a BEA SANA ANNAN RISA SAYS NN RNR NN AEN Th FLORA OF THE NILGIA & PULNEY HILI- ORs ns FP OT. Vf ue SLPIPAMAL AAPL SA if We eNO HOU ARE ATES HAL AA AANA SIAN AALAND NTA AANA ANNAN NAINA IOS Ps _ aie QK349.8 Purchase June 1971 a ae eee ee AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF MADRAS GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS, a ee SS IN INDIA. A. C. Barraup & Co. (Late A. J. ComsBripce & Co.), Madras. R. Camsray & Co,, Calcutta. E. M. GopaLaKRISHNA Kone, Pudumantapam, Madura. Hiccinsotuams, Ltp., Mount Road, Madras. V. KaLyaNnarRaMA Iver & Co., Esplanade, Madras, G. C. LoGANATHAM BROTHERS, Madras. S. Murtnuy & Co., Madras. G. A. NaTEesan & Co., Madras. The Superintendent, Nazair Kanun Hinp Press, Allahabad. P. R. Rama Ivar & Co., Madras. | D. B. TARAPOREVALA Sons & Co., Bombay. | THACKER & Co. (Ltd.), Bombay. THACKER, SPINK & Co., Calcutta. S. Vas & Co., Madras. IN ENGLAND. B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 and 51, Broad Street, Oxford. ConsTaBLeE & Co., 10, Orange Street, Leicester Square, London, W.C. DEIGHTON, BELL & Co. (Ltd.), Cambridge. T. FIisHER Unwin (Ltd.), 1, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C. GrinDLay & Co., 54, Parliament Street, London, S.W. E.C. and 25, Museum Street, London, W.C. Henry S. Kine & Co., 65, Cornhill, London, E.C. P. S. Kine & Son, 2 and 4, Great Smith Street, Westminster, London, S.W. Luzac & Co., 46, Great Russell Street, London, W.C. B. Quaritcu, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, London, W. W. THackerR & Co., 2, Creed Lane, London, E.C. ON THE CONTINENT. ERNEST LEROUx, 28, Rue Bonaparte, Paris. MarTinus NijHorF, The Hague, Holland. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co. (Ltd.), 68—74, Carter Lane, London, | fo 8 THE FLORA OF THE NILGIRI AND PULNEY HILL-TOPS (ABOVE 6,500 FEET) BEING THE WILD AND COMMONER INTRODUCED FLOWERING PLANTS ROUND THE HILL-STATIONS OF OOTACAMUND, KOTAGIRI AND 7 KODAIKANAL With 286 full page illustrations and 4 maps BY P. F. FYSON, &.a., £.L.5., Indian Educational Service, Professor of Botany, Presidency College, Madras. VOLUME I. MADRAS: PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS. Ig 5. PRICE, Two Vols., rupees 10.) (75 shellings. > w) Is ‘LIBRARY NEW YORK™ PARA eronne Waa ag ee ivrsncc of is | i JUL 1 7 19/1 Pahl ioe HIS work began with an offer by Mr. W. S. Millard, Secretary of the Bombay National History Society, to publish illustrated notes on the Flora of the _ Nilgiris in the pages of his journal: and the Government of Madras on being approached promiseda grant to defray the cost of coloured plates. But it was thought that the work would be more useful in book form, and that a large number of line-illustrations would be better than a few coloured ones: and finally Government ordered the printing and publishing of the work in its present form at the Government press. A large number of the illustrations have been drawn by Lady Bourne [E.T.B.], to whose encouragement and untiring labour at these drawings the usefulness of the book is largely due. She not only drew over a hundred herself but she also placed at my disposal paintings done for her by various friends, from fifteen of which tracings have been made, while dissections of the flowers have been added in some cases. Chief among these other contributors has been Mrs. Harrison [M.F.H.], who has also drawn many specially for this work, the total number from her pen being nearly forty. Over eighty figures have been done by a young Indian artist, R. Natesan, whom I engaged to accompany me to the hills during my college vacations, and who made up for lack of botanical knowledge by remarkable skill and accuracy of drawing. Twenty-six drawings, chiefly of new species, were done by my wife [D.R.F.] in England. Four of these were of the difficult genus A-I LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN iv PREFACE. Eriocaulon, in which the species are separated by characters which can be determined only with the help of a good lens, some of the flowers being under a twelfth of aninch. I doubt if drawings and dissections of this genus have ever before appeared in an illustrated Flora. As explained above the work, as first projected, was to be of a semi-popular character, consisting of illustra- tions and short descriptive notes without aiming at the completeness or authority of a Flora. But before it was half-finished a sudden illness drove me to England, and I had there an opportunity of comparing my specimens with those at Kew. I then learnt that a large number of the names, to which we had become accustomed in South India, needed revision: partly because the new material, collected since the Flora of British India was written, has made critical determination more possible and partly because of the different conception of species now held; while several new species have since been discovered or described. More than twenty have been re-named or had older names restored, mostly by being separated from North Indian species with which they had been united. Thus ‘Hypericum wightianum Wail. had been united in the Flora of British India to H. nepalense Choisy, but is quite distinct in having a one-celled ovary with three parietal placentas, while the latter has three distinct cells. Again, Jasminum bignoniaceum Wail. had been reduced to J. humile Linn.,a plant of uncertain origin, but obtain- edin the first instance from Spain or Italy, and different both in leaf and flower. An interesting find was that two species of Dichrocephala, D. latifolia DC. and D. chrysanthemifolia DC. are one and the same, a plant having been found with the characters of the former on its lower, and of the latter on its upper branches. But the chief discovery of this kind was in connection with PREFACE. V the common Indian plant, hitherto universally known as Crotalaria rubiginosa Willd. In the F.B.J. the species was given this name because, one must suppose, it appeared to agree with the description by Willdenow of a plant which was supposed to have been collected in the East Indies. And all subsequent local Floras of India have followed suit. As I had three nearly allied but yet distinct forms, I sent them to Berlin for comparison with Willdenow’s type specimen. Dr. Harms, who very kindly himself examined the plants, found to his ‘ great surprise ’ that none of them was the same as Willdenow’s plant, nor was it identical with either C. wightiana or C. scabrella, which were included in C. rubiginosa in the F.BL; but that Willdenow’s type plant was identical with C. sagittalis Linn.,a North American species. The Indian plant, so long known as C. rubiginosa Wiild., must there- fore be given another name, andI have restored that of C. ovalifolia, found on a specimen from Dindigul in the Wallich herbarium. These instances will illustrate the necessity of comparing plants with original type specimens: and whenever this was possible it was done. Fortunately Kew has, in the collections of Wight, Wallich and others, most of the types of our species. The entirely new species, described here in English for the first time, number ten; and of these four belong to the genus Eriocaulon, three to Crotalaria and one each to Lasianthus, Anaphalis and Olea. The usual Latin descriptions of these have already appeared in the Kew Bulletin. In addition there are another Crotalaria, another Anaphalis and a Senecio, which had been described a short time ago in the Kew Bulletin or the Records of the Botanical Survey of India. Of the fore- going, two species of Crotalaria, two of Anaphalis, a Senecio, an Olea, and four of Eriocaulon are figured vi PREFACE. here for the first time ; as it is believed also, are another Anaphalis and two of Eriocaulon, and there are probably a few others. The inclusion of certain weeds may not perhaps appear to be necessary but I have had in mind Indian as well as English readers. In arranging the families, genera and species, I have followed the Flora of British India, founded as that was on the Genera Plantarum of Bentham and Hooker: and, except where a difference is indicated, the species described is the same as that of the same name in the F.B.I. Synonyms are therefore not given, but for refer- ence purposes the corresponding volume and page of that work are quoted immediately after the name, and any necessary explanation, of each species. The genera and species are not numbered consecutively as is usually done, but following the page reference are given the serial numbers of genus and species in the F.B.I., or in the case of a new species the number (starred) which it would presumably have had in that work. Similarly with each genus is given the serial number of it and of the family as in the F.B.L, the family in Arabic numerals, the genus in Roman, the species againin Arabic. This will enable any one not only to arrange a collection of dried material in the same order as in the F.B.L, and at Kew, but will also allow of the insertion of other species collected elsewhere in their relative places. At the end of a description is given the number of the figure in the volume of illustrations, if thereis one, in heavy type, and after that references to Wight’s figures in his Icones, Illustrations or Spicelegium neilgherrense. The figures given after the locality and distribution refer to the sheets in my collection from which the descriptions have been written and to the correspond- ing sheets in Sir Alfred Bourne’s collection, now lodged at Kew. PREFACE. Vil In conclusion I have to thank first and foremost Lady Bourne, and the others also who have helped in the illustrations ; Mr. and Mrs. Evershed of Kodaikanal, Miss Edwards of the Lawrence Memorial School, and Mr. Butcher, Curator of the Government Gardens on the Nilgiris, who have sent specimens or helped in other ways; Sir David Prain, K.C.M.G., C.LE., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Dr. Stapf, the Keeper, and other members of the Herbarium Staff especially Mr. W.G. Craib, for much assistance and advice; the Government of Madras for ordering the printing and publishing of the work; and finally Rao Bahadur K. Rangachariyar, Lecturing Botanist at Coimbatore, for reading the proofs. The work has been throughout on the part of all concerned a labour of love. P. FLY, ee i ERRATA. ee Page 4.— For ‘Meadow Rule’ read ‘ Meadow-rue.’ Page 27, last line—After ‘lemon yellow’ read ‘or greenish.’ Page 80, line 23.—For “t. 62” read “t. 61”. Page 189, fourth line from bottom.—For ‘ var Hedyotis, etc.’, read ‘near Hedyotis, etc.’ Page 284, third line from bottom.—For ‘C. elegans’ yvead ‘C. sphenanantha ’. | \ CONTENTS. Preface -,., - ee ove vee Glossary of terms used ... awe ve eee Introduction with Map showing Tropical Mountains with Temper- ate climate Key to the Families, and certain abnormal genera vee vee Descriptive text ... es ove see oo Shy oe see Appendix eee eee eee eee eee eee eee Index eee aoe eee ees oor eee eee eee eee PAGE ~ GLOSSARY OF THE COMMONER BOTANIC TERMS USED. STEM, BRANCHES AND LEAVES. Scape voot-stock node petiole axil base apex stipules WETUES a leafless flowering stem or branch. the perennial underground portion which lives on when the leaves die down. the part of the stem, usually swollen, where the leaf joins it. the stalk of a leaf. the angle between a leaf or its stalk and the stem. the part nearest the stem, whether of leaf or stalk. the point of a leaf. small organs, usually in pairs, at the base of a leaf- stalk. the main lateral veins of a leaf. A LEAF oR OTHER PART IS DESCRIBED AS simple com pound sessile DPinnate bi-pinnate palmate palmaii-fid, pinnati-fid. palmait-sect, pinnati-sect, cordate 0b-cordate a3 ovate ob-ovate ... lanceolate oblanceolate lincar when the blade is single, however much it may be cut or lobed. when the leaf consists of several blades (leaflets) each with its own stalk, when there is no stalk, when the leaflets are arranged to right and left on either side of the main stalk (t. 97). when the leaf is doubly pinnate, consisting of several firnas, each with leaflets to right and left (t. 94). when the leaflets are attached together at the end of the main stalk (t. 270). when cut or lobed in palmate or pinnate fashion (t. 35). when more deeply cut, almost into separate leaflets. when the shape of a conventional heart, attached at the broad end (t. I9). similar but attached at the other end. when egg-shaped in general outline and attached by the broader end. similar, but attached at the narrower end. when narrower than ovate, like the head of a lance. similar but attached at the narrower end. when slender or very narrow. ee Xl cuneate ... obtuse acute acuminate mucronate emarginate or notched. entire serrate crenate lobed pectenate ... coriaceous SCAFEOUS 405 glabrous ... scabrid tomentose pubescent GLOSSARY. when wedge-shaped. with blunt tip. with sharp point. with long drawn out point (leaflets in t. 67). the midrib prolonged as a tiny point. when indented at the point. if the margin is perfectly even. if there are teeth pointing forward (t. 212). if there are rounded teeth. if the margin is much waved. deeply jagged, like a comb. when thick and firm or leathery. when thin and papery. when the surface is smooth without hairs. when the surface is roughened by low hard hairs, when covered with a close mat of short hairs. when thinly covered with soft short hairs. THE FLOWERING PART OR INFLORESCENCE. vyaceme spike cyme eee scorpioid cyme corymb panicle umbel fascicle ww head pe involucre ... bract byacteoles pedicel peduncle ... eee an arrangement of flowers one above another, on short stalks: the stem continuing to grow and produce buds at the top (t. 12). similar, but the flowers not stalked (t. 251). typically of three flowers, the middle one opening first : the main stem ending in a flower, while a second and third flower are produced just below in the axils of bracts (t. I). a double row of flowers along a stalk which is curled up backwards at first (as in Heliotrope or t. 194). a flat-topped bunch. Strictly speaking a flattened raceme but also of cymose bunches (t. 165). y a branched raceme, or mixture of raceme and cyme (it. 1, 63). the flowers on stalks arising together at one spot (tt. 20, 44) ; usually compound—an umbel of umbels (t. 129). a close cluster, with or without stalks (t. 61). a close mass of flowers with bracts below, cup of bracts below a head (t. 148). small leaf-like or very small organs. When flowers are not solitary the stalks nearly always arise in the axils of bracts. bracts on the flower-stalk. the stalk of a single flower. the common stalk of several flowers. GLOSSARY. Xiil THE FLOWER AND ITS PARTS. THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS. SIGMIER a .. a stalk, or flament, carrying an anther, which con- tains grains of follen. The latter is the male medium which fertilises the egg-cell in the young seeds. carpel or ovary of a closed case of one or more compartments or ce//s, several carpels, containing the immature seeds, ovules, and sur- mounted by a stalk, s¢y/e, bearing a sticky surface stigma, on which the pollen grains are caught. OTHER PARTS. corolla ... ... the petals considered together, and whether united or not. sepals... ... the outer, usually, green envelope. CBIYX oes ... the cup formed by the union of sepals or the expansion of the end of the flower-stalk. perianth ... ... the envelope of a flower, calyx or corolla or both, considered collectively. epicalyx ... ... bracts occasionally below and outside the calyx. staminodes ... Sterile stamens, usually flattened, often petal-like. aise i ... a honey-secreting part at the base of the flower. May be flat, or cup-shaped (t. 69) or in two or more parts, versatile anther ... lightly attached so that it easily swings. unisexual ... a flowér with stamens but no ovary, or ovary but no stamens. MONECIOUS ... the flowers of either sex, both on the same plant, aiecious ... Plants unisexual, with male or female flowers only. PETALS AND SEPALS ARE DESCRIBED AS valvate ... ... When in bud the edges touch but do not overlap. convolute ... When in bud each overlaps the one next it, to the right or to the left. tmobricate .. When some overlap by both edges, some by one only, others are overlapped by both edges. Ovary, FRUIT, SEED, ETC. placenta ... ... the slightly raised ridge, inside the carpel or ovary, along which the ovules are borne. axtle placenta- the placentas are at the inner angles of the many- tion. chambered ovary. parietal placenta- the placentas run down the outer wall of the (nearly tion. always) single-chambered, or ome-celled, ovary, capsule ... ... a dry fruit, which opens in various ways. loculictdal . the opening of a capsule down the middle of each ce/?, Xiv achené we drupe berry “ee pyrene micropyle raphe hilum endosperm cotyledons GLOSSARY. a dry seed-like fruit, containing one seed. Not open- ing. (Sunflower.) a juicy fruit, the seed enclosed inside a hollow stone. a juicy fruit with one or more seeds, not enclosed ina stone. the hard or tough partial stone inside some fruits. a small hole leading through the coating of a seed. the part along which the stalk of a seed is attached to it. the scar left on a seed by separation from the stalk. food material contained in some seeds round the embryo. the first leaf or pair of smooth leaves of the seedling plant ; and formed in the seed, INTRODUCTION. HE first account of the Flora of the Pulney Hills was, I believe, published by Robert Wight in the Journal of the Madras Literary and Scientific Society in 1837. It is doubtful, however, whether he collected from the plateau, for the highest levels reached seem to have been Shembaganur and Perumal. At about the same time he published a volume of figures, with short descriptions, of the commoner Nilgiri plants under the name Spicelegium neilgherrense, most if not all of which also appeared in his Jllustrations of the Flora of South India or his Icones. These are now all very scarce and only available for reference in certain libraries and government Offices. Twenty-one years later Colonel Beddome published, again in the Journal of the Madras Literary and Scientific Society, a list of 700 species collected on the Pulneys; and he also wrote an account of the Flora of the Nilgiris for the Nilgiri District Manual, in which he gives separate lists of the commoner plants composing the shola, and open grass land vegetation of the plateau. Since then the only accounts which have appeared, as far as I know, have been short notes, such as Mrs. Mackay’s charmingly written Wild Flowers of Kodaikanal, and in local guides. The area dealt with in this book consists of the two plateaus, especially of the parts from Kotagiri to Ootaca- mund and Pykara, and near Kodaikanal; which range from 6,500 to 8,500 feet above sea level. The lower limit of 6,500 feet has been chosen because at about this level the vegetation changes quite rapidly from the rich tropical and subtropical arboraceous flora of the steep slopes to one of a more temperate and also more her- baceous character. Thus we find here species nearly xvi INTRODUCTION. allied and often in general appearance very similar, to many common English plants, such as Traveller’s Joy or Old Man’s Beard, Anemone, Buttercup, Barberry, Bitter- cress, Charlock, Violet, Milkwort Campion, Chickweed, Sandwort, St. John’s-wort, Mallow, Flax, Herb Robert, Spindlewood, Buckthorn, Bramble, Strawberry, Dog Rose, Silver-leaf, Ladysmantle, Grass of Parnassus, Sundew, Pennywort, Pimpinel, Cow Parsnip, Guelder- rose, Honeysuckle, Woodruff, Goose-grass, Valerian, Teasel, Fleabane, Ragwort, Hawksbeard, Sowthistle, Hairbell, Bilberry, Creeping Jenny, Yellow Loosestrife, Privet, Gentian, Lousewort, Bladderwort, Vervein, Cat- mint, Skullcap, Wood Germander, Knotgrass, Sorrel, Mistletoe Spurge, Nettle, Willow, Butterfly and Marsh Orchids, and Sedges of various kinds. And in addition there are a few quite the same, such as Self-heal, Pimpernel, Wood Sanicle and Common Rush, truly wild, besides introduced weeds. On the other hand Coonoor which lies just below this level has not only so many Australian and American introduced plants as to make it more suitably dealt with in a separate volume, but also many Indian species which have crept up from the lower slopes and even the plains, under the shelter of the warm moist valleys. While no claim is made that every species of flower-_ ing plant which occurs above this level has been noted, it is believed that all those ordinarily met with, except the introduced garden plants and weeds (but some of those also), will be found described. The descriptions are founded in nearly every case on plants collected by the author and many were written in the field or from fresh specimens; but a few are from specimens in the collection made by Sir Alfred and Lady Bourne, which has since been sent to Kew; and the Flora of British India has been constantly referred to and sometimes drawn upon, especially in regard to the geographical distribution of a species. The total number of species described is nearly 500, of which 430 are considered indigenous. Of these 44, or INTRODUCTION. XVii rather more than IO per cent., are known only from the Nilgiris ; and 29, or 66 per cent., only from the Pulneys. One hundred and twenty, or 28 per cent., are not known outside Southern India ; and another 72, or 17 per cent., only in Ceylon. So that as much as 45 per cent., or nearly half, the truly wild and indigenous species of the flowering plants of these plateaus are confined to the mountains of South India and Ceylon. Another 17 per cent. occur on the Khasi hills, 1,500 miles away ; and about I2 per cent. on the temnerate narts af the Hima- By far the best collection made from these hills is that of Sir Alfred and Lady Bourne who paid special attention to the Pulneys. They most kindly allowed me: the free use of their herbarium and notes while in Madras and though their collection was not at Kew when the identi- fications were being made and this work was being put into its present form, I have used their localities in checking my distribution on these plateaus, and have incorporated some of their notes; and, while the book was in the press, was able to add their sheet numbers and also descriptions of a few species which had been omitted, more specially among the grasses. times by such species, it is usually supposed that we have on these mountain-tops relics of a vegetation which grew on the plains in the far distant past, when, as we have reason to believe from other evidence, the climate of the tropics was not so hot. The alternative explana- tion that seeds have been carried by birds across these long stretches, though possibly true to a certain extent, does not seem to afford a complete explanation. Xvi INTRODUCTION. allied and often in general appearance very similar, to many common English plants, such as Traveller’s Joy or Old Man’s Beard, Anemone, Buttercup, Barberry, Bitter- cress, Charlock, Violet, Milkwort Campion, Chickweed, Sandwort, St. John’s-wort, Mallow, Flax, Herb Robert, Spindlewood, Buckthorn, Bramble, Strawberry, Dog Rose, Silver-leaf, Ladysmantle, Grass of Parnassus, Sundew, Pennywort, Pimpinel, Cow Parsnip, Guelder- rose, Honeysuckle, Woodruff, Goose-grass, Valerian, Teasel, Fleabane, Ragwort, Hawksbeard, Sowthistle, the author and many were Written 1n tne Me1u or i1um1 fresh specimens; but a few are from specimens in the collection made by Sir Alfred and Lady Bourne, which has since been sent to Kew; and the Flora of British India has been constantly referred to and sometimes drawn upon, especially in regard to the geographical distribution of a species. The total number of species described is nearly 500, of which 430 are considered indigenous. Of these 44, or INTRODUCTION. XVil rather more than IO per cent., are known only from the Nilgiris ; and 29, or 66 per cent., only from the Pulneys. One hundred and twenty, or 28 per cent., are not known outside Southern India; and another 72, or I7 per cent., only in Ceylon. So that as much as 45 per cent., or nearly half, the truly wild and indigenous species of the flowering plants of these plateaus are confined to the mountains of South India and Ceylon. Another 17 per cent. occur on the Khasi hills, 1,500 miles away; and about I2 per cent. on the temperate parts of the Hima- layas: but practically none at all in all the intervening country, even along the Western Ghats. China and Japan appear to have 40 of our species. There are 264 genera represented, exclusive of intro- duced plants, and of these about one-quarter might be described as belonging properly to the temperate regions (and almost exclusively the north-temperate), the remainder to the warmer parts of the world, including tropical mountains. The temperate genera’ consist almost entirely of the smaller herbaceous plants, exclu- sive of grasses ; on the other hand practically all the trees, shrubs and grasses belong to tropical or subtropical genera. Thus though at first sight the flora appears a temperate one, for the reason that it is the brightly flowering herbs that first attract one’s attention, it would more accurately be described as typical of a high moun- tain in the tropics. On the accompanying map are shown other mountain-tops with similar floras. It will be noticed how widely separated they are: and since the intervening lands cannot have been crossed in recent times by such species, it is usually supposed that we have on these mountain-tops relics of a vegetation which grew on the plains in the far distant past, when, as we have reason to believe from other evidence, the climate of the tropics was not so hot. The alternative explana- tion that seeds have been carried by birds across these long stretches, though possibly true to a certain extent, does not seem to afford a complete explanation. INTRODUCTION. om ore 09 oe - 7 09 of ey Tel tekst Tn NYaHLnos . ; E po te ee OL OL 7 yew ty 09 apg xajfo a9 ALVWIID: BuvyuadW3aL HLIM SNIWANNOW WwoidOdd DNIMOHS ar sc *NOILOSPOUd LNITVAINDZ NO Q19OM 3H4L KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND CERTAIN ABNORMAL GENERA. ( Flowers in compact heads backed by an involucre of green 4 PACES a7 2 : | Flowers solitary or ‘variously arranged, if i in a head with no | involucre of separable bracts below ila gee MR tas { Heads white or grey on leafless stalks rising from a group | of narrow radical leaves, Flowers minute. (Hatpin flower) . . p. 427. ERIOCAULON. Anthers united round the style No calyx. (Sunflower, sy ae - - p, 205. COMPOSITA. 4 Anthers free attached at various heights to the inside of the slender perianth. Heads very densely woody. p-. 350, LASIOSIPHON. | Anthers free on slender filaments. Leaves opposite . p. 204, DIPSACUS. ( Flowers small in spikelets. (Grasses and Sedges) . 70 3 Flowers minute, without sepals or ss Jae cee | A perianth round each flower . , ry ae f Perianth inconspicuous, of one whorl not distinguishable J as petals and sepals, greenish or brownish : 4 1 Perianth conspicuous, usually of white or coloured petals pr neh Pee erate tA pf othe.) tee og Gore Oe ( Sepals and petals four or five; petals quite free at the base Sepals and petals four or five ; petals united at least at the I 34 Sepals and petals ‘three, all alike or ‘sepals less coloured, or one petal or sepal larger or spurred 7) etait reek ee | Sepals five, petals AGI FTO) SD eagem onl SG ( Flowers minute in large panicles: fruit 14 inch, drupe. Ge: (Spireatree) .. .. . . jp. QI. MELIOSMA, | Lowest petal boat- shaped, ‘fringed . . p. 26. POLYGALA. Ovary superior, i.e., inserted above the base of the inferior petals and stamens. 8 4 Ovary inferior, usually sunk in the end of the flower- NER SES yaa eee are Cc xx KEY TO FAMILIES AND ABNORMAL GENERA. Polypetals with superior ovary. ( Style single unbranched, on an ovary of one or more 4 eellg 2. we ek te ‘ Styles three to five or branched, ovary of one or more | cells 2. . 2 + 5 4s 4 5 5 5S Ovary and fruit one cell < °. =. 5 se Ovary of two to five cells . . . ~ © | 3) Sess ( Stamens five only: flowers regular or nearlyso, . . II | Stamens seven to ten, free or united ; seeds attached to one 104 edge only of the pod oa 14 | Stamens numerous : flowers in small heads : I p. 127. ACACIA. Seed one only. Trees . . .) « . 3) 5 I Geeus SCVElal. «4. bus ioc es one " 13 ( Flowers small, evil-smelling, in cymose corymbs : leaves 12 J simple, broad, soft. Trees . . . . pf. 74. MAPPIA. ) Flowers in tall panicles: leaves simple hard, or pinnate. | ‘“Spirea-tree” . . . . . . . . p. 91. MELIOSMA. ( Trees with leave simple : seeds in sticky pulp: fruit two- : d valved - + + + + + + = fp. 23. PITTOSPORUM. 3 1 Small herb: fruit dry, three-valved: seeds many on the [. walves 2 40+ 8 6 4) + * + 5 90g ( Petals very unequal, the lowest keel-shaped enclosing the 3 | ten stamens . eee ee) Px 04 PART 44 Petals nearly equal: anthers often only seven . are, [ p. 124. CHSALPINEA. ( Stamens four or five, as many as the petals . . . . 16 ; } Petals four, clawed: stamens six: ovary of two cells with 5 } seeds on the margin of the partition. f. 15, CRUCIFERA, | Stamens many : leaves alternate. Trees...» «25a Stamens opposite the petals. Climber with leaf-opposed 162 tendrils and flower bunches. . . . . . J. 86, VITIs. | Stamens opposite the sepals. Trees or climbers without | tendrils . . s « + + « s «| 5) = ( Leaves of three leaflets with many translucent dots. Trees | or prickly climbers . oe ee 8) PL ee 174 Leaves alternate, glossy, simple: fruit fleshy. . 75. ILEX. | Fruit capsule : seeds with coloured aril: leaves alternate or opposite . .. . + + + . p. 77+ CELASTRACEA. : 8 Anthers long-pointed : fruita drupe. . f. 47. TILIACE#s ?© ) Anthers round, fruit opening . £. 39. TERNSTREMIACE4, KEY TO FAMILIES AND ABNORMAL GENERA. xxi : he one-celled . . . . Peek rs. ela oe ae ? Ovary of several] cells or carpels” tata tat ars Be ( Seed solitary: stipules tubular encircling the stem at each | node. Leaves alternate . . . p. 338, POLYGONACEA. 20-4 Seeds several on a central placenta. Herbs with opposite | leaves and swollen nodes. . fp. 29, CARYOPHYLLACEA. (seeds several: on the walls of the ovary 2.0%. 5°.) (aa ( Climber with axillary tendrils : stamens and style raised on acentral. column ., .. . p. 163. PASSIFLORA. 14 Slender trailing herb with opposite gland-dotted leaves : flower yellow : stamens many . p- 35. HYPERICUM, | Herb with very sticky often red leaves : flower white: | stamens five. Indamp ground . . #. 145. DROSERA, ( Stamens five only, opposite the petals . . . . . . 23 | Stamens five, outside a crenulate disc: fruit three-celled : | leaves pinnate. ‘Tree a by: . p. 90. TURPINIA. 224 Stamens ten or five and five staminodes : petals twisted in bud. Fruit five-celled . . .-. re ae? Stamens five, opposite the sepals. Leaves covered with sticky hairs. . . gee | sha . ik DROSERA. | Stamens many united or ya es 25 Climbers with tendrils opposite the tastes : a 86, VITIS. 23 Trees or shrubs: fruit with one or morestones .. , p. 82. RHAMNACE&. Fruit splitting into five, long-tailed, one-seeded carpels. p. 51. GERANIEA. } Fruit splitting into five two-seeded or ten one-seeded if parts : leaves entire., aes a0) Pg. LINO. Fruit opening along five lines, the carpels not separating t rotivesth. Ofer. 4 aces a fod oP G4 ORALIDE A Sem BIntiNEh, 6s os oe ERT PER eS oS ae Ovary of three totencells, . . , BO tae Seed omy ( Trees: branches ringed at each leaf: dowel to 3 inches across : fruiting carpels T4 inch a spike of 3 to 5 inches. p. 9. MAGNOLIACE. 26+ Herbs: no epicalyx below the sepals = See a p. I. RANUNCULACEZ. Prickly shrubs or if herbs then with five bracteoles imme- | . diately below the sepals. . . . . fp. 129. ROSACER. [ Trees: leaves finely serrate: flowers 1€ inch, in small subsessile bunches. . . af 4i-, LORYA, a9 Herbs: leaves divided or lobed: flowers 14 to 2 inches ; | anthers numerous kidney-shaped. . fp. 43. MALVACEA, Xxli KEY TO FAMILIES AND ABNORMAL GENERA. Polypetals with inferior ovary, ( Stamens five or six, as many as the petals. . . . , 29 as Stamens four to ten, twice the petals . . , . . . 31 | Stamens numerous . . . = Herbs with small opposite Leas ane wane Gisidaoe in leafy | spikes, Indamp places . . . p. 159. AMMANNIA. 29+ Herb with alternate heart-shaped leaves and solitary white | flowers. In damp places . . . jp. 141. PARNASSIA. | Strongly smelling plants with small umbelled flowers . 30 ( Shrubs or trees: leaves large palmate. f. 177. ARALIACEA. 30+ Herbs: leaves entire or much divided: fruit separating into two halves. . . . . . jp. 167. UMBELLIFERAE, Parts of flower in twos or fours. Herbs. a5 J Petals four to five ; anthers eight to ten, large or blue, horned | at the base or filament bent . p. 154. MELASTOMACEA. Flowers unisexual, small. In marshes. £. 147. SERPICULA. 3? eo plants ; flowers often large . £. 160. ONAGRACEA. ( Leaves entire, scented, opposite except in Eucalyptus: 334 stamens curled inwards in bud. f. 147. MYRTACEA. | Leaves alternate toothed, simple or not. ~. 129. ROSACEA, Ovary or carpels superior «2 ae | Ovary inferior: fruit crowned by ‘the dried calyx or its | SCAT 2 ee ee ie ew ee Monopetals with inferior ovary. i Shrubs parasitic on other trees: seed very sticky, anthers Bp five; slentier. © 65° y.006 . . p. 352. LORANTHAGEA: [ Herbs, shrubs or trees rooting in the ground. oo es Leaves alternate ae os be! oe a aS opposite. . (See also 2) . 2 yoann ( Fruit one-seeded: trees with many stamens: leaves 37+ _ usually toothed. . . . . . . ff. pee | Fruit with many seeds ..-°< 2 . ea ae { Stigma unbranched : stamens ten, cna te Higles horned: |. t8ee or shrub ~. ». . . p. 257. VACCINIACE®. 3 J Stigmas three, climber, leaves angular rough: stamens 3 three, S-shaped. . . . . p. 165. CUCURBITACEA. | Herbs, small or tall: stigmas two or three : flowers bell- | shaped or two-lipped. . . . f. 253. CAMPANULACEA. ( Stamens three : fruit with feathery hairs, Herbs. P p. 202. VALERIANACES. Stamens four or five: leaf-stalks at least when young con- 3 nected by united stipules. . . . jp. 185. RUBIACEA. Stamens five: leaves of a pair connected by a line only, [ no stipules. . . . . =. . f. £80. CAPRINEReeEEe KEY TO FAMILIES AND ABNORMAL GENERA. xxiil Monopetals with superior ovary, Stamens united round and to the stigma: carpels and styles inside two, distinct ; fruit of two follicles : leaves opposite — . « « « p. 281. ASCLEPIADACEZ. (Starnens distinct. ~ . 2 «= s+ +s Site ee Stamens five equal in number to the corolla lobes . . 43 41 4 Stamens eight or ten double the corolla Tee a ey ah ae | Stamens four or two usually fewer than the corolla lobes. 46 (Stamens eight: succulent herbs with thick leaves, and yellow, four petalled flowers . . fp. 144. KALANCHOE. = 24 Stamens ten: anthers opening by terminal pores leaves [ Peres a Sa oe tA 2 Pe: Ae an, Stamens on the petra opposite its lobes: ovary one- . ie 6 ola. tade 9 oid dong RE a | Stamens between the corolla lobes. SACRO NS eae Herbs: flowers ere or pink ; seeds many on central 44 placentum. . . . . p. 262. PRIMULACEZ. | Trees or shrubs: seed one only APES Re ee ae (Sepals 14 inch, brown tomentose on the outside: petals . 4s: white’: fruit 34 inch yellow . . p 269, SIDEROXYLON, 451 Flowers small, pink: leaves gland-dotted; fruit small . | p. 266. MYRSINACEA. 6 See alternate at least the lower, or radical .-. . 47 Pe a icaves -otpasite -..6 don. eA ka er 2) 48 ( Leaves radical: flowers in a spike terminating a leafless | stem: capsule opening across. . . f£. 336. PLANTAGO. Twining plants: corolla folded inwards and twisted in bud... . p. 293. CONVOLVULACE. Erect rough herb : "flowers in a double row, on one side of 474 @eurled sprke. . ~~. . p. 292. BORAGINACES, Upper leaves often in unequal pairs: ovary not divided to the top: seeds flat. ..-. . p. 295. SOLANACES. Submerged or marsh plant: flowers small unisexual . | p- 147. SERPICULA. (Climber: fruit scarlet . . . . . fp. 287. LOGANIACE. 484 Erect herbs : leaves three to seven-nerved : capsule incom- | pletely two-celled. . . . . fp. 283. GENTIANACEA. ee opposite. . Oo) a aa Leaves radical : or upper at least alternate. Corolla regular, twisted or valvate in bud, stamens two: 50 fruit fleshy . . a tg te Pa 274. OLBACE Ac. | Corolla-lobes imbricatein bud... . +. + +s 51 X¥xiv KEY TO FAMILIES AND ABNORMAL GENERA. ( Fruit of four (dry) nutlets: flowers usually in dense | whorls: scented herbs, .. . . .f. 32%. DABIAE 51-4 Fruit fleshy or of two aig flowers in spikes or open b) pammetes. ".: 6t 3 . . p. 318. VERBENACEZ. | Fruit a capsule with few or many seeds . aon ( Nodes swollen: bracts in spike conspicuous: capsule | oblong: seeds on springy-stalks . . 310. ACANTHACE#. 524 Capsule long and slender: leaves thick. e. 308. ASCHYNANTHUS. [ Capsule Short”... ele 5 ( Small marsh plants with eee finely divided leaves, | often bearing bladders : flowers few with sharp spur. 53 p. 306. UTRICULARIA. | Capsule globose or oblong: seeds not on hard stalks : | bracts not conspicuous . . pf. 298, SCROPHULARIACE. Petal-less flowers. (The following are a mixed lot, containing families with only one perianth whorl and petal-less genera and species from families which have normally complete flowers. For flowers with conspicuous coloured sepals but no petals see Nos. 2 and 8.) ( ‘ Flower’ apparently consisting of a four or five-lobed cup enclosing numerous stamens (male flowers), and a solitary | stalked, three-lobed ovary (female flower). Herbs with Milky. WCE | sos . jp, 360. EUPHORBIA, | Flowers unisexual ina short thick spike with bracts below: | male perianth red, lobed, 44 inch; stamens united; 54 female without perianth. Thick warty leafless plant parasitic on the roots of trees , f. 358. BALANOPHORA. Stamens one to five, as many as the sepals or fewer: fruit | one-seeded . . « 2) s+ + + = «= | Stamens five to twelve . . . . « © =. | Stamens numerous... . . . . » 6). Ovary inferior . . = cr ee ee Ovary superior : stamens opposite the sepals. yi voll Ser Wile Trailing plant with oe ane round-lobed, leaves folded fanwise . . . p. 137. ALCHEMILLA. 564 Shrub often straggling or spiny : all parts covered with flat glistening scales . . . p. 351. ELZAGNUS. | Shrub or herb : no glistening scales. p. 357. SANTALACEZ, KEY TO FAMILIES AND ABNORMAL GENERA. xxv Tree : leaves opposite : ovary two to three-celled . . . p. 79, MICROTROPIS. | Herb, shrub or tree : ovary one-celled. 2. 366. URTICACER. ( Stamens twelve, fruit 1 inch, rae pba two-lobed : leaves entire, - 72 ree p. 130. PYGEUM. Stamens ten, attached at various heights inside the tubular perianth. A small tree (see 2). . ~. 350. THYMELEACEA. : Tree: stamens united at the base : seeds many with | [ 3S coloured aril: flowers fascicled . fp. 162. SAMYDACEA. Herb or shrub: stipules or tubes encircling the stem at each node: seed solitary erect . p. 338. POLYGONACEA. Shrub: flowers often unisexual: anthers large: fruit three-winged capsule 9. . . 1. wg 885 DODONAEA ( Herb with much divided leaves: carpels many separate. p. 4. THALICTRUM. Trees: leaves entire: flower unisexual: fruit a drupe or Mey hhc - »« « p. 359. EUPHORBIACEA. 594 Tree : female flower ‘surrounded at the base by imbricating scales, which in fruit form a cup holding the nut (acorn) Sakis - pf 397. QUERCUS. Shrub : carpels i in ‘fruit fleshy, ‘each with one seed : [ Pp. 337. PHYTOLACCA. ( Flowers in a thick spike enclosed in a spathe : leaves large, padical. °s *. . p. 424. ARACEA, | Flowers in slender spikes : “climbers with alternate three- nerved leaves or epiphytes with leaves in fours 2D. 342. PIPERACE, 604 Flower consisting of two or more stamens and an ovary only in the axil of a small bract, arranged in spikes. Trees with alternate, stipulate, toothed leaves (Willow) ag ees Flowers aggregated in flat or hollow, fleshy involucres . p- 366. URTICACEA, Sepals three, petals three, stamens usually three or six. { Stamens and style united into one column: one petal (usually the front one) larger often spurred or saccate : seeds minute. Perennial herbs, on the ground or on trees 2) a - f- 379. ORCHIDACE, 61 Anthers five, connected round the stigma, but free of it: hind petal hooded, two front petals bifid: front sepal | spurred or saccate. Herbs, all on the ground saps p. 59. BALSAMINEZ. (Other herbs, shrubs and trees .,. . . « . « « « 62 Xxv1 KEY TO FAMILIES AND ABNORMAL GENERA. Anther one only, large ; style passing between its lobes: Ovary inferior . . . p. 407, ZINGIBERACES. 6 Slender twining plant with ovate peltate leaves: fruits crescent-shaped tas . p. II. MENISPERMACEA, Stamens three, six, nine or r twelve. Trees, shrubs and meres ck gs pd a - 4 6 hy or ( Anthers opening by lateral pars covered by iii stamens 63+ sixtotwelve .. i | Anthers opening by slits : stamens three to Six. tr hea ( Flowers in open racemes: fruit juicy: all stamens 6 feria Le p. 13. BERBERIDACE&. 4 Flowers clustered inside an " involucre of bracts: fruit I hard: some stamens sterile . . . fp. 345. LAURINEA, ( Flowers in cymes or solitary: fruit 44 inch drupe or | splitting into one-seeded parts: leaves pinnately 65 veined .: . . p. 359. EUPHORBIACE. Fruit a capsule, herbs : leaves absent or veined from the | base hee ee Ra) 120 rr Monocotyledons with three to six stamens. 6 Aectaes inferior. Ovaty superior . . . 1... (Stem and branches green, needle-like and thorny: flowers white : fruit !4 inch berry . f. 414. ASPARAGUS. Green stem ard narrow roundish leaves almost indistin- guishable : flowers scarious : fruit dry . Pag eee Pp. 423. JUNCACEA, Flowers ina small cone ona leafless stem: basal leaves narrow, ribbed : petals three, bright yellow . p. 417. XYRIS. | Leafy herbs tea Petals three, connected at ie ane disvinee from the 68 sepals: usually blue . . . p. 418, COMMELINACE2, Petals and sepals usually both white, never blue L p. 413. LILIACEA, ( Small often leafless marsh plant ; perianth surrounding the 67 | ovary with three twisted wings . . fp. 379. BURMANNIA. 6 4 Leaves narrow: flowers solitary or umbelled, in the axil of 9 | aspathe ona leafless stem . £. 410. AMARYLLIDACER. | Leaves narrow: flowers racemed. . /. 41G. OPHIOPOGON. Stems triangular: sheathing base of leaf not split “| Pp. 433. CYPERACE. 7° Stem roundish: sheath split, a flap or line of hairs at | junction between sheath and blade . /. 444. GRAMINE. THE FLORA OF THE NILGIRI AND PULNEY HILL-TOPS. RANUNCULACEFE. THE predominant feature of the flower of this family is the spiral arrangement ona convex centre (torus) of the numerous stamens and carpels, the latter being quite free of each other evenin fruit. The flowers may be solitary at the ends of the branches, or in cymes, or occasionally in racemes; and are usually showy. Often there is no marked difference between the sepals and petals, the former being coloured; and in some genera there are no petals, the sepals supplying all the colour, as in Clematis and Anemone. The plants are mostly perennial herbs with stout rootstocks and alternate, mostly radical, leaves which are often characterized by a sheathing base to the stalk and irregularly parallel or palmate venation ; but Clematis isan exception. Among garden plants are various species of Anemone (includ- ing the Hepaticas), Clematis, Monk’s Hood, Larkspur, Poeony, and Columbine. The family consists of 7o genera and about 700 species, nearly all in the northern temperate regions, or (a few only) on high mountains in the tropics and south temperate. One species, however, Naravelia zeylanica, DC, allied to the Clematis, grows in Madras. With the exception of these two genera there are only three rare species between the southern highlands of the Western Ghats and the Himalayas: even on the hills of Mysore, Bombay, or the United Provinces. 2 RANUNCULACEE. Climbing plants with opposite compound leaves and the achenes (carpels in fruit) tailed. No petals. Sepals four, yellow or white... “Uravellers’ Joy), .=, ... Cie, Ground herbs. Stem with two or three leafy bracts a few inches below the flowers. Achenes (carpels in fruit) longer than broad and, beaked. .No petals.) .7m . , ANEMONE. Ground herbs. No involucre of leaves below the flower. Achenes not much longer than broad. Sepals and petals. (Suttercup)’ |>: . « RANUNCULUS. Tall well-branched herbs with smooth slender stem and. leaves like Maiden Hair, No petals, Sepals soon falling and leaving only a fluffy ball of white stamens. . «= | (Mieagian Rue)... wt ee ee) er CLEMATIS. FB ee Travellers’ Joy. Thin stemmed woody plants climbing by leaf-stalks coiling round the support. Leaves opposite, pinnately or ternately compound. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or panicled, without bracts and without petals, but with sepals often highly coloured and large. Carpels many, one-ovuled, ripening into tailed achenes (contain- ing only one seed and not opening). Species about 180, almost all over the temperate and, less commonly, tropical regions of the world, Named after the Greek, from the word KLEEMA a Climber, but the Greek name KLEEMATIS was given to other climbers as well In Europe the commonest wild species is C. vitalba Linn.; Eng. Travellers’ Joy, Old Man’s Beard, or Virgin’s Bower; Ger. Waldrebe; /7. Consolation, Vigne blanche, Berceau de la tres-sainte Vierge ; which flowers in the autumn, Clematis wightiana Wallich Cat. 4674!; PBJ. 15,1 15; Travellers’ Joy: a woody climber with opposite pinnate leaves compounded of three to five softly hairy leaflets, and axillary panicles of cream-coloured flowers. Stem slender, ribbed, covered with short appressed hairs. Leaf-stalks 2 to 4 inches, without stipules. Leaflets ovate, lobed or cut into rounded teeth with short points hairy on both sides, densely so on the lower; veins RANUNCULACEA. 3 conspicuously raised on the lower side, impressed on the upper. Panicles of flowers up to I2 inches, or more ; buds globular of strongly veined sepals; flowers when fully open 2 inches across. Sepals four, yellow or cream- coloured above, pale or yellowish green on the back. No petals. Stamens very numerous, hairy below the middle, widening at the top to the anthers which open laterally. Carpels very silky with styles of about % inch forming a close fagot in the centre, becoming in fruit achenes with feathery style I inch or more long, when quite ripe. t-1. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 30, Ic. t. 955. On thickets and small trees on the edges of sholas. Nilgiris near Ootacamund, flowering November—February ; Avalanche. Pulneys below Kodaikanal. /yson 674, 2011. Bourne 1553, Gen. Dist. Higher levels of the Western Ghats, Mabieshwar (Dalzell !). Nearest ally appears to be C. sinensis of Ceylon. Clematis munroana Wight; F.B.I. i 3, under C. smi- lacifolia Wail.; I 6; a climber with three-glabrous, five to seven-nerved, entire leaflets to the leaf; and large white flowers in stalked cymes of three: occurs at Coonoor and near Shembaganur and may possibly be found occasion- ally at higher levels. Bourne 400. C. smilacifolia Wad/., a Himalayan species with which this is united in F.B.I., has dark purple almost black flowers, but agrees in having the backs of the sepals brown-tomentose and in other respects ANEMONE. a ee Perennial herbs with an involucre of two or three leafy bracts a little below the flowers ; white or coloured sepals but no petals ; and numerous one-ovuled carpels ripening into achenes with hardened, hook-like style. Species about 90 in temperate regions and mountains of the tropics; a few only in South America, South Africa, and Australia. Named from the Greek, ANEMOS, wind, because most European species grow in windy places or flower at a windy time of the year, spring. I-A 4 RANUNCULACE. Anemone rivularis Hamilton; F.BJI. i 9, Il I, common wild Anemone: a perennial herb with well- branched stem; leaves divided into three, and those of the flowering stems into narrow-toothed segments; and large white flowers. Rootstock stout, vertical, clothed at the top by the fibrous remains of the leaf-bases. Radical leaf-stalk 2 to I2 inches long: blades three-partite, the segments again cut deeply into three wedge-shaped parts, and these again deeply cut or toothed; very softly hairy on both sides; the lowest sometimes several inches across. Flowers terminating stalks of 5 to 8 inches in loose few- flowered cymes: lower bracts deeply, pinnately, cut into three segments which are again deeply lobed and serrate; upper bracts simpler but usually three-lobed. Flowers I to 1% inches white with purplish tinge on the back. Sepals five or six, obovate oblong. Nopetals. Stamens numerous. Carpels with short-hooked style, in fruit 4 to % inch, each with one seed. t. 2. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 4, Ic. t. 936. (A. wightiana.) Everywhere on the upper levels, luxuriant in damp places, dwarfed in dry. Nilgiris all over the plateau. Pulneys in and above Kodaikanal. /yson 280, 1339, 1425. Bourne 13. Gen. Dist. Higher mountains of India 5,000 to 13,000 feet on the Sikkim Himalayas and 16,000 at Samlung (J.D H. leaves nearly glabrous !). In North Indian specimens the segments of the bracts are often broader, and near Simla is a form with umbelled flowers! THALICTRUM. F.B.I. I IV. Meadow Rule, etc. Herbs with perennial rootstock, ternately multi- compound leaves, and racemes or panicles of yellow, purple, or white flowers, usually small but with numerous conspicuous stamens, numerous one-ovuled carpels ripen- ing into ribbed achenes, imbricate sepals, and no petals, RANUNCULACE&. 5 Differs from Anemone in having no involucre of leaves whorled just below the flowers. Species about 76 almost all over the world outside tropical climates, more especially in Europe, Asia and America. In India only on the higher mountains where the climate is temperate. Thalictrum javanicum Blume; F.B.I. i 13, IV 16 (T. glyphocarpum W. & A.!); distinguished by its maiden-hair-fern foliage, and tall well-branched stem ending in a loose panicle of fluffy balls of white stamens. Stem and branches slender, grooved, glabrous. Leaves ternately decompound, i.e., of three or more pinnas, these again of three or more sub-pinnas, which have three leaflets; radical leaves a foot long, upper smaller andless compound. Leaflets % to 1 inch, broadly ovate or oval, indented in three or four shallow teeth at the end, thin, glabrous, with veins prominently raised on the lower side. Petiole not sheathing; stipules thin, fimbriate, adnate to the petioles and standing out like ears. Panicle loose, few flowered; pedicels 34 inch, spreading; bracts small, persistent. Flowers % inch across. Sepalssoon falling. Nopetals. Stamens white, thickened upwards; anthers not pointed. Achenes % to % inch with short, curved beak. t. 3. Wight Ic. t. 48, ex. stamens. In damp places, Pulneys : in Kodaikanal in the swamp near Tinnevelly settlement, flowering summer, Nilgiris: on Doda- betta. Not on the Bombay Ghats, north of the Nilgiris. Bourne 300. Gex. Dist, Anamalais, Ceylon, Sikkim, Simla and Khasia, Thibet and Java. As grown here the leaves are rather larger than those from Java. RANUNCULUS. F.B.I. I VII. Buttercup, etc. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves mostly from the rootstock, those of the flowering stems usually smalland “ 6 RANUNCULACE:. less divided; petiole with distinct sheathing base ; blade usually, but not always divided more or less completely into three wedge-shaped segments which again have teeth of various depths. Flowers solitary or panicled at the ends of the stem and leaf-opposed branches. Petals yellow, white, or red, with a small pocket containing honey at the base; usually with a deep gloss which is supposed to be a protection against scorching by reflecting the heat of the sun. Stamens numerous. Carpels many, one-seeded; in fruit forming a globular head, and differing in the various species as regards thickness and surface markings. A large genus of 160 species, scattered all over the world in temperate climates (in the tropics on mountains). In Britain there are fifteen species, known popularly as Buttercup, Celan- dine, Pilewort, Spearwort, Water-crowfoot, etc. India has about twenty-one species, all but three on the Himalayas; and none of our three indigenous species occurs north of the Nilgiris. Named after the Latin RANA, a frog, because several species grow in or near water, Leaves not divided nor deeply cut; flowers a rich yellow, R. reniformis. Leaves deeply cut but not to the base of the blade, carpels covered with hooked spines . , . R. muricatus. Leaves compound or cut to the base into ‘three to five segments, which are again cut and toothed. Tufted plant: leaves glossy, their lower sides not whitish ; flowers 1 inch across. R. subpinnatus. Diffuse plant ; leaves not glossy, their lower sides pale; flowers under 34 inch. . ./ 5... =: Sue wallichianus. Ranunculus reniformis Wallich 4709!; F.B.I. i 16, VII 4. Perennial herb, stem mottled red and green. Leaves mostly from the ground, rather thick, kidney- shaped or broadly ovate, crenate with red margin and white tips to the teeth, glabrous: stem leaves smaller. Flowers yellow with high gloss. Petals variable in number. Achenes small massed into a compact nearly globular head. t. 4. Wight Ic. t. 75, Ill. t. 2. RANUNCULACEZ. 7 In damp spots on the open downs, quite common. Pulneys : above and round Kodaikanal. Nilgiris: all over the plateau. Koondahs. /yson 318. Bourne 19, 5124. Gen. Dist. On the mountains of South India only. Its nearest aily appears to be R. sagittifolius Hook. of Ceylon which differsin the much more cordate base of the leaf; and it links that species with R. lingua L. (Eng. Great Spearwort ; /r. Douve; Ger. Yungen Hahenfuss) which occurs in Kashmir and the Western Himalayas. Ranunculus subpinnatus Wight and Arnott; Herb. Wight Prop. !; F.B.I.i19, included in R. diffusus DC. ; VII I5*;an erect, tufted, glossy plant with large yellow flowers. Roots thick, white. Leaves mostly radical: petiole 2to 5 inches with large sheathing base: blade divided into three or five distinct leaflets, glossy and some- times almost glabrous on the upper side, often densely pilose below ; each divided more or less completely into three wedge-shaped segments, themselves cut and toothed, the ultimate teeth with hardened tips pointing rather forwards. Flowering stems a foot high, hairy ; the lower leaves like the radical ones; the upper smaller and with only three leaflets; branches 2to4 inches, spreading. Flowers % to I inch, petals round, with numerous parallel veins. Achenes not as thick as broad, with distinct margin and finely pitted centre. t. 5. Wight Ic. t. 49. Nilgiris : Ootacamund fir. July. Bourne 4601. Wight. * var evershed@ \eaves smaller and more delicate. Pulneys: on the bank of the stream which flows down the Fairy falls above Kodaikanal ; flowering in summer. The species was included in the #.4./. under R. diffisus D.C., a species founded on a Nepal plant of Wallich’s. I have not seen De Candolle’s type sheet, but Wallich’s R. diffusus DC. in Herb. Hook. at Kew, is clearly a diffuse plant rooting at the nodes and with small, apparently white, flowers on leaf opposed peduncles, in habit therefore much more like R. wallichianus W.@A, Wight’s R. subpinnatus W.&°A. collected on the Nilgiris is a sturdier plant, not rootingat the nodes. I have, therefore, retained Wight and Arnott’s name. The Pulney plant has the same hardened tips to the teeth of the leaves and the same loosely appressed hairs on the peduncle, but is so much more delicate in foliage and has so much more markedly radical tufted leaves, that while including it under 8 RANUNCULACEA® R. pinnatus I have ventured to call it a variety, naming it after Mrs. Evershed of the Observatory, Kodaikanal, who first showed me the plant. But it is just possible that this is a new species. Ranunculus wallichianus Wight and Arnott ; Wight Herb. Prop.! ; F.B.I.i 20, VII119; common Buttercup. A gregarious herb spreading by runners, with soft not glossy leaves, and small flowers. Roots thin and fibrous. Radical leaves digitately trifoliate, not glossy above, light green below, sparingly hairy on both sides and soft to the feel; leaflets deeply cut into three segments which are again cut and toothed, the teeth pointing forwards rather than outwards and not ending in firm points. Flowering stems 3 to 4 inches only, their lower leaves three-fid but upper entire. Pedicels % to I inch. Sepals reflexed. Corolla % inch. Achenes orange- tipped, with distinct margin and few and conspicuous warts on the sides. Easily distinguished from R. subpinnatus W. & A. by the diffuse habit, softer leaves, smaller flowers, reflexed sepals, and shorter pedicels. t. 6. Wight Sp. Nilg. ti, bes £.°037. In cool shady spots, very common, in and about both Ootacamund and Kodaikanal, and all over the two plateaus. In damp places succulent. /yson 360, 797. Bourne 233, 4600. Gen. Dist, Mountains of South India and Ceylon. Allied to R. arvensis (Zxg. Corn Celandine ; #7, Ren depres) and also to the next species. Ranunculus muricatus Linn.; F.B.I. i 20, VIIL20; distinguished by its deeply slit leaves and by the conspicuous spines on the comparatively large and flat achenes. A much larger plant than the two preceding, running to 2feet inheight. Radical leaves long stalked ; blades roundish cut to below the middle, but not to the base, into three lobes which are again cut in three or moreteeth. Flowers terminal and leaf-opposed; pedicels %tolinch. Achenes 1/5 to 4 inch, with strong margin, MAGNOLIACE&. 9 hard curved beak, and spines perhaps 1/20 inch long on the flat sides. t. 7. In gardens and under hedges in Ootacamund, not indigenous. Gen, Dist. A weed of cultivation, native of temperate America and Europe, but not England. MAGNOLIACEEF.. PB. 3 The Magnoliez (the greater number of the family) are trees with alternate simple leaves and large hood-like stipules which cover the buds and are pushed off as each expands, leaving scars round the axis. (The only other trees with such stipules are the Figs or Banyans and their allies, but they are quite different and are distin- guished further by having a glutinous milk-white juice.) The flowers are large, of nine, twelve or fifteen sepals and petals; numerous slender stamens; anda number of carpels arranged spirally on a convex or tall centre. This central torus may grow enormously and become a stalk 3 to 4 inches long, on which the carpels, now 34 inch or more thick, look very much like the separate fruits of as many distinct flowers. The family is a comparatively small one of about ten genera and seventy species, and has its home on the western shores of the Atlantic and Pacific,—from Virginia to Lousiana and again in Japan and Eastern Siberia extending across China to the Himalayas (see map on page 10). There appears to be only one species native to these hill-tops, but the American Tulip-tree or Lyre-tree, LIRIODENDRON, has been planted near Lovedale. Named MAGNOLIA 12x honour of Pierre Magnol, a Professor of Medi- cine at Montpellier (b. 1638). The anomalous genera outside the tribe MAGNOLIE& are by some plated in another family. MICHELIA, F.B.I. 3 VI. Flowers large and bisexual; anthers opening in- wards ; torus stalked below the carpels (distinction from MAGNOLIA); ripe carpels opening widely to let out the OP x oe a = et Bas eee ae me 25 ek Sage 2 fn 2 ies - or = . A ~ a : oO 0 Z, " rs , L Ot = Gi o1g0uL s. * OWOuL os or oF 08 a 40 e*e BYIIVIONDWW 429970 “08 09 NOILNGIYLSIAG me YIIIOND VW eS —— 3LVWIxOudW 10 MENISPERMACE/E. it seeds. Species sixteen, all on the tropical mountains of Asia (India, Malaya, China). Named in honour of Antonio Micheli, a Botanist of Florence. Michelia nilagirica Zenk.; F.B.I. i 44, VI 8. Stem white; twigs erect; buds long, silky, leaves elliptic, acuminate, entire, hard, glabrous and shiny, flat or drooping. Flowers white or a pale cream colour, of nine to twelve oblong or obovate, easily crushed and quickly fading sepals and petals. Stamens numerous with very short swollen bases and slender anthers of % inch with small tips. Fruiting torus erect, 3 to4 inches; carpels covered with white warts and opening by a slit beginning on the outerside. Seeds two, red, the outer coat soft with a mango smell, inner hard; completely filling the carpel, and attached close together, the upper with its micropyle just above or to one side of the hilum, the lower with it just below ; funicle at first remarkably elastic. t. 8. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 6 = Ic. t. 938; Ill t. 5 (ex. carpels fruit and colour of flower). In all the higher sholas, very common—Ootacamund, K odai- kanal and above. Not apparently below 5,000 feet. fyson 55,7; 1752," 1893, 2064. Bourne 250, 2043, 2221, With reference to the distribution of the seeds, see note on Ternstrcemia japonica Zhunb., p. 41. Michelia champaca Linn.; F.B.I. i 42, VI 2; with leaves 6 to 10 inches long, tapering to a long point and fragrant yellow or orange flowers is occasionally found in gardens, e.g., Trewin near the bund at Kodaikanal, Fyson 2787. At Poombari, Bourne 722. MENISPERMACE£F. wet. 5: A family of slender twining plants with alternate leaves usually attached to the stalks inside the margin, small unisexual dicecious flowers in axillary umbels 2 MENISPERMACE. and fleshy fruit with its stone and enclosed embryo curved into a horse-shoe or crescent shape. The parts of the flower are usually in sixes, except that there may be only one carpel, or in some species as many as twelve. The curved stone is the most characteristic feature, and gives the name tothe family (menis = the crescent moon, sperma = a seed). Genera 58. Species 200; in the warmer parts of the world, STEPHANIA. F.B.I. 5 XII. Leaves peltate, sepals six to ten; petals three to five shorter; stamens connected together as a column in the centre of the flower with a broad top along the edges of which the anthers open by horizontal slits; carpel one only with three-partite style; stone of fruit tubercled along the back, hollowed at the sides. Species about 30, in Asia, Africa and south Australia. Stephania hernandifolia Walp. ; F.B.[.i1103, XII 1. A tender twining plant, with heart-shaped leaves attached inside the margin, and small heads, not 4 inch across, of minute flowers, in stalked umbels of three to five heads. Distinguished at once by these characteristics from all our plants. Stem slender, angled, glabrous, as also the whole plant. Leaves alternate, stalks 34 inch, blade usually 1% by 1% inches but up to 6 inches diameter (F-.B./.) broadly ovate, or triangular with the basal corners round, and nerves radiating from the point of attachment. Stalks of umbels I inch, but variable; stalks of the heads 0 to % inch, in the axils of small narrow bracts. Male flowers numerous, % inch across or slightly more when fully expanded. Sepals six or eight, in two series, oblong. Petals opposite the outer sepals, about half as BERBERIDACE:. 13 long, thick and concave. Stamens not separate, but combined into a solid column, 1/20 inch high, expanded at the top round which the anthers open all in one line, horizontally. Ovary flowers similar, with one carpel only. Fruit a red glabrous drupe 1/5 to % inch; the stone inside horse-shoe-shaped with tubercled ridges along the back and hollow sides. Seed inside annular with longitudinal cotyledons. t. 9. Wight Ic. t. 939 Sp. Nilg. t. 7 (Clyphea). A lowland plant reaching the lower limits of our area, Wellington! Very occasionally at higher levels :—e.g., on the exposed top of hill north of Vengadu, on the edge of the plateau at 7,200 feet! Fyson 2684. BERBERIDACEFE. F.BI. 6, BERBERIS and MAHONIA the only genera here, as in Europe, of this family are distinguished by their yellow globular flowers, of rounded sepals and petals in four circles of three each; their anther lobes opening, not by slits as in nearly all other families but by large lateral flaps ; and the ovary of one carpel only, which in fruit becomes fleshy and has one or more seeds. The family is almost confined to the north temperate regions of Asia and America, being absent from Africa, south of Algeria, Australia, and the Pacific islands, and from all but the highest mountains of South America. There are forty-nine genera, and some 140 species in the tribe Berderez, and most of these occur on the Pacific coasts of North America and northern Asia. In Europe the best known species of Berberis is B. vulgaris Z., the common Barberry or Pipperidge, a hedge-row shrub, which was much commoner before the discovery that it harboured the Rust-disease of wheat. But several introduced species are common in gardens, as also of Mahonia. Berberis is an old Arabic name. Leaves simple, in bunches just above a three-pronged spine ; the common Barberry ah (d yal ae BERBERIS. Leaves pinnate, radiating usually from the top of the stem; leadets prickly fike Holly .. : . :..-. ...» JMAHONIA. 14 BERBERIDACE. Berberis tinctoria Leschenault; F.B.I.i 110, included in B.-aristata DC.; IV 4*; common Nilgiri Barberry. A shrub, but very variable in size and form ; in the open often only 2 or 3 feet high, but in a shola sometimes reaching I5 feet with stem as thick as one’s arm and long scandent branches bearing numerous slender leafy twigs ; wood very tough, bright yellow in colour. Leafy twigs green or purple, grooved and angular, studded with triple spines in the axils of which are tufts of leaves. Leayes green or when young purplish, obovate, entire or with a few spiny teeth, glabrous, I to 2% inches. Racemes of flowers drooping, sometimes branched; pedicels slender. Sepals six or seven, the three inner larger and spread- ing. Petals six erect, roundish, notched. Stamens six; anthers broad. Berry sausage-shaped when young, even- tually top-shaped, 4% by ¥% inch, purplish red, turning to a dark-blue with glaucous bloom, with the dry style and large round stigma still attached. t. 10 & 11. Wight t.8. Distinguished from B. aristata DC. by the slender drooping pedicels and the shape of the fruit. By road-sides, on the edges of and inside sholas; quite common. Nilgiris: Ootacamund, Pykara, Kotagiri. Pulneys: Kodaikanal downs. /yson 302, 1034, 2232, 2587. Bourne 475. Schneider in Bull: de L’ Herbier Boissier, Ser. 2. 5. 1905, p. 432 divides the Nilgiri specimens into three species, B. tinctoria, B. wightiana, and B. ceylaaica, by the colour and surface of the under side of the leaves, the hairiness of the twigs, and the inflorescence. I am not, however, able to distinguish these. Mahonia leschenaultii Takeda (Berberis leschenaultii Wallich Cat. 1479!); F.B.I. i109 included in B. nepalen- sis Spr., TV * 1; the Holly-leaf Barberry. Stem slender or stout, sometimes almost a tree with rough, greyish- brown, corky, bark; branches slender. Leaves in circles at the ends of the branches, 6 to 18 inches long, pinnate with two filiform stipules, %to %4 inch. Leaflets five to twenty-five in pairs, with one terminal, increasing in size CRUCIFER &. 15 towards the end, and in shape from polygonal close to the base (like a pair of large stipules) to ovate at the outer end, lobed and spiny. Flowers in dense, erect, racemes or spikes, 5 to 7 incheslong. Bracts triangular- acute, conspicuous. Sepals six or seven, the three inner larger and spreading. Petals six, erect, roundish, notched. Stamens six; anthers broad. Stigma large, round. Fruit globular, the size of a pea; containing four or five seeds attached rather to one side of the base; stalk slender. t. 12. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 8, Ic. t. 940. Distinguished from the Himalayan M. nepalensis, Sfx. by the more globular fruit and slenderer pedicels. On the outskirts of sholas, at high elevations very common. Nilgiris: Ootacamund, Pykara. Pulneys: Kodaikanal downs. Fyson 2602. Lourne 309. The arrangements for cross-fertilization appear to be the same in both species and exactly as in the common Barberry of England. Honey is secreted by nectaries at the base of the stamens, and is partially protected from rain by the concave petals in the ordinarily half-drooping position of the flower. The stamens are very sensitive, and when an insect probing the base of the flower for honey touches them the filaments move inwards so that the insect’s head or probescis is touched by the anthers and carries away pollen to another flower. The stigma being large and round cannot fail to receive pollen if the insect visits a flower with the side that is dusted with pollen inwards. Self-fertilization will occur, if pollination be not previously effected, by the stamens moving in when the flower fades. The flowers are thus adapted to the visits of short-tongued insects (beetles and bees). The distribution of the seeds is by animals attracted by the sweet flesh of the berries, which as inso many other cases suffer a distinct change in colour as they ripen. Birds are probably the chief agents. CRUCIFERE, F.BL. 10. One of the largest and most useful families in regions of temperate climate, the CRUCIFERA have but few 16 CRUCIFERAE. representatives here; and on the plains of South India none but the cultivated Mustard, Cabbage, Radish and other vegetables. The chief features of the family are the very regular arrangement of the four petals with their narrow upright stalks and spreading blades; the six stamens arranged two opposite two sepals, and two pairs of longer ones opposite the othertwo sepals; and the two-celled ovary with seeds on the side-walls not in the centre of the partition as in all other two-celled ovaries. The peculiar arrangement of the stamens is because each of the pairs is formed by the splitting of a single rudiment. The flowers are always in racemes without bracts to the pedicels, and the fruit is a dry pod opening by the two sides coming off and leaving the partition with the seeds often still attached to its edges. There are usually two honey glands at the feet of the two single and shorter stamens causing them and the corresponding sepals to bulge out a little, The family is found all over the world, but chiefly round the Mediterranean. Common garden plants are CHEIRANTHUS, Wall-flower, Ger. Goldlack, #7. Violier or Giroflée jaune ; IBERIS, Candytuft, Ger. Baurensenf; MATHIOLA, Stock or Gilly-flower, Ger. Leukoje rote, #7. Giroflée. Species of BRASSICA are cultivated for their seeds (Rape and Mustard), their tuberous roots (Turnip), their edible leaves (Cabbage, Brussels-sprouts, Savoy, Kale), or their much enlarged inflorescence (Cauliflower). The common Watercress, Nasturtium officinale L., is another of the family. For distinguishing the genera impurtance is attached to the shape of the pod, whether long and narrow as in the Wall-flower, or broad and thin, and in the latter case whether the partition is across the narrower diameter as in the Shepherd’s Purse, or the broader as in Honesty ; and further to the relative position of the radicle and the cotyledons in the seed, whether the radicle lies along their edges as in the Wall-flower and Stock, or across them when they are folded over it as in the Cabbage. CRUCIFER&. 17 This distinction can be seen without difficulty in the ripe and dried seed, since there is no endosperm and the seed coat fits tightly over the embryo. When one groove only shows on the surface it is the division between the radicle and the cotyledons (i.e., the radicle lies along their edges), when two grooves are seen they separate the radicle in the centre from the cotyledons which wrap round the other side of it. Named in allusion to the spreading of the four petals in the form of & CYOSS, A. Pod long and narrow, radicie along the edges of the cotyle- dons (seed has a linea little to one side of the middle). Flowers white or whitish, ......... . . CARDAMINE, Lower leaves three-foliate, toothed. ........ C. africana. Lower leaves pinnate or pinnatisect, ....... C. hirsuta. B. Pod long and narrow, indented between the seeds. Radicle across the cotyledons (seed has two grooves). Lower leaves broad, lyrate; upper narrower, finely toothed. Flowers yellow... Mustard... 4°. <3... % BRASSICA juncea. C. Pod short, as broad or broader than long. Partition across the narrower diameter. Pod heart-shaped aoe nerd Ss PRYSe (6 see 5 a CAPSELLA bursa-pastoris. CARDAMINE. F.B.I. IO VIII. Bitter-cress, etc. Herbs. Leaves usually pinnatisect. Flowers white or purple. Pod narrow, opening by twovalves. Seeds in one row only; radicle of embryo along the edges of the cotyledons. Species about fifty over the whole of the temperate and arctic regions. Named on account of the use the leaves were once put to asacure for that form of indigestion which produces palpitation of the heart, from the Greek KARDIA a heart and DAMAO / subdue. Compare the name Cardamon for the spice which has the same property, But the Greek KARDAMON was also the common garden Cress. To the genus belong the English wild plants, Cookoo- flower, Bitter-cress ; the German Gaucheblume, Wiesenkresse , the French Cresson-nette, 2 18 CRUCIFERA:, Cardamine africana Linn.; F.B.I.i137, VIII 3. A small perennial herb with long-stalked, pinnately three- foliate leaves, small white flowers, and slender rather erect pods. Leaflets broadly ovate, toothed, slightly hairy; lateral ones oblique, and asymmetrical at the base; about Iinch by I inch. Main stem very often ending soon in a raceme of flowers, with leaves and axillary branches continuing on one side. Pods 1% by 1/20 inch. t.13. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 9, Ic. t. 941 (C. borbonica). Very common in sholas. In the higher mountains of India and Ceylon. Fyson 1355, 1851, 2847. Bourne 258, 508, 556. Gen, Dist, Mountains of tropical Africa and south temperate regions. Cardamine hirsuta Linn. ; F.B.I. i 138, Wall. Cat. 4781! not 4780; VIII,6. Hairy Bitter-cress. An annual herb very variable in size and in the toothing of the stem leaves, hairy or quite glabrous. Stems tufted from a very short rootstock, spreading. Leaves mostly radical but also on the stem; leaflets five to seven, from ovate-cuneate to reniform, almost entire or coarsely three-lobed, terminal one largest; of the stem leaves much narrower almost linear: or in larger forms with several rounded teeth. Flowers small, white. Pods slender, 34 by 1/30inch, to 1% by 1/20 inch, tapering off at the end; stiffly erect or slightly spreading. Seeds brown, circular. t. 14. Nilgiris; Pykara. Pulneys: on the downs. Very common on the higher hills of South India. Syson 2930. Bourne 429, Gen. Dist. All over the temperate parts of India, and in Bengal during the cold weather, and generally in all temperate countries including England, BRASSICA. F.B.I. 10 XXIV. Cabbage, Mustard, etc. Well branched biennial or perennial herbs with bluish foliage. Flowers usually yellow in long leafless CRUCIFER&. 19 racemes. Pods long cylindrical, ending in a round beak and large stigma. Seeds roundish, in one row; radicle across the cotyledons which are wrapped round it. Species about fifty, in the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and central and eastern Asia. Named from the old Celtic name BRESSIC (Cahbage) or possibly from the Greek BRAZEIN @0 cook. Brassica juncea J. D. Hooker and Thompson; F.B.I, i 157, XXIV 6; Indian Mustard. An annual growing to 4 feet. Lower leaves elliptic or: oblong lanceolate, irregularly toothed, and with often irregular triangular segments on the long and wide stalk; upper leaves narrower, lanceolate and more regularly toothed. Stalks of the flowers 4 to % inch. Pods I inch or more, with a long beak tipped by the stigma. t.15. Cultivated all over India, and from Egypt to China. Bourne 700, 734. CAPSELLA. F.B.I. IO XXVIII. Pod broad and flat with partition across the narrower diameter; heart-shaped; its halves boat-shaped, keeled, many seeded. Radicle lying across the cotyledons. Small herbs with white flowers and lobed or entire leaves. Species four, in temperate climates of both hemispheres. Capsella bursa-pastoris Medic. ; F.B.I.i 159, XXVIII 1; Shepherd’s Purse. Lower leaves usually lying on the ground as a rosette, lobed or deeply cut ; stem leaves few, oblong or lanceolate, clasping the axis by large ear-shaped bases. Flowers in terminal racemes, white. Pods with the partition showing down the middle of each side. Seeds oblong. t.16. A weed of cultivation nearly all the world over except in tropical climates. To be found in flower at all seasons because very quick to mature. At once recognisable by its pod, Bourne 1949. 2-A 20 VIOLACEE. Named from CAPSELLA, a little capsule ; BURSA-PASTORIS ¢he literal Latin for Shepherd’s Purse, an old and universal name. Ger. Hirtentas- che; Fr. Bourse de Berger, CORONOPUS (SENEBIERA). F.B.I. 10 XXx.* Annual or biennial prostrate branching herbs with leaf-opposed racemes of small white flowers charac- terised by the fruit being composed of two globular one-seeded parts. Species about twelve, mostly in subtropical climates, Coronopus didyma Linn. (Senebiera Poir) ; XXX* 1; Wartcress. Asmall weed. Leaves %to1% by % inch, deeply pinnatifid into narrow leaflet-like segments. Fruit of two globular parts each 1/12 inch. A native of tropical America now spread as a weed in many lands. Ootacamund road-sides. VIOLACEF.. FBA.T4, A family of twenty-one genera of which the most important is VIOLA. VIOLA. F.B.I. 13 I. Violet, Pansy, etc. The flower of the Violet, the only genus here, as in Europe of this family, is probably known to all. There are five pointed sepals, produced backwards at the base; five petals, four of them normal, the fifth and lowest rather larger and produced backwards as a hollow spur ; five stamens with short broad filaments, large anthers, and small brown flaps surmounting them; anda central one-celled ovary with three rows of seeds attached to the wall, and a single style. Two of the stamens have extensions running back into the spur of the lowest petal, and when these are jogged by the proboscis of a bee or other insect, while it is sucking the honey secreted VIOLACEA:. 21 inside the spur, pollen is shaken out of the anthers, where it had been held in by the flaps, onto the insect’s back. When the insect visits another flower of the same species cross-fertilization is effected. Pollination would. often not take place in wet weather for lack of insects; and to compensate for this there are often other flowers, very much smaller, which do not open at all, but are fertilised by the pollen growing directly out of the anthers onto the stigma (of the same flower). The fruit is a round or oblong capsule which splits into three boat- shaped pieces with a row of seeds down the middle of each. All are small perennial herbs, with alternate or radical, often heart-shaped, long-stalked leaves, and conspicuous stipules. Flowers solitary on long slender stalks, which bear a small bract about two-thirds the way up. Species 300 all over the world but mostly in temperate regions and the mountains of the northern hemisphere. Many are peculiar to the Andes of South America, a few occur in Brazil, South Africa, and tropical Africa; eight in Australia and New Zealand, five in the Sandwich Islands. Named from the old Greek name 10N, for a common European species, Plants of the open grass land, not connected by runners ; leaves much longer than broade 2. Gare Co ie eee Shade- loving plants, usually connected by runners ; leaves heart- shaped, Sepals ovate-obtuse; stipules almost entire; branches and internodes very long . : o> ap See! « Me Castalia: Sepals long-attenuate from a lanceolate base ; ; stipules laciniate. men OEAES ROMMEINCM I 9 1g 2d Sg es one Sey ig a, ee EDO Viola patrinii DC. ; Wall. Cat.1445!; F.B.L. 1183, 12; the Spear-leafed Violet. Rootstock stout and woody, without runners. Leaves variable, but usually lanceo late, abruptly narrowed at the base, finely but distantly serrate or crenate, glabrous; blade 2 to 3 inches; stalk long and clasping the rootstock at the base. t. 17. Wight Ill. t. 18 (V. walkerii). 22 VIOLACE. On the open downs, in grass, quite common. yson 361, 1835, 1841. Bourne 22. Gen. Dist. Mountains of India, Ceylon, Thibet, and over North Asia from Russia to Japan. Viola distans Wall. Runners long, bearing leaves at intervals of %4 to 12 inches. Stipules almost entire. Radical leaves with petioles of as much as 7 inches and reniform blades. t. 18. Pulneys: near Poombari and in the Pambar- ravine. Nilgiris : Kotagiri (Sir F. Adams). Sourne 742, 743, 4669. Gen. Dist. Himalayas, Khasi hills, Ceylon and perhaps Java. I have. nut myself found this and I doubt whether it grows as high as our area (i.e., about 6,500 feet), But I have added it here in case it should be found. Viola serpens Wallich ; Wight’s Kew dist. 74!; F.B.L. i 184,16; Pulney Wood Violet. Branches and runners very slender and long, rooting occasionally at the nodes. Stipules lanceolate, deeply toothed. Petioles I to 3 inches, slender; blades delicate, hairy, triangular-cordate, with a deep rounded sinus at the base: teeth pointing forward blunt or snub-nose-shaped. Normal flowers 34 inch across. Sepals 1/5 by 1/20 inch. Cleistogamic flowers white, 1/20 inch on peduncles of less than I inch. Cap- sule round, 4 inch. Seed pointed aril on one side of the top. t.19. Fyson 2093. In moist places, inside sholas, on the Pulney downs. * yar. canescens Wall. Cat. 1442! a closely tufted plant with hardly any stem, and no long runners. Stipules very laciniate, flowers 1 inch across, Incool places. Fyson 1926. * * yar, wightiana Wall. Caz. 4021! (not confusa Benth.) In habit intermediate between the former two. A robuster plant, with petioles up to 5 inches, blades to 2 inches, and large sepals, Nilgiris and Pulneys flowers September, Wight Sp. Nilg, t. rr=Ic. t. 943 but addrunners, yson 301, 311, 2093”, 2980, 2981. Bourne 202, 225, Wight’s illustration, Ic. t. 943, does not show stolons, and his plant was probably for this reason included in var. 3 of the F.B.J. But the plant referred to in W. & A. Prod.,i.e., Wall. 4021, has them. V. confusa Benth, (var. 3 of F.B.I.) is quite different. PITTOSPORACEA. 23 PITTOSPORACEE.. F.B.I. 15. A family of nine genera and ninety species chiefly Australian, of which fifty belong to one genus PITTO- SPORUM. PITTOSPORUM. F.B.I. 15 I. Sticky-seed. The name, PITTOSPORUM, or Sticky-seed, indicates the chief characteristic of this genus—the yellow sticky pulp in which the seeds are imbedded. Another useful characteristic is the umbelled arrangement of the smaller branches and the crowding of the leaves at their ends. Flowers in umbels or corymbs close down among the young leaves, white or yellowish-green in colour. Calyx small, greenish. Petals five, yellowish, oblong. Stamens five, alternating with the petals. Ovary covered with short stiff erect hairs, and ending in a short stiff style; incompletely two-celled. Fruit a small berry, with short persistent style, and marked: on the outside with a vertical equator along which the rind splits open and spreading out flat exposes the red or orange sticky seeds. Species about 50 in the tropical and subtropical regions of Australia, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands. The family is a comparatively small one of only 100 species, and chiefly Australian. See map on page 24. Flowers on short, stout pedicels, umbelled at the ends of the twigs, Common sticky-seed . . . P. tetraspermum, Flowers on slender pedicels in racemes from among the uppermost leaves, forming a loose corymb. , P, nilghirense, Pittosporum tetraspermum Wight and Arnott ; Herb. Wight No. 142!; F.B.J.1 198, 1 3; Cherry Orange, or Common Yellow Sticky-seed. A small tree with thick PITTOSPORACEZ:. 24 yeoos © e’e’s WNUYOGSOLLId iL MawvsOdsS O0Ldid « at) ea'Fe gfeook a8 foool-s oe Ho) . . . 30 NOILNGI¥LSIa 31ivWixoudyv PITTOSPORACES. 28 trunk and grey bark (usually covered with flat encrust- ing lichens). Twigs straight, thickly studded with yellow pustules (lenticels); usually in bunches of three or four together. Foliage rather thick and dark. Leaves whorled at the ends of the twigs, or at the forkings, elliptic or oblanceolate, quite glabrous, leathery, dull, dark green on the upper side, lighter below, with slender but on the lower side quite distinct veins; stalk Y% inch. Pedicels ¥% inch lengthening to 34 inch in fruit» stout, umbelled or in short irregular racemes. Sepals small triangular. Petals creamy yellow, curved back- wards. Stamens stiff, half the length of the petals. Style 1/16 inch ; stigma capitate. Fruit % inch round, in colour and shape much as an orange when ripe. Seeds three or four, imbedded in orange-coloured sticky flesh, which smells strongly of turpentine. Endosperm white. t.20. Wight Ic. t. 971 ex. stigma. In and at the edges of sholas, quite common, Nilgiris: in and round Ootacamund. Pulneys: on the downs, Flowers December-March, Fruit summer. /yson 1853, 1853,* 1858, 1925, 2210, 2211, 2620, Lourne 422, 1798. Gen. Dist. Western Ghats, Shevaroys, Anamalais and Ceylon only. Pittosporum nilghirense Wight and Arnott; Herb. Wight No. 141!; F.B.L. i 198, 1 4. Nilgiri Sticky-seed. Very similar to the last in general habit and in leaf; but the flowers in loose racemes of I to 3 inches with pedicels of 4 to I inch terminating the twigs or in the uppermost leaf-axils. Wight Ill. i. t. 70. Nilgiris : Kotagiri, Sispara, Ootacamund. Pulneys at lower levels, Syson 3000, 1717, 2111. Bourne 330, 605 *, 777%, 1449. om Dist. Western Ghats, Nilgiri, Pulney and Anamalais. Pittosporum floribundum Wight ; F.B.J.i 199, 16; occurs on the Kodaikanal ghat below Shembaganur, flowering profusely in the autumn and is then very conspicuous. 26 POLYGALACEA. POLY GALACEA: F.B.I. 16. A family of ten genera and about 700 species, occur- ring all over the world but only rarely in the Arctic regions, Polynesia, and New Zealand. POLYGALA is the chief genus. POLYGALA. F.B.I. 16% Milkwort. Flower in general appearance very like that of the Pea, there being a pair of spreading wings (the two inner and lateral sepals) and a keel (the lower petal); but at once distinguished from that family by a fringe at the tip of the keel, and in essential details quite distinct. Sepals five, of which three are small. Petals three only, the anterior one boat or keel-shaped. Stamens eight, united together at the base and to the keel: anthers free, opening by pores at the ends. Ovary two-locular: fruit a flat oval capsule, winged slightly along the edges except atthe top, where is a notch. Seeds one only in each loculus, pendulous, large and with a branched appendage (aril) which in the different species varies in size. Trees, shrubs or herbs, with simple alternate leaves and no stipules. Species about 450, in all the temperate and warmer parts of the world. . There is a bract and two bracteoles below the flower, and in some species the latter disappear before the flower opens, in others they persist. In some species also the two larger, wzmg, sepals are green (herbaceous) in others coloured (petaloid), The aril of the seed may be very large and red, covering nearly the whole seed, or more usually white and then with two or three outgrowths (ams) spreading down over the seed, or without any. These characteristics are therefore to be observed for the determination of a species. Pollination is brought about in much the same way as with the Papilionacee. The anthers shed their pollen into the keel and it is pushed out when an insect alights to suck POLYGALACE&: 27 honey from the base of the flower and depresses the keel by its weight, The species differ in details, Flowers bright yellow, 34 inch; seeds with large red eye surrounding a black circular disk; shrub. . . P. arillata. Flowers mauve or pink, 14 inch, in short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves ; rootstock woody, stems slender spreading G@nstbe. pround, .. .:-. Milkwort. .: ~. .-« P: sibiriea: Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils; annual, erect or spreading, with narrow leaves .. . =: « .- ,. . P. rosmarinifolia. Polygala arillata Hamilton, Wall. Cat. 4191 c and d!; F.B.I.i 200, 11; Red-eye or Yellow Milkwort. Shrub 3 to 6 feet with loosely growing branches covered with light coloured bark. Leaves up to 6 by 3 inches elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, waved, glabrous, dark dull-green. Flowers in drooping racemes from the upper leaf-axils, yellow, % to 34 inch across: bracts deciduous. Sepals unequal; upper very concave; lateral (wings) oblong-pointed, spreading, yellow, very conspicuous; two lower small. Petals yellow, keel with conspicuous fringe. Capsule almost heart-shaped green till ripe, then straw-coloured and opening on each side to expose the two pairs of seeds. Seed about three-quarters covered by three large red fleshy outgrowths which rise from the base and leavea rounded area at the top. This area a jet black circular patch with a slaty-blue zone round, like the pupil and iris of an eye, ina red fleshy setting. t. 21. The seed remains some considerable time attached to the dried capsule, which does not fall from the bush. See note on Ternstroemia japonica Zhund., p. 41. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund and below. Pulneys: from Shembaganur upwards. Flowers June, fruit from September, fyson 375, 1089, 1887, Bourne 437, 1403. Gen. Dist. Hills of South India—Western Ghats, Bababooduns, Coorg, Anamalais, etc, Ceylon from 4,000 feet. Not elsewhere. Nepal and Khasi plants have the flowers in branched racemes, and have been separated by Chodat as P. tricholopha. In the F.B.I. the wings are given (?Nepal and Khasi) as red-purple, but in our plant they are a clear lemon yellow. 28 POLYGALACEA. Polygala rosmarinifolia Wight and Arnott; F.B.1. 204, 1 13; Rosemary Milkwort. An erect or spreading, well-branched annual, 2 to 18 inches high. Stem very slender throughout, but rigid, pubescent. Leaves % to 1 by & to ¥% inch, narrow linear, erect on the branches, with thickened and recurved margins and strong midrib ; but not coriaceous or with the hard apex of P. sibirica. Flowers greenish, solitary or in short racemes in the leaf- axils, erect, 4% to ¥% inch long. Bracteoles minute, at the base of tthe pedicel and close against the equally small bract or the subtending leaf. Wings obliquely ovate. Petals rounded: keel with distinctly stalked fringe below the notched end. Pod elliptic, notched atthe top, elsewhere with a narrow purple margin. Seeds two, black, covered with short hairs and capped bya large white aril with two short extensions round the scar. iOS 2. Pulneys: from Shembaganur 5,500 feet upwards. Sourne 306, 709. Nilgiris (A. & L., Hohenacher). Gen. Dist. Southern hills of the western Peninsula and Ceylon. Polygala sibirica Linn., var. heyneana (not Wallich 4184!); FBI. i 205,114; Common Milkwort. A small plant with numerous stems 1/16 inch or less in thickness and four to many inches long, trailing on the ground from a thick perennial rootstock. Leaves _ nearly sessile, 44 to I inch long and usually not more than Yé inch wide, elliptic or oblong, with recurved margins and only one strong vein (midrib) ending in a short recurved point; but when dry marked on the upper side with a fine raised network quite characteristic in containing no straight veins. Flowers in short erect racemes, or occasionally solitary, in the upper leaf-axils ; pinkish-mauve or purple. Bracteoles minute, at the base of the pedicel and near the equally small bract or the CARYOPHYLLACEA. 29 subtending leaf, but deciduous before the flower opens. Outer sepals 4g inch inner (wings) 4 by ¥% inch, acute, and very slightly oblique. Lateral petals broadly obovate or triangular, joined at the base, usually spreading out horizontally, very conspicuous: keel shorter or longer, with conspicuous fringe. Stamens eight: filaments white, connected into a tube round the style and split in the upper part; anthers yellow, continuous with the filament. Style longer, with conspicuously large spoon-shaped and incurved violet end which arches over the anthers. Capsule 4 by t/5 inch flat, surrounded except at the middle of the top by a wing 1/20 inch wide. Seeds two, black ; capped by a small white aril which bears a tuft of hairs at the top and three flat oblong white appendages, with rather broader fringed ends, reaching two-thirds down the seed. t. 23. From the type species the plant which occurs here differs in the stouter midrib, more recurved margins, oblong leaves, and larger appendages, Fyson 1101, 1794, 1857, 1924. Bourne 34,2789. In the grass of the open downs, very common from 5,500 feet upwards, often trailing over the edges of cattle tracts: flowering from after the early rains. Occasionally with white flowers. Gen. Dist. Himalayas from Kashmir to the Khasi hills, and beyond to Siberia, China and Japan, In Ceylon, on the highest mountains as a larger form. Not on the Western Ghats to the north of the Nilgiris. Pollen is shed from the anthers and collects in the hallowed side of the style, and is presented to insects which alight on the flower and depress the keel. CARYOPHYLLACEFE, This is the family of our garden Pink, Carnation, Gypsophila and Chickweed. Its members are all herbs, with sessile simple leaves and conspicuously swollen nodes. The flowers are usually terminal on the branches ; sometimes in very regular cymes, as in the common pink Catch-fly of our gardens (Silene armeria). The sepals 30 CARYOPHYLLACE. may be unitedor free; the petals are always free, and five; the stamens usually twice as many. But the character which distinguishes the family from all others except the PRIMULACEZ and MYRSINE (and they are very different in every other respect), is the one-celled ovary with its large, round, central placenta, on which the numerous seeds are arranged. The seed is deeply indented at the scar, being bent round so that the apex lies near the base; and the embryo inside is in con- sequence bent round too. This curving of the embryois characteristic of the order, and so of a few others for that reason considered allied to it. The family is a large one of 80 genera and 1,300 species, and belongs chiefly to the temperate regions. In India it is practically confined to the Punjab and temperate Himalayas, and to small mountain areas like the Nilgiris and Pulneys. On the plains of Southern India only two species occur wild. Named from two Greek words KARION a nut, and PHYLLUM a lea/, lecause the buds consist of ordinary unexpanded and rather long leaves, not short spectalised scales, and trkes the form of rather hard leafy lumps at the ends of the branches. Sepals united as a tubular calyx . . . . . , SILENE Sepals not united .....'. <°. 2 G0 Leaves many ata node: . . «© « «© sue Leaves two only at a node 0 , oe Pa | Leaves 1 inch or so, semi-cylindrical and grooved under- neath; flower in open three-chomoteus panicles, (Spurry) . . 2.0. + =) t+ leaves four only at a node, flowers hardly more than lg | inch across, in loose terminal cymes; sepals keeled . . ‘ POLYCARPON, [ c Lower leaves stalked ; stem with a line of short hairs alter- nately on one or the other side ; petals divided and flowers in consequence star-like ; capsule not much longer than { broad, (Stitchwort), . . . . . . 9) Se=Eeemee d4 Leaves all sub-sessile ; petals notched not deeply divided ; otherwise similar to the above. (Sandwort), ARENARIA _All leaves sessile; petals notched; capsule two or three times as long as broad, glistening. (Chickweed) . L CERASTIUM, ¢ CARYOPHYLLACE. 31 SILENE. F.B.I. 18 VI. Campion Catch-fly. Calyx tubular (inflated or not), five-toothed, ten- nerved. Petals five, with narrow lower part and spread- ing upper, often with two swellings at the middle. Ovary often slightly stalked: capsule of firm material, three to five locular at the base, one-locular at the top, opening in six teeth. Seeds kidney-shaped covered with transverse rows of tubercles on the back and sides. Annual or perennial herbs with solitary, cymose, or variously panicled flowers. Species 300, chiefly round the Mediterranean region, Ger. Pechnelke, “7. Attrapemouche. Named after the drunken, slobbering god, SILENE, because some of the species are covered with sticky secretion. Silene gallica Linn.; F.B.I. i 218, VI3. A loose straggling herb with opposite leaves, but the flowers developed only along one side of the stems thus forming unilateral racemes. Stem or branches erect or ascend- ing, 4 to 18 inches. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate about I by 4% inch, sometimes sticky. Flowers nearly sessile in the axils of one of each pair of upper leaves. Calyx tube % to &% inch, hairy, ten-ribbed. Petals not much exserted from the tube, pink, each with two scales one-third from the top. Styles three. Capsule egg- shaped. Seed with rows of tubercles, and an ear-shaped depression on each side. t. 24. As a weed by road-sides, etc. Gen. Dist. A weed of cultivation in all parts of the world, native of Europe. /yson 3003. Silene armeria Lizn.; an annual herb with regularly decussate ovate sessile leaves and terminal corymbs of pink flowers, in regularly-forking cymes, is a common 32 CARYOPHYLLACE. garden plant which occurs occasionally as an escape, e.g., on the hill side below the church at Kodaikanal. CERASTIUM. F.B.I. 18 X. Chickweed. Named from the Greek KERAS, a horn, because of the comparatively long and curved capsule, its most distinguishing characteristic. Pubescent and sticky weak-stemmed herbs with broad sessile leaves and small white flowers in terminal cymose panicles, and having the sepals free. Not unlike STELLARIA but for the long pod. Species 100 distributed over the northern temperate regions and on tropical mountains, but absent from Australia (except the common garden Chickweed, C. vulgatum Z. Capsule 14 inch, or less; flowers few, the branches of the panicle bifurcating . . »- ~ . . . + » 2 Capsule 3g inch or more; branches of panicle constantly branching into three’ . . ... . . . Gove Cerastium indicum Wight and Arnott; Wight Herb. No. 149!; F.B.I.i 227, X 3. Stems very slender. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic, acute, 1% by 38 inch, smaller towards the top, and reduced to small scales under the branches of the inflorescence. Flowers few in dichot- omous cymes, with widely spreading pedicels. Capsules not much longer than the sepals. t.25. Wight Ill. i 26. In sholas on the Nilgiri and Pulney hills, but not on the Bombay Ghats. /yson 331, 389. * Bourne 231, 756. Cerastium vulgatum Linn. var glomerata Thuillier ; F.B.I. i 228, X 4; Common or Mouse-ear Chickweed. A coarsely hairy, more or less sticky herb, typically annual but occasionally perennial, very variable in habit. Ground leaves narrow and stalked, stem leaves sessile, CARYOPHYLLACEA. 33 broadly ovate to narrow oblong. Flowers in almost perfect three-chotomous panicle. Sepals 3/16 inch with conspicuous scarious margins. Petals shorter, some- times absent. Stamens often reduced to five or fewer. Capsule projecting far out of the calyx, slightly bent and opening atthe top in ten small teeth, very smooth and glistening when ripe. t.26. /yson 1451. A garden weed, found now all over the world, wherever it is not too hot. yr. Morgeline, Ger. Hornkraut. STELLARIA. F.B.I. 18 XI. Stitchwort, Chickweed. Flowers similar to CERASTIUM, except that the styles three only or if five then alternate with the sepals, and capsule globose, opening by valves. Herbs with oppo- site exstipulate leaves, and flowers in cymose panicles. Species about roo in temperate regions and tropical mount- ains, many cosmopolitan. Ger. Wasserstern. Stellaria media Linn.; F.B.I. i 230, XI 5; Chick- weed or Starwort. A common weed with weak stem and small white star-shaped flowers. Stem weak, much branched, flaccid, green and marked with two opposite lines of fine white hairs. Lower leaves with slender stalks, % inch or more, ovate, acute, glabrous, quite entire; upper leaves sessile. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, or in irregularly forked leafy cymes. Sepals 4 inch. Petals shorter, deeply cleft into two narrow diverging lobes (star-like). Sta- mens ten to five. Styles free, capsule ovoid, projecting beyond the sepals, seeds brown, covered with sharp tubercles. Wight Ic. t.-947. In sholas and as a weed. /yson 1860. Bourne 468, Gen, Dist. All through the temperate regions of India and Ceylon and over the arctic and north temperate regions. 3 34 CARYOPHYLLACE:. ARENARIA. F.B.I. 18 XIII. Sandwort. Like STELLARIA but the petals not divided or notched; styles not divided; capsule opening by the same or double the number of valves as styles. Species 100, almost all over the world, more especially in the temperate and cold regions. Arenaria neelgherrensis Wight and Arnott; Herb. Wight 148!; F.B.I.i 239, XII1 14; Nilgiri Sandwort. Stem and its numerous branches slender, with a line of pubes- cence down one side. Internodes 4 to%inch. Leaves 1/5 to % inch, ovate, one-nerved, hardly acute. Flowers on slender pedicels of I inch in the axils of the upper leaves orin leafy cymes. Sepals % inch long and broad, ovate-acute, with a single hairy nerve and thin scarious edges. Nilgiris : Ootacamund and Dodabetta (Gough !) and below. Very close to A. serpyllifolia Z. of Europe, but in habit much laxer, leaves less acute, inflorescenae less distinctly cymose, and sepals with only one nerve and that pubescent. A, serpyllifolia Z. ; 7.2.7. i239, XIII 14; may also occur in a lax form as an introduced weed. It has more pointed leaves, more distinct cymes, and the sepals and bracts with three or five veins. SPERGULA. F.B.I. 18 XVI. Spurry. Annual herbs with narrow leaves and small scarious stipules. Sepals free; petals entire ; styles five, alternate with the sepals; capsule opening by five valves opposite the sepals. Species two or three only in temperate climates; a weed of cultivation. Hug. Spurry. /7.Spergule. Ger. Spark, Spergel. Named from the Latin SPARGERE Zo scatter, CARYOPHYLLACE. 35 Spergula arvensis Linn.; F.B.I. i 243, XVI 1; Corn Spurry. An annual with dense false whorls of long linear leaves at the base of which are small scarious stipules, and small flowers with entire petals. Stems 6 to 12 inches, pubescent or glandular, green, simple or fork- ed. Leaves linear-subulate, half-cylindrical, grooved beneath, in bunches at the nodes because of the develop- ment of those of the axillary buds. Stipules small scarious. Flowers in regular three-chotomous cymes, white. Sepalsobovate-obtuse. Petals white,shorterthan the sepals, not notched. Stamens ten or five. Capsule subglobose, longer than the sepals. Seeds black, slightly flattened and with a narrow scarious border. t. 27. A weed of cultivated ground on these hills. /yson 1354. Bourne 760. Not recorded in C.B.F. on the ghats to the north, but in Scind and on the Kirthar mountains. Ge. Dzs¢, Cosmopolitan in temperate climates, POLY CARPON. F.B.I. 18 XVIII. Diffuse herbs with flat, often falsely whorled, leaves and small flowers in much branched cymose panicles. Bracts scarious; sepals with scarious edges and green keels; petals small hyaline ; stamens three to five; style short, three-fid ; capsule opening by three valves. Species about 6, over temperate and tropical regions. Polycarpon loeflingiz Bentham and Hooker f. ; F.B.I. 1245, XVIII 1. A perennial with weak angular branches spreading on the ground in a flat circular patch 6 to I2 inches across. Leaves of a whorl unequal, from %4 to 34 inch, obovate-cuneate. Cymes terminal or in the forks dense or not. Flowers &% inch diameter. ? Ootacamund in waste ground. Flowering after the first spring rains. Also all over the plains of this Presidency. Gen. Dist. Tropics of Asia and Africa. 37A 36 HYPERICINEA. HYPERICINE/E. A small family of 8 genera and some 200 species, of which 160 belong to the genus HYPERICUM distributed in temperate climates of the northern hemisphere. HYPERICUM. F.B.I. 22 II. St. John’s Wort. This is perhaps the easiest of all genera to recognise for the bright yellow flowers have numerous stiff straight stamens in bunches alternating with the petals, and the leaves contain oilglands which against the light show as translucent dots or streaks. The only plants which have similar oilglands have either alternate leaves (RUTACEZ and MYRSiNE#) or inferior ovaries (MYRTACE/). Plants mostly small, either herbs or shrubs, never trees ; leaves opposite, sessile, entire. Flowers typically in cymes of three (the middle one opening first and terminating the axis); but also solitary or panicled. Quite regular. Sepals five. Petals five, yellow, overlap- ping each other in bud and twisted. Stamens numerous, ~ united into one, three, or five, groups, alternating with glands. Ovary a superior with a corresponding number of cells and of styles. Fruit a capsule which splits open into its constituent cells (not down the back of each one as with so many capsules), leaving the placentas attached to the central axis or the edges of the valves. Species 160, in temperate climates. England has about to. St. John’s Wort, or Tutsan; Ger. Johanniskraut. Named jrom the Latin form of an old Greek one, of Dioscorides, of unknown derivation. Suggestions arvé (i) HUPER undey, and EIKON image, because the stamens stand like a figure, in the centre of the flower; (ii) HUPER under and ERIKE heath. “ St. John’s Wort” perhaps because of the stamens spreading like the golden rays painted behind a Saint’s head in old pictures. HYPERICINES. 37 (Shrubs, Stamens in five groups ; init i): a ee oes 5 Herbs, Ovaryone-celled . ., ka ears Branches stiff; leaves Pence, ‘apie sewnies longer than the ovary. (Common) . ., . HH. mysorense. b< Branches drooping, the bush round-topped ; leaves | bifarious; styles stout, shorter than the ovary / 2 | ie ee _ . ,. H, hookerianum, Bracts and sepals fringed with long-stalked glands ; seeds dotted, but not ribbed . . . ie wightianum. c4 Bracts and all parts devoid of stalked glands, but | fringed with small dots just inside the margin; seeds Ge ed Se a Ee ape Hypericum mysorense Heyne, Wall. Cat. 4808!; FBI. i 253, 112; common shrubby St. John’s Wort. A shrub, 3 to8 feet high; twigs four-angled, green or reddish. Leaves stiffly decussate, horizontal with tips curved slightly upwards, narrow elliptic lanceolate, sessile, with strong midrib. Flowers at the ends of the branches, solitary or in threes, of a rich yellow colour, 3to 4 inches across, mostly facing upwards. Sepals lanceolate % inch by 1g inch. Petals obovate-oblong, limp and flat when fully out and therefore widely separated, reddish on the back of the parts exposed in bud. Stamens slender and very numerous, in five bundles: anthers globular, 1/50 inch. Ovary five-celled, with five styles longer than itself. Fruit a rich crimson colour, egg-shaped, pointed ; surmounted by the five styles. t.28. Wight Ic. t. 56. The commonest species and abundant everywhere on the Nilgiri downs, more especially on soil, as near Kotagiri and Pykara, where it covers whole hill-sides to the exclusion of every other shrub, /yson 3004. Bourne 3. Gen. Dist. On the hills generally of South India and Ceylon, but rare in the Bombay Presidency and not reported from elsewhere in India. Hypericum hookerianum Wight and Arnott; Herb. Wight Prop! ; F.B.I. i 254, Il 6. A round-topped shrub with weak spreading, not erect, branches, Leaves rather flaccid ovate, set bifarious, i.e.,in two rows all facing fil 38 HYPERICINEA:. upwards, not decussate. Flowers pale yellow and saucer-shaped, the petals not separating widely as in H. mysorense. Styles thick shorter than the ovary. 29. The two plants are totally different in habit and general appearance. Wight Ic. t. 949. Nilgiris : (Wight Herb. Prop, ‘‘ prope Utacamund”!). Near Pykara (coll, Rangachari!). Pulneys; Seen by me only in the garden of the Observatory (lower house), /yson 1427, 2072. Bourne, Gen. Dist. Himalayas, Khasia. Hypericum wightianum Wail. Cat. 4010!; F.B.L. i 256 incl. in H. nepaulense ; I] 15*. A weak spreading herb with smooth round stems up to I5 inches long. Leaves ovate 4% to 34 inch, all except the uppermost devoid of stalked glands. Bracts and sepals with slender teeth tipped by black or red glands and with long pelucid veins. Some of the uppermost leaves also with a few gland tipped teeth near the base, but for the most part the leaves entire and with round pellucid dots and also when dried large black dots on the under side. Anthers tipped by round black glands. Styles three, free, about 14 inch, with conspicuous round red stigmas. Ovary one-celled, the seeds attached to the outer wall in three rows, round and dotted, not ribbed. t. 30. Wight Ill. t. 43. Very common in moist places, both Nilgiris and Pulneys above 5,000 feet. Syson 3005, 2604. Bourne 42, 2021. Wight Herb. Prop. 336. H. nepaulense Chozsy occurs on the higher slopes of the Himalayas from Sikkim to Cashmere. It has a two-edged stem, short teeth only on the sepals, and a three-celled ovary. Hypericum japonicum Thunb.; F.B.I. i 256, Il 17; Marsh St. John’s Wort. A very delicate herb, growing, in marshy and damp places, in tufts afew inches high; stems straight, up to 8 inches; branches or not, four- angled. Leaves % inchor less, oval or ovate, quite entire, TERNSTRGEMIACE. 39 clasping the stem at the base; midrib strong, veins four from the base, very slender; glands in the leaf as round pellucid dots. Flowers at the ends of the main stein and its branches, in comparatively large loose cymes; bracts and sepals quite entire, without any stalked glands. Flower 4 inch diameter pale yellow. Stamens all free, not in bundles. Ovary one-celled, with three parietal placentas and three very short (1/20 inch) styles. Capsule a inch, red. Seeds flat short oblong, with about seven longitudinal ribs and numerous transverse striations. Pas. Very common in moist places or shallow standing water. Nilgiris ; Ootacamund downs and golf links, Pykara. Pulneys : Kodaikanal downs. /'yson 1182, 2667. Sourne 18. Gen, Dist. Anamalais, Ganjam, Poonachi hills but on the ghats to the north rare, and recorded in C.B.F. from Castlerock, S. M. country, only. Widely distributed in eastern temperate climates, Himalayas, Khasi hills, Assam, Burma, and on to China, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. TERNSTREMIACESE. Tribes—TERNSTREMIACE4 and GORDONIEZ. Woody plants with alternate, thick or hard leaves; flowers solitary on their stalks; sepals imbricate, and progressively larger, rather hard andoften brown; petals imbricate and lightly attached to each other at the base; stamens numerous, sometimes attached to the base of the petals; ovary three to five-celled, with a single style. Rather characteristic of the family are the hard, comparatively large, buds. A family of some 240 species, common in the tropics of Asia and America, but very rare in Africa; absent from Australia, and practically so from all temperate climates. Economically the most important member is the Tea-plant, Camellia theifera Griff, a native of Assam and China, Another species of the same ‘genus, C, japonica Z., is cultivated in European gardens, for its rose-like but scentless flowers, Ao 40 TERNSTRCEMIACEA. Flowers small, not above 14 inch, very numerous on the older and leafless parts of the small branches, . . EURYA. Flowers 34 or 1 inch across, few, yellow. : Leaves entire; seeds with soft warty, red covering; a large TRECs ey ee we Lp te) ga gt Leaves serrate ; seeds winged; tree. . . . . . GORDONIA. TERNSTRCEMIA. F.B.I. 24 IL. Evergreen trees orshrubs. Leaves firm and leathery ; entire or serrate. Flowers bisexual. Sepals imbricate. Petals imbricate, connected at the base. Stamens many; anthers glabrous, fixed firmly on the ends of their filaments. Ovary of two or three cells, each with two pendent seeds, style simple. Fruit indehiscent, seeds few, pendent from the top of each cell. Embryo bent, with very short half-cylindrical cotyledons. Species 28, mostly in tropica] America ; but about six in the warmer parts of Asia and the Indian archipelago, Named by Linnewus in honour of a Swede, C. Ternstrem, who as a naturalist travelled over China in 1745. Ternstroeemia japonica Thunbergh; F.B.I. i 280, Il I. A very fine, shady tree, growing to 40 feet or more, with straight stem and hemispherical crown of foliage; bark smooth and wrinkled; branches rather crowded, and swollen at the point of attachment. Leaves crowded near the ends of the branches: stalks % inch, red, thick: blades 24 by 1%, oblong-obovate, entire, thick, glabrous. Flowers hanging from the axils of the fallen leaves and below the green ones, fragrant: stalks I inch, very slightly two-edged, erect in bud, afterwards bent down: bracteoles two, close under the sepals and hardly distinguishable from them. Sepals five, imbricate. Petals spreading 34 inch, pale yellow, stiff and easily crushed, connate at the base. Stamens many: anthers opening at the side, and ending in minute points. Ovary two or TERNSTRCEMIACEA. 4i three-celled: fruit 34 inch, clasped at the base by the enlarged sepals and the two small bracteoles, and peaked _at the top by the persistent style; smooth like an apple, with pericarp % inch, thick. Seeds four, hanging from the top of the cells and persistent when the pericarp opens; covered with a scarlet soft and deeply papillate outer skin; inside this stony: endosperm very hard; embryo inside almost S-shaped, the radicle pointing upwards. ¢t.32. Wight Ic.t. 47. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. or. In sholas. Nilgiris : Ootacamund (but not common), Pykara, quite common, 6,500 to 7,000 feet, Coonoor, Not found on the Kodaikanal downs. Fyson 2613. Bourne. Gen. Dist. Not at all on the ghats to the north (Bombay Presi- dency) ; but on the Khasi hills and southwards to Moulmein, and on to Sumatra, China, and Japan. I am unable to distinguish the variety Wightit of the F.B.I. The length of time these highly coloured seeds hang in the opened fruit, while most seeds fall quickly to the ground, is significant, and clearly a very useful adaptation for dispersal by birds, which are attracted by the high colour, are rewarded by a little soft flesh to eat, but are prevented from damaging the embryo by the stony endosperm, and smooth skin. The flowers are adapted for pollen-seeking bees, which are attracted by the scent and the yellow colour, EURYA. F.B.I. 24 VI. Usually shrubs. Flowers unisexual, on separate plants (dicecious); sepals imbricate. Petals imbricate, connected at the base. Stamens many, attached to the base of the corolla; anthers firmly fixed on their fila- ments; ovary three-celled, with many ovules; styles three ; fruit a berry. Seeds many, attached to the middle of the placentas ; embryo as in TERNSTRCEMIA. Species about 50 in Mexico, South America, West Indies, and East Indies. Named, itis said, from the Greek EURUS broad, because of the broad leaves, but this is hardly applicable to our species. 42 TERNSTRCEMIACE. Eurya japonica Thunbergh, var nitida, Korths; L.F.B.1. i284 VII. Most often, as at Ootacamund, a shrub barely 10 feet high, but in the sholas of the Pulney downs also as atall tree, overtopping all others. Its most distin- guishing characteristic is the arrangement of the quite small flowers or berries on the lower, and leafless, 3 to 5 inches of short lateral branches which are leafy at the ends. Twigs very slender, much indented by the scars of the fallen leaves, and soon covered with gray or whitish bark. Leaf-stalks 4 inch; blades I to 2 inches elliptic or oblanceolate, shortly acuminate, closely serrated except on the lower third, hard and shiny, glabrous. Flowers in little groups of two or three, shortly stalked in the axils of the fallen leaves; less than 4% inch across when fully open. Sepals five, hard and shiny. Petals five, united at the base. Stamens about three times as many. Fruit a black berry, 1/5 inch diameter with a minute three-fid style in the centre of a depression at the top, and sitting in the remains of the dried sepals. Seeds 1/20 inch, light brown, flat; embryo inside curved. t. 33. The F.B.I. gives three varieties, two of them as occurring here. But I have seen only this one. It has smaller leaves than the type. Very common in sholas on both plateaus. Gen. Dist. Mountains of India, Ceylon, Burma, and the Malay archi- pelago to China, Japan, Fiji, etc. yson 658, 1739, 2069, 2441. Lourne 98, 323, 733-* ‘he species has always been described as being a small shrub, like the cultivated Tea; and that [ am told is always its habit in China, etc. But on the Pulneys and also, Mr. Gamble tells me, on the Sikkim hills, it .s always much larger than Tea and often a tall tree; and I have on the Pulneys collected from a tree at least 60 feet high (No. 2069). Our plant may therefore be another species but I am unable to indicate any other ditference, GORDONIA. F.BL. 24 Xi. Anthers lightly attached to their filaments; fruit a loculicidal capsule; seeds with a wing at the top— Trées with evergreen entire or crenate leaves and often MALVACE. 43 beautiful flowers. Sepals unequal, imbricate. Petals only lightly connected, if at all, at the base; the inner larger. Stamens many. Ovary three to five-celled, with many pendent ovules; style simple. Seeds without endosperm; embryo straight. Species about 16, mostly in India, Malaya, and south China ; also in North America. Named in honour of Gordon, a horticulturist, Gordonia obtusa Wallich, Cat. 1459! ; F.B.L.i 291, XII 2. A moderate sized, evergreen tree, with rather erect and not widely spreading branches, which end in large silky buds. Leaves 2 to 4 inches elliptic, crenate, acute at both ends, firm and smooth; stalk % inch; midrib strong. Flowers lateral on the branches, solitary in the leaf-axils, I to 2 inches diameter, very handsome, white. Sepals silky on the back; outer smaller. Petals thin, andthinly silky. Stamens numerous, attached to the petals. Ovary five-celled; style single; fruit a five- angled, woody capsule, I inch long, furrowed at the top, and opening loculicidally so that the valves (carpels) separate from the persistent axis, to which the ten seeds are attached. Flowers May to December. t. 34. Wight Ill. t. 99. Fairly common, especially near water. Nilgiris : Ootacamund, in the swamp below Havelock road; in sholas on the downs; Pykara, Flowers May. Pulneys: on the downs in sholas ; Silver cascade. Fryson 1788*, 1104, 2714. Bourne 116. Gen. Dist. Permade, Anamalais, Travancore and on the Bombay Ghats to the north, but not elsewhere in India, MALVACEF-. Mallow, Hollyhock, etc. _- This family is distinguished from all others chiefly by the very numerous anthers being of one cell (two pollen sacs) only instead of two, and attached by short stalks Ad MALVACEA. to a staminal tube which stands up round the style in the centre of the flower. Well-known members of the family are HIBISCUS Shoe-flower, ALTH4A Hollyhock, GOSSYPIUM Cotton- plant, ERIODENDRON and BOMBAX Silk-cotton trees, THESPESIA, planted on the Madras beach. The plants are asa rule more or less covered with both simple and stellate hairs; have a fibrous and slimy inner bark; alternate simple, stipulate leaves ; and showy flowers borne solitary in the leaf-axils. The flowers have five petals twisted over each other in bud; numerous stamens united as above mentioned in one tube, or in definite bundles; and a three to five-celled ovary with single branched style and capitatestigmas. The fruit is always dry, either a capsule or breaking up into separate seed-containing sections. The family is mainly a tropical one, and abundant on the plains, where various species of HIBISCUS are cultivated, either for the fibre of the inner bark (Hemp) or the edible fruit (Bandikai) or as garden flowers. On these hill-tops only two genera appear to be indigenous, The name MALVA (Eng. Mallow, Ger. Malve, Fr. Mauve) was adapted by Linnaeus from the Greek MALAKEE, Soft, im allusion to the sliminess of the plant when crushed. HIBISCUS was the Greek name for our Mallow, Tall herb, with lobed or entire leaves .-. ...., OD Low creeping herb, with much dissected leaves, MODIOLA. Ripe carpels separating from each other. . , . MALVA. Fruit a pointed, bristly capsule... . . . . =HEBISCue: MALVA. F.B.I. 26 III. Mallow. Downy herbs with lobed leaves and axillary clusters of flowers, each with three free bracteoles and character- ised further by having in each carpel one ascending ovule and by the carpels separating from each other in fruit. MALVACEA. 45 Species under 20, in temperate regions of the Old World some widely distributed as weeds, Malva verticellata Linn.; F.B.I.i 320, Il 1; Mallow. Stem branched 2to 4 feet. Leaf-stalk 2 to 7 inches: blade as long and nearly as broad, with five large lobes, and crenatemargin. Flowers nearly sessile in dense clusters at the nodes. Petals notched, slightly longer than the sepals. Carpels ten to twelve, enclosed within the calyx, accrescent netted at the sides, prominently ribbed at the back. Pulneys : near Gundan shola above Kodaikanal. Bourne £23. Gen. Dist. Europe to Abyssinia and China. Himalayas, Nilgiris. MODIOLA. 26 Iv.* Fruit schizocarpic, each carpel with two seeds separa- ted by a horizontal partition ; epicalyx of three bracteoles, One species only, a native of North and South America, but found also in South Africa. Closely allied to ABUTILON, and the fruit in general appearance so like one of that genus that it may easily be mistaken for it; but the carpels in ABUTILON are not divided by a horizontal partition. Modiola caroliniana Linn.;IV*1. A small herb with green prostrate stems and branches matted close to the ground; and covered with numerous large stellate hairs. Leaf-stalks % to 1% inches; blades deeply three-fid, segments again cut in more than one series (very like Ranunculus diffusus, DC.), nearly glabrous; stipules % inch. Flowers red, solitary in the leaf-axils ; stalk jointed one-third from the top hairy like the branches. Epicalyx of three lanceolate, acute, bracteoles. Calyx five-fid, the lobes triangular, acute, three-veined, with simple hairs on thick bases along the veins. Petals pink, inch hardly longer than the sepals. Staminal tube branching at the end only into anther-bearing filaments, and not continued 46 MALVACE. beyond them: spines of the pollen grains short. Styles many, purple, slightly thickened at the ends. Ovary of many carpels, each containing two seeds, and divided by a horizontal partition between them; hilum of the upper seed below its micropyle, of the lower above it. Fruit % inch across, black, very hairy, breaking into its constituent carpels (about twenty): these with two hair- tipped points at the outermost corner and a deep rounded bay in the middle of the inner edge where they are attached to the centre, and opening by a slit at the top. Seeds glabrous. t. 35. Ootacamund, covering the bank of the stream between the bazaar and the Gymkhana ground. Not found on Pulneys. Not as far as I know, previously recorded from India. HIBISCUS. F.B.I. 26 XII. Fruit is a capsule of five cells, which open loculicidally (i.e., down their backs, the cells not separating from one another); and below the calyx a whorl of three or more bracteoles (these in our species might be mistaken for sepals)—Herbs or woody plants, their young parts covered usually with stellate or with simple hairs. Staminal column continuing in five-pointed teeth above the insertion of the topmost filaments. Ovary of five cells, each with three, or usually more, ovules. Style divided above into five branches with round velvetty stigmas. Seeds kidney-shaped. Species about 150 nearly all in the tropics, In Europe only two and in England none, HIBISCOS was the Greek mame forthe Marsh Mallow, now knowm as Althea officinale, a near ally of the Hollyhock ; and this name is said to have been derived from iBis the Egyptian goddess. Hibiscus angulosus Masters, Wight Herb. No. 202!; F.B.I. i 341, XII 27; the Hill Mallow. A tall coarse herb, clothed in all the younger parts with long straight hairs which hide the short stellate ones with which the TILIACEZ. 47 whole plant is covered. Stipules soon falling; leaf- stalks variable, from % to 5 inches ; blades 2 to 4 inches across, deeply or shallowly five-lobed, the lobes acute and irregularly toothed. Flower-stalks in the axils of the upper leaves, longer than the petioles; bracteoles three, large and leaf-like, meeting round the base of the flower. Calyx white, thin, in the form of a tube split down oneside. Corolla when fully open up to four inches across. Staminal-tube with anthers all the way up. Stylar branches five, with round red stigmas. Capsule, I to % inch, pointed, splitting open in five acute, hairy valves. t. 36. Wight Ic. 951. By the edges of sholas; flowering in the colder months, September to January. Nilgiris: Ootacamund to Kotagiri and below, Pulneys: on the downs quite common. /yson 2206, 1743. Bourne 446, 2489. Gen. Dist. South India and Ceylon on the higher mountains. Not on the ghats to the North (C.B.F.), It is perhaps worth noticing that the duty of protecting the petals and inner parts of the flower, ordinarily left to the sepals, is here undertaken by the large bracteoles, and that the calyx has degenerated to a thin tube, while the petals are thickened at the top where they are exposed. TILIACEZE. Of this family, as given in the Gen. Plant., one genus, ELAZOCARPUS, is represented here, with two species. They are trees with simple alternate leaves, and lateral cymes or spikes of perfectly regular flowers, consisting of five sepals valvate in bud, five petals, numerous stamens standing in a raised centre, and an ovary of several (a variable number of) cells topped by a single style and ripening into a fleshy fruit with one or more stones. In most of the genera the fruit is dry, not fleshy; and the inner bark, like that of the Malvacez is fibrous and slimy with mucilage. Because it has not this mucilage andits anthers are very slender and open by gaping at the end and not along lateral slits, ELAOCARPUS is by some systematists, e.g., Engler und Prantl, separated together with some half dozen other genera into a distinct family, 48 TILIACEA. The family is mainly a tropical one, TrL1A the lime tree of England, 7. Tilleul, Ger. Linden being almost the only genus occuring north or south of the 30° line of latitude. It is also pre-eminently Indian, some of the genera and many of the species being found only in this country. Economically the most important species is the Jute or Gunny- plant, CORCHORUS CAPSULARIS, the fibre of which is obtained from the bark. The Linden, TILIA EUROPEA, is also a source of fibre (the 4as¢ of gardeners), and ropes used to be made of thisin various parts of England, and also in olden days a rough kind of paper. The name TILIA 7s said to have been derived from the Greek PTILON, @ wing because of the long bract attached to the flower-stalk. ELAZOCARPUS. F.B.I. 28 XIII. Flowers in axillary spreading racemes, facing down- wards; petals conspicuously fringed; anthers long, opening at the top; fruit I inch or more . . Mock-olive. Species about 50, mostly in or near India, a few only in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific. Named from the Greek ELAIS ot] and CARPON /ruzt. A round-topped tree; leaves flat, oval, turning bright. crimson. Frequently planted in the open near villages . . . The Nilgiri Mock-olive® , . ... . . = |) (i A flat topped tree, foliages in tiers; leaves round backed, like an inverted boat, and rusty ; anthers with a long projection. . Asholatree . . . . 5s » « sl) Eleocarpus oblongus Gertner ; F.B.I. i 403, XIII 13; the Nilgiri Mock-olive. Stem white, well branched, with domed foliage; twigs with conspicuous lenti- cels, as yellowish pustules. Leaves elliptic, acute or acuminate, glabrous and shining above, crenate-serrate with glad-tipped teeth almost or quite to the acute base ; petiole also with two minute glands near the top. Racemes 2to6 inches long, in the axils of the fallen leaves, slender; bracts minute ; pedicels % to &% inch; buds ovate-acute. Sepals ¥% inch, acute, finely pubescent. Petals 1/5 inch wedge-shaped, with cuts extending from the end half-way down. Stamensona TILIACEZ. 49 raised torus 1/20 inch high, very numerous; anthers '8 inch gaping at the end not produced beyond. Ovary 1/20 inch covered with short erect hairs; style twice as long, tapering to a point. Fruit an Olive-like drupe, Poy 6 ineh; .t. 37: .Wightlc. t- 46. In the axils of the main veins, on the under side of the leaves, one nearly always finds small perforated swellings. These though probably the result of insect agency occur too consistently to be left out of a descrip- tion. The crimson colouring of the autumn foliage is very striking ; one nearly always finds a few leaves turned, and a tree may be identified by them. When a whole tree is crimson the effect is comparable to that of the ‘‘ Virginia-creeper.”’ Quite common towards the lower limit of our areas, often planted near villages. yson 649,1721, 2674, 2771. Bourne 219, Sor. Distributed to the north in the evergreen forests of Canara, and Mableshwar; westwards to Burma and the Malay islands, but not on the intervening plains. Confined to the semi-temperate hill-tracts of the tropics of Asia. Eleocarpus ferrugineus Wight, Herb. Prop!; F-.B.I. 1406, XIII 27; a shola tree with greyish green foliage in well-marked tiers, easily recognisable at a distance and more closely by its absolutely characteristic round-backed leaves. All young parts and leaves covered with a dense, rusty or greyish, tomentum of short stellate hairs; leaf- scars flat; lenticels small; petiole I inch. Leaf very convex, like an inverted boat without its keel, elliptic, shortly acuminate, with very shallow serrations 1/16 to & inch apart and tipped with short hairs; densely tomen- tose on the lower side, less so on the upper and eventually smooth ; veins about nine pairs, very regular and repeat- edly bifurcating towards the margin. Racemes 2 to 4 inches, pedicels 34 inch ; buds elliptic, 4 inch. Sepals 4 by % inch, all densely tomentose. Petals as long, % inch wide, covered with long appressed hairs, cut from the margin about one-third down. Stamens twenty or so, on a low yellow torus; anthers ¥ inch, one lobe prolonged at the end into aslender curved awn, the other much shorter. Ovary densely covered with hairs, three-celled ; style 4 50 LINACEZ. slender, 1/5 inch. Fruit oval 34 by 1/5 inch, fleshy, green, with one stone containing a cell with one matured seed and dried up undeveloped ovules, and two other squashed and aborted cells. Endosperm thick, horny, smelling and tasting strongly of cocoa. t. 38. Wight Ic. t. 205 (Monocera). Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 112. The leaves turn red, but fall very soon after, so that this colouring is not conspicuous as with E. oblongus. In sholas only, very common at high levels, especially on the Pulney downs, where there is hardly a shola without several trees. Nilgiris on Dodabetta. /yson 343, 1125, 2205. Lourne POOR CS2: Not on lower levels and absent entirely from the Bombay Ghats to the north. Apparently confined to these South Indian hill-tops. LINACE/.. Tribe I. Small herbs or shrubs with alternate simple leaves, and racemes of regular and symmetrica! flowers on the four or five plan. Petals twisted in bud, soon falling. Stamens as many. Carpels dehiscing septicidally. LINUM. FB. 268 Flax, etc. Flowers usually blue, the parts in fives. Sepals entire. Fertile stamens five, alternate with the petals, attached to each other at the base; staminodes very small; glands five, attached to the outside of the staminal tube and opposite the petals. Capsule breaking into five two-seeded or ten one-seeded parts. Seeds oily. Leaves quite entire, narrow. Species about 90, mostly round the Mediterranean. Named from LINUM, Latin for thread cotton or flax. The root LIN 7s ‘one of the oldest root words known. Flax the fibre which is spun and woven into linen is obtained from the outer part of the stems of one species GERANIACEZ. 51 Linum mysorense Heyne; Wall. Cat. 1507!; F.B.I. i4iI, 14. An annual herb with slender stem 3 to 16 inches high, unbranched till near the flowering region, where it forms broad corymbs; stem glabrous, striate, 1/16 inch or less in thickness. Leaves sessile, narrow- elliptic or oblanceolate, entire, three-nerved from the base. Branches of the corymb very slender; flowers opposite the leaf-like green bracts. Sepals five, ini- bricate, each with two slender lateral, and a much stronger middle vein branching reticulately towards the thicker tip; outermost sepal herbaceous with narrow scarious margin, entire; inner very thin, its scarious margin distinctly and regularly cut in minute oblong teeth.* Petals yellow, twice as long as the sepals, rounded. Anthers broadly oval. Styles connate below; stigmas small, capitate. Capsule opening in ten valves. Seeds oval, flat, 1/20 by 1/30 inch. t. 39. Nilgiris: Lovedale. /yson 1218, 1449. Bourne 1056. Gen. Dist. Western Ghats, Himalayas, Ceylon. F.B.I. and C.B.F. give sepals of genus as entire. The teeth are very small, but are visible in the type plant Wall. 1507! GERANIACEEE. This family as defined in the Gen. Plant. and F.B.IL (i 426), comprises, in India, three tribes: the GERANI- E# (Crane’s-bill), the OXALIDE4 (Wood-sorrel), and the BALSAMINE4 (Touch-me-not). These tribes are by some systematists considered distinct families, and are for convenience treated separately here. GERANIESE. The most distinguishing characteristic of this tribe is the stout beak (Crane’s-bill) which forms in the centre of the flower as the seeds ripen and from which the carpels split off, each with a slender beak that by a quick curling upwards jerks the solitary seed out (Crane’s-bill), or 4-A 52 GERANIEA. by its hygroscopic twistings and untwistings buries it and its seed in the ground (Stork’s- or Heron’s-bill). The parts of the flower are in perfect systems of five: five sepals, five petals twisted in bud, with small round glands between them, ten or fifteen stamens, and five carpels in the ovary. They are usually showy. The tribe occurs in all parts of the world, but not on the plains of South India ; and is represented here by only one truly wild species, Geranium nepalense Sw., but an Erodium and a strongly scented Pelargonium, a native of South Africa, occur as garden-escapes. Leaves palmately cut or lobed . . . 49 euNu ate pinnate ... 9. «. «>. 9 3 ( Flowers solitary or in pairs, on slender pedicels . 5 GERANIUM. 4 Flowers in umbels, flower-stalk with a slight swelling on {| onesidenearthebase . .. .. «. 'PELARGORIGE: GERANIUM. F.B.I. 32 III. Crane’ s-bill. Stamens ten, all fertile; glands five, between the petals; beak of carpel glabrous; seed one to each ripe carpel, jerked out of it by the curling of the “beak.” Herbs with opposite or alternate stipulate, toothed or palmately cut, leaves, at’ swollen nodes; and flowers solitary or in pairs on axillary peduncles. Species 260 in temperate climates. Ger. Storkhschnabel Fr, Bec-de-grue. Named from the Greek GERANOS, a Crane, in allusion to the beak of the ripe fruit. Geranium nepalense Sweet; F.B.J. i 430, Ill 9; Nepal Crane’s-bill. A delicate perennial herb with pink stem and flowers. Rootstock stout; stems slender, weak, much branched, hairy. Leaves opposite, stalks slender, 14 to 3 inches, densely hairy near the top; stipules % inch, very acute; blade deeply divided into five lobes, which are again cut and lobed, the ultimate lobes oblong GERANIE&. 53 mucronate; surface thinly hairy above, below much more so, and whitish; margin often red. Flowers in pairs or solitary on slender peduncles. Sepals % inch, with three coarsely hairy nerves, strongly mucronate. Petals 3g inch, pink or mauve. Carpels hairy; seeds smooth, shining. Wight Ill. i. t. 59. Fairly common near sholas on high elevations, but not lower down or on the ghats to the north. fyson 360, 689. Bourne 14, 112. Gen. Dist. Kashmir, Himalayas 3 to10,000 feet,and Khasia hills, and on the higher peaks of Ceylon, Indo-China. ERODIUM. F.B.I. 32 IV. Stork’s-bill or Heron’s-bill. Stamens five, fertile opposite the sepals and five- sterile between them; glands five; beak of Ovary glabrous; seed remaining in the carpel and buried by the twisting of the beak. Species 60, mostly round the Mediterranean, a few also in the South Africa, temperate America, and south-west Australia. Named from the Greek ERODIOS, a Heron, to distinguish from GERANIUM with which the species used to be linked. Erodium moschatum L’Heritier; IV 6. Branches stout; leaves alternate or opposite, pinnate; stipules - large, %4 inch scarious, those of the unopened leaves as bud-scales; leaflets obliquely ovate, sharply toothed. Flowers umbelled on long peduncles; bracts like the stipules; pedicels % inch. Sepals 1/5 to % inch, five- ribbed, pubescent. Tails of carpels I to 2 inches, witha few long, yellow permanent bristles below, and many much shorter hairs. above, not woolly ; when dry much twisted. t. 40. A road-side plant of the Mediterranean region, and spread from it over northern Europe, the Cape, North and South America, and Australia. This appears to be the first record of it on these hills; probably a garden-escape. /yson 2029, 54 OXALIDEZ. PELARGONIUM. 32 IV. Garden Geranium. Stamens two to seven only fertile, the rest sterile; flower-stalk with a long tubular cavity inside, ending in a slight enlargement near the base (really the spur of one of the sepals fused to the pedicel); no glands; seed remaining inside the carpel as in ERODIUM. Species 230, practically all in South Africa, six only outside (Australia, Asia Minor, Abyssinia). Named trom the Greek PELARGOS, a Stork. Pelargonium graveolens Ait.; IV*I. Whole plant strongly scented. Leaves broadly ovate or triangular, 2 by 2 inches, cut deeply into three main lobes and these again deeply cut, or palmately five to seven-lobed or nearly partite; the lobes flat, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid : both sides pubescent. Flowers in umbels on pedicels of o to I inch, peduncled in the upper leaf-axils; pink. Native of South Africa. Cultivated in English gardens, and here a garden-escape. OXALIDEF. As in the Geraniez the flowers are ona very regular five plan, and the petals are twisted in bud; but the fruit is a capsule, not separating into one-seeded parts but opening down the backs of the carpels; the leaves are compound, and there are no glands between the petals. Leaflets three or four, attached together to the end of the petiole, (Wood-sorrel, ‘‘Capebulb,” etc.) . . . OXALIS, Leaflets many, pinnately arranged . . . . . BIOPHYTUM. OXALIS. F.BE, gave Wood-sorrel. Herbs, some bulbous, with acid-tasting three or four foliate leaves, and umbels of flowers on long petioles ; fruit anarrow capsule which splits open in five lines, the OXALIDE. 55 side curling back but remaining attached to the central axis. About 300 species, chiefly in South Africa, but also in tropical South America, A few in Europe, Asia, tropical Africa and North America. Several have been introduced as garden plants, and because of the difficulty of eradicating the bulbs some have become very troublesome weeds. The name is an old Greek one, from OXUS, sharp, and ALS, salt, in allusion to the taste of the leaves, The leaflets fold inwards and downwards at night, showing as marked a sleep-movement as occurs in the family LEGUMINOS&. Charles Darwin found that if such movement was prevented the leaves suffered (perhaps from excessive radiation of heat to the sky, i.e., from cold), and thus demonstrated the usefulness, to the plant, of this habit. The stamens and styles are often of three different lengths, some plants of a species having short styles and five medium and five long stamens, others with medium styles and short and long stamens, others with long styles and short and medium stamens, Charles Darwin showed by experiment that this was connected with the cross-fertilization of the seeds by insects, pollen from long anthers producing on the long styled ovaries (necessarily of different plants) better results than on short styled flowers (possibly on the same plant). ( No stem above ground, leaves and flower-stalks from a MEM rch 05 Shea ee gt gis sa Uo ches Ura iay ed Cage ne BE aa | Stem above ground bearing leaves and flowers, creeping ies ETE A ort bel ces onl tein ta Dey Rel hay gd b Flowers solitary 1 to 144 inches red ; leaflets 14 to 1 inch; b bulb or tuber dark and leathery. O, variabilis var rubra. 4 Flowers soilary yellow, or in few flowered simple or com- yl cs | ad a ene aT oan ee ee, Leaflets 14 to 4 inch green; dowers ¥4 inch pale yellow; stem creeping slender, yellowish . . O. corniculata. 3 Leaflets 44 to 1 inch blotched with dark markings; stem | purplish creeping and erect . . . . O. pubescens. ( Leaflets four with dark markings; bulb 14 tox inch q 4 O. tetraphylla. | Leaflets three, green ; bulb 4 inch bie te O. latifolia. | Leaflets three, spotted red; flowers yellow O. pes-capre, Oxalis corniculata Linn. ; 7B.I. i 436, V I; Yellow Wood-sorrel. A small herb with slender stems running horizontally on the ground. Leaf-stalks I to 3 inches slender ; stipules pale and hairy, adnate to them; leaflets three, obcordate. Peduncles slender, ending in a single flower, or an umbel ; pedicels 34 inch in the axils of linear 56 OXALIDEA. 1Z inch long, bracts. Flowers pale yellow, 4 to % inch across; petals obovate or notched; fruit I by % inch, tapering and contracted suddenly at the top, many seeded. Seeds flesh coloured, transversely ribbed. t. 41. A common weed in grass occurring at all elevations upwards from sea level. Distributed all over the world. Fryson 184, 2634. Bourne 804. Ger. Sauerklee, Ar. Oseille sauvage. Oxalis pubescens H. B. & K.; V 4. Roots fibrous without bulb ; stem creeping or erect, elongated, leafy. Stipules hairy. Leaf-stalks 1% to 2% inches, hairy upwards ; leaflets three, 4 to I by 4 to % inch, obovate or obcordate, with dark markings and a few scattered hairs. Flowers in broad irregular compound umbels on axillary peduncles longer than the leaves and up to 5 inches. Sepals pubescent or hairy inside. Fruit cylin- drical, narrowed upwards, torrulate by the bulging of the seeds; like that of O. corniculata. t, 42. Ootacamund on the Snowdon road, as a garden-escape. Very similar to O. corniculata in habit but larger ond quite distinct in the dark markings on the leaves. Oxalis variabilis Lindl., varrubra ; V 5; distinguished from all our other species by the flowers, large and soli- tary, not umbelled, on short peduncles; and the leaflets rounded or obtuse not emarginate. Bulb dark, I to2 inches, smooth. Leaves all radical; stalk I to 2 inches densely pubescent; leaflets pubescent all over or on the margins, gland dotted, broadly rhomboid with outer margin rounded not emarginate; middle leaflet cuneate. Flower-stalks equal to or shorter than the leaves, one- flowered. Sepals % inch, pilose and ciliate. Corolla tube wide. Petals 114 inches, red; claw shorter than the limb. Inner stamens toothed. t. 43. Ootacamund by road-sides and in waste places. A native of South Africa, introduced no doubt as a garden plant. OXALIDE. 57 Oxalis tetraphylla Cav.; V 6; remarkable for the leaflets being usually four, and marked with a broad V of darker colour. Bulb very scaly, I to 1% inches. Leaf- stalk 8 inches, leaflets four, triangular marked by V-shaped band of darker colour a little below the middle. Peduncles longer, flowers umbelled on pedicels of I inch. Sepals 4 inch. Petals #inch. t. 44. A native of tropical America, introduced as a garden plant and spreading rapidly by its bulbs, now in many places, especi- ally Kotagiri and lower levels (Yercaud on the Shevaroys), a troublesome weed. Oxalis latifolia H.B.& K.; V 7, Bulb % inch, of fibrous scales. Leaf-stalks 5 to 8 inches; leaflets three, I by 1% inches, triangular, broader than long, witha broad apical series. Peduncles 5 to 10 inches, flowers umbelled; pedicels 4% inch, slender. Sepals1/5 inchacute. Petals Y% inch, blue, purple or purple-violet, with greenish base. t. 45. Native of tropical South America, in some places a trouble- some weed. In the figure : a. staminal column; 4. projection at base of the filaments of the long stamens and attached thereto; c. styles protruding between the filaments. [Z.7'.2.] ; Oxalis pes-capre Linn.; V 8. Leaves all from the bulbous rootstock; leaflets three, obcordate or deeply two-lobed, glabrous, spotted red or brown, Flowers yellow, an inch or more across, facing upwards; petals rounded: buds pendulous. t. 46. A native of the Cape of Good Hope, introduced into England in 1757. Centis Bot. May. t. 237. BIOPHY TUM. F.B.I. 32 VI. Capsule splitting down the backs of the carpels, and also down the partitions into five boat-shaped valves which spread out flat with the seeds on the placentas (normal loculicidal dehiscence) herbs. Leaves 58 OXALIDEA. evenpinnate, crowded or whorled at the top of the stem, which may be branched; stalks swollen at the base. Flowers umbelled on terminal peduncles, small, yellow: Stamens ten, all fertile; five long, five short. (Cf. OXALIS.) Stigmas notched or two-fid. Capsule ovoid opening as above. Species 20, tropical in Asia, America and Africa. Named from the Greek Bios, life, and PHYTON, leaf, because the leaves are very Sensitive, Biophytum intermedium Wight; F.B.I. i 438, V17; a small woody plant, an annual or with thick rootstock and branching stems which end in flat whorls of pinnate leaves and umbels of small flowers on slender peduncles. Branches slender clothed above with fine deflexed hairs, and enlarged at the insertion of the leaves. Leaves all terminal, 2 to 3 inches long, oblanceolate, the terminal leaflet being shorter than the middle ones. Leaflets twenty to thirty pairs, sensitive, thin, oblong- oblique with midrib mucronate near the forward angle, more or less hairy on both sides; lateral veins numer- ous and close set. Peduncles slender, very pubescent, swollen at the top; pedicels umbelled, % to % inch, pilose. Calyx campanulate, 3/16 inch; sepals free, narrow, acute. Petals yellow, not spreading widely. Stamens of two lengths, the outer five half the length of the inner: anthers dorsifixed: filaments broadening slightly towards the base. Styles as long again (three times the length of the shorter stamens) clothed with short erect hairs: stigmas capitate. Capsule % inch, membranous, hairy, enclosed in the sepals and ending in the equally long persistent styles. Seeds one or two in a cell, oval, shining, with two or three spiral rows of minute red warts, and down the whole length of the ventral side a broad red scar. Fyson 332, 1880. Bourne 680, 1057, 1056.* BALSAMINEZ:. 59 Pulneys : Glen falls near Kodaikanal. Not collected on the Nilgiris and recorded from nowhere else in India, only Ceylon. The plant flowers apparently its first season, and is to be found there- fore as an annual, with slender but woody forked stems and no rootstock. Ceylon specimens (the type in F.B.I.) have thick rootstock ; and in F.B.I. this Pulney plant is separated, as var. pulneyense, because of this difference of habit. It is alsoa stronger growing plant than the Kandy one, Our plant is however to be found also with perennial rootstock and woody stem; so the distinction may not hold good. BALSAMINEEE. IMPATIENS. F.B.I. 32 VIII. Balsam. The Balsams are easily recognised, but the flower may need some explanation. There are three sepals, only very occasionally five, and of these two are green and very small, while one is coloured like the petals and almost indistinguishable from them. This large sepal is usually prolonged downwards as a sac or spur, and fits closely in front and underneath, with the spur pointing forwards. There are apparently also only three petals; one, on exactly the opposite side of the flower to the spurred sepal, is outside the others in bud and is usually called the standard; each of the other two has a slit dividing it into two lobes, and is in reality made up of two petals more or less fused together. These wings, as they are usually called, hang down or project horizon- tally in front over the lip of the spurred sepal, and in some species, the “Orchid Balsams ” look very like the labellum of an orchid. In the centre of the flower are five stamens packed tightly round the ovary, their anthers joined together and showing their nature only in the five narrow slits from which pollen oozes out. The ovary has five cells with very thin partition walls anda number of ovules. In fruit it becomes a long and narrow, or a comparatively short and fat, barrel-shaped pod, the sides of which have a tendency to curl up inwards, and BALSAMINE#. 60 <<£— umMous svo4D Om) YD Vowuos sardacs Cs) WM0YUS VID Wo a: avrpnra¢q satvads [SN 24thwWwda ws BALSAMINE. 61 do so when ripe so violently that the seeds are ejected some considerable distance. It is to this explosiveness of the capsule that the genus IMPATIENS owes its name. The flower is therefore on the 5, 5, 5, 5, plan, except that two of the sepals are usually absent; and its pecu- liar appearance is due to the differences of size of the sepals and petals, and the fusion of the lateral pairs of petals to form the wings. A spurred sepal occurs also in TROPAOLUM, the common garden Nasturtium; and also in PELARGONIUM, the garden Geranium, where however it is fused to the flower-stalk and so invisible. Both these genera are included in the family GERANIACE& of the Gen. Plant. The stem is usually smooth, more or less translucent, and conspicuously swollen at the nodes; and the leaves are always crenate or serrate, with rounded teeth ending in sharp points which at the base of the leaf, where there are hardly crenations, appear as glandlike hairs perhaps 1/16 inch long. The genus IMPATIENS, the true Balsams, is one of the largest among flowering plants, there being over 400 species described, and is found chiefly on the mountains of tropical Africa and south-east Asia (India, China, and Malaya). North America has two species only, Europe one, Siberia two, Japan four,—these are all closely allied ; while in tropical Africa there are nearly fifty species, in India about two hundred and in China about as many. But there are none at all in Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia, or the whole continent of South America, so that this is essentially a genus of the Old World tropics, with Borneo and the Phillipines as the. eastern limit. In India itself, the distribution is remarkably local. There are six well- defined regions, shown on the accompanying map of this country, and of the two main series into which the species naturally fall (130 with short swollen spindle-shaped pods, and 60 with long and narrow or club-shaped ones) one only of the first occurs in the north-western Himalayas, and of the second not one in South India, Ceylon or the Malay Peninsula. The Western Ghats are peculiarly rich in species, especially Travancore, and out of the 54 species described from the Nilgiris and the mountains to the south, 24 are peculiar to the Pulneys and Travancore. Most of these grow however at lower elevations than ours. The narrowness of the distribution of each series, and of most of the species, seems to point to their having arisen in their separate areas after the conditions, whether of climate or some other factor which had allowed of free intercourse between the areas had passed away and left parts of the genus marooned, so to speak, on the higher hills: for the hot plains between are barriers for such a delicate plant, as impossible of crossing as are the seas to most animals. A similar confinement of species to small areas was found by Charles Darwin in the flora of the Galapagos islands, 62 BALSAMINE. off the coast of South America, by Bates in the butterflies of districts separated by the tributaries of the Amazon, and perhaps most remarkable of all, in the snails that inhabit the deep valleys of Hawaii. It was a strong argument in favour of the theory that species are not immutable and that new ones may arise in isolated areas when there is no general mixing with the main stock to prevent divergence. In the following key the name sand numbers of the sections (§ I. Scapi- gere, etc,), are taken from Sir Joseph Hooker’s ‘‘ Epitome of the Indian species of Impatiens” published 1904—1906. KEY TO THE SPECIES. ( No ordinary leafy stem above ground, the leaves all from | the rootstock; flowers racemed on_ slender leafless a+ stems, and in general appearance like an Orchid i Qrchid Balsams” . . . . . 2 | Stem above ground leafy . . . 2. {§ 1. Scapigere— Orchid Dakine The wing petals are each cut into oblong lobes and together remind one of the | labellum of an Orchid. b4 Flowers white, 1 inch across; spur 44 inch incurved, tip inated’. a ae clavicornu. | Flowers mauve pink, % to ry inch across; spur one-fifth Line, straight, 4. <5)... <> >. Spe ‘modesta Wight. ( Flowers on slender aa nee sepals small or eo, ar | ay Flowers mostly in nmbels or very contracted racemes on axillary peduncles; sepals as long as the rest of the bud and nearly as broad 1 oe 1 ae in racemes, scarlet; sepals almost circular ; lip | horn-shaped with no distinction of blade and spur | (§ 7. Racemose) . . , +» p. 9e. 1 pioenieem ( Annual nea with all the leaves opposite . . . e d4 Well branched bush or shrub ; leaves mostly alternate, but | often also in unequal pairs or threes (§ 3. Flowers on axillary pedicels. Annual a leaves all opposite. | Flowers 34 inch stiff, or more ; spur slender, Bf: longer than the wings; stem stiff nearly always unbranched ; ee fruiting pedicels stiffly deflexed ; leaves serrate ys | p. 64. 55 chinensis. | Flower 1% inch or less ; spur shorter than the wings, often | gmeresac 6... 3. 4 enn 4 L Stem up to 18 inches high, not much if at all ae flowers red or rose. Stem 4 to 7 inches flaccid ; flowers ly inch ; lip ade even saccate «<<... ss 5) ae Bee inconspicua. f BALSAMINEA. 63 { Lip with a deep sac and at the bottom of it a small | horizontal spur; stems red, more or less pubescent ; g flower red; leaves oblong . . . f. 66. I. tomentosa. | Lip with a broad sac and no spur; flowers rose pink; Bi icaves ovate 2 2. 82 op) 68. Th reseenet (§ 4. Leaves alternate or opposite ; bush or shrubby plant. | Leaf-blades 2 to 4 inches long; petioles 14 to 3 inches. h p. 68. I. latifolia. Leaves smaller, more crowded, spreading and recurved. p. 67, I. leschenaultii. i Stem unbranched, stout; flowers white, bonnet-shaped, with very short spur. . . fp, 69, 10. I. campanulata, Small well branched herbs, 8 inches or less ; flowers 14 inch, | pink; spur short but curved, acute. . p, 69. I, goughii, \s 6. Flowers umbelled. i | Impatiens clavicornu Turczaninow [Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxii (1859), p. 271]; FBI. (as I. Beddomei Hooker f.), i 442, VIIL1; White Orchid Balsam. A small plant with tuberous rootstock % inch thick and slender flowering stem, perfectly glabrous. Leaves all from the rootstock ; stalk 2 to 5 inches; blade circular-reniform- acute, or cordate, entire or with shallow crenations ending in short red points, fleshy; nerves mostly from the base, arching forwards. Scape up to I2 inches high and ¥% or more thick at the base, white blotched with red; bracts 4 inch, edged with red; pedicels slender, I inch, simi- larly coloured. Flowers mainly white; wings 34 by % inch, cut into three oblong lobes, tinged with yellow at the base; spur shorter, curved forwards, yellowish with touches of red; standard % inch, hood-shaped, and arching over and concealing the anthers and style, reddish on the back. Capsule % inch, elliptic; seeds granulate. t. 47. Wight Ic. 967. In swampy ground (and also on Church Hill; Ootacamund where it was planted !), flowering plentifully in July and August after the rains. Bourne 4605, 5990, Not collected on Pulneys, Gen. Dist. All along the Western Ghats above 6,000 feet. 64 BALSAMINEA:. Wight’s sheet (7. scafiflora) at Kew, bears the name /. clavicornu Turc. in Sir Joseph Hooker’s handwriting. He had clearly discovered Turczaninow’s description and naming after writing the Flora of British India, and after also writing the Epitome of the Indian species of Impatiens in 1906 where the name Beddomei is retained. The name I. Beddomei published in 1875, is therefore reduced in favour of Turczaninow’s earlier one. Colonel Beddome in honour of whom Hooker named the plant was one of the greatest of South India’s botanists, Impatiens modesta Wight, Herb. Prop! ; F.B-I. i 442, VIIl 2; Sweet Seventeen. In habit very similar to the last, but with slenderer stem. Leaves up to 3 by 2 inches, ovate-or-oblong-cordate, acute or obtuse, coarsely crenate, with a few hairs scattered over the surface and margin. Scape 3 to 6inches tinged with red; bracts % inch; pedicels % to 34 inch, very slender. Flowers mauve-pink, up to 34 inch diameter, much as in J. clavi- cornu, but the spur 1/5 inch only, and curved backwards ; wings spotted near the base. Capsule % to % inch, acute at both ends. t. 48. Wight Ic. t. 968. Nilgiris: near Pykara, at the lower limits of our area. Bourne 4646. Not collected on the Pulneys. Not recorded northwards in the Bombay Ghats (C.B.F.) In the figure: a. fruit natural size ; 4. same burst ; ¢. the contents—a median placenta with numerous seeds attached ; many have dropped off and show their attachments ; d. enlarged seed showing hairs. [Z#.7.8.] Impatiens chinensis Linn.; F.B.I. i 444, VII 10; Chinese Balsam. Stem unbranched 4 to 20 inches high, from a thickened, rooting, prostrate base; glabrous. Leaves all opposite, very shortly stalked, I to 4 inches long anda sixth to a quarter as broad, ovate, acute, oblong or lanceolate, not narrowed to the base, sharply serrate ; lower side silvery-gray ; nerves three pairs, not hairy; stipules linear, % inch. Pedicels solitary or in fasci- cles, slender, 1% to 2% inches, deflexed usually in fruit, but sometimes not. Flowers mauve-pink or white, 14 inches across; spur 2 inches slender, curving forwards ; lateral sepals 4% by % inch; wings with one large BALSAMINE&. 65 lobe slightly indented on the inside, and one much smaller one on the outside (usually covered). Capsule 4% to 34 inch: seeds black and shining. The stiffly deflexed fruiting pedicels are very characteristic. t.49. Wight Ic. t. 748. One of the commonest species here wherever the ground is a little moist; very variable insize, /ysom 422, 543, 323, 2204. Bourne 87, 5232. _ Gen. Dist. Throughout the Western Ghats down to 3,000 feet in Mysore, Assam, Bhotan, Khasia, and westwards to Burma and China. Fora Balsam the distribution is unusually wide. Impatiens inconspicua Bentham; F.B.I. i 447, VII 18; a small plant 4 to 7 inches high, with numerous branches, the lowest almost as long as the stem rather thick and flaccid, glabrous. Leaves all opposite, from yy by 1/5 to 1% by % inch, elliptic, acute at both ends, with a few (six or fewer) bristle-like teeth on each margin, whitish below, occasionally pubescent above; veins inconspicuous. Pedicels solitary or in pairs, hair- like, 4 to1/5 inch, with a line of red pubescence, deflexed in fruit. Flowers 4 to %inch: lateral sepals linear- lanceolate, nearly as long: lip without spur, hardly even saccate: wing with large round terminal lobe and small linear lateral one near the narrow base, purplish with white ends. Capsule 3g inch with about five glob- ose, black, shining seeds 1/16 inch diameter. t. 50. Wight Ic. t. 970. Nilgiris: Dodabetta, flowering September (Bourne 5248). Not collected on Pulneys. Gen. Dist, Mountains of the Western Peninsula, 3 to 8,000 feet, Impatiens rufescens Benth. Wall. Cat. 4747!; VII 23; Pink Marsh Balsam. Stems numerous, weak and decumbent at the base, and rooting at the much swollen nodes, rising up in clumps; pinkish, very hairy (fora Balsam) and flaccid. Leaves all opposite, thick, white 5 66 BALSAMINE. below, with short silvery hairs on the upper side; faintly serrate, the teeth hardly more than mere points % to% inch apart: lower leaves obovate-obtuse, narrowed to the short petiole; upper oblanceolate, or oblong-ovate, cut off square at the base: veins three or four pairs. Pedicels solitary or-fascicled in the upper axils, slender, 1% to 2 inches hairy. Flowers 34 inch lateral, sepals % by 1/12 inch linear-acute, hairy; lip with a sac to% inch deep. Standard rose-pink, nearly circular, distinctly keeled, mucronate. Wing petals pinkish-purple or mauve; the outer (and main) lobes rounded, 4 inch across; posterior lobe 1/10 inch wide, falcate. Capsule 14 to % inch. Seeds dark brown, smooth and shining. t.51. Wight Ic. t. 969. Nilgiris: in swamps, Ootacamund downs (Bourne 5208, 5988) Dodabetta. Pykara on bank above the rapids. Not recorded from other hills. : In F.B.I. this species is reduced to I. tomentosa Heynze from which however it differs in several respects, prominently in not having the small horizontal spur at the bottom of the sac. (Wight No. 453 and his I. ovalifolia !) In the figure: a. two-lobed Jateral petal; 4. the anterior petal (outer in bud) ; ¢. a narrow lateral sepal; d. posterior sepal (anterior in flower), It is petaloid and produced into a hollow sac [E.T.B.] Bourne No. 3208 was named by Sir J. D, Hooker, but I feel sure by aslip, I. diversifolia Wall. var ecalcarata. Impatiens tomentosa Heyne, Wight’s Kew dist. No. 317 and Ic. t. 749; F.B.I. i449 ex parte, VII 23; Red Liberty Cap. Stems usually a little branched below, red, very variable as regards hairiness, from glabrous to densely pubescent in the same locality, and as regards length running up to 18 inches and rooting at the lower nodes in water of varying depth, but by the edge of deep constant pools short and erect. Petioles variable, %4 inch or less. Upper leaves narrow, oblong-acute, 34 to 1% inches by % inch; lower shorter and broader, the lowest sometimes %4 inch only and ne arly asbroad; BALSAMINEZ. 67 variable like the stem in respect of hairiness; remotely serrate with pink-tipped teeth. Stipules only on fully developed leaves, as short soft spines which early wither and fall. Flower-stalks one to three usually three the middle bud not opening; glabrous or pubescent, but always with a single line of pubescence following the twist of the stalk from the upper side at the base to the lip; % to 3g inch but lengthening continuously till in fruit about I to 4% inch long; witha small persistent bract at the base. Buds pointed, the standard covering the back completely. Flowers 4% to % inch of various shades of rose pink to almost yellowish white in the more pubescent forms: wings mauve or magenta, splotched with dark purple near the crimson base. Spur short somewhat variable but always present: lateral sepals linear %4 by 1/20 inch: wing with one large lobe narrowed at the base where it joins the other much smaller one, rather larger in the more pubescent forms and projecting over the edge of the lip. Capsule pointed at each end, about % by 5/32 inch. Seeds about five, black, smooth and shining, but slightly compressed from a globose shape; not variable. t.52. Wight Ic. t. 749: Pulneys: on the Kodaikanal downs, Fyson 351, 354. Bourne 316, 503, 5208. The above description is taken very largely, and in part verbatim, from a note made by Sir Alfred Bourne, ‘‘after examination of many living specimens.” The plant is quite common on the Kodaikanal downs wher- ever there is water (and there are several streams and much marshy land there), and occurs in such varying states as regards size and hairiness that it is impossible to separate it into two varieties though the extremes might almost be considered sufficiently distinct to be classed as species. Its most constant characteristic features are the redness of the stem and the peculiar short-spurred lip, in shape like an inverted cap of liberty. I. rufescens Benth. united with this in 7.4.7. is quite a different plant. Impatiens leschenaultii Wall. Cat. 4739!; FB.I. i450, VIII 27; common shrubby Balsam. A_ well branched very leafy plant 2 to 3 feet high (or more in shady places) with stem at the base asthick as the 5-A 68 BALSAMINE. finger : branches perfectly glabrous, smooth, four-angled, and conspicuously swollen at the nodes. Leaves sub- opposite or whorled: blade 34 to 2 by 4 to %inch, elliptic, acute at both ends or acuminate, crenate, with a few very distinct hair-points, 1/16 inch long, towards the base, glabrous; petioles shorter; stipules linear, 1/ro inch. Flowers nearly white, with some pink. Flower- stalks mostly solitary in the upper axils, I inch, very slender, glabrous. Lateral sepals minute: lip boat- shaped, yellow: spur slender tinged with red on the lower side, and ending in a slightly swollen yellow tip. Corolla open, nearly flat, I by 34 inch: terminal lobe of wing I to 6 34 inches, nearly straight on the inside but notched near the end and broadest opposite this notch ; lateral lobes triangular, 36 by % inch. Standard, circular, notched at the top with small spur behind. Capsule up to % by % inch. Seeds thickly rugose. t. 53. Wight Ic. t. 970 bis. Common near Ootacamund in shady places or even where partly exposed as on the edge of a shola, and in flower at all times. son 54, 2203, 2325, 3006. This is the wild Balsam most commonly grown in gardens at these levels. Impatiens latifolia Linn.; F.B.I. i 450, VII 26. In general habit and shape of leaf-like I. leschenaultii but larger, the leaf-stalks and blades 2 to 4 inches long. “Stem grooved. Fruiting pedicels erect, flowers pink- purple very flat-looking ” [Z.7.B.]. t. 54. Wight Ic. t. 74I. Nilgiris: (Wight, Gamble, Meebold) Neduvattum to Pykara by streams. Not apparently as high as Ootacamund. All my specimens from this level appear to be I. leschenaultii al. but it is very difficult to distinguish the two species. F.B.I. describes fruiting pedicels as deflexed. In t. 54 :@. pedicel with lip boat-shaped lip and spur, staminal column and standard in face view ; b. pedicel with lateral sepals and standard from behind ; c. a two-lobed wing [Z.7.2. sheet No. 6147]. BALSAMINE. 69 Impatiens goughii Wight Herb.!; F.B.I. i 452, VIII 33; Gough’s Water Balsam. A delicate well branch- ed herb, 4to 8 inches high, but sometimes with longer horizontal stem from which erect branches rise; quite glabrous. Leaves without stipules, mostly opposite or often two to three near each other, the internodes varying much in length: stalk 4% to%4 inch: blade up to I by inch, ovate-lanceolate acute, often rounded at the base but drying acute, coarsely serrate (seven to ten teeth on each margin), glabrous, thin. Peduncles 1% to 3 inches solitary in the leaf-axils but often falsely whorled, slender: pedi- -cels falsely umbelled in the axils of minute bracts, % to 34 inch, capillary. Flowers pink, % to %inch across, in shape not unlike a UTRICULARIA: buds globose. Lip shallow, spur half its length acute, curved slightly, for- wards. Wing petal with a slight projection at the base fitting into the spur and two lobes: the terminal lobe with a shallow bay in the end side, the lateral lobe rectangular rounded at each end and attached at the side. Standard nearly circular with short spur just below the upper margin. Capsule ovoid, acute at both ends, % inch. Seeds hairy. t. 55. Wight Ic. t. 1603. Bourne 2263,* 2826. By the side of streams, Pulneys: below and near Kodai- kanal (Garber 7582!) Nilgiris: Pykara and below, Gen, Dist. Western Ghats 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Impatiens campanulata Wight; F.B.I. i 463, VII 70; White Sun-bonnet. A stout herb, 1% feet high and upwards, not much if at al] branched, glabrous. Leaves all alternate, 3% to 4 by 1% to 2% inches broadly elliptic, acute at both ends, crenate with sharp points which are especially conspicuous near the base; stalk % to 2 inches. Peduncles stout, 2 to 3 inches; pedicels 34 inch, crowded (three to five) near the top inaxils of ovate-lanceolate bracts 4% inchlong. Buds ovoid acute with a very distinct 70 BALSAMINEZ. hooked point showing on the apex of the large standard, and enclosed by the sepals which hides the short swollen spur. Sepals nearly 4% inch, broadly ovate with short acumen: lip % by &% inch in depth, with very short slight- ly turgid spur. Corolla campanulate, horizontal with the lower side rather longer than the upper; wings laterally concave, the terminal lobe obovate retuse or obliquely obcordate, witha small yellow auricle on theinner side near the base; lateral lobe much smaller. Capsule glabrous, turgid, pointed at each end. Seeds globose. Easily recognised by the horizontal campanulate corolla, which might be likened to an open mouth with protruding tongue, or to a white sun-bonnet facing upwards, Wight Ic, t, 744. On the outskirts of sholas and in other shady places ; common on the Pulneys at 7,000 feet. ourne 392. No specimens from other localities seen. Impatiens phcenicea Beddome!; F.B-I. i 466, VIII 81; Red Helmet or Scarlet Balsam. Stem slender, branch- ed or not, I to 3 feet, very dark coloured. Leaves alter- nate, dark green, 2to 5% byto 1% inches elliptic-acute or occasionally ovate with blunt cusp, crenate-serrate ; stalk % inch. Flowers racemed, four or five along the uppermost third of axillary peduncles 2 to 4 inches long. Bracts ovate ¥ inch, persistent; pedicel slender, I inch nearly horizontal when the flower opens. Flower in shape somewhat different from other balsams, rather narrow for its depth, with the lip narrowing into the trumpet-shaped spur, and the standard more than usually helmet-shaped. Sepals % inch obliquely ovate with a short point; lip 4% inch and its spur I inch, but the two hardly separable, blood-crimson, trumpet-shaped with swollen tip. Wings scarlet, but yellow at the base, with an oblong terminal lobe and a smaller lateral cordate one, not much _ exserted; standard scarlet, deeply RUTACE#. va vaulted, with a rose pink ridge down the middle of the pack... 4. 36. A very striking plant, its bright scarlet flowers showing up against the dark green foliage. There are in these levels no other Balsams at all like it in colour. In woods, quite common on the Pulneys, flowering from June but most by September to October. Bourne 80, 81, 2830. Gen. Dist, Western Ghats, Pulney and Tinnevelly hills, above 6,000 feet, RUTACE/:, A family easily recognised by the very numerous small oil glands in the (usually pinnately) compound leaf, which show against the light as translucent dots. (In a few genera, as the Orange, one leaflet only is developed.) Flowers quite regular, with all the parts in fives or fours ; calyx always very small; anthers opening inwards; and inside the ‘stamens a prominent honey- secreting disc. A fairly large family of 650 species, confined almost exclu- sively to the warmer parts of the world, more especially South Africa and Australia. In Europe it is hardly represented at all, the common Rue, Ruta graveolens Z. a native of the Mediter- ranean being almost the only species found. RUTA o7 RUDA was the Anglo-Saxon name for that plant, and appears to be avery old word, for we find different forms of it in Grezk, Latin, Hindoo- ‘stant and Slavonic. ; Tree; leaves opposite, of three leaflets; not prickly, Evopra, Climbers :— Leaves alternate, of five leaflets ; very prickly ; wood vata XANTHOXYLUM, Leaflets three ; older parts of the stem an inch or more thick and with large pyramidal corky warts . . . TOoDDALIA. TODDALIA. F.B.I. 33 IX. Climbing or straggling woody plants, armed with prickles. Leaves sessile, or three leaflets. Flowers 72 ; RUTACEA. small, in cymes or panicles, unisexual. Stamens of the male flower as many or more than the petals. Ovary of the female flower egg-shaped, entire, the carpels com- pletely united, each with two ovules. Fruit leathery or fleshy berry of several cells each with usually one seed. Species 9, in the tropics of the Old World mainly of Africa. Name taken direct Jrom the Malayalam name kaka-toddali. Toddalia aculeata Pers.; F.B.J. i 497, IX 1; the Toddali. A rambling woody plant, with stem near the ground as thick as one’s arm or, higher up, as one’s wrist, and there studded with pyramidal lumps of cork three- quarters of aninch high. Twigs armed with curved prickles. Leaves alternate, three-foliate: petiole 1to1%4 inches, with an occasional prickle: leaflets sessile, I to 3 by % to I inch, obovate cuspidate with short blunt acumen notched at the end, coriaceous, glabrous, finely crenulate, dark green: midrib strong, lateral veins numerous, slender, parallel nearly to the margin. Flowers white 4%to% inch across, in close axillary cymose panicles 2 to 3 inches long; unisexual. Calyx very small. Petals oblong, thickened and incurved at the apex, male flowers globular in bud, the petals shorter. Stamens equal in number to the petals; ovary rudimentary. Female flowers oblong in bud, the petals longer and the ovary well formed on a low disc, with a nearly sessile stigma lobed like it. Fruit the sizeof a pea, with a few angular seeds. Embryo bent, enclosed in a fleshy endosperm. t. 57. Wight Ill. t. 66. In sholas very common on both the Nilgiri and Pulney downs; extending even down to the plains and all over South India, Very variable in regard to the size and breadth of the leaflets, and on the plains usually a low shrub with smaller and narrower leaflets. Gen. Dist. Widely over the Indian and Malayan tropics, to Java, Sumatra, China and the Phillipines. RUTACEA. #3 EVODIA. EBLE 43> ¥; Unarmed trees and shrubs with opposite, simple or tri-foliate or odd-pinnate leaves; and small flowers in panicled cymes, with deeply four-lobed ovary which in fruit divides into two or four hard dry carpels each with one shining seed. Species about thirty, in tropical Asia, Pacific islands, East African islands, Australia. Evodia roxburghiana Benth.; F.B.JI.i 487, V 1. A small well branched tree with dirty green foliage. Leaves of three leaflets: main stalk 2 inches: stalks of the leaflets 4 inch. Leaflets nearly equal quite glabrous, obovate-oblong, entire, rounded at the apex or with a short point : nerves numerous, parallel, conspicuous when dry. Panicles long-stalked, axillary: branches hori- zontal. Flowers yellow-green, small, in dense clusters of 14 inch across. Seeds black, shiny. Nilgiris: at Pykara very common in the sholas. Not at higher levels. Gen. Dist. On lower hills, e.g., Shevaroys, Agastiarmallay, Shaklos- pur : northward to the Khasi hills and eastwards to Ceylon, Sumatra and Java. XANTHOXYLUM. F.B.I. 33 VIII. Yellow-wood. Shrubs or trees with yellow-wood, usually prickly. Leaves. alternate, pinnately three or more-foliate. Flowers small, the parts three, four, or five; unisexual. Ovary deeply lobed; carpels with two ovules each; when ripe globose with one black shining seed which may hang from the opened carpel for some time. Species 80 in the hotter parts of the world. Xanthoxylum tetraspermum Wight and Arnott ; Herb. Wight Prop. 981!; F.BJ.i 494, VII 8; common 74 ICACINACE. Yellow-wood. A woody climber covered all over the young parts with short curved prickles, glabrous except for the velvetty cymes. Leaves 4 to 7 inches, very prickly on the stalk. Leaflets usually five, nearly sessile, elliptic-ovate and suddenly contracted to a 4 inch notched tip, crenate-serrate, shining above, with numerous nearly parallel veins. Panicles axillary and terminal. Flowers nearly sessile, bunched at short intervals on the alternate branches. Calyx very small. Petals four, 1/10 inch valvate. Stamens twice as long. Ripe carpels four, 1/5 inch diameter, woody, opening to expose the single, black, very shining seed which remains attached some time before falling. In sholas ; belonging rather to the iower limits of our area, Nilgiris: Kotagiriat 6,600 feet. Fyson 1698. Pulneys: Shembaganur, etc. Not Kodaikanal. Gen, Dist. Nilgiris and Kurg mountains. For a note on the significance of the seeds remaining on the plant see under Ternstrcemia japonica, 7. 40. ICACINACEFE. Trees and shrubs with alternate entire leaves ; flowers in compound panicles, with lobed calyx, four or five petals and stamens, and one cell only to the ovary, in which are two ovules pendent from the top of the cell, with their micropyles pointing inwards and upwards; fruit usually a drupe. - Species about 200, chiefly tropical, MAPPIA. F.B.1. 39 XV. Mappia fcetida Miers ; F.B-I. (including M. ovata) i 589, XV 2&3; Stinking Maytree. A tree with dark foliage and small extraordinarily evil smelling flowers. Branches angular with large leaf-scars- Leaves 5 by 3 to12 by 7 inches on the same branch, alternate, shortly petioled, broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly acuminate, entire, ILICINEZ. 75 sparingly hairy on both sides, especially on the nerves; standing erect when young and folded along the midrib, later on laxly spreading: nerves about six pairs, rather straight and closer towards the base: stalk % inch. Flowers in terminal cymose panicles, white ; buds very hairy. Calyx small. Petals five, free or slightly united, hairy inside, about inch long. Stamens five, free of the petals, with slender filaments. Ovary superior, one- celled. Fruit a drupe, % inch long, like a small Olive. Seed in the stone pendent. t.58. Wight Ic. 955. A common shola tree. Nilgiris: about Ootacamund and below. Puineys: on the downs. /ysom 1710, 1760, 1785, 1832. Bourne 564, 830, 1830. Gen. Dist. Western Ghats and Mysore. The genus is a small one of about 7 species, in Asia and tropical America. ILICINE-E. ILEX. F.B.I. 40 I. Holly. Practically the only genus of the family, having I50 or more species, the other genera with one or two only. Trees with rather hard and stiff, erect or spreading, simple alternate glossy leaves, entire or toothed and small white, unisexual or occasionally perfect, flowers 4 inch or less in diameter, massed in short cymes or umbels at the leaf-axils, not in showy in- florescences ; the sexes usually on separate trees (dic- cious). Petals four to five, sometimes united at the base. Stamens on the male trees of the same number. Ovary on the female trees with short thick style, of four cells each with one ovule only, hanging from the top corner with its micropyle facing inwards and upwards, with a thickened funicle. Fruit a drupe with two or more small stones. 76 ILICINEA. Distributed in the tropics chiefly, of Central and South America, Asia, Africa, Australia; and one species, the common Holly in Europe. Leaves nearly or ue entire; female flowers in small Mines . «+ «) Dew Leaves serrate, often very thick nadicéls of the female flowers springing direct from the branch . . « «» 1. eentneuiam Ilex denticulata Wail.; F.B.I.i600,17. A tree, often very large with thick spreading branches. Leaves 24 to 3 inches, serrate elliptic or elliptic oblong acute or obtusely acuminate, when mature thick and very tough when dry. Male flowers in small branched cymose panicles up to 34 inch long, in the leaf-axils, with minute bracts. Calyx with four or five triangular teeth. Petals four or five in the same cyme, nearly free imbricate white, round, % inch across. Stamens as many, with very short filament and thick anther, 1/20 inch. Female flowers pedicelled in axillary fascicles. Petals free. Stamens often with long filaments persistent till the fruit ripe, their anthers (?) sterile. Ovary four-celled Fruit the size of a pea, with four stones. Wight Ill. t. 142. In sholas quite common especially on the Nilgiri downs from Ootacamund to Pykara. /yson1119,* 1894,* 2000, 2399, 3007. Bourne, Gen. Dist. South India and Ceylon. Ilex wightiana Wall. ; F.B.I.i 603,116. Flowering asa small but growing to a very large tree, with branches numerous and sloping steeply upwards; bark grey, lenticelled. Leaves 2 by I inch or less, elliptic, acute or not, entire or with a few small teeth near the end; stalks reddish, and young blades red and erect. Flowers white, % to % inch across fascicled or in peduncled cymes or compound cymes; sometimes few only, some- times many together; peduncles and pedicels % inch red. Petals four, six to obtuse, united at the base. CELASTRACEZ. 77 Stamens in the male flowers attached to the base of the corolla, anthers heart-shaped, filaments stiff and thickened at the base. Fruit the size of a small pea. t.59. Wight Ic. 1216. Very common both in sholas and in the open. Nilgiris: in Ootacamund itself in many gardens, e.g, Rosemount. Snowdon, Pykara, on the open hill-sides as smal! rounded trees, to to 15 feet high. Pulneys : in sholas, sometimes as very large trees. yson 1904, 2201, 2474, 2475, 2537, 2543. Gen. Dist, Mountains of South India. CELASTRACE-. Shrubs and trees with opposite or alternate simple leaves; small perfectly regular flowers, yellowish or greenish or purplish brown in colour, in some kind of cymose inflorescence; and two erect ovules to each cell of the ovary. There is usually, but not always, a well marked disc round and above the ovary on which the stamens are borne; and there is usually also an aril, often brilliantly coloured, on the seed. Species about 300 in the warmer parts of Europe, North America and Asia. Leaves alternate: large climber, flowers yellowish in drooping MS ete hg ra age diy i DAp Rites ante) 2, ga) cee ea Leaves opposite. Leaves stiffly erect ; flowers yellowish, without disc ; capsule two- valved ; seed one only without aril . . . . MICROTROPIS. Leaves spreading ; flowers brownish purple, three or seven on slender axillary peduncles ; disc well marked ; capsule red, five-valved ; seeds five with red or orange aril , EUONYMUS, EUONYMUS. F.B.I. 41 I. Spindle-tree. Small trees and shrubs with opposite simple leaves and flowers in peduncled cymes with large disc covering the ovary, but chiefly distinguished by the angular or 78 CELASTRACEA. winged pear-shaped capsule from which after dehiscence hang the brilliantly coloured seeds with their large red or orange arils. | Species about sixty, mostly in India, especially on the Himalayas, Malaya has four or five, the Phillipines two, Australia, North America and Europe one each, The last is the Spindle tree of England. “7. Fusain. Ger. Spindlebaum. Euonymus crenulatus Wallich, ex Wight and Arnott Prod. 161; omitting Wall. Cat. 4409. Herb. Wight. Prop, 482!; F.B.I.i 608,14; the Spindle-tree. A small tree or shrub with rather loosely spreading branched and yellowish green leaves more or less horizontal so that the foliage isin flat tiers and light. Year’s shoots four- angled, not or slightly lenticelled. Leaves all opposite, shortly petioled, elliptic, or occasionally ovate, coriace- ous, entire or obscurely serrate towards the top, quite glabrous; margins revolute, midrib strong but nerves obscure. Flowers in small cymes or cymose panicles of three or seven, on slender peduncles I inch long, often in pairs in the upper leaf-axils. Bracts and bracteoles minute; pedicels 4% inch; buds globular ¥% inch. Calyx of four or five rounded sepals. Petals % inch, rounded, purplish brown, surrounding the thick fleshy disc on which stand the four or five stamens with broad anthers. Ovary sunk in the disc with short thick style, . of five cells each with two ovules hanging from the upper corner. Fruit a brilliantly crimson pear-shaped capsule (with the dried calyx as a ring at its base), opening so as to allow the five or more orange-coloured seeds, each capped by a large orange red aril, to hang down on slender but firm stalks, where they remain some time attached to the valves, against whose silvery white inner surfaces they are very conspicuous. t. 60. Wight Ic; 973, . Microtropis microcarpa also had its flowers on slender peduncles, but in the absence of the fruit may be distinguished by its erect and darker leaves CELASTRACEZ. 79 In sholas everywhere on both plateaus, quite common; on the Nilgiris especially near Pykara. Fyson 315, 1729, 447. Bourne 109, 834, 1369, 2048. Gen. Dist. South Indian hills. The wood of this genus is usually hard and can be put to a variety of uses ; that of our species and several others is, according to Co]. Beddome, one of the best substitutes for Boxwood. The red aril on the seeds is said to be used in some parts of India by women to mark their foreheads. For a note on the persistence on their capsules of brilliantly coloured seeds See Ternstrcemia japonica 7hwnb, p. 40, and compare Polygala arillata, p, 26, cf. also Botany for India, pp, 264-9. MICROTROPIS. F.B.1, 41 III. Trees with simple opposite, leaves; conspicuously erect, with revolute margins; flowers in terminal much- branched cymose corymbs or in dense clusters on the thick branches; petals united at the base; disc reduced to a ring or absent altogether; ovary with two ovules in each cell ; fruit a capsule with only one seed, and opening in two valves; seed without aril. Species 10 on the mountains of India, Ceylon, the Malay peninsula and Java. The two or three species which occur here are unlike each other in general appearance, and in respect of the absence of an aril to the seed and often too of any disc to the flower are not typical of the family. Branchlets thick ; flowers almost sessile in dense clusters M. ramiflora. Branchlets normal ; flowers in terminal and axillary corymbs ; PE DIOP) yo gee a en! Ge 8 9 el, er eeerpa, Branchlets normal ; flowers in terminal and axillary corymbs ; Sous CRUMP OR IT ath vere BO VR ewe. Microtropis ramiflora Wight; F.B.I. i 613, Ill 3; distinguished from all others of the order and from practically all other trees by the dense clumps of small stalkless flowers along the rather thick branchlets: and among trees in general remarkable for its very stiff nearly erect dark green oval leaves with margins curled back, 80 CELASTRACEZ&. A medium-sized tree with thick branches and smooth dark purple twigs. Leaves opposite or nearly so, erect, stalk 1% to % inch, without stipules; blade I to4 by 3%4 to 3 inches, broadly elliptic or obovate, coriaceous, quite glabrous; margin entire, strongly revolute ; midrib strong, nerves about six straight. Flowers honey-scented ; clusters at length thick and woody. Sepals imbricate, rounded, with scarious broken margin. Petals % inch, broadly obovate, spreading.* Stamens alternate withthe petals and attached to them and to each other by a thick ring well above the ovary. Fruit an ovoid capsule, % inch long, brown (not unlike a Sapodilla), with the persistent unequal sepals at the base, anda short sharp point ; and opening by two valves which fall off before the seed. Seed one only, red, without aril, erect; coty- ledons leafy, orbicular, flat; radicle pointing down- wards. t.61, Wight Ic. t. 977. In sholas, easily recognised by the foliage. Pulneys: on the downs above and round Kodaikanal and below. Nilgiris: in the sholas of the plateau, frequent. /yson 2596. Bourne 493. Gen. Dist. Also in Ceylon. In t. 62: 2. bud from above; ¢. corolla opened showing the stamens on the annular disc; d. a closed, faded, flower; e. section of flower ; ¢. calyx tube; s.sepal; y. petal; d. disc; 0. section of ovary; d@. above a cluster of fruits, one open and showing the solitary seed; /. seed with aborted ovule and carpels at the base. Microtropis microcarpa Wight; F.B.I.i 614, III 5; shrub or smalltree with the stiffy erect leaves of a MICROTROPIS, but the slender peduncles of a EUONYMUS. Tree up to 20 feet with ascending branches. Foliage bluish green; leaves stiffly erect, elliptic or broadly lanceolate, I to 2 inches by 34 to 1% inch, quite glab- rous, coriaceous ; obtuse and notched: margin revolute; stalk % inch. Flowers in cymose corymbs, peduncled * F.B.I, in description of genus says petals erect, CELASTRIAC. 81 into the leaf-axils. Sepals two to four, scarious persistent. No disc. Style with four-notched stigma. Fruit oblong; YZ by 1/5 inch, asymmetric, the small stylar point to one side of the top. Wight Ic. t. 975. Nilgiris: Ootacamund on Elk hill, Kotagiri, /yson 2015, 2592. Gen. Dist. Western Peninsula, Mysore, Concan. Microtropis ovalifolia Wight; F.B.I. i614, 116; a shrub. Leaves smaller and narrower and more pointed than the last species, but like them hard, smooth, and with recurved margin. Flowers in cymose panicles on axillary peduncles; buds % inch egg-shaped or obconic; petals united. Fruit % by 1/5 inch, seated on the enlarged calyx and containing one crimson seed. eo. Nilgiris : (Wight, Bourne). CELASTRUS. F.B.I. 41 VIL. Climbing shrubs with alternate leaves and panicles of small flowers, of the family type: characterised by the ovary being free of, or but half immersed in, the disc; the stamens inserted on the margin of the disc; style with three-lobed stigma; fruit a dehiscent capsule. Species 40 in Asia, Australia, Polynesia, and North America. The name 7s of Greek origin and connected with the word KEELAS meaning the latter part of the year, because the seeds ripened rather late on in the autumn and hung some time on the tree. But the Greek KELASTROS was probably a EUONYMUS. Celastrus paniculata Willd. ; F.B.J.i 617, VIl1. A large woody climber or straggler over trees, characterised by the numerous short leafy shoots of the current year, rising each from acup or swelling marking the bud scales, covered with shiny grey skin studded with numerous pale lenticels, and ending during the early summer months in large drooping panicles of small 6 82 RHAMNACEZ. yellowish flowers. Leaves alternate, oblong-elliptic nearly circularor obovate, usually cuspidate, finely crenate (the teeth 1/16 inch apart about) from near the base to the apex, in length about 3 inches (one to four), with five or six main pairs of nerves arching from the midrib. Pedicels 1/16 inch, with minute bract and bracteoles at the base. Calyx 1/16 inch deep, sepals rounded, imbricate. Petals 1/10 inch, yellowish-green, surrounding a cup-like disc which is clear of the ovary. Filaments of stamens short; anthers as long. Ovary three-celled; style very short. Fruit the size of a pea, ona slender pedicel now lengthened to 4 inch or more and thickened at the top below the persistent but not enlarged calyx ; opening loculicidally in three roundish shortly pointed valves, which break away from the axis, each with one seed imbedded in a red fleshy aril; radical pointing down- wards. t.63. Wight Ill. t. 72. In sholas, commoner at lower levels. Pulneys; near Kodai- kanal, Bearshola, etc., and below. Nilgiris: Kotagiri and below, /yson 1077. Bourne 834. Gen. Dist. Hilly districts of India—Mysore, Wynaad, etc., Ceylon, Malay Archipelago and the Phillipines. RHAMNACEE-. Buckthorn. The chief distinguishing characteristic of this family is the arrangement of the stamens, for being equal in number to the petals they stand not between them, as in all other families with isomerous stamens (except that of the Grape-vine) but opposite, that is alternately with the sepals. Plants all woody, either shrubs or small trees, never herbs. Leaves nearly always alternate, but sometimes approximate in pairs or are even quite opposite: simple, shortly stalked and finely toothed glabrous on the upper RHAMNACEZ. 83 side, but not hard and glossy like those of Ternstro- miaceze: usually all in one plane, facing upwards (bifarious). Flowers small and greenish, with yellow centres (disc) : in bunches (cymes, fascicles, or small umbels) at the leaf- axils. Sepals and petals either five or four. Stamens as many quite short, and in some genera covered by the spoon-shaped petals. Ovary of two (or three) cells sur- rounded by or imbedded in the yellow disc. The nature of the disc, whether it completely fills the calyx cup, and so covers the ovary, or is only a saucer-shaped lining to it is used to class the genera in their “tribes.” Fruit fleshy, with one to three stones, quite free from the rest of the flower or girt up to its middle by the calyx tube (i.e., partly inferior). Species 500, in all parts of the world, wherever trees grow. In Europe the common and the Alder-Buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica Z. and #. frangula Z. Ger, Wegdorn are wild. R. alaternus, and various species of Ceanotus and Pomaderris are common in English gardens. Name said to have ‘been taken from the Celtic word RAM meaning a tuft of branches, in allusion to the habit of the Buckthorn. Flowers flat, or receptacle hemispheric, not woolly. RHAMNUS. Receptacle egg-shaped, very woolly, . . . . POMADERRIS. RHAMNUS. F.B.I. 42 V. Buckthorn. Shrubs and trees with alternate penninerved leaves and small greenish flowers fascicled in the leaf-axils; characterised by the disc being only a thin lining to the hollowed receptacle (not filling it), and the fruit a berry-like drupe, girt at the base by the remains of the calyx. Petals small, spoon-shaped, enclosing the stamens. 6-a 84 RHAMNACEZ:. Species about 70, in temperate climates of the northern hemisphere. Branches ending in spines: leaves tufted on short spurs ; floral parts infours. Shrubs or trees usually in the open. R. virgatus. No spines: leaves all scattered, dark dull green; parts of the flower in fives. Shrubs or trees very common in woods. R. wightii. Rhamnus virgatus Roxburgh ; F.B.J. as R. dahuricus Pall. i 639, V 3; the Indian Buckthorn. In dry places a very spiny, stunted shrub, with tufts of small, finely toothed, leaves, and white, thin, smooth bark. Shoots of two kinds (i) ordinary branches 1% to 6 inches long, with leaves, or more usually leaf-scars, at intervals of 4 to % inch; and (ii) very short shoots (spurs) from the axils of the leaf-scars on (i) barely 4% inch long, crowded with bud-scars and ending in a tuft of leaves. Leaves % to 1¥4 inches or up to 3 inches in moist places ovate acute, a little oblique, finely serrate from near the base to the tip, with usually two veins on either side of the midrib, starting from below the middle. Flowers numerous, on slender pedicels of %4 inch, fascicled in the leaf-axils. Sepals four, narrow acute. Ovary two-celled with two styles. Fruit 1/5 inch. Seeds plano-convex with a deep furrow on the outer side (Bedd.). A spur (ii) may con- tinue as such for several seasons, or in another year lengthen into a branch of the first kind, and perhaps all the latter start as spurs, for they have usually crowded leaf-scars at the base. The combination of leafless spine-tipped branches and leafy spurs is very charac- teristic. Since the formation of a spine of necessity terminates the growth ofa branch and further extension can be only by a lateral shoot, the spines frequently appear in the forks of the branch system. t. 64. At high elevations on both Nilgiris and Pulneys: not very common. /yson 3009, Bourne 1051, 1001, RHAMNACEA, 85 Gen. Dist. Punjab. Temperate Himalaya from Simla to Bhotan ; and on to China and Japan. A close ally of R. catharticus Z., the common Buckthorn of England, Fr. Nerprum medicanal, Ger. Kreuzdorn. Also of R. dahuricus Pall. of northern Asia which however is not the same plant. The F.B.I. gives the leaves as glabrous, but those of var hirsutus as 2 inches long and pubescent. The leaves seen by me are pubescent on the under side, and especially on the petiole, but are small, in size exactly as Wight’s Herb. Prop. 508! the type of R. hirsutus W. & A. and as figured by Beddome as R. hirsutus in Fl. Syl. An. Gen. t. X., which is also quoted for this variety in the F.B.I. I find specimens from the north-western Himalaya at high elevations, and also from Burma. Also pubescent and am inclined to think therefore that the var hzrsutus is not a definite one. In t. 63: 4, flower as seen from above showing the four long sepals; ¢. flower in section through two opposite sepals ; d. the same through two opposite petals, sepals not shown; ¢, stamen and petal in position as in the flower ; 7. stamen and petal separated. Rhamnus wightii Wight and Arnott ; Wight Herb. Prop. 507!; F.B.J. 1 639, V 4. Ashola shrub or tree, growing on the Kodaikanal downs toa height of 50 feet with branches I5 inches thick at 15 feet from the ground ; twigs dark green and like all the other parts glabrous. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, elliptic or oblong, shortly acuminate, finely serrate, when dry black. Flowers in fascicles in the leaf-axils ; pedicels shorter than the petioles; floral partsin fives. Sepals triangular. Petals flat. Styles three. Disc thin. Fruit 1/5 inch, set on the cup-shaped calyx tube. t.65. Wight Ic. 159. Very common in sholas near Ootacamund, and everywhere on the Nilgiri and Pulney downs. The short flowering branches are often arranged in large terminal panicles. Flowers May to September, /yson 2066,2050, Bourne 227, 492, 1502. Gen. Dist. Western Ghats and Ceylon, at high elevations only. POMADERRIS. 42 1x * An Australian genus one species introduced here, peculiar in its egg-shaped calyx tube and comparatively long flat petals. Species 20, of which 18 in south and south-east Australia and 2 in New Zealand. Named from poma alid and derris skin. 86 AMPELIDACEA Pomaderris lanigera Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1823; IX* i. A shrub with softly woolly branches, thick, lanceolate leaves very tomentose below, and wide terminal panicles of long stalked very woolly flowers. Petioles % inch, densely tomentose as are all the young parts. Leaves lanceolate: acute or obtuse, 2 to 5 inches, rounded at the base, thick, closely tomentose on the upper and much darker side; densely so with brown hairs on the under:nerves many. Panicles 2 to 5 inches, bracts small, and early caducous: pedicels 4g to % inch. Calyx tube lined up to the acute sepals by thethin disc, very woolly. Petals as long, obovate clawed. Stamens half as long again: anthers large. Ovary three-celled: style three- branched. Fruit of three bony cocci, which separate from the central axis dehiscing at the inner angle: embryo flat, radicle pointing downwards. t.66. Fyson 540, 1047. Bourne 1271. Only where planted. The stamens move one ata time from the petals to which each is at first attached towards the style and shed pollen on the stigma. A good instance ofa special mechanism for ensuring self-pollination. Bot. Mag. l.c. AMPELIDACE£:. VITIS Linn. F.B.I. 43 I. Grape-vine. The Vines are slender woody plants which climb up trees by the help of tendrils placed opposite some of the leaves. Their flowers are small and in much-branched panicles also placed opposite leaves; and are distin- guished from those of almost all other families, except the RHAMNE4, by the stamens being opposite not alternate to the petals. The fruit isa berry with three or four seeds which differ slightly in shape in different species, and are therefore of systematic value. AMPELIDACE. 87 For the morphology of the tendrils and the flowering parts, and the reason of their position opposite the leaves reference may be made to any text-book of Botany. The genus, as given inthe Gen, Plant, and F.B.I. is a small one of 230 species, scattered over the warmer parts of Asia, Africa and Polynesia, but not much in America. A complete rearrangement of its species, and those of two other very closely allied genera, CIsSUS and PTERISANTHES, and their division into some ten genera has been proposed by Planchon and other continental systematists, vITis was the Latin name for the Grape-vine and 7s connected with the Celtic GVID or GVIN méaning a shrub tree and particularly the best of trees, the one which yields wine, Vid, vigue, wine, wein ave of course all from Same root-word. . Vitis anamalayana Bedd. Herb.! (Parthenocissus of Planchon) ; F.B.J. i 656, 144; Anamalai Wild Vine. Branchlets quite glabrous, younger smooth, older with a few minute lenticels. Leaves on the young shoots simple, in older three-foliate, stalk I to 8inches.* Leaf- lets pubescent on the nerves of the under side,* elliptic or obovate, sharply serrate (teeth %4to % inch apart), with long acumen of about I inch; the lateral ones very oblique and broader on the outer margin: conspicuously reticulate below. Tendrils branched and bearing small bracts opposite the branches. Flowers in loose cymose panicles,* calyx small, five-lobed. Petals four or five, oblong, with incurved tip, bent right back when open. Disc fused to the ovary and hardly distinguishable except by colour and the secretion of honey. Ovary very thick with short stumpy style and minute stigma. t. 67. In sholas. Pulneys: on the Kodaikanal downs and below, Nilgiris: apparently only on the edge of our area and below. Anamalais. /ysom 3010, 1186. Sourne 285, 525,* 1359, 1549. In F.B.I. i 655-6 the Nilgiri and Pulney plants (Wight Ic. t. 965) are given under V. himalayana Srand, a Kashmir species. *Beddome describes: petiole 1 to 2inches ; leaflets ovatelanceolate’? their stalks with glands ; peduncles of cymes shorter than the leaves, 88 SAPINDACEZ. My plant (3010) however appears to be the same as Beddome’s Nos. 1424 and 1426, and not V. himalayana Brand in which species the Nilgiris and Pulney specimens have been put. Wight’s Ic. t. 965 is more like it than like V. himalayana Svandis, and Wight in his description of the plate says it is not the latter. SAPINDACE£E. The two genera which grow wild here differ so much that it is not easy to illustrate in them the characters of the family, and the different tribes into which it is divided are considered by some systematists as distinct. The Soap-nut and introduced Litchee of the plains, the common Horse-chestnut of England (fr. Marrond’Ind, Ger. Rosskastanie), and thetrifoliate Allophyllus Cobbe of Coonoor and lower levels, are examples of one tribe, the SAPINDE@, mainly tropical, in which the seed has a large fleshy aril (the edible part of the Litchee). The Maples of south-east Europe and North America and Japan (Fr. Erable, Ger. Ahorn) are types of a second tribe, the ACERINEA, in which the fruit divides into one-seeded parts which are often as in the Sycamore and Maple (Acer) winged. (There is a tree of A. oblongum in the garden of Fir Grove, Ootacamund.) Dodonea belongs to a third tribe in which the fruit is a septicidal capsule; and Turpinia to a fourth; both distinguished from the first and second tribes by the stamens being outside the disc, and the fourth one is also distinguished by the peculiar hard-coated seeds. As given in the Gen. Plant. and F.B.I. the family is a fairly large one of between 400 and 500 species, pees = all over the world but more especially in the tropics. The name is simply SAPO-INDICUS the Indian Soap-nut. DODONAZA. F.B.I. 44 XXI. Shrubs with alternate exstipulate leaves, greenish or brownish unisexual or bisexual flowers with small sepals; SAPINDACEZ. 89 no petals, large anthers, a dry fruit breaking septi- cidally into two to six valves, winged on the back, and seeds without aril containing a spirally coiled embryo. Species 40 to 45 all with two exceptions, Australian. Named by Linneus in honour of Rembert Dodoons a botamist and physician. Dodonza viscosa, Linn.; FBI. i-607, XX 13. A bush or small tree with thin ascending branches, the youngest angular or compressed, the older round, not lenticelled. Leaves alternate, erect, simple, 2 to 4 inches by %, 34 inch elliptic or oblanceolate, acute at both ends and narrowed to the hardly distinct petiole, dotted above and below with small surface glands and shining with the secretion poured from them, quite glabrous: midrib prominent, lateral nerves straight, close (1/16 inch apart) ; margin entire revolute. Flowers in terminal cymose bunches, some unisexual. Sepals five, oblong, ciliate. No petals. Stamens eight with large (% to 3/16 inch) anthers and very short filaments, set in the normal flowers outside the small disc which surrounds the ovary, in the purely staminate flowers without disc. Ovary three to four- celled, with short angular style and lobed stigma. Fruit a reddish or pinkish-brown capsule with very thin walls and three or four broad wings, breaking through the partitions into its constituent, winged, cells. Seeds black with only a very short thick stalk, but no aril. t. 68. Wight Ill. i. t. 52. (D. burmanniana.) In open places and on the edges of sholas, very abundant in the drier parts round Kotagiri and the Katee valley on the Nilgiris, less so near Ootacamund, but there is a grove of the plant ina sheltered valley on the slope of Gyapakkum above Pykara, 7,300 feet. yson 547, 1002. Gen, Dist. One of the commonest plants in India, extending from the Indus to Ceylon and distributed in all warm countries, 90 SAPINDACEZ. TURPINIA. F.B.I. 44 XXIII. Glabrous trees with shining odd-pinnate leaves and panicles of small regular five-merous flowers, character- ised and distinguished from the rest of the family by the cup-shaped crenulate five-partite disc inside the ring of five stamens; by the arrangement of the seeds in more than one row in each cell of the ovary; and by the very hard seed coat and straight embryo. Species 10, widely distributed over the northern tropics of Asia and America, but not known south of the Line nor in Africa. Named in honour of M. Turpin, a French botanical artist and naturalist. Turpinia pomifera De Candolle; F.B.I.i 698, XXIII 1; a shola tree with pinnately compound opposite leaves, and axillary panicles of small white flowers and small berries marked at the top with three fine lines and containing a few very hard and smooth round seeds. Twigs round, smooth, Leaves opposite, the pair join- ed by a line above their insertion: leaflets three or five, occasionally seven, the lateral paired, their stalks about 14 inch, the terminal stalk much longer all with a pair of minute stipels; more or less crenate-serrate, coriace- ous, glabrous, usually somewhat drooping and folded upwards along the midrib. Branches of the panicle opposite, and repeatedly branched, with small bracts. Sepals five. Petals five, with scarious margins. Stamens, with thin filaments broader at the base, and ovate acute anthers. Ovary three-lobed with three, easily separ- able, styles. Ovules more or less erect ventral raphe, or hanging with dorsal. Fruit a small berry, nearly round but showing at the top the three cells. Seeds two or three only, smooth and with very hard seed-coat. Embryo straight with minute radicle and large round SABIACE. oi cotyledons, enclosed in thin fleshy endosperm. t. 69. Wight Ic. t. 972. One of the commonest of shola trees. Gen, Dist. On the Western Ghats, south-east Himalayas, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula down to Penang, Yunan and China. /yson 446, 646, 1097, 2530. Lourne 237, 393. Honey is secreted and collects inside the cup formed of the unusually high disc and the secretion appears to be freer when the latter is stimulated by being touched as it would be by insects visiting the flower. In t. 68: /. flower after removal of the sepals petals and one stamen showing the crenulate five-partite disc inside the stamens; .S. seed, show- ing the thick testa and embryo inside; S’. embryo showing large cotyledons and very small radicle. SABIACEFE. A small family closely allied to the Sapindacee and represented here by only one genus with two species. MELIOSMA. F.B.I. 45 IL. Flowers small, crowded and almost sessile on the branches of racemose panicles. Sepals five, smaller than the petals. Petals ‘three, outer 1/16 inch, triangular, enclosing all the rest of the flower, two inner reduced to very small bifid scales behind the two fertile stamens. Filaments of fertile stamens strap-shaped with a broad hollowed scale at the top and two globular anthers. Sterile stamens three, as scales fitting over the ovary, with two lateral hollows like double ears. Ovary 1/30 inch silky. Fruit a small drupethe size of a pea. Species 45, mostly natives of tropical and sub-tropical Asia ; some in the Antilles and from Mexico to Brazil. Leaves simple, 6to 10 inches long, hard; flowers in large panicles solitary at the ends of the branches. . . Bastard Mango or Spirza-tree of Ootacamund and Kodaikanal : M. wigbtil. Leaves pinnate; panicles in the axils of the uppermost leaves and bracts forming flat compound masses. Spirea~ tree of Kotagiriand Coonoor. . . . , . M.arnottiana. 92 SABIACEZ. Meliosma wightii Planch; F.B.J. ii 4, I) 3; Bastard Mango; usually a small tree, though in the middle of a shola it may attain a good height, of irregular outline, the foliage being in lumps of a few large drooping leaves: recognised at once, when in flower, by the tall pyramidal panicles of small cream-coloured flowers, recalling those of the Mango. Branchlets thick, studded with numerous large lenti- cels 1/10 inch long, and coated with a yellowish tomentum of branched hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, 4 to 8 by 2 to 3 inches, elliptic or obovate, the youngest with a few short sharp teeth about one inch apart, towards the apex otherwise entire; dark green and glossy on the upper side with a few hairs only, yellow-tomentose on the prominently raised reticulate veins of the lower and more especially in their axils. Panicles terminal, tall and well branched, thickly covered with small flowers, in bud for some weeks before the rains, and then fawn coloured and drooping; when out a creamy yellow. Fruit 4% inch. t. ZO. Wight Sp. Nilg, 34 ang gee t. 964, 3. (Milingtonia.) Common in sholas at the highest levels, near Ootacamund and on the Kodaikanal downs. At lower levels its place is taken by the next species. Fyson 3011, 379, 2071, 3012. Bourne 251, 1360. Gen. Dist. Western Ghats, Coorg, Mysore, northwards to Bombay and southwards to Ceylon (5 to 7,000 feet). Meliosma arnottiana Wight; F.BJ. ii 6, II 9. Spirza-tree of Kotagiri and Coonoor (not of Ootacamund or Kodaikanal); a round-topped tree, common in sholas and the open hill-side, flowering before the rains with broad shallow cream-coloured masses of small flowers. Tree 30 or 40 feet in the shola, or in the open I5 to 20 feet ; round-topped: trunk thick. Young parts gene- rally and leaf-stalks and midribs clothed with brown LEGUMINOSA. 93 rusty pubescence. Branches angular, with very large lenticels, as much as 1/5 inch long and leaf-scars of Yyinch. Leaves 6to 10 inches usually drooping the main stalk with thick pulvinus-like base: leaflets eleven, pro- gressively larger from the basal pair upwards, 2 to 9 by I to 2 inches, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rounded at the base, glossy on the upper side, dull on the lower ; stalk and midrib rusty or pinkish; nerves seven to eleven pairs, tufts of hairs in the axils and much raised on the lower side; secondary reticulation very fine. Flowers in compound panicles made up of panicles in the axils of the uppermost leaves and bracts, each 6 to I0 inches, branches of panicles spreading stifly, crowded with flowers. t.71. Wight Ill. t. 53. (“ Milingtonia.”) Nilgiris: very common on the borders of our area: in sholas west of Pykara, down to Neduvattam 6,700 feet and below ; Kotagiri especially on the Kodanad road and on the hillside below it. Also in Coonoor at the first bend on the road from the station. Not near Ootacamund or Kodaikanal. Fyson 1927. Gen. Dist. Western Ghats, Coorg, etc., to Bombay, Manipur, Burma and Ceylon. The flowers have a sweet almost sickly honey smell, and come out early in May before the rains in such quantities as to make the whole tree cream-coloured and unmistakable even at a distance. LEGUMINOS£E. This large order comprises three easily distinguished families. A. PAPILIONACEZ consisting of the Pea, Gram, Bean, Clover, Vetch and their allies; B. C4SAL- PINE consisting of the Tamarind, CASSIA, POINCIANA, BAUHINIA, and other trees common onthe plains; C. MIMOSE& consisting of ACACIA and its allies. These three families are alike in having one carpel only to the ovary, attached below the rim of the more or less hollowed flower-stalk (calyx-tube) and seeds containing a 94 PAPILIONACEA. curved embryo with much proteid matter as well as starch in the thick cotyledons. Most have compound leaves, and both mainand subsidiary stalks are attached by a swollen base (pulvinus) which bend up or down carrying the leaf and leaflets with them. The PAPILIONACEZ, found all over the world, are well represented here; the CASALPINEA, mainly tropical, are doubtfully indigenous at these levels: the MIMOSE&, an almost entirely tropical family, occur only where planted. PAPILIONACE/E. Bean, Pea, Gram, etc: The flowers of this family are remarkably alike in general appearance, and different from all others. The Sweet-pea may be taken as an example. There is a green more or less bell-shaped calyx with five teeth. Of the petals, the top one is much the largest and wraps round the others in bud: this is conveniently called always the standard. Below and inside this are a pair, called the wings ; and between these again a second pair which are united towards the tip and together called the keel. This keel encloses the ovary and stamens. The latter ten always in number, are nearly always connected into a tube, either complete, all ten being united (monadelphous), or with a split on the upper side in which is one free stamen (diadelphous) as in the Sweet- pea. The ovary is attached by a short stalk somewhat below the level of the other parts, to one side of the deeply hollowed centre, and has one row only of seeds inside, attached to the upper edge. It narrows gradu- ally into the style, which is usually bent sharply upwards and endsin a small stigma. The Sweet-pea has a pod which opens by both the upper and the lower edges, and PAPILIONACE. 95 this is the usual type of fruit: but in some the pod breaks up transversely into a number of one-seeded sections, - which may open or not; and in a few genera there is only one seed and the pod does not open. Exceptions to the above are that in the common, introduced Gorse, ULEX, the calyx is coloured yellow and divided deeply into two parts ; and that in SOPHORA the keel petals are hardly united, and the stamens are all free. Otherwise the flowers are all made on this plan. There are small individual differences, which serve to distinguish the genera. In the Rattle-pods, CROTALARIA, and the introduced Gorse and Broom, the anthers are small alternately short and attached lightly by the middle of the back (versatile) or long and fixed firmly at the base: in the Beans, Phaseolus, the keel and its enclosed stamens and style, are remarkably long and curled up into a complete spiral. In some genera the keel is sharp-pointed, in others blunt ; in DUMASIA is joined more or less firmly at the back to the wing petals. In some the style is hairy all round; in others only on the upper-side ; in others again it has no hairs ; and in one genus, DUMASIA, it has a thickening just at the bend. These differences only serve to show the essential similarity of the flowers. Greater and more useful differences occur in the leaves. These may be simple, as in CROTALARIA, or composed of leaflets: either three only, all equally stalked (digttate) or with the central stalk longer (fiznately trifoliate) ; or several, either an even number, or an odd number, (i.e.), in pairs with one at the end; or asin the Vetch witha tendril at the end. It is chiefly by these differences that the family is divided into sections (tribes). In all the PAPILIONACE the base of the leaf-stalk (or if that is very short as with most leaflets, the whole of it), is swollen, and so constructed as to be capable of bending up or down, and by doing so changes the position of the blade morning and evening : so that while by day the blade is more or Jess horizontal, at night it becomes more or less vertical. The evening movement is in some cases upwards, in others down; and often brings the blades not only vertical but also with the upper sides of adjacent leaflets together: and sometimes the leaflet is folded along the midrib with the same effect. It is a protective movement designed to prevent loss of heat by radiation to the sky, and is shared, but to a much smaller extent, by a number of other plants. Attention is here called to it because it is one which one can hardly help noticing if out after dark. The PAPILIONACE2 show interesting adaptations to the visits of insects to their flowers. In some cases the simple weight of the insect pressing the keel petals down, brings the anthers into contact with its body. In flowers with sharp pointed keel pollen is shed previously out of the anthers and when a heavy insect, such as a bee, alights on the keel, is pushed out by the style. This is the purpose of the hairs below or round the stigma. More advanced still is their 96 PAPILIONACE, mechanism of the Gorse and Broom, for here the staminal tube is inclined to rise but is held down by the keel, and when an insect presses with more than a certain weight on this, is suddenly released and springing up sends out a cloud of pollen. All these flowers require the visiting insect to be of some weight, and do not waste their pollen on butterflies, but give it to bees. On the other hand there are flowers, mostly of a red colour, in which the release of the stamens is brought about quite easily by aslender proboscis separating the knobs on the wings or keel which hold the stamens down. Such flowers offer honey to their visitors and are adapted for butterflies. These are only the broad outlines. Individual flowers differ in details, and these are well worth investigation. Much may be done by simple experiments with pressing the keel down, or inserting a bristle ; but for the really conclusive observations one must watch insects at work on the flowers. The lateral facing of the flower; its blaze of yellow for bees, or red for butterflies, so that the right insect may easily find it; and the little details of anthers, keel, and wings, must all be regarded as designed for the one end of cross-pollination: and the precision with which a flower will open to the insect and close again after planting pollen on that part of its body which will come in contact with the stigma of an older flower, shows how well every part is adapted to its purpose. KEY TO THE GENERA. Very spiny green shrub without flat leaves . fp. 97. ULEX. : b > fee plants : b | Anthers alternately long ieee or shan rove i ae Anthers all similar . . ae os tg. be Leaves all simple ; pod inflated ae 2. 90. CROTALARIA. ‘ iat green, angular ; leaves small or absent. /, 98. CYTISUS. Leaves at least the lower of three leaflets . . . .. @e ey Leaves odd-pinnate, flowers blue, mauve or pink. . . e€ | Leaves pinnate ending in a branched tendril. p. 117. VICIA. Stalks of leaflets allequal . . f Seer of middle leaflet distinctly longer than the others. i ( Leaflets notched or heart-shaped, finely toothed ; tender f J herbs with creeping stem. om ae | Leaflets not toothed—erect or diffuse plants 8 je ( Flowers blue and white, ‘eps or in pairs on slender g4 stalks . «jp. III, PAROCHETUS. | Flowers in heads, yellow, white ¢ or pinkish p. 110, TRIFOLIUM, PAPILIONACE. 97 p. 112, INDIGOFERA. | Small trailing plant , young parts with many black dots . bY Shrub or herb ; leaflets and petals with red dots t p. 121, FLEMINGIA. ( Pod divided into one-seeded pieces opening along one edge i only =. . p. 114, DESMODIUM. | Pod opening by both edges ; twining plants (ae ee Leaflets, etc., with red dots: flowers in stalked pairs p. 119. ATYLOSIA. |) Plowers in tacemes < .._. Rae Pa eles am > Keel and style long and coiled i ina gaia i Pee ais k J p. 119. PHASEOLUS. Keel short, calyx mouth oblique, hardly toothed p. 118. DUMASTA. oon. diadelphous oe oils ete gi, TESS INDUOPEEA, Sramens ail free. ws a se > ESGe SUPHONA. = ae five or seven, very narrow . . p. 114, PSORALEA. Deatlets three: 0 5 ie es a a es EEA, ULEX. 50 VII. * Furze or Gorse. Spiny shrubs, the main branches thickly set with short branches ending in thorns and bearing other short thorns and spine-like leaves. Flowers yellow in masses at the ends of the branches and intermixed with thorns ; pedicelled in the axils of small bracts. Calyx coloured yellow like the petals, deeply divided into two lips, which are finely toothed and hairy; with two small broad bracteoles at the base. Stamens alternately with short versatile anthers and long rigid ones. Pod short, few- seeded, seeds with strophiole. Species about 24 scattered over western Europe and North Africa. Name said to be connected with the Celtic AC. Ulex europeus Linn.; VIL* 1; common Gorse. Calyx hairy; bracteoles 1/10 to % inch easily seen, hairy. t. 72. Bourne 523. An introduction well established near Ootacamund and at Kodai- kanal presumably from Britain, where, as Gorse, Furze or Whin, it is common 7 98 PAPILIONACE. on dry gravelly ground. The species is spread all over western Europe, wherever the ground is stony, and as far east as northern and central Germany and southwards to Teneriffe, but not to the Mediterranean. Ger. Stechginster, vy. Genet piquant. If the keel be pressed down it will begin to split against the staminal tube, till pollen is suddenly ejected in a little cloud. (Cp. Cytisus). CYTISUS. 50 VII. ** Broom. Shrubs with green angular stems, leaves small, three- foliate or simple. Flowers yellow or white, solitary or fascicled in the leaf-axils. Calyx with short broad lips. Stamens all joined into a tube; anthers alternately longer and attached near their base, or shorter and lightly attached by the middle. Pod opening by both edges; seeds many with fleshy outgrowth (strophiole) near the hilum, smooth and olive green in colour. Species about 40 belonging mostly to the countries bordering the Mediterranean, from one of the islands CLYTHOS, it was said by Pliny to have taken its name. Flowers white, 4 inch .. . . . . .C. monspessulanus. Flowers yellow,'r inch . . . « ©») «:«) =) te hg. ne6,, C. harbata, f< Racemes contracted, 1 to 2 - inches long and_ broad. p. 107. C. formosa: f Racemes numerous in the upper leaf-axils forming large J terminal panicles’. . . -. +> p. 109:.C. madurensts, | Racemes not panicled: leaves erect oblanceolate. . . [ p. 106. C. leschenaultii. is seas erect. Racemes simple, terminal. Leaves 34 ine wedge-shaped: °° 7 4, \ 4 a p. resy Cy albida: h , Calyx very brown shaggy ; two upper teeth overtopping the : eorolia. — Rabit’s Mars’... 2.) +. « ps toge. C.-calycina, : Calyx hairy or glabrous, not shaggy: leaves ovate : trailing | herbs (Pudneys only) aa eae geen A” ean Crotalaria fysoni Dunn; VIIl13*; Creeping Rattle- pod: a small trailing plant with large yellow flowers bunched at the ends of the stems or branches. Stems several from the perennial rootstock, 6 to 24 inches long, occasionally bifurcating, minutely ridged and usually downy, prostrate. Leaves all facing up- wards, with pulvinus but hardly petioled, 34 to 1% inches by % to % inch, mostly ovate; but the lower often smaller, % inch and rounded to orbicular ; acute mucro- nate or retuse; usually more or less downy by white hairs springing from persistent swollen bases which roughen the surface when the hairs have fallen: margin revolute: nerves raised underneath, obscure above. Racemes terminal ; the stem entirely bare for 2 or 3 inches below them, ascending and carrying the four to six flowers up off the ground: bracts 1/16 inch ovate acute or lanceolate, one-veined: pedicels % inch: bracteoles minute oro. Calyx obscurely two-lipped, shaggy with white hairs; teeth lanceolate acute, % to % inch or three or four times the short tube; upper teeth slightly broader than the lower and connate for one-third their length. Corolla well exserted, up to I inch or more across: standard pure yellow veined reddish brown especially on the back, often reflexed: wings closely 102 PAPILIONACEA:. adjacent and parallel, oblong obtuse, with the upper half or two-thirds of the outer surface drawn up as in other species into rows of minute cross ridges between the veins. Alternate stamens much longer than the others and their anthers twice as long. Style swollen and very hairy at the tip. Pod1to1% by % to % inch, or three times the calyx, elliptic oblong or truncate, and broadest at the further end, usually downy, sometimes shaggy: seeds eight to ten. Varies much in hairiness, pods may be quite shaggy; and there is also a perfectly glabrous form. t. 74. One of the commonest plants on the Kodaikanal downs where it sprawls by road-sides, over the edges of paths and cattle tracks or runs in the grass. Does not grow on the Nilgiris and till collected by Sir Alfred Bourne was unknown to the herbariums of Calcutta and Kew. Described recently by Dunn, in Kew Bulletin 1913. yson 276, 1072, 1846, 3013. Bourne 28, 57, 2040, 2512," NOTE ON THE SPECIES OF THE SECTION alate. Till recently the only species of the section a/atz (with wing-stipules), described from South Indian mountains, were called C. rubiginosa and C. scabrella W. & A.; and the latter together with C. wighttana Wall. was included by Baker in the F.B.I. as varieties of the first. Finding it I had two other forms I sent them and what I supposed was C. rubiginosa Willd. typica, to Dr. Harms of Berlin for compatison with Willdenow’s type plant in that herbarium. To my surprise and his, and indeed of every one who is interested in the plant, he found that Willdenow’s plant is not an Indian one at all, for it is identical with C. sagital7s L., a North American plant, and the locality 7nd. Ov. on his sheet must therefore be incorrect. This mistake about the locality was undoubtedly the cause of the supposition that the well-known Indian plant is C. rudigémosa Willd. The Indian plant appears to me identical with Wallich’s Cat. 5411, from Dindigul, under the name C. ovalifolia, though Wallich’s leaves are smaller than one usually finds them. I have therefore taken that name, and have given | a formal description in the Kew Bulletin. C. sagitalis L., to which Dr. Harms reduces Willdenow’s rubiginosa, has smaller flowers and oblong or linear leaves and is quite distinct. C. scabrella W. & A. is separated as being quite distinct. See Prain Journal As. Soc., Bengal. Crotalaria ovalifolia Wall. Cat. 5411!; C. rubiginosa typica of F.B.I. ii 69, not of Willdenow; VII I8-a. Rootstock perennial, 3 inches thick ; branches weak, 6 to 12 inches, diffuse or more or less erect in herbage; all PAPILIONACEA:. 103 Sreen parts pubescent. Leaves nearly sessile, %4 to I inch, elliptic to obovate or orbicular, obtuse or emar- ginate; when young clothed as are all the younger parts and veins underneath with soft grey or brown pubes- cence, at length glabrescent ; upper sides drying black, lower with three or four pairs of prominent raised veins: stipules decurrent to the leaf next below or half-way only. Peduncles 2 to 3 inches, with one or two flowers, the lowest bract fertile: bracteoles % inch, lanceolate-acute on the very short calyxtube. Calyx teeth % to 3% inch, hairy not silky. Corolla’ included or hardly exserted. Pod 1% by % inch, sessile or practically so. t. 75. Wight Ic. t. 885. In grass on the open downs. Nilgiris: on Snowdon 8,000 feet. Fyson 6509. Bourne 4623. Wight Herb. Prop. Nos. 689, 690, 690-A; Schmidt; Gaertner. Pulneys: Wight Kew. Dist. No. 586 at Kew. Gen. Dist, Dindigul Wall. Cat, No. 5411 ; Mayaburan Sir 7. Adam, Crotalaria bournee Fyson No. 1093; VIIL18.* Stems from the rootstock much forked, 4 to 6 inches, more or less erect, slender, pubescent. Leaves 34 to % by 1/5 to 4 inch, elliptic or oblong, obtuse or sub-acute at both ends, densely pubescent on both sides, drying black above: nerves three or four pairs raised underneath: stipules % inch or less at the top, narrowing suddenly to a barely visible wing extending a little more than half- way to the next node. Peduncles % to % inch, leaf- opposed, one-flowered with a bract and aborted flower at about the middle. Calyx tube 1/12 inch, with two linear- oblanceolate distinctly stalked bracteoles attached at the base; teeth % inch. Petals included two-thirds of calyx. Podi by &% inch, withstalk of 1/10 inch. t. 76. Pulneys. /yson 1093, 2053, 2164. Bourne 401, a right- hand plant. | 104 PAPILIONACEA:. Allied to C. ovalifolia Wall., and like it leaves drying black above, but branches stiff though slender, and very much more bifurcating, leaves two or three times as long as broad, peduncles one-flowered, and corolla well included. Crotalaria scabrella Wight and Arnott; Wight Cat. 692!; F.B.1. ii 69, as a var of C. rubiginosa; VIII 18. A sturdy bushy plant I to 2 feet, with hard and stiff branches; most variable as regards. size of leaves and stipules in different parts of the same plant: older parts often black, with large persistent stipular wings I inch across, wider than the leaves. Leaves elliptic ovate or obovate, acute, mucronate, silky on both sides, or slightly scabrid above, from 1% by I inch on strong parts to 4 by % inch, on short lateral branches and then like C. conferta: nerves three to four pairs impressed on the upper side, raised on the lower. Peduncles 2to 4 inches, two to four-flowered, attached about I inch below the opposing leaves: bracts %4 inch lanceolate, ciliate, with distinctly swollen base; lower two or three empty: bracteoles on the calyx, 1/5 inch, falcate lanceolate, acute. Calyx tube very short; lower teeth % inch, upper nearly as long, divided half-way. Corolla scarcely exserted. Pod 1% by % inch; seeds sixteen totwenty. t. 77. Nilgiris and Pulneys : on the open downs on banks in long grass, etc. Myson 521, 1083, 2070, 2114, 2715. Bourne 253, 514. Very distinct from C. ovalifolia (C. rubiginosa of the F.B.I.) ; and from C. wightiana, distinguished by its smaller and much less variable leaves and by its shorter stalk to the smaller pod : and from C. conferta by its larger pod and larger habit altogether. Crotalaria conferta Fyson No. 473; VIII 18; distin- guished from C. scabrellas Wight and Arnott, by the uni- formly smaller leaves, more distinctly stalked and shorter pod, and corolla exserted from the calyx. Branches from a rootstock, twiggy, 6 to 8 inches. Leaves % to % by 1/12 to 4 inch elliptic acute at both ends, silky pubes- cent and glossy on both sides, drying arichshiny brown; nerves not conspicuous below: stipular wing % inch at PAPILIONACEA, 105 the top, narrowing in a curve gradually to the next node. Peduncles 34 inch, with one or more small bracts and aborted flowers. Calyx % inch, very silky. Corolla larger. Pod 34 by % inch with stalk of 1/15 inch. Pulneys, on the downs above 7,000 feet in grass. /'yson 473. Bourne 410. Crotalaria albida Heyne ; Wallich Cat. No. 5401, 2 and 3; F.B.L. ii 71, VII 23. Branches numerous and slender from a short woody stem, forking low down but not branching above. Leaves subsessile, wedge-shaped, % to 3%4 by X% to 1/5 inch, strongly one-nerved, with rounded end, covered on the under side with short hairs and small round translucent glands. Nostipules. Flowers in long terminal racemes of eight toten. Pedicels 4% inch, calyx 1/5 inch, hairy, two-lipped: the two upper lobes connate, and the three lower also connate, for about one-third. Bracteoles and the minute on the tube just below the parting ofthe lips. Corolla yellow: standard with green veins and a patch of silky hairs outside at the top, and with two scales at the base inside: wings a deeper yellow with a patch of cross-ridges. Style hairy. Pod quite glabrous. Seeds black and shiny with conspicuous radicle, t, 78. Pulneys : Kodaikanal and below. VF yson 1847. Bourne 239; 257> 412. Gen. Dist. Tropical regions India, Ceylon, Malay, China and the Phillipines. Crotalaria calycina Schrenk; F.B.I. ii 72, VII 28; Rabbit’s Ears; distinguished from all other (high level) species growing near the ground, by the densely hairy calyx, whose upper lip stands up like two brown silky ears behind the pale yellow flower. An annual froma few inches to 2 feet, the stem and branches flexuous, and clothed throughout with erect, appressed, coarse brown hairs, more numerous and 106 PAPILIONACEA:. shining on the younger parts, which give the whole plant a brown shaggy look. Leaves % to I inch, by % to 1/5 inch, elliptic or oblanceolate, acute, sessile ; densely hairy on the lower side. Flowers at the ends of leafy branches, not in distinct racemes; bracts and bracteoles %4 inch, green; stalks 1/5 inch. Calyx % inch, very shaggy and brown, the two upper sepals ¥% inch wide, obtuse, united half-way, the two lower less than half as wide, free to the base and acute. Corolla glabrous, pale yellow, not exserted beyond the sepals; standard with long hairs down the middle line behind or near the blunt apex. Pod sessile % inch, enclosed in the calyx, glabrous, dark brown, very turgid, and closely packed with twenty-five to thirty seeds whose rather long stalks enable them to lie in four-crowded rows [A.G.B.] -Pulneys: common on the open grass land of the Kodai- kanal downs, Fyson 431, 2132. Bourne 125, 252, 1067.* Gen. Dist. Widely over the tropics of the Old World, from Africa to South India, Ceylon and North Australia and on the Himalayas eastward into Burma, The plant appears to vary enormously according to locality. On the higher downs it is a dwarf (like C. crinita Graham) of 4 to 6inches, with flat leaves one-fourth to three-fourth inch; or in long grass a tall plant with linear leaves, of over 1 inch, densely clothed with long hairs which meet along the midrib. ysow 431. Bourne 1067.* Near Vilpatti Fyson 1083 (a few hundred feet below Kodaikanal) and lower down Bourne 877 *, 458 * it becomes a sturdy plant with elliptic acute leaves one and three fourth by half inch {(C. roxburghiana DC.) and at still lower levels it becomes C. anthyllordes Don, with stem of 3 feet and more, and leaves 3 to 4 inches by half inch ; but also a form with much narrower leaves like those of the tall grass form of the higher levels (Bourne 1067). Crotalaria leschenaultii DC.; Wall. Cat. 5407; F.B.I. ii 76, VIIl 42; a small bush with erect rather long and narrow wedge-shaped leaves and handsome spikes of large yellow flowers, and enormous pods frilled at the base by the dried calyx. Branches ascending froma perennial rootstock, stout to 4 inch, thick, striated not hairy. Stipules inch, PAPILIONACEA:. 107 triangular recurved. Leaves sessile, 3 by Ito 5 by 1% inches, oblanceolate-cuneate, green and glabrous above, clothed underneath with very regular short straight hairs; midrib prominent; lateral nerves straight nearly to the margin. Racemes terminal of sixteen to twenty flowers; bracts lanceolate acute; pedicels % inch, without bracteoles. Calyx tube % inch broad; three lower teeth 4 inch by % inch at the base; two upper 3g by % inch. Corolla handsome; standard I by % inch, notched spreading backwards, yellow but even- tually tinged at the base with brown wing petals forming a steep roof over the keel, fading a reddish terra-cotta; keel 4% inch by % inch, with % inch point, fringed with white hairs, fading yellow; style eventually protruding. Pod when young horizontal, sharply bent at the apex; when ripe 2 by % inch, rectangular on cylindrical with flat top, stalked and well exserted from the calyx which forms a conspicuous untidy cup at the base, and tipped by the stout persist- ent style. Flowers on the Pulney downs in September the pods remain- ing till the following summer. Pulneys: on the open downs frequent on paths and clearings from 800 feet down as far at least as 5,500 feet. Nilgiris: (W. & A.). Syson 416, 3014. Bourne 118, 675, 2996. Gen. Dist. Noton the ghats tothe north nor elsewhere in India or beyond. It might be said to be replaced on the plains by C. retusa. Crotalaria formosa Graham, Wall. Cat. 5393!; F.B.I. ii 76, VUI 43; a shrub, distinguished by the tawny hairs of the stem and the very dense short thick racemes of large yellow flowers. Stem dwarfed, much branched, covered with tawny hairs; stipules 1/5 inch, narrow and curved downwards. Leaves 2 by I inch, obovate, narrowed to the short stalk, dark green above, silky below and brown with tawny hairs on the veins, mucronate; usually stiffly 108 PAPILIONACEA:. erect. Racemes I to 2 inches long and as broad pedicels short, densely silky. Calyx teeth 4 to 3 inch, four times the tube, shaggy, acute. Corolla not much longer, yellow, the standard veined brown. Pod dis- tinctly stalked, at first black, afterwards green and finally straw-coloured, about 1% by % inch, smooth and shiny, and frilled below by the dried calyx. t.79. Wight Ic. t. 981. Nilgiris : near Ootacamund on Snowdon, flower September to February, fruit March. In sholas and on the open downs near Pykara. Not known onthe Pulneys. “son 3017. The foliage is quite like C. leschemaultii DC. in which however the spikes are four or five times as long, and there are no tawny hairs, Crotalaria barbata Graham, Wall. Cat. 5394!; F.BI ii 76, VIII 44; a sturdy shrub with erect spikes of rich yellow flowers, conspicuous against the dark brown axis and pedicels ; and with erect rather crowded leaves. Branches thickly clothed with brown hairs. Leaves sessile (but pulvinus 1/12 inch), erect, 2 to 4 inches, obovate with rounded base, clothed below with long white hairs, on the upper side nearly glabrous and glossy. Racemes terminal, 4 to 8 inches; bracts 4 inch, pedicels 5% inch, densely clothed with dark brown hairs. Calyx very distinctly two-lipped; tube 14 inch; teeth 34 inch, the two upper broader than the three lower, all clothed with brown silky hairs. Corolla a rich yellow; standard I inch across, notched. Pod erect green, quite glabrous, 134 by 34 inch, widest at the upper end, surmounted by the % inch stout style and at the base frilled by the dried calyx. t.80. Wight Ic. t. 980. Nilgiris : Near Ootacamund on the slopes of Snowdon 7,700 feet. Pykara 6,600 feet. Coonoor. Fyson 1985, 2710. Not collected on Pulneys. Gen. Dist. Only on the South Indian mountains of Nilgiris and Travancore, not northwards on the Bombay Ghats. PAPILIONACE. 109 Crotalaria semperflorens Vent.; F.B.J. ii 78, VII 50; distinguished by its large ear-shaped stipules, broad oval green leaves, and magnificent spikes of yellow flowers. One of the commonest of road-side shrubs. Shrubs or small tree, up to 10 feet; branches striate: stipules up to % inch, ear-shaped. Leaf-stalk % inch, blade broadly ovate, 2 to 4 inches, conspicuously veined and densely pubescent on the under side, ultimately glabrous on the upper. Racemes terminal or opposite the leaves, naked for the lowest one-quarter; bracts small, reflexed; pedicels 4% inch. Calyx-teeth 4% inch, twice the broad tube, narrow. Corolla well exserted; standard erect veined green. Pod oblong, turgid, 1% by 4% inch, stalked above the persistent calyx. Seeds % inch, brown, with very prominent radicle. t,81. Wight Ic: t 982. By road-sides and the edges of sholas. Nilgiris : in Ootaca- mund itself very common. Pulneys on the downs above Kodai- kanal and down to Shembaganur. /ysonx 489, 1923, 2207, 3015. Bourne 108, 169, 2884. Gen. Dist, Tropical mountains of South India, Ceylon and Java. A near ally of the common C,. verrucosa Z. of the plains, which however is but a herb and has blue flowers. Crotalaria madurensis Wight in Wall. Cat. 5376!,; F.B.I. ii 79, VU 56; a small tree with light brown stem and very regular upward sloping branches ending in large panicles of pure yellow flowers. Tree I0 or I2 feet, branches sloping upwards with remarkable regu- larity and covered with white hairs, some simple others stellate. Petioles % inch all pulvinus, without stipules. Leaves obovate cuneate, with a silky sheen on the upper and on the nerves of the lower side. Nerves about twelve pairs, curving slightly forwards at the ends and joined by others, all raised on the lower side and depressed on the upper. Flowers racemed on axillary branches of 4 to 10 inches, which are leafy for the greater part and so Bie) PAPILIONACE#:. form large leafy panicles I to 2 feet high by 6 to 8 inches wide: bracts boat-shaped % inch, persistent till the standard has fallen; bracteoles similar. Calyx ob- scurely two-lipped; three lower teeth lanceolate, % by Té inch at the base, two upper broader, ovate; all pubes- cent or silky with short white hairs. Corolla when closed not much exserted, but when open large and conspicuous; standard 14% by I inch, apiculate, thinly silky on the back: wings obliquely obovate-oblong, 34 by 38 inch; all three petals alike in colour a light yellow without any red in it: keel % inch at the broadest part, its tip % inch light green. Pod 1% by 1% inches deep by 34 inch broad, somewhat flattened above and below ; when young thinly canescent, when ripe frilled by the brown but not much shrunken sepals. t. 82. (Fyson 3016.) Pulneys : on the open downs, flowering July to September, and then a magnificent sight, especially on the hill side to the left of the Poombari road two miles beyond the Observatory, and below the new ghat road a little above Shembaganur. /yson 2157, 3016. Bourne 866, 507, 2883. Nilgiris; Coonoor Clarke, Wight, Gough. Nowhere else. TRIFOLIUM. EB, Some Clover. A genus of the temperate regions occurring here only as introduced weeds. Small herbs. Leaf-stalks with stipules adhering to them and at the base encircling the stem; leaflets three, finely toothed. Flowers in close heads (short spikes), red, yellow, or white, not blue. Petals persistent, enclosing the small pod, keel obtuse. Species about 200, mostly in Europe and Asia. Trifolium was the Latin name for the common clover. Petioles under an inch ; flower-heads 14 inch yellow, T. minus: Petioles more than an inch; flower-heads white, 34 inch. White Clover)... 2/2 5 6)! + oe fie) om PAPILIONACEA. III Trifolium repens Linn.; F.B.I. ii 86, X 2; White or Dutch Clover. Stem creeping and rooting at the nodes. Internodes usually quite short; stipules large up to 34 inch, thin, free part not widened, scarious, often pur- plish; petioles short 34 to 1% inches, leaflets obcordate, finely toothed on the rounded end, all sessile or nearly so. Peduncles axillary, 2 to 6 inches, angled or grooved. Heads 34 inch across, flowers distinctly pedicelled, reflexed when over. Calyx teeth slender, not longer than the tube. Standard petal distinctly striate when faded. Pod oblong, 1/5 by 1/16 inch, longer than the calyx but enclosed in the persistent corolla, indented between the seeds. Seed white, heart-shaped. Nilgiris : Pykara flowering in May after the first rains. An introduction from Europe. / son 2211, 2931. Trifolium minus Smith; F.B.I. ii 86,X 3*. Stems very slender prostrate. Leaves nearly sessile: leaflets rounded and finely toothed at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, about %4 inch long; the middle one shortly stalked; stipules broad and pointed, % by 1/12 inch. Peduncles in the axils of the leaves, % inch, very slender; heads % inch across. Flowers yellow, the standard marked after fading with longitudinal lines. Capsule with one seed. An introduced weed, native of Europe; closely allied to the Hop-trefoil, Z. procumbens of England. Fyson 2033. PAROCHETUS. F.B.I. 50 XI. A genus of one species only. Parochetus communis Hamilton; H.B.I. ii 86, X11; the Blue Parochet; a small creeping plant with Clover or Sorrel-like leaves, and blue and white flowers solitary or in pairs on slender stalks. Stem or rhizome very slender, running to 2 or 3 feet, and rooting atthe nodes. Leaf-stalks %4 inch: leaflets II2 PAPILIONACEA. three, %4 inch long, all sessile, obcordate or obovate cuneate, notched, glabrous on the upper, sparingly pubescent with coarse hairs on the under side and round the margin: stipules acute. Peduncles longer than the leaf-stalks, usually one, but occasionally two-flowered, with a pair of small bracteoles % inch below the flower. Calyx companulate of four-lobes (by union of the two upper teeth as shown by a small notch in the upper lobe) lowest tooth much the largest. Standard petal reflexed, blue, obovate with a short claw: keel abruptly inflexed, narrow, white. Style glabrous: stigma capitate, even- tually exserted beyond the keel. Pedicels after flower- ing reflexed. Pod 34 by )% inch, straight, opening by both margins. Seeds seven or more, ovate with hilum notch in the middle of one side. t. 83. Wight Ic. 483. Very common on damp ground, in the open and round the edges of sholas ; in and near Ootacamund and on the Kodai- kanal downs. Not at much lower levels nor on the ghats to the north. /yson 1909. Bourne 596. Distributed widely over the higher mountains of tropical Asia, the Himalayas from Simla to Assam, the mountains of Burma, Java, etc. ; and of Africa and Zambesi land. The only species of its genus. Named from the Greek OCHETOS, @ drain, conduit or river-bed, because found in damp places. (C.F.S.] INDIGOFERA. F.B.I. 50 XVII. Indigo, etc. A large tropical genus distinguished by a more or less dense covering of white hairs closely appressed to the surface and attached by the middle not at one end by minute points at the top of the anthers; and bya continuous not jointed pod containing usually several seeds. Leaves in the majority of species pinnate (in one of ours three-foliate). Corolla generally pink and quickly falling; keel petals with a spur on the outer side near the base. Stamens diadelphous. PAPILIONACE. II3 Nearly 300 species, scattered over all the warmer parts of the world, but more especially South Africa. India alone has over 40 species, most of them growing on the plains. Indigo, by far the most important of blue dyes, was, until the last decade or two, obtained exclusively in ndia from the cultivated 7. tinctoria and J. erecta, by fermentation of the stalks and leaves. Hence Latin name indicum for the colour and hence also indigo fera ( fero = I bear). Small trailing plant with young parts almost black, three-foliate leaves and bright red flowers . . +--+ - I. pedicellata. Shrub with pinnate leaves and racemes of pink flowers... "3%; I. pulchella. Indigofera pedicellata Wight and Arnott ; Wight Cat. 868!; FBI. ii 95, XVII 15. Rootstock perennial ; branches very slender, wiry, black-pubescent on the younger parts, trailing on the ground but not rooting. Petioles % to 14 inch; leaflets three, in the larger form occasionally four, % to % inch long, elliptic obtuse, covered with black glands. Flowers crowded six to twelve, in short corymbs: pedicels % inch: bracts linear 1/16 inch. Calyx 1/12 inch with long teeth. Corolla red. Pod 34 inch straight, even, sharply pointed. t. 84. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 56. Very common especially on gravel paths and exposed spots. Pulneys near Kodaikanal. Nilgiris. Fyson 687, 1844. Bourne 61; 255- In general habit this species is not unlike the very common I. enneaphylla L. of the plains, but differs in its three-foliate leaves and less crowded flowers. The floral mechanism to secure pollination by insects is also very similar. See Pres. Coll. Bot. Bull. “No. #1. There appear to be two forms distinct enough perhaps to be called varieties. Inthe smaller the leaflets are not more than one-third by one- eigth inch and very black below like the young branches, and the flowers one-fourth inch bright red. In the larger the leaflets are not less than half by one-fourth inch when fully expanded, there is much less black on them and on the branches, and the flowers are considerably larger, about half inch and pink rather than red, It is as if the same quantity of black and of red colour were distributed over larger areas. This larger form is the type of Wight and Arnott’s species. Wight Cat. 868. Indigofera pulchella Roxburgh ; F.B.J. ii 101, XVII 37. Shrub, 4 to 6 feet with trunk up to 4 inches thick at the 8 II4 PAPILIONACE. base and slender branches. Leaves 2 to 4 inches, of eleven to fifteen leaflets. Leaflets distinctly stalked, 34 tol by % to % inch, elliptic or oblong-obovate, mucro- nate, dark green on the upper side, covered on both sides with very regularly arranged closely appressed hairs. Racemes I to 5 inches: pedicels very short. Corolla % inch: standard petal reflexed. Pod straightI to 1% by % inch, sharply pointed, glabrous. Seeds 1/16 inch. Waenht Ic. t.. 307. On the open downs. Pulneys: common above Kodaikanal. Nilgiris. yson 2239. Bourne 99, 994. Gen. Dist. Himalayas and other Indian hills above 5,000 feet, Kanara and the Ghats to the north of us, Mableshwar, etc. PSORALEA. F.B.I. 50 XVIII. Shrubs with odd-pinnate gland-dotted leaves and indehiscent one-seeded pods. Species about 100 mainly in South Africa and North America. Psoralea pinnata; XVIII 3; a shrub of 2 to6 feet, with numerous branches sloping steeply upwards and close set leaves of about seven narrow, linear, pointed leaflets. Flowers towards the ends of the branches, blue. t. 85. Near Ootacamund on the bank of the deep cutting through which the road to Coonoor passes near the old aqueduct, and by thetoll-gate. An introduction. Not recorded from anywhere else in South India. The species however has not been determined with any certainty. DESMODIUM. F.B.I. 50 L. A large tropical genus, characterised by the pods being composed of a number of flat one-seeded segments; the leaflets three, each with a pair of stipels; and the flowers in terminal racemes, blue or pink or a mixture PAPILIONACE:. II5 of these colours, never yellow. The middle leaflet is usually the largest and has a longer stalk. Species about 120, cosmopolitan in the tropics. Named from the Greek DESMOs, a chain, because of the jointed pod. Shrub ; leaves 2 inches, racemes 2 to 4 inches, erect, blue . D. rufescens. Twiggy plant ; leaflets 1 to 3 inches across; flowers few, red, D. scalpe. Very thin stemmed twiggy plant; leaves not above 4 inch, flowers blue or pinkish in very slender racemes . , . . D. parviflora. Desmodium rufescens DC.; FBI. ii 171, L 37. A shrub, the slender branches, stipules, leaf-stalks and veins of the underside, densely clothed with reddish brown hairs. Leaf-stalks I inch; stipels linear, % inch; leaflets obovate, cuneate at the base or rounded at both ends, mucronate, the upper side covered when young with a very fine pile of short grey hairs but glabrous when older, the under side covered with white silk.* Racemes 3 to 6 inches, occasionally axillary, more densely flowered inthe upper part. Pedicel % inch, and calyx densely hairy. Corolla %inch. Staminal tube 34 inch, slender, appearing often outside the keel; anthers obtuse, style abruptly bent, without hairs. Pod1I by &% inch, nearly straight on the upper edge, indented by the five to seven divisions along the lower, downy. Remarkable for its very silky-brown buds and young leaves. Wight Ic. t. 984, Ill. t. 79. Very common in thickets on the Pulney and the Nilgiri downs ; flowers summer. Kodaikanal, Ootacamund, Coonoor, Kotagiri, Pykara and lower levels, but not on the ghats to the north. /yson 298, 387, 532, 3019. Bourne tol, 121. Gen. Dist. Also Ceylon where plants are less thickly covered but hairs long. Desmodium scalpe DC. ; FBI. ii 165, L16. Stem woody, slender, young parts pubescent. Stipules 44 to 4% * De Candolle Prod. ii 335 ‘* pubescent.” 8-A 116 PAPILIONACEA. inch, lanceolate acuminate, glabrous except on the mar- gin, closely appressed tothe stem. Leaf-stalk 2 inches hairy. Leaflets three, I to 3 inches wide; the middle one rhomboid; lateral oblique; stalks 4 inch. Flowers small | in lax terminal racemes or panicles, up to I2 inches. Bracts deciduous; pedicels very slender, usually in pairs, sloping up. Calyx % inch. Corolla % to &% inch, red. Pod of one to three half-diamond-shape joints, 4 to% inch long, with upper suture slightly curved. t. 86. Wight Ic. 985. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund. Pulney at lower levels. /yson 3018, Bourne 157. Gen. Dist, Usually at lower levels on the hills of South India. Also tropical Africa, Abyssinia, Natal, Mascarene islands. Varies toa certain extent, leaflets acute or blunt, with entire or sinuate-crenate margin. Desmodium parvifolium DC.; Wall. Cat.5700!; FB. ii 174,L. 47. Stems(main branches) pubescent in the young- er parts, glabrous and often red in the older, I to 20 inches thick. Lateral branches numerous, sticking out stiffly at right angles, leafy from the base to the flowering part. Stipules finely pointed, up to % inch hairy, persistent after the leaf has fallen, e.g. at the base ofa branch. Leaves reflexed close to the axis, of one or pinnately of three leaflets: leaflets, ovate, obtuse mucronate, with reticulate translucent veins; the terminal largest, % to 14 inch long; the lateral smaller: stalks not longer than the stipules. Racemes terminating the lateral branches, slender asa hair, pubescent: bracts ovate, boat-shaped deciduous; pedicels up to 4% inch. Sepals 1/10 to % inch, slender pubescent, the calyx tube a quarter as long. Corolla blue, pale, purple or pinkish, not much exserted ; keel rounded. Fruits on slender erect stalks % by &% inch, three to five jointed by indentations on both edges ; the joints opening on the top edge only, obscurely reti- culately veined, pubescent, with the calyx persistent at the base. t. 87. PAPILIONACE. 117 Quite common on the higher downs in grass and still more so at lower levels. Flowers March to October. /yson 2134. Gen. Dist. India on the hills : Simla, Nepal 4 to 6,000 feet ; Khasia 3 to 5,000 feet ; Nilgiris, Pulneys 7,000 feet ; Ceylon, not in the Bombay presidency [C.B.F.] ; Java and New Guinea 6,000 feet. The ‘‘ Everywhere in the plains ” of F.B.I. Ic. appears to be incorrect. VICIA. F.B.I. 50 LIII. Vetch. Slender stemmed herbs with pinnate leaf, part of which is transformed into a branched tendril by which the plant climbs: stamens diadelphous oblique at the mouth: pod dehiscent not jointed. A large genus of 100 species scattered widely over the north temperate regions and also in South America. England has nine: species. | Vicia sativa Linn.; F.B.I. ii 178, LUI 9; common Vetch; aslender stemmed herb, climbing by branched tendrils, and having reddish or bluish purple flowers, solitary or in pairs at the leaf-axils. Stipules rather large and coarsely toothed, leaflets four or more pairs in each leaf, less than an inch in length variable in shape but usually oblong, narrowed to the base and cut off abruptly at the apex or indented, with a conspicuous mucro, otherwise entire. Flower stalk %4 inch. Calyx tube campanulate: teeth as long, slender, sub-equal. Corolla well exserted, 34 to I inch across: petals narrow. Pod 134 inches by % inch straight, pointed: seeds seven to ten globular. t. 88. An introduction from Europe, where it is cultivated for forage and so has spread widely over the temperate parts of the world ; 7. Vesce cultive, Ge. Futterwicke. Bourne 4662. The flower has a simple pistol mechanism for the presentation of pol- len: to insect visitors. The anthers open inside the keel and shed their pollen into its tip. When a fairly heavy insect, such as a bee alights on the flower it depresses the keel and in consequence pollen is pushed out of the end by the hairs on the style. In older flowers the stigma hits the insect’s body in the same place and being receptive takes pollen from it. The name is an old Latin one. 118 PAPILIONACEA:. DUMASIA. ___F.B.I. §0 LVII. Slender-stemmed twining plants with pinnately three- foliate leaves distinguished by the calyx with bulging base and oblique truncate mouth (hardly any teeth) ; the standard petal with two spurs at the base; the style long and flattened above the curve, and with capitate stigma. Species three only, India, South Africa, Malaya and Japan. Dumasia villosa: F.B.J. ii 183, LVI 1; a climber with pinnately three-foliate leaves ; short racemes of flowers with long and almost toothless calyx out of which pokes the yellow corolla ; and velvety pod contracted between the seeds. Stem slender, twining, thickly coated, as also the stipules, leaf-stalks, undersides of leaflets, calyx and pod with short yellowish hairs. Stipules ¥% inch acute; petiole I to 2inches. Leaflets nearly equal, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous above, when young ciliate: middle stalk % inch, lateral 44 inch. Racemes 2 to 4 inches, few flowered: peduncle slender, 2 inches or more, in var congesta very much shorter. Calyx % inch bulging forwards at the base and narrowed to the very oblique mouth. Corolla exserted % to 34 inch, hanging with the small round standard downwards: wings obovate, curved downwards, adhering slightly to the keel which is shorter, and has a slender claw longer than the oval blade. Style thickened suddenly at the bend, then thinner: stigma with radiating hairs. Pod enclosed at the narrow base by the calyx, contracted between the few seeds very velvety, opening by both edges. Wight Ic. t. 445. Quite common in sholas on the Octacamund and the Kodai- kanal downs. J/yson 528, 693. Bourne 849,* 204. PAPILIONACEZ. i19 Gen. Dist. Western Ghats, but not common to the immediate north, a the Bombay presidency rare, only found by Cooke and at Mableshwar [C.B.F.] Ceylon, Himalayas from Simla to Khasia and eastwards to Java, also in Madagascar and Natal. PFIASEOLUS. F.B.I. 50 LXXIII. Bean. Twining plants with pinnately three-foliate leaves and axillary racemes of flowers characterised and dis- tinguished by the keel being very long and coiled in a spiral; the style also long and conspicuously bearded below the stigma; and the pod long and narrow. Species about 60, some widely cultivated, e.g., the French, Kidney and Haricot bean. Phaseolus trinervius Heyne ; Wall. Cat. 5603!; FB. li 203, LXXIII 12; stem and leaves hairy. Stipules ovate acute, attached above their base. Leaves % to 2% inches, ovate, more or less lobed. Stalks of racemes 3 to 6 inches; flowering part I to1% inches. Corolla yellow or reddish. Pod at first very silky, 2 to 2% inches long, ten to twelve seeded, slightly curved. A native of lower levels but found near Kodaikanal. /yson 433, 1120, bourne 2004. Gen. Dist. Plains of South India, Ceylon and Malaya. ATYLOSIA. F.B.I. 50 LXXIX. Herbs or shrubs, erect or twining with pinnately three- foliate leaves ; characterised by the flowers in pairs; all parts covered with small red resinous glands which however are concealed under short hairs; pods with depressed lines between the seeds;and the strophiole (aril) of the seeds large and divided. ° Species about 20, India, Mauritius and to Australia. Named from the Greek a without and TYLOS, ¢allosity, because the standard is without the hard basal knobs possessed by some genera, Benen erert ete a eR 2 ye HAL candoller, Slender twiner running in grass. . . . . . . A, rugosa. 120 PAPILIONACEA. Atylosia candollei Wight and Arnott ; Herb. Wight Prop. 1631!; F.B.1. ii 212, LXXIX 1. Branches) ear stalks, undersides of leaflets, calyx, and more especially in the younger parts densely clothed with erect hairs: twigs stiff. Stem grooved, very hairy on the ridges between. Leaf-stalk % inch erect: internodes hardly longer so that the foliage is usually very dense. Leaflets elliptic or obovate-cuneate, I to 3% inches by % to 1 inch; lateral somewhat oblique; terminal slightly larger; stalks about equal ; pubescent on the upper side, densely so on the raised veins of the lower; distinctly sticky. Peduncles of the pairs of flowers erect, in the lower axils 2 inches, in the upper short to o: pedicels inch. Calyx % to34inch densely silky, teethtwo to three times the cup. Petals as long again, pure gamboge yellow: keel blunt without beak. Stamens all equal, upper one free. Pod very hairy, 1% by 3% inch, with a short abrupt point, surrounded at the base by the per- sistent calyx and corolla, and slightly indented between the three or four seeds. t. 89. Wight Ic. 754. Nilgiris: Ootacamund, Snowdon, etc., flowering July, fyson 2681. Bourne 4627. Gen. Dist, Also Ceylon. . The flowers face upwards with the keel erect and standard horizontal. The standard is bent back near its base, and there presses against two small points on the wing petals. These latter are attached to the keel. Honey can be got only by a stout proboscis pushed -home between the standard and the wings. But the standard stiffened at this point by being bent, and supported also by the calyx behind it, remains firm, so that the wings and with them the keel petals are pushed apart exposing the stamens, The flowers have the smell of musk, the leaves a little that of the ‘** Cedar-wood ” of pencils. The petals fade a rich purple-terracotta colour beginning with the back of the standard. Atylosia rugosa Wight and Arnott; Herb. Wight Prop.761 !; F.B.I. ii 215, LXXIX 12; remarkable for its very slender stems running in grass and the very conspicuous veins of the underside of the small leaflets. Leaf-stalks 44 to I inch, erect, clothed like the young PAPILIONACE. tat branches with brown pubescence. Leaflets 34 inch ; terminal one obovate cuneate, lateral obliquely obovate ; velvety on the upper side with impressed veins; white or almost orange below especially on the much-raised veins. Peduncles 4% to 1% inches, 34 to I inch apart along leafless branches: pedicels 4 inch, bracts cons- picuous, % inch ovate. Calyx 1% inch, teeth equal to the tube. Corolla % inch, yellow; remaining for some considerable time, but not quite until the pod has ripened. Pod % inch by &% inch, rounded at both ends except for the short stylar point, mostly one-seeded but also with two or three seeds, densely pubescent, brown, opening by both edges, the valve curling up when dry: if with two seeds divided inside between them. Seeds brown or purple, with a large double fleshy excrescence (strophile) on the hilum side, more than half as long as the seed itself. Pulneys : on the Kodaikanal downs, very common. N ilgiris : near Ootacamund, much less common. /ysoxz 1089, 1099, 1488. Bourne 10g, 2040. Gen. Dist. South Indian hills and Ceylon. Not on the Bombay Ghats to the north, nor apparently anywhere else in India. The leaflets show very marked sleep-movements, folding along the mid- rib, and becoming nearly erect against the stalk at sundown. I have not detected any scent as in the other species. FLEMINGIA. F.B.I. 50 LXXXV. Leaflets three, gland-dotted below and _ equally stalked. Flowers in dense spikes or clover-like heads | stipules and bracts large and conspicuously striate. Pods not divided. between the seeds, and seeds without strophiole. Species about fifteen, nearly all Indian. Erect herb or under shrub, leaflets up to 3 inches. , F, grahamiana. Trailing herb, leaflets 34 inch. . . . . . F. procumbens. Flemingia grahamiana Wight and Arnott ; Wight Herb. Prop. !; F.B.I. ii 228, LXXXV 6. 122 PAPILIONACEZ!. Shrubby, stem erect, finely striate; young parts tomentose. Stipules 4% inch by % inch acute, very closely striate, persistent. Petioles I inch with narrow wing, when young closely erect against the stem. Terminal leaflet 2 to 3% inches by I to 2% inches, obovate cuneate, with three main veins, the middle one pinnately branched, the lateral one more closely so on their insides than on the outsides, recalling the venation of ZIZYPHUS; lateral leaflets oblique, venation similar but inside lateral vein absent or not well marked; all acute entire, equally and shortly stalked, sparingly pubescent on the upper side, hairy on the veins on the lower, and dotted with glands ; when in bud erect, folded between the shaggy veins, then horizontal, later hanging perpendicular from erect petioles, then rising as they unfold and the petioles spread outwards. Spikes very dense, oblong, I to 2 inches; bracts %4 inch, finely striate, ciliate, acute. Calyx teeth hairy round the edges, sprinkled with black glands. Corolla small, not exserted. Pod short and stout, under % inch by 14 inch, finely pubescent and covered with clammy red glands. Pulneys: on the Kodaikanal downs, extremely common, where in summer the young shoots are conspicuous above the herbage, for their horizontal folded leaves. Flowers October and November. /ysoz 1129, 2151. Bourne 45, 402. Nilgiris: Coonoor. Not elsewhere. Flemingia procumbens var nilgheriensis Wight manuscript in Herb. Kew; F.B.I.ii 230 LXXXV I10.* Stem and branches many, 12 to 18 inches, spreading on the ground, terete, clothed as also the leaf-stalks and calyx with long spreading hairs and sprinkled with dark red glands. Stipules 4% inch to % inch by 3/16 inch acute, finely striate, hairy. Petioles 4 inch to % inch, leaf- lets equally subsessile, rounded at the end, mucronate, PAPILIONACEZ. 123 pinnately veined, middle one obovate, cuneate, lateral more oblong and oblique. Heads of flowers terminal about 34 inch across, peduncled 4% to 1% inches above the last leaf, but often with a pair of stipule-like bracts Yéinch below; bracts % by 1/10 inch lanceolate acute, hairy. Calyx densely hairy, the hairs often springing from large yellowish bulbous bases, and with also small dark red glands; teeth more than twice the tube, linear lanceolate, shaggy especially round the edges. Pod not much exserted, purple, standard hairy and glandular on the back, auricled. Pods 1/5 inch shorter than the calyx, ovoid or sub-globose, pointed, glabrous, veined ; seed one only asa rule, ellipsoid, quite filling the pod, dark brown, smooth. Wight Ic. 987. “ Lidcot valley near Kodaikanal on rocks,” Béurne 893, On the Nilgiris at Pykara, flowering September. Confined to the Western Ghats but rare in the Bombay presidency. In the F,B.I. this is placed as a variety of F. vestita, Bevth. apparently because named by Wight F. procumbens by a slip which he corrected in a manuscript in the herbarium at Kew while F. procumbens foxd. = F. vestita Benth. The plant is restored to specific rank by Cooke in the Bombay flora, from which this explanation and the description of the pod is taken. SOPHORA. F.B.I..50 XCII. Shrubs with pinnate leaves, very small calyx teeth, stamens all free (an unusual thing in this family), and the pod constricted between the seeds and usually not opening. Sophora glauca Leschenault; F.B.I. ii 249, XCII 4. Height 6 to 12 feet; branchlets terete, densely pubes- cent. Leaflets ten to fifteen pairs plus a terminal one, % by 1/5 inch, oblong, obovate-elliptic, blue-green or olive-green, softly hairy on both sides, with strong mid- rib produced as a mucro. Flowers in dense terminal racemes with small and very quickly falling linear bracts and bracteoles. Calyx % inch long and broad, with small but distinct teeth, pinkish purple: pedicels 124 CAESALPINEZ&. shorter, densely silky, erect. Corolla twice as long, petals with long claws, equal: standard obovate, % inch broad, notched: wings oblong: keel petals overlapping at the back but scarcely united. Pod cylindrical with a stalk of 4% to I inch and equally long point, constricted between the seeds which if few may be far apart, very densely velvety. Seeds one to six, almost perfectly ovoid except for a swelling near the small hilum, polished, light coloured. t. 90. Wight Ic. 1054 ex. pods. On the open downs. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund in flower all the year round, and down to Pykara, Kotagiri and Coonoor. Fryson 679, 1784, 2239, 2723. Bourne 4592, 4020, Not collected on Pulneys. Gen, Dist. Shevaroys, the hills of Western India, but apparently some- what local, and not on the ghats of the Bombay presidency. The leaves have a rank smell when bruised, somewhat like that of the English Elder, and on drying turn black. The flower is much compressed, the standard being folded round at the base and leaving a small tubular opening above the upper edge of the keel and wings. Partly because of this folding but also of its thickness, the standard is very stiff, and is made more so by the support of the upper calyx lobe. The keel and wings are free of each other but small projections at the base of the latter fit into hollows in the wings sothat they must move together. A heavy insect pushing its way down the tubular opening between the firm standard and the wing petals would necessarily force the latter down and with them the keel and so come into contact with the anthers, held in place as these are by their stiff filaments. The flower thus appears adapted for visits by short- tongued bees. CAESALPINEZE. In this family (or sub-order) of the LEGUMINOS4 the petals are nearly equal and similar, the uppermost is inside the others in bud and often much the smallest, the stamens are all free of each other, and typically ten but often reduced to seven or fewer. In other respects it is as given under LEGUMINOS& p. 93. CASSIA. F.B.I. 50 CIII. Herbs, shrubs and trees. Leaves even-pinnate, with one or more glands on the rachis. Flowers usually CAESALPINE:. 125 yellow and showy ; sepals five, on the margin of a short and scarcely hollowed calyx-tube; stamens ten, but often only seven of the anthers fertile, some at least of these opening by pores or short slits. A large genus of 300 to 360 species, inhabitants of all tropical countries, and divisible into four well-marked sub- genera, according to the number and dehiscence of the fertile anthers, the nature of the pod and the lie of the seeds in it, the general habit and the arrangement of the flowers. Monographed by G. Bentham in Trans: Linn; Soc: Vol. xxvii. (1871). ( Leaflets thirty to forty pairs:a small spreading under- a4 cshrab- 22. . » . C. mimosoides, | Leaflets three to ten pairs : shrubs C5 Greer 6c. sash el ee Glands on the leaf-stalk between all or most of ae »f leaflets. | One gland only at the base of the leaf-stalk. €. edie Leaflets glabrous . , nis fa an Gio eit. | renflets tomentose adoracatie Joe a 6, bomenbiea. Cassia occidentalis Linn.; F.B.I. ii 262, CII] 5; a low undershrub with foliage and inflorescence of C. levi- gata except for the solitary gland on the leaf-stalk near its base, and pod when ripe flat, 4 inches by 1% inch with prominent sutures thicker than the rest of the pod. Seeds flattened at right angles tothe pod and parallel to the division walls, except sometimes in the upper part of the pod they are parallel to the sides. A native probably of tropical America and introduced elsewhere. Now abundant in waste and cultivated places in tropical Asia and Africa. Cassia levigata Willd; CII] 7. A handsome shrub with golden yellow flowers in terminal corymbs of axil- lary racemes, distinguished by the acute or acuminate dark green glabrous leaflets, with a cylindrical pointed gland between the two of every or all but the terminal pair. Branches round, smooth. Stipules % inch but often falling early. Leaves from 4 to 8 inches, the lowest 126 CHISALPINE. pair of leaflets 1% to 2 inches from the branch. Leaflets variable, the terminal pair usually the largest, from I to 5 inches along and from1/5 to 4 as broad. Flowers Over aninch across. Three upper stamens sterile, next four with anthers % inch, the next pair with filaments longer than the lowest one and anthers, like the latter, 14 inch curved; all these opening by pores at the top, and having a line of pubescence down the middle line on each side, which however soon withers. Pod brown, 3% to % inch, thick, opening elastically along one edge, segmented inside and indented between the seeds. Seeds horizontal with short stalks. t. 91. A native of tropical America, Brazil to Mexico, and now wild, but probably introduced, in similar parts of Asia and Africa, Cassia tomentosa Linn. ; F.B.I. ii 263, CIIl 7; the Yel- low Cassia of Ootacamund. A small treeor shrub, with large panicles of buttercup-yellow flowers, making sheets of colour. Young branches, sepals, ovary and the under side of leaves densely covered with short hairs. Leaf- lets six to eight pairs, oblong obtuse, pubescent on the upper side and dark-green, I to1% by % inch, promi- nently one-nerved, with a gland between the two of all or most pairs. Racemes of flowers in the upper axils; stamens asin C. laevigata. Pod 4 by % inch tomentose. BO: Nilgiris : in Ootacamund very common by road-sides, Pul- neys : at Poombari, Bourne 903. A native of tropical America in the valleys of the Andes from Bolivia to Central America. Cassia mimosoides Linn.; F.B.I. ii 266, CII 18; Pink or Yellow Ground-Cassia. A low diffuse perennial with slender downy branches. Stipules % inch acute; leaves I to 2inches. Leaf-stalk hairy, with one gland on below the lowest pair of leaflets, and produced beyond them ina soft spine; leaflets thirty to fifty pairs, I~ by MIMOSEE. 127 1/30 inch linear, mucronate with a red outer margin. Flowers solitary, pedicelled in the leaf-axils ; sepals % to 4 inch linear. Petals about as long. Stamens seven to ten filaments short; anthers some long, some short, and opening by terminal slits. Pod flat, 1% to 2 inches by Yé inch, the partitions inside oblique. Pulneys : possibly at Kodaikanal. In woods and on shady road-sides. Fyson 3021, Bourne 100, 906, Gen, Dist. Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia, Rare in America. MIMOSE-.. In this family (or sub-order) of the LEGUMINOS the flowers are small and massed in small dense heads or short spikes; the petals all equal, often united at the base, and in bud valvate, none overlapping another; the stamens may be ten or very many. In other respects the family is as given for the LEGUMINOS& pp. 93 but in many of the ACACIA genus the leaves are apparently simple. Flower-heads globular: pod narrow Sat ee ACACIA. Flowers in thick spikes: pod very thinand broad . . ALBrzzra. ACACIA. F.B.I. 50 CXXVII. Wattle, etc. Flowers small in yellowish balls % inch across ; calyx campanulate 1/16 inch; petals united in the lower half; stamens many. Species over 400. More than half Australian, the others in the tropics, In many Australian species the leaves are apparently simple. Seed- lings however all begin with bipinnate leaves, and the apparently simple leaf is really a broadened leaf-stalk of which the pinnas and leaflets have not developed : they are known as fhyllodes. It will be seen that the veining of these is not like that of an ordinary leaf. There are no species indigenous to these levels, but three or four in- troduced from Australia are now well established in and near hill stations, 128 MIMOSEz. Leaves apparently simple. b a « Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets forty to “fifty pairs on each of | eight to fifteen pairs of pinnas. , . sa f Phyllode with one main nerve and many slender side- b 4 veins. . - » «+ , | Aes. } Phyllode with three or “four main nerves and very | slender parallel veins, . . . . A. melanoxylon. Foliage green, young shoots golden. Flower-heads pale, yellow, Pod distinctly constricted between the seeds, c 4 A, decurrens, | Foliage bluish, young parts not yellow. Flower-heads | golden yellow. Pod not constricted. . A, dealbata, Acacia retinodes Schlecht ; Benth. Fl. Aust. ii 362, CXXVII *; a native of Victoria and South Australia. Bourne 2051. Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. ; Benth. Fl. Aust. ii 388 ; CXXVII * * ; Black-wood of Australia. Planted every- where on these levels. Native of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. t. 93. Fyson 3024. Acacia decurrens Willd.; Benth. Fl. Aust. ii 414; CXXVII ***; Green or Black Wattle of Australia. Planted. Native of South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales. Acacia dealbata Link; Benth. Fl. Aust. ii 415; CXXVII * * ** *; Silver Wattle of Australia. Native of New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria. t. 94. Fyson 3022. ALBIZZIA. F.B.I. 50 CXXVIII. Like ACACIA but sepals and petals five each ; stamens numerous, united at the base in a tube; pod very broad and thin ; seeds compressed, their stalks slender. Species 25 to 30, in the tropics of Africa, Asia and Australia, In India ten, one of the commonest being A, lebbek, common in Madras, Albizzia lophantha Bentham ; CXXVIII 10*; a small tree with bipinnate leaves of very small leaflets, and ROSACEZ. 129 remarkable for its thick axillary spikes of small flowers and thin flat pods. Branches, leaf-stalks and peduncles usually velvety. Pinnas eight to ten pairs; leaflets twenty to thirty, or more pairs, 4 inch long, narrow, with the vein near the upper margin; silky pubescent underneath. Flower- spikes, 1% to 3 inches long by 1% inches thick when the flowers open because of the long stamens; pedicels 1/16 inch. Pod 3% inches by 34 to % inch, thin, the valves not twisting up after opening. A native of western Australia but planted and now naturalised on the Nilgiris and one tree in Bombay shola near Kodaikanal (Bourne). Seeds of this plant germinated after lying in England for 68 years in Sir John Herschell’s cabinet (ms. at Kew), ROSACESE. Herbs, shrubs on trees with alternate, stipulate, simple or leathery leaves, and quite regular flowers of five free sepals, with occasionally an epicalyx of five bracteoles below them; five free rounded petals attached to the margin of a cup-shaped or ring-shaped honey-secreting disc ; numerous stamens bent inwards in bud, and with small anthers ; and one or more carpels, with one or more seeds in each. The centre of the flower may be raised and the carpels separate, ripening into (dry) achenes asin the Strawberry where the torus (centre) becomes juicy, or into juicy berries enclosing each one small stone as inthe Raspberry; or it may be nearly or quite flat with one carpel only which ripens into a stone fruit, as in the Plum, Cherry and Apricot; or be hollowed and enclose a few one-seeded carpels, as in the Lady’s-mantle and Agri- mony ; or have many carpels which lie free inside what is eventually a more or less juicy case (calyx-tube), as in 9 130 ROSACEA. the Rose; orthe carpels may be completely sunk ina juicy fruit, with the seeds inside hard stones as in the Hawthorn, or in horny cases as in the Apple and Pear. All these variations in the fruit are met with in our flora. Species over 1,000, all over the world but mostly in temper- ate climates and the countries surrounding the Pacific Ocean. KEY TO THE GENERA. Leaves simple, entire or toothed not lobed . . b Leaves rounded, with five or seven rounded finely toothed 4 lobes. Flowers small and greenish J. 239500 ALCHEMILLA. a Leaves lobed or of several leaflets . . . Ae eas Leaves 3 to 5 inches quite entire: fruit leathery, mallet- SHADE 3.40% . p. 130. PYGEUM. | Leaves entire or toothed : fruit j juicy enclosing a stone. c Leaves 14 inch, silvery below: small shrub. . . p, I40. b c COTONEASTER, | Leaves 3 toG inches: trees . . . f. 199, PHOEINER Flowers 2 to 3 inches across: ai: enclosed in the q calyx-tube .... : p. 138. ROSA. Flowers 1 inch or less, carpels on the outside of the Rerens* fe 404, : PBL. vi 720, VIS; Main leaf-stalks 12 to 20 inches: stalks of leaflets 2 to 34% inches; blades 3 to 8% inches, oblong or ovate elliptic, shortly acuminate, glabrous on both sides but light-coloured below not very coriaceous with crinkled margin. Panicle up to 9 by 8 inches ; peduncles I inch, pedicels % to 3g inch. Flower buds 1/10 inch. Pulneys ; in sholas on the downs. Occasionally with paim- like habit. Fyson 1820, 2140(?). Bourne 555, 2642.* The description of the inflorescence and flower is taken from specimens in the Kew herbarium. I am not certain about this species. My sheets which have no flowers, were returned to me by both Calcutta and Kew as H, wallichianum C. B. Clarke, which however I feel sure they are not. The nearest I can find at Kew is a plant collected by Gardner on the Nilgiris and named by Clarke in manuscript as above, In F.B.I. Clarke described the species as ‘*A small branched tree,’’ presumably from observation of a small specimen. Beddome, the founder of the species, described it as a “large tree” (Manual to the Flora Sylvatica of South India 11 CX XII), as soalso did Wight in his note to his Ic. t. 1013. Both Beddomeand Wight give the leaves as very distinctly toothed, a character ignored by Clarke in F.B.I. I have seen only two specimens of my plant living; one inside the large shola at Kodaikanal had a tall slender stem and slender vertical branches bearing leaves only at the top; the other had a tall palm-like stem with crown of leaves, very much in the habit of the Palmyra or Toddy palm (Borassus). Heptapleurum racemosum Bedd.; F.B.I. ii 729, VII 6. A medium sized well branched tree, easily distin- guished in the shola by its branches of hanging leaves (really leaflets), and its axillary compound spikes of small white flowers. Main petiole 8 to 12 inches, leaflets 5 to 10 inches, elliptic, acute or acuminate, with undulate margin; smaller veins not conspicuous when dry. Wight Ic. t. IOI5. In sholas common. Pulneys : Kodaikanal downs. Nilgiris : Coonoor. Fyson 1066, 2047, 2131.* Bourne 518, 2481, 2641. Gen. Dist. Mountains of South India and Ceylon. ARALIACEA. 179 BRASSAIA. F.B.I. 71 IX. A small genus of two species separated from HEP- TAPLEURUM because the flowers are collected into small heads and each surrounded at the base by four bracteoles. Brassaia capitata C. B. Clarke ; F.B.I. ii 732, IX 1. A low well branched tree with the palmately compound leaves and general habit of Heptapleurum racemosum and the inflorescence of Heptapleurum rostratum, except that the flowers are in dense sessile heads of six or seven, not umbels, at the ends of comparatively short stalks standing out along the stout branches of a large terminal panicle. Lenticels on the branches and leaf-bases very large, up to % by 1/16 inch. Leaf-base sheathing and con- tinued above the insertion for 4% inch as a triangular intra-petiolar stipule, covering the axillary bud. Petiole 7 inches: leaflets seven, their stalks 2 inches; blade 6 by 2 inches, thick and firm, glossy on the upper side, dull and light green on the under; midrib very stout, brown; veins very slender, but distinct on the upper side, both veins and the smaller reticulations distinct on the lower side. Panicles terminal; branches 14 inches, stout, in the axils of triangular acute % inch bracts, dark purple in colour, and with scattered stellate hairs. Peduncles of heads similar, 1% inches, ribbed, standing out almost at right angles from the main branches in the axils of concave bracts 1/5 inch. Heads % to 34 inch wide, of about ten flowers. Buds round % inch, sessile in the axil of three concave brown tomentose bracts. Calyx entire, nearly half the bud. Petals six, valvate, hard. Stamens as many, longer, bent abruptly inwards just below the anther; anther opening inwards. Ovary bluntly conical, continuous with the disc at the base, in which are twelve small hollows containing glistening drops of honey; nostyle; cellssix. t.131. I2-A 180 CAPRIFOLIACEA. Nilgiris: Pykara waterfall-road, near the short cut to Glen Morgan estate: flowering May. Kotagiri and Vellyengry hill (Wight). Not collected on Pulneys. Previously recorded only by Wight on the Nilgiris. /yson 2696. Bourne (Coonoor). CAPRIFOLIACE/E. Trees, shrubs, or stragglers with opposite leaves joined by lines round the stem but no definite stipules: petals five, united at least at the base with a short tube: stamens as many: ovary inferior of two cells each with one pendent ovule: fruit usually a drupe. Species about 200 mostly in the northern hemisphere. Western Europe has about 1o species. Elder, Ger. Flieder, Fr. Surean. VIBURNUM. F.B.1. 74 IIL. Guelder Rose. Trees and shrubs with opposite simple leaves, and characterised by the terminal rather flat-topped cymose panicles or corymbs of small white or cream-coloured flowers, and the seeds of a flat oval more or less deeply grooved lengthwise so that the cross section is a T-shape. Species roo in temperate and sub-tropical regions, chiefly of Asia and North America. In Europe both wild and cultivated, Guelder Rose, Wayfaring tree; 47. Viorne, Ger. Schlinge. ( Corolla rotate (tubular portion very short) 0 eae a V. acuminatum DC, ~ | Corolla tubular with spreading lobes . . . . . « D ( Leaves entire; bracts not conspicuous. V. coriaceum. b d Leaves sinuate : foliage light green ; bracts linear gy V. hebanthum. | Leaves dentate with crimson stalks . . V. erubescens. Viburnum acuminatum DC.; Wall. Cat. 4651!; FBI, iii 5 as V. punctatum Ham., var acuminata; I17*. A smalltree. Leaves elliptic, 3 to 5 inches long and usually less than half as broad, entire, acuminate, with recurved margins, and covered on the underside with small round CAPRIFOLIACEA:. 181 rust-coloured scales or glands; as also the young parts: veins few. Flowers in terminal, very regular, congested corymbs with peduncles I to 2 inches, lenticelled: fruit- ing corymbs more open. Drupe elliptic or oblong 4 by 1/5 inch: seeds much compressed, obscurely grooved. t.132. Wight Ic. 1021 Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. ccxvii. Nilgiris: Pykara 7,000 feet. Not Ootacamund. Pulneys: at lower levels, not Kodaikanal. Nowhere else. Bourne 638, 639, 2615. Viburnum coriaceum Blume, var capitellata Wight Herb. Prop.as V. capitellata W.GA.!; FBI. iii 6, III 9. A small tree with, usually, much lobed outline. Twigs lenticelled. Leaves ovate-elliptic acuminate, with almost acute base and waved or shallow-toothed margin, glabrous except for tufts of hairs in the axils of the nerves on the underside. Panicles rounded: pedun- cles 34 to I inch, dividing into threes: cymes umbellate. Flowers nearly sessile, buds glistening: ovary 1/16 inch: corolla tube % inch; lobes very small. Fruit 4 by % inch compressed. Seed in cross-section a flat W-shaped. Biss. 1 Wisht Ic. 1. 1022: On the margins of sholas. Pulneys: below and about Kodaikanal and above on the downs, common. Nilgiris: at lower levels, Coonoor, etc. Bourne 31, Gen. Dist. South India and Ceylon. Viburnum hebanthum Wight and Arnott ; F.B.I. iii 6, Ill 10. A small spreading tree with rounded or lobed outline distinguished from V. coriaceum by the brighter green of its foliage and the very distinct linear bracteoles. Branches with smooth grey bark heavily lenticelled. Leaves all erect in dense tufts at the ends of the year’s shoots, elliptic or obovate, hardly acuminate, with sinuate or serrate margin, glabrous except for tufts of hairs in the axils of the, rather few, nerves underneath ; 182 CAPRIFOLIACEA:. stalk %4 to 34 inch. Corymbs of flowers flat-topped or rounded much asin V. coriaceum: its branches green, four-angled, sticky : bracteoles 1/5 inch, very conspicuous in bud, then withering and at length falling : buds % inch green, nearly sessile, densely pubescent. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla tube % to % by 1/30 inch, greenish ; lobes very small, erect. Stamens five, exserted, attached to the base of the corolla: anthers dorsifixed. Fruit ellipsoid, 4% by % inch, with the stylar point a little to the dorsal side, black but not shining and with a little yellowish powder. Seed one only in the posterior cell, oval, with a sharp groove on the ventral side and two shallow ones on the dorsal, and so in section a shallow W-shape. t.134. On the outskirts of shola along with V. erubescens. Nilgiris : Ootacamund and below on the downs to Pykara, very common, flowering March, but buds as early as June. /yson 2004, 2451, 207 2. Not elsewhere. Viburnum erubescens Wail., var wightiana Wail. Pl. As. Rar. ii 293, Cat. 3729; FBI. iii 7, in par wee a road-side or hedge-row shrub distinguished by its laxly spreading forked white-barked branches, crimson leaf-stalks and drooping racemes. Bark on the younger branches a light pinky grey colour, smooth and shining, but with obscure lenticels. Leaves one or two pairs only as arule, their stalks connected across, so that the leaf- scars encircle the branch; stalks crimson, pubescent with stellate hairs, as also are the nerves of the lower side: blades broadly ovate or obovate, serrate except the broad rounded base, with often a short triangular or cuspidate point ; midrib pinkish, nerves about six on either side. Flowers in open panicles of cymes, curving downwards in bud, 2 inches long, when the flowers fully open with pinkish or pale green branches. Pedicel or calyx- tube, 1/16 to 48 inch dark green; calyx of five minute CAPRIFOLIACEZ. 183 triangular teeth. Corolla campanulate ; tube 1/5 inch white; lobes five 1/10 inch sulphur or cream-coloured, imbricate. Stamens attached to the mouth and alternat- ing with the lobes. Ovary two-celled, with short style. Ovules I inch each cell, pendent from the inner angle, with its raphe turned to one side (lateral) but more or less on the side of the placenta. Fruit aone-celled drupe, 1/5 by 4 inch, usually erect, ovoid or obovoid, red, crowned by the thick short style ; section of the stone a flat W. Differs from the type species in the broader leaves the stellate pubescence on their stalks and the drooping panicles. White Ic. t. 1024. On road-sides and the edges of sholas. Pulneys: about Kodaikanal at 7,500 feet, not common. Nilgiris : in and about Ootacamund, common, flowering during the winter months. fyson 3046. Bourne 4602, 4777. Wallich’s species 7. erubescens was founded on a Nepal plant shown in his figure (Pl.As. Rar, ii. t. 134) and also described as having erect panicles. His Cat. Nos. 459 and 7474 are slenderer plants with not the same laxly drooping habit and narrower leaves. His ”, wightianum distin- guished as a separate species differs, according to his description chiefly in the leaves being broader and stellately pubescent below. I find also the panicies drooping. Zvrudescens is a good name for our plant, its leaf- stalks are so red. LONICERA. F.B.I. 74 VL Honeysuckle. Shrubs erect or straggling characterised by the flowers being in close pairs with ovaries almost or quite united. Leaves opposite, entire: buds scaly. Pairs of flowers with a bract and usually also two bracteoles, peduncled in the leaf-axils (or in terminal heads or clusters). Sepals five, short. Corolla tube slender, often bulged at the base ; lobes five, unequal or nearly equal. Stamens five, inserted on the tube. Ovary of two or three cells: style long and slender with capitate stigma. Fruit a berry of two or three cells, with a few seeds. 184 CAPRIFOLIACE. Species about 80 in the temperate regions of Europe, Asia and America. Not in the southern hemisphere. In Europe we have the English common and Fly Honeysuckles, Ger, Geiss blatt, #7. Chevre feuille. Straggling plant. Corolla 1to2 inches . . L. leschenaultii. Erect shrub. Corollalinch . . .. . . L. ligustrina. The genus is divided into a number of subgenera and sections according to the habit of the plant, whether erect or straggling, then arrangement of the pairs of flowers, the bracts, the lobes of the corolla and other differences. Of our species LZ. lesch. belongs to the § #zn¢éooa and L. lig. to § zs7kza, Lonicera leschenaultii Wall., Cat. 471!; F.B.I. iii 10, VI1; common Honeysuckle. A straggling shrub with reddish brown bark on the main stem, and the younger parts, calyx and underside of leaves covered with short white hairs. Leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, 2 to 3 by 1% to 2% inches, dull green above, white below, veins and reticulations impressed on the upper, raised on the lower side. Flowers in pairs, on peduncles of %& inch, in the axils of the uppermost leaves, often forming terminal, leafy bunches or occasionally the pairs soli- tary on short axillary branches. Calyx 1/16 inch, and teeth 1/20 inch white tomentose. Corolla white, turning cream colour, tube 1% inches, slender, erect, as also in bud; upper lip I by &% inch, obtuse, curved back ina circle ; lower four-lobed, slightly longer and less curved, 14 inch wide at the top, the two lateral lobes wider than the middle ones, fitting inside them, as also one of the middle lobes inside the other, by small backward directed teeth. Filaments of stamens long. Fruits in pairs, globular, the size of a small pea, crowned by the calyx. t.135. Wight III. ii. t. 120 (not 121-B.). In thickets and straggling over small trees on the edges of sholas. Common. Nilgiris: Ootacamund and below. Pul- neys : below Kodaikanal. At level of Shembaganur, etc. Fyson 408, 492, 662, 3047. Gen. Dist. South Indian mountains, Mysore, Coorg. RUBIACEA. 185 Lonicera ligustrina Wall., Cat. 479!; F.B.I. iii 12, V19; False Privet. When not in flower very like Privet, but the young leaves purplish and fringed with white hairs. Erect untidy shrub with grey bark; branches nume- rous, ascending, tufted; the youngest from a persistent sheath of decussate budscales, pubescent and purplish. Leaves opposite, stalk 18 inch, blade 1% by % inch or thereabouts, ovate, entire; in bud erect and flat; when young purplish with distinctly revolute and ciliate margin; when older spreading and quite smooth. Flowers on the young shoots in opposite pairs, pendent : peduncle of a pair % inch, axillary bracteoles % inch linear: common, spherical part of calyx-tube 4 inch; free part 1/40 inch with minute teeth: buds clavate. The two corolla-tubes of a pair divergent, with a very distinct bend 1/16 inch above the base, then erect and parallel, bulged at the bottom into a small sac outwards in each case; lobes unequal, cream coloured. Styles of the pair bent abruptly inwards so that the stigmas nearly touch, very hairy below. t.136. Wight Ic. t. 1025, Ill. t. 121. B39. In thickets and round sholas. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund and on the plateau generally. Pulneys: near Kodaikanal. fyson 669, 1889. Bourne 423. Gen. Dist. Khasia, Nepal and Western Ghats. RUBIACE/z. Trees, shrubs or herbs with opposite leaves connected across the branch on each side by one combined stipule (except in the tribe Stellat@) and flowers solitary or in some form of cymose inflorescence, having an inferior ovary of twoto five one-seeded or many-seeded cells ; calyx-teeth four or five; corolla monopetalous with as many equal lobes ; stamens as many; and fruit dry, then a capsule or of cocci, or fleshy, then a drupe or a berry. 186 RUBIACEA:. A very large family of some 350 genera and 4,000 species, distributed over the warmer parts of the world. Britain has four genera only, members of one small tribe the S#e//at@ in which the stipules are not combined and may be divided and are enlarged to equal the leaves, so that at each node there is a whorl of four, six or eight leaves (Madder, Goosegrass, Bedstraw, Woodruff), With the exception of this tribe the family can nearly always be recognised by the four stipules belonging to a pair of opposite leaves being combined into two connecting the leaf-stalks. The family is divided into a number of tribes arranged in two main series : those with many seeds to each cell of the ovary (fruit a capsule or berry) and those with one seed only to each cell (fruit splitting into cocci ora drupe). Common cultivated plants are species of CINCHONA (brought here from America for the quinine extracted from the bark), Coffee, IxoRA (common in Madras gardens, with bunches of- long slender scarlet corollas) and MOoRINDA (with the ovaries of several flowers coalescing). MUSSANDA, with one calyx lobe much enlarged like a white or yellow leaf, is common on the ghat road below Kodaikanal and Coonoor. Leaves six at a node, narrow: stem slender . . GALIUM, a Leaves four at a node, heart-shaped, stalked . . RUBIA. | Leaves two or three only at anode . ~ .//S)gissnuamae Flowers in terminal panicles or cymose corymbs . . . c¢ od Flowers few in leaf-axils only—shrubs with fetid leaves or {| frnit.. 2 eS Le ee ee 0 Lobes of corolla valvate in bud: . . °.. > Se ueeeeeeen Lobes of corolla twisted in bud; shrubs. . . . . . g d{gam 0.fiiliLL Sn Shrubs .. ss e/a! nt Tig (Leaves very fetid . . '. oe a ANOTIS. e4 Leaves not fetid: ovules two oul, with cap at upper end. [ KNOXIA. Fruit a small capsule, flowers white or tinged with mauve. f HEDYOTIS. } Fruit a flat capsule, broader than long . . OPHIORRHIZA, | Fruit a black berry: flowers white . . . PSYCHOTRIA, ( Corolla pink ; tube slender: stigmas ultimately separate. . ; TXORA. ) Corolla white; tube short: stipules and lower bracts — © babiieE isk ' f .. Pavia. | Corolla white, stout : stigma long undivided : nerves deeply | impressed on upper side of leaves. . . . WEBERA. RUBIACEA. 187 HEDY OTIS. FE: 75) 3 (Our species only.) Shrubs or small woody plants with long bristles on the stipular cup which joins two opposite leaf-stalks ; white or pale lilac flowers in terminal panicles; their parts in fours; stamens set in the corolla tube or at the throat, not far exserted; fruit dry, globose, splitting open in two halves, containing many seeds. Species about 80 chiefly in tropical Asia. Hedyotis stylosa Brown, in Wall. Cat. 853!; FBT. iii 51, XX 8. A shrub with rather loosely growing flexuous branches, very variable in habit. Leaf-stalk % inch; blade ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, I to 5 inches long according to position and strength of shoot, glabrous or pubescent on the nerves underneath: stipular cup with three or four 14-inch bristles. Capsule entirely within the calyx-tube, % by 1/12 inch, ellipsoid, splitting in two halves which open along their inside faces: calyx- teeth in fruit 1/20 inch. t.137. Wight Ic. t. 1027. By sholas and in cool places. Pulneys: on the downs and below to Shembaganur, common. Nilgiris : on the downs Oota- camund to Pykara. Fyson 321, 661, 694, 1206, 1207, 1838. Bourne 207, 568, 804,* 1104, 1104.* Gen. Dist, South Indian hills. The place of the capsule is often taken by a fleshy gall the size of a small pea. Hed yotis articularis Brown, in Wall.Cat. 854!: F.B.L. iii 51,XX9. Ashrub characterised by its very close-set erect narrow sessile leaves and, where the leaves have fallen, the rings of dried bristly stipular sheaths. Leaves I by % inch, lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate, rigid, glabrous or nearly so, with reflexed margin, and very broad nerves underneath. Cymes terminal, compact. Capsule % inch, egg-shaped: calyx-tube unaltered or 188 RUBIACEAE. occasionally lengthening to %4 inch. t. 138. Wight Ic. t. 1028. Nilgiris : on Elk hill near Ootacamund abundant. Pulneys: on the downs in hollows by streams, etc., flowers summer. Nowhere else. yson 691, 1837, 1860, 1896. Bourne 571,963. Hedyotis swertioides Hook. f.; F.B.J. iii 51, XX I1; Ground Lilac; a small undershrub characterised by its stiff ovate leaves and dense terminal panicles of lilac- coloured flowers. Height 1 to2 feet, usually in tufts. Leaves sessile ovate, I to 3 inches by half as broad, erect, glabrous, firm. Cymes densely pubescent. Calyx lobes longer than the tube. Pulneys: on the downs above Kodaikanal, very common, flowers summer. Nowhere else. /yson 1070, 3048. Sourne 80, 325, 964. Hedyotis verticillaris Wight and Arnott ; FBI. iii 56, XX 29. Stem short or none, as thick as the finger, Leaves numerous, close-set, 4 to 6 by I to I inch, elliptic or lanceolate-oblong; with three main and several minor parallel nerves. Flowers small in dense bunches in three-chotomous panicles on peduncles of 3 or 4 inches. Wight Ic. t. 1029. Nilgiris at Pykara by the river side. Bourne 2659, 4789, ANOTIS. F.B.I. 75 Se (Our species only.) Herbaceous plants with evil-smelling leaves and peltate seeds, otherwise as in Hedyotis. Species about 25, in the tropics of Asia and Australia. Leena pink. Stems weak usually creeping, in the open As leschenaultiana. x Flowers white, stems erect wood-land and shade-loving [ plants ( Flowers small, fea uate on contd oédtenieien A. monosperma. | Flowers 14 inch in close panicles . . . . . A. SP. RUBIACE. 189 Anotis leschenaultiana Wight and Arnott; F.B.I. iii 72, XXII 3. A small herb with ovate hairy leaves and flat bunches of pinkish purple flowers. Whole plant except the corollatube hairy. Stems weak and rooting at the nodes: stipular band joining the leaf-stalks bristly. Leaves ovate acute, with four or five pairs of rather broad hairy nerves on each side of the midrib, about 1/16 inch apart, running very regularly to the margin and without connecting veins. Inflorescence regularly and cymosely trichotomous' with minute toothed bracts. Pedicels 1/16 inch, calyx-tube 1/20 inch; teeth four, 1/16 inch. Corolla tube % inch, glabrous on the outside, very slightly hairy inside: lobes four spreading flat, 1/12 by 14 inch, stamens erect, the filaments white and attached to the backs of the small purple introrse anthers. Style slender: stigma bifid: top of ovary round and flat, not grooved. Capsule didymous, with hemispherical raised crown, two-seeded with one to eight seeds in each cell: seeds deeply pitted. t.139. Common on the downs. Gen. Dist. Western Ghats of South India. var 1 type, Herb. Wight Prop. 1398!; leaves 1 inch or more, hairy: panicle 2 to 4 inches across, hairy: stipular bristles long. Stems erect or trailing, often on a bare sloping patch. Wight Jil. t. 125 but flowers pink not blue. Fyson 3049. Lourne 33. var 2 affinis, Herb. Wight Prop. 1297!; plant smaller than var1. Leaves % to 34 inch hairy; stipular bristles short ; panicle 1 to 2 inches, forms flat patches a foot or more across in short grass; very fetid; stems often red on the upper side. Wight Ic. ¢. 1030. Bourne 294, 2904. var 3 deltoides, Herd. Wight Prop. 1298!; leaves 4 to 34 inch, nearly glabrous, as also the cymes. Anotis Sp., var Hedyotis stipulata Br., in Wall. Cat. 6195; F.B.JI. iii 63. A weak fetid plant, straggling through others in the shade, with terminal bunches of white or pale pink, long-tubed, fragrant flowers. 190 RUBIACE. Stem terete, almost glabrous, with internodes of 2 to 4 inches, green or reddish, but white and swollen under the nodes, and never rooting there. Stipular bristles long, % inch. Leaf-stalks ™% inch: blades oblong ovate, up to 2 by 34 inch, covered with short hairs on the upper side and on the nerves underneath: nerves eight to nine pairs, the more basal ones closer together than the distal, all curving forwards and reaching the margin. Panicle with fewer flowers than in A. leschenaultiana, not regularly trichotomous, bracts and bracteoles with hairy teeth. Calyx-tube nearly glabrous, TY inch, the teeth more than twice as long, and half as wide, ciliate. Corolla tube %to % inch, white or pale pink: lobes four, % inch, white; ciliate. Stamens four erect, on short filaments at the mouth of the corolla. Stigma purple parted in the bud before the flower opens. Seed one only in each cell. t. 140. In sholas among other shade-loving plants. Pulneys : above Kodaikanal, flowering September, at night, fading by 10 a.m, Quite distinct from A. leschenaultiana, though the leaves have a super- ficial resemblance. It seems nearest to the Hedyotis stipulata quoted above, but in its fetid leaves is certainly an Avo/is. Anotis monosperma Hooker, Wight’s Herb. Prop.1295 !; F.BTI. iii 75, XXI17. A very delicate, shade-loving plant with slender stem and thin leaves and pale mauve flowers nearly sessile on the long capillary branches of a loose cymose inflorescence. Stem and leaves pubescent. Leaf-stalk 4% to I inch; blades ovate, I to 2 inches by % to 1 inch, or occasion- ally much less, acute or acuminate broadest near the base and then narrowed suddenly and cuspidately to the stalk. Inflorescence axillary ; branches capillary and divergent. Flowers nearly sessile in twos and threes, in irregular corymbose cymes, white tinged with pink or mauve. Fruit 1/12 inch, rather broader than long broadest at the top and crowned by the small calyx-teeth. Capsule - ‘See 2 RUBIACEZ. IQI slightly convex and compressed laterally with entire, not bilobed, crown; when nearly ripe almost golden yellow. Seed one or two, coarsely pitted. In sholas and shady places. Puineys: on the plateau. (Pillar rocks, Glen falls.) yson 2989. Sourne 262, 263, 265, 974: _ Wight’s type sheet, No. 1295, has leaf-blades one-fourth to three-fourth inch, and appears to be a smaller plant altogether. Possibly the one described here is a shade form of it. OPHIORRHIZA. PB Zp aR. ” Small shrubs with opposite entire leaves and white, pink or greenish tubular flowers arranged along one side only of the branches in terminal forking cymes, and distinguished from all other of our genera by the fruit, which is flat, much wider than long, and opens by a split along the long narrow top. Stipules soon falling. Species about 50, mostly in tropical Asia. Ophiorrhiza brunonis Wight and Arnott ; F.B.I. iii 79, XXV 10. Leaves 2 to 3 inches ovate-elliptic, acute or acuminate, narrowed to the slender I-inch stalk. Term- inal cymes of flowers rounded. Corolla tube, ™% inch, with narrow lobes. Capsule % inch. Nilgiris : near Lovedale, flowering September to October. Fyson 1352. Bourne 5253. WEBERA. ¥.B.0-75, XL. Trees or shrubs with terminal corymbiform cymes of bisexual flowers; corolla lobes twisted in bud; fila- ments of stamens short and anthers long; style stout, stigma long and thick; fruit a two-celled berry with two or more seeds. Species about 40, in tropical Asia. Webera corymbosa Willd.; F.B.J. iii 102, XLII tf. A shola shrub or small tree, distinguished by its term- inal cymose corymbs of white fragrant flowers with 192 RUBIACEZ. five waxy, spreading petals, slender anthers, and thick style; and remarkable for the hard glossy leaves, fur- rowed by the deeply impressed main nerves. Branches nearly round, with smooth reddish brown bark, not lenticelled, slightly swollen at the nodes: stipules forming a complete, short, tube 4 inch long above the insertion of the leaves. Leaf-stalk % inch, stout, puberulous; blade about 4 by 2 inches, larger or smaller, elliptic, bluntly acuminate, entire, hard, glabrous, very glossy, deeply furrowed; nerves about ten pairs, impressed on the upper side, raised on the lower often (?always), with perforations at the axils; veins inconspicuous. Corymbs terminal, regularly three- branched; peduncle one inch, branches stout, pedicels 1/30 inch, calyx-tube 4 inch, campanulate, lobes half as long triangular. Corolla tube not as long as the calyx; petals spreading out flat from just inside it, 4% by % inch, ovate, waxy. Anthers slender, % inch, nearly sessile in the mouth of the corolla. Style projecting about 1/5 inch above, thickened upwards and ridged. Ovary two-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. Fruit a small round berry, %4 inch, surmounted by the very conspicuous calyx-teeth (like a diminutive Guava fruit), Seeds few or many, angular with one side rounded. Insholas. Nilgiris ; Ootacamund to Pykara, flowering May. Pulneys: Shembaganur. /yson 500, 2492. Bourne 482, 2665. Gen. Dist, Western Peninsula and Central Provinces. KNOXIA. F.BI. 75 LX Herbs with ovate or lanceolate many-veined leaves, bristly stipules, terminal corymbs of blue or purple flowers and in each cell of the two-celled ovary a single pendent ovule with its stalk swollen and spread out into RUBIACE. 193 a cap at the top. Calyx-teeth four with one larger. Corolla lobes four, valvate in bud. Stamens four, longer or shorter. Style two-cleft at the stigmas, shorter or longer. Fruit of two one-seeded parts, more or less united, separating or not. Species about ro in India, Malaya and Australia. Leaves about twice as long as broad, ovate-acute . K. mollis. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, three times as long as broad (probably occurs only at lower levels) . . . K. corymbosa. Leaves lanceolate, six times as long as broad . K. wightiana. Knoxia mollis Wight and Arnott ; F.B.I. iii 129, LXI 2. Stem I to 4 feet, four-angled, very or slightly pubescent. Leaf-stalks % to % inch: blade 1% to 2% inches by Yy to 1% inches, ovate or elliptic ovate, acute, densely pubescent on the upper and nerves of the lower side: stipular bristles 4 to % inch. Corymbs 2 to 3 inches, pubescent. Calyx-tube 1/16 inch; teeth triangular, shorter one often slightly larger. Corolla tube %4 to 3 inch: lobes % inch. Fruit ellipsoid; the two halves connate and attached to the central columella. t. 141. Occurs in two fairly distinct forms— * by road-sides, I to 2 feet, corymbs open. ** in damp soil on the sides of sholas, 3 to 4 feet, leaves and flowers larger in every way: corymbs close down on the top leaves. t. I4I. Pulneys: on the downs common. Nilgiris. /yson 1098, 1835, 1836, 2134, 3050. Bourne 444, 982. Mrs. Evershed tells me that this plant is the food-plant of a velvety black Cherocarpa (Hawk-moth) caterpillar. The flowers have long or short stamens, cf. under OXALIS f. 55. Knoxia wightiana Wail., Cat. 6184!; F.B.I. iii 129, XXI 4. Rootstock stout and woody. Stems slender, four-angled glabrous. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, obtuse or oblong, narrowed to the base, 2 to 3 by %4 to % inch, often folded along the midrib and recurved: stipular 13 194 RUBIACEZ. bristles often wanting. Flowering corymbs compact, I inch; in fruit open 2 to 4 inches. Fruit ellipsoid or globular, 1% inch. Nilgiris: on the plateau below Ootacamund. Pulneys: at lower levels. /yson 472, 1219, 1910. Sourne 983, 2990. Gen, Dist. South Indian hills. IXORA. F.B.I. 75 LXVI. Shrubs or small trees characterised chiefly by the very slender corolla tubes; petals twisted, anthers nearly sessile on the corolla mouth, style slender, stigma slender, fruit of two pyrenes each with one peltate seed. Species about 100, in the tropics of Asia and Africa. One species J. coccinea is very common in gardens on the plains of South India. Ixora notoniana Wallich; F.B-I. iii 139, LXVI 5. A small shola tree distinguished among all our trees by the very slender corolla tubes, 4% by 1/20 inch. The flowers are in hemispherical clusters masses into broadly rounded panicles, 6 inches across, pink and fragrant. A small shola tree; branches roughened by the scars of the fallen leaves and stipules; bark light coloured. Stipules forming a complete sheath round the axis for % inch above each pair of leaves with % inch subulate points. Leaf-stalks stout % inch; blade 4 to 6 by 2 to 24% inches, entire, abruptly and shortly acuminate (cuspidate), narrowed at the base, firm, quite glabrous and shiny dark green above; midrib stout, veins ten to fifteen pairs, curving forwards near the margin and con- nected by a coarse network of much more slender ones. Panicles terminal; branches opposite or in threes, well separated, often like the main axis, pink; the branches again branched near their ends, forming very regular hemispherical cymes 1% inches wide; the whole panicle 4 to 6 inches wide. Calyx-tube 1/30 inch, longer than RUBIACEZ. 195 the ovary; teeth longer. Corolla tube % by 1/20 inch, petals 4g inch, spreading or at. length reflexed close against the tube. Anthers linear, 1/16 inch, attached to the mouth. Style exserted 1/10 inch, bifid. Fruit nearly round, of two cells, 4 by % by &% inch, crowned by the small remains of the calyx; seeds two, hemispherical, attached by the middle to the axile placenta ; endosperm curved round the outer margin of the seed, 1/30 inch thick in the middle where lies the embryo; cotyledons thin and flat, radicle comparatively long, pointing down- wards. t. 142. a.anther; b. bud; c. opened flower; jf. fruit; s. seed; e. embryo; /,. two fruits in section. In shuias. Nilgiris: not perhaps at the highest leveis; Pykara, flowers May; Kotagiri. A very pretty tree, when in flower, and fragrant. Pulneys: at lower levels. /yson 1194, 1737. Lourne 213, 302. Not elsewhere. PAVETTA. F.B.I. 75 LXVII. Shrubs and small trees with terminal cymose corymbs of flowers. Similar toIXORA, but distinguished by large stipular bracts at the base of the lower branches of the inflorescence, stipules more united into a tube, style much longer and protruding from the corolla, and ovules on large placentas. Species about 60 in the tropics of the Old World. One species P. indica is common on the plains, about Madras. Pavetta breviflora DC.; F.B.J. iii 151, LXVIL 5. A shola shrub, distinguished from all others of this order, by the long, thickened, undivided style projecting %4 inch beyond the corolla, by the rather long buds white with greentips, and by the broad stipules at the lower branches of the cymose corymbs. Branches smooth, shining, light yellowish grey, conspicuously marked at the nodes by the scars of the stipules. Leaves elliptic, bluntly acuminate, narrowed to the short petiole, 3 to5 by 14 to1% inches, quite glabrous, 13-A 196 RUBIACEZ. entire, shiny above: nerves about six pairs, very distinctly raised on the underside, hardly impressed on the upper. Flowers in corymbs of perfect cymes, terminating short branches in the upper axils; branches stout, the lower sheathed by % inch broad, thin, stipules: pedicels slender % to 4% inch. Calyx 1/20 inch, with minute tri- angular teeth, dark green, glabrous. Corollatube % to %4 inch, white: lobes %4 inch reflexed, in bud green on the outside, twisted. Anthers very slender, % inch long, attached by short slender filaments to the top of the corolla tube. Style twice as long as the corolla tube, thickened at the end and greenish, undivided, persistent after the fall of the corolla. Ovary two-celled, with one ovule in each cell. Fruit black, 2/5 inch across, contain- ing one or two stones. Wight Ic. t. 1035. Under the shade of shola trees, as an undershrub: on both plateaus flowering summer, fruiting winter months. /yson 1887, 2660. Bourne 988. PSYCHOTRIA. F.B.I. 75 LXXV. Shrubs or small trees with flowers in terminal clusters, and characterised by the short straight corolla tube, petals valvate in bud, ovary of two cells each with one wedge-shaped ovule erect from the base, and fruit a drupe containing two plano-convex pyrenes each with one plano-convex thin-coated seed with hard endosperm and small basal embryo. Another characteristic is the presence of glandular hairs in the axils of the stipules. A large genus of 500 species all tropical or sub-tropical. Psychotria congesta Wight and Arnott ; F.B.I. iii 162, LXXV 5. All parts glabrous. Leaves 2 to 5 inches by a third as broad obovate or oblanceolate, broadest well beyond the middle, bluntly cuspidate or acute, and narrowing gradually to the % to I inch stalk: nerves eight to the pairs, very regular and strong. Cymes dense RUBIACE:. i97 with short thick branches. Corolla tube very short. Fruit ellipsoid or roundish, black, crowned by the per- sistent, 1/16 inch, calyx-tube (like the English Black Currant). Seeds two or one only, each in its own parch- ment (like Coffee), plano-convex and wedge-shaped, not grooved on the inner side: endosperm hard, ruminate: radicle pointing downwards. Very common as a shrub in woods: foliage usually very dark. Nilgiris: Ootacamund to Coonoor. Pulneys: Kodaikanal and below. /yson 692, 1081, 1193, 1863, 1892, 1902, 2600. Bourne 244, 990, 2678. Gen, Dist. South Indian hills. * var astephana with less crowded cymes and scarcely raised calyx limb to the fruit. Pulneys. Psychotria bisulcata Wight and Arnott; Herb. Wight p61 !: #.8.f 311.171, LXXV' 36... Leaves: elliptic or obovate, broadest near the middle, and the two ends nearly equal: nerves about nine pairs. Pyrenes a shal- low T-shape. A dark leafed shrub growing, like P. congesta, in the shade of large trees. Nilgiris: Kotagiri very common. Fyson 1743. Gen. Dist, Doubtfully in Ceylon, LASIANTHUS. PBL 78 Lexx, Shrubs with small flowers nearly sessile in the leaf- axils and characterised most prominently by the evil smell of the leaves or fruit. In some species the spread- ing branches with leaves all facing upwards remind one of the Coffee. Branches compressed at the nodes. Leaves mostly facing all upwards: nerves starting mostly from below the centre of the midrib and curving forward to meet or die out in the margin near the apex; joined by innu- merable and close-set horizontal simple or forked veins. Flowers small, in axillary clusters or cymes peduncled 198 RUBIACEA3. or not. Calyx short with four or five teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, % inch or less: lobes valvate in bud, white, pubescent on the upper and inner side (whence the name from the Greek LASIOS soft and ANTHOS flower). Stamens on the corolla throat: anthers linear or oblong. Ovary of four to nine cells, with one erect ovule in each. Fruit a small drupe seeds narrow. Species about 80, nearly all in the tropics of Asia. Stem usually simple with slender horizontal branches; leaves three or four times as long as broad, all facing upwards L. coffeoides. Well branched shrub: leaves facing aJl directions, twice as long as broad, rounded at the base, shortly acuminate . : L. venulosus. Leaves wedge-shaped at base, with long acumen and three or four pairs only of nerves . . . . . >. De@emmaiee. Lasianthus acuminatus Wight pro parte; F.B.I. iii 185, LXXIX 27. Characterised by the leaves wedge-shaped at the base and drawn out into an acumen at the tip with three to four pairs only of strong nerves. Branches slender, sparingly pubescent or glabrous. Petioles 1/5 inch pubescent or glabrous. Blades 3% to 4 by 1% to 1% inches, obovate or oblanceolate acuminate narrowed to the petiole, glabrous above and below except onthe nerves. Nervesthree to four pairs seldom starting from the midrib beyond the broadest part of the leaf, strongly raised below when dry. Flowers subsessile, pedicel 1/16 inch. Calyx-tube 1/12 inch, teeth half as long. Corolla woolly within. Stamens % inch. Pulneys near Kodaikanal. /yson 1079.** Bourne 1271, 2007. Wight Kew Dist. 1399, stock ‘‘ 33 Nephitodes.” This is I believe what Wight had most in his mind in writing the descrip- tion of the species in the Calcutta Journal of Natural History vi. (1846) p. 511. On his type sheet at Kew there are two species, the other being my L. coffeordes. Lasianthus venulosus Wight, Herb. Prop! ; F.B.I. iii 100, LXXIX 49. A shrub, common under the shade of RUBIACE:. 199 trees, with branches sloping upwards very regularly at about 45°; yellowish white flowers in nearly sessile cymes of three ; and black fruits % inch across—not at all foetid except the last. Branches when as thick as the finger still smooth and green, marked by the irregular warty ring-scars of the stipules; these only on the youngest parts, barely 1/10 inch. Petioles 1/5 inch, channelled above. Blade oblong-oval rounded at the base, or broadly ovate, acute or with a short apex, quite glabrous on both sides, spreading or stiffly erect; nerves about six on each side, strong below and above, curving forwards to meet at the apex, and joined by reticulate “more or less horizontal veins. Petals yellowish-white recurved, very pubescent on the inner side. Young fruit green, four-angled with the calyx-teeth persistent round a ¥g-inch circular scar at the top; when ripe black, shin- ing, with four angular stones. t.143. Wight Ic. 1032. In sholas as part of the second grade of woody plants. Nilgiris : in and near Ootacamund and all over the downs to Pykara. Pulneys : about Kodaikanal. /yson 1447, 1745, 2440, 2467, ** 2510, 2551, 3052. Bourne 246, 273, 421, 557, 1364, 2680, 4606. Gen, Dist. Apparently only on these hills. Lasianthus coffeoides Fyson; LXXIX 50; Bastard Coffee. A shrub with upright undivided stem, long horizontal branches and evil-smelling leaves all facing upwards—much in the habit of the cultivated coffee. Stem single, erect. Branches slender, weak, adpres- sed, pubescent. Stipules triangular, % inch. Leaf-stalks 14 inch, pubescent ; blades bifarious, ovate elliptic acute, 4 to 5 by 1% inches, glabrous and shining above, pubes- cent on the nerves below; nerves six to nine on each side, the last arising on the midrib well beyond the middle. Flowers three to four together, sessile on the %-inch peduncle; bracts linear 1/12 inch. Receptacle, calyx-tube 200 RUBIACE. and teeth each about 1/16 inch. Corolla tube 1/5 inch; lobes % inch, oblong hairy within. Anthers almost sessile on the throat. Style slender; stigmas four, spreading, 1/5° inch each. The coffee-like habit gives this, among our plants, a very characteristic appearance. Pulneys: in the sholas near Kodaikanal and on the downs, Fryson 1821, 1235, 1088. A piece of this plant is one of Wight’s type sheets of L. acuminatus. GALIUM AND RUBIA. Slender stemmed herbs, distinguished from all other of our plants by the stipules not being united in pairs but enlarged like leaves, and in some species even divided, so that at each node there are from four to eight ‘leaves.’ Corolla lobes valvate in bud. Fruit of two small coriaceous or fleshy indehiscent lobes. Corolla lobes five, leaves heart-shaped stalked. . . | RUBIA, Corolla lobes four, leaves narrow . > « 2 RUBIA. F.B.I. 75 LXXXIX. Madder. A genus allied to Galium (Goose-grass, Bed-straw, etc.), but with the petals five instead of four. Species 5, Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (/7. Garance, Ger. Rote). : Rubia cordifolia Linn.; F.B.J. iii 202, LXXXIX I. Stems slender, four-angled, rough, weak and straggling or climbing up shrubs and small trees. Leaves four in a whorl, with unequal petioles varying from 4 to 2 inches: blades cordate, usually I to 2 by % tol inch, but some- times quite small and often only one and a half times as long as broad, shining above, very scabrid ; nerves three to seven carving from base to apex or the margin near it, very strong. Cymes in small conicles axillary to leaf- like bracts on short axillary branches. Receptacle ovoid RUBIACEA:. 201 entire. No sepals. Corolla rotate, five-lobed. Fruit % to % inch, globose or two-lobed. t. 144. In thickets or climbing up small trees. Common on both plateaus. yson 294, 462, 653. Bourne 4. Gen. Dist, In temperate climates of India, tropical Africa and Asia, and Japan, GALIUM. F.B1. 75 Se Bed-straw, Goose-grass, etc. Distinguished from RUBIA by the petals being always four not five. Species over 200, In Europe several, (Ger. Klebekraut, Bettstroh ; #7. Gratteron, Caille-lait.) Leaves four, broad. Fruit with hooked spines Aiea eae G. rotundifolium. Leaves six or eight, narrow. Fruitsmooth . G. asperifolium. Galium rotundifolium Linn. ; F.B.I. iii 204, XC I. Perennial, glabrous or pubescent, stems weak, trailing. Leaves 1/5 to % inch broadly ovate, mucronate, three- nerved.. Flower bunches at the ends of short branches. Fruit with hooked spines. Nilgiris : on the downs near Ootacamund. Pulneys : below Kodaikanal. Bourne 541, 9996, 4617. Galium asperifolium Wallich ; F.B.I. included in Galium mollugo Linn., iii 207, XC 12;* Indian Bed-straw. Stem slender, slightly rough on the four angles. Leaves at a node six, obovate apiculate, one-nerved, with a few scattered hairs. Flowering branches copiously branched, their leaves smaller and at the final divisions % or &% inch only and reduced to two or three only at the node. Flowers minute, petals 1/16 inch ovate. Fruit nearly glabrous. Climbing on bushes and shrubs. Pulneys: on the downs above Kodaikanal. Nilgiris: on the plateau (?) Ootacamund. /yson 494, 665, 1284, 2082, 3055. Bourne 36. Gen. Dist. Mountains of India, Himalayas, etc. 202 | VALERIANACE. VALERIANACE£E. VALERIANA. F.B.I. 76 III. Valerian. Herbs with simple or sparingly branched stem; opposite, pinnate or occasionally simple, leaves; and numerous small pink or white flowers in much branched terminal, corymbose panicles. Ovary inferior with no calyx-teeth; corolla tube slender, usually swollen on one side near the base, five-lobed; stamens three only; ovary inferior, three-celled, ripening into a one-seeded dry fruit crowned by a pappus of a few feathery hairs. Species about 150, in moist temperate or cool regions mostly in Europe, America and Asia; a few in Africa; but none in Australia or New Zealand (Ger. Baldrian). Leaves simple or with one or two leaflets below the main ae ae. +a . « » V, Iesehemaate Leaves pinnate, leaflets five; ‘broad . . « . V. Dende Leaves pinnate, leaflets seven, end leaflet broad, lateral narrow ; fruit hairy ¥. hookeriana. Leaves pinnate, leaflets many, all narrow : fruit glabrous . ; V. beddomei. Valeriana hardwickii Wall., Cat. 433! ; FBI. iii 213, Ill 9; Five-leaf Valerian. Main roots 3to6 inches large, and ¥ inch thick, white, all from the stem-base, undivided. Stem herbace- ous, 14 to 3 feet, pubescent at the nodes, only slightly so elsewhere. Radical leaves disappearing before flowering time: of stem leaves the leaflets usually five, occasionally more, ovate; the terminal largest and not much longer than broad, the lateral slightly narrower but not much so. Corymbs in early flower I to 3 inches across ; but in fruit much larger and more open, becoming a panicle a foot high and wide, the branches repeatedly forking. Fruit % by 1/16 inch cylindrical ovoid, hairy. Wight Ic. tt, 1045-6. VALERIANACEA. 203 In woods. Nilgiris: Lovedale, Coonoor. Pulneys: onthe edge of the plateau, not common. Flowers June to September. fryson 2104, 1501. Bourne 511, 996, ** ggg. Gen. Dist. Mountains of India, Himalayas from Kashmir to Khasia, South India, Java (V. javanica #/.). Some Nilgiri plants have pubescent leaves and occasionally more leaflets, but I am unable to distinguish them as a variety (cp. F.B.I.), for in other respects they appear to be exactly Wallich’s type. Valeriana hookeriana Wight and Arnott ; F.B.I. iii 214, Il 11. Stem pubescent, bearded at the nodes. All lower leaves pinnate, lowest long-stalked: leaflets seven or more ; end leaflet ovate or obovate, sinuate or coarsely and bluntly toothed, % to 2 inches; lateral leaflets lanceolate, 4% to I inch, of the lowest leaves toothed, of the upper entire and narrower (oblong to linear). Corymbs in fruit lax, 3 to 4 inches across. Fruit ridged and hairy. b.ovary. t.145. Wight IIL. t. 129. Pulneys : on the downs, flowers March to July, very abund- ant. Not elsewhere, /yson 347, 1831. Bourne 78, 787, 997. Very close to V. moonii 47m., of Ceylon, which however has fewer and much larger leaflets. I have only two plants, both with distinctly more hairy stem and narrower leaflets than Wight’s Pulney specimens approach- ing in the latter respect V. beddomei, which may be a glabrous form of this species. Valeriana leschenaultii DC., var brunoniana; F-B.J/. iii 214, II] 12. Stem glabrous or nearly so. Leaves simple or with perhaps one or two degenerate leaflets or lobes at the base of the bladeor on the 2 to 6 inches leaf-stalk: blade lanceolate, to ovate or cordate, or in the upper parts oblanceolate, entire or nearly so. Fruit glabrous. t. 146. Wight Ic. 1043. Nilgiris: on the downs, Ovtacamund to Pykara and Coonoor ; flowers June to September only here, Fyson 667. Bourné 2684, 4604, 5200. I am told that in some situations the leaves are large, “like an Arum ” and fleshy. Valeriana beddomei C. B. Clarke ; F.B.I. ii 214, Il 13. Lowest leaves pinnate. Leaflets numerous oblong, 204 DIPSACACEA. terminal one not much larger. Fruit glabrous, in fairly compact not very loose corymbs. Pulneys : on road to Poombari. Bourne 997,* 998, 2685, DIPSACACE/E. Teasel and Scabious. Herbs with opposite leaves, and flowers with inferior ovaries small and usually aggregated into heads with bracts below much as in COMPOSIT& ; but the stamens free of each other (never united by their anthers) and the ovule or seed hanging from the top of the ovary not erect and inverted. Species about 120 chiefly in the Mediterranean region, western Asia, South Africa, Japan and Ceylon. None in America, Polynesia or Australia. In western Europe are two genera—-pipsacus, Teasel, Ger. Kardendistel, Hr. Cardere; and scasiosa, Devils Bit, etc., Ger. Storbuse, “7. Scabieuse. DIPSACUS. F.B.I. 77 III. Teasel. Flowers in dense, stalked heads opening along a ring half way between centre and circumference (in COMPOSIT& always from the circumference inwards): bracts between the flowers well developed: calyx- limb or top of ovary hairy but not bristly (distinction from SCABIOSA) ; ovary four-angled: corolla four-lobed, blue purple white or yellow: stamens four. All European and most Asiatic species with prickly stems and spiny involucral bracts, some Indian species (as ours) not so. Species 86 in Europe, Asia, and Africa, especially round the Mediterranean. Dipsacus leschenaultii Coult.; F.B.JI. iii 215, Il5. A large herb with stout rootstock. Stem annual, 4 feet or higher, hollow, white or greenish leafy from the base COMPOSIT&. 205 but not near the flowers. Leaves opposite, clasping the stem and the upper ones meeting round it to form cups: lower pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, the terminal leaflet much the largest and decurrent as also most of the others ; lateral leaflets or segments obliquely obovate or oblong ; lowest distant; all coarsely toothed ciliate, hirsute or almost glabrous underneath except on the nerves; thinly pubescent above: lowest leaves very large, to 2 feet long; upper leaves smaller but otherwise similar. Flower- heads 2 by 1% inches long, peduncled, in loose cymes from the axils of linear bracts. Involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate, hairy : floral bracts strongly mucronate and covered with hairs from tubercled bases. Flowers white or yellowish; corolla tube shaggy at the base with reflexed hairs; lobes oblong, the two lower larger. Stamens four, well exserted; filaments white, anthers purple. Style short at first, then exserted, flattened at the stigma. Fruiting head almost spherical, bristling with the long points of the stiff floral bracts : the involucral bracts depressed. t.147. Wight III. ii. t. 130. On the open downs above Kodaikanal. Flowers from June toSeptember. Nilgiris. Notelsewhere. S/yson 3045. Bourne 245. The absence of prickles makes this plant, at first sight, appear much more like the English Scabious than Teasel. COMPOSITE. In this family the flowers are individually small, but massed into, usually flat, heads. The head is surrounded and enclosed in bud by an involucre or covering of bracts, which when the head is open forms a cylindrical tube or hemispherical cup surrounding the flowers at least at their base. The shape and character of these involucral bracts are of some importance (every head of a plant 206 COMPOSIT2. and of a species is of course the same). They may be in several rows and overlap each other, or be only a few inone circle with perhaps a few shorter outside (SENECIO Ragwort, TARAXACUM Dandelion). They may be long and narrow, or short and broad, acute or obtuse ; they may be altogether green, or have a papery margin at the end (CHRYSANTHEMUM, ARTEMESIA Wormwood), or be altogether papery and glistening (ANAPHALIS, GNAPHALIUM Everlastings) or be spiny (CNICUS Thistle). The individual flowers being not quite complete are usually termed florets, and the more or less flat expansion of the stalk on which they are set, and which is backed and edged by the involucre, is termed the receptacle. In Sunflower and its allies and in some others there are scales on the receptacle between the florets. The ovary is inferior, the corolla being above it, and there are no sepals, though often hairs or scales develop in their place (pappus). The corolla is monopetalous and is either tubular, slightly enlarged above the middle and ending in five (or four) small lobes ; or extended to one side in the form of a strap ora tongue, and hence called ligulate. At the end of the flat tongue- shaped part there are usually three or five teeth, and there may be in addition a tooth at the bottom end where it joins the basal tubular portion. The nature and arrangement of the florets in the head are of very great importance. In some the florets are all tubular and similar (VERNONIA, EUPATORIUM Hemp Agrimony, CNICUS Thistle); in some though all are tubular the outer have no stamen (DICHROCEPHALA); in others most are tubular but there is a circle at the outside of ligulate ones called rays (ASTER, HELIANTHUS Sunflower, SENECIO Ragwort) ; in others again all the florets are ligulate (TARAXACUM Dandelion, CREPIS Hawksbeard, COMPOSITA. 207 SONCHUS Sow Thistle). There are five stamens with separate filaments attached to the corolla tube, and rather long narrow anthers connected to each other by the edges and forming a brown cylindrical box round the style. Jn all cases, except ADENOSTEMMA, each anther has at the top a small triangular flap, and these together close the top of the box and so protect the pollen which is shed inside out of the anthers; but in some genera the bases of the anther lobes are rounded, in others produced downwards in slender tails. This last distinction is of considerable importance: it is used for instance to distinguish the VERNONIA tribe from the EUPATORIUM tribe. The ovary has a single chamber with one ovule anda single style divided at the top into two stigmatic branches. These branches open out only after the style has pushed its way upwards between the anthers (pushing up pollen as it does so): and since all the florets do not come to maturity together, but the outermost first and the most central last, one can usually find styles in all stages in one head. The stig- matic branches vary considerably in shape, being long and pointed (subulate) or flattened on one side or thick and cut off square (truncate) or they endin a conical thickening. The fruit is dry andindehiscent, and termed an achene. In some cases it has a tuft or circle of hairs (pappus) or scales at the top, but in others it is quite with- out them (Chrysanthemum, Sunflower). It contains one seed with oily endosperm. The family is a very large one of about 10,000 species or one-tenth of the whole phanerogamic Flora of the world and found in all regions and especially on mountains. The method of cross-pollination is very good (see below) ; and where-there is a pappus to the fruit which allows it to be carried great distances by wind, a species is able to spread rapidly on new ground Curiously enough, however, we find as a matter of fact that most of the species are very local. 208 COMPOSIT&. The ¢rides or sections of the family represented here are— A. Florets all tubular and similar. (i) Florets blue mauve or white never yellow: involucral bracts green. I. VERNONIEA. Anthers cleft at the base (cells tailed) : stylar arms subulate : leaves usually alternate. Pappus short : involucral bracts broad, leaf-like is CENTRATHERUM, Pappus long: involucral bracts narrow, leaf-like . VERNONIA. Il. EUPATORIEA. Anther cells not tailed: stylar arms obtuse pappillate. Leaves opposite or alternate. Pappus of scales . oe yee ee oy AGERATUM. Pappus ; anthers with short tips: sticky herb. ADENOSTEMMA, Pappus of slender hairs SD 2 hs eee EUPATORIUM. English example : EUPATORIUM Hemp-Agrimony. (ii) Florets sometimes yellow: involucral bracts often spiny. IX. CYNAROIDE. Anther cells tailed : stylar arms short : involucral bracts scarious or spiny: leaves alternate, often spiny. Achenes glabrous, with horizontal base: pappus hairs feathery. CNICUS. English examples are CARDUUS, CNICUS, CAROLINA, AND OROPONDON Thistles; CENTAUREA; Knapweed, Bluebottle; ARCTIUN Burdock ; SERRATULA ; SAUSASUREA. B. Outer florets without stamens : often but not always ligulate. (1) Involucral bracts in several rows. (2) Receptacle naked. Ill. ASTEROIDE. Stylar arms flattened and ending in a conical thickening : anthers not tailed : disc florets yellow. Rays usually yellow, but also white or purple. * Heads not rayed, outer florets slender. Heads spherical, purplish : receptacle tall with flat top: no pappus SPB IaNS . Side Tape Se DICHROCEPHALA. Heads cylindrical, golden ; receptacle flat: pappus long : CONYZA. + * Heads rayed: No pappus : achenes viscid 2. 8 te Pappus copious 9 IS ae ke ERIGERON. English examples : ASTER ; ERIGERON Fleabane, COMPOSIT&. 209 VI. ANTHEMOIDE#. Involucral bracts scarious or with scarious tips: anther cells not tailed: stylar arms trun- cate : receptacle naked (or occasionally with scales). Heads small roundish, numerous, not rayed . . ARTEMESIA. English examples : TANACETUM Tansy; ARTEMESIA Worm- wood ; CHRYSANTHEMUM ; MATRICARIA and ANTHEMIS Chamo- mile ; ACHILLEA Yarrow. IV. INULOIDEA. Anther cells sagittate (tailed or not) : stylar arms linear, or of sterile florets not separating : pappus copious (all florets in our genera tubular, outer very slender). * Bracts green, narrow, ener een cations. AZUL) iS ok SS ae ee Anther cells not tailed: stem winged . . . . . LAGGERA. "* * Bracts scarious. Central florets with stamen and undivided style (sterile): Praces White OF pink, 9.00 Sk ANAPHALIS, All or nearly all florets fertile (styles divided) : bracts yellow. HELICHRYSUM. English examples: GNAPHALIUM, ANTENNARIA (Cudweed) Everlasting ; FILAGO ; INULA Elecampane; PULICARIA Fleabane, Madras example: VICOA. (8) Receptacle with scales between the florets, V. HELIANTHOIDE. Heads rayed: anther cells not tailed : stylar arms truncate : achenes naked or with scales (but no pappus): receptacle with scales between the florets : leaves in Our genera opposite. * Disc florets sterile with undivided styles, . CHRYSOGONUM. * * All florets fertile. Five outer involucral bracts long, sticky . . . SEIGESBECKIA. Heads flat : rays conspicuous yellow: achenes with two to four POST UTC: | aa i ean pve meeeTOADA posts (st) eka BIDENS., English examples: WELIANTHUS Sunflower; BIDENS Bur- marigold. (ii) Involucral bracts in one row all same length or a few outer shorter. 14 210 COMPOSIT. VII. SENECIONIDE. Involucral bracts in one row all the same length or a few shorter outside: pappus of fine hairs: anther cells obtuse or with short points, not tailed : rays usually yellow ; leaves alternate. * Heads not rayed. Bracts all one length: florets all purple . . . . . EMILIA. A row outside of shorter bracts :— Stylar branches long and hairy a UC Stylar branches ovate at tips: fleshy herbs . . . NOTONIA. * * Head rayed or not, stylar branches truncate . SENECIO. English examples: TusstLaco Coltsfoot ; DORONICUM. Leopardsbane : SENECIO Ragwort, Groundsel. C. All florets ligulate. XI. CICHORIACE. All florets ligulate with five-toothed tip : anther bases sagittate but not tailed: stylar arms slender: leaves never opposite. Usually milky herbs. * Stems leafy : achenes contracted at both ends. Hispid herbs: pappus hairs feathery or some achenes with- out pappus . ROM Soe Bee sit ier PICRIS, Smooth herbs: pappus copious simple, silvery, soft . CREPIS, * * No stem. Leaves all radical, heads solitary on a scape: achenes with long beak bearing simple pappus hairs TARAXACUM. English examples : cicHOR1UM Chicory ; CAPSANA Nipple- wort ; PICRIS and CREPIS Hawksbeard; HIERACIUM Hawkweed ; TARAXACUM Dandelion ; LacTuca Lettuce; SONCHUS Sow- thistle ; TRAGAPOGON Goatsbeard ; HELMINTHIA Oxtongue. * Branched leafy herbs with heads in open corymbs : inner. bracts of involucre thickened: achenes narrowed at each end. Pappus hairs simple PICRIS. Pappus hairs feathery CREPIS, * * Branched herbs: involucre dilated at the base: achenes narrowed below and above. Achenes compressed, beaked LACTUCA, Achenes not beaked » | iar ae SONCHUS., * * * Heads solitary on leafless stems, Pappus hairs simple TARAXACUM. Pappus hairs feathery HYPOCHARIS, COMPOSITA. 2II KEY TO THE GENERA. Florets all tubular: heads not rayed. , . b . J Inner florets tubular; outer strap- pio forming rays | (Sunflower, etc.) : m | All florets strap-shaped (Dandelion, ‘etc yt s florets all tubular. Florets purple, blue or white, never yellow af a Florets yellow i ee ee ee ( Outer involucral bracts very broad, almost leafy : underside of leaves white between green veins p- 213. CENTRATHERUM. c 4 Involucral bracts narrow, in one or more series . . d Heads almost spherical, the receptacle tall and flat- topped : | outer florets slender: white, no pappus p. 220, DICHROCEPHALA. Anthers cleft at the base (tailed) : leaves alternate , . h l : Akiba not cleft: leaves opposite (Zupatoriee) . e | 4 Eupatoriea. Flowers mauve : achenes with five scales, ~. 219, AGERATUM. Flowers. white: achenes with scabrid hairs: sticky . p. 219. EUPATORIUM. Sticky net anthers without the usual flap at the top: | achenes five-ribbed, ae pappus of three to five short | stiff hairs . ahi ; p. 218. ADENOSTEMMA, Heads globular to “4 inch; outer florets slender ; f no pappus d : vs 220, DICHROCEPHALA. | Heads cylindrical, receptacle flat: achenes with pappus, g young parts e Involucre green . , arora ey Involucre glistening, yellow, white or pink .. pany. 234, Si 227. ANAPHALIS, GNAPHALIUM Or HELICHRYSUM, Leaves entire or toothed, bracts in several rows Pi 234, VERNONIA. | Leaves pinnatifid, lyrate, or stem clasping: heads broadest : at the base, bracts in one series only ., f, 240. EMILIA, [ Leaves irregularly toothed: woolly or strongly scented | herbs Laas ah p. 224. BLUMEA. Outer involucral bracts leafy : achenes sticky : heads 14 inch. p. 234. CARPESIUM, id Outer involucral bracts acute and spreading: stem winged but not spiny, . . . p. 226. LAGGERA, | Whole plant spiny, pappus feathery ois | Se AG. CIS: 14-4 212 COMPOSIT 4. . (Bracts all narrow, green’: achenes with pappus . . . k eee rounded with scarious margin ; no pappus Heads 1% inch, numerous ; involucral bracts narrow, green, p. 224, CONYZA, J Heads 14 inch bracts several, woolly, or scented herbs p. 224, BLUMEA, | Heads 14 inch ; bracts in one row, glabrous : pp. 239, 247. GYNURA OF NOTONIA, Tall herb: heads small . . . . p. 238. ARTEMESIA. Low herb of 2 to 4 inches ; leaves much divided . p. 238. COTULA. k l Fleads rayed. l Leaves opposite : ee with scales between the florets (Sunflower type) .. » 23. eee Leaves alternate: no Seeieae on rene receptacle ree Leaves simple . .. . te se i coe pinnate or bipinnate eee * p Tall herb: heads with four or five 4 ftaae narrow * sticky bracts below AY hela . p. 236, SIEGESBECKIA, o Small herb, not glandular : achenes with feathery scales, , l p. 237. GALINSOGA, Achenes surmounted by two or three Jarbed spines; rays VOMOW i Lt ti2 ots . «) #236, Eine ae without spines or ’ pappus. p. 235, CHRYSOGONUM, Rays yellow: bracts in one row or with a few shorter out- Bier ee . p. 242, SENECIO, {3 white, mauve or ‘pink ; bracts narrow in several YOWs 2) ‘ pe AEN. Achenes oak pappus, qed ape fa eA hy MVYRIACTIS, eae with copious pappus . . . f, 222, ERIGERON. Pp r Florets all ligulate (Cichoriacea), Bracts eight to twelve, scabrid, with a few shorter outside, ' Pp. 247. PICRIS, Bracts all green, glabrous: herbs with milky juice . , t Achenes flattened: pappus united at the base and falling together pile . p. 252. SONCHUS, t Achenes not flattened, but narrowed below the top ¢ p. 248. CREPIS, | Outer achenes at least prolonged into a slender beak which |. -bearsthe pappus ., . ».+ «4s »| Gi) COMPOSIT&. 213 te in racemes: beak of achene ending in a small disc u bearing the simple pappus hairs . . f, 251, LACTUCA, Heads solitary on scapes . . etre Ie eRe se ia thick hollow ; never branched ; outer bracts pendu- a . p. 250, TARAXACUM, Vc slender ; inner achenes not beaked, : Pp. 250. HYPOCHARIS, CENTRATHERUM. F.B.I. 78 I. Herbs with alternate stalked toothed leaves, all the florets of a head tubular and similar, purple or white: ribbed achenes, and short scabrid, quickly falling pappus (distinction from VERNONIA). Species about 10 mostly India, Malaya and a few also in America and Australia. Centratherum reticulatum Benth. ; Wight Herb. Prop. 1391!; MBL. iii 227, Il 1. Distinguished from all our COMPOSIT4 except CARPESIUM by the broad almost leafy involucral bracts, five of which are sufficient to surround the base of the head; and by the leaves which have the nerves and veins deeply impressed on the upper side, and are coated beneath with white hairs between them. Perennial herb with yellowish rhizome from which rise the stems, singly or in clumps. Stem branched or not, terete, usually dark purple in colour and scabrid with short hard whitish hairs on red bases. Leaf-stalks 1/16 inch only, broad. Leaves ovate 2 by 34 inch broad- est near the rounded base, erect and the sides incurved upwards, though the margin slightly recurved; above very rough and parcelled out into small areas by the impressed reticulate veins, and below white between the raised green veins. Heads terminal, solitary: involucre hemispheric: bracts many seriate, the outer like small leaves, the inner progressively narrower with distinct mucro, the innermost scarious narrow-oblong. Florets slender, 4% inch spreading; lobes 4% inch by 214 COMPOSIT/. 1/30 inch, spreading. Anthers exserted, dark. Style exserted ; arms subulate. Achenes white % inch, terete but obscurely ten-ribbed: pappus brown, ¥% inch, fugacious. t. 148. The spreading florets remind one of the Knapweed. After the fruits have dispersed the empty involucres remain some considerable time, the outer scales reflexed and chocolate brown in colour, the inner erect. In the grass of the open downs, abundantin places. Flowers July to October. Pulneys: very common above Kodaikanal, Nilgiris. /yson 2661, 525, 20491. Bourne 71, 1000, 1026. Not elsewhere. VERNONIA. F.B.I. 78 V- Herbs, shrubs or even trees with alternate leaves and cymose panicles of flower-heads, characterised by the many rows of involucral bracts, narrow or broad but not leafy ; the purple florets, all tubular and equal; a persist- ent pappus to the achene, which latter has ten ribs and often a circle of short scales round the flat top outside the pappus; and anthers cleft at the base. Species about 400. Mostly in America and chiefly in the tropics. Not in Europe. Known in America and the colonies as Ironweed ; 47. Vernonie, Ger. Bitterolse. Herb with narrow acute involucral bracts . . V. conyzoides. Involucral bracts with long points and outer filiform Le de V. peninsularis Clarke. Shrub with blunt, not narrow, involucral bracts inp hiee 7 V. pectiniformis. Dense shrub with round backed leaves, brown underneath, . V. cormorinensis. Tree with slender, one-flowered heads . . . . V. monosis. Vernonia peninsularis Clarke; F.B.I. iii 233, V 15. Distinguished from our other species by the long slender points to the involucral bracts. Stem simple or branched, ribbed, covered with short or long hairs sometimes almost shaggy, flexible. Leaves 2 to 4 by 1% to 2% inches, shortly stalked, COMPOSITA. 215 elliptic-ovate, acute, crenate-serrate: on the underside gland-dotted and more or less woolly especially in the veins. Heads few, 3 to I inch across, on stalks of % to 2 inches, in open corymbs. Inner parts % by 1/12 inch, narrow oblong acuminate into a short or long often recurved awn; outer bracts with shorter broad part and outermost filiform (awn only). Receptacle % inch: florets about thirty. Achenes nearly glabrous, strongly ribbed. Pappus pale reddish. Pulneys : near Kodaikanal-—Falconer shola, below Glen falls and at lower levels. Bourne 297, 310,* 770, * 1439, 1439,” 1440.* Also Travancore. Closely allied to V. bracteata Wall. of the Himalayas and Khasi mountains. Vernonia conyzoides DC.; Wight’s Herb. Prop. 1387!, notof Wight Ic., t.829; F.B.I., under V. cinerea Less., iii 233, V 18*. A sturdy herb distinguished among our species by its narrow pointed involucral bracts. Stem ribbed, usually unbranched till near the flower- ing region, sturdy. Leaves erect: stalk %4 to % inch, broadened slightly and hairy at the insertion: blade very acute, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 2 to3 by % to 14 inches irregularly serrate glabrous or nearly so on the upper side, very pubescent or tomentose with distinct nerves and reticulations on the under. Corymbs much branched, terminal on the main stem and leafy branches of the upper axils; pubescent with few or no bracts: ultimate peduncles % inch, slender. Heads very nume- rous, 44 by % inch: outer bracts not much shorter than the inner, one-nerved, acute or spine-tipped, pubescent. Achenes hairy, surmounted by a rim of very short, outwardly directed scales: pappus hardly longer than the bracts, white. t. 149 (from Bourne 6323). By woods. Pulneys: Kodaikanal and below. Nilgiris: Ootacamund. S/ysonw 2007, 1446, 2037, 1216. Bourne 4819. 416 COMPOSIT 4. Gen. Dist. South Indian hills at high levels. Considered by some a form of V. cinerea Zess., but very different from that plant as it grows on the Madras plains. Close to V. candolleana W. & A., but in that species the outer pappus scales erect and nearly half as long as the achene, and the latter glabrous. Vernonia cormorinensis Smith; V 32.* A well branched dense shrub, peculiar in its arched leaves densely clothed underneath with yellowish hairs Shrub 4 to 5 feet high and 5 to 7 feet broad; stems purplish brown and the whole plant up to the involucres thickly coated with yellowish hairs : leaf scars prominent as blunt crescents with three dark scars of the vascular bundles. Leaf-stalks % inch: blades elliptic, up to 5 by 2 inches, very occasionally with shallow teeth ; pubescent above and roughened by the impressed veins; lighter below and coated with yellowish hairs especially on the nerves, but not white ; curving downwards with rounded backs. Flower-heads in dense terminal corymbose pani- cles 6 inches across, the branches of which have the same yellowish hairs, and also here and there linear scales with bulbous bases: ultimate peduncles % to % inch. Involucres 4 by % inch: bracts three-seriate, pubescent, with a few linear scales at the base; the outer greenish, the inner longer and tipped with purplish brown. Florets exserted % inch, purple. Stylararms subulate. Achenes 1/12 inch, five-angled and obscurely ten-ribbed, covered with white glistening points: pappus white, 1/5 inch, with a ring of much shorter hairs, 1/50 inch, outside. t. 150. On the open downs. Pulneys: above Kodaikanal by road- sides, always in dense clumps. /yson 2155. Bourne 239, 416, 1O12, 013,* 2689, 1351, 195- I have not seen Smith’s type plant [Bot. Survey of India IV (1911), 283], but have been told by men who have seen it that mine is that plant. Certain differences between this description and his may be put down to his being made ona single dried specimen, while the above was done in the field. The curved backs of the leaves, not mentioned by Smith are very characteristic. In bud the leaves are erect with incurved edges and tip and have a thick coating of hairs. The figure shows this well. COMPOSITA.. 217 Vernonia pectiniformis Wight; Herb. Prop. 1379!; FBI. as of DC., iii 239, V 36. A shrubby plant with broad finely serrate leaves and wide corymbs of flower- heads, distinguished among our species by the smooth, blunt, not narrow bracts and rather long peduncles. Stem terete, striate, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves ovate acute, very closely serrate, narrowed abruptly to the 44-inch stalk: nerves many, % inch apart, conspicu- ously parallel. Corymbs 3 to 5 inches, by forking of the stem and upper branches; bracts at the forkings very small or absent ; ultimate peduncles 4%to™% inch. Heads as long. Involucral bracts many-seriate, imbricate, lengthening evenly from the lower and outermost to the inner. Corolla % inch, its tube % inch. Achenes ten- ribbed, densely glandular but not hairy. Pappus % inch. t.151. Wight Ic. t. 1077; Sp. Nilg. t. 103. Nilgiris : near Ootacamund, etc., common. Flowers from April onwards. Also Ceylon, Fyson 2212, Vernonia monosis Benth.; Herb. Wight Prop. 1376!; FBI. as var wightiana of V. arborea Ham. 3; iii 239, V37." A tree, conspicuous in the Nilgiri sholas of April and May as a huge white cone or ovoid crown of pappus and pale purple flowers with the scent of Heliotrope. Tree up to 40 feet, with trunk 18 inches thick, but often smaller; branches round with narrow leaf-scars extending right across; youngest parts, underside of leavesand inflorescence densely tomentose. Leaf-stalks ¥% to 34 inch, broadened at the base : blade elliptic entire, when dry with the smell of fresh hay (not cumurin), rounded and often oblique at the base, with about nine pairs of main veins. Flower-heads almost umbelled, the umbels again compounded into rounded masses at the ends of the branches forming leafy panicles 5 to 6 inches high and 4 to 5 inches wide, terminating the year’s 218 COMPOSIT &. shoots. Involucre tubular, %4 by 1/16 inch, bracts many in four or five series; all but the innermost covered except on the margins with white tomentum; innermost thin, glabrous. Flower one only, mauve-coloured, nearly as long again as the involucre. Style exserted well above the perianth. Achene cylindrical, 1/16 by 1/20 inch, very faintly ten-ribbed, white; pappus hairs all equal, twice as long, dirty white. t.152. Wight Ic. t. 1085. The leaves are the largest of all our trees except those of Meliosma wightii and the leaflets of Heptapleurum and Brassaia. In sholas. Nilgiris: up to at least 7,000 feet, especially common on the borders of our area; Pykara and below (a very fine specimen 35 to 40 feet high with trunk 18 inches near the short cut to Glen Morgan estate on the Waterfall road ; Kotagiri : flowering early in May. /yson 1720, 2494. Sourne, Collected by Rangachari. Hohenacker 449, 1341. Wight Kew Dist. 1526: Munro in 1850 “ on Coonoor Ghat.” V. arborea Ham., with which it is included in the F.B.I., is a Nepal plant with nearly orqui te glabrous leaves and broader heads of six flowers. The spreading pappus of the six achenes gives to the fruiting involucre a very different appearance from the close brush of one-flowered heads of our plant. ADENOSTEMMA, Sticky herbs with opposite leaves and terminal corymbs of flower-heads, with florets all tubular and similar and anther bases rounded (not tailed); and distinguished by the anthers being cut off square at the top with hardly the flap usual to the family, and the achenes having for pappus four or five club-shaped scales. Species under ro, all but ours American. Adenostemma viscosum VJorst.; F.BJ. iii 242, VIL I. An annual of 2 to 3 feet, sticky in all the younger parts. Leaves stalked broadly ovate or deltoid, serrate, with broadly triangular base. Stalks of the flower- heads, slender, sticky. Involucre hemispheric, 4 inch: COMPOSIT&. 219 bracts obtuse, sticky. Florets % inch. Achenes sticky. t, 153, a. achene ; p. section across a, showing shape. On the plateaus but commoner at lower levels. Gen. Dist, Throughout India and all tropical countries. AGERATUM. F.B.I. 78 VIII. Herbs with opposite leaves, florets all equal and tubular, blue or white never orange, anthers not cleft at the base, stylar arms obtuse, achenes five-angled with five scales for a pappus. Species about 16 probably all American in origin but now distributed throughout the tropics. Floss flower, Maudlin ; 77. Agerate; Ger. Leberbalsam. Ageratum conyzoides Linn. ; F.B.J. iii 243, Vl; a Floss Flower; remarkable for the long protruding purple styles. Stem 3 to 5 feet, well branched, terete, sparingly hairy. Leaves opposite, stalked, ovate-crenate, about 2 by 1% inches in corymbs, terminal on the stem and upper branches, with linear bracts at the forkings; ulti- mate peduncles slender 4 to %inch. Involucral bracts % to ¥% inch, aristate. Florets purple, stylar branches long, purple. Achenes black, 4% inch, witha rim of five to ten pointed scales about as long. t.154. Very common in masses by road-sides in Ootacamund and Kodaikanal, e.g., just below the bund. Distributed throughout India and in all warm countries. /yson 2850. Bourne 2688. EUPATORIUM, F.B.I. 78 IX. Herbs or shrubs with opposite (or alternate) leaves and terminal corymbs of flower-heads characterised by the florets all equal and tubular, stylar arms long and obtuse, achene five-angled or five-ribbed, and pappus of a single circle of long scabrid hairs (distinction from AGERATUM). 220 COMPOSIT&. Species about 400, chiefly American. In England we have &. cannabinum, Hemp-Agrimony, Ger, Wasser- dosten, which is abundant on the temperate Himalayas and occurs aiso in KXhasia and Burma. Named from one Mithridates Eupator who is said to have brought the plant into use. Eupatorium glandulosum H. B.& K.; IX 3. Stem 3 to 6 feet, shrubby, reddish, branched, very glandular on all the young parts and scented with a peculiar acrid odour. Leaves opposite: stalks I to 2 inches: blades I to 3 by 34 to 1% inches, thin, trapezoid or almost triangular, with very broadly wedge-shaped and almost horizontal base, crenate-dentate except the basal margin. Flower-heads white in terminal glandular masses, % inch, many-flowered: involucral bracts about twenty in two rows, lanceolate acute, shorter than the florets, with two well-defined nerves and scarious margin. Florets white, fragrant: corolla tube % inch, slender. Stylar arms long and far exserted, divergent. Achenes black, glabrous, 1/10 inch, slender, crowned by a pappus of ten to twelve white scabrid hairs, twice as long. Bot. Mag. t. 8139. A garden plant, native of Mexico, common as an escape by road-sides in Ootacamund. /ysonu 2039, 3020. DICHROCEPHALA. F.B.I. 78 XIL. Round-head. Annual herbs with alternate toothed or cut leaves, and distinguished from all our COMPOSIT4 by the small and almost perfectly spherical flower-heads composed of perfect bisexual florets at the top and narrow female — flowers roundthe sides. Anther bases rounded. Stylar arms short flattened. Achenes compressed without pappus or with two small scales. Species 4 or 5 in Asia and Africa. COMPOSIT . 221 Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolia DC. (including D. latifolia DC.); FBI. iii 245, XII 1; Round-head. An untidy weed with small chrysanthemum-like leaves, widely divergent branches, and small spherical purplish flower-heads. Stem erect or decumbent; all green parts covered with short hairs: branches diverging widely. Leaves flaccid, with dull surface, coarsely lobed and toothed, the lowest 2 to 3 inches, pinnatifid or lyrate with broad terminal lobe and narrower lateral ones (D. latifolia) ; upper leaves I inch, oblong coarsely toothed or pinnati- sect, not stalked, clasping the stem with broad auricles (D. chrysanthemifolia) ; or often all leaves one kind or all the other kind. Peduncles 34to 1% inches, the longer with a small bract, straight, divaricating. Heads ¥ to % inch, spherical. Florets all tubular; outer ones very slender, tubular with four small teeth, appearing to the naked eye as short thick white rods, with style but no stamens ; middle ones (about fifteen) larger, campanulate with four spreading lobes, bisexual. Achenes obovate, compressed, without pappus. tt. 155, 156, 157. Wight Ic. tt. 1095, 1096; Sp. Nilg. t. 108. ' Very variable as regards its leaves, and hitherto regarded as two species. My plant No 2985 (t. 156), collected on the Kodaikanal downs Septembe1 1912, has the characters of both type plants, D. latifolia DC. Wight Cat. 1412 (t. 155) and D. chrysanthemifolia DC. Wight Cat. 1413 (t. 155). Fyson 2985, 300, 2036, 3929. Bourne 1167, 407. On both plateaus, on the open downs, Gen, Dist. Mountains of India from Kashmir to Ceylon, tropical Asia and Africa. MYRIACTIS. F.B.I. 78 XV. A small genus of perhaps only one species, belonging to tropical Asia and Africa; characterised by the broad flat and daisy-like heads, naked disc, narrow bracts, long strap-shaped, white or blue never yellow, rays, 222 COMPOSITz. anthers without tails and achene with short beak but no pappus (distinction from ASTER). Species 3 or perhaps 1 onlyin Java, India and central Asia. Myriactis wightii Wight ; Herb, Prop.!; F.B.I. as of DC., iii 247, XV I. Stem 5 to 20 inches, pilose. Leaves mostly from near the ground oblanceolate, more or less coarsely toothed or lobed or lyrate, 2 to 3 inches, upper ones 1% inches, entire, oblanceolate. Flower-heads 34 to Linch, solitary on long axillary scapiform branches (peduncles) in the upper axils: involucral bracts narrow, all equal. Ray florets 4% inch, purplish blue or white; limb % inch. Disc florets campanulate, four-lobed, yellow. Achenes egg-shaped, contracted just below the broad summit without pappus. t.158. Wight Ic. 1091; Sp. Nilg. 107. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund. Pulneys: near Kodaikanal and above (Bourne). Also Ceylon, ERIGERON. F.B.I. 78 XXII. Fleabane. Annual or perennial herbs with alternate or radical leaves and rayed flower-heads (of the ASTER kind) often long stalked; and characterised by the ray florets white or blue never yellow, in two or three circles ; involucral bracts many and narrow; and pappus hairs slender and in one circle. Species perhaps 150, widely distributed in temperate regions and the mountains of both hemispheres, some being ubiquitous weeds. In Britain three species, Fleabane, Ger. Beschreikraut, Fr. Vergerette. Very closely allied to ASTER, which however has but one circle of ray florets (except of course garden ‘‘ doubles ae Erigeron alpinus Linn.; F.B.J. iii 255, XXII5. Root- stock horizontal, thick. Stem 8 to 12 inches, unbranched COMPOSIT&. 223 hairy. Leaves mostly radical, oblanceolate, 2 to 3 inches, upper smaller to % inch. Flower-heads few, terminating the stem or peduncled in the upper axils: involucral bracts narrow, in two series, all much alike. Ray florets numerous, in two or more circles, with two small teeth or none at the end of the strap, easily withered. Disc florets narrow-cylindrical, not much broader at the top, five-toothed. Anther bases entire, narrowed. Stylar branches with thickened stigma. Achenes hairy with a single circle of under twenty reddish pappus hairs. t. 159. Nilgiris : on the open downs and by road-sides in Ootaca- mund. /yson 1802, 2512. Bourne 4618, 5097. Gen. Dist. Mountains of north temperate zone, very variable and widely distributed. Erigeron mucronatum DC.; XXII 8. Stem and branches slender, from a woody base; hairs sparingly scattered all over the plant. Leaves mostly narrow elliptic or oblanceolate 4% to 1% inches; some also much larger, ovate or spathulate, entire or coarsely three- toothed or lobed, narrowed to the stalk. Flower-heads solitary, terminal. Involucre of two or three rows of narrow subulate bracts, 14 to % inch long, flat. Ray florets white turning pink, oblong-oblanceolate with a minute notch disc florets slender. Achene scabrid: pappus of % inch long hairs with a few much shorter outside. A native of Mexico universal in gardens and originally cultivated under the name Vittadenia triloba, This species has, in South India, been confounded with Vittadenia austra- lis A, Rich., an Australian plant which is much more robust in every way. Erigeron canadense Linn. A robust well branched herb with narrow, almost linear leaves, 11%4 to 3 inches long, and purple tipped involucral bracts. A weed of road-sides in Ootacamund and Coonoor, Bourne 4668, 4619, 224 COMPOSITZ. CONY ZA. F.B.1. 78 XXIV. Herbs with alternate leaves and terminal corymbs of flower-heads without rays and the florets apparently all similar, but the outer two or three circles slender, two or three-toothed, without stamens and pale gold in colour, the inner florets five-toothed complete with sta- mens. Anther bases not divided. Stylar arms flattened. Achenes small pappus hairs about ten, short, dilated. Species about so chiefly tropical and sub-tropical, a few in temperate regions, Conyza stricta Willd. ; F.B.I. iii 258, XXIV 6; Kodai- kanal Groundsel. A small herb with numerous small unrayed yellow %-inch flower-heads, of very slender florets and pappus, in much branched terminal corymbs. Whole plant pubescent, I to 2 feet, branched upwards. Leaves obovate and coarsely serrate to oblanceolate- oblong entire, dull-green, erect. Heads very numerous in corymbs, terminal and from the upper axils: alter- nate peduncles slender % to% inch. Involucral bracts 1g inch, narrow with scarious edges, densely pubescent. Outer florets tubular, very slender, minutely toothed: inner bell-shaped ones few, five-lobed. Achenes slender, 1/40 inch, pappus hairs few and fine. In waste places and dry soil very common on the plateaus especially near the observatory at Kodaikanal, /yson 287, 721, Bourne 519. Gen. Dist. South-east Himalayas and the South Indian mountains. BLUMEA. F.B.I. 78 XXVI. Annual or perennial herbs with alternate woolly or glandular pubescent leaves, often strongly scented. Flower-heads variously arranged; without rays, and all the florets tubular and apparently similar; but several outer circles slender two or three-toothed, without sta- mens. Inner few (or absent), five-toothed: anther bases COMPOSITA&. 225 divided into short slender tails. Stylar arms flattened : achenes small with a single circle of slender caducous pappus hairs. Species about 60 in tropical and sub-tropical parts of Asia, Africa and Australia, very common in India. A very difficult genus, the species being inconstant in leaves and other respects, Blumea neilgherrensis Hook. f.; F.B.I. iii 261, XXVI 4. Strongly aromatic and woolly all over. Leaves obovate acute, from 3 to 4 by 1% to 2 inches near the base to I by % inch near the flowering part, sharply dentate-serrate with teeth to % inch apart. Heads numerous soft: involucral bracts very slender, woolly. Florets purple, pappus copious. On the open downs, flowers in June, Nilgiris : common. Pulneys beyond the Observatory. Gen. Dist. South Indian hills, Niigiris, Pulneys, Courtallum, Blumea (?) barbata DC. ; F.B.I. iii 262, XXVI6. Stem usually unbranched, I5 to 20 inches, softly hairy or shaggy. Leaves up to 4 by 2 inches, elliptic, narrowed tothe base, sharply toothed with one or more smaller teeth between the larger. Flower-heads in a compact mass opening out in fruit to a panicle. Involucral bracts linear, shaggy. Achenes small, ribbed. Pappus white. Pulneys: in Kodaikanal. Bourne 579, 2039. I have not collected this myself, nor verified the naming. F.B.I. describes the plant and leaves as altogether smaller than the above, and the achenes as minute, striate above ; which does not agree with Bourne’s plant. Blumea hieracifolia DC.; F.B.I. iii 263, XXVI II. Stem usually unbranched, erect, I to 2 feet. Leaves mostly near the ground and forming a rosette, obovate spathulate, serrate ; undersides woolly, as also the upper parts of the stem and especially the involucres. Heads close together in one or more compact masses, form- ing elongate panicles: bracts narrow, hairy, the inner 15 226 COMPOSIT. purple-tipped and longer than the outer: receptacle naked. Florets yellow. Pappus copious, white. Wight Ic. t. 1099. Nilgiri and Pulney downs. Flowers in May. Fyson 363. Bourne 1100,* 1109, 2097. Gen. Dist. Hilly parts of India. LAGGERA. F.B.I. 78 XXVII. A small genus, distinguished among all our COM- POSIT by the wings on the four angles of the stem and branches. Annual or perennial herbs with alternate leaves, decurrent as wings, and loosely panicled unrayed flower-heads characterised by the involucral bracts in several series; the outer shorter than the inner, rather rigid and spreading: receptacle without scales: florets all tubular and slender, the outer in several series, female only ; the central ones complete : anther bases divided : achenes with one circle of hairs. Very similar to BLUMEA in most respects, but the anther bases less cordate. Our species, however, are most easily distin- guished by the winged stems. Species about ro in tropical Africa and India. Wings entire, stem sturdy . . . of 2 Se Wings cut up irregularly : stem slender . « « Li, pterogonta: Laggera alata Schultz; F.BJI. iii 271, XXVII 2. Stem as thick as a lead pencil, very rough with hardened leaf-bases, in the younger parts densely pubescent, almost woolly and winged by the decurrent margins of the leaves. Leaves broadly-oblanceolate to ovate or oblong, 2 to 4 by 3% to 1% inches at the widest and ¥% inch at the base, on the younger branches 3% inch only in length ; ovate, sharply serrate with triangular teeth 1/16 to 4 inch apart, pubescent above, tomentose below especially on the nerves. Flower-heads peduncled in the axils of the upper leaves of short lateral branches COMPOSIT&. 227 2 to 6 inches long, forming a large terminal leafy panicle. Peduncles often with one or two small leaves, then winged, erect but slightly decurved so that the flowers face downwards. Heads conical, % by % inch, with flat base ; lower bracts recurved, stiff. Wight Ic.t. I10I. On the open downs of both plateaus, flowering in the winter months. /ysou 2306, 2670, 2672, Sourne 53. Gen. Dist. Mountains of India proper, tropical Africa, Java, China and Philippines, The stems die down or are burnt down every year, and the young shoots which come up after the first rains have large soft leaves smelling strongly of Black-currant. Laggera pterodonta Benth.; F.B.I. iii 271, XXVII 3, Stem and branches slender, glabrous : wings very irregu- lar, interrupted and deeply toothed. Leaves glabrous, thin, ovate lanceolate or oblanceolate, sessile, toothed or pinnatifid at the base; on the mainstem 5 by 1 to2 by 4% inch; on the branches smaller. Flower-heads peduncled in the upper axils, purple. Wight Ic. t. I100. On both plateaus. Bourne 1560. Gen. Dist, Mountains of South India, tropical Himalayas, Assam and Burma, tropical Africa. Smell of young leaves faint, and rather like that of a Strawberry. ANAPHALIS anp HELICHRYSUM. F.B.I. 78 XXXIX & XLIII. Cudweed, Everlasting, etc. Characterised chiefly by the scarious glistening bracts which stand up round the flower-head (Cudweed) or spread out as a white border round it (Everlasting) : also by the arrangement of the heads in close masses, and by a cottony covering on all greer parts. Florets all tubular, slender: outer ones female only (without stamens but) fertile: inner with stamen and style but infertile. Achenes with pappus of simple hairs. I5-A 228 COMPOSITA. The differences between the genera are minute and difficult of determination. . ANAPHALIS :—30 species in Asia, in mountain climates of the warmer zones ; a few in Europe and North America. HELICHRYSUM :—300 species half of them in South Africa, others in Australia, tropical Africa, south Europe and the Mediterranean region: in India only a few. In England four species of GNAPHALIUM and of FILAGO constitute the ‘“Cudweeds”; Gey. Ruhrkraut; two species of ANTENNARIA are ‘‘ Ever- lasting.” Stem woody below and much branched: plants in dense 4 rounded masses. . . Og a Stem not woody nor much branched . 5 Leaves 4 inch broad by 2 to 3incheslong ... . C€ anlage 14 to 14 inch broad by 4 torinchlong. . . d Flower-heads 14 inch. ‘“ Cudweed.” p. 228. A. beddomei. | Flowers 4 inch. “ Everlasting” . . 2. eae A. travancorica, Leaves 14 inch close set: heads 44 inch. . . p. 233, a A. neelgerriana. Leaves 34 inch: heads 2/5inch . . p. 232, A. bournei. Leaves more or less white on both sides _-* ee Leaves glabrous or nearly so above, white below. . . g Leaves 34 by 4 inch: heads 4 inch. ‘ Everlasting.’ . p. 231, A. leptophylla, Leaves oblong or obovate: heads small condensed p. 230. A. oblonga. Leaves one-nerved. . . . . =» « 2c Eenhes five toseven-nerved . , jp. 233. H. buddleoides. h mes 114 inches sticky, with auricled base and tapering to the tip: heads pink g inch. . 4. 221. A. aristata. Veit bluntly pointed 14 inch ‘“ Everlasting.” p. 232,26 wightiana. Anaphalis beddomei Hook. f.; F.B.I. iii 282, XXXIX 12. Grows in loose masses, 2 to 2% feet high, the stems ending in irregular cymose corymbs of small flower- heads. Main stem decumbent I inch thick, with brown scaly bark; stems or branches numerous curving upwards, clothed below with dead leaves, above with green more or less erect leaves, I inch apart. Leaves oblanceolate, COMPOSIT&. 229 clothed above and below with close wool, which however does not hide the five, or at the base seven, veins promi- nently raised in the lower side, but impressed in the upper and curving forwards to meet at the tip. Flower- heads in small corymbs, on peduncles, the outer of which are much the longer, so that the whole inflorescence is depressed in the centre; bracts oblong, all close set against the axis, the lowest I inch; central corymbs opening and fruiting first. Heads small, the involucres campanulate, 44 by % inch: bracts glistening white, oblong or rounded not spreading. Disc 1/10inch or more across, florets all tubular. Corolla 1/10 inch above the minute ovary. Achenes very small, pappus of white hairs. After the fall of the fruits the receptacles appear assmall discs 1/16 inch diameter surrounded by a wing ¥8 inch wide, the inner half brown, the outer glistening white. Easily distinguished from A. travancorica, which it much resembles in growth, by the smaller more spread- ing leaves, set at longer internodes, and the small flower- heads in loose corymbs. t. 160. On the Pulney downs, common. Jyson 524, 2101, 2074. Bourne 2009, 2697, 2698. Named by Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker after Col. Beddome who sent the plant to Kew about 1880. Anaphalis travancorica Smith; XXXIX 12.* Grows in dense whitish tufts, Ito 2 feet in height and up to six feet across, of numerous stems that end in closely packed very cottony oblanceolate leaves and are clothed below by the dead ones; the flower-heads 13 inch across in bunches of 2 inches diameter, raised a few inches only above the general level. Main stem woody, an inch thick, decumbent on the ground; upright stems as thick as a lead pencil, clothed for the most part with numerous brownish-grey dead 230 COMPOSIT&. leaves, above very cottony. Leaves close set except near the flowering region, % inch only apart, oblanceo- late or spathulate, acute, clasping the stem by a broad base, concealed by cottony web: midrib prominent, but the pair of lateral nerves visible only when the cottony covering is removed: and marginreflexed. The lower of the still green leaves spread outwards, the younger arching over the bud. Flower-heads in close panicles, the lower branches of which are half as thick as the stem: lower bracts leaf- like, upper triangular acute, and uppermost, close under each flower-head, very cottony except for the scarious tip. Involucral bracts many-seriate, the ends of the outer reflexed and forming a glistening white fringe 1/16 inch wide round the disc; the innermost erect, oblanceolate-oblong and green except at the tip. Disc 3/16 inch remarkably uniform in size, without ray florets. Florets ail tubular, 1/10 inch, their upper halves yellow. Stylar arms short, broadened at the ends. Achenes brown, 1/100 inch, nearly cylindrical, densely papillate ; pappus hairs as long as the corolla, few, in a single circle. After the dispersion of the fruits the recepta- cles appear as greenish papiliate discs surrounded by flat wings % inch wide of narrow bracts. t. 161. Quite common on the Pulney downs, above Kodaikanal especially where exposed to alternate dry winds and fog. son 535, 1068, 1839, 2159. Bourne 1112, 420, 1560, 1562,* 2010, 2052. Anaphalis oblonga DC.; F.B.J. iii 283, XXXIX 14; common Cudweed, pink or white flowered. Stem cottony, often unbranched below the flowering region, I to 2 feet; base clothed with dead leaves. Leaves sessile, erect, oblong or oblanceolate, acute, usually 34 to I by % to &% inch, but in extreme cases 2 by Y inch ; one-nerved, cottony ; margin flat; base broad. COMPOSIT#. 231 Heads in compact masses, arranged in broad depressed terminal corymbs: involucral scales shining white or pink. Very variable as regards size of leaf. t. 162, Common everywhere on the plateaus, especially on rather poor soil and then often only 3 to 4 inches high. /yson 274, 1062, 1069, * 2906, 2987. Bourne 710, 578, 1002,* 1039,* 2699, 1561, 2699, 5247. Gen. Dist. Western Ghats and Ceylon. Anaphalis leptophylla DC. ; F.B.J. iii 285, XXXIX 21; White Everlasting. Distinguished from A. oblonga by its much narrower leaves and larger flower-heads. Stem slender, usually unbranched, silvery white with closely appressed hairs. Leaves linear or linear oblan- ceolate, 4% to I inch, mucronate: midrib strong: margin revolute. Heads when fully open 3 inch, pure white with yellow centre: lower half of bracts scarious with green nerves, glistening: upper half spreading outward as a fringe round the disc: disc % inch yellow: recep- tacle glabrous. Achenes ovoid. Pappus hairs feathery towards the base. Pulneys: in damp places and on poor ground, on the downs. Nilgiris. /yson 474, 1069. Bourne 5205, 5228. Anaphalis aristata DC.; Herb. Wight’s Prop. 1470! ; F.B.I. iii 285, XXXIX 22; Green Cudweed. A green plant with sticky leaves and small flower-heads. Stem woody at the base with numerous, erect, flower- ing branches, glandular-pubescent but not cottony. Leaves clasping the stem with acute auricles, oblong, acute or tapering from the clasping base to the apex, 1% to 2 inches by ¥% to % inch; margin recurved ; lower side white with single midrib; apex mucronate and turned downwards. Heads very numerous §% inch, bunched in more or less compact lumpy corymbs; bracts glistening rounded, with minute teeth rose coloured 232 COMPOSIT. when young, afterwards bleaching at the tips. t. 163. b. fertile pistillate flower ;c. staminate flower. [Z.T.B.] Wight Ic. II19. Pulneys : Kodaikanal downs, etc. Nilgiris: Avalanche, etc. (Wight), Fyson 1063. Bourne 1111, 1111.* _Anaphalis wightiana DC.; F.B.I iii 286, XXXIX 23; Green Everlasting. Distinguished from A. aristata by its larger (14 inch) flower-heads and its thicker, shorter, blunter and more numerous leaves. Stem to 12 inches woody below and clothed with dead leaves; branching corymbosely above. Leaves white underneath, green on the upper side, oblong obtuse, one-nerved, with short recurved tip, revolute margin, and broad stem-clasping base: upper leaves erect and closely appressed to the stem and those near the flower-heads cottony. Heads %4 inch rather long, with several rows of bracts, cottony: disc % inch, margin of acute bracts 1/16 inch: peduncles and lower part of involucres densely cottony or tomentose. t. 164. Wight Ic. t. II17. In damp and cool places, on banks of streams, etc. Nilgiris : on the downs common especially towards Pykara. Pulneys : near Kodaikanal. /Fyson 668, 1086. Bourne 419, 2700, 2701. Anaphalis bournei Fyson, Sp. Nov.; F.B.I. included in A. brevifolia DC., iii 286; XXXIX 26%; Bourne’s Everlasting. Stem shrubby below and much branched, the whole plant as a rounded lump with the habit of A. beddomei and A. travancorica : covered with a closely appressed felt of white hairs. Leaves 4% to % by 1/12 inch, acute; upper erect and appressed to the stem, lower spreading : margin revolute; midrib distinct. Flowering branches 6 to 10 inches, somewhat less leafy upwards. Heads 4 inch: border of white scales 1/12 inch. t. 165. COMPOSIT &. 233 Pulneys: by road-sides above Kodaikanal lake, common. #yson 1061, 3039, 3031, Notelsewhere. Wight Kew Dist. (at Kew) No. 1630. Gourne 418, 918, 1506, 2695, 2606, Closely allied to A. brevifolia DC. ; a Ceylon species, but differing” in its narrower longer leaves not in general closely appressed to the stem and more widely spreading on the scapes. Plants from Kotagiri, Courtallum, and the Anamalais seem to be intermediate between these two. Anaphalis neelgerriana DC.; F.B.I. iii 287, XXXIX 27; the Nilgiri Everlasting. A white very small-leafed shrub characteristic of dry and exposed situations on the Nilgiris. Atits best 3 or 4 feet high and as broad, with numerous ascending, usually opposite branches, clothed below by the dead leaves: bark of stem rough andcorky. Leaves bluey-white, 14 by 1/20 inch, coated with soft white cotton closely appressed tothe surface, with recurved margins and one central vein: when young erect, later spreading, and finally depressed close against the axis and persistent there, very numerous and close set. Heads in open corymbose panicles 2 to 3 inches, across termi- nating erect branches 4to 5 inches high, clothed to the top with closely appressed leaves: disc % to 1/5 inch, surrounded by a white rim of involucral bracts 1/16 inch. t.166. Wight Ic. 478. In dry and exposed places. Nilgiris : top of Vengadu 7,500 feet, abundant, but not on the slopes; hill above Pykara 7,500 feet, luxuriant near the cairn but not below; in crevices on the precipitous rocky face of Vellingiribetta, 8,250 feet ; a few plants on the road-side near Pykara bridge but poor, Not Pulneys. Fyson 2628. Bourne 2694, 4663. On the Pulneys this plant is represented by 4. bourned. Helichrysum buddleoides DC. ; Wight’s Herb. Prop. 1465!; FBI. iii 290, XLII 1; broad-leafed Cudweed. Distinguished from all others of this group by its broad five to seven-nerved leaves, and masses of small yellow flower-heads. 234 COMPOSIT&. Stem 2 to 4 feet, white above, 4 inch thick. Leaves elliptic lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, spreading, 2 to 4 by % to I inch, green and glabrous above, white, as are all the other green parts, with thick adpressed tomen- tum, underneath; nerves five to seven raised. Corymbs terminal, 4 to 8 inches across; clusters of flower-heads globose % tolinch. Heads yellow, % inch, outer bracts woolly inner glistening. Anthers with long slender tails. Achenes scabrid, with pappus of scabrid hairs. t. 167. c. tubular floret; d. filiform floret [Z.7.B.]. Wight Sp. Wiles TU 2 ic. b Pre3. Nilgiris: on Snowdon; flowers in January. Coonoor. Pulneys: at lower levels—Shembaganur. sox 660, 1026, 2405. Gen. Dist. Western Ghats, Mysore, Bababooduns, Anamalais and Ceylon. GNAPHALIUM. F.B.1. 78 XLIL Gnaphalium luteo-album Linn. ; FBI. iii 288, XLII 1. A small herb with very much the habit and general appearance of narrow leafed specimens of Anaphalis oblonga DC., but with dense leafless clusters of small golden glistening flower-heads, of which all the florets are fertile, may be found on the Ootacamund downs but is not, I believe, common. Bourne 5099. Gen. Dist. Distributed all over India. CARPESIUM. F.B.I. 78 XLVIII. Herbs with alternate leaves and fairly large yellow drooping unrayed flower-heads, distinguished among our COMPOSIT by the large, leaf-like, outer bracts, and the long sticky achenes. Florets all tubular but the outer without stamens. Anther cells with slender tails, stylar arm linear obtuse connivent. No pappus. | Species under 10 in Europe, temperate and sub-tropical Asia. COMPOSIT &. 235 Carpesium cernuum Linn.; FBI. iii 300, XLVIII 1. Hairy all over. Leaves up to % by 3 inches, elliptic or ovate lanceolate, narrowed tothe sessile base. Heads YZ to I inch. Near Ootacamund and Kodaikanal in several sholas. Bourne 1477, 4634, 5246. The species is very variable and is a common weed in the Himalayas. Gen. Dist. From Caucasus to France, Java, Japan. CHRYSOGONUM. F.B.I. 78 L. Herbs or undershrubs with opposite toothed or pinnately compound leaves and flower-heads of the HELIANTHOIDEA (see p. 209), and characterised by having floral scales all over the receptacle: ray florets (without stamens) alone fertile and their achenes flat- tened back and front and embraced by these scales: pappus: very small or 0: disc florets with stamens and undivided styles, unfertile. Species 6, in Australia 3, India 2, America 1. Chrysogonum heterophyllum Benth.; F.B.I. iii 303, Li. Annual, glabrous 3 to4 feet. Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid : leaflets or segments ovate-lanceolate acute, sharply serrate or gashed, pilose above, pubescent under- neath. Flower-heads in irregular umbels or corymbs ; ultimate peduncles % to 2 inches. Involucral bracts three or more-nerved irregular in length; outer long and green; inner shorter. Ray florets white: inner yellow. Achenes without pappus. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. IIo. Very common round woods on the Pulney and Nilgiri downs. Flowers from March to August. Fyson 3032, 1079,* 1441. Bourne 445, 473- Gen, Dist, Also Ceylon. Chrysogonum arnottianum Benth. ; F.B.I. iii 303, L 2. Similar to the above but leaves larger and flower-heads 236 COMPOSIT&. larger, Ito 1% inches diameter and with more ray florets. Wight Ic. t. 1105. Nilgiris. SIEGESBECKIA. F.B.I. 78 LIl. A small genus of but two species, one cosmopolitan in all warm countries, the other in Peru. Siegesbeckia orientalis Linn.; F.B.J. iii 304, LI I. Remarkable for the four or five, % inch long, narrow sticky bracts below the globular flower-heads. Stem I to 3 feet, pubescent, cymosely branched up- wards. Leaves opposite, stalked, 2 to 3 by I to 1% inches, ovate coarsely round-toothed, and deltoid base. Heads terminal, peduncled in the cyme forkings : outer bracts linear, % inch spreading, thickly covered with glands ; inner spathulate g to ¥% inch: floral scales boat-shaped pubescent above. Florets yellow: rays broad three- iobed. Anther lobes acute. Stylar arms flattened, rather broad. Achenes black, smooth. t. 168. Wight Ic. t. 1203; Belongs properly to lower levels, but occurs occasionally on the downs. Jyson 67. Bourne 526, Gen. Dist. Throughout India and all warm countries. BIDENS. F.B.I. 78 LX. Bur-marigold. Herbs with opposite leaves and flower-heads of the HELIANTHOIDE (p. 209) distinguished from all others by the achenes having at the top two to four barbed spines. Species 50, chiefly in America, Bidens pilosa Linn.; F.B.I. iii 309, LX 3; common Bur-marigold. Stem erect four-angled, glabrous or nearly so, leaves opposite pinnately three-foliate or three-fid » terminal leaflet or segment sharply serrate except perhaps the acuminate apex, 2 to 34 inch; lateral I to COMPOSIT2. 237 14 inch shortly petioled. Flowering portion of plant cymosely forked; ultimate peduncles I to 24% inches stout: bracts % inch. Involucral bracts with broad scarious margins. Ray florets yellow or white. Achenes black narrow, angled, exceeding the involucres and surmounted by two awns with many downward pointing barbs, t. 169. A wayside weed. Nilgiris: Ootacamund and lower levels. Pulneys: Kodaikanal down tothe plains, /ysox 580, 700.* Bourne 1565. Gen. Dist. Throughout India and in all warm countries. Fy. Bident, Ger, Zweizahu, Bidens humilis, H. B. & K.; LX 4; trailing Bur-mari- gold. Stems weak, spreading. Leaves finely pinnately dissected into narrow segments or leaflets. Rays few spreading, % inch, conspicuous. Achenes black with two very short, barbed awns. t.170. Road-sides in Ootacamund common, conspicuous in December, Not collected on Pulneys. An introduction from the highlands of tropical America, fyson 2039, 3534. Lourne 4594*. GALINSOGA. F.B.I. 78 LXII.* Annual herbs with opposite leaves and small flower- heads of the HELIANTHOIDEA (p. 209), with yellow rays: all the florets fertile: floral scales boat-shaped: achenes angled or compressed, surmounted by a few scarious entire awned or fimbriate scales. Species 5, in tropical America. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. ; F-B.J. iii 311, LXII* 1. A small weed with opposite three-nerved leaves and rather few flower-heads on slender stalks of unequal length. Annual 6 to 20 inches, nearly glabrous, except in the youngest parts, cymosely branched upwards. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, acute or acuminate, sub-serrate, three-nerved from the base: uppermost leaves narrow, 238 COMPOSIT#. Peduncles slender % toI inch, often in terminal unequal pairs. Heads % inch: bracts broad, smooth, three or more nerved. Achenes wedge-shaped with a ring of about ten oblanceolate feathery scales. Nilgiris : asa weed at Ootacamund. Not previously recorded from South India and no specimen from here at Kew. /yson 2849. Gen. Dist. A weed from America now distributed in South Africa, New Zealand, Himalayas and in Great Britain. COTULA. F.B.I. LXIII. Small herbs with alternate pinnately cut leaves, and small, long stalked, unrayed flower-heads, characterised by the achenes being stalked. Species 40 in temperate and tropical climates. Cotula australis Hook. f.; LXII 4. Stem and branches 24% to 4inches. Leaves 4 inch pinnatisect into linear segments. Heads ¥% inch, on leafless continua- tion of the branches: outer involucral bracts oblong obtuse, one-nerved, with broad scarious margin: recep- tacle naked but for the persistent cylindrical scales of the outer florets. Achenes obovate, winged, tubercled, notched at the top. Weed. A native of Australia and New Zealand, probably introduced with garden seed. /yson 3035. Sourne 26. ARTEMESIA. F.B.I. 78 LXXII. Mugwort, Southernwood, Wormwood, Absinth. Herbs or at times shrubby plants, usually highly aromatic, with alternate leaves, usually much divided and often white underneath, and small round flower-heads set in slender spikes, which form large leafy panicles. Involucral bracts round, scarious-margined. Receptacle without scales. No ray-florets. Achenes minute and without pappus, COMPOSIT&. 239 Species about 200 in the cooler climates of almost the whole northern hemisphere, a few in South America and the Sandwich islands. In Europe several species, Mugwort, Wormwood, Absinth, Ger. Beifuss, Wermuth, #7. Armoise, Southernwood and Tarragon are cultivated in English Gardens, Peavey woile wneermeath (2:5 . ss «>... A; volgaria: Leaves green underneath . . - « . , >. .A. parviflora. Artemesia parviflora Roxb.; F.BTI. iii 322, LXXII 5. Stem 2 to 5 feet grooved. Lower leaves wedge-shaped, coarsely toothed along the broad further margin: upper pinnatifid with narrow segments, sparingly hirsute: all with a pair of narrow stipular-like segments at the base. Panicle 12 inches high by 4 inches wide. Heads &% inch. Involucral bracts broad, obtuse. Florets few, some with large anthers, but only an aborted ovary and undivided style. Achenes ellipsoid, smooth. Nilgiri and Pulney downs, common. Flowers colder months, Fryson 1082, 2134.* SLourne 73. Gen. Dist. Mountains of India (not Ceylon), Artemesia vulgaris Linn. ; F.B.I. iii 325, LXXII 14. Mugwort. Tall aromatic herb or shrub growing to 5 or 6 feet. Leaves pinnatisect, white tomentose below, aromatic. All florets fertile. Nilgiris: on the downs in dense patches, possibly the sites of former Toda-munds. Pulneys; apparently truly wild on the downs. Also near villages, e.g., Vilpatti. Fyson 2135, 2496, 2078. Lourne 1556. Gen. Dist. Wild on the Bombay Ghats and mountains of India and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Also cultivated. Formerly much used in Europe, as elsewhere, for flavouring dishes and drinks, whence the English Mugwort, Mugwood, Muggert or Mugger ; Ger. Beifuss, Biboess ; 7r. Armoise. GYNURA. jc Pes LESVIL, Succulent herbs with alternate coarsely toothed or entire leaves and unrayed flower-heads with involucres of the SENECIO type (p. 242) and a few small bracts below, 240 COMPOSIT A. but distinguished from SENECIO and also from NOTONIA and EMILIA by the stylar arms being hairy, slender, and tapering to a fine point. Species about 20 in the warm parts of Asia, Africa and Australia. Gynura nitida DC. ; Wight’s Herb. Prop.; F.B.I. iii 333, LXXVI1I. Herb, 2 to 5 feet, glabrous except near the flower-heads. Leaves mostly towards the base of the stem or branches, obovate or oblanceolate, coarsely toothed or serrate, acute or obtuse, narrowed at the base, or very broad and almost auricled. Heads few or many, in terminal simple or compound corymbs, often umbel- late: involucral bracts purple, narrow, glabrous. Florets yellow, achenes papillose between the five ribs. Wight fot 182, Nilgiris and Pulneys, Flowers in August and September, Fryson 479, Bourne, 320. EMILIA. F.B.I. LXXVII. Herbs with alternate leaves and small solitary purple flower-heads, with involucral bracts of the SENECIO type and similar to GYNURA but without small extra bracts below the flower-head, and stylar arms truncate. Pappus hairs long, copious. Species 4 or 5 in India and tropical Africa. Emilia sonchifolia Wight ; Herb. Prop. 1486!; P.BTI. iii 336, as of DC., LXXVII1. A herb, when young with leaves mostly near the ground and short flowering stems ; when older, 2 to 3 feet, erect or decumbent, leafy except near the flowers. Radical leaves pinnatifid or lyrate with end lobe largest: upper leaves oblong, stem-clasping, serrate: all more or less scabrid. Heads on long slender stalks, purple. Stylar arms truncate, achenes five- ribbed, hairy onthe ribs and papillose between them. Wight Ic. t. 1123. | COMPOSITZ. 241 Somewhat variable, F.B.I. gives three varieties which however grade into each other. Very common on the downs. Pulneys and Nilgiris after the summer rains. /yson 3036, 2988. Bourne 520, 1116, 1568,* PLES, DITA, 2704. Gen. Dist. Throughout India, Asia and Africa. Emilia zeylanica C. B. Clarke ; F.B.I. iii 336, LXXVII 4. Stems or branches to 2 feet, glabrous, slender. Leaves entire, narrow, oblong or oblanceolate; upper ones with auricled base. Flower-heads few: bracts % by 1/16inch, oblong acute. Stylar arms with enlarged tips (cones). Achenes scabrid. Wight Ic. t. 1123. Pulneys: on the downs. /yson 28:5, Bourne 319, 690, III5, 2705, 2706. Previously known only from Ceylon. I have been unable to find Clarke’s type sheet, but have seen many others named by himat Kew. My achenes are smooth, but perhaps only so because young. The stylar arms are definitely as Clarke describes, and I have no doubt that my Pulney plant is the same species as his from Ceylon, in which case Bourne’s plants are also. NOTONIA. F.B.I. LXXVIII. Succulent herbs or undershrubs with long stalked unrayed flower-heads having involucral bracts of the SENECIO type (p. 242), and in general similar to GYNURA but the stylar arms oblong. Species 4 or 5 all Indian. Notonia walkeri C. B. Clarke; F.BJ. iii 337, LXXVII 3. A tall herb or shrub, glabrous. Leaves 4 to 8 inches, elliptic, acute at both ends, serrate, with stalk dilated at the base. Corymbs terminating leafless continuations of the stem: the ultimate peduncles with several small bracts below the flower-heads: bracts linear % to 34 inch. Florets all tubular. Achenes five- ribbed, hairy on the ribs. Wight Ic. t. 1122 as Gynura. Nilgiris : Ootacamund on Club hill. Pulneys, Flowers in winter months. /yson 1123. Bourne 4822. 16 242 COMPOSIT&. SENECIO. F.B.1. LXSi Ragwort. Herbs or shrubs, erect or climbing, with alternate leaves and yellow-rayed flower-heads characterised by the involucral bracts narrow but not attenuate, usually all equal in one circle only or with a few outer smaller and filiform ; anther bases rounded ; and stylar arms truncate, recurved. Achenes five to ten-ribbed, with copious pappus. Species about goo in temperate climates (in the tropics on mountains). In Europe are several species Groundsel, Ragwort, Gey. Kreuzkraut, Kreuzwurz ; #v. Senecon, Jacobée. Senecio zeylanicus DC.; F.B.I. iii 340, LXXIX 8; Grassy Ragwort. Distinguished by its very narrow, entire, almost grass-like, leaves. Stem puberous-pubescent, I to 3 feet, slender. Lower leaves 4 to 6by % to % inch, one-nerved, occasionally toothed ; upper narrower. Corymbs 6 inches broad, with slender bracts at the forkings. Heads % inch: bracts Y4 inch, pubescent, suddenly ending in long points. Achenes black, strongly ribbed, minutely scabrid. Pappus white. Pulneys : on the downs. /'yson 3037. Rourne 1566, 1570. Gen. Dist. Mountains of Travancore and Ceylon. Senecio nilgheryanus Wight; Herb. Prop. 1482!; FBI. iii 341 as of DC.. LXXIX 9; Nilgiri Ragwort. Distinguished by its oblong or oblanceolate, very distantly toothed leaves. Stem shrubby below, nearly glabrous or cottony, ribbed or angled, leafy. Leaves 3 to 5 inches, oblong oblanceolate, from a narrow auricled base, scabrid — above, hirsute-tomentose below, acute, distantly toothed, one-nerved. Heads I inch, not numerous, in open COMPOSIT2. 243 corymbs: bracts with broad scabrid nerve. Rays spreading. Pappus white. Wight Ic. t. 1132. Pulney and Nilgiri downs, but not at the higher levels. Flowers in summer. Not recorded elsewhere. Fyson 271. Bourne 1117 (Vilpatti). Senecio lavandulefolius Wight, Herb. Prop. 1481!; FBI. iii 343 as of DC., LXXIX 17. A small erect single stemmed herb distinguished by its closely set erect narrow leaves, the whole leafy part being of a spindle shape. Stem unbranched, or branched towards the top, 6 to 18 inches erect. Leaves1 by &% inch, densely imbricate, oblong, acute, erect from a broad base, one-nerved, villous above, tomentose underneath; margin slightly recurved: upper and lower leaves shorter. Corymb terminal-stalked above the uppermost leaf. Bracts many imbricate, pubescent. Pappus white. t. 171. Wight Ic. t. 1133. On the open grass downs of both plateaus. Nilgiris: flowering December. Pulneys: flowering September. /yson 2075, 2025. Bourne 1571. In figure 171: a. central floret with stamens but no style; 4. disc floret with stamens and style; c. ray floret with style only; d. involucre after flowering with inner bracts spread showing receptacle pitted ; ¢. ripened achene of hermaphrodite floret 4; f, unfertilised ovary ofwore. [Z.7.4.] Senecio saxatilis Wall.; F.B.I. iii 344, LXXIX 20; Swamp Ragwort. Stem at the base, or perennial root- stock, decumbent, sometimes long and creeping, not as a rule branching below the flowering part. Leaves oblanceolate, serrate, acute, with auricled base; the lower about 2% by % inch, the upper smaller. Branches of the corymb slender, with linear bracts of % to% inch, not only at the forkings but also scattered on the branches and peduncles. Heads 3% inch. Involucral bracts about sixteen. Rays 4 by 1/12 inch, yellow, 16-A | 244 COMPOSITZ. Achenes slender as long as or longer than the scabrid pappus. Wight Ic. t. 1124 (Doronicum wightii). Nilgiris: in swamps. Mourne 5206, 5233. Gen, Dist. Also Khasi. I have not myself collected this species. Bourne’s plants from which the above description is taken do not agree absolutely with the description in F.B.I. where the peduncles are given as without bracts. Wight’s figure shows them so, but in the letterpress the ‘* pedicels ”’ are ‘‘ bracteolate.” Senecio polycephalus Clarke; F.B.I. iii 344, LXXIX 22. Stem at base creeping or a slender rhizome, above branched or not below the flowering part. Whole plant covered with scattered hairs. Leaves mostly near the base; these about 2 by I inch, elliptic regularly crenate- serrate, with rather thickened margin and hairs from bulbous bases: upper leaves oblong, 1% by % inch with auricled base, diminishing upwards into bracts. Heads few, I inch across: branches of corymb, with several linear bracts, especially near the heads. Involucral bracts ten to fifteen, 1/5 inch long, linear oblong acumi- nate, glabrous or pubescent. Rays eight to ten, very broadly oblong, equal to the involucral bracts. Achenes slender, % inch, nearly as long as to the red pappus. Wight Ic. t. 1124. Nilgiris: on the downs; flowering September. Bourne 5202, 4664. Senecio araneosus DC.; F.B.I. iii 351, LXXIX 44. Similar to S. corymbosus but differing in the leaves not being tomentose underneath. Stem slender, finely grooved. Leaves stalked, cordate, with small distant teeth, glabrous or cottony. Flower-heads in axillary or terminal rounded panicles: involucral bracts about eight, 3/16 inch long, linear with thick middle band and paler margins. Achenes &% to inch: pappus 4 to 3g inch. Wight Ic. t. 1131, COMPOSIT i. 245 In sholas on both plateaus, flowering during the early months of tne year. Nilgiris: Ootacamund to Coonoor. Pulneys : near Kodaikanal and down to Shembaganur. yson 2550. Mourne 1572. Senecio corymbosus Wail., Cat. 3121!; F.B.I. iii 351, LXXIX 45. A climber similar to S. arancosus but leaves white-tomentose underneath. Stem zigzag, slender, ribbed but not angled, cottony. No stipules. Leaf- stalks I inch: blade I to 2 inches, ovate to circular, acute, deeply cordate: margin with a few small teeth: under- side covered with dense white tomentum ; upperside glabrous except for an easily removed cotton. Flower- heads numerous, in terminal or axillary peduncled rounded panicles with very tomentose branches: bracts %’ to % inch, lanceolate ovate or leafy. Involucral bracts eight, 4% inch, glabrescent. Achenes glabrous. Wight Ic. t. 1130. Nilgiris : on the downs near Ootacamund and down to Pykara. Flowers from December to March. Pulneys : Kodai- kanal, etc. yson 1544, 1064, 1049, 2210. Sourne. Collected by Rangachari at Pykara, (?) 1118. Bourne 1118 leads one to suspect that S. corymbosus and S. araneosus are one and the same. Senecio wightianus DC.; Herb. Wight Prop. 1480 !, including S. intermedius Wight ; F.B.I. under S. scandens Don, iii 352; LXXIX 47.** A slender weak-stemmed plant climbing or growing gregariously in clumps or bushes 3 to 4 feet high and more wide, with stalked hastate toothed leaves, not white below, and terminal corymbs of small flower-heads. Stem slender, strongly (about ten) ribbed. Stipules semi-lunar, 4 to %4 inch. Leaves simple or of three leaf- lets: stalk 4% to % inch. Lateral leaflets if present opposite, 4% by % inch, obovate deltoid or oblanceolate ; terminal leaflet triangular or hastate, 14 to2by &% to I inch (at base), sharply and irregularly dentate, glabrous 246 COMPOSIT2. on the upper side, pubescent on the under. Corymbs on axillary branches, ten to twenty-flowered: bracts % inch linear. Heads % inch: involucral bracts slender. Achenes 1/t6inch. t.172. Wight Ic. tt. 1135 and 1136. Nilgiris and Pulneys: on the downs, flowering from Sep- tember to December. Fyson 2046, 301. Bourne 2118. Gen, Dist. Also Ceylon. Wight Kew Dist. 1649, 1650, Hohenacker 1353, Gardner. S. scandens Dox., with which this is united by Hooker in F.B.L, isa Nepal plant with larger stipules and larger flower-heads, and appears to me different. Clarke however in his Composite of India, with MS. revision, united S. candicans DC. also under S.scandens Dom. Whether these are all to be considered one species or two or three must largely be a matter of individual opinion, but the name scandens for an Indian SENECIO cannot stand since Thunbergh had already given it to a South African species, as Cacalia scandens 7hunb. inhis Plantarum Capensium, first edition, 1794. Don’s Prodromus Nepalensis was published in 1825. Senecio candicans DC., Wall. Cat. 3123!; F.B.J. iii 352, LXXIX 48. A climber: whole plant whitish with close or loose tomentum. Stems zigzag, five-angled and ribbed. Stipules %4 inch, prominent, roundish or ear- shaped. Leaf-stalk 1% inch: blade 1% to 2 by % tol inch, hastate or triangular with cordate base, acuminate, serrate. Corymbs terminal. Bracts %4 inch whitish. Ray florets few. Achenes pubescent. Wight Ic. t. 1134. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund and down to lower levels, common, flowering December. Pulneys:; Kodaikanal, etc., flowering July. Fyson 1044, 2013, 2224. Bourne ‘* Coonoor.” CNICUS. F.B.I. 78 LXXXVH. Thistle. Erect herbs with spiny and spine-toothed leaves often decurrent down the stem, and spiny involucral bracts. Florets all tubular and similar. Anther cells with slender tails. Achenes with feathery pappus. Species about 150 in all north temperate climates. COMPOSITZ. 247 Cnicus wallichii DC.; F.B.J. iii 363, LXXXVII 7; common Indian Thistle. Stem 3 to 5 feet, ribbed, cottony. Leaves sessile stem-clasping; lower deeply pinnatisect, upper sinuate-pinnatifid: the segments irregularly lobed and toothed, and margin all round armed with numerous long slender spines. Heads terminal on short axillary leafy branches, forming a terminal corymbose panicle. Outer involucral bracts very spiny, inner dilated just below the tip and incurved there. Florets purple. Pappus white, feathery. Wight he it, 1537-8. On the open downs. Pulneys. Flowers in June. Nilgiris. Fryson 414, 3038. Bourne 524. Gen. Dist. Himalayas of Sikkim, Nepal and Bhotan. PICETS: F.B.I. 78 CVII. Oxtongue. Herbs with hispid stem, alternate or radical leaves, and few, long stalked, yellow flower-heads of the CICHORIACEZ: type (p- 210) (all florets ligulate and similar), and characterised by the involucre composed of a Set of narrow scarious inner bracts in one circle, with several shorter outer bracts; achenes with five to ten rough ribs ; and pappus hairs feathery and copious. Species about 24, Europe, North Africa, northern Asia ; and one cosmopolitan. Picris hieracioides Linn.; FBI. tii 392, CVIL? Hawkweed Oxtongue. Stem rough with stiff hairs. Leaves oblong, stem-clasping, 3 to 8 by I to 1% inches, sinuate-toothed, very scabrid on the margin and midrib underneath. Heads often in pairs on a long common peduncle, with a few linear bracts on the pedicels. Inner involucral bracts all equal, outer unequal and much shorter ; all scabrid with a single or double row of stiff 248 COMPOSIT&. black hairs down the middle. Florets orange-yellow. Achenes ¥% inch, pointed at each end, slightly curved, ribbed and cross-ribbed: pappus white, feathery. t. 173. Wight Ic. t. 1143. Ill. to Bentham’s Brit. Flora by Fitch and Smith No. 581. On the open downs. Pulneys and Nilgiris, Flowers from May to January. Fyson 367, 2219. SGourne 1573. Gen. Dist. Temperate climates of the Old World. CREPIS. F.B.I. CVIII. Hawksbeard. Herbs with the leaves mostly from near the ground, or if on the stem alternate and clasping the axis with ear- like bases. Florets yellow, all strap-shaped, five-toothed. Involucres narrow, cylindrical or enlarged at the base, of two series of bracts; the outer short, the inner much longer and after the flowering is over with thickened and hardened midrib: receptacle naked. Anthers pointed atthe base. Stylararms slender. Achenes ten to thirty- ribbed (not compressed as in SONCHUS and LACTUCA), and contracted just below the summit, crowned by a pappus of very white, fine hairs. As defined in Gen. Plant., species about 130 scattered over the northern hemisphere, mostly of the Old World ; in America fewer, and very few in the tropics and south of the Line. Stem up to 18 inches, much branched below the flowers ; heads 14 inch or less; achenes with many ribs . . C. japonica. Flowering stem less than a foot high, not branched ; heads I inch ; achenes with six thick ribs . . . . C. acaulis. Crepis japonica Benth.; F.B.J. Il 395, CVIII 6; Japanese Hawksbeard. Leaves nearly all near the ground, sinuate-pinnatifid or lyrate, with minute spiny teeth. Flowering stems several, erect, nearly leafless, I to 2 feet, slender, branched upwards so that the heads are in a loose panicle. Involucres ¥ inch across: bracts eal COMPOSIT&. > as 16 inch long, linear. Achenes 1/10 inch, ellipsoid, strongly ribbed, brown. Wight Ic. t. 1147. In shady places, e.g., woods. Pulneys: in and near Kodai- kanal, flowering June. Nilgiris: commoner at lower levels. fryson 312, Bourne 264, 1574. Gen. Dist. South-east Asia on mountains from Afghanistan to Ceylon, eastwards through the Malay Peninsula to China and Japan, and westwards to Mauritius. Crepis acaulis Hooker f. ; F.B.I. iii 396, CVII 8; Little Hawkweed. A small herb common in the grass of the open downs, with solitary yellow flower-heads which appear after the first showers. Rootstock perennial, as thick as a lead pencil. Leaves mostly radical, 2 to 4inches, oblanceolate, with Sheathing base; the margin with or without shallow bays and also set with small close, backward-pointing red teeth; blotched often with purple on both sides, quite glabrous. Flowering stem shorter or longer than the leaves, sparingly branched. Heads few, I to 14 inches, broad. Bracts of the involucre few, with thin purplish margins and thickened midrib ; the three outer ones about half as long as the five or six inner. Florets seven or eight, all strap-shaped, five-toothed, their backs purplish in the middle where not overlapped; the upper side pale yellow. Corolla tube hairy at the mouth. Anthers fully exserted above the mouth, sagittate. Branches of the style slender, % inch, hairy all along the outer side. Pappus very white, achenes contracted just below the top. t.174. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 118; fe; t. TEAS. On the open grass land. Nilgiris: common at Pykara (6,700 feet) and above. fF yson. Bourne 195, 400. The flowers open about Ioa.m.,, and close before 40’clock. I adopt the name Hawkweed rather than Hawksbeard for this species, though the true Hawkweeds (Hieracium) are distinguished by the bracts of the involucre remaining unaltered after flowering, the achenes not being contracted below the pappus, and in other details, because this species is much more like in habit and general appearance the Mouseear and Alpine Hawkweeds of England than to any British species of Crepis. 250 COMPOSIT&. HY POCHAERIS. F.B.I. 78 CXI. * Catsear. Annual (or perennial) herbs with leaves all near the ground and heads borne singly on nearly leafless simple or branched flower-stems (scapes). Involucral bracts in two or three rows, the outer short, the inner longer. Florets all ligulate and similar, yellow. Receptacle with scales between them. Achenes slender with ten ribs and also cross-wrinkles. Pappus hairs feathery. Species about 3 in temperate climates. Hypocheris glabra Linn.; F.B.J. iii 401, CXI I. Leaves subsessile, obovate or oblanceolate, sinuate toothed. Flower stems about a foot, simple or occasion- ally forked thickened at the top and with a few small bracts. Heads % inch. Outer bracts of involucre short; inner lengthening in fruit to % by % inch. Achenes dark brown finely ribbed and wrinkled; those of the outer florets % inch truncate, those of the inner narrowed to a slender beak bearing the pappus. A weed on road-sides in Ootacamund, flowering December. Fyson 2034. Native of Europe. TARAXACUM. F.B.1. 78 CXII. Dandelion. Herbs with milky juice, perennial rootstock, and leaves all radical, and characterised by the flower-heads on tall leafless stalks (scapes) rising straight from the root- stock ; the involucres of an inner single circle of erect bracts which do not change after flowering with several outer often recurved bracts; and the achenes extended upwards in a long beak bearing the pappus hairs which spread out horizontally like a flat umbrella. alt COMPOSITZ. 251 Florets all similar and fertile, ligulate, with five teeth anther-cells with long tails: stylar arms slender. Species about 10, in temperate and cold regions, Taraxacum officinale Linn. ; F.B.J. iii 401, CXII1; common Dandelion. Rootstock strong, vertical. Leaves all radical pinnatisect, with backward sloping segments; margins with small spine-teeth. Heads solitary on hollow scapes of about 6 inches: inner bracts erect 34 inch. Florets yellow. Achenes % inch, egg-shaped, the upper and broader end armed with teeth and prolonged into a beak 1/5 inch long. Pappus hairs feathery. As a weed. Kodaikanal. /yson. Bourne 7o1, Hooker in F.B.I. observes that it is remarkable that this plant, so common in the Himalayas, should not be found on the Khasi and Nilgiri mountains, even as a garden-escape. I have seen it only as a weed. LACTUCA. F.B.I. 78 CXIV. Herbs with milky juice and narrow heads of yellow blue or white ligulate florets, with thin involucral bracts, no scales between the florets, and achenes- narrowed upwards into a beak which ends in a small disc carrying the very soft white pappus of simple hairs. Species about 60 in the north temperate regions. Lactuca hastata D.C.; F.B.I. iii 407, CXIV 14. Stem tall, 2 to 7 feet, glabrous or roughened or sticky. Leaves 4 to 12 inches, variable in shape; usually with a narrow-stalk part extended in occasional lobes and widened to clasp the stem at its base, anda broad terminal heart-shaped part, with small sinuate-teeth. Heads several in irregular racemes or branches at the end of the stem, in the axils of narrow bracts % inch wide and I inch or more long. Involucre of several rows of bracts about % inch. Florets bluish-purple. Achenes 252 COMPOSIT 2. Y4 inch including the beak, quite flat, irregularly ribbed, suddenly contracted into a brown cleft tip in which the white beak is situated. Pappus % inch dirty white with an outer ring of bristles. Nilgiris: Forester’s hut near Ootacamund. Gourne 5218. Gen. Dist. Also temperate Himalayas and Khasi hills. SONCHUS. F.B.I. 78 CXVII. Sowthistle. Leafy herbs with milky juice and radical, or alternate and then stem-clasping leaves, and irregular umbels or corymbs of yellow flower-heads, often broadest at the base, of the CICHORIACEE& type (p. 210) (all florets ligulate and similar), on a flat receptacle, and charac- terised by the ribbed obovoid or ellipsoid compressed achenes, without beaks, and the long slender pappus hairs united at the base and falling off together. Species 24 in the north temperate regions and central Asia ; a few spread as weeds all over the world. Sonchus arvensis Linn.; F.B.I. iii 414, CXVII 2; Corn Sowthistle. Stem 1% to 2 feet with perennial rootstock. Radical leaves deeply pinnatisect, the ter- minal and each pair of lateral leaflets forming broad triangles with almost horizontal base; margin finely sinuate-spine-toothed: upper leaves lanceolate, broadest at the deeply cordate stem-clasping base. Flower-heads I inch, in an irregular umbel: involucral bracts glabrous 1Zinch. Achenes dark brown, ribbed and cross-striated, blunt above, tapering below; pappus silky. Wight fe 4, TERS. Ootacamund as a weed. Flowers in cold months. Pulneys : at lower levels. Poombari (Bourne). Gen. Dist. Wild and a weed cf cultivation in all temperate and many tropical countries. CAMPANULACEZ. 253 CAMPANULACEEF-. Herbs with alternate leaves. Flowers monopetalous with an inferior ovary, typically of three cells; rather long persistent sepals; stamens attached at the base to the corolla; and very numerous small seeds with erect embryo in endosperm. Species about 1,000, all over the world. Tribe 1: LOBELIEZ—Corolla irregular, two-lipped, and split down the back to the base: anthers united but filaments free (as in COMPOSIT#). Fruit a capsule: tall herbs with dense ses of flowers; or small herbs .o.) atin), 4) RRIGEA, Tribe If : CAMPANULE. E—Corolla regular: anthers not connected, Capsule opening inside the Sra stem very slender. priarhell)-; . ..:. . . WAHLENBERGIA, Capsule opening by slits ue tthe ade. below and between the calyx-teeth: stem erect or spreading +e Uo | GCAMPANTTEA. LOBELIA. F.B.I. IL. Flethe. tall or quite low, with alternate usually toothed leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils of leaves or of bracts, and then often in a denseterminal spike. Corolla two-lipped ; upper lip split down the back; lower three- lobed spreading. Stamens five, connected above into a tube: anthers connate, the two upper (dorsal) tipped with bristles, the three lower naked. Ovary inferior, three-celled, surmounted by three long sepals: style single, with bifid stigma. Fruit a capsule opening in two valves between the calyx-teeth. Species 200, in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Lobelia trigona Roxb.; F.B.J. iii 423, Il 1. A small delicate herb similar to the common blue Lobelia of gardens. Stem 5 to 12 inches. Leaves % to 34 inch, broadly ovate, crenate-serrate, very shortly stalked, Flowers on 254 CAMPANULACEZ. slender axillary pedicels of I inch. Calyx-tube % inch ; teeth slightly longer, linear. Corolla twice as long, blue, with unequal lobes. Anthers all tipped with a minute fringe of hairs. Capsule % to % inch, ellipsoid. Belongs properly to lower levels, e.g., Coonoor, Courtallum and Mysore, but occurs on the Nilgiri plateau at Pykara, 6,700 feet, in marshy ground, Fyson 2895, Pulneys: (below Kodaikanal), Bourne 664. Gen. Dist. South India from sea level upwards to 6,000 feet and over, Assam, Bengal, Ceylon, Burma. Lobelia excelsa Lesch.; F.B.J. iii 427,01 15. Tall coarse herbs, stem usually simple. Leaves oblanceolate obovate or elliptic, very large at the base, smaller above, soft, finely toothed. Flowers in a dense purplish brown spike, I2inches by 1% to 3inches. Calyx-tube campanu- late, % inch, tomentose; sepals 3% inch, narrow acute. Corolla about twice as long, split down the back, so that it falls down exposing the stamens. Filaments twice as long as the sepals: anthers 3/10 inch, oblong, glabrous. Fruit globular, enclosed in the calyx-tube. Wight Ic. f L372: At high levels round sholas, etc. Nilgiris: Ootacamund. Pulneys : Kodaikanal and above, /yson 299, 411, 1891, 1938, Bourne 105. Gen. Dist. Mountains of South India. At lower levels its place is taken by L. nicotianefolia Heyne ; F.B.J, iii 427, 11 14; with loosely-packed, branched spikes and larger, white, flowers; /yson1591,514; Bourne 164: and bya variety ¢vicantha of that species, which has a slendered, more branched and leafy spike; Ayson 409. WAHLENBERGIA. F.B.I. IV. Flowers of the CAMPANULA type, i.e., the corolla quite regular, bell-shaped with five lobes, and the anthers free; but differing in the capsule opening at the top, inside the sepals, CAMPANULACE. 255 Species roo mostly in the southern hemisphere, e.g,, south and tropical Africa, Madagascar, tropical and eastern Asia, Australia, New Zealand, western Europe. Wahlentergia gracilis DC.; F.BJ. iii 429, 1V 1; Hairbell. Stems several from a horizontal perennial rootstock, flexible, 2 to 12 inches. Leaves %4 to 1 inch, mostly narrow, linear or lanceolate to obovate-oblong, distantly and minutely toothed, strongly one-nerved. Flower- stalks terminal, I to 6 inches, naked or with one or more bracts and aborted buds. Receptacle (calyx-tube) 1/12 inch, campanulate; sepals longer, acute, glabrous. Corolla bell-shaped, about % inch, mauve-blue, divided nearly one-third way down into five broad lobes. Stigma three-lobed. Capsule %4 inch, egg-shaped, tapering to the stalk, opening by three valves inside the sepals. t.175. Wight Ic. t. 1175, Sp. Nilg. 124. In the grass of the open downs, very common, flowering after the first April showers. Pulneys: near and above Kodaikanal. Nilgiris: Ootacamund to Pykara and Coonoor, Fyson 412, 2891. Bourne 2, 59, 1264.* The leaves vary in shape and hairiness. CAMPANULA. Herbs with perennial rootstock, rarely annuals. Corolla bell-shaped, lobed. Anthers not united. Capsule inferior crowned by the dried sepals and opening at the sides by slits between the ribs of the ‘ calyx-tube.’ Species about 200, mostly in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, also Mediterranean, Arabia, and tropical Africa and Asia (on mountains). Campanula colorata Wail., Cat. 1287!; F.B.I. iii 440, XII 5. Stem coarsely hairy 1/12 to % inch thick, soli- tary, or several from a perennial rootstock, erect or spreading. Leaves well separated, % to 3%4 inch, obovate 256 - CAMPANULACEZ:. acute, crenate-serrate, hispid, especially on the under- side. Flowers terminating the main stem and on axillary branches, forming a broad irregular panicle. Calyx-tube % inch; sepals as long triangular. Corolla twice as long, pale purple or grey-blue with darker markings, lobed about one-third. Anthers long, attached lightly at their bases. Stigma three-lobed. Calyx-tube in fruit 14 inch, hemispheric with proportionately enlarged sepals. t. 176. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 126; Ic. t. 1178. In the grass of the open downs, flowering from May to August. Pulneys: 7,000 feet and above. Nilgiris: on the downs. J/yson 561. Bourne 305, 712, 805.* The species was founded on a Himalayan plant. I find no difference between my Pulney and the Thibetan examples at Kew. Campanula alphonsii Wall., Cat. 1296!; F.BJ. ili 440, XIII 6. Stems slender, much tufted, weak and spreading. Leaves % to % inch, obovate, narrowed to the nearly sessile base, white below, with a few rounded teeth. Flowers mostly terminal, and a few pedicelled in the upper axils. Corolla bell-shaped 34 to % inch. Wight Sp. Nile.’ £125, 1c) t- 1877. On the downs, Pulneys and Nilgiris. Sourne 283, 1578. Leaves similar in some respects to C. colorata, but more closely set and all facing upwards on the horizontal stems. The flowering part, too, not corymbosely branched. Not reported elsewhere. Campanula fulgens Wall., Cat. 1283!; F.B.L. iii 442, XII 13. Remarkable for the flowers being in groups at irregular intervals along the spike. Stem erect, I to 3 feet, and about &% inch thick, ribbed, little, if at all, branched. Leaves crowded near the ground, distant higher up, 2 to 344 by % to I inch, elliptic, narrowed at both ends, coarsely crenate-serrate, softly pubescent on the upper side, roughly hairy on the under. Spikes terminal. Flowers solitary or in bunches of two. VACCINIACE. | 257 or three at intervals of % to 2 inches, subsessile ; the top flower opening first. Bracts linear 3g inch. Calyx-tube conical % inch; sepals linear 38 inch. Corolla blue ¥% inch, very deeply divided into five oblong rounded lobes. Anthers narrow, basifixed on slender filaments with broad bases. Ovary enclosed in the ten-ribbed calyx-tube, five-celled: placentas stalked from the inner angles and bearing numerous ovules. t. 177. Wight Ges Nie. t; 127: le. t.. 1470; Tht: 196: In the grass of the open downs, flowering from May to September. Pulneys: about and above Kodaikanal abundant. Nilgiris: Dodabetta and the downs. Fyson 453, 2138. Bourne 60,113, 2707, 5207. Gem. Dist. Nilgiri, Pulney and Coorg mountains up to 8,000 feet, Khasia, Nepal Sikkim (7,000 feet), Chembi valley, Burma (4,000 feet). The opening of the topmost flower first and of the others later, in order from the base, is peculiar. It suggests a condensation in time of what one finds with some garden Campanulas, where after the first lot of flowers have withered, or perhaps before the top one which naturally opens last, a second crop appears in twos and threes at the nodes of the older, fallen, ones, If these latter (i.e., the first set) failed to appear at all, except the top one, we should get what we find in C. fulgens. VACCINIACEFE. Shrubs and trees with alternate, exstipulate, toothed, leaves, and regular monopetalous flowers characterised by their great regularity, all parts being in fives; five sepals, five corolla lobes, ten stamens, five cells to the ovary; by the stamens being quite free of the corolla (unusual in monopetale) ; by the anthers opening by pores sometimes at the end of tubular extensions; and by the inferior ovary (distinction from ERICACE). Species 350, in temperate and cold regions. VACCINIUM. F.B.I. 81 III. Shrubs and trees with alternate ovate or lanceolate leaves, and small flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or bunches. Corolla (in Indian species) egg-shaped, with five small teeth. Anthers prolonged upwards in two yf 258 VACCINIACE/#. slender tubes with terminal slits or spurs. Fruit, a globose berry crowned by the calyx-teeth, and contain- ing five or more seeds with firm smooth coat. Species 100, in northern hemisphere and mountains of the tropics. In Britain 4 species—Whortleberry, Bilberry, Cowberry, Cranberry, etc. Fy. Airelle. Ger. Blanebeere, Heidelbeere. Vaccinium leschenaultii Wight; F.B_I. iii 455, I 17. A fair sized tree, with thick rough bark. Young parts pubescent, and young leaves pinkish. Leaves 2 to 3 inches by 34 to I inch, alternate, erect and curving outwards, elliptic, acute at both ends, crenate, hard, shining ; stalks % to %4 inch: very similar to leaves of Eurya japonica except that the teeth are slightly larger and &% inch apart. Flowers in pubescent racemes, terminal and inthe upper leaf-axils ; 44 inch long, pink. Calyx 1% inch, its five teeth triangular, 1/20 to 1/16 inch, ciliate. Corolla inflated, % inch long, with five minute lobes curled back from the narrow mouth. Stamens ten: filaments 1/30 inch, very hairy at the base: anthers as long, produced intwo long white tails of 4% inch. Ovary covered by a green, ten-lobed disk: style rising from its centre and jointed to it, white with small punctate stigma. Fruit a berry, %4 to % inch, pink. Seeds light brown 1/30 inch finely wrinkled. t. 178. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 128; Ic. t. 1188.. Beddome Fl Syl) sect t GeviL Nilgiris : abundant on the plateau, near and in Ootacamund, flowering in winter months, fruiting in summer. Pulneys: in sholas at and above Kodaikanal, common. S/yson 517, 1345, 1825, 1920, 2014, 2712. Bourne 426, 1581, 2031, Gen. Dist. South Indian mountains and Ceylon. Some Nilgiri speci- mens have nearly round leaves. Vaccinium nilgherrense Wight; F.B.J. iii 454, Ill 16, with narrow leaves, pointed at each end, occurs at 5 levels, e.g., Shembaganur, Pykara rapids, ERICACE&. 259 ERICACE/A:. F.B.I. 82. Shrubs and trees with alternate or falsely whorled leaves, and perfectly regular flowers with five sepals ; a five-lobed monopetalous corolla; ten stamens, with anther cells opening at the apex; a five-celled superior ovary, and dry capsular fruit. (Distinguished from the VACCINIACE4: in the last two respects.) Species about 1,000, in all parts of the world, comprising plants of such different habit as Rhododendron and Azalea, developed chiefly on the mountains of western Asia, and Erica (Heather, Heath, Ling) a genus adapted by the small, often narrow and inrolled leaves to dry conditions and occurring exclusively in Europe and the Cape region of South Africa. In Europe Menzesia, Andromeda, Arbutus (Strawberry tree) and Arctostaphylos (Bearberry), Pyvola (Winter green) and J/onotropa (Birds- nest) belong to this or a very closely allied family. Shrub, flowers 1/6 inch, egg-shaped, white, in racemes GAULTHERIA. Tree, flower, 1 to 2 inches, bell-shaped, red, in bunches RHODODENDRON. GAULTHERIA. F.B.I. 82 I. Shrubs with persistent alternate serrulate leaves and small flowers in racemes or solitary, with bract and bracteoles. Calyx egg-shaped, persistent as a fleshy coating round the fruit. Corolla long egg-shaped with five small recurved lobes. Stamens ten; filaments broad, hairy; anther cells produced upwards into tubes and horned behind (or in other flowers smaller and without these). Ovary of five cells with many ovules in each; capsule loculicidal. Species go, mostly American. Gaultheria fragrantissima Wallich ; F.B.I. iii 457,14; a shrub with stiffly erect twigs and leaves, smelling strongly of Oil of Wintergreen when crushed, and 17-A 260 ERICACE. axillary racemes of small snow-white, heather-shaped flowers or dark blue berries. Young shoots smooth, often red, angular or com- pressed. Leaves very hard and stiff, erect or spreading ; stalks thick, red; blade ovate, rounded at the base, crenate with small points from base to apex, and ending in a short blunt point: midrib stout; nerves impressed on the upper side; veins few and impressed on both sides: upper surface glossy; under light-coloured, dotted with black or brown glands. Calyx-teeth triangular, 1/20 inch: bracteoles below it 1/16 inch, ovate acute. Corolla egg-shaped, more or less five-angled, ¥% inch long and broad at its widest; mouth 1/3° inch, with minute teeth: fragrant. Stamens ten; filaments broadest about the middle; anthers 1/20 inch, brown, attached by their backs, flask-shaped and narrowed upwards, ending in four horns, and opening outwards by slits near the top. Ovary green, minutely pubescent, ten-lobed ; style straight ; stigma minute, in a terminal depression. Berry ¥%4 inch, dull cobalt blue with red stalk, impressed at the top with five radiating marks. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 130; t, 1195. Very common round sholas, in thickets and on the open downs. Pulneys: abundant near Kodaikanal, flowering before the summer : Nilgiris abundant ; Ootacamund, Pykara, Coonoor ; flowering early, and fruiting in May and June. Syson 341, 1036, 1130, Bourne 95, 4589. Gen. Dist. Himalayas from Nepal westwards ; mountains of Burma, South India and Ceylon. The fruit is more like an apple than an ordinary berry, for the seeds are not immersed in the flesh but enclosed in the cells of the ovary, ‘separate from the flesh outside them. Honey is secreted round the base of the ovary and held in by the ten little pockets between it and the stamens, and prevented from flowing out by the enlargements of the filaments. The anthers swing easily on their filaments, and their horns touch the inside of the corolla, They open outwards and any pollen that may be set free is caught by the hairs on the inside of the corolla, which are directed towards the base (i.¢., upwards as the flower hangs) and thereby prevented from falling out. The honey can be obtained only by an insect clever enough to hang on the flower and probe upwards, The narrow entrance to the flower would cause the ERICACEA:. 261 proboscis to touch the style first and leave on the cup-shaped stigma any pollen it might bring. The proboscis would then curve round the ovary and against the corolla and so come into contact with the horns of a stamen and shake pollen out of the anther on to it. The floral mechanism thus appears to be very similar to that of the English Bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Sp7. RHODODENDRON. This genus includes both the Rhododendrons and the Azaleas of English gardens; the former with evergreen leaves and flowers in close bunches, the latter with annual leaves and more scattered flowers. Shrubs and small trees with alternate often leathery leaves and large winter buds. Flowers regular or nearly so. Corolla five-lobed. Stamens ten, not attached to the corolla. Ovary five to twenty-celled with single style and capitate stigma, which like the stamens is slightly bent upwards. Fruit a woody capsule, opening from the top downwards into its component carpels but leaving a central axis. Seeds many and small. Species about 200, with numerous natural varieties: and now, in cultivation, many hybrids and garden varieties. For the most part natives of the region between southern China and the south-west Himalayas, but extending also to Japan, the islands north of it, and North America, on the one side; and on the other to the Caucasus and southern Europe (4 sp.). North Australia has one species and South India one. The Rhododendrons of English gardens have nearly all sprung, from seed collected by the late Sir Dr. J. H. Hooker in the Sikkim Himalayas (1847-51). Rhododendron arboreum Sm.; F-.B.I. iii 465, VIII Io. A small tree with stiff elliptical white-backed leaves, erect in bud, and masses of blood-red or crimson flowers, very conspicuous in January. Height I5 to 20 feet; bark very thick and rough. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, acute at both ends, rusty or silvery-white underneath, dark green above, very coria- ceous and stiff, with strongly recurved margins; in bud erect and showing their silvery backs, later spreading 262 PRIMULACEA. or drooping, but stiffly; about two and a half times as long as broad, 3 to 6 inches long, with stalk of % to 34 inch. Flowers subsessile, in dense terminal bunches 4 to 8 inches across. Bud of the whole inflorescence egg-shaped, with at the base three or four rows of empty, closely imbricate, % to 34 inch, broadly-ovate and apiculate bracts, with scarious and ciliate margin and tomentose backs: inner flowering bracts’ similar. Corolla 11% inches long and wide, red. Capsule oblong, 34 by 38 inch, woody. t. 179. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 131. Very common on both plateaus. Nilgiris : everywhere, quite common in and near Ootacamund. Pulneys: conspicuous on exposed hill-tops where, apparently, its thick bark enables it to stand the yearly grass fires without hurt. S/ysow 340. Bourne 48. Gen. Dist. Mountains of South India, Himalayas, Burma. PRIMULACEFE. Perennial herbs with alternate or opposite, often radical, leaves; and perfectly regular flowers with five- lobed calyx, five-lobed monopetalous corolla, five sta- mens attached to the corolla tube opposite its lobes, superior ovary of one cell with free central placenta covered with kidney-shaped ovules, and capsular fruit opening by a transverse slit or in valves. Species 100, chiefly in temperate and Alpine regions. In Europe are Primula (Primrose, Cowslip, 7y. Primevére, Ger. Schliis- seldume) ; Hottonia (Water-violet); Cyclamen; Centunculus; Glaux ; Samolus (Brookweed) ; Lysimachia ; Anagallis. Capsule opening by valves ~ es a he Capsule opening by transverse slit . . . . . ANAGALLIS. LYSIMACHIA. F.B.I. 87 V. Stem herbaceous, erect orcreeping. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple. Flowers in racemes, or solitary at the leaf-axils. Coroila twisted in bud (distinction from PRIMULACE#. 263 Primula, etc.). Stamens attached to the base of the corolla and opposite its lobes. Ovary globose: style slender, persistent on the capsule which opens by valves. Seeds many with thick tight seed-coat. Species about 60, mostly in the sub-tropical and temperate climates of the northern hemisphere but a few also in tropical and southern Africa, Australia and South America. In Britain 4 species—Loosestrife , Yellow Pimpernel, etc. Lysimachia leschenaultii Duby; F.B.I. iii 501, V1; Pink Loosestrife. *(Ordinary form). A small herb, perennial by a knotted rootstock. Stem round, pubescent, reddish, clothed to the base by the green or withered leaves. Leaves opposite or nearly so, often tufted because of axillary buds, oblanceolate, entire, finely white-dotted © below, glabrous above and mottled with brown internal glands, herbaceous, erect: veins green, scarcely visible. Flowers in a close terminal handsome raceme 2 to 4 inches long, pink. Bracts linear, 4 inch: pedicel % to I inch, slender. Sepals % inch, lanceolate, acuminate, with thin margins. Corolla tube short; lobes (petals) obovate, % inch, spreading. Stamens slightly longer, spreading and well exserted. Fruit a perfectly round capsule, 4 to % inch, sitting inside the now recurved sepals, and surmounted by the filiform ™%4 inch style; at length opening in five or six oblong valves which spread out flat. Seeds about eleven, black, with rounded outer (dorsal) side and ridged inner, and covered all over. with a fine raised network. t. 180. Wight Ic. t. 1204; Sp. Nilg. t. 132. In wet places, very common on the Pulneys, on the open downs and round the shores of the lake at Kodaikanal. Nilgiris : near Ootacamund but not common; on the downs to Pykara and Kotagiri, yson 290, 678, 456, 2058. Bourne 58, Gen. Dist. These mountain-tops only. 264 PRIMULACE. ** (Large form). Stem as thick as a lead pencil, growing up to 4 feet, finely pubescent with red or yellow hairs, not so well clothed as the ordinary form, because the axillary buds are not so leafy. Leaves spreading, narrowed to the broad short stalk, elliptic, acute, margin finely waved, pinkish and the veins purple, with numerous superficial purple dots of various sizes, and also internal brown glands. Flowers in racemes terminating the axis and branches: lower bracts leaf- like, longer than the pedicels, which run up to 1% inches. Sepals % inch, mauve. Corolla pink, funnel-shaped ; tube 1/16 inch; lobes 4% inch; the lowest 1/12 inch contracted to slightly less than the tube, the upper \4% inch, flat and spreading, broadly obovate. Stamens at the mouth of the corolla, exactly equal to the petals; filaments subulate, pink, anthers dark purple. Pulneys: in sholas, higher than Kodaikanal. S/yson 2059. Bourne 1852.* The height, 6 to 8 feet, given in F.B.I. is unusual and perhaps due to an error in the reading of a Collector’s note on a sheet at Kew (which rather lends itself to such a mistake). The plant is usually much less, This species is closely allied to and somewhat similar to the European L. vulgaris. Ang. Yellow Loosestrife. 4. Corneille. Ger, Goldfelberich. Lysimachia deltoides Wight, Cat.109!; F.B.I. iii 505, V 14; Creeping Jenny. A trailing herb with, mostly opposite, ovate leaves and flat yellow flowers; closely allied to and not unlike the Creeping Jenny of England. Stem slender, round, pubescent, purple or brownish, prostrate; all except the corolla hairy or pubescent. Lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, their stalks to 14 inch, brownish purple like the stem; blades broadly ovate, of the lowest leaves as little as inch long, of the middle ones 34 by % inch larger or smaller, usually more or less erect. Pedicels solitary in the leaf-axils, slender, 34 to2inches. Sepals % inch, lanceolate, acute, covered outside and in with small red glands. Petals %4 by 1/5 PRIMULACE. 265 inch, ovate, obtuse, with a few red glands, and connected only at the base into a tube of 1/20 inch. Stamens five: filaments connate at the base into a tube 1/20 inch, seated on the corolla tube and bent abruptly inwards above: anthers 1/16 inch opening inwards. Fruit a capsule. t.181. WightIll. t. 144. On cool shady banks and on the open damp hill-side. Pulney downs: in and near Kodaikanal. Nilgiris: Ootaca- mund, Pykara and Coonoor. /yson 310, 2125. Sourne 1157. Gen, Dist, Ceylon, Nilgiris and Pulney mountains only. All the sheets from both the Nilgiri and Pulney mountains at Kew (August 1914) are namedin Sir J. D. Hooker’s writing “ var cordifolia.” Wight’s Herb. Prop. No. 109, named by him ‘ L, deltoides A.W.” and presumably therefore the type plant, is a Ceylon specimen. I am unable to distinguish it from ours. 4 Closely allied to the European L. nummularia L., Zug. Creeping Jenny or Money-wort, /v. Chasseborse, Gey. Egelkraut ; and also to L. nemorum Z., Zmg. Yellow Pimpernel, 7. Corneille de bois, ANAGALLIS. F.B.I. 87 VIL. Slender herbs with opposite entire leaves and solitary blue or red flowers stalked, without bracteoles in the leaf- axils, and characterised by the flat corolla of five lobes twisted in bud, the filaments of the stamens hairy, and the globose, circumciss, capsule (opening by a transverse slit). Seeds numerous plano-convex, attached by the middle. Species in north temperate regions and temperate South America, Anagallis arvensis Linn. ; F.B.I. iii 506, VIL 1 ; common Pimpernel. Stem weak, four-angled. Leaves opposite, subsessile, ovate, glabrous, gland-dotted, entire. Flowers on long slender pedicels in the leaf-axils. Sepals five, linear, 4% inch. Corolla % inch, pink or less often blue. Capsule globose surmounted by the style, and opening by an equatorial split. Seeds many. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 133 (A. latifolia). 266 MYRSINACEA:. Nilgiris : Lovedale and Ootacamund. Pulneys: Shembaga- nur. Sourne 430. A common weed of cultivation in the cooler temperate regions. Known also in England as Poorman’s Weatherglass, “vy. Meuronne des champs, Ger. Roter Gauchheil. MYRSINACEFE. Shrubs and small trees with alternate simple gland- dotted leaves, and regular flowers: corolla monopetalous with short teeth and usually five lobes: stamens as many opposite the lobes ; anthers opening by slits (not terminal pores): ovary one-celled with free central placenta : fruit small, sub-baccate: seeds one or more, globose, with transverse embryo, and endosperm pitted or indented by the folding of the inner seed coat. Species 500, all tropical or sub-tropical, Leaves toothed: flowers in racemes , .-. . . . MASA, Leaves entire with brown glands: flowers fascicled , MYRSINE, Leaves entire: flowers pink in racemes, . . . . ARDISIA. MASSA. F.B.I. 88 I. Shrubs and small trees with alternate, entire or toothed, leaves and small flowers in terminal or axillary simple or branched racemes, with a small bract subtend- ing the pedicel, and two bracteoles at the base of the calyx. Sepals, corolla lobes, and stamens five. Fruit enclosed, not quite to the top, in the calyx-tube. Species 35; or according to some authors, by splitting of species, Over 100, Mesa perrottetiana DC. ; F.B.I. under M. indica Wall., iii 509, I 5.* Shrub, with much-lenticelled twiggy branches. Leaf-stalks 34 inch: blades variable, usually broadly ovate, narrowed at the base, acute or shortly acuminate with sharp triangular serrations, glabrous: MYRSINACE&. 267 nerves about eight to ten on each side nearly straight. Racemes slender, 2 to 4 inches, sometimes branched: pedicels % inch. Sepals not ciliate. Corolla when open % inch. Fruit 4 inch globose, with calyx-teeth show- ing near the top, and surmounted by the small style. Seeds many on a round placenta which projects into the hollow of the fruit from oneside. Wight Ic. t. 1206; Sp. Nilg. t. 134. Nilgiris : very common in the shola at Kotagiri. Coonoor: not at higher levels. Also Shevaroys at Yercaud. /yson 1726, 41, Sourne Coonoor, etc, This was included by C. B. Clarke in F.B.I. under M. indica Wall. asa variety. JI have not seen Roxburgh’s plant (Wallich’s type) but it was a native of Chittagong (Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Carey and Wallick ii 230) and examples from the same district have sinuate almost entire, not sharply serrate Jeaves, much shorter and more divided axillary panicles of flowers and ciliate sepals, Whether these differences are of specific or varietal rank must largely be a matter of opinion. MY RSINE. Shrubs and trees with rather thick branchlets on which the flowers are closely set in small fascicles, and small one-seeded fruits, with the endosperm more or less indented by the seed-coat. Species about roo, natives mostly of the tropics of Asia, Africa and America, a few in extra-tropical Africa, the Atlantic islands and New Zealand, C. Mez in a monograph of the family (Das Pflazenreich iv 236) makes 143 species, nearly all of which he puts in ina new genus RAPANEA leaving only 4 to MYRSINE proper and 3 between two other genera. RAPANEA is separated from MYRSINF because of the absence of any style between the ovary and the large stigma, and the much less ruminate endosperm. Myrsine wightiana Wall., Cat. 2300! (Rapanea of Mez.); F.B.I. as M. capitellata var lanceolata, iii 512; II 3.* A tree with erect gland-streaked leaves, mostly at the ends of the branchlets and small flowers thickly set lower down on them. Tree with ascending branches, occasionally very large ; when small pyramidal or sharply pointed in outline. 268 MYRSINACEZ. Leaves erect, 1% to 3 inches by 34 to 1% inches, oblan- ceolate-obtuse, narrowed to the short stalk; upper side dark dull green, underside with translucent dots or narrow streaks (oil glands). Flowers fascicled in the axils of the fallen leaves on pedicels of % to % inch. Petals 1/12 inch. Ovary 1/16 inch, with a thick stigma, equally long, jointed to it. Fruit 4 inch globose, occa- sionally fleshy on the outside and then 4 inch: stigma long persistent but at length falling. t. 182. Wight So. Nile. € 137; icc F218. Nilgiris: on the plateau ; very common in and near Oota- camund and down to Coonoor, Pulneys: in some of the sholas on the downs above Kodaikanal as very large trees, pedicels of flowers longer, /ysoz 2127, 1890, 1719. Sourne 481. Gen. Dist. These hills, Western Ghats, Bababoodons. Myrsine capitellata Wall. Cat. 2296! with which this is united in F.B.1. as a variety, is a Nepal plant with much larger leaves and nearly sessile flowers. The ascending branches and erect leaves, of our plant, are very characteristic, as also are the flowers and small fruits thickly set on the branchlets just below their leafy tips, much as in Eurya japonica (p. 42), from which species however, even in fruit, the toothless leaves, their oil-glands, and the single seed, at once distinguish our plant, The fleshy covering to the fruit I have found very perfect on the Ootacamund downs in May. Possibly, as suggested by Wallich this is in the nature of a gall. A similar growth on M. africana Z. had been noticed before and appears (as seen by me on a South African specimen) very similar, The ‘scales’ of Clarke’s vay lepidocarpon (F.B.I. /.c.) (Fyson 2581 *) and the ‘‘ emergences” of Mez. (J.c. s. 10) appear to be the dried and decaying remains of this. ARDISIA. F.B.I. 88 V. Ardisia humilis Vahl; F.B.I. iii 529, V 45. A tree with alternate 6 by 2 inches, entire, leaves; axillary 3 or 4 inches, racemes of pink flowers; and globular fruit, with a single seed. Pulneys: possibly at Kodaikanal. Bourne 610, Common at low levels throughout India, SAPOTACE:. 269 SAPOTACE£E. Trees and shrubs with rust-coloured tomentum on the younger parts; alternate, leathery, entire, leaves ; and axillary clusters of perfectly regular monopetalous flowers, with four to eight sepals in one or two whorls, a four or five-lobed corolla and a superior ovary of as many one-seeded cells: characterised by the seed having a very hard shiny coat and long hilum-scar, and in many, but not all cases, by there being developed on the backs of the corolla-segments other lobes, so that there appear to be several concentric circles of petals, and by the presence often of two or three circles of stamens and an inner circle of staminodes. Species 350 in the tropics of the whole world. On the plains Bassaia, Mimusops, and Achras sapota the Sapodilla (cultivated). SIDEROXY LON. F.B.I. 89 III. Trees with alternate entire leathery leaves, rusty- tomentose on the young parts and flower-stalks. Flowers clustered at the leaf-axils, subsessile or shortly pedi- celled. Sepals five, imbricate. Corolla tube campanu- late; lobes five. Stamens five attached to the base of the corolla; staminodes five lanceolate. Ovary villous, five-celled. Berry egg-shaped, with five or four seeds. Species 60, mostly in the tropics. Sideroxylon tomentosum Roxb.; F.B.I. iii 538, Ul 7. Easily recognised when in flower by the downward pointing closed flowers, like sharp cones with protruding curved style. A small tree: young shoots, sepals, and veins, and upper side of petioles, rusty tomentose. Branches hori- zontal; twigs lenticelled. Leaves alternate, erect and spreading : often arched and margin recurved. Petiole 270 SAPOTACEA. 4 inch: blade 1% to 4% inches by 3% to 2 inches, elliptic or obovate, entire, glabrous except for a little tomentum on the impressed veins, shiny, hard: nerves about eight on each side, reticulation fine. Flowers two. or three together in the upper axils, facing downwards. Pedicel % inch, rusty. Sepals four to five, triangular acute, 1/5 inch, very rusty. Corolla tube % inch: lobes acute slightly longer than the sepals, with the edges curved inwards as they fade. Staminodes five, alternate with the petals, and close against the ovary, acuminate, contracted at the base, fimbriate densely hairy on the inside. Stamens between and inside the staminodes: filaments half the corolla lobes; anthers acute, half the filaments. Ovary very hairy ; style slender, long exserted. Fruit sitting on the dried calyx, the size of a small Indian egg, one to five-celled, with milky flesh, smelling like a green apple. Seeds one in each cell, with very hard, brown shiny coat which is incomplete and leaves a long gash on the inner, ventral, side; endosperm white, oily, embryo straight cotyledons thin. t.183. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 141. In sholas on the Nilgiri and Pulney plateaus, common, flushing a blaze of scarlet with young leaves in December. Flower and fruit before the rains. Especially common between Ootacamund and Pykara. /yson 2006, 2468, 2483. Bourne ou7.* Gen. Dist. Western Ghats; Pegu and Martaban (F.B.I, fide Kurz.), Ceylon. I have found, on an occasional flower, tiny scales on the outside of the petals, near the tip. The mechanism of pollination appears to be as follows : The buds point downwards at about half a right angle, with the style protruding and always curled upwards. The stigma appears to be receptive at an early stage, though more so later on. When the flower opens the petals spread widely, with the anthers which have already dehisced, pressed up against them by their stiff filaments. The staminodes are curled inwards with rounded backs and tips curled up against the style, so covering the nectariferous disc. This latter is usually dry, but SYMPLOCACE&. 271 if stimulated by the contact of a bristle becomes wet with a copious exudation of honey. An insect visiting the flower for honey would have to hang on the flower and in probing for the narrow slits between the staminodes, by which alone access to the honey is possible, would shake the corolla and be dusted with pollen : the style being curled upwards out of the way would not receive this pollen. The flower closes again before drop- ping off, and autogamy would occur as the corolla and stamens fell off past the style. SYMPLOCACEF-. included in F.B.I. in STYRACACEA&, only genus. SYMPLOCOS. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, stalked, glossy. Flowers in the leaf-axils, solitary or in fascicles or short spikes or racemes, quite regular. Sepals five. Corolla of three to eleven petals, more or less united at the base. Stamens attached to the corolla, four to many, in one or more series. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, of two to five cells, each with two to four ovules. Style slender: stigma capitate. Fruit a berry, but usually with only one seed. Seed-coat thin: endosperm thick: embryo straight or curved, with large radicle and very short cotyledons. Species 280 (Brand in Das Pflanzenreich IV 242). Natives of the tropics of America and Australia. MeN ee at ie a ee Bo Se ee Leaves serrate right tothe base . .-. ... S. foliosa, Serrations dying out about the middle . . . , S. spicata. Leaves with shallow crenations ., ....., S. obtusa. Symplocos spicata Roxb., var laurina Wall., Cat. 4416!; FBT. iii 573,12. A small tree with smooth grey bark, covered with lichen, like an English Beech. Branches numerous, several often arising together, with numerous leaf-scars, which are at first flat with a barely visible, raised centre, later on depressed round this 272 SYMPLOCACEZ. central bundle-scar. Leaf-stalks stout, 34 by % inch, the older often scarred below, obscurely channelled above. Leaves pendant, very thick, glossy like the common Laurel of English gardens, ovate-elliptic, serrate, the teeth extending from the apex where they are 1/16 inch apart, to about two-thirds of the way down, and there a inch apart but barely visible: midrib stout, nerves about seven on each side, very slender. Spikes of flowers axillary and branched near the base, cymosely, into three, with two ovate clasping bracts; pubescent. Flowers sessile, with a small bract and two equally small brac- teoles. Ovary inferior, covered by a green disc, Calyx- teeth triangular, 1/30 inch. Petals % inch, white, but later tinged with yellow, rounded, united at the base in a very short tube, to which are attached the numerous stamens. Filaments straight, 4% to ™% inch, white: anthers minute, yellow. Style as long, widening at the tip to the small yellow stigma. Fruit 1/5 inch, nearly globose, ribbed or smooth with short broad calyx-tube above. Wight Ill. t. 150. This variety (Jawrvima) has shorter spikes and larger flowers than the © type and often smaller leaves. Kotagiri specimens have however large leaves. Pulneys: on the downs above Kodaikanal, by streams. Nilgiris: Kotagiri, Coonoor and lower levels down to 3,000 feet on the Mysore plateau. /yson 427, 1121, 1706, 3040. Bourne 172, 1356. Gen. Dist. (of the species) from Sikkim through Khasia and Assam to Burma and Malacca, China, Japan, Australia and lolynesia (a variety or possibly another species. ) The white flowers are at first sight very like those of the Black-thorn and smelling much the same, might easily be mistaken by any sats acquainted with the English flora for one of the family ROSACEA, espe- cially as the tubular part of the corolla is excessively short, and being covered by the stamens does not appear till the corolla is removed. Symplocos foliosa Wight ; F.B.I. iii 582,139. A tree with smooth grey bark, lumpy foliage, large silky leaf- buds, flowers 44 or /% inch, in short axillary spikes; SYMPLOCACE&. 273 and peculiar in the toothing of the leaves which extends from the apex almost to the stalk. Young parts and leaf-stalks hairy, older branchlets glabrous with but few lenticels. Leaf-stalks 4 to % inch: blades ovate or broadly elliptic, 2 to6 by 1% to 24 inches, acute or acuminate, serrate almost to the base: leaf-buds % inch, globular, silky. Flower-spikes erect, strongly pubescent: flowers subsessile. Calyx-tube %% inch, pubescent. Corolla %inch. Stamens very many (forty). Fruit erect, yellowish green, ¥% by % inch, oblong, rounded at both ends, with a small calyx-scar at the top. t.184. Wight Ic. 1234 and 1235. In sholas where it may be recognised by its lumpy foliage, on both plateaus ; flowering winter and spring, fruiting early summer. Not elsewhere. Fyson 1895, 2079, 2585. Bourne 473, 1498, 1588. In its smooth bark and silky young leaves it reminds one of the English Beech. Symplocos obtusa Wall.; FBI. iii 583, I 43. A tree, all parts glabrous. Branches sub-umbelled, usually four at a forking; youngest tinged with purple; the previous year’s with thin almost black bark, marked with a few longitudinal lenticels ; older with grey bark. Leaf-scars 4 inch across: leaf-stalks 1% inch, purple: blades erect, 2 to 34% by 1to1\% inches, elliptic or obovate- elliptic, emarginate or obtuse, shallowly crenate except near the acute base, with minute points in the crenations, thickly coriaceous ; margins reflexed; nerves about six pairs, translucent. Spikes axillary, Ito 2inches. Flowers five to eight, white, % inch across, quite glabrous: bracts % inch soon falling. Calyx-tube sessile, % inch: lobes rounded, 1/20 inch. Petals 1/5 inch, concave tinged on the outside, like the calyx lobes, with pink: tube 1/50 inch. Stamens many, the innermost shortest: disc to which they are attached glabrous. Stigma 18 | | 274 OLEACE. three-lobed, velvety, dark brown. Scent very slight. t.185. Wight Sp. Nilg. t. 146; Ic. t. 1233. Pulneys: in sholas above Kodaikanal. Nilgiris: about Ootacamund flowering spring months. /yson 2368. Gen. Dist. South Indian mountain tops only. Examples from Ceylon though nearly allied appear to be different. Symplocos pendula Wight; F.B.I. iii 587, I 60. A tree with erect entire smooth leaves and small pinkish flowers and narrow oblong fruits, hanging at the leaf-axils. Tree up to 20 feet: bark rough. Leaves smooth and glossy, quite entire, obovate or elliptic, acute at both ends or bluntly acuminate 2 to 3% by I to 2 inches, erect on the short pink stalk: midrib strongly impressed on the upper side. Flowers two or three together at the leaf-axils: pedicels % inch, with a small bract at the base, and broadening above into the %-inch calyx-tube. Corolla % inch, pink. Style longer, with capitate stigma. Fruit oblong, rounded at each end, hanging, with the dried calyx lobes at the base quite small and contracted and enclosing one stone. t. 186. Wight Ic. t. 1237. Pulneys: in.sholas on the downs 7,000 feet and above. Not onthe Nilgiris. /yson 2096. Bourne 397, 425. Gen. Dist. Also Ceylon. OLEACEFE. Privet and Jasmine. Shrubs, sometimes climbing, and trees, with opposite leaves. Flowers regular with small calyx, a mono- petalous corolla of five or more lobes, but only two stamens, and superior ovary of two cells each with one seed. Fruit a capsule drupe or berry. Species 300 in tropical and temperate regions. The family is divided into four tribes represented by (i) Jasmine, (ii) © Lilac, (iii) Ash and (iv) Olive and Privet. The first and last only of these are represented here. OLEACE&, 275 imbricate in bud ; ‘ . Dp. 275. JASMINUM. Flowers 4 inch, in panicles : petals not overlapping. . b | Flowers 14 inch, or more, solitary or few: petals a | Endcap bony: leaves 2 by 2 inches. . /, 278, OLEA. b Endocarp bony : leaves 6 by 2 inches, £, 277. LINOCIERA. Endocarp thin, papery: leaves lanceolate . . . fp. 279, LIGUSTRUM. JASMINUM. F.B.I. 92 I. Shrubs or woody climbers with opposite, simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers with narrow tube and spreading lobes, imbricatein bud. Fruita two-lobed berry (unless one carpel fails to develop), each lobe with one seed in which the radicle points downwards. Species 140 to 160 nearly all in the tropics of Asia and Africa ; and of these over 50 in India. Many have particularly fragrant flowers and are common as cultivated plants, e.g., J. sambac 4zz., on the plains and all over the tropics of both hemispheres : J. officinale Z., the common white-flowered climber of English and our hill gardens, but a native of Kashmir and Persia. Jasminum sambac Ait., var heyneana; F-B.J. iii 591, II. Scandent with thin flexible stem. Leaves simple, ovate with rounded or cuneate base, acute or obtuse, nearly glabrous, 4% to 1% inches. Cymes three-flowered. Calyx-teeth 1/16 to 1/8 inch. Corolla tube 1/2 inch. Pulneys: near Kodaikanal in Bearshola. Bourne 2380.* Clarke in F.B.I. suggests that this is a cultivated variety. Jasminum brevilobum DC.; F.B.I. iii 600, 133. A shrub with weak scandent softly hairy branches, shortly stalked ovate leaves and terminal bunches of white flowers. Branches terete pubescent. Leaf-stalks % inch: blade 1% by I inch, ovate with very rounded or sub- cordate base and small mucro, entire; pubescent on the underside like the stalk, less so or nearly glabrous on the upper; sometimes with, sometimes without, a pair of 18-a : 276 OLEACEZ. small lobes or leaflets. Flowers in terminal capitate cymes. Corolla tube I inch, lobes % inch. Carpels in fruit black, % inch. t, 187. In thickets and on the outskirts of sholas, common on both plateaus. Nilgiris: everywhere about Ootacamund, flowering after the monsoon rains, and down at least to Kotagiri and Neduwattum. Pulneys: not on the highest levels but below at Poombari, flowering June. /yson 1862, 1888, 2939. Bourne 4784, 4651, 3051.* Gen, Dist. South Indian hills. Jasminum auriculatum Vail; F.B.J. iii 600, I 32. Similar to S. brevilobum DC., but leaves nearly glabrous, flowers smaller, and in open compound cymes peduncled in the upper axils. Corolla tube % inch: lobes % inch. Fruit 4 inch. Wight Ic. tt. 1255, 1256. Nilgiris: Ootacamund Wight. Pulneys: Bearshola near Kodaikanal Bourne 1590. Courtallum Foulkes. ; one properly to lower levels and is cultivated in many parts of nala, Jasminum bignoniaceum Wail. ex DC.; F.B.I. included in Jasminum humile Linn., iii 602; I 40;* Golden Trumpet. An erect shrub with numerous green, very angular branches: bud scales persistent as a cup at the base of the year’s shoot: youngest parts pubescent. Leaves alternate, I to 3 inches, pinnate with about seven leaf- lets: main stalk grooved above, green: leaflets 4% by 14 inch, elliptic-acute at both ends, or diamond-shaped, dull green on both sides. Flowers solitary or in dense cymes at the ends of the twigs, full yellow: pedicel 4% inch, pubescent, expanded below the calyx. Calyx 1/12 inch ; teeth five, triangular, very small. Corolla-tube % to 5@ inch, 1/16 inch wide at the base and ¥% inch just below the spreading %4 inch limb of five triangular — lobes. Anthers 1% inch, sessile near the top of the tube, opening inwards. Style bent, appressed to one side of OLEACE&. 277 the corolla-tube at the base; stigma large, exserted above the corolla. Fruit of two globose berries, 4 to % inch each. Wight Sp. Nilg. I5I. Nilgiris : near sholas, all over the downs flowering April. Pulneys: Glen falls near Kodaikanal, etc., apparently nowhere else. Fyson 295, 2554, 1692. Gourne 228. The style is too long for the bud and is bent up inside it. When the flower opens the style straightens and carries the apparently ripe stigma outside and well above the anthers. The stigma is large and could hardly fail to be touched by an insect visiting the flower. I have not seen authentic specimens of J. humile Z., with which this is united in F.B.I.; but in his description (Sp. Pl.) Linnzeus says distinctly ‘*leaves trifoliate, very seldom pinnate.” He gives no country of origin, and Aiton, to whom reference is made, in Hortus Kewensis, only says that it isa garden plant brought from Italy. De Candolle in Prod. VIII, Pp. 313, gives France and Spain as the home of plant. The figure in Bot. Reg., t. 350, shows trifoliate leaves and a salver-shaped corolla, i.e,, with narrow tube and spreading lobes, clearly a different plant from ours. J. wallichianum Lind]. Bot. Mag. t. 1409, a synonym in the F.B.I., isa native of Nepal and has pinnate leaves, larger than our plant and more like J. officinale, but the flowers of J. humile Z. J. chrysanthemum of Roxburgh appears from his description tobe the same, J. revolutum Sims, Bot. Reg. t. 1731, another synonym, has larger leaflets and very much larger flowers, with wide spreading lobes and short tube. I cannot doubt that all these are really distinct from our plant, and have therefore gone back to Wallich’s name, published by De Candolle. Other sheets at Kew from South India are Gardner in 1847. Hooker and Thompson No. 2888. W. Russell in 1838. Foulkes *‘ J. revolutum in 1850 and 1851. Hohenacker No. 1079. Wight Kew Dist. 1753. LINOCIERA. FBI. 92 VII. Shrubs or trees with the characters of the family (q.v.), but simple entire leaves and axillary panicles of small flowers, characterised by the four petals being separate or connected only at the base, and valvate in bud ; the fruit with hard endocarp anda single pendulous seed. Species 40, in the tropics. Linociera intermedia Wight; F.B.I. iii 609, VII 6. A tree. Leaves 6 to 8 inches by 2 to 3 inches, obovate- acute at both ends, shortly stalked, glabrous, with about 278 OLEACE&, ten pairs of nerves. ‘“‘Panicles 3 to 4 inches. Flowers Yinch. Calyx 1/16 inch. Fruit % by % inch.” Pulneys : Gundan shola. Bourne 1267. (No flowers or fruit seen.) Nilgiris: on the eastern slopes. Wight. OLEA. F.B.I. 92 VIII. Olive. Shrubs and trees with opposite leaves and terminal or axillary panicles of small flowers with four small calyx points, four corolla lobes folded inwards not twisted in bud, two stamens, an ovary of two cells each with two pendulous ovules, and fruit an ellipsoid or nearly globular drupe resting in the cup-shaped enlarged top of stalk, with one seed only enclosed by a hard bony endocarp (distinction from LIGUSTRUM). Species about 35, from the north temperate zone south- wards to South Africa and New Zealand. Olea bournei Fyson ; VIII 2.* 4,2... . 5 « . 52 0°30 ee ASCLEPIADACE&. 283 Tylophora mollissima Wight, Herb. Prop. 15401, “tecy ly Pe iv 43; KAXVIIG: Softly hairy in all green parts. Leaf-stalks 46 to iy inch: blades 1% to 24% by % to I inch, oblong lanceolate, acute. Racemes 2 to 4 inches, zigzag, with two or more flowers at the bends on very slender %-inch pedicels. Flower ¥% inch. Fruit not seen. Nilgiris: Kotagiri. Pulneys: shola by Pamban stream. Possibly not truly above the 6,500 feet level. yson. Bourne aoc, L135-" Gen. Dist Nowhere else, but closely allied to T. hirsuta of Assam, Khasia and Himalayas. Tylophora tenuis B/l.; FBI. iv 42, XXXVI 13. Stems slender, quite glabrous. Leaf-stalks % inch: blades lanceolate with rounded base, I to 2% by % to 34 inch: nerves few, indistinct. Racemes 2 inches with two or three bunches of small dark purple flowers on stalks of 44 to % inch. Follicles 3 inches, slender. Pulneys: Kodaikanal and below. Properly belongs to lower levels, e.g., Kotagiri, Shembaganur. /yson 1490, 1913. Bourne 275, 464. Gen. Dist. On the plains of Bengal near Calcutta, to Ceylon, Burma and Malacca. HOYA. F.B.I. 95 XLIV. Woody climbers with thick leaves, and umbels stalked in one only of a pair of opposite leaf-axils. Flowers medium or large sized, not small: corolla lobes valvate (not overlapping) in bud and spreading out flat (stellate), very thick and waxy. Corona of five thick flat lobes. Anthers with membranous erect or inflexed tip. Polliniums solitary (ten in all), erect. Pods slender, pointed. Species about 60 in the hotter parts of Asia and Australia, most abundant in the Malay Archipelago. Some cultivated in gardens for their waxy-looking flowers. 284 ASCLEPIADACE. Hoya ovalifolia Wight and Arnott ; Wight’s Herb. Prop. 1522 & 2213; FBI. iv 60, XLIV 33. Stem thinner than a lead pencil, glabrous. Leaves elliptic but variable, very thick, shortly stalked. Pedun- cles I inch stout. Pedicel % to 34 inch. Flowers 4% inch: petals ‘pale straw coloured, broad, acute: coronal lobes ovate obtuse, the broader ends inwards, concave above, inner angle cuspidate.’ Pulneys: by the Pamban stream. Bourne 1125. Nilgiris and Mangalore. Wight. Ceylon. Very doubtfully native of these high levels. CEROPEGIA. F.B.I. 95 L. Distinguished from all other plants by the corolla—a tube narrow in the middle, inflated at the base (round the ovary and stamens), and enlarged again at the tip and there closed in except for five lens-shaped openings. Herbs or woody plants with tuberous rootstock and opposite ovate lanceolate or linear (not cordate) leaves. Flowers in axillary peduncled, umbel-like cymes. Corolla tube dilated at base and apex: lobes five, connate by their tips (and thus leaving openings be- tween). Corona five or ten-lobed, with five scales or processes inside opposite the anthers. Anthers incum- bent on the stylar head, without membranous tip. Pollen masses one in each anther-cell (ten in all), erect, sessile. Follicles slender, smooth, terete. Species 80 in tropical Asia, Africa, Australia and South Africa. Stem short, erect from asphericaltuber . . C. Po Stem slender twining. . y ae [ Dome of corolla hemiamneses mes coranne inks ane ree processes inside, all linear andequal . ,. C. elegans. 4 Dome of corolla longer than broad: processes five, longer | than the short coronallobes . . . . C. intermedia, ASCLEPIADACE&. 285 Ceropegia pusilla Wight; F.BJI. iv 66, L 1; the Little Lantern Flower. Stem erect, 2 to 5 inches, rising from a tuber I inch or more broad, and slightly flattened. Leaves crowded, I to 3 by 1/10 to 1/3 inch, with one strong nerve, erect, minutely scabrous on the midrib and margins, otherwise glabrous: stem very distinctly swollen at the nodes. Peduncle usually displaced to one side of its subtending leaf, and with a very small linear bract at the base, 1% inches, erect, slightly pubescent. Flowers solitary as a rule, erect. Sepals % to % inch, linear. Base of corolla 1/3 by 1/5 inch, ovoid: tube 1/2 by 1/10 inch, five-angled: window portion 1/4 by 1/5 inch, the lobes 1/20 inch wide, the openings a longish diamond shape, glabrous. Corona dark purplish brown, with ten dark purple, white-ciliate, teeth 1/50 inch long, and five linear processes 1/16 inch, meeting above the yellow central mass. Stamens thick, erect and separate from the stylar head except at the base: polliniums erect, attached in pairs at the base. Follicles 2 inches, swollen in the middle. t.191. Wight Ic. t. 1261. In the grass of the downs, coming up after the first rains. Nilgiris: on the downs Ootacamund to Pykara flowering May or July. Bourne 4780, 4782. Gen. Dist. Also on Anamalais (Seddome). Not seen on Pulneys. Ceropegia sphenanantha Wight and Arnott, Wall. Cat. 8138! and Wight’s Herb. Prop. 1513!; F.B.JI. as C. elegans Wall., iv 68. L 10(C. elegans Wail., Cat. 8135 !). Stem very slender running in grass. Leaves 1%4 by % (% to %) inch, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate, glabrous: stalk % inch. Flowers solitary, or pedicelled two or three together, on axillary peduncles of %4inch. Sepals linear, % inch, green. Corolla I to 1/4 inches; crown hemispheric, 286 ASCLEPIADACEA:. broader than the base, green blotched with dark purple ; its lobes ciliate with dark purple hairs: junction of the tube and basal part also hairy. Coronal lobes ten, linear clavate: inner processes nearly or quite as long as them, linear, glabrous (fifteen linear structures in all). Follicles ‘2 to 9 inches, very slender, terete: seed usually 14 inch, linear, convex on one face, deeply grooved on the other.’ Wight Ic. t. 1265. Nilgiris : Kotagiri. Pulneys: below Kodaikanal at Shem- baganur. /yson 1906. Gen. Dist. of *C, elegans Wall.” in #.B.1.: ‘Malabar and Tra- vancore mountains from Nilgiris to Ceylon. ” I find in my specimens the coronal lobes as long as the five inner pro- cesses. Wallich in Bot. Mag. t. 3015, where the species C. elegans was first described, shows them shorter. His Cat. 8135, the type plant, appears to be hardly the same as his Cat, 8138, nor as Wight’s Herb. Prop. 1513, which are the types of C. sphenanantha W. & A. The latter is therefore I think a distinct species, though reduced tentatively in F.B.I. Ceropegia intermedia Wight; F.B.JI. iv 71, L 19. Stem slender but stouter than in C. sphenanantha. Leaf- stalk 14 inch: blade 2 to 24 by % to % inch, lanceolate, acute at both ends. Flowers in axillary irregular umbels: peduncle I inch: pedicels % inch, very slender. Corolla tube I inch: lobes % inch or less forming a conical crown. Coronal lobes short or absent: inner processes five, long (1/12 inch), dilated upwards. Pulneys: on the slopes above Shembaganur, and in that valley, Poombari ; flowering in June. “son 564, 1917. Bourne 320, 1153, 1602. Gen. Dist. Ceylon and Courtallum (Wight); Anamalais (Beddome ), Ceropegia thwaitesii Hook. ; F.BJI. iv 71, L 20. Stem much as in C.intermedia Wight, but flowers much larger up to 24% inches. Follicles 8 to 9 inches. Pulneys near Kodaikanal. Sourne 83. Gen. Dist. Travancore, Ceylon. LOGANIACEA. 287 LOGANIACEF.. Leaves opposite; flowers perfectly regular. Sepals, corolla lobes, and stamens four or five. Ovary superior, two-celled. Fruit a berry or dry and septicidal. Trees, shrubs or herbs. Species about 490. Two species of Buddleia are cultivated in English gardens. Strych- nine was prepared originally from the fruit of Strychnos nux-vomica. GARDNERIA. F.B.I. 96 VIII. A genus of two or three species or perhaps one only, natives of India and Japan. Gardneria ovata Wallich, Cat. 816!; F.B.I. iv 93, VIII 1. A very common woody climber, with yellow waxy flowers in the centre of which stands a hard cone of anthers ; and brilliant red berries. Tall climber, stem round, smooth, rather stiff, about Y% inch thick. Leaves opposite connected by a line across the axis: stalk 34 inch: blade 3 by 1% to 4g by 2% inches, broadly elliptic or obovate, acute, coriaceous, with entire waved margin, and veins impressed on the upper side. Flowers in cymes of three-peduncled in the leaf- axils: peduncles % to 34 inch: pedicels as long, with two minute bracteoles half way up: buds 1/5 by 1/6 inch. Calyx small, deeply lobed. Corolla rotate, the tube very short : petals five, 1/5 by 1/8 inch, yellow,waxy and thick, reflexed ; in bud valvate. Stamens five, attached to the corolla tube, but anthers nearly sessile, opening inwards and connivent to form a hard cone conspicuous in the centre of the flower. Berry % inch, surmounted by the 1/16-inch style, two-celled, and two-seeded. Seed com- pressed parallel to the division wall. t.192. Wight Ic. t. 1313. 288 GENTIANACE&. On shrubs and trees in sholas, very common on the Nilgiri plateau, flowering in April and May. Fyson 2097, 2540. Bourne 224. Gen. Dist. Also Khasi hills. The species was founded on a Nepal plant and the type sheet, Wallich Cat. 816, from Sylhet, has larger more acuminate leaves and large panicles up to 6 inches long, with ten pairs of three-flowered cymes: but it has also in some leaf-axils only one suchcyme, as seems with rare exceptions to be the case with the Nilgiri examples. GENTIANACESE. Herbs with opposite entire glabrous leaves and perfectly regular flowers of five sepals, corolla lobes, and stamens; but characterised by the petals being in bud twisted over each other to the right, and the ovary having two parietal placentas (which do not as a rule meet making it two-celled) and ripening to a many- seeded capsule opening in two valves. Species 550, all over the globe, mostly on mountains. Petals pale blue, each with a small scale at the base p. 290. SWERTIA. a | Petals pinkish, spurred behind . . p 291. HALENIA, t Flowers bright or deep blue _ Corolla folded and twisted : small herb * ‘ie GENTIANA. Petals twisted, not folded: tall herb . . fp, 288. EXacuM. EXACUM. F.B.I. 97 IL. Characters as above for the family, but ovary completely divided into two cells and corolla deep blue. Species 20 mostly in India. Stem winged: leaves 1to 2 inches . . ., E. wightianum. Stem not winged: leaves 2 to 5inches . . E. atropurpureum. Exacum atropurpureum Beddome, var anamallaya- num; F.B.J. iv 97, Il 7. Stem smooth, four-angled but not winged. Leaves I to 2 inches by % to 1/4 inches, broadly ovate or GENTIANACEA. 289 oblong-elliptic : base clasping: apex blunt or with small cuspidate point: margin thickened: nerves three strong from the base and an outer fainter pair. Flowering part decussately branched, with flowers pedicelled in the uppermost axils on stalks of % inch. Calyx % inch, strongly winged: lobes triangular equal to the tube. Corolla 2% inches, deep rich blue: lobes oblong-obovate cuspidate: tube very short. Anthers % inch, attached firmly at their bases narrowed upwards. Fruit globose 1% inch, two-celled with many seeds, opening by two opposite slits and surrounded by the persistent winged calyx. Pulneys: on the downs in the deeper water channels, flowering June. Not on Nilgiris. /yson 1903. Bourne 321, 1609. Gen. Dist. Also Anamalais and Malabar. The type species has the leaves rounder and without margin, and occurs also in Quilon (Wight). Exacum wightianum Arnott; F.B.I. iv 97, 119; Giant Field Gentian. Stem square, with wings 1/16 inch broad decurrent from the leaf-margins, glabrous I to 3 feet high, branched. Leaves 2 to 5 inches, lanceolate acute narrowed at the base to a broad %4-inch stalk: nerves three strong with another fainter pair outside near the margin. Flowers in the upper axils. Stalks 34 inch erect in flower, longer and curved down in fruit. Calyx divided tothe base, the sepals % inch, with a wing down the back &% to ¥ inch wide. Corolla lobes I inch, ovate or oblong, contracted to the mouth of the short roundish tube. Stamens 1/5 to 1/4 inch, not much narrowed to the top, and ‘with a minute papilla on the connective behind.’ Fruit egg-shaped, % inch. On the open downs. Nilgiris: Coonoor. Pulneys at 7,000 feet near Kodaikanal and below. son 404, 1133, 3043. Bourne 438, 1608, 2793, Coonoor, . 19 290 GENTIANACE:. GENTIANA. F.B.I. 97 IX. Herbs, with the characters of the family, often small. Distinguished by the corolla lobes being in bud folded inwards and then twisted, the tube not very short, with the stamens attached to it, and the ovary one-celled (placentas not meeting). Species about 300, chiefly on the mountains of the Old World, a few on the Andes of South America and in New Zealand and Australia. Well known in Europe for their brilliant blue flowers. Ger. Enziane. Gentiana quadrifaria Bl., var zeylanica; (G. pedi- cellata Wall., var wightii Kurz); F.B.I. iv 111, IX 12. Tap root strong. Radical leaves in a rosette, obovate, 1 by % inch, with numerous stems in their axils, bearing 14 inch ovate or lanceolate leaves, and solitary terminal flowers. Bud % inch long. Corolla 34 inch, bright blue. Fruit a ‘capsule 1/5 by 1/8 to 1/6 inch. Seeds globose or obovoid, trigonous, smooth’ (Clarke). t.193. Common in grass on the downs especially at the lower limits of an area, e.g., Kotagiri, Coonoor. fyson 2647, 292%. Bourne 5. Gen. Dist. Of G. quadrifaria BJ., Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhotan, Khasia, Ceylon, Burma, Java, China. Kurz now has separated the Indian form placed in G. quadrifaria Bi. in F.B.I., and restored Wallich’s name pedicellata. I have not been able to see his paper, nor Blume’s type plant, and am unabie to express any opinion about this. SWERTIA. F.B.I. 97 XII. Herbs with the general characteristics of the family (p. 281) and characterised by the tube of the corolla being very short and lobes (petals) overlapping to the right, and each with a small depression at the base, more or less covered by a hairy scale (a honey gland). Species 50, Europe, Asia, Africa, chiefly on the mountains. Swertia corymbosa Wight; F.B.I. iv 126, XII 17. Annual or perennial: lower leaves more crowded than GENTIANACEZ. 201 the upper, and often soon falling. Stem 6 to 18 inches, roundish, but with four ridges decurrent from the edges of the leaves, sparingly branched except in the flowering region. Leaves obovate, sessile, acute or not, strongly three-nerved: lower I by 14 inch, upper narrower and shorter. Flowering branches in the upper axils, two to five pairs, often branched again more than once so as to form a terminal cymose corymb 3 to 8 inches across : uppermost divisions short so that the flowers are crowded in umbel-like manner. Sepals narrow, 4 to l4 inch. Petals longer, white or very pale blue with darker veins: pocket at the base of each covered by a scale. Stamens with broad bases attached to the very short corolla tube. t. 194. Wight Ic. tt. 1329, 1330. On the open downs, very common after the first rains. Fyson 2010, 2156, 437, 371. Bourne 310. Three varieties are given in F.B.I., but I am unable to distinguish them. Difference in the size of the plants and the length of the internodes, making the corymbs contracted or open, appear to be due rather to situa- tion and growth than to an inherited difference. There may be some difference between my Nilgiri and my Pulney specimens, but Iam unable to define it with any confidence. HALENIA. F.B.1. 97 XIII. Branched and leafy herbs with the characteristics of the family and distinguished from all others by a short spur behind and at the base of each petal (really an enlarged honey gland ¢f. SWERTIA), and from SWERTIA also by the petals overlapping to the left. Ovary one-celled. Species 25 to 30 on the mountains of Asia and America. Halenia perrottetii Gr. ; F.BLL. iv 130, XIII 2. Stem slender, annual, glabrous, obscurely winged. Leaves ovate, about I by % inch, with three main basal nerves and an outer fainter pair. Flowers at the ends or near the ends of the quite numerous branches. Sepals 1/5 inch, narrowly obovate-obtuse. Petals % inch, more or 19-4 292 BORAGINACEZ. less erect and connivent: spurs % to ¥% inch, curved upwards, obtuse. Ovary % inch, narrowed upwards into the %-inch style. ‘Seeds 1/24 inch” (Clarke). In shady places, by sholas, etc. Flowers in autumn months. Pulneys: at 7,500 feet on the downs. Nilgiris: flowers in November. /yson 401,1228. Bourne 1614, 5201. Iam unable to distinguish this from H. elliptica Dow, a Himalayan plant, but Clarke in 7”,4./. says style longer and seeds much smaller. BORAGINACEF.. Herbs (shrubs or trees) hispid or scabrid, with alter- nate, mostly entire, simple leaves and small perfectly regular flowers arranged in two rows along one side of slender forked spikes (scorpioid cymes), peculiar in being curled up backwards, crozier-wise, in bud with the flowers facing outwards, and upwards as they open, and in having no bracts, or a bract opposite to, not subtending, each short pedicel. Flowers with five-toothed calyx: five-lobed monopetalous corolla, imbricate in bud, and with the throat of the tube more or less closed with scales: five stamens attached to the corolla tube and alternating with the lobes: and a two-celled ovary with two ovules in each cell, and peculiar in being asa rule deeply divided into four lobes (so that the style rises up in the centre between them), each of which becomes in fruit a nutlet containing an erect seed: but in some genera the ovary only slightly notched in two lobes (as Heliotrope) or entire and the fruit fleshy. Species about 1,200 all over the world. In Europe the tribe BORAGE (with the fruit of four nutlets) is well represented: e.g. ANCHUSA, MYOSOTIS, LITHOSPERMUM, CYNOGLOSSUM. CYNOGLOSSUM. F.B.I. 100 X. Hloundstongue. Herbs with the characteristics of the BORAGE (see above) and distinguished by the nutlets being extended CONVOLVULACE. 293 downwards below the point of attachment (so that the scar is near the top) and being covered with short hooked spines. Species 60, in temperate and sub-tropical climates. Cynoglossum furcatum Wail., Cat. 919!; FBI. iv 155, X 1; Houndstongue. Stem I to 2% feet. Leaves 2 by % inch; lower larger to 4 inches, upper smaller; hardly stalked, lanceolate or elliptic, acute. Spikes several together terminating the stem and branches, curled back in bud and in flower short (like a Forget- me-not), but in fruit lengthened to 6 or 8 inches; diverging from the stem at about half a right angle. Corolla rotate, blue or pink; lobes five, each with a basal emarginate or two-lobed scale. Fruits at intervals of % to I inch, facing downwards: sepals % inch very obtuse, ciliate: nutlets 4g inch, covered all over with hooked spines. t. 195. Pulneys: on the open downs, flowering May and June. Nilgiris and Anamalais, down to much lower levels. fyson 298. Gen. Dist. Mountains of India. Owing to the lengthening of the spikes as the nutlets mature the flowering and fruiting appearance of the plant are very different. I find two forms which may possibly be varieties. a leaves elliptic quite entire softly hairy. This is possibly the form Clarke in F.B.I. refers to as common on the Nilgiris Wall. 919 (Bababoodun, Nepal). Fyson 298. Bourne 7, 2975. b leaves obscurely crenulate, scabrid with hairs on tuberculate bases. Fyson 1843. Possibly Clarke’s var lanceolata, but not Wallich’s Cat. gig. CONVOLVULACEE.. — § Convolvulec. Twiners, chiefly characterised by the funnel-shaped lobeless corolla, which in bud is folded in along five lines and then twisted so that when it is open the five areas exposed in bud are of adarkercolour. Stamens five, attached to the base of the corolla with oblong anthers dehiscing by slits. Ovary superior of two carpels, 204 CONVOLVULACE. two or four-celled. Style with undivided or divided, globular or oblong stigma (important for distinguishing the genera). Fruit usually a thin-walled capsule, but also a berry. Leaves always alternate. Species about 700, mostly in the warmer regions. The genera are so much alike in appearance that their distinction can often be made only by careful examination of the fruit, stigmas, and smaller characteristics. ARGYREIA. F.B.I. IOI III. Flowers in cymes peduncled in the leaf-axils ; stigma globular undivided; ovary four-celled; fruit fleshy- indehiscent. Species about 30, nearly all in India or the Malay Archi- pelago. Very similar in genera] appearance to CONVOLVULUS the common Euro- pean genus ; but differs from it in the flowers being in cymes not solitary, and from both it and IrpomM@a, the common genus of the plains, in the ovary being four-celled. Argyreia hirsuta Arnott; F.BJ. iv 189, Ul 18. A strong climber, shaggy with silvery hairs on all the green parts. Leaf-stalks 2 inches : blades 4 by 3 inches, ovate with straight or slightly cordate base. Flowering branches (peduncles) stout, 4to 7 inches, cymosely forked at the top with short branches so that the flowers are bunched: bracts oblanceolate or oblong, persistent, the outer one often stalked and leaf-like. Sepals linear. Corolla 24% by 2 inches, pale purple with deep purple centre. t.196. Wight Ic. t. 891 (Rivea). Nilgiris: Kotagiri, 6,500 feet. Coonoor, etc., flowering May and after. Pulneys: 5,500 feet, etc. Not at high levels. Fyson 1775, 1789. Bourne 187. Gen. Dist. These hills only and Ceylon as var coacta, but very closely allied to other species of South India. Various species of CONVOLVULUS (with two linear stigmas and a two-celled ovary) and of 1pomMa (with two globose stigmas and a two-celled ovary) are cultivated in gardens. SOLANACEA:. 2905 SOLANACEFE. Herbs or shrubs with leaves alternate, or in the upper parts in unequal pairs, and solitary or cymosely arranged perfectly regular monopetalous flowers. Corolla often lobeless and plaited in bud. Stamens five attached to it. Ovary of two carpels, with numerous ovules on peltate placentas. Fruit a many-seeded berry or capsule. Distinguished from other similar families by the partition wall (united placentas) of the ovary not reaching quite to the top, the seeds round and very thin (flat discs) and the anthers usually large and opening by terminal pores. Species about 1,500 in the warmer parts of the whole world, but more especially South America. The family is divided into four sub-orders, which differ chiefly in the fruit and the folding of the corolla. Common examples of these are— I. sOLANUM Potato, Brinjal ; LycopERsicumM Tomato ; CAPSICUM Chili ; PHySALIS Cape Gooseberry. II. tyctum Snowberry, a shrub of English gardens ; ATROPA Belladonna. III. parura Thorn-apple. IV. nrcoTrana Tobacco. [ Fruit a berry enclosed in a large inflated calyx . . b Fruit a berry, not enclosed ; leaves simple; corolla flat . ” 4 ‘SOLANUM, | Fruit a prickly capsule ; corolla funnel-shaped. DATURA, ( Flowers blue, calyx five-partite (Wintercherry). NICANDRA. bd Flowers white with purple pa evn only shortly lobed ( es gate eS See, GLOCHIDION. EUPHORBIA. F.B.I. 135 I. Plants with milky juice and of very varied habit: from small leafy herbs, erect or creeping on the ground, to shrubs with green pencil-like leafless branches, to large succulent, ribbed and angular, spiny leafless plants of cactus-like habit, but clearly distinguished from that family by having simple stout horns, not slender spines intermixed with barbed hairs (as in the Prickly-pear). The apparent flower really a collection of small much reduced unisexual flowers each consisting of one jointed stamen only or one stalked ovary only, without petals or sepals: the former (male flowers) arranged in four or five double zigzag rows radiating from the centre where is the female flower. These all enclosed in a cup-shaped (calyx- like) involucre with four or five oval or crescent-shaped glands, which have often a white petal-like limb: the whole structure forming a unit, in outward appearance like a single flower, and called a cyathium. These cyathiums are variously arranged, solitary or in cymes, or bunches. Capsule splitting into three segments each opening to let out the solitary seed. Species 600 in aJl except very cold climates. In Europe Spurge, Milkweed. The Cactoid species are mainly developed in South Africa. Euphorbia helioscopia Linn.; F.B.I. v 262,144; Sun- spurge. Stem usually erect, not branched asa rule below the flowering region. Leaves sessile, obovate cuneate with finely toothed, round end, and very straight sides. Flower branches about five, from the axils of a whorl of EUPHORBIACE&. 361 leaves: each branch again with three leaves and axillary rays, and these again forked. Cyathiums 1!/1o inch across: glands semi-circular or kidney-shaped. Capsule lg inch, its segments with rounded back. Seed acute, ovoid. A weed, native of Europe, temperate Asia, Afghanistan, Punjab, Japan. Nilgiris : Ootacamund and the downs to Lovedale, Coonoor, and Pykara. /yson 3090. Bourne 2857, 4622. Euphorbia rothiana Spr.; F.B.I.v 263, 149. Stem erect or weak at the base, becoming woody. Leaves narrow, erect, oblanceolate obtuse, narrowed to the base, two to four by % inch, one-nerved, erect. Flowering branches three to five, long or short, bifid once or twice: if long with four or five pairs of bract-leaves, if short with one or two pairs only, and forking at these: these branch-leaves broader and shorter than the usual ones, ovate-triangular, 34 by % inch. Cyathiums % inch across : glands two-horned. Capsule % to % inch, quite smooth. Very variable as regards size and shape of leaves and bracts, but remarkable for its numerous narrow erect leaves. Wight Ic. t. 1864. In damp places. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund, Snowdon to Pykara. Flowers in June. Pulneys: at lower levels. son 658, 3091. Gourne 4621, 232. Gen, Dist. Hills of Central India, southwards to Ceylon. SARCOCOCCA. F.B.I. 135 Il. Glabrous shrubs with alternate, stalked, entire, leathery, leaves and short axillary spikes of male and female flowers, each with its bract and four sepals, two inner and two outer. Stamens of the male, as many, opposite the sepals, with thick filaments and oblong anthers which are eventually curved over backwards. Ovary, in the female, of two to three cells with two 362 EUPHORBIACE. ovules in each, differing from nearly all the rest of the family in the raphe being dorsal (micropyle pointing upwards and inwards). Fruit indehiscent. Seeds one or two with fleshy endosperm and broad cotyledons. Species 2 to 5 in India and Malaya. Sarcococca pruniformis Lindl.; F.B.I. v 266, Ti1. A shrub with smooth green branchlets, and dark green three-nerved glossy leaves. Male spike when fully open 34 inch: stamens ¥% inch. Female spikes often on older branches, shorter. Fruit 4% inch egg-shaped, surmounted by two small curved stigmas a little to one side of the top. t. 235. Wight Ic. t. 1877 (S. trinervia). Nilgiris : very common at Ootacamund. Pulneys: at slightly lower levels. Fysou 542, 981, 1028, 3092. Bourne 175, 363, 434, 1770. Gen. Dist. Temperate Himalayas, Khasia, Deccan ghats from Kanara southwards, Ceylon, Afghanistan, Sumatra. PHY LLANTHUS. F.B.1. 135 X. Herbs or shrubs with entire usually small thin leaves, in two ranks all facing upwards. Flowers of both sexes usually on the same plant, with perianth of five or six parts separable into three sepals and three white and thinner petals. Male flowers with three round glands on the disc and three stamens with their filaments free or more or less united: anthers vertical, opening by slits. Female flowers also with disc glands and ovary of three cells, each with two ovules with ventral raphe: styles short, free or lightly connected. Fruit a rounded capsule. Species about 500 in all the temperate and hot regions of both the Old and the New Worlds. Some have edible fruits, e.g., P. emblica (Amla, “7. Myrobalam emblic) which is to be found wild or cultivated at slightly lower levels, on the Nilgiris. EUPHORBIACEA. 363 Phyllanthus rheed ii Wight, Kew Dist. No. 2588!; F.B.I. v 293, X 21. Anundershrub and annual. Stem reddish slender, terete ; branchlets angular. Leaves elliptic, apiculate, about 34 by Linch, thin: stalk 1/16 inch. Male flowers 1% inch, two or three at a node: pedicels slender, 1/16 to 1/8 inch, pendulous : perianth segments with green central streak and white border: anthers longish not globose. Female flowers solitary: pedicel % inch, stouter, three-angled. Petals larger than sepals in both male and female flowers. Capsule % inch, globose. Seeds with rather distant longitudinal very slender ridges and minute cross-lines. Nilgiri and Pulney plateaus, and generally the Western Ghats. Bourne 506, 596.7 Phyllanthus simplex Ret, var gardneriana; F.B.I., v 295, X 26. Branches long and slender. Leaves I to14 by % to % inch, elliptic oblong, subsessile, with slightly cordate base, and revolute margin. Pedicels of male flowers % inch: of female % to I inch. Ovary smooth. ‘Fruit smooth or spiny ; seeds minutely tubercled.’ Pulneys : Glen falls near Kodaikanal. fyson 2108, 3092, 3093. Bourne 1172, 1404. Nilgiris: at 7,000 feet (Clarke). Gen. Dist, Also Ceylon. The type species has narrow. elliptic or pulane leaves ly by Ig inch, Syson 1906. Gen. Dist. Of the species throughout India on the plains and low hills. GLOCHIDION. FB... 135. X1. Shrubs and trees with alternate quite entire leavés and axillary clusters of small unisexual flowers, the sexes on the same or different plants, with perianth of four to six lobes or sepals. Stamens of the male flower combined into a central column with erect anthers. Ovary in the female flower of three or more cells, each with two ovules with ventral raphe: styles short variously 364 EUPHORBIACE&. combined. Neither sex with disc glands (distinction from PHYLLANTHUS). Species 120 in tropical Asia, Malay archipelago and Pacific islands. Glochidion neilgherrense Wight; F.B.I. v 316, XI 27. A small tree with flattish-rounded outline, thick trunk and angular glabrous but lenticelled branchlets. Leaves 2% to 5 inches elliptic or ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtusely acuminate, with acute base and % to 4 inch stalk: nerves six to eight on each side of the pinkish midrib. Male and female flowers in the same cluster. Male flowers % to % inch, on stout pedicels of the same length, broadly funnel-shaped: sepals oblong, yellow: anthers three; surmounted by extensions of the con- nective half as long. Female flowers subsessile: sepals triangular, pinkish, pubescent: styles combined into a single long style. Fruiting branches usually bereft of leaves, so that the fruits are mainly on short lateral leafless twigs. Capsule 4 to 34 inch by % inch deep, pubescent: surmounted by the now very stout style showing six stigmatic points. Seeds orange or red. Nilgiris : by road-sides and in sholas, on the downs frequent ; flowering in May, usually with great abundance and emitting a strong smell of honey from the male flowers, but female flowers not scerited. The leafless fruiting branches are very character- istic. Pulneys: (?) at lower levels. yson 17¢8, 2632. Bourne prob. 395, 1170. Glochidion velutinum Wight ; F.B.I. v 322 XI 44. A small untidy tree with crooked stem and branches. Young parts, leaves and flowers all densely tomentose or pubescent: twigs round, light coloured. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong or elliptic, obtuse, 1% by 34 to2% by I inch, withering red. Male and female flowers clustered together. Pedicel of male % to % inch, slender: sepals hairy. Pedicel of female stout, very short at first but EUPHORBIACE. 365 lengthening with the developing fruit and at length 1Z inch: sepals oblong t/t2 inch: style stout slightly longer, cylindrical, truncate. Capsule depressed- globose, of five to six rounded bilobed segments each with twored seeds. Wight Ic. t. 1907/2. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund and Lovedale. Pulneys: at lower levels, e.g., Shembaganur 5,500 feet. /yson 418, 1103, Bourne 132. Gen. Dist. The species was founded by Wight on a Nilgiri specimen, If the other sheets at Kew are correctly placed (in 1914), the species ranges from Nepal, Sikkim and Khasi hills to Canara and Mysore. But in some of these the leaves are larger, thinner and less hairy. DAPHNIPHYLLUM. F.BI. 135 XXII. Trees with alternate entire leathery feather-veined leaves and lax axillary racemes of flowers with three to eight sepals but no petals: the male with large almost sessile anthers; the female with a two-celled ovary with two ovules in each cell, pendulous with ventral raphe, and ripening to an olive-like drupe with one seed, containing much endosperm. Embryo small with narrow cotyledons. Species ro in tropical Asia, and Malay archipelago, tropical Africa. Daphniphyllum glaucescens Blume; F.B.I. v 353, XXII 3. Tree with oblong rounded outline, and pecu- liarly erect leaves with recurved margins, their backs showing outwards. Branches striated and rough with numerous broadly heart-shaped leaf-scars and circular bud-scars. Leaf-stalks % to 2 inches, pink: blades 2 to 5 by 34to2inches elliptic, obtuse, acute at the base, with recurved margins, quite glabrous, usually tufted at the ends of the branchlets, erect and showing tothe outside the bluey-green undersurface with its very clear network of veins. Flowers in racemes in the axils of the upper leaves. Male pedicel % inch: perianth small, green; 366 URTICACE&. anthers seven to ten, large and red, with small white point, almost sessile on the flat broad disc. Female flowers in longer racemes: pedicel %4 inch lengthening to Linch in fruit: ovary green: styles two, 1/10 inch long. Fruit ellipsoid, like an olive, % to % inch by &% inch, slightly oblique, with very rough skin, and surmounted by the two minute sessile stigmas. Seed one only, with small embryo at the upper end. Very common in sholas and occasionally in the open. Nil- giris : round and in Ootacamund and down to Pykara, Lovedale, Coonoor. Pulneys: on the downs above Kodaikanal. Flower in winter months, fruit in summer. /ysonm 1139,* 1724, 1974, 2021, 2022. Sourne 479. Gen. Dist, Also Ceylon, Java, Corea. URTICACESE. Herbs, shrubs and trees with alternate leaves and small flowers, complete or by reduction unisexual or still further reduced. Perianth typically of four or five sepals, but no petals: stamens as many opposite to them: ovary superior one-celled with one ovule, but stigma often two-lobed and eccentric. Genera 100. Species 2,000 chiefly in the tropics. The family is divided into seven tribes and comprises plants of such different habit and arrangement of flowers asthe Elm, Hop, Mulberry, Jak Fruit, Fig and Nettle. Some of these are considered by some syste- matists distinct families, and those represented in our areas are alone described here. CELTIDEA:. FB. 135, tribe 2. Trees with no milky sap. Leaves alternate, with three sometimes more, main nerves at the base. Flowers appearing before the leaves, solitary or in axillary cymes, unisexual or occasionally complete. Sepals four or five. Stamens as many erect in bud. Ovule pendu- lous with its micropyle pointing upwards. — Fruit fleshy. Embryo curved. 7 URTICACEZ. 367 Genera 9 or ro, Allied to the Elm but differs in its fruits. Leaves glabrous, nearly as broad as long: flowers 14 inch, few GE SOULATY és... Waa es. hy SP Leaves white apepueath’: ewer if feet brie ded at the leaf- ee emrerenumeri ates Solar heer) Se sae he CELTIS. F.B.I. 136 III. Nettle-tree. Trees and shrubs with deciduous or evergreen leaves, often oblique at the base and small male or bisexual flowers in axillary racemes or solitary (these latter usually fertile), with the characters of the tribe (q.v.). Stigmas two, hairy. Pistillode in male flower hairy. Fruit globose or ovoid. Species about 60 in temperate and tropical regions of the New and Old Worlds. “7. Micocoulier. Celtis tetrandra Roxb.; F.B.I. v 482, Ill 2, including Cyaustralis,L., FBI, 011; Wall. Cat. 369! A large-tree : branchlets sometimes drooping. Leaves and young parts glabrous or pubescent. Leaf-stalks }4 inch; blades 24% to 3 by 1% to 2 inches, elliptic, shortly acuminate, obtuse, with three nerves at the base and usually one other strong pair from the midrib; the outer nerves again forked outwards, all rather straight: margin serrate. Flowers in short axillary racemes or tufts. Fruit spherical, size of a small pea on a slender stalk 34 inch long. Nilgiris : common in Ootacamund (a fine specimen by the Havelock road just below the Toda mund) and on the downs to Coonoor, Fyson 1765, 3094, 3095, 1910. Bourne. Coonoor Gen. Dist. Eastern Himalayas, South India, Burma. I can see no difference between this and C. australis Z., which occurs from Nepal to the north-west Himalayas, and the Salt Range and west- wards to Spain. The venation of the leaf is very characteristic. ‘The leaves droop very markedly at night as if withered : the young foliage flushes pink and yellow, at Ootacamund in October, 368 URTICACEZ. Celtis cinnamomea Lindl. ; F.B.I. v 482, Ill 3. A tree, with smooth grey bark: branches round with brown bark and very many lenticels: leafy-shoots green, finely pubescent. Leaf-stalks % inch, glabrous, blades up to 4 or 6inches by 2 to 3 inches elliptic or oblong, acute at both ends, quite entire, glabrous, shiny, green on the upper side, with three strong nerves at the base, the lateral reaching the tip though there faint, crossed by numerous nearly straight veins 4 inch or more apart. Flowers in small pubescent panicles on the leafy shoots below the young leaves: male and female flowers mixed. Bracts and bracteoles soon falling. Sepals 1/16 inch, pubescent, pink-tipped. Stamens slightly longer; filaments open- ing out widely and pressing open the sepals; anthers nearly round. Ovary egg-shaped, % inch, with two large stout pubescent styles, which diverge from each of two sides. Nilgiris : on the downs about Pykara. Fyson 2459. Gen, Dist, Sikkim, Burma, Western Ghats, Ceylon, Malaya. The tree is deciduous, and the young leaves come out with the flowers just before the monsoon rains, at Pykara towards the end of June; they are terracotta or brownish towards the tips, not the yellow and red of C. tetrandra, TREMA. F.B.I. 136 IV. Charcoal-tree. Shrubs or trees with alternate, serrate, three or five- nerved leaves and long deciduous stipules. Flowers in axillary cymes, with the characters of the tribe CELTIDEZE (q.v.) and differing from CELTIS inthe male sepals being folded and valvate in bud, and the coty- ledons of the seed narrow. Species about 20 in the warmer regions of the New and Old Worlds. . URTICACE. 369 Trema orientalis Blume; F.B.I. v 484,1V 3; Charcoal tree. A small or large tree. Leaves ovate acute lop- sided, finely serrate almost all round to the rounded or cordate base: nerves joined by numerous cross-veins: upper surface scabrid: lower white with silvery pubes- cence or tomentum. Drupe % inch. Nilgiris: at Kotagiri and below. Not at Ootacamund. Pulneys: at lower levels only. /yson 1760, 1657, 3095. Bourne 214. Gen, Dist. Lower hills of India, south of Nepal, Western Ghats, Ceylon. MORE. F.B.I. 136, tribe 4. Mulberry, etc. Trees, shrubs or herbs with as a rule milky sap, and small unisexual flowers with the characteristics of the family (p. 366) but the stamens bent down inwards in bud, with reversed anthers, straightening suddenly and ejecting the pollen with a jerk as the flower opens. PHYLLOCHLAMYS. F.BI. 136 Ix. Spiny shrubs and trees with entire penninerved leaves and small unisexual, dicecious flowers: the male in short involucral clusters ; the female solitary, stalked. Sepals of male three or four, inflexed in bud, imbricate: of female, three or four, which in fruit are accrescent and leafy. Fruit small, shorter than the sepals with one seed. Species 3: 2 in India, 1 in Africa, Phyllochlamys spinosa Bureau ; F.B.I. v 488, IX 1, A tree up to 40 feet, amongst the highest in the shola, branching at acute angles. Smallest branches armed with slender axillary spines I inch long: older shoots 34 inch thick with thick spines 2 by %4 inch at the 24 370 URTICACE. base. Leaves 2to 4 by I to 1% inches, obovate-acute, wedge-shaped for more than half the length, quite entire, glabrous. Stalk 44 inch; nerves numerous, slender. Wight Ic. t- 1962. Nilgiris: in sholas on the downs, but not common near Ootacamund. Pulneys: Gundattu shola above Kodaikanal but not common. /yson 1983, 2678. Bourne 676. Gen. Dist. ‘From the Salt range eastwards along the foot of the Himalayas and southwards to Travancore and Ceylon,’ I have not seen the flower or fruit of this species. URTICEA:. F.B.1. 136, tribe 7. Herbs, shrubs or trees with watery juice (not milky) and unisexual flowers as given for the family (p- 366), disposed in open cymes, or aggregated in small in- volucres: but characterised specially by the stamens being at first bent inwards with reversed anthers, then straightening with a jerk which ejects the pollen, and by the ovule being erect with its micropyle at the opposite end to the hilum, LAPORTEA. F.B.I. 136 XXVII. Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees with stinging hairs and alternate mostly broad, toothed, feather-nerved leaves, and free or connate deciduous stipules. Flowers in small cymose bunches, arranged on the branches of axillary or terminal panicles. Flowers with the characteristics of the tribe 7 URTICE4 (q.v.). Sepals of female four; ovary and achene oblique, flattened, Species about 25, in Asia, Australia, Africa and a few in North America. Laportea terminalis Wight; F.B.JI. v 549, XXVII 1; _ Nilgiri Nettle. Branches, leaf-stalks and leaves armed with stout stinging hairs. Leaf-stalks 4 to 6 inches; URTICACE. 371 blades 4 to 8 inches, by 3% to 5 inches, broadly-ovate, bluntly acuminate, toothed all round to the base. Male panicles axillary, female subterminal long peduncled. Achenes slightly tubercled, on a winged pedicel. t.236. Wight Ic. t. 1972. In waste places and by the sides of sholas. Nilgiris: Ootacamund, Kotagiri, Avalanche. Pulneys : Kodaikanal and on the downs. Flowering June. /yson 1838. Bourne 465,1815, 2912, 2992. Gen, Dist, Sub-tropical Himalayas, South India, Ceylon. PILEA. FBL. 136: XXIX. Bastard or Soft Nettle. Annual or perennial herbs of the tribe 7 URTICEAZ (p. 370), without stinging hairs. Leaves opposite, three- nerved. Flowers in heads or lax cymose panicles. Sepals of the male flower concave, fleshy, often with an appendage or horn, on the back. Sepals of the female three, unequal, the dorsal one longest and often hooded or swollen on the back, with scales (staminodes) opposite them. Species about 16 in Asia, Africa, and tropical America. Ger. Kanonierblume. Pilea wightiit Wedd.; F.B.I. v 554, XXIX Io. Stem about a foot, weak and rooting at the lower nodes, quite glabrous. Leaves 14 to 1% by 1 to 1% inches, ovate or rounded, coarsely toothed or serrate acute or acuminate, three-nerved: stipules short or absent. Flowers small, clustered along the loose branches of an open cymose panicle. Achenes smooth, 1/20oinch. t. 237. Nilgiris: in plantation near Forester’s hut, Krurmund road; Pykara. Pulneys: Gundattu shola above Kodaikanal. Fryson 2613. Bourne 1817, 2913, 5220.* Gen. Dist, Temperate Himalayas, Sikkim, South Indian mountains, Ceylon, Java. 24-A 372 | URTICACE. Pilea stipulosa Miguel; F.B.I. v 555, XXIX Il. Dis- tinguished by its very large oblong stipules ; a tall herb. Leaves long-stalked, 3 to5 by 1% to 2 inches elliptic, shortly acuminate, serrate, three-nerved at the base: stipules Ito 1% by 4 to %inch. Flowers crowded in shortly-stalked, close cymose panicles, which are fasci- cled, two or three ina leaf-axil. Achenes minute smooth. Pulneys: Gundattu shola. Bourne 560, 1818, 2914. Gen, Dist, Ceylon (where the species was founded). Pilea trinervia Wight, Herb. Prop.!; F.B.I. v 557, XXIX 16. Stem robust, glabrous, succulent. Leaves 3 to 6 by 1% to 3 inches, oblong lanceolate to broadly-elliptic acuminate, serrate. Outer pair of basal nerves connected to the midrib by numerous straight or slightly curved veins, and branching also to each tooth. Panicles axil- lary % to 2 inches, much branched. Wight Ic. t. 1973. In cool shady places, woods, etc., common. /yson 1194, 3491, 1595, 1202, 2113, 3096. Lourne 1819, 1819,* 242. Gen. Dist. South India and Ceylon. ELATOSTEMA. _— F.B.I. 136 XXXII. Annual or perennial herbs, of the tribe 7 URTICEZ (p. 370), with alternate, very unsymmetric, coarsely toothed leaves, and characterised further by the flowers being aggregated in dense axillary cushions (receptacles), which are at first enclosed in an involucre of bracts, and in fruit become flat. Bracteoles to each flower two: sepals of the male very thin: sepals of the female small and narrow. Leaves in very unequal pairs . . . . . . E. surculosum. Leaf coarsely toothed from apex to base . . . .. E. sessile. Leaf with long point, and a few shallow teeth, . E. lineolatum, Elatostema sessile Forst ; var cuspidata Wight, Herb. Prop! ; F.B.I. v 563, XXXII 2, Stem slender, flexuous, URTICACEA:. 373 I to2 feet. Leaves 4 by 2 to5 by 2% inches, coarsely serrate from apex to base roughened on the upper side by numerous cystoliths. Receptacle % to % inch; in fruit % to ™% inch, with numerous achenes imbedded in it: bracts with dorsal spurs; bracteoles minute. In woods, etc. t.238. Wight Ic. t. 1983. Nilgiris: Ootacamund to Neduwattum. Pulneys: above Kodaikanal and down to 5,000 feet. Fyson 1803, 2326. Bourne 1821. Gen. Dist, Temperate and tropical Himalayas from Chamba eastwards, Assam, Sylhet, Khasia, Japan, Malay, Pacific islands and tropical Africa, Int, 238: a@ underside of receptacle showing bracts with dorsal spur ; 6 female receptacle from above; c male receptacle ; d female flower with bracteole ; e stalked female flowers mixed with the others [Z. 7.2. ] I do not find the female receptacle without bracts as given in F.B.I. Elatostema lineolatum Wight; F.B.I. v 565, XXXII 6. Stem slender. Leaves narrow with long acumen and three or four shallow teeth in the further half only, the basal half being cuneate entire. Male receptacle % to 14 inch, embraced by a number of rounded bracts. Flower embraced at first by two very boat-shaped semicircular bracteoles. Wight Ic. tt. 1984, 2091 f. I. Nilgiris: at Neduwattum. Not collected near Ootacamund. Pulneys: in sholas below Kodaikanal and perhaps also near Kodaikanal. /ysoz 3931, 3861. Sourne 291, 1178, 1814, 1822. Gen, Dist. Tropical Himalayas, Khasia, South India, Ceylon. Elatostema surculosum Wight; F.B.I. v 572, XXXII 27. Leaves similar to those of E. lineolatum, but the apex not at all acuminate, and each with opposite it a very small leaf, which is often deflexed. Female recep- tacle small. Male receptacle sessile. Bracts larger, long-horned. Flowers when open exserted on %-inch pedicels. Wight Ic. t. 2091 f. 4. Pulneys: in sholas, /yson 396. Bourne 406, 583. Gen. Dist, Temperate Himalayas}from Simla to Sikkim, Khasia, Naga hills, Nilgiris, Ceylon. 374 URTICACE. POUZOLZIA. _ F.B.I. 136 XXXVI. Herbs or small woody plants with the characters of the tribe 7 URTICEZ (p. 370), but characterised by the leaves opposite or in threes, with three main nerves of which the lateral do not reach the leaf-tip, and flowers pedi- celled in axillary bunches. Male sepals four or five, rounded or inflexed so that the bud is flat-topped. Female perianth small flask-shaped with contracted mouth, from which projects the long deciduous stigma. Species 35, in the tropics of the Old World. I find great difficulty in identifying my plants from the sheets at Kew, and am uncertain of those given below, except P. bennettiana. Possibly too many species have been described and some might be reduced. Leaves with three nerves only: male flower flat-topped. b a + Basal nerves branched and nerves therefore numerous: | male flower round-topped . . . . P. auriculata, etc, ( Upper leaves distinctly smaller than the lower : sepals four, c b 4 Upper leaves hardly if at all smaller : sepals five , ; P. bennettiana, ( Leaves more than twice as long as broad ., , P. wightii. | Leaves roundish: whole-plant scabrid ., . . P. scabra. 4 Leaves about twice as long as broad : whole plant glabrous. l P. caudata. Pouzolzia auriculata Wight; F.B.I. v 582, XXXVI5. A straggling, long stemmed plant. Leaves % to 5 inches, on % to 3-inch stalks, broadly or narrowly ovate or ovate-acute or acuminate: nerves three at the base and two others from the midrib, all forking so that there may be eleven altogether. Flowers nearly sessile, or (in var cymosa) in spreading cymes. Male buds rounded. Wight Ic. t. 1979 f. 2. Nilgiris : on the eastern side near Kotagiri, etc., flowering May to September. /yson 1712, 2686. Lourne(?) Lamb’s Rock road, Coonoor. This species appears to vary considerably in the size of the leaves and wings on the fruit. I cannot match my specimen exactly with any at Kew. A nearly allied species is P. indica Gawd also with many varieties. URTICACE&. 375 Pouzolzia wightii Benn ; F.B.I. v 584, XXXVI7. Stem two to three feet. Leaves subsessile lanceolate with rounded base: lower 3 to 4 inches; upper slightly smaller and becoming smaller upwards gradually, those near the top of the flowering region %4 inch only and in proportion broader. In cool shady places : several varieties occur, * Pp. wightii proper: stem and leaves pubescent: male sepals hairy at the bend. * * yar levifolia: leaves harshly tomentose or scabrid, white below : male sepals hairy only at the tips. yson 643. Bourne 2064.* . * * * yar wallichiana: leaves not white below : male sepals glabrous. Wight Ic. t. 2096 f. 23. Fyson 419, Gen, Dist. Western Ghats and Ceylon. P. scabra Wight; F.B.I. v 584, XXXVI18. Similar to P. wightii but leaves more scabrid, often broader: bracts smaller and more distant. Wight Ic. t. 2097 f. 20. Near Kodaikanal. /yson 420. Bourne 1179. P. caudata Benn; F.BJI. v 585, XXXVI9. Similar to P. wightii: bracts all small: whole plant glabrous. Near Kodaikanal. /yson 1117. Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight, Herb. Wight Prop!; F.B.I. v 585, XXXVI Io. A shrub growing in the open on banks with leaves of the flowering part as large as the lower, and dense axillary bunches of small red flowers. Stem at the base as thick as the little finger, four to five feet high, with long-spreading decussate branches, red or brownish in colour, and smooth except for a few large lenticels. Leafy branches more or less pubescent, with short erect hairs; almost hirsute in some forms. Stipules %4 inch, brown, scarious. Leaves opposite or in threes, lanceo- late, acuminate, three-nerved, with numerous horizontal connecting veins. Flowers in bunches at the nodes, 376 URTICACEZ. reddish, campanulate or hemispheric, 1/12 inch; in bud flat-topped. Male sepals five, inflexed. Female flowers minute, ripening before the male flowers and therefore mostly to be found in the upper axils. Sepals five, scarious, tips not inflexed: style 1 inch, hairy like a cat’s tail. Fruit 4 inch, nearly circular flat or flattened on one side with low wing in the middle: but inside dark green, pointed. Very variable in respect of hairiness. t.239. Wight Ic. t. 1978. Pulneys: in sholas on the downs. Flower September, Nilgiris. ysom 1111, 1351, 2063, 2742, 3097. Bourne 226, 292, 505, 1828, 2921. DROGUETIA. F.B.I. 136 XLV. Slender herbs with opposite or alternate three-nerved toothed leaves, without stinging hairs. Flowers of the type of tribe 7 URTICEZ (p. 370) but much reduced and collected into scabrid calyx-like involucres: the male flowers with a small three-to five-lobed perianth and a single stamen inflexed in bud, and the female flower with no perianth but only an ovary and long straight stigma : usually arranged with a female flower in the middle of the involucre and four or more male flowers round it. Species 4 in India and Africa. Droguetia diffusa Wedd. ; F.B.I. v 593, XLV 1. Stem slender diffuse hairy, with long internodes. Leaves stalked, 34 to 1% by % to 1 inch, ovate coarsely crenate-serrate, with a few scattered hairs on the upper side and on the nerves of the under. Involucres, one to four at a leaf-axil, salver-shaped, with short stalk and lobed bowl, silky: bract very silky. Flowers very small, - one female and one to three males; the perianths of the latter closely attached together and coalescing into one rather fleshy mass. t. 240. Wight Ic. t. 1982. SALICACE. 377 In woods. Pulney downs and below. Fyson 568, 2102, 3098. Bourne 261, 1831, 2033. The number and arrangement of the involucres varies considerably in the same plant and even in adjoining leaf-axils, as also does the number of flowers to the involucres of the same axl. I have found six to each of two opposite leaf-axils, making twelve at a node, two of these with three males and one female flower, four with one female flower only. An involucre of three or four male flowers may easily be mistaken for a normal flower with three or four stamens unless the flask-shaped perianth to each stamen is noted. In. t. 240: a a four-toothed involucre with bract, behind, and in it three male and one female flower ; 4 plan ( im. male flower o) female), CUPULIFERZE. QUERCUS. F.B.I. 140 III. Oak. Trees with alternate toothed or lobed leaves, and small unisexual flowers. Male flowers in erect on pendu- lous spikes, with four to seven perianth lobes and many stamens. Female flowers enclosed at first by imbricating bracts, which enlarge as the fruit grows and become a cup with the nut (acorn) seated in it. Species about 300, mostly of north temperate regions and specially in North America, Quercus ilex Linn.; F.B.I. v 602, IIl 4; the Holm., Holly-, or Evergreen Oak. Leaves nearly entire, thick, leathery. Planted at Kodaikanal. Fryson 1822. Bourne 500, SALICACE/E. A family of two genera SALIX Willow and POPULUS Poplar, Aspen. SALIX. F.B.I. 141 I. Deciduous trees with alternate three-to five-nerved stipulate leaves and calkins of small flowers. Each flower in the axil of a bract, without sepals or petals, 378 BURMANNIACE&. but with glands or a disc, two stamens and a one-celled Ovary containing few or many ovules on two or four placentas. Fruit an egg-shaped capsule with few or many seeds with long silky tuft of hairs. Embryo with plano-convex cotyledons and short radical pointing downwards endosperm. ; Species 200 chiefly in north temperate zone. Salix tetrasperma Roxb.; F.B.I. v 626, IT. A large well-branched tree with slender twigs: Leaves 2 to 3 by 1% to 2 inches, ovate-acute, serrate, glabrous but bluish underneath, glossy above: stalk 4 inch. Male calkins 2 to 4 inches in leafy branches, bracts broad ovate, hairy. Femalecalkins 3 to 5 inches, with smaller bracts. Capsule % to ¥% inch, very variable: seeds four to Six. Nilgiris: Ootacamund to Pykara. Pulneys: Poombari valley, not near Kodaikanal. /yson 2476. Bourne 1268. Gen. Dist. Mountains of tropical and sub-tropical India from Punjab to Travancore and Singapore, not Ceylon. BURMANNIACE. Annual, or by a rhizome perennial, erect usually unbranched herbs, with leaves mostly at the base or reduced to mere scales. Flowers solitary or in terminal pyramidal panicles; with inferior ovary ; three greenish sepals; three petals, smaller or even obsolete ; and three to six stamens inserted and enclosed in the perianth tube, with short, even very short, filaments and normal anthers on a variously dilated connective. Ovary with three placentas, parietal or axile. Seeds numerous, minute. A small family of about 50 species in the tropics of the Old World, China, and North America. ORCHIDACEA. 379 BURMANNIA. — FB 471. Small annual herbs with radical sword-shaped leaves, or mere scales, and few or solitary flowers with the characters of the family. Perianth tube straight, at its base where it surrounds the ovary three-winged, above this the inner lobes (petals) smaller than the outer. Anthers three, sessile on the perianth, the two lobes separated by a broad connective and opening trans- versely. Ovary three-celled. Fruit a _ three-celled capsule with many seeds. Species about 20, in all tropical countries from North America to China. Some grow in dry sandy places, others only in water. ‘These latter have slender yellowish or brownish stems and small scales instead of leaves, obtaining their organic nourishment, as saprophytes, from the water. Burmannia candida Griffith; F.B.I. v. 665,15. Stem slender, colourless, 4to 8 inches high. Leaves reduced to scales 1/8 to 1/5 inch long. Flowers white, solitary or intwos. Ovary with its wings 4 to % inch long, round or obcordate in outline; wings 4% inch wide spirally twisted. Perianth very small, outer lobes 1/16 inch, inner half as long and wide. t. 241. In damp spots, often with Utricularia. Pulneys: below Kodaikanal on Church cliff; flowering June. Not common. Fyson 3099, Bourne 15. Gen. Dist. South India, Burma, Khasia, Bengal. ORCHIDACEZ-, The Orchid-flower differs profoundly from all others, for there are no separate stamens and style, but only one central column, on the top or at the side of which lies a solitary anther, and on its front face a stigma. {In the small group of Slipper-orchids, cyPRIPEDIUM, which do not grow here, the structure is a little different, there being two anthers, one on either side of the column. | 380 ORCHIDACE. The ovary is inferior and long, taking the place of the pedicel which is as a rule absent. There are three sepals and three petals, as is usual with monocotyledons, but one of the petals is very different in shape from the others, and generally has a bag-like depression at the upper end, called a ‘sac’ if it is shallow (t. 258), or a ‘spur’ if it is long (tt. 254, 256). This petal, knownalways as the lip or the labellum, is really the uppermost or dorsal one and in a few orchids, e.g., SATYRIUM (p. 405) stands up at the back of the flower, but in most cases is brought by a twisting of the ovary to the lower side and hangs down there. It is not usually difficult to make this out by the twisting of the lines in the ovary (t. 251). For the explanation of the structure of the column reference must be made to Darwin’s British and Foreign Orchids or to any good text-book ; it must suffice here to say that, assuming the flower to be derived from the usual monocotyledonous type of five whorls of three each, 1.e., three sepals, three petals, three outer stamens, three inner stamens and a three-celled ovary, the column is considered to be made up of one stamen of the outer whorl and two styles whose stigmas, fused into one, form the sticky hollow on its face. The other five stamens are all aborted, unless perhaps two of them are part of the column, e.g., when that is winged, and two more part of the labellum when it has lateral lobes. The pollen of each half anther is always aggregated into one, two or four waxy masses termed polliniums. The disposition of the two halves of the anther differs in different orchids. In HABENARIA and its allies-—such as the large white Elephant’s Head or Snowdrop orchid, the Purple-ground orchid, the Sweet-Scented Pink Twin-spur, and the Butterfly, Pyramid and Marsh orchids of England,—the two halves, though close together at the top are separated at their bases and attached to either side of the column. They open separately by longitudinal slits to let out the pollintums. But in most orchids, as RIDES the Pink Rock orchid, and caLOGYNE the Banana orchid, the two halves of the anther lie together on top of the column and open by a cap which comes off as a whole exposing the polliniums. In some of these orchids, e.g., AERIDES, the anther-cap simply falls off at the slightest touch, in others, e.g., CELOGYNE, it remains attached by a filament (tt. 243, 247). The polliniums have slender stalks (caudic/es) ending ina swelling or an elastic band which is or becomes attached to an easily removed piece of the top edge of the column, called the rostellum (t. 252). The two stigmas are usually combined as a slightly hollowed sticky surface on the front of the column below the anther: in Habenaria longicalcarata (t. 253) they project on either side as curved green processes. ORCHIDACE:. 381 All these structures are very cleverly and wonderfully adapted for causing the transference of pollen from one flower to another by insects which are attracted as a rule by honey secreted in the sac or spur of the lip. The mechanism varies very considerably and orchids are so highly specialised in this respect that often pollination fails and no seeds are set simply because the proper insect for that species has not visited the plant. In general the head or proboscis of a bee, probing the spur for honey, touches the rostellum which adheres to it, so that when the insect flies away the anthers open, and the polli- niums are dragged out and carried off, A bending of the stalk of the pollinium as it dries during the insect’s flight may, if necessary, bring the pollen-mass into such a position that in another flower it touches the stigma. The elasticity of the connecting band or of the thread which binds the groups of pollen together allows of some being left on the stigma while the rest may be carried to another flower. The fruit is a capsule containing an enormous number of very small seeds which are easily carried by the wind, and this perhaps explains why so many orchids grow high above the ground on the branches of trees. The vegetative parts vary also considerably. There is always a perennial root-stock; but this may consist of tubers or of a creeping rhizome. In some the shoot grows on year after year bearing flowers laterally (a monopodium, t. 249), in others it finishes each season’s growth with an inflorescence (sympodium, t. 243). Throughout the family there is a remarkable diversity in the form of the flower which may even imitate the appearance of some insect (e.g., the Bee and Fly orchids of England). The size, brilliancy and lasting qualities of many species have made them favourites with horticulturists who are constantly producing a ia The family is one of the largest among flowering plants, having over 400 genera and 5,000 species. Of these 1,600 have been found in India, most of them peculiar to the country. The south-east Himalayas, Assam and North Burma is the richest area : the Deccan is comparatively very poor. Pollen sacs together on the top of the column ee sacs on either side of column. Ground omen? eta GReInGe We es ey DDTCS OIGHIOS ty othe ee alee stor wo ik mom oOo 382 ORCHIDACEZ. Flowers 3/4 inch or more in tall racemes . . . . . d pes t/4.imeh .. 1 | et eae Flowers mauve or white, ‘with long spur. rh 307. CALANTHE, | Flores yellowish, 3/4 to 1 inch, often without Jeaves: lip BaCCate 4. . p. 392. EULOPHIA. { Flowers many, yellowish, i ina | close spiral - leaves few, small. 397. SPIRANTHES, J Flowers many, racemed_ coloured: leaves broad-folded | l fa) along the nerves . . 384. MICROSTYLIS. Flowers few, white ; ip bifid ‘and fringed : leaves roundish BAe yt scree . . p. 398. CHEIROSTYLIS. No obvious rhizome or : tuber ees Tubers or pseudobulbs . . . . = + = Jeu (Orchids of rocks or trees: stem stout: leaves hard: flowers pink . . . p- 394. ZRDES. Stem slender: leaves cylindrical, “quill- ike : flowers small g 4 with 1/2 inch sac, in drooping racemes, yellowish or ‘it nn ~ » . . « p. 306; SACEGLARIEE Leaves sword- like : flowers many, small, whorled or | scattered along erect spikes . . p. 382. OBERONIA. (Tubers flatandround . . . « jp. 5aGs eee | Tubers banana-like, close together: “flowers 3/4 to 11/2 Bh 3. gmelies . « Pp. 388. C@LOGYNE. | Leaves solitary, jointed ‘to the erect tubers at intervals | alongacreeping stem, . . fp. 385. CIRRHOPETALUM. ( Flowers pink with two spurs . . . » pp 406) Sanvneuen | Flowers 1/4 inch, sepals and petals forming a flattish hood, J column with two lateral spinal processes, lip with two | narrow spreading lobes, no spur. . , £. 407, DISPERIS. Flowers white or purplish ; always with spur or sac . | p. 398. HABENARIA, ETC. OBERONIA. F.B.I. 148 I. Epiphytes growing on the branches of trees to which they attach themselves by roots. Leaves in two ranks, closely fitting at the base, sword-like (i.e., compressed sideways as in Iris) thick, equally green on both sides. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers very small, in dense cylindrical spikes 3 to 4 inches by % inch, terminating the main axis. Sepals broadly ovate. Petals smaller. Lip four or two-labed, concave embracing the short column to which ORCHIDACE. 383 there is no foot. Anther caps without retaining filament. Polliniums four, waxy, without attachment. Species about 50 in tropical Asia and Africa and islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Not as arule cultivated. Oberonia verticillata Wight, Herb. Wight Prop. 179!; F.B.I.v 677,19. Leaves 2to 4 inches by 4to% inch, smaller than the other species. Spikes up to Io inches; flowers in whorls 4 inch apart. Lip broadly obcordate. Capsule 3/10 inch. Wight Ic. t. 1626. Nilgiris : on the lower edge of the plateau—Avalanche, not near Ootacamund. Pulneys: Levinge stream and below Glen falls near Kodaikanal, but not on the downs. J yson 2502. Bourne 682, 1036. Oberonia brunoniana Wight, Herb. Wight Prop. !; F.B.I.v 681,124. Leaves 10to I4inches by ¥% to 1 inch. Spikes as long, their stalks clasped in the bottom quarter by a leaf; above, for I to 3 inches, flattened and broad- ened like a leaf. Lip roundish, witha single or double small terminal lobe ; the main part with crenulate margin. Capsule 4 inch. Wight Ic. t. 1622. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund and down to Pykara and Neduwattum. Pulneys: below Kodaikanal on Church Cliff. Bourne 1837, 2931, etc. Oberonia wightiana Lindl. ; F.B.I. v 683, 1 32; common Nilgiri Oberonia. Leaves2to 6 by % inch. Spikes up to I4 inches with flowers to within I inch of the base. Lip with rounded lateral-basal lobes and a terminal pair of smaller ones, diverging and curved, with their inward margins toothed. Capsule % inch. Wight Ic. t. 1628. Nilgiris; common in woods on the plateau. Pulneys: in sholas beyond the Observatory, Poombari, etc. /yson 1850. Bourne 531, 1838, 2932, 2438,* 4657. Gen. Dist. Also Ceylon, 384 ; ORCHIDACEE. MICROSTYLIS. F.B.I. II. Ground orchids with broad corrugated leaves in two ranks and fitting over each other at the base, and termi- nal spikes of brownish or purplish flowers. Lip erect concave, embracing the column at the base: upper sepals oblong recurved: lower one and the other two petals narrow. Column very short, flanked on each side by a wing: anthers erect, polliniums four. Species about 50 to 70, in the northern half of the tropics, Microstylis rheedii Wight; F.B.I. v 690, Il 18. Stem stout, 3 to 6 inches, bulbous at the base. Leaves 3to5 by 1% to 2% inches, five to seven-nerved at the base, acute or acuminate: leaf-stalks sheathing at the base. Raceme 2% to 3 inches, raised by as much above the last leaf. Flowers fragrant, variable in colour and size, sepals narrow 1/5 to 1/3 inch by 1/20 inch. Petals 1/4 to 1/40 inch. Lower lip rounded, broadly triangular or kidney-shaped, slightly lobed or pectinate. Stylar eolumn 4 inch. Capsules % to 4% inch. Wight Ic. t, 902. Pulneys : Bearshola near Kodaikanal, but not common at these levels, Much more so below. Fyson 83. Bourne 371, 2933, 2934- Gen. Dist. Western ghats, Deccan, Shevaroys, etc. Microstylis versicolor Wight ; Herb. Wight Prop. 178!; F.B.I. v 691; 1119. Green leaves usually two only; but smaller scarious ones sheathe the lower part of the stem and the small falsebulb. Green leaves 2 to 3 by %4 to 144 inches, ovate acute, wrapped round the flowering axis and each other at the base, and folded along the five or more nerves. Flowering axis 2 to 8 inches naked, bare below, above with %4 inch lanceolate, deflexed bracts. Flower-stalks 3/16 to 1/4 inch, very slender, spur as long, slender. Lip circular or kidney-shaped, deeply ORCHIDACE:. 385 toothed. Lateral sepals ovate. Petals narrow. t. 242. Wight Ic. t. 901. In woods. Nilgiris: Kotagiri and above to Ootacamund. Pulneys : on the downs. /yson 567. Bourne 590, 1062,* 4614. Gen. Dist. South Indian hills and Ceylon. Very variable in the colour and size of the flowers, and in the size and relative breadth of the leaves. One specimen from Kodaikanal (Sauliere No. 16 ‘at 8,100 feet ’) is in leaf exactly like M. lacifolia 7waztes a Ceylon species, but differs in the bracts being deflexed, instead of suberect as in that species. I have seen other specimens so different as to appear distinct species but which are, I think, only varieties of M. versicolor. * var luteola. Plant smaller, spike shorter, 2 inches, but flowers larger and less crowded, green with slight pinkish tinge, Lip broader than long with eight pairs of teeth and a median shorter one on both plateaus. Sourne 1035, 2935. Wight Ic, t.. 1662, CIRRHOPETALUM. F.B.I. 148 XI. Tree orchids with long cylindrical creeping stem, often clothed with small scales or their fibrous remains, and each section of an inch or so ending in an upright tuber or pseudobulb bearing at the top a single, thick, oblong-oval leaf jointed to it and folded in bud, and on one side a slender axis with two or three bracts and a terminal whorl of flowers, peculiar in the two side sepals being three or four times as long (% inch) as the petals (% inch) and projecting in front like a double lip. Species 40, chiefly in India and Malaya. Cirrhopetalum thomsoni /. D. Hooker ; F.B.I. v 778, X1 27. Stem % inch thick; tubers % to 2 inches apart, ly to 34 inch high, conical, green. Leaf elliptic or linear- oblong, obtuse, 2 inches by % inch with a fair midrib and numerous parallel slender nerves, thick and leathery, and falling off by a clean joint from the top of the bulb. Flowering axis very slender, with two to three small scale- sheaths at the base, and thin, ovate bracts ¥% inch. Flowers umbelled, four to five standing horizontal. Side sepals % inch by &% inch, lanceolate, curved, five-nerved, yellowish-green with small reddish purple spots near the 25 386 ORCHIDACEZ. somewhat broader base, quite free of one another: dorsal sepal % inch, marked with five reddish streaks and a network. Side petals %& inch, three-nerved. Lip jointed to the projecting foot of the column, itself short, curved backwards and upwards. Pollen masses, four, more or less connected in pairs. Pulneys: in sholas near Kodaikanal. Bourne 584, 1194, 1840, 2938. Nilgiris: Neduwattum. Wight, Thomson, Clarke. ERIA. F.B.I. 148 XIX. Small tree orchids remarkable for the round rather flat bulb-like tubers, or pseudobulbs % inch across, jointed together in rows, from the youngest of which rise a pair of lanceolate leaves, set exactly opposite each other and jointed to their bases, anda very slender flower-axis with two to five white star-like flowers. Species : about 80 in tropical Asia. Flower 1 inch across, solitary : tubers enclosed in a network . E. braccata, Flowers 34 inch, two to five on the stalk : tubes naked : E. nana. Eria braccata Lindley (E. reticosa Wight); FBI v 787, XIX 6. Asmall tree orchid distinguished by very distinct netting over the flat round tubers, and the single large white flower, over an inch across on the slender stalk. Tubers % to % inch, less than ¥% inch thick, joined in rows and each enclosed in a very thin covering with a raised network of veins, which meet in the centre, a solid boss 1/10 inch across with a raised scar in the middle. Leaves from an as yet unformed tuber, at the end of the row; basal sheathing scales two or three, imbricat- ing like the leaves in two ranks, with crinkled and curled back margins. Leaves 1% to 1 34 inches by % to ORCHIDACEZ. 387 ¥% inch, elliptic acute, sheathing at the base, with strong midrib and two pairs of very obscure lateral veins, fairly thick andfirm. Flowering-axis not as long as the leaves, firm: bract broadly ovate, acuminate, five-nerved, clasp- ing at the base the ovary. Sepals and petals spreading, starlike, 34 inch: dorsal sepal % inch, obscurely five- nerved ; lateral, 3g inch at the widest in shape like a crescent with one arm (that attached to the long foot of the column) cut off short. Petals % inch wide, narrowed atthe base. Lip erect rising from between the incurved ends of the sepals from a base 4% inch wide, curved for- wards ; its middle or terminal lobe 1/5 inch wide with finely crenulate margin and white triangular tip, the rest orange yellow, with two central crested ridges which run back to the base of the column; side lobes erect Ip inch high, their upper edges purple. Column 1/to inch wide, in the lower % inch yellow edged with purple, broadened below the anther to % inch for the stigma. Anther projecting over the stigma, attached at the back by a filament, with two oval pollen sacs in the hinder and lower half. Polliniums four, attached altogether, with a little powdery pollen in addition at the base. Ovary &% to % inch, with six prominent crenulate ridges. Pod % inch. t.243. Wight Ic. t. 1637 (E. reticosa). Nilgiris : on trees near Pykara, common. Odour distinct though faint. The flower is as large as Coelogyne odoratis- sima and very like it in general appearance. Fryson 2722, Bourne 5123. Gen, Dist. Western Ghats and Ceylon. Not collected on the Pulneys. Eria nana A. Rich.; F.B.I. v 789, XIX 14. Tubers % to '% inch, clustered, round and depressed in the centre, when dry marked with numerous raised reticu- lating veins. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate’ I to 2 by 4 to 4 inch, thin, soon falling off the short base, 25-A 388 ORCHIDACE. with a dozen or so slender parallel nerves joined by veins. Flowers in the axils of persistent bracts % inch long: pedicel % inch. Sepals and petals nearly equal, 5/8 inch by 1/10 inch, acute; the lateral sepals attached to the foot of the column and forming with it a distinct sac. Lip larger, attached to the foot of the column. Column short. Polliniums eight, pear-shaped, attached together in pairs to sticky discs. Pod 1/8 inch by 1/16 inch, capped by the dried perianth. t. 244. Wight Ic. t. 1642 lower right hand figure (Dendrobium fili- forme). On trees, especially horizontal branches, often among moss. Quite common on the Kodaikanal and Ootacamund downs. Not known apparently except on these hills. /ysou 1134. Bourne 681, 1842, 2940, In t. 244: a. flower with a lateral sepal and a lateral petal torn off to show the lips sessile on the foot of the column and incumbent, with edges crenulate. [Z.7.2.] CCEELOGYNE. F.B.I. XXXIV. Epiphytic plants, growing on trees, with short creep- ing rhizome made up of annually renewed, tuberous, erect sections, clothed at first by scale leaves but later on swollen and bare, and bearing at the top one or two of the few foliage leaves. Young sections ending in a slender flowering axis (scape) bearing a few large flowers. Leaves evergreen, but with a joint at the base of the blade, so that the blade separates very easily from the top of the tuber or leaf-sheath. Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading out reflexed: lip with two side- lobes erect and clasping the column, and a middle Icbe with raised corrugations, not spurred or saccate. Column slightly curved, winged towards the top, and often with two staminodal auricles. Anthers pendulous with distinct stalk, incumbent on the three-lobed ORCHIDACE/:. 389 rostellum, covered by a hood. Polliniums four, cohering in pairs by short granular caudicles. The annual tuberous sections, each ending ultimately in a flower, are sufficient to distinguish Ccelogyne from all our other orchids except Spiranthes and Cheirostylis, which are ground plants. Though formed every year, the sections and their leaves are perennial, and remain green for many years. Species 50 to 70. All in India and the Malay Islands. This genus has furnished some of our most beautiful cultivated orchids. ( Lip with four parallel ridges : tubers 4 inches . i C. glandulosa. | Lip with two ridges only sane C. mossie. | Lip with three ridges: tubers 1 inch ee Leaves 2 to 4 by % inch J: ms (he OGORAtISEIiINa. eee Ay wiginenes:. 15. hy a na) nervosa. Ceelogyne odoratissima Lindley; FBI. v_ 83a, XXXIV 25; the sweet-scented Plantain Orchid. Tubers variable, from % to I inch by % inch, slightly wrinkled, clothed only at the base by the brown remains of the scales. Leaves 2 by % inch, less or more, thin, acute at both ends, with light midrib and two dark green nerves as well as other slenderer ones. Spike two to three-flowered, longer than the leaves, slender. Bracts 34 inch, light brown and scarious: pedicel %4 inch: ovary shorter. Sepals I by % inch, keeled. Petals as long, but narrower. Terminal lobe of lip % by 3% inch, curled down at the tip and the sides: lateral lobes % inch high, projecting forwards 1/5 inch beyond their attach- ment to the rest; space between with three raised crenulate ridges, the lateral of which run on to the termi- nal lobe and are there coloured like its middle patch, yellow. Column very slender in general shape oblanceo- late, % inch high, 1/20 inch wide at the base, % inch near the top, the winged margin forming a hood round and over the anther. Anther sac showing as an oval yellow body; polliniums four, in two pairs. 390 ORCHIDACE&. On trees, growing commonly in’ dense masses, dis- tinguished from the other species by the thin and smaller leaves and the few flowers. t.245. Wight Ic. t. 1640. Nilgiris: downs near Ootacamund, in sholas common, Dodabetta. Flowers from May to July. Not collected at Kodaikanal. Fyson. Bourne 4779, etc. Gen. Dist. Also Ceylon. Coeelogyne nervosa A. Rich. ; F.B.I. as C. corrugata Wight, v 835, XXXIV 26; the lesser Plantain Orchid. Tubers ovoid, deeply wrinkled or corrugated, I by 3%4 inch; the oldest with the remains of the old flowering stem; younger with two leaves and a fruiting stem; youngest, still unformed, % inch thick, covered with imbricating scales, the uppermost and innermost of. which become the two green leaves, and having a flowering spike. Leaves elliptic, 4 by 1% inches, hard. Spike 4inches, bracts 1 by % inch, conspicuous spread- ing, scarious and light brown while the flower is open, and persistent till the pod forms. Sepals and petals I inch, white, elliptic. Mid-lobe of lip rounded, 4% by % inch: side-lobes % inch high. Column % inch, slender, curving forwards at the top, prominently winged and also projecting 1/16 inch well above the anther. Anther hinged tothe fap. Polliniums four, joined at the base. Pod 1% by /% inch, deeply five-angled. t.246. Wight Ic. t. 1639. (C. corrugata, not t. 1638.) Pulneys : in sholas round Kodaikanal. Nilgiris: Coonoor. Fyson. Bourne 1224. Richard’s wervvosa is an earlier name than Wight’s species therefore stands as C. nervosa 4. Rich. ee Ceelogyne glandulosa Lindley ; F.B.I. v 835, XXXIV 27; the Plantain Orchid. Tubers 2 to 4 by I inch, con- tracted at each end, curved. Leaves 4 to 12 by 1% inches. Stalk of racemes sheathed almost to the flowers ORCHIDACEA, 391 by enveloping bracts; later lengthening, and the bracts deciduous. Floral bracts 1% by %to % inch. Flower- stalks ITinch. Sepals and petals 1% by % inch, pure white. Centre of lip with a pair of high ridges anda pair of lateral shorter ones, all smooth. Wight Ic. t. 1638. On rocks. Pulneys : near Kodaikanal, Pamban stream, etc. Bourne 1223, 1332, 2940,* 2941. Coelogyne mossiz Rolfe ; XXXIV 27.* Tubers ovoid wrinkled. Leaves about nine-nerved. Spikes five or six- flowered. Lip with two raised ridges only. t. 247, Nilgiris: on the downs. Rare. Apparently veryrare. Mr. Rolfe, at Kew, had seen only one specimen. The figure (t. 247) appeared to be his species, but [ had not my specimen from which the figure had been drawn, to compare with the type plant. bd CALANTHE. — FBI. 148 XXXVI. Large ground orchids with broad longitudinally plaited leaves, wrapping round each other in bud, but not intwo ranks. Flowering shoot lateral on the stem (not terminal). Sepals and petals approximately equal. Lip adnate to the short column. Polliniums eight, slender. Species about 40, mostly in tropical Asia, but also in Japan, islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, tropical Africa, Central America, Mexico and the West Indies. Calanthe veratrifolia Brown; F.B.JI. v 851, XXXVI 15; the white Wood Orchid. A large plant, with the habit of a Eucharis Lily but the leaves folded between the main veins like a fan, and tall racemes of white flowers, with lip bifid and spreading out flat, and long slender spur. Stem tuberous, growing in the ground with long thick roots. - Leaves spirally placed, plaited (like a fan) : stalk 6 inches, blade 10 inches by 4 inches, larger or 392 ORCHIDACEZ. smaller, dark green. Flowering axis about 2 feet. Flowers rather crowded towards the top: bracts 14 inches, lanceolate, acute, herbaceous; upper smaller yy inch: flower-stalk (ovary and pedicel) 2 inches. Sepals 14 inch, elliptic, obovate, five-nerved; petals equal, three or five-nerved: all five erect or spreading. Lip hanging prominently outwards, with four oblong lobes, two on each side; spreading outwards and attached to the foot of the column and forming with it a short canal leading to the hollow of the spur. Polliniums eight, slender. Wight Ic. t. 1664. In woods. Pulneys: close below Kodaikanal and in many other sholas. Nilgiris: Kotagiri, in Longwood shola. son 1705. Bourne 280, 677, 2042, etc. But not common at these elevations, much more frequent below, where another species C. masuca Lindley with purple flowers and stalkless leaves also occurs. Gen. Dist. Deccan 6 to 7,000 feet, Canara, Ceylon and on to Malaya and Australia. EULOPHIA. F.B.I. 148 XI Ground orchids flowering often before the leaves appear. Leaves rising from a lateral bud, rather narrow, plaited, arranged spirally, and convolute in bud, and jointed at their bases. Flowers in tall racemes. Sepals and petals similar, narrow, and not spreading much. Column slender and long, curving forwards at the base. Lip with side lobes embracing the column, a middle lobe with raised ridges, anda short spur. Anther cap falling off completely. Polliniums two or four, attached by elastic straps to athin oblong band fixed to an easily romoved bit of the rostellum. Species about 50, in all warmer parts of the world, especially tropical and South Africa, and Asia (one near Madras) ; but, also, in Australia two and in Brazil one. A few are cultivated. Eulophia pratensis Lindley ; F.B.I. vi 4, XXXIX 10; : yellow Ground Orchid. ORCHIDACEA:. 393 Flowering stem appearing before the leaves, I to2 feet high; with a few sheathing scales, slightly swollen at their attachment to the stem; quite glabrous, green or purplish. Raceme 6 inches, the flowers about 4 inch, apart. Bracts lanceolate, acute, 4% inch: ovary plus stalk 34 inch. Sepals elliptic, oblong, dirty yellow outside, purple inside, five-nerved. Petals nearly as long, obovate-oblong, clearer yellow. Lateral sepals attached by their -inch wide bases to the shortly projecting base of the column, on to which also run the front edges of the two petals. Side-lobes of lips embracing the column, each as wide as the middle lobe: middle lobe with three or four crested ridges running towards the opening of the short, triangular, backward pointing spur. Column deeply grooved, with the sides meeting across the middle at the top ; rostellum sloping downwards. Anther cap with a short projecting point, quite free. Polliniums two, attached by thin elastic bands to the removable part of the rostellum, globose. Capsule 1% inches elliptic, turgid. Leaves long petioled, 10 to 12inches. Wight Ic. t. 1666. There appear to be two varieties, differing considerably in size :— vary 1 major. Speals and petals 1 inch by % inch: bracts 14 inch by 14 inch: ovary without a trace of purple. Pulneys: on the Kodaikanal. downs flowering March and April. Fyson 3100, Bourne 206, 1205, 1397. Gen, Dist, Western side of South [ndia, apparently endemic. Flowers in Bombay, November to February. [C.F.B.]. var 2 minor. Sepals and petals 1/2 inch by 1/5 inch, bracts Y inch by 1g inch ovary tinged with purple. 1 am however not very confident about this. Eulophia nuda Lindl.; F.B.J. vi 5, XXXIX 18. A larger plant with leaf blades 12 to 15 inches long and sepals and petals I inch by 4 inch. Wight Ic. t. 1690. 304 ORCHIDACE. On the ridge above Silver Cascade, below Kodaikanal. Bourne 1845, 1846. AERIDES. F.B.I. 148 LVIII. Rock or Tree Orchids with stout perennial stem which continues growing at the end (monopodial growth). Leaves in two ranks and jointed totheir bases. Flowers in lateral racemes from the axils of the leaves. Sepals and petals spreading. Lip divided distinctly into two parts, the forward one broad and jointed to the inner, which has erect side lobes and a spur and is itself attached to the prolonged base of the column. Species about 50 in the tropics of Asia. Flowers round : racemes spreading: on rocks, . A. crispum, Flowers narrrow, 1/3 inch wide by 1 inch long: racemes erect, shorter than the leaves: ontrees . , A. radicosum. ABrides crispum Lindley; F.B.I. vi 45, LVI 8; pink Rock Orchid. Stem thick as the middle finger, covered with the bases of the fallen leaves. Roots as thick as the little finger, greenish white. Leaves thick and close- set, 3 by I inch, folded up along the midrib, very slightly notched and uneven at the end, green but with purplish blotches on the upper side. Racemes spreading or pend- ulous, longer than the leaves. Flowers rose-coloured, 34 to 1% inches across. Sepals and petals broad, nearly round. Mid-lobe of lip nearly as broad as long, crisped along the margin: side lobes % inch long, pointing forwards: central part with a slight ridge and two swell- ings where the lateral join the middle jlobe. Column Y4 inch high, but produced in front nearly 4 inch; the side sepals attached by their whole width to its under side and the lip at the end; upper part winged, the edges almost hiding the deeply sunk stigma. Cap of the anther projecting forwards as much its own width. Polliniums attached by very slender filaments tothe strap, which ORCHIDACE:. 395 comes off the rostellum with a piece, ovate on one side bifid on the other. t. 248. Wight Ic. t. 1677 bis. On exposed rocks, Common on the Pulney downs, about Kodaikanal. Nilgiris: Coonoor. Fyson 377, Bourne 1850, 1850.* Gen. Dist. Western Ghats. This is the Orchid commonly brought round for sale in Kodaikanal a practice which should not be encouraged, for collectors of this type are ruthless in their destruction. In any case a plant, when done with, should not be thrown away, even if only a piece of stem, but carefully planted in a crevice on some exposed rock, fErides radicosum A. Rich; F.B.I. vi 46, LVII 11; the larger rose Tree Orchid. Stem much as in A¢rides crispum, bound to the tree by interlacing % inch thick, dirty white roots. Leaves 34 inch wide, 6 to IO inches long, thick, strongly grooved, and when young folded down the midrib; slightly unequal at the tip; often spotted brown. Spike erect, usually shorter than the leaves. Flowers less than half as wide as they are long: pedicel and ovary I inch, curving back against the axis of the spike. Dorsal sepal erect, nearly flat, oval, 1/5 inch: lateral %4 inch, forming with the smaller petals very flat sides to the flower. Mid-lobe of lip 1/5 inch, broad and long, contracted suddenly at both ends: lateral lobes 1/16inch, the part joining them with a double swelling. Spur % inch, curved forwards, blunt. Column % inch, very deeply grooved, or with thick white wings project- ing at the base as much as &% inch: stigma shining, 1/16 inch. Capsule ona stalk of % inch, I by 2/5 inch, three- angled, with a broad band down the middle of each side along one side of which it opens, and capped by the remains of the flower: placentas woolly. t. 249. Wight Ic. t. 1673 (Saccolabium rubrum); Ic. t. 917 (S. wightianum). On trees, flowering before the rains. Nilgiris : Ootacamund in sholas common, and at lower levels to Pykara, and Kotagiri. Pulneys: rare onthe downs. /yson 2617. Bourne 2946, 4817- 396 ORCHIDACE#. Gen, Dist, Western Ghats. Easily distinguished from A. crispum, by the narrow flowers, more shortly stalked spikes, and flat not curved lip ; but most of all by being a Tree-orchid, growing always in the shade, while the other grows in the open on rocks, SACCOLABIUM. F.B.I. 148 LXI. Sac-orchid. Similar to the Rock Orchid, ZRIDES, as regards the structure of the vegetative parts and the flower, and differing chiefly in there being no extended foot to the column, so that the lip, here comparatively small, is not carried out and is not divisible into two parts; and in the comparatively long, sac-like spur, which is the most conspicuous part of the flower. Saccolabium filiforme Lindley; F.B.I. vi 56, LX1 3; yellow or pink Sac-orchid. Distinguished from all our other orchids by the slender green stems and round, stick- like leaves, and by the curved, drooping spikes of small, yellow-brown flowers, less than % inch broad but with spurs twice as long, which hang down from their axils. Roots thick, white. Stem % inch thick, green. Leaves more or less in two ranks 2 to 6 inches by 1/10 inch or less, but tapering and sheathing the stem at the base. Spikes about 2 inches; flowers dense; bracts 1/12 inch, acute; stalk and ovary % inch. Spur 1/5 inch, brown. Capsule slender egg-shaped, % inch, its stalk %4 inch, the remains of the perianth persistent at the top. t. 250. In the sholas frequent. /yson 1987, 3102. Bourne 208, 1180.* Appears to be in two varieties :— var nilgirica: flowers pink. Nilgiris : on the downs to Pykara and Neduwattum ; flowers May, etc. var pulneyensis : flowers yellow streaked brown, Pulneys : in sholas about Kodaikanal, not rare. Ceylon. Gen. Dist. Also Central Provinces. ORCHIDACEZ:. 397 SPIRANTHES. F.B.1. 148 LXXXvVII. Lady’s tresses. Ground orchids distinguished from all others by the spiral arrangement of the small white flowers on a twisted spike. Rootstock with thick white roots, and ending above in the flowering and leafy stem. Leaves spirally arranged, not jointed at the base. Middle sepal and petals forming a hood over the short column, but not fused together: lateral sepals free, with more or less parallel nerves. Lip different in shape, hanging down vertically, small, oblong, concave, crisped, hairy at the middle, with short spur. Anther erect, attached to the equally long, erect rostellum, two-celled, with two waxy polliniums pendulous from the top. Species about 80 in tropical mountains and in temperate regions. In England three, the commonest being S. au‘ummnalis Lady’s tresses. Spiranthes australis Lindley ; F.B.I. vi 102, LXXXVIII. Stem 6 to 8 inches, rather slender. Leaves mostly near the base, 2 to 5 inches, narrow oblanceolate, acute, hardly 14 inch wide, sheathing the stem for ashort way. Stalk of spike slender ; flowering part 3 to6 inches, the flowers close together in a dense spiral, white. Sepals 1/6 by 1/16 inch: petals slightly shorter. Lip three-lobed, with two glands at the base. Capsule % inch, ribbed. t251. Pulneys : common on the Kodaikanal downs, flowers summer. Nilgiris: Pykara, flowers May and near Coonoor. /yson 2017, 2923. Bourne 35. Gen. Dist. On mountains throughout India, from the Punjab and Thibet to Ceylon and Chittagong. Eastwards to China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand ; northwards to Afghanistan and northern Asia. 398 ORCHIDACEZ. CHEIROSTYLIS. F.B.I. 148 XC. Terrestrial herbs with tuberous rootstock, extending upwards into the stem, which has a few spirally arranged, not jointed, leaves near the base, and ends in a raceme of small flowers. These with a comparatively large lip, but small sepals and petals, of which the median sepal and two adjacent petals are united as hood. Column short with two erect appendages in front, anthers erect. Polliniums two, with short caudicles. Species about eight, in the East Indies, Malay archipelago and tropical Africa. Cheirostylis flabellata Wight; F.B.I. vi 105, XC 5. Rootstock in appearance like artichoke, pinkish brown, lumpy. Stem hairy. Leaves % to I inch, ovate-acute, sheathing at the base, three or five-nerved: upper reduced to scales with distinct sheathing portion. Flowers five or six, % inch across. Lip bifid, each half deeply fringed. Capsule egg-shaped, 4 to 4% inch. Wight Ic. ig: In shady places. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund on Snowdon. Pulneys: Bearshola and Church Cliff shola, near Kodaikanal. Flowering April. Sourne 1225,* 1263,* 4778. Gen. Dist. Wigher mountains of India from Bhotan southwards to Tenasserim and Ceylon. HABENARIA. F.B.I. 148 CVI. Ground orchids with tubers and thick roots. Leaves spirally arranged, clasping at the base, not folded along the nerves. Flowers in terminal bracteate spikes or racemes. Pollen sacs lying on either side of the column, and each enclosing one club-shaped or pear-shaped pollinium. Species about 4oo in temperate and tropical regions. In England, the Butterfly orchid. Sepals spreading LN 8 2 Sepals erect . wh 6s eo ons 8 ee ORCHIDACE&. 399 Petals divided, one or both halves hair-like . . . . ¢ Petals not divided : lip three-lobed or partite. . . . d ( Flowers one or two only. Spur 2 inches. Lip of three ) Slender parts (3. .:. . . p. 400.. H: rariflora. 4 Flowers many in a spike. Spur 4 inch. Hair-like seg- | ments of petals curling up. AP. 399, 400. H. foliosa and H. travancorica. Side lobes of lip broader than the middle lobe . . . e 1 Side lobes of lip not broader than the middle lobe . . f gs many, under 1 inch: lateral lobes of lip 1 inch : ordess. o-. so i aor EE. cephalotes. | Flowers one or two only : spur 3 to 4 inches [ Pp 40%. 0H: longicalcarata. a all facing one way : bracts pone: the flowers. g Flowers spirally arranged . .. . ae eels Ovate Ptr (t/2 mehes) ds 403. H. ‘he puaetes Leaves linear 2 to2 1/2 inches. . f. 403. H. subpubens. [ Leaves two only, flat on the ground, thick . 2. 40a. H- crassifolia. Leaves several, on the shins flowers 14 inch greenish [ aa i Ps oa. EL: elliptica. ( Lateral petals oan with, a Giiteuin segment curling up . (like a pair of horns) . . . p. 404. H. bicornuta. | Petals entire : lip notched or cuspidate one spotted pink fa wOr purple Soe os eae) gog. A obeerdabn. 2 Je 7) Ou (9?) bes) me Habenaria foliosa A. Rich.; F.B.I. vi 135, as variety foliosa of H. digitata Lindl.; CV17.* Characterised by having two pairs of fiiform segments of petals curling upwards like horns. Tuber 34 inch. Stem 6to 10 inches, clothed at the base only with sheaths, above leafy. Leaves I to 2 inches, elliptic-ovate, acute, stem-clasping; upper smaller merging into the bracts. Flowers dirty white,in a dense spike 2 to 4inches long. Bracts % inch, ovate- acute, slightly longer than the ovary. Sepals 4 inch; lateral pair ovate-acute, curved spreading ; dorsal sepal round. Petals each divided into two filiform segments curved upwards like horns. Lips deeply three-fid into narrow hair-like segments, the middle one longest. 400 ORCHIDACE&. Stigmatic processes large straight. Pollen sacs curled upwards and outwards. Capsule % inch. t. 252. Wight Ic. t. 1700. In the open, on grass downs. Nilgiris : on golf links, etc., to Avalanche and Coonoor, flowering August. Gen. Dist. Nilgiris and northward on the Ghats. Habenaria travancorica Hook. f.; Herb. Wight Prop. ‘ H. lindleyana’!; F.B.I. vi 135, CV18. Characterised by having two pairs of horns (filiform segments of the petals curving upwards) and the inner side of the lateral sepals pubescent. | Stem 6 to 15 inches, lower parts naked; basal sheaths few, rounded. Leaves I to2 by 3% to 1 inch, ovate-acute, uppermost narrower and acuminate. Raceme lax, 2 to 4 inches. Bracts % to I inch, much longer than the ovaries. Lateral sepals % inch, ovate-acute, pubescent on the inner side ; dorsal one round. Petals divided into two filiform segments which curl up like two horns. Lip three-partite. Spur % inch, shorter than the ovary. Wight Ic. t. 922. (H. lindleyana). Pulneys: on the open grass downs, flowering autumn. Fyson 2133. Bourne 1199. Very similar to H. foliosa, differing mainly in the sepals being pubes- cent: and probably only a variety of it. Habenaria rariflora A. Rich.; F.B.I. vi 136, CVI 14. A small white flowered ground orchid remarkable for the long slender curved spur and the four hair-like segments projecting from either side of the flower. Stem 4 to 8 inches, clothed below by the sheathing bases of the leaves. Leaves close to the ground, 3 to 4 inches by 4% inch, oblong-lanceolate, acute, folded, clasp- ing the lower part of the stem by their sheathing bases. Upper part of stem with only a few bract-like sheaths. ORCHIDACEA. 401 Bracts 34 to 1% inches, narrow-lanceolate, acute. Pedicel 4 to 34 inch; ovary as long. Spur 2 inches, incurved. Sepals triangular spreading, the posterior 44 inch acute. Petals each of two parts; the upper ovate-acute 4 inch, the lower hair-like and twice as long, curved slightly upwards. Lip consisting of a narrow oblong middle lobe, % by % inch, from about the middle of which on each side a straight hair-like segment projects straight outwards (at half right and half left). Ovary usually not showing atwist. PodiI by 1/5 inch. Wight Ic. t. 924. In the grass of the open downs. Pulneys: above Kodai- kanal, flower July. Nilgiris: on the lower slopes. /yson. Bourne 1192, 1856, Gen. Dist. Bababooduns and Western Ghats. Habenaria cephalotes Lindl.; F.B.I. vi 139, CVI 22. Tuber elongate. Stem 3 to 6 inches, and raceme 2 to 4 inches: base stout with one ortwo sheaths. Leaves two or three only, 2 to 2% by 1% inches, ovate; succeeded by much smaller ones. Spike dense 2 to 4 inches: bracts I by % inch, lanceolate acuminate, longer than the ovaries. Lateral sepals 1/5 inch, pubescent, spreading ; dorsal smaller. Petals entire erect. Lip divided into three lobes: mid-lobe 4 inch, narrow: lateral lobes % by % inch, with fimbriate margin. Spurcurved forwards shorter than the beaked ovary. t. 253. Wight Ic. t. I7II. In open grass land. Nilgiris: on the downs near Ootaca- mund and down to Avalanche. Not on Pulney downs. Bourne 4610. Habenaria longicalearata A. Rich.; FBI. vi 141, CVI 30; Elephant’s Head. Distinguished by the large white flowers and very long spur. Stem I2 to I8 inches, from an oblong tuber. Leaves few (four or five) close to the ground, oblong, acute, or broadly elliptic: stem above clothed with loosely 26 | 402 ORCHIDACEZ. sheathing bracts nearly as long as the internodes. Flowers one to three only : pedicels I to 1% inches: bracts acute, sheathing, nearly as long: ovary as long. Petals and dorsal sepals erect : dorsal sepal green, three-nerved, with three recurved margins: lateral oblong curved or nearly semicircular, spreading down and backwards. Lip 1 to 1% inches, three-fid; mid-lobe oblong, % by 1g inch; lateral lobes cuneate, toothed along the sloping end. Spur 4 to5 inches, hanging vertically down but bent forwards at about the middle, and thicker below this. Anthers over % inch, curved forwards and upwards. Filaments of polliniums over 1/5 inch: pollen in large granular masses. Stigmas on two large shining fleshy green 4é-inch processes, curving horizontally outwards in two semicircles and nearly meeting in front. t. 254. Wight Ic. t. 925. Curtis Bot. Mag. t. 7228. In t. 254: @ one caudicie and its gland is shown escaped from the anther-sac, and just the gland of the other. On the open downs. Pulneys: near Kodaikanal common in places. Widely distributed on the uplands of South India, Mysore, etc., down to 2,000 feet. Fyson 3103. Bourne 256, 1998, 2345, 2951. Habenaria elliptica Wight, Herb. Wight. Prop. 3071!; F.B.I. vi 147, CVI 40; common small Habenaria. Tubers ellipsoid, 34 to 1% inches: stem 8 to 24 inches, leafy. Leaves mostly near the ground but also on the stem above, lanceolate or elliptic, acute, 2 to 3 inches by 14 to 34 inch; the upper smaller and merging into the floral bracts, which are lanceolate acute, shorter than the ovary. Racemes dense, many flowered. Flowers small, 14 inch across: ovary 34 inch, curved forwards. Dorsal sepal and petals erect, arching over the column: lateral sepals spreading. Lip curled down, divided to near the middle into three nearly equal lobes: lateral lobes acute dentate on the outer margin. Spur 34 inch, slender above, below much thickened and curved forwards. ORCHIDACEZ:. 403 Stigmatic processes fleshy, deflexed down against the labellum. Wight Ic. t. 1706. On the open grass downs, Pulneys: above Kodaikanal, Fryson 563, 1842, 3102, 3104, Bourne 487, 594, 1187, 1187,* etc. Nilgiris: Coonoor (Gamd/le). Not elsewhere. Habenaria heyneana Lindl.; F.B.I. vi 148, CVI 53. Stem 6 to 10 inches, with two sheaths at the base. Leaves 1% by 3 inch, ovate, stem-clasping, recurved: upper smaller, acuminate. Raceme2to3inches. Bracts broad, acuminate, sheathing the flowers. Flowers all facing one way, greenish-yellow. Dorsal sepal and petals arching: lateral sepals spreading. Lip three-partite curving downwards: lobes oblong 1/5 inch, subequal on the middle one longer and broader. Spur as long or shorter than the ovary, which is not stalked. ‘Turns black on drying.’ Nilgiris: on the downs to Pykara; flowering summer. Bourne 4658, 4787. Gen. Dist. Western Ghats. Habenaria subpubens A. Rich.; F.B.I. vi 948, CVI 54. Characterised by straight not arching sepals and petals. ‘Differs also from H.heyneana in not turning black on drying.’ A small herb, 6 to8inches. Tuber 34 inch, oval. Base of stem with a few sheaths. Leaves two or three only I to2%4 by %4to % inch, upper smaller. Bracts 34 to I inch, narrow, elliptic acuminate, boat-shaped. Flowers about four only to the spike, all facing one way, white. Sepals 1/5 inch, oblong-obtuse, one-nerved ; lateral straight not arching. Petals nearly as long, acute. Lip three-fid: middle lobe longest. Spur slender as long as the ovary. t.255. — Nilgiris : near Ootacamund but not common, Gen. Dist. South end of Western Ghats. 26-A 404 ORCHIDACE&. Habenaria crassifolia A. Rich. ; F.B.I. vi 151, CVI 63. Distinguished by the two nearly circular fleshy leaves spreading out flat at the base. Stem % to 2 feet, from an oblong ellipsoid tuber, I to 1% inches long; leafless except at the base, but clothed with sheathing bracts which may overlap towards the top. Leaves two only, I to 2 inches, circular, fleshy. Flowering part less than half the whole: bracts lanceolate acute, % to 34 inch, shorter than the ovary. ‘Ovary I inch, sessile. Flowers 14 inch only, white. Dorsal sepal ovate-acute, arching: lateral sepals % inch, oblong-obtuse, curved downwards.* Petals shorter and narrower ovate-acute. Lip three-fid, lobes acute, entire or nearly so. Spur nearly as long as the ovary, club-shaped. Stigmatic processes short acute. t.256. Wight Ic. t. 1694. In damp places flowering June to September. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund, etc. Pulneys: just below Kodaikanal. Fryson 417, 697. Bourne 47, 1857, 4625. Gen, Dist. Western Ghats northwards to Mableshwar. Closely allied to H. platyphylla of the plains near Madras, Habenaria bicornuta Hook. f.; F.B.I. vi 156, CVI 78; Peristylus richardianus Wight, Herb. Wight Prop. !; yellow Two-horn. Stem up to 2 feet leafy to about the middle. Leaves 1% by 12 inches, narrow lanceolate acute, merging above into the bracts. Spike long, many- flowered, bracts % inch, ovary %inch. Flowers % inch, yellowish green. Dorsal sepal % inch, arched like a hood. Lateral sepals as long, obtuse. Petals a little shorter. Lip three-partite. Lateral segments long and linear, curled at first like ram’s horns, then erect and curved like a buffalo’s; middle segment 1/8 by 1/12 inch, oblong-obtuse, thick, with three swellings at the base, the middle one curving over the entrance to the * Incorrectly figured by Richard in An, des. Sci. Nat. 2nd Ser. xv. t. 3. ORCHIDACEA. 405 spur. Spur % inch, half the ovary. Column about 1/16 inch. Leaves and flowers dry black. t. 257. Wight Ic. t. 1097. Pulneys: Pillar rocks and down to Shembaganur. Ayson II7Q, 2055, 3105. Bourne 1184, Habenaria obcordata; Platanthera obc. Lindl.; F.B.I. ; as Habenaria galeandra and Habenaria jantha, vi 163 and 164, CVI 100 and IOI ; common purple ground- orchid. Stem 6to 10 inches, leafy throughout, glabrous, green but purplish at the base. Leaves ovate-acute, stem clasping, Ito 2 by 34 to I inch, merging upwards into bracts. Bracts leaf-like, longer than the ovary. Sepals and petals erect, arching over the column. Spur short and broad, sac-like. Very variable in size and in the size and shape of the lip, which may be from % to I inch, and from cuspidate to deeply notched. t. 258. * var typica, Wall. Cat. 7050, Lip 1/3 inch wide, cuspidate ; bracts longer than the flowers. ** var nilagirica, Wight Jc. t. 1693. “Leaves rather broader, bracts less spreading. * * * Yar galeandra, Reithb., Wall, Cat. 7oso ‘ Silhet’. Bract not much longer than the flowers. . Lip as in var typica, nearly as broad, cuspidate. Stem green, spotted with purple, and at the base quite purple. Leaves broad, green with purple nerves. Lip white with purplish spots, [Wight Ic. t. 1693 (P. affinis) is of a poor specimen approaching var typica. Wight Ic. t. 1692, H. jantha, is of a finer plant]. Pulneys: near and below Kodaikanal. /yson 1837, 3106, Bourne 442, 1188, 1997. *** * yar jantha Hooker ms, on Herb, Wight Prop. 1031! not of Wight. Lip larger, up to 1 inch across, and longer, deeply notched with or without a centra] point, but not cuspidate. Stem dark purplish-red, Leaves green withred nerves. t. 258. (b : fruit.) Pulneys: Kodaikanal downs. Travancore (Wight Kew Dist. 3025). Fyson 458, 3107. Bourne 585, 1189, 2954. The lip of this variety is very similar to that of P. helleborina Rolfe (Fir, Trop. Afr. viii 204), which species however is different in foliage, 406 ORCHIDACEA. The last two varieties (* * * and ** * *) crow together on the Kodaikanal downs and are very distinct, though intermediates (possibly hybrids) occur. Considerable confusion has been introduced by the plant being given different names by workers in different localities and by such workers identifying the plant wrongly. P. obcordata Lindley was founded ona Nepal plant. P. galeandra Aeichd., in 1852, ona Hongkong one. P. Jantha of Wight’s description is his Ic. t. 1692, and not the plant named so by Sir J. D. Hooker (ms. on Wight’s sheet No. 1031). Both Wight’s Ic. t. 1692 and t. 1693 have the cuspidate lip of P. galeandra Reicd. and of obcordata Lindi. in Wall. Cat. 7o50. On the other hand the only sheet of Wight’s marked ‘jantha,’ is the type of his Icones t. 1692 and is a fine specimen of the H. galeandra of #.8./. Jantha therefore appears to be an unfortunate name for the plant meant by the name in F.B.I. and also here, because originally given by Wight to what Hooker calls in F.B.I. H. galeandra, identifying it with P. galeandra Rzichb., a Chinese plant ; but it must be retained since described in the F.B.I. Krauzlin in his monograph of the orchids, vol. I, p. 613, appears not to have seen our plant, which is that named by Hooker H. Jantha, and appears to have merely followed Hooker’s description, quoting Wight’s lcones t. 1692, though Hooker did so with a question mark. SAT YRIUM. F.B.I. 148 CIX. Twin-spur. Ground orchids allied to HABENARIA (q.v-) and distinguished by having two spurs hanging down on either side from the lip which is on the upper or posterior side of the flower, because the ovary is not (as is usual) twisted. Polliniums therefore with their stalks pointing upwards. Species 10 in south and tropical Africa, Madagascar. Satyrium nepalense Don; F.B.I. vi 168, CIX 1; Pink Twin-spur. Stem up to 2% feet. Basal leaves very large, up to 5 or even 7 inches by 3 to 4 inches, broadly ovate with sheathing base; upper leaves smaller. Spike very dense: bracts longer than the ovary, lanceolate. Flowers pink: posterior lateral sepals reflexed: anterior odd sepal (in most orchids posterior) narrow, curved down in front between the similar but broader petals. Lip erect curved as a hood over the column; spurs slender, % inch. Column curved forwards with two ZINGIBERACEA. 407 minute lobes on either side. Anther sacs nearly globular. Stigma above them. Wight Ic. t. 1716. Nilgiris: on the downs abundant after the summer rains. Pulneys: near Kodaikanal and on the downs. /yson 3108. Bourne 504, 1858%, etc. Gen. Dist. Widely distributed on the mountains of India, Burma and the Malay Peninsuia. DISPERIS. F.B.I. 148 CX. Ground orchids akin to HABENARIA (q.v.) but with the posterior sepal and petals united as a small rounded hood, from underneath which project two spreading petal-like lobes of the lip which is adherent to the short column. Anther lobes sheathing the polliniums spirally twisted and projecting outward on either side. Stigmas on a thin membrane connecting these across the top of the column. Species 20 in Africa and two in South India. Disperis neilgherrensis Wight; F.B.I. iv 160, CX 2. Stem about 6 inches, leaves few, 34 to I inch, ovate, stem- clasping. Stem above with sheaths. Flowers white or reddish spotted with crimson: hood %4 inch. Lateral sepals % inch. Projecting arms of the lip papillose, curved back. Wight Ic. t. 1719. Nilgiris: near Ootacamund. Bourne 5252. Wight. Hohe- nacker. Gen. Dist. Mysore and South India generally. ZINGIBERACEF-. In Gen. Plant. and F.B.I. a tribe of the SCITAMINEA. Herbs with perennial rootstock and stalked leaves arranged in two ranks with sheathing bases and at the junction of blade and stalk a small thin flap (ligule). 408 ZINGIBERACE. Flowers in racemes, heads or cymes, in the axils of leafy bracts, and sheathed by tubular bracteoles. Sepals three, united at the base. Petals three, separate. Stamen one, at the back of the flower, with a large anther between the two lobes of which lies the style: behind this two petaloid staminodes: in front a two- lobed or bifid lip (often the most conspicuous part of the flower) composed of two staminodes. Ovary inferior, three-celled: style slender. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with perisperm. Species 275 in the tropics mostly of India and the Malay regions. Commonly cultivated genera are ZINGIBER Ginger, CURCUMA Turmeric, ELETTARIA Cardamom. The family (or tribe) is closely allied to the CANNA of our gardens but differs in having a completely two-celled anther, and the lip being symmetrically placed opposite it and being composed of two staminodes, CURCUMA. F.B.I. 149 VI. Turmeric, etc. Herbs with tuberous rootstock but no leafy stem above ground. Leaves radical, oblong, often large. Flowers several together in the axils of large bracts, arranged in a dense raceme which ends in coloured empty bracts. Calyx-tube short. Corolla tube funnel- shaped, the upper (posterior) petal larger and more concave. Filament of stamen united to the two large posterior staminodes. Cells of the anther spurred at the base. Lip roundish. Capsule globose, three-celled. Seeds usually with aril. Species about 50, mostly in tropical Asia but also Africa and Australia, Curcuma neilgherrensis Wight, Herb. Wight Prop! ; FB.L vi 210; V1 2. Rootstock tuberous, clothed with thin ZINGIBERACEA. 409 brown scales, the new tubers lateral. Leaves not visible at time of flowering, many nerved. Flowering stem 4 to 7 inches sheathed below by the undeveloped leaves, and with a few bracts below the spike. Bracts about I inch by % inch, adnate to the axis at the base and very concave, many nerved, white tinged more or less with pink especially at the top. Flowers sessile, in threes in the lower bracts, solitary in the upper. Calyx tubular, 4% inch, unequally three-lobed. Petals I inch, connate half way, very thin, with about five reddish veins. Staminodes lemon yellow, the most conspicuous part of the flower, but scarcely exceeding the petals; the two upper, oblanceolate obtuse, erect and curved backwards; two lower one forming the deeply bifid lip. Stamen three-fourths the length of the upper staminodes and attached to the staminodal tube at the same level as them; anther about % inch, with a small yellow crest at the top and two short lateral spurs at the base. Style very slender, curved against the flower-tube, and passing between the halves of the anther; stigmatic head projecting from between them just below the crest, rounded, rather larger behind and bearing the round hollowed stigma in front. Ovary three-celled, seeds in two rows in each cell, axile. At the time of flowering the plant is almost white, with at the top a number of pink very delicate bracts, which spreading out are very conspicuous. A very pretty plant t.259. Wight Ic. t. 2006. Pykara near the river at 6,600 feet, flowering early in May, Fyson 2716. Gen. Dist. Western Ghats, especially the south-west slopes of the Nilgiris. Wight’s specimen has large leaves, but most of those at Kew have no leaves with the flower, as I found, In t. 259 : above flower and sect. of ovary ; below anthes from in front and the side, surrounding the style and stigma. 410 HZMODORACEZ. HAZMODORACEF.. A small family very similar to the LILIACEZ but differing in the petals and sepals being joined at the base into a perianth tube, the ovary and fruit being more or less inferior, and the embryo not surrounded by endosperm but intruded into it. Several genera including the one here are by some placed in the LILIACEA. OPHIOPOGON. F.B.I. 150 III. Herbs with stout perennial rhizome, narrow radical leaves and leafless flower-stem. Ovary inferior. Sepals and petals free above it, spreading widely. Stamens six, attached to the base of the sepals and petals, and shorter than them. Anthers linear, longer than their filaments, opening at the sides. Species 4 in India eastern Asia and Japan. Ophiopogon intermedius Don; F.B.I. vi 269, II 5. Leaves all from the rootstock narrow and grass-like. Flowering stem up to 15 inches: flowers pendulous in a loose raceme. Bracts % inch. Pedicel % inch. Corolla 4 inch. Ovary deeply six-lobed. Style grooved. On the outskirts of our area. Nilgiris: Kotagiri. Pulneys: below Kodaikanal, Shembaganur, etc., rare above, /yson 504, 266. Bourne 403, 574. ; Gen. Dist. Himalayas, Khasia, and West Coast hills. The species was founded on the Nepal plant from which ours appears tu me indistinguishable. AMARYLLIDACESE. Herbs with perennial rootstock or bulb, mostly radi- cal leaves, and usually perfectly regular flowers with three sepals and three petals (or six similar parts), six stamens, an inferior ovary of three cells each with AMARYLLIDACEA, Ail many seeds, and dry capsular fruit. Very similar there- fore to the LILIACE except in the inferior ovary, and also that the flowers are usually umbelled and in bud enclosed in a large thin, or scarious, bract (spathe); (sometimes one flower only to the bract). Genera 64. Species 700. Common garden plants on the plains : cRINUM and PANCRA- TIuM (White Lilies), EucHaRIS. In England and on these hills : Amaryllis, Narcissus, Daffodil, Snowdrop, AGABANTHUS, etc. CURCULIGO. B.B.l; 452 EE Yellow Ground Star. Small herbs with tuberous rootstock and star-shaped flowers close down among the narrow plaited leaves, and remarkable for the sepals, petals, stamens and style being carried up ona short or long solid stalk above the ovary. Stamens short: anthers linear, fixed by the back. -Style short: stigmas three, erect, stout. Fruit more or less beaked indehiscent. Species about 12 in the tropics. Ovary not visible above ground: solid stalk of perianth above it long : leaves glabrous 6 i ie halter boo: Spt nT LOR Flowers racemed. Stalk of perianth short, ovary therefore visible: leaves villous . : . . . '. . . finlaysoniana. The long thick roots show transverse wrinkling. This is due toa contraction by which the plant is pulled deeper into the ground each year, as the rootstock grows in height, so that the leavesare kept at the ground level. Curculigo finlaysoniana Wall; F.B.J. vi 279, I4. Leaves villous. Flowers in lax racemes, well above the ground. Solid stalk of perianth short, ovary therefore close below the sepals and petals. Upper flowers male only. Pedicels in fruit 1% inches. Pulneys : Kodaikanal to Silver Cascade. Bourne 12209. Gen. Dist. Also Ceylon. 412 AMARYLLIDACE&. Curculigo orchioides Gertn.; F.B.I. vi 279, ID 5. Rhizome stout, vertical: roots thick wrinkled. Dead leaves very fibrous. Leaves 3to 4by % to 3% inch, linear elliptic or lanceolate, deeply ribbed and folded, with long scattered hairs. Flowers % to 3% inch across, yellow, close down among the leaves; ovary under- ground, small. Solid stalk of perianth long, slender. Capsule % inch, oblong one to four seeded, with slender beak. Seeds‘% inch, deeply grooved in wavy lines, black, shining.’ Upper flowers male, with stamens only. t. 260. Wight Ic. t. 2043. In damp places. Pulneys at Kodaikanal in Tinnevelly, Marsh, etc. Sourne 39, 1005,* Gen. Dist. Sub-tropical Himalayas, Khasi hills, Western Ghats, Java, Phillippine (in these last two areas with glabrous leaves). ZEPHYRANTHES. 142 II.* Bulbous herbs with tall leafless flowering stem (scape) bearing one flower in the axil of a spathe. Perianth funnel-shaped with short tube. Capsule sub-globose or depressed three-lobed, loculicidally three-valved. Seeds oblong, black. Species about 30 in the warmer parts of America from Bolivia to Texas and Mexico, one also in western tropical Africa. Several are cultivated and thus spread all over the world. Zephyranthes carinata Herb.; Il* 2. ‘Pink Lily.’ Scape about 12 inches. Leaves narrow, as long. Flowers 2% inches. Spathe 1% inches, split open about one-third. Nilgiris: Ootacamund, Coonoor, etc.; common on road sides aS a garden escape, /yson 2944. Z. tubispatha Herd. ; II * 1. A smaller plant with spathe split on both sides is common in gardens, and also apparently naturalised, on the plains. LILIACEZ. 413 LILIACEZE. Herbaceous or woody plants with underground rhizome tuber or bulb, and leaves of various kinds. Flowers quite regular, with all parts in threes: three sepals, three petals (sometimes all six alike), six stamens opposite these, and a superior ovary of three cells, each with many seeds. A very large family of about 200 genera and 2,500 to 3,000 species, in all climates and countries, Nearly allied to the AMARYLLIDACE& (q.v.) from which it differs chiefly in the ovary being superior. The family is divided into eleven main sections arranged according to the nature of the fruit and the underground tuber or bulb, and includes among garden plants, the Tulip, Hyacinth, Onion, Alc, and Funkia, in all of which the fruit is a dry capsule ; and the Lily of the Valley, Solomon’s Seal and Asparagus) with berries. Climbers with heart-shaped leaves . . . . . . SMILAX, Stems green, branches slender needle-like . , . ASPARAGUS, Small herb: flowers in irregularracemes , CHLOROPHYTUM. Stem 2 feet leafy: flowers solitary, large. . . . . . LILIUM. Stem branched, leafy: flowers pendulous . . . DISPORUM. SMILAX. F.B.I. 156 I. Climbing plants with heart-shaped three-nerved leaves, and small unisexual flowers in umbels on axillary branches. Fruit a berry. Species about 200 in all parts of the world (Sarsaparilla, Prickly Ivy. yr. Clariege; Ger. Steckwinde), The garden ‘Smilax,’ is really a RUSCUS and more nearly allied to ASPARAGUS. Smilax aspera Linn., var maculata ; F.B.J. vi 306,1 12. Stem prickly (or not), as also the leaf-stalks and nerves underneath. Leaves blotched, five to nine-nerved, ovate deltoid or lanceolate, with rounded-cordate or hastate base. Stalk %.to I inch. Flowers in small umbels in slender axillary spikes of 2to6 inches. Bracts % inch: bracteoles minute, Flowers white, sweet-scented; buds AI4 LILIACEZ. longer than their pedicels : male sepals % inch, female smaller. Berry %4 to % inch, red at first, turning black or blue. t. 261. Wight Ic. t. 2059. Nilgiris : Ootacamund and below, flowering January, More frequent at lower levels, Pykara, Karteri, Kotagiri, Coonoor. Pulneys : not on the Kodaikanal downs, but below at level of Shembaganur, etc. /yson 654, 1042, 1740, 2583. Bourne 163. Gen. Dist Throughout India, from Kashmir to Khasia, Travancore, etc. ASPARAGUS. F.B.L. € 2p Asparagus. Herbs with stout creeping rootstock, and slender ribbed or grooved green stems, with no true leaves, but the latter reduced to small, sometimes spine-tipped, scales subtending a bunch of narrow green needle-like spiny or flattened branchlets (cladodes). Flowers small, with jointed stalks, in the axils of scales: of the type usual in this family. Fruit a globose berry, enclosing two to six seeds with black brittle testa. Species about 109, inthe Old World, both temperate and tropical, mostly in dry places. Asparagus subulatus Steudel ; F.B.I. vi 315, 16. Stem erect, tall, smooth, with straight thorns, above each of which isa small scale, anda branch. Cladodes six to twelve together, % to % inch long, angled, stiff. Flowers solitary, one on each side of a branch on short stalks which are jointed above the middle. Berry ™% inch. t.262. Wight. Ic. t. 2053 (A. asiaticus). On the Nilgiri and Pulney downs. Peculiar to these hills. Fyson. Bourne 254, 1250,* etc. The spine is really a short branch (a) arising in the axil of the thin scale (1) but breaks through this as it developes, as will be seen on examin- ing the youngest parts. At the back of the branch is another thin scale (2) this is really a leaf on the spine, and in its axil the branch (4) is developed. Round the base of each short flower-stalk (c) are three small scaies, the one LILIACEZ. 415 to the outside (3) being the bract of the flower the other two (4) the bracteoles, Ss es. fo ere eo, 4— 4 I Ground plan of spines and scales. S=stem. CHLOROPHY TUM. As phodel. Herbs with short rhizome (not bulb) with fibrous sometimes fleshy roots, crowded radical leaves, and bunches of flowers in leafless racemes. Sepals and petals three to seven-nerved, spreading out flat like a star, and persistent after withering. More especially distin- guished from other genera by each cell of the ovary having two ovules and the capsule being three-angled with flat sides. Species about 40 in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The true Asphodel of Europe differs in the flowers being one to each bract of the raceme not a bunch of two or more as here. Chlorophytum malabaricum Baker, Lour on Baba- boodons !; F.B.I. vi 335, XV 8; White Asphodel. A small herb with short stem clothed with the bases of the leaves, and thick white roots. Leaves all from the ground, lanceolate, acute, usually folded along the middle line, but without midrib, many-nerved, glabrous, and bluish. Flowers usually in pairs, one opening much before the other, in the axils of bracts, racemed in a short spike, which rises without leaves from the centre of the plant. Bract 4% inch, acuminate, three-nerved, thin, longer than the pedicel. Pedicel shorter than the bract, not jointed. Flowers star-shaped, % inch across; sepals 1% inch, broadest above the middle, with midrib greenish and raised into a slight keel at the end. Petals similar, 416 LILIACE:. quite white. Filaments two-thirds as long, white, glabrous, stiff, thinner just below the anther: anther 1/16 inch, yellow, attached very near the base. Style thickest about the middle, thinner above: stigma terminal, punctate. t. 263. Common on grass. Nilgiris: at Pykara, flowering May. Fyson 2482. Bourne 4783. Gen, Dist, Western Ghats from Canara southwards. LILIUM. F.B.I. 156 XXI. True Lily. Bulbous plants, with erect more or less leafy stem. Flowers few, at the end of the stem, large, pendulous or horizontal, bell-shaped. Anthers attached by their backs, versatile. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Species 45, allin north temperate countries. The common White Lily of gardens on the plains of India is a CRINUM (family AMARYLLIDACEZ). Lilium neilgherrense Wight; F’B.I. vi 350, XXI 3; the Nilgiri Lily. Stem 1% to 3 feet. Leaves 2 by % inch, narrow-lanceolate acute, three-nerved. Flowers solitary, 6 by 4 inches, bell-shaped, horizontal. Common on the open downs, flowering July to October, Fyson 522,532. Bourne 62, 2024, Peculiar to South India, not northwards in the Bombay Presidency. The bulbs should not be moved while the plant is in flower, nor until the leaves have died down, and if it is desired to plant them elsewhere a stake should be put to make the place, and the bulb dug up later. Lily bulbs are delicate movers and this species will not grow in the plains, DISPORUM. F.B.I. 156 XXXII. Herbs with creeping rhizome and erect branched leafy stems, clothed below only with sheathing scales. Leaves sessile or shortly stalked not stem-clasping, net- veined between the many nerves. Flowers solitary or in pairs, narrow bell-shaped, pendulous, soon falling. Sepals and petals not connected, sometimes saccate at the base. Anthers opening outwards. Fruit a berry, XYRIDACEA. 417 Species 12, in North America and mountains in the tropics of Asia; one or two in Japan. Disporum leschenaultianum Don 3!; F.B.I. vi 360, XXXII 3; Nilgiri Solomon’s Seal. Stem up to q4 feet, % inch thick at the base, tinged purple: clothed fora couple of inches or more above the nodes by the persistent sheathing scales. Upper, leafy part, repeatedly forked, with divergence of about half a right angle. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, 2 by 2 inches, quité glabrous, thin, glossy: nerves about seven, curving from base to apex, deeply indented above. Flowers drooping on stiff decurved pedicels, solitary in the upper leaf-axils or bunched. Sepals and petals ¥% to % inch, elliptic, acute strongly keeled. Stamens six-erect: filaments % inch stiff: anthers inch. Style longer: stigmatic branches three, % inch. Berry dark blue, % inch, very slightly three-lobed. t.264. Wight Ic. tt. 2048, 2049. Sholas, common on the Kodaikanal and Ootacamund downs. Fyson 509, 695, 2610, 2630, 2153. Bourne 37,795," 4591. Gen. Dist. Also Ceylon. Rare in the Bombay Presidency. The flowers face downwards and must therefore be visited from below. A pocket is formed between each stamen and the keeled or saccate base of the sepal or petal opposite it, and in this honey may be secreted. A proboscis inserted here could not fail to touch the anthers, and be dusted by pollen, since they open outwards and the filaments are very stiff, The true Solomon’s Seal of Europe (Gey. Weisswurz) is a POLYGO- NATUM, a nearly allied genus. XYRIDACEZE. A small family of about 50 species mostly belonging to one genus. XYRIS. F.B.I. 159 I. Tufted herbs with stiff radical leaves and ‘slender leafless flowering-stems (scapes) ending in a small cone of brown bracts from among which arise one at a time, yellow flowers with three small scarious sepals, three 27 418 ; COMMELINACEA. petals with erect claws and spreading blades, three stamens opposite to the petals, and a three-celled superior ovary ripening into a capsule with many seeds. Species 40 or less, in the warmer parts of the world especially of South and North America, but absent from Europe. India has seven. Named from the Greek XYR\S, sharp, because of the stiff narrow leaves, Xyris scheenoides Mart. ; Wall. Cat.6084!; F.B.J. vi 365,15. Perennial herb, tufted and often forming a turf. Leaves slender less than % inch, broad, shorter than the striate, compressed, 8 to 12 inches, scape. Flower % inch. Two lateral sepals smaller than the front one, enclos- ing the tube of the corolla. Petals yellow, not falling quickly, joined at the base into a thin narrow tube. Outer stamens, those alternating with the petals, reduced to hairy staminodes; inner three attached to the top of the corolla tube, their anthers fixed by their backs. Ovary one-celled, with three parietal placentas. Style slender, and dividing into stigmatic arms points outwards. Fruit a capsule enclosed in the dry corolla tube, and splitting open between the placentas in three valves. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, longitudinally ribbed, with minute embryo at the further end from the placenta, the radicle pointing outwards. t. 265. Pulneys: on the downs in damp places. Fyson 471, Bourne 591, 692, 1757.* Nilgiris., Gen. Dist, Himalayas in Nepal, Khasi hills, Ceylon, China. COMMELINACEE-.. Herbs with usually zigzag stems and alternate entire leaves with large sheathing bases and parallel nerves. Flowers variously arranged, more or less irregular. Sepals three green. Petals three, free or united into a tube at the base, spreading, persistent after fading. Stamens six, all perfect or two or more sterile as COMMELINACEZ. 419 staminodes; filaments often bearded with long hairs. Ovary superior, typically three-celled, but often with one cell aborted or not as fertile as the others. Style terminal, stigma small. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or indehiscent. Seeds angled. Species 300 in tropical and sub-tropical regions. COMMELINA. F.B.I. 160 II. Stem slightly zigzag or straight. Flowers several together in small scorpioid (curved) cymes sheathed in a comparatively large heart-shaped bract (spathe), folded almost flat along the midrib. Stamens three only fertile, two or three sterile. Ovary of two cells, or with a third imperfect cell. Species roo in tropics and sub-tropics, Commelina clavata Clarke ; F.B.I. vi 371,10. Stem slender. Sheaths of leaves I inch, strongly ciliate. Leaves 1%4 to 2% inches by % inch, contracted at the base. Stalks of cymes 1% inches, slender. Spathe 1%4 inches by 34 inch (when opened out flat). Capsule four- angled, shortly oblong, of two cells each with two-seeds. Pulneys: on the downs above Kodaikanal. “fyson 358. Bourne 1871. I am not confident about the identification of my Pulney specimen, from which the above description was taken, since my leaves are narrower than the type sheet and the capsule does not show a constriction at the middle as described by Clarke. The species occurs on the Nilgiris near Kaiteri and on Lamb's Rock, Coonoor. Clarke gives the distribution as Western Ghats from the Concan southwards to Ceylon. Commelina kurzii Clarke; F.B.I. vi 373, 117. Stems I to 2 feet hairy, slender. Leaves 2% to 6 inches by 1% inches, grass-like, acuminate. Spathes when open 54 inch broad, and with the long point about twice as long. Petals blue. Capsule with dorsal cell scabrid. Pulneys: in and near Kodaikanal. Sourne 1239, 1872. Gen. Dist. Malabar, Nilgiris and Ceylon. 27-A 420 COMMELINACE. Commelina ceelestis Willd.; F.B.I. vi 369, II 21. Stem 2 feet. Leaves 5to 6 by Iinch at base: sheath I inch wide with ciliate mouth. Spathe t% inches acuminate, 34 inch at widest point when folded. (1% inches when open). Flowers deep blue very large. t. 206. A native of Mexico. Cultivated in gardens and occurring in Ootacamund and Kodaikanal as a garden-escape by road-sides. Fyson 1812. Bourne 4637. For fertilization see Koerner Nat. Hist. of Plants, Vol. ii, p. 357. ANEILEMA. F.B.I. 160 III. Stem simple or branched: roots often tuberous. Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles with small bract and bracteoles. Sepalsthree, membranous. Petals three, obovate, equal, free or slightly united. Stamens two orthree with filaments naked or bearded: anthers oblong one often larger. Staminodes three. Ovary two or three-celled. Capsule loculicidal: seeds in one or in two rows, with thick, hard, rough skin. Species 60 in the tropics and sub-tropics chiefly of Asia, Aneilema pulneyensis Fyson No. 435; Il 9.* Roots long not succulent; plant spreading by lateral budding of the rootstock. Stem 4 to 8 inches leafy below, glabrous. Leaf-sheaths 1% inch; blades 1% to 24% by 4to% inch. Flowers in open cymose panicles: bracts 1/16 inch persistent. Flowers '%4 inch: petals obovate (more obtuse and larger than in A. esculentum Waill.), with long narrow claw, and connate at the base of the blades; very thin and conspicuously veined. Stamens three, with bearded filaments. Staminodes three without beards, their heads deeply three-fid into rounded lobes. Stigma small. Ovary with one row of seeds in COMMELINACE&. 421 each cell. Capsule oblong obovoid. Seed 5 to6 inches in each cell, one-seriate. t. 267. Pulneys: on the downs. /yson 435. Wall. Cat, 5208 C. ‘Herb. Heyne.’ Very close to A. esculentum Wall, (F.B.I. III 9) but differs in the roots being long and not fleshy, and the petals larger and more obtuse. CY ANOTIS. F.B.I. 160 V. Flowers many, in the axils of bracts in a double series forming a scorpioid cyme, with petals and stamens alone exserted. Sepals keeled, lanceolate. Petals joined below intoa narrow tube. Stamens six, all perfect, with oblong anthers: filaments bearded with long hairs and thickened at the top. Ovary equally three-celled, each cell with two ovules, one pendulous from the top, the other erect from the base: seeds angular, rough with small pits: embryo at the end furthest from the placenta, with radicle pointing outwards, in fleshy endosperm. Species, 30 to 35 inthe warmer parts of the Old World, Stems from the rootstock sprawling flat on open and dry ground, grey with cottony hairs . . . . C. arachnoidea, Stems erect or spreading, in the shade of woods, very leafy and leaf-margins silky . . . . Sug ey ane Gs C, villosa, Stems erect or spreading i intheopen.. : . . C, wightii, Cyanotis wightii Clarke; F.B.I. vi 386, V 6. Roots thick: stems 2 to 3 feet. Leaves 4to 18 inches by % to 34 inch, sparsely hairy. Flower clusters dense, often long-stalked. Upper bractiform leaves 34 to 1% inches lanceolate acuminate. Bracteoles ovate acuminate curved. Filaments of stamens bearded. Wight Ic. t. 2084. Pulneys, on the slopes of Gundan shola above Kodaikanal, Fryson. Bourne 1242, 1243. I was unable to match my specimen at Kew, so give this name under reserve, 422 COMMELINACE. Cyanotis arachnoidea Clarke, Wight’s Kew Dist. No. 2839!; FBI. vi 386, V 7; White Spider Legs. Branches or stems half erect or sprawling on the ground, 10 to 20 inches, covered all overas also the leaves with fluffy white cottony or silky hairs. Leaf- stalks 34 inch. Blades 2 by 4 to % inch, tapering evenly from the base to near the apex. Cymes % to %4 inch, terminal, with a leaf or bract just below, and in the upper leaf-axils one or more. Stalked or sessile. Brac- teoles lanceolate, curved, % inch. Filaments bearded. Style bearded and thickened below the stigma. Capsule oblong: seeds elongate-conical, obscurely pitted. t.268. (Not Wight Ic. t. 2083). In dry places. Nilgiris; Avalanche ; Coonoor. Pulneys: on the downs above Kodaikanal, near the observatory, etc., flowers summer, /ysoz 1850, 3109. Bourne 47, 3048, Gen. Dist. Also Coylon. Cyanotis villosa Roem. et. Sch., Wall. Cat. 8995 !; F.B.L. vi 387, V9. Stem ‘3to4 feet’ from a procumbent base, succulent often rooting and proliferous at the nodes. Young parts villous or silky: leaf-sheaths very much so, 34 inch, with the split hidden under long hairs. Leaves 4% by 34 inch, glossy and drying dark brown above, fringed with silky hairs. Bracteoles % to % inch, as seen foided in the cymes nearly semi-circular. ‘ Fila- ments slender. Style swollen below the tip.. Capsule oblong obtuse. Seeds conical corrugated.’ Wight Ic. t. 2085. In sholas. Pulneys: near Kodaikanal and below to Shem- baganur. Nilgiris: Coonoor, Courtallum, son 439, 2106. Bourne 408, 491, 525, 1024, 1239, 1239,” etc. Gen. Dist. Also Ceylon. Specimens from the higher Pulneys have larger leaves than those rom other places, but exactly as in Wall. Cat. 8995. , JUNCACEA. 423 JUNCACEE. Rush. Mostly marsh plants, with erect green often round stems and leaves, in external appearance not unlike the Sedges. Flowers in clusters, but though small and brown, complete, with six brown and hard sepals and petals (which do not fall off), six stamens with erect anthers attached at their bases to the filaments, and a superior ovary with three long stigmas on a short or long style, ripening into a small capsule which opens in three segments. Seeds anatropous, many in Juncus, and three only in Luzula. In everything except the hard persistent sepals and petals, the flowers are very similar to those of the LILIACEA. Species 200, in cold damp spots all over the world, Seeds many in the capsule Sige hasta eee Nl ty lah ny EE mecds three only im the capsule... 0... J)... .* BUZOULA, Juncus glaucus Ehrh.; FBI. vi 393, 1 3; common Rush. Stems numerous, from a slender creeping rhizome, erect, round, striate, rigid, with sheaths enveloping the base. Flower-cluster % to 1% inches, at about one-third from the top of the stem, which thins out above it to a slender point. Sepals lanceolate % to% inch. Stamens six. Capsule ovoid, mucronate, seeds obtuse at both ends. The common Rush of the Kodaikanal lake, Bourne 1875, Gen. Dist. North temperate climates, Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal, — southern end of the Western Ghats. Juncus prismatocarpus Br.; F.B.[E vi 395, I 12. Stems tufted, compressed, 2 to 18 inches. Leaves in two ranks; sheaths 134 inches; blades I to 3 inches, cylin- drical or flattened, 44 inch wide, soft, hollow and divided internally by partitions % to % inch apart (which can be felt or seen on the outside). Flower bunches at the 424 ARACEA. ends and forkings of a widely?branched inflorescence. Flowers six to ten in a bunch, pale yellow. Bracts 1/12 inch. Sepals linear acute ¥ inch. Stamens three much shorter. Capsule longer, seeds egg-shaped or ellipsoid much pitted. t. 269. In wet places. Nilgiris: onthe downs, Pykara, etc. Pul- neys: in Kodaikanal lake, etc. Myson 2518, 2565, 2887. Bourne 693, 697, 1693. Gen. Dist. Plains of Bengal and Punjab, Himalayas, Khasi hills, Deccan, Ceylon, Eastern Asia generally, Australia. LUZULA. F.B.I. 162 II. Herbs of marshy places with narrow grass-like leaves and clusters of small flowers, similar to JUNCUS but differing in there being only one seed to each cell of the ovary. Species about 30, in temperate regions, Luzula campestris DC. ; F.B.I. vi 401, Il 3. Perennial by ashort stout rhizome. Basal leaves 4 or 5 by % inch, upper shorter and narrower. Stems 18 inches. Flower-clusters 4 across in irregular umbels. Sepals 1/12 to 1/8 inch, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Capsules shorter, rounded by with the short persistent stylar point. Pulneys: in Kodaikanal. Sourne 1876. Gen, Dist. North temperate regions, western Himalayas at high elevations, Khasi hills, southern end of the Western Ghats, ARACEFE. Arum, etc. Mostly perennial herbs with radical leaves. Flowers small, unisexual or complete, with or without perianth, massed in a thick spike (spadix), which is enclosed at first in a large often coloured bract (spathe). ARACES. 428 If flowers unisexual, then either in different spadices; or the male flowers above, the female below on the same spadix, and often sterile flowers or hairs between the two and atthetop. Anthers sessile, two to four-celled. Ovary one to three-celled, with short style, discoid stigma and one or more ovules. Fruits fleshy, with usually one seed only. Species 1,000, mainly in the tropics. In Europe, ARUM, Lords and Ladies, Friar’s Cowl, etc., #7. Gouet, Ger. Aronswurz. Various genera are common in our gardens: e.g., ANTHURIUM and ALOCASSIA and the climbers on trees, POTHOS, PHILODENDRON, MONSTERA. The so-called Easter-lily, Calla ethiopica Z., or Richardia africana Kunth, a native of South Africa, is established in damp places near Ootacamund. ARISADMA. F.B.I. 166 IV. Cobra-flower. Herbs with tuberous rootstock and palmately com- pound stalked leaves, and the top of the spadix sterile. Ovary one-celled. Species about 50, Asia and North America. Leaflets distinct : spadix entirely enclosed in the spathe ; A. leschenaultii. Leaflet not all separate: end of spadix long and slender . A. tortuosum. Ariseema tortuosum Schott ; F.B.J. vi 502, IV 18. Rats- tail Cobra-flower. Stem salmon colour or green, mottled purple. Leaf- sheath very long, stalk 2 inches. Leaflets elliptic, pedately attached to each other, i.e., in twos and threes. Nerves numerous, nearly parallel and straight, joined by cross-veins, and meeting in a nerve % inch from the margin, which is connected by straight veins to another nerve close tothe margin. Spathe % inch wide at the base, with overlapping margins: hood 2 inches wide, 426 ERIOCAULACE&. finely striate, arching well over the mouth. Spadix elongate and projecting out of and above the spathe ina long rat-tail like appendage. t. 270, Wight Ic. t. 788 Nilgiris: on the borders of one area, Pykara at 6,500 feet, Kotagiri, Coonoor, Not at the higher levels, Pulneys: not seen above Shembaganur. /yson. Bourne. Gen. Dist. Mountains of India from Simla southwards. Arisema leschenaultit Blume; F.B.I. vi 504, IV 25, common Cobra-flower. Very variable in size. Stem 1% to 4 feet, pale or greenish, mottled with brownish purple markings: lower part with a few sheaths. Leaf solitary, with stalk of 4 to 12 inches, above the sheathing | base. Leaflets seven to thirteen, 4to 7 by I to 2 inches, elliptic-oblanceolate or obovate, acuminate, all equally separate: midrib strong; nerves numerous, and meeting in a well defined nerve inside the margin. Spathe, male or female, carried on its stalk to just below the hori- zontally spreading leaflets: tubular below, widening out to the broad limb of about the same length, which is sharply bent over and extends horizontally covering the spadix. Spadix quite straight, erect, with flowers only on the lowest, contracted, one-third part; above thicker, then narrowed slightly to the rounded tip. Female spadix with hair-like projections above the flowers, Fruiting mass 6 inches by 3 inches, conical, the indivi dual berries 4% inch across green andred. t. 271, Very common in shady cool places, Pulneys: in Kodaikanal on shaded road-sides, in woods, etc. Nilgiris : Coonoor. Gen, Dist. Western Ghats. ERIOCAULACEFE Flowers unisexual, very small and massed in a head with an involucre of bracts below. Sepalsthree. Petals three. Stamens three or six. Ovary of two or three cells, with one erect ovule in each. ERIOCAULACE&. 427 Genera 6, specieS 6 to 700, in the warmer parts of the world. The family might be described as the COMPOSIT of the Dicotyledons. ERIOCAULON. Hatpin-flower. Herbs with all the leaves near the ground, and flower- heads on slender leafless scapes. Leaves narrow, ribbed. Flowers 1% to 1/20 inch long, each in the axil of a bract, whose grey turned-up end usually shows on the surface of the head. Sepals three, boat-shaped, or united into a spathe-like sheath which is split down in front. Petals three, on a short or long corolla tube, in all our species fringed with thick white hairs, and some at least with a prominent black mark near the top. Corolla tube in the male flower long: stamens six, with prominent anthers. Ovary in the female flower stalked above the sepals: petals springing from just below the ovary, and between the cells, oblanceolate or spathulate. Fruit three nutlets. A very difficult genus, the flowers being minute and their differences only to be made out with the help of a good lens and much care. A monograph has recently appeared in Engler’s Das Pflanzenrcich but as regards the Indian species is far from complete. Four new species described by me in the Kew Bulletin are illustrated here for the first time : as also I believe are the other three species, Heads 4 inch or more across; scape about 1 foot , b Head under 44 inch: scape 6 inches or less «~. ...... -¢ Leaves thick, smooth: heads thick , , . E. robustum. b hss hairy ; heads flat: involucral bracts black .. , E, nilagirense. ( Scapes 4 to 6 inches tufted: involucral bracts black; pheececrieaele sal orise Gree iy les ae eget art og lke ee cris CER ROLES 6 ys thee ee S ym ces nae lt eal aye ge Scapes tufted 1 to 244 inches: involucral bracts brown. {| E. mariz 428 ERIOCAULACE. Leaves flat, weak: heads grey . E. collinum, d < Leaves aa, narrow, channelled above - : heads white . . E. christopheri. Involucre black <- . .. 2... . . 2 =a Involucre whife . .......«. <5 Eriocaulon robustum Steud. ; F.B.I. vi 572,14; White tailed Hatpin-flower, Chrysanthemum scented. Rootstock stout, as thick as the finger or thicker, sometimes creeping, densely clothed below with the dead leaves. Leaves usually 3 or 4 inches long (I to 9), and narrowed gradually from a clasping base, I inch broad, to the obtuse end, lanceolate or oblanceolate, quite gla- brous, finely striate with only very small and close cross nerves, firmly erect or spreading, in section boat-shaped without keel, of a fresh light green or bluish colour- Flower stems solitary, about a foot high (8 inches to 3 feet), finely ribbed and twisted; sheath rather longer than the leaves, expanded % inch below the mouth, which may be split down one side % inch or more. Heads ¥% to 34 inch broad, and not quite so high ; usually broadest near the top with sloping sides and so narrower at the bottom ; covered when the flowers are out with the long white, downward directed, petals of the male flowers; except, often, in a band above the base, so that the head has a waist and approaches the form of a very flat hour glass; very slightly scented like Chrysanthemum. Involucral bracts many-seriate, ovate, acute, glabrous or with a very few short hairs, scarious, olive-black in colour. Receptacle villous, more or less hollowed at the top. Floral bracts, obovate-lanceolate-deltoid, fringed at the top with white hairs. Male flowers:—Sepals connected only at the base, much the same in shape as the floral bracts, with white hairs on the back. Petals connected into a distinct tube, oblanceolate, hairy, one much longer than the other two and the bract, and more ERIOCAULACE. 429 hairy, all three with a black gland on the inner facea little above the mouth of the tube. Stamens six; anthers black on slender, curved filaments. Female flowers :— Stalk shorter. Sepals and petals with long hairs at the base, in addition to the terminal fringe of thicker ones at the back: sepals free: petals oblanceolate, quite free, all equal in length, with black glands. Ovary of three cells, yellow: styles long connected only near the base. t. 272. b bracts; r receptacle in section; s three stamens. On the bank of the river at Pykara. /yson 2561, 2694, 2860. Coonoor (Clarke). Only known from the Nilgiris. The slight enlargement of the sheath just below the mouth is not mentioned in the descriptions in /.4./. and Das Pflanzenreich, but seems distinctly characteristic; so also is the frequent narrowing of the head above the base, by the greater length of the long petals of the male flowers in the upper and the lowest circles. The flower-head has none of the strong honey scent of E. nilagirense, but the faintest trace of that-of the Chrysanthemum. Eriocaulon nilagirense Steud.; F.B.I. vi 576 included in E. brownianum, but not Wall. Cat. 6066!; I 18 * ; Black- backed Giant Hatpin-flower, Honey scented. Rhizome as thick as the finger, with two or three flower-stalks only. Leaves linear-oblong, acute, 6 to 12 by % to % inches, translucent, hairy. Peduncle about twice as long, ribbed and hairy, not much twisted: sheath 6 inches, with very long open mouth (I to 14 inches), acute, translucent, with a tuft of hairs at the extreme base. Involucral bracts, oblong-ovate obtuse, black, but covered with white silky hairs and so almost grey: floral bracts oblanceolate-cuneate, hairy on the back of thetriangular, not acuminate end. Male flowers :— Sepals black ¥ inch, oblong or elliptic, obtuse, free, but connate into a sheath split open in front, glabrous except for a fringe of white hairs atthe end. Petals connate into trumpet-shaped corolla, with small, very acute lobes, cili- ate only atthe tips. Stamens six; anthers oblong, black. 430 ERIOCAULACEA. Female flowers :—-Sepals three, free, boat-shaped with decided ciliate keel, fitting by concave bases over the cells of the ovary. Petals very slender, linear except for the slightly dilated tips, fringed at the obtuse end -with stout white hairs, and villous below with long silky hairs, each with a black gland. Each nutlet in fruit enclosed by the base of a sepal, the rest of which forms a slightly twisted wing. t. 273. In damp places. Pulneys: on the Kodaikanal downs. Flowers in September. /yson 1078, 2083. Sourne 687, 1743.* Nilgiris : Hohenacker 953! ; type is No. 950, not seen, The use of the sepal as a wing to the nutlet has not I believe been described before. E. bronianum Wail. Cat. 6066 is a Silhet plant and has smooth, smaller, iiglt brown involucral bracts. Eriocaulon collinum Hook. f., Thwaites enum. 44, C.P. 1000!; FBI. vi 584, I 41; common small Grey-head. Stems tufted. Leaves 1% to 2% by \% inch, flat weak, obtuse. Scapes many, 3 to 8 inches, twisted when dry: sheaths 114 inches; mouth oblique, not very acute. Involucral bracts all black, or the lowest and outermost in bud brown. Floral bracts numerous. Male flowers very small, 1°5 mm :—Sepals I'2 mm, united into a spathe easily split into parts of different width, fringed with “short white hairs. Corolla tube funnel-shaped, very slender below; lobes unequal, one petal longer and narrower, fringed with long thick hairs. Female flowers: —Sepals boat-shaped, with white hairs over most of the - back and keel. Petals long, lanceolate, fringed with thick hairs to the base but not hairy. Receptacle villous. t. 274. In damp places, common. Nilgiris: on the plateau, Pykara, Kotagiri, etc. /yson 5461, 1086, 2084, 2695, 2720, 2920, 2993, 2995. Lourne prob. 3129, Gen, Dist. South India and Ceylon at Newera Elia, The female petals and the long white hairs of the male are visible on the surface of the flower-head, ERIOCAULACE/:. 431 Eriocaulon christopheri Fyson ; 145. Stems tufted: scapes several 4 to 7 inches, stout: sheaths I inch, with bifid mouth. Leaves I to 1% inches, firm about nine- nerved, thick and channelled above. Heads % to Y% inch. Lowest bracts brown, glabrous; inner black, acuminate. Receptacle villous. Floral bracts fringed with thick white hairs. Male flowers :—Sepals united into a spathe split in front, fringed with thick white hairs. Corolla tube slender; lobes unequal very long, with small glands, and fringed with long white hairs. Anthers black. Female flowers :—Sepal black, boat-shaped, with scattered hairs along the margin and keel. Petals white, oblanceolate, with long hairs andsmall glands. t.275. Indamp ground. Nilgiri: at Pykara, flowering May. /yson 2718. Perhaps Schmidt left hand plant on sheet marked E. trilobum from Kaity, etc., in cover of E. collinum at Kew. Not known elsewhere. The male petals are unusually long and the hair fringing them and on the female petal are also lorg. Eriocaulon oliveri Fyson ; 1 46; White-headed Hatpin- flower. Similar in habit to E. geofreyi, but larger and the involucral bracts white : male sepals not black. Scapes solitary, very siender, 4 to 6 inches: sheath 34 to I inch, with enlarged bifid mouth. Leaves as long acute, glabrous nine-nerved. Heads % inch, white. Involucral bracts white, glabrous. Floral bracts with numerous thick white hairs. Receptacle villous. Male flowers %inch. Sepals united intoa spathe split in front ; light coloured below, darker above but not black, with white hairs upwards on the back. Corolla tube tapering downwards; petals unequal with long fringing hairs and large glands. Anthers black. Female flowers as long. Sepals black: Petals with a few thick white hairs above and long white slender ones to the base. t. 276. In damp places, Pulneys 7,500 feet. Fyson 2994. 432 ERIOCAULACE. Eriocaulon geoffreyi Fyson; I 47. Scapes solitary, very slender, 2 to 5 inches: sheath % inch, with scarious bifid mouth. Leaves % to 114 inches, flat, acute, about nine-nerved, often recurved. Heads % inch, white with the hairs of the male petals. Involucral bracts black, glabrous. Receptacle glabrous. Floral bracts obovate- cuspidate, black with thick white hairs on the back and upper margin. Male flowers :—Sepals black, united into a spathe, split down the front. Corolla tube slender tapering downwards, enlarged above and cup-shaped ; petals subequal with long thick white hairs and large black glands. Anthers black. Female flowers :—Sepals boat-shaped. Petals oblanceolate with fine long white hairs nearly to the base. t. 277. On damp ground. Pulney hills. South India 7,500 feet. Fryson 2165, 2085, Not known elsewhere. The solitary scapes and stiff often recurved leaves are very characteristic, Eriocaulon mariz Fyson; I 48. Scapes several, I to 2 inches, slender: sheath % inch: mouth single, very acute, slightly enlarged. Leaves %4 to 34 inch by 1/12 to 1/8 inch, strongly ribbed, glabrous. Heads 4 to % inch: involucral bracts light brown, glabrous. Floral bracts acute, black with tufts of white hairs. Villi of receptacle very long and copious. Male flowers :—Sepal 1/25 inch united in a spathe split in front. Corolla tube and lobes very small, glands large. Female flowers 1/16 inch: petals divided almost to the base into a number of fine hairs. t. 277. Fyson 2086. Pulneys: at 7,500 feet, in a marsh on the downs above Kodaikanal. Not known elsewhere. The very dwarf habit, yet broad leaves, and the remarkably divided female petals make this distinct from any other, CYPERACEZ. 433 CYPERACEFE. Sedge. Sedges are distinguished from grasses by the stem being solid and usually triangular, the leaves in three not two vertical rows, with a complete sheath at the base (not split down the opposite side) and without ligule; and (though the flowering portion being made up of spikelets may appear at first sight similar) by the absence of the paleas and lodicules, and by an ordinary straight embryo in the triangular nut, the cotyledon of which does not stay inside on germination. They are as a rule found only in marshy places, and have a perennial creeping stem (rhizome) and grass- like flowering stems and leaves, which however are devoid of starch and sugar and so useless as fodder: The flowers are exceedingly simple, and consist of an ovary with single, trifid or bifid, style, surrounded by two or three stamens, whose anthers are not versatile, but attached by their bases. There are often also three to six bristles which are regarded as representing the lost perianth. Eachsuch flower is inthe axil of a bract, called the glume; and the glumes are arranged in short or long spikelets the lowest glumes being often empty. In CAREX a complication is introduced by the presence of a casing round the ovary, and the “ flowers”’ are unisexual. But this is referred to under the genus. The axis of the spikelet is called the rachilla. The family comprises some 3,000 species, in 60 genera, and is found all over the world, mostly in damp and sour ground. Like the Grasses they are commonly gregarious, and pollinated by wind, | ; | 28 434 CYPERACE. ( Spikelets short flat, crowded in a white egg-shaped head Dp. 434. KYLLINGIA, | Spikelets narrow and long, of many glumes in two ranks. a Spikelets vag epee glumes spirally arranged or imbri- cate. . oe 8 we ee Flowers unisexual : nut enclosed in a bottle-shaped utricle, p. 441. CAREX, Base of style swollen and remaining on the nut . , c od Base of style deciduous bya joint 4, ee FIMBRISTYLIS, | Style not swollen at the base a. 9 «2 eae Spikelets solitary ~¥,<. Go), 4+ Gia Jee ELZOCHARIS, aes several . . . . . » ~, 445, RHVNGoerorm f Each flower with two thin scales: spikelets in a lateral dJ bunch "5" 2 ‘ . p. 440. LIPOCARPHA, No scales in the flower : spikelets solitary or bunched . [ p. 439. SCIRPUS. Spikelets narrow . . -« » pf. 435. CYPeeie: ‘ {Spikelets broader than thick Me KYLLINGIA. F.Bi. 172% A genus distinguished among all our Cyperacez by the white nearly globular head of numerous compressed spikelets with two or three unequal leaves spreading out just below it. Spikelet of four or five glumes, in two ranks rachilla jointed and breaking-off below gl. iii: glumes i and ii empty; gl. iii bisexual; gl. iv rarely with seed; gl.v rudimentary. Nut compressed, the style continuous with it and scarcely enlarged at the base. Species about 33, in all the warmer parts of world, not in Europe. Kyllingia melanosperma Nees; F.B.J. vi 588,13. A perennial with short thick glabrous rhizome I inch long. Stems 6 inches (up to 20 inches). Leaves, all from the rhizome, 2 to 6 inches. Head of spikelets, 1/5 by 1/4 inch, with leaf-like bracts % to 2 inches long, close under it. Spikelets % inch long, with one black nut. Flowering glume ovate, acute, keel green. Stamens CYPERACE&. 435 often three. Nut two-thirds, as long as the glume. t. 278 Nilgiris: on the downs Ootacamund to Pykara, flowering May. Pulneys: on the outskirts of Kodaikanal and below to 4,000 feet. Syson 2922. Bourne 1037, 3057,* 5109. Gen. Dist. Ceylon, Singapore, Java, South Africa, Madagascar. PYCREUS. F.B.I. 172 II. Spikelets brown, much longer than broad, and broad- er than thick in umbels or bunches at the top of the slender stems with a few leaf-like bracts just below them. Glumes boat-shaped, in two ranks. Nuts flat (distinction from Cyperus). Pycreus capillaris Nees; var nilagiricus; FBI. vi 591, 11 7. Stems numerous and tufted, up to 2 feet high. Leaves slender and weak, mostly from the base but also on the lower half of the stems, where the uppermost blades may be only I inch by % inch. Spikelets clustered, ¥% by % inch, much compressed, rigid, straw-coloured. Pulneys. Bourne 694, 1016, etc. Gen. Dist, Africa, south-east Asia, Australia, Deccan and Ceylon. CYPERUS. P.BE 872.1, Stem erect, simple, leafy only at the base. Spikelets arranged in umbels or spikes or mixtures of these, and very narrow. Glumes many, in two ranks; two at base of spikelet empty, one to three at the top male only. Axis (rachilla) not jointed near the base nor falling off. Stylar branches three. No bristles round the ovary. Species 300 in all warm and temperate regions. Cyperus digitatus Roxb., var hookeri; F.B.I. vi 618, IV 598. Stem tall, 1% to 4 feet, three-angled near the top. Leaves %to % inch broad, often as long as the stem. Spikelets 4% to % inch, arranged in spikes or 28-A 436 CYPERACEZ. rays of 34 to 2 inches, these again in stalked umbels, crowded at the top of the stem in a compound umbel of 8 to 24 inches. Bracts of umbels leaf-like, sometimes 2 feet long: stalks 1 to 8 inches. Glumes 1/30 inch, boat-shaped, ultimately light brown. Nilgiris: Pykara, etc., flowering winter months. /yson 3111. Pulneys: Neutral Saddle, 5,500 feet: not Kodaikanal. Bourne 1253, 1421. Gen, Dist. From the Khasi hills southwards to Ceylon. ELAOCHARIS. F.BI, 172 VIE, Stems leafless, each ending in a brown oblong spike- let of many spirally arranged glumes, characterised by the base of the style being thickened but also apparently jointed just above the nut, and by the hypogynous bristles round the ovary. Species over roo in all parts of the world. Eleocharis congesta Don ; F.B.I. vi 630,VIJ 15. Stems tufted 4 to 8 inches or more: sheaths crimson at the base. Spikelets 44 to % inch, subtended usually by a leafy bract; occasionally with a short branch just pelow. Flowers many. Ovary three-angled. Style three-fid, with swollen persistent base. Nut quite smooth. t. 279. On the Nilgiri downs. /ysou 2889. Gen. Dist. Lower hills of India and Kashmir, Nilgiris, Ceylon. Pulneys 5,000 feet. FIMBRISTYLIS. F.B.I. 172 VIII. Spikelets brown of many imbricating glumes, either solitary or in compound umbels at the end of the slender scape. Leaves all from the base, not .on the stem. Flowers without bristles, style enlarged at the base, and deciduous’by a joint from the nut, not leaving the base on it. Outer surface of nut often with the appearance CYPERACE. 437 of ribs, wrinkles or cross-hatching, on account of the large cells which compose the skin. Species 125, in all the warmer parts of the world. Spikelets solitary . . ve ee a < Spikelets clustered. Leaves very slender . F. uliginosa. Spikelets stalked in irregular compound umbels F, paupercula. Glume with three or five slender nerves . » .-. Bnei b ys with three nerves close together in the middle F. subtrabeculata. Fimbristylis kingii C. B. Clarke ; FBI. vi 633, VII 8. Tufted along a short rhizome. Leaves very slender, hair-like, 1% to 4 inches. Stems almost as slender 4 to IOinches. Spikelet solitary, terminal, egg-shaped % to 14 inch, by about half as much, glumes imbricate, on all sides, concave, with three to five slender nerves, glossy, chestnut-brown, the lowest empty. Stamens three. Stylar arms long. Nut about % inch, white; outer cells squarish and transversely elongated. Nilgiris: Pykara. Pulneys: below Church Cliff, Pillar Rock. Not at the highest levels. yson 2701, 2706, Bourne 50%, 1254. Fimbristylis subtrabeculata C. B. Clarke; F-B.I. vi 633, VIII 9. A larger plant than F. kingii, but of similar habit. Leaves 4 to 6 inches, with an abrupt point, hairy. Stems 10 to1I5 inches. Spikelets 4 to % inch. Glumes imbricate all round, rich brown, with three conspicuous nerves close together down the middle of the back. Nuts two-fifth glume; outer cells transversely elongated. t. 280. Nilgiris: Pykara. Pulneys: in the valleys near Kodaikanal. Bourne 1255, 1482. Fimbristylis paupercula Boeck. ; FB.I. vi 647, VII 47. Rhizome short, stems tufted 6 to I4 inches, ribbed. Leaves shorter, 2 to 10 inches, by sometimes t~ inch, channelled above, with minute roughness along the 438 CYPERACE. margins, otherwise glabrous. Spikelets in an irregular terminal compound umbel, each single umbel consisting of a central sessile spikelet and two or three others on slender stalks of % inch, from the axils of “%inch acu- minate bracts. Glumes acuminate or shortly awned, obscurely five-nerved: margins hyaline. Nut with transverse marking. Pulneys : on the downs, on dry slopes, etc., common. Sourne 1260, 1460, Fimbristylis uliginosa Steud. ; F.B.I. vi 648, VIII 50. Plants tufted, clothed at the base with dead sheaths. Leaves I to 3 inches, very slender and hair-like ; sheaths below striate. Stems 4 to 8 inches, slender. Spikelets many tufted at the top, sessile or some stalked; or reduced to one only ; with one or twoslender leafy bracts, Glumes aristate or mucronate, with hyaline margin. Style three-fid. t. 281. Nilgiris: very common on the open downs, fyson 2886 2926. Rendered very conspicuous in the early morning by the dew glistening on the white styles. Not known elsewhere. Fimbristylis cyperoides Br. ; var cinnamometorum ; F.B.I. vi 650, VIII 56. Stems tufted, on a short rhizome, very slender but thickened at the base by the sheathing bases of the leaves. Leaves several, very slender. Spikelets small, 1/6 by 1/20 inch irregularly umbelled in spreading panicles. Glumes few, progressively longer from the very small outer imbricate empty lowest ones to the distichous middle two to four which are fertile, and the uppermost three to six which have stamens or nothing. Style long. Nutround-trigonal, with seven to eleven ribs on each face. Pulneys : on the downs above Kodaikanal falls, and below to Silver Cascade, and on the plains. Bourne 3087. Gen. Dist. North Australia, Philippines, Caroline islands. CYPERACE:. 439 SCIRPUS. FBT, ‘172 Xe Spikelets of many glumes spirally arranged, as in FIMBRISTYLIS and ELZOCHARIS, but the base of the style not swollen nor jointed just above the way. Species 125 in all regions. Scirpus fluitans Linn. ; F.B.I. vi 653, X 1. Stems weak, branched, and leafy, 2 to 12 inches long, flaccid in water oron mud. Leaves % to 2% inches, very narrow. Spikelets solitary, terminal on the stem and its branches, 1/8 by 1/16 inch. Glumes boat-shaped, the lower not much shorter than the upper, more or less imbricate or distichous ; lowest empty, the others all fertile, without bristles. Style continuous with the top of the ovary. Nut one-half to two-thirds the glume. Pulneys : on the downs, Pillar Rocks shola, etc. Bourne 1219, 3019. Gen. Dist. Nilgiris, Ceylon, Khasia, and nearly all regions. Scirpus articulatus Linn.; F.B.I. vi 656, X 9. Giant Rush. Stems many, I2 to 30 inches, the thickness of quill to alead pencil, hollow with cross partitions inside, sur- rounded by a sheath at the base. Spikelets in a dense bunch on one side about half way up, % to % inch long, rusty or dark purple. Glumes slightly keeled, entire. Style slender, ‘ branches three, long.’ Nuts asymmetrical pyramid with slightly concave face. t. 282. Nilgiris: Pykara, flowering May, /yson. Gen. Dist. Throughout [ndia, also Africa, Philippines, Australia. Scirpus mucronatus Linn.; F.B_I. vi 657,X 11. A robust water-sedge, with triangular green stems 2 or 3 feet high, having a dense bunch of spikelets on one side an inch or so below the top. Roots fibrous. Stem enclosed below in a triangular sheath. Membranous on one side 440 CYPERACE:, of the blunt top. Spikelets ovoid, 4% inch: glumes many closely imbricate, ovate sub-acute, many-ribbed. Bristles five or six unequal, retrorsely scabrous; the two longest nearly as long as the nut. Style three-fid. Nut obovoid, trigonous, black, smooth, shining, half as long as the glume. Pulneys : inthe lake at Kodaikanal. Sourne 636. Gen, Dist, Throughout India, Europe, Madagascar, the warmer parts of Asia, and Australia. Scirpus sub-capitatus Thw. ; F.B.I. vi 661, X 20. Stems many from a short woody rhizome, round, sheathed at the base and for about two inches; quite bare above for about twelve inches, and then bearing a close tuft of many spikelets from the axils of shorter, acuminate bracts. Spikelets, 4% to % inch, many-flowered, brown. Glumes except the lowest in two ranks, entire. Bristles long, slender, slightly thickened at the tips. Pulneys : near Kodaikanal by Bear shola, Berberis shola and the Kodaikanal waterfall. Sourne 1220, 1460. Gen. Dist. Deccan peninsula, Nilgiris, Ceylon, and eastwards to Sumatra and China, Not northwards in the Bombay Presidency. LIPOCARPHA. F:B.5, 172 Se Stem leafy at the base only, and bearing high upa bunch of one to ten egg-shaped spikelets with subtending bracts: distinguished from the closely allied SCIRPUS by each flower having two very thin elliptic scales (formed by coalescence of bristles). Species 13 in warm climates. Lipocarpha argentea Br.; F.BJ. vi 667, XIII t. Rhizome short, vertical. Leaves 4 to 6 by &% inch. Stem 4 to 18 by 4% inch, three-cornered. Spikelets egg-shaped, six to ten in a close terminal bunch with two or three long tapering bracts of differing lengths CYPERACE. 441 (14 to 3 inches) immediately below. Glumes imbricate on all sides, finally deciduous from the persistent rachilla. Scales with two marginal and two central strong nerves. Nut egg-shaped. Nilgiris: Pykara, etc. Flowering May. Pulneys: Silver Cascade 5,500 feet, not above. /yson 2924. Bourne 1015, etc. Gen. Dist. All over the tropics and sub-tropics of the Old World. RHYNCOSPORA. Sl. 172 Miy. Spikelets with the lowest three glumes empty, one or more nut-bearing glumes in the middle, and one or two male or sterile, thinner and unkeeled, imbricate glumes at thetop. Style with aswollen base which remains on the nut, but is distinguishable from it. Species 150 in the warmer regions of the world, especially America. Rhyncospora wightiana Steud. ; F.B.I. vi 669, XIV 2. Stems tufted, I0 to 14 (4 to 24) inches, leafy. Leaves several 1/10 inch wide, acute, glabrous. Spikelets several in small heads, stalked in the axils of the upper leaves. Glumes distinctly keeled. Nut 1/10 inch, light brown, transversely ribbed, capped by the papery persistent style which extends a little down the sides. Bristles as long as the nut, with minute hairs pointing upwards (to see these requires a compound microscope). Nilgiris: in swamps on the downs near Ootacamund. Pulneys : near Kodaikanal. Bourne 1459, 1490, 52009, Gen. Dist. South India, Cochin China. CAREX. F.B.I. XXVIII. In this genus the stamens are borne in the axil of a bract, in every way similar to the glume of Cyperus or any of the other genera, but the ovary is surrounded by a bottle-like covering called the utricle. 442 CYPERACES. The morphology of this utricle and of the bract outside it has been much debated, but since the former has two nerves it has been agreed generally that it is formed by the union of two glumes, and that the bract is therefore not a glume but the bract of a spikelet which is reduced to only one flower. The ultimate unit, what one might cal] the ‘ Hower’ is there- fore in the case of the female unit, a spikelet. These spikelets are usually borne in spikes, which again may be in simple spikes or in panicles. The male ‘flower’ is regarded by some asa flower quite like that of other Cyperacez but by others as a reduced spikelet :ike the female, but still more reduced for there is no utricle, no trace therefore of the glumes. What appears therefore to be spikelet is on this view really a spike of one-flowered spikelets, and what appear to be the glumes of the spikelet are in reality the bracts subtending the spikelets on the spike. This is the view taken in Engler and Prantl’s Pfanzenfamilien, and in the F.8.]. by C.B. Clarke. In the Genera Plantarum the more general view was adopted that the male unit is a flower, and therefore the spike really a spikelet as it looks to be; but the female unit a reduced spikelet as now supposed and the apparent spikelet a spike. Since forthe purposes of a FLORA it is of more importance that there should be no mistake on the part of the reader as to what part is being described, than that the correct morphology of the part be indicated, I shall in the following call the ultimate units, ‘‘ flowers’? and drop the word spikelet. My “flowers” then are, in the case of the female, the utricle and its contents with the bract outside, and in the case of the male the stamens and their bract. Stem leafy at the flowering part . .