick, sessile or nearly so.
Seeds large, subglobose to oblong. (From the Carib name of some species.)

Species about 7, in the Amazon region, Guiana, etc., 1 now cultivated in
many tropical countries.

*1. H. BRASILIENSIS (HBK.) Muell.Arg. Para Rubber Tree.

A nearly glabrous tree reaching a height of 20 m. Leaflets 10 to 20
em long, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, narrowed to the base,
acuminate, about as long as the petioles. Panicles about one-half as long
as the leaves, pyramidal. Flowers white-tomentose. Stamens 10, 2-
seriate, the staminal-column long-produced above the anthers. Capsule
large. Seeds oblong, spotted, 2.5 to 3 cm long.

Immature specimens cultivated in Singalon; of recent introduction in
the Philippines.

294 A FLORA OF MANILA

16. MALLOTUS Loureiro

Shrubs or trees with opposite or alternate, entire, toothed, or lobed,
8- to 7-plinerved or penninerved leaves, sometimes peltate, often gland-
dotted on the lower surface and with glandular areas near the base on
the upper surface. Flowers small, apetalous, monoecious or dioecious,
in simple or panicled spikes or racemes, the males clustered, the females
solitary. Male flowers: Calyx globose or ovoid, valvately 3- to 5-cleft.
Stamens 20 to many, on a central receptacle; filaments free; anthers small,
2-celled. Female flowers: Calyx spathe-like or valvately 3- to 6-lobed.
Ovary 2- to 4-celled; styles various; ovules 1 in each cell. Capsule of
two or three, 2-valved, smooth, tubercled, or spinous cocci. (Greek
“woolly,” from the soft pubescence of some species.)

Species about 80 in the tropics of the Old World, about 20 in the
Philippines.

1. Capsules unarmed; leaves alternate.
2. Leaves orbicular-ovate, angularly repand or toothed, the younger
ones deeply 8- to 5-lobed; capsules brown-pubescent.
1. M. moluccanus .
2. Leaves oblong-ovate, entire or subentire; capsules covered with a

POU PO WOOT sss hehe ei ead cena eee 2. M. philippensis
1. Capsules pubescent and armed with scattered, short, spine-like processes;
leswyes.opposibed Astro Ma see Be ees ee Ales 3. M. papillaris

1. M. moluccanus (L.) Muell.-Arg. Alim (Tag.).

A shrub or small tree 4 to 10 m high, more or less finely stellate-
pubescent and furfuraceous. Leaves large, orbicular-ovate, 10 to 25 cm
long, acuminate, base cordate, some often deeply 3- to 5-lobed, others
coarsely angular-toothed or repand. Panicles in the upper axils, up to
to 20 cm long. Flowers greenish-yellow, the males fascicled along the
branches of the inflorescence, the sepals refiexed at flowering time, elliptic-
lanceolate, about 7 mm long. Capsule about 7 mm long and wide, smooth,
stellate-pubescent at least when young, of 2 or 3 dehiscent cocci. (Fl.
Filip. pl. 218.)

In thickets and waste places, occasionally also in gardens, fl. all the
year; throughout the Philippines. Malaya.

2. M. philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. Banato (Tag.).

A tree 4 to 10 m high, the branchlets, young leaves, and inflorescence
brown-pubescent. Leaves alternate, oblong-ovate, entire or sinuate-
toothed, acuminate, 7 to 16 cm long, base rounded, 3-nerved, with 2 glands
on the upper surface which is glabrous, the lower surface somewhat
glaucous, puberulent, with numerous small, scattered, crimson glands. In-
florescence axillary. Male spikes solitary or fascicled, 5 to 8 cm long,
densely many-flowered, the flowers about 3 mm in diameter, the anthers
with crimson glands. Female racemes solitary, 3 to 7 cm long. Ovary
and styles with crimson glands. Fruit subglobose, 6 to 8 mm in diameter,
unarmed, densely covered a red or crimson powder.

In thickets San Juan del Monte, fl. March-April; widely distributed in
the Philippines. India to southern China, through Malaya to Australia.

3. M. papillaris (Blanco) Merr.
An erect shrub 2 to 3 m high, all parts more or less densely and
softly pubescent with short stellate hairs. Leaves opposite, orbicular-

EUPHORBIACEAE 995

ovate to broadly ovate, 5 to, 16 cm long, base broad, rounded or slightly
cordate, 3-nerved, apex somewhat acuminate, margins entire or somewhat
repand, the lower surface with numerous, small, pale-yellow, waxy glands.
Male inflorescence axillary, racemose, solitary, 6 to 18 cm long, the flowers
fascicled, ebracteolate, pale-yellow. Capsules depressed-globose, about
1.2 cm in diameter, densely pale-stellate-puberulent, and with scattered,
soft, pubescent, spine-like processes or papillae which do not form a con-
tinuous covering. (Fl. Filip. pl. 381, Adelia papillaris.)

In dry thickets, Guadalupe and opposite San Pedro Macati. fl. May
and probably in other months; of local occurrence in Luzon. Endemic.

17. MACARANGA Thouars |

Trees or shrubs with ample, alternate, entire or lobed, often peltate
leaves which are glandular beneath, 3- to 5-nerved from the base. Flowers
apetalous, small, usually dioecious, in axillary racemes or in panicles,
the males many, clustered, the females one or few to each bract; bracts
often large, entire or toothed. Male flowers: Calyx globose, with 3 or
4 valvate sepals. Stamens usually many, central; anthers 3- or 4-celled.
Female flowers: Calyx 2- to 4-lobed or toothed. Ovary 1- to 6-celled;
styles entire; ovules 1 in each cell. Capsules ‘of 1 to 5, 2-valved, naked
or armed cocci, often waxy-glandular. (From the Madagascar name of
one species.) _

Species more than 100, in the tropics of the Old World, 10 or more in
the Philippines.

Leaves less than 25 cm long; capsules waxy-glandulav........ 1. M. tanarius
Leaves up to 1 m in length; capsules glabrous...................- 2. M. grandifolia

1. M. tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binonga (Tag.).

A small dioecious tree 4 to 8 m high, nearly glabrous or in the var.
tomentosa Muell.-Arg. softly pubescent, the leaves peltate, ovate to oblong-
ovate, 10 to 25 em long, entire or denticulate, base rounded, apex slenderly
acuminate. Male flowers peduncled, slender, branched, shorter than the
leaves, the bracts ovate, toothed or pectinate, 5 to 10 mm long, the flowers
small, fascicled in the axils of the bracts. Female flowers in usually
simple panicled spikes or racemes. Capsules 10 to 12 mm in diameter,
of 2 or 8 cocci, covered with pale waxy glands, and with soft, scattered,
elongated, spine-like processes.

In thickets, Pasay, San Juan del Monte, etc., fl. Jan-—Apr.; common
and widely distributed in the ak a Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago.

2. M. grandifolia (Blanco) Merr. (M. porteana E. André). Bingabing
(Tag.).

An erect, nearly glabrous or somewhat pubescent tree 5 to 10 m high
with very large, peltate, orbicular-ovate to broadly-ovate, long-petioled
leaves which are often reddish when young, 60 to 100 cm in diameter;
stipules 6 to 10 cm long. Male flowers panicled, the bracts oblong to
lanceolate, 3 to 5 cm long, the bracteoles entire, ovate to lanceolate,
acuminate, 3 to 7 mm long, each subtending several small flowers. Cap-
sules long-pedicelled, in dense globose masses, glabrous, 8 to 10 mm long,
of 2 dehiscent, coriaceous cocci, each valve armed with 2 spine-like processes
at the apex.

Occasionally cultivated, Singalon, fl. Feb., and probably in other months;
widely distributed in Luzon. Endemic.

296 A FLORA OF MANILA

18. HOMONOIA Louzeiro

Dioecious shrubs with alternate, narrow, entire leaves, glandular-
lepidote beneath. Flowers small, in axillary, many-flowered spikes, apet-
alous. Male flowers: Calyx globose, splitting into 3 valvate segments.
Stamens numerous, crowded, in globose heads of branched filaments and
anthers. Rudimentary ovary none. Female flowers: Sepals 5 to 8,
narrow, unequal, imbricate, deciduous. Ovary 38-celled; styles spreading.
Fruit a small capsule of three 2-valved 1-seeded cocci. (Greek “harmony,”
reference to the more or less united stamens.)

Species 3 or 4, India and Malaya, 2 in the Philippines.

1. H. riparia Lour. Lumanaya (Tag.); Miagos (Vis.).

A shrub 1 to 8 m high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 12 to
20 em long, green and shining on the upper surface, the lower surface
pale and brown-lepidote. Spikes axillary, solitary, 5 to 12 cm long, pu-
bescent. Capsules about 8 mm in diameter, pubescent. (FI. Filip. pl. 338.)

In stream-bed San Juan River at San Francisco del Monte, fl. Mar—
Apr.; throughout the Philippines in similar habitats. India to Malaya.

19. RICINUS Linnaeus

A coarse, erect, branched annual herb, or shrubby and perennial. Leaves
large, alternate, orbicular-ovate, peltate, palmately lobed. Flowers ape-
talous, monoecious, in axillary, subpaniculate racemes, the lower ones male,
in scattered fascicles, the upper ones female, crowded. Male flowers:
Calyx thin, splitting into 3 to 5 segments. Stamens very numerous, the
filaments variously connate in branching clusters. Female flowers: Calyx
spathe-like, caducous. Ovary 38-celled. Styles short or long, spreading,
entire or 2-fid. Capsule of three 2-valved 1-seeded cocci. (The ancient
Latin name.) ,

A monotypic genus.

1. R. communis L. Tangan-tangan (Tag.); Castor Oil Plant.

Coarse, erect, branched, 1 to 4 high, glabrous, the younger parts
glaucous, the vegetative parts and inflorescence green or purplish. Leaves
thin, 20 to 60 cm in diameter, the lobes oblong, acuminate, serrate; petioles
long, with a gland at the apex. Racemes stout, erect. Male flowers
about 1 cm in diameter. Capsule ovoid, 1 to 1.5 em long, green or pur-
plish, covered with soft spine-like processes.

In open waste places, fl. all the year; common in and about towns
throughout the Philippines, and.of prehistoric introduction. Probably a
native of Africa, now in all tropical and many temperate countries, wild
or cultivated.

20. MANIHOT Adanson

Glabrous trees or shrubs, often somewhat glaucous, with milky sap,
sometimes from fleshy roots. Leaves alternate, usually deeply 3- to 11-
lobed. Flowers medium, apetalous, monoecious, in racemes, cymes, or
panicles. Male flowers: Calyx usually colored, campanulate, 5-lobed, the
lobes imbricate. Stamens 10, inserted in 2 rows between the lobes or
glands of the disk; filaments free. Female flowers: Calyx as in the male.
Disk lobed or entire. Ovary 3-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Capsule of. three
2-valved cocci. (From the Brazilian name of some species.)

Species 128 in tropical America, mostly in Brazil, 2 introduced in the
Philippines.

EUPHORBIACEAE 297

Shrubs from fleshy roots, the leaf-lobes 3' to 7, lanceolate to oblong-oblan-

ceolate; fruit longitudinally 6 ridged..............02.......100-+ 1. M. utilissima
Trees with 3- to 5-lobed leaves; the lobes obovate to elliptic; fruit not
+) 7 IR ae | el SS EE AR lA R PE 2. M. glaziovii

1. M. UTILISSIMA Pohl. Camoteng-cahoy (Tag.); Cassava, Manioc, Tapioca
Plant.

An erect, glabrous suffrutescent or shruby plant 1.5 to 3 m high from
stout fleshy roots. Leaves 10 to 20 em long, pale beneath, palmately
divided nearly to the base into 3 to 7, lanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate,
entire, acuminate segments, some of the upper leaves often entire. In-
florescence axillary, lax, few-flowered. Flowers about 1 cm long. Capsules
ovoid, about 1.5 cm long, longitudinally narrowly 6-winged.

Common in hedge-rows along streets, etc., rarely flowering in Manila;
common and widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation. A native
of tropical America, now planted in all warm countries.

*2. M. GLAzIovir Muell.-Arg. Ceara Rubber Tree.

A glabrous tree reaching a height of 12 m or more, with thin, some-
what papery bark. Leaves long-petioled, 8 to 20 cm long, somewhat
peltate at the cordate base, glaucous beneath, palmately 3- to 5-lobed,
the lobes obovate to broadly elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate, entire.
Panicles in the uppermost axils, shorter than the leaves. Flowers about 1
em long. Capsule ellipsoid, 2 to 2.8 em long, not longitudinally ridged.

Singalon, cultivated, fl. Sept.; of recent introduction here. One of
the commercial rubber trees, a native of Brazil.

21. ALCHORNEA Swartz

Trees or shrubs, dioecious or monoecious, with simple, entire or toothed
leaves, usually glandular at the base and often 3- or 5-nerved. Male
flowers small, clustered on axillary or terminal, solitary or panicled spikes,
the bracts small. Calyx small, globose, 2- to 4-valved. Petals none. Sta-
mens 6 to 8 or more, the filaments free or connate below. Rudimentary
ovary none. Female flowers in axillary or terminal spikes. Sepals 3 to
6, imbricate. Petals none. Ovary 2- to 4-celled; styles distinct, often
long; ovules 1 in each cell. Capsule of two or three, 2-valved, crustaceous
cocci.

Species about 30 of wide tropical distribution, 2 in the Philippines.

1. A. sicca (Blanco) Merr. Balanti (Tag.).*

An erect dioecious shrub usually 1 to 2 m high, glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves ovate, 3 to 12 em long, crenulate, acuminate, base glandular,
rounded, 3-nerved. Male spikes axillary, catkin-like, green and purplish,
*1 to,5 cm long, about 3 mm thick, flowers numerous, densely arranged.
Stamens 8. Female flowers small, scattered in slender, erect, few-flowered,
2 to 10 cm long spikes, each flower with 3 acuminate bracts longer than
the calyx, the styles simple, purple. Capsules ovoid, rugose, about 8 mm
in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 307, Excoecaria sicca.)

In thickets Pasay to San Felipe Neri, Pasig, etc., fl. Mar—June; of
local occurrencé in the Philippines. Endemic.

*This name is usually applied to species of Homalanthus that do not
occur in our area.

298 A FLORA OF MANILA

22. EXCOECARIA Linnaeus

Glabrous shrubs or trees with abundant, acrid, milky juice, and alternate
or opposite, entire or nearly entire leaves. Flowers apctalous, small, in
dense, axillary spikes or racemes, dioecious or monoecious, the rachis
glandular beneath or at the sides of the bracts. Male flowers 1 to 3 in
each bract, 2-bracteolate. Sepals 3, small. Stamens 38; filaments free.
Rudimentary ovary none. Female flowers at the base of the male spikes
or racemes, or on separate ones. Calyx 3-fid. Ovary 3-celled; cells 1-
ovuled; styles spreading or recurved. Capsules of 3 cocci, the valves
elastically twisting and separating from the columella. (Greek “blind-
ness,” from reputed blinding effect of the milky juice.)

Species 80 or more in tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia, 2 or 3 in
the Philippines.

1. E. agallocha L. Buta, Buta-buta (Tag.); Alipata, Lipata (Vis.).

A glabrous shrub or small tree 1 to 8 m high. Leaves alternate, ellip-
tic-ovate, oblong-ovate, or ovate, shining, base rounded or acute, apex
acuminate, 6 to 12 cm long, entire or nearly so. Male spikes axillary,
solitary, 5 to 10 cm long, many-flowered. Female flowers in 2 to 3 cm
long racemes, the sepals with a basal gland within. Capsules usually
about 5 mm in diameter, subglobose, smooth.

Along tidal estuaries, fl. May-July, and probably in other months;
throughout the Philippines along the seashore. India to southern China
southward to Australia and Polynesia.

76. ANACARDIACEAE (CASHEW OR MANGO FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs, often with acrid and sometimes milky juice. Leaves
alternate, exstipulate, simple or pinnate. Inflorescence mostly paniculate.
Flowers small, regular, unisexual, polygamous, or perfect. Calyx 3- to
6-partite. Petals 3 to 6, alternate with the sepals, free, imbricate or
valvate in bud. Disk flat, cup-shaped or annular, entire or lobed. Sta-
mens as many as or twice as many as the petals, rarely fewer or only one,
inserted under, rarely.on the disk; filaments usually subulate; anthers 2-
celled, basi- or dorsifixed. Ovary superior, 1- to 5-celled, or in Buchanania
of 5 or 6 free carpels, often rudimentary in the staminate flowers; style 1
to 6, or stigmas subsessile; ovules solitary in the cells. Fruit a 1- to 5-
celled, 1- to 5-seeded drupe.

Genera about 60, species about 500, chiefly tropical, 11 genera and 35
species known from the Philippines.

1. Leaves simple; ovary 1-celled, or of several 1-celled carpels.
2. Fruits seated on a much enlarged fleshy peduncle.
38. Stamens twice as many as the petals, some of them imperfect;

fleshy peduncle large, 5 to 7 cm long..................-..... 1. Anacardium
3. Stamens as many as the petals; fleshy peduncle small, 1 to 16 cm~-
0) c(i aN Oe SS, Sot PRR eel Gee RS 2. Semecarpus

2. Peduncles not at all enlarged.
3. Stamens 1 to 5; carpels 1; fruit a large fleshy edible drupe.
3. Mangifera
8. Stamens 8 or 10; carpels 5; fruit a small drupe 1 cm long or less,
the flesh scanty... ol tehee i Se Bee 4. Buchanania
1. Leaves pinnate; ovary several-celled; fruit ovoid, the stone several-
celled... ech Soe, ee ee a arama ees

ANACARDIACEAE | 299

1. ANACARDIUM Linnaeus

Small trees with alternate, petioled, simple, entire leaves. Panicles ter-
minal. Flowers small, polygamous. Calyx 5-partite, segments erect, im-
bricate. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, recurved. Disk filling the base of the
calyx. Stamens usually 9, all fertile, one larger than the rest, filaments
connate and adnate to the disk. Ovary obovoid; style filiform, excentric;
stigma minute; ovule 1, ascending. Fruit kidney-shaped, seated on a large,
fleshy, pyriform body formed of the enlarged disk and top of the peduncle;
pericarp cellular and full of oil. Seed kidney-shaped. (Greek “resem-
bling” and “heart,” from the shape of the fruit.) :

A genus of about 8 species, of tropical America, one now cultivated,
and often naturalized, in many other tropical countries.

*1. A. OCCIDENTALE L. Casoy (Sp.-Fil.) ; Cashew.

A small tree, the trunk usually small, crooked. Leaves obovate, rounded
or retuse at the apex, 10 to 20 em long. Panicles as long as or exceeding
the leaves, pubescent. Flowers small, crowded at the tips of the branches,
yellow to yellowish-white, the petals usually with pink stripes. Fruit
about 2 cm long, kidney-shaped, the pyriform, fleshy, edible receptacle
yellowish, 5 to 7 cm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 116.)

Cultivated for its edible fruit, fl. Dec—Feb.; common throughout the
Philippines, introduced from tropical America at an early date. Cul-
tivated in all tropical countries.

2. SEMECARPUS Linnaeus filius

Shrubs or trees with simple, entire, coriaceous leaves, usually pale
beneath. Flowers small, polygamous or dioecious, in terminal panicles.
Calyx 5- or 6-parted. Petals 5 or 6, imbricate. Disk broad, annular.
Stamens 5 or 6, inserted at the base of the disk, imperfect in the pistil-
late flowers. Ovary 1-celled; styles 3; ovules pendulous from a basal
funicle. Drupe fleshy, oblong or subglobose, oblique, seated on a fleshy
receptacle formed of the thickened disk and calyx-base; pericarp with an
acrid resin. (Greek “mark” and “fruit,” the juice of some species used to
mark clothes.)

Species about 40, tropical Asia, Malaya, and Australia, about 10 known
from the Philippines, one in our area.

1. S. cuneiformis Blanco (S. perrottetii March.). Ligas (Tag.).

A shrub or small tree 3 to 8 m high. Leaves somewhat crowded at
the apices of the branches, lanceolate-obovate to oblong-obovate, sub-
coriaceous, pubescent and whitish beneath, 10 to 25 em long, the apex
rounded, acute, or slightly acuminate. Panicles usually longer than the
leaves, diffuse. Flowers whitish, glomerate, 2 to 2.5 mm long. Drupe
small, ovoid, somewhat oblique, about 1 cm long, the fleshy receptacle
pyriform, purplish, about as long as the drupe, edible. (FI. Filip. pl. 75.)

In thickets, not uncommon, fl. Jan._March; widely distributed in the
Philippines at low altitudes, and also reported from Celebes.

This species, like the poison-oak (Rhus) of the United States is a
violent contact-poison to many persons, while others are immune. The
rash caused by it is very irritating, is similar to that produced by poison-
oak, and is probably caused by similar agencies.

800 A FLORA OF MANILA

8. MANGIFERA Linnaeus

Large trees with entire, coriaceous leaves. Flowers small, polygamous,
in terminal panicles, the pedicels articulate, the bracts small, deciduous.
Calyx 4- or 5-partite. Petals 4 or 5, free from the disk. Stamens 5,
one perfect and larger than the others, the other 4 smaller, imperfect.
Ovary sessile, 1-celled, oblique; style lateral; ovule pendulous. Fruit a
large fleshy drupe; seed large, compressed, fibrous or smooth. (Malay
name of the fruit and the Latin “to bear.’’) ’

A tropical Asiatic, chiefly Malayan genus, of about 30 species, 4 or 5
known from the Philippines, a single cultivated one in our area.

*1. M. INDICA L. Manga (Sp.-Fil.); Mango.

A large tree, the crown dense, spreading. Leaves oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, 10 to 30 cm long. Panicles often as long as or
exceeding the leaves, pubescent. Flowers yellow, small, 8 to 4 mm long.
Disk 5-lobed. Perfect stamen 1, the other 4 much reduced. Ovary gla-
brous. Drupe yellow, fleshy, 10 to 15 cm long, oblong-ovoid, somewhat
compressed. Seed large, flattened, fibrous. (FI. Filip. pl. 62, M. rostrata.)

The well known mango, fl. Nov._May, common in Manila and through-
out the Philippines, introduced. A native of India or Malaya, now cul-
tivated throughout the tropics.

4. BUCHANANIA Roxburgh

tA e

Trees with alternate, simple, entire leaves, the panicles terminal and
axillary. Flowers small, perfect. Calyx short, persistent, 3- to 5-lobed.
Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, recurved. Stamens 8 or 10, free. Car-
pels 5 or 6, free, one fertile, the others imperfect; style short; ovule
solitary. Drupe small, compressed, with scanty flesh, the stone bony.
{In honor of Dr. F. Buchanan-Hamilton, a Scotch physician and naturalist.)

Species about 20, tropical Asia to Australia and Polynesia, 4 or 5 in the
Philippines, one in our area.

1. B. arborescens Blume (B. florida Schauer). Balinhasay (Tag.).

A tree 5 to 10 m high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves oblong-obovate,
acute or rounded, base narrowed, 8 to 25 cm long, somewhat crowded toward
the ends of the branches. Panicles in the uppermost axils, many on each
branch, 6 to 20 em long, rather narrow. Flowers very numerous, white,
38 to 4 mm long, the petals reflexed. Fruit red, compressed, suborbicular
to ovoid, 7 to 10 mm long, the pulp very thin and scanty. (Fl. Filip. pl.
63, Fagara decandra.) '

In thickets, Masambong, San Pedro Macati, etc., fl. Feb—June; very
common and widely distributed in the Philippines. India to Malaya.

5. SPONDIAS Linnaeus

Deciduous glabrous trees. Leaves pinnate, alternate, more or less
crowded at the tips of the branchlets. Leaflets subopposite. Panicles
terminal, spreading. Flowers small, polygamous. Calyx small, 4- or 5-fid.
Petals 4 or 5. Disk cupular, broad, crenate. Stamens 8 or 10 inserted
beneath the disk. Ovary sessile, free, 4- or 5-celled; styles 4 or 5, conniving;
ovules solitary, pendulous. Drupe fleshy; stone hard, thick, 1- to 5-celled,
the cells opening by canals through the top of the stone. (Greek name of
a tree.)

CELASTRACEAE 301

Species about 5, all tropical, 2 in the Philippines of which the following
is introduced.
*1..S. puRPUREA L. Sirihuelas (Tag.). (Corruption of Sp. Ciruela=
“Plum.”)

A deciduous tree usually about 8 m high with stout trunks and stout
spreading branches. Leaves pinnate, 15 to 25 cm long. Leaflets 5 to 9
pairs, oblong-ovate, inequilateral, acuminate, thin, 5 to 7 cm long, entire
or slightly crenate. Flowers solitary or fascicled in the axils of fallen
leaves, reddish, 3 to 3.5 mm long, pedicels jointed. Stamens 10, 5 alter-
nating ones longer than the others. Fruit subglobose,.about 2.5 cm long,
the pericarp fleshy, purplish outside, the stone large, very hard. (FI. Filip.
pl. 182.)

Common along the Parafiaque road, and occasional in other places, de-
ciduous and fl. Feb.—Apr.; widely distributed in the Philippines. A native
of tropical America, introduced into the Philippines at an early date.

77. CELASTRACEAE (CELASTRUS FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple,
petioled. Flowers perfect or polygamous, small, cymose or panicled. Calyx
small, 4- or 5-lobed, imbricate, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, free, imbricate.
Stamens usually the same number as the petals. Disk prominent, lobed
or entire. Ovary sessile, free or confluent with the disk, 3- to 5-celled,
cells 2-ovuled; style short or none. Fruit a dehiscent capsule with arillate
seeds, or hard and indehiscent with many scattered seeds.

Genera about 38, species 450 or more, in most temperate and tropical
regions, 8 genera and about 12 species in the Philippines.

1. Inflorescence of terminal and axillary panicles........................ 1. Celastrus
1. Inflorescence of short, dichotomous, axillary cymes.
2. Fruit a dehiscent, few-seeded capsule...............-...--..--+- 2. Gymnosporia
2. Fruit many-seeded, indehiscent...................--:-:--secsseseesseeseee 3. Siphonodon

1. CELASTRUS Linnaeus

Scandent shrubs with alternate, petioled leaves and terminal and axillary
panicles. Flowers small. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens
5, on the margin of the broad disk. Ovary 2- to 4-celled, cells 2-ovuled, not
immersed in the disk; style short, the stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a globose or
obovoid, 1- to 3-celled, 1- to 6-se¢ded, dehiscent capsule, the seeds enveloped
in a fleshy aril. (An ancient Greek name.)

Species about 15, tropical Asia to Japan, Malaya and Australia, and in
North America, 1 in the Philippines.

1. C. paniculata Willd.

A scandent shrub reaching a length of from 4 to 10 m, glabrous, the
branches lenticellate, pendulous. Leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate, 5 to 12 cm
long, shortly and abruptly acuminate, crenate, thin. Panicles 7 to 18 cm
long, rather narrow, lax, pendulous. Flowers numerous, greenish or green-
ish-white, about 5 mm in diameter. Capsules ovoid or subglobose, 7 to 9
mm long, yellow, 3-celled, usually 3-seeded, the fleshy aril surrounding the
seeds red.

In thickets near Pasig, fl. Apr._March; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. India to Malaya.

302 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. GYMNOSPORIA Wight & Arnott

Shrubs or small trees, often subscandent, branches usually spiny. Leaves
alternate. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx 4- or 5-cleft. Petals 4 or
5, spreading. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted underneath the disk. Ovary im-
mersed in the disk, usually 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled. Capsules dehiscent,
seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, arillate. (Greek “naked” and “seed.’’)

Species 60 or more, widely distributed in warm countries, a single vari-
able one in the Philippines. ;

1. G. spinosa (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe.

A somewhat scandent, glabrous shrub 1 to 4 m high, the axils usually
with very small; short spines. Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate, apex
rounded, base wedge-shaped, margins finely toothed, 5 to 10 cm long.
Cymes small, axillary, rather few-flowered, slender, subumbellate, 1 to 2
em long. Flowers small, greenish-white, 5-merous, the calyx-teeth small.
Petals oblong, obtuse, 3 mm long. Capsules red, subglobose, 5 to 8 mm
long, somewhat 3-angled.

In thickets, Masambong to Pasay, fl. Oct.-Dec.; widely distributed in
the Philippines. . Endemic.

3. SIPHONODON Griffith

Small glabrous trees with alernate, shortly petioled, slightly crenate
leaves. Inflorescence axillary, subcymose, few-flowered. Flowers small,
5-merous, Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Disk not distinct. Sta-
mens 5, connivent around the pistil, the filaments flattened. Ovary half-
immersed, conical, the summit hollowed out, stigmatose in the cavity; cells
numerous in 2 to 4 series, each 1l-ovuled. Fruit ovoid or globose, hard,
of uniform texture throughout, the pulp brittle when dry, the numerous
seeds scattered irregularly through the dry pulp.

Species 3, India to Australia, 2 in the Philippines.

1. S. celastrineus Griff. Matang-olang (Tag.).

A small tree 5 to 8 m high. Leaves pale when dry, oblong, shining,
coriaceous, 12 to 22 cm long, acuminate, base acute, the petiole less than
1 cm long. Flowers small, greenish, the petals about 1.5 mm long. Fruit
globose or ovoid, pale when dry, glabrous, 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter.

In dry thickets Masambong, San Francisco del Monte, etc., fl. May;
of wide distribution in the Philippines at low altitudes, India to Malaya.

76. HIPPOCRATEACEAE (HIPPOCRATEA FAMILY)

Scandent, unarmed, usually glabrous shrubs with opposite, rarely alter-
nate, simple, entire or slightly toothed leaves. Flowers small, regular,
perfect, in axillary or terminal fascicles or cymes. Calyx-tube short, the
lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 5, free, inserted under the disk, imbricate, rarely
valvate. Disk strongly developed, usually thick and fleshy, lobed or entire.
Stamens 3, rarely 2, 4, or 5, inserted on the disk; filaments short, flattened,
free, or somewhat adnate to the ovary, recurved. Ovary surrounded by
the disk, 3-celled; ovules 2 to 10 in each cell. Fruit subglobose, baccate or
drupaceous, 1- to 8-celled, fleshy, indehiscent, or of 3 elongated flattened
carpels which are connate below, and usually dehiscent. Seeds winged or
not.

Genera 2, species about 150 in the tropics of both hemispheres, 2 genera
and 5 or 6 species in the Philippines.

SAPINDACEAE 308

1. SALACIA Linnaeus

Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, entire or somewhat
toothed. Flowers few to many, usually in axillary, clusters, more rarely
cymose. Calyx small, 5-lobed. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens usually 3,
sometimes 2 or 4, inserted on the disk. Ovary conical, immersed in the disk,
8-celled; style very short; stigma simple or 3-lobed; ovules 2 to 8 in each
cell, in 1 or 2 series, inserted in the inner angle. Fruit fleshy, drupaceous,
indehiscent. (A name of Greek mythology, the wife of Neptune.)

Species about 85, in all tropical countries, 3 or 4 in the Philippines.

1. S. prinoides (Willd.) DC.

A climbing shrub reaching a height of 4 m or more, quite glabrous.
Leaves oblong, shining, 8 to 16 cm long, entire or faintly and distantly
toothed, acute or slightly acuminate, base usually acute. Cymes axillary,
solitary, peduncled, dichotomous, few-flowered, 2.5 to 3 em long. Sepals
very small. Petals 5, oblong, obtuse, yellow, about 3.5 mm long, spreading
or refilexed. Stamens 8, rarely 4. .Fruit ovoid or globose, red, about 1 cm
in diameter, 1-seeded. (FI. Filip. pl. 86.)

In dry thickets opposite Fort McKinley, fl. Jan—Apr.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Indiasand Ceylon to Malaya.

79. SAPINDACEAE (SOAPBERRY OR ALUPAG FAMILY)

Shrubs or trees, or in Cardiospermum wiry, herbaceous, tendril-bearing
vines. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple, pinnate, 3-foliolate, or
palmately compound, the leaflets entire or toothed, in the pinnate leaves
alternate or opposite. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, racemose or
panicled. Flowers small, regular, irregular, or unsymmetrical, sometimes
polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed, often unequal, the lobes or sepals
imbricate or valvate. Petals free, equal or unequal, 4 or 5, rarely none,
often bearded or with a scale at the base within. Disk annular or uni-
lateral. Stamens 5 to 10, inserted inside or outside of the disk; filaments
often pubescent, free. Ovary frequently excentric, entire or lobed, 1- to
4-celled, cells 1- or 2-ovuled. Fruit capsular, dehiscent or indehiscent, or
sometimes berry-like, entire or lobed. Seeds arillate or naked.

Genera about 130, species more than 1,000, in all parts of the world,
chiefly tropical, 25 genera and about 70 species in the Philippines.

1. Tendril bearing herbaceous vines with biternate leaves, the capsules
phn 0, AER Lo eS Ree IL a Sh ae eeere mene em nym Ne a 1. Cardiospermum
1. Erect shrubs or trees.
2. Fruit indehiscent.
3. Shrubs with palmately 3- to 5-foliolate leaves................ 2. Allophylus
8. Leaves pinnate.
4, Basal leaflets large and stipule-like; shrubs with smooth, fleshy

Fy eRe LARS ree i ce Li el, io 3 ila! ha 3. Otophora
4. Basal leaflets not enlarged; trees with roughened or tubercled
Fg e Biidet ha ett: Cee he et RR Rn Se A 3. Euphoria

2. Fruit dehiscent.
3. Capsules obovoid, 3-winged, 3-celled; leaves not glandular beneath.
*5. Guioa
3. Capsules of one or two, ellipsoid, terete lobes; leaves with prominent
glands in the axils of the nerves on the lower surface.... 6. Arytera

304 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. CARDIOSPERMUM Linnaeus

Climbing, tendril-bearing, slender, herbaceous vines. Leaves alternate,
exstipulate, biternate, the leaflets very coarsely toothed or lobed. Inflores-
cence of axillary, solitary, few-flowered, long-peduncled cymes or racemes,
the lowest pair of pedicels developed into spiral tendrils. Flowers small,
irregular, polygamo-dioecious. Sepals 4, concave, the two outer ones small.
Petals 4, the two larger ones usually adhering to the sepals, and with an
emarginate scale above the base, the two smaller ones distant from. the
stamens. Stamens 8, excentric; filaments free or connate at the base.
Ovary 38-celled; style trifid; ovules solitary. Capsule inflated, loculicidal,
8-celled, 8-valved, the valves thin, veiny. Seeds globose, arillate at the
base. (Greek “heart” and “seed.’’)

Species 11, mostly in tropical America and Africa, 1 in the Philippines.

1. C. HALICACABUM L. Balloon Vine.

A slender herbaceous vine 1 to 3 m in length, more or less pubescent,
the stems prominently furrowed. Leaves 5 to 9 cm long, deltoid in outline,
the leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely dentate or lobed, 1 to 5
cm long, membranaceous. Flowers small, white, about 2.5 mm long. Fruit
obovoid, 1.5 to 2.5 em long, somewhat triangular and 3-keeled, apex sub-
truncate. Seeds globose, black, with a prominent, white, heart-shaped aril
at the base.

Occasionally cultivated, also sometimes found in thickets, fl. Aug.—Jan.;
widely distributed in the Philippines, certainly introduced. Most tropical
countries, probably a native of India.

2. ALLOPHYLUS Linnaeus

Shrubs or small trees with 1- to 5-foliolate, exstipulate leaves, the leaf-
lets entire or toothed. Inflorescence axillary, of simple or branched racemes.
Flowers small, 4-merous, polygamo-dioecious, globose, greenish or yellowish-
white, their pedicels short. Sepals 4, in opposite pairs, hooded, thin,
imbricate, the two outer ones smaller than the inner pair. Petals 5,
the place of the fifth vacant, small, sometimes declinate, rarely obsolete,
naked or supplied with a shaggy scale above the claw. Disk one-sided,
usually with four glands opposite the petals. Stamens 8, on the receptacle
inside the disk. Ovary usually 2-lobed, 2-celled; ovules solitary. Fruit
indehiscent, usually fleshy, of 2 or 3 globose or obovoid, indehiscent, cocel,
the cocci drupe-like, seeds with a short thin or fleshy aril (Greek hege of
and “tribe.”) tots

Species 156, in all tropical countries, about 17 in the Philippines.

1. A. dimorphus Radlk.

An erect shrub 2 to 5 m high the younger parts and leaves softly pubes-
cent. Leaves 3- and 5-foliolate on the same plants, elliptic or oblong-lan-
ceolate to ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, base narrowed, margins
coarsely and irregularly serrate, the larger ones up to 12 cm in length,
stalked, the lower two, when present, sessile or subsessile, very much
smaller than the other three. Racemes slender, axillary, solitary, pedun-
cled, 5 to 18 em long, many-flowered, pubescent. Flowers about 3 mm in
diameter, greenish-white. Fruit a single, obovoid to subglobose indehiscent
coccus about 5 mm long, red, with scanty pulp. (Fl. Filip. pl. 260, A.
blancoi.)

SAPINDACEAE | 305

In dry thickets La Loma to Fort McKinley, fl. June-July; widely dis-
tributed in Luzon and Mindoro. Endemic.

3. OTOPHORA Blume

Erect shrubs or trees with alternate pinnate leaves, the basal leaflets
stipule-like. Inflorescence axillary and terminal, paniculate, the flowers
regular, polygamous, the sepals 4 or 5, concave, imbricate. Petals 5 or 4,
smaller than the sepals, subauriculate at the base. Disk complete, annulate,
crenate or entire. Stamens usually 8, sometimes fewer, inserted within
the disk. Ovary 2- to 4-celled; ovules 1 in each cell; stigma sessile. Fruit
fleshy, 1- to 4-celled, indehiscent, the seeds arillate. (Greek “ear” and “to
bear,” allusion to the two lower stipule-like leaflets.)

Species about 15, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, 2 in the Philippines.

1. O. fruticosa Blume. Balinaunau (Tag.).

An erect glabrous shrub 2 to 4 m high. Leaves 20 to 50 cm long, the
leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, 8 to 25 em
long, the basal 2 ovate to orbicular, stipule-like, 1 to 4 cm in diameter.
Panicles purple, lax, 15 to 40 cm long, the flowers racemosely arranged,
male and perfect flowers in the same panicle. Flowers dark-purple, about
7 mm in diameter, the anthers yellow. Fruit red, subglobose to ellipsoid
or obovoid, 8 to 13 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 110, Otolepis nigrescens.)

In thickets, Singalon, Pasay, etc., occasional, fl. Dec.—Feb.; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Malaya.

4. EUPHORIA Commerson

Trees with alternate, exstipulate, simply pinnate leaves, the leaflets
entire, usually glaucous beneath. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, pan-
iculate. Flowers regular, polygamous. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, pubescent,
lobes imbricate. Petals 5, spatulate to lanceolate, hairy within. Disk pub-
escent. Stamens usually 8, about as long as the petals, inserted within
the disk. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-lobed, 2- or 3-celled, verrucose; ovules solitary;
style 2- or 3-lobed, erect. Fruit ellipsoid to globose, of a single indehiscent
coccus, verrucose or echinate, the pericarp crustaceous. Seed surrounded
by a fleshy, usually edible aril. (Greek “well” and “to bear.”’)

Species about 6, tropical Asia to Malaya, 3 in the Philippines.

*1. E. LONGANA Lam. (Nephelium longana Camb.). Guin-guin (Tag.).

A tree 8 to 12 m high, the young branchlets rusty-pubescent. Leaves 17
to 25 cm long; leaflets subopposite, or alternate, 6 to 10, oblong to lan-
ceolate, coriaceous, glabrous or nearly so, usually obtuse, base somewhat
inequilateral, acute or obtuse, 6 to 15 cm long. Panicles terminal and
axillary, rusty pubescent, many-flowered, up to 15 cm long. Flowers yellow-
ish-white, 4 to 5 mm in diameter. Fruit reddish or purple when mature,
globose, 1 to 2 cm in diameter, the tubercles rugose or smooth. Aril pulpy,
edible.

Rarely cultivated, Malate, opposite San Pedro Macati etc., said to flower
very rarely, Feb—Apr. Extensively cultivated, India to southern China.

The very common, endemic, Euphoria cinerea (Turcz.) Radlk., widely
known as alupag, is found throughout the Philippines, but does not occur
in our area.

111555——20

806 A FLORA OF MANILA

5. GUIOA Cavanilles

Shrubs or trees with alternate pinnate leaves; leaflets not exceeding 10,
entire, mostly abruptly pinnate, opposite, subopposite, or alternate. Pani-
cles axillary and subterminal, ample, many-flowered. Flowers nearly reg-
ular, polygamo-dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, free or somewhat united at the base,
rounded, concave, imbricate, in two rows. Petals as many as the sepals,
with 2 scales at the base inside. Disk annular, entire or interrupted.
Stamens 8, inserted within the disk. Ovary 3-angled, 3-celled, obovoid to
obcordate; ovules solitary. Fruit capsular, obovoid, 3-celled, 3-winged,
loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds more or less compressed, arillate. (In honor
of J. Guio y Sanchez, an artist on the Malaspina Expedition.)

Species about 35, India to southern China, southward to Australia and
Polynesia, 10 in the Philippines.

1. G. perrottetii (Blume) Radlk. Salab (Tag.).

A small tree 5 to 10 m high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 14 to
25 cm long, alternate. Leaflets 4 to 8, subalternate, lanceolate, to oblong-
lanceolate, straight or somewhat falcate, 6 to 12 cm long, apex somewhat
acuminate. Inflorescence axillary, paniculate, 7 to 12 cm long, the flowers
numerous, subracemosely disposed on the elongated branches. Flowers
white, about 5 mm in diameter, sepals and petals ciliate on the margins.
Capsules red, stipitate, broadly obovate, apex retuse, about 1.5 cm wide,
consisting of three spreading, rounded lobes.

In thickets Masambong, fil. Dec._Jan.; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. Endemic.

6. ARYTERA Blume

Shrubs or trees with alternate pinnate leaves, the leaflets few, entire,
the axils of the nerves beneath usually glandular. Panicles axillary and
terminal, many-flowered. Flowers small. Petals 5, usually with two scales
at the base inside. Disk annular. Stamens 8, exserted. Ovary 2- or 3-
celled, usually lobed. Capsules dehiscent, of 1 to 8 ellipsoid lobes, or
angled. Seeds entirely or nearly sorrounded by the aril. (Greek “a small
bowl.’’)

Species about 20, India to China, southward to Australia and Polynesia,
2 or 8 in the Philippines.

1. A. litoralis Blume. Alasan (Tag.).

A shrub or tree, 4 to 10 m high, glabrous except the younger parts and
inflorescence. Leaves 20 to 30 cm long; leaflets 3 to 6, subopposite or
alternate; oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate, entire, acuminate, base acute,
8 to 18 cm long, with prominent glands in the axils on the lower surface.
Panicles axillary and terminal, rusty-pubescent, 10 to 14 cm long, many-
flowered. Flowers yellowish-white, somewhat fragrant, 2 to 3 mm in
diameter. Capsule usually of 2, sometimes only 1, orange-yellow, ellip-
soid to oblong lobes about 1.5 cm long, ultimately splitting down one side;
seed nearly covered by the aril.

In dry thickets opposite Guadalupe, fl. Apr.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. India to China, southward to Malaya.

80. BALSAMINACEAE (BALSAM OR CAMANTIGUI FAMILY)

Erect, succulent, more or less branched herbs. Leaves opposite, alter-
nate, or somewhat whorled, simple, exstipulate. Flowers irregular, per-

RHAMNACEAE 307

fect, rather large and showy, on axillary or terminal, 1- to several-flowered
peduncles. Sepals 3, imbricate, the posterior one large, petaloid, produced
into a hollow sack or spur, the 2 anterior ones small, green. Petals 3 or
5, the lateral ones 2-lobed. Stamens 5; filaments short, broad; anthers
cohering. Disk none. Ovary oblong, 5-celled; stigma sessile, 5-toothed;
ovules many. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, valves springing elastically
away from the axis. Seeds smooth or tubercled, small.

A single genus of over 350 species, very numerous in the mountains of
tropical Asia and Africa, few in temperate Europe, North America, etc.,
about 25 species known from the Philippines, a single introduced one in
our area.

1. IMPATIENS Linnaeus

Characters of the Family. (Latin “impatient” because of the elastically
dehiscent capsules.)

1. I. BALSAMINA L. Camantigui (Tag.); Balsamina (Sp.); Balsam.

An erect, succulent, branched herb 1 m high or less. Leaves glabrous
or somewhat pubescent, 3 to 5 cm long, narrowly lanceolate, or oblanceolate,
acuminate, deeply serrate, alternate; petioles glandular. Flowers axillary,
showy, 2 to 3 em long, usually pink, but forms with white, red, purple, and
variegated petals found in cultivation, the spur long, slender. Fruit
pubescent. (Fl. Filip. pl. 424.)

A common and variable garden plant, cultivated for ornamental purposes,
fl. more or less all the year, extensively cultivated in the Philippines, oc-
casionally subspontaneous. A native of British India, now found in cultiva-
tion in most warm and tropical countries.

81. RHAMNACEAE (BUCKTHORN. OR LIGAA FAMILY)

Erect trees or shrubs or scandent shrubs (in Gouania tendril-bearing),
often spiny. Leaves simple, alternate, mostly 3- to 5-nerved, the stipules |
small, often transformed into prickles. Flowers perfect or polygamous,
small, in axillary or terminal cymes, fascicles, racemes, or panicles. Calyx
4- or 5-fid, the lobes triangular, erect or recurved, usually keeled on the
inside. Petals 4 or 5, rarely none, hooded or involute, usually shorter than
the calyx-lobes, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 4 or 5,
inserted with the petals and opposite them. Disk fleshy, filling the calyx-
tube or thin and lining it, entire or lobed. Ovary sessile, free or im-
mersed in the disk, 2- to 4-celled. Fruit a capsule or a dry or fleshy
drupe, 1- to 4-celled, free or surrounded at the base by the calyx-tube. ’

Genera 51, species nearly 500, of wide temperate and tropical distribu-
tion, 8 genera and 20 species in the Philippines.

1. Trees or shrubs; fruit an indehiscent dry or fleshy drupe, the stone 1- to
pot OE, Di ie ae LEER ci | 281s ns pen woes oo ce! EE re eS 1. Zizyphus
1. Scandent shrubs; fruit a dehiscent, 3-celled, 3-seeded capsule.
2. Fruit inferior, crowned by the calyx, 3-angled or 3-winged; flowers
fascicled, on elongated simple or paniculate spikes or racemes.
2. Gouania
2. Fruit superior, globose; flowers in short axillary cymes.... 3. Colubrina

1. ZIZYPHUS Adanson

Trees or shrubs, sometimes with pendulous branches, or scandent, fre-
quently armed with stout, large or small spines. Leaves somewhat 2-

308 A FLORA OF MANILA

ranked, alternate, prominently 3-nerved, nerves sometimes more numerous,
entire or toothed. Cymes axillary, peduncled. Flowers small, perfect.
Calyx 5-fid, the lobes spreading or reflexed. Disk lobed, flat, or pitted,
the margin free. Stamens 5. Ovary 2- or 4-celled, sunk in the disk
and confluent with it at the base. Styles 2 or 4, free or more or less
united. Fruit drupe-like, pulp fleshy or dry, the stone 1 to 4-celled, 1- to
4-seeded. (From Sisyphus, a fabulous king of Corinth.)

Species about 45 in temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres,
about 8 in the Philippines.

1. Cymes sessile or subsessile, leaves pale beneath; fruit fleshy, edible.
1. Z. jujuba
1. Cymes peduncled.
2. Leaves very strongly inequilateral at the base; drupe glabrous, the stone

GI, oes gaa dack taeda sah ronceectiee eeaanes thes Seles eae eee 2. Z. trinervia
2. Leaves equilateral or slightly inequilateral at the base; drupe rusty-
pubescent, the stone 2-celled...........2...........2.c..2c0teesecceeseees 3. Z. zonulata

1. Z. JusUBA Mill. Manzanas, Manzanitas (Sp.-Fil.).

A small tree 5 to 19 m high, the branches armed with short sharp
spines. Leaves elliptic-ovate, rounded, green and glabrous on the upper
surface, beneath densely woolly-tomentose with pale hairs, 5 to 8 cm long,
3 to 5 em wide. Cymes sessile or subsessile, axillary, pubescent, 3 cm in
diameter or less. Flowers greenish-white, about 7 mm in diameter. Petals
subspatulate, concave, reflexed. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit fleshy, ovoid or
subglobose, 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter, edible. (FI. Filip. pl. 57.)

Occasional in gardens and along roadsides, introduced, fl. July—Sept.
‘A native of tropical Asia now distributed from Affghanistan to China,
through Malaya to Australia, often in cultivation only.

2. Z. trinervia (Cav.) Poir. Duclap (Tag.).

An erect shrub or small tree, frequently with pendudous branches, rusty-
pubescent, the trunk with large pyramidal spines. Leaves densely pubes-
cent, ovate, 5 to 10 cm long, acute or acuminate, base very strongly inequi-
lateral. Cymes short, axillary, solitary, peduncled, pubescent. Flowers
greenish-white or greenish-yellow, about 4 mm in diameter. Fruit globose,
glabrous, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter, green, the pulp rather hard, the stone
bony, 4-celled. (FI. Filip. pl. 433, Z. lotus.)

In thickets, dry hills near the city, fl. June-Nov.; common and widely

distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

3. Z. zonulata Blanco. Ligaa (Tag.).

A tree, sometimes reaching a height of 25 m, more or less rusty-pubes-
cent, the trunk with large pyramidal spines. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate,
acuminate, base rounded or subcordate, equilateral or slightly inequilateral,
pubescent, in age often becoming glabrous or nearly so, 8 to 15 cm long.
Cymes axillary, peduncled, pubescent, up to 5 em long. Flowers greenish-
yellow, fragrant, 5 to 6 mm in diameter. Fruit globose, 1.5 to 2 cm in
diameter, rusty-pubescent, the pericarp much wrinkled when dry, the bony
stone 2-celled.

Old botanical garden, fl. Sept._Nov.; widely distributed in the Philippines.
Endemic.

VITACEAE 309

2. GOUANIA Linnaeus

Unarmed climbing shrubs with alternate leaves. Flowers polygamous
in axillary or terminal spikes or spike-like racemes, the rachis often tendril-
bearing at or near the base. Flowers small. Calyx superior, 5-fid, the tube
short, obconic. Petals 5, inserted below the margin of the disk, hooded.
Stamens 5, enfolded by the petals. Disk filling the calyx-tube, 5-angled.
Ovary sunk in the disk, 3-celled; style 3-cleft. Fruit an inferior, coriace-
ous, dehiscent capsule, crowned by the persistent calyx-limb, 8-angled or
38-winged. (In honor of A. Gouan, a French botanist.)

Species between 30 and 40, chiefly in tropical America, few in Africa,
Asia, and Malaya, 2 in the Philippines.

1. G. microcarpa DC. Litiran (Tag.).

A seandent shrub, the younger parts and inflorescence pubescent. Stems
slender. Leaves ovate, acuminate, base broad and rounded or subcordate,
margins nearly entire or crenate-serrate, 6 to 11 cm long. Spikes terminal
and axillary, slender, pubescent, up to 20 cm in length, the rachis usually
cirrhose near the base, the flowers crowded in scattered, often short-
peduncled heads or clusters. Flowers white, about 2 mm long, pubescent
outside. Fruit about 5 mm long, 3-angled, angles slightly winged, glabrous
or nearly so.

In thickets, Masambong, fl. Dec._Feb.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. India to Malaya.

8. COLUBRINA L. C. Richard

Erect or climbing shrubs with alternate, toothed, 3-nerved leaves. Cymes
axillary, short. Flowers small, perfect, regular. Calyx 5-toothed or lobed,
the tube short, broad. Petals 5, clawed, hooded, inserted on the margin
of the disk. Stamens 5. Disk fleshy, filling the calyx-tube. Ovary 3-celled,
sunk in the disk and confluent with it; style 3-cleft. Fruit a tardily
dehiscent, globose, 3-celled, 3-seeded capsule, surrounded below with the
accrescent calyx-tube. (Latin ‘“‘snake’”’ from the fancied resemblance of
the twining stems of some species.)

Species about 15, chiefly in tropical America, 1 in the Philippines.

1. C. asiatica (L.) Brongn. Cabatiti (Tag.).

A scandent glabrous shrub reaching a height of 6 m. Leaves shining,
ovate, acuminate, base rounded, margins crenate-serrate, 5 to 9 em long,
2 to 6 cm wide, 3-nerved from the base. Cymes axillary, short, 1 em long
or less, shorter than the petioles. Flowers pedicelled, yellowish-green,
about 4 mm in diameter. Fruit subglobose, 7 to 9 mm in diameter,
surrounded at the base by the calyx, tardily dehiscent, crustaceous, 3-seeded.

In thickets along the beach, Pasay, fl. May—Aug.; throughout the Philip-
pines near the seashore. India to Malaya and Australia, and in southern
Africa.

82. VITACEAE (GRAPE OR AYO FAMILY)
Erect shrubs, or vines climbing by means of tendrils, the stems cylindric,

angled, or compressed. Leaves alternate, simple and toothed or lobed,
digitately or pedately 3- to 9-foliolate, or 1- to 3-pinnate. Flowers regular,

310 A FLORA OF MANILA

perfect or unisexual, cymose, the cymes umbellately, paniculately, or race-
mosely arranged. Calyx small, entire, or 4- or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5,
free or cohering, valvate. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the petals, inserted
at the base of the disk or between its lobes; anthers free or connate,
extrorse. Disk free or connate with the stamens or ovary. Ovary 2- to
6-celled; style short or none; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit a 1- to
6-celled berry.

Genera 12 or more, species more than 500, in all parts of the world,
6 genera and about 40 species in the Philippines.

1. Tendril-bearing vines with simple, pedately, or palmately compound
leaves.
2. Stigma 4-lobed; leaves (in our species) 5-foliolate........ 1. Tetrastigma
2. Stigma entire, small; leaves (in our species) simple or 3-foliolate.
2. Cissus
1. Erect shrubs or small trees without tendrils, the leaves large, pinnately
COMPGuNGs sc. b DEL OS A oe a ee Oe eae 3. Leea

1. TETRASTIGMA Planchon

Climbing, more or less woody vines, tendril-bearing, the leaves usually
pedately 5-foliolate, sometimes 3- or 1-foliolate. Flowers small, 4-merous,
polygamo-dioecious, in axillary corymbose cymes, usually puberulent. Petals
4, usually mucronate near the apex, spreading in flower. Disk adnate to
the base of the ovary. Ovary 2-celled, the cells 2-ovuled; style very short;
stigma usually 4-lobed. Fruit a fleshy, 2- to 4-seeded berry. (Greek
“four” and “stigma.”)

Species about 45 in the Indo-Malayan region, 5 or 6 in the Philippines.

1. T. harmandii Planch. Ayo (Tag.).

A vine reaching a length of 10 m, the stems somewhat compressed, woody,
rough, 1 to 2.5 cm in diameter. Tendrils simple. Leaves mostly pedately
5-foliolate, some 3-foliolate and some rarely 7-foliolate on the same plant.
Leaflets elliptic-oblong, acuminate, distantly toothed, shining, glabrous, 5
to 12 em long. Inflorescence cymose axillary, solitary, short-peduncled,
puberulent, 4 to 10 cm long and wide. Flowers pale-green, faintly fragrant,
numerous, umbellately disposed on the ultimate branchlets, short-pedicelled.
Calyx very small. Petals 4, oblong, about 3.5 mm long, puberulent on the
back. Fruit globose, fleshy, glabrous. (Fl. Filip. pl. 398, Cissus pedata.)

In dry thickets La Loma to Pasay, sometimes cultivated, fl. Feb.—Apr.;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Indo-China.

2. CISSUS Linnaeus

Climbing, suffrutescent, herbaceous, or somewhat woody, tendril-bearing
vines, with simple, or 8- to 5-foliolate leaves. Cymes corymbose, usually
leaf-opposed. Flowers perfect, 4-merous. Petals 4, spreading in flower,
rarely adnate and falling as a whole. Disk 4-lobed, adnate to the base of
the ovary. Ovary 2-celled, the cells usually 2-ovuled; style subulate;
stigma entire; fruit a fleshy 1- to 4-seeded berry. (The Greek name for
the ivy.)

Species about 220 in the tropics of both hemispheres, about 15 in the
Philippines.

1. Leaves simple.
2. Stems thick, fleshy, sharply 4-angled...................... 1. C. quadrangularis
2. Stems terete.

VITACEAE 311

8. Younger parts, at least, Pecemeiipen pubEstet aD EP 2. C. assamica
eS. LRN oa ncinccntesintsehn bapeetcopbigieaaapceinuicnateeaamahaonee 8. C. repens
Bis Maree ON ER UO Gnas. aan ke tees Caen pan wien -froscvbapepiarasgaees 4. C. trifolia

1. C. QUADRANGULARIS L.

A glabrous vine, the stems fleshy, green, sharply 4-angled, 1 to 1.5
em thick, much contracted at the nodes, the internodes 6 to 10 ecm long.
Leaves few, 1 from each node, alternate, 4 to 6 em long, simple, somewhat
fleshy, broadly ovate or triangular-reniform, distantly toothed with small
appressed sharp teeth, apex obtuse, base broad, cordate or subtruncate.
Cymes small, axillary, peduncled, up to 5 em long. Flowers pinkish, about
2.5mm long. Berry globose, fleshy, succulent.

In dry thickets etc., San Juan del Monte, fl. Sept.—Oct., and probably
in other months; of local occurrence in the Philippines, certainly introduced.
Tropical East Africa, tropical Asia and Malaya.

2. C. aristata Bl. Salapong (Tag.).

A scandent vine reaching a height of at least 10 m, more or less
ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves ovate, shortly acuminate, base deeply cordate
or the upper ones rounded, margins distinctly cuspidate-serrate, 8 to 18
cm long, 5 to 12 cm wide. Cymes peduncled, trichotomous, 2.5 to 5 cm
long. Flowers greenish, purple-tinged, subumbellately arranged on the
ultimate branchlets, pedicelled. Petals 4, valvate, oblong-ovate, acute, nearly
3 mm long. Fruit globose, fleshy, purple when mature, about 1 cm in
diameter when fresh, containing a single large seed. (FI. Filip. pl. 878,
C. nodosa.)

In thickets, Pasay, San Pedro Macati, etc., scattered, fl. Aug.—Dec.;
widely distributed in the Philippines. India, through Malaya to New
Guinea.

8. C. repens Lam. Ayong-gala (Tag.).

A vine reaching a length of 10 m or less, quite glabrous. Stems terete,
green, somewhat fleshy, readily breaking up at the nodes when dry. Leaves
simple, 7 to 12 cm long, broadly ovate, acuminate, base broadly cordate,
margins with distant, small, sharp, appressed teeth, the nerves usually
4 or 5 pairs. Cymes leaf-opposed and forming terminal leafy inflorescences,
the individual cymes shorter than the petioles. Flowers 4-merous, greenish,
small, umbellately arranged. Fruits fleshy, purple, obovoid, usually apicu-
late, about 6 mm long, very acrid, with a single seed.

In dry thickets, Diliman, fi. Aug.—-Nov.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. India to southern China and Malaya.

4, C. trifolia (L.) K. Sch. (C. carnosa Lam.). Calit-calit (Tag.).

Scandent, puberulent or becoming glabrous or nearly so. Leaves tri-
foliolate, the petioles 2 to 3 cm long; tendrils opposite the leaves. Leaflets
ovate to oblong-ovate, 2 to 8 cm long, 1.5 to 5 cm wide, slightly acuminate,
rather coarsely toothed. Cymes long-peduncled, axillary, solitary, usually
8-branched. Flowers small, greenish-white. Fruit fleshy, subglobose, dark-
purple or black, about 1 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 24, C. acida.)

In thickets and waste places, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines.
India and Ceylon through Malaya to New Caledonia.

In addition to the species above considered, the grape vine (Sp. uva=
Vitis vinifera L.) is occasionally found in cultivation, but it rarely produces
flowers or fruit here.

312 A FLORA OF MANILA

LEEA Linnaeus

Shrubs or small trees with alternate, large, 1- to 4-pinnate rarely simple
leaves, the petiole dilated and sheathing at the base; leaflets ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, toothed. Inflorescence opposite the upper leaves, corym-
bosely cymose, often very large. Flowers red, yellow, or green. Calyx 5-,
rarely 4-toothed. Petals as many as the calyx-teeth, connate below and
adhering to the staminal-tube, free parts revolute. Stamens united at the
base into a 5-toothed tube, the filaments inserted between the teeth,
inflexed; anthers free and exserted, or connate and included. Ovary 3-
to 6-celled; cells 1-ovuled. Fruit a 3- to 6-celled and seeded, succulent or
rather dry, subglobose berry. (In honor of J. Lee, a Scotch horticulturist.)

Species about 50, tropical Asia, Africa, and Malaya, few in Australia,
about 14 in the Philippines.

1. Leea manillensis Walp. Caliantan (Tag.); Amamali (Vis.).

A shrub or small tree 3 to 6 m high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves
50 to 80 em long, 3- or 4-pinnately compound, the rachis and branches
somewhat jointed; leaflets elliptic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
6 to 15 cm long, sharply serrate. Inflorescence large, red, of dichotomous
corymbose cymes, many-flowered, up to 50 cm in diameter. Flowers 5-
merous, about 3 mm long, few opening at a time, the pedicels and calyx
red, the petals pale-yellow. Fruit dark-red, depressed-globose, about 8 mm
in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 60, L. sambucina.)

In thickets, Pasay, Guadalupe, etc., fl. Apr._June; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Endemic.

83. TILIACEAE (LINDEN OR ANILAO FAMILY)

Herbs, erect or scandent shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, simple,
entire, toothed, or lobed. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, the flowers
solitary, fascicled, umbellate, cymose, or panicled. Flowers regular, perfect.
Sepals 3 to 5, free, valvate. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely absent.
Stamens mostly numerous, springing from a dilated torus or disk. Ovary
superior, free, 2- to 10-celled. Fruit fleshy or dry, dehiscent or indehiscent,
1- to many-seeded.

Genera about 36, species about 400, in most parts of the world, but chiefly
tropical, 11 genera and about 45 species in the Philippines.

1. Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing; fruit indehiscent.
2. Flowers fascicled, umbellate, or paniculate; fruit a fleshy or fibrous
tat (| i eS Ae te Serene e ples ee) Pe 1. Grewia

2. Flowers solitary or in pairs; fruit a fleshy, many-seeded berry.

3. Muntingia

1. Suffrutescent herbs or undershrubs; fruit dry, dehiscent.
2s. 'Gapmules) witiclely:.:..32)30.2. ea ne GR Be 4. Triumfetta
2, Capsules not prickly... 5. Corchorus

1. GREWIA Linnaeus

Erect or scandent shrubs or trees, more or less stellate-pubescent.
Leaves toothed or entire, base 3-nerved or nerves often more numerous.
Flowers axillary, fascicled or umbelled, or sometimes in terminal panicles.
Sepals 5, free. Petals ‘5, glandular at the base, sometimes wanting. Sta-
mens many, on a raised torus. Ovary 2- to 4-celled. Drupe fleshy or

TILIACEAE 313

fibrous, entire or 2- to 4-lobed. (In honor of Dr. N. Grew, an English
physician and botanist.)

Species 70 or more, tropics of the Old World, about 20 in the Philippines,
one in our area.

1. G. multiflora Juss. Danglin (Tag.).

A shrub or small tree 3 to 8 m high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves
oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, 4 to 14 cm long, 2.5 to 5 em wide, often
somewhat inequilateral, base usually rounded, 3-nerved, apex acuminate,
margins crenate-serrate. Inflorescence of small, axillary, solitary umbels,
the peduncles longer then the petioles, each with from 2 to 7 flowers.
Buds globose or ovoid. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter, greenish-yellow.
Sepals pubescent outside, much longer than the petals. Fruit obovoid,
about 6 mm long.

In thickets, San Juan, Guadalupe, etc., fl. Sept.—Dec.; throughout the
Philippines. India to Africa, and Malaya.

2. COLUMBIA Persoon

Trees or shrubs with simple, usually oblique leaves. Flowers in terminal
panicles. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5, glandular at the base. Stamens
many, free, inserted on a raised torus. Ovary 3- to 5-celled, the cells 2-
to 4-ovuled; style subulate, entire. Capsule rounded to obovoid, 3- to 5-
winged, ultimately splitting into 3 to 5 1-seeded, indehiscent cocci. (In
honor of Christopher Columbus, discoverer of America.)

Species about 18, tropical Asia and Malaya, about 10 in the Philippines.

1. C. serratifolia (Cav.) Pers. Anilao (Tag.).

A shrub or small tree 3 to 10 m high, the branches and inflorescence
hirsute. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 10 to 20 cm
long, base very oblique, margins coarsely or finely serrate, the upper sur-
face becoming nearly glabrous, the lower surface pale, rather densely
pubescent and hirsute. Panicles terminal and in the upper axils, many-
flowered, 10 to 30 cm long. Flowers clustered, 6 to 7 mm long. Sepals
pubescent. Petals pink and yellowish or reddish. Capsules about 1 cm
long, broader than long, 3- or 4-winged. (FI. Filip. pl. 272, C. anilao.)

In thickets near San Francisco del Monte, fl. May—July; widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines. Endemic.

3. MUNTINGIA Linnaeus *

A stellate-pubescent tree with alternate, toothed, inequilateral, distichous
leaves. Flowers white, solitary or in pairs, their pedicels inserted just
above the leaf-axils. Sepals 5, lanceolate, valvate. Petals entire, obovate.
Stamens indefinite, free, inserted on an annular subperigynous disk. Ovary
5- to 7-celled, ovoid, surrounded by a dense ring of white hairs. Stigma sub-
sessile, thick, sulcate-lobed. Fruit a fleshy, globose, many-seeded berry. (In
honor of A..Munting, a Dutch botanist.)

A single species in Mexico and South America.

1. M. cALABURA L. Datiles, Ratiles (Tag., corruption of Sp. datil—date.)

A tree 5 to 10 m high, viscid-pubescent with stellate hairs, the branches
spreading. Leaves alternate, distichous, oblong-ovate to broadly oblong-
lanceolate, 8 to 13 cm long, acuminate, toothed, base inequilateral, one side

* Placed in the Elacocarpaceae in the “Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien.”

314 A FLORA OF MANILA

rounded, the other acute; stipules slender, hairy, short, deciduous. Flowers
2 cm in diameter, white, extra-axillary, solitary or in pairs, their pedicels
erect, 1.5 to 2.5 em long. Sepals 5, green, reflexed, lanceolate, long-acumi-
nate, 1 cm long. Petals obovate, deciduous, 1 cm long, spreading. Stamens
many. Fruit a globose, red, smooth, very fleshy, sweet berry, about 1.5
cm in diameter, filled with very numerous, small seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 425.)
Common in and about Manila, fi. all the year. A native of tropical
America, introduced here and naturalized; also introduced in Siam. The
very sweet fruits are much eaten by children. ’

4. TRIUMFETTA Linnaeus

Erect or prostrate branched herbs or undershrubs, more or less stellate-
pubescent. Leaves toothed, simple or lobed. Flowers yellow, in dense
axillary cymes or fascicles. Sepals and petals 5, free. Stamens 5 to 35,
springing from a lobed torus. Ovary 2- to 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled. Cap-
sule globose, covered with short or long, often hooked spines, dehiscent or
indehiscent. (In honor of G. B. Trionfetti, and Italian botanist.)

A genus of about 40 species of wide tropical distribution, about 6 in the
Philippines, two in our area.

Inflorescence rather dense; spines of the fruits glabrous .... 1. T. bartramia
Inflorescence rather lax; spines of the fruits with reflexed hairs.
2. T. semitriloba

1. T. BARTRAMIA L. (T. rhomboidea Jacq.). Calot-calotan (Tag.).

An erect, more or less hairy, branched, annual, often suffrutescent herb,
0.5 to 1.5 m high. Leaves variable, usually orbicular or rhomboid-ovate,
base rounded, apex 3-lobed, denticulate, the upper ones much reduced, oblong
to ovate-lanceolate, not lobed. - Flowers yellow, about 6 mm long, numerous, -
in rather dense axillary fascicles. Fruit small, globose, pubescent, covered
with hooked spines, the spines glabrous.

In waste lands, fl. Oct.-Feb.; widely distributed in the Philippines, but
undoubtedly introduced here. Tropical Asia, Africa, and Malaya.

2. T. SEMITRILOBA Jacq. Calot-calotan (Tag.).

An erect, branched, suffrutescent or shrubby plant, 1 to 2 m high, more
or less stellate-pubescent. Leaves 3 to 10 cm long, broadly ovate to ovate,
or the upper ones oblong, base usually broad, rounded, or of the upper ones
acute, subentire, or slightly 3-lobed in the upper part, margins toothed.
Flowers yellow, in rather lax axillary clusters, the buds oblong, up to 9
mm long. Sepals apiculate. Fruits globose, 7 to 8 mm in diameter, pu-
bescent, covered with hooked spines, the spines with scattered, reflexed
hairs.

In open dry lands, thickets, etc., fi. Dec.Feb.; widely distributed in the
Philippines, but undoubtedly introduced here. Tropics generally.

5. CORCHORUS Linnaeus

Erect or spreading, branched, often suffrutescent herbs, nearly glabrous
or more or less stellate-pubescent. Leaves simple, with usually 2 short,
tail-like appendages at the base. Flowers small, yellow, axillary. Sepals
and petals 4 or 5. Stamens usually many, springing from a short torus.
Ovary 2- to 6-celled. Capsule elongated or subglobose, loculicidally 2- to
5-valved. (An old Greek name for some bitter plant.)

MALVACEAE 315

Species about 35, mostly widely distributed in the tropics, 3 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. Capsule globose, not beaked.................0....cccsssssssssssssecaseeseees 1. C. capsularis
1. Capsule elongated, beaked.
2. Capsule 6- to 8-ribbed or winged, beak 8-fid................ 2. C. acutangulus
2. Capsule cylindric, 10-ribbed, beak entire............................ 3. C. olitorius

1. C. CAPSULARIS L. Pasao, Pasao na bilog (Tag.); Jute.

An erect, branched, glabrous, annual herb, 1 to 2 m high, the stems
usually purplish. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 12 em long, slenderly
acuminate, base rounded, tailed, margins sharply serrate; stipules linear,
5 to 8 mm long. Flowers axillary, few in each axil, about 4 mm long, the
sepals often purplish, the petals yellow. Capsules globose to globose-
obovoid, about 1 cm in diameter, longitudinally ridged, prominently rugose,
muricate, 5-valved.

In open, low grass lands and waste places, fl. Oct.Jan., but never cul-
tivated here; widely distributed in the Philippines, but probably introduced.
A native of India, now wild or cultivated in many other tropical countries.

2. C. ACUTANGULUS Lam.

A low, diffusely branched, suffrutescent annual, usually less than 0.5 m
high, the branches elongated, often spreading along the surface of the
ground, the stems reddish-brown, somewhat hairy. Leaves oblong-ovate,
finely toothed, acute, base rounded or slightly cordate, usually 2-tailed.
Flowers axillary, yellow, about 5 mm long. Capsule 2 to 3 cm long, 4 to 6
mm thick, narrowly oblong, prominently longitudinally 6- to 8-ridged or
winged, apex with 3 or 4, erect or divergent beaks. (FI. Filip. pl. 141.)

In open waste places, fl. Aug.—Jan.; throughout the Philippines, but
probably introduced. Tropical Asia to Malaya and Africa; also in the West
Indies.

3. C. oLIToRIUS L. Tagabang, Pasao (Tag.); Jute.

An erect, branched, glabrous or nearly glabrous suffrutescent annual, 1
to 1.5 m high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 12 cm long, acuminate, base
tailed, margins toothed. Flowers axillary, about 6 mm long, the petals
yellow. Capsules elongated, cylindric, 10-ribbed, 3 to 3.5 cm long, 3- or
6-valved, valves with transverse partitions between the seeds, beaked.

In open, usually damp or wet lands, fl. Oct.-Jan.; widely distributed in
the Philippines, but probably introduced. A native of India, now found in
most tropical countries.

84. MALVACEAE (HIBISCUS OR GOMAMELA FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, rarely scandent. Leaves simple, alternate, and
with the herbaceous parts often stellate-pubescent; stipules free, sometimes
caducous. Bracteoles 3 or more, whorled at the base of the calyx, or
wanting. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or panicled, regular, perfect.
Sepals 5, free or connate. Petals 5. Stamens many, rarely few, the
filaments connate into a staminal-tube which is more or less adnate to the
base of the petals, the anthers various. Ovary 2- to many-celled, entire
or lobed, of 2 to 5 or more carpels arranged in a whorl around a central
axis. Fruit of dry cocci separating from the axis, or capsular and locu-
licidal.

316 A FLORA OF MANILA

Genera 33, species about 725 of wide tropical and temperate distribution,
11 genera and 40 species in the Philippines.

1. Fruit composed of carpels separating from the central axis when mature.
2. Styles as many as the carpels.
8. Ovules solitary; corolla less than 1.5 cm in diameter.

4, Carpels with 3 short spines; ovules ascending........ 1. Malvastrum

4. Carpels with 2 awns or awnless; ovules pendulous................ 2. Sida

By Onwlos: BOF Me ok ioe che icseetetetennownttee- opt iyi neg 3. Abutilon

2. Styles or branches of the stigmas twice as many as the carpels.

3. Flowers fascicled, axillary; coarse erect herbs................ 4. Malachra
3. Flowers solitary.

4. Bracteoles 5; fruit of 5 spiny carpels.........--....--22-22000-2-0000---2 5. Urena

4. Bracteoles more than 5; flowers red; carpels connate into a some-

what fleshy fruit; cultivated only..........................-. 6. Malvaviscus

1. Fruit capsular, dehiscent, or subindehiscent.
2. Stigmas spreading.
3. Cells of ovary 1l-ovuled; spreading herbs.................... 7. Kosteletzkya
3. Cells of the ovary 2- to many-ovuled; erect herbs, or shrubs or trees.
4, Calyx spathe-like, splitting down one side and circumscissly de-

COMMA TIER) ov thc sl weciebcnan. thee alist ecg: teenel pester 03] 8. Abelmoschus
4. Calyx regularly lobed, persistent...............200222.-..0.-20----- 9. Hibiscus

2. Stigmas coherent in a club-shaped mass.
3. Bracteeles 3: tit, by smalls) <5... ec kccppisa-- a srsech--seakesern- 10. Thespesia
3. Bracteelest 3, very: lawee...seciel. cece ok. teed epee 11. Gossypium

1. MALVASTRUM A. Gray

Herbs or undershrubs, the leaves toothed. Flowers yellow, axillary and
terminal. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-parted. Petals longer than the sepals.
Staminal-tube anther-bearing at the summit, with no sterile teeth; anthers
numerous. Ovary 5-celled or more; styles as many as the carpels. Ripe
carpels separating from the short torus, indehiscent, 1-seeded, beaked or
not (From Malva another genus of the family.)

Species about 60, all American and South African, 2 widely distributed
as weeds, 1 in the Philippines.

1. M. COROMANDELINUM (L.) Garcke (M. tricuspidatum A. Gray). Quina-
lumpang (Tag.). :

An erect, somewhat hairy, branched, suffrutescent, perennial plant 1 m
high or less. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, base usually
rounded, irregularly toothed, 2 to5cmlong. Flowers axillary and terminal.
Calyx green, about 7 mm long, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla
yellow, the petals about 8 mm long. Fruit consisting of from 8 to 12,
reniform, compressed, hirsute carpels 2 to 3 mm long, each carpel with
3 short straight awns. (FI. Filip. pl. 251, M. ruderale.)

Abundant in waste places, fi. all the year, introduced; throughout the
Philippines. A native of tropical America, now widely distributed in the
tropics.

2. SIDA Linnaeus

Erect, branched, suffrutescent herbs or undershrubs, or trailing herbs,
more or less stellate-pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves simple or some-
what lobed, toothed. Flowers axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, valvate. Petals
yellow, free above, connate below and adnate to the staminal-tube. Stamens

MALVACEAE | 317

numerous, free above. Carpels 5 or more, the ripe ones separating from
the axis and pointed, or more usually 2-awned at the summit. (A Greek
plant name.)

Species 80 or more, of wide tropical distribution, most of them weeds,
about 9 in the Philippines.

1. A slender, prostrate, spreading herbaceous plant................ 1. S. javensis
1. Erect branched undershrubs or suffrutescent herbs.
2. Leaves cordate at the base; plant glutinous-pubescent or velvety-
pubescent with long hairs intermixed.
8. Carpels smooth, awnless or nearly so; a rank-smelling, glutinous-

pubescent: Penk eo bcs scot A Ak ion 2. S. mysorensis
8. Carpels prominently rugose, long-awned, velvety-pubescent with
infermimad Some) TG Seis sisees i). EE ncn ad 3. S. cordifolia

2. Leaves not cordate; plants stellate-pubescent or nearly glabrous.

3. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, green on both surfaces, nearly gla-
brous; pedicels not or but little longer than the flowers.. 4. S. acuta

8. Leaves not lanceolate, obtuse, retuse, or acute, pale beneath.
4. Leaves oblong to rhomboid, acute or rounded; pedicels elongated;
carpels usually not beaked.........-..........-..2..---0-++ 5. S. rhombifolia
4. Leaves obovate-oblong to obovate, base cuneate, apex retuse, trun-
cate, or rounded; pedicels short; carpels beaked........ 6. S. retusa

1. S. JAVENSIS Cav. Colotang-baguing (Tag.).

A trailing herbaceous plant, the stems up to 60 cm in length, with
scattered stellate hairs or nearly glabrous. Leaves orbicular-ovate, 2 to
7 cm long, acute or slightly acuminate, base prominently cordate, margins
coarsely toothed, sometimes obscurely lobed. Peduncles axillary, solitary,
elongated, jointed in the middle. Calyx green, about 5 mm long, the
segments triangular, acute or acuminate. Corolla yellow, about 7 mm in
diameter. Carpels 5, each 2-awned at the apex, the awns slender, nearly
as long as the carpels.

In thickets, roadsides etc., fl. Oct—March; widely distributed in the
Philippines, and certainly not indigenous. India and Malaya, perhaps in
other tropical countries.

2. S. MYSORENSIS Wight. & Arn. Marbas, Marabas, Marbas-gubat (Tag.,
corr. Sp. malvas=mallow).

An erect, branched, rank-smelling, glutinous-pubescent herb 0.3 to 1 m
high. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, acuminate, crenate, 5 to 8 cm long,
the upper ones usually much reduced and oblong to oblong-ovate. Flowers
axillary, solitary or in pairs, slenderly pedicelled. Calyx green, pubescent.
Corolla yellow, about 1 cm in diameter. Carpels 5, about 2.5 mm long, not
reticulate, obtuse, scarcely or not at all awned.

In thickets and fallow lands, La Loma, San Pedro Macati, etc., fl. Oct.—
Mar.; widely distributed in Luzon, and certainly not indigenous. India and
Ceylon.

3. S. CORDIFOLIA L.

An erect suffrutescent herb 0.4 to 1 m high, densely pubescent and with
intermixed, long, spreading hairs. Leaves ovate, 1.5 to 4.5 cm long, obtuse,
cordate at the base, prominently dentate-serrate, densely pubescent on both
surfaces. Flowers yellow, axillary, often crowded on the younger branches
forming leafy racemes, the calyx densely pubescent. Carpels prominently
rugose, the awns about as long as the carpels.

318 A FLORA OF MANILA

In open waste places, fl. most of the year; common and widely distributed
in the Philippines, but certainly introduced here. Tropics generally.

4. S. acuTA Burm. (S. carpinifolia L.). Ualisualisan, Escobang-haba
(Tag.).

An erect, branched, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous, suffrutescent
herb or undershrub less than 1m high. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, serrate, base rounded or obtuse, 3 to 5 cm long, pale-green, of the
same color on both surfaces, the stipules linear-lanceolate, longer than the
petioles. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, the pedicels short, jointed
near the middle. Calyx green. Corolla yellow, about 1.3 cm in diameter.
Carpels 4 to 9, enclosed by the calyx, about 3.5 mm long, rugose, 2-awned.
(FI. Filip. pl. 366.)

In open waste places, very common, fl. all the year; throughout the
Philippines about towns, undoubtedly introduced. Tropics generally.

5. S. RHOMBIFOLIA L. Ualisualisan (Tag.).

An erect, branched, shrubby plant 0.5 to 1.3 m high.. Leaves oblong to
rhomboid, 1 to 4 cm long, acute or rounded, serrate, pale and stellate-
puberulent beneath, the stipules setaceous, as long as the petiole. Flowers
axillary, solitary, their pedicels slender, elongated, jointed above the middle,
in fruit about 1.5 cm long. Calyx green. Corolla yellow, 1.5 to 1.8 cm in
diameter. Carpels 8 to 10, nearly smooth or somewhat rugose, about 2.5
mm long, not awned, enclosed by the calyx. (FI. Filip. pl. 248, S. philippica.)

In open waste places, common, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines
in and about towns, certainly introduced. Tropics generally.

6. S. RETUSA L.

An erect, stiff, branched undershrub usually less than 0.5 m high. Leaves
oblong-obovate to obovate, apex retuse, truncate, or rounded, usually broad,
base cuneate, 1 to 2 cm long, toothed, pale and densely stellate-pubescent
on the lower surface. Flowers axillary, solitary, usually short-pedicelled,
yellow, about 1.5 cm in diameter. Carpels beaked, smooth or only slightly
rugose.

In open dry grass lands, fi. all the year; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines, but certainly introduced here. Tropics generally.

3. ABUTILON Gaertner

.

Erect, suffrutescent herbs or undershrubs more or less downy-pubescent,
grayish. Leaves cordate, ovate, or somewhat lobed. Flowers axillary or
terminal, the bracteoles none. Calyx tubular below, cleft into 5 valvate
sepals. Petals 5, connate below and adnate to the staminal-tube. Staminal
tube divided above into many filaments. Carpels 5 to many; styles as many
as the carpels. Ripe carpels separating from the axis, awned or not. (Said
to be from an Arabian name alluding to the yellow flowers.)

Species about 70, in most tropical and subtropical countries, 2 or 3 in
the Philippines.

1. A. rnpIcum (L.) G. Don. Guiling-guilifgan (Tag.); Malvas, Marbas
(Sp.-Fil.).

An annual or perennial, suffrutescent, erect, branched plant 0.5 to 2.5
m high. Leaves orbicular-ovate to broadly ovate, 5 to 12 cm long, nearly as
wide, base prominantly cordate, apex shortly acuminate, margins entire or
irregularly toothed, both surfaces softly ashy-puberulent. Flowers axillary,
solitary, the peduncles long, jointed near the tip. Calyx green. Corolla

MALVACEAE 319

yellow, 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter. Fruits about 1.5 cm long, 2 cm in
diameter, composed of from 15 to 20, somewhat pubescent, shortly awned
earpels. (FI. Filip. pl. 837.)

In waste places, rather common, fl. all the year; throughout the Philip-
pines, but certainly introduced. Tropics generally.

4. MALACHRA Linnaeus

Erect, branched, coarse, hairy, annual herbs. Flowers in axillary fasci-
cles, usually intermixed with bracteoles. Calyx-tube cup-shaped, the lobes
5. Petals 5, free above, coherent below, and connate with the base of the
staminal-tube. Staminal-tube truncate or 5-toothed, the filaments numerous.
Carpels 5, l-ovuled; styles 10. Ripe carpels indehiscent, menerpting from
the axis, smooth. (From the Latin for “mallow.’’)

Species 5 or 6 in tropical America, 1 now introduced in many other
tropical countries, 2 in the Philippines.

Leaves not lobed; flowers usually yellow...........2......-.-:c-:sse000+ 1. M. capitata
Leaves deeply palmately cut into 5 narrow lobes; flowers pink.

2. M. fasciata
1. M. capiraTA L. Paang-baliuis (Tag.).

A coarse, erect, simple or branched, annual herb 0.5 to 2 m high, coarsely
hairy. Leaves suborbicular, obscurely and shallowly-lobed, finely toothed,
base somewhat cordate, 5 to 15 cm in diameter, the stipules linear. Flowers
in axillary and terminal heads, the bracteoles foliaceous, up to 1.5 cm long.
Calyx-lobes short, slenderly acuminate. Petals yellow, imbricate, about 1
emlong. (FI. Filip. pl. 295.)

In waste places, common, fl. Sept._Feb.; throughout the Philippines. A
native of tropical America, now widely distributed in tropical countries.

2. M. FASCIATA Jacq. Paang-baliuis (Tag.).

A stout, erect, more or less branched, hirsute herb 0.5 to 1 m high.
Leaves 10 to 15 cm long, cut nearly to the base into 5 linear or oblong-linear
lobes 5 to 15 mm wide, the outer ones much shorter than the inner, base
obtuse or rounded. Flowers fascicled, axillary or on short axillary branches,
each fascicle more or less enclosed by leafy bracts, the bracts with basal,
elongated, linear lobes. Corolla pink, about 1 cm long.

Abundant in waste places, fl. Sept.Jan. A native of tropical America,
now common and widely distributed in the Philippines, but not reported
elsewhere in the Orient.

5. URENA Linnaeus

Erect branched herbs or undershrubs, stellate-pubescent. Leaves ovate
to orbicular, palmately lobed or angled. Flowers axillary, pink. Bracteoles
5, adnate to the 5-cleft calyx. Petals 5, free above, connate below and
adnate to the staminal-tube. Staminal-tube truncate or minutely toothed;
anthers many, nearly sessile. Ovary 5-celled, cells 1-ovuled; branches of
the stigma 10. Ripe carpels covered with hooked bristles, indehiscent,
separating from the axis when ripe. (From the Malabar name.)

Species 4 or 5, of wide tropical distribution, several forms of one species
in the Philippines.

1. U. LoBATA L. Calut-calutan (Tag.).

An erect, branched, shrubby plant 0.6 to 2.5 m high, exceedingly variable,
more or less pubescent. Leaves pale beneath, ovate to suborbicular, 3 to
9 cm long, cordate, more or less toothed, or somewhat lobed or angled, the

320 A FLORA OF MANILA

lobes not extending beyond the middle of the leaf, the sinuses usually broad,
acute. Flowers axillary, solitary or somewhat fascicled, pink, about 1.7 mm
in diameter. Fruit depressed-globose, about 7 mm in diameter, the 5 carpels
covered with short, retrorsely barbed spines. (FI. Filip. pl. 248, U. multi-
fida.)

In waste places, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines. Tropics
generally, but certainly an introduced plant in the Philippines.

Var. SINUATA (L.) Gagnepain. (U. sinuata L.). .

Very similar to the preceding and certainly not specifically distinct,
differing in most of its leaves being deeply and often narrowly subpalmately
lobed, the sinuses extending beyond the middle of the leaf, rounded, often
narrow. Flowers and fruits as in the species. All intergrading leaf-forms
are often found on the same plant.

More abundant in the vicinity of Manila than is U. lobata and with the
same habitat, and Philippine and extra-Philippine range.

Var. SCABRIUSCULA (DC.) A. Gray.

Similar to the species, but the leaves with very broad and shallow lobes,
both: surfaces rather densely hirsute, the lower surface’ much paler than
the upper, the branchlets and inflorescence ferruginous pubescent.

In waste places near Fort McKinley, fl. all the year. Less common than
the other forms in the Philippines. India to Malaya.

6. MALVAVISCUS Dillenius

Shrubs or small trees, more or less hispid or pilose. Leaves variously
toothed or lobed. Flowers red, peduncled, axillary, bracteolate. Calyx
5-lobed. Corolla exserted, campanulate. Staminal-column long-exserted,
antheriferous near the apex. Ovary 5-celled, cells 1-ovuled; style-branches
10. Fruit subglobose, somewhat fleshy, tardily separating into 5 inde-
hiscent carpels. (From Malva, another genus of the family, and the Latin
“offspring.”’) i

Species about 6 in tropical America, a single one introduced and culti-
vated in the Philippines.

*1. M. PrLosus (Sw.) DC. Gomamela de China (Sp.-Fil.).

A shrub 1.5 to 2 m high, all parts with scattered, stellate-hispid hairs.
Leaves ovate, 6 to 10 cm long, irregularly toothed, acuminate, base broad,
5- to 7-nerved. Flowers in the upper axils, erect, red. Bracteoles about
7, linear-oblong, as long as the calyx. Calyx green, 5-lobed, 1 cm long.
Corolla about 2.5 em long, the lobes strongly imbricate. Staminal-column
long-exserted, slender. Fruit surrounded by the persistent calyx and brac-
teoles, about 6 mm in diameter.

Occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. Oct—Mar., and
probably in other months. A native of the West Indies.

7. KOSTELETZKYA Presl

Herbs, often suffrutescent, usually more or less hispid. Leaves orbicular
to ovate, more or less toothed or lobed. Flowers axillary, solitary, pe-
duncled, the bracteoles 7 to 10, linear. Calyx 5-lobed. Staminal-column
entire or 5-lobed, slightly exserted. Ovary 5-celled, cells 1-ovuled; style
branches 5, Capsule 5-angled, loculicidally dehiscent. (In honor of V. F.
Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.)

MALVACEAE ) 321

Species 6 or 7 of wide tropical and subtropical distribution, 1 in the
Philippines.

1. K. batacensis (Blanco) F.-Vill. Calot-calotan (Tag.).

A spreading or somewhat erect branched herb, 1 m high or less, all
parts more or less stellate-pubescent and with scattered stellate-hispid
hairs. Leaves suborbicular, 2 to 5 cm long, shallowly 3-lobed, toothed, base
cordate, 5- to 7-nerved. Flowers axillary, long-peduncled, solitary, about
1.5 em long, the bracteoles linear, 7 to 10, as long as the pubescent and
hispid calyx. Corolla pinkish-red. Fruit about 1 cm in diameter, de-
pressed, prominently 5-angled or winged, loculicidally dehiscent.

In open waste places, Pasay, fl. Jan.Feb. Known only from Luzon
and apparently of very local occurrence; possibly an introduced plant.

8. ABELMOSCHUS Medikus -

Coarse, erect, branched, usually annual herbs, more or less hairy, with
subentire or variously lobed leaves and large, alternate, axillary flowers.
Bracteoles 5 or more. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side and falling
after flowering. Petals 5, connate at the base with the staminal-tube. »
Staminal-tube toothed at the apex and bearing many anthers. Ovary
5-celled, cells many-ovuled. Styles 5, connate below. Capsule loculicidally
5-valved. (From an Arabian name signifying “father of musk” in refer-
ence to the musky odor of the seeds of some species.)

Species 15 or more of wide tropical distribution, about 8 in the Phil-
ippines.

Peduncles about as long as the petioles; capsules 7 cm long or less; seeds

Sue Gils RNR OE cen See ee ee Oe 1. A. moschatus
Peduncles very much shorter than the petioles; capsules 10 to 20 cm long;
py gs) ie A iledhae A aE: IN ele Lbs Renee Aah am ae Sock ih 2. A. esculentus

1. A. mMoscHATUS Medik. (Hibiscus abelmoschus L.). Castuli, Calupi
(Tag.).

An annual, erect, branched, hispid-hairy herb 1 m high or less. Leaves
orbicular-ovate to ovate in outline, 6 to 15 cm long, variously angled or
lobed, the angles or lobes usually 8 or 5, rarely more, usually broad, base
cordate, apex acuminate, margins toothed. Peduncles about as long as the
petioles. Bracteoles linear, usually about 8, 1.5 cm long. Calyx 2 to 3
em long, split down one side, toothed at the apex. Corolla yellow, purple
at the base inside, about 10 cm in diameter. Capsule oblong-ovoid, 5 to 7
em long, hispid-hairy. Seeds musky. (FI. Filip. pl. 245.)

In waste places, occasional, fl. most of the year; widely distributed in
the Philippines, and probably of prehistoric introduction here. India to
Malaya, cultivated in many other tropical countries.

*2. A. ESCULENTUS (L.) Moench. (Hibiscus esculentus L.). Okra, Gumbo.

A coarse, erect, branched, annual herb 0.6 to 1.5 m high, more or less
hairy. Leaves orbicular or orbicular-ovate, 25 cm long or less, base cordate,
margins 3- or 5-lobed, the lobes broadly ovate to oblong, coarsely toothed,
the petioles equaling or longer than the leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary,
their pedicels about 2 cm long. Bracteoles 8 or 10, linear, deciduous. Calyx
hairy, about 3 cm long. Corolla large, yellow, deep-purple at the base
inside. Capsule 10 to 20 cm long, narrowly oblong.

111555——21

322 A FLORA OF MANILA

Cultivated for its edible fruits, fl. most of the year. The culture of
this species is by no means general in the Philippines, and it seems to
have been of comparatively recent introduction, at least after 1845. Prob-
ably a native of India, now cultivated in most tropical and subtropical
countries.

9. HIBISCUS Linnaeus

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, glabrous or hairy, sometimes spiny. Leaves
entire or more or less palmately lobed, stipulate. Bracteoles 5 or mcre,
rarely wanting, free or connate at the base. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed.
Petals 5, connate at the base with the staminal-tube. Staminal-tube trun-
cate or 5-toothed at the summit. Ovary 5-celled; styles 5, connate beiow.
Capsule loculicidally 5-valved. (An ancient Greek and Latin name of the
mallow.)

Species about 190,-mostly tropical, 10 in the Philippines.

1. An annual herb, cultivated only...............020....2220..222022220-00---- 1. H. sabdariffa
1. Shrubs or trees. . .
2. Leaves 5-angled or 5-lobed; a shrub with large pink flowers, most
parts densely grayish-stellate-pubescent; cultivated only.
2. H. mutabiliz
2. Leaves not angled or lobed.
3. A tree with yellow flowers, the leaves very prominently cordate at

the: base.....:.£ 4253902) Dies 1G AOPOs ONE nue test ope 3. H. tiliaceus

3. Shrubs, cultivated only, the flowers red; leaves not cordate.
4. Flowers very large, petals entire.......................... 4. H. rosa-sinensis
4. Flowers medium, pendulous, the petals very deeply fimbriate-
vided. eee Sage ee rene ee eae ee 5. H. schizopetalus

*1. H. SABDARIFFA L. Rozelle.

An erect, branched, glabrous or nearly glabrous, annual herb 1 to 2 m
high, the stems purplish. Leaves 8 to 12 cm long, polymorphous, entire
to deeply 3- or 5-lobed, the lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, often free
nearly to the base of the leaf, toothed. Peduncles axillary, solitary, much
shorter than the petioles. Bracteoles 8 to 12, linear, adnate to the base
of the calyx, about 1 cm long. Calyx somewhat hirsute, the lobes acu-
minate, connate below the middle into a fleshy cup. Corolla pink with a
dark center about 5 cm long. Fruit ovoid, pointed, villous, about 2.5
em long, enclosed by the fleshy, acid, accrescent calyx.

Cultivated, Singalon, fl. Nov.Jan. A native of India, now cultivated
in many tropical and warm countries for its edible fruits; of very recent
introduction in the Philippines.

*2. H. MUTABILIS L. Mapola (Tag.).

An erect, branched shrub 2 to 4 m high, more or less densely covered
with short, grayish, stellate hairs. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate,
5-lobed or 5-angled, crenate, 7 to 20 cm long, acuminate, base cordate.
Pedicels axillary, solitary, 8 to 14 em long. Bracteoles 10, linear, stellate-
pubescent, 1.5 to 2.5 em long, nearly or quite free. Calyx 3 to 4 cm long,
densely stellate-pubescent, the lobes 5, oblong-ovate, acuminate, connate
below. Corolla 10 to 12 cm in diameter, single or double, opening pale-
pink, or nearly white, growing darker in color as the day advances. (FI.
Filip. pl. 175.)

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. most of the year; a native of
China, now cultivated in most tropical countries. Not spontaneous in the
Philippines, but of early introduction.

MALVACEAE 323

3, H. tiliaceus L. Balibago (Tag.).

A much-branched tree 4 to 12 m high. Leaves 10 to 15 em long, sub-
orbicular, green, glabrous and shining on the upper surface, the lower
surface grayish, pubescent, apex shortly acuminate, base prominently cor-
date, the sinus narrow, the basal lobes rounded, margins minutely crenulate.
Peduncles terminal, few-flowered. Bracteoles connate into a persistent,
9- or 10- toothed, persistent cup. Sepals 5, oblong, acuminate, pubescent,
2 cm long, persistent. Petals yellow, dark-purple at the base inside, or-
bicular-obovate, rounded, about 5 cm long and wide. Capsule ovoid, pubes-
cent, 1.5 cm long, surrounded by the persistent sepals, and at the base
by the bracteolar cup, falsely 10-celled, 5-valved. (FI. Filip. pl. 274.)

Common near the sea, fl. Aug.—Feb.; throughout the Philippines near
the sea. Tropics generally.

*4. H. ROSA-SINENSIS L. Gomamela (Tag.).

An erect, much branched, glabrous shrub 1 to 4 m high. Leaves ovate,
acuminate, coarsely toothed, 7 to 12 cm long. Flowers solitary, axillary,
very large, about 10 cm long, 12 cm in diameter. Bracteoles 6, lanceolate,
green, 8 mm long or less. Calyx green, 2 cm long, the lobes ovate. Petals
red, obovate, rounded, imbricate. Staminal-tube slender, longer than the
corolla.

Commonly cultivated, fi. all the year. Probably a native of south-eastern
Asia, now cultivated in all tropical and subtropical countries.

Several cultural forms or varieties occur in Manila, chiefly one with
double red flowers, and one with double yellowish flowers, the flowers of
both somewhat smaller than in the typical form. (FI. Filip. pl. 270.)

*5. H. SCHIZOPETALUS Hook. f. Gomamela (Tag.); Arafa (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect, glabrous shrub 1 to 4 m high, the branches often elongated,
drooping or subscandent. Leaves oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate,
5 to 7 cm long, dentate. Flowers axillary, solitary, about 8 cm in diameter,
pendulous, the peduncles up to 15 cm in lenth. Bracteoles minute. Calyx
green, 1.5 cm long, the lobes short, the tube often split down one side.
Petals red, or red and yellowish-white, recurved, finely split into numerous
slender lobes and laciniae. Staminal tube very slender, long-exserted,
' pendulous.

Common in cultivation, fl. all the year; in towns throughout the Phil-
ippines, but not spontaneous. Probably a native of tropical Africa, now
cultivated in most tropical countries.

10. THESPESIA Correa

Shrubs or trees, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves entire or lobed. Flowers
large, axillary, solitary, or on few-flowered peduncles, the bracteoles decid-
uous. Calyx truncate, 5-toothed or 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, the
petals convolute, yellow, with a large purple spot at the base. Staminal-
tube 5-toothed. Ovary 4- or 5-celled; style club-shaped, 5-furrowed or
5-toothed. Capsule loculicidal or scarcely dehiscent. Seeds glabrous or
tomentose. (From the Greek “divine,” on account of its showy flowers.)

Species few, Madagascar to tropical Asia, Malaya and Polynesia, 2 in
the Philippines.

Shrub; leaves pubescent beneath, usually somewhat 3-lobed...... 1. T. lampas
Tree; leaves glabrous, entire, acuminate..................-0....0........-. 2. T. populnea

324 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. T. lampas (Cav.) Dalz. & Gibs. Bulacbulacan (Tag.).

An erect slightly branched shrub 2 to 3 m high. Leaves ovate, 10 to
20 em long, somewhat 3-lobed or nearly entire, green and nearly glabrous
on the upper surface, somewhat stellate-pubescent beneath, base broad,
cordate, apex acute or acuminate. Peduncles 3-flowered, axillary and
terminal, forming a somewhat leafy panicle. Calyx green, of 5 subulate
lobes connate below the middle. Corolla campanulate, 6 to 8 cm long,
yellow, the center dark-purple. Capsule ovoid, about 3 em long, 4-, some-
what 5-valved. (FI. Filip. pl. 355.)

In dry open places, San Juan del Monte, near Fort McKinley, etc., fl.
Oct._Jan.; scattered in the Philippines, possibly introduced. India to Ma-
laya and eastern Africa.

2. T. populnea (L.) Corr. Banago (Tag.).

A tree reaching a height of about 10 m, the branchlets, under surface
of the leaves etc., covered with small’ brownish scales. Leaves glossy,
broadly ovate, sharply acuminate, entire, base very broad, slightly cor-
date, 7-nerved, 8 to 15 em long. Flowers axillary, solitary, long-peduncled.
Calyx truncate, about 1.5 cm in diameter. Corolla yellow, dark-purple
inside at the base, about 5 cm long, the lobes strongly imbricate, turning
purplish in age. Capsule depressed-globose, 2 to 8 cm in diameter. (FI.
Filip. pl. 247.)

Occasional near the sea, fl. most of the year; along the strand through-
out the Philippines. Tropical Asia and Africa through Malaya to Poly-
nesia.

11. GOSSYPIUM Linnaeus

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, mostly erect, branched. Leaves
mostly palmate, 3- to several-lobed. Flowers large, axillary, mostly yellow,
often purple at the base inside. SBracteoles 3, large, leafy, cordate, lobed-
laciniate. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate,
the petals convolute or spreading. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule loculicidally
3- to 5-valved. Seeds densely clothed with a fuzz or with woolly hairs,
or both. (Said to be derived from an Arabian word signifying “softness.”)

Species about 42, tropics of both hemispheres, many cultivated, about 4
species in the Philippines, all manifestly introduced.

Leaves 3-lobed, up to 12 cm long; corolla about 4 cm long; seeds free,

covered with a dense fuzz in addition to the wool............ 1. G. hirsutum
Leaves 3- to 5-lobed, up to 25 cm long; corolla 6 to 8 cm long; seeds con-
glomerate, glabrous, woolly but with no fuzz................ 2. G. brasiliense

*1. G. HIRSUTUM L. Bulac (Tag.); Algodon (Sp.); Cotton.

An erect, branched, suffrutescent herb 0.5 to 1.5 m high, the younger
parts sparingly villous or stellate-villous. Leaves broadly ovate, 5 to 12
em long the upper ones usually entire, the lower ones 3-lobed in the upper
one-half, the lobes broadly ovate, triangular-acuminate, base cordate, the
lower surface conspicuously black-punctate. Flowers yellow, in age turn-
ing pinkish. Bracteoles three, free, green, base deeply cordate, margins
fimbriate-cleft. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla about 4 em long. Fruit ovoid,
about 3.5 em long, beaked, 3- or 4-celled. Seeds free from each other,
densely covered with a fine fuzz in addition to the floss.

Singalon, cultivated, probably raised from American seeds, fl. May—June.
Widely distributed in tropical and warm countries, but of very recent
introduction in the Philippines.

BOMBACACEAE 325

*2. C. BRASILIENSE Macfad. Bulac-castila (Tag.); Algodon (Sp.); Cotton.

An erect branched shrub 1 to 3 m high, the stems purplish, glandular.
Leaves 10 to 25 cm long, stellate-tomentose beneath when young, becoming
glabrous or nearly so, 3- to 5-lobed, the lobes ovate to oblong, acuminate,
base cordate. Flowers large, yellow. Bracteoles green, glabrous, ovate,
cordate, deeply laciniate, 5 to 7 cm long. Corolla pale-yellow, campanulate,
searlet or purple at the base inside, exceeding the bracts in length. Cap-
sule oblong-ovoid, 4 to 5 em long, acuminate. Seeds conglomerate, with
abundant wool but no fuzz.

Occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes in Manila, fl. most of
the year; widely distributed in the Philippines, cultivated and as an escape.
A native of Brazil, now cultivated and wild in many tropical countries.

85. BOMBACACEAE (BOMBAX OR BoBOY FAMILY)

Trees with alternate, stipulate, digitately compound, deciduous leaves.
Inflorescence axillary or terminal. Flowers regular, perfect, medium or
large. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or irregularly 3- to 5-lobed. Petals 5,
imbricate. Stamens pentadelphous, opposite the petals, divided above into
few or numerous filaments. Ovary 5-celled, superior, free; stigmas 5, °
or 1 and obscurely 5-lobed; ovules many in each cell. Fruit a loculicidally
5-valved capsule. Seeds with woolly or silky hairs.

Genera about 20, species more than 100, widely distributed in the tropics,
4 genera and 4 species known from the Philippines.

Ultimate filaments very many, each with a single reniform anther; flowers

wery large, reds wery large LECCS.<......-b- rnc. +. depen neeceqeemey +p 1. Bombax
Ultimate filaments few, each with 2 or 3 linear or sinuate anthers; flowers
of medium size, white or yellowish; small trees...........0..000....2.... 2. Ceiba

1. BOMBAX Linnaeus

Large trees with digitate, deciduous leaves. Peduncles axillary or sub-
terminal, solitary or clustered, 1-flowered. Flowers large, red, appearing
before the leaves. Calyx leathery, cup-shaped, truncate or irregularly
lobed. Petals obovate. Stamens pentadelphous, the bundles opposite the
petals, divided above into numerous filaments; anthers reniform, 1-celled.
Ovary 5-celled; style clavate; stigmas 5; ovules many in each cell. Cap-
sule loculicidally 5-valved, the valves leathery, woolly within. Seeds
woolly. (From the Greek name for silkworm or silk.)

Species about 50, chiefly in tropical America, one in the Philippines.

1. B. ceiba L. (B. malabarica DC.). Buboy-gubat, Malabulac (Tag.).

A large tree, 25 m high or more, the trunk with few or many, very
large, pyramidal spines. Leaves deciduous; leaflets 5 to 7, oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, 10 to 20 cm long, glabrous, the petioles longer than
the leaflets. Flowers large, red, 8 to 10 cm long, appearing before the
leaves, fascicled at or near the ends of the branches. Petals more or less
stellate-pubescent on both surfaces. Capsule about 15 em long, the valves
silky within. Seeds numerous, obovate. (FI. Filip. pl. 226.)

A single tree known to me in our area, and that in the old Botanical
Garden, fl. Feb._March; rather widely distributed in the Philippines at
low altitudes. India to Malaya.

326 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. CEIBA Gaertner

Trees, with us of medium size. Leaves digitately compound, deciduous.
Flowers appearing with or before the leaves, fascicled in the upper axils,
white. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, or obscurely 5-lobed. Petals oblong.
Staminal bundles 5, connate at the base, each bearing 2 or 3 sinuous or
linear anthers. Ovary ovoid, 5-celled; style cylindric, dilated; stigma ob-
scurely 5-lobed. Capsule oblong, coriaceous or woody, 5-celled, 5-valved,
valves silky within. Seeds globose, smooth, with silky hairs. (A native
American name.)

Species 9, probably all originally of tropical America, one now distributed
throughout the tropics.

1. C. PENTANDRA (L.) Gaertn. Boboy (Tag.); Silk Cotton Tree, Kapoc.

Usually a slender erect tree 15 m or less in height, the trunk cylindric
usually with scattered large spines, the branches in distant worls, spreading
horizontally. Leaflets 5 to 8, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 6 to 15 cm long,
the petioles as long as or longer than the leaflets. Flowers numerous,
whitish, about 8 cm long. Petals densely silky outside. Capsules oblong,
pendulous, about 15 cm long and 5 em thick. (FI. Filip. pl. 238.) —

Scattered throughout our area, fl. Jan—March; widely distributed in the
Philippines, although not found truly wild; undoubtedly with us an in-
troduced tree, and probably originating in tropical America. All tropical
countries.

86. STERCULIACEAE (CACAO OR CALUMPING FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, usually pubescent. Leaves alternate, simple
or digitately compound, often lobed, stipulate. Inflorescence axillary or
terminal, cymose, panicled, or fascicled. Flowers regular, 1-sexual or per-
fect. Sepals 5, more or less connate. Petals 5 or none. Stamens numerous,
united in a tube, rarely few and free; anthers variously disposed on the
staminal-tube. Ovary free, 2- to 5-celled, rarely of 1 carpel, sessile or
stalked; styles connate; ovules few or many, attached in the inner angles of
the carpels. Fruit dry or fleshy, dehiscent or indehiscent.

Genera 51, species about 900, in the tropics of both hemispheres, 15
genera and about 40 species in the Philippines.

1. Petals none; trees.
2. Anthers numerous; fruit follicular, dehiscent........... seve L. Sterculia
2. Anthers 5; fruit indehiscent, boat-shaped, keeled................ 2. Heritiera
1. Petals present.
2. Flowers in fascicles on the trunk and branches; fruit large, fleshy.
. 3. Theobroma
2. Flowers panicled, cymose, or in axillary clusters.
3. Stamens about 15, the filaments united below into a column, anthers
alternating with staminodes.
4, Capsule membranaceous, inflated..............--...-------:----++-+ 4. Kleinhofia
4, Capsule more or less woody, not inflated.
5. Seeds not winged; anther-cells divaricate; shrubs... 5. Helicteres

5. Seeds winged; anther-cells parallel; trees........ 6. Pterospermum
3. Stamens 5, the filaments united only at the base; staminodes none.
Ajy Ovary 1B-celledi «3.0 gest lee, ce eke eee nee 7. Melochia

A. Ovary slacdibe di s:-.: 2-23 de. bakes tc eel Se pe eee 8. Waltheria

STERCULIACEAE 327

1. STERCULIA Linnaeus

Trees with simple, entire or lobed, or digitately compound leaves, the
inflorescence axillary, panicled. Flowers polygamous. Calyx tubular or
funnel-shaped, 4- or 5-parted, the lobes spreading or cohering by their tips.
Petals none. Staminal-column bearing a head or ring of sessile anthers.
Ovary sessile or stipitate, of 4 or 5, 2- to many-ovuled carpels; styles connate
below; stigmas radiate. Fruit a small or large, inflated, few- to many-
seeded, coriaceous or woody follicle. (Latin in reference to the offensive
odor of the flowers of some species.)

Species about 100 in the tropics of both hemispheres, about 15 in the
Philippines.

see wes Cinitately: COmmpountdiin. oi Tiel... k ald 1. S. foetida
1. Leaves simple.
2. Leaves glabrous.
3. Leaves cordate at the base; calyx-lobes spreading........ 2. S. luzonica
8. Leaves rounded at the base; calyx-lobes cohering by their tips.
3. S. oblongata
2. Leaves prominently pubescent on the nerves beneath........ 4. S. cuneata

1. S. foetida L. Calumpang (Tag., Pamp.); Bangar (Il.); Bobog (Vis.).

A spreading tree reaching a height of 20 m or more. Leaves crowded
at the ends of the branches, digitately compound, the leaflets 7 to 9, glabrous,
coriaceous, entire, elliptic-lanceolate, sharply acuminate, 12 to 18 cm long.
Panicles axillary, appearing with the new leaves, erect. Flowers rank-
smelling, dull-yellowish or purplish, 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, the caiyx-lobes
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube, villous within. Follicles
large, woody, red, nearly glabrous, obovoid, about 10 cm long. Seeds 10 to
15. (FI. Filip. pl. 134.)

Occasional in our area, fl. March—Apr.; aligns the Philippines.
Eastern Africa to India through Malaya to northern Australia.

2. S. luzonica Warb.

A glabrous spreading tree 6 to 10 m high. Leaves elliptic-ovate to
elliptic, simple, entire, 8 to 17 cm long, acute or obtuse, hase cordate.
Panicles in the upper axils, glabrous, peduncled, rather lax. Flowers 7
to 8 mm long, glabrous outside, pubescent within, the calyx-lobes oblong,
spreading. Follicles thickly coriaceous, red, inflated, pubescent, shortly
stalked, falcate, 5 to 6 cm long, beaked. Seeds few.

Rare in Singalon, fil. Dec.Mar.; widely distributed in the Philippines
along the seashore. Gilolo.

3. S. oblongata R. Br.

A tree, glabrous or nearly so, 12 m high or less. Leaves simple, entire,
oblong, 12 to 20 cm long, shortly acuminate, base rounded. Panicles in the
upper axils, narrow, slender, many-flowered, equaling or longer than the
leaves. Flowers 5 to 6 mm long, somewhat hairy, the calyx-lobes linear,
ciliate, cohering by their tips. Follicles oblong, inflated, thickly coriaceous,
red, obtuse, densely pubescent, about 5 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, sessile.
Seeds 4 to 6, about 1.5 cm long.

Uncommon in our area, fl. Sept.—Oct.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. Endemic.

328 A FLORA OF MANILA

4. S$. cuneata R. Br. Malabunot, Calucalumpangan (Tag.).

A deciduous tree 4 to 15 m high, more or less rusty-pubescent, the
branchlets somewhat thickened. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branch-
lets oblong-obovate to broadly oblong-lanceolate, 10 to 35 cm long, rather
abruptly short-acuminate, base rather broad, rounded-cordate, pubescent on
the nerves, especially on the lower surface. Panicles in the upper axils,
rather narrow, usually about as long as the leaves, reddish-brown or
purplish, hirsute. Flowers greenish-brown or reddish, ovoid to obovoid, 10
to 12 mm long, hirsute, calyx-lobes cohering by their apices, longer than
the tube. Follicles inflated, oblong to oblong-obovoid, 3 to 6 em long, brown
and densely rusty-pubescent outside, red or purple within. Seeds 7 or less,
ellipsoid, 10 to 12 mm long.

In thickets, Masambong to Guadalupe and Pasay, fl. Nov., Feb.—Mar.;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

2. HERITIERA Aiton

Trees with simple, coriacious, entire leaves which are pale and densely
scaly beneath. Flowers small, unisexual, in axillary panicles. Calyx 4-
to 6-toothed. Petals none. Anthers in a ring at the top of the column.
Ovaries 5 or 6, almost free, ovules solitary. Fruits indehiscent, woody,
keeled or winged. (In honor of C. L. l’Heritier, a French botanist.)

A small genus of 7 or 8 species, tropical Africa and Asia through
Malaya to Australia, 1 or 2 in the Philippines.

1. H. littoralis Dryand. Dungon-late (Tag.).

A tree 5 to 15 m high or more. Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate,
10 to 20 cm long, apex obtuse or acute, base usually rounded, the upper
surface glabrous and shining, the lower surface densely covered with small,
round, pale or silvery-white scales. Panicles pubescent, 7 to 15 cm long,
the flowers numerous, yellowish-green, bell-shaped, about 5 mm long, usually
5-toothed. Fruit hard and shining, smooth, 4 to 6 cm long, broadly boat-
shaped, keeled. (FI. Filip. pl. 341.)

Near the sea, Malabon, Malate, etc., rarely also cultivated, flowering
at intervals throughout the year; along the seashore throughout the Phil-
ippines, yielding the valuable timber known as dungon or dungon late.
Widely distributed along the tropical seashores of the Old World.

3. THEOBROMA Linnaeus

Trees with large, alternate, entire, oblong leaves. Flowers small, per-
fect, regular, solitary or fascicled on the trunk and branches, or axillary.
Calyx 5-fid, the sepals nearly free. Petals 5, concave and hooded below,
above inflexed and narrowed, produced into a flat or spathe-like limb.
Staminal-tube with 5, linear, acuminate, erect lobes; stamens 1 to 3 in
each sinus of the staminal tube. Ovary sessile, 5-celled, many-ovuled.
Fruit ovoid, large.

Species about 20 in tropical America, 1 now cultivated in most tropical
countries. (Greek “god” and “food,” literally “food of the gods.”)

*1. T. cacAo L. Cacao, Chocolate.

A tree 3 to 5m high. Leaves 15 to 40 cm long, acuminate, base rounded
oblong-obovate to oblong, base shortly 3-nerved. Flowers solitary or fas-
cicled on the trunk and branches, yellowish or nearly white, pedicelled,
about 1 cm in diameter, the erect lobes of the staminal column purplish.

STERCULIACEAE (\ $29

Fruit oblong, 10 to 15 em long, prominently wrinkled, yellow or purplish.
Seeds numerous. (FI. Filip. pl. 275.)

Occasionally cultivated in our area, fl. all the year; throughout the
Philippines in cultivation. A native of tropical America, introduced here by
the Spaniards at an early date, now cultivated in most tropical countries.

4, KLEINHOFIA Linnaeus

A tree with simple, broadly ovate, acuminate, entire, palmately nerved
leaves. Panicles terminal, ample, lax, many-flowered. Flowers small,.
numerous. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, unequal, the upper with longer
claws, margins involute. Staminal-column dilated above into a 5-fid cup,
each lobe with 3 anthers. Ovary inserted in the staminal-cup, 5-lobed,
5-celled. Capsule membranaceous, inflated, obovate, loculicidally 5-valved.
Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. (In honor of M. Kleinhof, a Dutch botanist.)

A monotypic genus.

1. K. hospita L. Tanag (Tag., Vis.) ; Bitnong (Il.).

A tree 8 to 15 m high, somewhat pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves
broadly ovate, acuminate, base 5- or 7- nerved, cordate or truncate, 10
-to 20 cm long, long-petioled. Panicles ample, 20 to 40 cm long. Flowers
pink, about 8 mm long, the sepals longer than the petals. Capsules about
2em long. (FI. Filip. pl. 328.)

In thickets, Pasay, occasional, fl. Sept.-Nov.; common and widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Eastern Africa, tropical Asia, to Formosa,
southward to Malaya.

5. HELICTERES Linnaeus

Shrubs, more or less stellate-pubescent, with simple leaves. Flowers
axillary, solitary, fascicled, or in spike-like cymes. Calyx tubular, 5-fid,
often irregular. Petals 5, clawed, equal or unequal, the claws often auri-
cled. Staminal-column adnate to the gynophore, 5-toothed or lobed at
the apex; anthers in groups between the teeth of the column, the cells
divergent. Ovary at the top of the column, 5-lobed, 5-celled; styles slender,
more or less united. Fruits follicular, oblong, usually shaggy-hairy.
(Greek “twisted” or “spiral” in reference to the twisted carpels of some
species.)

Species about 30 in the tropics of both hemispheres, 2 in the Philippines.

1. H. hirsuta Lour. (H. spicata Colebr.).

An erect, somewhat branched shrub 1 or 3 m high, all parts more or
less pubescent. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, toothed, beneath stellate-
pubescent, 10 to 20 cm long, the base obliquely cordate, apex long-acumi-
nate. Cymes axillary, spike-like, 5 to 8 cm long. Flowers purple, nearly
2 em long. Calyx stellate-pubescent, the lobes acuminate. Fruit oblong,
3 to 4 em long, beaked, very shaggy. (FI. Filip. pl. 97.)

In thickets, Masambong, Fort McKinley, etc., fl. Sept._Nov., and probably
in other months; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to China
and Malaya.

6. PTEROSPERMUM Schreber

Trees, mostly scaly or stellate-tomentose. Leaves. coriaceous, large,
often oblique, simple or lobed. Peduncles 1 to 3, axillary and terminal,
the bracteoles entire or laciniate. Flower large. Calyx of 5 or more
connate sepals. Petals 5, falling with the calyx. Staminal-column short,

330 A FLORA OF MANILA

with 5 ligulate staminodes opposite the petals, with 3 anthers between
each two staminodes. Ovary within the tip of the staminal-column, 3-
' to 5-celled; styles entire. Capsule woody or coriaceous, often large, cylin-
drie or angled, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds numerous, winged at the apex.
(Greek “wing” and “‘seed.’’)
Species about 20, tropical Asia and Malaya, 6 in the Philippines.

1. P. diversifolium Blume. Bayoc (Tag.).

A tree 4 to 10 m high. Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, somewhat
oblique, base truncate or cordate, apex very abruptly short-acuminate,
15 to 25 ecm long, glabrous on the upper surface, the lower surface pale
and densely stellate-pubescent, the leaves on young plants frequently deeply
palmately lobed. Flowers axillary, sessile, solitary or in pairs, 12 to 14 cm
long, the buds cylindric. Calyx-lobes narrow, coriaceous, recurved, densely
brown-stellate-pubescent outside, inside pubescent and scaly. Petals thin,
white, as long as the calyx-lobes. Capsule large, oblong, woody, about 15
em long, 5-angled, narrowed at the base. (FI. Filip. pl. 182.)

In thickets Masambong, San Juan del Monte, etc., fl. May-July; widely
distributed in the Philippines. India to Malaya.

7. MELOCHIA Linnaeus

Herbs, undershrubs, or small trees, often pubescent. Leaves simple.
Flowers small, in axillary heads or clusters, or panicled. Sepals connate
below. Petals spathulate. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, connate below
into a tube. Ovary sessile, 5-celled; styles 5, free or connate at the base.
Capsule small, loculicidally 5-valved.

Species about 50, warmer parts of the world, 2 in the Philippines.

1. M. CORCHORIFOLIA L.

An erect or spreading, branched, suffrutescent herb usually less than
1 m high, with scattered stellate hairs or nearly glabrous. Leaves oblong-
ovate, 2 to 6 cm long, acute or acuminate, base broad, rounded or cordate,
5-nerved. Flowers somewhat crowded in terminal or axillary heads, in-
termixed with linear bracteoles. Petals obovate, white, pink, or pale-
purple, about 7 mm long. Capsule depressed-globose, 4 to 5 mm in
diameter, slightly hirsute.

In open, usually damp grass lands, rather common, fl. all the year;
throughout the Philippine, undoubtedly introduced. Most tropical countries.

8. WALTHERIA Linnaeus

Herbs or undershrubs, more or less pubescent. Leaves simple, toothed.
Flowers yellow, in dense axillary clusters. Sepals 5, connate below.
Petals 5, oblong-spatulate. Stamens 5, the filaments united into a tube.
Ovary sessile, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Capsule small, 2-valved, 1-seeded. (In
honor of Walther.)

Species about 15, mostly in tropical America, one a widely distributed
tropical weed.

1. W. AMERICANA L. (W. indica L.).
- An erect, more or less branched, pubescent, shrubby or suffrutescent
plant 0.5 to 1.5 m high. Leaves oblong-ovate or oblong, 3.5 to 9 em long,
rounded or obtuse, base rounded or subcordate, prominently nerved. Flow-
ers about 5 mm long, in dense, axillary, sessile or shortly peduncled
fascicles. Sepals and bracts green or pale, villous. Corolla somewhat
exserted, yellow.

>

DILLENIACEAE ; 331

In open waste places, fl. most of the year, common and widely distributed
in the Philippines, certainly introduced. Tropics generally, but probably
of American origin.

87. DILLENIACEAE (DILLENIA OR CATMON FAMILY)

Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, entire
or toothed, the petioles often sheathing, exstipulate. Flowers small or
large, regular, perfect. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, rarely less, decid-
uous. Stamens many, hypogynous. Carpels 1 or more, free or cohering;
styles distinct; ovules 1 to many. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, or dry and
follicular. Seeds solitary or many, arillate.

Genera 13, species about 325 in tropical and subtropical regions, 3 genera
and about 30 species in the Philippines.

Seandent shrubs with small flowers. ........00.......0...cccceeeeseceeceeeeeeeeeee 1. Tetracera
ERS OE Rh AP WII, 5 Pie eae Rte as Seca nis Ade peta atg aah eS 2. Dillenia

1. TETRACERA Linnaeus

Climbing shrubs, the leaves scabrid or smooth, the veins parallel, prom-
inent. Flowers white, perfect, many, in terminal or lateral panicles.
Sepals 4 to 6. Petals 2 to 6. Filaments dilated upward. Ovary of from
1 to 5 carpels, ovules 2 to many in each. Fruit a small, ovoid, coriaceous
follicle. Seeds 1 to 5, the aril toothed or fimbriate. (Greek “four” and
“horn” from supposed resemblance of the fruit.)

Species about 25, 2 or 3 in the Philippines.

1. T. sarmentosa (L.) Vahl. Malacatmon (Tag.).

A climbing vine 3 to 5 m or more in length. Leaves oblong-obovate to
oblong-elliptic, coriaceous, harsh, acute or obtuse, 6 to 12 cm long, the
nerves very prominent, toothed. Panicles terminal and axillary, 10 to 25
em long. Flowers numerous, white, about 8 mm in diameter. Carpel sol-
itary. Follicle oblong-ovoid, pointed, nearly 1 cm long, 1-seeded, hirsute,
the aril cupular, toothed. (FI. Filip. pl. 190, Delima sarmentosa.).

In thickets, La Loma to Masambong, fl. May-June; widely distributed
in the Philippines. India to Malaya.

2. DILLENIA Linnaeus

Trees with large, ovate to oblong, alternate, prominently pinnately
nerved, toothed leaves, the petioles usually with broad, adherent, deciduous,
wing-like stipules. Flowers large, solitary, or in few-flowered, terminal.
spicate or racemose, simple or sparingly branched inflorescences. Sepals
5, spreading. Petals 5, thin, white or yellow, much larger than the sepals.
Stamens very numerous, in several series, free or nearly so. Carpels 5 to
20, cohering in the axils or nearly free; ovules few to many. Fruit globose,
fleshy, spirally ridged, enclosed in the thickened sepals, or of indehiscent
or dehiscent follicle-like carpels. Seeds arillate or not. (In honor of J. J.
Dillenius, an early English botanist.)

Species about 25, tropical Asia and Malaya, few in Madagascar, about
6 in the Philippines.

1. D. philippinensis Rolfe. Catmon (Tag., Vis., Bic.); Palali (Il.).

A tree 6 to 15 m high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves coriaceous, shining,
ovate, elliptic, or oblong-ovate, 12 to 25 cm long, carsely toothed. Flowers
large, showy, about 15 cm in diameter, the petals white, stamens and

4

382 A FLORA OF MANILA

styles purplish. Fruit globose, entirely enclosed by the sepals, 5 to 6
em in diameter, the pulp soft, fleshy, acid, edible. (FI. Filip. pl. 199, D.
speciosa.)

A single tree, Nactajan, fl. most of the year; throughout the Philippines
at low altitudes. Endemic.

88. GUTTIFERAE (GARCINIA OR PALOMARIA FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often with yellowish juice. Leaves opposite,
entire, thin or thick, often shining. Flowers solitary,.cymose, racemed, or
panicled, axillary or terminal, regular, perfect, polygamous, or dioecious.
Sepals 2 to 6, imbricate. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely fewer or more.
Stamens many, filaments free or monadelphous, or united in bundles.
Ovary superior 1- to many-celled; styles one, or as many as the cells, free
or united; ovules 1 to many. Fruit capsular, dehiscent, or baccate and
indehiscent.

Genera 49, species about 850, in most parts of the world, 5 genera and
about 50 species in the Philippines.

1. CALOPHYLLUM Linnaeus

Trees with opposite, coriaceous, shining leaves, with very numerous,
close, parallel, spreading veins. Flowers polygamous, in axillary and
terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals 4, imbricate. Petals 4, sometimes
more. Stamens very numerous, the filaments free or connate below.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit a globose or ovoid drupe, the pericarp thin.
(Greek “beautiful” and “leaf.’’)

Species about 60, chiefly in tropical Asia and Malaya, few in America,
about 12 in the Philippines.

1. C. inophyttum L. Palomaria (Sp.-Fil.); Dancalan (Tag.).

A medium-sized or large tree, reaching a height of 20 m. Leaves coria-
ceous, shining, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, rounded, 9 to 18 cm long. Racemes
axillary, 5 to 10 em long, few-flowered. Flowers white, 2 to 2.5 cm in
diameter, fragrant, the inner 2 sepals like the petals. Fruit globose, 3 to
4 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 256.)

Pasay beach, also occasionally cultivated, fl. all the year; throughout the
Philippines along the seashore. India to Madagascar, Malaya, and Poly-
nesia.

89. ELATINACEAE (BERGIA FAMILY)

Annual herbs or low undershrubs, erect or spreading, branched, glabrous
or pubescent. Leaves opposite, serrate or entire. Flowers small, axillary,
solitary or fascicled, pedicelled. Sepals 5, free, imbricate. Petals 5, free,
imbricate. Stamens 5 to 10, hypogynous, free. Ovary superior, free, ovoid,
5-celled; styles 5, short, or stigmas sessile; ovules numerous, on the inner
angles of the cells. Fruit a small, 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal capsule.

Genera 2, species about 20, warmer parts of the world, a single genus
and species in the Philippines.

BERGIA Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (In honor of P. J. Bergius,
a Danish botanist.)
Species about 14, 1 in the Philippines.

VIOLACEAE 333

1. B. serrata Blanco (B. glandulosa Turcz.).

An erect or ascending, branched, annual herb 10 to 80 cm high, often
decumbent below. Stems and branches reddish, glandular-pubescent.
Leaves oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2 cm long, acute, base
narrowed, shortly petioled, the pedicels and sepals glandular-pubescent.
Sepals green, lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm long. Petals pink, as
long as the sepals. Stamens slender, 10, sometimes less. Capsule ovoid,
2 to 2.5 mm long.

In dried out rice paddies, occasional, fl. Jan—Mar.; widely distributed in
Luzon. Formosa.

90. BIXACEAE | (BIXA OR ACHUETE FAMILY)

Trees with simple alternate leaves and minute stipules. Flowers in
terminal panicles, perfect, regular. Sepals 5, imbricate, deciduous. Petals
5, free, contorted in bud. Stamens indefinite; anthers opening by terminal
pores. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style slender, curved; stigma notched;
ovules many, on 2 parietal placentas. Fruit a softly prickly loculicidal
capsule, 2-valved. Seeds many.

A single genus and species, native of tropical America.

BIXA Linnaeus
Characters of the Family as given above.

1. B. ORELLANA Linn. Achuete (Sp.-Fil.); Anatto.

A tree 4 to 6 m high. Leaves ovate, entire, 8 to 20 cm long, 5 to 12
em wide, base broad, more or less cordate, apex acuminate. Flowers white
to pinkish, 4 to 6 em in diameter. Capsules ovoid or subglobose, green
or reddish-purple, about 4 cm long, covered with long, slender, rather
soft spines, and containing many small, dark-red seeds. (FI. Filip. pl. 231.)

Common in gardens, fl. Aug.—Dec.; cultivated throughout the Philippines.
A native of tropical America, but now widely distributed in the tropics of
the world. The seeds yield the anatto dye of commerce.

91. VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY)

Herbs or shrubs with alternate, mostly entire, stipulate leaves. Flowers
regular or irregular, bracteolate. Sepals 5, equal or unequal. Petals 5,
one frequently spurred at the base, hypogynous. Stamens 5, hypogynous,
the filaments broad, the anthers introrse, free or connate, the connective
produced above the anther-cells. Ovary superior, 1-celled, placentas
parietal, many-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved or berry-like.

Genera 15, species about 350, of wide temperate and tropical distribu-
tion, 2 genera and about 10 species in the Philippines.

1. VIOLA Linnaeus

Herbs with alternate leaves, frequently stoloniferous. Flowers axillary,
solitary, pedicelled, irregular. Sepals 5 persistent, produced at the base.
Petals 5, the lower one largest, spurred at the base. Stamens 5, hypo-
gynous, the anthers introrse, surrounding the pistil, the short broad fila-
ments continued beyond the anther-cells, the lower 2 often spurred at the
base. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style club-shaped or ending in a hook, the
stigma simple, often turned to one side. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds many.
(The ancient Latin name.) :

334 A FLORA OF MANILA

Species about 150, widely distributed in temperate regions, few in the —
tropics, 5 or 6 in the Philippines, at medium and high altitudes, a single
introduced one in our area.

*1. V. oporATA L. Violeta (Sp.); Violet.

Rootstock stout, the stems short or none, stolons slender. Leaves at the
ends of the stems, orbicular to subreniform, base very deeply cordate.
apex rounded, crenate-serrate, slightly hairy, 5 to 8 cm long, long-petioled.
Flowers fragrant, 1.5 to 1.8 cm long. Sepals green, about 1 cm long,
acute or obtuse. Petals violet, throat marked with white or with white
lines. Style ending in a small hook.

Frequently cultivated, fl. Nov—Jan. A native of Europe, introduced
and cultivated only, not spontaneous.

92. FLACOURTIACEAE (FLACOURTIA OR BITONGOL FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs with alternate, entire or finely toothed leaves, the
stipules small, deciduous. Flowers small, regular, perfect or 1-sexual,
mostly axillary, fascicled or racemose. Calyx of 4 or 5 free or slightly
united sepals. Petals small, as many as the sepals, or none. Stamens
definite or indefinite, often with alternating staminodes, the filaments free
or slightly united. Ovary superior or nearly so, 1- to several-celled; ovules
1 to many in each cell; style and stigmas free or united. Fruit usually
fleshy, loculicidally 2- to 5-valved or indehiscent and drupaceous or berry-
like. Seeds arillated or not.

Genera 79, species about 550, in most tropical countries, 10 genera and
about 30 species in the Philippines.

Stamens many; ovary several-celled; fruit drupaceous, indehiscent.
1. Flacourtia
Stamens about twice as many as the calyx-lobes; ovary 1-celled; fruit
dehiscent, the seeus arilinie 8 ee 2. Casearia

1. FLACOURTIA Commerson

Erect shrubs or trees, often spiny. Leaves toothed or crenate. Flowers
small, dioecious, rarely perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, small. Petals none.
Stamens many. Ovary 2- to 8-celled; ovules usually in pairs; styles 2 or
more. Fruit fieshy, the endocarp hard, 2 to 8-celled, each cell 1-seeded.
(Named after E. de Flacourt, a French traveller.)

Species about 12 in the tropics of the Old World, some cultivated, 2 or
3 in the Philippines.

1. F. sepiaria-Roxb. Bitongol (Tag.).

An erect, branched, more or less spiny shrub or small tree 1 to 3 high,
the spines rather slender, scattered, often 2 cm long. Leaves obovate to
oblong-obovate, crenate, 2.5 to 5 cm long, crenate, apex rounded or retuse.
Flowers white, axillary or terminating short branchlets, solitary or in
pairs, long-pedicelled, about 5 mm in diameter, the sepals very much
shorter than the stamens. Fruit globose and fieshy when fresh, purple or
nearly black, smooth, about 1 cm in diameter, the pulp fleshy, edible, the
endocarp usually 6-celled, deeply 6-lobed, the fruit conforming to the
endocarp when dry.

In dry open places, Masambong to San Pedro Macati, fl. May—June;
widely distributed in the Philippines. India to Malaya.

PASSIFLORACEAE 335

2. CASEARIA Jacquin

Erect unarmed shrubs or small trees, with alternate, distichous, entire
or toothed leaves. Flowers small, perfect, in axillary clusters, the pedicels
short, jointed. Calyx deeply 4- or 5-lobed. Petals none. Stamens about
twice as many as the calyx-lobes, the filaments somewhat united in a tube
below, alternating with staminodes. Ovary superior, free, 1-celled; ovules
many. Fruit fleshy, ovoid to ellipsoid, ultimately dehiscent. Seeds angular
or obovoid, usually with a fleshy aril. (In honor of J. Casearius, a Dutch
botanist. )

Species 120 in the tropics of both hemispheres, about 7 in the Philippines.

1. C. fuliginosa Blanco.

A shrub or small tree 2 to 5 m high, nearly glabrous, the branchlets
often slightly zigzag. Leaves oblong-ovate, 7 to 18 cm long, entire or
nearly so, often slightly falcate, slightly acuminate, base broad usually
rounded, often somewhat inequilateral. Flowers small, white, in few to
many-flowered axillary clusters, 4 to 5 mm diameter, pale-green. Sepals
5, pubescent externally. Filaments hairy. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, 10
to 12 mm long, red or yellow when mature. Seeds arillate. (FI. Filip.
pl. 90.)

In thickets, La Loma to Masambong, fl. Feb.—Apr.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Endemic.

93. PASSIFLORACEAE (PASSION FLOWER FAMILY)

Usually perennial herbaceous or somewhat woody vines, climbing by
means of tendrils. Leases alternate, simple, entire or lobed, stipules
usually present. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in cymes, small to large,
usually with 3 minute to large bracteoles, regular, perfect or unisexual.
Calyx tubular at the base, fleshy to thin, 5-lobed. Petals as many as the
calyx-segments, or none. Corona of one to several rows of slender fila-
ments, arising from the calyx-tube, rarely none. Stamens 5, the filaments
united and adherent to the stalk of the ovary. Ovary usually stalked,
1-celled, many-ovuled, with parietal placentae; styles usually 3. Fruit
berry-like, fleshy, indehiscent, often large, or capsular and 3-valved.

Genera 11, species about 400, chiefly tropical, most numerous in tropical
America, 2 genera and about 7 species in the Philippines.

Flowers large and showy, perfect; fruit a large, fleshy berry.... 1. Passiflora
Flowers small, unisexual; fruit a capsule.....................00.---2....2.0----++ 2. Adenia

1. PASSIFLORA Linnaeus

Climbing, usually herbaceous, perennial vines, tendril-bearing. Leaves
simple, entire or lobed, usually glandular beneath,/at the base, or on the
petiole. Flowers axillary perfect, solitary or cymose, showy. Brac-
teoles 3, small or large. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, about as long as the
calyx-lobes. Corona of 1 to several rows of numerous, usually filiform
segments springing from the calyx-tube. Gynophore surrounded at the
base by a shallow membranaceous cup or basal corona. Anthers 5, dorsi-
fixed. Ovary 1-celled; styles 3. Fruit fleshy, berry-like, indehiscent, the
seeds arillate. (Adapted from the Latin flos passionis.)

Species 300, chiefly in tropical America, 1 indigenous, and the following
three introduced ones in the Philippines.

336) A FLORA OF MANILA

1. Stems prominently 4-angled and narrowly 4-winged.. 1. P. quadrangularis
1. Stems terete.

2. Plants nearly glabrous; leaves deeply palmately 3-lobed, the involucral

bracts nearly emtirecs. oo) 20 S29 ee Bree eee 2. P. edulis

2. Plants hirsute and ciliate; leaves very shallowly lobed or only sinuate,

the involucral bracts 1- to 3-pinnately divided into fine segments.
8. P. foetida
*1. P. QUADRANGULARIS L. Granadilla.

A stout, glabrous, herbaceous vine reaching a height of 10 to 15 m,
the stems prominently 4-angled and narrowly winged. Leaves ovate to
elliptic, entire, very shortly acuminate, base broadly rounded, 10 to 15
em long, the petioles with scattered glands, the stipules foliaceous, 1.5
to 2 cm long. Flowers large, solitary, fragrant. Petals reddish. Corona-
filaments violet. Fruit large, ellipsoid, fleshy, edible, 15 to 20 cm long.

Occasionally cultivated, fl. Aug., and probaly in other months, not
spontaneous. A native of tropical America, now cultivated in many
other tropical countries.

*2. P. EDULIS Sims. Pasion (Sp.); Passion Flower.

A herbaceous, nearly glabrous vine, reaching a length of several meters,
the stems terete. Leaves ovate in outline, 8 to 138 cm long, deeply palm-
ately 3-lobed, the lobes oblong, acuminate, margins serrate, the petioles
2-glandular at the apex. Flowers fragrant, about 4.5 cm in diam-
eter, solitary, the pedicels about 3 cm long. Bracts 3, green, elliptic to
obovate, irregularly toothed, glandular on the margins. Sepals oblong,
green, about 2 cm long, spurred at the apex. Petals lanceolate, pale-
purplish, about as long as the sepals. Corona-filaments very numerous,
in 8 series, white at the base, blue-purple above, often with white markings.

About houses, San Pedro Macati, fl. June-July. A native of Brazil,
occasional in and about towns in the Philippines, but not spontaneous.

3. PASSIFLORA FOETIDA L.

A herbaceous vine with slender terete stems, prominently villous with
spreading hairs. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 6 to 9 cm long, thin,
shallowly 3-lobed or often only sinuate, ciliate, acute or acuminate, base
cordate. Flowers solitary, white or pinkish, about 3 cm in diameter,
subtended by a prominent involucre of 3 bracts which are 1- to 3-pinnately
divided into numerous segments, the ultimate segments glandular. Sepals
about 1.5 em long, pale. Petals about as long as the sepals, white or
pinkish. Corona of 3-seriate, slender segments. Fruit ovoid, dry, inflated,
3 to 5 cm long.

In thickets, Pasay, occasional. A native of tropical America, introduced
here and occasionally found in and about towns, spontaneous or subspon-
taneous; also now found in various other tropical countries.

2. ADENIA Forskal

Twining, usually glabrous, tendril-bearing, herbaceous or suffrutescent
vines. Leaves entire or palmately lobed, usually with 1 or more flat
circular glands on the under surface and with similar ones at the apex
of the petiole. Flowers small, unisexual, in axillary, peduncled, few-
flowered cymes. Male flowers: Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-lobed.
Petals 5, free, thin, 1-nerved. Corona a ring of threads springing from the
calyx-tube, or wanting. Disk-glands 5, strap-shaped or capitate. An-

CARICACEAE 337

droecium cup-shaped, membranaceous beneath; filaments 5. Ovary rudi-
mentary or none. Female flower with calyx and corolla as in the male.
Corona a membranaceous fold, or none. Staminodes 5, forming a mem-
branaceous cup surrounding the base of the ovary, dividing above into
barren filaments. Ovary stalked or sessile. Fruit capsular, 3-valved.
(Greek “gland” from the glandular leaves and petioles.)

Species about 60 in the tropics of the Old World, 2 or 3 in the Philippines.

1. A. coccinea (Blanco) Merr.

A glabrous, suffrutescent or woody vine reaching a height of 10 m or
sometimes more. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, entire or sometimes palm-
ately 3-lobed, acuminate, base cordate, 7 to 15 em long. Cymes long-
peduncled, few-flowered, usually tendril bearing. Flowers small. Fruit
ovoid, scarlet, smooth, 6 to 7 cm long, many-seeded.

In thickets, Pasay, occasional, fl. Dec—Jan.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. Endemic.

94. CARICACEAE (PAPAYA FAMILY)

Erect, normally unbranched, dioecious trees with milky sap. Leaves
alternate, crowded at the end of the stem, long-petioled, large, palmately
7- or 9-lobed. Male flowers in axillary, narrow, pendulous, elongated
panicles. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube slender,
cylindric, the lobes 5, valvate or convolute. Stamens 10, inserted in the
throat of the corolla; filaments short; anthers basifixed, exserted. Female
flowers rather large, axillary. Calyx with 5 short lobes. Petals 5, free.
Ovary superior, free, 1-celled; stigmas 5, lobed; ovules numerous, in 2 or
many series on parietal placentae. Fruit large, fleshy. Seed globose,
enclosed in a gelatinous covering, the testa variously roughened.

A single genus of few species, natives of tropical America.

CARICA Linnaeus »

Characters of the Family. (Latin “fig,” probably from its supposed
leaf-resemblance. )

1. C. PAPAYA L. Papaya (Sp.-Fil.).

A small, erect, tree, 3 to 6 m high, unbranched, or sometimes when
injured becoming branched, the trunk soft, ‘grayish, marked with large
petiole-scars. Leaves suborbicular in outline, 1 m broad or less, palmately
7- or 9-lobed, each lobe pinnately incised or lobed; petioles stout, hollow,
about 1 m long. Staminate inflorescence axillary, pendulous, paniculate,
1 to 1.5 m long, the flowers in crowded clusters, straw-colored, fragrant,
the corolla-tube slender, about 2 cm long. Pistillate flowers in short
axillary spikes or racemes, the petals 7 cm long or less. Fruit subglobose,
obovoid, or oblong-cylindric, 5 to 30 cm long, green or yellow when mature,
fleshy.

Common in cultivation throughout the Philippines frequently spontaneous,
fl. all the year; introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards at an early date,
now found in all tropical countries.

A form occasionally occurs in Manila with a few female or perfect
flowers developed on the male inflorescence which become fertilized and
develop small fruits. :

11155522

39g A FLORA OF MANILA

95. BEGONACEAE' (BEGONIA or LINGAT FAMILY)

Succulent, creeping, climbing, or erect herbs or undershrubs, the stem
often reduced to a root-stock. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed, or lobed,
usually very unequal-sided. Inflorescence axillary, cymose, usually dichoto-
mous, rarely fascicled. Flowers white or pink, monoecious, small or large.
Male flowers: Perianth of 2 outer, opposite segments, and 2 inner smaller
ones or these wanting; stamens usually many, the filaments free or more —
or less united; anthers narrowly obovate. Female flowers: Perianth of
2 to 5 segments. Ovary inferior, 2- to 4-celled; styles 2 to 4, free or united
below, the stigmas branched or twisted; ovules very numerous. Fruit a
usually winged, angular, thin-walled, capsule, variously dehiscent or irreg-
ularly breaking up. Seeds very small, numerous.

Genera about 5, species about 500 in most moist tropical countries, 1
genus in the Philippines.

1. BEGONIA Linnaeus

Characters of the Family. (In honor of M. Begoén, a French promoter
of science.)
Species nearly 500, in most tropical countries, about 60 in the Philippines.

1. B. nigritarum Steud. (B. rhombicarpa A. DC.). Lingat, Pingol-bato
(Tag.).

Root-stock creeping, with numerous brown stipules and scattered brown
hairs. Leaves obliquely ovate, acute or acuminate, irregularly angularly
or undulately lobed or coarsely toothed, long-petioled, base cordate, fleshy
when fresh and with a distinct acid taste, thin when dry, often purplish
beneath, green or somewhat mottled above, slightly hairy, at least on the
margins, 2.5 to 10 long. Scapes erect, equaling or longer than the leaves,
dichotomous, few-flowered. Flowers pink or nearly white, 12 to 14 mm
in diameter, male and female flowers with 4 perianth-segments. Capsule
subequally broadly rhombic-ovoid, including the wings, triangular, 5 to 8
mm long, 3-winged, the wings subacute. (FI. Filip. pl. 413.)

Occasionally cultivated, Singalon, fl. all the year; widely distributed
‘in the Philippines on damp cliffs, in ravines, etc. Endemic.

In addition to the above a number of extra-Philippine garden forms
and hybrids are cultivated in Manila, which have not been considered here.

96. CACTACEAE (CAcTUS FAMILY)

Fleshy, erect or climbing plants, with much-thickened, usually green
stems, usually leafiess, supplied with few to many sharp spines which arise
from small areolae. Stems various, in our genera cylindric, flattened, or
triangular, jointed or continuous. Flowers usually large and showy, perfect,
solitary. Calyx of few to many imbricate sepals. Petals numerous, in
2 to many series. Stamens numerous, the filaments slender, sometimes
cohering with the base of the petals. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovules
numerous, parietal; styles simple. Fruit a fleshy, often spiny berry. Seeds
numerous.

Genera 20 or more, species over 1200, chiefly in the dryer parts of warm
and tropical America, a few introduced in the Philippines.

a ,

*For the Philippine representatives of this family, see Merrill, E. D.,
“The Philippine Species of Begonia.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot.
369-406.

CACTACEAE 339

Joints long, cylindric or 3- to 5-angled or -winged; flowers very large.
1. Cereus
Joints oblong-obovate, compressed; flowers small............0.0.0......... 2. Nopalea

1. CEREUS Miller

Succulent, climbing or erect plants with distantly jointed, 3-angled stems,
bearing short sharp spines in scattered marginal areolae. Leaves none.
Flowers large, solitary. Calyx-tube long-produced above the ovary, the
lobes very numerous, many-seriate, the outer ones much-reduced. Petals
many, 2- to many-seriate, longer than the sepals. Stamens very numerous,
many-seriate, the filaments adnate to the base of the calyx-tube. Style
cylindric, elongated; stigma radiate. (Latin “a wax torch,’ from fancied
resemblance of the flowers of some species.)

Species about 120 in the warmer and tropical parts of America, 3 in-
troduced in the Philippines.

Climbing; stems and branches 3-angled.........0..000.0.0200..20...... 1. C. triangularis
Erect; stems and branches 5-winged...............0...2.....:.2:----00ce-e00e= 2. C. lepidotus

*1. C. TRIANGULARIS (L.) Mill. Caliz (Sp.-Fil.).

A climbing, branched plant, rooting at the joints, reaching a height of
8 m or more, the stems triangular, 3-winged, the joints 0.2 to 1 m long,
or more, 4 to 6 cm thick, green, the wings thick, with remote areolae, each
areola with 3 to 5, sharp, straight, 2 to 4 mm long spines. Flowers about
30 em long. Sepals greenish-yellow, thick, lanceolate. Petals about 16,
2-seriate, 10 to 12 mm long, 4 to 5 cm wide, white, thin. Fruit said to
be about 10 cm long, scarlet, smooth. (FI. Filip. pl. 224.)

Oceasionally cultivated, fl. June—Sept. Widely distributed in tropical
America, an introdiced plant here.

*2. C. LEPIDOTUS Salm-Dyck.

Stout, erect, sparingly branched, up to 3.5 m high, the branches ascending,
10 to 12 cm in diameter, 5-winged, the margins of the wings with areolae
1 to 1.5 cm apart, each areola with 5 to 8 slender, sharp, radiating, brown
spines 5 to 20 mm long. Flowers solitary, about 20 cm long, the tube about
1.5 cm in diameter, broadened above, narrowly funnel-shaped, 6 to 7 cm in
diameter above. Sepals in several series, green, the lower ones oblong,
short, gradually longer upward, the upper ones lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, 6 to 7 cm long, 1.5 em wide, apiculate. Petals white, much
thinner than the sepals, oblong-lanceolate, 7 to 8 cm long, 1.5 to 2 cm
wide. Stamens very numerous. Style green, cylindric, the radiating arms
of the stigma about 1.7 em long.

Rarely cultivated, occasional also in thickets, San Juan del Monte,
Masambong, etc., fl. Sept.; occasional in the Provinces, in thickets and
cultivated. A native of South America.

2. NOPALEA Salm-Dyck

Erect, branched, fleshy shrubs, the branches jointed, the joints com-
pressed, oblong to obovate, green, with scattered cushion-like bodies which
usually bear short spines. Flowers scattered, solitary on the margins of
the upper joints, sessile, red. Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary,
the lobes 6 to 8, scale-like. Petals 12 to 18, 2-seriate, ascending. Stamens
very numerous, 2-seriate, longer than the petals. Ovary exserted; style

340 A FLORA OF MANILA

elongated; stigma 5- to T-lobed. Fruit fleshy, pyriform, many-seeded.
(From the Mexican name nopalnochotzli.)

Species about 3, in tropical America, 1 now introduced in most other
tropical countries.

1. N. COCHINELIFERA (Mill.) Salm-Dyck. Dilang-baca (Tag.); Cochineal
Plant.

A fleshy, erect, branched, leafless plant 1 to 3 m high, the stems
stout. Joints thick, oblong-obovate, green, fleshy, compressed, 15 to 25 .
em long, with few, small, scattered, white, cushion-like bodies which are
unarmed or bear small spines. Flowers scattered, solitary on the upper
margins of the uppermost joints. Calyx green, oblong-ovoid, 3 to 3.5
em long, fleshy, bearing areolae, these usually with small bristles. Corolla
about 2.5 em long. Petals several-seriate, red, the inner series gradually
longer, but shorter than the exserted, red stamens. Fruit ovoid, purplish,
fleshy, about 3.5 cm long, top much depressed.

Occasionally cultivated, fl. Nov.-May. A native of tropical America,
introduced here, cultivated and in some localities subspontaneous.

97. LYTHRACEAE (HENNA OR BANABA FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, the branches often 4-angled. Leaves entire,
opposite, alternate, or whorled. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, the
flowers solitary, fascicled, spicate, cymose, or panicled. Flowers perfect,
regular. Calyx-tube free, persistent, 3- to 6-lobed, lobes often appendic-
ulate. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, rarely none. Stamens few or
many, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary free in the bottom of the calyx-
tube, 2- to 6-celled; ovules many. Fruit coriaceous or membranaceous,
dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds usually many, various.

Genera 22, species 450, widely distributed in the tropics, especially
in America, few in temperate or cold countries, 5 genera and about 14
species in the Philippines.

1. Trees or shrubs.
2; Flowers: ismall,44merotesie!s...3. 0008 (aie lee Se 6 be 1. Lawsonia
2. Flowers large, 6-merous.............................--- HN ot ateeAe 2. Lagerstroemia
1. Low herbs with minute flowers.
3. Walls of the capsules densely horizontally striate under a lens.
3. Rotala
3. Walls of the capsules not striate.......0022..22200.2.2.2 eee 4. Ammania

1. LAWSONIA Linnaeus

An erect shrub or small tree, the older branches sometimes spinous.
Leaves opposite, entire. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, the bracts small,
deciduous. Flowers rather small, 4-merous, numerous. Calyx-tube very
short, the lobes 4, ovate. Petals 4, obovate, inserted at the top of the
calyx-tube. Stamens usually 8, inserted in pairs between the petals,
sometimes fewer or more and not paired. Ovary free, sessile, 2- to
4-celled; style very long. Capsule coriaceous, globose, irregularly breaking
up. Seeds many, angular, smooth. (In honor of Dr. J. Lawson, a Scotch
friend of Linnaeus.)

A monotypic genus.

1. L. INERMIS L. Cinamomo (Sp.-Fil.) ; Henna.
An erect, much-branched shrub 3 to 6 m high. Leaves oblong-elliptic,

4

LYTHRACEAE 341

apex acute and apiculate, base narrowed, 1.5 to 4 cm long. Panicles
7 to 30 cm long, the lower branches subtended by leaves. Flowers
fragrant. Calyx about 4 mm long. Petals usually straw-yellow, a little
longer than the calyx-lobes. Capsule depressed-globose, 5 to 7 mm in
diameter. (Fl. Filip. pl. 108.)

Commonly cultivated for its fragrant flowers, occasionally spontaneous;
in and about towns generally in the Philippines, chiefly cultivated, and
certainly introduced after the Spanish occupation. A native of parts of
Africa and India, now cultivated or spontaneous in most tropical
countries.

2. LAGERSTROEMIA Linnaeus

Trees or shrubs with opposite, usually distichous, entire, oblong to
ovate leaves. Panicles axillary and terminal, ample. Flowers large,
showy, regular. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, smooth, grooved, angular, or
narrowly winged, lobes usually 6. Petals usually 6, large, clawed, margins
crisped or undulate. Stamens long, very numerous, inserted near the base
of the calyx-tube. Ovary sessile at the base of the calyx-tube, 3- to 6-
celled, ovules many. Capsule ovoid to ellipsoid, more or less adnate to
the persistent calyx-tube, 3- to 6-valved, 3- to 6-celled. Seeds many, winged
at the apex. (In honor of M. Lagerstroem, a correspondent of Linnaeus.)

Species about 30, chiefly Indian and Malayan, few in China and Aus-
tralia, 4 in the Philippines, of which 1 is introduced.

Leaves 4 to 8 cm long, subsessile; flowers about 4 em in diameter; petals

beautifully crisped and lobed, with a long slender claw........ 1. L. indica
Leaves 12 to 25 cm long, distinctly petioled; flowers 7 to 8 cm or more
in diameter, the petals with a short claw.........................--. 2. L. speciosa

*1, L. INDICA L. Melindres (Sp.-Fil.) ; Crepe Myrile.

A shrub or small tree, 4 m high or less, the branches slender, 4-angled,
narrewly winged. Leaves entire, elliptic-ovate to oblong-ovate, or obovate,
sessile, very shortly acuminate or obtuse, 4 to 8 cm long. Flowers about
4 em in diameter, in small, terminal panicles. Calyx green, 6-lobed. Petals
6, pink or purplish, with a long slender claw, the limb 1.5 to 2 cm wide,
orbicular or reniform in outline, lobed, strongly crisped. Capsule globose-
ovoid, 1 cm long or less. (FI. Filip. pl. 207.)

Occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes, but not spontaneous,
fil. June-Sept.; occasional in larger towns throughout the Archipelago. A
native of China, now widely distributed in tropical and warm countries,
cultivated and wild.

2. L. speciosa (L.) Pers. Banaba (Tag.).

A tree 4 to 20 m high, or sometimes flowering when a mere shrub
2 m high or less. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to elliptic-ovate, obtuse
or shortly acuminate, 12 to 25 cm long. Panicles terminal, large, up
to 40 cm in length. Flowers 6-merous. Calyx pubescent, ribbed. Petals
lilae-purple, oblong-obovate or obovate, shortly clawed, 3 to 3.5 cm long.
Capsule obovoid or ellipsoid, 2 to 3.5 cm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 314, L.
reginae.)

In thickets, Malabon, San Juan del Monte, etc., occasional, sometimes
also cultivated for its very ornamental flowers, fil. May-Aug.; common
and widely distributed in the Philippines. India, through Malaya to
Australia.

342 A FLORA OF MANILA

3. ROTALA Linnaeus

Erect, low, simple or branched, annual herbs growing in wet places,
glabrous or nearly so. Leaves decussate or verticillate, rarely alternate,
sessile or subsessile. Flowers 3- to 6-merous, small, mostly sessile, axillary
and solitary, or in axillary spikes or racemes, usually 2-bracteolate. Calyx
campanulate to hemispheric, 3- to 6-lobed, the lobes usually with a setiform
appendage. Petals small. Stamens 1 to 6. Ovary sessile or subsessile;
style short or elongated. Capsules septicidally 2- to 4-valved, carti-
laginous, the walls densely and minutely horizontally striate under a
lens. (Probably from Latin “wheel” in reference to the verticillate leaves
of most species.)

Species 38, chiefly in tropical Asia and Africa, a few in Australia,
Europe, and America, 4 in the Philippines.

1. Leaves verticillate; petals none............22...222.222:---:cce-eeceeeeeeeeee= 1. R. mexicana
1. Leaves opposite; petals present. :
2. F lowers axillary, solitary. acts) Sei. alten secede aed 2. R. ramosior
2. :Flewers in axillary ppakes.t..c+—i.eeee-qtaege eee a 3. R. indica

1. R. mexicana C. & S. subsp. pusilla (Tul.) Koehne.

A small, glabrous, erect, annual plant usually less than-3 to 4 cm
in height, generally branched from the base. Leaves linear-oblong, in
threes or fours, somewhat close, 5 mm long or less, obtuse, truncate, or
2-pointed. Flowers axillary, solitary, less than 1 mm long, 4- or 5-merous,
the calyx-teeth triangular. Petals none, Stamens 2 or 3, rarely 4. Cap-
sule subglobose, about 1 mm in diameter.

In old rice paddies, Caloocan, San Juan del Monte, etc., fl. Oct.—Nov.;
of very local occurrence in the Philippines. The subspecies in tropical
Asia and Africa, the species in one form or another in most tropical
countries.

2. 4. R. RAMOSIOR (L.) Koehne.

An erect, slender, simple or branched, glabrous plant 8 to 25 cm high,
the stems somewhat 4-angled, usually purplish. Leaves oblanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, 1.5 to 3 em long, obtuse, base narrowed to the short
petiole. Flowers small, axillary, solitary, sessile, the bracteoles about
as long as the calyx, at time of flowering 2.5 to 3 mm long, the ap-
pendages longer than the lobes, spreading, lanceolate-acuminate, the lobes
triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate. Petals elliptic or oblong-elliptic,
pale-pink, about 1 mm long. Capsule ovoid, 3 to 4 mm long.

In open wet grass lands, fi. Oct._Dec.; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. A native of North and South America, introduced in the Phil-
ippines, now widely distributed and thoroughly naturalized.

3. R. indica (Willd.) Koehne.

An erect, simple or branched, glabrous, annual herb 6 to 35 em high,
the stems obscurely 4-angled. Leaves sessile or subsessile, oblong, elliptic,
or obovate, 8 to 15 mm long, acute or obtuse and mucronate, nerves
prominent on the lower surface, margins cartilaginous. Spikes axillary,
solitary, numerous, 8 to 15 mm long, the flowers numerous, in the axils
of much-reduced leaves, or sometimes the spikes wanting and the flowers
strictly axillary in the axils of normal leaves. Flowers subsessile. Calyx
2 to 2.5 mm long, subecampanulate, green, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate.

SONNERATIACEAE 343

Petals oblong or obovate, pink, rather persistent, about half as long as
the calyx-lobes. Capsules about 1.6 mm long, 2-valved, ellipsoid.

In open wet grass lands, waste places, etc., fl. Nov.-March; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Caucasian region through India and Ceylon
to Japan, southward to Java.

4. AMMANIA Linnaeus

Annual, slender, erect, branched, glabrous herbs growing in wet places.
Leaves decussate, alternate, sessile. Flowers small, in dense, axillary
clusters, 4-merous. Calyx campanulate or urn-shaped, after flowering be-
coming globose, 4-lobed, lobes usually not appendaged. Petals none, or
4 and small. Stamens 2 to 8, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary sessile.
Capsule globose or ellipsoid, thinly membranaceous, bursting irregularly,
the walls not horizontally striate. (In honor of J. Ammann.)

Species about 20, of wide distribution in the tropics, chiefly in Africa
and Asia, 2 or 3 in the Philippines.

1. A. baccifera L.

An erect, branched, glabrous, slender, annual herb 10 to 50 em high,
usually more or less purplish, the stems somewhat 4-angled. Leaves oblong,
oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, base narrowed, those of the stems some-
times 3.5 em long, those of the branches very numerous, small, 1 to 1.5
em long. Flowers in dense axillary clusters, pedicelled, about 1.2 mm
long, green or purplish. Calyx-lobes 4, triangular, acute, about 0.6 mm long.
Petals none. Stamens 4. Capsule depressed-globose, 1.2 mm in diameter,
purple, irregularly circumsciss above the middle.

In open wet places, old rice fields, ete., fi. all the year; throughout
the Philippines, possibly introduced. Tropical Africa and Asia through
Malaya to Australia.

~

98. SONNERATIACEAE (SONNERATIA OR PAGATPAT FAMILY)

Erect shrubs or trees with entire, opposite, exstipulate leaves. Flowers
small or large, terminal, solitary or few, or numerous and arranged
in panicles. Flowers regular, perfect or polygamo-dioecious, the calyx-
tube slightly united with the ovary, the segments valvate. Petals none
or as many as the calyx-segments and alternate with them. Stamens as
many as the calyx-segments and alternate with them, or very numerous
and inserted within the rim of the calyx, the filaments in bud bent in-
ward. Ovary 2- to 20-celled, nearly superior, the ovules numerous, in
many rows. Fruit dry or somewhat fleshy, indehiscent or dehiscent,
many-seeded.

Genera 2, species about 10, India to Malaya and Polynesia, both genera
and 5 species in the Philippines.

SONNERATIA Linnaeus filius

Shrubs or trees, quite glabrous, with opposite, entire, thick leaves.
Flowers large, terminal, solitary or two or three together. Calyx coria-
ceous, the tube campanulate, slightly adnate to the base of the ovary,
the segments 4 to 9, ovate to lanceolate, persistent. Petals linear, as
many as the calyx-segments on none. Stamens very numerous, inserted
within the rim of the calyx-tube, the filaments slender, long. Ovary nearly
superior, many-celled; ovules numerous in each cell; style long; stigma

344 A FLORA OF MANILA

capitate. Fruit large, rather hard, depressed-globose, many-seeded, sup-
ported by the calyx-tube, the calyx-lobes persistent, spreading. (In honor
of P. Sonnerat, a French naturalist and explorer.)

Species about 6 along the seashore in the Indo-Malayan region, 2 in
the Philippines.

Leaves ‘obovate, rounded:ssistioi)- nines ie 1. S. pagatpat
Leaves oblong to elliptic-oblong, somewhat pointed.............. 2. S. caseolaris

1. S. pagatpat Blanco. Pagatpat (Tag.).

A shrub or tree reaching a height of 20 m or less. Leaves very thick,
leathery, obovate, rounded, 6 to 10 cm long, often nearly as wide as
long. Calyx green, leathery, 3 to 4 cm long, the segments 6 to 9, lan-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, equaling or longer than the tube.
Petals white, linear, early deciduous, nearly as long as the calyx-
segments (sometimes wanting). Stamens very numerous. Fruit hard,
depressed-globose, 3 to 4 em in diameter, surrounded nearly to the middle
by the calyx-tube, the persistent lobes spreading.

Along tidal estuaries, fl. most of the year; throughout the Philippines
along the seashore. Endemic (?), or perhaps not specifically distinct from
the widely distributed Indo-Malayan Sonneratia alba Sm.

2. S. caseolaris L. Engl. (S. acida L. f.) Pagatpat (Tag.).

Similar to the preceding, but the leaves oblong to elliptic-oblong, some-
what pointed, rarely obtuse, 4 to 10 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, tapering
to the base. Flowers solitary, the calyx green, 2.5 to 3 cm long, the
segments 6, longer than the tube. Petals 6, linear, pink or white, about as
long as the calyx-segments. Fruit about as in the preceding species. (FI.
Filip. pl. 175, S. pagatpat.)

Along tidal estuaries, but less abundant in the Philippines than the
preceding. India to Malaya.

99. PUNICACEAE (POMEGRANATE OR GRANADA FAMILY)

Shrubs or small trees, the branches often spiny, the young ones 4-
angled. Leaves opposite, subopposite, or clustered, entire. Flowers soli-
tary or few at the ends of the branches, large, perfect, regular. Calyx-
tube funnel-shaped, adnate to the ovary below, enlarged above the ovary,
the lobes 5 to 7, persistent in fruit. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes,
alternate with them, wrinkled. Stamens very numerous, inserted around
the mouth of the calyx tube, bent inward in bud. Ovary united with
the calyx-tube, many-celled, the cells arranged in 1 to 3 whorls. Style
slender, elongated; stigma capitate; ovules many in each cell, some
axillary, some parietal. Fruit a globose berry with a thick pericarp,
crowned by the calyx-segments. Seeds, angular, very numerous.

A single genus with 2 species, 1 introduced in the Philippines.

1. PUNICA Linnaeus
Characters of the Family. (Latin “Phoenician” or “Carthaginian.’’)

1. P. GRANATUM L. Granada (Sp.); Pomegranate.

A shrub 2 to 3 m high, the branchlets slender, 4-angled, often -ter-
minating with a short spine. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic,
4 to 6 cm long, short-petioled, acute or obtuse, narrowed at both ends.

LECYTHIDACEAE 845
Flowers red, the calyx 2.5 to 3 cm long, the segments usually 6. Petals
obovate, nearly 2 cm long. Fruit globose, reddish or purplish, about 5
cm in diameter, containing many seeds surrounded by a red pulp. (Fil.
Filip. pl. 211.)

Occasionally cultivated, flowering most of the year; in most towns in
the Philippines in cultivation, but not spontaneous, introduced by the
Spaniards at an early date. A native of eastern subtropical Asia, now
cultivated in most tropical and subtropical countries.

100. LECYTHIDACEAE (BARRINGTONIA OR PUTAT FAMILY)

Erect shrubs or trees with alternate, simple, entire, or toothed leaves.
Flowers regular, perfect, often large and showy, in short or elongated,
terminal or axillary spikes or racemes, the bracts small deciduous. Caiyx-
tube scarcely produced above the ovary, the limb with 3 or 4, valvate or
imbricate lobes. Petals 4 or 5, imbricate. Stamens very many, the fila-
ments slightly connate at the base. Ovary inferior, 2- to 4-celled; ovules
2 to 8 in each cell. Fruit small or large, ovoid to oblong, sometimes
quadrangular, fibrous or fleshy, indehescent, 1- to several-seeded, crowned
by the calyx-lobes.

Genera 18, species about 260, in all tropical countries, 2 genera and
about 7 species in the Philippines.

1. BARRINGTONIA Forster

Small or large trees, usually glabrous. Leaves generally crowded at
the ends of the branches, entire or toothed, often large. Flowers small
or large, in short or long, terminal or axillary, erect or pendulous racemes.
Calyx green, the tube adnate to the ovary, not produced above it, the seg-
ments 2 to 4. Petals usually 4, sometimes 5, imbricate, slightly connate
at the base, adnate to the stamens. Stamens very numerous, in several
rows, epigynous, falling with the corolla; filaments very slender, elongated,
connate at the base. Ovary inferior, 2- to 4-celled, ovules several in each
cell, pendulous. Fruit small or large, fibrous or leathery, often angled,
indehiscent, 1-celled, containing a single large seed. (In honor of D.
Barrington.)

Species about 60, eastern Africa, tropical Asia, Malaya, Australia, and
Polynesia, about 7 in the Philippines.

1. Calyx quite closed in bud, splitting irregularly into 2 or 3 lobes.
2. Leaves entire; racemes short, erect; flowers and fruit very large.
1. B. asiatica
2. Leaves finely toothed; racemes pendulous, up to 60 cm in length.
2. B. racemosa
1. Calyx not closed in bud, with 4 equal segments; flowers and fruit small;
pte WW nett delicate leah anata tal 4 o-onseip ret Meas 3. B. luzonensis

1. B. asiatica (L.) Kurz. (B. speciosa Forst.). Botong (Tag.).

A tree 8 to 15 m high with large, sessile, obovate or obovate-oblong,
entire, thick, shining leaves 20 to 40 cm long, apex obtuse, base narrowed.
Flowers very large, in short, erect, few-flowered racemes. Calyx-tube 1
em long, the lobes 2 or 3, oblong-ovate, concave, green, 2.5 cm long. Pe-
tals 4, thin, white, becoming brownish, oblong, 7 to 8 cm long, 3 to 4 cm
wide, deciduous. Stamens very numerous, slender, united at the base, 10
to 12 em long, white below, shading to purple above; anthers small, yellow.

346 A FLORA OF MANILA

Style slender, 13 cm long, purplish. Fruit obovoid, sharply 4-, rarely 5-
angled, 8 to 14 cm long, 8 to 12 em thick, containing a single large seed.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 305.)

Along the seashore, Pasay beach, also occasionally cultivated, fi. all the
year; throughout the Philippines along the seashore. Ceylon to Malaya,
Australia and Polynesia.

2. B. racemosa (L.) Blume. Putat (Tag.).

A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 10 m, glabrous, the branches
with prominent leaf-scars. Leaves at the ends of the branches, subsessile,
oblong-obovate, 10 to 30 cm long, acuminate, base narrowed, margins
crenate-serrate. Racemes terminal or from axils of fallen leaves, solitary,
drooping, 20 to 60 cm in length. Flowers white or pink. Calyx closed
in bud, splitting irregularly into 2 or 3, ovate, concave segments. Petals
oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 2 to 2.5 cm long, slightly connate at the base.
Stamens very numerous, 3 to 4 ecm long. Fruit ovoid to oblong-ovoid,
5 to 6 em long, somewhat 4-angled, crowned by the persistent calyx, the
pericarp leathery, green or purplish. (F. Filip. pl. 240.)

On open low lands and thickets, fl. most of the year; throughout the
Philippines near the seashore. India and Ceylon, Malaya, and Polynesia.

3. B. luzonensis (Presl) Rolfe. Putat (Tag.).

A glabrous tree 8 to 12 m high. Leaves somewhat crowded at the
ends of the branches, oblong-obovate, 6 to 14 cm long, acuminate, base
narrowed, margins uniformly and finely toothed. Racemes axillary, pen-
dulous, 10 to 45 em long, slender. Flowers numerous, short-pedicelled,
pink to red. Calyx lobes 4, short, obtuse. Petals narrowly oblong, about
7 mm long. Fruit oblong-ovoid, somewhat 4-angled, pointed, 3 to 4 cm
long, about 1.5 cm thick. }

Along streams, in thickets etc., Masambong, Singalon, Paco, Pasay, etc.,
fi. June-Sept.; widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

101. RHIZOPHORACEAE (MANGROVE OR BACAUAN FAMILY)

Trees with entire, simple, coriaceous, glabrous leaves, the stipules inter-
petiolar, caducous. Flowers axillary, solitary, fascicled or in depauperate
cymes, perfect. Calyx more or less adnate to the ovary, the limb produced
above the ovary, 4- to 14-lobed, the lobes valvate, persistent. Petals as
many as the calyx-lobes, entire, notched, cleft, or lacerate. Stamens
usually twice as many as the petals, in pairs opposite to and embraced by
the petals. Ovary 5- to 1-celled, styles connate; ovules usually 2 in each
cell, pendulous. Fruit coriaceous, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded, the seed
in the typical mangrove genera germinating before the fruit falls, the
large radicle perforating the apex of the pericarp.

Genera 17, species about 60, in all tropical countries, 7 genera and about
11 species in the Philippines.

Calyx-lobes..and \petals. 4: stamens Woo -2 6-4. so tet “1. Rhizophora
Calyx-lobes and petals 8 to 14; stamens 16 to 28................... 2. Bruguiera
1. RHIZOPHORA Linnaeus

Trees of the mangrove swamps with prop-roots, the branches marked
by leaf-scars. Leaves leathery, ovate to elliptic, pointed. Flowers 2 or
more, on short axillary peduncles. Calyx 4-lobed, the bracteoles at the

RHIZOPHORACEAE 347

base connate. Petals 4, entire. Ovary half-inferior. Fruit ovoid, pendu-
lous the calyx lobes persistent, reflexed, the radicle germinating on the
tree, long-protruded, perforating the apex of the fruit. (Greek “root” and
“to bear.’’)

Species about 5, tropics generally, on muddy seashores, along tidal-
streams, etc., characteristic trees of the mangrove swamps, 2 in the
Philippines.

Peduncles much shorter than the petioles, 2-flowered............ 1. R. conjugata
Peduncles about as long as the petioles, 3- to 7-flowered........ 2. R. mucronata

1. R. conjugata L. Bacao, Bacauan (Tag.).

A tree of the mangrove swamps, up to 12 m high, with prop-roots.
Leaves coriaceous, green and shining, oblong-elliptic, 10 to 16 cm long,
apex acute or mucronate, base acute. Penducles from the axils of fallen
leaves, shorter than the petioles, 2-flowered. Flowers sessile. Fruit ovoid,
pendulous, brown or olivaceous, about 4 cm long, the persistent calyx-lobes
reflexed, the protruded radicle green, cylindric, 20 to 40 cm long. (FI.
Filip. pl. 135, R. mucronata.)

Along tidal streams, fish-ponds, etc., Malabon, fl. most of the year;
throughout the Philippines along tidal streams, one of the characteristic
trees of the mangrove swamps. Tropical shores of Asia, Africa, and
Malasia.

2. R. mucronata Lam. Bacao, Bacauan (Tag.).

Very similar to the preceding species, and with the same habit. Leaves
oblong-elliptic, coriaceous, shining, up to 16 cm long, apex with a slender
mucro. Peduncles axillary, 2.5 to 4 cm long, about as long as the petioles,
forked at the apex, bearing from 3 to 7 flowers. Flowers and fruit about
as in the preceding species.

In mangrove swamps, along tidal streams, etc., fl. most of the year.
Range about the same as for R. conjugata.

2. BRUGUIERA Lamarck

Trees or shrubs of the mangrove swamps with prop-roots, glabrous.
Leaves entire. Flowers axillary, solitary or cymose, small or large. Calyx
split into 8 to 14 narrow lobes, obconical or campanulate. Petals oblong,
2-lobed or emarginate, appendiculate. Stamens 16 to 28; anthers linear,
mucronate, about as long as the filaments. Ovary 2- to 4-celled. Fruit
included in or adnate to the calyx-tube, 1-celled, 1-seeded, germinating
on the tree. (In honor of J. G..Bruguieres.)

Species about 7, along the seashores and tidal streams in the tropics
of the Old World, characteristic of the mangrove swamps, 4 in the Philip-
pines.

. Flowers about 3 cm long.................... see eet | ae ee 1. B. eriopetala
PRUE SOO ROTI TRS ye a a ed 2. B. cylindrica

1. B. eriopetala W. & A. Pototan, Busain, Bacauan (Tag.).

A small or large tree, the young branches usually slender. Leaves
coriaceous, shining, oblong-elliptic to oval-oblong, acute at both ends, 8
to 16 cm. long. Flowers yellow, axillary, solitary, 3 cm long, the pedicels
decurved. Calyx-lobes usually 10. Petals shorter than the calyx-lobes,
cleft at the apex, bearing a stout seta in the sinus, the edges clothed with

348 A FLORA OF MANILA

long hairs, each lobe bearing a short, apical bristle. Fruit small, the seed
germinating on the tree and forming a cylindric radicle 30 ecm long or
more prior to its fall. (FI. Filip. pl. 415, B. polyandra.)

Along tidal estuaries, common about Malabon, fl. all the year; along
tidal streams throughout the Philippines. Malaya to Australia.

The very closely allied Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam., also occurs in the
Philippines, but I have seen no specimens from our area. It differs from
B. eriopetala chiefly in its petals being nearly glabrous above, and with 2
to 4 bristles on each lobe.

2. B. cylindrica (L.) Blume (B. caryophylloides Blume). Bacauan, Bu-
sain (Tag.).

A glabrous tree 4 to 8 m high. Leaves rather thin, 7 to 12 cm long,
shining, elliptic-oblong, narrowed at both ends, acute or acuminate. In-
florescence in the upper axils, about as long as the petioles, the pedicels
umbellately 2- or 3-flowered. Flowers greenish, about 1 cm long, the calyx
7- or 8-cleft, the lobes linear, longer than the bifid petals, the latter bearing
3 or 4 bristles at the tip of each lobe and one in the notch. (FI. Filip.
pl. 186.) .

In mangrove swamps, Malabon, fl. most of the year; widely distributed
in the Philippines in mangrove swamps. India’ to Formosa, southward to
Malaya.

102. COMBRETACEAE! (TEMINALIA OR TALISAY FAMILY)

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire.
_ Flowers spicate or racemose, the spikes or racemes sometimes panicled.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary and produced above it, the limb of 4 or 5
valvate lobes. Petals 4 or 5, or wanting. Stamens as many as, or twice as
many as the calyx-lobes, inserted on the calyx. Ovary inferior, 1-celled;
ovules few, pendulous. Fruit coriaceous or drupe-like, indehiscent, ovoid,
angular, or longitudinally winged or keeled.

Genera 15, species about 250, of wide tropical distribution, 4 genera and
18 species in the Philippines.

1. Petals none; large trees with small flowers..........................-. 1. Terminalia
1. Petals present; trees, shrubs, or vines.
2. Calyx-tube slender, produced 4 to 7 cm beyond the ovary; vines.
2. Quisqualis
2. Calyx-tube short.
3. Erect shrubs or trees; calyx persistent, fruit not winged.
3. Lumnitzera
3. Vines with winged fruits, the calyx deciduous.............. 4. Combretum

1. TERMINALIA Linnaeus

Large trees with opposite or subopposite leaves more or less crowded at
the ends of the branches, often glandular at the base or on the petioles.
Flowers small, spicate or racemose, sometimes panicled, perfect, or the
upper ones males. Calyx-tube produced above the ovary, the limb cam-

For a consideration of the known Philippine species of this family see
Merrill, E. D., “A Preliminary Revision of Philippine Combretaceae.”
Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 614-650.

COMBRETACEAE 349

panulate, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-celled,
inferior. Fruit ovoid, usually compressed and keeled or winged, indehiscent,
1-seeded. (From the Latin, on account of the crowded terminal leaves and
flowers of most species.)

Species about 100, tropics generally, but mostly in Africa, Asia, and
Malaya, about 11 in the Philippines, a single one in our area.

1. T. catappa L. Talisay (Tag.); Almendras (Sp.-Fil.); Lugo (Il.);
Indian Almond.

A large tree, sometimes reaching a height of 25 m, glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves shining, obovate, tapering below to the narrow and cordate base,
10 to 25 cm long, the petioles short. Flowers white, small, spicate, the
spikes axillary, simple, 6 to 18 cm long. Fruit compressed, ellipsoid in
outline, prominently 2-ridged or keeled down the sides, 3 to 6 cm long.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 144.)

Cultivated to some extent in Manila for a shade tree, fl. most of the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines near the seashore. India to Malaya,
planted in many other tropical countries.

2. QUISQUALIS Linnaeus

Scandent shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers long, in short axil-
lary or terminal spikes. Calyx-tube slender and much prolonged above
the ovary, deciduous, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens 10, short. Ovary
1-celled; style filiform. Fruit 5-angled or 5-winged. Seed solitary. (Latin
“who” and “of what kind,” probably originally adopted on account of
uncertainty as to the proper alliances of the genus.)

Species 4 or 5 in tropical Asia and Africa, 1 in the Philippines.

1. Q. indica L. Niogniogan, Tangolon (Tag.).

A scandent shrub reaching a length of from 2 to 8 m, the younger parts
rusty-pubescent. Leaves oblong to elliptic, 7 to 15 cm long, acute or slightly
acuminate, base rounded. Spikes shorter than the leaves, many-flowered,
the bracts ovate to lanceolate, persistent, 8 to 14 mm long. Flowers
fragrant, white to pink or reddish-purple. Calyx-tube very slender, pro-
duced above the ovary for from 4 to 7 cm, the lobes 5, short, acute. Petals
oblong, obtuse, 10 to 15 cm long. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, 2.5 to 3 cm
long, sharply longitudinally 5-angled or 5-winged. (Fil. Filip. pl. 138.)

Occasional in thickets and often cultivated, fl. at intervals all the year;
common and widely distributed in the Philippines. Burma to China,
through Malaya to New Guinea, cultivated in other tropical countries.

8. LUMNITZERA Willdenow

Glabrous shrubs or trees growing along the sea shore and tidal streams.
Leaves somewhat fleshy when fresh, alternate, somewhat crowded toward
the ends of the branchlets, shortly petioled, shining, obovate to oblong-
obovate, entire. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes. Calyx-tube pro-
duced above the ovary, the base with 2 small bracteoles, the teeth 5. Petals
5, oblong. Stamens 10 or fewer. Ovary inferior, 1 celled; ovules 2 to 5,
pendulous. Fruit woody, elliptic-oblong, smooth or longitudinally striate,
1-seeded. (In honor of S. Lumnitzer.)

Species 2 or 3, seashores in the tropics of the Old World, 2 in the
Philippines.

350 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. L. racemosa Willd. Solasi (Tag., in Paramaque and Maricaban).
A shrub or a small tree, flowering when 1 m high or less. Leaves
fleshy, green, shining, narrowly obovate, 2.5 to 7 cm long, apex rounded,
retuse, gradually narrowed to the acute base, short-petioled. Racemes
axillary, 2 to 6 em long. Calyx oblong-cylindric, green, 5 to 6 mm long,
the teeth short. Petals white, oblong, about 4 mm long. Stamens 10,
as long as the petals. Fruit green, oblong, about 1.5 cm long, crowned by
the persistent calyx-rim. (FI. Filip. pl. 126.) ;

Along tidal streams, Maricaban, Parafiaque, etc., fl. Dec—Mar., here
2 m high or less; occasional in similar habitats in the Philippines. Trop-
ical shores of Africa and Asia, through Malaya to Australia and Polynesia.

The one other species found in the Philippines, L. littorea (Jack) Voigt
(L. coccinea W. & A.), is distinguished by its terminal inflorescence,
crimson flowers, and its stamens about twice as long as its petals; it has
not been found in our area, but is much the commoner species of the two in
the Philippines.

4. COMBRETUM: Linnaeus

Scandent shrubs or suberect with pendulous branches. Leaves opposite,
entire, petioled. Flowers usually in panicled spikes or racemes, polygamo-
dioecious, bracteoles small. Calyx-tube slender below, slightly contracted
above the ovary, then expanded and ovoid, funnel-shaped, or tubular, the
limb 4- or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, inserted on the calyx-limb, small.
Stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted in 2 series. Ovary inferior,
1-celled; ovules 2 to 5. Fruit indehiscent, dry, 4- or 5-winged. (A Latin
name of uncertain application.)

Species about 130, tropics generally, 4 in the Philippines.

1. C. squamosum Roxb.

A scandent shrub reaching a length of 5 m or more. Leaves opposite,
elliptic-ovate, glabrous on the upper surface, beneath covered with small
round scales, apex acute or shortly acuminate, base rounded, 8 to 16 cm
long. Inflorescence 6 to 15 cm long, axillary, of racemosely arranged scaly
spikes, the spikes 3 to 6 cm long. Flowers white, the calyx-tube slender
below, expanded above, the limb about 4 mm long, funnel-shaped. Petals
small. Fruit 2 to 2.5 em long, broadly 4-winged.

In thickets, Masambong, fil. Dec._Jan.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. India to Malaya.

103. MYRTACEAE! (MYRTLE OR DUHAT FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs with opposite, rarely alternate, simple, entire or toothed,
often pellucid-dotted leaves, exstipulate, or stipules very small and decid-
uous. Flowers regular, perfect, solitary, or in spikes, corymbs, or heads.
Calyx 4- or 5-toothed or lobed, the limb persistent or deciduous. Petals
free, or sometimes united into a disk-like operculum, alternating with the
calyx-lobes, or rarely wanting. Stamens very many, rarely few, inserted on
the disk with the petals. Ovary inferior, 1- to many-celled; ovules num-
erous; style simple. Fruit fleshy or capsular, indehiscent or dehiscent, 1-
to many-seeded.

For the Philippine species of this family see Robinson, C. B., “A Prelim-
inary Revision of Philippine Myrtaceae.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909)
Bot. 331-407. .

MYRTACEAE 351

Genera 74, species about 3,000, tropical and subtropical regions of both
hemispheres, 10 genera and over 120 species in the Philippines.

1. Fruit a dehiscent capsule; flowers umbellate........................ 1. Eucalyptus
1. Fruit indehiscent, fleshy.
2. Leaves glabrous; fruit few-seeded.......................2-..ccccscceeeeeeeeee 2. Eugenia
2. Leaves pubescent; fruit many-seeded.............0.......2000..220000200-- 3. Psidium

1. EUCALYPTUS L’Héritier

Trees with opposite or alternate, coriaceous, horizontal or vertical,
glabrous leaves, very variable in shape, the nerves slender. Flowers small
to large, in axillary or lateral, peduncled, solitary umbels. Calyx-tube
obeonic, campanulate, or oblong, adnate to the ovary, truncate, entire or
with 4 minute teeth, the orifice closed by a hemispheric, conical, or elongated,
thin or thick, fleshy or woody operculum, covering the stamens in bud, and
falling off entire, apparently formed of the concrete petals. Stamens
numerous. Ovary inferior, summit flat, convex or conical, 3- to 6-celled.
Fruit composed of the more or less hardened, truncate, calyx-tube enclosing
the capsule, opening at the apex by as many valves as there are cells.
Seeds few to many, small. (Greek “well” and “conceal,” in allusion to
the operculum covering the stamens in bud.)

Species 150 or more, mostly Australian, a few in Malaya, in the Philip-
pines 1 indigenous in Mindanao and a few Australian species introduced and
cultivated.

*1. E. TERETICORNIS Sm. Blue Gum.

A tree reaching a height of 15 m or more, the Care grayish, peeling off
in thin layers. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate, usually somewhat falcate,
10 to 25 cm long, pale, the nerves ascending. Peduncles axillary or
lateral, up to 1.5 cm long, each with 3 to 8 short-peduncled flowers. Flowers
white, about 1.5 em in diameter when expanded, the calyx-tube obconic,
about 6 mm in diameter. Operculum about 10 mm long, conic-rostrate.
Fruit obovoid or subglobose, about 8 mm in diameter, protruded beyond the
calyx-rim and apiculate.

Occasionally cultivated, but not spontaneous, fi. Feb—Mar. A native of
Australia, now cultivated in many other warm countries.

8. EUGENIA Linnaeus

Glabrous trees or shrubs with opposite, rarely alternate, usually coria-
ceous leaves. Inflorescence terminal, axillary, lateral, or sometimes cau-
line, the flowers solitary, fascicled, or in short racemes, cymes, or panicles.
Calyx-tube globose, ovoid, funnel-shaped, or sometimes elongated, the
lobes 4, rarely 5. Petals 4, rarely 5 or none, free or united in a calyptra.
Stamens very many. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled; style filiform; ovules
many in each cell. Fruit fleshy, rarely dry and fibrous, berry-like or
drupe-like, few-, often only 1-seeded. (In honor of Prince Eugene of
Saxony.)

Species more than 700 in the tropics of both hemispheres, about 100 in
the Philippines.

1. Flowers small, the calyx less than 6 mm long; petals cohering and
Fame AS WHOS As ge ee Ee . 1. BE. jambolana
1. Flowers large, the calyx 1 em long or more; petals free.

352 : A FLORA OF MANILA

2. Flowers 5 to 6 cm in diameter, in short racemes from the branches

below the leaves..siii- cc. eke SES 2arh. So eee 2. E. malaccensis

2. Flowers 3 to 4 cm in diameter, in axillary or terminal, few- to many-

flowered recemes, or cymose panicles.

3. Leaves lanceolate, gradually narrowed at both ends, slenderly acu-

V1: 10: ee oa ae ape ime cee meets Nels Falls wysy tog ode: Aw hd econ 3. EH. jambos'

8. Leaves elliptic, to ovate-oblong, obtuse or blunt-acuminate, base
rounded or subcordate. :

4, Fruit turbinate, pink or red, crowned by the inflexed, much

thickened, fleshy calyx-lobes....................2220.22220000--- 4. E. javanica
4. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, greenish-white, the persistent calyx-lobes
thin; net inflexed.....:3000 Se, eee!» TO as 5. E. calubcob

1. E. JAMBOLANA Lam. Duhat, Lumboy (Tag.).

A tree 4 to 15 m high, quite glabrous. Leaves shining, leathery, oval
to elliptic or obovate-elliptic, shortly and broadly acuminate, 6 to 12 cm
long, the nerves numerous, slender. Panicles mostly from the branchlets
below the leaves, some often axillary or terminal, 4 to 6 cm long. Flowers
numerous, pink or nearly white, sessile in crowded fascicles on the ends
of the branchlets. Calyx funnel-shaped, about 4 mm long, 4-toothed.
Petals cohering and falling as a small disk. Stamens about as long as
the calyx. Fruit oval to elliptic, dark-purple, or nearly black, fleshy,
edible, 1.5 to 2 cm long containing a single large seed. (FI. Filip. pl. 174,
Syzygium jambolanum.) .

Common, fi. Feb.—March; throughout the Philippines cultivated and wild,
but certainly introduced. India, through Malaya, to Australia, often, per-
haps, only cultivated.

* 2. E. MALACCENSIS L. Macopa, Macopa-calabao (Tag.).

A tree reaching a height of about 10 m. Leaves elliptic-oblong to
broadly oblong-lanceolate, 10 to 25 em long, narrowed at both ends, apex
acuminate, base acute. Racemes short, few-flowered, from the branches
below the leaves, 6 cm long or less. Flowers large, showy, deep red-
purple, 5 to 6 cm in diameter, the calyx-tube 2 cm long, green, the lobes
1 cm wide. Petals obovoid, nearly 1.5 em long. Fruit subglobose or
depressed-turbinate, crowned by the incurved calyx-lobes. (FI. Filip. pl.
170.)

One tree known to me in our area, opposite San Pedro Macati, fl.
April-May; widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation and cer-
tainly introduced. India to Malaya, frequently only planted, and now in-
troduced in many other tropical countries.

*3. E. gAMBOS L. Tampoi (Tag.).

A tree reaching a height of about 10 m. Leaves lanceolate, 10 to 20
em long, acuminate, base acute, short-petioled. Racemes terminal, few-
flowered, 4 to 6 em long. Flowers white, pink, or red, 4 to 5 cm in diameter.
Calyx obconic, the lobes 4. Fruit ovoid or globbose, fleshy, pink or red,
2.5 to 4 em in diameter, crowned by the calyx-lobes.

Occasionally cultivated, fl. Jan—April; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines, but undoubtedly introduced. India to southern China, Malaya, and
Australia, often, perhaps, only planted. ‘

* 4, E. JAVANICA L. Macopa (Tag.); Malay Apple.
A tree reaching a height of 12 m. Leaves subsessile, elliptic-oblong,

MELASTOMATACEAE 353

apex rounded or obtusely acuminate, base rounded or subcordate, 12 to
20 em long. Inflorescence axillary, sometimes terminating short branches,
7to15cmlong. Flowers white, 3 to 4 cm in diameter, few to many. Fruit
pink, fleshy, edible, turbinate, 3 to 4 cm long and thick, apex depressed,
crowned by the much thickened, fleshy, incurved calyx-lobes.

Commonly cultivated, fl. Mar.—April; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines in cultivation, certainly introduced. Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago.

5. E. calubcob C. B. Rob. Calubcob (Tag.).

A shrub or tree 6 to 30 m in height. Leaves subsessile or short-petioled,
elliptic to ovate or oblong, 7 to 23 cm long, apex blunt-acuminate, base
rounded or subcordate. Inflorescence terminal or lateral, 6 to 18 cm long,
few- to many-flowered. Flowers white, 3 to 4 cm in diameter. Calyx-
tube about 1 cm long. Petals 6 to 8 mm in diameter, orbicular-ovate.
Fruit ellipsoid to ovoid, greenish-white, edible, fleshy, 4 to 5 cm long, crowned
by the thin, not inflexed, persistent calyx-lobes. (FI. Filip. pl. 145, E.
montana.)

Old Botanic Garden, fl. March-May; widely distributed in the Philippines.
Endemic. f

38. PSIDIUM Linnaeus

Trees or shrubs with opposite entire leaves. Flowers axillary, on 1-
to few-flowered peduncles, white. Calyx urn-shaped or obovate, the limb
4- or 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, free. Stamens very many. Ovary 2-celled,
inferior; ovules many in each cell. Fruit a globes to ellipsoid or obovoid,
fleshy, many-seeded berry, crowned by the calyx-lobes. (Greek name of
the pomegranate.)

Species about 100 in tropical and subtropical America, 2 introduced in
the Philippines.

1. P. cuAJAVA L. Bayabas (Tag.); Guayaba (Sp.); Guava.

A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 8 m, somewhat pubescent.
Young branches 4-angled. Leaves oblong to elliptic, 5 to 12 cm long, acute
or somewhat acuminate, base usually rounded, the nerves prominent.
Peduncles 1- to 3-flowered. Flowers white. Sepals green, 1 to 1.5.cm
long. Petals broad 1.5 to 2 cm long. Fruit globose to ovoid or obo-
void, 4 to 5 cm long, green, turning yellowish when ripe, somewhat aromatic,
the pulp pink or nearly white, edible. (FI. Filip. pl. 48, P. pyriferum.)

Common in our area, fl. most of the year. A native of Mexico,
now found throughout the Philippines and thoroughly naturalized. Most
tropical countries.

104. MELASTOMATACEAE (MELASTOMA OR CULIS FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, climbing vines, or trees. Leaves opposite, sometimes
whorled, entire, palmately or pinnately nerved; stipules none. Flowers
perfect, regular, in lateral or terminal fascicles or panicles. Calyx-tube
united with the ovary, 3- to 6-lobed or truncate. Petals as many as the
calyx-lobes. Stamens as many as the petals, twice as many, or more
numerous, the alternate ones frequently shorter; filaments bent inward in
bud; anthers opening by apical pores, rarely by lateral slits, the connective
often appendaged or spurred below. Ovary 4- to 6-celled, or in Memecyclon
1-celled; style simple; ovules very many. Fruit included in the calyx-tube,
berry-like or capsular.

111555——28

354 A FLORA OF MANILA “

Genera 170, species about 3,000, in all tropical countries, few in tem-
perate regions, 15 genera, and over 100 species in the Philippines.

1. MEMECYLON Linnaeus

Glabrous shrubs or trees with coriaceous, opposite, usually penninerved
leaves. Flowers in small, axillary or terminal, simple or panicled cymes
or umbels. Calyx-tube campanulate, the limb truncate or 4-lobed. Petals
4, usually blue or purple. Stamens 8, equal; anthers short, opening. by
slits, the connective ending in a posterior horn. Ovary inferior, 1-celled,
surmounted by a convex or depressed, 8-grooved disk; ovules 6 to many
on a free central placenta. Fruit a globose 1-seeded berry or drupe,
crowned by the calyx-rim. (A name used by Dioscorides for a straw-
berry-like fruit.)

Species about 100, tropical Asia to Africa, through Malaya to Australia
and Polynesia, 10 in the Philippines.

1. M. umbellatum Burm. (M. edule Roxb.) Culis (Tag.).

A glabrous shrub or small tree reaching a height of 6 to 8 m. Leaves
coriaceous, 6 to 14 cm long, oblong-ovate to oblong-elliptic, green, shining,
acuminate, base usually decurrent-acuminate, sometimes acute or rounded.
Cymes axillary, solitary or fascicled, 2 to 4 cm long, peduncled, the flowers
numerous, subumbellately disposed on the branchlets. Flowers deep-blue
or purple. Calyx funnel-shaped. Petals about 2 mm long. Fruit globose,
fleshy, dark-purple, 5 to 8 mm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 373, M. tincto-
rium.)

In thickets opposite Guadalupe, San Francisco del Monte, etc., fl. Nov.—
Jan. and probably in other months; common and widely distributed in the
Philippines, variable. India to Australia.

105. OENOTHERACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY)

(Onagraceae)

Herbs, sometimes suffrutescent, often growing in wet places, sometimes
aquatic. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple, entire or toothed. Flowers
perfect, regular or nearly so, mostly axillary and solitary. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, the limb 2- to 5-lobed. Petals epigynous, free, as many
as the calyx-lobes. Stamens as many, or twice as many, as the petals.
Ovary inferior usually 4-celled, but from 1- to 6-celled; style simple; ovules
many in each cell, in our genera. Fruit in our genera an elongated, cylin-
dric or angular, dehiscent capsule.

Genera 38, species 475, in all parts of the world, 3 genera and 7 species
in the Philippines.

Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes................22.2--..-22--20e--2000eeee-ee== 1. Ludwigia
Stamens twice as many as the calyx-lobes...................-2.2--2----00---- 2. Jussiaea

1. LUDWIGIA Linnaeus

Erect, simple or branched herbs with alternate, nearly or quite entire
leaves. Flowers small, yellow, axillary, solitary, sessile or nearly so, the
pedicels 2-bracteolate. Calyx-tube linear, the teeth 3 to 5, persistent.
Petals 3 to 5. Stamens inserted with and as many as the petals. Ovary
inferior, 4- or 5-celled; ovules very numerous. Capsule oblong or linear,
opening by terminal pores or breaking up irregularly. (In honor of C. G.
Ludwig, a German botanist.)

OENOTHERACEAE 355

Species about 20, mostly in North America, 2 widely distributed in
the tropics of the Old World, both in the Philippines.

Pods stout, 6 to 8 mm long, about 2.5 mm thick, seeds not showing through

|) ER te ETE EE le 1. L. parviflora
Pods slender, 1 to 1.5 em long, 1 to 1.5 mm thick, 4-angled, seeds distinctly
showing through the capsule walls.............2..22..2.22.......-..---. 2. L. prostrata

1. L. PARVIFLORA Roxb.

An erect, branched, glabrous, annual herb 10 to 30 cm high or more,
stems often purplish, terete. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 2 to 6 cm long,
base narrowed. Flowers axillary, solitary, 4-merous, shortly pedicelled.
Calyx-lobes oblong, acuminate, green, reflexed, about 2 mm long. Petals
yellow, oblong-elliptic, 3 mm long, spreading. Capsules oblong, subcylin-
dric, with 4 rounded angles, green or purplish, 6 to 8 mm long, the seeds
in several rows in each cell, not distinguishable through the cell-walls.

In open wet grass lands and waste places, fl. Oct.-Feb., and probably
in other months; widely distributed in the Philippines, probably introduced.
India, through Malaya to northern Australia.

2. L. PROSTRATA Roxb.

An erect or ascending, branched, glabrous, annual herb with angled
stems 20 to 60 em high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, narrowed
at both ends, acuminate, the larger ones 6 to 8 cm long, few or many
smaller ones intermixed. Flowers small, 4-merous, axillary, solitary, sessile,
the calyx-lobes and petals about 2 mm long. Capsules linear, 4-angled,
slender, 1 to 1.5 cm long, 1 to 1.5 mm thick, the seeds in one row in each
cell, distinctly showing through the cell walls.

Old rice paddies, Caloocan, Masambong, etc., fl. Oct.-Dec., and probably
in other months; widely distributed in the Philippines, probably an intro-
duced plant here. India to Japan southward to Malaya.

2. JUSSIAEA Linnaeus

Erect, often suffrutescent, or prostrate and spreading herbs growing in
wet or marshy places. Leaves alternate, entire or nearly so. Flowers
yellow or white, axillary, solitary, the pedicels usually 2-bracteolate. Calyx-
tube linear, the teeth 4 to 6, persistent, linear. Petals 4 to 6, epigynous.
Stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted with them. Ovary 4- or
5-celled; ovules many, in several axile rows in each cell. Capsule linear,
round, or angular, 4- or 5-celled, 8- or 10-ribbed, septicidal or opening
irregularly. (In honor of A. L. de Jussieu, a French botanist.)

Species about 36, in all tropical countries, most numerous in America,
8 in the Philippines.

1. A spreading or floating aquatic plant with obovate leaves and 5-merous

ee eek mi ee a) OS ad 2 2 oat a RS 1. J. repens

1. Erect, herbaceous or suffrutescent, usually branched, the leaves lanceolate,
the flowers 4-merous, yellow.

2. Flowers large; pods about 5 mm thick................0.0......... 2. J. suffruticosa

2. Flowers small; pods 1 to 2 mm thick..............002-2022200...---+- 3. J. linifolia

1. J. repens L.

A creeping or floating, glabrous, herbaceous plant, the leaves obovate to
oblong-obovate, rounded or obtuse, 1.5 to 5 em long, the floating stem
frequently with cylindric white vescicles at the nodes. Flowers axillary,

356 A FLORA OF MANILA

pedicelled, 5-merous, the calyx-lobes lanceolate, about 7 mm long. Petals
obovate, white, pale-yellow at the base, about 12 mm long. Capsule linear,
cylindric, 2 to 8 em long, about 3 mm in diameter, base narrowed, some-
what longitudinally ridged.

In muddy places, pools of stagnant water, slow streams etc., fl. most
of the year; widely distributed in the Philippines. All tropical countries.

2. J. suffruticosa L.

A stout, coarse, erect, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, more or less
branched, often suffrutescent herb 0.4 to 1.5 m high. Leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, 6 to 15 em long. Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so. Calyx
green. Petals 4, yellow, orbicular-obovate, about 1 cm long. Capsules
green or purplish, 3 to 5 em long, 5 mm thick or less, 8-ribbed, the persistent
calyx-lobes, oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, about 1 cm long.

In open damp or wet lands, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines.
In most tropical countries.

3. J. LINIFOLIA Vahl. Silasila (Tag.).

An erect, branched, glabrous annual, 20 to 60 cm high, with green
or purplish, 3- or 4-angled or winged stems, and spreading, 3-angled
branches. Leaves narrowly elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute,
base decurrent on the petiole, 4 to 10 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary,
sessile, the calyx-tube slender, about 8 mm long, the calyx-lobes 4, green,
lanceolate, acuminate, nearly 4mm long. Petals 4, narrowly oblong-elliptic,
as long as the sepals. Stamens 8. Stigma globose. Capsule green or
purplish, about 3 cm long, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, the seeds faintly or not
visible through the walls.

In open wet places, old rice fields, etc., common, fi. all the year; through-
out the Philippines. A native tropical America, introduced and natural-
ized here and probably also in the Malay Archipelago.

106. ARALIACEAE (GINSENG OR PAPUA FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees sometimes climbing, smooth or prickly. Leaves
alternate, rarely subopposite, simple, entire or variously lobed, digitate, or
1- to 3-pinnate. Flowers small, regular, perfect or polygamo-dioecious,
in umbels, racemes, or panicled heads, the pedicels continuous or jointed.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb none, or truncate, or toothed
Petals 5, rarely more, valvate or imbricate, spreading, or coherent and
falling as a whole. Stamens as many as the petals, alternate with
them, inserted around the disk, rarely more numerous. Ovary inferior, -
1- to 6-celled, rarely more; styles as many as the cells, free or united;
ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit coriaceous or drupaceous, small, cells 1 to 5
or 6 or more, the endocarp usually ridged.

Genera 54, species 650, in all parts of the world, chiefly tropical, 10
genera and 50 species in the Philippines.

Leaves simple, pinnate, or pinnately decompound.................... 1. Nothopanax
Leaves. palmately compound... eet 2 bl the ee 2. Scheffiera

1. NOTHOPANAX Miquel

Glabrous unarmed shrubs with alternate, simple, pinnate, or pinnately
decompound leaves. Flowers small, polygamous, in panicled umbels, 5-
merous. Calyx-tube obconical, the limb with 5 minute teeth. Petals 5,
valvate, triangular-ovate, base broad. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals

ARALIACEAE 357

and alternate with them. Ovary inferior, 2- or 3-celled; styles 2 or 3,
very short. Fruit somewhat drupe-like, compressed or 3-angled. (Greek
“false” and Panax, an allied genus.)

1. Leaves simple, rounded, somewhat saucer-like................ 1. N. cochleatum
1. Leaves pinnate.
2. Leaflets 11 to 17, frequently jtieabuty lobed, pale-green or yellowish.
2. N. ornatum
2. Leaflets 5 to 7, margined or mottled with white............ 3. N. guilfoylei
1. Leaves 2-pinnate or 3-pinnate.
2. Leaflets broadly obovate to oblong-obovate, the leaves ternately decom-

pounds: 2...2e EAA. EE A ed A . 4. N. crispatum
2. Leaflets linear-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, acuminate, the leaves
pinnately Weve poem ft... eh 5. N. fruticosum

* 1, N. cOoCHLEATUM (Lam.) Miq. (Panax cochleatum DC.). Platitos (Sp.-
Fil.).

An erect shrub 1.5 to 3.5 m high with simple, suborbicular, cordate,
somewhat concave, saucer-like leaves 6 to 12 cm in diameter, the margins
distantly spinulose-dentate. Umbels dense, paniculate.

Commonly cultivated, but rarely or never flowering here. Cultivated
throughout Malaya and Polynesia, certainly introduced in the Philippines.

* 2. N. ORNATUM (Bull.) Merr. (Panax ornatum Bull.).

An erect, slightly branched shrub, 1 to 8 m high. Leaves pale-green, the
younger ones yellowish, pinnate, 30 to 60 cm in length. Leaflets 11 to 17,
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, irregular in shape and size, 8
to 20 em long, deeply and narrowly pinnately lobed to irregularly toothed,
some teeth coarse, others fine, all sharply pointed. Panicles in the upper
axils or terminal, up to 40 em long, somewhat pendulous, diffuse. Flowers
greenish-white. Fruit dark-purplish, somewhat fleshy when fresh, ovoid,
5 mm long, when dry more or less 3-sulcate, 3-celled.

Quite commonly cultivated, fl. Feb—March, and probably in other months.
Thought to have originated in Brazil, but apparently, now widely distrib-
uted in the tropics in cultivation.

*3. N. GUILFOYLEI (Cogn. & Marché) Merr. (Aralia guilfoylei Cogn. &
Marché).

An erect shrub 2 to 3 m high, slightly branched. Leaves pinnate, 20 to
50 cm long. Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 5 to 13 cm long, margins
distantly, prominently, and sharply serrate, apex obtuse, base often slightly
inequilateral, the margins white, the upper surface also ee blotched
with white.

Commonly cultivated, rarely or never flowering here. Probably a native
of Polynesia, but now widely cultivated in Malaya and in other regions.

A form apparently exactly the same except that the leaves are uniformly
gree, not margined or mottled with white, is also found in cultivation, which
may be N. pinnatum Miq.

* 4, N. CRISPATUM (Bull.) Merr. (Panax crispatum Bull.).

An erect shrub 1 to 2 m high. Leaves up to 20 em long, ternately
decompound, the leaflets oblong-obovate to broadly obovate, borne in
threes on the ultimate branchlets of the rachis, green, 2 to 4 cm long,
obtuse, base usually acute, margins deeply, coarsely, and irregularly toothed,
the teeth usually spinulose.

358 A FLORA OF MANILA

Commonly cultivated, apparently never or very rarely producing flowers
here. Thought to have originated in Brazil, but now widely distributed in
cultivation.

This and the preceding two species are commonly known in Manila as
“Papua de China.”

* 5, N. FRuTICOSUM (L.) Mig. (Pana fruticosum L.). Papua (Tag.).

An erect shrub 1 to 2.5 m high, the leaves up to. 30 cm long, decompound,
3-pinnate, the pinnae 6 to 10, shorter upward, the leaflets and ultimate
segments very diverse in form, mostly lanceolate, acuminate, sharply and
irregularly spinulose-toothed, often lobed, 5 to 10 cm long, the terminal
segments usually larger than the others and more often lobed. Inflores-
cence terminal and in the upper axils, up to 15 cm long, many-flowered.
Flowers umbellate, shortly pedicelled. Fruits compressed, very broadly
ovoid, about 4 cm long. (FI. Filip pl. 78.)

Very commonly cultivated and extremely variable in vegetative parts,
rarely flowering; certainly not a native of the Philippines, but probably
of prehistoric introduction. In cultivation India to Malaya and Polynesia,
probably a native of one of the last two regions.

* Var. PLUMATUM (Hort.) (Panax plumatum Hort.).

Differing from the species in its smaller leaves, up to 20 cm long, the
ultimate segments much smaller and finer, mostly lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, spinulose-toothed, acuminate, 1 to 5 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide.
Leaves green.

Cultivated only.

* Var. VICTORIAE (Hort.) (Panasx victoriae Hort.).

Somewhat intermediate in leafiet-form between the species and the
preceding variety, but leaflets somewhat glaucous on the upper surface,
margined with white, pale and shining on the lower surface.

Cultivated only.

2. SCHEFFLERA Forster

Erect, unarmed shrubs or trees, or vines, the leaves palmately compound,
the leaflets usually coriaceous and entire, sometimes toothed. Umbels in
racemes or panicles, usually terminal, few to many-flowered, the pedicels
not jointed under the flowers. Calyx truncate or toothed. Petals 5 or 6,
sometimes more numerous, valvate. Stamens as many as the petals, the
disk small or large. Fruit globose to obovoid, sulcate or angled. (Named
for — Scheffler.)

Species over 150 in the tropics of the Old World, about 25 in the
Philippines.

1. S. odorata (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe. Galamai-amo (Tag.).

A glabrous vine, reaching a height 2 to 6 m or more, Petioles longer
than the leaflets. Leaflets 5 or 6, smooth and shining, coriaceous, elliptic
to broadly ovate, obtuse or very shortly acuminate, 6 to 12 cm long. Pan-
icles terminal, lax, 10 to 20 cm long. Flowers greenish, 6-merous, 2 to 3
mm in diameter. Fruits globose and fleshy when fresh, 4 to 5 mm long,
prominently and sharply 6-angled when dry.

Occasionally cultivated, Singalon, fil. eee ; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Endemic. °

UMBELLIFERAE | 359

107. UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY OR ANIS FAMILY)

- Erect or prostrate often aromatic or rank scented herbs, the leaves
alternate, simple and toothed or lobed, or compound, variously divided or
dissected, the petioles often sheathing at the base. Flowers small, perfect
or polygamous in compound or simple axillary or terminal umbels. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary; limb none or 5-toothed. Petals 5, epigynous,
imbricate or valvate. Stamens 5, epyginous. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, cells
l-ovuled. Fruit of 2, indehiscent, dorsally or laterally compressed carpels,
separating by a joint or seam, the carpels with 5 primary ridges, 1 dorsal,
2 lateral, and 2 intermediate, often with additional intermediate ones.

Genera 257, species over 2,500, in all parts of the world, 8 genera and
12 to 15 species in the Philippines, mostly introduced.

In addition to the species considered below, the following are cultivated
by Chinese gardeners for the Manila market: Carum petroselinum Benth.
& Hook. f., Parsley (Sp. perejil) ; Daucus carota L., Carrot (Sp. zanahoria) ;
Apium graveolens L., Celery (Sp. apio); and Coriandrum sativum L. Co-
riander (Sp. culantro, Chinese ongsoy). Mature specimens of some are
rarely found, and others do not attain maturity here.

1. Erect aromatic herbs with compound terminal umbels and 2- to 4-pin-

nate leaves, the segments filiform....................---... 2686 2 1. Foeniculum

1. Prostrate herbs with simple leaves and small, axillary, simple, subcapitate
umbels.

2. Petals valvate; carpels not reticulate, with 3 ridges........ 2. Hydrocotyle

2. Petals imbricate; carpels reticulate, with 5 ridges............... 3. Centella

1. FOENICULUM Adanson

Glabrous, tall, aromatic, biennial orf perennial herbs. Leaves 2- to 4-
pinnate, the segments filiform. Flowers yellow, in ample, peduncled umbels,
the bracts and bracteoles none. Calyx truncate. Petals incurved, emar-
ginate. Fruit oblong or ellipsoid, the ribs prominent subequal. Seeds some-
what dorsally compressed, the inner face somewhat concave. (The ancient
Latin name.)

Species 3 or 4, Europe to western Asia, 1 widely cultivated.

*1. F. VULGARE Gaertn. Haras (Tag.); Anis (Sp.); Fennel.

Erect, glabrous, often 1 m or more in height, somewhat glaucus. Leaves
about 20 cm long, the segments filiform, 2 to 4 cm long. Umbels 5 to 10
em in diameter, the rays 8 to 15, 2 to 3 cm long, longer in fruit, each
with 20 to 30, pedicelled, yellow flowers. Fruit very aromatic, about 5
mm long.

Occasionally cultivated, not spontaneous, fl. Oct—May, and probably in
other months. A native of Europe, now cultivated or wild in most tem-
perate and tropical countries.

2. HYDROCOTYLE Linnaeus

Prostrate herbs rooting at the nodes. Leaves reniform or rounded,
toothed or palmately lobed, long-petioled. Umbels simple, small, axillary,
sessile or pedicellate, often dense and capitate. Flowers small, the bracts
small or none. Calyx-teeth none or very small. Petals entire, acute,

860 A FLORA OF MANILA 0
valvate. Carpels laterally compressed, small, the secondary ridges none.
(Greek “water” and “a flat cup.”)

Species 50 or 60, in all tropical and some subtemperate countries, 3 or 4
in the Philippines.

1. H. ROTUNDIFOLIA Roxb.

A delicate, creeping, glabrous or nearly glabrous plant, the stems rooting
at the nodes. Leaves orbicular or subreniform, thin, about 1 cm in diameter,
cordate, margins somewhat crenately lobed, the lobes short, with 2 or 3
crenate teeth. Umbels very small, capitate, few-flowered, the peduncles
slender, about one-half as long as the petioles. Fruits few, sometimes only
2 or 3 on a peduncle, less than 1 mm long.

In gardens, and about houses Singalon, Malate, etc., fi. Dec.-Feb., and
probably in other months, certainly introduced. Widely distributed in
tropical Asia.

3. CENTELLA Linnaeus

Prostrate herbs rooting at the nodes. Leaves uniform or rounded, deeply
cordate, toothed, palmately nerved, long-petioled. Umbels simple, axillary,
few-flowered, the flowers sessile, the bracts small, embracing the flowers.
Calyx truncate. Petals 5, imbricate. Carpels laterally compressed. the
secondary ridges as prominent as the primary ones, the pericarp thickened.
(Name of obscure origin.)

Species about 20, mostly in South Africa, a single one in the Philippines.

1. C. ASIATICA (L.) Urban. (Hydrocotyle asiatica L.). Taquip-cohol
(Tag.).

A prostrate, sparingly pubescent or nearly glabrous, stoloniferous plant,
the stems rooting at the nodes. Leaves rounded to reniform, crenate-den-
tate, deeply cordate, 2 to 5 cm in diameter, the petioles elongated. Pedun-
cles in pairs or threes, less than 1 cm long, each with usually 3 sessile
flowers at the apex enclosed by a pair of ovate bracts. Petals dark-purple,
’ ovate, about 1 mm long. Carpels cylindric-compressed, about 2.5 mm long,
white or green, reticulate, each with 9 subsimilar longitudinal ridges.

In open or shaded damp places, banks of rice paddies, etc., fl. Oct.—
May; widely distributed in the Philippines, probably introduced. Trop-
ical and subtropical regions generally.

108. MYRSINACEAE (ARDISIA FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed,
usually gland-dotted; stipules none. Flowers regular, perfect or polygamo-
dioecious. Calyx inferior, 4- to 6-toothed. Corolla-tube short or none, the
segments 3 to 7, usually 5, mostly contorted or imbricate, usually united
below, rarely free. Stamens as many as the corolla-segments, alternate
with them, free or adnate to the tube. Ovary globose or oblong, 1-celled;
ovules few or many, inserted on a free central placenta. Fruit small,
globose, indehiscent except in the following genus, where it is elongated and
ultimately dehiscent.

Genera 33, species nearly 1,100 in all tropical and subtropical countries,
8 genera and more than 75 species in the Philippine, a single representative
in our area.

PLUMBAGINACEAE 361

1. AEGICERAS Gaertner

Small, erect, glabrous trees. Leaves obovate, coriaceous, entire, the lat-
eral nerves obscure. Inflorescence a simple or compound, sessile, axillary
or terminal umbel. Flowers 5-merous, perfect, pedicelled. Calyx-lobes im-
bricate. Corolla-tube short, the lobes 5. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube.
Ovary oblong, narrowed into a slender style; ovules many. Fruit cylindric,
curved, pointed, coriaceous, 1-seeded, at length dehiscing longitudinally, the
seed similar in shape to the fruit, germinating within the pericarp. (Greek
“goat” and “horn” from the shape of the fruit.)

Species 2, tropical seashores, India to Polynesia, both in the Philippines.

1. A. corniculatum (L.) Blanco (A. majus Gaertn.) Tunduc-tunducan,
Pilapil (Tag.).

An erect shrub 1.5 to 6 m high. Leaves obovate, rounded or retuse, 5
to 10 em long. Flowers numerous, white, nearly 1 cm long, in simple
terminal umbels, their pedicels 1 to 2 em long. Fruit eylindric, curved,
sharply pointed, 3 to 5 cm long, about 5 m in diameter, surrounded at the
base by the persistent calyx. (FI. Filip. pl. 38.)

Along tidal streams, Pasay, fl. Oct.-Mar.; in similar habitats throughout
the Philippines. India to China, southward to Australia.

The one other species of the genus, A. floridum R. & S., is not found in
our area and is less common in the Philippines than A. corniculatum; it
differs chiefly in having its flowers in a compound umbel.

109. PLUMBAGINACEAE (LEADWORT FAMILY)

Branched herbs or undershrubs with alternate, entire leaves, the flowers
in terminal, often elongated spikes, the bracts and bracteoles shorter than
the calyx. Flowers regular, perfect. Calyx inferior, tubular, ribbed,
covered with stalked glands, the limb 5-fid. Corolla white, blue, or red,
salver-shaped, the tube long, slender, the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, op-
posite the corolla-lobes, free. Ovary superior, 1-celled, the style slender,
with 5 branches; ovule one. Fruit a membranaceous capsule, circumsciss
near the base.

Genera 10, species about 300, in all parts of the world, a single introduced
genus in the Philippines.

1. PLUMBAGO Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (Latin “lead.”)
Species 10, of wide distribution, 3 in the Philippines, all introduced.

Flowers blue; corolla-tube 3 to 3.5 em long............................ 1. P. auriculata
Flowers white or nearly so; corolla-tube 2 cm long............... 2. P. zeylanica
Flowers red; corolla-tube about 2. 5 cm long.................222..2.22000-200+ 3. P. rosea

{
*1. P. AURICULATA Lam. (P. capensis Thunb.).

An erect, much branched, shrubby plant 1 m high or less. Leaves oblong-
obovate, 1.5 to 5 cm long, 0.8 to 2 em wide, thin, obtuse, narrowed below.
Spikes terminal, about 10 cm long. Calyx greenish, 1 to 1.3 cm long, viscid-
glandular. Corolla pale-blue, the tube slender, 3 to 3.5 cm long, the limb
spreading, 3 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip pl. 27.)

362 A FLORA OF MANILA

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, but not spontaneous, fl. throughout
the year. Native of South Africa, now cultivated in many tropical and
subtropical countries, apparently of comparatively recent introduction in
the Philippines.

2. P. ZEYLANICA L.

A spreading or subscandent, herbaceous, suffrutescent plant 1 to 2 m in
length, glabrous except the glandular calyces. Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate,
4 to 10 cm long, acute or acuminate, base decurrent on the short petiole,
the base of the petiole dilated and clasping the stem. Spikes 5 to 25 cm in
length. Calyx green, about 1 cm long, covered with stalked glands, the
teeth very short. Corolla white or very pale-blue, the tube slender, about
2 cm long, the limb spreading, about 1.5 cm in diameter.

In thickets and along roadsides, Guadalupe, thoroughly naturalized, fi.
Oct.—_Dec.; of local occurrence in the Philippines and certainly introduced.
Widely distributed in the tropics of the Old World, probably a native of
India.

* 3. P. ROSEA L.

An erect or ascending, more or less branched, herbaceous or suffrutescent
plant 1.5 m high or less, the stems green. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate,
8 to 13 cm long, acute or obtuse, base very abruptly acuminate, short-
petioled. Spikes 15 to 30 em long. Calyx 8 to 10 mm long, covered with
stalked glands. Corolla bright red, the tube slender, about 2.5 cm long, the
limb spreading, about 3 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 298, P. coccinea.)

Occasionally cultivated, but scarcely spontaneous, fl. Oct-Dec. A native
of British India, now cultivated in many tropical countries.

110. SAPOTACEAE (GUTTAPERCHA OR CHICO FAMILY)

Tree or shrubs with milky sap, the young parts often rusty-pubescent.
Leaves alternate, entire, petioled. Flowers perfect, regular, axillary, sol-
itary or fascicled. Calyx-lobes 4 to 8, 1- or 2-seriate, imbricate, or the
outer series valvate. Corolla-tube short, the lobes as many as, or 2 to
4 times as many as, the calyx-lobes. Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube,
as many as the lobes and opposite them, or 2 to 3 times as many and
several-seriate; staminodes often present, alternating with the stamens.
Ovary superior, sessile 2- to 12-celled. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds
usually few, solitary, rather large.

Genera 50, species more than 400 in the trdpics of the whole world, 7
genera and about 45 species in the Philippines.

Corolla-lobes 3 times as many as the calyx-lobes; fruit small, 2 em long or

LES al ee ed sek i np ens ek Sava Rarer aM Me dots 8 eet 1. Mimusops
Corolla-lobes and calyx-lobes 6 each; fruit rather large, fleshy, edible.
‘ 2. Achras

1. MIMUSOPS Linnaeus

Trees with elliptic to obovate, usually coriaceous leaves, the lateral
nerves slender, numerous. Flowers pedicelled, axillary, clustered or sol-
itary. Calyx-segments 6 to 8, 2-seriate, the outer series valvate, the
inner imbricate. Corolla-tube short, the lobes 18 to 24, 2- or 3-seriate.
Stamens 6 to 16, inserted near the base of the corolla; staminodes as many
as the stamens, entire, serrate, or lobed. Ovary hairy, 6- to 8-celled.
Fruit ovoid, 6- to 1-seeded, the endocarp crustaceous. (Greek “ape” and
“face” the application of the name not apparent.)

EBENACEAE 363

Species about 30, tropics of both hemispheres, 2 or 3 in the Philippines,
a single introduced one in our area.

*1. M. ELENGI L. Bansalaguin (Tag.).

A tree up to 15 m in height. Leaves green, shining, elliptic, shortly
blunt-acuminate, glabrous, 5 to 12 em long, the nerves slender, numerous,
spreading. Flowers axillary, solitary, in pairs or fascicled, about 1.5
em in diameter, fragrant, the pedicels and sepals brownish-pubescent.
Sepals 8, 2-seriate, ovate-lanceolate, 7 to 8 mm long. Corolla-lobes lan-
ceolate, about 24, white, 2-seriate, the outer series with about 16 lobes,
the inner with 8. Stamens 8, filaments hairy, the alternating staminodes
hairy. Ovary pubescent. Fruit ovoid, about 2 cm long, 1-, rarely 2-seeded.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 105.) :

Occasionally cultivated for its fragrant flowers, introduced from India;
fl. at intervals throughout the year. A closely allied form is common
especially near the seashore throughout the Philippines, to which the Ta-
galog name bansalaguin properly belongs.

2. ACHRAS Linnaeus =

A tree, nearly glabrous, except the flowers. Leaves petioled, somewhat .
crowded near the apices of the branches, coriaceous, shining, the nerves
slender. Flowers axillary, pedicelled, mostly solitary in the uppermost
axils. Calyx-segments 6, in 2 series. Corolla-lobes 6, imbricate. Stamens
6, affixed near the base of the corolla; staminodes 6, petal-like, alternating
with the corolla-lobes. Ovary villous, 10- to 12-celled. Fruit ovoid, brown,
fleshy, edible, the seeds few, rather large, black, shining. (Old Greek
name for a kind of wild pear.)

A monotypic genus of Central America and the West Indies.

*1. A. sapoTa L. Chico (Sp.-Fil.).

A much-branched tree reaching a height of 8 m. Leaves oblong to
narrowly oblong-obovate, acute or shortly acuminate, base acute, 8 to 13
em long. Flowers rusty-pubescent outside, 6 to 8 mm long. Fruit ovoid or
subglobose, brown, fleshy, 3 to 5 cm long, the soft, rather sweet pulp edible.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 85.)

Commonly cultivated for its edible fruit, fl. most of the year. bitin
from Mexico by the Spaniards at an early date and now found in all parts
of the Archipelago. Tropics generally in cultivation.

111. EBENACEAE (EBONY OR CAMAGON FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs with alternate, exstipulate, entire, usually coriaceous
leaves. Flowers usually dioecious, axillary, solitary, fascicled or in short
cymes, the pedicels jointed under the flower. Flowers 3- to 5-merous.
Calyx-lobes united below, often enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube cylindric,
usually pubescent outside, the lobes spreading or recurved. Stamens as
many as the corolla-lobes, or 2 or 3 times as many, hypogynous, free or
the filaments variously united, the female flowers with or without stamen-
like staminodes. Ovary superior, free, sessile, 3- to 10-celled; styles 1 to 8;
cells 1- or 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, globose or ovoid, indehiscent,
few- to several-seeded.

Genera 7, species 325, in the tropics and some temperate countries in
both hemispheres, 2 genera and about 40 species in the Philippines.

364 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. DIOSPYROS Linnaeus

Trees or shrubs. Flowers dioecious, rarely polygamous, axillary, 4-
or 5-merous. Calyx usually deeply lobed, sometimes truncate, that of
the female flowers often larger than in the males, usually more or less
enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular, salver-shaped or campanulate, shortly
or deeply lobed, the lobes imbricate. Male flowers with from 4 to 60
stamens, often 16, the filaments often paired or otherwise united; anthers
linear; ovary rudimentary. Female flowers with 0 to 16 staminodes; ovary
4- to 10-celled, cells 1-, rarely 2-ovuled; styles or stigmas 1 to 4. Fruit
globose to ovoid, fleshy, often large, frequently supported by the much en-
larged calyx. Seeds oblong to ellipsoid, usually compressed. (ee “Zeus,”
i. e. God, and “grain.’’)

Species over 200, in the tropics of both hemispheres, few in some tem-
perate countries, about 38 in the. Philippines.

Leaves glabrous; fruit green, glabrous..................---.---s0---0-- 1. D. ebenaster
Leaves softly pale-pubescent beneath; fruit brown, densely pubescent.

2. D. discolor
*1. D. EBENASTER Retz. Sapote negro (Sp.-Fil.).

A glabrous tree 7 to 15 m high. Leaves oblong to elliptie-oblonig, 10
to 20 cm long, obtuse. Flowers axillary, solitary, greenish-white, 1 to 1.5
em long, the calyx-lobes broad. Fruit globose, smooth, green, becoming
nearly black, edible, about 10 cm in diameter, the pulp very soft, brownish;
seeds usually 4, about 2cmlong. (FI. Filip. pl. 372, D. nigra.)

Rarely cultivated, flowering in March; of local occurrence in the Philip-
pines. Introduced from Mexico at an early date, and apparently formerly
much more common here than now.

2. D. discolor Willd. Camagon, Mabolo (Tag.); Amaga (Vis.); Talang
(Pamp.).

A tree 8 to 15 m high. Leaves oblong, 10 to 25 cm long, coriaceous,
acute or shortly acuminate, base usually rounded, the upper surface“green,
shining, glabrous, the lower surface softly pubescent with appressed, pale
hairs. Flowers 4-merous. Male flowers pubescent, in short-peduncled, con-
gested, about 7-flowered cymes. Calyx about 1 cm long. Corolla slightly
larger than the calyx, nearly white, the tube cylindric, slightly contracted
above, the lobes nearly as long as the tube. Stamens about 24, the filaments
united in pairs. Female flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, slightly larger
than the males. Staminodes usually 4. Styles 4. Fruit large, globose,
fleshy, up 10 cm in diameter, edible, densely covered with brown hairs. (FI.
Filip. pl. 109.)

Common, fl. Feb—Apr.; widely distributed in the Philippines, indigenous;
cultivated in other tropical countries.

112. OLEACEAE (OLIVE oR SAMPAGUITA FAMILY)

Erect or climbing shrubs or trees, the leaves opposite, rarely alternate,
pinnate, 3-foliolate, or reduced to a single leaflet with a usually jointed
petiole. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, in cymes or panicles, or in
reduced racemes or clusters. Flowers perfect, regular. Calyx free, usually
4- or 5-toothed, teeth sometimes more numerous, or truncate. Corolla with
a short or long tube, the lobes 4 to 9, spreading, sometimes free nearly
or quite to the base. Stamens 2, included, attached to the corolla. Ovary

OLEACEAE 365

superior, 2-celled, ovules 1 to 8. Fruit fleshy or capsular, globose or ovoid,
sometimes winged. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.

Genera 21, species about 400, in most tropical and temperate regions,
4 genera and about 30 species in the Philippines.

1. JASMINUM Linnaeus

Erect or scandent shrubs, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite or
alternate, simple, 8-foliolate, or odd-pinnate, the petiole usually jointed.
Inflorescence cymose, dichotomous or trichotomous, rarely simple or the
flowers solitary. Calyx 4- to 9-fid, the tube usually funnel-shaped, the
teeth, linear, sometimes very short or nearly wanting. Corolla salver-
shaped, the tube slender, long or short, the lobes 4 to 9, spreading. Stamens
2, included. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit fleshy, often in pairs, or by suppres-
sion of one of the carpels simple. (From the Arabian name.)

Species 100 or more, warm and poRe part of the Old World, about 15
in the Philippines.

Ng a Re a ee a a EE Hae Clea 1. J. grandiflorum
1. Leaves simple.
2. Calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube........................ 2. J. aculeatum

2. Calyx-teeth much longer than the tube.
8. Cymes few-flowered; corolla double; leaves acute or rounded at the

0 BEEN <a ale, Sie SS Se Pe 2S AP cae Aes Re 3. J. sambac
3. Cymes densely many-flowered; corolla single; leaves cordate at the
EE Renal ROO REST Sa ne Pal ay SY ener 4. J. multiflorum

“1. J. GRANDIFLORUM L.

A glabrous woody vine reaching a length of 8 m, the branches often
pendulous. Leaves odd-pinnate, 6 to 9 cm long. Leaflets about 9, the
lower ones shortly stalked, the upper ones sessile, often somewhat fused,
ovate, sharply pointed, 1 to 2 cm long. Inflorescence terminal, cymose, few-
flowered. Calyx-teeth very slender, about 7 mm long. Corolla white, the
tube slender, nearly 2.cm long, the lobes spreading, 1.5 em long.

Occasionally cultivated, but not spontaneous, fl. most of the year. A
native of India.

2. J. aculeatum (Blanco) Walp.

A somewhat scandent glabrous shrub 2 to 5 m high. Leaves simple,
ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, base usually rounded, 4 to 7 cm long,
2 to 3.5 em wide, shining; petioles jointed, the persistent bases simulating
short blunt spines. Inflorescence axillary and terminating the short lateral
branches, few-flowered, often with only from 1 to 3 flowers. Calyx green,
with 4 to 6 short teeth. Corolla white, the tube slender, 1.5 to 2.5 cm
long, the lobes 6 to 8, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, about
1.5 cm long. Fruit globose or ovoid, glabrous, fleshy, black, about 8 mm
in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 445, J. marianum.)

In thickets, San Pedro Macati, Masambong, etc., fl. most of the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

*3. J. SAMBAC (L.) Ait. Campopot (Tag.); Sampaguita (Sp.-Fil.);
Jasmine.

A spreading or subscandent, glabrous shrub usually less than 2 m high.

Leaves ovate, obtuse, acute, or shortly acuminate, glossy, 6 to 12 cm long,

short-petioled. Inflorescence axillary, solitary, peduncled, few-flowered,

366 A FLORA OF MANILA

racemose or cymose. Flowers white, very fragrant. Calyx-teeth 8 to 10,
very slender, 5 to 8 mm long, mostly longer than the tube. Corolla-tube
slender, 1 to 1.5 cm long, the limb usually double, 1.5 to 2 em in diameter.
(F1. Filip. pl. 6.)

Frequent in cultivation, but not spontaneous, fi. all the year. A native
of India, now much cultivated in all tropical countries.

4. J. MULTIFLORUM (Burm.) Roth. Sampaguita de China (Sp.-Fil.) ;
Lagitic (Tag.).

An erect or somewhat climbing shrub 2 to 5 m high, more or less paboeeta:
Leaves ovate, 4 to 9 cm long, base cordate, apex acuminate. Cymes ter-
minal, crowded, densely many-flowered, 7 to 10 cm in diameter. Flowers
white, fragrant. Calyx pubescent, the lobes linear, 5 to 6 mm long. Co-
rolla-tube about 1.5 cm long, the lobes 7 to 9, spreading, oblong, 1.5 to
1.8 long.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. most of the year. A native of
India; introduced in the Philippines and cultivated only.

113. SALVADORACEAE (SALVADORA FAMILY)

Secandent or rambling shrubs with opposite entire leaves and slender
axillary spines. Flowers small, dioecious, axillary, sessile, or in small
axillary or terminal panicles, clusters, or umbels. Calyx free, campanulate,
4-fid or irregularly 2- to 4-lobed. Petals 4, oblong, imbricate. Stamens
4, alternate with the petals, hypogynous. Ovary superior, 2-celled; stigma
nearly sessile, large, 2-fid. Ovules 2 or 1 in each cell. Fruit a small
globose or ovoid, 3- to 1-seeded berry.

Genera 3, species 6 or 7, tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, and
Malaya, a single genus and species in the Philippines.

AZIMA Lamarck

Characters of the Family as given above.
Species 2 or 3, tropical Asia to Malaya and South Africa, in the Phil-
ippines.

1. A. sarmentosa (Bl.) Benth.

A scandent or rambling, glabrous shrub 2 to 4 m in length, rank-smelling
when crushed, the branches slender, terete, green. Leaves shining, ovate
to elliptic-ovate, entire, acute, apiculate, 5 to 8 cm long, short-petioled, the
spines usually 2 or 4 at each node, slender, sharp, 5 to 10 mm long.
Panicles terminal and axillary, 4 to 15 cm long, the bracts small. Flowers
greenish, about 3 mm long. Fruit fleshy green or nearly white, sub-
globose, about 6 mm in diameter, with from 1 to 3 seeds.

In hedges and thickets, Malabon, Pasay, Maypajo, etc., fl. Feb.—Mar.;
in the Philippines of local occurrence, and possibly an introduced plant only,
but if so, naturalized. India to Burma, and Malaya.

114, LOGANIACEAE (STRYCHNINE or IGASUD FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes climbing, with opposite, simple, entire
or slightly toothed leaves, the stipules various or none. Flowers regular,
in simple or compound, terminal or axillary cymes, sometimes subspicate,
or even solitary. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed, inferior. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed,
small or large. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla-tube, alternate

GENTIANACEAE 367

with the lobes. Ovary superior, free, 2-celled; style simple; ovules one
to many in each cell. Fruit capsular, septicidal, or fleshy and indehescent,
1- to many-seeded.
Genera 32, species about 550, tropical and subtropical countries of both
hemispheres, 7 genera and 20 species in the Philippines, a single represent-
ative in our area.
1. BUDDLEIA Linnaeus

Erect branched shrubs, with opposite, lanceolate, finely toothed leaves, a
stipular line between the petioles. Flowers small, the cymes small, in
dense, spike-like, elongated branches of the terminal and axillary, panic-
ulate inflorescence. Calyx 4-lobed. Corolla urn-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamens
4, inserted on the tube. Capsule small, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, oblong
or fusiform.

Species about 70, in most tropical and subtropical countries, a single one
in the Philippines.

1. B. asiatica Lour. Talicnono, Malasambong (Tag.).

An erect branched shrub 1 to 2 m high, the branches and lower surfaces
of the leaves densely grayish- or brownish-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, toothed, 5 to 15 cm long. Panicles ample, the spike-like branches
up to 15 cm long, 5 to 8 mm in diameter. Flowers white, 3.5 to 4 mm
long, pubescent. Capsules reflexed, oblong, about as long as the flowers.

In thickets, Guadalupe, San Francisco del Monte, etc., fl. Jan—Feb.;
widely distributed in the Philippines. India to China and Malaya.

115. GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY)

Erect or scandent herbs, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite, entire.
Flowers mostly cymose, rarely solitary, regular, or slightly irregular in
Canscora. Calyx inferior, 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-shaped or rotate,
4- or 5-lobed. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with
them, inserted on the tube, or in Canscora unequal or suppressed. Ovary
superior, 1-celled. Capsule thin, rarely somewhat fleshy. Seeds numerous,
small.

Genera about 64, species more than 550, in all parts of the world, 9
genera and 12 species in the Philippines, a single genus in our area.

1. CANSCORA Lamarck

Annual, erect, slender, dichotomously branched, glabrous herbs. Leaves
opposite, sessile. Flowers in dichotomously branched, lax, leafy cymes.
Calyx tubular, 4-toothed. Corolla-tube cylindric, as long as the calyx, the
lobes 4, more or less unequal. Stamens 4 near the summit of the corolla-
tube, 1 or 2 larger and perfect, 2 or 3 with shorter filaments, barren, or
sometimes nearly wanting. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule 2-valved. (A Malabar
name.) r3

Species 14, chiefly Indian, few in Africa, Malaya and Australia, a single
one in the Philippines.

1. C. diffusa (Willd.) R. Br. Cobamba, Malengal (Tag.).

A slender, erect, glabrous annual 10 to 50 cm high, the stems 4-angled,
much branched upward. Lower leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved, 4 to 7 cm long,
narrowed at both ends, the upper ones shorter and passing into bracts.
Cymes diffuse, the bracts sessile, ovate, foliaceous, up to 1 cm long. Flowers

368 A FLORA OF MANILA

slenderly peduncled, about 1 cm long. Calyx green, the teeth linear-
lanceolate. Corolla white or very pale-pink, two lobes somewhat larger
than the other two. Capsule oblong, as long as the calyx.

On ledges along streams, Masambong, etc., fl. Oct.-Mar.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Tropical Africa and Asia, through Malaya to
Australia.

116. APOCYNACEAE (ALSTONIA OR DITA FAMILY) _

Erect or twining vines, or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves opposite
or whorled, sometimes alternate, simple, entire. Flowers in terminal or
axillary cymes, perfect, regular. Calyx 5- rarely 4-lobed, often glandular
within. Corolla rotate or salver-shaped, the lobes 5, rarely 4, spreading,
imbricate and twisted in bud, rarely valvate, the throat sometimes append-
aged. Stamens 5, rarely 4, on the tube or throat of the corolla, included
or exserted, the anthers conniving, often adhering to the stigma. Disk
various or none. Ovary 1-celled, 2-celled, or of 2 free or more or less .
united carpels, often united only by the styles; ovules few to many. Fruit
a dry or fleshy drupe or berry, or a dry or fleshy follicle, solitary or in
pairs and more or less united at the base. Seeds various, often winged or
with a terminal coma of long soft hairs. Juice milky.

Genera 162, species about 1,300, in all tropical countries, few in temperate
regions, 32 genera and about 50 species in the Philippines.

1. Anthers included or exserted, free from the stigma.
2. Leaves alternate.
8. Leaves broad; trees with nearly white flowers.

A; Vile? niaty ia exch colt t. ee ee ere 1. Plumiera
a yales en enth colts =? 1 0 oe eee 2. Cerbera
8. Leaves linear; shrubs with large yellow flowers ................ 3. Thevetia

2. Leaves opposite.

8. Undershrubs with showy pink or white flowers, and small dry fol-

|e ci a Le Aili lake LS SRO Pa LS ano M le 0) aki AT A 4. Lochnera

3. Shrubs with small or medium white flowers and red, more or less
fleshy, usually longitudinally ridged or keeled follicles.

5. Tabernaemontana

2. Leaves whorled.

3. Trees with small white flowers and very long slender follicles.
6. Alstonia
3. Shrubs or vines with large yellow flowers.................... 7. Allamanda
1. Anthers surrounding and adnate to the stigma.

2. Corolla-throat with 5 to 10 entire or fimbriate scales or appendages.
De PRTPGIUOT ES CPR EIOT CN CTE once ne cee ees 8. Wrightia
3. Anthers included.

4, Shrubs with narrow, densely nerved leaves, the corolla-lobes not
élongated ; cultivated: only ‘-s2-....-__..2- 9. Nerium
4. Vines with broad leaves, the corolla-lobes produced into very long,
pendmlous: tals... 209 foto ine ea 10. Strophanthus

2. Corolla-throat naked.

3. Anthers exserted, their filaments spirally twisted .... 11. Parsonsia
3. Anthers included or half-exserted, their filaments not twisted.

APOCYNACEAE 369

4. Flowers medium, the corolla-lobes spreading, nearly straight, 1.5
202 CRP WORE CEs SIT ie oi 1 ee 12. Aganosma

4, Flowers small, the corolla-lobes short, their tips deflexed.
13. Ichnocarpus

1. PLUMIERA Linnaeus

Erect glabrous trees with very stout branches. Leaves scattered, elon-
gated. Flowers large, in terminal cymes. Calyx small, 5-lobed, the lobes
obtuse. Corolla funnel-shaped, the lobes strongly overlapping. Stamens
inserted near the base of the tube; anthers obtuse, rounded at the base,
free from the stigma. Carpels 2, distinct; ovules many. Fruit a linear-
oblong or ellipsoid follicle. (In honor of C. Plumier, an early French
botanist.)

Species about 40, all of tropical America, the following now cultivated in
tropical countries.

*1. P. ACUTIFOLIA Poir. Calachuchi (Sp.-Fil.); Temple Flower, Grave-
yard Flower, Frangipangi.

A tree 3 to 7 m high, the branchlets swollen, leafy at their tips. Leaves
oblong, narrowed at both ends, 20 to 40 cm long. Flowers numerous, very
fragrant, white and pinkish outside, yellow within, 5 to 6 cm long. (FI.
Filip. pl. 39.)

Commonly cultivated for the fragrant flowers, but not spontaneous, fl.
all the year; cultivated in all tropical countries, a native of tropical America.

2. CERBERA Linnaeus

Glabrous trees with alternate leaves. Flowers rather large, in terminal
cymes. Calyx 5-parted, not glandular. Corolla funnel-shaped or salver- -
shaped, the tube slender, the lobes broad. Stamens included; anthers
lanceolate, cells rounded at the base, free from the stigma. Disk none.
Carpels 2, distinct; ovules 4 in each carpel. Fruit large, ovoid or ellipsoid,
the pericarp thick, fibrous and woody. (After the dog Cerberus of Greek
mythology.) . ’

A small genus of 5 or 6 species in the littoral districts from Madagascar
to India and Malaya, at least 2 in the Philippines.

1. C. odoliam Gaertn. Barabay, Lipata (Tag.).

A tree 4 to 6 m high, the branches stout. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, acuminate, about 20 cm long, shining,
the nerves slender. Cymes often as long as the leaves, peduncled. Calyx-
tube short, the lobes spreading, pale-green, lanceolate, acuminate, about
2 cm long. Corolla-tube slender, greenish-white, enlarged above, about 4
cm long, the 5-lobed limb white with a purple center, spreading, about 5 cm
in diameter. Fruit smooth, ellipsoid or ovoid, about 6 cm long.

Occasional along the Pasay beach, fl. all the year; throughout the Phil-
ippines along the seashore. India to China, Malaya, Australia, and Pol-
ynesia.

38. THEVETIA Linnaeus

Shrubs with elongated branches and numerous, entire, narrow, alternate
leaves. Flowers large, yellow, solitary or in few-flowered cymes. Calyx-
lobes 5, lanceolate, somewhat spreading. Corolla funnel-shaped, the lower

111555——24

370. A FLORA OF MANILA

part of the tube cylindric, dilated above, the lobes 5, longer than the tube,
somewhat inequilateral. Stamens adnate to the bearded throat of the
corolla-tube, the anthers free from the stigma. Disk lobed. Ovary 2-lobed
2-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Drupe broader than long, the endocarp hard,
2-celled, 2- to 4-seeded. (In honor of A. Thevet, a French priest who
worked in Brazil.)

Species about 7 in tropical America, some now cultivated in other warm
countries.

*1. T. NERIIFOLIA Juss. Campanilla (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect, branched, glabrous shrub 2 to 5 m high, with copious milky
sap. Leaves linear, 10 to 15 cm long, 7 to 10 mm wide, sessile, shining.
Calyx-teeth acuminate 7 to 9 mm long, green. Corolla 7 cm long about
5 em broad, yellow. Drupe subglobose, glabrous, green, shining, 3 to 4 em
in diameter (Fl. Filip. pl. 45.)

Cultivated only, fl. all the year; an ornamental shrub introduced from
tropical America.

4. LOCHNERA Reichenbach

Low undershrubs or shrubby plants with erect stems. Leaves opposite,
entire. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs. Calyx-lobes 5, slender.
Corolla salver-shaped; the tube slender, the limb of 5, broad, spreading
lobes. Stamens included, the anthers free from the stigma. Disk of 2
large glands alternating with the carpels. Carpels 2, distinct, united by
the styles. Follicles 2, several-seeded, erect or spreading. Seeds not ap-
pendaged. (In honor of M. F. Lochner, an early German botanist.)

Species 3, tropical America, India, and Madagascar, a single introduced
one in the Philippines.

1. L. ROSEA (L.) Reichb. (Vinca rosea L.). Chichirica (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect, simple or slightly branched plant, 30 to 50 cm high, glabrous
or slightly pubescent, the stems woody at least below. Leaves oblong, 4
to 7 cm long, apex usually rounded and apiculate, base often inequilateral.
Calyx-lobes subulate, about 4 mm long, green. Corolla-tube slender, 2.5
to 3 cm long, pale-green, the limb spreading, 3.5 to 5.5 cm in diameter,
white, pink, red, or white with a red or pink center, the lobes obliquely
obovate, 1.7 to 2.5 em wide. Follicles cylindric, pubescent, 2 to 3 cm long.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 42.)

Frequently cultivated, fl. all the year; all tropical countries, cultivated
or wild. A native of tropical America, now naturalized and widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines.

5. TABERNAEMONTANA Linnaeus

Erect shrubs or small trees, glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Leaves
opposite, one of each pair often smaller than the other. Flowers white,
5-merous, in few-flowered axillary cymes, in pairs, or solitary. Calyx
5-lobed or -parted, usually glandular within. Corolla salver-shaped, the
tube cylindric, somewhat inflated at or above the middle, the lobes spread-
ing, often faleate. Stamens inserted at or above the middle of the tube,
included, the anthers free from the stigma. Carpels 2, free; ovules many
in each carpel. Fruit of 2, somewhat fieshy, usually red, oblong to subglo-
bose, smooth or longitudinally ribbed, few- to many-seeded follicles; seeds
borne in the pulp, grooved down one side. (In honor of J. B. Tabernae-
montanus, an early German physician and botanist.)

APOCYNACEAE 871

Species more than 100 in all tropical regions, about 10 in the Philippines.

1. Quite glabrous.
2. Flowers double; cultivated only........-..2.2-....ccccc0ccceceeeeoes 1. T. divaricata
2. Flowers single.
3. Follicles oblong, prominently longitudinally ridged or keeled.
2. T. pandacaqui
3. Follicles, subglobose, not or obscurely ridged............ 3. T. subglobosa
1. Leaves uniformly puberulent ....................2...:sessceceeeseeeeeeeseeee 4. T. puberula

*1. T. DIVARICATA (L.) R. Br. (T. coronaria R. Br.).

An erect, glabrous, much-branched shrub 2 to 3 m high, with abundant
milky sap. Leaves opposite, those of each pair unequal, glossy, elliptic-
ovate to elliptic-oblong, acuminate, 6 to 15 cm long. Peduncles axillary,
solitary or in pairs, short, few-flowered. Flowers usually double, white,
fragrant, the corolla-tube about 2 cm long, the limb spreading, about 5
em in diameter, the center yellow.

Occasional in cultivation, fl. more or less all the year. Original home
unknown, but now cultivated in most tropical countries; of recent introduc-
tion in the Philippines.

2. T. pandacaqui Poir. Pandacaqui (Tag.).

An erect, branched, glabrous shrub 1 to 4m high. Leaves elliptic-lan-
ceolate to oblong-elliptic, narrowed at both ends, acuminate, 5 to 12 cm
long, green, shining, short-petioled. Cymes axillary and terminal, pedun-
cled, rather few-flowered. Calyx green, ovoid, short. Corolla white, the
tube slender, about 1.7 em long, tinged with green, slightly enlarged up-
ward, the limb 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, of 5, spreading, falcate, lanceolate
lobes. Follicles oblong, usually acuminate, longitudinally ridged or keeled,
2 to 4 cm long, red or yellowish-red. (FI. Filip. p. 41.)

In thickets etc., common, fl. all the year; widely distributed in the Phil-
lippines. Endemic.

8. T. subglobosa Merr. Pandacaqui (Tag.).

A glabrous shrub 2 to 5 m high. Leaves oblong, 9 to 18 cm long, shortly
blunt-acuminate. Cymes in the upper axils, 5 cm long or less, few-flowered.
Flowers white, the tube about 1.4 cm. long, the lobes shorter. Follicles in
pairs, ovoid to subglobose, red, fleshy, 4 cm long or less, not or but ob-
securely keeled. (FI. Filip. pl. 283, T. globosa.)

In thickets, Malate, rare, fl. in June and probably in other months;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

4. T. puberula Merr. Pandacaqui (Tag.).

A shrub about 2 m high. Leaves oblong to elliptic-ovate, acuminate,
puberulent, 4 to 10 cm long. Cymes axillary, few-flowered. Flowers slen-
der, white, about 1 cm long. Follicles red, ovoid to oblong, somewhat curved,
ridged, acuminate, 1 to 2 cm long.

In dry thickets near Fort McKinley, fl. May-June; known only from
Rizal Province, Luzon.

6. ALSTONIA R. Brown

Trees with opposite or whorled leaves. Inflorescence of terminal or
subterminal corymbose cymes. Calyx short, 5-lobed. Corolla salver-shaped,
tube cylindric, the throat naked, annulate, or with reflexed hairs, the lobes
short. Stamens inserted near the top of the tube, included, the anthers

372 A FLORA OF MANILA

free from the stigma. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels; style filiform; ovules
very numerous, in many series. Fruit of 2, long, slender follicles. Seeds
linear, flattened, ciliate at both ends.

Species about 35, tropical Africa and Asia to Australia and Polynesia,
about 4 in the Philippines. (In honor of Dr. Alston, an English physician.)

1. A. scholaris (L.) R. Br. Dita (Tag.).

A glabrous tree 6 to 20 m high with abundant milky sap, the branches
whorled. Leaves verticillate, 4 to 7 in a whorl, coriaceous, 8 to 20 cm long,
oblong-obovate, rounded, base acute, green and shining on the upper surface,
the lower surface white or grayish; nerves very numerous, parallel, hori-
zontal. Cymes peduncled, often umbellately branched, the whole inflores-
cence about 10 cm long. Flowers crowded, numerous, somewhat pubescent,
white, about 1 cm long, throat villous. Follicles pendulous, slender, cyl-
indric, 20 to 40 cm long, 4 to 5 mm in diameter. Seeds about 4 mm long,
the brown ciliate hairs on the ends longer than the seeds. (FI. Filip. pl.
118.)

Old Botanic Garden, fl. April; widely distributed in the Philippines.
Africa, tropical Asia, Malaya, and Australia.

7. ALLAMANDA Linnaeus

Erect or somewhat climbing shrubs, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves
verticillate or opposite, penninerved, usually glandular in the axils of the
nerves on the lower surface. Flowers large, yellow, at the ends of the
branches in few-flowered axillary racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments
lanceolate, exterior ones usually the larger. Corolla broadly funnel-
shaped, the tube narrow at the base, abruptly enlarged and campanulate
above, the lobes broad. Stamens inserted in the throat, the anthers free
from the stigma. Disk thick, fleshy. Ovary entire, 1-celled with 2 parietal
placentae. Fruit an ovate compressed capsule. (In honor of Dr. Allamand,
a Dutch physician.)

Species about 12 in tropical America, some now cultivated in all warm
countries.

Corolla about 7 cm long..................... ofA tin RP rai at Aen oooh So 1. A. cathartica
Sorolla about ss em" ione Oe ee eee 2. A. hendersonii

1. A. CATHARTICA L. Campanilla (Sp.-Fil.).

A glabrous or somewhat pubescent, erect or subscandent shrub, 2 to 4
m high. Leaves in whorls of three or four, or the uppermost ones scattered,
lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, sessile, about 12 cm long, 2.5 to 4
em wide, the upper surface shining. Flowers shortly pedicelled, yellow,
calyx-teeth green, somewhat spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 1.5 cm
long. Corolla about 7 cm long, the slender part of the tube 3 cm long,
then inflated and about 2 cm in diameter, the lobes ovate or oblong-ovate,
spreading, rounded, about 2 cm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 30.)

A commonly cultivated shrub, fl. all the year, apparently subspontaneous
in some parts of the Philippines. A native of tropical America, now widely
distributed in the tropics.

* 2. A. HENDERSONII Bull.
A glabrous shrub 2 to 4 m high, sometimes subscandent. Leaves in
whorls of fours, oblong-obovate to elliptic-obleng, 10 to 14 em long, sharply

APOCYNACEAE 373

acuminate. Corolla yellow, about 12 em long, the tube slender below, in-
flated above, the limb about 8 cm wide.

’ Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. all the year; a native of tropical
America, of recent introduction here.

8. WRIGHTIA R. Brown

Pubescent or glabrous trees with abundant milky sap. Leaves ovate to
oblong, opposite. Flowers of medium size, in terminal and axillary cymes.
Calyx short, 5-parted, with. glands or scales inside. Corolla salver-shaped,
the tube cylindric, rather short, the throat with 1 or 2 series of usually
fimbriate scales. Stamens inserted near the top of the tube, exserted,
surrounding and adhering to the stigma. Ovary of 2, free or connate, many-
ovuled carpels; style filiform. Follicles stout, connate or distinct. Seeds
linear, coma deciduous. (In honor of W. Wright, an English physician.)

Species about 12, tropical Africa and Asia to Australia, 3 in the Philip-
pines. :

1. W. laniti (Blanco) Merr. (W. ovata A. DC.) Laniti (Tag.).

A tree 5 to 12 m high with firm white wood. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate,
acuminate, 6 to 12 em long, pubescent, distichous. Cymes 5 to 8 cm long.
Corolla pink and white. The tube short, the lobes ovate or oblong, about
_ 1.5 em long, the scales alternating with the lobes. Stamens exserted. Folli-

cles cylindric, pointed, 10 to 80 cm long, 1 to 1.5 em in diameter; coma of
the seeds copious, white. (FI. Filip pl. 40.)

In thickets, Pasay to Masambong and Caloocan, fl. May—Aug.; widely dis-

tributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

9. NERIUM Linnaeus

Erect, branched, glabrous shrubs, the leaves narrow, coriaceous, whorled or
rarely opposite, densely nerved. Flowers large, in terminal, racemose cymes.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, the tube cylindric, enlarged above,
the throat with a row of appendages cleft into linear segments, the lobes
broad, spreading. Stamens inserted at the inflation of the tube, the anthers
included, hairy, surrounding and adhering to the stigma. Ovary of 2 dis-
tinct carpels, many-ovuled. Follicles elongated, cylindric. Seeds villous,
with a terminal coma. (The ancient Greek name of the oleander.)

Species 2 or 3, Mediterranean region to Japan, a single introduced one in
the Philippines.

*1. N. rnpicum Mill. (N. odorum Soland.). Adelfa (Sp.-Fil.); Oleander.

An erect shrub 1.5 to 3 m high. Leaves mostly in whorls of 3 or 4, linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, 11 to 15 cm long, the numerous’ nerves horizontal.
Flowers 4 to 5 cm in diameter, white, pink, or red, fragrant. Follicles long.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 37.)

Cultivated but not spontaneous, fl. all the year; in most towns in the
Philippines in cultivation. Affghanistan to India and Japan; introduced in
the Philippines at an early date.

10. STROPHANTHUS DeCandolle

Stout woody vines, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers large, in
terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted, glandular within. Corolla funnel-shaped,
the throat broader and campanulate, with 5 cleft, or 10 free appendages, the

374 A FLORA OF MANILA

lobes 5, produced into very long, slender, pendulous tails. Stamens included,
the anthers surrounding and adhering to the stigma, their tips filiform.
Disk none. Carpels 2, free, many-ovuled. Follicles large, woody, oblong,
seeds beaked, with a feathery tail or sessile coma of long, soft, white hairs.
(Greek “a turning” and “flower.”’)

Species 35, tropical Asia, Africa, and Malaya, 1 or 2 in the Philippines.

1. S. cumingii A. DC. (S. erectus Merr.).

A stout, high-climbing woody vine or at first erect and shrub-like, gla-
brous. Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong-ovate, 8 to 13 cm long, shortly acu-
minate. Cymes terminal, glabrous, few-flowered. Calyx-lobes slender, 7
to 9 mm long. Corolla-tube white, 2 cm long, the lobes 8 mm wide at the
base, attenuate into long, slender, drooping tips about 138 cm long, the ap-
pendages cleft, about 1 cm long. Apical awns of the anthers up to 15 mm
in length. Follicles woody, oblong-ovoid, about 16 cm long and 7 ecm in
diameter. .

Rare in cultivation, Singalon, fl. most of the year; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Endemic.

11. PARSONSIA R. Brown

Slender or stout, woody, climbing vines. Leaves opposite. Flowers
small, in axillary or terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-partite, within
naked, glandular, or with 5 scales. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube short,
cylindric or globose, the throat naked. Stamens inserted in the corolla-
tube; filaments twisted; anthers half-exserted, surrounding and adhering to
the stigma. Disk of 5 lobes or scales. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit of 2, nearly
free, lanceolate-cylindric follicles. Seeds linear to oblong, the tip narrowed
and with a coma of soft silky hairs at the summit. (In honor of J. Parsons,
an English physician.)

Species about 12, tropical Asia to Australia and New Zealand, 2 in the
Philippines.

1. P. cumingiana A. DC.

- A glabrous, scandent, woody vine, reaching a height of about 5m. Leaves
elliptic to elliptic-ovate, shortly acuminate, 5 to 8 cm long. Cymes axillary,
trichotomous, less than one-half as long as the leaves. Flowers yellowish-
green, 7 mm long. Follicles lanceolate, 7 to 9 cm long, about 1 cm in
diameter. Seeds about 1 cm long, the coma copious, soft, 1.5 em long.

In thickets near the beach, Pasay, fl. June-Sept.; rather widely distrib-
uted in Luzon. Endemic.

12. AGANOSMA G. Don

Climbing shrubs, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves oblong, acuminate,
opposite. Cymes terminal and axillary, small or medium in size. Flowers
white. Sepals acuminate. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube short, the lobes
lanceolate, much longer than the tube. Stamens included, the anthers
meeting over the stigma and adnate to it. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary of 2,
distinct, many-ovuled carpels. Follicles cylindric, elongated, straight or
curved, linear. Seeds ovate or oblong. (Greek “desirable.”)

Species about 5, India to Malaya, 2 in the Philippines.

1. A. acuminata (Roxb.) G. Don (A. marginata G. Don).
A woody vine reaching a height of 10 m or less, slightly pubescent or
nearly glabrous. Leaves oblong, acuminate, base acute or obtuse, 6 to 12

ASCLEPIADACEAE 375

em long, the nerves prominent beneath, joined with the distinct, looped, mar-
ginal nerve. Inflorescence axillary, peduncled, cymose, 6 to 10 cm long.
Flowers white, fragrant. Calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, about 1 cm long. Corolla white, the tube about 7 mm long, the
lobes spreading, linear, 1.5 to 2 cm long. Follicles very long, slender, pen-
dulous, cylindric, up to 60 cm in length. (FI. Filip. pl. 428, Echites pro-
cumbens.)

In thickets, Masambong, fl. June; occasional in the Philippines. India to
Malaya.

13. ICHNOCARPUS R. Brown

Climbing shrubs with ovate, opposite leaves. Flowers numerous, small,
in elongated, terminal and axillary cymes. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-
shaped, throat contracted or villous, the lobes narrowed, obtuse, the upper
half deflexed in bud. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the tube,
the anthers surrounding and adhering to the stigma. Ovary of 2 distinct
carpels, hairy, many-ovuled, exserted from the disk; style short. Follicles
slender, spreading, cylindric or somewhat compressed. Seeds narrowed
above, the coma deciduous (Greek “vestige” and “fruit,” in allusion to the
slender carpels.)

Species 5 or 6, India to Australia, 1 or 2 in the Philippines.

1. |. ovatifolius A. DC. Hinguio (Tag.).

A woody vine 4 m or more in length, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate
to oblong-ovate, 5 to 14 cm long, acuminate, base rounded or acute. Cymes
terminal and axillary, many-flowered, the entire inflorescence 5 to 20 cm
in length. Flowers white, rather crowded, about 6 mm long. Follicles
slender, 5 to 18 cm long, about 3 mm in diameter, densely brown-pubescent.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 97, I. frutescens.)

In thickets, occasional, fl. June—Aug.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. India to Malaya.

117. ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY)

Herbs or shrubs, usually twining, with milky juice, the leaves simple,
entire, opposite, rarely alternate or wanting, exstipulate. Inflorescence
various, usually of axillary umbel-like cymes. Flowers regular, perfect,
5-merous. Calyx-lobes imbricate. Corolla-lobes valvate or imbricate, the
tube or its throat with a ring of hairs, scales, or processes. Stamens at
the base of the corolla, the filaments united into a short fleshy tube which
encloses the pistil, and usually bearing a series of scales or processes forming
a crown; anthers crowing the column, connate or free, adnate to the stigma,
the tips often with an inflexed membrane, the pollen forming 1 or 2 granular
or waxy masses in each anther-cell. Ovary superior, of 2 distinct carpels,
enclosed within the staminal column; styles 2, united in the stigma; ovules
few tomany. Fruit of 2 follicles, the seeds compressed, usually flat, winged,
and crowned with a terminal coma of long, soft, white hairs.

Genera 257, species about 2,000, in all parts of the world, chiefly tropical,
21 genera and about 100 species in the Philippines.

1. Filaments free, short; pollen of numerous loose granules, each granule
formed of 3 or 4 pollen-grains.
2. Glabrous vines with large purple flowers; cultivated only.
1. Cryptostegia
2. Pubescent vines with minute flowers..................... ae ee 2. Streptocaulon

376 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. Filaments united; pollen-masses waxy, 1 or 2 in each anther-cell.
2. Pollen-masses pendulous.
8. Erect herbs with showy red and orange-yellow flowers.... 3. Asclepias
3. Twining slender vines with small flowers................ 4. Ischnostemma
2. Pollen-masses erect.
3. Corolla-lobes imbricate.

4. Corona borne on the corolla-tube............2..2..22...--2.:000--++ 5. Gymnema
4. Corona borne on the staminal-tube. :
5. Corolla rotate or somewhat companulate................ 6. Tylophora
5. Corolla somewhat salver-shaped, the tube swollen below.
7. Telosma

3. Corolla-lobes valvate; mostly epiphytic vines with abundant milky
juice, and thick, fleshy leaves.
4. Staminal-column not appendaged on the back.... 8. Conchophyllum
4, Staminal-column appendaged on the back.
5. Corolla rotate; corona stellate, the lower lobes erect or spread-
nie? the upper ones beaked!.2- 022 20 eee 9. Hoya
5. Corolla urceolate or cylindric; corona-processes vary thin.
10. Dischidia
11. CRYPTOSTEGIA R. Brown.

Climbing woody vines with opposite shining leaves. Flowers large,
showy, in few-flowered, terminal, dichotomous or trichotomous cymes. Se-
pals lanceolate. Corolla funnel-shaped, the tube short, the limb campanu-
late, with 5 broad lobes. Coronal-scales at the base of the throat, subulate,
entire or 2-cleft. Filaments short; anthers adnate to the stigma, acute;
pollen-masses in pairs in each cell. Follicles thick, divaricate, hard, 3-
winged, furrowed between the wings. Seeds comose. (Greek “conceal”
and “cover.”’)

Species 2, tropical Asia and Africa, 1 introduced in the Philippines.

* 1. C. GRANDIFLORA (Roxb.) R. Br.

A stout woody vine, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves oblong-ovate to
elliptic-ovate, acuminate, 6 to 10 cm long, base rounded. Cymes short.
Sepals green, about 8 mm long. Corolla pale-purple, about 4 cm long, often
wider than long. Follicles 10 to 12 em long, woody.

Occasionally cultivated, fl. Aug.Sept., and probably in other months, of
recent introduction here. Supposed to be a native of Madagascar or tropical
Africa, cultivated in India and in many other tropical countries.

2. STREPTOCAULON Wight & Arnott

Twining, pubescent, somewhat woody vines, usually slender. Leaves
opposite. Flowers small, numerous, in axillary, lax, panicled cymes. Calyx
small, 5-partite, with 5 scales within at the base. Corolla rotate, the tube
very short, the lobes ovate, slightly imbricate. Corona-processes filiform,
adnate to the backs of the filaments. Stamens inserted at the base of
the corolla, alternating with minute glands; anthers oblong, adherent to
the style-apex; appendages small, triangular, connate over the apex of the
style; pollen-masses 2 in each cell. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels; style short.
Follicles in pairs, divaricate, slender, pubescent. Seeds flattened, keeled on
the lower surface; coma white, silky. (Greek “to twist” and “stem.”)

Species about 7, India to Malaya, 2 in the Philippines.

ASCLEPIADACEAE 377

1. S. baumii Decne.

A scandent woody vine, the stems rather slender. Leaves elliptic to
elliptic-ovate, rounded or somewhat acuminate, base rounded, 7 to 15 em
long, 4 to 8 cm wide, pubescent, the lower surface rather densely so.
Cymes axillary, solitary or in pairs, trichotomous, lax, 4 to 9 em long. Calyx
small, greenish. Corolla purple, rotate, 5 mm in diameter, the lobes ovate
or oblong-ovate. Follicles cylindric, slender, pubescent, 5 to 9 em long.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 188.)

In thickets, occasional, fl. Oct.—_Dec.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. Endemic.

3. ASCLEPIAS Linnaeus

Erect perennial herbs with milky sap. Leaves opposite or whorled.
Flowers in peduncled or sessile umbels, terminal or lateral, in our species
red and orange-yellow. Calyx deeply 5-parted, with 5 to 10 glandular scales
at the base within. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes valvate or
slightly overlapping, usually reflexed when open. Corona of 5 processes
arising from the staminal-column and adnate to it above, the lobes ovate,
coneave-hooded, with usually a horn-like tooth projecting from within.
Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments connate into a tube;
anthers with a membranaceous appendage inflexed over the apex of the
style; pollen-masses 1 in each cell. Follicles variable, the pericarp usually
coriaceous. Seeds comose. (The ancient Greek name.)

Species 80, chiefly in America and Africa, 1 introduced in the Philippines.

1. A. cuRASSAVICA L. Milkweed.

An erect, simple or slightly branched, perennial, glabrous herb 40 to 60
em high. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base
narrowed, 7 to 13 cm long. Umbels axillary and terminal, peduncled, few-
to many-flowered. Sepals linear, green. Corolla-lobes red, reflexed, oblong,
about 8 mm long. Column stipitate, the corona yellow, the flower, including
the reflexed corolla, 1.2 to 1.4 em long. Follicles lanceolate, acuminate,
narrowed at both ends, 6 to 8 cm long, 1 to 1.3 cm in diameter in the middle.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 71.)

In open waste places, fl. most of the year; common and widely distributed
in the Philippines. A native of tropical America, now a weed in most trop-
ical countries.

4. ISCHNOSTEMMA King & Gamble

Twining slender vines with opposite leaves. Inflorescence of slender;
few-flowered, lateral, peduncled umbels, the pedicels slender. Calyx 5-fid.
Corolla rotate, the tube short, the lobes long, slender, imbricate. Corona of
5, membranaceous, lanceolate, flattened processes attached to the base of the
staminal-column. Staminal-column attached to the base of the corolla-tube,
the anthers slender, the appendages short, thin, obtuse, connivent over the
apex of the style; pollen-masses 1 in each cell, pendulous, ellipsoid. Ovary
of 2 carpels; styles connate above. Follicles slender, long-acuminate, ian-
ceolate in outline. Seeds small, flat, winged, comose. (Greek “vestige”
and “wreath” or “crown.’’)

A monotypic genus.

878 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. I. carnosum (R. Br.) Merr. & Rolfe.

A slender, perennial, twining, glabrous vine 2 to 5 m high. Leaves
smooth and shining, when fresh somewhat fleshy, elliptic-ovate to oblong,
base rounded or acute, apex apiculate, 2 to 5 cm long, 1 to 3.5 cm wide, thé
petioles 5 to 10 mm long. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 5 to 10 mm long,
each bearing from 1 to 8 or 4, subumbellately disposed fiowers, the pedicels
slender, up to 1.5 em long. Flowers straw-colored, the corolla-tube very
short, the limb spreading, radiate, nearly 1.5 cm in diameter, the corolla-
lobes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, curved.

In thickets along tidal streams, Pasay, fl. Aug.—Sept.; rare in the
Philippines. Malay Peninsula and Australia.

5. GYMNEMA R. Brown

Woody or herbaceous twining vines with opposite ovate leaves. Flowers
small in axillary umbels or umbelliform cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla
campanulate or subrotate, the lobes thick, twisted in bud, imbricate or
subvalvate. Corona-processes 5, attached to the corolla-tube, of 5 fleshy
lobes, adnate up to the mouth of the corolla, with more or less free incurved
points, or of 5 pairs of fleshy ridges on the lower part of the tube alternating
with the lobes. Column short. Anther-tips small, thin. Stigma large,
conical, clavate, or capitate, exserted. Follicles slender, terete, acuminate,
the seeds with a coma. (Greek “naked” and “filament.’)

Species about 25 in Asia, Africa, Malaya, and Australia, 2 or 3 in the -
Philippines.

1. G. tingens (Roxb.) W. & A.

A rather slender woody vine reaching a height of 10 m, nearly glabrous.
Leaves thin, ovate to elliptic-ovate, acuminate, base broadly rounded or
somewhat cordate, 6 to 12 cm long, the nerves prominent beneath. Inflores-
cence axillary, many-flowered, solitary, somewhat pubescent, umbel-like,
the pedicels equaling or longer than the peduncles. Flowers straw-yellow
with a faint odor, about 5 mm long, slightly pubescent externally, the corolla-
tube short, broad, the lobes ovate or oblong. Follicles about 10 cm long,
lanceolate. Seeds flattened, about 1.3 cm long, the coma soft, white, shining.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 402, Bidaria inodora.)

In thickets, Pasay, fl. July-Aug.; of local occurrence in the Philippines.
India to southern China and the Malay Peninsula.

6. TYLOPHORA R. Brown

Twining, suffrutescent or somewhat woody vines with opposite leaves.
Flowers small, in simple or branched axillary cymes. Calyx 5-parted, with
5 glands within. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, deeply 5-lobed,
lobes slightly imbricate. Corona of 5, small, fleshy, tubercular processes,
adnate to the filament part of the staminal-column. . Staminal-column at-
tached to the base of the corolla; anthers with small, membranaceous ap-
pendages. Ovary of 2 carpels. Fruit of 1 or 2 follicles, slender, acuminate,
smooth, sometimes inflated. Seeds comose. (Greek “knot” and “to bear”
in allusion to the thickened processes of the corona.)

Species about 50, extending from India to Australia, about 10 in the
Philippines.

ASCLEPIADACEAE 379

1. T. merrillii Schltr.

A slender, twining, glabrous, herbaceous vine 2 to 5 m in length. Leaves
green, shining; oblong to oblong-ovate, 5 to 8 cm long, shortly and sharply
acuminate, base broad, rounded or slightly cordate. Inflorescence terminal
and axillary, simple or slightly branched, slender, 10 to 30 em long, the
flowers numerous, in scattered, racemosely arranged fasicles, their pedicels
7 mm long or less, few in each fascicle. Flowers dull-purple, 4 to 5 mm in
diameter. Follicles lanceolate, green, about 5 cm long, 5 mm thick below
the middle, narrowed upward to the acuminate apex.

In thickets, Caloocan, Pasay, etc., fl. Oct—Nov.; known only from the
vicinity of Manila.

7. TELOSMA Coville

Twining, soméwhat woody vines. Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, cor-
date, acuminate, thin, glandular at the base. Cymes axillary, umbelliform.
Flowers greenish-yellow, of medium size, pedicellate. Calyx 5-parted. Co-
rolla somewhat salver-shaped, the tube swollen below, sometimes constricted
at the throat, the lobes oblong, overlapping to the right, spreading in flower.
Column rather large, the coronal scales rather large, adnate to the back of
the anthers, erect, flattened laterally, somewhat notched at the apex; pollen-
masses one in each cell, erect. Stigma umbonate or capitate. Fruit a
lanceolate, terete, rather turgid follicle. Seeds ovate, concave; coma ample,
soft. (Greek “far” and “odor,” allusion to the fragrant flowers.)

Species about 12, tropical Asia and Malaya, about 2 in the Philippines.

Leaves small, deeply cordate at the base, 4 to 7 cm long, flowers fragrant;
corolla-lobes 4 to 5 mm wide; a cultivated species...... 1. T. odoratissima
Leaves ample, base truncate, rounded, or slightly cordate, about 10 cm
long; flowers odorless or nearly so, the corolla-lobes less than 3 mm
Pen tet ea hal? tl Oe ey re Ss St ee. 5 eee a 2. T. procumbens

*1. T. ODORATISSIMA (Lour.) Coville (Pergularia odoratissima Sm.). Mil
leguas (Sp.-Fil.).

A scandent vine, the branchlets slender, terete, somewhat pubescent.
Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, thin, 4 to 7 cm long, apex sharply acuminate,
the base prominently cordate, the sinus and lobes rounded, slightly pubes-
cent on the nerves and margins. Cymes axillary, subumbellate, many-
flowered, somewhat pubescent. Flowers fragrant, yellowish-green, more
deeply colored inside, about 1.3 cm long, the throat villous within, not or but
slightly contracted.

Occasionally cultivated for its fragrant flowers, fl. July—Aug.; introduced
from tropical Asia.

2. T. procumbens (Blanco) Merr. Mil leguas (Sp.-Fil.).

A woody vine, the branchlets slender, terete, glabrous or slightly pubes-
cent. Leaves thin, ovate to oblong-ovate, 8 to 13 cm long, 3 to 8 cm wide,
apex sharply acuminate, base rounded, truncate, or slightly cordate, slightly
pubescent on the nerves beneath. Cymes axillary, umbelliform, many-
flowered. Flowers greenish-yellow, odorless, about 1.5 cm long, the throat
villous within, contracted. Follicles lanceolate, about 15 cm long. Seed
flattened; coma white, soft, ample. (FI. Filip. pl. 397, Pergularia glabra.)

In thickets, Masambong, Malinta, Pasay, etc., fl. July—Sept.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines at low altitudes. Endemic.

380 A FLORA OF MANILA

8. CONCHOPHYLLUM Blume

Epiphytic, twining or pendulous vines, with abundant milky sap and
fleshy leaves. Leaves opposite or by abortion alternate, entire, thick, oblong
to lanceolate and plane, or rounded and closely appressed to the trunks and
branches of trees, usually with few to many axillary or extra-axillary root-
lets. Flowers small, few to many, subumbellately or racemosely disposed
near the tips of short or elongated, thickened peduncles which are marked
with numerous scars of fallen pedicles. Calyx small, 5-toothed. Corolla
subglobose, or cylindric and globose at the base, 5-toothed, with 5 inflexed
scales at the contraction of the tube, the tube villous above the swollen
base. Staminal column included, 5-angled, not appendaged on the back,
the anthers tipped with a thin appendage; pollen-masses 1 in each cell.
Ovary of 2 carpels. Follicles slender, acuminate, thin. Seeds small, coma
white, silky. (Greek “shell” and “leaf” in allusion to the peculiar hollow
leaves of some species.)

Species about 8, Malay Peninsula to New Guinea, 4 or 5 in the Philippines.

1. C.merrillii Schltr.

A glabrous, fleshy, much-branched, epiphytic vine with abundant milky
sap, growing in small to large masses, the stems grayish, 2 to 5 mm in di-
ameter, pendulous or climbing, often twining, reaching a length of 2 to 3
meters. Leaves oblong to narrowly oblong, 4 to 10 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide,
apex acute or apiculate, base acute, fleshy, 3 to 4-mm thick, the nerves none,
the midrib. obsolete or nearly so. Racemes axillary, the rachis short, thick,
marked with numerous scars, bearing but few flowers at one time. Flowers
rather bright-purple, their pedicels about 2 cm long, purple. Sepals oblong-
ovate, obtuse, 1 mm long. Corolla swollen and globose at the base, about 3
mm in diameter, contracted above into a cylindric tube about 3.5 mm long,
the tube with 5 appendages inside at the constriction, the reflexed parts gla-
brous, villous above the swollen base.

On various trees, Masambong, fl. Feb._Sept.; known only from the vicin-
ity of Manila.

9. HOYA R. Brown

Twining or pendulous, epiphytic, fleshy vines with abundant milky sap.
Leaves opposite, fleshy, thick. Flowers in axillary racemes or umbels on
thickened pedicles, or cymose. Calyx small, 5-partite. Corolla rotate, fleshy
or waxy, the lobes 5, often convex, spreading or reflexed. Corona-processes
5, large, more or less fleshy, adnate to the staminal-column, the lower lobe
spreading or ascending, often concave on the upper surface, the upper lobe
usually produced into an erect tooth or process. Staminal-column short,
attached to the base of the corolla; anthers conniving over the apex of the
style, thin, the appendages membranaceous, erect or inflexed; pollen-masses
1 in each cell. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels. Fruit of 1 or 2 follicles, the
pericarp thin; seeds comose. (In honor of T. Hoy, and English gardener.)

Species 80 or more, tropical Asia to Australia, about 20 in the Philippines.

1. H. luzonica Schltr.

A climbing, somewhat branched, glabrous vine with abundant milky sap,
3to4m high. Leaves oblong, fleshy, acute or slightly acuminate, 9 to 13 cm
long, the lower surface obscurely white-puncticulate, the nerves in fresh
leaves scacely visible; petioles thickened, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long. Umbels axil-
lary, solitary, the peduncles up to 7 cm long, the pedicels slender, 1 to 2.5

CONVOLVULACEAE 381

cm long. Flowers lilac-purple, about 1 cm in diameter, 10 to 12 or more
in each umbel, the corolla rotate, the lobes broadly triangular-ovate, glabrous
outside, inside densely papillose-pubescent. Capsules about 12 cm long.

In dry ravines opposite Guadalupe, rare, sometimes cultivated, fl. June;
known only from Luzon and of every local occurrence.

10. DISCHIDIA R. Brown

Slender, usually epiphytic, twining or pendulous vines, climbing and
rooting on trees. Leaves usually opposite, sometimes all flat, sometimes
some of them converted into pitchers, or in some species all leaves convex and
sessile, closely appressed to the surface on which the plant grows. Flowers
small, white, yellow, or red, in axillary racemes, umbels, cymes, or fascicles,
the peduncles usually thickened and marked with numerous scars. Calyx
5-partite, glandular within. Corolla campanulate, tubular, or urceolate,
usually contracted at the mouth, the lobes valvate. Corona of 5 membrana-
ceous processes adnate to the back of the staminal-column, erect, entire,
notched, or bifid at the tips, or with incurved or recurved arms. Filaments
connate into a very short tube; anthers with membranaceous appendages;
pollen-masses 1 in each cell. Ovary of 2 carpels. Fruit of 1 or 2 small,
slender, acuminate follicles; seeds comose. (Greek “two” and “cleft’’ in
allusion to the cleft corona-segments. )

Species 60 or more, India to New Guinea and Australia, about 15 in the
Philippines.

1. D. pectenoides Pearson. Dapo-boho (Tag.).

An herbaceous, epiphytic, glabrous vine usually growing on dead bamboo,
the branches slender, pendulous, often twining. Leaves of two kinds, oppo-
site, normal ones elliptic-ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, thick, fleshy, 1.5 to
2.5 em long, one of some pairs hollow inside, inflated, 4 to 6 em long, 4 to 5
em wide, usually about 2 em thick, the interior more or less filled with root-
lets from the leaf-axil and with a much smaller interior ascidium usually the
domicil of a colony of small black ants. Inflorescence axillary, solitary, um-
bellate, the peduncle 1 to 2 cm long. Flowers 3 to 8 in each umbel, the
calyx small, green, the corolla cylindric, red, apex narrowed, about 8 mm
long. Follicles slender, 5 to 7 cm long.

Not infrequently brought in from the neighboring provinces and culti-
vated in Manila; very curious on account of its symbiosis with ants, fl. most
of the year. Known only from Luzon.

118. CONVOLVULACEAE (MORNING GLORY or
CAMOTE FAMILY)

Slender, spreading or prostrate herbs, or twining herbaceous or woody
vines, sometimes with milky sap, with alternate, simple, entire or lobed,
exstipulate leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary or cymose, regular, perfect,
often large and showy, bracteate. Sepals 5, imbricate, usually persistent,
often accrescent. Corolla campanulate, salver-shaped, or urceolate, rarely
subrotate, the limb with 5 short or long lobes, often plicate in bud. Sta-
mens 5, adnate to the corolla-tube. Ovary superior, of 2 usually connate
carpels, often surrounded by an annular or lobed disk; ovules 2 in each
carpel; style 1, rarely 2. Fruit an indehiscent, often dry berry, or a
2- to 4-valved, circumscissile, or irregularly dehiscent capsule. Seeds 2
or 4.

382 A FLORA OF MANILA

Genera 44, species about 1,000, in all parts of the world, but more
abundant in tropical and subtropical regions, 17 genera and about 50 species
in the Philippines.

1. Styles 2, free, each 2-branched; slender hairy herbs with subrotate
FEO WOE sigs eran earl at 1. Evolvulus
1. Styles united, the stigmas 1 or 2; flowers campanulate, salver-shaped
or urn-shaped. ,
2. Corolla urn-shaped, the flowers in dense, axillary, subcapitate cymes.
2. Lepistemon
2. Corolla salver-shaped.
3. Flowers small, bright-red, the limb narrow........ EER, 38. Quamoclit
3. Flowers very large, white, the limb broad.................... 4. Calonyction
2. Corolla campanulate or funnel-shaped.
3. Sepals much enlarged in fruit, often fleshy, quite enclosing the

capsule.
4. Stems 4-winged or flowers yellow; capsule dehiscent.. 5. Operculina
4. Stems terete; capsule indehiscent........................-.....- 6. Stictocardia

3. Sepals not or but slightly enlarged in fruit.
4, Fruit indehiscent.
5. Leaves densely silky-pubescent beneath, with white, shining
crt iene Pern T mie Be ety MS bat 7. Argyreia
5. Leaves glabrous or pubescent, not white-silky-hairy.... 8. Rivea
4, Fruit dehiscent or the walls fragile and soon breaking up.
5. Ovary. -l-cellied spe. a ek ee eg ce 9. Hewittia
5. Ovary 2- to 4-celled.
6. Corolla-tube with 5 vertical bands of 5 parallel lines each.
. 10. Merremia
6. Corolla-tube with 5 vertical bands of 2 lines each.. 11. Ipomoea

1. EVOLVULUS Linnaets

Slender, spreading herbs with small, entire leaves. Flowers small, axil-
lary, solitary, or 2 or 3 on each peduncle. Sepals unequal. Corolla funnel-
shaped, the limb 5-parted. Stamens included or exserted. Ovary 2- or
1-celled, 4-ovuled; styles 2, separate from the base, each cleft into 2
stigmas. Capsules globose, 4- or 2-valved, usually 4-seeded.

Species about 70, in all tropical and subtropical regions, mostly in tropical
America, 1 in the Philippines. (Latin “to unroll,” in reference to their non-
twining habit.)

1. E. alsinoides L.

A very slender, more or less branched, spreading or ascending, usually
very hairy herb, the stems 20 to 70 em long, not twining. Leaves variable,
hary, 0.5 to cm long, ovate elliptic, or oblong. Peduncles slender, longer
than the leaves. Flowers pale-blue or nearly white, 6 to 8 mm in diameter.

In open dry grass lands near Fort McKinley, La Loma, etc., fl. Sept.—Feb. ;
widely distributed and possibly introduced in the Philippines. Cosmopolitan
in tropical and subtropical regions.

2. LEPISTEMON Blume

Twining herbs with cordate, entire or slightly lobed, ovate, pubescent
leaves. Flowers in very dense, axillary, subcapitate cymes, the bracts
narrow, deciduous. Sepals 5, subequal, hairy, acute or obtuse. Corolla
small, pale-yellow or nearly white, the tube narrowed and short-cylindric

CONVOLVULACEAE 383

at the base, urn-shaped above, the limb shortly 5-lobed. Stamens 5,
included, the filaments dilated at their concave bases and arched over the
ovary; disk large, culpular. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 4; style short. Fruit
a small, 4-valved capsule. (Greek “scale” and “filament,” in reference to
the scale at the base of each stamen.)

Species 3 in tropical Asia and Africa, 1 in the Philippines.

1. L. binectariferum (Wall.) O. Ktze. (L. flavescens BIl.).

An herbaceous twining vine, the stems villous. Leaves ovate, 5 to 12 em
long, densely tomentose on both surfaces, base deeply cordate, apex acute or
acuminate, margins entire or somewhat 3-lobed. Cymes axillary, dense,
globose, pubescent, 3 to 4 cm in diameter, few- to many-flowered. Sepals
strigose, acuminate. Corolla pale-yellow, slightly hairy outside, urn-shaped,
1 to 1.5 cm long. Capsule ovoid, glabrous, 2-celled, about 5 mm long.

In dry thickets near Fort McKinley, Balicbalic, etc., fl. Jan.; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Assam to Java and Borneo.

8. QUAMOCLIT Moench

Annual, twining, glabrous, slender, herbaceous vines. Leaves ovate, cor-
date, angled, lobed or pinnately divided. Flowers red, in few-flowered
, ed e °
axillary, lax cymes. Sepals small, their apices often somewhat awned.
Corolla salver-shaped, regular or nearly so, the tube long, the limb spread-
ing, subentire or very slightly lobed. Stamens 5, exserted, filaments un-
equal. Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit a 4-celled capsule. (Apparently
from an old Mexican name.)

Species 7 in tropical America, 2 now widely distributed in the tropics of
the East.

Leaves ovate, deeply cordate at the base, entire or broadly 3- to 5-
(DTT E 0d, Bisatd SAGO ce) DARRINGER OS Ree RA IY Sa PO 1. Q. phoenicea
Leaves pinnately divided into numerous, linear segments........ 2. Q. pinnata

1. Q. PHOENICEA (Roxb.) Choisy (Q. coccinea Auct.). Pula (Tag. “red”).

A scandent, twining, slender vine reaching a length of several meters.
Leaves ovate, broadly cordate, acute or acuminate, margins subentire or
angled, or broadly 3- to 5-lobed, 6 to 12 cm long. Cymes axillary, long-
peduncled, few-flowered, the peduncles up to 15 cm long. Flowers erect,
red. Sepals 5, green, about 6 mm long, obtuse, slenderly spurred from
the apex. Corolla deep-red, the tube slender, slightly enlarged upward,
2.5 cm long, the limb spreading, about 2 cm in diameter. Capsule subglobose
or ovoid, about 6 mm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 17.)

In thickets, San Juan del Monte, fl. Nov._Apr.; of local occurence in
the Philippines, but frequently very abundant, thoroughly naturalized. A
native of tropical America now found wild and cultivated in many other
tropical countries.

2. Q. PINNATA (Lam.) Bojer (Q. vulgaris Choisy). Cabello del angel
(Sp.-Fil.) ; Cypress Vine.

A slender, twining, glabrous vine reaching a height of 4 m or more.
Leaves ovate in outline, 4 to 7 cm long, pinnately divided into numerous,
linear, distant segments. Cymes axillary, few-flowered, the peduncles 4 to
9 em long. Flowers erect. Sepals green, about 5 mm long, apiculate,
elliptic. Corolla deep-red, salver-shaped, the tube about 2 cm long, slightly
enlarged upward, the limb spreading, 1.5 to 2 em in diameter, distinctly
5-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 7 to 8 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 33.)

384 A FLORA OF MANILA

Rather commonly cultivated, frequently spontaneous, fi. all the year;
widely distributed in the Philippines and thoroughly naturalized. A native
of tropical America, now found in many other tropical and warm countries,
cultivated or wild.

4. CALONYCTION Choisy

Large, herbaceous, twining vines, the stems usually muricate. Leaves
large, cordate, entire or angled. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.
Sepals 5, smooth, usually prominently awned, the outer ones sometimes
smaller than the inner. Corolla large, salver-shaped, usually pure-white,
the tube narrow-cylindric, the limb plicate. Ovary 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled;
style filiform. Stamens 5, somewhat exserted. Capsule 4-valved, 4-seeded.
(Greek “beautiful” and “night” alluding to the large flowers which open at
night.)

Species 6 or 7 all or mostly in tropical America, 2 ‘or 3 now wide-spread
in the tropics of the Old World.

Sepals prominently awned; stems usually muricate................ 1. C. aculeatum
Sepals obtuse, not awned or only slightly apiculate; stems glabrous.
2. C. album

1. C. ACULEATUM (L.) House. (C. bona-nox Boj.). Moon Flower.

An extensively climbing, twining, glabrous, vine, reaching a length of
10 m or more. Stems green, more or less muricate, or nearly smooth.
Leaves ovate, entire or somewhat angled or lobed, sharply acuminate, base
cordate, 14 to 20cm long. Peduncles axillary, solitary, long, 1- to 5-flowered.
Sepals in flower green, ovate, long-awned, about 2 cm long. Corolla-tube
greenish-white, 8 to 10 cm long, about 6 mm in diameter, the limb spreading,
about 15 cm in diameter, white, the plaits greenish. Fruit ovoid, pointed,
about 3 cm long, surrounded at the base by the accrescent sepals, the ped-
icels much-thickened. (FI. Filip. pl. 332.)

Occasional in thickets, fl. Aug—March; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines, throughly naturalized. A native of tropical America, now widely
distributed in the tropics in cultivation and as a nauralized plant. The
flowers open at night only and close shortly after dawn.

2. C. ALBUM (L.) House.

A scandent, somewhat woody, twining vine of indefinite length, glabrous,
stems smooth or sometimes muricate. Leaves orbicular-ovate, entire, acu-
minate, base prominently cordate, 9 to 18 cm long. Peduncles axillary,
short or somewhat elongated, 1- to 3-fliowered. Sepals green, orbicular-
ovate, imbricate, 1.5 to 2 cm long, rounded, sometimes minutely apiculate,
enlarged in fruit. Corolla white, the tube cylindric, about 6 cm long, 8
mm in diameter, the limb spreading. Capsule globose, about 2 cm in
diameter.

In thickets, Pasay, Tondo, etc., occasional, fl. Oct—Jan.; not common in
the Philippines. Tropics of both hemispheres.

5. OPERCULINA Manso

Large herbaceous climbers, the stems, peduncles, and petioles usually
winged. Leaves large, entire or palmately lobed. Flowers large, axillary,
solitary or in few-flowered cymes. Sepals 5, large, accrescent in fruit.
Corolla campanulate, the tube with 5 vertical, smooth bands. Stamens 5;
filaments filiform. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit a capsule enclosed by

CONVOLVULACEAE 385

the enlarged sepals, the epicarp citcumscissile above the middle, the endo-
earp at length breaking irregularly, not by regular valves. (From Latin
“cover” in allusion to the sepals covering the fruit.)

Species about 15 in all tropical countries, 2 in the Philippines.

Leaves entire; flowers white; an herbaceous vine with 4-winged stems.
1. O. turpethum

Leaves deeply palmately 7-lobed; flowers yellow; a coarse woody vine with
CNT go ooo felted Lah Bika a i Sas a Se Se itl ca 2. O. tuberosum

1. O. turpethum (L.) Manso.

A scandent, herbaceous, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous vine reach-
ing a length of 5 m or more, the stems often purplish, prominently 2- to 4-
angled and narrowly winged. Leaves ovate, entire, 5 to 15 cm long, entire,
narrowed upward to the acute or acuminate apex, base broad, subcordate or
truncate. Cymes axillary, peduncled, few-flowered, the bracts oblong, thin,
caducous, about 2.5 em long. Sepals green, ovate to oblong-ovate, the outer
two 2 to 3 cm long, larger than the inner three, pubescent, persistent,
accrescent, and somewhat fleshy, usually becoming purplish in fruit. Co-
rolla white, campanulate, 4 cm long, the limb 4 em wide. Capsule globose,
1 to 1.5 em in diameter.

In thickets, common, fl. Oct._Apr.; widely distributed in the Philippines,
possibly introduced. Tropical Asia to the Mascarene Islands, Malaya,
Australia, and Polynesia.

*2. O. TUBEROSUM (L.) Choisy (Ipomoea tuberosa L.).

- A coarse, woody, perennial, glabrous vine reaching a length of 15 m
and 10 cm or more in diameter. Leaves 12 to 20 cm in diameter, very deeply
palmately 7-parted, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, entire, base cordate.
Flowers about 5 cm long, axillary, solitary, or several on a peduncle,
long-peduncled, the peduncle thickened at the apex. Sepals green, about
2.5 em long. Corolla campanulate, yellow, about 5 cm in diameter. Cap-
sule globose, 2.5 to 3 cm in diameter, loosely enveloped by the accrescent
calyx-lobes. Seeds large, about 2 cm long.

Occasionally cultivated, fl. all the year. A native of tropical America,
now cultivated in many other tropical countries.

- 6. STICTOCARDIA Hallier fils

Coarse twining vines with ovate-cordate leaves and axillary flowers,
the peduncles 1- to 3-flowered. Flowers large, pink or purplish. Sepals
5, imbricate, subequal, accrescent and completely enveloping the fruit,
strongly imbricate, mucilaginous when fresh. Corolla funnel-shaped, large,
showy, the limb shortly lobed. Stamens included. Ovary 4-celled, 4-
ovuled. Capsule indehiscent, 4-celled, 4-seeded, entirely enclosed by the en-
larged sepals. (From the Greek “punctured” and “heart” alluding to the
characters of the fruit and its covering.)

Species about 4, in Africa, Madagascar, and Asia, 1 introduced in tropical
America, 1 in the Philippines.

1. S. tiliaefolia (Lam.) Hallier f.

A scandent, twining, herbaceous, glabrous or nearly glabrous plant of
indefinite length, the stems terete. Leaves ovate or orbicular, acute or
shortly acuminate, entire, base prominently cordate, 6 to 15 cm long.
Flowers axillary, short-pedicelled, usually solitary. Sepals green, obtuse,

111555——25

386 A FLORA OF MANILA

suborbicular, about 1.5 em long, enlarged in fruit. Corolla widely funnel-
shaped, rose-purple, 7 to 8 cm long, 5 to 6 cm in diameter. Fruit completely
surrounded by the enlarged sepals, including the sepals 3.5 to 5 cm long,
the capsule ovoid, 1.5 to 2 cm long.

In thickets, Pasay, fl. Oct.-Dec.; widely distributed in the Philippines.
India to Malaya, elsewhere often cultivated.

7. ARGYREIA Loureiro

Large, twining, shrubby vines, the leaves lanceolate to cordate-ovate,
white-silky-pubescent, at least on the lower surface. Flowers axillary,
usually in many-flowered cymes, the bracts large. Sepals 5, thin in flower,
in fruit thickened, often reddish inside. Corolla funnel-shaped or cam-
panulate, pink or pale-purple, usually hirsute externally, the limb plicate,
shortly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included. Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled; style fili-
form. Fruit a hard dry berry or indehiscent capsule. (Greek “silvery,”
from the white hairs).

Species about 30, mostly in the tropics of the Old World, 2 in the Phil-
ippines.

Leaves up to 30 cm in length, prominently cordate.................... 1. A. nervosa
Leaves 15 cm long or less, obtuse or acute at the base................ 2. A. mollis

*1. A. NERVOSA (Burm.) Boj. (A. speciosa Sweet).

A coarse, twining, perennial, woody vine, the stems often 5 cm or more
in diameter, reaching a length of 15 m or more. Leaves broadly ovate,
entire, acuminate, base prominently cordate, 12 to 30 cm long, the upper
surface glabrous, the lower surface densely and softly pubescent with
grayish or whitish hairs, as are the branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence.
Peduncles axillary, stout, up to 30 cm in length, the flowers crowded at the
ends, subtended by large, thin, deciduous bracts. Calyx ovoid, about 1.5
em long. Corolla 6 to 7 cm long, the tube at first slender, then abruptly in-
flated, somewhat tubular, and 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, the limb somewhat
spreading, about 6 cm in diameter, externally pubescent and pale-lilac,
internally rather deep-purple. Fruit subglobose, brown, about 1.5 cm in
diameter.

Quite commonly cultivated, fl. June-Dec. Introduced in about the year
1903; a native of British India.

2. A. mollis (Burm.) Choisy. (A. nitida Choisy).

A scandent, twining, somewhat woody vine reaching a height of at least
10 m, all parts pubescent. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, 8 to 15
cm long, densely white-pubescent and shining beneath. Peduncles axillary
and terminal, short, 1- to 4-flowered, the outer 3 sepals pubescent, green,
oblong, 1.5 cm long, the inner 2 shorter. Corolla campanulate, pubescent
and whitish or pale-purplish externally, the limb purple, about 6 cm long,
4 cm wide. Fruit depressed-globose, about 1 cm in diameter, surrounded
by the enlarged sepals. (FI. Filip. pl. 412, A. nitida.)

In thickets, Caloocan to Masambong, occasional, fil. Oct._Dec.; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Malaya.

8. RIVEA Choisy

Twining shrubs with ovate-cordate, glabrous or pubescent, entire leaves.
Peduncles axillary, solitary, 1- to 5-flowered, sometimes arranged in leafy

CONVOLVULACEAE 387

racemes. Sepals ovate to oblong, unequal or subequal. Corolla campanu-
late or widely funnel-shaped, plaited. Stamens included. Ovary 4-celled,
4-ovuled; style filiform. Fruit subglobose, nearly dry, indehiscent or irreg-
ularly breaking up; seeds 1 to 4, glabrous.

Species about 25, in most tropical countries, about 4 in the Philippines.

1. R. corymsBosa (L.) Hallier f. (Ipomoea sidaefolia Choisy):

A scandent, somewhat woody vine reaching a height of at least 10 m,
glabrous throughout. Leaves ovate, entire, acute or acuminate, base deeply
cordate, 6 to 10 cm long. Peduncles axillary, solitary, in leafy racemes,
each peduncle umbellately about 5-flowered, or the terminal ones racemose.
Calyx green, 10 to 12 mm long, the lobes oblong, unequal. Corolla campanu-
late, 2.5 em long, pale-green and white, dark-purplish at the base inside.
Capsule ellipsoid, glabrous.

In thickets, Masambong, fl. Oct-Nov. A native of tropical America,
introduced here as an ornamental and now naturalized, but at present.
known in the Philippines only from the vicinity of Manila.

9. HEWITTIA Wight & Arnott

Herbaceous, twining, slender, more or less pubescent vines. Leaves
ovate, cordate at the base, angular, entire or obscurely lobed. Peduncles
axillary, the flowers solitary, or few and subcapitate. Sepals acute, the
outer ones enlarged in fruit. Corolla campanulate, the limb 5-plaited.
Ovary hirsute, 1-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule globose, 4-valved, 1-celled, usually
4-seeded. (Named for — Hewitt.)

A monotypic genus.

1. H. suBLopaTA (L. f.) O. Kuntze. (H. bicolor Wight).

A slender vine reaching a length of from 2 to 4 m. Leaves 3 to 10
em long, acuminate or acute, base cordate. Peduncles longer than the
petioles. Calyx green. Corolla straw-colored or nearly white, the center
usually dark-purple or brownish-purple inside, hairy externally, about 2
cm long, the limb about 2.5 cm in diameter.

In thickets and open grass lands, occasional, fl. more or less all the
year; throughout the Philippines, certainly introduced. Widely distributed
in the tropics.

10. MERREMIA Dennstaedt

Herbaceous or shrubby twining vines, sometimes prostrate, the stems
mostly cylindric. Leaves entire, lobed, or divided. Flowers axillary, sol-
itary, or in few- to many-flowered cymes, the bracts small. Sepals 5,
rounded or acuminate, subequal. Corolla campanulate, white to yellow,
the tube with 5 vertical bands each usually marked by 5 pale or violet
lines, the limb plicate, margins slightly lobed. Stamens 5, unequal; an-
thers usually twisted. Ovary 2- or 4-celled; ovules 4. Fruit a 4-valved
capsule, 1-'to 4-celled. (In honor of B. Merrem, a German botanist.)

Species about 60 in all warm countries, 10 in the Philippines.

1. Corolla quite glabrous outside; leaves glabrous or only slightly pubescent.
2. Sepals long-acuminate; corolla with a pale-purple center.. 1. M. hastata
2. Sepals obtuse; flowers uniformly yellow.

3. Leaves narrow, linear to oblong, or the lower ones ovate-oblong and
enbeotdntes.2.2i coed i th ale cine: 2. M. hirta
3. Leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate.

888 A FLORA OF MANILA

4. Peduncles very short are nearly wanting, 1- to 3-flowered, the pe-
tioles much longer than the inflorescence.......... 3. M. emarginata
4, Peduncles elongated, usually many-flowered, the inflorescence equal-
‘ing or longer than the leaves.
5. Leaves usually crenate or toothed, often lobed, 2 to 4 em long.
4. M. hederacea

5. Leaves entire, 4 to 9 cm long...w.... eee. ceeeeeeeeeeneeee ee 5. M. gemella
1. Corolla somewhat hairy outside; leaves softly pubescent; flowers in
dense, peduncled cymes, white or yellow..................-..--- 6. M. umbellata

1. M. hastata (Desr.) Hallier f.

A slender, glabrous, diffuse, branched, annual vine reaching a length of
1 to 2 m or more. Leaves sessile or shortly petioled, oblong-lanceolate to
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, base prominently hastate, 3 to 6 cm long.
Peduncles axillary, solitary, long, usually 1-, rarely 2- or 3-flowered. Flow-
ers pale-yellowish or nearly white, the center purple, about 1.5 cm long,
funnel-shaped. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, 1- or 2-seeded, 5 to 6 mm
long, the pericarp thin.

In open, dry, grass lands, San Pedro Macati etc., fl. Aug.—_March; widely
distributed in the Philippines, probably introduced. Tropical Asia and
Africa through Malaya to Australia.

2. M. hirta (L.) Merr. (M. caespitosa Hallier f.).

A slender, twining or creeping, glabrous or slightly hairy annual herb
reaching a length of 1 to 2 m. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate,
base rounded or obtuse, apex acute, the lower ones often ovate-oblong and
subcordate, 2 to 3.5 cm long. Flowers axillary, the peduncles usually 1- or
2-flowered. Calyx green, about 5 mm long, the lobes oblong, obtuse. Co-
rolla pale-yellow, about 1.5 cm in diameter. Capsule ovoid, about 5 mm
long, papery, 1-celled.

In open wet grass-lands, Novaliches road, fl. Oct.-Dec.; widely distri-
buted in the Philippines, possibly introduced. India to China, southward
to Australia.

3. M. emarginata (Burm.) Hallier f.

A slender, prostrate, creeping herb, glabrous or somewhat hairy, the
stems rooting at the nodes, 10 to 80 cm in length. Leaves small, reniform
to ovate-cordate, irregularly toothed, 6 to 15 mm long, often wider than
long. Flowers 1 to 3 on the very short peduncles. Sepals rounded, about
4 mm long, ciliate with few to many white weak hairs. Corolla yellow,
nearly twice as long as the calyx. Capsule globose, about 5 mm in diameter.

In open dry grass lands, occasional, fl. Nov.Jan.; of local occurrence in
the Philippines, possibly introduced. Tropical Asia and Africa.

4, M. hederacea (Burm.) Hallier f. (M. convolvulacea Dennst.).

A slender, twining, glabrous or nearly glabrous annual, 1 to 3 m in
length. Leaves ovate, 2 to 4 cm long, subentire or 3-lobed, crenate or
toothed, acuminate, base prominently cordate. Peduncles axillary, about
as long as the petioles, with 3 to 5 or more flowers. Calyx green, about 4
mm long. Corolla yellow, about 1.5 cm in diameter, the lobes emarginate.

In open waste places, fil. Sept.—Jan.; of local occurrence in the Philippines,
possibly introduced. Tropical Asia and Africa.

CONVOLVULACEAE 389

5. M. gemella (Burm.) Hallier f.

A slender, twining, glabrous vine reaching a length of 4 to 5m. Leaves
ovate, 4 to 9 cm long, entire, sharply acuminate, base prominently cordate,
the lobes rounded. Cymes axillary, solitary, peduncled, 8 to 15 cm long,
usually many-flowered. Sepals green, elliptic, obtuse, 5 to 6 mm long.
Cerolla yellow, about 2.5 em long, funnel-shaped. Capsule ovoid, about
1 em in diameter. ,

In thickets and open places, fl. Oct—Feb.; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines, possibly introduced. Tropical Asia and Africa, through Malaya
to Australia.

6. M. umbellata (L.) Hallier f. var. orientalis Hallier f.

A twining herbaceous vine, more or less pubescent, the stems slender.
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, 8 to 12 em long, acute or acuminate, entire
or nearly so, base cordate, softly pubescent on both surfaces. Peduncles
axillary, solitary, shorter than or equaling the petioles, the inflorescence
cymose, dense, many-flowered. Sepals about 6 mm long. Corolla white,
tubular-funnel-shaped about 3 cm long, the limb about 2.5 cm in diameter.
Capsule ovoid, glabrous, about 1 cm long, the seeds covered with spreading
black or brown hairs.

In open places, thickets, etc., fl. Dec—March; widely distributed in the
Philippines, probably introduced. Tropical Asia, Africa, Malaya, and Aus-
tralia.

Var. OCCIDENTALIS Hallier f.

Similar to the above, but flowers yellow.

Rare in Manila, apparently introduced. Tropical America, introduced
in Bengal and in the Malay Peninsula.

11. IPOMOEA Linnaeus

Twining or prostrate herbaceous vines with alternate, entire, lobed, or
divided leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary or cymose. Sepals ovate to
linear, equal or unequal. Corolla usually campanulate, the limb plicate,
slightly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included or rarely exserted, the filaments some-
times dilated at the base. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, rarely 4-celled; ovules
usually 4. Fruit a 4- to 6-valved capsule, rarely indehiscent. (From the
Greek “bind-weed” and “like.’’)

Species about 300, in all tropical countries, about 15 in the Philippines.

1. Sepals much elongated, the tips oblong to linear-lanceolate, clothed with
long spreading hairs at the base.
ye a wate, corm atiefoes 200 5 sal ga ni aha a he Rt SEIN Ln 1. 7. nil
a yp: taeremneta Na a sie ot a aid ae Rin ops RET esate 2. I. purpurea
1. Sepals not much elongated, glabrous or hairy, never linear-lanceolate.
2. Leaves hairy on both surfaces, deeply 5- to 9-lobed; flowers white.
8. I. pes-tigridis
2. Leaves glabrous or only slightly hairy.
3. Leaves deeply 5- to 9-lobed.
4. Corolla pink-purple, the lobes of the leaves reaching about two-
VLA bag) (Ra eM ac Say or: 0— Dela BO RS Ree ne i ale eA ep eae 4. I. digitata
4. Corolla lavender-purple, the lobes of the leaves extending quite
or nearly to the base........................ wt Set A ice oad Scab aRe § 5. I. cairica

390 A FLORA OF MANILA

8. Leaves entire or shallowly 3-lobed or angled.
4. Leaves suborbicular, prominently retuse or 2-lobed at the apex.
6. I. pes-caprae
4. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate.
5. Corolla less than 2.5 cm long.
6. Leaves entire; flowers yellowish-white with a dark-purple
base, the inflorescence 1- to 3-flowered, glabrous.
7. I. obscura
6. Leaves usually shallowly lobed or angled; flowers pink or
purplish, the sepals ciliate-hirsute........................ 8. I. triloba
5. Corolla about 5 cm long.
6. Sepals acute or obtuse; aquatic or swamp herbs, the stems

often, thick and. spongy-4:2:58).0tis fans. 9. I. reptans
6. Sepals prominently acuminate; cultivated plants with thick
tuberous) ,Po0ts...24:04.4125..40 eel aed : 10. I. batatas

1. I. nz (L.) Roth.

A twining, rather slender, herbaceous, more or less hirsute annual vine,
reaching a length of several meters. Leaves prominently 3-lobed, 8 to 15
cm long, subovate in outline, base cordate. Peduncles axillary, solitary,
shorter than the petioles, each 1- to 6-flowered. Sepals densely hirsute at
the base, about 3 cm long, the tips linear. Corolla pale-blue, or the tube
white within, turning pink-purple, about 5 cm long, the limb shallowly
5-lobed. Capsule about 1 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 66.)

In open waste places, occasional, fi. all the year; widely distributed in
the Philippines. A native of tropical America, now in most tropical and
subtropical countries.

* 2. IPOMOEA PURPUREA (L.) Lam. Aurora (Sp.-Fil.) ; Morning Glory.

A slender, twining, herbaceous, somewhat hirsute vine reaching a length
of several meters. Leaves broadly ovate, entire, acuminate, base cordate,
5 to12 cm long. Peduncles 1- to 3-flowered. Calyx hirsute with spreading
hairs, green, about 12 cm long, the lobes oblong. Corolla narrowly campa-
nulate, 4 to 5 cm long, the tube white tinged with purple, the limb deep-
purple. Capsule globose, apiculate, about 1 cm long, shorter than the
persistent, somewhat enlarged sepals.

Occasionally cultivated, not spontaneous, fl. all the year. A native of
tropical America, much cultivated in most warm countries.

8. I. PES-TIGRIDIS L.

A twining, herbaceous, annual vine, all parts more or less hirsute with
rather long, spreading, pale or brownish hairs. Leaves 6 to 10 cm in
diameter, palmately 5- to 9-lobed, suborbicular in outline, base cordate, both
surfaces somewhat hirsute, the lobes elliptic, acuminate, base narrowed,
sinuses rounded. Flowers in long-peduncled, axillary heads, the outer
bracts hairy, oblong, green, up to 8 cm long, -the inner ones smaller. Flowers
few in each head, usually only one opening at a time. Calyx green, about
1 em long. Corolla white, 4 cm long, the limb about 3 cm in diameter.
Fruit globose, 6 to 7 mm in diameter.

In waste places, fairly common, fl. all the year; throughout the Philip-
pines, but apparently introduced here. Tropical Africa through India to
China, Malaya, and Polynesia.

CONVOLVULACEAE 391

4. |. digitata L. (J. paniculata R. Br.).

A large, glabrous, perennial climber from stout, somewhat fleshy roots.
Leaves palmately 5- or 7-lobed, base cordate, orbicular in outline, 5 to 15
em long, the lobes often reaching nearly to the base, usually lanceolate.
Peduncles axillary, equaling or longer than the petioles, cymosely 3- to 5-
flowered. Sepals ovate, concave, 1 cm long. Corolla pink-purple, widely
campanulate, glabrous, about 6 cm long. Capsule ovoid, 1 em long or
less, 4-celled, 4-valved. (FI Filip. pl. 81, Convolvulus paniculatus.)

In thickets, Singalon, Pasay, etc., not common, fl. Aug.—Oct. Apparently
rare in the Philippines and only near the sea. Tropics generally.

* 5. I. carrica (L.) Sweet. (J. palmata Forsk.).

_ A perennial, somewhat woody, glabrous, slender vine, the stems twining,
grayish, branched. Leaves broadly ovate in outline, 6 to 9 ecm in diameter,
5- or 7-parted, the segments elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire,
or the lowest pair lobed. Calyx 8 to 10 mm long, green. Corolla campanu-
late, deep-lavender or mauve, about 6 cm long, 5 to 6.5 cm broad, the tube
outside paler than the rest of the flower, inside deep-purplish. (FI. Filip.
pl. $2, I. tuberosa.)

Very commonly cultivated for covering walls, porches, etc., subsponta-
neous, fl. all the year; in towns generally throughout the Philippines. A
native of northern Africa.

6. I. pes-caprae (L.) Roth.

A wide-spreading, creeping or Lorine glabrous vine. Leaves thick,
shining, orbicular, 6 to 14 cm long, apex emarginate or 2-lobed, base broad,
rounded or truncate. Peduncles axillary, solitary, usually as long as the
petioles, erect, 1- to 6-flowered, usually only one flower opening at a time.
Sepals green, elliptic, obtuse or apiculate, 8 mm long. Corolla campanulate,
purple, 5 cm long, the limb 5 to 6 cm in diameter, slightly lobed. Capsule
about 1 cm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 29.)

Along the seashore, abundant, fl. Oct.-May; on sandy seashores through-
out the Philippines. Tropics generally.

7. |. obscura (L.) Ker.

A slender, twining, herbaceous, glabrous, annual vine, the stems 1 to
1.5 mm in diameter. Leaves broadly ovate, entire, acuminate or acute,
base prominently cordate, the sinus broad, rounded, 2.5 to 6 cm long. Pe-
duncles axillary, elongated, 1- to 3-flowered. Sepals ovate, acute or acu-
minate. Corolla about 2.5 em wide, the tube narrow, yellowish-white or
straw-colored, dark-purple at the base inside. Capsules ovoid, pointed,
about 1 cm long, glabrous, 2-valved, 4- or 2-seeded, seeds about 5 mm long,
brown-velvety.

In dry open grasslands and in thickets, fl. July-Jan.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. India to the Mascarene Islands, China, and Malaya.

8. I. TRmLoBA L. (J. blancoi Choisy).

A twining, herbaceous, slender, annual vine, glabrous except the inflo-
rescence, the stems green, somewhat angled, about 2.5 mm thick. Leaves
broadly ovate, entire or somewhat 3-lobed, acuminate, base broadly cordate,
' 4 to 11 em long, often nearly as wide. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 2 to 8
cm long, bearing from 3 to 5 rather crowded flowers at the apex. Sepals

392 A FLORA OF MANILA

green, about 8 mm long, the margins, at least below, ciliate-hirsute. Corolla
pink or pink-purple, 1.5 cm long. Capsule depressed-globose, apiculate,
about 6 mm in diameter, somewhat hirsute. (FI. Filip. pl. 31,7. commutata.)

Common in open waste places ete., fl. all the year; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Introduced from tropical America, now found also in
Singapore, Java, and Mauritius.

9. 1. reptans (L.) Poir. (J. aquatica Forsk.). Cancong (Tag.).

An annual, glabrous, widely spreading vine the stems trailing on mud
or floating on stagnant pools, often thickened. Leaves oblong-ovate, acute
or obtuse, or slightly sinuate, angled, or lobed, base cordate or hastate, 7
to 14 em long, long-petioled. Pedicels axillary, erect, usually 1- or 2-
flowered. Sepals green, 8 mm long, oblong, obtuse or acute. Corolla nar-
rowly-campanulate, about 5 em long, purplish, the limb nearly white or
pale-pink-purple, about 5 cm in diameter, the tube deeper purple inside.
Capsule ovoid, about 1 cm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 149.)

In stagnant pools, open muddy places, etc., fl. all the year; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Tropical Africa and Asia through Malaya
to Australia.

*10. I. BATATAS (L.) Poir. Camote (Sp.-Fil.) ; Sweet Potato.

A spreading, prostrate, herbaceous, glabrous or somewhat hairy vine
from small or large, red, white, or yellow tubers. Leaves ovate to oblong-
ovate, 6 to 14 cm long, subentire, angular or lobed, acuminate, base cor-
date. Peduncles axillary, about as long as the petioles, erect, several-
flowered. Sepals about 1 em long, greenish, the lobes acuminate. Corolla
campanulate, 4 to 5 cm long, pink-purple and whitish.

Occasionally cultivated in our area, fl. most or all of the year; exten-
sively cultivated throughout the Philippines. A native of tropical Ameri¢a,
now cultivated in most warm countries.

119. HYDROPHYLLACEAE (HyYDROLEA FAMILY)

Herbs with alternate, entire leaves and regular, perfect, 5-merous, blue
flowers in short, terminal and axillary, often leafy racemes. Calyx di-
vided nearly to the base, the segments lanceolate. Corolla subrotate, the
lobes imbricate. Stamens 5, attached to the short corolla-tube, alternate
with its lobes. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, distinct; ovules numerous. Cap-
sule globose or ovoid, septicidal or irregularly 4-valved.

Genera 17, species about 175, mostly American, a single representative
in the Philippines.

HYDROLEA Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (Greek “water” and “oil”
from the habitat and nature of some species.)
Species 12, tropics of both hemispheres, 1 in the Philippines.

1. H. zeylanica (L.) Vahl.

An annual, ascending or procumbent, sparingly branched nearly gla-
brous plant a few cm to 1.2 m in length. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acu-
minate, 4 to 10 mm long. Inflorescence and sepals covered with spreading,
viscid hairs. Sepals green, about 5 mm long. Corolla blue, 8 to 10 mm
in diameter. Capsule ovoid, surrounded by the persistent calyx-lobes.

In open wet places, rice paddies etc., often in shallow pools, Masambong,
Pasay, etc., fl. Dec._Feb.; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to
China southward to Queensland.

BORAGINACEAE 393

120. BORAGINACEAE! (BoRAGE or ANONANG FAMILY)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, mostly entire, simple, stipules
none. Inflorescence mostly terminal, of forked, scorpoid cymes, sometimes
spike-like, or corymbose. Flowers perfect. Cabhyx inferior, subentire, or
5-, rarely 4- to 8-lobed or toothed, usually persistent. Corolla tubular,
4- to 8-, mostly 5-lobed. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, alternate
with the lobes, inserted on the tube. Ovary superior, 2-celled, 2-ovuled,
or 4-celled, 1-ovuled; style terminal or from between the ovary-lobes.
Fruit a small drupe or divided into 2 or 4 nutlets.

Genera 85, species more than 1,200 in most parts of the world, 10 genera
and 21 species in the Philippines.

1. Shrubs, trees, or climbing vines.
2. Erect shrubs or trees.

3. Styles single, twice forked............... EP RLS Ae 1. Cordia

Re ee ee Ns So”: en. % 2. Ehretia

Ri Reman, LES Ree RI Set I Oe 3. Tournefortia
1. Herbs.

Di Rpeaicmm GG “Heariated - 220022252 Ae ee 28 ke. 4. Heliotropium

2. Inflorescence not scorpoid.
8. Erect, branched, the flowers of medium size in open leafy racemes

Sp BS Be, Oe Shy RCL Dee aoe eae 5. Trichodesma
3. Prostrate, spreading, the flowers small, axillary, solitary or in very
NGG VSILOE: BEB OETE OOS BO ne OF os IE Raed 6. Coldenia

1. CORDIA Linnaeus

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, often repand or undulate.
Flowers in terminal dichotomous corymbs, ebracteate, polygamous, those
with perfect flowers smaller than those with male ones. Calyx tubular or
bell-shaped, teeth short, often irregular, in fruit accrescent and persistent.
Corolla funnel-shaped, 4- to 8-lobed, the lobes spreading, white or yellow.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes; filaments often hairy at the base.
Ovary 4-celled, glabrous; style bipartite, the arms again cleft. Drupe ovoid
or ellipsoid, stone bony, 1- to 4-celled, usually only 1 cell with a seed. (In
honor of E. Cordus, an early German botanist.)

Species about 180, in all tropical countries, 3 in the Philippines.

1. ©. myxa L. (C. blancoi Vid.)). Anonang (Tag.)

A tree 5 to 10 m high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate to oblong-
ovate or elliptic-ovate, 6 to 15 cm long, entire or somewhat undulate-repand,
shortly blunt-acuminate, base acute, or subcordate-rounded. Inflorescence
corymbose, axillary and terminating short lateral branches, lax, 5 to 10
em long. Flowers white or yellowish-white, sessile, about 7 mm _ long.
Calyx ovoid. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, the lobes spreading,
throat and stamens villous, the lobes reflexed. Drupe ovoid, yellowish-
white, 10 to 13 mm long, pulp rather scanty, stone hard, the persistent
calyx broadly funnel-shaped, enlarged, about 8 mm in diameter. (Fl. Filip.
pl. 48, C. sebestena.)

In thickets, Pasay, etc., fl. Apr.-June; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. India to Malaya.

1For a consideration of all the known Philippine species of this family
see Robinson, C. B., “Philippine Boraginaceae.” Philip. Journ. Sci. 4,
(1909) Bot. 687-698.

394 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. EHRETIA Linnaeus

Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Inflores-
cence of terminal or axillary corymbs or panicles, or flowers solitary and
axillary. Flowers small, white, 5-merous. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla-tube
cylindric or short, 5-lobed, lobes spreading or reflexed. Stamens 5, inserted
on the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled; style terminal, cleft
or 2-cleft. Fruit a small, 4- to 1-seeded drupe. (In honor of D. G. Ehret,
a Bavarian botanist.)

Species 50, mostly in tropics of the Old World, 4 in the Philippines.

Leaves ample, 8 to 18 cm long; styles single, bifid; a tree.
1. EB. navesii
Leaves small, 1 to 6 cm long, in alternate fascicles; styles usually 2, un-
divided ;.°4. small Ghrab-02:.5...i0. 2a ek eee 2. E. microphylla

1. E. navesii Vid.

A tree 4 to 10 m high, the inflorescence and leaves, when young, some-
what pubescent beneath, becoming glabrous or nearly so. Leaves oblong-
ovate, elliptic-ovate, or ovate, entire, 8 to 18 cm long, acuminate, base usually
rounded. Corymbs terminal and axillary, peduncled, 5 to 10 cm long, few-
to many-flowered. Flowers white, about 8 mm long. Style simple, bifid.
Fruit ovoid, somewhat fleshy, about 5 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 70, E.
virgata.)

In thickets, Masambong to Guadalupe, occasional, fl. May-June; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

2. E. microphylla Lam. (#. buxifolia Roxb.). Cha, Chaa-bundoc (Tag.).

An erect, much branched shrub 1 to 4 m high. Leaves in alternate fas-
cicles, obovate to oblong-obovate, scabrous, 1 to 6 cm long, entire or some-
what toothed or lobed near the apex, base narrowed, subsessile or shortly
petioled. Flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 to 4 on a common peduncle, the
inflorescence shorter than the leaves, somewhat hairy. Calyx-lobes green,
somewhat hairy, linear, 5 to 6 mm long. Corolla white, 5 mm long, the
lobes oblong, obtuse. Fruit drupaceous, globose, somewhat fleshy, yellow,
4 to 5 mm in diameter, the stone globose, 4-seeded. (FI. Filip. pl. 72, E.
heterophylla.)

In dry thickets and open places opposite Guadalupe, near Fort McKinley,
etc., fl. all the year; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to For-
mosa and Malaya.

38. TOURNEFORTIA Linnaeus

Erect trees or shrubs or climbing vines. Leaves alternate, entire. In-
florescence terminal, forked, scorpoid. Flowers many, small, sessile or
subsessile, densely arranged, white or greenish. Sepals 5 or 4. Corolla-
tube cylindric, the 5 or 4 small lobes spreading. Stamens 5 or 4, included
in the corolla-tube. Ovary 4-celled; style terminal, short; ovules 1 in each
cell. Fruit small, ovoid, somewhat drupe-like, not distinctly separating
into 2 or 4, 2- or 1-seeded pyrenes. (In honor of J. D. de Tournefort, a
French botanist.)

Species about 100 of wide tropical distribution, 3 in the Philippines.

1. T. sarmentosa Lam.
A scandent, somewhat woody vine of indefinite length, somewhat pubes-
cent. Leaves oblong, green, shining, somewhat harsh, 8 to 15 cm. long,

BORAGINACEAE 395

acute or shortly acuminate, base usually rounded. Cymes terminal, dichoto-
mous, scorpoid, 10 cm in diameter or less. Flowers sessile, pale-green, 5-
merous. Calyx 1.5 mm long, pubescent. Corolla 5 mm long, the 5-lobed
limb 3.5 mm in diameter. Fruits sessile, globose, 4 to 5 mm in diameter.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 46.)

In thickets, Pasay, fl. most of the year, rare in our area; widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines and not uncommon. Mauritius to Malaya and
Australia.

4. HELIOTROPIUM Linnaeus

Annual, more or less villous herbs. Leaves alternate. Cymes terminal,
spike-like or forked, scorpoid. Flowers small, perfect, white or pale-blue.
Calyx 5-lobed, the segments lanceolate or linear. Corolla tubular, throat
not hairy, lobes short, spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube,
included. Ovary completely or imperfectly 4-celled, 4-ovuled; style term-
inal, ending in a depressed-conical or flat disk. Fruit dry, 2- or 4-lobed,
of 2 or 4 nearly free or more or less united nutlets. (Greek “sun” and
“to turn.”’)

Species about 100, widely distributed in warm countries, 3 or 4 in the
Philippines.

1. H. 1npicum L. Hinlaloyon (Tag.); Trompa elefante (Sp.-Fil.).

’ An annual, erect, branched, hirsute plant 15 to 50 cm high. Leaves
opposite or alternate, ovate to ovate-oblong, somewhat hairy, acute or
acuminate, base decurrent along the petiole, 3 to 8 cm long. Spikes terminal
or leaf-opposed, 3 to 10 cm long, curved, flowers all on one side the lower
ones opening first. Calyx green. Corolla pale-lavender to nearly white,
about 5 mm long, the limb 3 to 3.5 mm in diameter. Fruit 4 to 5 mm long,
composed of 2, ovoid, beaked cocci or nutlets. (FI. Filip. pl. 184.)

A common weed in waste places, fi. all the year; undoubtedly introduced
here, throughout the Philippines. Tropics generally.

5. TRICHODESMA R. Brown

Annual, erect, hispid, branched herbs. Leaves opposite, entire, the upper
ones alternate. Flowers pedicelled, axillary, by reduction of the leaves
forming terminal racemes, 5-merous. Calyx deeply cleft, the lobes en-
larged in fruit. Corolla-tube cylindric-campanulate, the Jobes 5. Stamens
5, the anthers convivent in a cone, tips at length twisted. Ovary 4-celled;
style terminal. Fruit somewhat 4-ribbed, composed of 4 nutlets, finally
separating. (Greek “hair” and “band,” in reference to the anthers being
bound together by hairs.)

Species about 10, warner parts of Africa and Asia, to Australia, 2 in-
troduced in the Philippines.

Calyx-lobes in fruit cordate or hastate at the base................ 1. T. indicum
Calyx-lobes in fruit rounded or acute at the base................ 2. T. zeylanicum

1. T. rinpIcuM (L.) R. Br.

An erect or diffuse, branched, annual herb, 50 cm high, villous and
bristly-hairy. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 2 to 8 cm long, acute or obtuse,
base cordate. Flowers axillary, solitary, or by reduction of the upper
leaves becoming racemosely arranged. Calyx 1 to 1.3 cm long, the lobes
acuminate, hastate at the base, green, villous. Corolla pale-blue, the limb
about 1.5 ecm in diameter, the lobes acuminate. Staminal-cone woolly on

396 A FLORA OF MANILA 4

the back. Fruit enclosed by the calyx, the nutlets about 5 mm long, their
inner faces rugose.

In waste places, cultivated lands, et¢., occasional, fl. July-Jan.; local in
the Philippines and undoubtedly introduced. India to Persia and Mauritius.

2. T. ZEYLANICUM (L.) R. Br.

An erect, branched, pubescent and hirsute, annual herb 30 to 70 cm high.
Leaves oblong to lanceolate, 5 to 12 cm long, shortly petioled, narrowed at
the acute base, obtuse to slightly acuminate, the upper ones much reduced,
bristly-hairy, the hairs springing from tubercles on the upper surface, the
lower surface pubescent and with longer hairs on the nerves. Flowers long-
pedicelled, in axillary and terminal racemes forming a leafy panicle. Calyx
densely pubescent, about 1 cm long in flower, the sepals increasing in size
and surrounding fruit, rounded or acute at the base, acuminate. Corolla
pale-blue, about 1.3 cm in diameter. ,

Oceasional in open waste places, fallow lands, etc., fl. March—June; widely
distributed in Luzon, but certainly introduced here. India to the Mas-
carene Islands through Malaya to Australia.

6. COLDENIA Linnaeus

Prostrate scabrous herbs with alternate, crisped leaves. Flowers small,
axillary, sessile, solitary, or the upper ones in a short, one-sided, leafy
spike. Sepals 4 or 5. Corolla*tube short, the lobes 4 or 5, spreading,
imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the
tube. Ovary 2-celled, cells 2-oyuled, or nearly 4-celled. Style terminal,
bifid. Fruit nearly dry, of 4, subconnate, 1-seeded pyrenes. (In honor of
€. Colden, lieutenant-governor of New York, a correspondent of Linnaeus.)

Species about 11, all tropical American, except the following widely
distributed one.

1. C. PROCUMBENS L.

An annual, pubescent herb, the branches procumbent, spreading flat on
the ground, up to 25 em in length. Leaves elliptic to oblong-obovate, the
nerves deeply impressed, obtuse, coarsely crenate, base very strongly
inequilateral, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long. Flowers white, small. Pyrenes slightly
muricate, subconnate into an acute, 4-ribbed, conical fruit 3 to 4 mm in
diameter.

In open dry waste places, La Loma, fl. Dec._Feb.; widely distributed in
the Philippines, but of local occurrence in and about towns, and certainly
introduced. All tropical countries; probably a native of tropical America.

121. VERBENACEAE (VERBENA or MOLAVE FAMILY)

Herbs, vines, shrubs, or trees, with opposite, simple or digitate leaves, the
stipules none. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, spicate, racemose or
cymose, the cymes often arranged in panicles, the bracts small to large.
Calyx sometimes accrescent, 4- or 5-toothed or truncate, teeth rarely more
numerous. Corolla-tube long or short, usually cylindric, the limb 2-lipped
or subequally 4- or 5-, rarely many-lobed. Stamens 4, in 2 unequal pairs,
sometimes equal and 5 or 6 or more. Ovary superior, free, usually of 2
carpels, 2- to 8-celled or sub-1-celled, entire or 4-lobed. Fruit drupaceous
or capsular, 1- to 4-celled, the cells 1-seeded.

Genera 77, species about 900, chiefly tropical, in both hemispheres, 15
genera and about 90 species in the Philippines.

VERBENACEAE 397

1. Inflorescence spicate, the lower flowers opening first, spikes solitary or
cymosely panicled,
2. Trees or shrubs of muddy seashores with small, densely arranged
flowers and rather large capsular fruits, the valves thick, leathery.
1. Avicennia

2. Prickly aromatic shrubs with fleshy fruits........000000000.00....... 2. Lantana
2. Prostrate spreading herbs with dense short spikes................ 3. Lippia
2. Erect branched herbs with much-elongated, slender spikes of blue

Re aly Ry a eae er ee ae ae ED 4, Stachytarpheta

1. Inflorescence racemose, the lower flowers opening first.

2. Ovary 8-celled; calyx not enlarged; fruit fleshy.................... 5. Duranta
2. Ovary 2-celled; calyx lobes elongated, spreading and persistent in

fruit; fruit a capsule, included in the calyx-tube................ 6. Petraea

1. Inflorescence cymose or panicled, not spicate or racemose.
2. Flowers in 6- to 9-flowered involucrate heads, the heads in terminal
SS SRE Lee ee ee: Re Oey A See ae CONE cee 7. Symphorema
2. Flowers not involucrate.
8. Corolla regular or subregular, not 2-lipped.
4. Corolla 4-merous, regular; flowers small, in many-flowered axil-

Ee ae, oe ee eee ye te oe eee See 8. Callicarpa
4. Corolla 5-merous, usually elongated, often large and showy, in
terminal, rarely axillary, cymose panicles.......... 9. Clerodendron

8. Corolla 2-lipped.
4, Flowers small, in our species greenish, white, or blue.

5. Leaves 8- to 5-foliolate; flowers blue.........................--.--- 10. Vitex
5. Leaves simple; flowers greenish or white.................... 11. Premna
4. Flowers large, yellow, subtended by large bracts, in narrow, sub-
PACOMOBES, PANIC) CYNE, «ni anc. sdsen cnn code nnn nnnqensqetbones 12. Gmelina

1. AVICENNIA Linnaeus

Shrubs or trees of the mangrove swamps or along tidal streams. Leaves
opposite, coriaceous, entire, pale. Inflorescence terminal or in the upper
axils, of contracted peduncled cymes or heads, or these sometimes arranged
in a trichotomous corymb. Flowers small. Calyx 5-parted, the segments
imbricate. Corolla-tube short, the limb spreading, 4-lobed. Stamens 4,
inserted on the corolla-throat. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, 4-ovuled, the
ovules pendulous. Fruit a somewhat fleshy capsule, dehiscing by 2 thick
valves, 1l-seeded. (Latin form of Abu Ben Sina, a celebrated Arabian
physician.)

Species 3, tropical seashores of both hemispheres, 1 or 2 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. A. officinalis L. Apiapi, Bungalon, Pipisic (Tag.).

A shrub or tree reaching a height of 8 m, often flowering when less
than 1 m high. Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic, apex obtuse or rounded,
base narrowed, acute, coriaceous, 4 to 10 cm long, the upper surface shining,
the lower white or pale-grayish. Flowers yellow, densely crowded, the
few-flowered heads 1 cm in diameter or less, the heads peduncled, solitary
to eymosely arranged. Corolla about 5 mm long, pubescent or nearly
glabrous. Capsule ovoid, pointed, pubescent, up to 2.5 cm in length. (Fl.
Filip. pl. 73.)

Along tidal streams, common, fl. Apr._Aug.; throughout the Philippines
along the seashore. East Africa to tropical Asia through Malaya to New
Zealand and Polynesia.

398 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. LANTANA Linnaeus

Erect or subscandent aromatic shrubs, usually prickly, pubescent or
scabrous. Leaves simple, crenate. Inflorescence axillary, the flowers in
peduncled, ovoid to oblong, short heads or spike-like heads. Calyx small,
thin, truncate or slightly toothed. Corolla-tube slender, cylindric, the lobes
4 or 5, spreading. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, included. Ovary 2-celled, 2-
ovuled. Fruit fleshy, containing 2, hard, 1-celled pyrenes. (An ancient
name for one of the viburnums.)

Species about 40, chiefly in tropical America, a single introduced one in
the Philippines.

1. L. CAMARA L.

An erect or subscandent, somewhat hairy, aromatic shrub, when erect
usually 1 to 2 m high, when scandent twice as high. Leaves ovate, acu-
minate, toothed, 5 to 9 cm long. Flowers in peduncled many-flowered heads
including the corollas 2 to 3.5 em in diameter. Corollas pink, red, or
yellow, about 1 cm long, the limb 6 to 7 mm wide. Fruits in an ovoid,
2 cm long head, on a thickened, fleshy receptacle, the individual ones ovoid,
purple or black, fleshy, about 5 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 216.)

In waste places, thickets, ete., abundant, fl. all the year; widely distrib-
uted and thoroughly naturalized in the Philippines. A native of tropical
America, now found in most tropical countries.

8. LIPPIA Linnaeus

Prostrate herbaceous plants (in our species) with opposite toothed leaves.
Flowers small, in peduncled, solitary, axillary, dense, ovoid or cylindric
spikes, each subtended by a broad, ovate or obovate bract. Calyx small,
2-fid. Corolla-tube slender, the limb 2-lipped, spreading. Stamens 4, in 2
pairs, included. Fruit small, dry, separating into two 1-seeded pyrenes.
(In honor of A. Lippi, a French traveler.)

Species about 90, mostly American, single one in the Philippines, cer-
tainly introduced.

1. L. NODIFLORA (L.) Rich.

A creeping, minutely strigose plant, the stems 15 to 90 cm long, branched
and rooting at the nodes. Leaves nearly sessile, obovate, base wedge-shaped,
entire, the margins in the upper one-half sharply toothed, apex obtuse or
rounded, 1 to 2.5 em long. Peduncles axillary, solitary, erect, 2 to 7 cm
long. Spikes ovoid or cylindric, very dense, 1 to 2.5 em long, about 6 mm
in diameter. Corolla about 3 mm long, pink, the tube slender, the limb 2.5
mm wide or less, the spike flowering at the apex, as it lengthens.

Common in waste places, lawns, etc., fl. all the year; throughout the
Philippines, certainly introduced. Tropics generally, probably originating
in tropical America.

4. STACHYTARPHETA Vahl

Erect, branched, suffrutescent herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate,
toothed. Spikes terminal, elongated, slender, the bracts long or short,
bracteoles none. Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts, half-immersed
in the rachis of the spike. Calyx narrowly cylindric, 4- or 5-toothed.
Corolla blue, the tube slender, cylindric, the limb spreading, oblique, 5-lobed.
Stamens 2, included in the tube, 2 staminodes also present. Ovary 2-celled,

VERBENACEAE 399

cells l-ovuled. Fruit included in the calyx, of 2, hard, elongated, 1-seeded
pyrenes. (Greek “spike” and “thick.’’)

Species about 40 in tropical and subtropical America, 1 now widely
spread in most tropical countries.

1. S. JAMAICENSIS (L.) Vahl (S. indica Vahl).

An erect, branched suffrutescent herb 1 to 1.5 m high, the stems
terete, or the younger ones slightly angled. Leaves elliptic to oblong-
ovate, acute, base decurrent on the petioles, 2.5 to 10 cm long, serrate,
prominently reticulate. Spikes terminal, rather slender, 10 to 30 cm long,
8 to 4 mm thick, green, continuous. Calyx small, oblique, 4-toothed, the
bracts lanceolate. Corolla deep-blue, about 1 cm long. Fruit enclosed in
the calyx, closely appressed to and somewhat sunk in the rachis, oblong,
smooth, about 4 mm long.

Common in waste places, borders of thickets, etc., fl. all the year;
throughout the Philippines. A native of tropical America, now found
in most tropical countries.

5. DURANTA Linnaeus

Erect, unarmed or spiny shrubs, with opposite or verticillate, toothed
or entire leaves which are punctate beneath, the flowers blue or purplish,
racemose, the racemes axillary or in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla somewhat salver-shaped, the tube longer than the calyx, the limb
5-fid, spreading, the lobes unequal, rounded. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, in-
cluded, the filaments short, inserted on the middle of the corolla-tube.
Ovary 8-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, containing four 2-celled
pyrenes. (In honor of C. Durante, an early Italian botanist.)

Species about 4, of tropical America, one introduced and cultivated in
Manila.

*1. D. REPENS L. (D. plumieri Jacq.).

An unarmed, glabrous, erect shrub 2 to 8 m high, the branches often
drooping. Leaves obovate-elliptic, 3 to 6 em long, apex acute or rounded,
base cuneate, margins toothed above the middle. Racemes axillary and
forming terminal panicles, spreading, slender, up to 12 cm long, the
flowers mostly on one side of the rachis. Flowers purplish-blue, about
1 cm long, the limb about 1 cm wide. Fruits fleshy, ovoid, yellowish-
green, 7 to 8 mm long.

At present rare in cultivation, fi. all the year; introduced before 1880
from tropical America.

6. PETRAEA Linnaeus

Climbing shrubs, glabrous or pubescent, the leaves usually harsh.
Leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous. Flowers blue or purplish, in terminal
racemes. Calyx-tube short, with 5 spreading lobes which are persistent
and increase in length after flowering, the throat with 5 teeth alternat-
ing with the lobes. Corolla-tube short, cylindric, the limb oblique, 5-fid.
Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, included. Ovary 2-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Capsule
indehiscent, included in the persistent calyx-tube, 2- or 1-seeded. (In
honor of Lord Petre, an English patron of horticulture and botany.)

Species about 12 in tropical America, 1 introduced in the Philippines.

400 A FLORA OF MANILA

* 1. P. VOLUBILIS Jacq.

A climbing shrub reaching a length of 6 m or more, the younger
parts and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves shortly petioled, ovate-elliptic
to elliptic-oblong, scabrid, acute or acuminate, base narrowed, slightly
cordate, 6 to 12 cm long. Racemes solitary, pendulous, up to 30 cm in
length, the pedicels usually much longer than the pubescent calyx-tube.
Flowers blue, the calyx-lobes narrowly-oblong, spreading, obtuse, about
2 cm long, 5 mm wide, persistent.

Somewhat cultivated, but not spontaneous, fi. Nov.Mar. A native of
Central America and the West Indies, of comparatively recent introduction
in the Philippines.

‘ 7. SYMPHOREMA Roxburgh

Climbing shrubs with opposite entire leaves. Flowers in peduncled
6- to 9-flowered involucrate heads, the heads peduncled, in terminal
panicles, the involucral bracts about 6, colored, enlarged and persistent
in fruit. Calyx oblong-obovoid or narrowly funnel-shaped, 4- to 8-toothed.
Corolla-tube a little longer than. the calyx, cylindric, usually 6-lobed.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes. Ovary 2-celled,
4-ovuled; style filiform. Fruit nearly dry, included in the calyx, 1-seeded.
(Greek “to bear together,” from the crowded involucrate flowers.)

Species 3, 2 in India and 1 in the Philippines.

1. S. luzonicum (Blanco) F.-Vill.

A nearly glabrous woody vine 3 to 12 m in length. Leaves oblong to
elliptic-oblong, 8 to 15 cm long, coriaceous, short-petioled, base usually
rounded, apex acute or obtuse. Panicles somewhat pubescent, 8 to 30 cm
long, the peduncles bearing the heads opposite, 2 to 6 cm long. Bracts
pale-lavender or white, 2 to 4 cm long, spreading, oblong-elliptic, petioled.
Calyx green, about 8 mm long, 6-toothed, pubescent outside, hirsute within.
Corolla blue, 5- or 6-lobed, the lobes about 8 mm long. Stamens about
twice as many as the corolla-lobes.

In dry thickets Masambong to Fort McKinley, fl. Apr—May; widely dis-
- tributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

8. CALLICARPA Linnaeus

Shrubs or small trees, the younger parts, the leaves, and the inflor-
escence stellate-pubescent, often densely so. Leaves opposite, toothed,
often waxy-glandular beneath. Cymes axillary, shorter than the leaves,
the bracts small. Calyx small, cup-shaped or campanulate, slightly 4-
toothed, not enlarged in fruit. Corolla purplish or lavender, tubular,
nearly symmetrical, the lobes 4, spreading. Stamens 4, exserted. Ovary
imperfectly 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled. Fruit a small, globose, usually pur-
plish or lavender drupe. (Greek “beauty” and “fruit.”)

Species about 40, mostly in south-eastern Asia, Malaya, and northern
Australia, a few in Polynesia and tropical America, about 25 in the
Philippines.

Leaves densely stellate-pubescent beneath, the indumentum pale and quite
covering the surface, the upper surface dark-colored when dry.

1. C. cana

Indumentum scattered, not entirely obscuring the lower surface, both sur-

faces of about the same color when dry ..................--------------- 2. C. blancoi

VERBENACEAE 401

1. C. cana L. (C. bicolor Juss.). Tambabasi, Tubang-dalag (Tag.).

A shrub 2 to 4 m high, the young branches, inflorescences, petioles, and
lower surface of the leaves densely covered with short, grayish or whitish,
stellately arranged hairs. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, base acute or
acuminate, margin sharply toothed, 6 to 14 cm long, 2.5 to 5 em wide,
the lower surface pale, the upper glabrous, green, dark-colored when dry.
Cymes axillary, short-peduncled, dichotomous, 2 to 4 cm long. Flowers
pale-purplish or lavender, about 3 mm long. Fruits fleshy, globose, pale-
lavender, 4 to 5 mm in diameter when fresh.

In thickets, Masambong, fl. June—Oct.; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

2. C. blancoi Rolfe. Tambabasi, Tubang-dalag (Tag.).

A shrub 1 to 3 m high, the younger parts thinly or densely covered
with short, stellately arranged, brownish or pale’hairs. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, slenderly long-acuminate, base acute or
obtuse, 5 to 15 cm long, of about the same color on both surfaces when
dry, the lower surface thinly stellate-pubescent and with numerous, small,
waxy, yellow glands. Inflorescence and flowers as in the preceding species.
(Fl. Filip. Pl. 417, C. americana.)

In dry thickets Masambong to Guadalupe, fi. March—Oct.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. Formosa.

9. CLERODENDRON Linnaeus

Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing. Leaves opposite, simple, entire
or toothed. Cymes axillary and forming terminal panicles, the bracts
small or large. Calyx campanulate, truncate, toothed, or lobed, persistent,
often enlarged and colored in fruit. Corolla-tube slender, cylindric, often
very long, the limb spreading, 5-fid, more or less oblique.. Stamens 4,
exserted. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit a globose, fleshy
drupe, rarely nearly or quite dry, 4-grooved, and separating into 4 pyrenes,
1 to 3 of which are often suppressed. (Greek “chance” and “tree,” the
application of the name not evident.)

Species about 100 in the tropics of both hemispheres, mostly in the Old
World, about 25 in the Philippines.

1. A slender vine; calyx-lobes white; corolla-lobes red; cultivated.
1. C. thomsonae
1. Erect undershrubs, shrubs, or small trees.
2. Corolla-tube 5 cm long or more.
3. Calyx in flower about 2.5 cm long, inflated................ 2. C. minahassae
3. Calyx in flower about 1 cm long, not inflated... 3. C. quadriloculare
2. Corolla-tube 1 to 3.5 cm long.
3. Inflorencesce mostly terminal.
4, Cymes very dense; flowers white or pink, double, 3 to 5 cm in
EE ee ey Ee rs Sa Soe Sane eae 4. C. fragrans
4, Cymes lax; flowers single, red, slender................ 5. C. intermedium
3. Inflorescence axillary.
4. Leaves toothed; cultivated, sparingly pubescent plant, not or

slightly branched (yes lessee .4e 6. C. calamatosum
4, Leaves entire, glabrous; peduncles mostly 3-fiowered; fruit dry,
splitting into 4 PYTeMeS.....5:.20..--22. civssesenencnniines 7. C. commersonii

111555——26

A402 A FLORA OF MANILA

*1. C. THOMPSONAE Balfour.

A slender woody vine 2 to 5 m in length, the stems obscurely 4-angled.
Leaves oblong, 6 to 10 cm long, acuminate, base 3-nerved, rounded. Cymes
terminal and in the upper axils, 8 to 12 cm long, lax, forked. Calyx sharply
angled, the tube very short, green, the lobes more or less spreading, white,
broadly lanceolate, acuminate, the limb about 3 em in diameter, persistent.
Corolla-tube slender, greenish, 2 cm long, the limb spreading, dark-red 1.5
cm in diameter, the lobes elliptic. Stamens exserted, curled.

Frequently cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. most of the year. A
native of tropical Africa, now widely distributed in cultivation.

2. C. minahassae T. & B. Bagauac (Tag.). ©

A shrub 1.5 to 4 m high, glabrous throughout. Leaves oblong to elliptic-
oblong, shortly acuminate, subentire or slightly toothed, 11 to 18 cm
long, 5 to 9 em wide, base rounded, the petioles 4 to 10 cm long. Flowers in
terminal cymose panicles, fragrant. Calyx oblong-ovoid, inflated, at time of
flowering green, about 2.5 cm long, 1 cm in diameter, enlarged in fruit. Co-
rolla-tube slender, cylindric, 5 to 8 cm long, straw-colored or whitish, the
lobes narrowly-oblong or linear-oblong, spreading, about 2.5 cm long. Fila-
ments exserted, purple. Fruit fleshy, blue, subglobose, about 1 cm in
diameter, the calyx thickened, red or purple, split into five, 2.5 to 3 cm long
lobes, spreading when the fruit is mature. (FI. Filip. pl. 223, C. blancoi.)

In thickets, San Pedro Macati, Masambong, etc., rather common, fi. July—
Sept.; widely distributed in the Philippines. Celebes. |

3. C. quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. Bagauac (Tag.).

An erect, glabrous or nearly glabrous shrub or small tree 2 to 5 m
high. Leaves oblong, 15 to 20 cm long, apex shortly acuminate, base
rounded, the upper surface green, the lower surface usually uniformly
dark-purple. Cymes terminal, panicled, usually many-flowered. Calyx ur-
ceolate, purple about 1 cm long, 5-toothed. Corolla white, the tube slender,
cylindric, 6 to 8 cm long, about 2 mm in diameter, the limb spreading,
the lobes oblong-elliptic, about 1.5 cm long. Fruit ellipsoid, 1 to 1.5 cm
long, purplish, the persistent calyx red and 1 to 1.5 em long. (FI. Filip.
pl. 225, C. longiflorum.)

Cultivated for its ornamental foliage and its showy flowers, fl. Nov.—Jan.;
widely distributed in the Philippines in forests, apparently endemic.

* 4, C. FRAGRANS Vent.

An erect, branched, somewhat pubescent shrub, 1 to 2 m high. Leaves
broadly ovate, acute, base truncate, up to 25 cm in length. Cymes short-
peduncled, terminal, densely many-flowered, 6 to 12 cm in diameter. Flow-
ers fragrant, the pedicels 1 to 2 cm long. Calyx-tube rather slender below,
enlarged above, the lobes 5 or 6, reddish-purple, lanceolate, acuminate,
about 1.5 cm long. Corolla white, 3 to 3.5 cm in diameter, the tube 1 to 1.5
em long. (FI. Filip. pl. 222.)

Frequently cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. most of the year.
A native of China, now cultivated in many tropical countries. I have seen
only the double-flowered variety in the Philippnes.

5. C. intermedium Cham. Casopanguil (Tag.).

An erect, branched, shrubby or suffrutescent plant 1 to 2 m high, the
stems green, 4-angled. Leaves ovate, 9 to 20 em long, acuminate, base
prominently cordate, margins shallowly toothed, the lower surface with

VERBENACEAE 403

numerous, small but prominent glands. Panicles 25 cm long or less, ter-
minal and in the upper axils, the whole inflorescence bright-red. Flowers
odorless, slender, the corolla-tube about 1 cm long, the limb spreading,
somewhat oblique, subequally 5-lobed, 1.5 em in diameter, the lobes oblong,
obtuse. Stamens deflexed or ultimately recurved, exserted about 2 em, red
or purplish. Fruit depressed-globose, fleshy, blue, about 1 em in diameter,
containing 3 or 4 seeds, the accrescent calyx red, spreading or reflexed,
about 2 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 173.)

In open waste places, often in rather wet soil, fl. July-Nov.; common and
widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic, but with very closely
allied and perhaps identical forms in Formosa and Celebes.

6. C. CALAMATOSUM L.

An erect, shrubby or suffrutescent plant 1 to 2 m high, sparingly pu-
bescent. Leaves elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 4 to 10 cm long, obtuse or
subacute, base acute, margins rather coarsely toothed. Flowers in few-
flowered cymes, in the upper axils, fragrant, white. Calyx 5 to 8 mm
long, 5-cleft. Corolla slender, pubescent, about 3 cm long.

Occasionally cultivated for its fragrant flowers, fi. Oct-Dec. A native
of Java, introduced in the Philippines, and at least subspontaneous in some
localities.

7. C. commersonii (Lam.) Spreng. (C. neriifolium Wall.).

An erect or somewhat scandent shrub 1 to 4 m high. Leaves ovate,
oblong-ovate, or elliptic-ovate, shining, glabrous, entire, obtuse, acute, or
slightly acuminate, 4 to 8 em long, 2 to 5 em wide. Peduncles axillary,
mostly 3-flowered. Calyx green, narrowly funnel-shaped, truncate, with
5 very short teeth. Corolla about 3 cm long, the tube slender, white, the
lobes spreading, about 7 mm long, tinged with purple. Stamens long-ex-
serted, purple. Fruit obovoid, about 1.5 cm long, splitting into 4 pyrenes,
the calyx in fruit about 1 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 224. C. inerme.)

In thickets along tidal streams subject to the influence of salt water, fi.
at intervals all the year; throughout the Philippines in similar habitats.
southern China to Malaya, Australia, and Polynesia.

10. VITEX Linnaeus

Shrubs or trees, rarely prostrate, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves op-
posite, digitately 3- or 5-foliolate, rarely simple. Inflorescence terminal
and axillary, composed of paniculately arranged cymes. Flowers blue or
yellow. Calyx short, campanulate, truncate or shortly 5-toothed. Corolla-
tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped, the central lobe of the lower lip much
larger than the others. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, exserted. Ovary 2- or 4-
celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit a small globose or obovoid drupe, the calyx some-
what enlarged, persistent. (A name used by Pliny for one species, or
some similar shrub.)

Species about 60 in most tropical and warm countries, 10 or less in the
Philippines.

1. Trees; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets all stalked, glabrous.. 1. V. parviflora
1. Shrubs; leaves 1- to 5-foliolate, densely pubescent beneath.

2. Leaflets usually 5, rarely 3, petioled, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate.

2. V. negundo

2. Leaflets 3 or 1, sessile, very pale beneath, oblong-ovate to ovate or

RNIN ci inn nnn mepeta llega Salita aS i Na arak 3. V. trifolia

404 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. V. parviflora Juss. (V. littoralis Dene.). Molauin, Molave (Tag.).

A tree with very hard wood, reaching a height of from 8 to 15 m,
glabrous or nearly so, or the inflorescence puberulent. Leaflets 3, petioled,
ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, 7 to 18 cm long, shining, quite glabrous.
Inflorescence terminal, paniculate, ample, up to 20 cm long, usually some-
what pyramidal, many-flowered. Flowers blue, 6 to 8 mm long, the corolla
pubescent outside. Fruit globose or subglobose, 5 to 6 mm in diameter,
(Fl. Filip. pl. 227, V. altissima.)

In dry thickets Masambong, fl. May—Oct.; common and widely distributed
in the Philippines. Timor.

2. V. negundo L. Lagundi (Tag.).

An erect branched shrub 2 to 5 m high. Leaves usually 5-foliolate,
rarely with 3 leaflets only, the middle leaflets larger than the others and
distinctly petioled; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 4 to 10 em long,
pubescent beneath. Panicles terminal, many-fiowered, pubescent, 10 to 20
em long, additional axillary ones often present. Flowers blue, 6 to 7 mm
long, the calyx pubescent. Fruit globose, about 4 mm in diameter. (FI.
Filip. Pl. 228, V. bicolor.)

In thickets ete., occasional, fl. all the year; common and widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines. Tropical Asia and Malaya.

3. V. trifolia L. Lagundi (Tag.).

A shrub 1 to 3 or 4m high with simple and 3-foliolate leaves, sometimes
prostrate or ascending. Leaflets all 3-foliolate, or some simple, or in the
prostrate form (var. ovata) all simple, sessile, oblong, oblong-elliptic, acute,
4 to 7 cm long, 1.5 to 4 cm wide, glabrous and shining on the upper surface,
beneath gray-puberulent. Panicles terminal, oblong, 5 to 10 em long,
often leafy at the base. Corolla pubescent, lavender to blue, the: tube
about 8 mm long, the larger central lobe of the lower lip with a white
blotch at the base, the limb 12 mm in greatest diameter. Fruit globose,
4 to 5mm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 226.)

In thickets along the Pasay beach, fl. most of the year; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines along the seashore. India to Japan through
Malaya to Australia.

11. PREMNA Linnaeus

Erect trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, usually with a somewhat
rank or aromatic odor when crushed. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed.
Cymes corymbose or panicled, usually pubescent, ample, terminal and axil-
lary, the bracts small. Flowers small, usually white or greenish, num-
erous, often polygamous. Calyx small, cup-shaped, subequal or obscurely
2-lipped, nearly entire, or 4- or 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, short, the
throat hairy, the limb 2-lipped or 5- or 4-lobed. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs.
Ovary 2- or 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Fruit a small fleshy drupe, the
endocarp hard, bony. (Greek “stump” allusion to the short stems of some
species. )

Species about 50, tropics of the Old World, 15 or more in the Philippines.

1. Erect shrubs or small trees.
2. Leaves large, 10 to 20 em long, uniformly and densely soft-pubescent
en the lower surface. 220255 aos 2 Ee 1. P. odorata
2. Leaves of medium size, glabrous, or pubescent only on and near the
nerves.

VERBENACEAE 405

8. Leaves glabrous, shining, base rounded or cordate, up to 15 cm
long; a bed Gdnst plat. ..g.cii..aic.. cesses 2. P. integrifolia
8. Leaves more or less pubescent, 10 em long or less, base acute.
: 3. P. nauseosa
1, A climbing shrub... i csisod.coheek chk ibid a Liss 4, P. subscandens

1. P. odorata Blanco. (P. vestita Schauer). Alagao (Tag.).

A shrub or small tree 3 to 8 m high, softly pubescent, somewhat aroma- .
tic when crushed. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, 10 to 20 em long, base
broad, rounded or somewhat cordate, apex acuminate, the lower surface
densely pubescent. Inflorescence terminal, 8 to 20 cm in diameter. Flow-
ers greenish-white or nearly white, 4 to 5 mm long. Fruit globose,
fleshy, dark-purple, about 5 mm in diameter.

Common in our area, fl. all the year; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. Endemic.

2. P. integrifolia L. Alagao, Alagao-dagat (Tag.).

A glabrous shrub 1 to 4 m high. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, glossy,
coriaceous, 7 to 14 cm long, 5 to 7 cm wide, base rounded or cordate,
apex acute or obtuse. Cymes 10 cm in diameter or less, flat. Flowers
greenish or greenish-white. Calyx obscurely 2-lipped, one lip 2-toothed,
the other 3-toothed. Corolla greenish-white. Fruit globose, dark-purple,
fleshy, about 4 mm in diameter.

In thickets along the Pasay beach, fl. most of the year; along the sea-
shore throughout the Philippines. India, through Malaya to Australia.

3. P. nauseosa Blanco. Molauin-aso (Tag.).

A shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 10 m, somewhat pubescent,
ultimately often nearly glabrous, the leaves with a rank odor when
crushed or in drying. Leaves elliptic-ovate oblong-ovate, acuminate, base
rounded or acute, 6 to 10 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide. Cymes terminal,
up to 5 cm long and 6 em wide, rather dense. Calyx green, equally 4-
toothed, 1 to 1.5 mm long. Corolla pale-green, 4 mm long, villous in-
side, the stamens white, exserted. Fruit globose, fleshy, dark-purple, 4
to5mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 396, P. leucostoma.)

In thickets, Pasay, San Pedro Macati, etc., fl. May—Sept.; common and
widely distributed in the Philippines. Endemic.

4. P. subscandens Merr. Alagao-baguing (Tag.).

A climbing shrub reaching a length of from 3 to 5 m, the leaves,
branchlets, and inflorescence rather softly pubescent, rank-scented in dry-
ing. Leaves ovate, thin, 6 to 10 cm long, entire, acuminate, base rounded
or cordate. Cymes terminating the branches, 5 to 14 em in diamter, rather
dense, many-flowered, densely and softly pubescent. Flowers white or
greenish. Calyx softly pubescent, 3 mm long, 5-toothed, often obscurely
2-lipped. Corolla about 5 mm long, one lip entire, the other coarsely
8-lobed.

In dry thickets near Fort McKinley, fl. Apr._June; of local occurrence
in the Philippines. Endemic.

12. GMELINA Linnaeus

Glabrous or pubescent, spiny or spineless shrubs or trees, with opposite,
entire, toothed or lobed leaves. Inflorescence terminal, usually small,
cymose or racemose, the flowers bracteate. Flowers large, yellow.

406 A FLORA OF MANILA

Calyx campanulate, shortly 5-toothed or subtruncate. Corolla-tube slender,
irregularly inflated upward, the limb oblique, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, in
2 pairs; anther-cells oblong, pendulous. Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit
a fleshy drupe, the endocarp hard, 4- or 2-celled, the calyx persistent,
unaltered. (In honor of S. Gmelin, an early German naturalist.)

Species about 8, Asia to Australia, 2 or 3 in the Philippines.

1. G. philippensis Cham. d

An erect, branched, nearly glabrous shrub or small tree 3 to 8 m high,
usually with few stout spines on the trunk and branches. Leaves
elliptic, 4 to 8 cm long, entire, apex usually rounded or obtuse, base acute.
Flowers in short, terminal racemes, each subtended by a large, pale-green
bract. Calyx green, about 5 mm long, truncate or obscurely denticulate.
Corolla yellow, about 4 cm long. Fruit fleshy, yellow, pear-shaped, about
2 cm long, glabrous. (FI. Filip. pl. 215, G. asiatica.)

In thickets Pasay, Masambong, etc., fil. Feb.—Oct.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Siam and Tenasserim.

122. LABIATAE (MINT or CABLIN FAMILY)

Mostly herbs, rarely shrubs, aromatic or not, usually with 4-angled
stems or branches. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers irregular, sol-
itary, in pairs, or fascicled and axillary, or in lax or dense whorls
arranged in spicate or racemose inflorescences, sometimes panicled or in
dense heads. Calyx 4- or 5-cleft or -toothed or 2-lipped. Corolla-tube
various, the limb 4- or 5-lobed or 2-lipped. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, or the
upper 2 imperfect, inserted in the corolla-tube. Ovary free, 4-lobed, 4-
celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Fruit of four dry or somewhat fleshy 1-seeded
nutlets at the base of the calyx.

Genera 164, species about 3,200, chiefly in the north temperate regions;
22 genera and about 50 species in the Philippines.

1. Fertile stamens 2; undershrubs with linear sessile leaves, the margins
strongly recurved; cultivated omly............2......:--:sceseeeeseees 1. Rosmarinus
1. Stamens 4, rarely 2.
2. Stamens bent downward.
3. Lower corolla-lobe flat or nearly so, broad-based, spreading.
4. Stamens exserted; very aromatic herbs or undershrubs.. 2. Ocimun
4, Stamens included, a not or but slightly aromatic herb.
3. Moschosma
3. Lower corolla-lobe boat-shaped or concave, base narrow, deflexed.
4. Calyx-limb subequally 5-toothed, the lowest corolla-lobe not much
longer than the others; filaments free; inflorescence capitate,
apicate, -oF ‘panmiculate ssi. 5261222. nee 4. Hyptis
4, Calyx-limb 2 lipped; lowest corolla-lobe boat-shaped, much longer
than the others; filaments connate in a sheath surrounding the
style: inflorescence Vas cs tree eee 5. Coleus
2. Stamens not bent downward, spreading, free.
8. Anthers 1-celled; filaments bearded; rather coarse, erect herbs.
6. Pogostemon
3. Anthers 2-celled; filaments not boarded; prostrate spreading herbs.
7. Mentha
2. Stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla.
8. Upper lip of the corolla short, nearly flat; anthers dimorphous;
eoarse erect herbs...05:5-2.5. 3) 535 ie ee 8. Anisomeles

LABIATAE 407

3. Upper lip of the corolla arched or hooded over the stamens; an-
thers uniform.

4. Calyx-teeth 6 to 10, the tube ribbed, the mouth often oblique;

upper lip of the corolla densely woolly outside; flowers white;

low herbeaicG Sas ol Sess Oi A Seti 9. Leucas
4. Calyx-teeth 5; upper lip of the corolla pubescent, but not woolly;
flowers purplish; coarse erect herbs......................-... 10. Leonurus

1. ROSMARINUS Linnaeus

An erect, much-branched, aromatic undershrub. Leaves sessile, linear.
Flowers small, in short, axillary and terminal racemes. Calyx 2-lipped,
the upper lip entire, the lower one bifid. Corolla exserted, the throat
somewhat inflated, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower one spread-
ing, trifid, the middle lobe large, concave. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted,
under the upper lip. (Latin “dew” and “sea.’’)

A monotypic European genus.

*1. R. OFFICINALIS L. Romero (Sp.); Rosemary.

An erect undershrub 1 m high or less, the branches and leaves densely
arranged. Leaves linear, sessile, entire, the margins strongly revolute,
the lower surface gray-pubescent, 1 to 3 cm long. Racemes 1 to 3 cm
long, the bracts shorter than the calyx. Flowers less than 1 cm long,
blueish. (FI. Filip. pl. 94.)

Quite extensively cultivated in Paranaque, the living plants sold in
Manila; in cultivation many towns in the Philippines. Introduced from
Spain at an early date, but not spontaneous here.

2. OCIMUM Linnaeus

Erect, branched, aromatic herbs or small shrubs. Leaves ovate, entire
or toothed. Inflorescence of solitary or panicled, interrupted racemes, the
flowers arranged in whorls, the pedicels short, spreading or recurved,
Flowers small, Calyx deflexed in fruit, the upper lobe broad, the margins
decurrent, the lower 2 acuminate, the lateral ones shorter than the lower
ones. Corolla slender, more or less exserted, 2-lobed, the upper lip broader,
subequally 4-fid, the lower entire. Stamens exserted, declinate. Nutlets
smooth or somewhat rugose. (From an old Greek name.)

Species about 40, chiefly in tropical Asia, 2 or more in the Philippines.

Fruiting calyx strongly reflexed, the upper lobe orbicular; pedicels shorter

pT eS a a ER i Ie 1. O. basilicum
Fruiting calyx spreading or slightly reflexed, the upper lobe oblong-ovate;
pedicels much longer than the calyx..............-.--22----200-0------ 2. O. sanctum

1. O. BASILICUM L. Solasi (Tag.); Bonac, Caloy (Vis.).

An erect, branched undershrub 0.5 to 1.5 m high, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent, very aromatic. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, entire or slightly
toothed, acute, 1.5 to 3 cm long. Racemes 8 to 15 cm long, usually pur-
plish, the pedicels short. Calyx strongly reflexed in fruit, the upper lobe
orbicular, the lower two narrow lanceolate, acuminate, the lateral ones
ovate. Corolla exserted, pink or purplish, 9 to 10 mm long.

Occasionally cultivated, fl. all the year; generally cultivated in the
Philippines, but certainly not a native species. Tropical Asia and Africa
through Malaya to Polynesia, in many places, however, only in cultivation.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 407.)

408 A FLORA OF MANILA

2. O. sANcTUM L. Albahaca (Sp.—Fil.); Solasi, Balanoi (Tag.); Colocogo,
Camange (Vis.); Biday (Il.).

An erect, herbaceous or suffrutescent, branched plant 1 m high or less,
the stems and younger parts pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves
oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute, somewhat toothed, 2 to 4.5 em long. Racemes
5 to 14 em long, sometimes panicled. Pedicels about as long as the calyx,
spreading, curved. Calyx at time of flowering about 3 mm long, some-
what larger in fruit, the two lower teeth long-awned, the upper one
broadly oblong, the lateral ones very broad, mucronate. Corolla pink
or purplish, but little longer than the calyx. (Fl Filip. pl. 257.)

Cultivated for its very fragrant leaves, occasionally also spontaneous
in waste places, fl. Dee—Feb.; throughout the Philippines, but certainly
not a native of the Archipelago. Western Asia to Malaya, Australia, and
Polynesia.

3. MOSCHOSMA Bentham

Annual or perennial, erect, branched herbs. Leaves petioled, ovate to
oblong-ovate, thin, toothed or entire. Inflorescence axillary and terminal,
of rather slender, panicled racemes, the whorls few-flowered. Flowers
very small. Calyx ovoid, 5-toothed, the upper 3 teeth the largest, margins
not decurrent. Corolla-tube very short, the upper lip shortly 4-fid. Stamens
4, declinate, the filaments free. Nutlets compressed, smooth. (From the
musk-like odor of some of the species.)

Species about 6, tropics of the Old World, 1 in the Philippines.

1. M. TENUIFLORUM (Burn.) Heynh. (M. polystachyuwm Benth.).

An erect, much-branched, nearly glabrous herb 40 to 90 cm high, the
stems prominently 4-angled. Leaves long-petioled, thin, ovate to oblong-
ovate, acuminate, toothed, 2 to 6 em long, the base acute. Racemes 3 to

10 cm long, 5 to 6 mm in diameter, densely many-flowered. Pedicels
_ shorter than the calyx. Flowers lilac or pink, about 2.5 mm long, the
calyx in fruit spreading or somewhat refiexed, 3 to 3.5 mm long.

In open places, occasional, fl. Dec.-June; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines about towns, but certainly not indigenous. Tropical Africa and
Asia through Malaya to Australia.

4. HYPTIS Jacquin

Erect, branched, aromatic or not. Leaves opposite, toothed. Inflor-
escence various, capitate, in dense spikes, or in remote, few-flowered,
paniculate clusters. Calyx straight or oblique, 5-lobed, lobes acute or awn-
tipped. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip abruptly defiexed, saccate. Stamens
4, declinate. Nutlets various. (From the Greek “laid back” and “under,”
in reference to the deflexed lower corolla-lip.)

A large genus of over 250 species, all American, a few now distributed
as tropical weeds, 4 in the Philippines.

1. Strongly aromatic herbs, the flowers in few-flowered, racemosely disposed
ehisterd 35553. .22579- 2a Se See LVAD.) ees 1. H. suaveolens
1. Not or but slightly aromatic; heads axillary or terminal, solitary, subglo-
bose to oblong, densely many-flowered.
2. Heads axillary, subglobose.
8. Heads very shortly peduncled, peduncles not longer than the heads.
; 2. H. brevipes
3. Heads long-peduncled, the peduncles many times as long as the heads.
3. H. capitata
2. Heads terminal, oblong..2000 nS 4. H. spicigera

LABIATAE 409

1. H. SUAVEOLENS (L.) Poir. Soob-cabayo (Tag.).

A coarse, erect, branched, more or less hairy, aromatic annual 0.5 to 2
m high. Leaves ovate, acute, serrulate, 4 to 9 cm long, variable. Flowers
in axillary, peduncled, 8- to 4-flowered heads or clusters, some solitary
ones usually added, racemosely or subpaniculately disposed along the
branches. Calyx in flower about 4 mm long, soon enlarged and nearly 1
em long, striate, villous, the teeth erect, subulate. Corolla blue, about 8
mm long, limb 5 mm in diameter.

In waste places, very abundant, fl. all the year. A native of tropical
America, now found throughout the Philippines, and in some parts of
India and Malaya.

2. H. BREVIPES Poir.

An erect, branched, somewhat hairy, annual herb 0.6 to 1.5 m high.
Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, 3
to 7 cm long. Heads globose, axillary, solitary, 1 to 1.3 em in diameter,
the peduncles as long as the heads or shorter. Flowers very numerous,
calyx and bracts green, the teeth erect, subulate, corolla slightly exserted,
white. (Fl. Filip. pl. 204.)

In open, usually damp or wet waste places and grass lands, fl. Oct.-Feb.;
common and widely distributed in the Philippines. A native of tropical
America, now naturalized in Malaya, tropical Africa, etc.

8. H. CAPITATA Jacq.

A stout, erect, non-aromatic, annual herb 0.5 to 1.5 m high, more or
less hairy, the stem green or purplish, 4-angled. Leaves lanceolate, tooth-
ed,8to14cmlong. Flowers numerous, crowded in long-peduncled, axillary,
solitary, globose heads, the peduncles up to 10 cm in length, the heads
1 to 2 cm in diameter, with a basal involucre of hairy bracts. Calyx green,
4 mm long, accrescent and 8.mm long in fruit. Corolla white, 6 mm long.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 294.)

In open waste places, fl. Oct.Feb.; common and widely distributed in
the Philippines. A native of tropical America, not as yet reported from any
other part of the Orient.

4. H. SPICIGERA Lam.

An erect, branched, nearly glabrous or slightly pubescent annual herb
1 to 1.5 m high, the stems 4-angled, scabrous. Leaves petioled, lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 2 to 6 cm long, the base acuminate-
decurrent. Spikes oblong to ovoid, dense, terminating the branches, 2 to
6 cm long, many-flowered. Flowers purplish, 3 to 4 mm long. Calyx ac-
crescent and about 6 mm long in fruit, ribbed, reticulate, the teeth subulate.

In open dry grass lands near Fort McKinley, fl. Oct._Jan.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. A native of tropical America.

5. COLEUS Loureiro.

Erect or spreading herbs or undershrubs, sometimes aromatic, often with
variegated leaves. Leaves petioled, ovate, toothed. Flowers blue or pur-
ple, in lax, few- to many-flowered cymes (whorls) which are arranged in
simple or panicled racemes. Calyx 5-toothed, 2-lipped, enlarged in fruit.
Corolla exserted, decurved, the limb prominently 2-lipped, the lower lip
much larger than the upper one, boat-shaped. Stamens declinate, the
filaments united below into a sheath surrounding the style. (Greek
“sheath,” from the united filaments. )

410 A FLORA OF MANILA

Species 50 or more in tropical Africa, Asia, and Malaya, 7 or more in
the Philippines.

1. Flowers minute, less than 5 mm long; a very aromatic plant, green
throughout, (cultivated | OR ion wre lnertnicerieeeenenet steal 1. C. amboinicus

1. Flowers about 1 cm long; plants slightly aromatic or nearly odorless,
variously colored.

2. Leaves 5 to 10 cm long, variously and prominently colored; cultivated

C1 hh Oe A RRO SE Maar ERS SEE YLT ac TS Aaa 2. C. blumei

2. Leaves 1.5 to 3.5 cm long, slightly colored or nearly green.

3. C. pumilus
*1. C. AMBOINICUS Lour. (C. aromaticus Benth., C. suganda Blanco). Su-
ganda (Tag.); Orégano (Sp.-Fil.)

An erect or spreading, branched, rather coarse, strongly aromatic herb,
green, the stems fleshy. Leaves broadly ovate, crenate, fleshy, rounded or
obtuse, base decurrent, often cordate, 4 to 9 cm long, somewhat villous.
Flowers small, in distant, many-flowered whorls. Calyx-throat glabrous
inside, the upper lip ovate, acute, thin, the lower acuminate. Corolla
pale-purplish, with a short tube, the throat inflated, the lips short.

Occasionally cultivated for its very aromatic leaves, very rarely flower-
ing; occasional in cultivation in the Philippines, introduced, origin un-
certain. Cultivated, India to Malaya, and in various other tropical countries.

* 2. C. BLUMEI Benth. Mayana, Maliana (Tag., Vis., Pamp.).

An erect, branched, somewhat succulent, annual herb 1 m high or less,
the leaves variously colored, usually more or less pubescent. Stems usually
purplish, 4-angled. Leaves ovate, rather coarsely toothed, 5 to 10 cm long,
in the most common form uniformly velvety-purple. Inflorescence terminal,
simple or branched, 15 to 80 cm long. Flowers purplish, numerous, in lax
verticils of cymes or racemes, the pedicels about 4 mm long. Calyx green,
about 2.5 mm long, the upper lip ovate, obtuse, the lateral lobes short,
ovate, the lower one 2-cleft. Corolla about 11mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 208.)

Frequently cultivated, fl. Nov.Mar. Generally cultivated in the Phil-
ippines for its ornamental foliage, but certainly introduced. India and
Malaya, often only cultivated, and in cultivation in most warm countries.

3. C. pumilus Blanco (C. gaudichaudii Briq.).

A lax, erect or spreading, simple or somewhat branched herb 30 to 90 cm
in length, the stems square, green, fleshy, usually decumbent below and
rooting at the nodes. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, 1.5 to 3.5 cm long,
with scattered, long, weak hairs, acute or obtuse, base truncate, acute, or
decurrent, margins coarsely dentate. Inflorescence a narrow terminal
panicle, 8 to 20 cm long, rather lax, few or many flowers in each verticil.
Flowers blue-purple, about 1 cm long, slightly glandular and hairy.

In thickets, Masambong, near Fort McKinley, etc., rarely also cultivated,
fl. Nov._Jan. Known only from Manila and vicinity.

6. POGOSTEMON Desfontaines

Erect, branched, mostly aromatic herbs or undershrubs., Leaves opposite,
petioled, large. Flowers small, in axillary and terminal, simple or panicled
spikes or contracted racemes, formed of many densely flowered cymes or
whorls. Calyx nearly equally 4- or 5-toothed. Corolla-tube exserted or
included, the limb somewhat 2-lipped, the lobes 4. Stamens 4, exserted,

LABIATAE 411

the filaments bearded. Style 2-fid. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth.
(Greek “beard” and “stamen.’’)
Species about 35, tropical Asia and Malaya, about 7 in the Philippines.

1. P. cablin (Blanco) Benth. Cablin, Cadling, Cadlom (Tag.); Patchouli.

An erect, branched, pubescent herb 0.5 to 1 m high, aromatic when crush-
ed. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or obtuse, 5 to 11 cm long, usually
coarsely and doubly toothed or crenate. Spikes terminal and axillary,
panicled, dense, sometimes interrupted, 2 to 8 cm long, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter
pubescent. Calyx about 6 mm long. Corolla pink-purple, 8 mm long, the
lobes obtuse. Bracts about as long as the calyx.

Occasionally cultivated for its fragrant leaves, fl. Jan.Feb.; in and
about towns in Luzon and probably in other islands, cultivated and wild.
India to Malaya, chiefly cultivated. This species yields the patchouli per-
fume of commerce.

7. MENTHA Linnaeus

Very aromatic perennial plants from prostrate rootstocks. Leaves ovate
to oblong-ovate. Flowers small, in many-flowered whorls in axillary and
terminal spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed, the throat
naked or villous. Corolla subequally 4-lobed. Stamens 4, equal, erect.
Nutlets smooth or reticulate. (From a Greek nymph of that name.)

Species about 25 in the north-temperate zone, introduced in many other
regions, 2 in the Philippines.

*1. M. ARVENSIS L. Yerba buena (Sp.); Mint.

A prostrate, glabrous, or slightly hairy, strongly aromatic, much branched
herb, the stems up to 40 cm long, usually purplish, the ultimate branches
ascending. Leaves elliptic- to oblong-ovate, short-petioled, serrate, rounded
or obtuse, 1.5 to 4 cm long. Flowers in axillary, capitate whorls, the
calyx-teeth triangular or lanceolate, hairy, the corolla also hairy.

Commonly cultivated, but not spontaneous. Introduced from Europe and
here rarely or never flowering; its natural range is from Europe through
northern Asia to China.

8. ANISOMELES R. Brown

Coarse, erect, branched herbs. Flowers in axillary whorls, or the whorls
arranged in stout, terminal, more or less interrupted racemes. Calyx
ovoid, equally 5-toothed, straight. Corolla-tube short, the upper lip erect,
entire, the lower broad, spreading, the middle lobe notched. Stamens ex-
serted, the anthers conniving. Style equally 2-fid. Nutlets smooth.
(Greek “unequal” and “members,” in reference to the unequal corolla-lips.)

Species about 8, tropical Asia to Australia, 1 in the Philippines.

1. A. INDICA (L.) O. Kuntze (A. ovata R. Br.). Paling-harap (Tag.).

An erect, branched, annual herb 1 to 2 m high, more or less tomentose,
Leaves ovate, long-petioled, thin, 3 to 12 cm long, acuminate, crenate or
crenate-serrate. Whorls many-flowered, in dense or interrupted, stout,
spike-like racemes, 5 to 25 cm long, 2 to 8 cm in diameter, the lower
whorls in the leaf-axils. Calyx about 6 mm long, hairy, the teeth acuminate.
Corolla purplish, 10 to 12 mm long.

In open waste places, San Juan del Monte, fi. Dec.—Feb.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines, but certainly not indigenous. India to China
and Malaya.

412 A FLORA OF MANILA

9. LEUCAS R. Brown

Glabrous or pubescent, annual or perennial, simple or branched, erect or
ascending herbs. Leaves narrow. Whorls axillary, usually distant. Cal-
yx 10-nerved, the mouth oblique, equally or unequally 6- to 10-toothed.
Corolla-tube included, annulate or not within, the upper lip short, erect,
concave, villous, the lower spreading 3-fid, the middle lobe very large.
Stamens 4, ascending; anthers conniving, cells divaricate, at length con-
fluent. Style subulate. Nutlets ovoid, triquetrous, obtuse. (Greek “white,”
in reference to the white-pubescent leaves of some species.)

Species about 50 Africa, Asia, and Malaya, about 5 in the Philippines.

Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate......................::.-se:-seeeseee 1. L. lavendulifolia
fT hy | eal SE an aes rae NN Se eI see Sipseoes 2. L. javanica

1. L. LAVENDULIFOLIA Smith (LZ. linifolia Spr.).

An annual, erect, branched herb 40 to 80 em high, more or less pubescent
with short hairs. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 5 to 9 cm long, 8
to 13 mm wide, acuminate, base narrowed, somewhat toothed; petioles none
or short. Whorls axillary and terminal, many-flowered, the bracts few,
short. Calyx about 1 cm long, green, very oblique, sharply toothed. Corolla
white, 1.5 cm long, the central lobe of the lower lip obovate, truncate,
8 mm wide.

In open dry grass lands, waste places, etc., fl. all the year; throughout
the Philippines, but certainly not a native species. India to Mauritius
and Malaya.

2. L. JAVANICA Benth.

An erect or ascending, branched, pubescent herb 20 to 50 cm high.
Leaves ovate, 2 to 6 cm long, up to 4 cm in width, obtuse, base sub-
truncate or rounded, margins coarsely crenate. Flowers axillary, crowded,
10 to 50 in each verticil, the bracts linear-setaceous. Calyx green, pubes-
cent, 8 to 9 mm long, striate, with 10, slender, subequal, linear-subulate
teeth. Corolla white, 11 to 12 mm long, the upper lobe ciliate, the lower
3-lobed, glabrous.

In thickets and open places opposite Fort McKinley, fl. Sept.Jan.;
widely distributed in the Philippines, but probably not a native plant.
Java.

10. LEONURUS Linnaeus

Erect, branched, leafy herbs with lobed leaves. Flowers in axillary,
densely flowered, scattered whorls, or the upper ones closer, the bracts
subulate. Calyx 5-nerved, turbinate, the teeth 5, spreading, spine-like.
Corolla-tube naked within, the upper lip entire, erect, the lower 3-fid, the
middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4. Nutlets 8-angled, truncate, smooth.
(From the Greek “lion” and “tail.”’)

Species 10 in Europe, Asia, and America, a single introduced one in
the Philipipnes.

1. L. siBiricus L.

A rather coarse, erect, branched, usually somewhat pubescent, annual
herb 60 to 120 em high. Leaves 5 to 10 cm long, pinnately or palmately
3- to many-parted, the lobes narrow, often incised, or the upper leaves

SOLANACEAE 413

entire, linear, pale beneath. Whorls numerous, densely-flowered, the bracts
equaling the calyx. Calyx about 7 mm long. Corolla about 1 em long,
red. (Fl. Filip. pl. 259.)

Rare in our area, fl. Aug.—Jan.; of local occurrence in the Philippines,
in waste places about towns, etc., undoubtedly an introduced plant in the
Archipelago. Tropics generally.

123. SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE OR TALONG FAMILY)

Herbs or shrubs, sometimes scandent, with alternate, simple or pinnate
leaves, the leaves sometimes in unequal pairs, never opposite, the stipules
none. Inflorescence lateral or terminal, axillary or extra-axillary, cymose,
or clustered, the flowers sometimes solitary. Flowers perfect, regular or
nearly so. Calyx inferior, 5-toothed or truncate, usually persistent in
fruit, often enlarged. Corolla various, often plaited, the lobes 5.
Stamens 5 (4 in 2 pairs in Brunfelsia), inserted on the corolla-tube.
Ovary 2-celled or imperfectly 1- to 4-celled; ovules numerous. Fruit a
dry or fleshy berry or capsular, usually 2-celled, many-seeded.

Genera 83, species over 2,000, in the warmer parts of the whole world,
7 genera and about 35 species known from the Philippines.

1. Flowers 2 cm long or more.
2. Flowers very large, about 6 cm long; fruit a spiny capsule.
1. Datura
2. Flowers much smaller; fruit not spiny.
3. Shrubs.
4. Flowers few, axillary or terminal; stamens 4, in 2 pairs.
2. Brunfelsia
4. Flowers numerous in terminal and axillary corymbs; stamens 5.
3. Cestrum
Bcsiepehmioamee theres.ats-2 0160 ole ks inldo oes 4. Nicotiana
1. Flowers less than 2 em in length.
2. Anthers forming a cone surrounding the style, opening by two pores at

the apex.
8, heaves eum mew idedcced..5-s ise lt.is lB betel 5. Solanum
3. Leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate................2..222.....-::ceeceeee 6. Lycopersicum
2. Anthers free, not forming a cone opening by longitudinal slits.
aa MRS WTR Teer es ee me 7. Capsicum
3. Calyx in fruit much enlarged, inflated, thin, loosely surrounding
pO IB go 0 Pa MOR oe i lO lh ial MS Si ty Clee eal es i 8. Physalis

1. DATURA Linnaeus

Coarse, erect, branched, herbaceous or shrubby plants, usually rank-
scented. Leaves large, sinuate, lobed, or entire. Flowers very large,
pedicelled, axillary, solitary, white or purple. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed,
the basal part persistent in fruit. Corolla long, tubular-funnel-shaped, the
limb plaited, shortly lobed. Stamens attached near the base of the tube.
Ovary 2- or 4-celled. Capsule spinous, globose, bursting irregularly, seated
on the enlarged basal part of the calyx. Seeds very numerous, compressed,
wrinkled. (Altered from the Arabian name “Tatorah.”)

Species about 10 in temperate and tropical regions, 2 in the Philippines.

414 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. D. ALBA Nees. Talong-punay (Tag.). .

A coarse, erect, branched, glabrous or slightly pubescent herb or short-
lived shrub 0.5 to 2 m high. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, base inequi-
lateral, apex acuminate, margins irregularly and shallowly lobed, 9 to 18 cm
long. Flowers very large, axillary, solitary. Calyx green, about 6 cm
long, cleft at the apex, and with linear teeth. Corolla white, about 15
cm long, the mouth about 8 cm in diameter, fruit globose, green, about 3.5
em in diameter, covered with short, stout spines. (FI. Filip. pl. 34, D.
metel.) .

In waste places, fi. all the year; widely distributed about towns in the
Philippines, undoubtedly introduced. India to China and Malaya. —

2. BRUNFELSIA Linnaeus

Erect, glabrous shrubs. Leaves entire, shining. Flowers terminal or
axillary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes. Calyx tubular or campanulate,
truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube long, straight or
somewhat curved, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, in-
serted on the tube, included. Ovary sessile, 2-celled; ovules numerous.
Capsule subglobose, fleshy or leathery, the pericarp thick, sometimes scarce-
ly dehiscent. (In honor of O. Brunfels, a Swiss botanist.)

Species about 20 in tropical America, 2 introduced and cultivated in the
Philippines.

Flowers purple, 2 to 2.5 cm long, the corolla-tube not more than twice as

Lea ge: Cc aes a ee APIS BPR OITE: PTD A 1. B. acuminata
Flowers white, becoming yellow, about 4.5 cm long, the corolla-tube very
much: Joneer silan: Ge CA YR seas spun ts scs pence cee enc 2. B. americana

* 1. B. ACUMINATA (Pohl) Benth. Viola (Sp.—Fil.).

An erect, glabrous, branched shrub 1 m or more in height. Leaves
oblong or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, base acute, short-petioled, 3 to 7 cm
long. Flowers solitary, or in lax, few-flowered cymes, violet-purple. Calyx
tubular, not inflated, about 12 mm long. Corolla-tube twice as long as the
calyx or shorter, the limb about 2 cm in diameter.

Rarely cultivated, fl. Feb—March, and probably in other months. A
native of tropical America and of recent introduction in the Philippines.

* 2. B. AMERICANA L.

An erect glabrous shrub. Leaves somewhat crowded on the ultimate
twigs often yellowish-green, oblong-ovate, acute or obtuse, firm, entire,
base cuneate, 5 to 10 em long. Flowers terminal, solitary or in pairs,
shortly pedicelled, very fragrant. Calyx green, ovoid, 6 mm long, 5-
toothed. Corolla-tube about 4.5 em long, slender, somewhat straw-colored,
the limb white, soon turning yellowish, oblique, subequally 5-lobed, about
5 cm in diameter. Fruit globose, about 1.5 cm in diameter, the pericarp
yellow, somewhat fleshy, 2-valved; seeds numerous.

Occasional in cultivation, fl. all the year. A native of tropical America,
and of recent introduction in the Philippines.

8. CESTRUM Linnaeus

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate, entire leaves. Flowers regular, in
axillary and terminal racemes or corymbs. Calyx short,.5-toothed. Corolla
elongated, slightly enlarged upward, 5-lobed, the lobes much shorter than

SOLANACEAE A415

the tube. Stamens 5, included, more or less adnate to the corolla-tube.
Ovary ovate or globose, 2-celled, the ovules few; style simple. Fruit small,
fleshy, 2-celled. (The ancient Greek name for betony.)

A large tropical American genus of 160 or more species, a single intro-
duced one in the Philippines.

1. C. NocTURNUM L. Dama de noche (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect or subscandent glabrous shrub usually 2 to 3 m high, with long,
often drooping branches. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 8 to
15 em long, acuminate. Corymbs axillary and terminal, lax, 7 to 10 cm
long. Flowers numerous, slender, yellowish-green, very fragrant at night,
about 2.3 cm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 151.)

Frequently cultivated for its very fragrant flowers, fl. at intervals
throughout the year; in most towns in the Philippines, naturalized in
some regions. A native of tropical America, introduced here at an early
date.

4. NICOTIANA Linnaeus

Erect, viscid-pubescent herbs (in our species), with ample, entire or
sinuate leaves. Panicles terminal, or subterminal, compound. Calyx ovoid,
5-fid. Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Ovary 2-celled, many
ovuled. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the seeds very numerous, small.
(From J. Nicot, a French ambassador to Portugal.)

Species about 35 in America, Polynesia, and Australia, the following
introduced and cultivated here.

*1. N. TABACUM L. Tabaco (Sp.); Tobacco.

A coarse, erect, annual herb 0.7 to 1.5 m high. Leaves elliptic-ovate
to oblong or obovate, 10 to 30 cm long, the base narrowed, sessile or
short-petioled. Calyx green, 1 to 1.5 em long, enlarged in fruit. Corolla
white and pink, about 5 cm long. Capsule ovoid, 1.5 to 2 em long.

Rarely cultivated in the vicinity of Manila, fl. all the year; cultivated
throughout the Philippines, in some provinces very extensively. A native
of tropical America, introduced here at an early date; now cultivated in
all warm countries. (FI. Filip. pl. 36.)

5. SOLANUM Linnaeus

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, glabrous or stellate-pubescent,
spinous or unarmed. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire or lobed. In-
florescence lateral or terminal, cymose or racemose. Calyx 5- or 10-lobed.
Corolla-tube short, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4, the filaments short, the
anthers connivent into a cone. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a small or large,
globose or elongated berry. (Derivation of name unknown.)

A very large genus with more than 700 species, chiefly in tropical and
subtropical regions, 20 or more in the Philippines.

1. Unarmed herbs or shrubs.

2. A shrub 1 to 4 m high, all parts densely stellate-pubescent; flowers in
dense. cymes; -Wiite...cisi ees. olviessl Sw. 1. S. verbascifolium

2. Herbs.
3. A slender herb with white, umbellately arranged flowers and glo-
bose, black or dark-purple fruits 5 mm in diameter.... 2. S. nigrum
3. A coarse herb cultivated only; flowers few, axillary, blue or pur-
plish; fruit very large, 10 to 25 em long............ 3. S. melongena

416 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. More or less spiny or prickly herbs or vines.
2. Erect, stellate-pubescent, coarse herbs.

8. Leaves with long, scattered spines............2....22-..1:---20---- 4. S. cumingii

8. Leaves not epinyucsus 2s. Sh Sines hie ees 5. S. torvum

2. Scandent, glabrous or nearly so, stems and petioles more or less spiny
or prickly.

3. Flowers about 1.5 cm in diameter, in few-flowered racemes; leaves

LF eae eee Re eo. +5 eal rll ta Rn Beis» i, SAE Oe 6. S. athroanthum

3. Flowers about 4 cm in diameter, in many-flowered cymes; leaves
simple and entire, and pinnately lobed or pinnate on the same
11) 1 salami prs Wiens birt bri: Baca fe At eh A be 7. S. wendlandii

1. S. verbascifolium L. Talong-aso, Malatalong, Malatabaco (Tag.).

A shrub 1 to 4 m high, all parts stellate-pubescent. Leaves ovate, ob-
long-ovate, or elliptic-ovate, 10 to 23 em long, entire, acuminate, base
acute or somewhat rounded, the lower surface pale and densely stellate-
pubescent. Cymes terminal or subterminal, dichotomously compound, pe-
duncled, rather densely flowered. Calyx grayish-green, about 5 mm long.
Corolla white, often tinged with green, the lobes spreading, about 1.3 cm
in diameter, pubescent outside. Fruit globose, fleshy, green or yellowish,
nearly 1 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 86.)

In open dry lands, thickets, .etc., fl. Aug._Feb.; widely distributed in
the Philippines. Tropical Asia to Australia, and tropical America.

2. S. NigRuM L. Cunti (Tag.).

An erect, branched, glabrous or nearly glabrous herb, 1 m high or less.
Stems green, somewhat 3-angled. Leaves ovate to oblong, petioled, 5 to 8
cm long, acuminate, base acute or acuminate, margins subentire or un-
dulately toothed or lobed. Peduncles extra-axillary, 1 to 2.5 cm long, the
flowers umbellately disposed, 5 to 8 on each peduncle, nodding. Calyx
green, the lobes ovate-oblong. Corolla white, about 8 mm in diameter.
Fruit a dark-purple or black, glabrous, globose, fleshy berry about 5 mm in
diameter. .

In waste places, occasional, fi. all the year; widely distributed in the
Philippines, and probably introduced. All temperate and tropical coun-
tries.

*3. S. MELONGENA L. Talong (Tag.); Berenjena (Sp.); Egg Plant.

A coarse, usually branched, erect annual 0.4 to 1 m high, somewhat
prickly or unarmed. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, stellate-pubescent be-
neath, irregularly and shallowly lobed, 10 to 25 cm long. Flowers axillary,
about 2.5 cm long, purplish or bluish. Fruit fleshy, smooth, purple, up to
25 em long, very variable in shape, globose to oblong or cylindric-oblong.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 265.)

Cultivated for its edible friut, fl. more or less all the year. Not a native
of the Philippines, its origin uncertain; cultivated in most tropical and
temperate countries.

~

4. S$. cumingii Dunal. Talangbulo, Tarambulo (Tag.).

A spreading or ascending, somewhat branched, stellate-pubescent herb
30 to 60 cm high. Stems, petioles, and leaves with scattered, sharp, rather
stout spines, 3 to 6 mm long. Leaves oblong-ovate, acute or slightly
acuminate, irregularly undulate-lobed, base inequilateral, 4 to 12 cm long,
stellate-pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers in axillary, 1- to 5-flowered

SOLANACEAE 417

racemes. Calyx green, the tube slightly spiny. Corolla violet or purplish,
rotate, shallowly 5-lobed, nearly 2 cm in diameter. Stamens yellow. Fruit
globose, glabrous, 2.5 em in diameter, green mottled with white, or yellow-
ish, the accrescent calyx nearly 2 cm in diameter. (Fl. Filip. pl. 49.)

In waste places, occasional, fl. more or less all the year; widely distributed
in the Philippines. An endemic species reduced by some authors to So-
lanum melongena L., of which it may be a wild form.

5. S. TorvuM Sw. Tandang-aso, Talampay (Tag.).

A coarse, erect, branched, suffrutescent herb 1 to 3 m high, the branches
with short scattered spines, most parts stellate-pubescent. Leaves ovate
to oblong-ovate, 10 to 20 cm long, sinuate-lobed, acuminate, base inequi-
lateral. Inflorescence lateral, usually extra-axillary, racemose, often dicho-
tomous. Flowers many, white, about 1 cm long. Fruit globose, yellow,
glabrous, about 1 cm in diameter.

In waste places, occasional, fl. all the year; widely distributed about towns
in the Philippines undoubtedly introduced. Tropical America, tropical
Asia, and Malaya.

* 6. S. ATHROANTHUM Dunal.

A slender, scandent, nearly glabrous vine about 2 m high, the branches
and petioles armed with recurved spines. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate,
irregularly and coarsely sinuate, 2 to 5 cm long, apex rounded, base sub-
truncate, often inequilateral. Racemes lateral, few-flowered, about as
long as the leaves. Flowers long-pedicelled, pale-blue, about 1.5 ecm in
diameter. Fruit globose, glabrous, about 1 cm in diameter.

In hedges along roadsides, near the Balic-balic cemetery fl. July—Dec.,
and probably in other months; known in the Philippines only from Manila.
A native of Java and undoubtedly of recent introduction here.

*7. S. WENDLANDII Hook. f.

A climbing glabrous vine reaching a length of several meters, the stems
with a few scattered prickles. Leaves variable, simple and entire to deeply
pinnately iobed or even pinnately compound, 10 to 25 cm long, oblong to
oblong-ovate in outline, the midrib often with scattered prickles beneath,
the lobes, when present, few, often only 3, oblong, elliptic, or ovate, acute
or acuminate, close or distant. Cymes large, many-flowered, the corolla
pale-blue, about 4 cm in diameter.

Singalon, Malate, etc., in gardens, cultivated, fl. June and probably in
other months. A native of tropical America of recent introduction here.

In addition to the above species the potato (Sp. patata) (Solanum
tuberosum L.) is imported and is always to be found in the Manila market.
This species is a native of tropical America and is now cultivated in all
warm countires. In the Philippines it is successfully cultivated only at
medium or higher altitudes.

6. LYCOPERSICUM Miller

Coarse, ascending or spreading, pubescent, rank-scented, annual
herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnate or bipinnate, the leaflets unequal in
size, toothed or lobed. Flowers in extra-axillary, few-flowered racemes
or cymes. Sepals 5 or 6, linear-lanceolate, spreading, acuminate. Corolla
yellow, the tube short, the lobes 5 or 6, lanceolate, spreading. Stamens 5 or
6, inserted on the corolla-tube; anthers connivent in an elongated cone.

111555——27

418 A FLORA OF MANILA

Fruit a small or large, very fleshy berry, containing numerous small seeds.
(Greek “wolf” and “peach.’’)

Species 3 or 4, natives of America, one introduced here, cultivated and
naturalized.

1. L. ESCULENTUM Mill. Tamate (Sp.); Camate (Tag.); Tomato.

Ascending or spreading, 0.5 to 1.5 m high, branched, pubescent. Leaves
alternate, 10 to 40 cm long, pinnate, the leaflets irregular, oblong-ovate,
toothed or lobed, sometimes lyrately-lobed, or the leaves bipinnate, the
pinnae up to 18 cm in length. Inflorescence racemose or cymose, 5 to 8
cm long, few-flowered. Flowers yellow, 1 to 1.5 em long. Fruit globose
or depressed-globose, red, fleshy, smooth, in the wild state about 1 ecm in
diameter, in cultivated forms up to 10 cm in diameter. (Fl. Filip. pl. 43.)

Commonly cultivated forms with large fruits, also wild, with small
fruits, fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines spontaneous and culti-
vated. A native of tropical America, now wild or cultivated in all warm
countries. :

7. CAPSICUM Linnaeus

Erect, branched, annual or perennial, glabrous herbs, often suffrutescent
or shrubby. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, entire or repand. Flowers
axillary, solitary or few in each axil. Calyx small, entire or minutely 5-
toothed. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, attached near the base of
the corolla, the anthers free. Ovary 2- or 3-celled. Fruit an oblong, lan-
ceolate, or ovoid berry. Seeds many. (Latin “box” from the shape of
the fruit of some species.)

Species all American, some now cultivated or wild in all warm countries,
2 or 3 in the Philippines.

Shrubby or suffrutescent herbs; pedicels solitary or several in each axil,
erect; fruit small, red............ PR SAS LT Heh CRN Te 9 1. C. frutescens
Annual herbs; pedicels solitary, recurved; fruit large, green.... 2. C. annuum

1. C. FRUTESCENS L. (C. minimum Roxb.). Chile (Sp.) ; Pasites, Sili (Tag.) ;
Chile Pepper.

An erect, branched, suffrutescent, shrub-like herb 0.8 to 1.5 m high.
Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 3 to 10 cm long.
Flowers solitary or several in each axil, pedicelled, pale-green or yellowish-
green, 8 to 9 mm in diameter. Fruit in the common form red, oblong-lan-
ceolate, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, with a very sharp taste. (FI. Filip. pl. 47.)

In waste places, occasional, also commonly cultivated, fl. all the year;
throughout the Philippines, wild and cultivated. A native of tropical
America, now found in all tropical countries.

*2. C. ANNUM L. var. GROSSUM (L.) Sendt. Sileng-bilog (Tag.) Green
Pepper.

An erect, branched, glabrous, annual herb about 40 cm high, the branches
angled. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, base decurrent-acuminate,
8 to 12 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, about 1.8 cm in diameter, the
petals somewhat straw-colored, the pedicels recurved. Fruit smooth, ovoid
to oblong-ovoid, obtuse green, 6 to 10 cmlong. (FI. Filip. pl. 142, C. tetra-
gonum.)

SCROPHULARIACEAE 419

* Var. LoNGUM Sendt. Sileng-mahahaba (Tag.).

Similar to the above, but with oblong-lanceolate fruits which are more
or less narrowed to the acuminate apex, up to 6 cm long and 1.5 cm in
diameter.

Cultivated by Chinese gardeners for the Manila market, fl. most of the
year. A native of tropical America, now cultivated in numerous forms
in all warm countries.

8. PHYSALIS Linnaeus

Erect or spreading branched herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, sinuate,
or lobed. Pedicels axillary, solitary. Calyx campanulate, cleft half-way to
the base into 5 teeth, in fruit greatly enlarged, inflated, enclosing but free
from the fruit. Corolla campanulate, yellow, sometimes purple at the
base inside. Stamens 5, attached near the base of the corolla. Ovary
2-celled. Fruit a globose berry. (Greek “bladder” from the inflated
calyx.)

Species 45, mostly or all natives of America, 3 or 4 introduced in the
Philippines.

Glabrous or nearly so; stems angled................. et cor eines 1. P. angulata
Pubescent; stems terete or nearly SO..2......2.........-eeececeeeseeneeeesnneee 2. P. minima

1. P. ANGULATA L. Putocan, Caputi (Tag.).

An erect, branched, glabrous herb 1 m high or usually less, the stems
angled. Leaves ovate-oblong, 5 to 9 cm long, acute or acuminate, base
usually acute, often somewhat inequilateral, entire or somewhat repand-
toothed. Flowers pale-yellowish, about 6 mm long. Fruit calyx oblong-
ovoid, 2.5 to 3 cm long, the fruits about 1 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip.
pl. 50.)

In waste places, fl. Dec.Apr., and probably in other months; widely
distributed in the Philippines. A native of tropical America, introduced
and naturalized here.

2. P. MINIMA L. Unti-untihan (Tag.).

An erect, branched, pubescent, annual herb 0.5 iS 0.8 m high, the
branches terete, often tinged with purple, the ultimate ones slightly angular.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, base rounded or a little cordate, somewhat ine-
quilateral, the margins nearly entire or very faintly undulate-lobed, 6 to 12
em long, 4.5 to 7 cm wide. Flowers solitary, axillary, about 8 mm long,
the limb 8 mm in diameter, the corolla pale-yellow, with 5 large, purple
spots at the base inside. Fruit fleshy, globose, edible, about 1 cm in
diameter, the inflated, accrescent calyx ovoid, acuminate, about 3 cm long,
2 cm in diameter, green, with 5 prominent, and 5 alternating somewhat
more slender, purplish ribs.

In waste places, occasional, fl. July—Oct.; rather widely distributed in
the Philippines. A native of tropical America, now found in most tropical
countries,

124, SCROPHULARIACEAE
Herbs, rarely shrubs, with simple, opposite, rarely alternate or whorled

leaves. Flowers irregular, perfect, solitary, or in axillary or terminal
spikes, racemes, or panicles. Calyx usually persistent, 4- rarely 5-cleft or

420 A FLORA OF MANILA

lobed, sometimes spathe-like. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed, usually 2-lipped, some-
times tubular or rotate, the lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens usually 4,
in 2 pairs, with a rudimentary fifth one, rarely 2 or 5 perfect. Ovary
2-celled; style simple; ovules many, rarely 2, in each cell. Fruit a small
capsule. Seeds small.

Genera 202, species nearly 3,000, in all parts of the world, 20 genera and
about 36 species in the Philippines.

1. Perfect stamens 4.

2. Corolla rotate, not 2-lipped_or -tubularenir SRA 1. Scoparia
2. Corolla tubular or campanulate, not or obscurely 2-lipped.
3. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side..........0..000..0..... 2. Centranthera
3. Calyx regularly 5-lobed; stems green, 4-angled, nearly leafless; cul-
tivated plants with bright-red, cylindric flowers............ 3. Russelia
2. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped.
3. Calyx-segments unequal, imbricate............0..222.22..22-ceeeeeee ee 4. Bacopa -

3. Calyx-segments equal, usually valvate.
4. Calyx-tube cylindric, not winged.

5. Anther-cells separate. -
6, ROWEES VEUOW. = 2.0..-cec ie eee eee 5. Lindenbergia
6... Flowers, blue or ‘purplisn.2.5 22s cee eee 6. Limnophila
5. Anther-cells contiguous.
6. Corolla with a 2-lobed palate at the throat................ 7. Mazus
6. Corolla-throat not appendaged ......02.....0..220...------- 8. Vandellia
4. Calyx-tube prominently 3- to 5-winged or keeled............ 9. Torenia

1. Perfect stamens 2.
2. Leaves broad, toothed, not fleshy; flowers solitary or racemose, the
filaments arched, the anthers touching........................-....- 10. Bonnaya
2. Leaves narrow, entire, fleshy; flowers small, the anthers not conniving.
11. Dopatrium
1. SCOPARIA Linnaeus

Erect, branched, glabrous herbs or undershrubs with angular branches.
Leaves small, opposite or whorled, entire or toothed. Flowers small, white,
solitary or in pairs, axillary. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricate. Corolla rotate,
4-fid, the throat bearded, the lobes subequal. Stamens 4, subequal. Capsule
globose or ovoid, the valves thin, their margins inflexed. (Latin “broom.”)

Species 5 or 6, all American, the following now found in most tropical
countries.

1. S. puucis L.

An erect, much-branched, glabrous, herbaceous, or suffrutescent plant
25 to 80 cm high. Leaves opposite and whorled, lanceolate to elliptic or
oblanceolate, toothed, acute, 0.5 to 2 em long, narrowed below to the short
petiole. Flowers small, very numerous, in pairs, their pedicels slender, 1
em long or less. Corolla white. Capsule ovoid to globose, 2 to 3 mm in
diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 19.)

Very common in open waste places, roadsides, etc., fl. all the year; in
and about towns throughout the Philippines, probably of very early intro-
duction. A native of tropical America, now found in most other tropical
countries.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 421

2. CENTRANTHERA R. Brown

Erect, rigid, scabrid, branched herbs with oblong to linear, entire or
toothed, opposite leaves, or the upper ones alternate. Flowers alternate,
spicate, bracteate and 2-bracteolate. Calyx spathe-like, split on one side,
the lobes cohering or free. Corolla-tube elongated, curved, inflated above,
the limb oblique, the lobes spreading, subequal. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs,
included; anthers meeting in pairs, the cells spurred; filaments hairy. Cap-
sule ovoid, loculicidal, the seeds very numerous, small. (Greek “spur” and
“flower,” from the spurred anthers.)

Species 5, India to China, Malaya, and Australia, 1 in the Philippines.

1. C. hispida R. Br.

An erect, branched, rigid, scabrous, hairy herb 20 to 60 cm high. Leaves
linear to linear-oblong, entire, acute or obtuse, 1 to 3 cm long, sessile.
Flowers scattered, alternate, sessile. Calyx greenish, usually tinged with
purple, about 8 mm long, the lobes cohering. Corolla yellow, the tube tinged
with reddish-purple, about 2 cm long, the limb 1.7 cm in diameter. Capsule
about 7 mm long, surrounded by the persistent calyx.

In open dry grass lands, La Loma, San Pedro Macati, etc., fl. Nov.—Jan.;
widely distributed in the Philippines. India to China, Malaya and Aus-
tralia.

3. RUSSELIA Jacquin

Erect shrubs with green angular branches, the leaves opposite or verti-
cillate, few, those of the branches usually reduced to small scales. Cymes
dichotomous, bracteate, lax or dense, few- to many-flowered. Calyx deeply
5-fid, the segments imbricate. Corolla red, the tube cylindric, the limb
5-fid, the lobes all subequal, spreading. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, included;
style filiform; ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose, dehiscent, the valves
2-fid. (In honor of A. Russel, an English physician.)

Species 5 or 6 in Mexico and Central America, 1 now widely cultivated
in warm countries.

1. R. JUNCEA Zuce. Coral Flower.

An erect, branched, glabrous, nearly leafless plant with green angled
stems 1 to 2 m high. Branches whorled, slender, wiry. Leaves few, scat-
tered, small, oblong to oblong-ovate, 1.5 cm long or less, often wanting.
Flowers in lax, few-flowered, racemosely arranged cymes. Calyx greenish,
about 3 mm long, ovoid or cup-shaped, regularly 6-lobed. Corolla bright-
red, about 2.5 em long, about 3 mm in diameter below, slightly enlarged
upward, nearly regular, very slightly 2-lipped, the lobes 5, ovate or oblong-
ovate, subequal, about 3mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 461.)

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, fl. Nov._Feb., in some parts of the
Philippines spontaneous. A native of Mexico and of comparatively recent
introduction in the Philippines.

4. BACOPA <Aublet

Glabrous, usually small, erect or spreading, often punctate herbs. Leaves
entire or toothed. Flowers axillary or racemose, blue, white, or yellow,
the pedicels bracteate or not. Sepals 5, the upper one often large. Corolla-
tube cylindric, 2-lipped, the lips spreading, the upper lip outer in bud,

422 A FLORA OF MANILA
notched or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens in 2 pairs, included. Cap-
sule with 2 or 4 valves separating from an entire column. Seeds very small,
numerous. (An aboriginal South American name.)

Species about 50 in all warm countries, 2 in the Philippines.

Plant erect; leaves 2 to 5 cm long, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute.
1. B. floribunda
Plant prostrate, creeping; leaves oblong-obovate to spatulate, obtuse, less
MAS, Dietetic aa a ae Ee ar 2. B. monniera

1. B. FLORIBUNDA (R. Br.) Wettst.

An erect, glabrous, simple or slightly branched annual plant 8 to 30 cm
high. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2 to 5 cm long, 3 to 6 mm
wide, slightly and distantly toothed or nearly entire. Flowers axillary,
shortly pedicelled or nearly sessile, usually solitary. Calyx green, the
outer 3 lobes broadly ovate, 5 to 7 mm long, 4 to 6 mm wide, the inner 2
linear-lanceolate, 4 to 5 mm long, about 1 mm wide. Corolla tubular, 5 to 6
mm long, white, with very slender purplish lines, 5-lobed. Capsule ellipsoid,
about 4 mm long. .

In rice paddies, Caloocan, San Pedro Macati, etc., fl. Dec.—Jan.; of local
occurrence in the Philippines, surely introduced. India to Australia.

2. B. monniera (L.) Wettst. (Herpestis monniera HBK.).

A creeping, glabrous, somewhat succulent plant, the branches 5 to 20
cm long. Leaves sessile, entire, oblong-obovate to spatulate, obtuse, 8 to 15
mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, pedicelled, the pedicels usually equal-
ing or longer than the leaves. Calyx about 5 mm long, the outer sepal
oval, the others ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate. Corolla 8 to 10 mm long,
the tube nearly or quite as long as the calyx, the lobes white or pale-violet.
Capsule ovoid, shorter than the calyx. (FI. Filip. pl. 220.)

In open wet places, rare in our area, fl. Jan.March; widely distributed
in the Philippines. All warm countries.

5. LINDENBERGIA Lehmann

Erect, branched, usually perennial herbs. Leaves opposite or the upper
ones alternate, toothed. Flowers yellow, bracteolate, in terminal racemes.
Calyx campanulate, 5-fid. Corolla-tube cylindric, the upper lip lanceolate,
acuminate, much narrower than the lower one which is 3-lobed. Stamens
4, in 2 pairs, included; anther-cells separate, stipitate. Capsule loculicidal,
2-grooved, the valves entire, separating from the placenta-bearing axis.
(In honor of J. B. W. Lindenberg, a German botanist.)

Species about 8 in tropical Africa, Asia, and Malaya, 1 in the Philippines.

1. L. philippensis (Cham.) Benth.

An erect or ascending suffrutesent herb, 0.4 to 1 m high, somewhat
pubescent. Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 9 cm long, 2
to 3 em wide, acute or acuminate, base long-decurrent, margins toothed.
Racemes terminal, 6 to 20 cm long, erect, the bracts narrowly lanceolate,
green, acuminate, 1 cm long. Calyx green, about 7 mm long, the lobes
lanceolate-acuminate. Corolla about 11 mm long, hirsute, yellow, tinged
with purple outside, the throat inside with small purple dots, the upper
lip, narrow, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower 5 to 6 mm broad, 3-lobed,
reflexed. Capsule oblong-obovoid, acuminate, 5 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl.
878.)

SCROPHULARIACEAE 423

Crevices of the old city walls, on old building, etc., fl. all the year;
widely distributed in Luzon. Chittagong, Tenasserim, Burma, China, and
Java.

6. LIMNOPHILA R. Brown

Glabrous or pubescent, aromatic, gland-dotted, usually marsh or water
plants. Leaves opposite or whorled, toothed, cut, or in submerged plants
multifid. Flowers sessile or pedicelled, solitary, racemed, or spicate,
bracteoles present or absent. Sepals narrow, subequal, or the posterior
one larger. Corolla-tube cylindric, the upper lip entire or 2-fid, the lower
spreading, 3-fid. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, included. Capsule ovoid or oblong,
dehiscent. (Greek “swamp” and “to love,’ from the habitat of most
species.)

Species about 25, Africa, Asia, through Malaya to Australia and Poly-
nesia, about 8 in the Philippines.

Leaves shortly petioled, narrowed at the base; flowers pedicelled.
1. L. manilensis
Leaves sessile, base broad, somewhat clasping the stem; flowers sessile.
2. L. fragrans
1. L. manilensis Merr.

An erect or spreading, simple or ultimately much branched, more or
less pubescent, aromatic herb, the stems up to 50 cm in length, usually
much shorter: Leaves opposite, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sessile,
serrulate, acute or obtuse, 1.5 to 3 em long. Flowers axillary, solitary,
shortly pedicelled. Calyx 5 to 6 mm long, somewhat pubescent, the tube
green, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, purple. Corolla purple, about 9 m
long. Capsule ovoid, 3 to 4 mm long.

In open wet grass lands, La Loma, Caloocan, etc., fl. Dee—Feb.; of local
occurrence in the Philippines. Endemic.

2. L. fragrans (Forst. f.) Seem. (L. serrata Gaudich.).

A procumbent or ascending, usually simple, aromatic, glabrous or nearly
glabrous plant, usually less than 20 cm high. Leaves oblong, serrate, 1
to 2 cm long, sessile, the base broad and somewhat clasping the stems.
Flowers axillary, sessile, solitary. Calyx glabrous, the segments lanceo-
late, acuminate. Corolla very pale lilac, about as long as the calyx.

In low wet places, old rice paddies, etc., San Lazaro, Guadalupe, etc.,
fl. Dec—Jan.; of local occurrence in the Philippines. Malay Archipelago
to Polynesia.

7. MAZUS Loureiro

Small herbs, the leaves below opposite or rosulate, above opposite or
alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes, the bracteoles small. Calyx
campanulate, 5-fid. Corolla-tube short, the upper lip erect, 2-fid, the
lower much larger, spreading, 3-fid, the throat with a 2-lobed palate.
Stamens 4, in 2 pairs. Capsule included in the calyx, globose, loculicidal.
Seeds minute, numerous. (Greek “nipple” from the papillae at the corolla
throat.)

Species about 12, mostly Asiatic, 1 in Australia, the following extending
to the Philippines.

1. M. japonicus (Thunb.) O. Kuntze. (M. rugosus Lour.).
An annual, erect, glabrous or somewhat hairy herb 6 to 20 cm high.
Basal leaves numerous, crowded, subrosulate, obovate-oblong, obtuse, crenate,

424 A FLORA OF MANILA

2 to 5 cm long, base narrowed, decurrent along the petiole. Flowering
stems one to several, erect, usually leafless, the flowers scattered, alternate,
the bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5 to 2 mm long. Calyx green, about
7 mm long, cleft half way to the base into 5 oblong lobes. Corolla pale-
purple, about 11 mm long, the upper lip ovate, acuminate, the lower one
about 8 mm wide, blotched with yellow above the throat, the lateral lobes
broader than the middle one. Capsule about 3 mm long, the calyx-lobes
spreading in fruit. .

On wet cliffs, Guadalupe, fl. Oct—Dec., rare; widely distributed in the
Philippines, but local. India to Japan southward to Java.

8. VANDELLIA Linnaeus

Usually small, annual, erect or spreading, glabrous or pubescent herbs.
Leaves opposite, penninerved, entire or toothed. Flowers axillary or race-
mose. Sepals 5, free or united into a campanulate calyx. Corolla-tube
cylindric, the upper lip erect, broad, concave, notched or bifid, the lower
broader, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, all perfect, the 2 anterior ones
with arched filaments which are appendaged at or near the base; anthers
touching or cohering in pairs under the upper lip, the cells divaricate.
Stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule septicidal, the valves separating from the
placenta-bearing septum. (In honor of D. Vandelli, a Portuguese botanist.)

Species about 26, chiefly in tropical Asia, about 6 in the Philippines.

1. Capsule about as long as the calyx or shorter.
2. Calyx cleft nearly to the base into 5 lobes.
Dp. Corolla. abant 20° mam long oo oe a 1. V. pusilla
3, Gerolla About -> mm tong. Se oe oh ee eee 2. V. viscosa
2. Calyx 5-toothed, the teeth or lobes not reaching to the middle.
3. V. crustacea
1. Capsule much longer than the calyx..............-----2---.----+------ 4. V. cordifolia

1. V. pusilla (Willd.) Merr. (V. scabra Benth.).

A slender, erect or ascending, simple or somewhat branched annual herb,
5 to 12 cm high, with scattered white hairs. Leaves sessile, ovate, acute or
obtuse, entire or obscurely toothed, 8 to 14 mm long. Pedicels axillary and
terminal, elongated. Calyx green, 3.5 mm long, cleft nearly to the base
into 5, equal, lanceolate sepals. Corolla 10 to 11 mm long, pale-purple,
the lower lip with a yellow spot at the base. Capsule about as long as the
calyx.

In open grass lands, old rice fields, etc. fl. all the year; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Tropical Asia and Malaya, Madagascar, and South
Africa.

2. V. viscosa (Willd.) Merr. (V. hirsuta Ham.).

A small, erect or ascending, somewhat succulent, annual herb, 8 to 15
em high, more or less clothed with spreading hairs. Lower leaves shortly
petioled, oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, obtuse, distantly and shallowly
toothed, 3.5 to 6 cm long, the upper ones similar, but sessile and somewhat
smaller. Racemes simple or slightly branched, the pedicels 5 to 9 mm long.
Calyx green, about 3 mm long, cleft nearly to the base into 5, lanceolate,
acuminate lobes. Corolla 5 to 6 mm long, pink or white, tinged with
purple. Capsules ovoid, about 8 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 268.)

On wet cliffs, Guadalupe, rare, fl. Oct—Dec.; not common in the Phil-
ippines. India to China southward to Borneo and Java.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 425

8. V. crustacea (L.) Benth.

A diffusely branched, glabrous, suberect or spreading annual 8 to 20 cm
high. Leaves ovate, acute or obtuse, distantly serrate, short-petioled, 8
to 15 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, or the upper ones subrace-
mose, the pedicels 1 to 3 em long. Calyx green or purplish, 4 to 5 mm
long, the lobes acute, about 1.5 mm long. Corolla about 9 mm long, purple.
Capsule oblong-ovate to ellipsoid, 5 to 6 mm long, included in and about
as long as the persistent calyx.

In open grass lands, waste places, etc., fl. all the year; common and
widely distributed in the Philippines. Tropics of the Old World, intro-
duced in tropical America.

4. V. cordifolia (Colsm.) G. Don (V. pedunculata Benth.).

A slender, glabrous, simple or slightly branched plant, the stems pros-
trate below, 10 to 30 cm in length, the flowering branches ascending.
Leaves sessile or shortly petioled, ovate, acute or obtuse, base cordate,
margins slightly toothed, 1 to 2 cm long. Pedicels axillary, solitary, longer
than the leaves, also frequently in terminal racemes. Calyx green, about
5 mm long. Corolla pink or purplish, about 8 mm long. Capsule cylin-
dric, oblong-lanceolate, tipped by the style, about twice as long as the calyx-
segments,

In open damp grass lands, occasional, fl. Sept._Dec.; widely distributed
in Luzon. India to southern China, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo.

9. TORENIA Linnaeus

Annual, erect or prostrate, usually branched, glabrous or pubescent
herbs. Leaves opposite, entire, crenate, or serrate. Flowers small to
large, axillary and solitary, or in terminal, often leafy racemes, the pediceis
ebracteolate. Calyx tubular, 3- to 5-winged, plaited, or keeled, 2-lipped
or 3- to 5-toothed. Corolla-tube cylindric, dilated above, the upper lip con-
cave, notched or 2-fid, the lower one larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens
4, in 2 pairs, the 2 upper ones included, the 2 lower appendaged at the
base and conniving under the upper lip; anthers touching or cohering in
pairs. Capsule linear or oblong, included, the valves separating from the
axis. (Named after O. Toren, a clergyman who travelled in China.)

Species about 30, mostly in tropical Asia and Africa, 3 in the Philippines.

* 1. T. CONCOLOR Lindl.

An erect, branched, sparingly pubescent, annual herb 10 to 30 em high,
the stems 4-angled. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, toothed, 1 to 3 cm
long. Flowers in terminal few-flowered racemes or solitary in the upper
axils. Calyx green, ovoid, about 1.5 cm long, prominently 5-winged. Co-
rolla 2.5 to 3 cm long, violet-purple, the lower lip deep-black-purple and with
a large yellow spot.

Somewhat cultivated, fl. Dec.—March. A native of southern China, of
comparatively recent introduction here.

10. BONNAYA Link & Otto

Slender, prostrate or ascending, annual, glabrous herbs. Leaves oppo-
site, penninerved, entire or serrate. Flowers solitary, axillary, or the
upper ones opposite and subracemose. Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Corolla-
tube cylindric, the upper lip broad, concave, 2-fid, the lower spreading, 3-
lobed. Perfect stamens 2, not exserted; anthers touching, their cells di-

426 A FLORA OF MANILA

varicate; staminodes 2, entire, glandular. Stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule
narrow, long-exserted from the calyx, septicidal, the valves entire, sep-
arating from the placenta-bearing septum.

Species about 8, in tropical Africa, Asia, eal Malaya, 8 in the Phil-
ippines.

Leaves closely, sharply, and deeply serrate, the teeth mucronate.
1. B. brachiata
Leaves rather distantly toothed................-.2.----se-cseeceseneee 2. B. veronicaefolia

1. B. brachiata Link & Otto.

An erect, diffusely branched, annual herb 10 to 20 cm high, the branches
spreading, the lower ones often decumbent. Leaves sessile, oblong, obtuse
or acute, 1.5 to 3 cm long, sharply and closely serrate with mucronate teeth.
Racemes terminal, 3 to 6 cm long, the flowers opposite, short pedicelled,
bracteate. Calyx green, about 5 mm long. Corolla pink-purple, about
7 mm long. Capsules slender, cylindric, about 1 cm long.

In open places, damp banks, etc., occasional, fl. Aug.—Dec.; rather widely
distributed in the Philippines. India to China and Malaya.

2. B. veronicaefolia (Retz.) Spreng.

Erect or spreading, simple or somewhat branched, slender, glabrous, the
stems 10 to 20 cm in length. Leaves oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, acute
or obtuse, sessile or shortly petioled, base gradually narrowed, margins
rather distantly toothed, 1 to 3 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, and in
short terminal racemes, the pedicels shorter than, or exceeding, the leavey
Calyx green, about 5 mm long, the lobes narrow. Corolla white to pale-
lilac, about 8 mm long. Capsule linear-lanceolate, twice as long as cane
calyx or more. i

In open damp grassy places, occasional, fl. Sept.Dec.; widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines. India to China and Malaya.

11. DOPATRIUM Hamilton

Slender, erect, simple or branched, somewhat succulent, annual herbs.
Leaves few, opposite, the upper remote, small. Flowers small, pale-purple,
axillary, solitary, ebracteolate, sessile or pedicelled. Calyx 5-fid. Corolla-
tube slender below, the throat broad, the upper lip short, 2-fid, the lower
one broad, 8-lobed. Capsule very small, ovoid, loculicidal.

Species 5, Africa, Asia, and Australia, a single one in the Philippines.

1. D. junceum (Roxb.) Ham.

An erect, fleshy, annual herb 8 to 25 ecm high, branched from the base,
the branches terete. Leaves entire, oblong, the radical ones, when present
few, up to 2.5 cm long, those on the branches 1 cm long or less. Flowers
few, axillary, slenderly pedicelled or subsessile, pink or pale-purple, about
5 mm long.

In old rice paddies, Caloocan, rare, fil. Nov.—Dec.; apparently of very
local occurrence in the Philippines. India to Japan southward to Australia.

125. BIGNONIACEAE (BIGNONIA OR TUE FAMILY)

Shrubs, or trees, sometimes scandent. Leaves opposite or alternate,
simple or 1- to 8-pinnate. Flowers terminal or axillary, racemose or

\

BIGNONIACEAE 427

paniculate, rarely solitary or fascicled, irregular, mostly large and showy,
perfect. Calyx gamosepalus, campanulate or tubular, or split down one
side and spathe-like, long or short, sometimes 2- to 5-lobed or toothed.
Corolla long or short, tubular-ventricose, the limb often campanulate,
spreading, often 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, or 5 perfect,
or the 5th represented by a staminode. Disk cushion-like or annular.
Ovary 2-celled; ovules many. Fruit on elongated, dehiscent capsule with
numerous winged seeds, or oblong, cylindric, or globose, indehiscent, with
wingless seeds imbedded in pulp.

Genera 100, species 450 or more, tropics generally, 9 genera, mostly in-
troduced, and about 18 species in the Philippines.

1. Leaves 2- or 3-pinnate.

2. Leaflets small, less than 1 cm Iong.......0...2..........eeseceseeeeeees 1. Jacaranda
2. Leafiets large, 5 to 15 cm long; flowers dark-purple; capsule up to
0 sla RR at SI ace Me PT ROIEN 2. Oroxylum

1. Leaves simply pinnate, or simple. .

2. Fruit dehiscent; seeds winged.
8. Leaflets toothed; flowers yellow, 4 to 4.5 cm long; cultivated.

3. Tecoma

3. Leaflets entire; flowers 10 cm long or more. )
4. Flowers white, up to 18 cm long............0...0.......... 4. Dolichandrone
4. Flowers red, 10 cm long; cultivated only.................... 5. Spathodea

2. Fruits indehiscent; cultivated only.
8. Leaves pinnate; flowers and fruits on very long pendulous peduncles.
6. Kigelia
3. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate, fascicled at the nodes; flowers axillary
or cauline, solitary or fascicled; fruit very large, globose.
¥/ 7. Crescentia

1. JACARANDA Jussieu

Glabrous or somewhat pubescent trees with opposite, bipinnate leaves,
and numerous small leaflets. Flowers blue or purple, in terminal panicles.
Calyx small, bell-shaped or shortly tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube en-
larged above, straight or curved, the limb somewhat 2-lipped, 5-lobed.
Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, included, with a staminode about as long as the
stamens. Disk thick, cushion-like. Ovary sessile, 2-celled. Fruit an ob-
long, ovate, or suborbicular capsule, loculicidally dehiscent, compressed.
Seeds compressed, surrounded by a hyaline wing. (A Brazilian name.)

Species about 30, all native of tropical America, 1 introduced and cul-
tivated in Manila.

*1. J. OVALIFOLIA R. Br. (J. mimosaefolia D. Don).

A small or medium-sized glabrous tree. Leaves bipinnate, 20 to 25 cm
long; pinnae 7 to 14 pairs, 9 cm long or less; leaflets oblong-rhomboid, 5 to 8
mm long, the terminal one larger. Inflorescence terminal, cymose. Flowers
pale-blueish-purple. Calyx small. Corolla 5 cm long, the tube slender and
curved below, inflated above, the limb 2-lipped, one lip 2-lobed, the other
3-lobed.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, Singalon, Cementerio del Norte, etc.,
fl. Oct.-May; of recent introduction here, a native of tropical America.

428. A FLORA OF MANILA

2. OROXYLUM Ventenant

A glabrous tree, sparingly branched. Leaves opposite, 2- to 4-pinnate,
very large; leaflets ovate, entire. Raceme erect, terminal, often elongated.
Calyx large, bell-shaped, truncate or somewhat toothed. Corolla large,
bell-shaped or cylindric, somewhat ventricose, purplish, the lobes 5, subequal.
Stamens 5. Capsule large, very long, compressed parallel with the septum,
septicidally 2-valved. Seeds numerous, thin, the surrounding wing very thin,
hyaline, broad wing. (Greek “mountain” and “wood.’’) ;

A monotypic genus of the Indo-Malayan region.

1. O. indicum (L.) Vent. Pincapincahan, Tagbilao (Tag.).

A tree 4 to 12 m high with few or no branches. Leaves attaining 1.5
m in length, 3- or 4-pinnate, the rachis and branches jointed, leaflets nu-
merous, ovate, acuminate, acute, or obtuse, 5 to 15 cm long. Racemes ter-—
minal, erect flowering only at the apex, the peduncle and rachis 1 to 3
m in length. Calyx about 3 cm long. Corolla about 6 to 7 cm long, dark-
purple, fleshy, bell-shaped, unequal, 5-lobed. Capsule up to 1 m long, 8
em wide, 1 cm thick or less, flat, slightly curved, margins somewhat incurved
or nearly straight, the valves woody, the septum thin. Seeds, including
the very thin wings, up to 6 cm in width. (FI. Filip. pl. 219, Calosanthes in-
— dica.)

In thickets near Balintauac, fl. July-Nov., and probably in other months;
widely distributed in the Philippines. India to China and Malaya.

3. TECOMA Jussieu

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes scandent, glabrous or somewhat pu-
bescent. Leaves opposite, simple or simply pinnate, toothed. Racemes or
panicles terminal. Flowers yellow. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed.
Corolla-tube elongated, straight or incurved, inflated upward, 5-lobed.
Stamens 4, in 2 pairs. Disk annular. Ovary sessile. Capsule linear or
elongated, straight or curved, compressed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds
many, the wings thin, hyaline. (From the Mexican name, tecomaxochitl.)

Species about 80, mostly in tropical America, a single introduced one in
the Philippines.

1. T. stans (L.) Juss.

An erect, branched, sparingly pubescent or nearly glabrous shrub, 2 to
4mhigh. Leaves opposite, odd-pinnate, up to 20 cm in length; leaflets 5 or
7, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 6 to 18 em long, long and slenderly acu-
minate, base acute or acuminate, margins sharply serrate. Panicles ter-
minal. Flowers racemosely arranged on the few branches. Calyx green,
5 mm long, 5-toothed. Corolla yellow, 4 to 4.5 em long, tube inflated
upward. Capsules linear, about 15 cm long, 8 mm wide, acuminate, com-
pressed. -

Occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes, fi. Nov._May; in some
parts of the Philippines apparently subspontaneous. A native of tropical
America.

4. DOLICHANDRONE Seemann

Glabrous or nearly glabrous trees, with opposite, 1-pinnate leaves.
Racemes terminal, few-flowered. Calyx closed in bud, in flower cleft to
the base on one side and spathe-like. Corolla-tube very long, slender,
narrowly funnel-shaped above, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes crisped.
Stamens 4, in 2 pairs. Capsule elongated, somewhat curved, cylindric

BIGNONIACEAE 429

or slightly compressed, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds thin, broadly winged
on both sides. (Greek “long” and “a man,” from the long flowers and
stamens. )

Species 6 or 7, Madagascar to tropical Asia, Malaya, and Australia, a
single one in the Philippines.

1. D. spathacea (L. f.) K. Sch. (D. rheedii Seem.). Tue (Tag.).

A glabrous tree 5 to 15 m high. Leaves 30 to 40 cm long, opposite;
leaflets 7 to 9, ovate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, slenderly long-
acuminate, base inequilateral, 7 to 15 cm long. Racemes terminal, short,
few-flowered. Calyx 4 to 5 cm long, spathe-like, split down one side to
the base. Corolla white, the tube rather slender, cylindric, 9 to 11 em
long, funnel-shaped or bell-shaped above, the limb 5 to 10 cm in diameter,
somewhat lobed. Capsule 30 to 40 cm long, subcylindric or slightly com-
pressed, pointed, 2 to 2.5 em thick, the seeds very numerous, winged,
rectangular. (FI. Filip. pl. 242, Spathodea luzonica.)

Along tidal streams, scattered, fl. most of the year; widely distributed
in the Philippines along the seashore. India to Malaya.

5. SPATHODEA Beauvois

Trees with ample odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers large, in short terminal
racemes. Calyx densely tomentose, at flowering time split nearly to the
base on one side, curved, spathe-like. Corolla red, oblique, the tube con-
tracted at the base, broadly ventricose-campanulate above, the limb large,
5-lobed. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, inserted near the base of the corolla.
Ovary sessile; ovules numerous. Capsule oblong-lanceolate, loculicidally
dehiscent, compressed parallel to the septum. Seeds compressed, surrounded
by a hyaline wing. (Greek “spathe” and “resembling,’’ from the spathe-
like calyx.)

Species 3 in tropical Africa, 1 introduced and cultivated in Manila.

*1 S. CAMPANULATA Beauv.

A medium-sized tree with odd-pinnate leaves and large flowers. Leaves
20 to 25 cm long; leaflets about 9, elliptic-oblong, slightly acuminate, the
upper ones about 10 cm long, the lower ones smaller. Racemes axillary,
few-fiowered. Calyx spathe-like, strongly curved, brownish, finely pubes-
cent, acuminate, split nearly to the base on one side. Corolla about 10 cm
long, curved, the tube narrow below, above strongly inflated, about 7 cm
in diameter, 5-lobed.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, old Botanic Garden, Cementerio del
Norte, ete., fl. most of the year. A native of tropical Africa now cultivated
in many other tropical countries.

6. KIGELIA DeCandolle

Spreading trees with ample, odd-pinnate, alternate leaves. Flowers
large, reddish, in a lax, very long-peduncled, pendent panicle. Calyx large,
coriaceous, closed in bud, in flower 2- to 5-lobed or toothed. Corolla-tube
contracted at the base, above much enlarged and broadly bell-shaped, the
limb somewhat 2-lipped, one lip 2-lobed, the other 3-lobed. Stamens 4, in
2 pairs, slightly exserted. Disk thick, annular. Ovary sessile, 1-celled,
placentae 2. Fruit large, oblong or cylindric, thick, indehiscent, the peri-
carp fleshy. Seeds many, wingless. (From the Mozambique name.)

Species 3 or 4 in tropical and subtropical Africa, 1 introduced and cul-
tivated in Manila.

430 A FLORA OF MANILA

*1,. K. AFRICANA (Lam.) Benth.

A wide-spreading deciduous tree about 10 m high with odd-pinnate leaves,
the flowers paniculate, on very long pendulous peduncles. Leaves alternate.
Leaflets ovate to elliptic-ovate, 8 to 16 cm long, acute or obtuse, opposite.
Peduncles very long. Calyx 2.5 to 3 cm long, unequally 5-toothed or lobed.
Corolla about 10 cm long, the tube rather slender, the limb broadly bell-
shaped, somewhat curved, 5-lobed. Fruit large, oblong or oblong-cylindric,
indehiscent. :

A single tree in the old Botanic Garden, fl. May-July. A native of west
tropical Africa, now cultivated in some other tropical countries.

7. CRESCENTIA Linnaeus

Small or medium sized glabrous trees, with alternate, simple or 3-folio-
late leaves, solitary or fascicled at the nodes. Flowers on the trunk or axil-
lary, solitary or fascicled. Calyx closed in bud, in flower broadly 2- to
5-lobed. Corolla-tube broad, bell-shaped, in front with a transverse fold,
ventricose. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs. Ovary sessile, 1-celled, placentae 2.
Fruit large, globose, indehiscent, the pericarp fleshy, becoming hardened.
Seeds many, imbedded in the pulp, wingless. (In honor of P. de Crescenzi,
an early Italian botanist.)

Species about 5 in Mexico and Central America, 2 introduced in thé
Philippines.

Leaves simple; flowers on the branches.................222.-2---:0---0e00e0-ee= 1. C. cujete
Leaves 8-foliolate; flowers on the trumk...00.2.......2.2.:ccccce:ececeeeeeeeeeeeee 2. C. alata

*1. C. CUJETE L. Calabash Tree.

A glabrous, much-branched tree 4 to 5 m high. Leaves alternate, often
fascicled at the nodes, oblanceolate, obtuse, or shortly acuminate, base
gradually narrowed, subsessile, 5 to 17 cm long, the upper surface glossy.
Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, pedicelled, about 6 cm long, with a
somewhat foetid odor. Calyx about 2 cm long, split into 2 lobes. Corolla
pale-greenish with faint purplish lines, inflated, slightly curved, horizon-
tally plicate on the lower side, the lobes 5, equal, acuminate, toothed. Fruit
globose, green or purplish, 15 to 18 cm in diameter.

Occasionally cultivated, Singalon, fl. all the year. A species of very
recent introduction, a native of tropical America.

*2. C. ALATA HBK. (C. alata Blanco). Hoya cruz (Sp.—Fil.).

A small tree 3 to 6 m high. Leaves in fascicles at the nodes of the
branches, 3-foliolate, the petioles broadly winged, oblanceolate, about 1 cm
wide, gradually narrowed to the slender base, the leaflets oblong-ovate, re-
tuse, base narrowed, acute, sessile, 3 to 7 cm long, the middle one often
longer than the two lateral ones. Flowers solitary, borne on the trunk,
brownish, rank-scented, sessile or shortly pedicelled. Calyx split into two
lobes, about 1.5 cm longer. Corolla somewhat campanulate, about 6 cm
long, with 5 short lobes, the tube horizontally plicate on one side. Fruit
hard, globose, about 5 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 327.)

Rarely cultivated, fil. Mar—Apr.; now only occasionally cultivated in the
Philippines. Introduced from Mexico at an early date.

GESNERIACEAE 431

126. PEDALIACEAE (SESAME OR LINGA FAMILY)

Herbs with opposite leaves, or the upper ones alternate, entire, toothed,
or divided. Flowers irregular, axillary, solitary, and in terminal racemes,
rarely clustered, the pedicles short, the bracts none or very small. Calyx
deeply 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla tubular-ventricose, the limb obscurely 2-
lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricate. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs. Ovary 2-
celled; style filiform; stigma shortly 2-lobed; ovules many, superposed.
Fruit a 2- or 4-celled capsule, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds exalbumi-
nous, small.

Genera 14, species about 50, a single representative in the Philippines.

1. SESAMUM Linnaeus

Erect herbs with entire,: toothed or lobed leaves. Flowers axillary,
solitary, or few and fascicled, short-pedicelled, pale or purplish. Calyx
small, 5-partite. Corolla tubular-ventricose, base somewhat inflated, the
limb 2-lipped, the lobes 5, rounded. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, included; anthers
sagittate. Ovary 2-celled, early falsely 4-celled; ovules many. Capsule
oblong, loculicidally 2-valved, unarmed. Seeds numerous, obliquely oblong.
(From the Egyptian name of one of the species.)

Species about 12, Indian and African, the following widely distributed
in cultivation.

1. S. ORIENTALE L. (S. indicum DC.). Linga (Tag.); Ajonjoli (Sp.);
Sesame.

An erect annual herb, 50 to 80 cm high, pubescent or puberulent. Leaves
oblong or ovate, 3 to 10 cm long, the lower ones often lobed, the middle ones
toothed, the uppermost subentire; petioles 1 to 5 cm long. Pedicels short,
solitary, or 2 or 3 in each axil. Sepals lanceolate, 6 to 7mm long. Corolla
about 3 cm long, pubescent, whitish, or with purplish, red, or yellow marks.
Capsule about 2.5 cm long, oblong, erect, scabrid-pilose, splitting half-way
or quite to the base. (Fl. Filip. pl. 273.)

Widely cultivated in the Philippines, occasionally subspontaneous, fi.
most of the year. Probably a native of tropical Asia, but now found in
most tropical and subtemperate countries; certainly not a native of the
Philippines, although of prehistoric introduction,

127. GESNERIACEAE (GESNERIA FAMILY)

Herbs or undershrubs with opposite or alternate, entire or toothed leaves.
Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary, fascicled. or racemose, usually
bracteate and bracteolate. Flowers perfect, irregular, rarely regular,
small to large. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla gamopetalous, the tube long or
short, subequally 5-lobed or 2-lipped and one lip 2-lobed, the other 3-lobed.
Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, mostly in 2 pairs, often only 2 fertile.
Ovary superior 1- or 2-celled; ovules many; style linear; ovules very
numerous. Fruit berry-like or capsular, indehiscent or dehiscent. Seeds
small, fusiform or ovoid, smooth.

Genera about 100, species more than 900, in most tropical countries,
about 11 genera and 70 or more species in the Philippines.

432 - A FLORA OF MANILA

1. RHYNCHOGLOSSUM Blume

Succulent herbs, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves alternate,
obliquely elliptic, thin, base very unequal-sided, one side broadly rounded
or cordate, the other acute, entire or slightly sinuate. Racemes elongated,
slender, many-flowered. Calyx ovoid or campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla
blue, the tube cylindric, contracted at the mouth, the limb 2-lipped, the
upper lip short, bifid, the lower longer, 3-lobed. Stamens 2, perfect, in-
cluded; anthers connivent. Ovary ovoid. Capsule included in the calyx,
ellipsoid, membranaceous, loculicidally 2-valved; seeds small, numerous.
(Greek “beak” and “throat,” from the small upper lip of the corolla.)

Species 3 or 4, India to Malaya, 2 or 3 in the Philippines.

1. R. obliquum Blume.

An erect, branched, annual, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous,
succulent herb 10 to 60 cm high. Leaves membranaceous, 4 to 15 cm long,
entire, acute or acuminate, the round side of the base extending much
farther along the petiole than the acute side. Racemes slender, erect, 5
to 15 long. Flowers few to many, rather distant. Calyx green, about
5 mm long. Corolla blue, the tube slightly incurved, about 1 cm long.

On wet cliffs opposite Fort McKinley, rare, fi. Sept._Dec.; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines in damp ravines, etc. Malaya, a variety in
India.

128. LENTIBULARIACEAE (BLADDERWORT FAMILY)

Annual, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, the leaves whorled, persistent,
pinnately compound, divided into numerous filiform segments, the segments
usually bearing small bladders at their bases, or in the terrestrial species
alternate and disappearing before flowering. Scapes erect, the flowers
racemosely arranged, yellow, purplish, or nearly white. Flowers perfect,
irregular, few. Calyx divided into 2 distinct or nearly distinct sepals, often
enlarged in fruit. Corolla 2-lipped, base spurred, the upper lip entire or
2-lobed, the lower larger, often 3- to 5-lobed. Stamens 2, inserted on the
base of the corolla. Ovary superior, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Fruit a small
2- or 4-valved capsule.

Genera 5, species about 250, in all parts of the world; a single genus
with about 10 species in the Philippines.

1. UTRICULARIA Linnaeus

- Characters of the Family as given above. (From the Latin “little
bladder” in allusion to the bladder-bearing leaves.)

1. Aquatic; leaves whorled, persistent, pinnately divided into very num-
aroun filiform sepernit Ss SSS ee 1. U. flexuosa
1. Terrestrial slender plants, leaflets at time of flowering.
2. Erect.

3- Flowers yellow 22> 3: Stree £0 2 Se See 2. U. bifida
3. Mowers bide ae eee 3. U. nivea
2. Tearing. oA hs ee Oe ee 4. U. tenerrima

1. U. flexuosa Vahl (U. calumpitensis Bianco). Inata (Tag.-).

A submerged plant in fresh water, the stems floating, branched, much
elongated. Leaves whorled, 4 to 7 cm long, pinnately compound, divided
into very numerous filiform segments, some or most of the segments with

ACANTHACEAE 433

a small, nearly globose bladder near the base. Scaps erect, emerging above
the surface of the water, 6 to 15 cm long. Flowers few, yellow, racemosely
arranged; about 12 mm long.

In ditches, slow streams of fresh water etc., fl. Feb—May; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. India and Ceylon to southern China, Malaya,
and Australia.

2. U. bifida L.

A slender erect annual plant, the scapes 6 to 20 em high, the leaves
radical, linear-spathulate, 1 cm long or less, usually absent at time of
flowering. Flowers yellow, racemose, few. Calyx 2-lobed, the lobes about
8 mm long, ovate or obovate, rounded, subequal, accrescent and enclosing
the capsule. Corolla, including the spur, 6 to 7 mm long, the spur as
long as the calyx-lobes, somewhat curved. Capsule ovoid, 3 to 4 mm long,
enclosed by the calyx-segments.

In open wet places, San Lazaro, Masambong, etc., fl. Aug.—Dec.; widely
distributed in the Philippines. India to southern China and Malaya.

3. U. nivea Vahl.

A very slender, erect, glabrous, simple annual, the leaves evanescent
at time of flowering, the scapes 10 to 25 em high; scales of the scape 2
to 3 mm long, about equally prolonged above and below the point of
attachment, pointed at both ends, appressed. Flowers few, racemosely
arranged on the upper part of the scape, the pedicels short. Calyx-lobes
about 2 mm long, broadly ovate, rounded, entire, pale-greenish. Corolla
pale-purple, including the spur 5 to 6 mm long, the upper lip oblong,
truncate or obtuse, about 2.5 mm long, the lower lip much larger, entire,
strongly recurved, rounded, with a yellow spot at the geniculation, more
than one-half as long as the spur. Capsule ovoid, 2 mm long.

In open wet grass lands, La Loma etc., rare; fil. Oct.Dec.; India and
Ceylon to southern China and Malaya.

4. U. tenerrima Merr.

A very slender, twining, glabrous, annual plant, leafless at time of
flowering, 3 to 15 cm high, the scales on the scape few, basifixed, ovate,
concave, about 1 mm long. Flowers blue, scattered, shortly pedicelled.
Sepals green, ovate, about 2.5 mm long, in fruit up to 4.5 mm long. Upper
lip of the corolla about 3 mm long, the apical part oblong, obtuse, the
lower lip reflexed, entire, about 3 mm long and 3 mm wide (spread),
the spur about 2mm long. Capsule ovoid, slightly compressed, 2.5 mm long.

In open wet grass lands, near La Loma, twining on grasses and other
plants, fi. Aug.Sept. Known in the Philippines only from the vicinity of
Manila. India.

129. ACANTHACEAE (ACANTHUS OR DILIUARIO FAMILY)

Herbs or shrubs, erect, scandent, or prostrate. Leaves opposite, entire
or somewhat lobed, exstipulate. Flowers bracteate and 2-bracteolate, or
these sometimes wanting, variously paniculate, racemose, or spicate, rarely
solitary. Calyx 5-partite, or (in Thunbergia) small, or reduced to a mere
ring. Corolla 2-lipped, or subequally 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated or
twisted in bud. Stamens 4 or 2, inserted on the corolla-tube; anthers 2-
or 1-celled, cells sometimes remote. Ovary superior, 2-celled; ovules 1 or
more in each cell. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, the valves often recurved,
carrying the seeds on the half-septa. Seeds (except in Thunbergia) hard,

111555——28

A834 A FLORA OF MANILA

seated on upcurved supports (retinacula), ovoid or compressed, testa smooth
or rugose; albumen none; radicle next to the hilum.

Genera 204, species about 2,000 in tropical and warm-temperate regions,
25 genera and about 100 species in the Philippines.

1. Perfect stamens 2, staminodes or much-reduced imperfect stamens often

present.
2. Herbs.
8; Mowers ‘in axillary clusters: 222 ee ee 1. Dicliptera
8. Flowers in spikes.
4. Erect, the spikes on elongated, rigid peduncles............ 2. Elytraria
4. Prostrate or spreading; spikes sessile.....................:-.--+- 3. Justicia
2. Shrubs or undershrubs.
3. Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped....................-2.-20-eeeeeee--e= 4. Barleria

8. Corolla tubular, salver-shaped, or 2-lipped.
4. Corolla salver-shaped, subequally 5-lobed or obscurely 2-lipped.
5. Shrubs -with purple or variegated leaves; corolla lobes with

scatered, small, purplish spots...................-.:000« 5. Odontonema
5. Undershrubs with green leaves; lower corolla-lobe with a large
rept g 11sec] 11 t] Pi lene eed oe item, SoA belead Ee hoe . 6. Pseuderanthemum

4. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped.
5. One anther-cell below the other, tailed at the base.... 3. Justicia
‘5. One anther-cell somewhat below the other, rounded or acute
at the base, the upper lip of the corolla small and twisted.
7. Rhinacanthus
5. Anther cells at an equal or nearly equal height, not tailed; leaves
brownish-purple or variegated.-....................--. 8. Graptophyllum
1. Perfect stamens 4, in two pairs.
2. Seeds not supported by curved bodies.
3. Vines or shrubs with showy, medium or large flowers; seeds 2 or 4.
9. Thunbergia
3. A small erect herb with small flowers and numerous seeds.
10. Staurogyne
2. Seeds supported on curved, hard bodies (retinacula).
8. Upper corolla-lip obsolete, the lower one broad; shrubs with spiny
| (ae ie OCR S 5 Baek SRE TSEIG MCE T Breage oe ee hae aes 11. Acanthus
8. Corolla 2-lipped or 5-lobed; herbs with spineless leaves.
4. Capsule 2- or 4-seeded; flowers in dense, spike-like heads.
12. Lepidagathis
4. Capsule with more than 4 seeds.
5. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled.
6. Capsule oblong to linear, seed-bearing throughout; flowers

pits (cl (ats BLS Me opty Rens cto dae PRR ee RAE RIPEN 13. Hygrophila
6. Capsule clavate, base narrowed, seed-bearing above only;
COD ely Ws on Fo Vic, AUP et RR AGEN DCP 14. Ruellia

5. Flowers in terminal spikes.
6. Capsules linear to linear-oblong; leaves usually toothed or
Pi 316 | 7: IR MRO et 9 OR IR Pk i 15. Hemigraphis
6. Capsules ovate to orbicular; the bracts large, foliaceous,
spreading, arranged in 2 ranks; leaves entire.... 16. Blechum

1. DICLIPTERA Jussieu

Erect branched herbs. Leaves ovate, entire. Flowers in axillary clus-
ters, the bracts opposite, unequal, larger than the calyx. Flowers sessile,

ACANTHACEAE A835

in pairs, one often much reduced, the bracteoles as long as the calyx.
Calyx-limb 5-parted, the segments equal, linear-lanceolate. Corolla pink,
the tube slender, the limb deeply 2-lipped, the upper lip entire or emarginate,
the lower 3-lobed, recurved. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled, the cells blunt,
superposed. Ovary 4-ovuled. Capsule clavate. (Greek, referring to the
2 bracts concealing calyx.)

Species about 60 in the tropics of both hemispheres, 2 or 3 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. D. leonotis Dalz.

An erect or spreading, branched, somewhat hairy herb about 0.5 m
high. Leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate, sharply acuminate, 3 to 8 cm long,
glabrous or with few hairs. Flowers in rather dense axillary whorls.
Bracts green, lanceolate, narrowed below, 10 to 12 mm long, clothed with
spreading white hairs, slenderly and sharply long-acuminate. Calyx about
5 mm long. Corolla pink, about 1 cm long.

Near San Pedro Macati, rare, fl. Jan., and probably in other months; of
very local occurrence in the Philippines. India.

2. ELYTRARIA Vahl

Low, simple or branched, erect herbs, the leaves all basal or somewhat
crowded near the ends of the stems or branches. Flowers small, white or
purplish, sessile, solitary in the axils of the bracts, arranged in cylindric,
slender spikes, the peduncles axillary, solitary, bearing from 1 to several
spikes at their apices, covered with appressed, small, green bracts. Calyx
4-parted, the lobes unequal, acuminate. Corolla-tube cylindric, slender, the
limb 2-lipped. Stamens 2, inserted near the throat, included, capsule
oblong-linear, contracted at the base. Seeds small,few. (Greek “covering,”
in allusion to the scale-like bracts.)

Species 3 or 4, or according to some authors’15, in tropical and sub-
temperate America, some introduced in other tropical countries, a single
one in the Philippines.

1, E. TRIDENTATA Vahl.

An erect, simple or branched, glabrous or slightly pubescent herb, 15
to 40 cm high. Leaves oblanceolate, usually somewhat crowded toward
the ends of the stems or branches, 6 to 11 cm long, acute or acuminate,
slightly toothed. Spikes 2 to 6 cm long, solitary or several at the ends of
the elongated peduncles, the peduncles slender, stiff, axillary, covered with
appressed, lanceolate, acuminate, bracts. Bracts subtending the flowers
acuminate, imbricate, 3-toothed, about 4 mm long, their margins lanate.
Corolla pink, slender, about 2.5 mm long.

In dry open places, fil. Sept.—March; apparently of local occurence in
the Philippines, but thoroughly naturalized. A native of tropical America,
but reported from no other part of the Orient.

38. JUSTICIA Linnaeus

Herbs or shrubs with entire leaves and usually small flowers in rather
dense terminal or axillary spikes, the bracts large or small, bracteoles
linear or wanting. Calyx 4- or 5-parted, the lobes narrow. Corolla-tube
usually short, the limb spreading, 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed or nearly
entire. Stamens 2; filaments hairy near the base. Ovary 4-ovuled; style

4386 A FLORA OF MANILA

filiform. Capsule ovoid or ellipsoid, 4-seeded from the base, or base
narrowed and seedless. (In honor of J. Justice, a Scotch horticulturist. )
Species about 250 in all tropical countries, 6 or 7 in the Philippines.

8 Ore BES 1 in nc ee eich cn si Pal a UB et 1. J. gendarussa
A slender, prostrate or spreading herb..........................------ 2. J. procumbens

1. J. gendarussa L.

An erect, branched, glabrous shrub 0.8 to 1.5 m high. Leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, 7 to 14 cm long. Spikes terminal and in the upper axils, 4 to
12 cm long, the flowers clustered, the lower cluster often distant. Calyx-
teeth linear, about 3 mm long. Gorolla 1.5 em long, white or pink with
purple spots. Capsule about 12 mm long, glabrous, clavate. (FI. Filip.
pl. 80, Dianthera subserrata.)

In open waste places, hedges etc., fl. Dec._Feb., and probably in other
months; widely distributed in the Philippines, certainly indigenous. India
to China and Malaya, often, perhaps, cultivated only.

2. J. procumbens L.

A slender, often tufted, prostrate or ascending, branched annual, the
stems 10 to 40 cm long, slightly strigose or nearly glabrous. Leaves elliptic
to oblong-ovate, petioled, 1 to 2 cm long, obtuse. Spikes terminal, 1 to 5
cm long, about 5 mm in diameter, rather dense. Flowers pink, 6 to 7 mm
long, the bracts and calyx-teeth green, linear-lanceolate, hirsute. Capsule
slightly pubescent, about 4 mm long.

In grass lands, Masambong, fl. Aug.Sept.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. India, through Malaya to Australia.

4. BARLERIA Linnaeus

Herbs or small shrubs, spiny or not. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers
rather large, yellow, purplish, or white, solitary or spicate. Sepals 4,
in opposite pairs, the outer pair much the larger, the anterior one often
emarginate, bifid, or 2-lobed. Corolla-tube elongated, enlarged upward,
the lobes 5, sub-equal. Perfect stamens 2, 2 or 3, very small, rudimentary
ones also present. Disk large. Ovary with 4 ovules; style long, shortly
bifid or subentire. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 2- or 4-seeded below the middle.
(In honor of J. Barrelier, a French botanist.)

Species about 60, mostly in the tropics of the Old World, 3 introduced in
the Philippines.

1. Spiny plants with yellow flowers.
2. Leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers in dense cone-like, cylindric spikes.
1. B. lupulina
2. Leaves élliptic to elliptice-ovate coos. 2. B. prionitis
1. Spineless; flowers white and violet...................---.-.---0:000-- 3. B. cristata

*1. R. LUPULINA Lindl.

A spreading, branched, shrubby plant 1 to 1.5 m high, branches purplish,
armed at the nodes with slender, 1 to 2 cm long spines. Leaves lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, acute or apiculate-acuminate, 4 to 12 cm long, the
midrib usually reddish or yellowish. Inflorescence a terminal, cylindric,
cone-like spike, 5 to 7 em long, about 2 cm thick, the bracts ovate, imbricate
1.5 to 2 em long, persistent. Corolla yellow, 4 cm long.

ACANTHACEAE 437

_Cultivated, Singalon, Cementerio del Norte, ete., fl. Jan—March. A
native of Mauritius, cultivated and spontaneous in many other tropical
countries, and of very recent introduction here.

2. B. PRIONITIS L. Colinta, Culanta (Tag.).

An erect, glabrous, branched shrub 1 to 2 m high, with slender, axillary
spines. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-ovate, narrowed at both ends, acuminate,
6 to 12 em long. Flowers yellow, axillary, the upper ones in spikes, the
bracts and calyx green, the outer bract usually foliaceous. Corolla about 4
em long (FI. Filip. pl. 214.)

In thickets, Masambong, Pasay etce., fl. Oct—Apr.; of local occurrence in
the Philippines, probably of prehistoric introduction. Tropical Asia and
Africa.

*3. B. cRISTATA L. Violetas (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect, unarmed, much-branched shrub 1 to 3 m high, the branches
sparingly pubescent. Leaves oblong to elliptic, acute, 4 to 10 cm long,
somewhat pubescent beneath. Flowers in the upper axils and terminal,
solitary or in pairs, the bracteoles linear. Outer 2 sepals green, ovate-
lanceolate, nearly 2 cm long, persistent, laciniate-toothed. Corolla 6 to 7
em long, the tube slender, winged above, the limb 4 to 5 cm in diameter,
violet or nearly white, or streaked with violet and white. (F. Filip. pl. 214.)

Commonly cultivated, especialy as a hedge plant, fl. all the year. A
native of India, now cultivated in many tropical countries.

5. ODONTONEMA Nees

Erect shrubs with colored or variegated foliage, glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves opposite, entire. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, of racemosely
or spicately arranged fascicles or reduced cymes, the bracts and bracteoles
small. Calyx short, somewhat 5-parted. Corolla-tube elongated, straight
or nearly so, slightly enlarged above, the limb spreading, somewhat 2-lipped,
the posterior lobe 2-fid, the anterior one 3-fid. Stamens 2, inserted above
the middle of the corolla-tube, included; staminodes usually present. Style
filiform; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule-oblong, base contracted into a long
stipe. (From Greek “tooth” and “thread,” in allusion to the staminodes.)

Species about 30 in tropical America, 1 introduced and cultivated in the
Philippines.

*1. O. NITIDUM (Jacq.) O. Kuntze.

An erect, branched, glabrous shrub 1 to 3 m high. Leaves pale-green
variegated with white, or nearly uniformly dark-purplish, entire or ob-
securely undulate-lobed, oblong-ovate,; acute or acuminate at both ends, 6 to
20 cm long. Inflorescence terminal and in the upper axils, green or purple,
narrow, 8 to 16 cm long, the flowers fascicled or in reduced, spicately
arranged cymes. Corolla purple or nearly white, the throat and basal
parts of the lobes blotched and spoted with purple, the tube 12 to 15 mm
long, the limb 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter.

Commonly cultivated for its ornamental foliage, both the purple-leaved
form and the pale-green and white one frequent, fl. all the year, but ap-
parently producing no fruits here. A native of tropical America, its time
of introduction here uncertain, but probably comparatively recent.

4388 A FLORA OF MANILA

6. PSEUDERANTHEMUM Radlkofer

Erect herbs or undershrubs, the leaves entire or coarsely toothed. In-
florescence spicate, racemose, or cymose, axillary or terminal, few-flowered,
the flowers 1 to 3 in the axils of small, linear bracts. Calyx lobes 5, narrow.
Corolla-tube long, slender, cylindric, the limb somewhat 1-lipped, lobes 5,
spreading, subequal, or the 2 posterior ones somewhat smaller than the
others. Stamens 2, inserted on the tube; staminodes 2. Ovules 2 in each
cell. Capsule long-stalked. Seeds 4 or less. (Greek “false” and Eran-
themum, an allied genus.)

Species about 60 in all tropical countries, 1 or 2 in the Philippines.

1. P. pulchellum (Hort.) Merr. (P. bicolor Radlk.; Eranthemum bicolor
Schrank). Cinco llagas (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect, branched, rather slender undershrub or suffrutescent plant
usually about 1 m high, nearly glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Leaves
thin, elliptic-ovate to oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 5 to 12 cm long,
the upper ones often much reduced, acute or acuminate, base decurrent.
Peduncles axillary, longer than the petioles, bearing near their apices 1
to 3 or more racemose or cymose flowers. Calyx green, 5. to 7 mm long,
the teeth elongated linear. Corolla white, middle lobe of the lower lip
with a large purple spot at the base, the tube slender, 2.5 to 3 cm long,
the lobes spreading, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, about 1.2 cm long. Capsule
pubescent, 2 cm long, stalked. (FI. Filip. pl. 9, Justicia gendarussa.)

In dry thickets, Masambong, near Fort McKinley, etc., fil. Oct.—Apr.;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Malaya.

7. RHINACANTHUS Nees

Erect branched shrubs with entire leaves. Inflorescence terminal, of
divaricate panicled cymes, few-flowered. Flowers solitary or in groups of
2 or 8, sessile, the bracts and bracteoles linear-lanceolate, small. Calyx
small, 5-lobed or -partite, the segments linear-lanceolate. Corolla white,
the tube long, slender, the limb spreading, 2-lipped, the upper lip small,
lanceolate, entire or 2-toothed, curved or twisted, the lower broad, 3-lobed.
Stamens 2, inserted near the top of the corolla-tube. Capsule clavate,
4-seeded, long-stalked. (Greek “nose” and Acanthus, another genus of
this family.)

Species 4, tropical Asia and Africa, a single one in the Philippines.

s

1. R. NAsuTA (L.) Kurz. (R. communis Nees). Cinco llagas na puti, Sili-
silihan, Tagac-tagac (Tag.).

A slender, erect, branched, somewhat pubescent shrub 1 to 2 m high.
Leaves oblong, narrowed at both ends, obtuse or acute, 4 to 10 cm long.
Inflorescence a spreading, leafy, pubescent. panicle, the flowers usually
clustered. Calyx green, pubescent, 5 mm long. Corolla-tube slender, cylin-
dric, greenish, 2 cm long, the upper lip white, erect, oblong or lanceolate, 2-
toothed at the apex, about 8 mm wide, long, the lower lip broadly obovate,
11 to 13 mm long, and wide, 3-lobed, white, with few minute brownish dots
near the base. (FI. Filip. pl. 10.)

Common in thickets and hedges, fl. Dec._March; certainly an introduced
plant in the Philippines, although now widely distributed in and about towns.
India to Madagascar and Malaya, but frequently only cultivated.

ACANTHACEAE 439

8. GRAPTOPHYLLUM Nees \

Erect glabrous shrubs with purple or variegated leaves. Inflorescence
terminal, paniculate, the flowers pedicelled, arranged in few-flowered clus-—
ters, the bracts and bracteoles small. Calyx small, 5-parted, the lobes equal,
linear-lanceolate. Corolla elongated, the tube inflated upward, the limb very
oblique, 2-lipped, the upper lip shortly 2-fid, the lower one 3-lobed. Stamens
2; staminodes 2, small. Ovary 4-ovuled. Capsule oblong, hard, long-stalked,
(From the Greek “writing” and “leaves,” in allusion to the variously marked
leaves.) ; ,

A small genus of about 4 Australian and Polynesian species, 1 commonly
cultivated.

*1. G. pictuM (L.) Griff. (G. hortense Nees). Morado (Sp.-Fil.) ; Sarasa,
Balasbas (Tag.).

An erect branched shrub 2 to 3.5 m high, glabrous throughout. Leaves
opposite, entire, oblong to broadly elliptic, narrowed at both ends, somewhat
acuminate, shortly petioled, 10 to 20 cm long, dull-purple, or green and va-
riously mottled with white or gray. Inflorescence 6 to 12 cm long. Corolla
dull-purple or reddish-purple, about 4 cm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 7, 8.)

Commonly cultivated for its ornamental foliage, and in hedgerows etc.,
fil. most of the year; in and about towns troughout the Philippines, but not
spontaneous. Probably a native of Polynesia, now cultivated in most trop-
ical countries.

The form called “Morado”; with dull, brownish-purple leaves is the more
common; another frequent form has its leaves green, blotched along the
midrib with white.

9. THUNBERGIA Linnaeus fils

Scandent herbaceous or somewhat woody vines, or erect shrubs. Leaves
often cordate, angular or hastate. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs,
or racemose, the bracts at the base of the pedicels leaf-like, the bracteoles
large, coherent by their margins at least when young. Calyx small, anular,
10- to 16-toothed, often obscure. Corolla large, the tube ventricose, curved,
the lobes 5, rounded. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, near the base of the corolla-
tube. Disk cushion-shaped or annular. Style long. Capsules globose,
abruptly narrowed into an elongated, empty beak. Seeds 2 in each cell.
(In honor of C. P. Thunberg, a Swedish botanist.)

Species about 75 chiefly in Africa and Asia, some in Malaya and Aus-
tralia, 4 or 5 in the Philippines, mostly introduced.

1, Vines.
2. Flowers pale-blue or purplish, large.............................. 1. T. grandiflora
2. Flowers yellow, with or without a dark-purple center.......... 2. T. alata
©. ‘WIOWORS Wistert ees LS Ee seach eel 3. T. fragrans

1. Erect shrubs; leaves rounded or acute at the base; flowers violet-purple.
4, T. erecta

*1, T GRANDIFLORA (Rottb. & Willd.) Roxb.

A large, coarse, somewhat woody vine. Leaves opposite, broadly ovate,
6 to 18 cm long and wide, somewhat pubescent, angularly broadly lobed, base
prominently cordate. Flower large, axillary, pedicelled, solitary, or in long,
pendulous racemes, the bracteoles ovate, 3 cm long, enclosing the buds, de-
ciduous. Calyx a narrow ring. Corolla about 8 cm long, very pale-blue or

440 A FLORA OF MANILA

nearly white outside, the upper surface of the lobes pale-blue-purple, the
tube constricted above the ovary, then expanded, the limb 8 cm broad,
spreading. Filaments widened below; anthers bearded. (FI. Filip. pl.
229.)

Commonly cultivated in Manila and in many of the larger towns of the
Archipelago, fl. throughout the year, but apparently producing no seeds in
our area. A native of India, now cultivated in many tropical and subtrop-
ical countries.

2. T. ALATA Bojer.

A slender, herbaceous vine, more or less pubescent. Leaves ovate-cordate,
acute, 4 to 10 cm long, the petioles prominently winged, 1 to 7 cm long.
Flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled, the bracteoles ovate, green, 2 cm long,
somewhat keeled in the lower one-half. Corolla pale-yellow with a whitish
center, or darker-yellow and with a dark-purple center, the limb 3 to 4 cm
in diameter. Capsule depressed-globose, about 8 mm thick, the beak stout,
about 1 cm long.

In thickets, occasional, fl. Oct.—-Dec.; local in Luzon, and of recent intro-
duction, but thoroughly naturalized. A native of Africa, now found in
India and Malaya.

3. T. fragrans Roxb.

A slender, glabrous or nearly glabrous, herbaceous vine reaching a height
of 2to3mormore. Leaves 5 to 10 cm long, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, base rounded, cordate, or hastate, sometimes toothed, the
basal lobes if any, acute. Flowers axillary, solitary, pedicelled. Bracteoles .
green 1.5 to 2 cm long. Calyx short, toothed. Corolla white, 3 to 4 cm long,
the tube slender. Capsule 2 to 2.5 em long, glabrous, shining.

In thickets Pasay, fl. most of the year; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. India to northern Australia.

*4, T. ERECTA (Benth.) And.

An erect, branched, glabrous shrub 1 to 2 m high, with slender, 4-angled
stems. Leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate, 1 to 3.5 cm long, entire or slightly
angular-lobed, acute or acuminate. Flowers axillary, solitary, the bracts
green, 1 cm long. Corolla-tube about 5 cm long, white, slender and con-
stricted below, inflated and about 1 cm in diameter above, the lobes spread-
ing, white or deep violet-purple, the limb 3 to 4 cm in diameter.

Somewhat cultivated, fl. all the year. A native of tropical Africa, of
very recent introduction in the Philippines.

10. STAUROGYNE Wallich

Erect herbs with opposite leaves which are entire or nearly so. Inflores-
cence of terminal or axillary spikes or racemes, dense or lax, the bracts leaf-
like, or small and inconspicuous, the bracteoles 2 near the base of the calyx,
smaller than the bracts. Sepals 5, oblong to linear, one larger than the
other, or subequal. Corolla-tube cylindric, the lobes 5, spreading, short.
Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, the filaments hairy; anther-cells spreading. Ovules
very many. Capsule oblong, not stalked, bearing seeds from the base to the
apex. Seeds numerous in each cell, seated on minute papillae. (Greek
“cross” and “woman” in reference to the bifid plates on the stigmas of some
species. )

Species 45 or 50 in tropical Asia, Malaya, Australia, and Brazil, 2 or 3
in the Philippines.

ACANTHACEAE 44]

1. S. rivularis Merr.

A slender, erect plant 10 to 30 em high, usually branched from the base,
the younger parts glandular-pubescent. Stems brownish-purple. Leaves
subsessile, narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, 2 to 6 cm long, acute or ob-
tuse, base narrowed, margins entire or obscurely crenate-undulate. Flowers
axillary and in terminal spikes or spike-like racemes, the bracts, bracteoles
and sepals green, the bracts narrowly oblong-obovate, the bracteoles lanceo-
late, one calyx-lobe much broader than the other four. Corolla 7 to 9 mm
long, cylindric, pale-purple with darker lines. Capsule oblong, 5 mm long,
2-celled, many-seeded, not stalked.

On ledges along small streams, Masambong, fl. Nov.-Feb. A species
known only from this locality. i

11. ACANTHUS Linnaeus

Erect or ascending shrubby plants. Leaves sinuous, sharply toothed,
often spiny. Spikes terminal, dense or interrupted; bracts ovate, rather
large, the bracteoles similar but smaller. Flowers subsessile, blue or white.
Sepals 4, 2 outer opposite, 2 inner opposite, smaller. Corolla-tube short,
ovoid, the upper lip obsolete, the lower one large, broad, shortly 3-lobed
or 3-toothed. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, shorter than the lip; filaments short,
stout, curved below the anther; anthers oblong, 1-celled, bearded. Ovary
4-ovuled; style shortly 2-fid. Fruit an ellipsoid, compressed, shining, 4-
seeded capsule. Seeds compressed, orbicular. (Greek “spiny,” in reference
to the spiny leaves of some species.)

Species about 20, warm-temperate and tropical parts of the Old World, a
single species in the Philippines.

1. A. ilicifolius L. Diliuario, Doloariu (Tag.).

An erect or ascending, slightly branched shrub 0.5 to 1.5 m high, the stems
round, greenish, with a pair of short, sharp spines at the base of each pe-
tiole. Leaves rigid, coriaceous, green and shining, oblong to oblong-lan-
ceolate, 9 to 14 cm long, sinuate-toothed, the teeth spinous; petioles 1 cm
long or less. Spikes terminal, dense or interrupted, solitary. Flowers about
4 cm long, each subtended by an ovate, green, closely appressed bract 7 to 8
mm long, and 2 similar but smaller bracteoles. Calyx green, 10 to 12 mm
long. Corolla-tube 1 cm long, the lower lip pale-blue, spreading or recurved,
about 3 cm long, 2.5 em wide, pubescent within. Capsule 2 to 2.5 cm long.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 153.)

In low wet lands near the sea, subject to the influence of salt water;
throughout the Philippines along tidal streams, etc. India, through Malaya
to Australia.

12. LEPIDAGATHIS Willdenow

Herbs, glabrous or pubescent, erect or spreading. Flowers small, in ter-
minal or lateral often fascicled heads or dense spikes. Bracts usually larger
than the calyx-segments and similar to them, bracteoles narrower. Calyx
5-lobed, the 2 anterior lobes more or less connate. Corolla small, tubular,
inflated above, 2-lipped. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs. Capsule 2- or 4-seeded
(Greek “scale” and a “ball of string,” in allusion to the crowded bracteate
flowers. )

Species 50 or more, chiefly in the tropics of the Old World, about 15 in the
Philippines.

442 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. L. secunda (Blanco) Nees.

An erect or spreading, slender, slightly pubescent herb 20 to 40 cm high.
Leaves 2 to 7 cm long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, in pairs, one
of each pair long-petioled. Spikes ovoid, dense, solitary or fascicled, 1 cm
long or less, many-flowered. Bracts and calyx-lobes green, acuminate.
Corolla pink-purple, about 6 mm long.

In open dry places, La Loma to San Pedro Macati, fl. Jan—Apr.; of local
occurrence in the Philippines. Endemic.

13. HYGROPHILA R. Brown

Herbs with lanceolate to obovate, entire, opposite leaves, the flowers
sessile, axillary, fasciculate, the bracts elliptic to lanceolate, the bracteoles
shorter than the calyx. Calyx tubular, 5-fid. Corolla pale-blue or purplish,
the tube enlarged above, 2-lipped, straight. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, the
posterior ones similar to the others, or shorter, or rudimentary. Ovary
oblong. Capsule oblong to linear, seed-bearing throughout. Seeds very
numerous. (Greek “moist” and “to love” in reference to most species
growing'in swampy places.)

Species about 30, in most tropical and subtropical countries, 3 or 4 in
the Philippines.

Erect, branched, nearly glabrous; leaves mostly oblong to lanceolate.

1. H. angustifolia
Spreading, rather densely hairy; leaves obovate to oblong-obovate.

2. H. phlomoides
1. H. angustifolia R. Br.

An erect, rather stout, branched herb 0.5 to 1 m high, glabrous or nearly
so. Leaves oblong to lanceolate or even somewhat oblong-obovate, 3 to 10
cm long, margins slightly ciliate. Flowers in rather dense axillary whorls.
Calyx green, cylindric, 8 mm long, the lobes 5, lanceolate. Corolla pale-
purplish, 1.5 cm long, inflated upward, 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4. Cap-
sules cylindric, glabrous, about 1.5 cm long, 2 mm in diameter, a little
longer than the accrescent calyx. (Fl. Filip. pl. 363.)

In open wet grass lands, fl. Nov.Apr.; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. Tropical Asia, Malaya, and Australia.

2. H. phlomoides (Wall.) Nees var. roxburghii C. B. Clarke.

A decumbent or spreading, hairy, more or less branched plant, 20 to
50 cm long, the flowering branches ascending. Leaves obovate to narrowly
oblong-obovate, 1.5 to 4.5 cm long, obtuse. Flowers axillary, solitary or
fascicled. Calyx green, about 8 mm long, divided one-third to one-half
way down into 5, lanceolate, acuminate teeth. Corolla pale-purplish, about
2cm long. Capsules hairy, oblong-cylindric, 10 to 12 mm long.

In open damp places, old rice paddies etc., fl. Nov.-March; widely distrib-
uted in Luzon. India.

14. RUELLIA Linnaeus

Herbs with opposite entire leaves. Flowers sessile, axillary, solitary,
the bracteoles large, longer than the calyx, bracts none. Calyx 5-fid, the
teeth very narrow. Corolla tubular, enlarged and ventricose above, the
limb somewhat oblique, lobes subequal. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs. Ovary gla-

ACANTHACEAE 443

brous, ovules 3 to 10 in each cell. Capsule clavate, base narrowed, solid,
cylindric, seed-bearing above. Seeds 6 or more. (In honor of J. Ruellie
or Ruel, a French botanist.)

Species about 200, in all warm regions, 2 or 8 in the Philippines.

1. R. repens L.

A slender, spreading or ascending, branched, somewhat hairy or nearly
glabrous herb 20 to 50 cm in length. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, 2 to 5 cm long, with few, scattered, strigose hairs. Bracteoles
leaf-like, oblong to spatulate, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Calyx about 5 mm long,
the lobes linear. Corolla white or very pale-blue, 1.2 to 1.5 em long, slightly
hairy externally. Capsule hairy or nearly glabrous, about 1 cm long.

In open places and borders of thickets, Caloocan, Pasay, etc., fl. June-Dec.;
widely distributed in the Philippines. Siam to China and Malaya.

15. HEMIGRAPHIS Nees

Erect or prostrate herbs with opposite, toothed or entire leaves. Flowers
in terminal spikes, the bracts large, imbricate, each usually with but 1
flower, the bracteoles small and narrow or none. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla
tubular, cylindric below, swollen above, pale-blue or purplish, the lobes 5.
Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, included. Capsule linear to linear-oblong, 4- to
20-seeded. (Greek “half” and “stylus.’’)

Species about 30, India to Japan and Malaya, about 12 in the Phil-
ippines.

Plant purple, cultivated only; leaves ovate; corolla about 1.8 cm long.
1. H. colorata
Plant green; leaves elliptic-oblong; corolla about 12 mm long.. 2. H. reptans

*1. H. COLORATA (Bl.) Hallier f.

A spreading or ascending, simple or sparingly branched, nearly gla-
brous herb, the stems prostrate and rooting at the lower nodes, all parts
of the plant purple or purplish, the lower surfaces of the leaves uniformly
so. Leaves ovate, 4 to 9 cm long, crenate, base broad, cordate, apex acute
or blunt, the petioles up to 6 cm in length. Spikes. terminal or in the
upper axils, peduncled, 2 to 3.5 cm long, the bracts oblong to lanceolate,
dark-purple, 1 to 1.5 cm long. Calyx 8 to 10 mm long, purple, the lobes
5, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla white, with few, slender, purplish
lines, about 1.8 cm long, the tube slender below, much inflated above.

Frequently cultivated as a border plant, fi. all the year. A native of
Malaya, introduced and cultivated only. |

2. H. reptans (Forst.) T. And., var. primulifolia (Nees) Hallier f.

A spreading herb, the stems somewhat pubescent, rather slender, often
rooting at the nodes, the flowering branches erect or ascending, 6 to 15
em high. Leaves elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong, 4 to 8 cm long, obtuse or
rounded, base cordate, margins crenate, somewhat pale on the lower surface.
Spikes terminal, 1 tp 3 cm long, the bracts green, persistent, oblong-
oblanceolate or spatulate, 8 to 16 mm long. Flowers 1 or sometimes 2 in
the axil of each bract. Calyx green, deeply cleft into 5 narrowly lanceolate
lobes. Corolla 10 to 12 mm long, pale-straw-colored or white, with faint
purplish lines, the tube slender below, enlarged above, the limb about 7
mm in diameter. Capsule 7 to 8 mm long.

444 A FLORA OF MANILA ;

On ledges along small streams, Masambong, and in gardens, Singalon,
fl. Nov.—Dec.; widely distributed in the Philippines. An endemic form
of the Malayan H. reptans T. And.

16. BLECHUM P. Browne

Branched herbs, glabrous or hairy, with entire leaves. Flowers small,
solitary or in pairs in the axils of large foliaceous bracts, arranged in
dense terminal spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow. CGorolla-tube
slender, straight or curved, somewhat enlarged above, the limb of 5, spread-
ing, subequal lobes. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, inserted above the middle of the
corolla-tube. Ovules 3 to many in each cell. Capsules ovate to orbicular,
base shortly contracted. Seeds usually many.

Species. 4 or more in tropical America, 1 introduced in the Philippines
and in some other tropical countries. : :

1. B. BROWNEI Juss.

An erect or ascending herb, the stems often prostrate and rooting
below, 20 to 50 cm high, sparingly hairy or nearly glabrous. Leaves thin,
ovate, 5 to 10 cm long, entire or nearly so, acute, base decurrent-acuminate.
Inflorescence terminal, spike-like, the flowers mostly in pairs, each pair
subtended by a leaf-like, ovate, persistent, 1 to 1.5 cm long bract and two
smaller bracteoles. Flowers small, white. Calyx 4 to 5 mm long, hairy,
5-lobed, the lobes linear. Corolla white, tubular, hairy, slightly curved,
about 1.3 cm long, slightly exserted from the bracts. Capsule ovoid,
acuminate, somewhat compressed, about 6 mm long.

In waste places, roadsides, etc., common, fl. all the year; widely distrib-
uted in the Philippines. A native of tropical America, now naturalized
in the Philippines, Formosa, Marianne Islands, etc.

130. PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY)

Herbs with usually radical leaves, the flowers small, greenish, often
dimorphous, in spicate scapes. Sepals 4, imbricate in bud, persistent. Co-
rolla hypogynous, salver-slaped, scarious, the lobes 4, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 4, on the corolla-tube; filaments slender, inflexed in bud, persistent;
anthers large, pendulous, versatile. Ovary free, 2- to 4-celled; style fili-
form, with 2 lines of stigmatic hairs; ovules solitary and basal, or several.
Fruit a 1- to 4-celled capsule, circumsciss, thin, with 1 or more seeds.
Seeds small, usually peltate, testa thin, albumen fleshy; embryo cylindric,
transverse.

Genera 3, species over 200, represented in the Philippines only by the
following introduced genus and species.

PLANTAGO Linnaeus

Characters of the Family as given above. (The Latin name.)

1. P. Mason L. Lantin (Sp.-Fil., corruption of Sp. llanten); Plantain.

A perennial herb, the leaves all radical, petioled, entire or obscurely
toothed, oblong or oblong-ovate, 5 to 10 cm long, about 5-nerved, the petiole
often as long as the leaf-blade. Spikes 6 to 12 cm long, erect, slender, the
flowers usually crowded, the bracts small. Corolla small, the lobes spread-
ing or reflexed. Capsules ovoid, about 3 mm long. Seed 8 to 16, angular.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 20, P. media.)

Occasional in gardens, rarely in waste places, fl. Jan—March. Introduced
from Europe by the Spaniards, now naturalized in some localities in Luzon.

RUBIACEAE A45

131. RUBIACEAE (COFFEE FAMILY)

Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs, or trees, sometimes climbing, occa-
sionally spiny. Leaves simple, entire, opposite, stipulate. Flowers axil-
lary or terminal, solitary, fascicled, or variously paniculate or cymose,
sometimes in dense globose heads. Flowers regular, perfect or 1-sexual.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb entire or 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla
regular, usually 4- or 5-lobed, the tube long or short. Stamens as many
as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla-tube or at its mouth. Ovary infe-
rior, usually 2-celled, rarely 1-celled; style simple or cleft; ovules 1 or
more in each cell. Fruit usually 2-celled, berry-like, capsular, or drupa-
ceous, or of dehiscent or indehiscent cocci. Seeds various.

Genera about 400, species over 5,500, chiefly tropical and subtropical, 55
genera and about 300 species in the Philippines.

1. Ovules few to many in each cell.
2. Flowers in dense globose heads.
8. Ovaries confluent; fruits forming a fleshy mass, flowers ebracteo-

pt Tay Aaa Lae all EA ieee corp RAL tlh Lin tite Fae ite 1. Sarcocephalus
3. Ovaries free or nearly so; fruits free, dry, capsule-like; flowers brac-
Es aan Rien el SSIES ae OPEN N-ENn EON SRE SAI 2. Mitragyna
2. Flowers not in dense globose heads.
8. Herbs.
4. Corolla-lobes toothed; fruit indehiscent...........................- 3. Dentella
4. Corolla-lobes entire; fruit a loculicidal capsule ........ 4. Oldenlandia

3. Shrub or trees.
4. Corolla-lobes valvate; one lobe of the calyx much-enlarged as a
white, leaf-like appendage...................---2....-------00------ 5. Mussaenda
4. Calyx-lobes twisted-imbricate; calyx-lobes all equal, not enlarged.
5. Style fusiform.

Sy ta Gl A Se eos Rela el te de hy BAR I ta Le ty Bd Sl 6. Gardenia
EES (Fig dr so | ot AMAIE Sc he Belgl, Oak pace seocha te ob rt fle. dena ba Dea ot 7. Randia
EME SS ye a sole Mi a nt caplet Sag ie ls ARES ae 8. Hypobatherum

1. Ovules solitary in each cell.
2. Erect shrubs or small trees.
3. Ovary 4- to 9-celled....................-:..-----.------- ee eee 9. Guettarda
3. Ovary 2-celled.
4. Corolla-lobes twisted in bud.
5. Flowers axillary, fascicled or solitary...........................- 10. Coffea
5. Flowers panicled or corymbose.
6. Flowers usually 4-merous; style not much exserted.... 11. Jxora

6. Flower 5-merous; style long-exserted..................-...-- 12. Pavetta
4, Corolla-lobes valvate in bud.
Flowers capitate, the calyx-tubes coherent................ 13. Morinda

5.

5. Flowers not capitate, free, solitary, fascicled, or cymose.

6. Flowers in terminal corymbose cymes; unarmed shrubs or
ce LS 2 oe PL eee a. eae eee 14. Psychotria

6. Flowers axillary, solitary; spiny shrubs............ 15. Plectronia

1. Herbs, spreading, erect, or climbing.
2. Twining herbaceous vines with rank-scented leaves; flowers in pani-
Crilste: egithes:.2 pe eee ee ith 16. Paederia
2. Spreading or ascending branched herbs with 4-angled stems, and
small, axillary, fascicled flowers..................-......0s0-0:+++ 17. Spermacoce

446 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. SARCOCEPHALUS Afzelius

Trees with opposite leaves, the stipules usually large. Flowers numerous,
axillary or terminal, peduncled, globose heads, united by their confluent
calyx-tubes, the bracts 2, deciduous, the bracteoles none. Calyx 4- to
6-toothed. Corolla-tube long, slender, funnel-shaped, 5- or 6-lobed. An-
thers 5 or 6, sessile at the corolla-mouth. Ovary 2-celled; style exserted,
filiform; ovules numerous. Fruit of numerous 2-celled pyrenes combined in
a fleshy globose mass. (Greek “flesh” and “head,” in allusion to the fleshy
globose fruit.)

Species about 15, tropical Africa and Asia to Australia and Polynesia,
about 4 in the Philippines.

1. S. orientalis (L.) Merr. (S. cordatus Miq.). Bancal (Tag., Vis.,
Pamp.).

A glabrous tree 7 to 16 m high. Leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, coria-
ceous, obtuse, base cordate or rounded, 11 to 25 cm long, the stipules green,
ovate to elliptic, 1.5 to 3 cm long. Heads terminal, peduncled, solitary,
4 to 5 cm in diameter, the flowers white. (FI. Filip. pl. 51, Nauclea gla-
berrima.)

Occasional in thickets, sometimes cultivated, fi. Sept—May; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. India and Malaya to Australia.

2. MITRAGYNA Korthals

Shrubs or trees with large caducous stipules, the leaves prominently
nerved. Flowers in dense, globose, peduncled, axillary and terminal heads
which are sometimes panicled, each peduncle with 2 deformed leaves at
the top. Calyx-tubes short, confluent, the limb truncate or 5-toothed.. Co-
rolla funnel-shaped, the tube slender, long, lobes 5, short, valvate. Stamens
5. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform; ovules. numerous, imbricate on pendulous
placentae. Fruit of many, dry, dehiscent, many-seeded cocci, all in a globose .
head. (Greek “miter” and “female.”)

Species about 10 in tropical Africa and Asia, 2 in the Philippines.

1. M. rotundifolia (Roxb.) O. Kuntze (M. diversifolia Havil.). Mambog
(Fac);

A shrub or small tree 2 to 8 m high, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous.
Leaves broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, 5 to 12 cm long, obscurely and shortly
acuminate, the lower ones larger than the upper ones, often subcordate, the
nerves prominent, suboblique. Heads in spreading trichotomous panicles,
the middle one subsessile, the lateral ones peduncled, about 2 cm in diameter.
Flowers fragrant, white, soon turning yellowish.

Oceasional in thickets, La Loma, fl. June-Sept.; widely distributed in
Luzon. Chittagong to Burma.

3. DENTELLA Forster

A small, slender, prostrate, branched, annual herb with small opposite
leaves. Flowers small, white, axillary, sessile or short-pedicelled. Calyx-
tube globose, the limb tubular, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, hairy
inside, the lobes 5, 2- or 3-toothed. Stamens inserted in the middle of
the tube, the filaments short. Ovary 2-celled, ovules many in each. cell.
Fruit a small, dry, indehiscent, many-seeded capsule. (Diminuitive of the
Latin “tooth,” from the toothed corolla-lobes.)

A monotypic genus.

RUBIACEAE AAT

1. D. repens (L.) Forst.

A prostrate, nearly or quite glabrous, somewhat succulent, slender,
branched, herbaceous annual, rooting at the nodes. Leaves narrowly
oblong-obovate to narrowly elliptic, 1 cm long or less. Flowers axillary,
solitary, sessile, white, about 2 mm long. Capsule ovoid, about 4 mm long.

In open damp places, roadsides, etc., fl. most of the year; throughout the
Philippines. India through Malaya to Australia and Polynesia.

4, OLDENLANDIA Linnaeus

Slender, erect or spreading, simple, diffusely or dichotomously branched
herbs. Leaves narrow. Flowers small, white, axillary or terminal, solitary,
or in few-flowered umbels or cymes. Calyx-teeth 4, rarely 5, usually erect.
Corolla rotate, funnel- or salver-shaped, the tube long or short, 4- or 5-
lobed. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous. Capsule small, membranaceous
or chartaceous, loculicidal at the top, terete or angled. (In honor of H. B.
Oldenland.)

Species 70 or more, tropical and subtropical, about 8 in the Philippines.

1. Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong; calyx-teeth in fruit very small; flowers

tS allt Ela Mn i qe ta tN ae ON i ob Att eA 1. O. biflora

1. Leaves linear to linear-oblanceolate or lanceolate; calyx-teeth prominent.

2. Flowers in axillary, few-flowered umbels........................ 2. O. corymbosa
2. Flowers axillary, solitary.

3. Pedicels not or but little longer than the flowers............ 3. O. diffusa

3. Pedicels much longer than the flowers.
4, Erect, dichotomously branched, rather rigid; leaves 1 to 3 cm long.
4. O. herbacea
4. Weak, ascending, usually unbranched; leaves less than 7 mm long.
5. O. brachyphylla
1. 0. biflora L. (O. paniculata L.).

An annual glabrous herb, branched from the base, 6 to 30 ecm high,
the branches somewhat angled, ascending. Leaves shortly petioled, elliptic-
ovate to oblong, acute or obtuse, 1 to 3 cm long, the nerves faint. Cymes
in the upper axils, 3- to 7-flowered, somewhat panicled, the pedicels slender.
Calyx green. Corolla white, small. Capsules cup-shaped or ovoid, about
3 mm long, crowned by the four small calyx-teeth.

In open waste places, grass lands, ete., possibly introduced, fl. all the
year; throughout the Philippines. India to China, Malaya, and Polynesia.

2. O. corymbosa L.

An erect or spreading, branched, annual herb 20 to 50 cm in length.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate to linear-oblong, 1.5 to 3 cm long. Flowers in
axillary, peduncled, 2- to 5-flowered umbels, the peduncles slender, 5 to
10 mm long, the pedicels half as long or less, some solitary flowers often
intermixed. Corolla small, white. Capsule turbinate, about 2 mm long,
not protruded beyond the short acuminate calyx-lobes.

In open waste places etce., fl. all the year; throughout the Philippines,
possibly introduced. Most tropical countries.

3. O. diffusa (Willd.) Roxb.

A slender, spreading or ascending, glabrous, more or less branched annual
herb reaching a length of 50 cm or less. Leaves linear, 1 to 3 cm long.
Flowers axillary, solitary, white, about 3 mm long, the pedicels about as

448 A FLORA OF MANILA

long as the calyx. Capsule ovoid, about 4 mm long, not protruded beyond
the calyx-segments.

In waste places, fl. most of the year; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines, possibly introduced. India to Japan and Malaya.

4. O. herbacea L. (O. heynii R. Br.).

An erect, slender, rather rigid, dichotomously branched, annual herb 20
to 40 em high, the stems 4-angled, internodes long. Leaves linear, very ~
narrow, 1 to 3 cm long, sessile. Flowers axillary, solitary, white, about
5 mm long, the pedicels slender, 1 to 2 cm long. Capsule ovoid, about 3
mm long, the calyx-teeth lanceolate, short, the top of the capsule rounded,
protruded beyond the calyx-segments.

In open grass lands, Masambong, fl. Oct.-Dec.; occasional in the Phil-
ippines. Tropical Africa, India, and Ceylon.

5. O. brachyphyila Merr.

A very slender, erect, weak, pale-green, simple or sparingly branched
annual herb 4 to 25 cm high, glabrous or minutely scabrid, the stems
obscurely 4-angled. Leaves lanceolate, sharply acuminate, 3 to 7 mm long,
1 to 1.8 mm wide, sessile, base scarcely narrowed; stipules very short, entire,
a mere connecting membrane. Flowers axillary, solitary, their pedicels 8
to 10 mm long. Calyx green, 2.5 mm long, cleft about half way to the
base into 4, lanceolate, acuminate teeth. Corolla white, the tube inflated,
2 mm long, slightly contracted at the mouth, lobes 4, spreading, broadly
ovate, acute or obtuse, 1.6 mm long, throat villous. Capsule obovoid or
ovoid, 2 mm long. Seeds numerous, small, black, pitted.

In old rice paddies and open wet grass lands, Caloocan to Masambong,
fil. Oct.-Jan.; known only from the vicinity of Manila. Endemic.

5. MUSSAENDA Linnaeus

Shrubs or small trees, rarely climbing, with opposite leaves. Flowers
yellow or white, in terminal cymes, the bracts and bracteoles deciduous.
Calyx oblong, the- lobes 5, usually deciduous, 1 usually persistent and much
enlarged, forming a petioled, white, leaf-like appendage. Corolla tubular,
slightly enlarged above, pubescent, the lobes 5, short, throat villous. Sta-
mens 5, inserted at the throat or below. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled.
Fruit fleshy, areolate at the top, with many smal] seeds. (From the
Singalese name.)

Species 50 or more, tropical Africa to Asia and Polynesia, about 12 in
the Philippines.

1. M. philippica L. C. Rich. (M. grandiflora Rolfe).

A shrub or small tree 3 to 5 m high, more or less pubescent or nearly
glabrous. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 6 to 14 cm
long, base acute; stipules about 4 mm long, 2-fid. Cymes terminal, rather
open, pubescent, few-flowered. Calyx about 7 mm long, four of the teeth
as long as the tube, one very much enlarged as a white, leaf-like, long-
petioled, elliptic-ovate appendage, the lamina 4 to 8 cm long. Corolla
yellow, pubescent, about 2 cm long, enlarged upward. Fruit about 1.5 cm
long. (FI. Filip. pl. 58, M. frondosa.)

In thickets, Masambong, fl. Aug—Dec.; common and widely distributed
in the Philippines, variable. Perhaps only the Philippine representative of
the Indo-Malayan Mussaenda frondosa L.

RUBIACEAE 449

6. GARDENIA Linnaeus

Erect shrubs or trees, sometimes spiny. Leaves opposite. Flowers
often large and showy, fragrant, white, axillary or terminal, solitary or
fascicled. Calyx-tube truncate, toothed, or lobed, sometimes winged.
Corolla-tube long or short, cylindric or narrowly funnel-shaped, the lobes
5 to 12, spreading. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Anthers linear,
sessile. Ovary 1-celled; style stout, clavate, fusiform, or 2-cleft; ovules
numerous on parietal placentae. Fruit ovoid, ellipsoid, or globose, coria-
ceous or fleshy, many-seeded.. (In honor of A. Garden, an English
physician.) :

Species 60 or more, tropical and subtropical, about 5 in the Philippines.

*1. G. FLorRIDA L. Rosal (Sp.-Fil.).

A glabrous, unarmed shrub usually about 1 m high. Leaves elliptic-
ovate, narrowed at both ends, usually acute, shining, short-petioled, 2 to
6 cm long. Flowers large, very fragrant, solitary ‘in the upper axils.
Calyx green, the tube funnel-shaped, about 1.5 em long, 5-angled or winged,
the lobes linear, about as long as the tube. Corolla usually double, white,
soon turning yellowish, about 5 cm long, 5 to 7em wide. (FI. Filip. pl. 154.)

Commonly cultivated for its fragrant flowers, fl. June-Dec. A native
of China and Japan, now widely cultivated in warm and tropical countries.

7. RANDIA Linnaeus

Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing, often spiny. Leaves opposite, with
one sometimes arrested; stipules short, free or connate. Inflorescence va-
rious, axillary, leaf-opposed, or terminal, the flowers sometimes solitary.
Calyx-tube various, the limb often tubular, the lobes short or long, often
leafy. Corolla funnel-shaped to bell-shaped, the tube long or short, throat
glabrous or hairy; lobes 5, twisted in bud. Stamens 5, alternating with
the lobes. Ovary 2-celled, rarely with 3 or 4 cells; style short or elongated;
stigma usually fusiform; ovules many. Fruit fleshy, globose to ellipsoid,
2-celled, many-seeded. (In honor of Isaac Rand.)

Species 100 or more, all tropical, about 14 in the Philippines.

Gees MOWeEs’ Helier yd ee 1. R. spinosa
Unarmed} Bowers cCymose:<..)2-.... ele A. 2. R. cumingiana

*1. R. SPINOSA (Thunb.) Blume (R. dumetorum Lam.).

An erect, branched shrub or small tree, up to 4 m in height, the branch-
lets pubescent, the branches armed with straight, sharp, often stout, spread-
ing spines 1 to 1.5 cm long. Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate, glabrous
or nearly so, 3 to 10 cm long. Flowers solitary, terminal, the calyx
green, pubescent, cylindric, its lobes ovate, spreading, 5 mm long. Corolla
white, soon turning yellowish, its tube about as long as the calyx, limb
spreading, 1.5 to 1.8 cm in diameter. Fruit globose or ovoid, 1.5 to 2
cm long, many-seeded.

Cultivated, Singalon, fl. Feb., and probably in other months; of recent
introduction here. -Widely distributed in tropical Africa, Asia, and Ma-
laya, often, perhaps, only cultivated.

2. R. cumingiana Vid.
A glabrous unarmed shrub or small tree 3 to 6 m high. Leaves oblong-
ovate, acuminate, base acute, 6 to 11 em long. Cymes axillary, about 3
111555——29

450 A FLORA OF MANILA

cm long, few-flowered, the bracts and bracteoles small, acuminate. Corolla
white, the tube slender, about 2 cm long. Fruit globose, fleshy, red, 8 to
10 mm in diameter.

In dry thickets, Masambong, fl. July-Sept.; widely distributed in the
Philippines. Endemic.

8. HYPOBATHERUM Blume

Erect shrubs or small trees with distichous, lanceolate, glabrous or
pubescent leaves which are narrowed at both ends. Flowers small, fas-
cicled or cymose in the leaf-axils, bracteolate. Calyx-tube short, turbinate,
the limb 4- or 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla-tube cylindric, the throat beard-
ed, the lobes 4 or 5, rounded, villous inside. Stamens 4 or 5, alternate
with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigmas 2,
villous, oblong or linear-oblong; ovules 4 to 8 in each cell. Fruit ellipsoid
or subglobose, baccate, few-seeded, long-peduncled.

Species 3 or 4, India to Malaya, 1 in the Philippines.

1. H. glomeratum (Bartl.) K. Sch. Calagre (Tag.).

An erect dioecious shrub 2 to 3 m high, more or less pubescent or nearly
glabrous, the branches long, the leaves distichous. Leaves oblong-ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 9 to 15 cm long. Flowers fascicled, many in
each axil, white, the glomerules sessile or shortly peduncled, or the perfect
flowers peduncled. Calyx pubescent inside about 7 mm in diameter, the
lobes 4 or 5, spreading, obtuse. Corolla about 4 mm long, campanulate,
the lobes rounded. Fruit ovoid, fleshy, pubescent, about 1.5 em long,
long-peduncled. (FI. Filip. pl. 56, Memijia odorata.)

In thickets, occasional, Malabon, Pandacan, etc., fl. Sept.Jan., widely
distributed in Luzon. Endemic.

9. GUETTARDA Linnaeus

Trees with opposite, usually ample leaves, the stipules intra-petiolar,
deciduous. Flowers secund, polygamous, on the branches of axillary, pe-
duncled, cymes. Calyx-tube short, the limb toothed, usually deciduous.
Corolla-tube long, cylindric, the throat naked, the lobes 4 to 9, imbricate,
oblong. Anthers within the tube, linear. Ovary 4- to 9-celled, cells 1-
ovuled. Fruit a globose drupe, the endocarp woody, 4- to 9-celled and
grooved, perforated at the top opposite the cells. (In honor of E. Guettard.)

Species about 50, all in tropical America except the following:

1. G. speciosa L. Bagaolan, Tabon-tabon (Tag.).

A tree 3 to 8 m high, the branchlets rather stout, often with large
petiolar-scars. Leaves obovate, thin, softly pubescent on the lower surface,
12 to 25 cm long, the tip abruptly apiculate or acuminate, the base rounded
or subcordate, the lateral nerves prominent, about 10 pairs. Cymes shorter
than the leaves, the flowers fragrant, somewhat crowded on the short
branches. Corolla white or cream-colored, silky-pubescent externally, about
8 cm long, usually 5- or 6-merous. Drupe globose or depressed-globose, 2
to 3 em in diameter, consisting chiefly of the woody endocarp, cells 4 to
9, usually 5 or 6.

Along the seashore, Pasay, fl. most of the year; throughout the Philip-
pines along the seashore. Tropical shores of both hemispheres.

RUBIACEAE AB1

10. COFFEA Linnaeus

Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves and broad stipules. Flowers white,
axillary, solitary, or in fascicles or cymes. Calyx-tube short, the limb
often persistent. Corolla-tube long or short, the lobes 4 to 7, spreading.
Anthers as many as the corolla-lobes, sessile. Ovary 2-celled; style slen-
der; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit fleshy, with 2 plano-convex, coriaceous or
cartilaginous, 1-seeded pyrenes, the seeds concave or grooved ventrally.
_(Latinization of the common name, said to be derived from the name
of a locality in Africa.)

Species 40, in the tropics of the Old World, 2 introduced in the Phil-
ippines.

*1. C. ARABICA L. Café (Sp.); Coffee.

A small tree reaching a height of 4 or 5 m, quite glabrous. Leaves
elliptic-ovate to elliptic-oblong, acuminate, base acute, shining, 8 to 15
em long. Flowers white, in axillary fascicles, the corolla about 1.5 em long.
Fruit red, ovoid or ellipsoid, about 1.4 cm long. (Fl. Filip. pl. 53.)

Occasionally cultivated in our area, fl. most of the year; more or less
cultivated in all parts of the Philippines. A native of south-western Asia,
now cultivated in most tropical countries.

11. IXORA Linnaeus

Shrubs or small trees, glabrous or nearly so, with opposite leaves,
Flowers 4-merous, white, pink, or red, few to many in terminal, trichotom-
ously branched cymes, usually 2-bracteolate. Calyx-tube ovoid, 4-toothed.
Corolla-tube slender, cylindric, elongated, the lobes spreading, twisted in
bud. Stamens 4, alternate with the corolla-lobes. Ovary 2-celled; style
filiform, slightly exserted; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit globose, somewhat
fleshy, with 2, 1-seeded, plano-convex, coriaceous pyrenes. (A name used
by Rheede, after Baldaeus, the flowers of one species being offered to
“the god Ixora” (?Isvara) in Ceylon.)

Species 125 or more, chiefly in tropical Africa and Asia, about 20 in
the Philippines.

1. Calyx-lobes longer than the calyx-tubes; flowers white.. 1. J. finlaysoniana
1. Calyx-lobes shorter than the calyx-tubes; flowers pink or red.
2. Flowers few in each cyme, about 1.5 cm long............ 2. I. philippinensis
2. Flowers very numerous, 2 to 2.6 cm long.
3. Leaves cordate or rounded at the base; calyx-teeth acute.
: 3. I. coccinea
8. Leaves narrowed to the cuneate base; calyx-teeth obtuse.
4, I. chinensis

*1. I, FINLAYSONIANA Wall. Santan-puti (Tag.).

A glabrous shrub 2 to 4m high. Leaves oblong to oblong-oblanceolate or
oblong-obovate, 10 to 17 em long, 2.5 to 6 cm wide, base narrowed, cuneate,
apex blunt or blunt-acuminate. Cymes terminal, umbel-like, densely many-
flowered, 10 to 15 cm in diameter. Flowers fragrant. Calyx greenish, the
lobes about 5 mm long, nearly twice as long as the tube. Corolla white,
the tube slender, about 3 cm long, the lobes spreading, about 6 mm long.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes, not spontaneous, fl. in all seasons.
Probably a native of Siam, now cutivated in many tropical countries.

452 A FLORA OF MANILA
2. |. philippinensis Merr. Macopang-nuno (Tag.).

An erect, glabrous, branched shrub or small tree 2 to 5 m high. Leaves
elliptic-oblong to oblong, subsessile, base broad, cordate, apex acute. Cymes
few-flowered. Flowers pink to nearly white, 1.5 em long, the limb about
1 cm in diameter. Fruit ovoid, somewhat fleshy, white to pink, 1 cm
long or less. (FI. Filip. pl. 22, J. incarnata.)

In thickets, etc., fl. Oct._Jan.; a widely distributed, but endemic species.

“

*3. I. COCCINEA L. Santan-pula (Tag.).

An erect glabrous shrub 2 to 3 m high. Leaves sessile or subsessile,
oblong, 5 to 9 cm long, base broadly cordate or rounded, apex obtuse
or apiculate. Cymes terminal, sessile or subsessile, densely many-flowered,
pubescent. Calyx-teeth short, acute. Corolla pink or red, slender, the tube
about 2 em long, the lobes oblong, about 8 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 21.)

Cultivated, not spontaneous, fl. all the year. A native of India, in-
troduced in the Philippines.

*4, I, CHINENSIS Lam. (J. stricta Roxb.). Santan (Tag.).

An erect glabrous shrub 1.5 to 38 m high. Leaves oblong-obovate to ellip-
tic-oblong, acute or obtuse, base narrowed, cuneate, 7 to 18 cm long, the
petioles short. Cymes terminal, densely many-flowered, 6 to 12 cm in
diameter, glabrous. Calyx-teeth short, obtuse. Corolla pink or reddish, 2
to 2.5 em long, the lobes rounded, 5 to 7 mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 431,
I. rosea.)

Cultivated only, fi. all the year; a native of tropical Asia, now cultivated
in many tropical countries.

12. PAVETTA Linnaeus

Shrubs or small trees with terete branches. Leaves opposite; stipules
usually more or less united into a short sheath. Flowers numerous, 4-
merous, pedicelled, in terminal, usually open, branched, corymbiform cymes
or panicles. Calyx-tube ovoid, the limb 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla-tube
long, slender, the lobes 4, spreading. Stamens inserted on the mouth of
the corolla. Ovary 2-celled, cells 1-ovuled; style slender, long-exserted,
usually about twice as long as the corolla-tube; stigma slender, entire,
rarely notched. Fruit globose or ovoid, small, each with two 1-seeded
pyrenes. (From the native Sinhalese name.)

Species about 100 in the tropics of the Old World, 4 or 5 in the Phil-
ippines.

1. P. indica L.

An erect, nearly glabrous or somewhat pubescent shrub 2 to 4 m
high or more. Leaves elliptic-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, base
usually narrowed, 6 to 15 cm long, nerves about 8 on each side of the
midrib, glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Panicles short-peduncled, many-
flowered, 6 to 10 cm long, pubescent. Flowers white, the corolla-tube .
slender, about 1.5 cm long. Fruit black when dry, subglobose, about 6
mm in diameter.

In thickets, near Maricaban, fl. May, June, rare in our area; widely
distributed in the Philippines, variable. India to southern China south-
ward to Australia.

RUBIACEAE 453

18. MORINDA Linnaeus

Erect or climbing shrubs or small trees with terete or 4-angled branches.
Leaves opposite, the stipules connate, sheathing. Flowers white, in axillary
or terminal, solitary or panicled, dense heads. Calyx-tubes more or less
connate, the limb short or none. Corolla short or long, the lobes 4 to 7,
valvate. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit large, formed of
the fleshy, enlarged, connate calyces, enclosing the cartilaginous or bony,
1-seeded pyrenes. (From “morus” and “indicus,” from fancied resemblance
of the fruit to that of the mulberry.)

Flowers without bracteoles..............-.-.icssc.s.cscceccscenceccceceeeseneeseenes 1. M. citrifolia
Flowers subtended by 1 to 1.5 em long, leaf-like bracteoles which persist
AEE, SEES Se Uae, ET cc eee ee 2. M. bracteata

1. M. citrifolia L. Bancudo, Nino, Lino (Tag.).

An erect, glabrous shrub or small tree 3 to 10 m high. Leaves broadly
elliptic to oblong, obtuse, acute, or slightly acuminate, 12 to 25 em long.
Peduncles leaf-opposed, solitary, 1 to 3 em long. Heads dense, ovoid or
globose, in flower 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter, enlarged in fruit, ovoid, fleshy,
white or greenish-white, and 3 to 6 cm long. Flowers not bracteolate,
the calyx truncate, the corolla white, about 1 cm long, the limb 5-lobed,
1 cm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 52.)

In thickets, occasional, fl. all the year; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. India through Malaya to Australia and Polynesia. .

2. M. bracteata Roxb. Bancudo, Lino, Nino (Tag.).

Very similar to the preceding, but often with smaller leaves, and always
with leaf-like bracts 1 to 1.5 cm long subtending the flowers and persistent
in fruit.

Range of the preceding.

14. PSYCHOTRIA Linnaeus

Erect shrubs or small trees, rarely climbing. Leaves opposite, the
stipules intrapetiolar, often connate. Flowers small, usually numerous, in
terminal cymose panicles. Calyx-tube short, the limb often deciduous.
Corolla-tube short, straight, the throat naked or hairy, 5-lobed, lobes rarely
4 or 6. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the throat;
filaments usually short. Ovary 2-celled; cells 1l-ovuled. Fruits small,
globose, ovoid, or oblong, somewhat fleshy, with two, 1-seeded, plano-convex,
usually longitudinally ridged or suleate pyrenes. (From the Greek “vivify-
ing” on account of the supposed medical qualities of some spices.)

Species more than 500 in all tropical and subtropical countries, 35 or
more in the Philippines.

1. P. luconiensis (Cham.) F.-Vill. (P. tacpo Rolfe). Tacpo or Tagpo
(Tag.).

A glabrous, erect shrub 1.5 to 5 m high. Leaves smooth and shining,
oblong to elliptic-oblong, petioled, 8 to 20 cm long, base acute, apex acute
or slightly acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, at flowering time usually
dense, 2 to 3 em long. Flowers congested, white. Corolla 4 to 4.5 mm
long, 5-lobed, the throat villous. Fruits somewhat fleshy, obovoid, yellow

454 A FLORA OF MANILA

or reddish, 5 to 6 mm long, the seeds plano-convex. (FI Filip pl. 55,
Paederia tacpo.)

In thickets, occasional, fl. Oct—-March; common and widely distribcted
in the Philippines. Endemic.

15. PLECTRONIA Linnaeus

Spiny or unarmed, usually erect shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite.
Flowers axillary, solitary, fascicled, or umbellate, usually small. Calyx-
tube short, the limb 4- or 5-toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube narrowly funnel-
shaped, campanulate or globose, the throat villous, the lobes 4 or 5, reflexed.
Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit fleshy, globose to obovoid,
2- or 1-seeded. (From the Greek “spur,” in allusion to the spines of many
species.)

Species about 70 in the tropics of the Old World, 10 in the Philippines.

Peduncles very short, not as long as the flowev.......,................---- 1. P. horrida
Peduncles long, slender, pendulous, up to 3 cm in length.. 2. P. peduncularis

1. P. horrida (Blume) Kurz.

A shrub or small tree 2 to 5 m high, the branches By pubescent,
armed with sharp, slender, axillary spines 5 to 10 mm in length. Leaves
ovate to elliptic-ovate, short-petioled, acute, 1 to 2.5 cm long. Flowers
axillary, solitary, 5-merous, greenish-yellow or nearly white, about 6 mm
long, very shortly pedicelled. Fruit ovoid, red, fleshy, about 7 mm long.
(Fl. Filip. pl. 57, Canthium horridum.)

In dry thickets, Masambong, near Fort McKinley, etc., fl. MayJage of
local occurrence in the Philippines. Tenasserin to Malnes.

2. P. peduncularis (Cav.) Elm. Subiang-daga (Tag.).

A slender shrub 1 to 8 m high with slender, sharp, axillary spines
5 to 138 mm long, the branchlets, leaves and pedicels slightly pubescent.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 cm long, 1 to 1.8 cm wide, base
acute, apex acuminate or acute; petiole short, about 2.5 mm long. Flowers
solitary, axillary, pendulous, white, their pedicels slender, 2 to 3 cm
long, minutely bracteolate near the apex. Calyx small, with 5 acuminate
teeth. Corolla white, the tube cylindric, 4 mm long, the lobes lanceolate,
acuminate, reflexed, 1.2 to 1.5 cm long. Fruit obovoid or subglobose, slightly
compressed, glabrous, greenish-yellow, about 1 cm thick, 8 mm long, fleshy,
containing 2 seeds.

In thickets, Masambong, Pasay, etc., fl. July-Dec.; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Endemic.

16. PAEDERIA Linnaeus

Slender, twining, herbaceous vines, with a foetid odor when crushed.
Leaves opposite, the stipules deciduous. Flowers in axillary and ter-
minal di- or tri-chotomously branched paniculate cymes. Calyx-limb per-
sistent, 4- or 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, pubescent, 4- or 5-lobed, the
margins inflexed, crisped. Anthers 4 or 5, in the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-
celled; stigmas 2, slender, twisted; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit globose,
the epicarp thin, fragile, surrounding the 2, orbicular or oblong, thin or
coriaceous pyrenes. Seeds 1 in each pyrenes, dorsally compressed. (Greek
name of a pink-flowered plant.)

Species 9 or 10 in tropical Asia and Malaya and 1 in Brazil, 2 in the
Philippines.

CUCURBITACEAE 455

4. P. tomentosa Blume. Cantutay (Tag.).

A scandent, herbaceous, more or less pubescent or quite glabrous, slender
vine, when crushed with a distinct odor of carbon bisulphide. Leaves ovate
to oblong-ovate, sharply acuminate, base rounded or slightly cordate, 6 to
10 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 em wide. Inflorescence of axillary, lax, peduncled,
few-flowered cymes, forming a leafy panicle. Flowers sessile. Calyx small,
5-toothed. Corolla 1 to 1.3 em long, somewhat cylindric, pale-purple to
nearly white outside, rather deep-purple and villous within, the limb
somewhat spreading, with 5 undulate lobes. Fruit subglobose, about 5
mm in diameter. (FI. Filip. pl. 54, P. foetida.)

Rather common in thickets, etc., fl. July—Oct.;, throughout the Philip-
pines. India to China, Japan, and Malaya.

17. SPERMACOCE Linnaeus

Spreading or erect, branched herbs, the branches usually 4-angled.
Leaves opposite, the stipules connate with the petioles into a broad bristly
tube. Flowers small, axillary, solitary or fascicled. Calyx-tube with 2
to 4, rarely 5 teeth, often with interposed teeth or bristles. Corolla
tubular, funnel- or salver-shaped, the lobes 4, valvate. Stamens 4, inserted
on the throat or tube of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform; ovules
1 in each cell. Fruit of 2 crustaceous or coriaceous mericarps which
dehisce variously. (Greek “seed” and “point,” in allusion to the fruits
crowned by the calyx-teeth.)

Species about 150 in most tropical and subtropical countries, 3 in the
Philippines.

Stems and leaves hispid; corolla about 5 mm long...............-........ 1. S. hispida
Stems and leaves glabrous; corolla less than 2 mm long........ 2. S. ocymoides

1. S. hispida L.

A procumbent, branched, scabrid or hispid herb, the branches rather
stout, often ascending, 4-angled, greenish or purplish, 10 to 40 cm long.
Leaves obovate, oblong, or elliptic, acute or obtuse, shortly petioled, 1 to 3
em long, rather thick, scabrid; stipules bristly. Flowers axillary, fas-
cicled, 1 to 6 in each axil. Calyx green, slightly hispid, the lobes narrowly
oblong, 1.5 to 2 mm long. Corolla pale-blue or nearly white, about 5
mm long. Capsules oblong-ovoid, hispid or hirsute, about 5 mm long.

In open dry grass lands and waste places, especially near the sea, fl.
July—Feb.; widely distributed in the Philippines. India to China and
Malaya.

2. S. ocymoides Burm.

A slender decumbent or ascending herb, branched from the base, 20
to 40 em high, glabrous or nearly so, the stems 4-angled. Leaves thin,
not scabrid, elliptic to oblong, acute, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long; the stipules pec-
tinate. Flowers numerous, small, axillary, crowded. Calyx green, 1.5
mm long. Corolla white, about 1.2 mm long, cleft nearly to the base.
Capsules about 2 mm long, somewhat hairy.

In dry thickets, Guadalupe, near Fort McKinley, etc., fl. Sept.—Jan.
Of local occurrence in the Philippines. Tropical Asia, Africa, and Malaya.

132. CUCURBITACEAE (GouRD or CALABAZA FAMILY.)

Annual or perennial tendril-bearing vines with alternate, simple, lobed
or divided, usually cordate leaves. Flowers regular, moneocious or dio-

456 A FLORA OF MANILA

ecious, solitary, racemed, umbellate, or panicled. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary, the limb tubular or campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, more or less
united or sometimes free, the lobes entire or fimbriated. Stamens usually
8, sometimes 5 or 2; anthers free or united, the cells straight or con-
duplicate. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; styles 1 to 4, usually 1 with 3 stigmas;
ovules many, on parietal placentae. Fruit small to very large, fleshy or
ultimately dry, indehiscent or dehiscing by valves or by an operculum.
Seeds numerous, usually imbedded in pulp or fiber, often compressed,
frequently wrinkled.

Genera 96, species 750, in the warmer parts of the entire world espe-
cially in the tropics, 14 genera and about 30 species in the Philippines.

1. Anther-cells straight; slender vines with small flowers and fruit.
1. Melothria
1. Anther cells conduplicate or curved in two directions like the letter S.
2. Corolla divided about one-half to the base or less; coarse vines with

large, solitary, yellow flowers and very large fruits...... 2. Cucurbita
2. Petals free, or corolla divided nearly to the base.
Bn. PGES TARTU en ee eee 3. Trichosanthes

3. Petals entire.
4. Flowers white; calyx-tube of the male flowers elongated; anthers
THCHIIOR JOU, TICATIY (SO .o- 0 <cn cetacean eee eee 4. Lagenaria
4. Flowers mostly yellow; calyx-tube of the male flowers short;
anthers usually exserted.
5: Anthers not or scarcely cohering; stamens inserted near the
mouth of the calyx-tube.
6. Male flowers racemose; fruit cylindric, sometimes angled, open-
ing at the eid). 225) $2 a ise area eee 5. Luffa
6. Flowers solitary; fruit ellipsoid, indehiscent........ 6. Benincasa
5. Anthers more or less cohering; stamens inserted below the
mouth of the calyx-tube.
6. Tendrils 2- or 3-fid; leaves deeply lobed, the lobes pinnatifid.
7. Citrullus
6. Tendrils simple, lobes of the leaves not pinnatifid.
7. Male fiowers clustered, short-pedicelled................ 8. Cucumis
7. Male flowers racemose, or solitary and long pedicelled,
moually bracteolate 24.2. eee te 9. Momordica

1. MELOTHRIA Linnaeus

Climbing, usually slender herbs, the tendrils simple or 2-fid. Leaves
deltoid-ovate, base truncate or cordate, entire or lobed, usually scabrous.
Flowers small, monoecious, pedicellate, axillary. Calyx-tube short, teeth
5. Corolla 5-partite. Male flowers with 3 stamens inserted on the middle
of the calyx-tube. Female flowers with an oblong ovary; stigmas 6.
Fruit globose to ellipsoid or fusiform. Seeds small, numerous. (Altered
from the Greek name of a kind of wild grape.)

Species about 55 of wide tropical distribution, 4 or 5 in the Philippines.

1. M. rnpicA Lour. Melon-daga (Tag.).

A slender vine 1 to 2 m long with simple tendrils. Leaves scabrous,
triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate, base hastate-cordate, margins suben-
tire or irregularly toothed, or even slightly lobed, 3 to 8 em long. Flowers
somewhat straw-colored, about 5 mm long, then pedicels slender, 1 to 2.5

CUCURBITACEAE 457

em long, solitary or few in each axil, males and females often in the
same axil. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid, pointed; about 2 cm long. (FI.
Filip. pl. 365.)

In open grass lands, occasional, fl. Sept.-Feb.; widely distributed in
the Philippines, probably introduced. India to Japan southward to Malaya.

2. CUCURBITA Linnaeus

Coarse, herbaceous, hispid or hairy annual vines. Leaves cordate, 5-
angled or lobed. Flowers large, yellow, monoeceous, all solitary. Calyx-
tube campanulate, the lobes 5, linear or foliaceous. Corolla campanulate,
5-lobed. Male flowers with 3 stamens inserted in the calyx-tube; anthers
connate, one 1-celled, two 2-celled. Female flowers with an oblong ovary;
style short; stigmas 3, bifid. Fruit very large, indehiscent, fleshy. Seeds
compressed, margined, smooth. (The Latin name for the gourd.)

Species 10, in the warmer parts of America, several now cultivated in
all warm countries.
~1. C. MAxIMA Duchesne. Calabaza (Sp.); Squash.

A very coarse, prostrate or climbing, annual, herbaceous vine, reaching
a length of 4 m or more. Leaves orbicular-cordate, hispid, 15 to 30 cm
in diameter, shallowly 5-lobed, rather finely toothed, the upper surface
often mottled. Flowers campanulate, erect, yellow, about 12 cm long, the
corolla limb about as wide, 5-lobed, the male flowers with longer peduncles
than the female ones. Fruit very large, variable in shape. (FI. Filip.
pl. 320.)

Commonly cultivated for its edible fruit, fl. all the year; throughout the
Philippines. Cultivated in all warm and tropical countries, probably a
native of tropical America.

3. TRICHOSANTHES Linnaeus

Slender or coarse herbaceous vines with 3- to 9-lobed denticulate leaves.
Flowers white, the male peduncles usually in axillary pairs, one 1-flowered,
the other racemose, the bracts large, small, or none. Calyx long-tubular,
teeth 5, entire, serrate, or laciniate. Corolla deeply 5-fid, the lobes long-
fimbriate; stamens 3, anthers connate, the cells conduplicate. Female
flowers solitary. Calyx and corolla as in the male. Ovary 1-celled; style
slender, 3- or 6-fid at the apex. Fruit globose or ovoid, smooth. Seeds few
to many, compressed. (Greek “hair” and “flower,” from the fimbriate
petals.)

Species about 40, India to Japan southward to Australia, 3 or 4 in the
Philippines.

Male inflorescence without bracts; slender vines with small flowers and

oe UB tS 2 oR AOR Ee SY IROL Se 9 Oa aa ee 1. T. cucumerina .
Male inflorescence with large bracts; coarse vines with large flowers and
ee Og RS os GE yt SS ae eee 2. T. quinquangulata

1. T. cucumerina L. Melon-melonang, Melon-daga (Tag.).

Scandent, herbaceous, 5 to 6 m high or less, the stems green, 4-angled,
somewhat hairy. Leaves somewhat orbicular in outline, 7 to 14 cm long
and broad, 3- or 5-lobed, the lobes broad, rounded or obtuse, the sinuses
broad or narrow, rounded, the base broadly cordate, somewhat pubescent
on both surfaces. Staminate inflorescence long-peduncled, axillary, cymo-
sely 6- to 15-flowered, bracts minute or none. Calyx-tube dilated above,

458 A FLORA OF MANILA

about 1 ecm long, green, hairy. Petals white, nearly free, fimbriate,
oblong, about 1.3 cm long. Pistillate flowers soliary, axillary, peduncled.
Fruits ellipsoid, pointed, up to 4 em long, 2.5 em thick, green, mottled
with longitudinal gray stripes when young, orange-red when mature.
Seeds somewhat compressed, undulate, hard, rugose, nearly 1 cm long,
imbedded in a soft, red pulp. (FI. Filip. pl. 460, T. lucioniana.)

In thickets, scattered, fl. June—Dec.; widely distributed in the Philippines.
India, through Malaya to Australia. .

2. T. quinquangulata A. Gray. Tabuyoc (Tag.).

A coarse glabrous vine with angled or sulcate stems. Leaves subor-
bicular, 10 to 20 cm long, acuminate, base deeply cordate, sharply 5- or
7-angled or lobed. Male racemes long-peduncled, many-flowered, one or
two flowers opening at a time, the bracts large, ovate, 3 to 4 cm long.
Flowers white, large. Calyx-lobes 2 to 2.5 em long, irregularly toothed.
Corolla-tube slender, the limb spreading, 7 to 9 cm in diameter. Fruit
globose, smooth, red or crimson, 10 cm in diameter.

Cementerio del Norte, fl. Nov._Feb.; widely distributed in the Philip-
pines. Endemic.

4, LAGENARIA Seringe

A coarse, annual, herbaceous vine. Leaves ovate to orbicular, cordate,
toothed, the petiole 2-glandular at the apex. Flowers large, white, solitary,
the males long-, the females short-peduncled. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped,
with 5 narrow teeth. Petals 5, free, obovate. Male flowers with 3 stamens,
the anthers connate, their cells conduplicate. Female-flowers: Ovary
oblong; style short, with 3 bifid lobes. Fruit large, fleshy, ultimately dry,
indehiscent, very variable in shape. (Greek “flask” from the shape of the
fruit.)

A monotypic genus.

*1. L. LEUCANTHA (Lam.) Rusby (L. vulgaris Seringe). Opo, Upo

(Tag.).

A rather coarse vine reaching a length of several meters. Leaves
suborbicular, pubescent on both surfaces, more or less 5-angled or lobed,
10 to 40 cm in diameter. Flowers white, the petals 3 to 4 cm long. Calyx
pubescent. Fruit green, mottled with gray or white, polymorphous, in
the commonest form club-shaped, up to 80 cm long and 15 cm in diameter,
but in other forms, ovoid to depressed-globose and nearly as thick as long.

Commonly cultivated for its edible fruit, fl. Jan—June; throughout the
Philippines in cultivation, not spontaneous. A native of tropical Asia or
Africa, now cultivated in all tropical countries; of prehistoric introduction
in the Philippines.

5. LUFFA Adanson

Usually rather coarse, pubescent or nearly glabrous vines. Leaves cor-
date, 5-angled or -lobed. Flowers yellow, monoecious, the males in long
or short racemes, the females solitary. Male flowers: Calyx-tube obcon-
ical, the lobes 5, triangular to lanceolate. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 2
or 38, or 5, the filaments free or connate. Female flowers: Calyx-tube
slightly produced above the ovary, the lobes and corolla as in the males.
Ovary oblong; style cylindric; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit large or small, cy-
lindric or 10-angled, oblong, 3-celled, fleshy when immature, ultimately dry,

CUCURBITACEAE 459

usually dehiscing by a circumsciss operculum at the top. (From the Arabic
or Egyptian name of one species.)

Species 6 in the warmer parts of the Old World, 2 introduced in the
Philippines. a

ORC > PCR, OT cetegconilen 1. L. cylindrica
Stamens 2 or 8; fruit sharply 10-angled............................-.-- 2. L. acutangula

1. L. CYLINDRICA Roem. (L. aegyptiaca Mill.). Patola, Taboboc (wild
form) (Tag.).

A scandent, somewhat hairy or nearly glabrous, herbaceous, annual vine
reaching a length of 10 m or more, the stems 5-angled. Leaves 10 to 20
cm in diameter, orbicular-ovate to reniform-ovate, acuminate, shallowly 5-
or 7-angled or lobed, denticulate, scabrous, base deeply cordate. Male
flowers in axillary, solitary, long-peduncled racemes, crowded at and near
the apex of the peduncle. Calyx green, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acumin-
ate, about 1 cm long. Corolla rotate, yellow, 5 to 7 cm in diameter. Sta-
mens 5. Female flowers solitary, peduncled. Fruit oblong, cylindric, green,
12 to 30 cm long, smooth or slightly 10-ribbed. (FI. Filip. pl. 334, L. petola.)

Commonly cultivated for its edible fruit, fl. all the year; common through-
out the Philippines, cultivated and wild. Tropics of the world, native
country uncertain.

*2. L. ACUTANGULA Roxb. Patola (Tag.).

A coarse, annual, herbaceous vine. Leaves suborbicular-ovate, 10 to 20
em long, shallowly 5-lobed, base cordate. Female flowers axillary, pedi-
celled, solitary. Staminate flowers in axillary racemes, yellow, 2 em long,
the calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate. Stamens 2 or 3. Fruit oblong-
oblanceolate, 20 to 25 em long, about 5 cm in diameter, green, with 10, prom-
inent, longitudinal, sharp angles. (FI. Filip. pl. 288.)

Cultivated for its edible fruit, occasionally subspontaneous, fl. July—Nov.;
generally cultivated in the Philippines. India and Malaya.

6. BENINCASA Savi

A coarse, hairy, climbing vine. Leaves cordate, reniform-orbicular,
more or less 5- or 7-lobed. Flowers large, yellow, monoecious, solitary.
Calyx-tube campanulate, the lobes 5, serrate, leaf-like. Petals 5, nearly
free, obovate. Male flowers with 5 stamens, the anthers free, one 1-celled,
two 2-celled. Female flowers with an oblong, densely hairy ovary; style
thick; stigmas 3, flexuose. Fruit large, fleshy, indehiscent, oblong or ellip-
soid; somewhat hairy, covered with a glaucous waxy bloom. (In honor of
Count Benincasa.)

A monotypic genus.

*1. B. HisPpIDA (Thumb.) Cogn. (B. cerifera Savi). Condol (Tag.).

A rather coarse, spreading, hairy, annual vine reaching a length of
several meters, the younger parts rather densely villous. Leaves rounded
or reniform, deeply cordate, 5- or 7-lobed, 10 to 25 em in diameter. Ped-
uncles hirsute, the males 5 to 15 cm long, the females much shorter.
Calyx-tube densely villous. Petals spreading, 3 to 5 cm long. Fruit ellip-
soid or oval, rarely subglobose, 25-to 40 cm long, with few to many fragile
hairs, densely covered with a glaucous waxy bloom. (FI. Filip. pl. 328.)

Occasionally cultivated in our area, fl. Jan._May, and probably in other

460 A FLORA OF MANILA

months. India to Japan, southward to Australia and Polynesia, probably
a native of tropical Asia; of prehistoric introduction in the Philippines.

7. CITRULLUS Schrader

Annual, hispid or scabrous vines. Leaves palmately 3- to 7-lobed, the
segments narrowly sinuate-pinnatifid. Flowers monoecious, yellow, soli-
tary. Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla broadly campanulate or
rotate, deeply 5-parted. Male flowers with 3 stamens, the anthers nearly
free, one 1-celled, two 2-celled. Female flowers with an ovoid ovary; style
short; stigmas 3, reniform. Fruit large, ellipsoid, smooth, fleshy, indehis-
cent. Seeds oblong, compressed, smooth, black. (From the Latin name of
the citron-tree from fancied resemblance of the fruits.)

Species 2, widely cultivated, 1 introduced and cultivated in the Phil-
ippines. .

* 1. C. VULGARIS (L.) Schrad. Sandia (Sp.); Watermelon.

A spreading, hairy, tendril-bearing, annual vine, reaching a length of -
several meters. Leaves petioled, in outline oblong-ovate, 8 to 20 cm long,
deeply 3- to 7-lobed, the lobes pinnatifid, the segments usually narrow.
Flowers monoecious, axillary, solitary, yellow, about 2 cm in diameter.
Fruit very large, edible, smooth, green mottled with gray, ellipsoid to oblong,
in local varieties up to 30 cm in length.

Frequently cultivated in the Philippines, occasional in our area, fi. Dec.—
March, and probably in other months. Cultivated in all warm countries,
a native of tropical Africa.

8. CUCUMIS Linnaeus

Climbing, hispid or scabrous, monoecious, annual vines. Leaves palm-
ately 3- to 7-lobed or angled. Flowers yellow, shortly peduncled, the males
clustered, the females solitary. Calyx-tube obconic or campanulate, 5-
lobed. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-lobed. Male flowers with 3 stamens,
the anther-cells conduplicate or flexuose, connective produced in a crest.
Female flowers with an ovoid to oblong ovary; style short; stigmas 3,
obtuse. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, cylindric, smooth or tuberculate. (Latin
mame of the cucumber.)

Species about 26, mostly in tropical Africa, others in tropical Asia,
Australia, and America, a few of uncertain origin, 2 introduced in the
Philippines.

Bitahs yolabindiie bts lah ete ea ie tS ee ee 1. C. melo
PRruitunore) or lessituberculate ts. ee wt ts SK eee 2. C. sativus

*1. C. MELO L. Melon (Sp.); Melon.

A spreading, annual, more or less hispid or villous vine. Leaves subor-
bicular, 6 to 15 cm long, deeply cordate, angular, shallowly 3- to 7-lobed,
or only repand and denticulate. Flowers yellow, 1.5 to 2 cm long. Calyx-
tube densely villous. Fruit usually ellipsoid, smooth, green, longitudinally
stripped or mottled, 20 cm long or less.

Cutivated, fl. March-May. A native of tropical Asia or Africa, now
cultivated in all warm countries.

*2. C. SATIVUS L. Pepino (Sp.) ; Cucumber. :

An annual, rather coarse, prostrate or climbing vine. Leaves ovate,
8 to 14 em long, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the lobes or angles acute, hispidulous
on both surfaces. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled, sessile or short-

CUCURBITACEAE A61
pedicelled, the male and female similar in color and size, yellow, about 2
em long. Fruit various, usually cylindric, 10 to 20 em long, yellow when
mature, slightly tuberculate. (Fl. Filip. pl. 299.)
Generally cultivated for its edible fruits, fl. all the year. Cultivated in
all warm and tropical countries, probably a native of tropical Asia.

9. MOMORDICA Linnaeus

Slender, coarse, annual or perennial vines. Leaves cordate, undivided
or lobed. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, yellow or white, the females
solitary, peduncled, the males solitary or racemose, bracteolate or not.
Male flowers: Calyx-tube short, campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla 5-partite
nearly to the base. Stamens 3, the anthers free, one 1-celled, the other
two 2-celled. Female flowers similar to the males. Ovary oblong; style
long; stigmas 8. Fruit globose, or oblong to lanceolate-cylindric, rugose,
indehiscent or dehiscent. Seeds smooth, wrinkled, or sculptured. (Latin
“bite,” from the bitten appearance of the seeds.)

Species about 25, mostly in tropical Asia and Africa, few in America, 3
or 4 in the Philippines.

A monoecious slender vine with small fiowers, 12 mm long or less, and

ee eee) inh wat ala liad eas ar el A RS epee OR ee 1. M. charantia
A dioecious coarse vine with large flowers 3 to 4 cm long subtended by a
large bracteole, the fruits large, globose................ 2. M. cochinchinensis

1. M. CHARANTIA L. Amargoso (Sp.-Fil.); Ampalaya (Tag.); Parria (Il.).

A scandent, herbaceous, nearly or quite glabrous, annual, herbaceous
vine, the simple tendrils up to 20 cm in length. Leaves orbicular, 2.5 to
10 cm in diameter, cut nearly to the base into 5 or 7, oblong-ovate, variously
toothed and lobed lobes, base cordate. Flowers axillary, long-peduncled,
’ yellow, the staminate flower about 12 mm long, peduncled, with an orbicular,
green, about 1 cm long bract at about the middle, the pistillate flowers
similar to the staminate ones, long-peduncled. Fruit oblong, cylindric,
from 2 to 3 em-in wild forms, to at least 25 em in length in cultivated
forms, pointed at both ends, ribbed, rugose. (FI. Filip. pl. 357.)

In thickets and waste places, fl. all the year, also extensively cultivated
for its edible fruits which are sold in the Manila markets in all seasons;
throughout the Philippines, cultivated and wild. Tropics of the world,
probably of Asiatic origin.

2. M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. Boyoe-boyoe (Tag.); Barbas ba-
quero (Sp.-Fil.).

A coarse dioecious vine reaching a length of 15 m, slightly pubescent
or nearly glabrous, the petioles, bracteoles, and sometimes the basal leaf-
margins supplied with few large glands. Leaves broadly ovate, 8 to 18
em long, acuminate, deeply palmately 3-lobed or sometimes entire. Male
flowers axillary, solitary, pedicelled, the buds enclosed by a large, green,
inflated bracteole which in inhabited by ants, opening at anthesis, turning
yellowish. Calyx nearly black, with 5 acuminate lobes, about 2 cm in
diameter. Petals pale-yellow, oblong or oblong-ovate, 3.5 to 4 cm long,
three with a large dark-colored blotch at the base. Fruits large, ovoid or
subglobose, 8 to 12 em in diameter, yellow, roughened with scattered, tuber-
cle-like spines. Seeds large, flattened, circular.

In thickets, Pasay, near Fort McKinley, etc., fl. March-June; widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines. India to southern China and Malaya.

462 A FLORA OF MANILA

133. CAMPANULACEAE (BLUEBELL FAMILY)

Herbaceous plants, sometimes climbing, often with milky juice. Leaves
alternate or opposite, entire or toothed. Flowers axillary or terminal,
solitary, spicate, or racemose. Calyx-limb 4- to 6-parted, usually persistent.
Corolla regular or irregular, tubular, campanulate, or rotate. Stamens 4
to 6, alternating with the lobes, inserted on the corolla-tube or on the
margin of an epigynous disk; anthers free or united in a tube. Ovary in-
ferior, 2- to 5-celled, many-ovuled. Fruit capsular, dry or berry-like. Seeds
small, numerous.

Genera 13, species over 200, in all parts of the world, 8 genera and 10
species, in the Philippines.

Flowers very small, in dense, terminal, cylindric spikes.......... 1. Sphenoclea
Flowers large, axillary, solitary, the corolla-tube up to 10 cm in length;
cultivated) :Only.22.. etic cent ie es eee 2. Isotoma

1. SPHENOCLEA Gaertner

An annual, erect, branched, glabrous herb. Leaves alternate, entire,
lanceolate. Flowers in dense, lateral and terminal, ovoid- to oblong-cylin-
dric spikes. Flowers small, bracteate and 2-bracteolate. Calyx limb 5-fid
Corolla epigynous, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-segments.
Ovary 2-celled, at first inferior. Capsule one-half inferior, membrana-
ceous below, the upper part free, depressed, hard, circumsciss. Seeds small,
numerous. (Diminutive of Greek “wedge.”’)

A monotypic genus.

1. S. zeylanica Gaertn.

An erect branched herb 20 to 60. cm hick Leaves lanceolate, eich ce
petioled, 4 to 9 cm long, narrowed at both ends, blunt or acute. Spikes
green, dense, 1 to 4 cm long, 6 to 8 mm in diameter, ovoid- to oblong-cy-
lindric, apex acute. Calyx green, lobes somewhat enlarged in fruit. ‘Co-
rolla white, globose-ovoid, about 2.5 mm long and wide. Capsule about 4
mm in diameter, the calyx-lobes inflexed over the apex. (FI. Filip. pl. 143.)

In open places about mud-holes, in swamps, etc., fl. Dec—March; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Tropics generally.

2. ISOTOMA Lindley

Erect herbs with alternate, elongated, coarsely toothed or lobed leaves.
Flowers axillary, elongated. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb
5-partite, the lobes linear to lanceolate. Corolla-tube cylindric, long, the
lobes 5, spreading. Stamens attached above the middle of the tube, the
filaments more or less connate, 2 of the anthers crowned with a broad
rigid or slender bristle, the 3 larger ones naked. Ovary inferior, 2-celled;
stigma shortly 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, often oblique, loculicidally 2-valved
at the apex. Seeds many, small. (Greek “equal” and “a cutting,” in
allusion to the equal corolla-lobes.) ;

Species about 8, mostly in Australia, few in tropical America, 1 intro-
duced in the Philippines.

*1.I. LONGIFLORA (Mill.) Presl. Estrella (Sp.-Fil.).

An erect, spreading, branched or simple, nearly glabrous or somewhat
hairy herb 20 to 50 em high, the stems rather stout. Leaves 10 to 20 cm
long, alternate, sessile or subsessile, oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, nar-

STYLIDIACEAE | | 463

rowed at both ends, coarsely and irregularly toothed especially below.
Flowers fragrant, axillary, solitary, erect, short-pedicelled. Calyx green,
5-angled, ovoid, the tube about 1 cm long, the 5 lobes linear, denticulate,
about 1.5 cm long. Corolla white, the tube slender, 8 to 10 cm long, the
lobes spreading, lanceolate, 2.5 cm long. Capsule nodding, about 2 cm long,
slightly protruding from the calyx-tube:

Not uncommon in cultivation, but not spontaneous, fl. most of the year.
A native of the West Indies and of recent introduction here.

134. GDODENIACEAE (SCAEVOLA FAMILY)

Herbs, sometimes scandent, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or
toothed. Flowers perfect, axillary, or in terminal spikes, racemes, or
panicles. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed. Corolla irreg-
ular, 5-lobed, split down one side, the margins of the lobes induplicate.
Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted at or near the juncture
of the corolla-tube with the ovary. Ovary inferior, 1- or 2-celled, ovules
1 or more in each cell; style simple, undivided, with a cup-shaped dilatation
enclosing or surrounding the stigma, or 3-lobed, the lobes ciliate. Fruit
capsular and dehiscent or drupaceous and indehiscent.

Genera 12, species about 200, -almost entirely confined to Australia, 2
genera and about 8 species in the Philippines, the following the only rep-
resentative in our area.

1. CALOGYNE R. Brown

Slender, erect or spreading, more or less hairy, annual herbs. Leaves
alternate. Flowers axillary, pedicelled, solitary. Calyx-tube short, adnate
to the ovary, 5-lobed, the lobes longer than the tube. Corolla split down one
side to the base, the upper 2 lobes separating near the base, unequally
winged, the lower three as long as the upper ones, united for one-half to
two-thirds their length, winged. Stamens free, short. Ovary inferior, 1-
or 2-celled, ovules few in each cell. Style deeply divided into 3 branches, the
middle one shorter than the 2 lateral ones, the tips of the arms ciliate.
(Greek “beautiful” and ‘‘woman,” in allusion to the forked and ciliate style.)

Species four, 3 in Australia, and 1 in Australia, Luzon, and southern
China.

1. C. pilosa R. Br. (Balingayum decumbens Blanco).

A spreading, diffuse, or sometimes ascending, slender, hairy, annual
plant, the stems 20 cm long or less, simple or slightly branched. Leaves
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, sinuate- or repand-toothed, or nearly entire,
the upper ones more or less reduced. Peduncles 1.5 cm long or less. Calyx
green, the tube short, the lobes lanceolate, 3 to 4mm long. Corolla purpiish,
about 8 mm long. Capsule hairy, ovoid, about 5 mm long.

In open damp grass lands, old rice paddies, etc., Caloocan to San Pedro
Macati, abundant, fl. Aug—Jan. Known in the Philippines only from the
country contiguous to Manila. North Australia, Queensland, and southern
China.

135. STYLIDIACEAE (STYLIDIUM FAMILY)

Annual or perennial, usually slender herbs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves
alternate, entire. Flowers axillary, racemose, or cymose, small, perfect.
Calyx adnate to the ovary, mostly 5-lobed or 2-lipped. Corolla gamopet-
alous, usually irregular, rarely regular. Stamens 2, rarely 3, the filaments

464 A FLORA OF MANILA

connate with the style into a column. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; stigma at

the apex of the column; ovules many. Fruit a 1- or 2-celled, 2-valved

capsule, the valves cohering at the base and apex, or only at the base.
Genera 6, species about 130, mostly in Australia, few in Antartic America,

still fewer in India and Malaya, 1 in the Philippines.
4

STYLIDIUM Swartz

Small, slender, glabrous, annual herbs. Flowers axillary, sessile. Calyx
5-lobed, the lobes usually more or less united in two lips. Corolla irregular,
5-lobed, 4 lobes suberect in 2 pairs, and one smaller, recurved. Staminal
column elongated, apex at first deflexed, elastically reflexed when irritated.
Capsules small, elongated. (From the Greek “column,” in allusion to the
connate style and stamens.) :

Species 103, nearly all Australian, 1 extending to the Philippines, 3 in
India and China.

1. S. alsinoides R. Br. °

Slender, glabrous, erect or spreading, simple or irregularly branched,
6 to 15cm high. Leaves sessile, ovate, opposite, or the lower ones alternate,
acute or acuminate, 3 to 6 mm long. Flowers solitary, alternating, 1 at
each node in the_axil of an often reduced leaf. Calyx-tube long, slender.
Corolla-lobes slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes, apparently pink. Capsule
slender, 1 to 1.5 em long.

In open, wet, grasslands, rice paddies, etc., San Lazaro, fl. in the rainy
reason; of local occurrence in the Philippines. Northern Australia and
Queensland.

136. COMPOSITAE! (COMPOSITE OR SAMBONG FAMILY)

Erect or spreading herbs, herbaceous or woody vines, shrubs, or very
rarely trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, simple, entire,
toothed, or variously lobed, or compound. Flowers few to very numerous
in close heads which are solitary, or in racemes or panicles, each head
with an involucre of bracts surrounding the flowers, the receptacle pitted
or nearly smooth, naked or paleate. Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled
ovary, the the limb none, or of hairs (pappus), scales, or bristles, crowning
the summit and usually persistent in fruit. Corolla strap-shaped or tu-
bular, 3- to 5-toothed or lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla-
tube, their anthers united. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style 2-cleft or entire.
Fruit a dry, indehiscent achene, usually crowned by hairs, bristles, or scales.

The largest family of flowering plants, comprising about 900 genera,
and over 14,000 species, in all parts of the world, but chiefly in temperate
regions, 51 genera and about 110 species in the Philippines.

The flowers may be perfect or polygamous, monoecious, or dioecious.
Flowers with a strap-shaped (ligulate) corolla are called ray-flowers, and
these may be confined to the outer one or several rows, or all the flowers
may be ligulate; a head containing in part or all ray-flowers is called
radiate. The tubular or campanulate flowers compose the disk, and a head
that contains no ray-flowers is called discoid. When a head contains two

* Fora consideration of the Philippine species of this family see Elmer,
A. D. E., “Manual of the Philippine Compositae.” Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1
(1906) 83-186.

COMPOSITAE A465

kinds of flowers it is called heterogamous and when only one kind, homo-
gamous.

1, Flowers all tubular or campanulate, no ray-flowers present.
2. Flowers homogamous, that is, all perfect and alike.
3. Heads few to many, many-flowered, not crowded in dense involucrate
masses or spicately arranged.
4. Involucral-bracts in several series.
5. Pappus of long hairs.

6. Style-arms, slender, hairy............-.-..---cssos2e--cessceneneese 1. Vernonia

6. Style-arms glabrous or nearly S0.............--.---.-+-+ 2. Eupatorium

& \Pappus of G6 wwned scales: 8 ieee 3. Ageratum
4. Involucral bracts in a single series................2.2-.:cssse-eeeeeeee* 4. Emilia

3. Heads few-flowered, fascicled, forming dense, often subcapitate and
involucrate clusters, or in pairs and spicately arranged.

5. Elephantopus

2. Flowers heterogamous, the outer ones female, the inner ones perfect.

8. Heads arranged in dense, globose, peduncled masses; branches

OS RR Ss lit Se ane 8 ER Bil a 6. Sphaeranthus
8. Heads not arranged in globose masses, corymbose, panicled, or
racemose.

4. Pappus of numerous soft hairs.
5. Herbs, often coarse and shrub-like; involucral scales narrow;

SS ESE SEL cs eee ee a elec 7. Blumea
5. Low shrubs with slender stems and pale-purple flowers; in-
MGLESERL~ DEacts . DEOAG....:.....-..ue a Ee ee 8. Pluchea

4, Pappus none, cup-like, or of scales or spines, not hairy.
5. Pappus represented by a bristly or toothed, cup-like ring.
9. Grangea
5. Pappus of small lacerate or divided scales .... 10. Crossostephium
5. Pappus of spines terminating the angles, 2 to 3 times as long
SE Se RN o> teas enc Pap ca cocina ecmen canes 11. Synedrella
5. Pappus none.
6. Rather coarse aromatic herbs with numerous heads.
12. Artemisia
6. Slender, prostrate or spreading, very small herbs with solitary

heads.
7. Heads short-peduncled; anther-cells tailed........ 13. Epaltes
7. Heads sessile; anther-cells not tailed.............. 14. Centipeda
1, Ray-flowers present, 1 or more outer rows ligulate, the disk-flowers
tubular. é
Fi PAappee.Ot aaw ueAbian ys UBITS 50.0. cial. ee hee 15. Erigeron

2. Pappus of awns or scales, or none.
3. Pappus cupular, scale-like, or none.
4, Involucral-bracts united; rank scented cultivated herbs with large
Welle wl iowa Soi aio... bee 16. Tagetes
4. Involucral-bracts free or nearly so.
5. Receptacle smooth or pitted, not paleaceous.. 17. Chrysanthemum
5. Receptacle paleaceous.
6. Outer 4 bracts large, foliaceous, in opposite pairs.
18. Enhydra

6. Bracts all similar, or at least the outer 4 not foliaceous.
111555——30

466 A FLORA OF MANILA

7. Paleae of the receptacle flat, narrow.................... 19. Eclipta
7. Paleae of the receptacle embracing the achenes.
8. Pappus of 2 to 4 thin, chaffy, deciduous scales; coarse
erect, cultivated plants with very large heads.
20. Helianthus

Se EPS PUATIC. 5a sesn ade teen eeatntat ae 21. Wedelia

3. Pappus of 2 or 4 awns. :
4, -Aehenes lone-heuked..- 1k eet na eee ee 22. Cosmos
4, Achenes not -beaked..... 22+). caspicat a eeiesevad a eee 23. Bidens

1. All the flowers ligulate, no tubular ones present; herbs with milky juice.
2. Leaves scattered along the stem, not rosulate.
B. monemens “bealeed: 2's ane Ae ee ee 24. Lactuca

3; Athenes: not ‘heaked:..< 203%. Sais 8 ee 25. Sonchus
2. Leaves all or mostly basal, rosulate.........2....2....:----ceceeeeeeeeeeeeeee 26. Crepis

1. VERNONIA Schreber

Erect herbs, woody vines, or trees. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed.
Heads terminal or axillary, cymose or panicled. Involucre as long as or
shorter than the flowers, the bracts in many series, the outer ones shorter.
Flowers all perfect, the corollas all equal, tubular, slender, 5-lobed. Achenes
striate, ribbed or angled; pappus hairs numerous. (In honor of W. Vernon,
an early English botanist.)

Species more than 400, chiefly tropical, about 12 in the Philippines.

Heéads:about. 8mm -in sliatmeter: =o). 2ieb nolo ds i soe es 1. V. patula
Heads about 2.5 mm in diametet............2-.--..----2se-enecceesteneneecneeese 2. V. cinerea

1. V. PATULA (Ait.) Merr. (V. chinensis Less.). Bulac-manoc (Tag.).

An annual, erect, rather stout herb with spreading branches, 1 m high
or less, more or less ashy-puberulent. Leaves sessile or petioled, ovate
to elliptic-lanceolate, 2 to 12 cm long, shallowly toothed. Heads 40- to
70-flowered, ovoid, peduncled, in leafy panicles, scattered or in pairs, about
1 cm long, 8 mm in diameter, the involucral bracts green, the flowers
pale-purple.

In open waste places, occasional, fl. Sept._Apr., widely distributed in the
Philippines and undoubtedly an introduced plant here. India to southern
China and Malaya.

2. V. CINEREA (L.) Less.

An erect, slender, sparingly branched, somewhat pubescent, annual herb
20 to 80 cm high. Leaves petioled, oblanceolate to obovate, acute or ob-
tuse, shallowly toothed, 2 to 6 cm long. Heads small, peduncled, in open,
lax corymbs, about 7 mm long, 2.5 mm in diameter, the flowers rather
bright-purple, about 20 in each head, twice as long as the involucral
bracts. (FI. Filip. pl. 280.)

In open waste places, common, fl. all the year; throughout the Philip-
pines, but certainly introduced. Tropical Africa and Asia through Malaya
to Australia.

2. EUPATORIUM Linnaeus

Perennial herbs or undershrubs with opposite or alternate leaves. Heads
corymbose, many-flowered, homogamous, the involucre long or short, of
few- to many-seriate subequal bracts, or the outer bracts shorter; recep-

COMPOSITAE AGT

tacle naked. Corollas all equal, regular, tubular, slender, 5-lobed or toothed.
Anthers appendaged, the base obtuse. Style-arms long. Achenes truncate,
5-angled or 5-ribbed; pappus-hairs in one series, many, rigid, scabrid.
(Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used the European
species in medicine.) ’

Species more than 400, chiefly American, 4 or 5 in the Philippines, the
following introduced and cultivated.

* 1. E. TRIPLINERVE Vahl (EF. ayapana Vent.). Ayapana (Sp.-Fil.).

A glabrous perennial herb, the stems suffrutescent at the base, ascending.
Leaves opposite, lanceolate, triplinerved, narrowed at both ends, acute or
acuminate, distantly denticulate or nearly entire, 5 to 8 cm long. Corymbs
lax, the heads many, pedicelled, about 20-flowered, the involucral bracts
in about one series, with some shorter outer ones, linear, acuminate, unequal,
somewhat puberulent.

Occasionally cultivated, Pasay, said to flower in January. A native of
tropical America, now widely distributed in the tropics, cultivated and
spontaneous.

3. AGERATUM Linnaeus

Erect, branched, pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite or the upper ones
alternate. Heads white or pale-blue, corymbose or panicled. Involucre of
2 or 3 series of linear, subequal bracts. Corollas all tubular, regular, 5-
cleft. Achenes 5-angled; pappus of 5, short, free or connate scales. (A
name used by Dioscorides for the everlastings.)

Species about 16, all American, 1 now in all tropical countries.

-1. A. conyzomDEs L. Bulac-manoc (Tag.).

An annual, erect, branched, somewhat aromatic, hispidly hairy, slender,
rather stout herb 30 to 60 cm high. Leaves ovate, crenate, acute, 5 to 13
cm long. Heads small, in rather dense terminal corymbs, about 5 mm
long and thick, the bracts green, acute or acuminate. Flowers numerous,
white or very pale-blue. Achenes black, the pappus of 5 awned scales,
often serrate below. (FI. Filip. pl. 368.)

A common weed in waste places, fi. all the year; throughout the Philip-
pines. A native of Mexico, now in all tropical countries.

4, EMILIA Cassini

Annual or perennial erect herbs, glabrous or hairy, often glaucous.
Leaves mostly radical, crowded, petioled, entire, toothed, or lyrately lobed,
those of the stem few, clasping, smaller. Heads long-peduncled, loosely
corymbose, homogamous, red or purplish. Flowers all perfect, tubular,
the limb long, 5-toothed. Involucre cylindric, the bracts 1-seriate, free or
cohering below, the bracteoles none. Achenes subterete or angled, 5-ribbed;
pappus-hairs copious, soft, slender, white.

Species 6 or 8 in tropical Africa, Asia, and Malaya, about 3 in the
Philippines.

1. E. soncHIFoLiA (L.) DC. Tugulinao (Tag.).

An erect or ascending, variable, glabrous or sparingly hairy, more
‘or less branched plant 10 to 40 cm high. Leaves somewhat fleshy, the
lower ones lyrate-lobed or sinuate-toothed, 5 to 10 em long, the upper ones
much smaller and usually entire, all sessile, and somewhat clasping the

468 A FLORA OF MANILA

stems. Heads 12 to 14 mm long, long-peduncled, the flowering branches
usually dichotomously branched. Involucre green, cylindric, somewhat in-
flated below, the bracts green, about as long as the purple flowers. Achenes
about 2.4 mm long, narrowly oblong, ribbed, the pappus white, soft,
copious. (Fl. Filip. pl. 282.)

Occasional in open grass lands, waste places, etc., fil. Oct.—Apr.; widely
distributed in the Philippines, and undoubtedly qntoaeesdl! Tropical Asia,
Africa, and Malaya, apparently an introduced plant in tropical America.

5. ELEPHANTOPUS Linnaeus

Stiff, erect, simple or branched herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads few-
flowered, homogamous, solitary or clustered in involucrate fascicles at the
ends of the branches or in pairs and spicately arranged. Involucral-bracts
about 8, dry, stiff, alternately flat and conduplicate; receptacle naked.
Flowers all equally 4-lobed, cleft on one side, the lobes somewhat spreading.
Achenes truncate, ribbed; pappus-bristles rigid, shining, slender and di-
lated below, or chaff-like. (Greek “elephant” and “foot” suggested by
the form of the involucrate heads of some species.)

Species about 12 in tropical America, 3 introduced in the Philippines.

1. Clusters of heads at the ends of the branches, surrounded by an involucre
of usually 3 leaf-like bracts.

2. Leaves forming a basal rosette; flowers purple.................... 1. EL. scaber
2. Leaves scattered along the stem; flowers white.................... 2. EB. mollis
1. Clusters of heads spicately arranged, not involucrate........ 3. E. spicatus

1. E. SCABER L.

A rather coarse, rigid, erect herb 30 to 60 cm high, more or less scabrid
and villous. Leaves mostly in a basal rosette, oblong-obovate to oblong-
oblanceolate, somewhat crenate, obtuse or subacute, base narrowed, 10 to
25 cm long, those of the stem few, much smaller. Stems forked, the
branches few, stiff. Heads in clusters at the ends of the branches enclosed
by usually 3 leaf-like bracts, which are ovate to oblong-ovate, 1 to 1.5 cm
long, cordate at the base. Heads many in each cluster, crowded, each head
about 4-flowered, the involucral-bracts 8 to 10 mm _ long. Corollas 8 to 9
mm long, purple. Achenes ribbed, the pappus of 4 to 6, long, rigid bristles.

In open grass lands, waste places, etc., fl. Dec—April; widely distributed
in the Philippines. Tropics generally, but undoubtedly a native of tropical
America.

2. E. MOLLIS HBK.

A tall, erect, more or less hirsute herb 0.8 to 1.2 m high, not branched
except the inflorescence. Leaves scattered along the stem, not basal, oblong
to oblong-elliptic, acute, base narrowed and decurrent, crenate, 8 to 20 cm
long. Branches of the inflorescence few, usually forked, subtended by
much-reduced leaves. Clusters of heads terminating the branches sur-
rounded by about 8, ovate, cordate, 1 to 1.5 cm long, leaf-like bracts. Heads
4-flowered, numerous in each cluster, the involucral-bracts lanceolate, acu-
minate, about 7 mm long, green. Corollas white, 5 to 6 mm long. Pappus
of 4 or 5 long, bristle-like hairs.

In thickets etc., Masambong, fl. Dec—April; widely distributed in the
Philippines. A native of tropical America, now thoroughly naturalized
here; not reported from any other part of the Orient, other than Guam.

COMPOSITAE 469

8. E. spicATus Aubl.

An ,erect, rather stiff herb 20 to 60 cm high, sparingly appressed-
pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse, base nar-
rowed, crenate, 9 to 14 cm long, those of the upper part of the stem smaller.
Heads about 1.5 cm long, sessile, in clusters of 2 to 5, in the axils of very
much reduced leaves, arranged along the few, elongated, spike-like branches
of the inflorescence. Involucral-bracts green, the outer much smaller than
the inner ones. Achenes ribbed, hirsute, the pappus-hairs 4, dilated and
laciniate-cleft at the base, unequal, 2 straight, 2 longer, abruptly recurved
and again curved upward. Corolla white, about 7 mm long.

In open waste places, fl. Dec.—April; common and widely distributed in
the Philippines. Introduced from tropical America, but reported from
no other part of the Orient except Guam and southern China.

5. SPHAERANTHUS Linnaeus

Annual, erect or spreading, rather coarse herbs. Leaves alternate,
toothed, decurrent on the branches. Heads small, in terminal, solitary,
globose clusters. Flowers heterogamous, the outer ones few or many,
female, slender, the limb minutely 2- or 3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect,
solitary or few, the limb 4- or 5-toothed. Involucre narrow, the bracts
dry, acute, unequal. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed, the pappus
none. (Greek “sphere” and “flower,” from the globose inflorescence.)

Species about 8, tropical Africa, Asia, to Australia, 1 in the Philippines.

1. S. AFRICANUS L.

A more or less pubescent or nearly glabrous, rather coarse, branched
herb less than 1 m high, the branches spreading the stems and branches
prominently 3-winged by the decurrent leaves. Leaves obovate to oblong-
obovate, sessile, 4 to 13 cm long, finely toothed. Heads very numerous, in
dense, globose clusters about 1 cm in diameter, solitary, on erect, winged
peduncles. Flowers greenish-white.

In waste places, occasional, fl. Sept._April; of local occurrence about
towns in the Philippines, certainly an introduced plant here. Tropical
Africa and Asia, through Malaya to Australia.

7. BLUMEA DeCandolle

Annual or perennial, glandular, pubescent, or glabrous, usually erect,
simple or branched herbs, often aromatic. Leaves alternate, toothed or
lobed. Heads small, usually numerous, scattered or fascicled in corymbose
panicles or in spike-like racemes, yellow or purplish. Involucre ovoid or
campanulate, the bracts narrow, many-seriate, the outer ones smaller.
Outer flowers female, very numerous, slender, tubular, the limb 4- or
5-toothed. Inner perfect flowers few, stouter. Achenes small, cylindric
or angled; pappus white or brownish, the hairs 1-seriate, slender. (In
honor of C. L. Blume, a Dutch botanist.)

Species about 75, tropical Asia, and Africa, through Malaya to Australia,
about 20 in the Philippines.

1. A coarse, erect, stout, suffrutescent herb, or a shrub 2 to 3 m high, the

leaves very strongly aromatic.............2......:::-2:00-seeeee-+ 1. B. balsamiyera

1. Herbs, branched or simple, 20 to 120 em high, slightly or not aromatic.

2. Heads very numerous, crowded in dense spike-like racemes or panicles;
softly pubescent plants.

A470 A FLORA OF MANILA

8. Leaves obovate, toothed; flowers purplish........................ 2. B. mollis
8. Leaves oblong, lyrately lobed; flowers yellow.............. 3. B. laciniata
2. Heads few, in open panicles; plant only slightly pubescent; leaves
oblong-obovate, somewhat spiny-toothed.............-.....:-.+-++ 4. B. tenera

1. B. balsamifera (L.) DC. Sambong (Tag.).

A coarse, tall, erect, suffrutescent, strongly aromatic herb, densely and
softly pubescent, 1.5 to 3 m high, stems up to 2.5 cm in diameter. Leaves
7 to 20 cm long, elliptic- to oblong-lanceolate, serrate, acute or obtuse,
base narrowed to the short petiole, which is often auricled or appendaged.
Inflorescence a large, branched, leafy panicle. Heads peduncled, on the
ultimate branches, numerous, 6 to 7 mm long, cylindric, the involucral
bracts green, narrow, pubescent, the flowers yellow. (Fl. Filip. pl. 403.)

In open waste places, fl. Feb.—April.; widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines. India to Malaya.

2. B. motuis (Don) Merr. (B.-wightiana Auct.).

An erect, somewhat branched, usually densely white-villous herb 20 to
40 cm high, slightly aromatic. Leaves petioled, thin, obovate, rounded or
obtuse, 1.5 to 4 cm long, irregularly toothed but not lobed. Heads numerous,
4 to 5 mm long, crowded or fasciculate, in oblong, spiciform, sometimes
paniculate inflorescence, the bracteoles densely pilose,.green or purplish.
Flowers with purple tips.

In open, dry or damp places, fil. Jan.April; widely distributed in the
Philippines, and undoubtedly introduced. India to tropical Africa, and
China, southward through Malaya to Australia.

3. B. LACINIATA (Roxb.) DC. :

An erect, rather coarse, often much-branched, scarcely aromatic, pubes-
cent plant 0.8 to 1.2 m high, the stems very leafy. Leaves 8 to 14 cm
long, deeply lyrately lobed, the lobes coarsely toothed, pubescent on both
surfaces. Heads many, ovoid, 6 to 7 mm long, 5 mm in diameter, nodding,
loosely clustered and racemosely arranged on the panicle branches, forming
an oblong inflorescence 25 to 50 cm in length. Involucral bracts green,
softly pubescent. Flowers yellow.

In open dry waste lands, occasional, fl. Jan—April; widely distributed in
the Philippines and probably introduced. India to China and Malaya.

4, B. tenera Merr.

A slender, erect, slightly or not at all branched herb 20 to 50 cm high,
the stems nearly glabrous. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, sessile or nearly so,
acute, base gradually narrowed, margins distantly and somewhat spiny-
toothed, not at all lobed, 2.5 to 8 cm long, the lower surface slightly papil-
late-pilose. Heads panicled, few, 6 to 7 mm long, the bracts linear, green,
slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous. Flowers yellow. Achenes angled,
slightly hairy, 1.2 mm long. Central perfect flowers few, the corolla 4-
toothed. ;

In open grass lands, La Loma to Maypajo, rare, fl. Nov—Jan. Known
cnly from the Philippines.

8. PLUCHEA Cassini

Erect branched shrubs, more or less pubescent. Leaves alternate,
toothed. Heads small, in terminal leafless corymbs, heterogamous, disk-like,
lilac, the flowers tubular, the outer ones female, many-seriate, slender, the

COMPOSITAE A771

disk-flowers perfect, few, tubular, limb 5-fid. Involucre ovoid or campanul-
ate, the bracts ovate, dry, rigid, usually broad; receptacle flat, naked. An-
ther-cells tailed at the base. Achenes 5- to 10-ribbed, those of the female
flowers with no pappus, those of the perfect flowers with 2 or 8 or no
pappus-hairs. (Dedicated to the Abbé Pluche.)

Species about 10 in tropical Asia, Africa, and America, 2 or 8 in the
Philippines.

1. P. indica (L.) Less. Calapini (Tag.).

An erect, much-branched shrub 1 to 2m high. Leaves oblong-obovate to
oblong-elliptic, apiculate, acute, or obtuse, slightly and irregularly toothed,
1.5 to 4 cm long, base wedge-shaped. Inflorescence a compound, terminal,
slightly pubescent corymb 5 to 11 cm long. Heads numerous, about 5 mm
long, the bracts ovate, acute or obtuse, the inner ones gradually longer.
Flowers numerous, pink-purple or lilac. Achenes minute, ribbed, the pap-
pus white, scanty.

In thickets and open places subject to the influence of salt or brackish
water, Malabon, Pasay, etc., fl. more or less all the year; throughout the
Philippines near the sea. India to southern China and Malaya.

9. GRANGEA Adanson

Ascending or prostrate, villous, much-branched herbs. Leaves alternate,
pinnatifid. Heads globose, terminal or leaf-opposed, yellow, not rayed.
Outer flowers in 1 to many series, female, slender, the disk-flowers perfect,
slender, the limb 4- or 5-cleft. Bracts of the involucre in few series; re-
ceptacles convex or conic, glabrous. Achenes flattened or nearly cylindric;
pappus cupular.

Species 3 or 4 in tropical Asia and Africa, 1 introduced in the Philippines.

1. G. MADERASPATANA (L.) Poir.

Stems spreading from the root, branched, up to 70 cm in length, all
parts pubescent. Leaves 2 to 5 cm long, sinuately pinnatifid, the lobes
toothed. Heads globose, leaf-opposed, short-peduncled, 8 to 10 mm in diam-
eter. Flower small, very numerous, yellow. Achenes about 2 mm long,
cylindric, the pappus-hairs connate into a short, fimbriate tube.

In open waste places, occasional, fl. March-May; of very local occurrence
in the Philippines, and undoubtedly introduced. Tropical and subtropical
Asia and Africa.

10. CROSSOSTEPHIUM Lessing

An ‘undershrub, the branchlets and leaves densely gray-pubescent.
Leaves alternate, entire or 2- to 5-toothed, or -lobed at the apex. Heads
small, disk-like or depressed-globose, short-peduncled, in simple or panicu-
late, leafy, terminal racemes. Outer two series of flowers female, with
tubular, shortly 2- or 3-toothed corollas; disk flowers perfect, regular,
tubular, shortly 5-fid. Achenes 5-angled; pappus short, lacerate, or of
small, divided scales. (Greek “scale” and “crown,” in allusion to the
pappus characters.)

A monotypic Chinese genus, introduced and cultivated in the Philippines.

*1. C. ARTEMISIOIDES Less. Ajenjo (Tag.).

An erect or spreading, branched undershrub 10 to 40 cm high. Leaves
alternate, crowded toward the ends of the branches, 2 to 3 cm long, nar-
rowly obovate-cuneate, densely and softly pubescent with short, grayish-

472 A FLORA OF MANILA

white hairs, base long-narrowed, apex prominently 3- to 5-toothed or -lobed,
the lobes ovate to narrowly oblong. Heads in the upper axils, peduncled,
forming terminal leafy racemes, subglobose, 4 to 5 mm in diameter.

A species of Chinese origin, introduced and cultivated in Manila, rarely
flowering. Otherwise known only from China.

11. SYNEDRELLA Gaertner

Annual, erect, branched, pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite, petioled,
toothed. Heads small, axillary, heterogamous, radiate, the ray-flowers fe-
male, in 1 or 2 series, yellow, the ligule short, 2- or 3-toothed. Disk-flowers
perfect, tubular, the limb 4-toothed. Involucre ovoid or oblong, the bracts
few, 1 or 2 outer ones usually foliaceous, the inner ones dry, like disk-scales;
receptacle small, with scarious flat scales. Achenes of the ray-flowers
dorsally compressed, 2-winged, the wings lacerate, those of the disk few,
compressed or 3-angled, often muricate, the angles of both terminating
in spines.

Species 2 in tropical America, 1 now cosmopolitan in the tropics.

1. S. NODIFLORA (L.) Gaertn.

An erect, dichotomously branched, glabrous or sparingly hairy, annual
herb, 1 m high or less. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate-lanceolate to ellip-
tic-ovate, acute, finely toothed, base decurrent, 3-nerved, 7 to 13 cm long.
Heads sessile, axillary and terminal, nearly 1 cm long, cylindric, few-
flowered. Flowers yellow. Achenes black, the spines stout, sharp. (FI.
Filip. pl. 404.)

In open waste places, very common, fl. all the year; throughout the
Philippines, and certainly introduced. Probably a native of tropical
America, now in most warm countries.

12. ARTEMISIA Linnaeus

Erect herbs or undershrubs, usually strong-scented. Leaves alternate,
entire to pinnatisect. Heads small, racemose or panicled, solitary, or
fascicled along the branches. Flowers all tubular, the outer ones female,
1-seriate, slender, 2- or 3-toothed; disk-flowers perfect, the bracts few-
seriate, outer shorter. Achenes small, faintly striate; pappus none. (In
memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.)

Species about 150 in north temperate regions, few in South America,
2 in the Philippines, the following introduced.

1. A. vutGaRIs L: Camaria, Damong-maria (Tag.).

An erect, rank smelling, often suffrutescent herb 0.5 to 0.8 m high,
gray-pubescent, the stems leafy, branched. Leaves pinnately lobed, 5 to
14 ecm long, gray beneath, nearly glabrous above, the lobes spreading or
ascending, irregularly coarsely toothed or lobulate, with stipule-like basal
lobes. Heads numerous, ovoid, 3 to 4 mm long, nearly or quite sessile,
secund, seriate or fascicled on the elongated, spike-like, ascending panicle-
branches. (FI. Filip. pl. 329.)

Cultivated, fl. March—June and probably in other months; introduced
from Europe and widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation,
thoroughly naturalized in some regions. A native of Europe and Asia,
now found in many other regions.

COMPOSITAE 473

18. EPALTES Cassini

Herbs with alternate, usually decurrent, toothed leaves. Heads small,
_ solitary or corymbose, globose or disciform, heterogamous, the flowers
tubular, the outer ones female, many-seriate, the corolla much shorter than
the style, 2- or 38-toothed. Disk flowers perfect, tubular, 3- to 5-fid. Anther-
bases sagittate. Achenes of female flowers subterete, 5- to 10-ribbed,
the pappus none; of the perfect flowers usually abortive, pappus hairs 2
or 3, or none. Involucre broad, the bracts many-seriate, the receptacle
naked.
Species about 10, in most tropical countries, 1 in the Philippines.

1. E. australis R. Br.

Root stout, woody, the stems rather slender, spreading, prostrate, or
ascending, branched, 6 to 15 cm long. Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate,
rounded, rather coarsely toothed, 1.5 to 2.5 em long, narrowed below to
the short petiole. Heads solitary, axillary, shortly peduncled, depressed-
globose, about 5 mm in diameter, the involucre hemispheric, green, the
bracts several-seriate. Flowers very numerous, minute, purplish, including
the achenes about 2 mm long.

In old rice paddies near La Loma fl. Dec.Jan., and probably in other
months, very rare; of very local occurrence in the Philippines. India
to Australia.

14. CENTIPEDA Loureiro

Small, spreading or ascending, annual, hairy or nearly glabrous herbs.
Leaves alternate, toothed. Heads small, sessile, axillary, globose or disci-
form, yellow. Outer flowers female, many-seriate, the corolla small; disk-
flowers perfect, few, the corolla campanulate, 4-fid. Involucre hemispheric,
the bracts 2-seriate. Achenes 4-angled, hairy on the angles; pappus none.
(Latin “hundred” and “feet” in reference to its prostrate habit.)

Species 4, in Asia, Australia, and in South America.

1. C. MINIMA (L.) Willd. (C. orbicularis Lour.).

A prostrate or ascending, slender herb, the branches numerous, spread-
ing from the root, 8 to 20 cm long, somewhat woolly or nearly glabrous,
leafy. Leaves 1 cm long or less, oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, with few
coarse teeth. Heads sessile, globose, 3 to 4 mm in diameter, many-flowered.
Achenes about 1 mm long.

In open waste places, occasional, fl. Dec—June; widely distributed in the
Philippines, undoubtedly introduced. India, through Malaya to Australia
and Polynesia.

15. ERIGERON Linnaeus

Erect, branched, often coarse herbs with alternate, toothed, usually
sessile leaves. Heads panicled, heterogamous, rayed, the ray-flowers female
in several rows, their ligules short or long. Disk-flowers perfect, tubular,
6-cleft. Involucre ovoid or hemispheric, the bracts narrow, equal. Recep-
tacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes narrow, compressed, the pappus a
single row of slender bristles or often double, the outer series often reduced
to a few short hairs or bristles. (Greek “spring” and “an old man” sug-
gested by the hoariness of some vernal species.)

Species about 100, chiefly in the north temperate zone, fewer in the
tropics, 1 introduced in the Philippines.

A74 A FLORA OF MANILA

1. E. LINIFOLIOUS Willd.

A stout, or sometimes slender, erect, branched annual 0.5 to 2 m high,
more or less hirsute. Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate 6 to 15 cm long,
1 to 4 cm wide, coarsely toothed or sublobed. Panicles terminal, ample,
the heads numerous, peduncled, narrowly ovoid, 6 to 7 mm long, the bracts
green. Flowers greenish-white, many in each head.

In waste places, occasional, fl. Oct.April; widely distributed in the
Philippines. A native of Europe, introduced here; now a common weed
in many warm and tropical countries.

16. TAGETES Linnaeus

Erect, branched, usually rank-scented, glabrous herbs, the leaves and
involucral-bracts with scattered oil-glands. Leaves opposite, pinnately: dis-
sected or lobed. Heads long-peduncled, medium or large, yellow, solitary.
Involucre ovoid or cylindric, the bracts 1-seriate, connate nearly to their
tips. Ray-flowers 1-seriate, female, the ligule entire or 2-toothed, short
or long; disk-flowers perfect, regular, tubular, limb usually somewhat
enlarged, 5-fid. Achenes linear, narrowed below, compressed or angled;
pappus-scales few, aristate. (From Tages, an ancient Tuscan god.)

Species about 20, natives of tropical America, a few now widely cul-
tivated, 1 or 2 introduced in the Philippines.

1. T. ERECTA L. Amarilla (Sp.-Fil.); Marigold.

A rather coarse, erect, glabrous, branched, rank-smelling annual herb
0.4 to 1 m high. Leaves 4 to 11 cm long, very deeply pinnatifid, the lobes
lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, 1 to 2.5 em long. Heads solitary,
long-peduncled, the peduncle thickened upward, 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, 2
to 4 cm in diameter, the involucre green. Flowers pale- to deep-yellow.
Achenes 6 to 7mm long. (FI. Filip. pl. 404.)

Commonly cultivated, fl. all the year. In most Philippines towns in
cultivation, in some localities spontaneous and naturalized. A native of
Mexico.

17. CHRYSANTHEMUM Linnaeus

Erect, annual or perennial, aromatic herbs, with alternate, entire, toothed
or lobed leaves. Heads large, terminal, peduncled, sometimes corymbose.
Ray-flowers 1-seriate, female, the ligule spreading, white, yellow, or pink;
disk-flowers numerous, perfect, the limb 4- or 5-fid. Involucre hemispheric
or broader, the bracts many-seriate, broad. Achenes subterete or angled,
ribbed or winged; pappus none or short, sometimes a cup or auricle.
(An ancient Greek name, i. e., “golden flower.’’)

Species 80 or more in the north temperate zone, 3 introduced and culti-
vated in the Philippines.

1. More or less pubescent; leaves pinnately lobed; heads corymbose.
2. Flowers yellow, with but one or two rows or ray-flowers, usually less
than-2.5 ¢m.in diameter:,2..=. 52.24.5552 ee 1. C. indicum
2. Flowers white, yellow, or variously colored, with many rows of ray-
flowers, exceeding 2.5 cm in diametev.............2.0..--....0------ 2. C. sinense’
1. Quite glabrous, the leaves bipinnately parted, when fresh fleshy and
brittle; heads solitary, long-peduncled, yellow............ 3. C. coronarium

*1. C. INDICUM L. Manzanilla (Sp.-Fil.).
An erect or ascending, perennial, aromatic herb 30 to 60 cm high, some-
what pubescent. Leaves thin, ovate to oblong-ovate in outline, 4 to 6 cm

COMPOSITAE AT5

long, pinnately lobed, the lobes 2 or 3 on each side, ovate or oblong-ovate,
sharply toothed. Heads yellow, peduncled, corymbosely panicled, 1.5 to 2.5
cm in diameter.

Cultivated only, fl. Jan.—Mar., and probably in other months. A native
of China and Japan, now cultivated in most warm countries.

*2. C. SINENSE Sabine. Manzanilla, Rosas de Japon (Sp.-Fil.).

Similar to the preceding, but usually taller, the heads white or variously
colored, with us up to 5 ecm or more in diameter, composed of numerous
rows of ray-flowers. Perhaps only a form of the preceding developed by
cultivation. ;

Cultivated only, fl. Dec.—Feb., introduced from China or Japan. Culti-
vated in all warm countries, exceedingly variable.

*3. C. CORONARIUM L. T’ung hao (Chinese).

An erect, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, slightly aromatic, branched, annual
herb 50 cm high or less, the leaves auricled and clasping at the base, 10
cm long or less, bipinnately parted, the lobes narrow, entire or toothed,
thick, oblong to lanceolate, when fresh fleshy and brittle. Heads solitary,
long-peduncled, terminating the branches, yellow, 2 to 3.5 cm in diameter.

Cultivated by Chinese gardeners, fl. Feb—Apr. A native of the Medi-
terranean regions, now cultivated in most warm countries, introduced in
the Philippines from southern China.

18. ENHYDRA Loureiro

Spreading or ascending, branched, somewhat fleshy marsh-herbs with
opposite, oblong to lanceolate, sessile, toothed leaves. Heads axillary,
sessile, solitary. Involucral bracts 4, large, foliaceous, green, in 2 opposite
pairs, longer than the heads. Ray-flowers male, in several series, the
ligule very small, broad, 3- or 4-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, or
the innermost sterile, the limb tubular, 5-fid. Receptacle convex, the scales
enclosing the flowers and achenes. Achenes oblong, compressed; pappus
none. (Greek “growing in or near water.’’) :

Species about 6, tropical and subtropical, 1 in the Philippines.

1. E. fluctuans Lour.

A prostrate, spreading, annual herb, the stems somewhat fleshy, 30 cm
long or more, branched, rooting at the lower nodes, somewhat pubescent.
Leaves sessile, linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, 3 to 5 cm long, base usually
truncate, margins somewhat toothed. Heads solitary, axillary, sessile, the
outer pair of involucral bracts 1 to 1.2 cm long, ovate, obtuse, the inner
pair somewhat smaller, the heads, excluding the bracts, less than 1 cm in
diameter, the flowers white or greenish-white. Achenes enclosed by the
rigid receptacle-scales.

In open marshy places, not common, fl. March-Apr., and probably in
other months; of very local occurrence in the Philippines. India to China
southward to Malaya.

19. ECLIPTA Linnaeus

Strigose or hirsute, erect or prostrate, slender or coarse, annual herbs.
Leaves entire or toothed, opposite. Heads small, axillary and terminal,
white, peduncled, heterogamous, rayed. Involucre green, ovoid to broadly
campanulate, the bracts few, 2-seriate, the outer ones broad, the receptacle

476 A FLORA OF MANILA

flat or nearly so, the paleae narrow. Ray-flowers female, about 2-seriate,
fertile or sterile, white, the ligule small, narrow, entire or 2-toothed. Disk-
flowers very numerous, perfect, fertile, tubular, the limb 4- or 5-fid.
Achenes compressed, truncate or 2-aristate; pappus none. (Greek “to be
deficient,” alluding to the absence of pappus.)

Species 3 or 4, of wide tropical distribution, at least 2 in the Philippines.

Coarse, erect, more or less densely hirsute, the leaves up to 9 cm leng,

ot top fC) i Tet cs RSE ieee ARS. Slidell ceaian bs crbsietec ts. 1. EL. zippeliana -
Rather slender, usually prostrate or spreading, strigillose but not hirsute,
the leaves 1 to 5 cm long, subentire..........2.2222.222-c.e.eeceeeneceeeeee 2. E. alba

1. E. ZIPPELIANA Bl.

A very coarse, densely hirsute, ssstth branched herb 0.3 to 1.5 m high,
the stems often reddish. Leaves 3 to 9 cm long, sessile, oblong-obovate
to lanceolate, hirsute, acuminate, base narrowed, margins irregularly and
rather coarsely spinulose-toothed. Heads ovoid, 6 to 7 mm long, 5 to 6
mm in diameter, larger in fruit, the peduncles hirsute, 1 cm long or less,
the bracts green, hairy, as long as or exceeding the flowers. Ligules of
the ray-flowers about 1.5 mm long. Achenes black, 3 mm long, apex hairy.

In open damp places, scattered, fl. all the year; of wide Philippine
distribution, apparently not native. Java, and probbly in other parts of
Malaya.

2. E. ALBA (L.) Hassk.

A decumbent, spreading, or sometimes suberect, strigillose, annual herb,
the stems rather slender, usually reddish, up to 30 cm in length or more.
Leaves sessile, entire or slightly toothed, linear-oblong to lanceolate, acute
or blunt, 1 to 5 cm long. Peduncles 3 cm long or less. Heads ovoid, 5 to 6
mm long, about 5 mm in diameter, in fruit much wider, the bracts strigillose
but not hirsute. Achenes black, 3 mm long, apex glabrous, or slightly
hairy.

In open waste places, low damp lands, etc., common, fi. all the year;
throughout the Philippines, certainly introduced. All tropical and sub-
tropical countries.

20. HELIANTHUS Linnaeus

Coarse, erect, simple or branched, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves
opposite or alternate, ample, toothed or lobed. Heads often very large,
solitary or corymbose, long-peduncled. Ray-flowers several to many, yel-
low. Disk-flowers perfect, very numerous, brown or yellow. Involucre-
bracts herbaceous or foliaceous, imbricate. Receptacle flat or convex, the
persistent chaffy scales embracing the 4-angled, compressed, smooth achenes.
Pappus very deciduous, of 2, thin, chaffy scales on the principal angles, and
sometimes 2 or more intermediate ones. (Greek “sun” and “flower.”)

Species 55, in temperate and tropical America, 2 introduced and cul-
tivated in the Philippines.

*1. H. ANNUUS L. Girasol (Sp.); Sunflower.

A coarse. stout, rough, erect, annual herb 1 to 3 m in height. Leaves
ovate, serrate, acuminate, the lowest ones sometimes cordate, 10 to 25 cm
long. Heads usually solitary, often very large, up to 20 em in diameter,
the rays yellow, spreading.

COMPOSITAE ATT

Occasionally cultivated, fl. Oct—May. A native of tropical America,
introduced and cultivated here for ornamental purposes, not spontaneous.

Helianthus cucumerifolius Torr. and Gray, a native of the south-eastern
United States and Mexico is a recent introduction, occasionally found in
cultivation. It differs from H. annuus in its smaller size, slender, much-
branched, mottled stems, long-peduncles, much smaller heads and caudate-
acuminate involucral-bracts.

21. WEDELIA Jacquin

Scabrid, wide-spreading, coarse or slender, often climbing herbs. Leaves
opposite, ovate. Heads axillary or terminal, peduncled, yellow. Ray-
flowers female, 1-seriate, the ligule spreading, often toothed. Disk-flowers
many, perfect, the limb tubular, 5-toothed. Involucral-bracts about 2-
seriate, the outer few often foliaceous. Receptacle flat, the scales enclos-
ing the flowers. Achenes cuneate-oblong or obovoid, angled or compressed,
margins obtuse or thickened; pappus none or a toothed cup or ring, or
of scales. (In honor of G. W. Wedel, a German botanist.)

Species about 45, tropical and subtropical, 1 or 2 in the Philippines.

Leaves ovate, 3 to 12 em wide; a coarse spreading or climbing plant.
1. W. biflora
Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5 cm wide or less, base narrowed; a
Gens Mn eco es Beh atc td carat ae 2. W. prostrata

1. W. biflora (L.) DC. Hagonoy (Tag.).

A climbing, scaberulous, herbaceous vine. Leaves ovate, acuminate,
rather coarsely serrate, 6 to 18 cm long, base rounded, triplinerved, the
petioles 2 to 6 cm long. Heads 3 cm in diameter or less, peduncled, 1 to 3,
sometimes more, in the upper axils, the peduncles T to 10 cm long. Involu-
cral-bracts narrowly oblong, somewhat recurved, pubescent, equaling or
exceeding the disk. Ray-flowers 6 to 15, the ligule oblong, yellow, 3-toothed,
6 to 12 mm long. Disk-flowers numerous, yellow or yellowish-brown.

Along the seashore, in thickets, common, fl. all the year; in littoral
districts throughout the Philippines. India to China through Malaya to
Polynesia.

2. W. PRoSTRATA (H. & A.) Hemsl.

A slender, spreading, strigose-pubescent plant, the branches usually less
than 50 cm long. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 4.5 cm long,
narrowed at both ends, entire or obscurely toothed, strigose on both
surfaces. Heads peduncled, about 1 cm in diameter, yellow, the bracts
oblong-ovate, not spreading.

In open grassy places near the walled city, rare, fl. Jan—March, and
probably in other months; otherwise unknown in the Philippines, and
undoubtedly introduced here. Japan to Formosa and southern China.

22. COSMOS Linnaeus

Erect branched herbs with lobed to pinnately divided leaves. Heads
peduncled, heterogamous, the ray flowers variously colored or white. In-
volucre subhemispheric, the bracts 2-seriate, connate near the base. Recep-
tacle flat, somewhat scaly. Ray-flowers ligulate, the limb spreading, usually
toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, tubular, the limb 5-toothed. Achenes nar-

A478 A FLORA OF MANILA

row, somewhat 5-angled, beaked at the top, with 2 to 4, barbed or hispid,
deciduous awns. (Greek “ornament.”’)
Species 10 or more in tropical America, 2 introduced in the Philippines.

1. C. cAuDATUS HBK.

A coarse, erect, branched herb 0.8 to 1.5 m high, glabrous. Leaves up
to 20 cm long, 2- or 3-pinnately dissected, the lobes narrow, oblong, mostly
acuminate. Heads in the upper axils, long-peduncled, about 3 cm in
diameter, the involucral-bracts green, linear, about 1.5 cm long. Ray-
flowers pink or pale-purple, about 1.5 cm long, 3-cleft. Disk-flowers yellow.
Achenes fusiform, about 2 cm long, including the long, slender scabrid
beak which bears 2 slender, spreading retrorsely scabrid awns. (FI. Filip.
p. 287.)

In waste places, dry soil, common, fl. all the year; introduced from
tropical America at an early date, now thoroughly naturalized and widely
distributed in the Philippines.

Some horticultural forms, chiefly with yellow flowers, are cultivated by
local gardeners.

23. BIDENS Linnaeus

Annual, erect, branched herbs, with opposite, toothed or incised or 1-
or 2-pinnate leaves. Heads corymbosely panicled, rayed, the rays yellow
or nearly white, the disk-flowers perfect. Involucre green, ovoid or cylin-
dric, the bracts about 2-seriate, their bases connate, the outer ones narrow,
the inner broader. Anther-cells entire or subsagittate. Achenes 4-angled
or compressed, linear, the pappus of 2 to 4, rigid, retrosely barbed bristles.
(Latin “two” and “tooth,” from the 2-awned achenes of some species.)

Species about 50, mostly American, about 3 in the Philippines.

1. B. prnosa L. Beggar-ticks.

An erect, branched, usually more or less hairy herb 0.2 to 1.5 m high,
very variable. Leaves 15 cm long or less, the upper one usually much
smaller, 1- or 2-pinnatifid, the segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed,
2 to 5 em long. Heads long-peduncled, about 8 mm long in flower, the
disk-flowers brown or yellowish, the rays yellow or nearly white, the inner
involucral-bracts with broad scarious margins. Achenes linear, black,
1 to 1.5 em long, 4-awned at the apex.

In waste places, Malabon, fi. Oct.-Nov., and probably in other months;
widely distributed in the Philippines, and certainly introduced. All warm
countries.

24. LACTUCA Linnaeus

Erect, simple or branched, usually glabrous herbs with milky sap..
Leaves radical and alternate, entire, toothed or variously pinnate or pin-
_ natifid, often stem-clasping and auricled. Heads sessile or peduncled,
panicled, homogamous. Flowers all ligulate, yellow. Involucre usually
narrow, the bracts few-seriate, thin; receptacle flat, naked. Achenes com-
pressed, ovoid-oblong to narrow, beaked, ribbed. Pappus copious, the hairs
white, slender, usually with a ring of very short hairs at the base.
(Ancient Latin name of the lettuce.)

Species about 10 in the north temperate region, 3 in the Philippines,
the following introduced and cultivated.

*1. L. sativa L. Lechuga (Sp.-Fil.) ; Lettuce.
An erect, usually simple, annual, glabrous herb reaching a height of 1
m. Leaves 6 to 20 em long, obovate to oblong-obovate, entire or lobed,

COMPOSITAE A779
toothed, thin, the basal ones numerous. Heads numerous about 1 cm long,
in open panicles, the branches often with much reduced, bract-like leaves.
Flowers yellow.

Extensively cultivated for the local markets, occasionally flowering; not
spontaneous. A native of Europe, now cultivated in all warm countries.

25. SONCHUS Linnaeus

Annual or perennial, erect herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate,
those of the stem often clasping, toothed or pinnatifid, segments often
spinulose-toothed. Heads in lax, subcorymbose panicles, yellow. Flowers
all ligulate. Involucre cylindric to campanulate, the bracts several-seriate,
the outer ones shorter; receptacle naked. Achenes ovoid to ellipsoid, com-
pressed, not beaked, the ribs smooth or wrinkled; pappus white, the hairs
very numerous, slender. (The ancient Greek name for some species.)

Species about 25, in the north temperate region, few in tropical countries,
2 introduced in the Philippines.

1. S. OLERACEUS L.

An erect, annual herb, pubescent or slightly glandular, 40 to 60 cm
high, branched above. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, coarsely lyrately lobed,
the lobes somewhat reflexed, spinulose-toothed, those of the stem clasping
at the base, 10 to 20 cm long. Heads peduncled, about 1 cm long, the
bracts glabrous, thin, green; flowers numerous, yellow. Achenes nearly
8 mm long, ribbed, rough.

Casual in disturbed or cultivated soil, fl. April-Aug., occasional in the
Philippines, especially in the Mountain Province, Luzon. A native of
Europe, now a widely distributed weed of cultivation.

26. CREPIS Linnaeus

Annual, glabrous or hairy, erect herbs. Leaves mostly radical and
rosulate, some cauline, entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Heads small, corym-
bose, yellow, flowers all homogamous and ligulate. Involucre cylindric,
the outer few bracts very much smaller than the linear, 1-seriate, inner
ones. Achenes small, many-ribbed, narrowed at both ends; pappus soft,
white. (Ancient Greek name for some plant, from the Greek “sandal.”)

Species 130 or more, mostly in the north temperate zone of the Old
World, 1, probably introduced, in the Philippines.

1. C. JAPONICA (L.) Benth.

An erect, slender, annual, glabrous or slightly pubescent herb 15 to 30
em high, stems one to several from each root. Radical leaves obovate,
thin, sinuate-toothed to nearly entire, 5 to 15 cm long. Stems slender,
erect, nearly leafless, corymbosely branched at the top, the branches spread-
ing. Heads 5 to 6 mm long, the involucral bracts green.

Occasional as a weed in gardens, fl. all the year; widely distributed in
the Philippines chiefly at medium altitudes in cultivated ground, ete.
Widely distributed in tropical Asia, extending to Mauritius, Japan, and
Malaya.

In addition to the species above considered, several representatives of
the family are cultivated in Manila, from annually imported seeds, such as
Zinnia elegans L., various horticultural forms of Coreopsis, a species of
Aster, locally known as “consueldo,” and some forms of Dahlia.

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: Page. |
0 Se ea a 154)
Abelmosehus ooo... a Se! |
=) XT ae . 249
TA LS eee ce Oe eee 318
Acacia ........ 225, 227, 238 |
FEN pel i) eee era eae ae 292
Acanthaceanes .....c..n..ccscccscseniene 433
Acanthus
Acanthus Family ................ 433
PATON aS el ts 234
Achras
UTI ih ee ee ees 333
Achuete Family... 333
Achyranthes . 194 /

111555——31

INDEX

Page.
Alicbangon Family .............. 137
“ML 5: RES SS . 294
BUS SS aa eae . 298
Allamanda.......... . 812
Alligator Pear . . 211
YN 1c ee ee . 143
Allophylus . 804)
Almendras ..... . 349
Alocasia ....... . 182 |
ATR NE is SS eae oe nO 177
MRI IAN Ulli noes bee eed
Alstonia Family .
Alternanthera oo...
(Re ea ae eee ore

Alupag Family

Alysicarpus 02 .iscc
PASE 2 ie a knee Se SR
Amamaili_............
Amaranthaceae ...

Amaranthus _............ . 192
Amaranthus Family . 189
Amargoso _........... . 461
Amaya) een. . 474
Amaryllis Family .....000.......... 145
Amaryllidaceae ...................... 145 |

Amazon Lily

Aeschynomene =
PRN eS 200 | AANIOLES BECOB 2.--—--n-- nari, SB |
Aemodrn, a2 374, Amorphophallus .................... 130 |
Ampalaya " |
| Anacardiaceae ue 298 |
b AIRCATOIUNN , . --.2.2<ic scat 299

FT a Anahao :
Agoho Family .... | Anahao Family .....................-- 121
Aguingay .......... TEAST AAT ea Se ee ee 136
PUMOMCCRE Ea chiaee | Anatto _......... . 333
bn LU (Jo, oer Sn a a | Andropogon 81
Ajo | Aneilema ............. . 188
PT) | gene ee ae | Angiospermae 65
Pitas Ci eo a as | Anilao S 313
Alagao-baguin .. 405| Anilao Family . . 312 |
Alagao-dagat 405 | Aninapla ................. wa 226 |
PTC Pl a aE 55 | Anis er aes . 869 |
‘ Alasan .. 306; Anis Family ............ 259
LLY Ch Ree Se AOS | Anisomeles .uu.........--..-cccc-c.000 411
CONC ae eee left ANONRCCRC 222 ees 205
Aleaparro . -. 216 | Fe i ae ee CORRE M OE,
LP Ty OS a ee 297| Anonang Family .................. 393 |
MG rite, ths 290 Anona 207 |
Algodon _......... ww. $24, 825 | Anonas a a:
Alicbangon. .... mee =, 168} Anredera . ....::..... .. 201 |

| Antidesma
| Antigonon

Apluda
Apocynaceae

. Arthraxon

| Arundinella

ApOnotis? 53 eae
Aposotis Family .
Araceae

Arbol del fuego ...
Ardisia Family
Areca

Arenga a
ASP RONG ois osccsnsaSecbassccacalronon
1 334 1: a OS ace eee
Aristida
Aristolochia. .....

Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia Family ............ 186
SOTTO sage ee 227, 228
ASAIN 6 <vscgstecsadigsnnlsapietcTapenage 163
Arourou Family . . 163
ANow ieoot 2.2 Stee 163
Arrow Root Family ............ 163
Aeron <......... 4.0 eee 97
ASERBOUPGSH « :...-.scaiecccteeeeng es 206
Artemisia
Artocarpus

Arum Family

Arytera

| Asclepiadaceae .

Asclepias
Asimao
Asis
Asparagus
Asparagus
Als Om RUM isc ceciertee
Ye ep a ae RD. Se
Ates
Athyrium
Atylosia
Aurora
Averrhoa .
AVicenni. ..<<.cicntsenoans
Avocado
POST ras senorita teenie

481

Page. |
DA -OETYOBATA 8) aos ccssecovicsteenshsenst ecicanss 467 |
Ayo Ri) Se RP LOH
Ayo Family ... 809
Ayong-gala dogs 1 fib
Porn e eee .. 866
ASU CETIAG cera eacse Sets ees 146

B

Bacan
Bacao
Bacavan ~ joe St 847, 348
Bacauan Family .................... 346
Bacon . 147
Bacopa 421
Badiang 133
Bagalnga 276
Bagaolan 450 |
Bagarilao .. 247
Bagauac 402
f5f2 fr 0} rpg coi seers aap Nea i =: Reis 278
Baguilumbang 0.00... 290
EL: CT jie pale ines = ero Reese 202
Balabalatungan .. 244
W312 FLU] 1:1 emma opment tan Bee 250
[ai LEI ce age aehemaee petit 66, 111
Balangot Family ................ 106
LUN 58 2 a ier 408
Balanti .. 297
Balasbas 439
BHlAvOn i ce ae 236
HIER or LD
Balete Family Ret by
Balibago _......... .. 828
1 SNC) OF liaee ti as aerial Bee 247
LSE TT Pilea l? Sete Aedes shea eh 91
Balinaunau . 805
Balinhasay ~....... _.. 300
Balloon Vine . .. 804
1 SUE 1 ae ar ee phe aoe Pao 307
Balsam "Family ..........:....00.. 306
BaAlsamiiria” os: a, OU
Balsaminaceae _.. 306
BAM fc . 105
RS ATTA SR cee ce ecae = 105
S571 9 ue iene es ete ac ae 5 Nile 341
Banaba Family .. 840
S51 E10 de Aaa cae ne 142
BaAnMAgO ee ese 324
USES 0 2 he an Ie peo 154
Banana Family .................----: 153
Banato .. 294
Bancal 446
F208 (et 138 ae a et ttt Ea 453
Bandera Espanola ................ 162
NSFC heel Pe Pet B nee fot 327
Banig-usa .. 242
Bansslacuin 0. eee 363
Banucalad 290
Baquisquis eon UBD
Barabay we 009
Barae tn ete .. 158
Barbas baquero ..................-- 461
Barleris (oh a eee 436
Barringtonia .. 845
Barringtonia Family .......... 345
Leth | eRe oe eee eee cee Ten 98

INDEX

Bitongol Family
Bixa

Bixacede re eats
Bixa Family

Bladderwort Family ........ 432
Blechum

Bluebell Family ......................-. 462
lee) (Garis fee ents, nese 351
Blumea ...... . 469
NEC) 0 yadda pp 327
IBODDY a. eee 326
Boboy> isnatly. cas 325
Boehmeria te. 181
Boerhvaavia AST
Bombacaceae 325

BoOmbpax oe oe 325 |

O2cae: 2 =
Gacao~ Family 22..22052-.
Cacauate

Page. Page.

TAGRUAS clean tee salt cceseccee 200} Bombax Family .................... 325
Basellaceae ..... . 200} Bonac ........... . 407
Basella Family 200 | Bonnaya. ........... . 425
TBBLOT. Sos tie orca ee 145| Borage Family ...................... 393
Baston de San José .......... 145 | Boraginaceae 2000 393
IN REO wi ieeeese eee Botorncillo V3 ee 191
Batad-batadan otorie’® <2 eee 845
ATAO. 4. Os Bougainvilles:, = ee 196
Datleulings 0a ee Bowstring Hemp .....”.......... 144
Baticuling Family ................ 209 | Boyot-boyoe ..........ccscscceseseceeeee 461
| Batobatonis .............. 283| Brassica

Bauang 144 Breadfruit

Bayabas ... 358 | Breynia ...........

Pauninig ee ee 230'|Bridelia 226 eee
Sey 2h oer es ane $30} Bromeliaceae ou... 136
Bean | Bruguiera .......

Bean Family Brunfelsia

Beet : Bryophyllum ...

Berearticks: <ioss eee 478 | Buboy-gubat

Begonia PeNOULeIAy st ee se eee
Begoniaceae Bucasbueas ...

Béevonia hamiy 338 | Buchanania

Bejuce’ 2 ee Buckthorn Family ..
Belamcanda pedenavista eee
MeniICass es ees 259'| Balzer) oe ee eee
Berenjena .. Bulacbulacan ..

Berea ee es eee Bulac-castila

Hercia’ Family’... 332 | Bulac-manoe “
Bermuda Grass ........02.2.0......- 103:| Bolatlana 222. cee

Beta toe a eee 169) BL ec 2 eee 123
Betel-nut Palm Bunga

Betel- Pepper? 170; Bunga de China 000... 127
BiaO) Re ee ee 290 | Bunga de Jolo ....................... 127
Bid ay ya ee eee 408’) Biraelon t= 2 shen See ce
Bidens soe ec ere 4718 ) Bune vbtih te ae ee
Biga Buntot-tigre

Bignay-pogo ..................-. PAS Aol lp 50 Bo tier nomen eek eect koe
Bignoniaceae _..o. ee 426 | Burseraceae

Bignonia Family .................... 426 Busain

SUT s ah 0) Gel deh wae ame gee ae bartonc pe 266| Buta 298
Bilimbing Family ... 298
Binayoyo! 2

Bingabinwe =. fe vee ee

Binonva eee eee CADStIEL a eet eee 309
Biophytarni se ee Cabbage een = eee 214
Bird’s Nest Fern ... Caballero _............... 281, 232
Rischofia 20ers Cabello del angel 00000... 383
PIS COM ee Fn woe avers Cablin sate 222 ae ee 411
Perino eee ee ee 829; Cablin Family .. . 406
tonal erect ee Cabo negro _ . 126

Cactaceae

Cactus: Family’) 2 338
Cadena de amor .................... 188
Cadling 2s ee=

Cadlom: «2:05 2455

Caesalpinia

Caesalpinioideae ............ 221, 229
Cate 22ers 451
Caguios ...... . 255
Cahelosscs::: . 270
Cajanus ............ . 255
Calabash Tree o...:.......2..0...--- 430

Calabaza

Calabaza Family

Calachuchi . 869
Caladium ... .. 181
Galagre 5................. .. 450
Calamansi .. 270
Calamismis .. . 264
Calamondin .............. ey!)
en easements 1) | |
Calapini

Calathea ..

Calonyction

Calophyllum aoa OUR
Calot-calotan 314, 319, $21
wemlogmeee ee 407
Se EE Se aed 353
Calucalumpangan .

SAYCIA SS SR ee
Calumpang .. ee ate
Calumpang pianiiy

CAS Re Eee aos 321

Camagon ......
Camagon Maunily-

Camagsa

Camagsa-obat
Camanchiles

Camange
Camansi

Camantigui
Camantigui
Camaria

Camat-cabag

Camate

Family ...

Camote Family ...................... 381
Camoteng-cahoy ...................... 297
Campanilla

Campanulacezae ..................-...-. 462
OL TERUDE 1) 0, nee Saas See 365
Camuning . 269
CS (gon ia aa noe 208
2 TE (he 208
emir avaniee es eT 273
Canarium Family ... . 278
Rxieweny wee NE 257
Pn ee $92
signe. “NG FO 290
Canela

Canna

RI UNNI a ee onece 160
Canna Family .. . 160
Cansasayao AR
OSD Se Sy |
GatieeGepercauri Tass 255
CS RNT II aeons nncntcencan evens 455
ET ec a 78

| Celastrus
| Celastrus Family ....

| Celosia

INDEX

Page.
LE Re 126
Caper Family ...icc0. 214
Capparidaceae oe 214
Capparis
Capsicum
Capulco
Capurco ....
Caputi
Cardiospermum ooo... 304
Carica
TOMTIROOORRS. (ks 887
A eR GES 859
Carum
Caryota :
RSLHOEYIG <5... dene cata hacs 335
ES eee, . 299
Cashew Family .... 298
Casopanguil . 402
SOT ae le . 299
Cassava ...... . 297
i . 288
SPORSY UNG) cities eee 211
AStOMEs 9254s cee 201
Pept ORs tates. 5 Sine 177
Castilloa Rubber Tree ........ 177
Castor Oil Plant 200000000... 296
ashuly, 22.20. Mee
Casuarinaceae oo...
EOE tr oe a ere

Casuarina Family
OT Yi er eae inet oe Ad
Catmon
Catmon Family
Cat-tail
Cat-tail Family .
Caturay
Cauayan
Cauayan China
Cauayan quiling ....
Cauayan totoo ....

Caucauayan _ .............-.....
Cauit-cauitan | ..............—.
Cayomanis . 5... 2

Ceara Rubber Tree ............ 295
ROEHON ey foc ROE ene 144
Ceiba . 826

Celastraceae °

Colerg se

Cenchrus ....
Centella
Centipeda

Centotheca
Centranthera ....

| Centrosema ............

Century Plant
| Ceratophyllaceae . 202
Ceratophyllum . 202

Ceratophyllum Family ........

Ceratopteris 59
Cerbera ............ . 869
le eae . 839
; Ceropteris 52

| Coffee .

_S 1 REAR Mi ES TF, LT .. 894
Chaa-bundoe
Chamaeraphis
Champaca.( .02.....2ee
Champaca Family
Champacang-puti
Champerela ©. 2.0.5.2...
Cheilanthes 0.0...
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium ....
Chicharo
Chichirica
WRNGO) « coinctnon
Chico Family ..
ener ls
Chile Pepper ....
Chloris
Chocolate, —..... 232
Chrysanthemum
Cieen) eet
CGmamomo) oi... ee
Cinamomo de China aetna
Cinco llagas

Cinco llagas na puti
Cinnamomum
Cinnamon

Ciprés
Ciruela
Cissampelos
Cissus
Citrullus ...
Citrus
Clausena .

Cleisostoma

Clematis Family .................... 202
Cleome eee . 216
Clerodendron ............... . 401

Climbing Fern Tailor ou
Chtores: 2...
Clubmoss Family

Cobamba
Coca Family .-
Cocaine Plant

| Cochineal Plant ................
| Cock’s Comb .

Coconut
CHORUS = 2 oicnemete
Codiaeum
COTTON «skein:
Coffee Family
Cogon

STEN: sidensepeaconnc
Coldenia
Coles-maluco
Coleus .......
Colinta

Colites ........
Colites Family
Colo
COIOCERIR arocceaccvescsirenecrentbnesicnsons
Colocogo
Colotang- haga

484 INDEX
Page | Page. )

CO eb Dit Niet aR: Eek 309 | Sseathile sh ae 194

CDA 5 FRR D eae B18 | Cycadaceae 2uu......e.eccscseccececeessee 64

Combretaceae ....-.scsemeecrescices BAB | BICC OS co cnrecatn neste eiten 64.

Combretum ..........2..l22ck. 350; Cycas Family ..........e 64 |

Commelina Cyclophorus

Commelinaceae oo... 187 Cymbidium

Compnsitae int. x22 G4 | (Cenoton oe ee

Composite Family i 464 | Cynometra .

Conchophyllum ... | Cyperaceae

Gendol a... PCYPELUs — ceosres....-s

30 | END rs iy Rate: Br Orypress “Vine ........saeenee 383

Connaraceae Cypripedium ..0..........eeteccccacis 165

CPA BIUS a bccnoccarcasroee

Connarus Family D

Consuelda ou... Dactyloctenium =... 104

Consueldo by [11h Es i sae iNeed cee Ss 479

Convolvulaceae 20..............00--- Walbervia: 0. aes oe 247

Cerales | Dalunot. .............. . 180

Coral Flower ........
Corazon de Maria

@@rchorvs. oo see.cermeer ante o14'| Dampalit .........-...
O6rdla. eiceceee eS | Dancalan. j.....--...
Cordyline 'Danglin ..... we,

Coreopsis .... | Dap-dap _ ............:--
Coriander Dapo-boho ..............
Coriandum | Dapo Family

5353p et NEE deter | Dapo mariposa ....
Corona de espinas Dapo sa bacauan

., 131, Damong-maria

Dama de noche ....

mera 198 |

BROT eee a et : RAO LEI ee eee ee:

DOE DUR, esos see rane Pe LE ee SP res Se eo |
POR TOS cect ee ere LD ENF? bf: Ap ae aS nC 413
Costus ELLE: STE: aa Sa eae 215, 230
Cotton | Dauag Family .. 214 |
Crassulaceae ........cccccsccee cesses Daucus, 5)... ss ee 359
Gree Myrtle) ae Bavalion oo. eee 50)
Prepis 2.2... Sete: Bayan. =
(Grescentia, “years 2. ohio 11 2h 0 eae ae ee
Semum |S . Deeringia ..
Crossostephium Melonix (oh
Grotalarian sh eee. 32 babes Dendrobium ................... 164, 167 |
Croton Dentea et i eee 446
Crown of Thorns Perris 2 . 247 |
Grucifereae. oe alee. Desmodium .. . 238 |
Cryptomenria. . ....... Srea...u Dichiptera. “1.2.5 2h 434
Cryptostegia. 1.0202 Aes Dicotyledoneae ow... 168
Gubilan. .......2 Didymoplexis

Cuchai Picitaria ||.

Cucharitas | Digman ........2......s.

Cucumber Digman-palay

Cucumis Dilaois i ee ded a 158
Cucurbita Dilang-baca .. . 840
Cucurbitaceae 2.0... cei Ri S SULT E sis Cage he tate, paar 441
Cudrania, (2 o> ae Diliuario Family .................... 433
E11) 6 a ee IE Pe oe Ee, | Dilleniaceae © q........--c-eiien-te 331
WiWNAntA esc ee WONG Pee a Ben 331
Culantrillo oad | Dillenia Family

Gulantro-;.. 5 ae eo ($80) Bimeria 88 te
a6 oe, eee oe Bile ATOSCOLGA ye te ca acer ahs

Culis Family

Cunti . ....

Cupang ....

Cupressus
Cureuma

Custard A
Cyanotis

. 853 Dioscoreaceae ..
z 416 | Diospyros ..........
.. 229 Diplachne ......

Bee tee! ae 65: Diplacrum ............

Se Sats ite muna 6 Ts! | Dischidia ................
Custard Apple: 2.7. DOCG

pple Family ...... 205 | Dita Family
ent Spddeeteals, Shee ee 139 Dolichandrone

.. 368 |
428 |

| Erythroxylum

‘Page.
MOICHOS: .........384 Laren eee
Doleerin 7 oo on ee 441
Dopatrivmn ol. - cba 426
Drynaria
Dryopteris
Duckweed
Duckweed Family ................ 134
PAclay .. 2 eee 308

Dahat oe 352

Duhatdubatan .4 3 ss27ee 209
Dahat Kamily 0. sak, 350
Dunbaria «0... ee eee
Danron 2822.
Dungon-late
ALLE py SR eee
Wersnta ae ee
BISON oe 8s nace ene eee
Dysoxylum

E
ibenacese =” Ss Saas 363
Ebony: Family <= > 2s 363
Melipta’ 8 - 475
Hel’ Grass’ soe . 69
| Eel Grass Family .... . 68
Rise Plant 2S eee 416
fibvetia ao eee 394
Elaeis
Elatinaceae
Elatostema
Bicocharis. «2.2 eae

\ablephantopus gente

Elephant’s Ear
I OTISINIG eee. ees eek Ane pears
Eleutherine ee os
dm” Pamily 122} eee
PNY CV ATID acl boast tate ee
Emilia é
Ponty bse ee ee ee
Pnterolobium ..o2..: ase
Mpaltes 3s
Eragrostis
Eranthemum
1D Fe Haan altos ML dees Salt A By
Hriceron, | oo. eee
Eriocaulaceae
Eriocaulon
Eriochloa ..... Re
ry tira <2) 2 ee ee
Erythroxylaceae

Eseoban-haba
PSParrago” 2.x... eee
mstrella: tk eee ee

i Bucalyptus fol an

Eucharis
Eugenia
Hn patorivim , is... ee
Euphorbia _.........

Euphorbiaceae .....

Euphorbia Family . a
BMnphoria Sete. kee 305
MTV CIES oy ec, ee 1494
Evening Primrose Family.. 354
Evolvulus ................ Wr ..... S82

Excoecaria

Fatoua

SILAS hs eee Sr ae eS 172
MOI PIBtYLIS 2... csccesenneceseye 115
DSN LS a 231
PSOE et 3 hs ih rs sth hal 334
Flacourtiaceae ... 334
Flacourtia Family ............... 834
MUBIDOOGONG eS colecsciann 231
POUR OVE LOG oon ccibieciccesvichs 231
DOL ETT Cl C ee ae 252
ON ees er sk re hia 181
Ea OE a pee
Foeniculum

Fragaria ........ 219
Frangipangi 369
Fresa

INDEX 485
Page. Page.

Grammatophyllum ................ TOG | Fein laloyvon’ ©. jena states 895
PGT SR. dc. Gees rehaciets eed $44 | Hippocrateaceae ..... 802
Granada Family .. . 844) Hippocratea Family . . 802
PRBOTIBUIUG © od... cenebtode 336 | Homonoia eae |
ee _ 471 | Horseradish Tree ............... 217
Grape Family ............ ROD | TRO GS ss cccsecheorssctbvecass . 380
Seeagae: ViN Gy scsc5.sdokebobed $11| Hoya Cruz ..... . 430
Graptophyllum _ 489) Hydrilla................ 69
Grass Family ........... _ 1! Hydrocharitaceae 2.0000... 68
Grave-yard Flower . . 869| Hydrocotyle ere
Green Pepper ooocccccccceeeeeee 418 | Hydrolea Family .
Green Gram ooncs.ecccsecssesesceessse 262 | Hydrophyllaceae
Grewia 812. | Hywrophila .oiici..ccc:.cssesccepeneesers
Guanabanos . v..ccccsccccceccessceceects 207 | Hymenocallis 20.........cccccceeee
Guava 353} Hypobatherum .........cee

Guiling-guilingan ....

Guinea Grass
Guing-guing
Guin-guin one!
Gir08s - Se nn oo eee

sen eneseneensseesesersnseonssenay snacecaee

286 | Guayabas
359 | Guettarda

Hyptis

Iba
Ichnocarpus
Iemo
Iemo Family

G AIO 55s ae F
Toone inch LOE | Ganpawder® Plant. 2 sada 182 - eg itera Me
Gabi Family 128 Gusol nenpseo pcan tnahichetienadideitass ee 157 Tlan -ilan 208
Galactia .............. 259 | Guttapercha Family ............ 362 eae daha beaks 1": 206
Galamai-amo ... CONES ike: rr A 382 | In; ) c abort
Galphimia ...... . 217 / Gymnema isera.

STAND eo octet dient 276 | Gymnospermae _ ............0.-.200: 64 “a8 gevonis
Garcinia Family _......... 332 Gymnosporia 0.0... 802 er ihe . ) ae
| STG TELS Ee le ea Aa 449) Gynandropsis ........0.2c:0-ee 216 I -s Sea eae Fee
[OES ee ae ee BC eee 144 rig oes
Inata Family ....
Gauay-gauay Indi Al d
COUEL tT 2 U1 i ae na NBibe) Se a aan Bock.
Gentianaceae uw... 3867 Habenaria ees ORE ee
Z 2 3 India-rubber Tree ............. . 175
Gentian Family .000000000.. 867 | Habichuela .. Wiian’ Shot .
Geodorum . 166 | Hagod ........ ; oe
- Wngigow an...
Geraniaceae .. . 267 | Hagonoy -
. . . Indigofera
Gesmeriaceae oo... ees pI SOS 0 ly ee a tise
Gesneria Family ................... 431 | Halobagat i ee sk
A : ageless
Campers snes Halophila Eoclanel
Ginger Family ..... cL aS Ag 4
E : ; Ipil
Ginseng Family .. Hampas-tigbalang 0... 142 I
i pomoea
OTe eee a RETO oso cessnsco osteo ese 171 Seidasene
Le oo ec i re Hanagdong Family .............. 171 . P
JOS CR SS OCU] k degerteaeiete dae
Globba. <...... Haras
ae J P Lo 7 RR et ee te Bee Pn
Glochidion Harrisonia it
: ice ACTINIC” 52255-0520 sere
Gloria, :..... Havili
Cacia Heaychi 156 Ischaemum. .......
i POV CII. oo cosescosscansecssegeranseennte Ischnostemma _ 877
Lo TTF: Sa ee eae REGTET UU Coes ees ee 476 T5i5 Se 474
Heliconia 155 Isis na puti .... fees ae
Gogon-toco ............ 12 C0 a: rc eee 829 | eotoma 462
CE TG ba ts 1: eR Dae Mislintropium. «cis 805! yng Vee _ 451
Gaietiinan | 32 atieny): Hemigraphis .......... ie
Golasiman Family Hemionitis ............... J
Gomamels -- ses ERAIITIR oe. cicasteomms
Gomamela de China Henna Family ...................- _ 840 | Jacaranda . 427
Gomamela Family DOS GS 328 | Jak-fruit ............... . 116
Gamvphrena eins: |Hernandiaceae . B12 | Feasrin’ on eeceeenneeeeeeeeerescenereee BOD
Goodeniaceae 2.00. Hernandia Family .... 212 | Sasminum oneness 365
Goosefoot Family MIRE 8 capac o> cos trsinancectep na 422 | Jatropha. ............ . 289
CN 1 i a RENE Coser ceencct cl at 293 | Job’s Tears... 15
Cn) ae a Stee Hewittia . 887 | Juncellus. ............... . 109
Gourd Family ERIS) “hte. <adas neces 322 | Jussiaea . 355
rn ET 103 | Hibiscus Family eee BIB | DUStici a 2... eeereenneneeesesensenrenneaneee 435
CN OT en 71 | Hinguio . 875 | Jute 815

486

Kaempferia
Kalanchoe
Kapoe
Kigelia

Kosteletzkya
Kyllinga

Labiatae
Lacatan ...
Dactues hie. oe ne
agennrr ee
Lagerstroemia
Lagitie

Lagnob

Lagundi

Lampacanay
Lampoyang
12S «VOCs eet anrntndete eS a owt
Laniti ......
Lansium
Lansones
Lantana
Lantin

Lanutan Family
Laportea
Tagas Sete paige aaa
Lauas Family
Lauraceae .......
Laurel Family ..
Latue-latucan
haavsonian el... eee
Leadwort Family .
Lechuga

Leea
Leek

Leguminosae
Lemna

Pi@ONUTUS tn ton ta ee ee
Lepidagathis
Lepistemon
Leptochloa
Letondal

1 BES 50 (Pe ae AR LT REE ae 6 ose
Leucaena
Leucas ..
Lia
Lia Family
Libato

Ligaa
Ligaa Family
LAS RB Se on hee tee
Liliaceae

299
eR Pr tas at 141

INDEX

Page.
| STO’ wk SU ei eee Magnoliaceae 22d. ceseee 204
Lily Family | Magnolia Family ..00... 204

Lima Bean | Maguey ............

Dima-linis «<6. 3 eee Maguey Family
Bmnephile si eee 423'| Maguilie. cis ee es
Tamon® .2.3.. .. 271, Maiden Hair Fern
Limoncito DAT Maia na
| Lindenbergia ._.... |. 422 | Maize ........
Linden Family..." * 535 $12 | Malabaguio its. ee
KEnga ~ 5..- See te) STE 431, || Malabulae. eee
Linga Family . 431' Malabunot _...
Lingat .. 888 Malacalisquis ....

a 338 Malacatmon ..
453 Malachra

Lingat Family
Lino

TPO BA” Aor a are eee NS 259) Malaranity . 7 =e eee
Lipang-aso _... .. 182} Malaisia ...

Lipang-calabao ..... Seg gt |) Malatsis 23 oj .e ee
Lipang-castila oe 182 Malalueban ...................

Bipate: Sa.c4 co eee 298, 369, Malasagad eee
PAD AY. 6 bg tenia ke Re 181 Malasambong .......2-2-- 367

Lipay Family .
Eapoearpha. .....:<....22.

.. 119; Malatabaco ....
_ uu. 119 | Malatalong

PUD PAs, bees cee eee 398 Malntocoes < 2%: eran eee
Pitiran -*..:... 2555 2s 309} Mala-ubeé~ 2.22425 224- 8
1 RTO Cece aS 171. Malay Apple

_ 210 Malengal

122 Maliana
1] ESh STE) 7 iia a eee 444 Mallotus
157) Che an eae, wets 199 Malpighiaceae .......... . 277
Hochnera~ 25. ncn ee 370 Malpighia Family _ . 277
Loganiaceae TT a UC C2 2 meee iets © . 196
| Loranthaceae oe 183 Maluco Family .................. 195
DGFaNtnUSs =e eee 184 Maluneay: 1.28.4
We EHOPUS + aca ttans Malungay Family ..

| Lourea Malvaceae
Lubalub Malva rosa .
Lubigan
Lucban
Lucban Family
Ludwigia. <.2.."....
| Luffa. ..........
WRENS OT acento tat ct Ra
| Bumanaya 22 setae
| Lumbang
| Lumbang-bato)) 1.) sui 25.6290)) Wienges cate -ancenc a. eee
Lumbang Family ........00.......... ON9,| Mangifers 22.2 aes.nee ee
SoeRODOP see ec SEO | Mango ...........-..
| Dammit era, oo ccecccccsseesceeeeeeee | Mango Family ........
| Luya Mangrove Family ..
, Luya Family Want. 2.33) 02s 250 ee ees
Lycopersicum Manthot. 2.60 5.2 eee
_ Lycopodiaceae Manila Hemp
Lycopodium Manimani .......
| Lygodium ........ Manimanihan
| Earthvnceap ie. eee Manioe |): eet ee
Manisuris. 4.02 eee
M Manzanas .....
| Mabolo . 864| Manzanilla .
| Macabuhay .............. . 204| Manzanitas .
Macabuhay Family .............. 203.| Mapola. sc: isnccte eee
fp EV cht ae ae ee > 228, 266
Macaranga .. cove Ob:
Niticopa. 220.055 3045s ee 352
Macopa-calabao 0000... $52.) Marbas) Asc. eee es
Macopang-nuno oo... 452 | Marbas-gubat .........-ec 317
| Madre Caen . 22.08 ae AAW (irae (0) (7 (a Moe Se 474

INDEX
Page. | Page.
ES CO eae aa Os Rel 112 | Muehlenbeckia 0... TRS } UV) pntmiceeaeeretenc teers
Marsilea | Mulberry ........... Olive Family . :
Marisileaceae 61 Mulberry Family | Oneorasen@::s.i 2 eee
Marsilea Family ................... WEAF To) ge Re dni tain SEB) Cg ROY. pict alto
Matang-olang .... 286, 302 Muntingia x Onloniraiec
Mazus ...... .. 423 | Murraya ... Res 269 Onychium
Mayana ...... LU SUED asin. ... 154 Operculina
TO I irae silecgenccene 253 | Musaceae 153 Ophiurus
Melastoma Family og gL OTS Us CSR kc aaa ai | Opiliaceae
Melastomaceae .. 858 Mustard Family .. | Opilia Family a)
5 ee eee EWI PMU ES secs ccennssewresbndes | Qo liamients scott
Meliaceae .. . 278) Myrsinaceae oo. cece I @pos sk.cdec Se ee 458
Melindres 841 | Myrtaceae oo. ccccccccwessesneee Orange Family oo..cccccccses.. 268
Melochia 880} Myrtle Family 200.000.000.002 850} Orchidaceae ...cscccccccccsscsecssececen
Melon .......... 360 Orchid Family
Melon-daga N | Orépano osc... c.tcee
Melon-melonang TE an Pas tctodohuaoe 246, 247, Oreodoxa
Melon vee a | Najadacene oii... cccceseecccceeceee 68 | Oroxylum ...
ee ie ee a PUN AIAS ccf. ~i6s | Oryea.<—.
| Najas/Pamily . 2. 2 68| Otophora ...
REESE re ee ate SARA Mies aera ce eed ey Af CERCLA: st. c¥avenent
sees tet eas Nanca, yoke... et eG) Oralidacese! .:22=...50.2..mee
| Narangita. .22.ct..oni ue 20 | Oxalis ..:..c2.2:3.;
- Miagos INP AU Ca ces oe. ERED 202 Oxalis Family
Michelia .... NBT, ee. . 246, 247
Milkweed .cceccccccsuescesceseeen 377| Narra Family 0... 220 | le
Milkweed Family 0.000000... 375 Nasturtium (on .c.-.20. * 218) Pitan g-Daligis ica. cscsccsvevse atone 319
Milkwort Family ..... _ 278 Nelumbium ... PRCHGs c.5 525s . 176
Mil leguas .... . 879 Nephrodium Pachyrrhizus ................ 263
Millettia . 244 Nephrolepis «0.000000... AG Pateg seo. ae see
ROP ERROES ice CAS OF 228 BV OQRTUB) 02.5.5 cise eee O73 ARCO ABENLLY: (0... ssn ome ses 45
Mimosoideae .................... 221, 224 Nettle Family ... ..119| Paederia ............ svaktd eco
Mimusops BES) Ncotianay..k.et nt Bee 415 | Pagatpat .........ccc0... 348, 344
Mint -.-=: . 411 | Nightshade Family ............. 418 | Passainguin. ......0.<...caceeet 273
Mint Family 406 INAH Sete Ao ost, Te AES 453 | Pahudis: .. ........-. Ah ARTE ORE
Mirabilis EA ees 196 Niog Painted Leaf ..0.......cccceen.. 282
Mistletoe Family —........... 183 | NGO MIO onan esaeeceesensecnsscnseeee 178 | Paja de meea ..0....cccccenceeesens 82
Mitragyna _ 446 | Niogniogan. .....................- UTS BAD BPMs ccoeoascbote tacts . 331
iain 2. rehire fb t tatpas 22.2 Lees LC eee DAY) Way 7 scestcrnebees 97
i Paling=Harap q..c.c ccna 411
| Pekkose See
Molave Family ......................-. (IT Cele SPINY? 5-5 cck nt 60| Palm Family . . 121
Mollugo ..............-. 5. | iteng-=puti 2k 60 | Palomaria on. ccn.-ncscscscessneeeecseeee SOL
Mollugo Family ............2.......-- | Nopalea ............... Palomaria Family .................. 382
Momordica ~. 2.52. A Normanbya Palo. Santo: -3.......2.<,. cae ee
Monochoria ................. Notholaena .... Palo Santo Family 220
Monocoteledoneae ... | Nothopanax | Panarien —........- . 150
Moon Flower ............. Nyctaginaceae oo... 195 | Panarien Family .................... 150
Moonseed Family Nymphaea .......... MARYA I aaa . 857
ORT a Nymphaeceae oe ceeee Pancratium ........ . 148
Pandacaqui .................- . BT
Scr hy. ae cel A 178 Pandanaceae ..eccccccccvennne 66
isp. eh aera ca a Gare COs oe ere ts e- Pandan, Pangdan ............ 66
ES nr poe Pandan Family 0-0... 66
ROMANS eigen REPRO TER TIEN, cers ng thnsacocaocivssi adem | Pandanus <......d.taeoeueer 66
Moringa ........... DCL 11 OE BIR Set eases Bae | Panicum ...... 89
Moringaceae Odontonema ................. Papaveraceae . 212
Moringa Family ................... 217 Oenotheraceae Papaya . 837
Moriscos ..................- Oil Palm ........... Papaya Family . 337
Morning Glory . x EN i Nee ae Paphiopedium piesa
Morning Glory Family ........ Ont Wiblacacese «Ase Papilionatae . . 221, 237
Morus 178 | Olax, <..-..- kiveiss Papue +... ee,
Momemoptigg: oc. on et 408)| Qlax Family: 2.20.45 | Papua de China .................... 358
Mostaza ........... as Oldenlandia Papua Family ...... . 856
Mostaza Family ..........:.......... 218 Oleaceae .. Paquiling _ 174
Mreunad 2a. eceeeeeeeceenseeessesssee-s 259 Oleander . Bareiad | sinc .cdes nee ee

488

Page. | Page.
Paraparanahan ............:-0-. 253 Pisonia Family 2.000.000.0000... PUMGODUNG soca 130
Para Rubber Tree ................ 208 | Bieuyrins 23. ee Punica
Parkeriaceae .......ccs:csecccececeonee BG bp Baahie oo ee Punicaceae
Parkia = Pitchseed Family .. Pupalia .
Parosela o.o.cccecccccceeeeeeeeenee 246) Pithecolobium 2.0.0... Boralane sgh eee
Ns | eee AGE REED OD) iki oe eee Purslane Family .................... 199
Paraley.. seco cteneegcee Sin | Pitoro Namily-.<..-.. =. 64) Baso-puso 2.1, .. 210
Parsley Family ................-.... 859 | Pittosporaceae ............c..-.. 219| Putat -................ _.. 846
Parsonsia Pittosporum : Putat Family .. 345
SHB 6 es hen ot oe Plantaginaceae . i.c.coci..5-.5 444 |) PretOcann 5... .oscceccscnscms ween Ae
Pasao na bilog ............. EM ES ch 0S: i re eee 444 | Pycnarrhena te ae
Menges se ea ee Se oe 444 | Pycreus ........ aan str ee 108
Pasion Plantain. Family 2... 444
Pasites | Plantano Q
Baspalum). . 3.424. aae 86 Platano Guamoclit. = eee 383
Passihora pace 2s 335 | Platitos Quassid)< 3 oe eee 272
Passifloracese .............2.-... $00 | Plectronia’ ...2.......- | Quassia Family 222s Se 272
Passion Flower Family ...... 835; Pluchea 0000000000... Quiano).............-- eae 130
Pasion #Flower: -......> 25 3386 Plumbaginaceae Ny Cleats ot eee 291
jt eas Se eee he A te 260 | Plumbageo ........... CT ee | Quinalumpang ....ww2 316
Pataning-dagat oe CEQ NR BTC a SRN Berar | Quirap . 291
Patera oo 2 ot Saeeee 417| Pogonatherum .. Quisqualis: 2)... eee 349
Patchouli, = 2. =o ee 411 | Pogostemon ....

.. 252) Poinciana ...... R
Patee-patecan, <=. = 59 Peaninebtia, 32 ae a ANO 5 oi ec 214
TEE i) EE a A A 459} Pattinthes: <3. (0: feo 8 | Badish. 282 eee 214
Bisvetia et 452 | Pollinia .......
Payang-payang .............. 239, 253 | Polyaltha ....
Bayispis |. 22" 2 239 Polygala Ramie 2.0 eee 181
Payong-payongan ............... 150 Polygalaceae oes | Randia . 449
Bea eon ee oe 249 | Polywonacede _..............nsitecacse Ranunculaceae 9... 202
Reawtt to oe ee 237) Polygonum. ..........2...4.:0-- Raphanus ,
Petia «Se ee 214 Polynesian Arrowroot ........ 150| Raphidophora ............ 129
Pedaliaceae Polypodiaceae 2... 45 | Raspberry © 2... 219
Pelarconitim ............s2e2 201 | Polypodtom 2 57 | Ratiles,. 22... eee
Peltophorum: =.....2=:.1.. 2 233 | Polynody Family .................... AS || Battan’s 22 So eee
Peperomia ........... - 169 | Polytrias . 6 | Ravenala ..
PepipOes =e . 460 | Pomegranate 0. 344 | Remolacha ..-ecesneeee
Pepper Family .e | Pomegranate Family ............ 344 | Renanthera. ......2--2---.--<2=5
Berejil.. 4... seat Soe) | Bemelo, 272 | Repolle «eee
Rateniaa nee | Pondweed Family .................. 67 Rhamnaceae
PETsea, , 22:0. | Pongamia Rhinacanthus ....
Peétraea ............ | Pontederiaceae .......2...--- 14) Rhazenphora. 2 es
Phalaenopsis . | Poppy Family ............2.-= 212 | Rhizophoraceae
Phaseolus 3... eet Portulaca «7 -. Mhoce's =
Bitolidota’’. 20 s5 Ss canes. < Portulacaceae | Rhynchoglossum .
Phragmites . Potamogeton Rhynchospora ........
Phyllanthus ... Potamogetonaceae ................ 67) Rhynchostylis .......1---:.--.---
Physalis. ....... Batato oS eee | Rice
Physie Nut hPotatanes 8 3 Ricinus
Prapil 25. eee _ Pouzolzia Rimas ....
Pileai ccs 182 | Premna .. Rivea .
Pili (Ramis. <n oe7>.. 20 273 Prosopis ~ Romero
Pinaceae .................. 65) Pseuderanthemum ................ 438 | Rosa
Pineapincahan. ..............2..-.-. 428 | Pridium: «.......-1.%. Rose Family ..
Pineapple 22)555= cee 137. Psophocarpus Rosaceae .
Pineapple Family .. 186 | Psoralea. .......2. Rosall o=..........2 ees ss
Piieol-bato2 ss. ee 388 Psychotria Rosas de Japon
Pi a ee 137 Pteridophyta _Rose Geranium
Pina, Pamily...... 22> ee: 136 |) Bkeris 3. 3S | Rosemary
BIDGRS i 5h scone ee Pterocarpus ....... | Bosmarints) 2. se
Piperaceae Pterospermum . 829 | Bribalay se ee
Pipewort Family ..2...0.)....2:135| Pueraria .........0-2.. 25. = 253 | Rottboellia
Pipisie .<..4.......2 08 ken CO Paerre 2h ccr eee 144) Reares) : 1.
Pipturus. ..<.-06..00c eo) Baeahan: <= . 123; Royal Palm

Pisonia

INDEX

Pula 383 Rozelle

INDEX 489

Page. Page.

Sedge Family. ccscsc.scssivsnccsons TOG | POCO EEL occ cceeininonttenne ee 155
Segidilla . 264) Streptocaulon oo... 376
Selaginellaceae 000000000... 63 | Strophanthus 2.000000. 873
Semecarpus ......................... 299 | Stryehnine Family. .............. 366

Sensitive Plant oo... 22.0....

228 | Stylidiaceae

S06.) BOBBING Mekccscc. cae 461 | Sty Midivwm \.is.......sisiis:,. Maes
421| Sesame Family . . 481) Stylidium Family ................ 463
Sk} Gemamum © snes 431 | Subiang-daga
B08) Seshattiae-eso.c cece 250 | Suda-suda ow...
Hesuviam 251.224 ee 198, Suganda ........
Ss Setaria G5: Dugar Apple -nuinaccseasnte
2 Us LOU. ie eee 154 Sibucao . . 232 / Sugar Cane
PN Nara ad nicl5 IR TIO Stace ee, ee ee 316 Sugar Palm
1 ee TT | Giempreviva ooo... cccsssseseeeeeeees fis) ahs
2 EAS SEES Ona 249 Mbnorevive Family ............ 217 Sulamiog_ .....
SAQA SALA eee nae eneennnse en cog ces ea 856 | Sumbavia ....cceeccereenceeeseene
Saguilala <5 145, 291 Sileng-bilog ............. 18) SGnflower 2... 385s
SO a 154 Sileng-mahahaba .................. 419 Sunn Hemp ....
OE OSS TLE: | Ee 418 | Susocoyili .............
= ES 2 ee oe ee LO BUG HSHNSiOnT fee ees 438 Susong-calabao
ot Re th ees Seen § Silk Cotton Tree .................... 836 | Sweet. Flag 22s AS
Salaginella _ Simarubaceae .. 272, Sweet Potato
Salaginella Family ............... 6s] Sincamas 20 ee 263 Symphorema ....
Preclenpnrige pon 311 Sinsao-sinsaoan oo... 204 DO NeEGTella...° secccenthtete
Salomague —..0.2....00:....2.... 206 | Sintas: <2 ee OS 69 :
Salomomia 2... Ete | Sinton aoe es 270 | :
_Siphonodon _. 302 Nap bacn,. “= =. ee
Sirihuelas ....... ... 801; Tabernaemontana .
Sam bee aes 235 | Sisal Hemp .. _ 146 Taboboe
SOBDNIEMORES) Soetoro (FL) x ae em Le GQ | TBD OC nenannsevensesnseenenecenennnsen
Sambong Family ................. OUT Saale Ho og lt 142 Tabor
SSOMEIEAGCEL® coon cess Soapberry Family .............. 303 Wahbon-tabon * <<a ahe,--tianees
Sampapuita: 222.8... 365 | Rrlandecien oe ee 413 Tabuyoe
Sampaguita de China ........ AGG Satanuid on. ee. 415 PBACES oe ee
Sampaguita Family ............ 364. Solasi 350, 407, 408 Maceaceae, . 5 2.c.c-....cmae
cn i le Pete Mb eo ag ~ oo arg | Tacea Family 2... cect
Sandeleno .... bees Creme tn. -'. SNOE AG | TACO nnennnseveesssennpsbeecneteecnsnste
SGT: lL Peieatiabeae © 343 Tagabang
TGA: re re . 274; sonneratia Family 94g Tagac-tagac nen
San Francisco .................... eM a eas 409 ae ee eR
UR | ER ae | | a ee iene Tagbilao
a op See tlie. Sey sie dasksvece SAR
Ranrenentiia: << heme EN 452 eed Flag ar Tagputagpuan 2...
RS YN TREL = OURGE Oooo cess cartnce 451 Raiden ot Taingandaga ...............ccmces
ATi Sok A aaeamatmentant tepttieba od 274 Talahib
Santbl Family . 273 no “nog mena alnmnay,. <s.ee
Sapindaceae . : Spermatophyta Talang
_ ea Gehscranshus PRI ATIO DUNO | ocsci.ccve one
Mei hl a SOS CT i |e SS
PE DOUNCOCRE os 2 ‘ Walbae: tice teee on
PaApote MEMO oon... -n...n..00000 oe RY, eee pel WAL eHRONO Tic ssnes
Sappang Spinifex pee amen: Oe ee een Waliday:.. Peer
eee Spirodela OE Eee SOE 1 134 Talisay Family
Sarcecephalus Spondias 5 My nt 1 Ge ghana Sees athe, Se =!
SSS, xt Senet j SDOTODOLUS «.-pnnenereervnrerene 98 Pa lONG-BEO 0. ceccen<eecae scenes
Seaevola Family ............ | Squash ............--- snece eee ABT) along Family nescence
S-hoffiara Stachytarpheta pte BE . 398 Telong-pitind’ <..-. oat
fal Weneipese <:6 eo BREE RE NU EIEN) Foo once cree Tamarind’...
Schizostachyum Staurogyne sensesnentenennnnsensensessarens Tamarindo .
Scindapsus .. | Stauropsis Tamarindus ......
SOT ae SS a ee Sterculia Tamate ..
Scleria Sterculiaceae Tambabasi
Scoparia gee Stictocardia Tambo
Gc atl eed Stonecrop Family ................. 217 Tamis
Serophulariaceae ................. 419 Strawberry 219 Tamo
Sebuyas 144 Streblus 177 Tampoi

490

Tanag
Tandang-aso
Tangan-tangan ........-ccsee
Tafiglad
Tanglin
TE ATSOLOTN lecpenseeretess eee
Tapioca Plant ...
Taquipan°oo3200 eee ee
Taquip-cohol
Tarambulo
1 bys ea a ee
Taxaceae ...
Tayom

248
Tecoma
Telosma
Temple Flower
Tephrosia
Teramnus
Termimalia | ..- Aes ston es
Terminalia Family .
Ternate
Tetracera .....
Tetrastigma
Thalassia
Themeda

Thespesia
Thevetia
Thuarea
Thunbergia
Tibalao
Tibatib
SENG SS an,
Ticas-tieas ..............
Ticas-ticas Family
SES ate ee
mabsiceie. ots Seas
Timbangan
Tindalo
PIMOS DONA (cc pees
Tintatintahan
Tobacco
Tomato
Toncodpari
Toog
Wovens. oil: 5 2 oe ees
Torulinium
TEORTOD Lees
Toston Family
Tournefortia
Travellers ‘Tree: 2...

INDEX
is 11 tc S SOR: geet Be
Trianthema ..............
Tribulus Family ....
Mribulus © .ls..cnte
Trichodesma oi.e..ecccccescecscsecseesee
Trichoglottis
Trichosanthes
WPRInMASa. tte eens
TrIistellAatelg csi oleae
| Triumfetta
Trompa elefante .................. 395
lho ea a AC ge 78, 289
Tubang-dalag oi... 401
Tubang-morado .. . 290
Tuberosa sec ae
Tuberose x
Tae. ees .. 429
Tue Mamily: 28 a 426 |
Hib (a, 91 = gees te MeO codes a 151
Turulinao “soos
Tumbong-aso
Tunduc-tunduean. .................- 361
Wine NAO woo AA ee 475
Saito. ok 151
ABurMevie © onto ee 158
OTT ACR se snsecsctaceets nsec 274
MTSLOVINOYED . gsescecater cee 378
Sh ons Sn ov a Reet 66
pape 2 She ee 65
Ty NORIyn ln ee ka 131
U
WiGMSWANBAN GT. oo castes oe 318
TE. ee ca ee 124
Tipriamiby 2c 2 ee 151
WaACCRR) | os ee 171
Umbelliferae
Umbrella Plant. .................... 110
TROT A ate te as 208

Uplas
Upo
Uraria
Urena
Urticaceae
Utricularia
Uva

Unti-untihan ...

Vanda

Verbena Family .
Verbenaceae
Vernonia
Wenver 28 oe ee
Vigna ...

Viola

Wiolaceae |... ee 333
| Violeta...

Wioletas. =e 437
Witla 25 et eee 334
Violet Family .. . 833
| Vitaceae ............ . 809
Witex 22 . 408
| Mathis oe Se ee $11
| Ww

Waltheria <. 23.2.2 255 330
Wandering Jew ............ . 140
Water Fern Family .... 59
Watery ©... ates 201
Waterily Family .................... 201
Watermelon

Wredelia os...
White Dove Orchid .............. 168
Wrightia “2.i22.- 2s. 373

26S

Myridacéae Wee 135
Xyris

Meyris: Bamily se 135

& “A
Wam. amily: +2502 151

Yabyaban
Yerba buena
Yucca

Zacate
Zacate Family
Zanahoria
Zea
Zebrina

_ Zephyranthes
Zingiber
Zingiberaceze ...
VAT CLG Hip een rae See se AS 8
Zizyphus
Zoisia
Zornia
Zyzophyllaceae

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Wii iii

3 5185 00060 689

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