m-

FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA

CONTAINING

[DGED DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN INDIGENOUS AND
NATURALIZED PLANTS GROWING NORTH OF MEXICO ;

ARI^ANGED ACCORDING TO

THE NATURAL SYSTii.i\:.

BY

JOHN TORREY and ASA GRAY.

: : \

Vol. ii. -- - ^-i*-* -*■•

NEW- YORK & LONDON :
WILEY AND PUTNAM.

Paris: Bossange & Co. 11 arAi Voltatrk.
May, 18 41.

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FLORA

NORTH AMERICA.

EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS

CONTINUED.

Section IL MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the
latter composed of united petals* (monopetalous or gamope-
talous).

L Calyx adherent to the ovary {ovary inferior). ■[
CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS IN THIS DIVISION.

* Ovary with 2 or more cells, and 1-many ovules in each, or ly abortion
1-celled. Stamens inserted upon the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
opposite.
Stipules none. 72. Caprifomace.s:.

Stipules intei-petiolar, or simtilating the leaves. 73. RoBiACEa:.

Stipules 1 1 to 3 on each side, entirely similar to the

leaves and fomiing with them a verticil, Subord. Stellat.e.

Stipules between the petioles.

Ovary coherent. Subord. CiNCHONE.ffi:.

Ovaiy nearly free from the calyx. Subord. Loganie^.

* A few Ericaceffi, a portion of Plumbaginaceoe, some Aquifoliacea;, &c., are
polypetalous, or nearly so.

t In a few RubiaceEc the ovaiy is partly, and in tHe suljorder Loganiea; com-
pletely, free from the calyx : in some Dipsacea; the apex of the ovary is coherent
with the calyx, while the lower portion is free. On the other hand, one or two gen-
era with an adherent calyx, such as Vaccinium, Hopea, and Halesia, belong to or-
ders which have for the most part a free ovary.

VOL. II.-l

2 CAPrvIFOLIACE.E. Linnjea.

* * Ovary uilh a single cell and a solitary ovtile, or rarely ivith 3 cellsi two
ofiohich are empty. Seeds with little or no albumen. Fruit indehiscent.

Stamens distinct. Seed suspended.

Flowers not in involucrate heads. Albumen none. 74. Valerianace.e.

Heads dense, involucrate. Seeds albuminous. 75. Dipsace.5;.

Stamens syngenesious. Heads involucrate. 76. CoMPosiTiE.

* * * Ovary with one or several cells, and nwnerous ovules. Stamens
inserted with the corolla. Fruit capsular. Seeds mostly albuminous.

Corolla iiTegular. Stamens united. 77. Lobeliace.e.

Corolla regular. Stamens mostly distinct. 78. Campanulace.e.

Corolla regular, 5-parted. Anthers sessile. Subord. Pongatie^.

Order LXXII. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Juss.; DC.

Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary ; the limb 5- (rarely 4-)
cleft or toothed. Corolla tubular, or sometimes rotate ; the lobes im-
bricate in aestivation. Stamens equal in number and alternate with
the lobes of the corolla (or rarely one of them deficient), and inserted
into the tube : anthers introrse, versatile. Ovary 3- (rarely 4-5-)
celled, with 1-several pendulous ovules in each cell : style fiUform,
with a somewhat capitate stigma ; or wanting, and the oblong stigmas
3—5. Fruit baccate, fleshy, or sometimes dry (rarely capsular), often
1 -celled by abortion. Seeds anatropous. Embryo in the axis of
fleshy albumen. — Shrubs, or rarely herbaceous plants, with opposite
exstipulate leaves. Inflorescence various.

Tribe I. LONICERE^. JR. Br.

Corolla tubular ; the limb sometimes irregular. Style filiform.
Raphe on the outer side of the ovule !

Subtribe 1. CAPRiFOLia:. — Fruit baccate, or sometimes nearly dry. Tes-
ta of the seed crustaceous or coriaceous.

1. LINN^A. Gi-onov. in Linn. gen. no. 11 A ; DC. j^rodr. A. p.ZAQ.

Calyx-tube ovate ; the segments of the 5-parted limb lanceolate-subulate,
deciduous. Corolla turbinate-campanulate, somewhat equally 5-lobed. Sta-
mens 4, didynamous, included, inserted towards the base of the corolla.
Ovary 3-celled ; two of the cells with several abortive ovules : the third with
a single fertile ovule suspended from the summit. Style slightly exserted :
stigma capitate. Fruit ovoid-globose, dry and indeliiscent, 3-celled (the two
sterile cells smaller), 1-seeded. — A creeping or trailing evergreen herb (indi-
genous to tlie northern parts of the old and new world), somewhat hairy ;

LiNNJEA. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 3

with broadly oval sparingly crenate-toothed leaves, abruptly narrowed into a
petiole. Peduncles filiform, terminating the ascending branches, bearing
two pedicellate (minutely bibracteolate) nodding flowers. Corolla purplish-
rose-color or nearly white.

L. borcalis (Gronov.) — Linn.! fl. Lapp. p. 214, t. 12, f. 4, Jl. Suec. ed. 2.
p. 219 (ic), cV spec. 2. p. 631 ; Fl. Dan. t. 3 ; Schkuhr, handb. t. 176 ; Lam.
ill. t. 536 ,- Ensl. hot. t. 1297 ,• Michx. ! fl. \.p. 87 ,- Wahl.fl. Lapp. p. 170,
t. 9,/. 3 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 413 ; Torr ! fl. I. p. 175 ; Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2.
p. 241 ,* Richards, apjjx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 25 ; DC. ! I. c; Hook. !
{fl. Land. n. ser. t. \m) fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 285.

Moist mossy woods, usually under the shade of evergreens, from the Arc-
tic Circle to the New England States! New York ! New Jersey! (in a cedar
swamp near New Durham, Mr. L. Menard,) and the mountains of Penn-
sylvania ; and from Newfoundland! and Labrador! to the Rocky Moun-
tains ! Oregon ! Unalaschka and Kotzebue's Sound ! June-July. — Stems
filiform, sending up numerous short branches. Leaves about half an inch
long, sparsely hispid. Flowers fragrant ; the slender pedicels, and particu-
larly the calyx-tube and the appressed bracts, clothed with glandular hairs.
Corolla hairy inside. — This unpretending and beautiful plant, so interesting
from its association with the name of Limueus, is as widely dispersed through-
out the northern portion of the new. as of the old world.

2. SYMPHORICARPUS. Dill. Elth. f. 371. t. 278; DC.prodr. A. p. 338.

Symphoria, Pers.
Calyx-tube globose ; the limb 4-5-toothed, persistent. Corolla infundibu-
liform or campanulate, somewhat regularly 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, in-
serted into the throat of the corolla. Ovary 4-celled ; two of the cells with
several abortive ovules ; the two others (ojiposite) each with a single fertile
ovule pendulous from the stimmit. Stigma capitate. Frui^ a globose or ovoid
berry, 4-celled ; two opposite cells 1-seeded, the others empty. Seeds bony.
— Small branching shrubs (natives of North America and Mexico) ; with
oval entire leaves on short petioles. Flowers sinali, bibracteolate, in short
axillary clusters or terminal spikes. Corolla rose-color or white. Berries
red or white.

1. S. racemosus (Michx.) : spikes terminal, loose, interrupted, often some-
what leafy ; corolla campanulate, densely bearded inside ; style (glabrous)
and stamens included. — Michx. ! fl. I. p. 107 ; DC. ! I. c; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-
Am. \. 2J. 285. Symphoria racemosa, Pers. syn.. 1. p. 214 ; Pursh.! fl. 1.
p. 169 ; Bot. mag. t. 2211 ; Lodd. hot. cab. t. 230 ; Bart.fl. Amer. Sept. 1.
t. 19 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 246. S. elongata & heterophylla, Prcsl, in herh.
Hienliel ex DC.

Rocky banks of rivers (mostly on limestone). Upper Canada ! Western
part of New York ! and Western States ! to Oregon ! and the North- West
Coast! California, fide Hook. Sf Am. bot. Bcechey. Common also in cul-
tivation. July-Aug. — A nearly glabrous shrub, 2-3 feet high, often surcu-
lose. Leaves oval or oblong, 1-2 inches long, sometimes a little pubescent;
the margin often undulate. Spikes usually pedunculate ; the flowers oppo-
site. Corolla about 3 lines long, rose-color. Berries globose and roundish-
obovate, very white, opaque when ripe, often half an inch in diameter. —
Snow-berry.

4 CAPRirOLIACEiE. Symphoricarpus.

2. 5^. occidentalis (R. Brown) : spikes dense, terminal and axillary, nod-
ding ; corolla infandibuliform-campanulate, densely bearded within : stamens
^nd" (somewhat bearded) style exserted. — R. Br. in, Richards..' appx.
FranM. journ. cd. 2. p. 6 ; Hook. ! I. c.

Woody country of British America {Richardson!) and Saskatchawan
{Drummond .') to the sources of the Mississippi, Dr. Houghton! and near
Fort Gratiot, Michigan, Dr. Pitcher ! Also Oregon, Douglas. [Hook.) June
-July. — Shrub 1-4 feet high. Leaves ovate, 1-3 inches long, somewhat
hair}^ above, pul)escent underneath, rather obtuse ; the petioles about one-
third of an incii long. Spikes nearly sessile. Calyx-teeth minutely ciliate.
Corolla purplish and white, larger than in the preceding, and the border more
spreading. "Berries while, remaining on the plant during the autumn and
■^inter." Dr. Pitcher. — Wolf-Berry of the Canadians.

3. S. vulgaris (Miehx.): spikes axillary, alrriosl sessile, capitate-glo-
merate; lobes of the campanuiate corolla somewhat glabrous inside ; stamens
and (bearded) style included. — Michx.! Jl. I. p. 106; DC! I. c. S. parvi-_
flora, Desf. cat. hort. Par. LoniceraSymphoricarpos, Linn.! spec. 1. p,
175. Svinphoria conglomerata, Pers.syn. \, p. 214. S. glomerata, Pursh,
t. c; Nutt. ! gen. 1. j;^ 139 ; 2'orr. ! fl. 1. p. 246.

Banks of rivers, Pennsylvania {Muhlenberg) Virginia! and mountains of
the Southern States! to the Upper Missouri {Nuttall ! Dr. James!) and
Texas, Drummond ! July-Sept. — Shrub 2-3 feet high, with erect purplish
pubescent branches. Leaves about an inch and a half long, roundish-oval
or ovate, mucronate, slightly hairy above, tomentose-pubescent beneath.
Spikes much shorter than the leaves. Corolla 2 lines long, greenish-red;
tiie tube bearded inside. Berries about the size of a small currant, dark red
(bluish-purple, Nutt.). — Indian Currant.

4. S. mollis {Nnlt.l mss.) : "racemes very short, towards the summit of
the branches, nearly sessile; corolla glabrous inside; calyx conspicuous 5
leaves oval or ovate, obtuse, pubescent, almost hoary and softly villous un-
derneath.

" St. Barbara, California ; common. — Nearly allied to the preceding ; but
with smaller leaves, larger flowers and a conspicuous calyx. Flowers red-,
dish-white." Nuttall.

5. ,S. ciliatus (Nutt. mss.) : " spikes very short, towards the summit of
the branchlets; the terminal ojie pedunculate; corolla glabrous; leaves
roundish-ovate, obtuse, pubescent underneath, ciliate.

" St. Barbara, California. — Flowers very small, reddish. — Considerably
allied to S. vulgaris ; but differs in the leaves being rounded at the base and
piliate." Nuttall.

3. LONIGERA. Linn.} Desf.fl. Atl. 1. p. 183 ; DC.prodr. 4. p. 330,

Xylosteon, Caprifolium, Chamfecerasus, & Periclymenum, Thur?i.

Calvx-tube ovoid or subglobose ; the limb short, 5-toothed. Corolla tubu-
lar, infundibuliform or campanuiate, often gibbous at the base ; the limb 5-
cleft, nearly regular, or ringent. Stamens 5. Ovar^' 2-3-celled, with sever-
al pendulous ovules in each cell. Stigma capitate. Berry 2-3-celled, or by
obliteration 1-celled, few-seeded. Seeds crustaceous. — Climbing or erect
shrubs. Leaves entire, often connate. Flowers axillary and pedunculate,
or in sessile whorls or heads, often fragrant. — Honeysuckle.

LoNicERA. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 5

§1. Stem climhing : leaves often connate : Jlotvcrs sessile, in verticillate-
capitate clusters: hemes never connate, often \-celled when mature, cro^aied
with the x>ersistent limb of the calyx. — Caprifojjium, Juss.

* Corolla nearly regular. (Periclymcmim, Taurn.)

1. L. se77ipeTvircns (Ait.): leaves oblong and narrowly elliptical, glabrous
above, glaucous and slightly pubescent underneath ; the lower ones somewhat
petioled ; the upper connate-perfoliate ;■ flowers in somewhat distant whorls ;
corolla trumpet-shaped, with short and broad nearly equal lobes. — Ait. Kew.
{ed. 1) I. p. 230 ,• Walt. Car. p. 1.31 ; Bat. mag. t. 781, c^ 1753 ; Bat. reg. t.
556; Torr.! fl 1. j). 244 : DC. 2^'>'odr. 4. p. 432. Caprifolium sempervi-
rens, Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 105 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 160 ; Ell. sic. 1. p. 271.

Borders of swamps, Island of New York ! to Georgia! Florida! and
Louisiana! April-Oct. (in the Southern States.) — Stem twining over shrubs,
or sometimes prostrate. Leaves IJ to nearly 3 inches long; the upper 1-2
inches wide ; the lower sometimes almost lanceolate. Peduncle 1-2 inches
long: whorls 4-6-flowered. Flowers showy, inodorous; the corolla almost
2 inches long, slightly ventricose above, tapering gradually to the base,
scarlet externally^ yellowish within. Stamens a little exserted. Ber-
ries scarlet, about 4-seeded. — The wild plant, in the neighborhood of New
York, remains in flower only a few weeks (May-.Tune), and the leaves are
deciduous; but in gardens, it blossoms nearly throughout the season, and the
leaves are somewhat perennial, as is the case with the native plant in the
Southern States. — Scarlet Honeysuckle. Trumpet-Honeysuckle.

2. L. ciliosa (Poir.) : leaves ovate, glaucous beneath, conspicuously ciliate,
or sessile and somewhat clasping ; the uppermost connate-perfoliate ; whorls
of the subsessile spike approximate-capitate; corolla (deep yellow) some-
what equal ; the tube hirsute, ventricose in the middle. Purslt. [teeth of
the calyx conspicuous, iA'^w^. .' mss.] — Poir. diet. 5. p. 612; JDC.prodr. 4.
f. 333. Caprifolium ciliosum, Pursh! fl. 1. p. 100.

Oregon ; on the Kooskoosky, Lewis! and along the Oregon from the Falls
to the sea, Nuttall! — We have seen the original specimens in Mr. Lambert's
herbarium, but have not the means of completing the diagnosis between this
and the following species. The flowers are bright yellow, according to Mr.
Nuttall ; who alone seems to have met witli the plant, subsetjuently to
Lewis.

3. L. occidentalis (Hooli.): twining; leaves oval, nearly sessile, glabrous,
ciliate, glaucous underneath ; upi)er ones connate-perfoliate ; flowers in verti-
cillate heads ; corolla (orange-red) glabrous ; the tube elongated, gibbously
inflated above the base; limb nearly equal; stamens somewhat included.
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 282. Caprifolium occidentale, Liridl. hot. reg. t.
1457.

About Fort Vancouver on the Oregon, Douglas. — This species is con-
sidered a great acquisition to the English gardens ; the flowers are said to be
full orange-red, and longer than in L. parviflora, hirsuta, &c. We do not
find thatMr. Nuttall met with it, so as to compare it with the true L. ciliosa,
to which it is doubtless allied.

* * Corolla rlngent; the itppcrlvp 4Aobcd or 4-tootlied. (Caprifolium, Tourn.)
t Natives of the United States and Canada.

4. L. grata (Ait.) : stem twining ; leaves obovate, glabrous, glaucous be-
neath ; tihe lower ones contracted at the base ; the two or three upper pairs
connate-perfoliate; flowers (large) verticillate in the axils of the upper leaves
or leaf-like connate bracts ; tube of the corolla long and slender, not gibbous ;

6 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Lonicera.

filaments elabrous.—^i<. ?. c; Willd. sjyec. 1. p. 984; DC. prodr. A. p.
33-2 ; Darlingt. ! fi. Cest.p. 159. Caprifolium gratum, Pursh,fl. 1. p. 161 ;
Ell. sk. 1. p^ 152.

Moist rocky woodlands, Pennsylvania (DarZmgtow /) to Western Louisi-
ana, Dr. Hale.' "Mountains, New York to Carolina," Fursh. May. —
"Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet long, twining, or trailing unless supported; the
young branches often quite pilose." Darlington. Leaves about 2 inches
long, very obtuse, or with a short blunt point. Flowers about 6 in each
whorl, very fragrant: the smooth corolla an inch and a half long, exteraally
red or purplish T the limb (large) at first nearly white, soon turning to tawny
yellow. Stamens exserted. Berries orange-red. — Very near tlie cultivated
L. Caprifolium.

5. L. alhiflora: twining or trailing; leaves (small and rather crowded)
ovate, glabrous, glaucous beneath; the upper pair connate-perfoliate ; the
others distinct, sessile ; flowers in small sessile heads; tube of the glabrous
corolla slender, not gibbous ; filaments glabrous.

Prairies near Fort Towson, on the Arkansas, Dr. Leavemvorth ! — Climb-
ing over bushes and small trees. Leaves less than an inch long, rather rigid.
Corolla " white," about three-fourths of an inch long ; the lower lip oblong,
scarcely half the length of tlie slender tube. Stamens somewhat exserted. —
Apparently a very distinct species : the corolla, in shape, resembles that of
L. grata.

6. L. jiava (Sims): glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stem scarcely
twining; leaves ovate, obovate, or oval, with a narrow cartilaginous margin ;
the upper pairs connate-perfoliate; the lowest distinct; flowers in small
heads or approximate whorls ; tube of the glabrous corolla slender, not gib-
bous ; filaments elabrous.— .Sims, hot. mag. t. 1318; Torr. fl. l.p. 243;
DC. I.e. Caprifolium Fraseri, Pwrs/i//. I. p. 160. C. flavum, £«. s^.

l.«. 271.

(8. more glaucous ; the lower leaves abruptly narrowed at the base ; tube
of the corolla rather shorter and stouter.

Rocky banks of rivers, Cattskill Mountains, New York, Pursh ; and Paris
Mountains, S. Carolina, Fraser. Upper districts of Georgia, Dr. Boykinl
j3. Banks of the Scioto above Columbus, Ohio, Mr. Sullivant! Milwaukie,
Wisconsin, Mr. Lapliam ! June-July. — Leaves li to neariy 3 inches long,
very glabrous above, glaucous and often with an extremely minute and soft
whitish caducous pubescence beneath, obtuse, or with ablunt mucronate point.
Flowers 8-12, in a subsessile or somewhat pedunculate head, or sometimes
in two or three verticiliate clusters, fragrant. Corolla bright yellow, an inch
or rather jnore long (in /3. less than an inch) ; the tube much longer than the
somewhat ventricose limb, very slightly dilated near the base, but not gib-
bous ; the lower lip narrowly oblong ; the upper 4-lobed. Stamens ex-

gerted. A beautiful species, which has long been cultivated in the European

gardens.

7. L. hirsnta (Eaton) : stem mostly twining ; leaves (pale green, not
shining) broadly oval, very veiny, ciliate, somewhat hairy above, softly vil-
lous beneath ; the upper pair connate-perfoliate, often nearly glabrous ; the
others frequently petioled ; peduncles mostly three together; the flowers in
approximate capitate whorls ; tube of the corolla viscid-pubescent, rather
slender 'sli'^htly gibbous at the base ; filaments sparsely hairy towards the
ha'^e.— Eaton! man. hot. ed. 3. j^. 341 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 242 ; Bigel.fl. Bast,
ed. 2. p. 83 ; Hook. ! hot. mag. t. 3163, ^- fl. Bor.-Am. 1, p. 282. L. vil-
losa, Muhl. cat. p. 22, not of DC. L. pubescens, Sweet, hort. Brit. p. 194 ;
DC. ' prodr. 4. p. 332. L. Goldii, Spreng. syst. 1. ^;. 758. Caprifolium
pubescens, Goldie, in Edinh. phil. jour. (1822) 6. p. 323; Hook.exot.fl.
t.27.

LoNicERA. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 7

Rocky banks and margin of thickets, in damp soil, Canada ! and Michi-
gan ! (around Lake Huron and Lake Superior!) and in the northern parts of
New York! and tlie New England Stales! June-July. — Stem often twin-
ing to the height of 15-30 feet, with somewhat pubescent branches. Leaves
3-4 inches long, and 2-3 broad, membranaceous, conspicuously veiny, often
somewhat rugose, sprinkled with scattered hairs above (some of which are
usually a little glandular or viscid), conspicuously ciliate, often abruptly
acute or slightly pointed at the base and apex ; the upper surface nearly
glabrous when old. Peduncles and even the ovaries often covered with a
minute viscid or glandular pubescence, like that of the corolla. Flowers nu-
merous, sulphur-yellow. Corolla hairy inside; the tube 6-8 lines long; the
limb large and much expanded. Stamens and style exserted; the latter,
like the filaments, more or less hairy below, sometimes hirsute. Berries
orange, 3-5-seeded.

8. L. parvijlora (Lam.): glabrous; stem trailing or twining; leaves el-
liptical or oblong, smooth, shining above, very glaucous beneath, with a
slight often undulate cartilaginous margin ; the upper pair connate-perfoliate ;
the others sessile and mostly somewhat connate ; flowers in a more or less
pedunculate head or 2-3 closely approximate whorls ; corolla short, glabrous
externally, gibbous at the base ; filaments somewhat hairy below. — Lam.
diet. \.p. 728 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. ^j. 245 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 87 ; DC. I
jn-odr. 4. p. 332 ,- Hook.Jl. Bor,-Am. 1. p. 282 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 158.
L. dioica, Linn. syst. {ed. 13) p. 181 ; Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 1. p. 130; Bot.
reg. t. 138. "L. media, Murr. in comm. Gcett. (1776) p. 28, t. 3." Capri-
folium glaucum, Manch, meth. p. 602. C. bracteosum, Michx.! fl. \.p.
105. C. parviflorum, PurshI fl. 1. p. 161. C. dioicum, Rmn. Sf Schult.
syst. 5. p. 260.

ji. ? leaves pubescent or even somewhat villous-tomentose beneath : the
lower ones distinct, sessile or slightly petioled ; corolla pubescent. — L. par-
viflora ji. Hook. I. c. L. Doiiglasii, DC. I. c. Caprifolium Douglasii,
Lindl. in hort. trans. 7. p. 244. C. parviflorum, Eichards. appx. Franld.
journ. ed. 2.]). 6, ex Hook.

Rocky banks of rivers, &c. Canada! (from Hudson's Bay to the Rocky
Mountains, a. & /j. Hook.) and from the New England States! to Missouri,
and sparingly in the mountains of the Southern States, /i. Saskatchawan
&c., Douglas. Near Fort Gratiot, Michigan, Dr. Pitcher! On limestone
cliffs along the Scioto &c. Ohio, Mr. SuUivant! May-June. — Stem 6-10
feet long. Leaves 2-3, or on young shoots even 4 inches long, some-
times with a slight and sparse deciduous pubescence beneath, but usually
perfectly glabrous ; the lower ones often narrowed at the base, but sessile.
Corolla 8-9 lines long, including the short spreading limb, yellow tinged
with dull purple. Stamens exserted. Berries orange. — lu our var. /?. from
Ohio, the pubescence of the lower surface of the leaves is apparently deci-
duous, and in vigorous shoots they are often 4 or 5 inches long ; the lower
ones inclined to ovate-lanceolate. We have little doubt that this is the same
with the Caprifolium Douglasii of Lindley (although we have never observed
the leaves in the slightest degree ciliate), and it has the appearance of a dis-
tinct species : but our specimens from Fort Gratiot are exactly L. jjarviflora,
except in the pubescence, and are doubtless the same as Hooker's plant,
" which may be seen gradually passing into the usual glabrous apjiearance.'*
The stamens and style are at first about the length of the corolla.

t t Natives of Oregon and California.

9. L. Californica: twining; branches glabrous, or sometimes hairy along
one side; leaves ovate-oblong, glabrous, glaucous beneath, not ciliate ; the
uppermost connate-perfoliate ; the others distinct, often slightly jjetioled ;

8 CAPRIFOLIACE^. Lonicera.

flowers in rather distant whorls ; the peduncle and rachis clothed with gland-
ular and hispid hairs intermixed; tube of the corolla conspicuously gibbous,
sparsely hairy, not longer than the deeply bilabiate limb; filaments some-
what hairy towards the base, exserted. — L. ciliosa, Hook, c^ Am. hot.
Beechey, p. 143, S^'sujrpl.-' J)- 349; not of Pair. (Caprifol. ciliosum, Pursh.)
Monterey, California, Capt. Beechey ; and at St. Francisco ? Douslas ! —
Leaves somewhat coriaceous, very pale or glaucous beneath, about 2 inches
long ; the lower ones obtuse at the base ; the slight petioles furnished with
stipuliform appendages. Corolla (including the limb) scarcely more than half
an inch long, apparently pale ^^ellow ; the short tube with a prominent gib-
bosity on one side ; lower lip linear, the upper with 4 very short rounded
lobes. Ovaries glandular ; the calyx-teeth inconspicuous. — AVe have not
seen the specimens of the plant collected during Capt. Beechey's voyage, in
which the younger branches are said to be hairy along one side : in our
specimen from Douglas's Californian collection, the branches are glabrous ;
but the peduncles, &c. densely glandular and somewhat hirsute. It is cer-
tainly quite ditferent from the Caprifolium ciliosum of Pursh, and from any
other North American species.

10. L. hispidula (Dougl. mss.) : stem slender, twining or trailing, hirsute
or pilose-hispid ; leaves rather rigid, ovate or cordate, obtuse, glaucous be-
neath, and villous-hirsute ; the lower ones petioled ; the uppermost some-
times connate-perfoliate ; heads or whorls on slender peduncles ; corolla
nearly glabrous ; the upper lip shorter than the gibbous tube ; filaments
slightly hairy below, exserted. — L. microphylla. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
283 (without flowers), not of W'dld. Capritblium hispidulum, Lindl.!
hot. reg. t. 1761.

Woods and rocky places, Oregon; on Mount Hood, and at the Grand Ra-
pids of the Oregon, at ' Oak Point,' &c. Douglas. ' Oak Point,' on the Ore-
gon near the Sea, Nuttcdl ! — A small mostly trailing shrub, pubescent with
slender scattered hairs. Leaves 6 to 10 lines, or sometimes an inch in
length ; the upper surface glabrous, and the one or two upper pairs often con-
nate-perfoliate, in the cultivated plant. Flowers small, rose-color, nearly
scentless. Corolla about half an inch long. Ovary glabrous. Calyx-teeth
minute. — Acct^rding to the description and figure in the Botanical Register,
the tube of the corolla is twice the length of the'hmb; but in our specimen
(from the Horticultural Society's Garden) the linear lower lip of the corolla
is quite as long as the tube. In the wild plant, the leaves are about three-
fourths of an inch in length, according to Mr. Nuttall; but the upper ones
often smaller.

11. L. suhspicata (Hook. & Arn.) : erect and much branched; the
branches, lower surface of the leaves, and corolla pubescent ; leaves (small)
all distinct, elliptical or oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, shining above, paler be-
neath, on very short petioles ; spikes few-flowered, bracteate ; corolla bUa-
biate; 'one lip 2-, the other 3-cleft.' — Hook. S,- Arn. hot. Beechey, suppU
2J. 349.

California, I>oi/ir/«s. Bushy hills near St. Barhara, Nuttall. — "An erect
bush, about 3 feet high ; with glandularly pubescent leaves, small pale pink
flowers, and a minute calyx.'" Nuit. ;«5S.— Leaves about an inch long,
passing into opposite remote pairs of bracts, having in their axils lesser
bracteas, which bear the flowers solitary or in pairs. Corolla not half an
inch long. The aspect different from any other Lonicera. Hook. S^- Arn.

§2. Leaves never connate : jJeduyicles a.nllary, 2-i-hracteate and 2- {rarely
3-) flowered at the summit : berries geminate, distinct or often united, 2-3-
celled; the limb of the calyx deciduous. — Xylosteo', Juss.

LoNicERA. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 9

* Pedunde 4r-bradeaie at the summit; the brads foliaccous mid dilated.

12. L. involucrata (Herb. Banks.) : stem erect or reclined ; branches
prominently 4-an2;led ; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, petioled, obtuse or acu-
minate, hirsute-pubescent beneath; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2-3-
llowered ; exterior bracts ovate or subcordate ; the interior broadly obovate
or obcordate, at first very small, at length many times larger than the distinct
ovaries and enclosing the fruit ; corolla pubescent, gibbous at the base on the
outside.— .S/;?-e«ir- si/st. l.p. 759 ; DC. x>rodr. 4. p. 336 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t.
1]79 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 284. L. Ledebourii, Eschs. in mem. acad.
St. Petersh. 10. p. 284 ,- DC. I. c. ; Cham. Sf Schlrcht. in Linno'a, 3. p. 138 ;
Hook. Sf' Am.! hot. Beechei/, p. 143, Sfsvppl.p. 349. Xylosteon involucra-
tum, Richards.! appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 6.

Saskatchawan ! (and woody country from.lat. 54° to 64°) and Rocky
Mountains, to the North West Coast between lat. 54° & 56°. Also in Cali-
fornia, Eschscholtz, Doui-las ! Nuttall ! — Stem 2-10 feet long, " often sup-
ported by other plants." {Nult.) Leaves 2-3 inches long, on petioles 2-4
lines in" length, usually whh a short acuminate point. Corolla yellowish,
6-7 lines long, pubescent and glandtdar, cylindraceous; the lobes short.
Stamens included. Stigma mostly somewhat exserted. Bracts somewhat
pubescent and glandular ; the exterior often nearly half an inch in length :
the interior at first very small, but becoming large and conspicuous in fruit,
each consisting of two partiall}' united and overlapping bracts.

* * Peduncle minutely 2-braftcola.te at the simmiit.

13. L. ciliata (Muhl.) : stem erect; leaves ovate-oblong, often cordate,
pilose-ciliate, the younger ones villous beneath ; peduncles shorter than the
leaves ; bracts shorter than the ovaries; teeth of the calyx very obtuse; co-
rolla obtusely saccate at the base; the lobes short and somewhat equal; style
exserted; berries distinct, diverging.— Mw/;L cat. p. 22; DC! prodr. 4. p.
335; Hook.! ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 283. L. Canadensis, Rcfm. &; Schnlt. syst.
b.p. 260. Xvlosteum Tartaricum, Michx. ! Jl.l. p. 106. (not L. Tartari-
ca, Linn.) X. ciUatum, Pursh ! fl. 1. p. 161 (excl. /3. album, which is
Symphoricarpus racemosHs, fide Nutt.) ; Torr.! fl. 1._/j. 245; Bigel. ! fl.
Bost. ed. 2. p. 88.

Rocky woods and hill-sides, throughout Canada (from the Saskatchawan),
and the northern portions of the New England States! New York ! Pennsyl-
vania and Ohio ! May- — Shrub 3-5 feet high, with sparing straggHng
branches. Leaves membranaceous, light green, 1-2 or more inches long,
rather acute : petioles short, beset with a few bristly hairs. Corolla pale
greenish-yellow, somewhat funnel-form, about three-fourths of an inch long.
Filaments glabrous. Berries ovoid, red, about one-fourth of an inch long, 3-
5-seeded.

14. L. aerulea (Linn.): stem erect; leaves oval or oval-oblong, hirsute
on both surfaces, nearly or cjuite glabrous above when old ; peduncles very
short, reflexed in fruit ; bracts subulate, longer than the ovaries ; corolla gib-
bous at the base ; the lobes short, nearly equal ; berries (deep blue and glau-
cous) globose, formed by the union o"f 2 ovaries. — Linn. spec. 1. p. 174;
Pall.fl. Ross. t. .37; Bot. mag. t. 1965 ; DC prodr. A. p. 337; Hook.! fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 283. L. casrulea Canadensis, Lum. diet. 1. p. 731, ex DC
L. villosa, DC' I. c.(excl.syn. Goldie, Torr. S^x.) ; Hook. cV Am. ! hot.
Beechey, p. U5. Xylosteum Solonis, Eaton! num. hot. p. 5\8. X. villo-
sum, Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 88 ; Torr. ! fl.. 1. p. 245 (excl. syn. Gold. &;
Muhl.) ;" Richards. ! appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 6.

l3. villosa: branches and both surfaces of the leaves densely villous-lomen-

VOL. II-2

10 CAPRIFOLIACE^. Lonicera.

tose; limb of the calyx mostly ciliate.— L. velutina, DC! I. c. Xylosteum
villosum, Michx. ! jl. 1. p. 106.

Woods and on rocks, Labrador ! and Newfoundland ! to the Rocky
Mountains in British America, and north to lat. 66°, extending south to the
mountains or mountainous districts of Massachusetts! and New York! /?.
Hudson's Bay, Mi c/; a u.r / Newtbundland, Pi/iaic/ May. — Shrub 1-4 feet
hi^h; the younger branches mostly villous. Leaves an inch or less in
length. Corolla" yellow, about half an inch long, either glabrous or hairy,
longer than the peduncles; the lobes longer than the tube, oblong, erect.
Stamens scarcely exserted : filaments bearded. — We fully agree with
Hooker, in considering our plant identical with the L. ceerulea of Europe and
Siberia.

15. L. oblongifoiia (Hook.) : stem erect, much branched ; leaves oblong
or oval, velvety-pubescent when young, at length almost glabrous ; pedun-
cles fiUform, erect, much longer than the flowers; bracts obsolete ; corolla
gibbous at the base, deeply bilabiate ; berries (purple) globose, formed by
the union of 2 ovaries.— HooJc. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 284, t. 100. L. yillosa,"
DC! L c. partly. Xylosteum oblongifoUum, Goldie, in Edinb. phil.jour.
6. p. 323.

Sphagnous swamps, Canada, Mr. Goldie, Drummond ! Northern and
Western parts of the State of New York! May-June. — Shrub 3-4 feet
high. Leaves 1-2 inches long, slightly petioled. Peduncles about an inch
long. Corolla half an inch long, greenish-yellow ; tinged with purple inter-
nally : the lower Hp oblong-linear, often spreading ; the upper erect, with 4
short lobes. Filaments nearly glabrous, not exceeding the corolla : anthers
linear. Style hairy. Berries about the size of a large pea, marked with the
vestiges of the two approximated calyces.

4. DIERVILLA. Tourn. in act. acad. Par. (1706) t. l.f. 1. ; Linn. liorU
Cliff, t. 7 ; Lam. ill. t. 105 ; Sieb. SfZucc.Ji. Japon.p. 68. i. 29-32.

Weigela, Thunb. — Calysphiyum, Bunge. — Diervilla Ac Weigela, Alph. DC.

Calyx-tube oblong or cylindrical, often attenuated at the summit ; the seg-
ments of the 5-parted limb linear or subulate. Corolla infundibuliform ; the
limb 5-cleft, nearly regular or slightly bilabiate. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-
celled, crowned with an oblong epigynous gland : stigma peltate-capitate.
Fruit capsular, membranaceous or crustaceo-coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved,
septicidal ; the 2-lobed placentse usually strongly projecting into the cells,
each bearing numerous seeds in a double series. Seeds with a scrobiculate
testa, naked or cristate. — Shrubs (natives of North America, Japan, and
Northern China). Leaves ovate or oblong, mostly petioled, serrate, acute,
deciduous. Peduncles axillary or terminal, 1-flowered or cymosely 3-7-
flowered ; the central flower frequently sessile ; all bibracteate at the base.

The Asiatic species have been admirably illustrated by Zuccarini, in the work ci-
ted above. These all have a somewhat indurated capsule, and the seeds (' testa mem-
branaceous,' Zucc.) furnished with a crest or slight wing ; and the flowers are in-
clined to be rose-color or puiple. They form a marked section, at least, which
should retain Tliunberg's name, Weigela. The latter was united to Diervilla by
Brown (who first pointed out the mistake into which Thunberg had fallen), and in
this he is followed by Zuccarini : while Alphonse De CandoUe (Note ,<;(//• fe genre
Weigela, etc. in the Bibliotheque Universelle d.c Gcnerr. Jan. 1839) not only retains
that genus, but divides it into two sections ; and this even withovU being acquainted
with the trait and seeds of the Asiatic plants, which furnish the most obvious dis-

DiERViLLA. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 11

tinctions. We know not whether Mr. Brown was acquainted with these differences
when he united Weigela to Diervilla, or whether he would consider them of generic
importance. It must be remarked that both the elder and the younger De Candolle
have, by some misapprehension, described the capsule of Diervilla as one-celled or
half2-celled; while Jussieu and some other botanists consider it 4-celled, an easy
mistake, since the placentae often reach nearly or quite to the back of each cell.

§ Flowers yellouish: cajjsule membranaceous : seeds not furnished with a crest
or wing ; the testa crustaceous. — Diervilla proper.

1. D. trifida (Moench) : leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, on short petioles,
glabrous, or somewhat hairy on the veins beneath ; peduncles l-3-(mostIy
3-)fiowered ; capsule attenuate at the summit, crowned wilh the subulate-set-
aceous teeth of the caly.K. — Mcench, meth. j). A'd2. D. Acadiensis fruticosa
&c. Tourn. ; Duham. arb. 1. t. 87. D. Tournefortii, Michx.! fl. l.p. 107 ;
Torr.! fi. 1. j). 238. D. humilis, Pers. syn. 1. jj. 214. D. Canadensis,
Willd. enum. 1. p. 222 ; Bigel. ! fi. Bast. ed. p. 69 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p.
330; HooTc.! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 281; Darlingt.! fi. Cest. p. 157. D.
lutea, Pursh! fl.l. p. 162. Lonicera Diervilla, Linn..' mat. med. p. 62, Sf
spec. l.p. 175.

/3. leaves nearly sessile, rather obscurely serrate.

Rocky woods, Canada ! and from Newfoundland ! and Hudson's Bay to
the Rocky Mountains, Northern and Middle States ! and along the higher
mountains to Carolina. (3. On the Black Mountains, North Carolina, Mr.
M. A. Curtis ! — May-June. Stem 2-4 feet high, branched. Leaves 2-4
inches long. Peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves, rather longer than
the petioles : the central flower sessile, the lateral ones pedicellate. Bracte-
oles subulate, shorter than the ovary. Corolla greenish-yellow, about three-
fourths of an inch long, somewhat irregular ; the lobes oblong. Stamens
and style exserted. Capsule ovoid-oblong, slightly angled, appearing al-
most 4-celled by the projection of the placentfe ; the summit tapering
abruptly into a long and narrow neck, and crowned with the apparently per-
sistent teeth of the calyx. — Bush-Honeysuckle. — We should have hardly ven-
tured, perhaps, to restore the prior name of Moench (although it is a very
good one), had we found any thing like uniformity among botanists in the
adoption of some one among the later names.

Subtribe 2. Trioste^:. — Fruit drupaceous ; the endocarp bony. Testa
of the seed membranaceous.

5. TRIOSTEUM. Linn. ; Gartn. fr. t. 26; Lam. ill. t. 150.

Calyx-tube ovoid ; the segments of the 5-parted limb linear-lanceolate, fo-
liaceous, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at the base, somewhat equally
6-lobed, a little longer than the calyx. Stamens 5, included. Ovary 3-
(rarely 4-5-) celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the sum-
mit of each cell: style included : stigma capitate, somewhat 3-lobed. Fruit
drupaceous, rather dry, roundish-obovoid, obscurely 3-(5-) sided, containing
as many ribbed elliptical bony nucules. Testa membranaceous. Embryo
minute, oblong, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Perennial herbaceous or rare-
ly sufFrutescent plants (natives of the United States and the mountains of
Middle Asia) ; the lanceolate or oval entire leaves narrowed and somewhat
connate at the base. Flowers axillary and sessile or nearly so, solitary or

12 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Triosteum.

clustered ; or rarely (by the reduction of the leaves) verticillate in a terminal
raceme.

1. T. jjcrfoliatum (Linn.): stem hirsute with rather soft viscous hairs;
leaves ovate or oval, acuminate, abruptly narrowed at the base, velvety-pu-
bescent beneath, somewhat hairy above; flowers (dull brownish-purple) ses-
sile and mostly clustered in the axils. — Linn. spec. 1. p. 176 ; Pursh,Jl. 1. p.
162 ,• Bio-el. med. hot. I. p. 90, t. 19 ; Bart. veg. mat. med. t. 4 ; Ell. sk.
269 ,• DC. ! I. c. Torr. ! fl.l-p- 245 ; Sweet, Brit. fl. e;ard. {ser. 2) t. 45 ;
Darlimrt.fl. Cest. p. 159. T. majus, Michx. ! Ji. 1. p. 107. Triosteosper-
mum. Dill. EltJi. t. 293,/. 378.

Shady rocky places, in rich soil, throughout the Northern, Middle, and
Western States ! and along the mountains of the Southern States. May-
July.— Root thick and fleshy. Stem 2-4 feet high, stout, simple. Leaves
4-7" inches long, 2-4 wide, sometimes narrowed into a winged petiole, but
always connafe at the base, often nearly glabrous above. Bracts linear.
Corolla 8-10 lines long (about the length of the calyx-segments), viscidly pu--
bescent; the lobes rounded. Filaments hairy. Style slender. Fruit half an
inch Ions, pubescent, orange-color (not purple wiien mature, as described by
Pursh, Barton, & DC), crowned with the foliaceous spreading limb of the
calyx : nucules marked with 3 strong ribs and 4 grooves on the back, and
with 2 grooves and a central projection on the face. — The leaves are some-
times niore or less sinuate, which is noticed by De CandoUe : we have seen
Pennsylvanian specimens of this form in the herbarium of the late Mr.
Schweinitz. The root is reputed to be etnelic and cathartic, and the plant
is well-known in the popular materia medica, under the name of Horse- Gen-
tian, Fever-icort, or Wild Coffee.

2. T. an s:usti folium [L'mn.): stem hispid ; leaves lanceolate or oblong,
acuminate, tapering to the base, pubescent or almost glabrous beneath, hir-
sute above; the flowers (ochroleucous) mostly soUtary in the axils, sessile or
somewhat pedunculate.— jLi««. .' spec. 1. p. 176 [pi. Gronov.!); Vahl.
$ymb. 3. y. 37 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. I. c. ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 330. T. minus,
Michx. ! I. c. Periclvmenum herbaceuin, &c. Pluk. aim. p. 287, t. 104,

Shady places, Virginia! and North Carolina! to Louisiana ! Arkansas!
and Missouri! May-June. — A smaller species than the preceding, with the
lobes of the ochroleucous corolla deeper in proportion, the tube less gibbous
at the base, &c. It probably has the same properties as T. perfoliatum, and
bears the same popular names. Plukenet received it under the name of
Dr. Tinker's-weed.

Tribe H. SAMBUCEiE. Kunth.

Corolla regular, rotate, or rarely somewhat tubular. Stigmas 3-5,
nearly sessile. Endocarp of the fruit crustaceous or coriaceous.
Testa of the seed membranaceous ; the raphe occupying the inner
side.

6. SAMBUCUS. Tourn. ; Linn. ; Gartn.fr. t. 27 ; Lam. ill. t. 211.

Limb of the calyx small, 5-cleft, at length obsolete. Corolla rotate or ur-
ceolate, 5-cleft ; the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5. Fruit baccate, pulpy, sub-
globose : nucules 3 (rarely 5), crustaceous, oblong, rugulose, obtusely angled
on the back, nearly plane on the face, each containing a suspended seed.—
Shrubs or perennial herbs, with a heavy odor. Leaves pinnate or 1-2-pin-

Sambucus. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 13

nately divided ; the leaflets or divisions serrate or incised, often pseudo-sti-
pellate, or with 2 glands at the base of each pair. Cymes compound, thyr-
soid or fastigiate. Flowers white, or sometimes reddish. — Elder.

Geertner, and most subsequent botanists, except Kunth, have described the fruit
of tliis genus as a proper beny ; the nucules lieing taken for seeds.

1. iS. pubens (Michx.) : stem shrubby; leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate ;
leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower surface and the petioles pubes-
cent; thyrsus ovoid or pyramidal, rather loose. — Michx..' fl. I. p. 181;
Torr. ! fl. i. p. 321 ; DC. I prodr. 4. p. 323,- Bongard! veff. Sitcha, in
mem. acad. St. Petersb. (ser. 6) 2. p. 144. S. pubescens, Pers. syn. 1. p.
328; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 204; ELL sL: 1. p. 3G8. S. racemosa. Hook.! fl.
Bor.-Ani. 1. p. 279.

)i. leucocarpa : berries white.

y. arboresccns : large ; leaflets 7-9, the serratures longer and narrower ;
anthers large. — S. arborescens, Nutt. ! mss. S. racemosa p. Hook. ! I. c.

Rocky woods &c. Canada.!, from the Saskatchavvan, and Northern
States! to the mountains of Carolina! West to the Rocky Mountains, Ore-
gon ! and Sitcha, (chiefly van y.) /3. Cattskill Mountains, Mr. J. Hogg!
May ; the fruit mature in June and .Inly. — Stem 2-10 feet high, sometimes
attaining the diameter of 3 or 4 inches at the base ; the branches often warty.
Leaves'very pubescent when young, seldom stipellate. Thyrsus about 3
inches long. Berries scarlet. — Hooker, perhaps with good reason, unites this
species with the S. racemosa of Europe, &c. We have occasionally found
this plant arborescent, and at least 18 feel high.

2. .S. Canadensis (Linn.): stem suffrutescent ; leaves pinnately 7-11-fo-
liolate; leaflets oblong or oval, acuminate, glabrous, somewhat pubescent on
the midrib : the lower ones often 3-parted; cvmes sjireading, loose, -S-parfed.
—Linn. ! spec. 1. p. 269 ; Michx. .' fl. 1. p. 281 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 203 ; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 36'8 ; Torr. ! fl-l. p. 321 .• DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 322 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 279; Darlingl. fl. Cest. p. 205. S. nigra, Marsh, arbust. p.
141. S. hurnihs, Raf. ann. nat. p. 13.

Thickets and along fences, in rich soil, throughout the United States ! and
Canada ! June-July" — Stem 5-10 feet high, stout, filled with jjith. Leaflets
not unfrequently furnished with foliaceous stipellate appendages. Cymes
flat, 5-8 inches in diameter ; the flowers pure white. Berries smafl, dark
purple, or nearly black when mature; the juice deep crimson. — Near S. ni-.
gra of Europe. — Common Elder.

3. S. glauca (Nutt.! mss.): "somewhat arborescent, glabrous; leaves
pinnate ; leaflets 3-5 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrulate, undi-
vided; cyme large and spreading; fruit (black) very glaucous.

" Plains of the Oregon, near the Blue Mountains: common. — Berries re-
sembling in taste those of S. Canadensis, to which this species is allied. Nut--
tall. — We can scarcely distinguish this species from S. Canadensis,

7. VIBURNUM. Linn. ; Gcsrtn. fr. t. 27 ; DC. prodr. A. p. 323.

Limb of the calyx 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, sometimes somewhat tubular
orcampanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-3-celled ; one of the cells
containing a single suspended ovule, the others abortive: stigmas 3, sessile.
Fruit drui)aceous, 1-celled, 1-seedcd, with a thin pulp; the endocarp (seed of
* most authors) crustaceous, mostly compressed. Seed conformed to the cavi-
ty of the endocarp; the testa membranaceous. Embryo minute at the ex-

14 CAPRIFOLIACE^. Viburnum.

tremlty of the fleshy albumen. — Shrubs or small trees, with petioled undi-
vided or lobed leaves. Petioles sometimes furnished with appendages ex-
actly similar to stipules. Flowers white, in terminal cymes; the marginal
ones sometimes sterile and radiant.

§ 1. Flowers all similar and fertile : corolla rotate. — Lentago, DC.
* Leaves entire, serrat£, toothed.

1. V. nudum (Linn.): leaves somewhat coriaceous, oval, oblong, or lan-
ceolate, dotted beneath -with brownish scales, glabrous above ; the margin
crenulate or entire ; petiole somewhat margined; cymes pedunculate ; fruit
ovoid.

a. Clayloni : leaves broadly oval, oblong-nbovate, or oblong, obtuse or
slightly acuminate, entire or obscurely crenulate ; the veins rather prominent
beneath. — V. nudum, Linn. ! spec. 1. ^j. 268 (jjZ. Gronov. !) ; '■'■Mill. ic. t—
274 ;" Willd. ! spec. I. p. 1487 ; Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 178 ; Bot. mas. t. 2281 ;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 375 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 319 ; Bigel.fl. Bast. ed. 2. p. 116 ; DC. !
prodr. 4. p. 325 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p>. 203. V. squamatum, Wats, dendr.
Brit. t. 24 ?

(i. an gusti folium : leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, often acute, en-
tire or obscurely crenulate-denticulate, the veins slightly prominent beneath.
— V. nitidum, Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 1. p. 371.' V. pyracanthifolia, Schwein. !
herb.

y. cassinoides : leaves ovate, slightly obovate, or oblong, often abruptly
acuminate, the margins crenate-serrate or undulate ; the veins not prominent
beneath. — V. cassinoides, Linn. ! spec. ed. 2. p. 384 (excl. svn. except of
Duham.) ; Pursh,fl. 1. p. 202 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 326 ; not oi Michx. V.
nudum, Hook.! fl,. Bor.-Am. \.p. 279. V. pyrifolium, Pursh, I. c. ; Torr. !
fl. 1. p. 318; Bigel. I. c. ; not of Poir., Dcsf. S( DC. V. squamatum,
Willd. ! enum. 1. jJ- 327 ; " Wats, dendr. Brit. i. 24."

Swamps, a. Massachusetts and Southern part of New York ! to Florida !
and Louisiana. /3. North Carolina! to Georgia I and New Orleans! j.
Northern portion of Pennsylvania and New York ! to Canada ! Saskatcha-
wan, and Newfoundland ! May-June. — Stem 6-12 feet high ; the bark ash-
gray. Leaves variable in form, size &c. on the same individual, usually
2-4 inches long, turning blackish in drying ; the lower surface at first clothed
with scaly dots, the upper at length somewhat shining. C^^me as large as
in the Laurustina (V. Tinus) : peduncle 1-2 inches long. Fruit about 3i
lines long, slightly compressed, dark blue, with a glaucous bloom, pointed,
sweetish and edible when ripe ; the nucleus or stone (seed of some authors)
much compressed, slightly convex on one side, and with a shallow groove on
the other. — Our var. /?. is only a narrow-leaved form of V^. nudum: the more
northern plant (var. }'. which is the original V. cassinoides) appears some-
what different ; but we can find no permanent characters by which to dis-
tinguish it.

2. V. prunifolium (Linn.) : leaves roundish-oval, broadly ovate or ob-
ovate, coriaceo-membranaceous, obtuse or with a slight abrupt point, finely
serrate witli appressed or uncinate teeth, glabrous ; jjetiole with a slight and
even margin ; cyines sessile ; fruit oblong-ovoid. — Linn. ! spec. 1 . ^j. 268 ;
Michx.! fl. I. p. 178 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 201 ; ''Duham. arb. (ed. not:) 2. t.
38; Wats, dendr. Brit. L 23 ;" Ell. sk. 1. p. 365 ; Torr. ! fl. \. p. 319, ;
Guimp., Otto, Sf Haijne, holz. t. 101 ; Hook. I. c. ; Darlingt. I. c. V. Can-
adense glabrum, Vaill. ! Y. ■pyrifoYmm, Poir. diet. b. p. QbS ; Desf. cat. hort.
Par. ed. 3. p. 404 ; DC. ! prodr. A., p. 325. Mespilus prunifolia Virginiana
&c. Pluk. aim. t. 46, f. 2.

Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 15

p. ferrugineum : lower surface of the petiole and midrib when j-oung
covered with reddish-brown wool.

Dry woods and thickets, Canada? and Southern part of New York ! and
Pennsylvania! to Georgia, /i. N. Carolina ! and Georgia! to Louisiana!
and Arkansas ! May. — Shrub or tree 8-20 feet high, with numerous abortive
branches or spurs. Leaves 1 to nearly 3 inches long, mostly rounded ; the
petiole more distinctly margined in the upper than in the lower leaves, about
half an inch long; in var. /i. clothed with deciduous reddish pubescence or
tomentum, which consists of chafF-like laciniate scales rather than proper
hairs. Cyme about 3 inches in diameter. Fruit nearly half an inch long
(in j3. more roundish than in the northern plant), bluish-black when ripe,
glaucous, compressed : the nucleus much compressed. — Black Haw. Sloe.

3. V. Lentago (Linn.) : leaves ovate, conspicuously acuminate, finely
serrate with sharp slightly uncinate teeth, somewhat membranaceous, gla-
brous; the lower surface and particularly the midrib and (undulate) mar-
gined petioles dotted with minute scales Avhen young ; cymes sessile ; fruit
oval.— Linn.! spec, l.p.268; Michx. ! fl. I. p. 178; Ell. sk. 1. ^.365;
Wats, dendr. Brit. t. 21 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 318 ; Bigd. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p.
116 ; DC! jirodr. 4. p. 325 ; Hook. I. c. ; DarlingCfl. Cest. p. 325.

Woods and banks of streams, Canada ! (from the Saskalchawan) and
throughout the Northern States! to Kentucky! and the mountains of Geor-
gia. May. — Tree 15-20 feet high. Leaves usually broadly ovate or oval,
about 3 inches long, sometimes slightly cordate ; the petiole 6-8 lines long,
sometimes covered, as well as the midrib, with rusty scales. Cymes widely
spreading. Fruit somewhat compressed, half an inch long, bluish-black
when ripe, with a glaucous bloom ; the pulp thin and sweetish : nucleus
broadly oval, nearly flat on both sides.

4. V. ohovafum (Walt.) : leaves obovate or cuneate-obovate, (small) gla-
brous, somewhat coriaceous, shining above, mostly obtuse, entire, or often
acutely denticulate above the middle ; cymes sessile ; fruit ovoid-globose,
shining.— T'F«Z<. Car. p. 116; Poir. diet. b. p. 658; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 201 ;
Ell.sk. I. p. 366; Lodd. lot. cab. t. 1476; DC! prodr. 4. p. 326. V.
cassinoides, 'Mill. diet. no. 9? (not of Linn.); Willd. ! spec. 1. p. 1491
(excl. syn.), d^e/iMm. ^^. 327; Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 179. V. Ifevigatum, Ait.
Ketv. (ed. 1.) 1. p. 371 ; Willd. spec. 1. p. 1492, Sfenum. I. c. ; Pursh,fl. 1.
p. 202 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 367 ; DC. I. c.

Shady banks of rivers, &c. Virginia to Georgia ! and Florida ! April-
May. — Shrub 2-8 feet high, with numerous branches, which are dotted when
young with minute scales. Leaves 1-li inch long, and 3-8 lines wide, on
short petioles, often minutely dotted beneath ; those of the flowering branches
mostly entire; those of the sterile branches frequently acute and sharply den-
ticulate or toothed. Cymes small. Fruit about one-third of an inch long,
apparently not glaucous, black, sweetish. — Readily distinguished by its
small shining leaves, small and somewhat simple cymes, &c.

5. V. elliptieuin (Hook.) ; leaves elliptical, with 3—5 parallel veins, obtuse,
coarsely serrate, chiefly towards the summit ; the lower surface, particularly
the veins, very hirsute; petiole short; cymes pedunculate, dense; ovary
either verv hairy or glabrous ; fruit oval-globose (black). Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. l.p.'280.

Shady woods of the Oregon, Douglas, Nuttall ! — A low shrub. Leaves
about 2 inches long, having from 3 to 5 principal nerves S])ringirig from
the base. Ovary clothed with long hairs ; in one specimen quite glabrous.
Hook.

6. V. dentatum (Linn.) : leaves roundish-ovate, often slightly cordate^
coarsely and sharply toothed, acute or somewhat acuminate, appearing pli-

16 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Viburnum.

cate from the strong and nearly simple straight veins, glabrous and shining
above, pale beneath, with tufts of villous hairs in the axils of the veins, slight-
ly pilose-ciliate; cymes pedunculate, nearly glabrous ; fruit small, globose-
ovoid ; the nucleus grooved or excavated on one side and obtusely ridged on
the other. — Linn. ! spec. 1. p. 268 ; .Tacq. hort. Vindob. 1. 1. 36 ; Pursh,fl.
1. p. 202 ; Torr. ! fl.l. p. 319 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 326 ; HooTc. fl. Bor.-Am.
1. p, 280 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 203. V. dentatum var. lucidum, Ait. Keio.
{ed. 1) 1. p. 372. V. dentatum var. glabellum, Michx. partly.

13. ? scahrellum : young branchlets and peduncles scabrous and often hairy;
leaves (often large) roundish-cordate or ovate, coarsely and rather obtusely
toothed, pubescent beneath ; petioles and peduncles shorter. — V. dentatum
(a. & ii. chiefly), Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 179 ; Ell. sJc. 1. p. 365.

Swamps and low grounds; a. Canada! and Northern States! to Vir-
ginia, /i. S. Carolina and Georgia ! to Florida! and Louisiana! June. (i.
March-May. — Sbrub 8-15 feet high (the wood hard), with obtusely angular
gray branches ; the 3'oung vigorous shoots straight and slender. Fruit deep
blue, or bluish-black when fully ripe, with very little pulp : nucleus with a-
deep longitudinal groove on one side, and the edges incurved, so that the
transverse section is somewhat reniform ; but sometimes there are two shal-
low grooves, and the edges scarcely incurved. — The northern plant is A'ery
common, and uniform in appearance : the leaves are 2-3 inches long and of-
ten of nearly the same width, with strong simply-forked veins, and (]uite gla-
brous, except the tufts in the axils of the veins, and a few scattered hairs on
the young petioles and veins beneath; the peduncle is 2 or 3 inches in length ;
and the drupes about 3 lines long. But in Pennsylvania this same plant be-
comes more pubescent ; a few scattered hairs often appearing on the upper
surface of the leaves, while the youno; petioles and peduncles are clothed with
separate or fasciculate hairs. A still more pubescent plant abounds in the
Southern States ; the leaves of which (sometimes 4 inches in breadth, but
usually scarcely half that size,) are almost villous or velvetv when voung
witb somewhat fasciculate hairs, in part only deciduous : the peduncles are
about an inch long, and the drupes 4 lines in length. This may very proba-
bly be a distinct species, but we are unable to distinguish it satisfactorily as
such. — Arrow-icood.

7. V. pubescens (Pursh) : leaves ovate or oval-oblong, acuminate, coarsely
toothed, often somewhat cordate, appearing slightly plicate from the straight
sparingly branched veins, somewhat hairy above ; the lower surface, with
the very short petioles, villous-tomentose or velvety; cyme pedunculate,
nearly glabrous; fruit (small) oblong; the much compressed nucleus slightly
2-grooved on one side and obtusely ridged on the other. — Pursh, fl. 1. p. 202
(e'xcl. the habitat, chiefly); Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 320; DC! prodr. 4. p. 326 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 280. V. dentatum var. pubescens, Ait. Kew.
{ed. 1) 1. J). 168. V. dentatum var. semitomentosum, Michx. ! I. c. part-
ly. V. villosum, Raf. in med. tepos. {hex. 2) 5. p. 361 (1808), &fin Desv.
jour. bot. I. p. 228; not of Sivartz. V. tomentosum, i?«/. I. c. (1808)
p. 354. (without descr.) V. Rafinesquianum, Rcetn. S^'SchvU.syst. 6. p. 630.

Drv rocky banks, Canada (from Lake Winipeg) and northern part of
New "York! also near West Point ! New Jersey, i^ecZ: / and the mountainous
portions of North Carolina, Schweinitz! June. — Shrub 2-3 feet high, with
straggling branches. Leaves about 2 inciies long, nearly trlabrous above
when old. Peduncle at first shorter than the cj^me, but mostly elongated in
fruit. Flowers fewer and larger than in V. dentatum. Fruit 3 lines long ;
the nucleus nearly flat. — Perhaps the plant which Pursh, and even Alton,
had in view, mav have been our V. dentatum ji. scahrellum. The present
species extends into the Southern States along the mountains ; but certainly
does not grow "in the lower parts of Virginia and Carolina." The plant
of the Hortus Keicensls came from Peter CoUinson's garden.

Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 17

* * Leaves lobed or incised.

8. V. acerifolium (Linn.) : leaves roundish or broadly ovafe, mostly sub-
cordate, 3-ribbed from rhe base, 3-lobed, coarsely and uneriually toothed, vel-
vety-pubescent beneath; the lobes divergent and mostly acuminate; petioles
(wilh the young branchlets and ribs of the leaves) pubescent and somewhat
hirsute, furnished near the base with two setaceous stipuliform appendages;
cymes pedunculate ; fruit oval, compressed ; stamens much exserted. — Linn. !
spec. I. j). 268 (pi. Gronov.I) ; Vent. hort. Ccls. t. 272; Michx. .' fl. \. p.
180 ; Pursh, fl. ].p. 203 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 364 ; Wals. dendr. Brit. 1. 1. 118 ;
Torr. ! fl.l. p. 320 ; Bii^el. fl. Bost. ed. 2. ^?. 116 ,• DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 327 ;
Hook. I fl. Bor.-Ain. l.p. 280 (partly); Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 204.

Woods, particularly in rocky situations, Canada! and nearly throughout
the United States ! and probably in Oregon. May-June. — Shrub 3-5 feet
high, with straight slender branches ; the younger branchlets (like the pe-
tioles and, in a less degree, the primary veins or ribs of the leaves) usually
clothed botli with a very short soft pubescence, and with slender rather ap-
pressed hirsute hairs. Leaves 2-5 inches in diameter, membranaceous, gla-
brous or sparsely hairy above, often minutely dotted beneath ; the soft close
pubescence of the lower surface stellate. Peduncle about 2 inches long ; the
loose cyme 2-3 inches broad. Corolla often slightly tinged with rose-color.
Drupe broadly oval, 3-4 lines long, nearly black when ripe : the nucleus
with 2 obtuse ridges on one side, and 2 corresponding shallow grooves on the
other. — A rro w-wood .

9. V. paucifloritm (Pylaie ! herb.) : branches and petioles glabrous or
nearly so; leaves roundish, seldom subcordate, slightly 3-lobed or incised at
the summit, mostly 5-nerved from the base, uneiiually serrate, sparsely pu-
bescent on the veins beneath ; petioles destitute of stipuliform appendages;
cymes (small and simple) ])edunculate, tcririinating the very short lateral
branches; filaments much shorter than the corolla. — V. acerifolium, Bon-
gard ! veo-. Sitcha, I. c. p. 144, ])arfly ?

Newf)iindland, Pi/laie .' S^c. White Mountains of New Hampshire, and
on Mansfield Mountain, Vermont, Mr. Tucker man ! S^- Mr. IV. F. Macrae!
Probably also in Oregon and in Sitcha ! June. — Shrub 2-3 feet high.
Leaves 1-2 inches in diameter, nearly glabrous, or more or less pubescent
on the veins of the lower surface (the hairs not stellate) ; the lobes often ob-
scure. Cymes seldom an inch in diameter. Anthers on very short fila-
ments, not exserted beyond the tube of the corolla. Fruit unknown. — For
specimens of lliis plant, we are indebted to the promising botanists who first
discovered it within the United States (Mr. Macrae of Montreal and Mr.
Tuckerman of Boston), who also directed our notice to the characters which
clearly distinguish them. We find froin our notes upon La Pylaie's collec-
tion in Newfoundland, that he had given to the same plant the appropriate
name which we have adopted. De Candolle, it will be seen, has referred Py-
laie's plant to V. acerifolium. We have another Newfoundland specimen in a
small collection made by a British land-surveyor, and given to us by A. B.
Lambert, Es(|. of London. The V. acerifolium of Bongard, veg- Sitcha,
Sfc. appears to belong to,' or include this species : but if we mistake not, we
have a fragment of the true V. acerifolium from Oregon. — The leaves usual-
ly turn blackish in drying.

§ 2. Cymes radiant ; the marginal flowers much larger than the others,
and neutral. — Opulus, Tourn., DC.

10. V. Opulus (Linn.) : nearly glabrous; leaves 3-lobed; the lobes acu-
minate, toothed ; petioles glandular ; cymes pedunculate ; fruit ovate-globose,

VOL. II.-3

18 CAPRIFOLIACEjE. Viburnum.

red.— Linn. sfec. 1. p. 268 ; Fl. Dan. t. 661 ; Engl. hoi. t. 322 ; DC. prodr.
4. p. 328. Opulus glandulosus, Mcench, rneth. f. 505.

/3. Americanum (Ait.) : leaves remotely and raiher obtusely toothed. — Ait.
Kew. {ed. 1)1. p. 373. V. trilobum, Marsh, arhust. p. 162. V. Opulus /3.
Pimina & y. edule, Michx. ! ft. I. p. 180. V. opuloides, MuU. cat. p. 32.
V. Oxycoccus & V. edule, P«rs/t, ^. I. p. 203 ; Torr. / ji. 1. ^9. 320 ; DC.
prodr. 4. p>. 328; iibo/t. fl- Bor.-Am. 1. p. 281 ; Audubon, birds of Amer.
t. 148.

y. suhintesrifolluni. (Hook.) : leaves somewhat incised, very pubescent
beneath. Hook. I. c. under V. Oxycoccus.

Swamps and along streams, from the northern part of Pennsylvania, New-
York ! and the New England States! to the Arctic Circle and the Rocky
Mountains, (i. Oregon, Dr. Scolder, Douglas. May-June. — Shrub 3-10
feet hi.o-h, with glabrous gray spreading branches. Leaves 3-5 inches long,
with divaricate lobes ; the base either truncate or somewhat acute ; the low-
er sprinkled with hairs : petiole often with subulate stipuHform appendages.
Cyme 3-4 inches in diameter; the sterile flowers few or usually numerous, -
very large. Stamens exserted. Fruit nearly half an inch in length, juicy,
of a pleasant acid taste when ripe, often employed as a substitute for cran-
berries.— We find no constant or essential characters to distinguish our plant
from the V. Opulus of Europe ; a garden variety of which, with the flowers
all sterile, is the well-known Snoiv-bali Bush. Our plant is called Cranber-
ry Bush, or High Cranberry.

11. V. lantanoides (Michx.) : leaves ovate-orbicular, cordate, abruptly
acuminate, finely and unequally or doubly serrate, membranaceous; the
lower surface, and especially the prominent veins and the petioles, tomentose
with a pulverulent partly deciduous rusty stellate pubescence; cymes ses-
sile ; the exterior flowers sterile and very large; fruit ovoid; the nucleus
with a longituduial groove on each side. — Miehx.! fl. I. p. 179; Pursh,fl.
l.p. 202 ;" Torr. .' fl. 1.^.319 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 117; DC. prodr.
4. p. 326 ; HooJc.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 280. V. Lantana /3. grandifolium. Ait.
Kew. I.e. V. Lantana /?. Canadense, Pers. syn. \. p. 327. V. grandifo-
lium. Smith, in Bees, cycl. no. 14.

Deep rocky woods, Canada! the noithern part of the New England States!
and New York ! and along the Alleghany Mountains to Virginia May-
June. — A low very straggling shrub, with the branches often procumbent.
Leaves and inflorescence appearing from the same large buds, every part of
the newly developed branch covered with the rusty pulverulent pubescence,
which under a lens appears beautifully stellate; the leaves when old 4-6
inches long and almost the same breadth, nearly glabrous above ; the nu-
merous primar)^ veins strongly prominent beneath, running nearly straight
from the midrib to the margin, sending off" a few unilateral branches ; the
very numerous secondary veins passing between the primary at right angles,
forming beautiful transverse reticulations. Cyme large and loose, flat : the
radiant sterile flowers an inch in diameter. Fruit nearly black when ripe. —
Hobble-bush.

12. V. molle (Michx.) : leaves somewhat orbicular-cordate, plicate-sulcate,
toothed, nearly tomentose with a very soft pubescence underneath ; petioles
somewhat glandular; (cymes radiate ?) fruit oblong-ovate. Michx. ! fl. 1.
p. 180 ; Pursh, fl. \. p. 203. V. alnifolium, Marsh, arbiist. p. 162.

Kentucky, around Danville, Michaux! "Bark lacerate and deciduous
every year." The specimen of Michaux's herbarium is in fruit only, and
affbrds'no evidence that the cymes were radiant ; the leaves are c renately
toothed, and somewhat resemble one form of V. dentatum /3. scabrellum.
Pursh, who we presume knew nothing of Michaux's plant, refers to it the V.
alnifolium of Marshall, which may indeed be the same. We quote Mar-

Viburnum. RUBIACEiE 19

shall's account entire, and commend this obscure species to the botanists of
Kentucky, Tennessee, &c. " This grows naturally in Carolina and other
parts of America; risino- with a shrubby stalk to the height of 8 or 10 feet,
covered with a smooth purplish bark, and divided into several branches.
The leaves are heart-shaped, oval, sharp-pointed, deeply sawed on their
edges, strongly veined, and placed opposite on slender foot-stalks. The
flowers are collected in large cymes or umbels at the ends of the branches ;
those ranged on the border are male, but the centre is filled with hermaphro-
dite flowers, which are succeeded by pretty large oval berries, red-colored
when rips." Marsh, arbust. Amer. p. 162.

Order LXXIII. RUBIACE.E. Juss.

Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary, or rarely partly or almost
completely free ; the limb mostly 4-5-cleft or toothed, sometimes ob-
solete. Corolla inserted upon the summit of the calyx-tube, com-
posed of as many united petals as there are lobes of the calyx, valvate,
imbricate, or somewhat contorted in aestivation. Stamens inserted
into the tube of the corolla, equal in number and alternate with its
lobes (or very rarely fewer) : anthers introrse. Ovary 2-(rarely 3-
several-) celled, with 1-many ovules in each cell : style single or part-
ly divided : stigmas distinct or concrete. Fruit capsular, drupaceous,
baccate, or separable into indehiscent carpels. Seeds anatropous or
amphitropous, solitary, few, or numerous in each cell. Embryo
straight or slightly curved, in the axis or at the extremity of copious
densely fleshy or horny albumen — Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with op-
posite, or rarely verticillate, entire leaves. Stipules between the pe-
tioles, sometimes simulating the leaves. Flowers regular. Inflores-
cence various.

Suborder I. STELLATE. R. Br.

Leaves apparently (perhaps really ?) verticillate ; but the whorls
generally supposed to consist of a pair of leaves and 1 to 3 leaf-shaped
stipules on each side, which however are only to be distinguished from
true leaves by their never bearing buds in their axils. Ji^stivation of
the corolla valvate. Ovary entirely coherent with the tube of the
calyx. Fruit consisting of 2 united indehiscent (dry or baccate) 1-
seeded carpels. — Herbs, or rarely sufTruticose plants, chiefly natives of
temperate or cold regions.

1. GALIUM. Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 60 ,- G^ertn.fr. t. 24 ; A. Rich. Rubiac.
in mem. soc. hist. nat. Par. 5. p. 133 ; Endl. gen. p. 522.

Calyx-tube ovate-globose or oblong ; the limb obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-
(rarely 3-) parted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, short.

20 RUBIACEJE. Galium.

Styles 2, united at the base : stigmas globose. Fruit didymous, dry or
sometimes fleshy, separable when ripe into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.
Albumen horny. — Herbaceous or very rarely suffrutescent plants, with tetra-
gonal stems ; the root frequently containing a red coloring matter. Flowers
(rarely polygamous) small, axillary or terminal, cymulose, or rarely solita-
ry ; the cymules often paniculate. — Cleavers. Bed-straw.

§ 1. Root annual. — Aparine, DC.

1. G. Aparine (Linn.) : stem weak, branching, retrorsely aculeolate-his-
pid, hairy about the nodes; leaves mostly 8 in a whorl, oblanceolate-linear,
apiculate ; the margin and keel aculeolate ; peduncles elongated, axillary,
1-2-flowered ; fruit large, verv hispid with hooked bristles. — Linn. spec. I. p.
108; Engl. hot. t. 816^- Pursh, ft- 1- P- 103; Biirel.fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 57;
Torr.! fl. I. p. 166 ; DC! prodr. A. p. 608; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. \. p. 290;.
Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 1 00.

Shady thickets and margin of woods, Canada and Northern States! Also
in Oregon, Douglas, Dr. Scolder. May-June. — Stem 4-8 feet long.
Leaves in remote wJiorls, 1-2 inches in length, and 2-3 lines wide, tapering
to the base. Flowers white, very small. Fruit larger than in most other
species of the genus. — This j/lant has perhaps been introduced from
Europe into the United States. Hooker describes a very small variety from
Oregon.

2. G. Californicum (Hook. & Arn.) : small, very hairy throughout ; stems
slender, diffiise, branched from the base ; leaves 4 in a whorl, ovaie, acute
ormucronate; peduncles nearly terminal, 1-3-flowered, Tiiuch longer tlian
the leaves; lobes of the corolla ovate, very acute; ovary glabrous. — Hook.
8f Arn, ! hot. Bcechei/, suppl. p. 349.

/3. cr ebr ifoli lan (^uu.l mss.) : leaves reflexed ; ovary hairy.

y. Texannm : very hirsute througlioiit.

California, Menzies, Douglas.' Nultall ! {a. S^- /3.) y. Texas, Dm mm on d !
— Plant about a span high. Leaves at length much shorter than the inter-
nodes, about 4 lines long, ] -nerved, appearing reticulale-veined by transmit-
ted light. "Flowers polygamous, greenish or yellnwish-gret^n " ■(iY«//.) ;
the corolla large for the size of the plant. Peduncles and pedicels capillary,
the latter usually longer than the flowers. — The var. /3. may be only the fer-
tile plant : the fruit is unknown. The Californian plant is probably annual,
which is certainly the case with that from Texas: our S|)ecimens of the
latter are immature, not even in flower ; but they doubtless belong to this
species.

3. G. virgalum (Nutt. ! mss.) : stems erect, simple or branched from the
base, hispid or almost glabrous ; leaves 4 in a whorl, oblong-lanceolate, his-
pidly cihate, rather obtuse, much shorter than the iniernodes ; peduncles ax-
illary, very short, bibracteolate, 1-flowered ; fruit deflexed, hispid with unci-
nate bristles.

(3. leiocarpum: fruit glabrous ; stem almost glabrous. — G. nutans, iV«<i..'
mss.

Dry prairies of Arkansas, Western Louisiana, and Texas, Nuttall ! Dr.
Leavenworth! Dr. Pitcher ! Dr. En^elmann ! Dr. Hnlc ! Drummond ! —
Stem 6-10 inches high, simple, or throwing up undivided ascending branches
from near the base. Leaves about one-third of an inch Ions, thickish, rather
obtuse; the midrib usually beset, like the margins, with scattered rigid hairs.
Peduncles 1 to 2, or rarely 3 from each whorl, extremely short, furnished
with 2 or rarely 3 bracteolate or involucral leaves, which become nearly as

Galium. RUBIACE^. 21

large as those of the whorl, and give the latter the appearance of being 6-8-
leaved, or fasciculate. Flowers minute, white, nearly sessile within the
bracts: corolla white ; the lobes ovate, ratlier obtuse. Fruit rather large.—
This plant has a diflerent habit from any other species of the United Stales;
but it resembles some species of the following section.

§ 2. Root perennial : fruit fleshy or baccate : peduncles axillary, bearing
usually 4 involucrate bracts, one-{rarely 2-3-) flowered.— 'Relhuium, Endl.
(Species of Rubia, DC. Sfc.)

4. G. hispidulum (MIchx.) : stem much branched, diffuse, minutely hairy
or hispid, the angles somewhat glabrous ; leaves 4 in a whorl, ovate-oblong
or oval, mucronulate, minutely hispid, especially on the midrib and margins;
peduncles 1-3-flowered ; the pedicels (at first very short) elongated in fruit ;
ovary scabrous-pubescent ; fruit baccate. — G. hispidulum & Rubia Brownei
(excl. syn. Brorvne), Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 80 &; 81. G. hispidulum. Ell. sk. 1.
p. 195. G. hispldum, Pursh,fl. \. p. 104. Rubia peregrina, Walt. Car. p.
86. R. Walleri, DC ! j^rodr. 4. p. 590.

Dry sandy soil, S. Carolina ! Georgia ! and Florida, particularly near the
ocean. May-Oct. — " Root somewhat jointed, saffron-colored." Ell. Stems
about a foot long. Leaves 5-8 lines long, rather rigid, shining above, ap-
pearing somewhat veiny by transmitted light, both surfaces sprinkled with
short rigid hairs. Peduncles axillary and terminal : pedicels longer than
the fruit. Corolla (white, Ell.), with the lobes acuminate. Fruit large,
smooth, dark-blue or purple.— The G. hispidulum of Michaux is clearly the
same plant as his Rul)Ia Brownei, described from specimens with unripe
fruit. The genus Rubia will doubtless be restricted to the pentamerous spe-
cies, as proposed by A- Richard.

5. G. uniflorum (MIchx.) : glabrous ; stems branched at the base, assur-
gent, slender ; leaves usually 4 in a whorl, linear, rather aciKe, with sca-
brous mostly revolute margins; peduncles, solitary or opposite, axillary,
shorter than" the leaves, l-.3-flowered ; fruit pedicellate, nodding, glabrous,
fieshy.— Michx. f fl. l.?:*. 79; Ell. sk. 1. p. 95; DC. p)rodr, 4.. p, 611;
Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. I. p. 48.

Shady rich soil, S. Carolina ! to Florida ! and Louisiana ! April-July.—^
Root slender, reddish. Stems 6-12 inches long. Leaves about an inch
long and a line wide, shining above, obscurely punctate, 1-nerved. Lobes
of die (white) corolla acuminate. Peduncle conspicuously involucrate at
the summit, usually bearing a single flower, the pedicel of which is elongated
in fruit; sometimes 3-flowered, the lateral pedicels 1-2-bracteolate, rarely
forked. Fruit large, fleshy, if not baccate when mature, purple ?

§ 3. Root percnnicd : fruit dry : peduncles 3-7nany-floicered.—Eugn.\[um, DC.

* Flmcers vhite or sometimes greenish : peduncles axillary or terminal, fcic-flowered^
occasionally somewhat clustered at tlve extremity of the Iranchlets.

t Suffrutescent : Califomian.

6. G.sufrnticosJim (Nutt. I mss.) : " prostrate or climbing, often suffrutlcose
towards the base of the stem, which is acutely quadrangular and minutely
aculeolate; leaves 4 in a whorl, very short, ovate-oblong, acute, scabrous on
the margin ; flowers (polygamous ?) pedunculate, dichotomal, and in termi-
nal loose fascicles of few flowers ; fruit glabrous.

"St. Diego, California— Zi. Nearly allied to G. trichocarpum, notwith-
standing the great difference in the fruit." Nuttall.

22 RUBIACE^. Galium.

7. G. trichocarpum (DC.) : much branched ; stems erect, suffrutescent,
glabrous, the angles obtuse ; leaves 4 in a whorl, oblong-linear, 1-nerverl,
short, rather rigid, the margins and nerve slightly scabrous ; branchlets few-
flowered ; fruit densely clothed with very long straight bristles. — NuU. ! mss.;
DC. prodr. 4. p. 600 7

(3. leaves apiculate; flowers in small nearly sessile clusters terminating
the branches. — G. angustifolium, Nutt. ! mss.

St. Diego, California Nuitall! {a. i^-ji.) [3. St. Francisco? Douglas!—
Stem stou't and rigid, a foot or more high. Leaves in closely approximate
whorls, about one-third of an inch long, shining, thickish. " Flowers poly-
gamo-dicecious, greenish-white." Nutt. Fruit clothed with white straight
bristly hairs which are longer than the immature carpels. — This plant, to
one form of which Mr. Nuttall has applied the name of G. trichocarpum, is
most probably either the same as De' CandoUe's G. trichocarpum, or his G.
eriocarpum, v/hich are both Chilian species.

+ t Herbaceous.

8. G. trifidum (Linn.) : stem flaccid, decumbent or ascending, branching ;
the angles retrorsely scabrous ; leaves in whorls of 4-6 (the lower frequently
5 or e.'the upper 4-5), linear or oblanceolate, obtuse ; the margin and mid-
rib minutely (often retrorsely) aculeolale-scabrous ; peduncles axillary and
terminal, 1-3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla (rather obtuse) and stamens of-
ten 3 ; fruit glabrous and even. — Linn. spec. \. p. 105,- FL Dan. t. 48;
Wahl. Ji. Lapp. p. 47 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 103 ; Torr. ! fl. I. p. 165 ; Bigel. fl.
Bost. ed. 2. p. 56 ; DC! prodr. 4. p. 597; Cham. Sf Schlecht. in Lnina;a,
4. p. 221; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 99. G. Claytoni, Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 78;
Richards.! appx.'^FranM. journ. ed. 2. p. 4; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
288. Aparine floribus albis, &c. Clayt. ! [Gronov. fl-. Virg. ed. 2. p. 18.)

13. tinctorium : stem (usually stouter) scarcely or not at all scabrous ; lobes
of the corolla and stamens mostly 4. — G. tinctorium, Linn. I. c. ; Pursh,
I. c; Torr.! I. c. ; DC! I.e.; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 100. G. trifidum,
Ell. sk. l.p. 194/

y. latifolium (Torr.) : stem diffuse, not scabrous : leaves elliptical or ob-
long; the margins and midrib manifestly ciliolate-scabrous. — Torr. ! fl. I.
p. 165. G. ohlusum, Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 55.

Swamps and moist low grounds, Canada ! (from lat. 68°) to Virginia ! S.
Carolina and Western Louisiana ! and from Newfoundland ! to Oregon !
Unalaschka, and Sitcha ; also in California {Nuttall). June-July.— Stem 5
inches to 2 feet in length, erect when young, branched, at length difiuse or
reclined. Leaves frequently only quaternate, 5-10 lines long, often less
than a line wide, varying up to 3 or 4 lines wide, in var. y. rather membran-
aceous, narrowed at fhe base. Flowers very small, white. Pedicels of the
fruit slender.— A widely diffused and very variable species; the various
forms of which are so blended, that we think no botanist, with a full series of
specimens, will succeed in distinguishing two or more species. There is a
dwarf state, growing in northern 's[)hagnous swamps, which appears scarcely
to differ from the G. palustre exce]it in the scabrous angles of the stem : this
form is also a native of the north of Europe. We have another state from
Oregon (which Hooker has probably referred to G. tinctorium), which much
resembles G. asprellum in its numerous flowers and very scabrous stem and
margins of the leaves. The var. 7. is a more robust form, with larger fruit,
and grows in drier soil: the margins of the leaves are almost ciliate, while
the angles of the stem are smooth. No character can be derived from the di-
rection of the very minute bristles which fringe the margin of the leaves :
they are someiimes directed upwards on one margin and downwards on the
other. The var. i3. as well as 7. have usually larger fruit. The leaves are
apt to turn blackish in drying.

Galium. RUBIACE^E. 23

9. G. concinnum : stems diffuse, decumbent, with retrorsely and minutely-
scabrous angles ; leaves in whorls of 6 throughout, linear, mucronulate, 1-
nerved, veinless, glabrous, with upwardly scabrous margins; j)eduncles fili-
form, often twice or thrice trichotoraous, slightly paniculate at the extremity
of the branches; pedicels short; lobes of the corolla acute or acuminate;
ovary glabrous.

Dry open woods and hill-sides, Michigan, abundant near Ann Arbor! Blue
Lick, Kentucky, Dr. Short! May-June. — Stems dtff'usely branched, a
span to a foot high, slender, very leafy, rather rigid, as well as the smooth
and shining leaves : the latter about half an inch long, or a little longer in
the Kentucky plant, about a line wide. Flowers very small, but numerous,
white ; the peduncles and short pedicels almost capillary. — We have not
seen the fruit. The leaves do not turn black in drying, and their margins
and the angles of the stem are often very slightly scabrous.

10. G. asprcllum (Michx.) : stem diffuse, much branched, the angles very
scabrous with minute and rigid retrorse prickles; leaves 6 (those of the
branchlets often 4 or 5) in a whorl, elliptical or lanceolate, mucronate or acu-
minate, glabrous, except the retrorsely aculeolate-hispid margins and midrib ;
peduncles short, very numerous, crowded or paniculate on the flowering
branchlets, di-trichotomous ; pedicels filiform, divaricate ; fruit glabrous or
minutely hispid.— iWfc/a-. .' fl. 1. p. 78; Pursh, ft. \. p. 103,- Torr.! fl. 1.
p. 166 ,• Bigel.fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 54 ; DC. ! inodr. 4. p. 598 ; Darlingt. fl.

Cest. p. 100. G. Pennsylvanicum, Muhl. cat. p. 15; Willd. mss. in
Schult. mant. 3. p. 183. G. micranthum, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 103 ? G. spinul-
osum, Raf. prec. decouv. (1814) p. 40 .''

Swampy thickets, Canada! and Northern States! common: probably
also in the mountains of the Southern States. July. — Stems flaccid, usual-
ly supported on bushes, and attaining the height of 2 to 5 feet, adherent to
objects which it touches by the minute sharp hooked prickles of its stem and
leaves: the latter in approximate* whorls, about half an inch long, tapering
at the base; the lower obtuse and abruptly mucronate; the upper acuminate
into a scarious subulate point. Flowers pure white, very small but ex-
tremely numerous, covering the branchlets : the peduncles and pedicels short
but filiform. Lobes of the corolla acute. Fruit perhaps usually glabrous
when ripe, but not unfrequentiy more or less hispid when young; in which
state it is probably the G. micranthum of Pursh. — There is a specimen in
Elliott's herbarium, mixed with his G. cuspidatum ; but no locality is given.
The leaves usually turn blackish in drying.

11. G. triflorum (Michx.) : stem flaccid, reclining or procumbent, retrorse-
ly somewhat aculeolate-seabrous or slightly hispid on the angles, shining ;
leaves 6 in a whorl, narrowly elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate-
cuspidate, 1 -nerved, veiny, glabrous, the margins and sometimes the midrib
minutely ciiiolate-hispid or scabrous; peduncles axillary and terminal, most-
ly 3-flowered at the extremity ; the flowers all pedicellate ; fruit hispid with
uncinate hairs. — Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 80 ; Willd. hort. Berol. t. 66 ; Pursh, fl.
\.p. 104 ; Ell. sic. l.p. 197 ; Torr. ! fl. I. p. 167 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. ed. 2. p.
56; DC! prodr. 4. p. 601; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am.l. p. 290 ; Darlingt.!
fl. Cest. p. 101. G. cuspidatum, Muhl. ! cat. {ex herb. S^- herb. Willd.);
FAL! sk.l. p. 197; DC. I. c. G. brachiatum, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 103. G.
suaveolens, Wahl. fl. Lapp. p. 48. G. Pennsylvanicum, i?rtr<. coinpend.fl.
Ph Had. l.p. 83, not of Muhl.

Moist woodlands, nearly throughout the United States (from Maine ! to
Alabama! and Louisiana!) and Canada! to Oregon! Cnlifornia (A'^^/^W),
Unalaschka ! and Sitcha. Also a native of Lapland, Sweden, and Russia
as far south as Moscow ! June-July. — Stem 1-4 feet long, sometimes (juite
smooth and glabrous even on the angles ; the branches short and divergent.

24 RUBIACE^. Galium.

Leaves membranaceous (sometimes in whorls of 5), tapering at the base,
varying in size from 2 inches to three-fourths of an inch in length ; those of
the branches more conspicuously cuspidate. Peduncles rarely twice tricho-
tomous. Flowers small, greenish, or greenish-white in open places : the
lobes of the corolla acute or acuminate. Fruit densely his])id with white
hairs. — This plant has a wide range, and (although well-marked) is subject
to considerable diversities, which bowcA'erwe cannot distinguish as varieties.
The smaller-leaved forms (G. cuspidatum. Ell. S^v.) abound in the Southern
States. It exhales a vanilla-like odor in drying.

* * Flou-ers dull jrurple or brownish: peduncles axillary and terminal, usually 2-3
times di-trichotomous.

12. G. pilosum {k\{.) : stem ascending, hirsute or hairy; leaves 4 in a
whorl, oval, mucronulate, indistinctly 3-nerved at the base, punctate with
pellucid dots, hairy and cihate ; peduncles usually twice or thrice di-tricho-^
tonious at the extremity of the branches, the flowers all distinctl}^ pedicelled ;
fruit densely hispid with uncinate bristles. — Ait. Kew. {ed.l) 1. JJ. 145;
Pursh,Jl. I. p. 104 ; EH. si: 1. p. 196; Torr. ! fl.l.p- 167; Darlingt. ! fi.
Cest. p. lOl. G. puncticulosuni /3. pilosum, DC! prodr. A. p. 601. G.
purpureum, Walt. Car. 2^- 87 ?

jS. puncticulosum : stem and leaves, except their ciliate margins, almost
glabrous. — G. puncticulosum, Mlclix.! ji. 1. p. 80 ; DC. ! I.e. G. Bermu-
dense, Linn. spec. 1. p. 105, as to syn. Gronov., but not of Pluk. aim. t. 248.
G. Bermudianum, Pursh.Ji. I. p. 104 : Ell I. c? G. punctatum, Pers. syn.
l.p. 128.

Dry woods, and in sterile shady soil, througliout the United States, from
New York! to Texas! /3. Virginia ! to Louisiana! June-July. — Stems
1-2 feet high, often several from the same root, mostly sim]ile, except the
short spreading flowering branches ; the pubescence variable in degree.
Leaves about three-fourths of an inch long. Flowers |)aniculate-cymul()se ;
the ultimate divisions of the peduncle 3-flowered. Lobes of the brownish-
purple corolla acute or acuminate. Fruit very stronj^ly hispid with white
bristles. — The name of G. Bermudense should be retained for the -Rubia
telraphylla glabra, latiore folio, Bermudensis,' etc. of Plukenet.

13. G. circ<ezans (Michx.) : stem erect or asr-ending, nearly smooth, or
sometimes hairv; leaves 4 in a whorl, oval or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse,
3-nerved, somewhat pubescent, the margin and nerves ciliate ; peduncles
terminal or lateral, usually once dichotomous, divaricate in fruit, bearing
several remote deflexed flowers on extremely sliort lateral pedicels; fruit
densely hispid with uncinate bristles. — Michx.! jl. 1. p. 80 ; Ell. sk. 1. p.
197 ; Torr. ! ji. I. p. 168 (excl. syn. Gronov.) ; Bigel. ! Jl. Bast. ed. 2. p.
55; DC! prodr. 4. p. 601; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. ]02. G. brachiatum,
MiM. cat. p. 16, not of Pursh. G. boreale, Walt. Car. p. 257. G. cir-
c;eoides, Rcem. Sf Schult. syst. 3. p. 256.

/j. lanceolatum (Torr.) : leaves lanceolate, or often ovate-lanceolate, rather
acute. — Torr.! cat. pi. NewYork, p. 23 ; DC! I.e. G. lanceolatum, Torr.!
Jl. 1. p. 168; Hook. Jl. Bar.- Am. 1. p. 280; Darlingt.Jl. Cest. p. 102. G.
Torreyi, Bigel! Jl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 56.

y. montanum: dwarf; leaves obovate, nearly glabrous. — G. Littellii,
Oiikes! mss.

Rich woodlands, Canada ! to Florida, Louisiana ! Arkansas ! and Mis-
souri ! y. Mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York, Mr.
Oakes! Mr. W. F. Macrae! Mr. Tuckerman.— Stems 10-18 inches high,
often many from the same root, or branched from the base. Leaves 1-1 i, or
in j3. sometimes more than 2 inches long, variable as to pubescence ; the

Galium. RUBIACEiE. 25

lower surface marked with scattered indistinct vesicular dots. The inflores-
cence assumes a scorpioid form : the peduncles usually fork at the base of
the pedicel of the earliest flower, but seldom if ever afterwards: beyond this
the divisions of the peduncle are prolonged indefinitely, bearing a solitary
almost or quite sessile (central or alar) flower at each node. Corolla brown-
ish-purple (rarely cream-colored !) ; the lobes acuminate-cuspidate. Fruit
clothed with dense white bristles. — The leaves of our var. /3. are said by Dr.
Darlington, not to have the sweet taste which characterizes G. circajzans :
that plant is usually perhaps sufficiently distinct in appearance, but the fre^
quent intermediate states seem to forbid their separation. We suppose our
var. y. to be a state of this species growing upon high mountains ; but our
specimens are insufficient. The stems are 4-6 inches long, and the leaves
large in proportion. — Wild Liquorice.

14. G. latifolium (Michx.) : stem erect, smooth; leaves 4 in a whorl, laii-'
ceolate, acute, 3-nerved, punctate with oblong pellucid dots, glabrous; thd
margins and midrib mintitely hispid-ciliolate ; peduncles axillary and termi-
nating the short branches, twice or thrice dichotomous, and with the filiform
pedicels divaricate or spreading ; fruit (pretty large) glabrous. — Michx. ! fli
l.p. 79 ; DC. ! jJrodr. 4. p. 599.

^. leaves rather rigid, less acute ; pedicels and ovaries sparsely and mi-
nutely scabrous. — G. latifolium, Hook, conqmn. to bat. mag. 1. j). 48.

On the Alleghany Mountains of North and South Carolina, Micliaux !
Fraser (in herb. DC.) and of Georgia, Mr. Buckley! (i. Missouri (or Arkan-
sas ?) J)r. iCwo-eZmaww / June-July. — Stem a foot or more high. Leaves
1-2 inches long, tapering from near the base to the apex, rather acute at each
end; the whorls somewhat distant. "Flowers violet-purple." Michx. — «
We have seen the specimens in the herbaria of Michaux and De Candolle^
but have only recently received the plant from Mr. Buckley, who states that
it is verv common on the Alleghany Mountains : our specimen is in fruit. The
variety from Dr. Engelmann is in the same state, and only difiers (besides
the slight characters indicated above), in having the whorls more approxima-
ted. It is a well-marked species.

* * * Floivcrs ifhite ; the peduncles disposed in a terminal panicle.

15. G.boreale (Linn.): stem erect, straight, smoothish; leaves 4 in a
whorl, linear-lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, rather obtuse ; panicle elongated,
somewhat pyramidal ; fruit hispid with short scarcely uncinate hairs, or
sometimes glabrous. — Linn, sjiec. 1. x>- ^^^ >' Pursh, fi. 1. p. 104 ; Torr. !
fl.l.p. 169 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 289 ; Darlinsi. fl- Ccst. p. 103. G.

Bermudianum, Muhl. cat. p. 16. (ex herb., fide Darlingt.) G. strictum,
Torr.! cat.j>l. New York. ])• 23. G. septentrionale, Rmvi. S^' Schult. syst. 3.
p. 253 ; Bigel.! fi. Bost. ed. 2. p. 54 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 601.

Woods and rockv banks of streams, Northern States! and Canada! to
Arctic America and Oregon ! July. — Stem 1-2 feet high, somewhat branch-
ing, often pubescent at the nodes. Leaves 10-18 Hues long, often rather
broadly lanceolate, and slightly ciliate when young in the American plant.
Lobesof the corolla acute. — There is an European variety with glabrous
fruit, and another with the ovary very slightly and sparsely hispid : both
these states occur not unfrequently in this country.

16. G. ruhioides (Linn.) : stem erect, straight, smoothish ; leaves 4 in a
whorl, elliptical-lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, scabrous on the margin ; pe-
duncles numerous, trichotomous, disposed in a large terminal panicle; fruit
glabrous. — Linn. spec. 1. p. 105; Cham. S^- Schlecht. in Linneea, 3. p. 220 ;
DC. prodr. 4. p. 599 ; Hook. 8^ Arn. bot. Becchey, p. 115; Hook.fi. Bor.-
Am. \.p. 289.

Dry elevated soils, under pine trees, in the valley of the Oregon, Douglas,

VOL. II.-4

26 RUBIACE^. Galium.

Kotzebnc's Sound, Capt. Beechcy. — This is a robust plant, with the habit of
G. boreale, but with larger and broader leaves. Hooker states that he has
received specimens of it from the United States, under the nameofG. Ber-
niudianum; but his plant is perhaps G. latifolium. On the authority of
Steven, De Candolle mentions a variety with hispid fruit.

* * * * Floioers yellow, in dense panicks terminating the brandies : fruit smooth.

17. G. verum (Linn.) : stem erect, slender; leaves 8 in a whorl, narrow-
ly linear, sulcate, scabrous, with somewhat revolute margins ; flowers
crowded.— ii?m. spec. 1. p. 107 ,- Engl. hot. t. 660 ; Fl. Dan. t. 1146 ;
Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 55 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 603.

Dry pastures, Roxbury, Massachusetts, Bigelow ! North Bridgewater,
Massachusetts, Mr. Tuckerman ! Doubtless introduced from Europe. June-
July.

X Doubtful Species.

18. G. parviflorum (Raf.) : stems diflfbse, angled, glabrous; leaves in
whorls of 5 or 6, linear-lanceolate, very acute, glabrous ; flowers paniculate
(white, minute), very numerous. — Raf- in med. repos. {hex. 2) 5. p. 360, i^
in Desv.jour. hot. \. p. 227.

Near Newcastle, Delaware, Piafinesque.

Suborder II. CINCHONE^. (Order Cinchonacese, Lindl.)

Leaves opposite, or very rarely verticillate. Stipules one (2 united)
or two on each side between the petioles (interpetiolar), often united
with each other or with the petioles, or with both, so as to form a
sheath. Estivation of the corolla valvate, imbricated, or contorted.
Ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx, or very rarely with the up-
per portion free. — Chiefly tropical or subtropical trees or shrubs, rarely
herbs.

Tribe I. SPERMACOCEiE. Cliam. Sf ScUecht.

Fruit dry, or scarcely fleshy, composed of 2 (rarely 3 or 4) 1-seeded
carpels ; which are sometimes concrete, sometimes separating and in-
dehiscent, or variously dehiscent, but never loculicidal. Albumen
fleshy or somewhat horny. Jilstivation of the corolla valvate. — Herbs
or shrubs. Stipules membranaceous at the base, usually with several
bristles at the apex.

Subtribe 1. EusPERMAcocEiE, DC. — Flowers distinct. Fruit dr3S separat-
ing when mature into 2 (rarely 3 or 4) carpels, or sometimes inseparable.

2. SPERMACOCE. if;!H. (partly); GcErtn.fr.t.2b; Cham. S^- Schlecht.
in Linncen, 3. p. 355 ; DC. prodr. 4. p). 552.
Calyx-tube ovate or turbinate ; the limb 2-4-parted, sometimes with ac-
cessory teeth. Corolla hypocrateriform or infuudibuliform, 4-lobed. Sta-
mens 4. Stigma 2-cleft or undivided. Fruit dry, crowned with the (some-
times obliterated) teeth of the calyx, 2-celled; the 2 one-seeded carpels
separating from the apex downwards ; the one closed by the dissepiment, the
other open. Seeds oval-oblong, peltate, marked with a shallow furrow on

Spermacock. RUBlACEiE. 27

the face. — Herbaceous or rarely suflTrutescent plants (chiefly tropical), Avith
linear, oblong, or roundish leaves. Stipules cohering with both petioles,
sheathing, fringed with several bristles. Flowers small, axillary, sessile,
crowded or in whorls, usually pale blue or white.

Spermacoce, Borreria, and Diodia, differ only in the dehiscence of the fmit : in
the first, one carpel opens while tiie other remains closed ; in the second, both are
dehiscent ; in the third, bodi are indehiscent.

1. S. glabra (Michx.) : herbaceous, perennial, procumbent, glabrous;
leaves lanceolate ; whorls many-flowered ; calyx 4-toothed ; corolla cam-
panulate-funnel-form, a little longer than the calyx, very woolly in the
throat ; anthers included, nearly sessile at the base of the tube ; style very
short; stiijma 2-lobed ; fruit turbinate.— Mic/tr. / ^. 1. p. 82; PursJi,Jl. 1.
p. 105.

Banks of rivers, Western and South Western States! Middle Florida,
Dr. Chapman..' Texas, Drummond! .Tuly-Aug. — Stem branching, 1-2
feet long ; the branches somewhat quadrangular. Leaves 1-3 inches long,
acute, attenuate at the base. Stipules with 5-6 subulate bristles, which are
several times longer than the sheath. Whorls 10-20-flowered. Flowers
scarcely more than 1^ line long. Teeth of the calyx lanceolate. _ Corolla
white; the lobes semi-oblong. Style almost wanting: stigma _ with 2 di-
versing lobes. Capsule chartaceous ; the ceUs tardily separating. Seeds
atta'ched by the middle of the face to the placenta. Embryo in the axis of
cartilaginous albumen : cotyledons oblong : radicle pointing downwards. —
The plant becomes blackish in drying.

2. S. Chapmanii: perennial'? stem herbaceous, sparingly branched, slight-
ly angled with 4 elevated lines, glabrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute,
attenuated at the base into a petiole, somewhat scabrous above ; stipules with
5-6 bristles, which are rather longer than the sheath ; flowers in dense axilla-
ry clusters ; corolla funnel-form,' 3 times as long as the calyx; stamens ex-
serted ; style long and slender; stigma indistinctly 2-lobed ; capsule oblong-
pyriform, crowned with 4 calyx-teeth.

Middle Florida, on the banks of the Aspalaga River, Dr. Chapman! and
in Louisiana ! — Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves an inch and a half long,
rather strongly marked beneath with the simple oblique veins. Clusters of
flowers denle, often half an inch in diameter. Calyx slightly hairy; the
teeth lanceolate. Corolla 3 lines long, white 1 Filaments slender, inserted
in the throat of the corolla : anthers oblong. Style glabrous, scarcely ex-
serted. Capsule coriaceo-crustaceous, dehiscent when mature, and leaving
the thin dissepiment adhering to one of the eel Is.— Nearly allied to S. tenuior;
but that species has a short obovate fruit, and very short included stamens and
style. We have specimens from Louisiana (in flower, without fruit), but
have no memorandum of the source from which they were derived ; in these
the lobes of the corolla are sprinkled, both internally and externally, with
short, flattish, apparently deciduous hairs.

3. S. tenuior (Linn.) : stem annual, branching ; the branches obtusely
angled, glabrous or somewhat scabrous; leaves lanceolate, with short petioles,
scabrous on the margin and upper surface ; stipules with 5-6 bristles, which
are rather longer tha^i the sheath ; whorls few, many-flowered ; corolla some-
what campanulate, the tube scarcely twice the length of the calyx ; stamens
much siiorter than the corolla ; style the length of the stamens ; stigma 2-
lobed ; capsule obovate, crowned with 4 calyx-teeth. — Linn. spec. 1. p. 102 ;
Lam. ill. t. 62, /. 1 ; A. Rich, mem. Rub. I. c. t. 4, no. 2 ; DC. prodr. A. p.
552. S. verticillis tenuioribus. Dill. Elth. t. 277, f. 359.

Key West, Florida, Mr. Blodgett .'—Stem 8-12 inches long, in our speci-

88 RUBIACE.S:. Spermacoce.

mens glabrous. Leaves about an inch long. AVhorls fe\v-(fi-10-) flowered.
Flowers smaller than in the preceding species. Anthers roundish-oblong. —
This is chiefly a West Indian species, and we doubt whether it has been
found hitherto within the limits of our Flora.

t Doubtful Species.

4. S. involucrata (Pursh) : stem alternately branched, very hispid ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute on both surfaces; stipules with many
bristles; heads terminal, involucrate : stamens exserted. Pursh,fl. 1. 2}- 105.

Carolina, Fraser. — About a foot high. Leaves broad and somewhat ob-
lique. Flowers white, with a very long tube. Pursh. — The specimen in
Mr. Lambert's herbarium, which is said to have been collected by Fraser
(but we suspect there is some mistake as to the locality), is marked, perhaps
by Mr. Don, " S. strigosa, Bot. mag.^'; a species which has been referred to
the genus Crusea.

3. BORRERIA. Meyer, fl. Essequeh. p. 79 ; DC. prodr. 4. f. 540.

Bigelovia, Spreng. syst, ; not Spreng. enfd., nor of Smith, nor of Raf. nor of DC,

Calyx-tube ovate ; the limb persistent, 2-4-toothed. Corolla infundibuli-
form or hypocrateriforra, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-cleft or undivided.
Fruit dry, crowned with the teeth of the calyx, 2-celled ; the 2 one-seeded
carpels separating from the apex downwards, and each dehiscing equally by
a longitudinal chink along the inner surface. Seeds obovate-oblong, marked
on the face with a longitudinal furrow. — Herbaceous or suflfrutescent (tropi-
cal) plants. Leaves sometimes apparently verticillate from the fascicles in
the axils. Stipules cohering with both petioles, fringed with several bristles*
Flowers small, in axillary or terminal usually capitate whorls, blue or
white.

1. B. wicrantha : annual; stem prominently 4-angled, glabrous; the
nodes distant ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, scabrous above,
nearly glabrous underneath ; bristles of the stipules 8-10, much longer than
the scabrous sheaths ; whorls many-flowered, all of them axillary ; calyx-
tube hispid ; corolla hypocrateriform, shorter than the calyx-teeth ; capsule
ovate, membranaceous, crowned with the 4 spreading lanceolate-subulate
calyx-teeth.

Tampa Bay, Florida, Dr. Leavenworth ! — Stem 2 feet or more in length
(erect?); the internodes about 2 inches long. Leaves 1-2 inches in length,
and 2-3 lines wide, almost hispidly scabrous above. Whorls 40-50-flowered.
Corolla white, scarcely a line long. Stamens very short. Style included,
notched at the apex. Capsule at first splitting within the calyx-teeth con-
trary to the dissepiment, and afterwards septicidally nearly to the base.
Seed oblong, nearly terete, black, strongly pitted, with a narrow groove on
the face. — In the mode of dehiscence, this plant resembles Hedyotis, one
species of which (H. monosperma, Wight Sf Am.) has but a single seed in
each cell.

4. DIODIA. Linn. ; GtBrtn.fr. t. 25 ; DC. j^-odr. 4. p. 561.

Calyx-tube ovate or obovate, often 8-nerved ; the limb 2-4-parted. Corol-
la infundibuliform or tubular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted into the throat
of the corolla. Stigma or style 2.-cleft or undivided, Fruit dry or sHghtly

DiODiA. RUBIACE^. ^ 29

fleshy, crowned with the teeth of the calyx, 2- (rarely 3-) celled ; the 2 (or 3)
one-seeded carpels separating from the apex downwards, both indehiscent.
Seeds oval, peltate, flattish, marked with a shallow furrow on the face. —
Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants (American, but chiefly tropical),
with the habit of Spermacoce. Leaves often fascicled in the axils, so as to
appear verticillate. Stipules usually fringed with bristles. Flowers small,
white, axillary, solitary or several together.

* Corolla somewhat hypocrateriform, toitk a long and very slender tube : style deeply 2-
cleft ; fruit crowned with 2 {or 4 alternately smaller') calyx-teeth.

1. T>. Virginiana (Linn.) : perennial, herbaceous ; stem procumbent ;
leaves varying from lanceolate-linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; bristles of
the stipules longer than the sheaths ; flowers solitar}^ opposite ; tube of the
corolla 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx-teeth, tubular, the liinb abruptly
expanded; stamens exserted ; lobes of the deeply 2-cleft style filiform ; fruit
ovoid or oblong, coriaceous, crowned with 2 (rarely 4 alternately smaller)
lanceolate calyx-teeth.

a. Linnrei : nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate ; fruit oblong, somewhat
glabrous. — D. Virginiana, Linn. spec. 1. p. 104; Lam. ill. t. 63. D. Vir-
ginica, Willd. spec. 1. p. 58 (excl. syn. Walt.) ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 105 ; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 190 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 562. Spermacoce Virginiana, A. Rich.
mem. I. c. t. 4,/. 3.

(i. latifolia : somewhat pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; fruit ovate,
hairy. — D. Virginica, Michx.lji. \. p. 81. D. tetragona, Walt. Car. p.
87 ; Ell. sk. l.V- 190 ; DC. I. c.

y. hirsuta : whole plant very hairy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, very acute ;
fruit oblong— D. hirsuta, Pursh, f. l- p- 106 ; Ell sk. I. p. 191 ,• DC I. c.

Damp soil, particularly along rivers, a. Sf li. Virginia I to East Florida!
Alabama and Louisiana ! y. South Carolina, Elliott. Georgia, Pursh,
Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! May-Oct. — Stem 1-2 feet long, somewhat
quadrangular. Leaves 1-2 inches long: in /3. those of the branches much
shorter and broader in proportion than the lower cauline ones ; in y. nearly
all of equal length. Flowers nearly half an inch long. Corolla white ; the
segments lanceolate-oblong, more or less hairy inside. Anthers linear.
Capsule 2-3 lines long in a. and ji., 4-5 lines in y., marked with several
strong longitudinal ridges. Seed oblong, plano-convex. Embryo nearly as
long as the albumen : colyledons oblong : radicle inferior, slender. — We find
so many intermediate forms between D. Virginica, tetragona, and hirsuta of
authors, that we can scarcely distinguish them even as varieties.

* * Corolla infundibuliform, vnth a loicle tube : style undivided : stigma capitate or 2-
lobed : fruit crowiied loith 4 (^rarely 5) calyx-teeth.

2. D. teres (Walt.) : annual, ascending or procumbent ; stems pubescent
or hairy ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate ; bristles of the stipules much
longer than the fruit ; flowers solitary or 2-3 in each axil ; corolla much
longer than the minutely serrulate-ciliate calyx-teeth; the stamens shorter
than its lobes ; stigma large, 2-lobed ; fruit somewhat hairy, ovoid-turbinato
and somewhat quadrangular, separating into 2 crustaceous carpels. — Walt.
Car. p. 87; DC.! prodr. 4. j}- 562 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 104. Spermacoce
diodina, Michx. ! fl. I. p. 82 ; Pursh, fl. I. p. 85 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 189 ; Torr. t
fl.l.p.170.

Sandy fields. New Jersey! to Florida! and Louisiana! and west to Illi-
nois! and the sources of the Cantidian River, Dr. James ! Aug.-Sept .

Stem nearly terete, 4-16 inches high, much branched, clothed with a short

30 RUBIACEtE. Diodia.

pubescence, and sprinkled with spreadino; hirsute hairs. Leaves about an
inch long, pale, the mar2;ins and midrib ciliolate-scabrous. Corolla 3-4 lines
long, white or pale red, s))rinkled with minute hairs under a lens. Anthers
linear-oblong. Capsule (usually but one in each axil) about 2 lines long,
much longer than the calyx-teeth.

3. D. tricocca : perennial, much branched, depressed ; stems somewhat
hairy: leaves linear, with revolute margins; bristles of the stipules scarcely
as long as the fruit; flowers glomerate in the upper axils; corolla scarcely
exceeding the strongly hispid teeth of the calyx (often 3-lobed); the stamens
about the length of the lobes : stigma small, capitate ; fruit obovate-globose,
at first hispid, scarcely longer than the (4, rarely 5 !) conspicuous calyx-
teeth, separating into 3 chartaceous carpels.

Texas, Drummond .' — Plant resembling a small state of D. teres, 3-4
inches high, appaiently ]jerennial. Leaves smooth above ; the margins and
midrib beneath somewhat hairy or his])id, at least when younn;. Flowers
and fruit much smaller than in the preceding; the latter scarcely half the -
size, and apparently alwaj's tricoccous, very hispid when young, as well as
the lanceolate teeth of tlie calyx, with stout bristles; but the mature fruit is
often nearly or quite glabrous ; the carpels roundish-obovate, flattened. — Our
specimens do not exhibit the corolla in good condition: but all the flowers
which we have examined present a 3-lobed corolla, 3 stamens, and a tricar-
pellary ovary, while the teeth of the calyx are 4, or very rarely 5, in number.
Probably these characters are not constant, but the species is very different
from any with which we are ac(iuainted.

Subtribe 2. Putorie^:, DC. — Flowers distiuct. Fruit somewhat fleshy
or drupaceous, seldom bipartible.

5. ERNODEA. Swartz, jmclr. p. 29, S^-fl. Lid. Occ. j}- 223, t. 4; G^ertn.
fr. t. 196, /. 6 ; A. Rich. mem. I. c. t. 15, f. 2; jDC.prodr. 4.^j. 576.

Calyx-tube ovate ; the lobes of the 4-6 parted limb oblong-linear, acute,
pubescent. Corolla hypocrateriform, with a somewhat quadrangular tube ;
the lobes 4-6, lanceolate, revolute, valvate in ajstivation. Filaments in-
serted into the upper part of the tube : anthers linear, exserted. Style fili-
form, longer than the stamens : stigma emarginate. Fruit drupaceous,
obovate or roundish, 2-celled, crowned with the long erect segments of the
calyx, bipartible when mature ; the nuclei 1-seeded, cartilaginous, indehis-
cent. Seeds peltate, flat and furrowed on the face. Embryo straight :
cotyledons oval. — A suffrutescent and decumbent glabrous (West Indian)
plant ; with sessile somewhat rigid lanceolate leaves. Stipules sheathing,
many-parted. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, yellowish. Fruit yellow.

E. littoralis (Swartz, 1. c.) — Knoxia, P. Browne, .Jam. j^--^^^- no. 1. Thy-
melea, Sloane, lust. Jam. t. 169.

Key West, Mr. Blodgctl! Southern Florida, Dr. Hassler ! — Stem 6-10
inches long, branching from the base, stout and rigid; the branches quad-
rangular. Leaves mostly crowded towards the extremity of short branches,
about an inch long, somewhat coriaceous or fleshy, very acute and mucronate,
3-nerved. Flowers small. Fruit with a thin and rather dry pulp, separable
when ripe into 2 plano-convex portions, crowned with the long lanceolate
foliaceous calyx-teeth.

Cephalanthus. nVBlACEM. ■ 31

Subtribe 3. Cephalanthe^, DC. — Flowers and fruit sessile and densely
aggregated on a globose receptacle. Fruit dry, 2-4-partible.

6. CEPHALANTHUS. Lirin. ; Lam. ill. t. 59 ; Gcertn.fr. t. 86.

Calyx-tube obpyramidal ; the limb 4-toothcd. Corolla tubular, slender;
the lobes of the 4-clpft limb erect, imbricate in sBstivation. Stamens 4,
scarcely exserted. Style filiform, much exserted : stigma capitate. Fruit
inversely pyramidal, coriaceous, 2-4-celled, separating from the base to the
summit into 2-4 closed one-seeded portions. Seeds pendulous, conformed to
the cell, crowned with a kind of corky arillus. Embryo straight, in the
axis of somewhat cartilaginous albumen : cotyledons oblong, foliaceous :
radicle slender. — Shrubs (American) ; with oval or lanceolate (opposite or
ternate) leaves. Stipules short, distinct or somewhat united. Flowers
densely aggregated in a globose head (the receptacle hairy) : the peduncles
terminal and from the upper axils. Corolla white. — Button-Bush. Pond-
Dogicood.

1. C orarfenteZis (Linn.) : mostly glabrous; leaves opposite and ternate,
ovate or oblong-oval, acuminate, distinctly petioled, usually glabrous ; pe-
duncles longer than the heads, usually ternate at the extrenjity of the
branches. — Michx. ! fl. \. p.Sl ; '■'■Ditham. arb. t. 54, SchAuhr. liandh. t.
21, Sft. 5. (^-e./r." ; Pursh. fl. 1. p. 114,- Ell. sk. l.p. 186 ; Ton:! fl. 1. p.
164; Bart. Ji. Amer. Sept. 3. t. 91 ; Darlingt.ji. Cest. p. 98 ; DC. pirodr. 4.
p. 538.

(i. younger branches and lower surface of the leaves pubescent.

Margin of swamps and wet thickets, Canada ! and Northern States ! to
Georgia! Arkansas! and Texas ! (the northern plant usually glabrous; the
southern more or less pubescent.) July-Aug. — Shrub 3-10 feet high,
branched, with light spongy wood, and smooth bark. Leaves 3-5 inches
long, more frequently opposite than ternate, feather-veined. Heads an inch
in diameter, on ])eduncles about 2 inches long. Cal3'x-tube produced above
the ovary ; the teeth obtuse, persistent. Corolla nearly half an inch Jong ;
the limb somewhat funnel-form ; the lobes obtuse.

Tribe IL COFFEEiE. DC.

Fruit drupaceous, containing 2 one-seeded bony or crustaceous
nucules ; which are flattish or grooved on the inner side, and often
marked witli a furrow on the outer. Albumen horny or somewhat
cartilaginous. Estivation of the corolla usually valvate. — Trees or
shrubs. Stipules 2 between the petioles on each side, either distinct
or combined. Flowers distinct, or in capitate involucrate fascicles.

7. CHIOCOCGA. P. Broivne, Jam. p. 174; Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 480;
Gccrtn. fr. t. 26 ; A. Ilich, mem. I. c. p. 106 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 482.

Calyx-tube ovate; the limb acutely 5-toothcd. Corolla campanulate-in-
fundibulilbrm, 5-lobed ; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5: filaments in-
serted into the base of the corolla, and scarcely cohering with it, somewhat
monadelphous, pubescent: anthers linear, included. Style filiform, some-

32 RUBIACEjE. Chiococca.

what clavate at the summit : stigma entire, or of 2 agglutinated lobes.
Fruit fleshy, globose-compressed and somewhat didymous, crowned with the
cah'x-teelh, including 2 oblong coriaceous nucules. Seeds suspended. Em-
bryo straight, in the axis of somewhat cartilaginous albumen : radicle long
and slender: cotyledons small. — Shrubs (tropical American), often with
sarmentose branches. Leaves petioled, glabrous. Stipules connate. Flow-
ers white or often turning yellowish, in axillary opposite racemes. (Root
emetic, &c.)

1. C. racemosa (Jacq.) : leaves oval, acute at each end; corolla many
times longer than the teeth of the calyx ; filaments pubcrulent. — Jacq. stir]}.
Amer. p. 68 ; Michx. ! ji. 1. f. 103 ,• Andr. hot. rep. t. 284 ; Hook. ! exot.
Jl. t. 93 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 482. (e. Floridana.) Jasminum flore myrtino,
Sec, Shane, Jam. t. 188. /. 3. Periclymenum racemosum, &c., Dill. Elth.^
t. 228, /. 295. Lonicera alba, Linn, sj^ec. 1. p. 175.

Sea coast of Florida, Michaux! Key West, Mr. Blodgett! (Also West
Indian & Mexican.) — Leaves 2-3 inches long, and an inch or more broad,
abruptly tapering at the base into a narrow petiole, somewhat shining above.
Racemes in the "axils of the uppermost leaves, and exceeding them in length,
usually simple ; the flowers somewhat secund, "at first white _ and inodor-
ous, but at length yellowish and odorous". Fruit about the size of a pea,
white. The branches are sometimes sarmentose ; the leaves somewhat va-
riable in form, and often acuminate ; and the racemes either simple or pani-
culate.— Snoivberry.

8. PSYCHOTRIA. Liiin. ; Gfertn. fr. t. 25; DC. j^rodr. 4. ^;. 504;
W. S^-Arn. prodr. Lid. Or. 1. p. 432.

Calyx-tube ovate ; the limb short, 5-lobed, 5-toothed, or somewhat entire.
Corolla infundibuliform, usually short, 5- (or rarely 4-) cleft, regular, with
the throat glabrous or bearded ; the Hmb spreading or recurved ; the seg-
ments incurved at the point : a3stivation valvular. Stamens 5, or rarely 4 :
anthers exserted or included within the throat of the corolla. Stigma 2-cleft.
Fruit drupaceous, containing 2 nucules, crowned with the limb of the calyx,
usually marked with 10 ribs by drying; sometimes 4-angled and with
four furrows, sometimes even ; nucules chartaceously coriaceous, ribbed,
angled, or even, 1-seeded. Seed erect, with a cartilaginous solid (not rumi-
nated) albumen.— Trees or shrubs, rarely herbaceous plants. Leaves oppo-
site, petioled. Peduncles usually terminal. Flowers panicled or corym-
bose. Am.

1. P. lanceolata {Nun.): leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end; the
lower surface as well as the branchlets ferruginous-pubescent; stipules am-
plexicaul, roundish, deciduous, sphacelate; corymb terminal, trichotomous
at the base. DC.—Nutt. in Sill. jour. 5. p. 290 (1822) ; DC. prodr. 4.

P- 513. , , ^ .

East Florida, Mr. fFare.—" Leaves 2-3 inches long. Berries ovate,

red." This is unknown to us. De Candolle remarks that he has seen a

specimen collected by Michaux. We have insufficient specimens, apparently
belonging to another species of Psychotria, collected in Florida by Dr.
Leavenworth.

MoRiwDA. RUBIACE^. 33

Tribe III. GUETTARDE^. Kunth.

Fruit drupaceous, 2-8-cellecl, or containing 2-8 one-seeded nucules.
Seeds somewhat terete, elongated, usually erect. Albumen mostly
fleshy. Estivation of the corolla usually contorted or valvate.—
Small trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs. Stipules between the pe^
tioles.

Subtribe 1. Morinde^, DC. — Flowers and fruit aggregated in a dense
head and more or less coherent with each other. ^Estivation of the corolla
valvate. — Tropical shrubs or small trees.

9. MORINDA. Faill. ; Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 153 ; G(crtn. fr. t. 29.

Calyx-tube obovate, cohering with the adjoining flowers ; the limb short,
scarcely toothed. Corolla infundibuliform ; the tube somewhat terete ; the
limb spreading, 5- (rarely 4-) lobed. Stamens 5 (rarely 4) : filaments short :
anthers usually included. Style filiform : stigma 2-cleft ; the lobes filiform.
Fruit baccate, containing 2-4 nucules, all usually concreted into a com-
pound subglobose fruit, which is areolate with the traces of the calyx. Em-
bryo terete, in a fleshy albumen. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, rarely
3 or 4 in a whorl. Stipules within the petioles, usually obtuse. Peduncles
solitary or several together, axillary, opposite the leaves (from the suppres-
sion of a leaf), or terminal. Flowers sessile upon a globose receptacle.
(Bark of the root styptic and used for dyeing.)

1. M. Roioc (Linn.) : glabrous, procumbent at the base; leaves broadly
oblanceolate, acute, gradually narrowed at the base into a short petiole ;
stipules broad and very short, bimucronate ; peduncles short, axillary or
opposite a leaf ; stamens somewhat exserted. — Linn. spec. 1. p.llQ; Jacq^
hort. Vindob. t. 16 ; DC. proclr. 4. p. 448. Royoc humifusum, Plumier^
s.en. p. 11, t. 26. Periclymenum Americanum, &c., Pluk. alm^ U
212, f. 4.

Key West, Mr. Blodgett ! Common in the West Indies, &c. — Leaves
2-3 inches long, glabrous on both surfaces, except a pubescence in the axils
of the larger veins underneath. Peduncles 4-6 lines long, usually opposite
a leaf. Heads about half an inch in diameter. Flowers crimson.

Subtribe 2. Mitchelle^. — Flowers solitary, or geminate with their
ovaries united. iEstivation of the corolla valvate. Albumen somewhat
cartilaginous or corneous. — Creeping evergreen herbs, natives of the northern
and southern extratropical regions, and on mountains within the tropics.

10. MITCHELLA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 63; GeBrtn.fr. t. 192.

Chamsedaphne, Mitch. ; not of Buxb.

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Limb of the calyx conspicuous,

4-toothed. Corolla infundibuliform, with a slender tube, 4-lobed ; the lobes

spreading, densely hirsute or bearded within (as well as the throat) with

white hairs. Stamens 4, somewhat included : filaments inserted into the

VOL. II.-5

34 nVBlACEJE. BIitcuella.

throat of the corolla : anthers oblong. Style filiform : stigmas 4, linear,
somewhat exserted. Fruit baccate, oblate-globose, usually composed of the
united ovaries of both flowers (one of them sometimes abortive, or want-
ing ?) ; each of which contains 4 small corneous 1-seeded nucules. Embrj'o
minute, at the extremity of somewhat cartilaginous albumen : cotyledons
short ; the radicle thick. Glabrous creeping evergreen herbs (indigenous to
North America, and perhaps to the mountains of Peru ?) with opposite ovate
or roundish petioled leaves. Stipules triangular-subulate, minute. Flowers
terminal, white or pale rose-color, odorous. Fruit bright red, edible,
persistent.

We have drawn the character exclusively from M. repens ; since it is doubtful
whether M. ovata, DC. (which we have not seen,) belongs to this genus, ratlier
than to Xertera. Does not the Nertera depressa, Banks (or rather Sulanckr), as left
by De Candolle, include two or more species 1

1. M. repens (Linn.) : leaves roundish-ovate, often slightly cordate ; pe-
duncle 2-flowered. — Linn. ! spec. 1. p. Ill ; Michx. ! ft. 1. p. 86 ; Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 101 ,• Ell. sk. 1. p. 198 ; Torr..' fl. 1. p. 174 ; Bigel. ji. Bost. ed.
2. p. 62 ; Bart. fl. Amcr. Sept. t. 95, /. 1 ; DC. ! j>rodr. 4. p. 452 ;
Hook.! fl. Bor.-Ain. 1. p. 287 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 105. Syringa bac-
cifera, &c., Phik. amalth. t. 444, /. 2 ; Catesb. Car. 1. t. 20. Lonicera
foliis subovatis &c. Gronov. ! fl. Virg. ed. 1. p. 22.

Deep moist woods, about the roots of trees, Canada and throughout the
United States! to Florida! and Louisiana! (Also in Mexico, ex DC.)
June. (November to April in the Southern States. Ell.) — Stems slender,
branching, 6-12 inches long. Leaves on slender petioles, half an inch or
more in diameter, dark green and shining, usuall}^ with a pale longitudinal
line, of a firm texture, turning blackish in drying. Corolla about half an
inch long ; the limb sometimes 3-cleft (and then triandrous), occasionally
5-8-cleft, ijut never (we believe) with more than 4 stamens. Berries about
a third of an inch in diameter, broader than long, crowned with the persistent
teeth of two calyces, bright red, edible but insipid, persistent through the
winter and until the plant flowers again. — Partridge-Berry.

Subtribe 3. Euguettarde^, DC. (excl. gen.) — Flowers distinct. Es-
tivation of the corolla usually contorted. Albumen fleshy. — Tropical trees
or shrubs.

11. GUETTARDA. Linn. ; Vent, choix. i. 1 ; G(ertn.fr. 1. t. 36 ; A.
Rich. mem. I. c. p. 121.

Calyx-tube ovate or globose ; the limb tubular, persistent or deciduous,
truncate or irregularly toothed. Corolla hypocrateriform ; the tube cylindri-
cal ; lobes 4-9, oval-oblong. Anthers 4-9, nearly sessile in the throat of the
corolla, linear. Stigma capitate, rarely 2-lobed. Fruit drupaceous, subglo-
bose or ovate, usually crowned with the persistent limb of the cal3'x : endo-
carp bony, obtusely angled, 4-9-celled; the cells 1-seeded. Seeds some-
what terete. — Small trees or shrubs (mostly tropical American) ; with ovate
or lanceolate, or rarely cordate leaves. Stipules lanceolate, deciduous. Pe-
duncles axillary, once or twice dichotomous ; the flowers sessile in the forks
and unilateral on the branches of the peduncle.

GuETTARDA. RUBIACE^. 35

1. G. elliptka 1 (Swartz) : leaves ovate and elliptical, rather obtuse, mu-
cronulate, hairy on both surfaces ; petioles short ; peduncles usually shorter
than the leaves; cymes 2-cleft; flowers tetramerous ; tube of the corolla
silkj^-hirsute, three times as long as the calyx; limb of the calyx at length
deciduous. — Swarlz.frodr.f. 59? DC. prodr. A. p. 457?

Key West, Florida, Mr. Blodgett.'—A shrub; the younger branches pu-
bescent. Leaves 1-2 inches long, rather acute at the base, the lower surface
more hairy than the upper: petiole 2-3 lines long. Peduncles sometimes rather
longer than the leaves, twice or thrice dichotomous. Flowers about one-
third of an inch long. Calyx truncate, often notched on one side of the orifice,
with 2 subulate bracteoles at the base. Corolla dull crimson internally.
Style filiform, included : stigma entire. Immature fruit ovate.— We have
not seen authentic specimens of G. eUiptica, the species which a.grees most
nearly with ours ; but it seems to diifer in the leaves being smoolhish above,
and in the 2-lobed stigma.

12. ERITHALIS. P. Browne, Jam. t. 17, f. 3; Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 159;
Geertn.fr. t. 26 ; A. Rich. mem. I. c. p. 133 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 465.
Calyx-tube ovate ; the limb short, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate,
5-parted ; the segments linear. Stamens 5 : filaments subulate, inserted in-
to the base of the corolla : anthers linear-oblong. Style stout, as long as the
filaments: stigma bilamellate, the lobes agglutinated. Ovary 5-10-celled,
with a single pendulous ovule in each cell. Drupe globose, somewhat fleshy,
sulcate, with 5-10 bony nucules.— Glabrous (chiefly West Indian) shrubs.
Leaves petioled, somewhat coriaceous. Stipules persistent, short and broad.
Flowers in paniculate cymes from the axils of the uppermost leaves.

1. E.fruticosa {liinxi.): leaves obovate ; panicles pedunculate ; fruit 8-10-
sulcate, crowned with the truncate limb of the calyx. — DC. prodr. I. c. E.
odorifera, Jacq. stirp. Amer. p. 72. t. 173, /. 23.

Southern Florida, Dr. Leitner ! — Leaves about 2 inches long, obtuse, the
lateral veins indistinct, abruptly tapering at the base into a short petiole.
Stipules with a small mucronate point. Cymes 10-15-flowered : flowers
odorous, crimson?

Tribe IV. HAMELIEiE. A. Pdch., DC

Fruit baccate, 3-many-celled ; the cells many-seeded. Albumen
fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. Stipules between the (rarely verticillate)
petioles.

13. HAMELIA. Jacq. stirp. Amer. p. 71. t. 50, c^ ic. rar. t. 335; Lam.
ill. t. 155; Gcertn.fr. t. 191 (^•196.
Calyx-tube oval ; the lobes 5, short, erect, acute, persistent. Corolla tu-
bular, somewhat 5-angled, slightly 5-lobed at the summit ; tlie lobes equal,
scarcely spreading. Stamens 5, inserted into the middle of the corolla, in-
cluded : anthers oblong-linear. Stigma obtuse, somewhat 5-angled. Berry
oval, 5-furrowed, 5-celled ; the cells membranaceous, many-seeded. Seeds
minute, compressed. — Tropical American shrubs. Leaves often ternately
or quaternately verticillate, petioled. Stipules one on each side, lanceolate-
subulate. Flowers red or orange, showy, in di-trichotomous or scorpioid
cymes.

36 RUBIACE^. Hamelia.

1. H. patens (Jacq.) : leaves ternate, oval-oblong, acuminate at each end,
villous-pubescent underneath ; cymes colored, di-trichotomous, in a terminal
pedunculate umbel ; corolla cylindrical. DC. — Jacq. stirp. Amer. I. c. ; Smith,
exot. hot. t. 24 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 441. H. coccinea, Sivartz, prodr. p.
46. DuhameUa patens, Pers. syn. \. p. 203.

Key West, Florida, Mr. Bennett! — A shrub 8-10 feet high, with a
trunk 3-4 inches in diameter ; the younger branches minutely pubescent.
Leaves 2-4 inches long, and an inch or more in diameter, somewhat glabrous
above. Cymes usually forked, with the flowers sessile and unilateral on the
divisions; the common peduncle trifid. Flowers bright red, very handsome.
Berry about one-fourth of an inch long. Seeds oval, scrobiculate, only one
(in our specimen) ripening in each cell.

Tribe V. EUCINCHONEiE. (Cinchonacea;, DC.)

Fruit capsular, 2-celled ; the cells many-seeded. Seeds winged. -
Albumen fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. Stipules between the petioles,

14. EXOSTEMMA. DC. diss. 1806 ; A. Rich. mem. I. c. p. 280.
Exostema, Pers. (§ of Cinchona), L. C. Richard.
Calyx-tube obovate ; the limb 5-toolhed. Corolla with a long terete tube,
the segments of the 5-parted limb linear, revolute, valvate in aestivation.
Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla near the base, much exserted : anthers
narrowly linear. Style filiform, clavate at the summit : stigma entire or
somewhat 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, opening at the sunmiii by septici-
dal dehiscence. Seeds flat, Avith a circular winged margin, retrorsely im-
bricated.— Trees or shrubs of tropical America, (the bark febrifugal or some-
what emetic ; but destitute of Quinia and Cinchonia, according to St.
Hilaire), usually glabrous. Stipules one on each side. Peduncles axillary
or terminal.

1. E. Carihreum (Rcem. & Schult.) : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous; pedicels axillary, 1-flowered, about the length of the petiole; teeth
of the calyx very short.— -Rceni. 6f Schult. syst. 5. p. 18; DC frodr. A. p.
359. Cinchona Caribsea, Jacq. stirp. Amer. t. 179, /. 65, S^'ohs. 2. t. 17 ;
Geertn.fr. t. 33 ; Lamb. Cinch, t. 4 ; Andr. Bot. rep. t. 481. C. Jamaicensis,
Wright, in phil. trans. 67. p. 504, t. 10.

Key West, Mr. Blodgett ! — A glabrous shrub. Leaves li-2 inches long,
somewhat coriaceous. Stipules broad and very short, with a subulate point.
Flowers crimson, odorous, showy. Pedicels half an inch long. Calyx-teeth
rather acute. Corolla nearly 2 inches long; the tube about the length of the
linear segments. Anthers half an inch in length and very slender. Style
much exserted : stigma entire. — The bark of this plant is used in the West
Indies as a substitute for Cinchona bark.

15. PINCKNEYA. Michx.fl. 1. p. 103, t. 13 ; A. Rich. mem. I. c. p. 277.

Calyx-tube oblong-turbinate; four of the segments of the deciduous 5-
parted limb linear-lanceolate, the fifth usually dilated into a large colored
leaf. Tube of the corolla cyUndrical ; the lobes of the 5-parted limb linear-
oblong, recurved-spreading, somewhat imbricate in estivation. Stamens 5,
inserted into the corolla near the base, exserted : anthers oblong. Style fill-

PiNCKNEYA. RVBIACEM. 37

form : stigma obtusely 2-lobed. Capsule subglobose, coriacco-chartaceous,
2-valved, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, horizontal, in a double series, flat,
with a reticulated membranaceous wing. Embryo large, straight: cotyle-
dons foliaceous, concave. — A large shrub or small tree; the young branches
&c., hirsute-tomentose. Stipules one on each side, linear-subulate, cadu-
cous. Flowers large, in small cymes, which are terminal or in the axils of
the upper leaves. Corolla purplish inside, hirsute-canescent externally.

P. puhens (Michx. ! 1. c.)—Michi: f. sylv. 1. p. 260, t. 49 ; Pursh,Jl. 1.
p. 158 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 269 ; Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 137 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 366 ;
Bart. ji. Arner. Sept. t. 7 ; Audubon, birds of Ainer. t. 165. P. pubescens,
Gcerln. f. fruct. 3. p. 80, t. 194. Pinknea pubescens, Pers. syn. 1. p. 197.
Cinchona Caroliniana, Poir. diet. 6. p. 40.

Swamps, S. Carolina! to Middle Florida ! May-June. — Stems or trunks
often clustered. Leaves oval, acute or acuminate at both ends, on short pe-
tioles, nearly glabrous above, pubescent or somewhat tomentose beneath, 4-
8 inches long, and 3 or 4 broad. Limb of the calyx somewhat colored ; one
(or sometimes two) of the segments dilated into an oval membranaceous
(rose-colored) petioled leaf, two or three inches in length. Corolla an inch
and a half long ; the segments shorter than the tube. Capsule about half an
inch in diameter ; the dehiscence loculicidal and at length [)artly septicidal
also. — This genus is doubtless sufficiently distinct from Musssenda, to which
Jussieu joined it, and with which it accords in habit. The bark has the
taste and medicinal properties of Cinchona, and probably contains the same
or a new alkaline principle.

Tribe VL HEDY0T[DE7E. Cham, [y Schlecht.

Fruit capsular, 2-celled, usually loculicidal (rarely somewhat mem-
branaceous and indehiscent) ; the cells several-many-seeded. Seeds
wingless. Albumen fleshy. ^Estivation of the corolla mostly imbri-
cated or contorted. — Herbs or shrubs. Stipules between the petioles,
either one or two on each side, or frequently united with the petioles
into a membranaceous sheath, which is often fringed with bristles, as in
SpermacocecB.

16. HEDYOTIS. Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 62 ; A. Pack. mem. I. c. ; Hook. ft.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 286; W. Sy Am. prodr. Ind. Or. 1. p. 405; Endl.
gen. p. 548, i^' iconogr. t. 89.

Hedyotis, Houstonia, & Oldenlandia, Linn. — Anotis &c., DC.

Calyx-tube ovate or globose; the limb 4- (rarely 5-?) toothed or cleft,
persistent. Corolla infundibuliform, hypocrateriform , or rotate, 4- (rarely
5-?) lobed ; the lobes imbricate in aestivation. Stamens as many as the
lobes of the corolla, inserted either in the throat or towards the base of the
tube. Stigma usually 2-clcft or 2-lobed. Capsule globose, ovoid, or obcor-
date, mostly coriaceous, the summit often free from and exserted beyond the
calyx, 2-celled, opening across the summit by loculicidal dehiscence, and at
length often slightly septicidal. Seeds few or numerous, on placentae (either
ascending or horizontal) which project into each cell, with a reticulate-punc-
tate or scrobiculate testa. — Herbs, or suffruticose plants. Sti])ules connate

38 E,UBIA.CE^. Hedtotis.

with the petiole on both sides, entire, toothed, or sometimes fringed with
bristles. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary, cymulose, or glomerate.
Plant often turning blackish in drying.

§ 1. Corolla hypocrateri/orm ; the tube much longer than the teeth or segments
of the calyx {which are distant in fruit) ; the limb glabrous: stamens and
style diacio-dimor]ihous, i. e., the stamens in one plant inserted in or near
the throat of the corolla, and often someivhat exsertcd, and then the style in-
cluded ; in the other, the stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla near
the base, and the style exsertcd : filaments short : anthers linear or oblong :
capsule somewhat didymous or 2-lobed, the very broad summit free from the
calyx, loculicidal : seeds several (8-20 in each cell), scroUculate or reticulated,
oval or roundish, with a deep hollow on the face : small annual or sometimes
perennial herbs : stipules entire, minute : peduncles axillary or terminal,
one-floivered. — Houstonia, Linn. hort. Cliff. (Species of Anotis, DC,
Am. ? Endl. Poiretia, Gmel. Panetos, Rqf. ?)

The name Houstonia must be retained for whatever section shall include H.
cjerulea, on which that o;enus was founded in the Hortiis Cliffortianus. This, if con-
siderably extended, wovild probably include a large portion of De CandoUe's species
of Anotis, but in a more restricted sense perhaps veiy few. Hedyotis (Anotis)
gentianoides, Eiidl. icomgr. t. 89, certainly belongs to this section.

1. H. minima: annual, glabrous, at length dichotomous and depressed;
leaves linear-spatulate, with a long attenuate base ; peduncles not exceeding
the leaves; capsule obcordate, free only at the .summit ; seeds oval, nearly
smooth, with a broad cavity on the face. — Houstonia minima. Beck, in Sill,
jour. 10. p. 2G2.

Banks of rivers and prairies of the South Western States. Near St. Louis,
Mis9.ou\i, Beck, Dr. Engelmann! New Orleans, Nuttall ! Arkansas and
Western Louisiana, Nuttall! Dr. Pitcher! Dr. Hale! March-May.—
Plant less than an inch high when it begins to flower; when old 3-4 inches
high, the peduncles becoming axillary or alar. Leaves 4-5 lines long,
scarcely a line wide. Corolla rose-color or pale purple, large for the size of
the plant, but smaller than in H. cajrulea ; the tube narrowed at the base, as
long as the semiovate-oblong lobes, at length about thrice the length of the
calyx-segments. Seeds 10-15 in each cell; the cavity of the face wider
than in the following, with a longitudinal central ridge.

2. H. ceerulea (Hook.) : annual or biennial, glabrous; stems numerous,
erect or spreading, dichotomous ; leaves oval-spatulate or oblanceolate, the
radical and lower ones tapering to the base or somewhat petioled, usually
minutely ciliate ; peduncles fifiform, elongated, spreading; capsule very
broadly obcordate, free above the middle ; seeds roundish, scrobiculate. —
Hoolc. ! fl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 28G ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 104 ; not of Wight
K' Am. Houstonia cajrulea, Linn.! spec. 1. p. \0b ; Bat. mag. t. 370;
Purshfi. 1. p. 106; Ell. sic. 1. p. 192; Torr. ! fi. 1. p. 172 ; Bart. fl.
Amer. Sept. t. 34, f. 1. H. pusilla, " Schcqf, it. 2. p. 306" ; Gmel. syst. 1. p.
236. H. Linnrei a. elatior, Michx. ! fl. I. p. 85. Chamsejasme inodora
Sec. Pluk. aim. t. 97, /. 9.

/?. minor: smaller; the branches and peduncles divaricate or spreading;
flowers smaller. — Hook. I. c. Houstonia Linnoei /3. minor, Michx. I. c.
H. patens. Ell. I. c.

Canada! (from lat. 48°) to Louisiana! on grassy banks, wet rocks dec.
(3. Mostly in dry soil throughout the Southern States! April- (Feb. or March

Hedtotis. RUBIACE^. 39

in the Southern States) Sept. — Stems 3-6 inches high, branching from the
base, sparingly dichotomous. Radical leaves often minutely hispid on the
surfaces as "well as the margin, usually 3-5 lines long. Peduncles 1-2
inches long in fruit. Corolla"4-5 lines long (in (3. often much smaller), blue
or blue and white (someiimes all white), with a yellowish throat ; the tube
3 or 4 times longer than the oblong-lanceolate calyx-segments; the lobes
somewhat ovate and acute, shorter than the tube. Capsule, when mature,
more than half free, dehiscent down to the calyx. Seeds 8-] 5 in each cell ;
the cavity of the face circular. — Dwarf Pink. Bluets.

3. H. scrpyJU folia: perennial, nearly glabrous ; stems numerous or cass-
pitose, filiform, procumbent or creeping, elongated; leaves roundish-ovate,
abruptly narrowed into a petiole, often slightly cordate, ciliolate ; peduncles
terminal, very long ; lobes of the corolla about the length of the tube. —
Houstonia serpyllitolia, Miclix. ! fl. \. p. 85 ; Pursh! fl. 1. p. 106. H. te-
nella, Pursh, I. c.

About springs, on the high mountains of Carolina, Michaux ! S^v. Moun-
tains of North Carolina, Mr. M. A. Curtis! May. — The filiform stems, in
the specimens of Mr. Curtis, are 6 to 10 inches long ; and the plant has
quite the habit of Arenaria Balearica, as Michaux has remarked : the leaves,
including the slender petioles, do not exceed 3 lines in length; the peduncles
1-2 inches long; the corolla about as large as in H. CEerulea, with the lobes
broadly oval. We know not whether the root is really perennial. From
the same region, Mr. Curtis has sent us specimens of H. ca^rulea (apparent-
ly), with (he leaves nearly of the same shape and almost as disiinctly peti-
oled, but they belong to a much stouter and nearly erect, or diffuse plant. —
The prior Hedyotis serpyllifolia of Poiret, is referred to H. trinervia by
Wight & Arnott.

4. H. rotund if olia : perennial; stems branched, creeping; leaves roundish
or broadly oval, ciliate when young, thickish, abruptly narrowed into a short
petiole; jieduncles axillary and shorter (and sometimes terminal and longer)
than the leaves ; capsule free above the middle, very broad, emarginate,
few-seeded ; seeds roundish, scrobiculate. — Houstonia rotundifoha, Michx. !
fl. 1. p. 85 ; Pursh ! I. c. ; Ell. I. c. Panetos rotundifolia, Raf. Anonymos

procumbens, Walt. Car. p. 86. Poiretia procumbens, Gmel. syst. p. 263.
Anotis (Panetos) rotundifolia, DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 433.

Sandy soil, S.Carolina! to Florida! and Louisiana! flowering nearly
all the year. — Leaves persistent, at length nearly glabrous, about half an
inch long. Flowers (while Ell.) about as large as in H. c;crulea ; the pe-
duncles nodding in fruit. Lobes of the corolla shorter than the slender tube.
Capsule splitting almost to the base. — The Hedyotis rotundifolia of Sprengel
is also referred to H. trinervia.

§ 2. Corolla infundibuliform, often hairy or villous inside ; the tube longer
than the teeth of the calyx, which are distant in fruit : stamens and style
dicecio-dimorphous, and alternately included' or more or less exserted {a&
in § 1) : anthers linear: capsule subglolose or ovoid, the upper half free
from the calyx : seeds rather fcio (4-15 in each cell) oval, with a deep hollow
on the face: small erect perennial herbs, often corymboscly brajiclicd; sti-
pules entire: flowers in terminal di-trlchotomous cy mules. — Abiphiotis,
DC* (§ of Anotis.)

* In De Candolle's sectional charactei-, the plirase " Corollre hypocratprimoi-phse"
occurs : but the only species of the section is said to have an itfuiulil/idiform corolla.

40 RUBIACEjE. Hedtotis.

5. H. purpurea : stems erect or ascending, tetragonal, pubescent (at least
when young) with spreading liairs ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, closely
sessile, 3-5-nerved from the base, glabrous or sprinkled with scattered hairs
above, the veins of the lower surface and margins pubescent ; umbelliform
cymules 3-7-flowered, often clustered ; Jobes of the cal3'x subulate-linear,
three or four times the length of the tube, and manifestly longer than the
subglobose capsule. — H. umbellata, Walt. Car. p. 85 ? Houstonia pur-
purea, Lin?u ! spec. 1. p. 105 ; Pursh ! ji. 1. p. 167 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 193 ;
Torr. ! jl.l. p. 173. H. varians, Miclix. ! fi. 1. p. 86, in part. H. pubes-
cens, Raf. in med. repos. {hex. 2) 5. p. 361 ? Anotis lanceolata, DC.
prodr. 4. pi. 433 ?

/?. lobes of the calyx lanceolate-linear, almost equalling the corolla; leaves
lanceolate. — Houstonia macrosepala, Nutt. ! mss. Hedyotis lanceolata,
Poir. suppl. 3. p>. 14 ?

Woods and river banks, Mar^'land ! Virginia ! Western Pennsylvania,
and Ohio ! to Alabama ! Tennessee ! and Missouri ! May-July. — Stems,
usually several from the same root, branching, about a foot high. Leaves
1-2 inches long, in size and shape not unlike those of Galium circKzans,
rounded at the base, rather acute ; varying however to lanceolate; the upper
surface either hairy or glabrous. Stipules ovate, scarious. Corolla purple,
about 4 lines long, slightly hairy inside ; the tube usually longer than the
lobes of the calyx. Stamens all exserted in some specimens, all included in
others ; the filaments in the former case coherent with the tube of the corolla
to the summit, but they may sometimes be partially detached without
laceration. Capsule free only at the summit; the cells several-seeded.

6. H. ciliolata {Torr.) : stems usually numerous and somewhat caispitose,
nearly glabrous ; leaves rather thick, obscurely 1-nerved ; the cauline ones
oblanceolate or linear-oblong, mostly obtuse, sessile, minutely ciliale;
the radical and lowest cauline ones oval-spatulate, tapering into a petiole,
ciliate with rigid hairs ; cymules mostly 3-flowered, in corymbose clusters ;
peduncles and pedicels short ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate-subulate, about
the length of the subglobose capsule. — Torr.! in Spreng. cur. post. p. 40 ;
DC. prodr. 4. p. 422 ; Hook. I. c. Houstonia ciliolata, Torr. ! fi. 1. p.
174. H. Canadensis, Mold, in herb. Wdld. ! H. serpyllifolia, Graham, in
hot. mag. t. 2882, not oi Michx.

Banks of rivers and lakes, Canada {Pursh ! in herb. Lamb.), Michigan !
Falls of Niagara! and on the shore of Lake Ontario! nearly confined to
limestone formations. Kentucky, Dr. Short! May-July. — Stems 4-6
inches high, often with slightly margined angles. Radical leaves in rosu-
late tufts, somewhat coriaceous ; the cauline pairs rather few and distant,
shorter and broader than in H. longifolia : the flowers much more numerous
than in that species, clustered, lilac or pale purple. Stipules scarious, round-
ish, rather large. Calyx-lobes about half the length of the tube of the corolla.
Capsule about half free ; the cells 8-9-seeded.

7. H. longifolia (Hook.) : glabrous ; stems erect, 4-angled with decur-
rent lines; leaves linear or oblong-linear, acute or obtuse, tapering to the
base, 1-nerved ; the radical ones oval or oblong, narrowed into a petiole ;
cvnmles 2-3-flowered, somewhat paniculate ; the pedicels at first short, at
length nearly equal and longer than the fruit ; lobes of the calyx subulate-
lanceolate, mostly longer than the tube, but shorter than, or scarcely exceed-
ing, the subglobose capsule. — Hook.! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 286. (excl. syn.
Miclix.) Houstonia longifolia, Geertn. Jr. \. p. 226, t. 49, /. 8 (fruit);
Willd. ! spec. 1. p. 583 ; Ell. I. c; torr. ! I. c ; Bigcl. fl. Bost. ed. 2.

p. 53; Hook. hot. mag. t. 3099. H. angustifolia, Pursh! fi.. 1. p. 106, not
of Michx.

(3. tenuifolia: stem and numerous divaricate branches very slender;

Hedyotis. RUBIACE^. 41

peduncles and pedicels filiform ; flowers small. — Houstonia tenuifolia, Nutti
gen. 1. p. 287.

Shady banks &c., Canada ! (from the Saskatchawan) and Northern and
Western States ! to the upper and middle country of the Southern States !
0. Ohio I and mountains of N. Carolina ! and Tennessee to Arkansas !
June-July. — Stems 5-10 inches high, usually numerous from the same root,
obscurely 4-sided, but with the angles, or 2 of them, margined with very
narrow sharp decurrent lines. Leaves 9—15 lines long, 2-3 lines broad, gla-
brous, or the margins very slightly scabrous. Stipules scarious, small, ovate
or triangular. Flowers rather smaller than in the preceding, pale purple of
nearly white. Corolla much longer than the lobes of the calyx. Capsule
nearly half free ; the cells about 10-seeded. Stamens and style varying in-
versely, as in the preceding species. — This is probably distinct from H. pur-
purea, the narrow-leaved forms of which sometimes approach it very nearly ;
although the length of the calyx-lobes is perhaps not absolutely invariable.
It seems to pass insensibly into the H. tenuifolia, Nutt. ; which is, however,
a remarkably slender plant, with more distant narrowly linear leaves, and
very slender and spreading branches and pedicels, the latter several times
longer than the (about 8-seeded) fruit.

8. H. stenophylla : slightly suflTruticose at the base, glabrous ; stems erect
or assurgent, much branched ; leaves very narrowly linear, often with
smaller ones fasciculate in the axils, 1-nerved, acute, tapering to the base ;
flowers very numerous, in 3-4 times di-trichotomous cymules, corvmbose at
the extremity of the branches ; pedicels short, the central flower of each
cluster almost sessile ; lobes of the calyx subulate, as long as the tube ; cap-
sule turbinate. — Houstonia angustifolia, Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 85. (not Hedyotis
angustifolia. Cham. &f ScMecht.) H. fruticosa & H. rupestris, Raf. !
vionogr. Houst. tn ann. gen. 1820. (not Hedyotis rupestris, Sicartz.)

Banks of rivers, and prairies; sea-coast of Florida, Mlchaux ! (Georgia?
Elliott !) lo Kanlucky \ Missouri! Louisiana! Arkansas! and Texas! June-*
July. — Stem 10 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves an inch or more in length.
Flowers very numerous, usually fastigiate-corymbose, pale purple : the tube
of the corolla thrice the length of the calyx-teeth (which are furnished with a
few very minute bristly hairs) ; the oblong segments and throat very villous
inside. Filaments and style either exserted or included inversely, as in the
other species of the section. Capsule small, acute at the base ; the summit
only free. Seeds 5-10 in each cell, oval, black. — Readily distinguished by
its turbinate fruit. In the other species of this section, the pedicels (2-7) are
equal or nearly so, and more or less elongated in fruit : in this, the central
flower of each cymule is nearly sessile.

§ 3. Corolla rotate, much shorter than the lanceolate teeth of the calyx, which
are spreading and with the sinuses acute in fruit : stamens and style very
short : anthers roundish-ovate : capsule ovoid, wholly coherent with the tube
of the calyx, loculicidally dehiscent across the summit : seeds very numerous
and minute (50-60 in each cell), angular : herb perennial, with the habit of
Spermacoce or Diodia : stipules mostly bimucronate or bisetose on each side :
flowers solitary or 3-4 together in the axils of the leaves, almost sessile. —

DiODELLA.

9- H. Boscii (DC.) : herbaceous, or sufTrutescent at the base, much
branched, diffuse, glabrous; branches slender; leaves linear, acute at each
end, obscurely 1-nerved; stipules very small; flowers on very short pedi-
cels ; teeth of the calyx triangular-subulate, spreading or recurved, shorter

VOL. II.-6

42 RUBIACEiE. Hedtotis.

than the slightly compressed roundish-ovoid fruit. — DC! inodr.^. p 420;
Hook.! cojnpan. to hot. mag. \. p. 48.

Borders of ponds and streams, and in open grounds, Carolina {Bosc !) to
Louisiana, Tainturier ! Drummond ! Dr. Carj^enter ! Alexandria, Dr. Hale!
and on the banks of the Sabine, Dr. Leavemcorth ! July-Sept. — Stems 6-
10 inches long. Leaves about an inch in length. Flowers minute; the
fruit scarcely more than a line long, minutely scabrous, crowned with the
rather short calyx-teeth. Corolla (purplish, Leavemcorth,) with scarcely any
tube. The plant turns blackish in drying. — Somewhat intermediate between
the sections Scleromitrion & Oldenlandia of Wight & Arnott.

§ 4. Corolla rotate, much shorter than the teeth of the calyx, which are erect in
fruit, with the sinuses acute : stamens scarcely longer than the lohcs of the
corolla : anthers subglohose : style nearly none : stigmas oblong, ohtuse :
capsule globose-compressed, wholly coherent loith the tube of the calyx,
emarginate, loculicidally dehiscent across the summit: seeds very numerous
and minute (60 or more in each cell), angular : herb annual, %vith the habit
of Elatine : stipules hisubulate on each side : flowers solitary or mostly
glomerate in the axils of the leaves. — Elatinella.

This and the pi'eceding sections should probably be considered mere divisions of
the subgenus Oldenlandia, whenever that group shall be definitely characterized.

10. H. glomcraia (Ell.) : stems difTuse or somewhat erect, hirsute-pubes-
cent, branching : lea\'es oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, narrowed at the
base, or slightly petioled, nearly glabrous ; flowers mostly glomerate in the
axils ; tube of the calyx hirsute, shorter than the ovate or oblong foliaceous
lobes.— K/. sk. 1. p. 187 ; Torr. ! ft. 1. p. 171 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 421.
H. auricularia, Walt. Car. p. 85, not of Linn. H. uniflora. Lam. 1 H.
glomerata & H. Virginica, Spreng. syst. 1. p. 412. Oldenlandia imiflora,
Linn.! spec. 1. p. 119. O. glomerata, Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 83,- Pursh, fl.
1. p. 102.

Margin of swamps, and especially brackish marshes. New York ! and
New Jersey! to Florida! and Louisiana! June-Oct. — Stem 2-18 inches
high. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, often slightly pubescent, some-
what 3-nerved at the base, slightly veiny. Stipules on each side cleft near-
ly to the base into 2 subulate divisions, which are as long as the petioles or
narrowed base of the leaves. Flowers small, seldom solitary or three to-
gether, and then })edicellate, usually in small dense clusters. Corolla many
limes shorter than the limb of the calyx, white ; the lobes semiovate. The
plant does not turn blackish in drying.

§ 5. (An gen. ?) Flotvers pentamerous : corolla infundihuliform, 5-lobed,
somewhat longer than the 5 lanceolate-subulate teeth of the calyx, which are
erect in fruit, with the sinuses obtuse ; stamens 5, included, inserted towards
the base of the corolla : anthers oblong : style as long as the stamens : cap-
sule turbinate, wholly coherent ivith {and rather shorter than) the tube of the
calyx, loculicidal at the summit : placentee pedicellate from the middle of die
septum, horizontal: seeds very numerous, angular: herb jierennial, dichoto-
inous : stipules 2— ^-subulate on each side : flowers axillary, someichat cyiU'
ulose. — Pentotis.

11. H Halei: glabrous; stem diffuse, dichotomous ; leaves oval-oblong,

Hedyotis. RUBIACEiE. 43

somewhat fleshy, rather acute, narrowed into a slight petiole ; cymules 3-5-
flowered, scarcely pedunculate ; shorter than the turbinate capsule.

Red River, near Alexandria, Louisiana, Dr. Hale! — Stems 8-10 inches
long, branched from tlie base. Leaves an inch to an inch and a half long,
half an inch broad, shining underneath. Stipules broad, connate with the
petioles, membranaceous, truncate, witli 2-4 short subulate appendages on
each side. Pedicels scarcely longer than the calyx. Corolla while, about
twice the length of the calyx-teeth. Lobes of the stigma linear-oblong,
hairy. Seeds minutely roughened. — This plant appears to accord with
Hedyotis (Oldenlandia), except in its pentanierous flowers.

Houstonia grandiflora, pusilla, & ciliata, Baf. monogr. Houst., in ann. sd. gen.
1820, (his subgenus Edrissa, which coiTCsponds to Houstonia proper,) are doubt-
less synonyms of H. cserulea. Houstonia obtusifolia, oblongifoUa, and hetei'ophylla,
Ji(7f. I. c. belong doubtless to H. longifblia and H. ciliolata.

Suborder III. LOGANIE^E. jR. Br. (Loganiaceae, Lindl.,
Endl. in part.)

Leaves opposite. Stipules between the petioles, sometimes nearly
obsolete. ^Estivation of the corolla valvate or convolute. Ovary free
from the persistent calyx, or nearly so. — Shrubs or herbs, natives of
warm or tropical regions.

In thus appending Logania and its nearest allies to Rubiaceas (which seems in-
evitable when we compare Ophiorhiza with Mitreola, a portion of Hedyotis with
CoelostyUs, &c.), we tiiist we are following the indications thrown out by the most
profound botanist who proposed the order or tribe {Appx. to Flinders, 2. p. 564, and
Tackeifs Congo, p. 418) ; although it is still no less true than when Mr. Brown
first made the remark, that there are no satisfactory chai-acters known to distinguish
RubiaccK from Apocynacese.

17. CCELOSTYLIS. Torr. <^- Gr., in Endl. decad., Sficonogr. t. 101.

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla infundibuliform ; the limb 5-cleft, val-
vate in EEStivation, the margins slightly reduplicate. Stamens 5, inserted
near the middle of the tube, included : anthers oblong-linear. Ovary 2-
celled, free from the calyx, seated on a small 2-lobed disk: ovules 10 or
more in each cell, peltate, covering the somewhat projecting placentas, which
arise from near the base of each cell: style included : the lowerportion solid,
persistent; the upper half membranous, tubular, deciduous by an articula-
tion ; the summit cylindrical-subclavate, villous with rigid collecting hairs :
stigma undivided. Capsule didymous, composed of two subglobose rather
coriaceous carpels, which at length separate from each other and from the
indurated disk, opening elastically by loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds 6-8 on
each globose placenta, wingless, angular, scrobiculate. Embryo nearly
the length of the fleshy albuirien, almost straight : cotyledons oblong. — Her-
baceous, probably perennial plants (natives of Florida and Texas), with
somewhat angular stems. Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
somewhat veined, slightly petioled, wijh small entire stipules between the
petioles. Flowers small, solitary or somewliat cymulose, axillary, dichoto-
mal, and terminal.

44 RtJBlACEJE. C(elostylis.

This genus was characterized and published by the accomplished Endlicher, from
an insufficient specimen of the Florida plant, the fruit of which is still a desideratum.
But a second species of the genus fortunately occurs in Drummond's Texan Col-
lection {no. 321 of 3/v/. coll.), from which we have completed its carpological histoiy.
— The venation of the corolla is somewhat curious, although nearly the same as in
many Rubiacese. There are about 20 primaiy veins, three of which are continued
into each segment and somewhat ramified towards its summit : there is also a vein
corresponding with each sinus, occupying the situation of the primary veins in Com-
positse, and forked near the sinus in the same manner, one division passing into
each segment and coursing near the margin, but disappearing by ramification before
it reaches the summit. — The nearest alliance of Coelostylis is perhaps with Logania
§ Stomaudra, R. Br. ; from which it differs abundantly in the cestivation of the co-
foUa, and the insertion of the stamens.

1. C. loganioides (Torr. & Gr. 1. c.) : leaves ovate and obovate, some-
what coriaceous ; the upper surface with the margins and tlie summit of the
stem somewhat pnbenilent-scabrous.

Near Fort King, Florida, Dr. Burrows ! — Stem, or branches, slender, 6-
10 inches long, ascending, glabrous except the upper part and about the
nodes, somewhat 4-angled by lines decurrent from the leaves; two of the
angles more distinct. Leaves about half an inch long, scarcely petioled,
rather obtuse, marked with a few strong oblique veins. Flowers apparently
three together at the summit (the central one on a short pedicel), or solitary
and axillary- Sepals almost distinct, linear-subulate, less than half the
length of the corolla, minutely serrulate under a lens. Corolla about 4 lines
long, glabrous, probably white: the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuiish. Fila-
ments scarcely longer than the anthers: pollen triangular. Ovary ovoid,
Fftiit unknown.

2. C. Texana : leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, membranaceous,
glabrous; .stem dichotomous at the summit.

Texan, Drummond ! — Stem ascending, 12-18 inches high, 4-angled with
decurrent lines, di-trichotomous at the summit, often bearing 4 leaves in a
whorl at the first bifurcation. Leaves 1-2 inches long, 6-8 lines wide, rather
acute at each end ; the veins few and nearly simple. Siijiules ovate, those
near the base of the stem almost obsolete. Flowers dichotomal or terminal,
solitary or three together : the central ones on very short pedicels. Calyx,
corolla, stamens, and style as in the preceding species, except that the hairy
portion of the latter is shorter. Capsule about 3 lines wide, composed of two
globose glabrous cocci, which cohere by a small portion of their face, separa-
ting from each other at maturity, and from the indurated disk, which, with
the calyx, remains attached to the summit o.f the pedicel. Seeds strongly
pitted.

18. MITREOLA. Linn. hort. Cliff.; R. Br. prodr. 1. p. 450 (note);
A. Rich, in mem. soc. hist. nat. Par. 1. t. 3.
Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Linn. spec. — Cynoctonum, Gmel.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla urceolate-infundibuliform, exceeding the calyx,
bearded in the throat ; the lobes of the 5-parted limb ovate, 3-nerved. Sta-
mens 5, included, inserted into the lower part of the tube of the corolla : an-
thers roundi.sh. Ovary 2-celled, coherent with the calyx at the base : styles
short, separate at the base, united above: stigmas also united, small. Cap-
sule alinost entirely free from the calyx, 2-horned or deeply 2-lobed, mitre-
shaped, 2-celled, each lobe dehiscent near the suminit by the ventral suture:
placentas stipitate from near the summit of the dissepiment, many-seeded.
Seeds very small, oval, anatropous, minutely scrobiculate under a lens.
Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy albumen, straight : radicle cylindri-

MiTREOLA. RUBIACEiE. 45

cal : cotyledons short, ovate. — Annual glabrous herbs (natives of tropical
America and the Southern United States), with opposite oval or lanceolate
leaves, and very small entire stipules between the petioles. Flowers small,
Avhite, in terminal scorpioid cymes.

Mitreola appears to differ from Mitrasacme, LahiU. chiefly in its pentamerous
flowers. — In both species of this genus, and also in Polj^iremum, the pollen-tubes
are often so copious, even in dried specimens, as to fasten the anthers strongly to
tlie stigiua.

1. M. petiolata: leaves membranaceous, lanceolate or oval-oblong, acute,
narrowed at the base into a petiole. — Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Linn. spec. 1. p.
150; Swartz, obs. p. 59, t, 3,/. 2. O. lanceolata, Ell.! sk. I. p. 238.
Anonymos petiolata, Walt. Car. p. 108. Cynoctonum petiolatum, Gmel.
syst. p. 4.

Damp shady soil, Virginia ! to Florida! and west to the borders of Texas!
June-Sept. — Stem 1-2 feet high, .somewhat branching. Leaves 1-3 inches
long. Peduncles terminal and from the axils of the upper leaves, once or
twice dichotomous or trichotomous : the flowers subsessile and unilateral
along the somewhat circinate divisions, and solitary in the forks. Bracts
minute, subulate, one to each flower. Capsule exactl3'^ mitre-shaped ; the
lobes somewhat flattened anteriorly and posteriorly, slightly pointed, diverg-
ing, and then often somewhat convergent near the summit, each opening by
a small chink in the ventral suture near the summit.

2. M. sessilifolia : leaves firm or slightly coriaceous, ovate or roundish,
sessile; the veins conspicuous beneath. — Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Michx. ! fl.
I. p. 148 (partly) ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 139 ; Ell.! sk. 1. p. 237. O- ovalifo-
lia, Mulil. cat. p. 20. O. Croomii, Curtis! pi. Wilmingt. in Bost. jour,
nat. hist. \. 'p. 128. Anonymos sessilifolia, Walt.! Car. p. 108. Cynocto-
num sessilifolium, Gmel. I. c.

(3. angustijhlia : leaves lanceolate-elliptical, closely sessile, obscurely
veined.

Damp shady .soil, and wet banks of rivers, South Carolina! Georgia ! and
Alabama! /^. Middle Florida, J9/-. Chapman! .June-Aug. — Stem 12-18
inches high, somewhat quadrangular, simple, or sometiiues branched from
the base, or slightly so at the summit. Leaves half an inch to an inch long,
often nearly round, very obtuse at the base, and closely .sessile. Stipules
very small, those of the lower leaves indistinct. Peduncles and iuflore.scence,
flowers. &c. nearly as in the preceding species, the flowers perhaps closer
and more nearly sessile. ^Estivation of the corolla slightly imbricated ? —
We have resumed the specific names of Walter, the first botanist who dis-
tinguished the two species. It is Achille Richard, if we mi.stake not (for we
do not possess his paper on the subject), wlio has proposed the name of M.
ophiorhizoides ; but, as he has followed Michaux, who considered the two
plants as mere varieties, we know not to which species this name, if adopted,
should be apjilied ; perhaps to M. sessilifolia, which appears to be the plant
Michaux had chiefly in view, while the other species is the original Ophio»
rhiza Mitreola.

19. ? POLYPREMUM. Linn., in act. Ups. (1741) t. 78 ,• La7n. ill. t.
71 ; Geertn. Jr. t. 62 ; Juss, in ann. mus. Par. 5. p. 255, Sfmem. mus.
6. p. 382 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 435.

Symphoranthos, Milch.
Calyx deeply 4-parted ; the divisions subulate from an ovate base, with
Bcarious margins. Corolla somewhat rotate, not longer than the calyx ; the

46 RUBIACE^. POLTPREMUM.

throat bearded ; the lobes of the 4-parted Hmb sliglitly unequal, oval. Sta-
mens 4, inserted into the tube of the corolla towards the base, included: an-
thers subglobose. Ovary coherent merely with the base of the calyx, 2-
celled : style extremely short : sligma ovoid (large), entire. Capsule ovoid,
shorter than the persistent calyx, slightly compressed and didymous, 2-celled,
2-valved, loculicidal : placentas oblong, ascending from near the base of the
dissepiment, many-seeded. Seeds minute, angled, diaphanous. " Embryo
straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen." Gtertn. — A glabrous dichotomously
much branched and diffuse annual herb, rather rigid ; with opposite subulate-
linear leaves, connected on each side by an obscure stipular membrane.
Flowers small and inconspicuous, solitary and sessile in each fork of the
branches, and terminal, subtended by one or two pairs of subulate bracts.
Corolla white.

P. procumhens (Linn. 1. c.) — Pursh, fi. 1. p. 99; Ell. sJc. 1. j^- 200;
DC. ! I. c. P. Linnaii, Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 83.

Dry fields and pastures, Virginia ! to Florida ! Key West ! and Louisi-
ana ! May-Sept. — Stems numerous, procumbent or somewhat erect, 6-12
inches long ; the angles minutely scabrous. Leaves about an inch long,
very minutely serrulate-scabrous on the margins, often fascicled in the axils.
Bracts similar to the upper leaves. Sepals with a green and rigid midrib
and subulate point, the border broad and scarious. Throat of the corolla
densely bearded : the 2 upper ? lobes slightly shorter, and perhaps a little
divergent from the lower. Stamens equal. Capsule between crustaceous
and coriaceous ; the placentte oblong, nearly the length of the cells, covered
throughout with the very numerous seeds.

OiiDER LXXIV. VALERIANACE.E. DC.

Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary ; the limb various, some-
times forming a plumose pappus, occasionally obsolete. Corolla tubu-
lar-infundibuliform or obconical, often gibbous anteriorly or spurred ;
the limb mostly 5-lobed, imbricate in aestivation. Stamens distinct,
inserted into the corolla, sometimes 5, more frequently 3 or 4 (the pos-
terior only, or this and one of the lateral ones being suppressed),
rarely 2 or reduced to a single one (the posterior) : anthers introrse.
Ovary mostly 3-cclled, two of the cells empty, the third containing a
solitary suspended ovule : style filiform : stigmas 2-3, or united into
one. Fruit membranaceous or coriaceous, indehiscent, 1 -celled, or
frequently 3-celled with 2 of the cells empty, sometimes 2-celled by
the confluence of the empty cells, 1 -seeded. Seed anatropous, with a
membranaceous testa, destitute of albumen. — Herbs or sometimes
shrubs ; the perennial species with thick and odorous roots or rhizomas.
Leaves opposite, exstipulate, simple or divided. Flowers in dichoto-
mous cymes, at first often glomerate, frequently corymbose or panicu-
late. Corolla white, rose-color, or blue, rarely purple or yellow.

Valeriana. VALERIANACE^. 47

1. VALERIANA. Tourn. ; Linn. (excl. spec); Neck. clem. 1. p. 122 ;
DC. mem. Valer., S^'prodr. 4. p. 632.

Limb of the calyx involute after flowering, at length evolute, forming a
plumose pappus of numerous setae, deciduous. Corolla obconical, or with a
cyUndraceous tube, sometimes gibbous, but not spurred at the base; the
limb obtusely 5- (rarely 3-4-) cleft, regular. Stamens 3. Fruit 1 -celled
when mature (with no vestiges of the abortive cells), 1-seeded. Perennial
herbs or sometimes shrubby plants, with divided or undivided leaves. Flow-
ers cymose, the dichotomal flowers sessile ; the cymules often paniculate or
glomerate. Bracts usually opposite. Corolla white, sometimes bluish or
rose-color.

Our species are all tme Valerians (§ Phu, DC), and are perennial herbs.
* Stems climbing or twining.

1. V. scandens (Linn.): herbaceous, glabrous, climbing and twining;
leaves on slender petioles, ternately divided ; the divisions ovate or oblong-
ovate, entire, the terminal one largest, mostly acuminate ; flowers (srnall) in
dichotomous difluse or divaricate paniculate cymes, axillary and terminating
the branches ; corolla very short ; fruit glabrous or slightly hairy, 3-nerved
on one side, 1-nerved on the other. — Linn. spec. {ed. 2) 1. p. 47; Willd.
spec. 1. p. 180 ; DC. ! prodr. 4. p. 634.

Florida, Baldwin ! Dr. Leavenworth ! — Stem slender, branching, climb-
ing to the height of 4 or 5 feet. Leaves membranaceous.

* * Stem erect : root or rhizoma somewhat creeping, fibrillose.

2. V. sylvatica (Herb. Banks.): glabrous; stem slightly striate, simple ;
radical leaves ovate or oblong-spatulate, entire, or rarely with 2 small auri-
culate lobes, on slender petioles ; cauHne ones pinnately divided ; the divi-
sions lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or obscurely serrate, the terminal
one larger; flowers all perfect and similar, numerous, in a compact cyme;
lobes of the stigma 2-3, minute ; fruit ovoid, compressed, glabrous — ■
Richards.! in appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 2; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 291. V. dloica, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 727.

/?. uliginosa : leaves ciliate ; the surface also (as well as the stem) often
minutely pubescent ; the terminal division frequently toothed. — V. sylvati-
ca? Beck! hot. p. 164.

Newfoundland, Banks ! On Clear-water R,iver, in Subarctic America,
Richardson ! Prairies of the Rocky Mountains, (in about lat. 52° ?) Drum-
mond! /3. In swamps, Fairhaven, Vermont, Dr. Bobbins! Beck! Prof.
Tully! Wayne County, New York, Dr. Sartivell ! Near Pontiac, Michi-
gan, Mr. George P. Williams ! June-July. — Root having the odor of V.,
officinahs. Plant 10-24 inches high. Divisions of the cauline leaves 5-11,.
varying from oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, mostly acute. Corolla short,,
obconical, gibbous at ihe base, rose-color. — The flowers of the northern plant
(var. a.) are no larger than those of V. dioica of Europe (to which Hooker
thinks the species is probably too nearly allied) ; but the plant from the
United States, besides the diflerences already indicated, has rather larger
flowers : the cyme, at first glomerate, is at length open and somewhat ])an-
iculate. The fruit of the northern plant is unknown to us ; in that of the
United States it is glabrous, narrowly oblong-ovate, 3-nerved on one side,
and 1-nerved on the other. The leaves in tlie specimens communicated by-
Mr. Williams are pubescent throughout.

48 VALERIANACE^. Valeriana.

3. V. ■paudfiora (Michx.) : glabrous ; stem simple, slender, often decum-
bent at the base and surculose ; radical leaves ou slender petioles, ovate,
cordate, acuminate, crenate-toothed, sometimes ternately divided, with
the lateral divisions small ; cauline leaves pinnately 3-7-divided ; the
divisions ovate or oblong-ovate, often periolulate, acute or acuminate, mostly-
serrate ; cymules few-flowered, paniculate ; tube of the corolla long and
slender' with a minute gibbosity at the base ; fruit elliptical, flat, minutely
pubescent along the middle, marked on one side with 3 closely approximate,
on the other with 3 distant nerves.— iVizc/ix. / fl. I. p. 18 ; Null.! gen. I. p.
20 ; DC. frodr. 4. p. 638.

Alon^ the Alleghany Mountains, from Virginia ! to Tennessee ! and m
the We'stern States ! June-July.— Stem 1-3 feet high. Leaves thin and
membranaceous. Corolla pale pink, 8 lines to near an inch in length.

4. V. capitata {WiWA.): glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes of the erect
simple stem ; radical and lower cauline leaves on slender petioles, either
simple (and ovate or broadly oval, obtuse), or pinnately 3-5-divided ; the di-
visions broadly oval, sinuate-toothed, repand-crenulate, or often entire, the
terminal one largest ; the upper cauline leaves somewhat sessile, undivided
or often ternately parted ; the divisions (or leaves) oblong or ovate-oblong,
mostly acute, serrate-toothed or entire; cyme glomerate or often capitate;
bracts filiform-linear, elongated ; corolla gibbous on one side, at first short ;
the tube at length elongated; fruit ovate-oblong, compressed, very glabrous,
2-3-nerved on one sid^e, 1-nerved on the other. — " Willd. herb. ; Ram. <y
Sclndt. mant. 1. p. 257 (under V. sisymbrii folia, by a typographical error)'';
Cham. Sf Schlecht. in Linncea, 3- f. 130; DC. prodr. 4. p. 637 ; Hook. S;
Am. hot. Beechey,p. 125 ,• Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 292.

/3. Hookeri: plant larger; cyme more or less expanded. — V. pauciflora.
Hook.! I. c. t. 101, not of Michx. V. Hookeri, Nutt. mss. V. Sitchensis,
Bongard,in mem. acad. St. Petersb. {ser. 6) 2. p. 145.?

Kotzebue's Sound, Chamisso Sf EschschoUz, Lay 8^ Collie .' {Beechey's Toy.)
Norfolk Sound, Eschscholtz f Arctic coast, Dr. Richardson ! j3. Moist rocks
and islands of the Oregon, Douglas, Dr. Scolder ! Woods in the Rocky
Mountains about lat. 56°, Drummond.—Vlaui 1-3 feet high. Leaves or
seo-ments one to nearly 3 inches long, membranaceous, veiny, obtuse or
rather acute at each end. Peduncles slightly hairy. Corolla whitish or
rose-color, at first about the length of the bracts, in size equal to those
of the nearly allied V. tripteris of Europe, gibbous about to the same degree
and in the same manner; but the tube at length elongates and becomes
slender, and the gibbosity nearly disappears: the fully developed corolla
is not more than half the "length of that of V. pauciflora. — Like V. tripteris,
this species varies with the leaves or divisions toothed or entire : we have
never seen them cordate, nor does Hooker represent them thus. Our speci-
men collected by Eschscholtz, as well as one from Kotzebue's Sound ga-
thered in Capt. Beechey's Voyage and given to us by Dr. Arnott, might as
well be referred to ihe var. /?., which we are confident is only a more luxuri-
ant state of the northern plant. It is also a native of Kamtschatka &c.
Judt^ina from the description, we should have referred the V. Sitchensis,
Bonsa'^rd, without hesitaiion, to our var. /3. ; but it is said to ditTer from V.
catjitata, ' as well in the form of the leaves as in its whole habit.' The root
of the S'itcha plant is also said to have a stronger odor than that of V. offici-
naUs, and to be employed medicinally by the natives of the island.

* * * Stem erect, : root fusiform , fleshy : leaves soviewhat fleshy.

5. V. edidis (Nutt. mss.): stem very glabrous; leaves all somewhat
fleshy, pubescent, petioled ; the radical ones linear-lanceolate, entire, or 1-2-
pinnately paited, with the lobes divaricate ; the cauline deeply pinuatifid,

Valeriana. VALERIANACE^. 49 .

with linear segments ; panicle elongated ; the peduncles ternately verticil-
late; flowers white {Hook.) ; " fruit ovate, compressed, pubescent ; the limbj
of the calyx at length evolved in a plumose crown of about 15 sets." Nutt.-—
Patrinia ceratophyila, Hook. fl.. Bor.-Am. 1. ])• 290.

Interior of Oregon from Wallawallah and Kettle Falls, to the vallies of
the Rocky Mountains, Douglas, Nuttall. — " Stem about a foot, or in the
plains of the Rocky Mountains only 3-4 inches high. Flowers small, white,
in paniculated clusters. Leaves thin and membranaceous. Fruit one-
celled." Nutt. — This is one of tlie numerous plants, the roots of which fur-
nish food to the aborigines of the country. The thick and fusiform black
root, although bitter and apparently pernicious, when baked on heated stones
or steamed under ground is converted into a pulpy mass, sweet and rather
agreeable to the taste, and not unwholesome. Dougl., Nutt. — The following
is evidently an allied species.

6. V. ciliata : stem very glabrous, striate, simple ; leaves somewhat
fleshy, glabrous, densely ciliate ; the radical ones entire, spatulate-lanceolate,
tapering into a slender sheathing base ; some of them often pinnately 5-7-
parted, with the segments linear or lanceolate ; the cauline few (1-2 pairs),
sessile, pinnately 3-9-parted ; the segments linear ; flowers in an elongated
compound panicle ; corolla very short, obconical-campanulate (greenish-
white) ; fruit ovate, compressed, 3-ribbed on one side, 1 -ribbed on the other ;
limb of the calyx at length evolved in a plumose crown of about 12 elonga-
ted setae. — V. n. sp., Sullivant ! cat. Ohio plants. Patrinia longifolia, Mac-
Nab, in Edinb. j^hil.jour. 19. p . . ?

Swamps and wet alluvial prairies, "near Springfield, Ohio, Mr. WiU
liams,''^ Mr. Sullivant ! Urbana, Ohio, Mr. Samjdes I Milwaukie County,
Wisconsin, Mr. Lapham! On the Maitland River, near Goderich, Upper
Canada, Mr. J. Macnah (1834). June. — Root fusiform, often 6 to 12 inches
long, resembling that of the carrot in color and appearance, except that it is
inclined to become horizontal and branched below, bitter and somewhat aro-
matic to the taste, mucilaginous. {Mr. Samples, Mr. Sullivant.) Stem 1-3
or even 4 feet high in fruit, sometimes leafless. Leaves dark green ; the
radical ones 4 to 9 inches long, clustered ; the veins somewhat parallel, but
reticulated. Panicle at length elongated to a foot or more ; the primary
branches rather remote, elongated ; the flowers, as usual in the genus, at
first glomerate, but loose in fruit. — The Patrinia longifolia of MacNab was
doubtless founded upon a small and immature specimen of this interesting
plant. That specific name is pre-occupied in Valeriana.

X Doubtful Species.

7. V. (Phyllactis) obovata (Nutt.) : stemless; root fusiform; leaves radia-
ting, linear-spatulate, obtuse, hirsute-pilose. Nutt. gen. 1. p.2i (under Phyl-
lactis) ; Schult. mant. 1. p. 214 ; DC. prodr. 4. p. 632.

Bare hills around the Arikaree village. Upper Missouri. — The expanded
flowers, fruit &c., unknown. Nuttall. — A very doubtful plant.

2. PLECTRITIS. Lindl. bot. reg. t. 1095 (§ of Valerianella) ; DC.
mem. Valer. S^' j^rodr. 4. p. 631.

Limb of the calyx truncate, entire, almost none. Tube of the corolla gib-
bous anteriorly, spurred at the base ; the limb 5-cleft, more or less bilabiate.
Stamens 3. Stigma capitate. Fruit with a somewhat coriaceous triangular
fertile cell; the two empty ones open from top to bottom! each forming an
involute wing. — Annual glabrous herbs (natives of Oregon and California),

VOL. II.-7

50 VALERIANACEiE. Plectritis.

with the habit of Fedia ; the stem simple or sparingly branched. Leaves
entire, oblong or obovate-spatulate, sessile. Flowers rose-color, aggregated
in verticillate glomerules, or capitate. Bracts subulate, verticillate and in-
volucellate, united at the base.

The flowers are, we believe, all perfect and similar ; not monoecious, as stated by
De Candolle : the bracts are not multifid, but crowded and verticillate.

1. P. congesta (DC.) : corolla manifestly bilabiate; the spur (or rather its
free portion) small, much shorter than the tube ; flowers in an oval or oblong
head, or often in verticillate (approximate or rather distant) glomerules.—
DC! I.e.; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 291. P. congesta & P. capitata,
Nutt. mss. Valerianella congesta, Lindl. ! hot. reg. t. 1095. V. parvi-
flora, Dougl. ined. (var. with smaller flowers and narrower leaves, Hook.)

Banks of streams and moist rocks, along the Oregon, from the sea-shore to
the Wahlamet, Douglas ! Dr. Scouler ! Nuttall, Mr. Tolmie ! May-June.-
— Plant from 4 inches to 2 feet high. Corolla usually 3 or 4 lines long.
Ovary pubescent with, short thick hairs, but mostly glabrous when mature,
except along the face where it is shielded by the incurved wings.

2. P. macrocera : limb of the corolla almost regular, small; the spur (or
rather its free portion) thick, longer than the tube; stem slender; flowers
capitate. — P. congesta (3. Hook. S^Arn.! hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 349, excl.
syn.

California, Douglas ! — Upper leaves sometimes denticulate. Heads, and
especially the flowers, smaller than in the preceding ; the lobes of the corolla
much shorter. Ovary and fruit nearly or quite glabrous. — In P. congesta,
the gibbous portion of the corolla, which we should prefer to call an adnate
spur, is coherent with the proper (very slender) tube quite to the base of the
latter, whence it is produced into a rather slender, but short horn. In the
Californian species, on the contrary, the spur is free from at least the lower
half of the filiform tube ; but is nearly similar in form, except that the termi-
nation is more obtuse.

3. FEDIA. Mcench ; Gcertn. Jr. t. 86 (excl. spec.) ; /. Woods, in Linn.

trans. 17. p. 421, t. 21.

Fedia & Valerianella, Mcench, DC. d^c.
Limb of the calyx toothed and persistent, or obsolete. Tube of the corolla
(sometimes gibbous) not spurred ; the limb 5-lobed, regular, or slightly irregu-
lar. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigma entire, or 2-3-lobed. Fruit 3-celled ; two of
the cells empty (sometimes confluent into one), the other 1 seeded. — Annual
nearly glabrous herbs, more or less dichotomous above. Leaver oblong or
linear, sessile, entire, or often toothed or incised near the base. Flowers in
glomerate or crowded cymules, white, rose-color, or purple. Bracts opposite,
or somewhat involucellate. — Corn-Salad.

Our first section is almost exactly intermediate between Fedia and Valerianella of
Mcench and De Candolle ; having the corolla of the former, with the fruit, stamens,
and stigmas of the latter.

§ 1. Tube of the corolla long and slender ; the limb slightly irregular: sta-
mens 3 ; stigma 3-cleft : fruit flattened fore and aft, with a somewhat ere-
scent-shaped transverse section ; the empty cells membranaceous, inflated,
separated and diverging, larger than the fertile cell. — Siphonella.

Fedia. VALERIANACEiE. 61

1. F. longiflora: tube of the corolla filiform, many times longer than the
limb or the ovary ; fruit with a nearly orbicular outline, nearly glabrous,
minutely 3-toothed at the summit ; the teeth which crown the empty cells
obscure and incurved; flowers in glomerate cymules; bracts lanceolate,
glandularly fimbriate-serrulate ; lower leaves oblong-spatulate ; the upper
linear-oblong, entire. — Plectritis longiflora, Nutt. ! mss.

Plains of Arkansas, Nuttall /—Plant glabrous, 6-12 inches high; the stem
several times dichotomous above. Leaves about an inch long. Corolla
about half an inch long ; the (purplish) filiform tube not at all gibbous,
abruptly dilated at the summit into a very small slightly ringent (white)
limb. Stamens and style exserted. Empty cells of the fruit separate from
top to bottom, almost lateral, much larger than the somewhat cartilaginous
fertile cell.

2. F. Nuttallii: tube of the corolla slender, twice or thrice the length of
the limb, furnished with a small callous gibbosity above the middle ; fruit
with a nearly orbicular outline, very glabrous, minutely 3-toothed at the
summit ; flowers in capitate cymules ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, glandularly
serrulate ; leaves entire, short, obovate-spalulate ; the uppermost oblong. —
Plectritis spathulata, Nutt. ! mss.

Plains of Arkansas, with the preceding, (which it resembles,) Nuttall .'—
Tube of the (white) corolla shorter, and the limb larger in proportion. Fruit
very similar to the preceding, immature in the specimen, flattened, concavo-
convex or lunulate.

§ 2. Corolla with a short tube and a regular limb : stamer-. 3 ; stigma 2-cleft
or entire: empty cells of the fruit membranaceous and inflated, or sometimes
nerviform. — Valerianella, Moench, DC.

* Fruit with a gibbous corhj or spo7igymas$ at the back of the fertile cell; the empty
cells large, sometimes confluent. — Locustae, DC.

3. F. olitoria (Vahl.) : fruit compressed, oblique, at length broader than
long, glabrous ; the calyx teeth obscure or none ; the partition between the
empty cells often imperfect ; radical leaves petioled ; flowers pale blue. —
Vahl, enum. l.f. 19 ; /. Woods, in Linn, trans. 17.^. 430, t. 24, f. 1. (fr.)
F. caerulea, Aikin! in Eaton, man. toi., under Valerianella. F. radiata,
Bart, compend. 7 Valeriana locusta a. olitoria, Linn. V. olitoria, Willd.
spec. 1. p. 182. Valerianella olitoria, Mcench, meth. p. 493 ; " Dufresne,

Valer.p. 56, t. 3, f 8"; DC. prodr. 4. p. 625. V. radiata, DC I. c. ;
Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 11 (chiefly); not Fedia radiata, Michx. V. rhombi-
carpa, Aikin! cat. Baltimore plants.

Fields, Maryland and Virginia, Dr. Aikin ! New Orleans, Drummond.
Doubtless introduced from Europe. June.— Plant 4-10 inches high, dicho-
tomous ; the angles of the stem pubescent. Upper leaves sparingly toothed
at the base, ciliate, as also the bracts. Flowers smaller than in V. radiata,
in small glomerules. Stigma of three very small linear-oblong lobes.
Transverse section of the fruit elliptical ; the spongy mass often nearly as
large as the empty cells.

* * Fruit triquetrous, not grooved between the {at length confluent ?) empty cells, which
farm the anterior angle, and are much smaller than the fertile one ; tlie latter not
thickened at the bach — Trigonoccelse.

4. F. Fagopyrum : fruit triangular, with an ovate outline, nearly glabrous
when mature, obsoletely 2-3-toothed at the apex ; the lateral angles acute,
the anterior somewhat obtuse ; upper leaves mostly entire and rather acute ;

52 VALERIANACEiE Fedia.

flowers white. — F. radiata, Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 35, chiefly, not of Michx. Val-
erianella radiata, Beck, hot. p. 164, partly.

Swampy shady grounds. Western part of the State of New York! to
Michigan! and apparently in Ohio and Kentucky. May. — Stem 6-18
inches high, dichotomous above, nearly glabrous. Leaves an inch or an
inch and a half long, slightly glaucous; the lowermost spatulate; the upper-
most lanceolate-oblong, freijuently but not unifurmly acutish. Bracts lanceo-
late, acute, with slightly scarious scarcely ciliate margins. Corolla larger
than in F. radiata, infundibuliform. Stigma thickened, nearly entire. Fruit
much larger than in F. radiata, li to 2 lines long, minutely puberulent when
young, but glabrous when mature, in shape resembling a grain of buck-
wheat, acutish, minutely and obtusely 1-3-toothed ; the fertile cell more than
twice the breadth of the two sterile ones taken together, broad and flat on the
back, the transverse section triangular with the anterior angle truncated and
excavated for the reception of the sterile cells, filled by the broad seed: the
empty cells taken together roundish, membranaceous, with the anterior-
groove very minute or none ; the dissepiment thin, and apparently often dis-
appearing.— A remarkable species in its fruit, which furnishes the chief char-
acters in this genus. We have specimens from Ohio and Kentucky, unfor-
tunately without fruit, which have just the flowers of this plant, but rather
larger leaves, all obtuse, inclined to be ciliate, and the upper often toothed at
the base : they will doubtless prove to belong to this species.

• * * Fruit iwt thickened or corky at the back of the fertile cell ; the traTisverse section
somewhat orbicular or crescent-shaped : empty cells as large as or larger than the fer-
tile one, either contigumts or separated. — Platycoelae & Selenocoelae, DC.

5. F. radiata (Michx.) : fruit ovoid, pubescent, obtusely and unequally
somewhat 4-angled, slightly 1-toothed at the summit; the empty cells con-
tiguous, but with, a rather deep groove between them, rather narrower than
the flattish fertile cell ; upper leaves often toothed ; flowers white. — Michx. !
/. 1.^.18; Vahl. enu7n. 2. p. 21 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 42. Valeriana locusta e.
radiata, Linn. spec. 1. p. 34 ? V. locusta, Walt. Car. p. 66. V. radiata,
Willd. I. c. ? Valerianella radiata, Dufrcsne, I. c. ? (ex syn.), not of DC.

/3. ? leiocarpa : fruit ovoid-oblong, glabrous, the fertile cell rather narrow-
er in proportion.

Low grounds and moist fields, Michigan, Dr. Pitcher ! to Florida ! and
Western Lousiana ! /3. North Carolina! — April- (March in the Southern
States) May. — Stem 3-12 inches high, often slightly pubescent. Leaves
mostly somewhat ciliate ; the lower oblong-spatulate ; the upper lanceolate-
oblong, obtuse, often coarsely toothed towards the base. Bracts lanceolate,
slightly ciliate. Flowers in dense cyraules, much smaller than in the pre-
ceding, white, or bluish-white ? Stigma with three short lobes. Fruit
scarcely a line long, clothed with a short somewhat deciduous pubescence,
slightly grooved on each side between the sterile and the fertile cell, and
with a pretty deep open groove between the two former, which however are
not at all divergent. — This species is without doubt indigenous; and indeed
is quite ditlercnt from any described foreign species, but it has sometimes
been confounded with the introduced F. olitoria. We are uncertain to which
the synonym of Clayton should be referred : the character ' floribus albis'
applies best to F. radiata; that of'semine compresso' to F. olitoria. — Our
var. ? leiocarpa has a narrower as well as smooth fruit, but we dare not con-
sider it a distinct species.

6. F. Woodsiana: fruit subglobose-inflated, glabrous, very slightly 1-
toothed at the summit ; the empty cells separate from top to bottom, diverg-
ing, much inflated, their transverse section nearly orbicular, much larger
than the fertile cell, which is narrowly oblong and flattened on the back ;

Fedia. VALERIANACE^. 53

upper leaves usually incisely toothed ; bracts oval-lanceolate, acute, not
cUiate.

Texas, " between Bejar and Austin, Berlandier" DC. (under Valerian-
ella pumila), Drummond /—Habit of F. radiata. Leaves very slightly if at
all ciliate. Flowers in small glomerate cymules. Bracts without scarious
margins. Corolla very small and short. Stigma with 3 short lobes. Cells
of the fruit each very obscurely 1-nerved, and obtuse at the apex ; the point
of the fertile one slightly produced, but not appearing like a tooth of the
calyx. — This apparently very distinct species (allied doubtless to F. pumila,
and perhaps also to F. turgida,) we would dedicate to Joseph Woods, Esq.
F. L. S., a well-known British botanist, whose admirable memoir entitled
" Observations on the species of Fedia'' (published in the seventeenth volume
of the Transactions of the Linnaean Society), has thrown much light upon
the European species.

X Doubtful Species.

7. F. chenopodifolia (Pursh) : dichotomous ; leaves ovate, acute, toothed
towards the base; cymes naked, divaricate-dichotomous ; filaments long.
Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 727.

Virginia, Herb. Sherard. @ About a span high ; flowers the size of
yaleriana officinalis. Pursh.

Order LXXV. DIPSACE^. Vaill; DC.

Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary, or sometimes free except
at the summit ; the limb various, sometimes forming a hairy or plu-
mose pappus. Corolla tubular ; the limb 5-cleft, or 4-cleft by the
union of the two superior lobes ; the inferior lobe larger and overlap-
ping the others in aestivation. Stamens 4, inserted into the corolla
towards its base (the posterior one suppressed), distinct, or rarely with
the filaments united in pairs : anthers introrse : pollen tetrahsedal.
Ovary 1 -celled, with a single suspended ovule : style filiform : stigma
simple or 2-lobed. Fruit membranaceous or acheniform, indehiscent,
crowned with the limb of the calyx, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. Seed anatro-
pous, with a very thin testa which often coheres with the pericarp.
Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy albumen. — Herbs or suflfrutes-
cent plants (none of them natives of America) ; with opposite or
verticillate sessile leaves, without stipules. Flowers aggregated in a
dense involucrate head upon a common receptacle (rarely in dense
whorls), each usually subtended by a chaff"-like bract, and surrounded
at the base by a very short closely appressed monophyllous involucel ;
the corolla of the exterior flowers often radiant.

I. DIPSACUS. Tourn. ; Linn. ; Gcertn. fr. t. 86 ; Coult. Dips. p. 21,
/. 2-4, 4- in DC. prodr. 4. p. 695.
Flowers capitate ; the involucre polyphyllous, longer than the somewhat
foliaceous and acuminate chaff of the receptacle. Involucel 4-sided, closely

54 DIPSACE^. DipsAcus.

investing the ovary and fruit. Tube of the calyx coherent with the ovary ;
the limb cup-shaped or discoid. Limb of the corolla 4-cleft. Stamens 4.
Stigma longitudinal. — Biennial erect stout herbs (natives of Europe and
Middle Asia), hairy or prickly. Leaves opposite, often connate at the base,
undivided or laciniate. Heads large, oblong or roundish ; the expansion of
the flowers commencing about the middle and proceeding in opposite direc-
tions I Corolla pale purple, yellowish, or whitish.

1. D. sylvestris (Mill.) : stem, with the midrib of the leaves and involucre,
pricklv, angled ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, crenate-toothed ; the uppermost
lanceolate, mostly entire ; leaves of the involucre long and slender, pungent,
curved upwards, longer than the oblong head ; chaff of the receptacle taper-
ing into a long setaceous flexible awn-like appendage, with a straiglit point. —
Mill. did. no. 2 ; Jacq. fl. Austr. t. 402 ; Fl. Dan. t. 965 ; Engl. hot. t.-
1032; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 96; Torr. .' fl. 1. p. 164; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest.
p. 98.

Fields and road-sides, not uncommon in the Northern and Middle States;
naturalized. July- Aug. — Corolla pale purple, pubescent. — Wild Teasel.

D. Pullonvm, the FuUer's Teasel, is sometimes cultivatvjd, but it has never become
naturalized in this country.

Order LXXVI. COMPOSITiE. Vaill. ; Linn. ; Adans.

Synantherae, Rich. — Syngenesia, Linn. sex. syst. — Compogitiflorje, Gcertn.

Flowers collected into a dense head (compound flower of the older
authors) upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre.
Tube of the calyx coherent with the ovary and undistinguishable from
it ; the limb (called pappus) composed of bristles or scales, &c., or
very rarely foliaceous, often wanting or reduced to a margin. Corolla
composed of mostly 5 united petals ; either ligulate or tubular, in the
latter case with a valvate aestivation ; the tube generally furnished
with 5 nerves (or more properly 10 united in pairs), which extend
from the base to the sinuses, where they divide, a branch coursing
along or near each margin to the apex of the lobes. Stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them : the fila-
ments (distinct or united above) inserted into the tube : anthers linear,
coherent by their margins into a cylinder [syngenesious). Ovary 1-
celled, containing a single erect anatropous ovule : style (usually
undivided in the sterile flowers) 2-cleft ; the lobes or branches (incor-
rectly called stigmas) various in form, mostly flattish within, often
furnished with collecting hairs ; the proper stigmas occupying their
inner margins, in the form of glandular slightly prominent lines.
Fruit an indehiscent dry 1 -seeded pericarp (ackenium)^ crowned with

COMPOSITE. 55

the limb of the calyx or pappus. Seed destitute of albumen. Radicle
short : cotyledons flat or plano-convex. — Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees
(forming about one-tenth of phanerogamous vegetation) ; with alternate
or opposite sometimes divided or lobed exstipulate leaves. Branches
often corymbose, terminated by the heads, the central ones earliest
developed. Flowers in each head expanding successively from the
margin (or lower portion) to the centre or apex, either all of the same
color (homochromous), or the marginal ones different from those of the
disk (heterochromoiis), the latter in this case almost always yellow ;
either perfect, polygamous, or diclinous.

There are several terms nearly peculiar to this order, or employed in a particular
sense. The head has been termed by different authors the Calathidmvr , Anthodium,
or Cephakinthhim ; the involucre has received the name of Covimon calyr, Pericli-
niuvi, <^c. ; and the receptacle has been called the Phoranthhim , Clinanthmm, or
Rachis : we have employed none of these tenns. The head is said to be homoga^
rnmts, when all the flowers are perfect ; or hcterogawous^ when the marginal ones are
pistillate or neutral, and the others perfect or staminate : it is termed aiscoid, when
the corolla is tubular throvighout ; ligvlatc, when all the corollas are ligulate ; radiate,
when the marginal ones only are ligulate and the others tubular ; and fa b^dy discoid,
when the corollas are all bilabiate : they are monaciovs, when the staminate and pis-
tillate flowers occupy the same heads; hetcroccp/ialovs, when they occupy different
heads upon the same individual ; dia-ciovs, when in separate heads upon different in-
dividuals. The modified leaves of the involucre are called scaks. The receptacle,
which is the axis of a contracted or depressed spike (and therefore very properly
termed raehis, by Lessing), is said to be j^ckaccoiis or chajfjf, when all the flowers
are subtended by chaffy scales {bractcoks, Lessing), similar to the innermost scales
of the involucre; semipakaccaiis, when only partly furnished with chaffy scales, and
epakaceoKS or naked, when destitute of these scales : it is alreokitc, when each flower
is surrounded at the base with a veiy short scaly ring or involucel, so as to present
an appearance like honey-comb wlien the achenia are removed ; fimhrilkitc, when
the margins of the alveoli are irregularly lacerate or bristly ; areolaie when a slight
or obsolete, often pentagonal, border or line surrounds the base of each flower. "1 he
anthers are usually more or less prolonged at the summit into a membranous ap-
pendage {appr.ndiailate^ ; and sometimes each lobe or cell bears a subulate or seti-
form appendage at the base, when they are said to be caudate. The achenia are
articulated with the receptacle, either sessile or stipitate : they are sometimes ros-
trate, or with the summit prolonged into a beak ; in which case the pappus is often,
but incorrectly, said to be stipitate. — For the sake of greater convenience in the study
of this vast family, we introduce a synopsis of its leading divisions; and give, at
the commencement of each tribe, a conspectus of its subdivisions and genera, so
far as they are represented in the flora of North America. This is the more neces-
sary, since the student may at first meet with some difficulty in the application of the
leading technical characters of the tribes, derived from the form of the styles and
stigmas.

CONSPECTUS OF THE TRIBES.

Suborder I. TUBULIFLOR.iE.— Corolla of the perfect flowers tubular, and
regularly 5- (rarely 3-4-) toothed or lobed.

Tribe I. Vernoniace.e. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous ; the branches
usually elongated and subulate, hispid throughout; the stigmatic lines not
extending beyond thelv liiiddle.

Tribe II. EupiToniACEi^. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous; the branches
elongated, obtuse or clavate, externally puberulent or papillose towards the
siunmit ; the stigmatic lines obscure, termmating near their middle.

66 COMPOSITE.

Tribe III. Asteroide^. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous; the branches
Unear, externally flattish, and minutely and equally pubescent above ; the stig-
matic'lines prominent, extending about to the origin of the exterior pubescence.

Tribe IV. Senecionide^;. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous; the
branches linear, tmncate at the summit and penicillate, or often produced
into a conical or elongated hispid appendage ; the stigmatic lines rather
broad and prominent, extending to the commencement of the appendage or
hairy portion.

Tribe V. Cynare;e. Style of the perfect flowers nodose-thickened and often
penicillate at the summit ; the stigmatic lines not prominent, reaching to and
confluent at the summit of the externally puberulent branches.

Suborder II. LABIATIFLOR^.— Corolla of the perfect flowers bilabiate.

Tribe VI. Mutisiace^:. Style of the perfect flowers cylindraceous or somewhat
nodose above ; the branches obtuse or truncate, externally very convex and
minutely pubescent above.

Tribe VII. NassauviacEjE. Style of the perfect flowers not nodose-thickened
above ; the branches linear, rather long, truncate, penicillate at the summit.

Suborder III. LIGULIFLOR^E.— Flowers all perfect and ligulate.

Tribe VIII. Cichorace;e. Style cylindraceous above ; the branches rather
long and obtuse, equally pubescent ; the stigmatic lines terminating below
their middle.— Plants with milky juice.

SubordebI. TUBULIFLOR^. DC.

Corolla of the perfect flowers tubular, and regularly 5- (rarely 4-)
toothed or lobed. Pollen globose, echinulate, or (in Cynarea) rarely
smooth and elliptical.

Tribe L VERNONIACE.J:. Less.

Heads discoid, with the flowers all tubular and perfect (homoga-
mous), or rarely radiate ; the ray flowers ligulate and pistillate. Co-
rolla occasionally palmate or obscurely bilabiate. Style cyhndricat
above ; the branches subulate and elongated (rarely short and obtuse),
equally hispid ; the stigmatic lines terminating below or near their
middle, not confluent.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA*

Subtribe 1. Vernonije. — Heads discoid, homogamous;

1. Vernonia. Heads several-many-flowered. Pappus of hair-like bristles.

2. Stokesia. Heads many-flowered. Pappus of 4-5 long bristly deciduous scales.

3. Elephantopus. Heads 3-5-flowered, aggregated in glomerules. Pappus of

several persistent chaffy bristles or awns.

Subtribe 2. Pectide.e. — Heads radiate, heterogamous.

4. Xanthisma. Corolla ofthe disk regular. Leaves glandless.

5. Pectidopsis. Corolla regular. Leaves punctate. Pappus coroniform.

6. Pectis. Corolla of the disk obscurely bilabiate. Leaves punctate with glands.

Pappus chaffy and mostly awned.

Vernonia. COMPOSITiE. 57

Subtribe 1. VERNONiEiE, Cass. — Heads discoid ; the flowers all perfect.
Branches of the style elongated or acuminate. — Leaves mostly alternate.
Flowers of the cyanic series, viz., white, blue, purple, or red, but never
yellow.

1. VERNONIA. Schreh. gen. p. 541 ,- DC. prodr. 5. p. 15.

Heads several-many-flowered ; the flowers all equal and tubular. Invo-
lucre imbricate, shorter than the flowers ; the inner scales longest. Recepta-
cle commonly naked. Corolla regular; the lobes about the length of the
tube. Filaments smooth. Achenia mostly striate or ribbed, with a cartila-
ginous callus at the base. Pappus usually double ; the interior of copious
capillary bristles ; the exterior mostly short or minute, often somewhat
squamellate or chaffy. — Mostly perennial herbs or shrubby jtlants (chiefly
tropical), with usually alternate leaves, and various inflorescence, in the
North American species corymbose-cymose. Flowers purple, rose-color,
or white.

* Caidine leaves very few : cyme dichotomous-paniculate.

1. V. oligophylla {Michx.) : stem slender, simple, nearly naked above;
leaves scabrous, often punctate, pubescent on the veins beneath ; the radical
ones oval or obovate-oblong, denfnte-serrate, narrowed at the base ; the cau-
line (2-4) much smaller, lanceolate, serrulate; heads few, in a loose i)anicu-
late or dichotomous cyme, 15-30-flowered ; involucre carnpanulate, much
shorter than the mature pappus; the scales with spreading acuminate tips,
lanceolate, ciliate ; achenia 10-ribbed, nearly glabrous when mature. —
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 94 ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 134 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 286 ; Less, in Lin-
ncea, 6. p. 677 ; DC! prodr. b. p. 62. Chrysocoma acaulis, Walt. Car. p.
196, fide Pursh.

Damp pine barrens, N. Carolina I to Florida! June-July. — li Stem
1-3 feet high, a little hairy ; the root stoloniferous according to Elliott. Ex-
terior scales of involucre loose, subulate, sometitiies as long as the inner.
Corolla purple.

* * Stem leafy : cyvies corymbose or somcivkai uvibelliform.

2. V. Noveboracensis (Willd.) : stem striate, slightly pubescent ; leaves lan-
ceolate or elliptical-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute at each end, often
petioled, glabrous or slightly scabrous above; cyme fastigiate; heads nume-
rous, 20-30-flowered ; "involucre hemispherical-campanulate, shorter than
the pappus; the scales appressed, ovate, mostly produced into a subulate or
filiform flexuous appendage; several of the outermost subulate, loose and
bract eolate ; achenia glabrous or slightly hairy when young, glandular,
shorter than the pappus.— Willd. spec. 3. p. 1632; DC! ]}rodr. 5. p. 63.
V. praealta. Less.! in Linncea, 4. p. 264 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 304 ;
Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 448. Serratula Noveboracensis, &c. Linn. ! hort.
CliJ. p. 392, Sf spec. 2. p. 818.

(i. scales of the involucre acute or acuminate, some of them usually with
subulate or filiform points.— V. praealta, Willd.! I. c. (not of DC) Serra-
tula prsealta & glauca, Linn. ! spec. I. c.

y. stem, cyme, and lower surface of the leaves tomentose ; scales with
long filiform points— V. tomentosa. Ell. sk. 2. p- 288. Chrysocoma tomen-
tosa. Wall. Car. p. 196.

58 COMPOSITE. Vernonja.

"Wet places nearly throughout the United States, especially near the coast
and along rivers. July-Aiig. — 2i Stem 3-6 feet high. Scales of the invo-
lucre brownish-purple, mostly ciliale with cobweb-like hairs. Corolla deep
purple, rarely pale or pink-color. — Iron-weed.

3. V. Baldwinii (Torr.) : stem and lanceolate serrulate leaves tomentose-
pubescent; cyme fastigiate, somewhat crowded; heads 20-30-flowered ;
involucre subglobose, tomentose and glandular, shorter than the mature pap-
pus, squarrose with the very short recurved acuminate tips of the appressed
scales; achenia (immature) puberulent and glandular, shorter than the pap-
pus.— Torr.! in ann. lye. Neiv York, 2. p. 211. V. sphaeroidea, Nutt. ! in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 284. (ined.)

On the Missouri, Baldwin! Arkansas, Nuttall! — H Plant in some re-
spects intermediate between V. Noveboracensis and V. fasciculata, but pro-
bably distinct from both ; the heads mostly smaller than in the former.

4. V. fasciculata {MXchy;..) : stem striate or grooved ; leaves narrowly lan-
ceolate, tapering and acute at each end, serrulate, sometimes puncticulate be-
neath, often somewhat petioled ; cyme fastigiate ; the heads numerous, approx-
imate or crowded, 15— 30-flowered ; invoUicre hemispherical-campanulate,
much shorter than the pappus; the scales all closel}' appressed, ciliate; the
outermost much shorter, acute or mucronulate ; the others obtuse, not mucro-
nate; achenia glabrous when mature, and almost the length of the pappus. —
Michx. ! fi. 2. J). 94. (not of DC.) V. altissima. Less, in Linnfea, 6. p.
639. V. prsealta, DC. ! I. c. (chiefly, excl. syn. Dill. Elth. ?) ; not of Linn. !
Chrysocoma gigantea, Walt. 1 V. corymbosa, Schiveinitz. ! in Long^s
2nd exjjed.

(8. stem and lower surface of the leaves puberulent or alinost tomentose ;
heads rather large ; the scales of the involucre mostly very obtuse.

y. stem and lower surface of the leaves often puberulent; heads small;
scales of the involucre sometimes rather acute or mucronulate. — V. altis-
sima, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 134 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 289.

6. nearly glabrous ; heads rather small ; the scales greenish ; flowers
nearly white.

Prairies and moist woods, throughout the Western States ! and not unfre-
quent, particularly var. >■., in the South^n-n States ! /3. Illinois, Dr. Short!
6. Kentucky, Dr. Short! July-Aug.— 21 Stem tall (6-12 feet, Nutt.) and
stout. Cyme usually dense and fastigiate, or sometimes loose and spreading.
Flowers (except in var. 6.) bright purple. Pappus either pale or purple. —
This species varies greatly in the size of its heads, and in the cymes : it is
distinguished by its closely appressed and inappendiculate (usually rounded)
involucral scales; the tips of which are mostly ]iurple. The leaves, in one
of the forms with small loosely disposed heads, are often ratlier broadly lan-
ceolate, and 6 to 8 inches long.

6. V. Jamesii: stem nearly glabrous, striate, corymbose at the summit;
leaves (upperones) narrowly lanceolate, elongated, sessile, glabrous, 1-nerved,
entire, both sides puncticulate; cyme corymbosc-fastigiate ; heads (about 40)
15-20-flowered, rather large ; involucre oblong-campanulate or turbinate,
acute at the base, shorter than the pappus ; the scales all appressed, lanceo-
late-ovate, acuminate or somewhat mucronate, ciliate ; achenia glabrous,
shorter than the pappus ; the exterior chaffy pappus very indistinct. — V. al-
tissima? /3. marginala, Torr. ! in ann. lye. NeivYork, 2. p. 210.

On the Arkansas? Dr. James! — The specimen is imperfect, consisting
only of a branch or the summit of a stem ; but it is abundantl}' different from
any other N. American species. The heads are half an inch in length, more
elongated than usual ; the scales bordered with an arachnoid web, as in many
other species, and greenish, with reddish tips. The corymbose branches
of the inflorescence bear 3 to 7 heads, which are mostly on slender pedicels.

Vernonia. COMPOSITiE. 59

6. V. angustifolia (Michx.) : stem slender, simple or branched, hairy be-
low; leaves numerous, sessile or nearly so, linear or narrowly lanceolate,
often pubescent especially on the midrib beneath ; the lower remotely serru-
late ; the n])permost with revolute margins, mostly entire ; cyme corymbose
or somewhat unibelliform, often simple; heads 15-25-flowered ; involucre
campanulate, shorter than the pappus ; tlie scales ovate or lanceolate, (he
exterior mostly loose and bracteolate, either mucronate or furnished with sub-
ulate or filiform points ; achenia minutely hispid on the ribs, much shorter
than the pappus. — Michx.! fi. 2. j)- 94.

a. upper leaves slender, very narrowly linear, entire, glabrous or scabrous
(scales of the involucre either appendiculate or merely mucronate). — V.
angustifolia. Ell. sk. 2. p. 287 ; Less. I. c. ; DC. prodr. 5. j). 63. V.
fasciculata, DC! I. c, not o( Michx. Chrysocoma graminifolia, Walt.!
Car.jj. 196.

/?. leaves lanceolate or linear, short, scabrous, especially above ; the lower
ones serrulate ; scales of the involucre mostly appendiculate. — V. scaberri-
ma, Nutl. ! gen. 2. p. 134 ; Ell. I. c. ; Less. I. c. ; DC. ! I. c.

y. leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, elongated, very scabrous above ;
the lower ones remotely serrulate ; cymes often compound; scales of the in-
volucre nearly inappendiculate.

Dry pine woods, N. Carolina! to Florida! (a. & /3.) y. Louisiana, Dr.
Hale! Texas, Drurmnond! June-Aug. — 21 Stem 1-3 feet high. Cyme
bearing 5-many (small) heads, either simple or compound, loose. Scales of
the involucre few. Pappus wliite or purplish. Corolla bright purple.
Achenia often glandular. — The lower leaves of the most narrow-leaved form
are veiny, as in the other varieties ; while the upper ones, being very narrow,
are only one-nerved. The original specimens of both V. angustifolia,
Michx., and V. scaberrima, Nutt., belong, if we mistake not, to precisely the
same form of this species. No reliance can be placed upon the appendages
of the involucral scales.

7. V. ovalifoUa : stem simple, pubescent below, corymbose at the sum-
mit ; leaves oval or lanceolate-oblong, acute, sessile, sharply serrate, veiny,
nearly smooth and glabrous ; cyme corymbose-fastigiate, loose ; the heads
about 20-flowered ; involucre campanulate, much shorter tlian the pappus;
the scales ovate, appressed, mostly acute or somewhat mucronate ; achenia
a little hairy, much shorter than the pappus.

Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! also near Fort King, Mr. Alden! — Stem
apparently 3-4 feet high, and rather stout, terete, finely striate above.
Leaves 3-4 inches long, and 1-2 or more wide. Heads rather numerous ;
the involucre and flowers much resembling those of V. angustifolia, but
mostly larger. Achenia glandular between the ribs : pappus purplish.

8. V. Arkansana (DC): nearly glabrous; stem stout, simple, striate;
leaves numerous, lanceolate-linear, acute at each end, obscurely veined, ser-
rulate, punctate, especially above ; heads 6-10, in a simple umbelliform
cyme, the central one nearly sessile, subglobose, 50-60-flowered ; involucre
nearly as long as the pappus ; the scales very numerous, lanceolate, pubes-
cent and glandular, with spreading or squarrose subulate tips; achenia
strongly 10-ribbed, puberulent and minutely glandular, nearly the length of
the pappus. — DC. prod.r. 7. p. 264.

Arkansas, Nutlall! Dr. Pitcher ! — The plant of De Candolle (which was
raised in the Geneva garden from seeds collected in Arkansas by Mr. Four-
tales) appears to be the same with ours. But he does not mention the size of
the heads, which in our plant when in fruit are nearly an inch in diameter;
and then depressed-globose ; and the pedicels are remarkably thickened at
the summit. Corolla violet-purple. Exterior pappus short, but copious.

60 COMPOSITE. Stokesia.

2. STOKESIA. VHer. sert. Angl. p. 27 ; DC in ann. mus. Par. 16. p.
134, Sfprodr. 5. p. 71 ; Cass. diet. bl. p. 64.

Heads many-flowered ; the exterior flowers much larger and assuming the
form of a ray. Involucre subglobose, bracteate at the base, imbricated in
several series, appressed; the exterior scales with a somewhat spreading fo-
liaceous ciliate-spinulose appendage ; the inner oblong, somewhat ciliate.
Receptacle fleshy, naked. Corolla palmate, sprinkled with resinous glo-
bules ; the marginal ones much deeper cleft within. Anthers included.
Branches of the style semi-subulate. Achenia short, 4-sided (rarely 3-sided),
glabrous, terminated with a broad quadrangular areola. Pappus of 4-5
elongated rather rigid awn-like (white) chaffy scales, deciduous. — An erect
somewhat branching perennial herb ; with a tomentose stem, and large heads, ,
resembling a Carthamus or Centaurea, terminating the branches. Leaves
alternate, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous or slightly glaucous, minutely glandu-
lar-punctate, entire; the uppermost sessile and serrate-spinulose near the
somewhat dilated base ; the lower tapering into a margined petiole ; the in-
volucrate bracts resembling the upper leaves. Flowers blue, showy.

S.cyanea (L'Her. ! 1. c.)—Ait.! Kew. {ed. 2) 4. p. 491; DC! I.e.
" Carliiamus Ifevis, Hill, Kew. 57. t. 5." C. Carolinianus, Michx. ! in herb,
mus. Par. Cartesia centauroides, Cass, in bull, philom. 1816,^. 198.

S. Carolina, "introduced into England by Mr. James Gordon about the
vear 1766." Hort. Kew. " Georgia, Mr. Tatnall,'" in herb. Nutt. ! Covington,
Louisiana, Drummond ! — This is one of the rarest plants of the United
States. It is, or recently has been, cultivated in Mr. Buist's garden at Phil-
adelphia. The plant collected by Drummond is inadvertently called Cen-
taurea Americana, in the account of his United States collections, in Comp.
to bot. mag. I. p. 48.

3. ELEPHANTOPUS. Linn. ; Geertn.fr. t. 165; Endl. gen. p. 362.

Heads 3-5-flowered, aggregated into terminal or axillary glomerules ; the
flowers all equal and similar. Involucre compressed ; the scales about 8, in
2 series, dry, oblong, alternately plane and conduplicate ; the interior usually
3-nerved. Receptacle naked or obscurely alveolate. Corolla palmate (one
of the sinuses being more deeply cleft than the others) ; the segments acumi-
nate. Filaments smooth. Branches of the style semi-subulate. Achenia
oblong, somewhat compressed, many-ribbed, hairy. Pappus in one or two
rows of several chaffy bristles, dilated at the base. — Erect perennial herbs,
with alternate mostly sessile feather- veined leaves. Corolla violet-purple.

§ Pappus in a single series ; the bristles straight and equal : glomerules ter-
minating the branches, somewhat corymbed, involucrate. — Ei,ephantopus,
Cass., Less., DC.

1. E. Caroli7navus {Wi]]d.) : stem hairy, corymbosely branched above;
leaves somewhat hairy and scabrous ; the radical ones ovate or obovate-ob-
long, crenate-serrate, tapering into a long margined petiole ; the cauline ob-

ELEPHANT0PU3. COMPOSITE. 61

long or lanceolate ; the floral ones ovate-oblong, or cordate-ovate (usually
longer than broad).— IVilld. spec. 3. p. 2390 (excl. syn.) ; NuLt.! gen.
2. p. 187,- Eli. sk. 2. ;;. 480 ; Less, in Linncea, 4. j>. 324 ; DC! prodr.
5. p. 86. E. scaber, Michx.! Ji. 2. p. 148; not of Linn., except as to syn.
Gronav.

In dry soil, Pennsylvania ! to Florida ! and Louisiana ! July-Sept. —
Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves membranaceous; some of the floral leaves
often oblong, and longer than the glomerules.

2. E. tomentosus (Linn.) : stem hirsute, nearly naked, simple, sparingly
dichotomous and corymbose at the summit ; leaves villous-tomentose beneath,
hirsute-pubescent above ; the radical ones large, obovate or oblong-spatulate,
obtuse, crenate, narrowed at the base, sessile ; the floral ones broadly ovate
or cordate ; scales of the involucre rigid. — Linn. ! spec. ed. I. p. 814, 8^ ed.
2. p. 1314, excl. syn. Brotone ; Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 582 ; Less. I. c. p. 326. E.
nudicaulis. Ell. sk. 2. p. 481 ; Poir. suppl. 2. p. 543 ; Hook, compan. to
hot. mag. 1. p. 96; DC! I. c. E. Carolinianus /?. simplex, Nutt. gen.
2. p. 187.

S. Carolina ! to Florida ! Alabama ! Louisiana ! and Arkansas ! July-
Sept. — Stem 1-2 feet high, naked, or sometimes with a single leafbelow, re-
sembling the radical ones, and a small lanceolate leaf at each bifurcation of
the corymb; the floral leaves very broad, about tlie length of the glomer-
ules, villous-tomentose, or somewhat silky. Glomerules large. Heads
larger, and the scales more pubescent and rigid than in the preceding species.
— This is the original E. tomentosus of Linnaeus, as appears from the speci-
men of Clayton. It is more nearly allied to E. scaber than to E. Carolini-
anus, and Hooker thinks it is identical with the East Indian species. We
know not how it is to be distinguished from that species, except by its larger
and usually broader tomentose leaves, and more hairy involucre ; and we
have received from Western Louisiana a plant which exactly accords with
the East Indian E. scaber.

3. E. scaber (Linn.) : stem somewhat dichotomous or corymbose above,
more or less hirsute ; leaves somewhat pubescent or hairy and scabrous ; the
radical ones cuneiform-spatulate or oblanceolate, crenulate, tapering to the
base, often petioled ; the cauline few and small, lanceolate ; the floral ones
cordate-ovate, hairy. — Liim. I. c, excl. syn. Gronov. Sfc. {Dill. Elili. I. 106) ;
Less. I. c. ; DC ! p>^odr. 5. p. 86.

Near Alexandria, Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! — Stem slender, 12-18 inches
high, with only 2 or 3 very small cauline leaves; the radical ones about 6
inches long, an inch or a little more in width towards the summit, slightly
scabrous and pubescent. Glomerules small. — The plant exactly accords
with specimens from China and the peninsula of India. We can make lit-
tle use of Lessing's character derived from the venation of the floral leaves
and scales of the involucre.

Subtribe 2. Pectide^, Less. — Heads radiate. Branches of the style in
the perfect flowers obtuse. — Leaves usually opposite. Flowers of the xan-
thic series (mostly yellow).

4. XANTHISMA. DC prodr. 5. p. 94.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers (neutral ? or pistillate ?) entire ;
those of the disk perfect. Involucre hemispherical ; the scales imbricated,
appressed, coriaceous, nearly oval, very obtuse. Receptacle flmbrillate;
the fimbrillas lacerate, about the length of the achenium. Corolla of the disk

62 COMPOSITiE. Xanthisma.

5-cleft, regular ; the lobes erect. Anthers not caudate. Style of the ray-
short and simple, included within the tubular part of the corolla; that of the
disk 2-cleft at the summit ; the branches included, linear, obtuse, slightly
and minutely hispid. Achenia obovate, scarcely angled, pubescent. Pap-
pus composed of elongated unequal acuminate chaff; the outermost rather
shorter and narrower. — An annual or biennial erect glabrous herb, with a
simple stem, loosely branclied or corymbose at the summit ; the branches
erect and leafy. Cauline leaves alternate, rather rigid (not dotted with
glands nor fringed with bristles), sessile, oblong or linear, 1-nerved, chiefly
entire, sometimes acutely serrate at the summit. Flowers yellow. DC.

X. Texanum (DC. 1. c.)

Texas, Berlandier ; in woods. — Habit of Centaurea cerinthefolia. DC. —
This plant is wholly unknown to us : it is perhaps from the southern part of
Texas, and scarcely within the limits of this work.

5. PECTIDOFSIS. DC. prodr. 5. p. 98.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers of the ray in a single series, ligulate,
pistillate ; those of the disk perfect, tubular. Involucre cylindrical-campan-
ulate ; the scales about 8, in a single series, somewhat conduplicate. Re-
ceptacle naked. Corolla of the disk 5-toothed, regular. Branches of the
style semicylindrical, short. Achenia crowned with a very short scarious
minutely about 5-toothed and somewhat lacerate pappus. — A very small
annual herb, with the habit of Pectis, nearly glabrous, branching from the
base. Leaves opposite, narrowly linear, punctate with large pellucid glands,
somewhat connate at the base, near which the margins are fringed with a
few bristles. Heads on short peduncles terminating the branches. Flowers
yellow ; those of the ray 7-8.

P. angustifolia (DC. 1. c.) — Pectis angustifolia, Torr. ! in ann. lye. New
York, 2. f. 214.

On the Rocky Mountains, in about lat. 41°, Dr. James! — Peduncles much
shorter than the leaves.

6. PECTIS. Linn. (excl. spec.) ; Less, in Linnaa, 6. p. 708, if syn.
p. 153. DC. prodr. 5. p. 98.

Heads several-flowered ; the flowers of the ray in a single series, ligulate,
pistillate ; those of the disk perfect, bilabiate. Involucre somewhat cylin-
drical ; the scales 5-8, in a single series, often involute or conduplicate. Re-
ceptacle naked. Corolla of the disk bilabiate, (the two inner sinuses deeper
than the others) ; those of the ray ligulate, the ligule longer than the tube.
Branches of the style semicylindrical, short. Achenia striate. Pappus of
the disk and ray similar, in a single series, chaffy, mostly pointed with ser-
rulate (often unequal) bristles. — Mostly annual (tropical American) herbs.
Leaves opposite, connate at the base, 1-nerved, punctate with pellucid
glands ; the margin somewhat cartilaginous, and fringed with scattered bris-
tles. Heads on slender pedicels, or often sessile. Flowers yellow.

Pectis. COMPOSITiE. 63

I. P. linifolia (Linn.) : stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear, mncronate,
dotted with large glands, ciliate with bristles towards the base ; heads on
slender minutely bracteolate pedicels, 4-18-flowered ; scales of the involucre
4-6, elliptical-lanceolate, equal, conduplirafe, with broad scarious margins,
not glandular; pappus of rather broad chaff", mostly awned, the bristles in
the ray-flowers 2, equal, in the disk usually 5. — Linn, amaji. acad. 5. p,
107, Sf spec. ed. 2. p. 1250; Lam, ill. t. 684; Less. I. c. ; DC. prodr.
5. p. 99.

Key West,Mr. Bennett ! Mr. Blodgett ! — A native of Jamaica, St.
Thomas, &c.

Tribe II. EUPATORIACE^. Less.

Heads discoid, with the flowers all tubular and perfect (homogamous),
or sometimes heterogamous ; the ray-flowers either tubular or ligulate.
Style cylindrical above ; the branches usually much elongated, obtuse
or clavate, puberulent or papillose externally towards the summit ; the
stigmatic lines inconspicuous, terminating near the middle of the
branches of the style, not confluent at their termination. Anthers
never caudate. — Flowers mostly of the cyanic series (white, blue, or
purple). Leaves commonly opposite.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Subtribe 1. Eupatorieje. — Heads discoid, homogamous.
Div. 1. Agerate^. — Pappus chaffy, aristate-squamellate, or coroniform.

7. CcELESTiNA. Pappus coroniform or cup-like.

8. Ageratum. Pappvis of 5-10 distinct often aristate chaffy scales.

9. ScLEROLEPis. Pappus of 5 obtuse corneous scales. Leaves verticillate.

Div. 2. Adenostyle^. — Pappus of slender or capillary bristles.
* Achcnia striate or ribbed.

10. Carphephorus. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus barbellate.

II. LiATUis. Receptacle naked. Scales of the involucre not striate. Lobes of

the corolla elongated.

12. Clavigera. Receptacle naked. Scales of the involucre deeply striate. Teeth

of the corolla very short. Pappus plumose-barbellate.

13. Kuhnia. Receptacle naked. Teeth of the corolla short. Pappus plumose.

14. BuLBOsTYLis. Receptacle naked. Pappus scabrous. Heads 10-25-flowered,

15. Brickellia. Receptacle naked. Pappus scabrous. Heads 30-50-flowered.

* * Achenia 5-anglcd, 7wt striate. Pappus scabwus.

16. EupATORiUM. Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre munerous.

17. Mikania. Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre (and flowers) 4-5.

18. CoNocLiNiuM. Receptacle conical, naked.

Subtribe 2. Tussilagine^. — Heads with the flowers heterogamous, or dioecious.

19. Nardosmia. Heads corymbose, many-flowered, somewhat dicecious.

20. Tussilago. Head solitary, many-flowered, heterogamous ; the pistillate flow-

ers ligulate, in several series.

21. Adenocaulon. Heads few-flowered, heterogamous ; the floAvers all tubular.

64 COMPOSITE. CffiLESTINA.

Subtribe 1. Eupatorie^, DC. — Heads discoid ; the flowers all perfect
and similar, usually white, rose-color, or purple (rarely ochroleucous),
never yellow.

Div. 1. Agerate^, Less. — Pappus composed of chaSy often unequal

scales, sometimes aristate or coroniform.

7. CCELESTINA. Cass. diet. 6. svppl. p. 8, <^-26. p. 221 ; Less. syn. p.
155 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 107.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical-hemispherical ; the scales
numerous, narrow, somewhat imbricated. Receptacle convex, chaffy or
naked. Achenia glabrous, 5-angled. Pappus coroniform or cup-like, slight-.
ly toothed, or sometimes produced into one or two longer teeth or chaffy
scales. — Annual (tropical American) branching herbs, with terete stems, and
opposite petioled and toothed leaves. Heads in rather dense corymbs, pedi-
cellate. Flowers blue or purple.

§. Receptacle naked. — Ageratoides, DC.

1 . C. maritima : stem decumbent, branching, nearly glabrous ; leares
smooth and glabrous, slightly fleshy, ovate or oval, serrate, tapering into a
slender petiole ; tube of the corolla sparsely pubescent with jointed hairs ;
pappus minute and coroniform, often with one or two slightly produced teeth,
sometimes obsolete.

Key West, Florida, Mr. Bennett! Mr. Blodgett! — Leaves scarcely an
inch long. Flowers blue. — We have seen specimens of a very similar plant
from Cuba; which however has a pappus of 5 distinct mostly aristate chaffy
scales, and is therefore an Ageratum : it agrees with the description of Kanth's
A. ? maritimiim, (from the same locality) as to the foliage, (kc, but not as to
the corolla and pappus. — Surely Coslestina (at least the section Ageratoides)
and Ageratum are not sufficiently distinct.

8. AGEPvATUM. Linn. ; Gcertn.fr. t. 165 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 108.

Heads many-flowered, subglobose. Scales of the involucre numerous,
imbricated, linear, acuminate. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, dilated
above, 5-lobed. Branches of the style exserted, cylindraceous, rather obtuse.
Achenia 5-angled, narrowed at the base, with a rather large callus. Pappus
of 5-10 distinct chaffy scales, either aristate-acuminate, or obtuse and pecti-
nate.— Mostly annual (tropical) herbs, with opposite petioled and toothed
leaves, and corymbose heads. Flowers blue or white.

1. A. conyzoides (Linn.) : stem branching; leaves ovate, rhomboid, or
cordate, on rather long petioles ; pappus of 5 somewhat serrate chaffy scales,
dilated at the base, acuminate-aristate ; the subulate awns as long as the
corolla (flowers blue or white). — Linn. spec. 2. p. 839 ; Sicartz, obs. p. 301 ;
Schkuhr, handb. t. 238 ; Hook. exot. fl. t. 15 ; DC. prodr. b.p. 108.

Wet places near Savannah, Georgia, Mr. Curtis I April-June. — Found
in almost every country within or near the tropics, varying greatly in the
form of the leaves ; the stem and petioles also sometimes hispid, but occasion-

Ageratum. composite. 65

ally almost glabrous. In this country it has only been detected by Mr. Cur-
tis, wliose specimens seem to accord with the variety Mexicanum (A. Mexi-
canum, Bot. mag. t. 2524), except that the flowers are -white.

9. SCLEROLEPIS. Cass. did. 25. p. 365, ^r. ; Less. syn. p. 136.

Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, equal, in a double
series. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular-infundibuUform, 5-toothed, gla-
brous. Branches of the style much exserted, somewhat clavate. Achenia
5-angular. Pappus of 5 almost horny short oval and obtuse scales, in a
single series. — A glabrous perennial (aquatic) herb ; with simple stems, pro-
cumbent at the base, terminated usually by a single head. Leaves verti-
cillate (5-6 in a whorl), linear, entire, 1-nerved (resembling those of Hip-
puris). Flowers pale purple.

S. verticillata (Cass. 1. c..)—DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 114. Sparganophorua
verticillatus, Michx.! Ji. 2. p. 95, t. 42 ; Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 139 ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 312. iEthuha uniflora, Walt. Car. p. 195.

Shallow water in pine barrens. New Jersey (at Quaker Bridge !) to Flori-
da ! July-Sepl.— Stem 1-2 feet high, very leafy, a little pubesceiit at the
summit, as also the involucre. — We have a form from Florida, wuh very
slender stems, only about 6 inches high, and the involucre nearly glabrous.

Div. 2. Adenosttlk^, DC. — Pappus composed of slender hair-like
bristles, either scabrous or plumose, in one or more series.

10. CARPHEPHORUS. Cass, in bull, philom. 1816, Sf did. sci.nat. 7.
p. 149 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 132. (excl. spec. no. 2?)

Species of Liatris, Michx., Nult., DC.

Heads many- (about 20-) flowered. Scales of the involuce imbricated in
3-5 series, ovate or lanceolate, appressed. Receptacle chaflTy ; the scales
(subtending the flowers) lanceolate or linear, rigid, 3-nerved, mostly shorter
than the flowers, deciduous with the fruit. Corolla more or less dilated
above ; the lobes ovate or lanceolate, mostly short. Anthers usually in-
cluded. Branches of the style exserted, cylindraceous, obtuse. Achenia
terete or somewhat angled, narrowed towards the base, 10-ribbed. Pappus
of numerous (30-40) barbellate (rarely minutely plumose) unequal bristles,
somewhat in a double or triple series. — Perennial herbs (mostly North Ameri-
can), with the habit of Liatris, from which the chaffy receptacle chiefly dis-
tinguishes it. Root, or caudex, thickened, but not tuberous. Stem simple,
or corymbose at the summit, leafy. Leaves impressed-punctate, rigid, en-
tire (or toothed ?) ; the cauline ones commonly appressed. Heads corym-
bose-cymose, rarely racemose. Flowers purple.

This genus was established by Cassini on a specimen preserved in the lierbarium
of Jussieu, with no label or any inlication of its native country, wiience U has not
subsequently been recognized. De CandoUe having added a second species, founded

VOL. II.-9

66 COMPOSITjE. Carphephorus.

on the description of Liatris Baicalensis of Adams, which is said to have a chaffy
receptacle, the genus has been thought to be Siberian ; although a third, and doubt-
less genuine species from Mexico, and subsequently a fourth from Brazil, are
also given by De Candolle. Cassini's original species is without doubt the Liatris
squamosa of Nuttall ; in which the chaffy receptacle (first pointed out to us by Dr.
Chapman) had escaped the notice both of Nuttall and Hooker. Cn examining the
allied species of Liatris, we find that all those with many-flowered heads disposed
in corymbose cymes also belong to the genus ; which is well marked in habit.

* Leaves linear-subidaie, app-essed : heads cymose or racemose.

1. C. Pseudo-Llatris (Cass. 1. c.) : stem virgate, simple, lomentose-pu-
bescent ; leaves linear-subulate, carinate, rigid, closely sessile, nearly glab-
rous, sparsely punctate; the radical ones elongated; the cauline short, very
numerous, closely appressed ; the uppermost pubescent; heads few (3-7),
in a simple contracted cyme ; the branches imbricated with very short subu-
late leaves; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, rigid, appressed, to-,
mentose-pubescent ; achenia minutely hairy; pappus barbellate. — Liatris
squamosa, Nidt. ! in jour, acacl. Philad. 7. p. 73 ; Hook. ! com/pan. to hot.
mag. 1. p. 95.

/?. heads (13-14) racemose. Hook. I. c.

Dry soil, Alabama, Dr. Gates ! Middle Florida, Dr. Chajmian ! Also
Covington and .Jacksonville, Louisiana, Drmvmovd (with var. /3.), & Pasca-
goula, Mississi|)pi, Dr. Riddell! — Stem about 2 feet high, very straight ; the
whole plant of a pale gravish hue. Radical and lower leaves 4-5 inches
long; the cauline ones diminisliing in size upwards, those at tlie summit and
on the peduncles less than half an inch in length, strongly appressed. Flow-
ers 20 or more in each head, (instead of 6-8 as described by Nuttall), bright
purple. Scales of the involucre imbricated in about 3 series. Chaflf of the
receptacle lanceolate, resembling the inner scales of the involucre, rigid,
colored and often hairy at the summit, nearly as long as the flowers. — We
have not seen the var. (3.

* * Leaves plane, lanceolate, spatulutc, or oblong : heads corymbose-cymose.

2. C. tomentosus : stein tomentose-puberulent above, corymbose at the
summit; leaves punctate, mostly nearly glabrous, acute; the radical ones
lanceolate or lanceolate-spatulate, tapering into a petiole, somewhat 3-nerved ;
the cauline small, scattered, lanceolate or ovate, sessile, slightly appressed ;
the uppermost pubescent; heads 1—5 on each branch of the loose and spread-
ing corymbose cyme; scales of the somewhat cylindrical-cam panulate invo-
lucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, appressed, or with slightly spreading
tips, very tomentose and glandular; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate;
pappus rather strongly barbellate. — Liatris tomentosa, Michx. ! jl. 2. p. 93;
Pursh, fi. 2. p. 510; Curtis ! pi. Wibningt., in Boston, jour. nat. hist. 1. p.
127 ; not of Ell. L. Waited, Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 285 ; DC. I. c. Anonymos
uniflora, Walt. Car. p. 198.

Margin of swamps, Virginia (Pursh) and North Carolina, Michaux !
Mr. Croom! Mr. Curtis ! \o Georgia, Dr. MacBride ! (Elliot t.) Sept.-
Oct. — Stem about 2 feet high. Cyme sometimes simple with 5 or more
heads, but often corymbose with the branches elongated and much spreading.
Scales of the involucre imbricated in 4 or 5 series, hoary but often somewhat
colored, without scarious margins. Corolla deep purple. Pappus purplish.
Chaff of the receptacle (often wanting in the centre of the head) narrowly
linear, a little hairy at the tip, rather shorter than the flowers.

3. C. bellidifolius : low, nearly glabrous; stems numerous from the sain e
root, slender, branching above ; radical leaves sjjatulate, 3-nerved, tapering
into a petiole, punctate with scattered impressed dots ; the cauline small and

Carphephorus. COMPOSITiE. 67

scattered, mostly linear; heads commonly solitary upon each slender branch
of the nearly simple corymb; scales of the involucre ratlier loose, oblong and
obovate, very obtuse, not margined; the outermost spreading; lobes of the
corolla lanceolate-linear, elongated ; achenia hairy ; pappus densely plu-
mose-barbellate.— Liairis bellidifolia, Mkhx. ! fi. 2. p. 93; Nuit. ! gen.
2. p. 133 ,• DC. jJrodr. 5. p. 132.

Dry sandy hills, near Wilmington, North Carolina, Michaux ! Nut t all !
Delile! Mr. Curtis! Sfc. Sept.— Plant 8-12 inches high; tbe stem often
branched from about the middle. Scales of the campanulate involucre in
about 3 series, glabrous, the margin scarcely scarious or ciliate ; the outer-
most smaller aiid bracteolate; the second series obovate or obovate-oblong ;
the innermost linear-oblong and much longest. Bristles of tlie pappus almost
plumose to the naked eye. Chaft' of the receptacle narrowly linear, as long
as the flowers, deciduous.

4. C corymbosus : stem solitary, tall, stout, somev/hat hirsute-fomentose;
leaves nearly glabrous, about 1-nerved; the radical ones oblanceolate, ob-
tuse, gradually tapering to the base ; the cauline small and numerous,
oblong, closely sessile ; heads about 20, in a dense terminal corymbose cyme ;
the branches sliort, tomentose-hirsute, scales of the involucre nearly glabrous,
appressed, oval, very obtuse, with a broad scarious and somewhat fringed
margin ; lobes of the corolla ovate, very short ; achenia slightly hairy ; pappus
barbellate.— Liatris corvmbosa, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 132 (excl. syn.) ; DC.

I. c. L. tomentosa? Ell. sk. 2. p. 284, not of M/c/i.r.

Damp sandy soil, and along the margin of swamps, N. Carolina! to
Georgia! and Florida! Sept.-Oct. — Stein 2-4 feet high, striate. _ Leaves
somewhat fleshy, 1-nerved or very slightly tripli-nerved, sometimes ob-
scurely punctate ; the radical ones 4-6 inches long, very gradually narrowed
to the base; the cauline (gradually diminished to about half an inch in
length,) appressed. Inner scales of the involucre scarcely longer than the
others. Corolla pale purple. Pappus mostly white. ChafT of the recepta-
cle hnear or lanceolate, with scarious tips, shorter than the flowers ; often
wanting in the centre of the head.

II. LIATRIS. Schreh. gen. p. 542 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 128. (excl. spec.)

Heads few-many-flowered. Scales of the involucre few or numerous,
imbricated, not striate. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, 6-lobed, the
lobes usually elongated. Branches of the style much exserted, cylindraceous
or somewhat flattened, obtuse. Achenia nearly terete, tapering to the base,
about 10-ribbed. Pap])us of numerous (15-40) plumose or barbellate
bristles. — Perennial (North American) herbs or very rarely shrubby plants,
mostly with simple stems and a tuberous root. Leaves alternate or scattered,
usually lanceolate or linear and entire, with a rigid or cartilaginous mar-
gin, l-5-nerve(l, rarely veiny. Heads disposed in an elongated spike or
raceine (flowering from the summit downwards), sometimes (as if by acci-
dent) paniculate, rarely corymbose. Flowers jjurple, occasionally varying
to white; the corolla, style, &c. commonly dotted with scattered resinous
globules.

§ 1. Root a globose mostly naked tuber {impregnated roith a tcrebinthine sub-
stance) : leaves linear or lanceolate, gramineous, 1-5-nerved, mostly punc-
tate with hninessed and resinous dots: heads in a virgate spike or raceine :
involucre manifestly imbricate: lobes of the corolla lanceolate or linear:

68 COMPOSITE. LiATRis.

pappus evidently plumose, or mmutely and densely plumose-barbellate.
— EuLiATRis. (Euliatris & Suprago, DC.)

* Imier scales of the {4-5-Jlovered) involucre longer than the corolla, produced into a
dilated and Ugulate colored appendage : pappus very plumose. (Calostelma, Don.)

1. L. eles:ans (Willd.) : stem and involucre villous-pubescent ; leaves
glabrous, punctate; the radical ones spatulate or oblanceolate, 3-5-nerved ;
the upper cauline ones linear, short, spreadina; or reflexed, often mucronate ;
spike or raceme virgate, dense; the pedicels bracteolate, often very short ;
scales of the invohicre 10-12, glandular ; the appendages of the inner ones
ovate or lanceolate (bright purple or sometimes white), spreading : acheuia
ViWous.— Willd. ! spec73. p. 1635 ; Michx. ! Jt. 2. p. 91 ; Bot. reg. t. 267 ;
Null. ! gen. 2. p. 132 ,• Ell. sk. 2. p. 279 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 129. Staehe-
lina elegans, Walt. ! Car. p. 202. Serralula speciosa, Ait. ! Kew. {ed. I)
3. p. 138. Eupaiorium speciosum, Vent. hort. Cels. t. 79.

/3. raceme compound (doubtless an accidental or occasional state).

Dry barren soil, Virginia to Florida ! Louisiana ! and Texas ! Aug.-
Sept. — Stem 3-5 feet high, strict. Spike or raceme compact, a foot or more
in length. Bristles of the pappus about 18, in a single series.

* * Scales of the involucre very nuvicrous and inilricated in several series, without pe-
taloid appendages : heads (feu-) cylindrical or slightly clavate, many- (20-60-)

floicered: hbcs of tlie corolla hirsute within ; pappus very plumose.

2. L. squarrosa (Willd.) : pubescent or hairy, or nearly glabrous, very
leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, rigid, scarcely punctate ; the lower ones 3-5-
nerved ; the radical very long; heads few (sometimes solitary), sessile or on
short pedicels, manv-flowered ; scales rigid, ciHate, not punctate, with more
or less elongated and pointed foliaceous spreading extremities; the inner
ones mucronate-acuminate ; the outermost often bracteolate and resembling
the upper leaves; achenia minutely pubescent. — Wdld. ! I. c. ; Michx..' fl.
2. p. 92; EU. ! sk. 2. p. 282; Hook. fl. Bar.- Am. \. p. 306 ; DC ! prodr.
5. p. 129. Cirsium tuberosum &c., Dill. Elth. t. 71, /. 82. Serratuia
squarrosa, Linn. ! sjiec. 2. j)- S18. Pteronia Caroliniana, Wall.! Car.
p. 292.

p. Jloribunda : heads numerous (20 or more), in a somewhat paniculate
or branched raceme ; the pedicels, or rather branches, elongated and leafy.

y. compacta: glabrous; leaves crowded, very narrow; heads several,
closely sessile, approximate; scales of the involucre lanceolate, with long
mucronate points, all erect ; the exterior linear and resembling the upper-
most leaves.

6. intermedia (DC.) : tnostly hairy ; heads (1-5) turbinafe-cylindrical, pe-
dicellate ; exterior scales of the involucre elongated and foliaceous, erect; the
interior acute, scarcely or not at all squarrose. — L. intermedia, Lindl. bot.
reg. t. 948.

Dry barren or sandy soil. Upper Canada! to Florida! and Texas I (y.
Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth!) July-Sept. — Stem 1-3 feet high, often nearly
glabrous, sometimes almost hirsute, as well as the leaves and involucre.
Heads about an inch long; the points of the upper scales often ])urplish.
Flowers bright purple. Bristles of the pappus 18-20, often purplish. — The
var. y. is the most remarkable form; but in the ordinary plant the scales are
sometimes erect. Through the not uncommon var. 6. thisspecies seems almost
to pass into L. cylindracea, which however it is perhaps safer to consider
distinct. — Blazing Star. Bid 'on Snake-roof. Rattle-snake' s-master. (One
of the popular antidotes for the bite of the Rattle-snake.)

LiATRis. COMPOSITE. 69

3. L. cylindracea {Michx.) : glabrous or slightly hairy ; stems low, leafy ;
leaves linear, rigid, scarcely ])iinclate, mostly l-nerved ; heads (1-7, rarely
12) turbinate-cylindrical, sessile or pedicellate, 16-20-flowered ; the scales of
the involucre all short and appressed, wiih rounded or obtuse abruptly mu-
cronulate tips, ofien ciliate, not punctate ; achenia pubescent. — Michx. ! fl.
2. p. 93 ,• Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 275 ; DC. I. c. ; not of Pursh. L. stricla, MacJSah !
in Edinb. phil. jour. 19,^. GO.

Dry woods and prairies, Michigan ! (and N W. Territory, Dr. Hough-
ton I) Upper Canada ! Illinois! Missouri! &c., a[)parently nearly confined
to ihe Weslern States. July-Sept. — Stem 6-18 inches high. Heads about
an inch long; the exterior scales of the involucre commonly very short, rare-
ly somewhat prolonged or foliaceous. Flowers bright purple.

* ♦ * Scales of the (b-'iO-fiowercd) involuc7X without pctahid appendages : lobes of the
corolla glabrous toithin.

t Pappus evidently plumose to the naked eye : heads 3-6-flowered.

4. L. punctata (Hook.): stems several from the same tuberous-fusiform
root, stout, nearly glabrous, very leafy; leaves linear, rigid, manifestly punc-
tate on both surfaces with impressed dots, glabrous, the margins often remote-
W ciliate wiih bristly hairs; heads in a dense spike (which is often leafy
towards the base), 4-6-flovvered ; scales of the cylindraceous involucre oblong,
conspicuously punctate, imbricated, appressed, with more or less spreading
mucronale-acuminate tips; the margins lanuginous-ciliate; achenia hairy;
pappus very plumose. — Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 306, t. bb ; DC. I. c. L.
cylindrica, Torr.! in ami. lye. NewYork, 2. p. 210. L. resinosa, DC!
prodr. b. p. 129 (pi. Arkans.), not of Nult.

/?. leaves nearly all very narrowly linear ; the margins remotely ciliate or
naked; scales of the involucre narrower, tapering somewhat gradually into
a cuspidate-acuminate point, at least the inner ones; spike usually short;
stem often slender.

y. leaves conspicuously ciliate with hispid hairs ; inner scales of the invo-
lucre purplish above.

Arid plains and prairies, Saskatchawan, Drummond, Douglas ! and
throughout the country between the Upper Mississippi and the Missouri, Mr.
Nicollet!* to Arkansas, Dr. James! Dr. Pitcher! Dr. Leavenworth! and
Texas, Drummond ! Aug.-Sept. — Stems 8 inches to 2 or 3 feet high,
usually several from the thick and somewhat knotted often fusiform root,
leafy to the sun miit. Lower leaves 3— 5 inches long, slightly 3-nerved ; the
others l-nerved, varjdng from 3 lines to less than a line in width, pungently
acute. Spike .3-4 to 10 inches long. Flowers reddish-])urf)ie. Bristles of
the pappus about 30, purplish or nearly white. Achenia almost villous when
young, 3-4 lines lo/jg. — A well-marked species; the varieties we have indi-
cated passing into each other. Some of the specimens of the collection made
in Mr Nicollet's expedition (our var. y.), have the margin of the leaves con-
spicuously fringed with rigid jointed hairs : others are very sparsely ciliate,

* We are greatly indebted to the kindness of Mr. Nicollet, for an extensive col-
lection of dried specimens, made during his survey of the countiy between the Upper
Missouri and the sources of the Mississippi, under the orders of the Secretary of
War. The collection was formed by Mr. Charles A. Geyer, an assiduous Gennan
botanist who was attached to the expedition. The specimens are very complete,
and in the finest preservation ; and the localities, with other particulars, have been
carefully recorded by Mr. Geyer: they were chiefly gathered during the autumn
and latter part of summer ; their earlier, and perhaps most interesting collections
were unfortunately lost.

70 COMPOSITE. LiATRis.

with the leaves and involucral scales narrower, nearly like one of the forms
from Texas.

5. L. mucronala (DC.) : glabrous ; stem slenrler, very leafy ; leaves nar-
rowly linear, very acute, minutely punctate; the lowermost elongated, the
uppermost short, almost setaceous or subulate; spike long and narrow,
dense; the heads (small) sessile, or on appressed pedicels shorter than the
subulate bracts, 3-5-flowered ; scales of the narrow and somewhat cylindri-
cal involucre few, (purplish, the margins not scarious,) appressed, shorter
than the pappus, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, slightly ciliate ; the exterior
shorter; paf)pus manifestly plumose. — DC. jn-odr. 5. p. 129.

Texas, "in tlie eastern districts, Berlandier,'" Drummond ! Western
Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! — Stem 2-4 feet high, virgate ; the slender spike
sometimes 2 feet long. Lower leaves about 2 lines wide ; the upper crowded,
2-3 inches, and gradually diminishing to less than an inch in length, and
less tlian half a line in width, flat. Heads 4-5 lines long; the lowermost
shorter, the uppermost much longer than the bracts. Corolla bright purple.
Pappus longer than the achenium, of about 30 often purplish bristles, mani-
festly plumose to the naked eye, but less so than in L. punctata. — Varies
with the achenia minutely pubescent throughout, or on the ribs alone, or per-
fectly glabrous; and with the scales of the involucre either abruptly cuspi-
date-mucronate, or gradually narrowed into a subulate-mucronate point; the
latter being more common in the specimens we have examined. The plant
of DeCandoUe (which we have not compared with our own) is said to have
pubescent achenia, and the obtuse scales abruptly mucronate : it may be
ditferent from the plant we have described, and possibly what we consider a
narrow-leaved variety of L. jiunttata ; but that species would not be com-
pared with L. tenuifolia, and besides is well characterized by De Candolle,
under the name of L. resinosa.

6. L. Boyhinii: nearly glabrous; stem slender, erect; leaves linear,
punctate ; the lower elongated, the upper short and setaceous ; spike virgate;
the heads rather crowded, subsessile, or on appressed pedicels much shorter
than the subulate bracts, 3-4-flowered ; scales of the involucre (about 8) gla-
brous, scarcely punctate ; the outer ones short, lanceolate-subulate ; the in-
terior lanceolate or linear, with scarious margins and acuminate spreading
summits, e(ju ailing or exceeding the pappus ; achenia villous ; pappus man-
ifestly plumose.

Near Columbus, Georgia, Dr. Boyl'in .' Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1-2 feet high.
Leaves rather scattered. Spike 6-10 inches fong. Heads half an inch in
length, exceeding the bracts, on very short pedicels if any. Inner scales of
theinvolucre membranaceous, with scarious and slightly colored margins and
tips. Flowers ap[)arently pale purple. Pappus plumose to the same
decree as the preceding, more so than any of the following species. Heads
larger than L. mucronata, or especially L. tenuifolia, rather smaller than
those of L. secunda.

7. L. tenuifolia (Nutt.): glabrous; stem very slender; radical and lower
leaves crowded, very narrowly linear or almost filiform, elongated, often
hairy towards the base, punctate ; the upper ones very short, setaceous,
scattered ; raceme virgate; heads (small) 5-flowered, crowded ; the pedicels
mostly bracteolate and longer than the setaceous bracts, sometimes branch-
ing; scales of the involucre (about 10) erect, glabrous, not punctate, usually
mucronulate; the outermost ovate-lanceolate, very short; the inner oblong,
obtuse, with membranaceous (purplish) margins, rather shorter than the pap-
pus ; achenia villous; pappus barbellate-plumose. — Nutt..' gen. 2. p. 131;
Ell. ! sic. 2. p. 275 ; DC. jrrodr. b. p. 128.

/?. radical leaves broader, coriaceous. — L. laevigata, Nutt! in trans. Amer.
phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 285.

LiATRis. COMPOSITE. 71

Dry pine barrens, N. Carolina to Georgia! and Florida! Aujj.-Oot. —
Stem 2-4 feet high. Radical leaves resembling tliose ol Piinis palusiris. as
remarked by Nuttall (a few of the exterior sometimes 2 lines broad), rigid,
forming a close tuft in the manner of Xerophyllum. Raceme elongated ;
the i)edicels 8-12 lines long. Flowers pur])le. Achenia turbinate. Pappus
scarcely plumose to the naked eye ; the bristles 20-25. — Like most species
of tliis .section, the ])edicels are sometimes elongated and branched, forming a
paniculate inflorescence. Heads usually quite small.

t + Pappus densely barbcllate : heads 3-40-flowered.

8. Z«. sccM«f/a (Ell.) : minutely pubescent or glabrous; stem slender, de-
curved; leaves linear, short, rather obtuse, the upper ones bract-like ; raceme
virgale; the heads all turned to one side, on short mostly recurved andbracf-
eolale pedicels, 4-5-flowered ; involucre cylindrical; scales 12-14, with
slightly scarious margins, often resinous-punctate ; the exterior oval and very
short; the interior as long as the pappus, oblong-lanceolate, mucronaie-acu-
minate ; achenia villous : pappus minutely and densely plumose-barbellate.
—EIL. ! sk. 2. p. 278 ; DC. ! jnodr. 5. p. 131.

Dry sandy soil, S. Carolina ! to Florida ! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1-3 feet
high. Raceme G-12 inches long, curved, rarely slightly compound, beauti-
fully unilateral. Heads 6-8 lines long; the scales appressed, mostly 1-
nerved. Bracts and bracteoles subulate, very short. Flowers light purple.

9. L. gracilis (Pursh) : somewhat cinereous-pubescent or nearly gla-
brous; stem slender, simple, hearing numerous heads in a long virgate ra-
ceme, sometimes compound or paniculate ; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear,
short, 1-nerved, often sparsely pilose-ciliate towards the base ; the lower ones
lanceolate, obtuse ; heads (small) on divaricate pedicels, few-flowered ;
scales of the somewhat cylindraceous involucre few, oblong or elliptical, ob-
tuse, resinous-punctate, appressed, shorter than the barbellate jiappus; ache-
nia turlinate, villous.

a. nearly glabrous ; raceme elongated, simple, or slightly compound at the
base ; heads (5-7-flowered) on elongated divaricate, or even reflexed, simple
pedicels. — L. gracilis, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 508.

/i. heads 3-5-flowered, in a slender virgate raceine, on filiform more or
less elongated divaricate (or somewhat reflexed) pedicels; of which the
lower are furnished with scattered bracteoles similar to the exterior scales of
the involucre, and rarely bearing one or two suhsessile lateral heads ; scales
of the cylindraceous involucre pubescent and ciliate; the outermost very
short, often slightly acute. — L. pauciflosculosa, Nutt. ! in jour. acad.
Philad. 7. p. 71.

y. raceme virgate, simple, or frequently branched or paniculate below;
heads (3-5-flowered) on short divaricate pedicels, or sometimes alniost ses-
sile ; otherwise as in /3.

(5. inflorescence entirely paniculate; the branches simple, ascending; a
few of the up])ermost only bearing single heads, short ; the lower successive-
ly elongated, slender, bearing few or several racemose (3-5-flowered) heads,
on short pedicels, or sometimes almost sessile; otherwise as in j3. and y.

Pine barrens, Georgia ! Alabama! and Florida ! y. Alnhnma, Mr. Buck-
ley ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 1-3 feet high, usually clolhed with a minute some-
what cinereous pubescence. Leaves rather tliick, spreading, minutely
punctate, often obtuse, tapering to the base; the upper 1-2, tlie lower .3-5
inches in length, sometimes hairy. Raceme, when simjjle, 4-15 inches
long; with the pedicels IJ to 2 inches long in Pursh's plant {herb. Banks),
nearly an inch long (about the length of the bracieai leaves) in our var. (i.,
shorter, but very variable in the other forms. Heads smaller than in any
other species of this section, except L. tenuifolia ; the scales of the involucre
7-9, mostly pubescent and ciliate. Flowers bright purple. — The plants

72 COMPOSITE. LiATKis.

here arranged (/3. y. & ^.) are undoubtedly different forms or states of one
and the same well-marked sf)ecies, difft'ring in no respect exce[)t the devel-
opement of the inflorescence, which affcirds most fallacious characters in this
genus. There is an obvious tendency to branch in the inflorescence of all
the racemose species, which is manifest, not only when the suminit of the
stem receives an injury, but in most very vigorous individuals; an almost
necessary result of the successive developement of the heads from the apex
of the stem or branch downwards, or outwards, (in whicli the plants with a
racemiform disposition of the heads do not ditTer from other Composite,)
■which effectually preventing farther growth from the summit, the powers
of the ))lant are directed to the production of additional heads, either from the
axils of the upper cauline leaves, or of the bracts with which the pedicels
(peduncles), especially the lower ones, are usually furnished. This is particu-
larly exemplified in the present species ; which exhibits almost every grada-
tion between the simple racemiform inflorescence, and a kind of panicle
which results from the developement throughout of lateral heads on the
otherwise simple branches. — We regret that we have not been able to settle
the synonymy of several species in this difficult genus. Mr. Bennett, who
has most obligingly compared fragments from our specimens of this and
other allied species with those preserved in the Banksian herbarium, considers
our var. /3. as probably identical with the Liatris gracilis of Pursh ; the dif-
ferences consisting chiefly in the degree of pubescence, and the length of the
peduncles or branches of the inflorescence. As the (unexpanded) heads in
Pursh's specimen are globose-ovate and at least 6-flowered, we were strong-
ly inclined to consider that plant identical with a form of the following spe-
cies; but Mr. Bennett, on comparing the two, did not recognize the resem-
blance. If the species here described should prove distinct from L. gracilis,
it will retain the appropriate name of L. pauciflosculosa, Null.

10. Tj. graminifulia ( Willd. ?) : glabrous or sparsely hairy ; stem slender ;
leaves linear, somewhat scattered, 1 -nerved, usually ciliate towards the base
with scattered hispid hairs ; tlie lowermost elongated ; heads 7-9- (rarely
10-14-) flowered, spicate or racemose, sometimes partly paniculate; involucre
obovoid-iurblnate or broadly obconical, acute at the base; the scales (12-
20) regularly imbricated in several series, appressed, spatulate or oblong,
very obtuse, sometimes slightly mucronulafe, mostly resinous-punctate and
with slight scarious margins ; the exterior verv short, roundish-oval or obo-
vate ; achenia villous-pubescent ; pappus densely barbellate. — Anonymos
graminifolius & ramosus, IValt. Car. p. 197?

a. heads rather small, 7-9-flowered, mostly sessile and rather remote,
forming a slender spike ; lower bracts longer, the upperniost shorter than the
heads.— L. graminifolia, {Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 508 7) Null.! sen. 2. p. 131;
Ell..' sk. 2. ^p. 274 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 130, (excl. pi. cult.", which belongs
to L. spicata .')

/?. heads larger, 7-14-flowered. (Varies, 1. with the heads few or nume-
rous, somewhat scattered, sessile or nearly so : 2. heads few or numerous, in
a siinple raceme; the pedicels sonietimes shorter, sometimes much hmger
than the heads, erect-spreading or slightly recurved : 3. heads numerous,
approximate, sessile ; the inflorescence branched below, the heads on the
short simple branches also sessile.) — Serratula foliis linearibus, floribus soli-
tariis sessilibus, hronov. ! fl. Virg. cd. 1. p. 92.

y. heads small, 6-12-flovvered, on spreading or often recurved pedicels,
forming a long virgate racciue, sometimes compound or paniculate at the
base. — L. gracilis. Ell. I. c, not of Pursh. ? L. pilosa j3. gracilis, Nuit. I. c.
L. virgata, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 72, 6^' in trans. Amer. Phil,
soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 284 (inflorescence compound).

6. 1 heads rather larger, 7-12-flowered, spicate, or racemose, with the
pedicels short and erect, or sometimes with the inflorescence compound

LiATRis. COMPOSITiE. 73

below; scales of the involucre somewhat narrower and less rounded at the
summit, usually ciliate.— L. pilosa, Pursh, I. c. (chiefly); Nutt. I. c. ; Ell.!
sk. 2. p. 277, "var. dubia" (the inflorescence compound below); Lindl. bot.
resr. i. 595 ("/3. gracilis"); Lodd. bot. cat. t. 356; not of Willd. (Ait.) L.
pilosa /3. L-Evicaulis, DC! prodr. 5. p. 131. L. spicata y. racemosa, DC!
I. c.p. 130. L. dubia, Bart. res;, mat. med. 2. p. 222, t. 49. "L. turbi-
nata. Sweet, in Loud. hort. Brit." Anonymos cilia!u>, Walt. Car. p. 197 7

Pine barrens, often in wet places, New Jersey ! (var. d. ?) to Alabama!
and Florida! common. Aua.-Oct.— Stem 1-4 feet high. Heads as large
or larger than in L. spicata,'in var. a. & >■. smaller. — Our chief doubts re-
specting the plants here brought together, relate to var. S.l, which is very
properly called L. dubia by Barton, and which varies between this species
and L. spicata, while it presents no characters that we can seize upon to dis-
tinguish it as a separate species. The chief distinctions between this species
and L. spicata consist in the usually larger, fewer, and more scattered heads;
the more regularly imbricated scales of the obconical or obovate involucre,
diminishing "successively to the outermost, which are very short; the more
hairy and shorter achenia, &c. We are by no means certain that we have
correctly referred this species to the L. gramlnifolia of Willdenow, which
appears to have been derived from Muhlenberg; in whose herbarium seve-
ral s[)ecies are mingled under this name. Our remarks upon the inflores-
cence of the preceding, apply equally to the present species; and it may also
be remarked, that the heads of the compoimd ])ortion of the inflorescence are
frequently smaller and fewer-flowered than the others. We have an inte-
resting variety, or state, sent from Middle Florida by Dr. Chapman ; a plant
at least six feet high, the inflorescence of which exceeds three feet in length,
consisting of a dense virgate raceme (more than 2 feet long) of crowded
heads, on spreading or recurved pedicels not larger than the heads them-
selves, which at the apex are as large as is usuat in this species, but very
gradually diminish in size towards the base: below the inflorescence is com-
pound, consisting of numerous filiform branches, 2-4 inches long; bear-
ing several mostly sessile heads, which are seldom more than half the size
of those at the sijrnmit of the raceme. — In a single cultivated specimen of
the paniculate state of this species, Mr. Nuttall ( Trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.)
remarked chafly scales intermixed among the flowers. This accidental oc-
currence, however, will hardly be thought to overthrow a genus so well
marked by habit as Carphephorus proves to be.

11. L. spicata [WiWd.) : glabrous, or rarely pubescent; stem strict, very
leafy; leaves linear, acute; often ciliate towards the base; the upper ones
very short, often subulate; the lowermost elongated, 3-5-nerved ; heads
about 8- (sometimes 10-13-) flowered, sessile, aggregated in a dense elonga-
ted spike; involu(;re cylindrical or cylindrical-campanulate, obtuse at the
base; the scales (15-20) appressed, resinous-punctate and with narrow scari-
ous (purplish) margins, obtuse; the inneroblong; the exterior oval orroiihd-
ish, short; achenia more or less hairy or pubescent, or almost glabrous when
mature; pappus densely barbellale. — Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1636; Bot. mag.
t. 1411 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 273; Brit. fl. gard. t. 49; Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 131;
Darlinsf. •' fl- Cest. p. 448 ; DC ! prodr. 5. p. 130. (a. & /?.) L. macrosta-
chya, Mich.v. ! fi. 2 p. 91 ; Pursh, I. c. Serratula spicata, Linn.! spec. 2.
p. 819 (excl. syn. Gronov.) ; Andr. bot. rep. t. 401. Suprago spicata,
Gartn. fr. 2. p'. 402, t. 167. Cirsiuni tuberosum, &c. Dill. Elth. t. 72,
/. 83.

(i. heads about 5-flowered; plant smaller.— L. resinosa, Nutt.! gen. 2.
p. 131, not of DC.

Moist ground, Michigan! and New Jersey ! to Florida! and Louisiana!
common." Aug.-Oct.— Stem 2-5 feet high. Leaves often hairy on the
nerves, spreading or somewhat erect. Spike 5-15 inches long; the heads

VOL. II.-IO

74 COMPOSITjE. Liatris.

sessile or nearly so, mostly crowded, about half an inch in length : lower
bracts longer, the upper much shorter than the heads. Flowers bright pur-
ple. Achenia about the length of the pappus. — The number of flowers in
the head is variable. (Mr. G. Watson has discovered, near Philadelphia,
a state of this plant with pale pink, or sometimes pure white flowers.) — But-
tcm- Snake-root.

12. L. pycnostachya : hirsute or nearly glabrous ; stem stout, strict, very
leafy; leaves strict, rigid, closely sessile, and partly clasping at the base;
the radical and lower ones elongated, lanceolate, obtuse, 5-7-nerved; the up-
per short and much crowded, narrowly linear, acute; spike elongated, thick
and dense, somewhat leafy below; the heads closely sessile, about 5-flow-
ered ; involucre cylindrical; the scales (14-16) oblong or lanceolate, usually
acute, with scarious and colored margins, scarcely punctate, rigid, appressed,
squarrose at the summit; achenia pubescent; pappus densely barbellate. —
Michx.! fl. 2. p. 91; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 507 (excl. syn. Dill. S^- Walt.?);.
DC. I. c.

a. stem densely hirsute; leaves more or less hairy; scales of the involucre
strongly ciliale, often glandular.

13. stem, leaves, and involucre nearly glabrous. — L. brachystachya, Nutt. !
in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 72.

Prairies of Illinois! Missouri! Arkansas! Louisiana! & Texas! (not extend-
ing eastward beyond the Alleghany Mountains.) Aug.-Oct. — Stem 3-5 feet
high, striate, stout. Spike very dense, cylindrical, and 12-18 inches long, or
often short and somewhat clavate, an inch or more in diameter when fully
developed ; sometimes (in starved specimens of both varieties) slender and
looser. Heads equalling or exceeding those of L. spicata in length, but
narrower. — .\ well-marked species, resembling some forms of L. spicata, but
readily distinguished by its squarrose involucre. The upper leaves are
usually very short, bract-like, subulate, and somewhat appressed.

13. L. pilosa (Wilid.) : more or less pubescent with long scattered hairs;
stem stout; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated, hairy; heads in a
loose simple raceme, 10-15-flowered ; scales of the turbinate or campanulate
involucre glabrous, not punctate, with slight scarious margins ; the exterior
narrowly oblong, short, very obtuse; the innermost linear; achenia pub-
escent, nearly as long as the densely barbellate (almost plumose) pappus.^
WilLd. spec. 3. p. 1636 ; scarcely of any succeeding author. Serratula pilosa,
Ait.! Keiv. {ed. \) 3. p. 138.

" North America : introduced [into the Kew garden] 1783, by Mr. Wm.
Young." Hort. Keio.l.c. On Seven-mile Mountain (in the Alleghanies),
Virginia, Mr. Read ! (in hcrh. Acad. Philad.) — Plant nearly as siout as L.
scariosa. Heads somewhat scattered, 8-10 lines long, on pedicels which
vary in length from 1-3 inches, or are sometimes shorter than the head.
Interior scales of the involucre narrow, rather acute, about half an inch long.
Achenia and pappus nearly eipial in size to L. scariosa. — Our description is
drawn from our own memoranda upon an authentic specimen in the Banks-
ian herbarium, and from fuller notes kindly communicated by Mr. Bennett;
also from a jjlant collected in the mountains of Virginia by Mr. Read,
the only native specimen we have met with, which accords so well with the
original plant as to leave no reasonable doubt of their identity. It has long
since disappeared from the English gardens; and being probably a very rare
or local species, the name and insufficient character of the Horius Kewensis
have been generally assigned to a very different plant. The character of
Pursh's L. pilosa is not inapplicable to the true species ; but the habitat he
gives, the size of the heads, &c. do not accord. That of De CandoUe is
chiefly derived from the detailed description of Elliott, which is entirely
drawn from a specimen of the New Jersey plant, as is proved by his her-

LiATRis. COMPOSITiE. 75

barium. The L. pilosa /?. Isvicaulis, DC. is identical with L. spicata )'.
raceriiosa of the same author.

14. L. scariosa (Willd.): stem stout, more or less pubescent; leaves lan-
ceolate, pubescent or glabrous, obscurely if at all punctate with impressed
dots ; the radical and lower ones usually large, oval, oblong-lanceolate, or
obovate-oblong, somewhat veiny, tapering into a peiiole ; heads (few or
numerous) racemose or spicate, subglobose, 20-40-flowered ; scales of the
involucre very numerous, obovaie or spatulate, very obtuse, often punctate,
with more or less ciliaie scarious often denticulate and colored margins ; the
lower ones sometimes a little spreading or squarrose ; the lowest bracteolate
and often acute ; achenia hairy or villous, about the length of the plumose-
barbellate pappus.— IVilld. ! 'sjjec. 3. p. 1635 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 281 ; Bot.
mag. t. 1709 ; Bot. reg. t. 590 ; Brit. fl. gard. t. 87 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2.
p. 293 ; Hook. .' fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 306. L. squarruiosa, aspera, & sphe-
roidea, Michx. ! fl.. 2. p. 92. L. scariosa & spheroidea, DC. ! prodr. 5. p.
129 Sf 130. L. borealis, '' Paxton, tnag. 5. /. 27." L. heterophylla, Nutt..'
gen. 2. p. 131, not of R. Br.? Serralula scariosa, Linn..' spec. 2. p. 818.
Vernonia scariosa, Pair.

Dry, usually sandy soil, from the Saskatchewan and Upper Canada ! to
Florida! Louisiana! & Texas! Aug.-Ocf. — Stem 1-5 feet high. Heads
often an inch in diameter. Flowers bright purple, or rarely pure white ! —
Varies with the stem nearly glabrous, or sometimes almost tonientose at the
summit; the leaves smooth and glabrous, very scabrous (L. aspera, Michx.),
or pubescent ; the heads from 3-10 or more, when they are usually some-
what distant and distinctly pedicelled (the pedicels shorter or sometimes
longer than the heads,) to 30 or 50, when they usually form a dense spike.
But the forms are so numerous and diversified that marked varieties cannot
be characterized. It is mostly a pretty large and stout plant ; but is sometimes
slender, 12-18 inches high, with smaller heads, and small linear-lanceolate
cauline leaves ; when it is frequently called L. heterophylla.

15. L. heterophylla (R. Brown) : leaves lanceolate, smooth and glabrous ;
the upper ones linear-lanceolate and much smaller; heads spicate, on very
short peduncles; scales of the involucre lanceolate, squarrose, naked. — R.Br,
in Ait. Keu: (ed. 2) 4. p. 503.

" Native of N. America : cult. 1790, by Mr. William Malcolm. Fl.
July and August," R. Br. " In S. Carolina and Georgia, Fraser, Bartram,"
Pursh. — To the original character of this species, we have only to add the
following notes upon the specimen preserved in the Banksian herbarium,
obligingly communicated by Mr. Bennett: "Heads about 10, forming a
compact spike of little more than two inches in length, apparently 15-16-
flowered ; in size and shape they appear to resemble those of L. scariosa;
but the scales are long, pointed, and more decidedly squarrose." Apparently
the species has not been subse(|uently met with in this country; but we have
often seen depauperate forms of L. scariosa with this name, yet never with
pointed scales. Pursh's reference to Willd. evu/n. is a mistake, as Will-
denow has no such species.

16. L. pauciflora (Pursh) : stem simple, glabrous; leaves linear; panicle
virgate, leafy; the branches short, bearing few subsessile secund 3-5-flow-
ered heads , scales of the involucre erect, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 510.

In Georgia, Bartram, (herb. Banks) Flowers small, the size of No. 4.
[which is L. heterophylla.] Pursh. — We have translated the character of
Pursh, merely changing the name 'calyx' to involucre, &c. This still
very obscure species evidently does not belong to llie same division with L.
paniculata &c., where Pursll places it; for, according to Mr. Bennett's re-
marks upon the specimen, " the primary branches of the inflorescence (which

76 COMPOSITjE. LiATRis.

is 7 or 8 inches long,) are not corymbose but simple, slender, from an inch
and a half to two inches in length, suberect, and each bearing 3 to 4 subses-
sile secund (obconic or subcylindric) capitula : the outer scales of the involu-
cre are less than half the length of the innermost ; their shape and the num-
ber of flowers in each are accurately noted by Pursh."

§ 2. Suffruticose : branches and heads corymbose : leaves obovate, punciicu-
lale: scales of the few-flowered involucre few, imbricated: lobes of the corol-
la lanceolate: jyaj^pus unequal, barbellate. — Leptoclinium, Nult.

17. L. fru'icosa (Nutf.) : glabrous; branches naked above ; leaves spafu-
late-obovate, nerveless, entire ; heads about 5-flowered ; involucre cylindri-
cal-campanulate, much shorter than the pappus ; the scales (12-14) lanceo-
late, acute, or acuminate, sprinkled with resinous globules; achenia villous-
pubescent. — Nutt. ! in Sill. jour. 5. p. 299, Sf in trans. Amer. phil. sac. -
(n. ser.) 7. p. 285.

East Florida, Mr. Ware .' — Leaves scattered, (the lower opposite, the
upper alternate, JS'utt.) about an inch long, similar in shape to those of the
common Purslane. Scales of the involucre imbricated in about 3 series ;
the exterior shorter and more acuminate; the innermost a little longer than
the achenia, which are nearly 3 lines in length. Corolla purple. Pappus
longer than the achenia, of numerous rather strongly barbellate bristles, some
of which are much weaker and shorter than the others. — The achenia and
pappus exactly agree with those of L. scariosa, and are about the same size :
the receptacle is the same as in other few-flowered species.

§ 3. Root a short rhizoma or caudex : leaves dilated, obovate, spatulate, or
lanceolate, somewhat tripli-ncrved or veined, not punctate with imjjressed
dots: heads corymbose or paniculate-cymose, small, few-flowered : scales of
the involucre few and slightly imbricated : corolla scarcely dilated above ;
the lobes short, ovate : pappus minutely barbellate. — Tkilisa, Cass., DC.
(excl. spec.)

18. L. odoratissima (Willd.) : glabrous ; leaves somewhat glaucous, ob-
scurely veined; the radical ones obovaie-spaiulale, tapering at the base, often
slightly and obtusely toothed ; the cauline oblong, clasping at the base ; cyme
corymbose-jianiculate ; the heads numerous, pedicellate, 7-8-flowered ; scales
of the involucre spatulate-oblong, glandular ; achenia scarcely pubescent. —

Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1637; Michx.1 fl. 2. p. 93 ; Pursh. fl. 2. p.b\Q: Nutt.!
gen. 2. p. 132 ; Arulr. bot. rep. t. 633 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 283 ; DC ! prndr. 5.
p. 131 ; Don, in Brit. fl. gard. (ser. 2) t. 184. Anonymos odoratissimus,
Walt. Car. p. 198. Trilisa odoratissima, Cass. diet. 55. p. 310.

Pine barrens, Virginia (Nnttall) to Florida! Alabama! and Louisiana!
Sept.-Oct. — Stem 2-4 feet high, corymbose at the summit. Leaves thick,
tripli-nerved, or with several veins proceeding from the midrib ; the ra-
dical ones large; the upper small and scattered. Flowers bright purple.
Achenia glandular. — The leaves when bruised exhale the odor of Vanilla,
which in a dry state they retain for many years; whence the popular
name, Vanilla-plant.

19. L. paniculata (Willd.) : stem clothed with viscid hairs; leaves 3-5-
nerved, mostly glabrous; the radical ones spatulate-lanceolate, tapering into
a margined petiole; the cauline very small and numerous, lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, sessile, viscidly pubescent when yoimg; corymbs small,
numerous, aggregated into a dense oblong panicle; heads 4-10- (commonly
5-) flowered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear-oblong, viscid ;

LiATRis. COMPOSITiE. 77

achenia minutely pubescent. — Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1637; Michx. ! I.e.;
Pursh, I. c. ; Nutt. ! ^en. 2. p. 132 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 283 ; DC! I. c. Anony-
mos paniculatus, Wait,.! Car. p. 198.

Moist pine barrens, Virginia to Florida! common. Sept.-Oct. — Stem 1-2
feel high, virgale, purplish, somewhat villous or hirsute with glutinous hairs.
Cauline leaves very small, a])pressed, almost imbricated. Heads as large
as in the preceding species. Corolla purple, sometimes almost white. The
scales of the involucre vary from 6 to 16, and the flowers from 4 to 10.

L. flexnosa of D. Thomas, in Sill. jour. 27. p. 338 (1839), is either L. cylin-
dracea or a reduced L. squaiTosa ; it is impossible to determine which from the
imperfect description and figure.

12. CLAVIGERA. DC. prodr. 5. p. 127.

Heads 5-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several series,
striate ; the exterior very short ; the innennost elongated, linear. Receptacle
narrow, naked. Corolla tubular, dilated at tlie base, not expanded above,
5-toothed ; the teeth very short, glandular externally. Style with a villous
bulb at the base ; the branches terete or subclavate, mostly glabrous, included
or partly exserled. Achenia somewhat cylindrical, striate (mostly 10-striate),
nearly glabrous, sessile. Pappus a single series of plumose-barbellate bris-
tles.— Somewhat shrubby branched (Mexican & Texan) plants. Leaves
alternate, 1 -nerved or tripli-nerved, linear or oblong, entire or toothed, some-
times dotted with resinous globules, or punctate. Heads in a corymbose or
spicate panicle. Flowers whitish.

" A genus intermediate between Kuhnia and Liatris [but much nearer the for-
mer], dedicated, on account of the species being all natives of Mexico, to Franc.
Xav. Clavigero, who wrote upon the natural as well as the civil history of Mexico."
DC. — On the authority of Hrenke's herbarium, De Candolle gives Mulgrave Sound
as one of the localities of C. scoparia ; but this is probably a mistake; and much
confusion is said to exist respecting the localities of Hsenke's plants.

1. C. dcntata (DC.) : pubescent, cinereous, shrubby ; leaves oval-oblong,
toothed, here and there .somewhat lobed at the apex ; branchlets leafy, bear-
ing one or few heads disposed in a narrow panicle; heads l2-fl()wered; scales
of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, somewhat scarious at
the apex, more or less striate. DC. I. c.

Texa.s, in the eastern districts (Cammancheries), and about Bexar, Ber-
landier, ex DC. — This species jterhaps hardly conies within the prescribed
limits of our Flora. We introduce it for comparison with the following,
apparently different, species.

2. C. Riddellii : shrubby; the branches cinereous and miinitely pubes-
cent: leaves oblong-lanceolate, okscurely punctate ; the lower ones tripli-
nerved, reticulate-veined beneath, minutely pubescent, unequally serrate;
those of the branches small, crenaiely toothed from the middle to the
apex; heads 15-20-fiovvere(l, disposed in a leafy spike or thyrsus terminating
the virgate branches; scales of the involucre pubescent and glandular, stri-
ate, obtuse, seldom mucronate; the exterior ovate; the inner lanceolate-
linear, slightly scarious at the apex.

Interior of Texas, Dr. Riddell ! — A much branched shrub, 4-6 feet high.
Lower leaves slightly petioled. Spike or raceme nearly simple, dense, vir-
gaie ; the hemls .scarcely exceeding the leaves from the axils of which ihey
arise, the lower ones flowering earliest. Branches of the style partly ex-
serted, clavate. Achenia about 10-striate.

78

COMPOSITiE. KuHNiA.

13. KUHNIA. Linn. spec. ed. 2. appx. p. 1662; Vent. Cels. t. 91.

Kulinia § Strigia, DC. — Critonia, Gartn., not of/?. Br.

Heads 10-25-flowered. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, rather loosely
imbricated in two or three series; the exterior shorter, acute or acuminate.
Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, somewhat dilated at the base, not ex-
panded above, 6-toothed ; the teeth short, obtuse, glandular externally.
Style with a villous bulb at the base ; the branches at length exserted, slight-
ly clavate and somewhat flattened at the summit, glabrous. (Anthers some-
times abortive or unconnected?) Achenia nearly cylindrical, many-striate,
sessile. Pappus a single series of strongly plumose bristles. — Perennial
herbs or suifrutescent plants, with alternate or somewhat ojiposite 1-nerved
or tripli-nerved lanceolate leaves, sprinkled with resinous dots beneath.
Heads paniculate-corymbose. Flowers white or purple.

"We have drawn the above character from the North American species alone, to
which, with probably K. rosmarinifolia of Cuba (the section Strigia, DC.) the ge-
nus should doubtless be restricted: the species with pentagonal estriate achenia
seem to be closely allied to Eupatorium, while Kuhnia proper is more near to Cla-
vigera. — Kuhnia glutinosa of tUiott is placed by De CandoUe in his section Leio-
go°iia, and is referred by Hooker to Eupatorium altissimum, in both cases on the
authority of specimens communicated by the author himself who had inadvertendy
sent under that name the Eupatorium aUissimum, a very different plant frorn the K.
glutinosa of his herbarium (also long since sent to his correspondents in this coun-
try), and by no means agreeing with his published description, in which the pappus
is said to be "beautifully feathered."— Kuhnia Arabica, Hochst. tf- Steu/i.! pi. Arab,
un. itin.; DC! prodr. 7. p. 267, is a species of Pegolettia, as Dr. A molt first inti-
mated to us.— Nothites, Cass, (of which we know a single species) is nearer Kuhnia
than Mikania, but a distinct genus.

1. K. eupatorioides (Linn.): stem herbaceous; leaves, as w^ell as the
scales of the involucre, thickly sprinkled beneath with shining resinous dots,
lanceolate; the cauline ones txiostly irregularly serrate; those of the branches
narrow and usuallv entire; heads in paniculate corymbs; flowers white or
yellowish-white.— L?>?». I. c. (excl. syn. Pluk.) ; Linn. f. decad. 2. p. 21,
Ml; Darlmgt..'Ji.Cest.p.'\A9. K. eupatorioides & K. Crhonia, Willd.
spec. 3. p. 1773. K. eupatorioides, dasypia, glutinosa, elliptica, tuberosa,
fulva, (media, glabra,) & puhescens, Ra'f. Critonia Kuhnia, Gxvin. fr. 2.
p. 411, t. 174, f. 7 ; Michx.! f. 2. p. 101.

p. corymbulosa: lower surface of the leaves, and the branches, cinereous-
pubescent; lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, irregularly serrate or sometimes
laciniate-toothed ; corymbs rather short and dense. — K. eupatorioides, Ell.
sk. 2. ;;. 291; DC. prodr. 5. p. 126. K. glutinosa. Ell..' I. c, notof J>C.
prodr..' K. suiveolens. Presenilis, ind. sem. hort. Franc. 1838.

y. gracilis: leaves scarcely pubescent; the lower cauline ones lanceolate
and more or less serrate; the others linear and mostly entire; corymbs loose,
paniculate.— K. paniculata, Cass. diet. 2i. p. 516; DC! I. c. K. Critonia,
Ell. I. c, <^r.

Dry soil, New Jersey ! and Pennsylvania! to Florida! Alabama! Lou-
isiana! and Texas! Sept.-Oct. — Lower leaves frequently opposite. Ache-
nia pubescent when young, nearly glabrous when mature. Pappus white
or tawny. — The K. eupatorioides of Linnaeus, and the Critonia Kuhnia of
Ga;rtner were clearly founded on the same plant, and that the more common
form in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which is rather the K. Critonia of
authors than K. eupatorioides; so that some changes in nomenclature would

KuHNiA. COMPOSITiE. 79

be necessary'' if more than one species were admitted. But, considerable as
is the difference lietween ihe extremes, we have a great variety of specimens
forming snch complete transitions that we are unable even to characierize a
series of varieties. The involucre, corolla, achenia, dec. are precisely the
same in all. We have, therefore, taken the more common northern plant as
the type of the species, and have designated the extreme forms as varieties.

14. BULBOSTYLIS. DC. prodr. 5. p. 138.

Heads 10-25-flowered. Scales of the oblong or cylindrical-campanulale
involucre rather loosely imbricated in about 3 series, striate ; the exterior
short, the inner lanceolate or linear. Receptacle narrow, naked. Corolla
tubular, slender, somewhat dilated at the base, contracted at the summit,
with 5 extremely short externally glandular teeth. Style whh a commonly
villous bulb at the base, included. Achenia nearly terete, or obscurely
6-angled, about 10-striate. Pappus of numerous capillary scabrous bristles,
longer tlian the corolla. — Suflfruticose (chiefly Mexican) plants, with terete
branches. Leaves opposite or alternate, ovate or lanceolate, petioled, ser-
rate, often doited with resinous globules. Heads in thyrsoid or spicate leafy
panicles. Flowers mostly white or ochroleucous.

Perhaps not sufficiently distinct from Brickellia; which again is distinguished
froiTi Eupatorium chiefly by its striate achenia.

1. B. Californica: stem and branches velvety-puberulent ; leaves ovate, on
short petioles, irregularly serrate-toothed, 3-nerved at the base, nearly gla-
brous above, dotted with minute glands and puberulent but scarcely reticulated
beneath, the upper ones mostly alternate; heads in a spicate thyrsus, about
20-flo\vered ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; the exterior very short, ap-
pressed ; the innermost linear, 1— 2-nerved; achenia minutely pubescent. —
B. Cavanillesii, DC. ! prodr. 5. ;;. 138, partly (the Californian plant) ; Hook.
Sf Arn. ! hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 3o0.

California, i)oy^/a6'.' — DiHers from the Mexican plant {herb. DC. .') as
well in the leaves, which have not the upper surface scabrous, nor the lower
reticulated, as in the obtuse scales of the involucre.

2. B. microphylla (Nutt.) : much branched, viscidly pubescent and glandu-
lar ; leaves alternate, ovate, petioled, sparingly toothed, tripli-nerved, equally
pubescent and viscid on both sides ; those of the branchlets very small,
nearly sessile; heads about 15-flowered ; exterior scales of the involucre
with squarrose foliaceous tips; the interior erect, linear, 2-3-nerved, mucro-
nulate. — Nutt..' in trans. Amer. jihii. soc. {n. scr.) 7. p. 287.

Oregon, on the Walla-wallah, Nultall ! — A low suffruticose plant; the
leaves of the numerous branchlets onl}' 2 or 3 lines long, rather thick, re-
sembling those of some Asters. Heads small, scattered. Achenia not seen.

15. BRICKELLIA. Ell. sk. 2. p. 290.

Heads 30-50-flowered. Scales of the campanulate involucre imbricated,
lanceolate or linear, striate ; the exterior shorter. Receptacle naked, flat.
Corolla tubular, slightly expanded towards the summit ; the teeth short, ob-
tuse, scarcely glandular externally. Style whh a villous bulb at the base ;
the branches often much exsertcd, somewhat clavate, glabrous. Achenia

80 COMPOSITiE. Brickellia.

nearly cylindrical, about 10-striale. Pappus a single series of slender sca-
brous or minutely barbellate-serrulate bristles. — Perennial herbs (natives of
the Southern United States and Oregon), sparingly branched ; with opposite
or alternate tripii-nerved leaves, and rather large corymbose heads. Flowers
pale purple.

§ 1. Leaves mostly opposite, cordate, crenate, petioled, 3-nerved from the base,
veiny : involucre rather shorter than the flowers.

1. B. cordifolia (Ell. 1. c.) : stem paniculate-corymbose at the summit ;
leaves all opposite, somewhat triangular-cordate, acuminate, minutely pu-
bescent anil thickly dotted with resinous globules beneath, crenale-tooihed ;
corymb loose, the branches bearing 1-3 pedunculate heads; bracts setaceous ;
scales of the involucre rather rigid; the outermost subulate, loose or bracteo-
late, somewhat shorter than the obtuse oblong-linear imbricated interior
ones ; branches of the style much exserted ; achenia nearly glabrous ; pap-
pus (purplish) persistent. — Eupatorium Brickellia, DC. prodr. 5. p. 182.

Hill-sides, western districts of Georgia, Elliott. Middle Florida, Dr.
Chapman ! Aug.-Sept. — Stem about 3 feet high, terete. Leaves about 3
inches long ; the uppermost merely truncate at the base. Heads half an
inch long, 40-5()-flowered. Style with a depressed villous bulb. Achenia
•when young minutely hairy towards the summit.

2. B. grandiflora (Nutt.): stem paniculate at the summit; leaves cordate-
triangular, acuminate, pubescent or nearly glabrous, dotted with resinous
globules beneath, coarsely or incisely dentate-serrate ; the lower mostly op-
posite, the others alternate; heads subses'iile and glomerate (3—5 together) on
the simple branches of the panicle; scales of the involucre imbricated in
several series; the inner ones linear-oblong, rather acute; the exterior short,
ovate, appressed, produced into a subulate spreading appendage; branches
of the style slightly exseried; achenia glabrous when mature; pappus
(white) deciduous. — Nutt.! in trans. Anier. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 287.
Eupatorium? grandiflorum, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 26.

Low hills between the north and south branches of Lewis & Clarke's
River, Oregon, Douglas; and from this region to the Rocky Mountains,
Nuttall! Upper plains of the Platte? Dr. James! — Manifestly allied to
the preceding species; the heads about the same size. Flowers white, ac-
cording to Hooker; but evidently tinged with purple in the specimen of Dr.
James.

§ 2. Leaves all alternate, oblong-lanceolate, small, sessile, not sprinkled with
resinous dots, obscurely tripii-nerved, entire: inner scales of the involucre
longer than the flowers.

3. B. oblongifolia (Nutt.) : slightly viscid-puberulent ; leaves nume-
rous, narrowly oblong, mucronulate, tapering to the base, scarcely veined ;
heads solitary or 2-3 together, terminaiing the corymbose-paniculate
leafy branches; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 series ; the exte-
rior shorter, lanceolate-oblong, often obtuse; the interior linear, elongated,
acute or mucronate; branches of the style scarcely exserted ; achenia slen-
der, minutely puberulent. — Nutt. ! I. c.

Gravel bars of the Oregon and Wahlamet, Nut/all! — Leaves about an
inch long. Heads 8-10 lines in length. Habit different from the other spe-
cies. The plant is viscid, and has a heavy odor, according to Nuttall; who
states that the flowers are yellowish [ochroleucous?].

EuPATORiTJM. COMPOSITiE. 81

16. EUPATORIUM. Tourn. i7ist. t. 259 ; Linn.; Gtertn. fr. t. 166;
DC.prodr. 5. p. 141.

Heads 3-1 00-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or campanulate ; the scales
imbricated in 2-3 or niore series, or sometimes nearly equal in a single se-
ries. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla tubular-infundibuliform or often with
a campanulate limb, 5-toothed, frequently dilated at the base. Anthers in-
cluded. Branches of the style mostly exserted and elongated, cylindra-
ceous or somewhat flattened, obtuse. Achenia 5-angled, without intermediate
strice. Pappus a single series of very slender capillary bristles, scabrous or
minutely serrulate. — Perennial herbs or somewhat shrubby plants (the great-
er portion American), with opposite (sometimes alternate or verticillate) sim-
ple or rarely divided leaves. Heads mostly corymbose. Flowers purple,
blue, or white. Leaves, involucre, corolla, and achenia often sprinkled with
resinous globules ; the former rarely impressed-punctate.

§ 1. Heads cylindrical, 5-60-Jlowered : scales of the involucre numerous,
closely imbricated in several series, oppressed, obtuse, strongly striate ; the
outer ones shortest : leaves opposite or rarely alternate.

1. E. ivcejhliwn (Linn.): herbaceous; stem terete, somewhat hispid;
leaves opposite, narrowly lanceolate, tapering to each end, scarcely petioled,
3-nerved, subserrate, glabrous; corymb trichotomous, loose ; heads oblong,
pedicellate, 15-20-flowered ; scales of the involucre few, erect, striate, olj-
tuse. DC. — Linn, amcen. acad. 5. p. 405, c^ spec. {ed. 2.) 2. p. 1174 ;
Sivartz, obs. p. 301 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 146.

/?. Ludovicianum : leaves less attenuated at each end, often rather obtuse;
the uppermost short and nearly sessile ; corymbs more dense. — E. neurolepis,
Torr. ! herb. E. calocephalum, Nutt. .' in trans. Amer. j)]nl. soc. {n. ser.)
7. p. 286. Liatris oppositifolia, Nutt. ! in Sill. jour. 5. 2^- 299.

Open woods or fields, Louisiana, near New Orleans, Tainturier ! Nut-
tall ! Dr. Ingalls! Dr. Riddell! Jackson, Dr. Carpenter! and Alexandria,
Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! July-Nov. — Stem branched, 3-5 feet high.
Lower leaves about 2 inches long, broadly lanceolate, rather sparingly ser-
rate ; those of the numerous branchlefs very short. Corymbs with 6-20
heads, more contracted than in the West Indian plant. Scales of the invo-
lucre about 20 ; the inner ones somewhat dilated and colored (purplish) at
the summit. Flowers light purplish-blue. — We have only seen West In-
dian specimens of E. ivjefolium ji. DC. ; which has more pointed leaves
than our plant, but appears scarcely to difler in other respects. This is
our only representative of a large and marked group of tropical American
species.

§ 2. Heads cylindrical, 5-lO-Jlowered : scales of the involucre numerous, co-
lored, obtuse, slightly striate, imbricated in several series; the outermost
much shortest {style bulbous at the base): herbaceous: leaves large, mostly
verticillate : Jloicers purplish.

2. E. purpurcum (Linn.) : stem stout, simple, fistular or nearly solid,
pubescent or glabrous; leaves (3-G-nately) verticillate or rarely opposite,
oblong-ovate or lanceolate, more or less petioled, acuminate, veiny, scabrous or
glabrous above, somewhat ])ubcscent beneath and minutely dotted with resin-

VOL. II.-ll

82 COMPOSITiE. Eupatorium.

ous globules, serrate, the teeth mucronulate; heads in a large compound
corymb, 5-9- (rarely 3-12-) flowered; achenia glabrous and more or less
glandular.— irf)n. .' spec. {eel. 1) 2. p. 838,- Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
304; Darlingt. fl. Ccsl. p. 453. E. trifoliatum, Linn.! I. c. E. purpu-
reum, maculatuin, verticillatum, ternifolium, & dubium, DC. ! prodr. 5.
p. 151.

a. stem tall, somewhat glabrous and glaucous, purple at the nodes (and
sometimes throughout) ; leaves (5-6 in a whorl) large, oblong-ovate, coarsely
serrate, somewhat petioled, often rugosely veiny ; corymb very large, convex.
— E. purpureum, Linn. ! I. c. (excl. /3.) S^- ed. 2. p. 1173; Willd. ! spec. 3.
p. 1759 (partly); Ell. I. c.l ^-c. ; DC! I.e. E. verticillatum, Willd.!
L. c. (herb. fbl. 1, & 2 !) E. trifoliatum, Darlingt. ! I. c.

/?. jnaculatum (Darlingt. ! 1. c.) : stem mostly striate or grooved, pubescent
and often glandular or viscid above, punctate with purple linear spots ;
leaves (mostly ternate or quaternate) ovate, slightly tripli-nerved, petioled ;
corymb dense, depressed. — E. purpureum, /3. Linn.'! I. c. ed. I. E. macu-
latum, Linn. ! amosn. 4. p. 288, <^- spec. ed. 2. p. 1174 ; Willd. ! I. c. ;
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 99 ; Bart. fl. Amer. Sept. t. 102 ; Ell. I. c. ; DC. ! I. c.
E. punctatum, Willd. ! enum. 2. p. 853 ; Ptirsh, fl. 2. p. 515. E. amcE-
num, Pursh! I. c. — Varies, with the leaves strongly rugose and scabrous-
pubescent both sides, or nearly smooth and glabrous ; either acute or acumi-
nate at each end (E. maculatum, Ell. I. c.) ; or obtuse at the base, and
pubescent and glandular beneath, as also the scales of the involucre (E.
ternifolium. Ell. I. c. ; DC. I. c); or with the leaves scarcely acuminate,
the involucre glabrous and about 3-flowered (E. dubium, Poir., X)C.) ; or
occasionally with the lower leaves ternate, the upper opposite, lie uppermost
sometimes even alternate (E. amoenum, Pursh, I. c.) ; and by other forms
with a shghtly punctate stem, elongated (mostly ternate) ovate-lanceolate
leaves, acuminate at both ends and coarsely serrate, (E. trifoliatum, Linn.,
Darlingt. I. c.) approaching the original E. purpureum, so as to be undis-
tinguishable from its more slender states.

y. angustifolium : stem tall, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, or pubes-
cent at the summit, sparingly punctate with linear spots; leaves (commonly
5 or 6 in a whorl), petioled, evenly and rather finely serrate ; the lower ones
oblong-lanceolate ; the upper linear-lanceolate ; corymb compound, panicu-
late-lhyrsoid, loose. — E. Iffivigatum, Torr. ! cat. jyl. Neiv York. — Varies (in
shady places,) with the heads and flowers nearly white, the leaves membra-
naceous and more deeply serrate, &c. ; when it is E. falcatum, Michx. ! fl.
2. p. 99.

Low grounds, thickets, and swamps, Canada ! from the Saskatchawan,
and throughout the United States ! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 3-7 or even 10 feet
high. Involucre purplish or whitish ; the scales 12-18, obtuse; the exterior
very short, closely imbricated, pubescent ; the others linear-oblong and
linear, scarious, 2-3-nerved, shorter than the flowers. Corolla infundibuli-
form-tubular ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, short, light purple or flesh-color.
Style with a small globose pubescent bulb at the base ; the branches very
nmch exserted. — This plant is sometimes employed medicinally, as a tonic.

§ 3. Heads 3-many-flowered : scales of the somewhat cylindrical or cam-
panulate involucre 8-15, more or less iinhricatcd ; the exterior shortest: leaves
opposite, sometimes verticillate or alternate. {Stem herbaceous, flowers white,
and the corolla, achenia, &;c. more or less dotted with resinous globules in all
the North American species.)

* PanicuMe : heads o-b-fl^ovxred : leaves allcrnatc, plmiatclij Med.

3. E. fceniculaceum (Willd.) : paniculately very much branched ; stem

EuPATORiuM. COMPOSITiE. 83

puberulent ; leaves alternate, linear-filiform, glabrous ; the lower pinnately
or bipinnately parted ; the upper fascicled, entire ; heads very numerous,
small, 3-5-flovvered, on short pedicels; scales of the involucre 8-10; the
exterior very short; the inner mucronulate-acuminate, glabrous, slightly
margined; achenia clabrous. — Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1750; Pursh ! fl. 2. p.
512 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 294 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 176. E. fa3niculoides, Walt.
Car. p. 199. Chrysocoma capillacea, Miclix. ! fl. 2. p. 101.

/3. glahrum : stem and branches glabrous ; the racemose-spicate divisions
of the panicle somewhat fastigiate. — E. leptophyllum, DC. ! I. c.

y. lateriflorum : slightly pubescent ; branchlets of the panicle loose, with
rather few and scattered heads, borne towards the base of leafy branches. —
E. fcEuiculaceum /3. traganthes, DC! I. c. (at least partly.)

Fields, in damp soil, mostly near the coast, Virginia ! and N. Carolina! to
Florida ! /i. Georgia, Mr. Herbemont ! (in herh. Duby SfDC.) &c. Florida,
Dr. Leavenworth ! y. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! Sept.-Oct. — Stem
3-10 feet high ; the branches terminated by the elongated compound panicles.
Flowers yellowish-white, (sometimes sprinkled with purple, Ell.), very
small. Corolla tubular-infundibuliform ; the teeth very short, minutely glan-
dular externally. Anthers as long as the corolla : the stamens not very short,
as described by Elliott. Branches of the style much elongated and exserted,
minutely papillose. Achenia angled as in E. coronopifoliuin (not cylindri-
cal).— The E. foeniculaceum [3. of De CandoUe seems a cultivated state of
our var. >., which is a somewhat remarkalde form ; the heads however being
only 5-flowered. — Dog-Fennel.

4. E. coronopifolium (Willd.) : paniculately branched ; stem pubescent ;
leaves mostly alternate, pubescent or nearly glabrous, punctate ; the lower
ones pinnately 3-7-Iobed, the lobes linear ; the others linear, mostly entire,
fascicled or crowded ; heads numerous, scarcely pedicelled, 5-flowered ;
scales of the involucre about 10, lanceolate, mucronulate, slightly pubescent,
with scarious margins ; the exterior short and imbricated ; achenia glabrous. —
Willd. ! spec. 3.^p. 1750 ,- Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 294 ,- DC! prodr.
5. p. 176. E. compositifolium, Walt. Car. p. 199. Chrysocoma coronopi-
folia, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 102.

Dry barren soil, N. Carolina to Florida! Alabama! and Texas! Sept.-
Oct. — Stena 3-4 feet high; the branches of the panicle rather short and dense.
Flowers about twice the size of those of E. fcieniculaceum, white; the
corolla, achenia, papjius, &c. similar. Style with a minute bulb at the
base.

* ♦ Corymbose: heads 5-15- {rardij viore than 20-) flowered.

t Leaves sessile or nearly so, not clasping or connate : heads 5- (rarely 7-9-) flowered.

5. E. pinnatifidum (Ell.) : pubescent ; stem fastigiately corymbose at the
summit; leaves laciniate-pinnatifid, with the segments linear and entire or
toothed, pubescent beneath, sprinkled with sinning resinous dots; the lower
ones quaternately verticillate, the otliers opposite or mostly alternate ; heads
small, very numerous, 5-9-flowered ; scales of the involucre 8-10, linear-
oblong or lanceolate, mucronulate, pubescent and sprinkled with resinous
dots ; achenia sparsely glandular. — Ell. sk. 2. p. 295 ; DC. prodr. 5. p>. 176,
but not oi p. 149.

Damp soil in the middle districts of Carolina, Elliott. Middle Florida,
Dr. Chapman! Sandy woods of N. Carolina, Mr. Curtis! — Stem 3-4 feet
high. Leaves lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, deeply and unequally laciniate-
pinnatifid, nearly glabrous above, minutely pubescent and more conspicu-
ously dotted with shining globules beneatii ; the lower segments elongated
and usually toothed or laciniate. Branches of tlie fastigiate corymb loose ;

84 COMPOSITiE. Eupatorium.

the heads not larger than in E. coronopifolium. Corolla infundibuliform,
attenuate below, and abruptly dilated at the base; the teeth very short, ovate,
glandular externally. Pappus as long as the corolla. Achenia dotted with
scattered resinous globules. — Our plant appears to be that of Elliott, although
we have never seen the lower verticillate leaves, and the heads are mostly
7-9-flowered. The styles also in our specimens are often all included within
the corolla at every stage, and with short very obtuse lobes. Two or three
flowers of each head, however, often present the branches of the style elon-
gated and much exserted, as described by Elliott. The same thing occurs in
several of the succeeding species, and in Kuhnia eupatorioides. where the
style is usually included until a late period.

6. E. hyssopifolium (Linn.) : stem minutely pubescent, simple or branched,
loosely corymbose at the summit ; leaves opposite or verticillate, and often
fascicled in the axils, the uppermost alternate, linear or lanceolate, rather
obtuse, tapering or acute at the base, minutely pubescent, punctate on
both sides, 3-nerved, the upper ones 1-nerved, entire, the lower ones spar-
ingly toothed or serrate; heads 5-flowered; scales of the involucre 10, shorter
than the flowers, very pubescent, glandular; the outer ones short; the others
linear-oblong, obtuse, with slightly scarious margins; achenia glabrous and
usually glandular.— Z,m«. .' spec. 2. p. 836 (pi. Dill. Eltlu S^-Pluk..' t. 88,
/. 2.); Willd.! spec. 3. ^.1749; Ait.! Kew. {ed. 2) 4. p. 505. E. lineari-
foliuni & E. hyssopifolium (chiefly), DC! prodr. 5. p. 177. E. linearifo-
lium, Walt. ! Car. p. 199 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 97 (chiefly) ; Willd. ! I. c. ;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 296 ?

(i. leaves mostly verticillate, very narrowly linear, elongated, entire.

y. leaves seldom verticillate ; the lower ones rather broadly lanceolate,
somewhat veined, coarsely serrate-toothed. — E. linearifolium, Michx. ! I. c.
(partly.) E. hyssopifolium, DC. ! I. c. (partly.)

6. leaves usually ternately verticillate, lanceolate, rather large and thin,
serrate-toothed. — E. Torreyanum, Short! cat. Kentucky plants, 2nd suppl.

Dry mostly sterile soil, from the coast of Massachusetts ! and New Jersey !
to Florida! and Western Louisiana! /?. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman!
y. Southern States ! d. " Knobs among the barrens near the Mammoth
Cave, Kentucky," Dr. Short! — Stem 1-3 feet high, usually very leafy.
Leaves commonly 1 i-2 inches long, rather thick and rigid ; the lateral nerves
somewhat anastomozing, approximate to the mid-nerve in the narrower
leaves, nearly wanting in the narrowest. Com])ound corj'mb rather loose,
often fastigiate. Corolla dilated at the base, as in numerous species, cyathi-
form or campanulate at the summit; the lobes ovate, very short. Style
usually much exserted. — The Linnfean species was founded on the narrower-
leaved plant (E. linearifolium, DC), in which the lower leaves are always
3-nerved, and often toothed ; this passes insensibly into our var. y., the ex-
treme forms of which appear abundantly different, but Michaux has justly
united them. Our two varieties /3. & 6. taken by themselves, would never
be thought the same species, but we are unable to separate them.

7. E. leucolepis: stem mostly simple, puberulent; leaves opposite, divari-
cate, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, closely sessile, serrate, very scabrous on
both sides, punctate, strongly 1-nerved ; the lower ones obscurely 3-nerved
or somewhat veiny ; coryml) fastigiate, canescent ; heads 5-flowered ; scales
of the involucre 8-10, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, very pubescent and
glandular on the back, white and scarious at the summit, as long as the
flowers; achenia minutely glandular. — E. glaucescens /i. leucolepis, DC!
prodr. 5. p. 177. E. linearifolium, MicJtx. I. c. partly {ex herb. !) ; Pursh !
Jl. 2. p. 513 (partly) ; Nuti. ! gen. 2. p. 135. E. hvssopiiblium, Ell. sk. 2.
p. 296 ?

Damp sandy soil, pine barrens of New Jersey ! to Georgia! Florida!

EuPATORiuM. COMPOSITE. 85

Alabama! and Western Louisiana! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-3 feet high.
Leaves spreading or divaricate, rather rigid, perhaps never verticillate, sel-
dom fascicled in llie axils, the uppermost rarely alternate, both surfaces of a
pale glaucous hue, the midrib prominent beneath ; the lower ones 2 or rarely 3
inches in length, and from one-fourth to nearly half an inch wide, serrate
wuh appressed teeth; the upper narrower and more finely serrate, or
sometimes entire. Corolla, &c. nearly as in E. hyssopifolium. Appendages
of the anthers short, obtuse. Branches of the style exserted.— This has
sometimes been confounded with P2. hyssopifolium, but is readily distin-
guished as well by the leaves as by the very scarious and acute scales of the
involucre.

8. E. cuneifolium (Willd.) : pubescent; stem simple or branching, loosely
corymbose at the summit; leaves very short, ojiposite, or the uppermost
frequently alternate, obovate-oblong, s])atulate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or
attenuate at the base, slightly petioled, tripli-nerved or 3-nerved from the
base, pubescent and punctate on both surfaces, mostly obtuse, and with a
few obtuse serratures towards the apex; heads 5-flowered, somewhat crowd-
ed on the loose tomentose branchlets of the corymb ; scales of the involucre
8-10, very pubescent, sprinkled with glands, obtuse ; achenia slightly glan-
dular.—T'FzMfZ. / sjKC. 3. p. 1753, not of DC! E. glaucescens, EU.! sk.
2. p. 303. E. linearifolium, Michx. (partly, ex herb. !) E. hyssopifolium,
DC..' prodr. 5. p. 177, partly.

Shady places, S. Carolina ! Georgia ! Alabama ! and Florida ! Aug.-
Sept. — Stem about 2 feet high, erect or ascending at the base. Leaves
about an inch long, of a pale glaucous hue on both sides, very obtuse, the
uppermost sometinies acute, entire and cuneiform at the base, usually with
2-4 obtuse teeth on each side towards the summit. Involucre, flowers,
pappus, &c. nearly as in E. hyssopifolium.

9. E. jmrvifl or urn {E\l.) : minutely velvety-pubescent, branching ; leaves
opposite, or the lower sometimes ternate, and the upper frequently alternate
(sometimes verticillate, opposite, and alternate on the same specimen), lan-
ceolate or oblong, minutely jmnctate, tripli-nerved, somewhat reticulate-
veined, unequally and acutely serrate, usually entire below the middle,
tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled ; corymbs numerous ; heads
(small) crowded, 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre 8-10, in a double
series, pubescent and glandular; the exterior very short ; the interior linear,
obtuse ; achenia glabrous or minutely glandular. — Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 299, (not
of Sivartz, wliich is Critonia parviflora; nor of Auhlet, which is a Mikania.)
E. cuneifolium, DC. .'■ jnodr. 5. p. 177, not of Willd. ! E. seniiserratum,
DC! I. c. E. ambiguum, Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 96. Cri-
tonia elliptica, Raf. ! in herb. DC, S^'herb. Durand.

/?. lancifolium : stem or branches strict, glabrous below, corymbose at the
summit; leaves opposite (sometimes ternate), lanceolate, rather rigid, almost
glabrous, acute, serrulate above the middle, tripli-nerved or 3-nerved ; the
nerves sparingly anastomozing.

Damp soil, Virginia! to Georgia! Florida! Alabama! and Western Lou-
isiana! /). Ijoimmna, Dr. Leavenwor ill ! Louisiana and Texas, Dnimmond !
Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-3 feet high, usually diffusely branched above. Leaves
pale, minutely velvety-pubescent beneath, 2-3 inches long, often an inch
wide, varying from scarcely acute to acuminate, sometimes serrate nearly to
the base ; the texture rather firm. Heads about as large as in E. coronopi-
folium, crowded. Involucre shorter than the flowers.— In our var. jS. the
leaves arc smaller, nearly glabrous, and rather narrowly lanceolate, resem-
bling the upper leaves of E. parviflorum, witli which it agrees in other re-
spects. We had considered it a new species, but having observed various
intermediate states, we are satisfied that it is a mere variety of E. parvi-
florum. The E. ambiguum of Hooker is said to have 8-10-flowered involu-

86 COMPOSITE. EuPATORiuM.

cres ; we find only 5 in specimens distributed from Drummond's collection ;
but two heads may occasionally become confluent, as happens in some other
species.

10. E. altissimum (Linn.) : stem stout, tomentose-pubescent, corymbosely
branched at the summit ; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, lanceolate, some-
what tapering to each end, conspicuously 3-nerved, pubescent, acutely and
rather remotely serrate above the middle ; the uppermost often entire, and
sometimes alternate ; corymbs numerous ; heads glomerate, 5-flowered ;
scales of the involucre about 10, linear-oblong, obtuse, pubescent or tomentose
and glandular, imbricated, shorter than the flowers; achenia obscurely
angled, somewhat glandular. — Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 837 ; Jacq. hort. Vinclob.
t. i'64 ,• Ait. ! Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 159 ; Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1754 ; Michx.!
fl. 2. p. 97 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 514 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 177. E. rupestre
& E. Floridanum, Raf.! Kuhnia glutinosa, DC! prodr. 5. p. 127 (spec.
Ell.!), not o^ Ell. ! sk.

Woods and barren soil, Pennsylvania, Ohio ! and throughout the Western
Slates! and the western portion of the Southern States! " Florida," Rafines-
que ! Sept.-Ocl. — Stem 3-7 feet high. Leaves 3-4 inches long, resem-
blinf some species of Solidago, minutely dotted, pubescent or sometimes al-
most tomentose. Heads rather large. Lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate.
Style slightly enlarged and pubescent at the base ; the branches elongated
and thickened. Pappus somewhat remotely scabrous-serrulate.

11. E. album (Linn.): stem pubescent, corymbose at the summit; leaves
opposite, sessile, broadly lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed, veiny, punctate,
more or less pubescent and scabrous ; branches of the corymb fastigiate,
erect; heads 5-flowered, glomerate; scales of the involucre 10-14, closely
imbricated, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, white and scarious above,
niostly longer than the flowers ; the exterior usually pubescent and at length
dotted with dark resinous globules ; achenia glandular. — Linn. ! mant. p.
Ill; Walt. Car. p. 199; "Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1752; Ell. sk. 2. p. 296;
DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 178. E. glandulosum, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 98.

Sandy and barren fields, Pennsylvania and New Jersey ! to Florida ! and
Louisiana! Aug.-Oct. — Stem about 2 feet high, varying, as also the leaves,
from minutely pubescent to hirsute-vilious. Leaves either narrowly or very
broadly lanceolate, often very deeply serrate; the veins reticulated beneath.
Involucre, corolla, and achenia, when old, copiously sprinkled with resinous
globules; in which state it is the E. glandulosum, iVf?'c/i.T. Lobes of the
corolla ovate-lanceolate. Style more commonly included, but sometimes
manifestly exserted. Pappus densely barbellale-serrulate.

12. E. feucrifolium (Willd.) : stem roughish-pubescent, corymbose at the
summit; leaves opposite (the uppermost very frequently alternate), sessile,
ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base, slightly
iripli-nerved, veiny, somewhat pubescent and scabrous, obscurely punctate,
coarsely serrate-toothed particularly towards the base ; the uppermost nearly
entire ; branches of the corymb few, often alternate ; heads glomerate, 5-
flowered ; scales of the involucre 10, pubescent, oblong-lanceolate, scarcely
acute ; the interior at length shorter than the flowers ; achenia glandular. —
Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1753, cV hort. Berol. t. 32 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 513 ; DC. !
prodr. 5. p. 178. E. piloium, Walt. Car. p. 199.^ E. verbenasfolium,
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 98 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 301 ; Eiffel, fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 296 ;
Darlingt.! fl. Cest. p. 450. E. lanceolatura, Muhl. ! in Willd. I. c. {herb.
Willd. fol. 2! not fol. 1.) S^-in herb. Ell.! E. pubescens, Bigel.! I. c, not
of Muhl. S^' Willd.

Borders of swamps and thickets, Massachusetts ! New Jersey ! and Penn-
sylvania ! to Alabama! and Louisiana! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 2-3 feet high,
rather slender. Leaves 2-4 inches long, variable as to the serratures, which

EuPATORiuM. COMPOSITiE. 87

are often very coarse and irregular, sometimes even and more numerous ;
the upper leaves small, usually lanceolate or deltoid-lanceolate, tapering
from the base to the apex, but usually rather obtuse, often entire, except a
few coarse teeth near the base, occasionally deeply incised. Corymbs small
and dense, often somewhat paniculate. Scales of the involucre with scarious
margins, little longer than the mature achenia. — The specific name of Will-
denow and that of Michaux were published during the same year (1803).

13. E. rotundifoUum (Linn.) : stem densely pubescent, corymbose at the
summit ; leaves opposite, roundish-ovate, mostly obtuse, truncate or some-
what cordate at the base, sessile, tripli-nerved, veiny, scabrous and pubes-
cent, pale or somewhat hoary and glandular beneath, deejily crenate-toothed;
corymb fastigiate; heads 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre 8-10, very pu-
bescent, glandular ; the exterior very short; the interior linear-lanceolate, ab-
ruptly acute or acuminate, scarcely shorter than the flowers; achenia glan-
dular.—!.;■??«. .' sjjec. 2. p. 837 ; Wilid. ! spec. 3. p. 1754 ; Michx. ! fl. 2.
p. 98 (partly) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 300 ; Hook. ji. Bar. -Am. 1. ;;. 304 ; DC. !
■prodr. 5. p. 178. E. Marubium, Walt. Car. p. 199, ex Ell. Eupatoria
valerianoides Virginiensis, &c. Pluk. ! aim. p>. 141, t. 88, f. 4.

Dry sterile soil, particularly in pine barrens, (Canada, Pursh, Mr. Goldie,)
New Jersey ! to Florida ! Louisiana ! and Texas ! July-Sept. — Stem 2-3
feet high, slender. Leaves 1-2 inches long. Pappus a little longer than
the corolla. — Wild Hore-hound.

14. E. puhescens (Muhl.) : stem very pubescent or somewhat hirsute,
corymbosely branched at the summit ; leaves opposite, ovate, mostly acute,
slightly truncate at the base, sessile, somewhat tripli-nerved, veiny, more or
less pubescent, slightly scabrous, obscurely glandular-punctate, dentate-
serrate ; corymb fastigiate ; heads 7-8-flowered ; scales of the involucre
10-14, pubescent and glandular; the exterior very sliort; the interior lanceo-
late, acute, rather shorter than the flowers; achenia glandular. — Muhl. in
Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1755 ; Willd. ! enum.. 2. p. 852 ; Pursh, Ji. 2. jj. 514
(excl. syn. Michx.) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 301 ; DC. prodr. 5. f. 178/ E. scabri-
dum. Ell. I. c. p. 299.? E. ovatum, Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 296. E. ro-
tundifoUum ft.1 ovatum, Torr.! in DC. I. c. E. obovatum, Raf. in med.
repos. [hex. 2) 5. p. 359.

Massachusetts ! New Jersey ! Pennsylvania, and probably in the Southern
States, in similar situations with the preceding. Aug.-Sept. — Stem 2-4 feet
high, usually a stouter and more branching plant than E. rotundifolium.
Leaves broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, 2-3 inches long and about 1^ wide
near the base, rather obtusely and coarsely serrate ; the teeth (as in the pre-
ceding) either simple and equal, or occasionally unequal, thus becoming
somewhat doubly serrate. Scales of the involucre with scarious summits.
Corolla, pappus, &c. as in E. rotundifolium, which it sometimes approaches
perhaps too closely ; but the heads appear to be uniformly more than 5-
flowered. — The specimens in Willdenow's herbarium (particularly fol. 2.)
certainly belong to this species ; but that author states the heads to be 5-
flowered.

t t Leaves closely sessile or partly clasping at the base, or sometimes connate :
heads 10-20- (rarely 5-) flowered.

15. E. sessilifolium (Linn.) : glabrous; stem corymbosely branched above;
leaves opposite, closely sessile or partly clasping, distinct, rounded at the
base, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the base to the acu-
minate apex, sharply serrate, veiny, obscurely punctate and paler beneath ;
corymb compound, pubescent ; heads 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre 10,
imbricated somewhat in a triple series, oval or oblong, obtuse, cunescently

88 COMPOSITE. EuPATORiuM.

pubescent, glandular ; achenia minutely glandular. — Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 837 ;
Willd.! spec. 2. p. 1751 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 98 ,• Pursh I fl. 2. p. 613 ;
Ell. I. c. ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 295; Darlin,s;t. fl. Cest. p. 451 ; DC!
prodr. 5. p. 151. E. tnincatum, Ell. sk. 2. p. 298.

Borders of thickets, Massachusetts ! New York ! Pennsylvania ! and
along the Alleghany Mountains to Georgia ! and Alabama ! Aug.-Sept. —
Stem 2-4 feet high, much branched above. Leaves often 6 inches long,
variable in breadth, and in the teeth (Avhich are either fine or coarse), gla-
brous. Heads, according to DeCandoUe, 5-12-flo\vered, but we have only
observed the smaller number. Lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate. Style
moderately exserted ; the base minutely bulbous and villous.

16. E. ]7erfoUafM7n (Linn.) : stem stout, very pubescent or villous-hirsute,
corymbosely branched above ; leaves opposite, connate-perfoliate, divaricate,
lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually from the base to the acuminate
apex, obtusely serrate, veiny, the veinlets reticulated beneath, rugose, pu-
bescent, the lower surface usually almost tomentose-pubescent and sprinkled
with resinous dots; corymb fastigiate, compound ; the heads commonly 10-
flowered ; scales of the involucre 12-15, very pubescent, glandular, imbri-
cated ; the inner ones linear-lanceolate, with scarious tips ; achenia glabrous
or minutely glandular. — Linn. ! spce. 2. p. 838 ; Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1761 ;
Pursh! I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 302; Bigel.! mcd. hot. 1. p. 38, t. 2, S^- fl.
Bost. cd. 2. p. 297 ; Raf. mcd. hot. t. 36 ; Darlinst. ! fl. Cest. p. 451 ;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 305 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. ;;». 15]".

/?. leaves glabrous above, pubescent only on the midrib and veins of the
lower surface ; heads 25-40-flowered !

y. leaves glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath ; the upper dis-
tinct and truncate at the base ; the uppemiost frequently alternate. — E.
truncatum, Muhl. in Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1751 ; not of Ell., scarcely of
DC. E. salviajfolium. Bat. mag. t. 2010.

6. smaller ; leaves mostly narrowed at the base, distinct or slightly con-
nate.— E. cuneatum, Engelmann! ?nss.

Swampy grounds, Canada ! Upper Missouri ! and throughout the United
States ! abundant. 6. Arkansas, near Little Rock, Dr. Engelmann ! July-
Sept. — Stem 2-4 feet high. Leaves often 6-8 inches long, usually perfectly
connate at the base, where they are widest, decussate, rarely ternate and
connate in the same manner. Lobes of the corolla ovate, short. — This is the
well-known Boncsct or Thoroitgh-tcort, so universall)' employed in popular
medicine. Our var. /3. may be considered as an accidental state, produced
by the confluence of several heads into one, and the scales of the involucre
are likewise increased in number. The same thing we suspect sometimes
occurs in E. sessihfolium, and perhaps in other species. The E. truncatum
of Muhlenberg and Willdenow, according to herbarium of the latter, is noth-
ing more than a form of tins species with the u])per leaves disjoined and
smoother.

18. E. resinosum (Torr.) : stem velvety-puberulent, simple, or corymbosely
branched at the summit ; leaves opposite, closely sessile or parti}' clasping
at the base, linear-lanceolate, elongated, spreading or divaricate, attenuate-
acuminate, evenly serrate, 1-nerved, pinnately veined, nearly glabrous
above, minutely velvety-canescent beneath, both surfaces glandular and
somewhat viscid with resinous globules ; corymb fastigiate, compound ;
heads glomerate, 10-15-flowered ; scales of the involucre oval, obtuse, im-
bricated, tomentose-canescent and glandular ; achenia minutely roughened
with dark resinous globules. — Torr.! in DC. 2>^odr 5. p. 176.

Swamps and wet soil in the pine barrens of New Jersey, near Quaker
Bridge and Wading River! Also "Pennsylvania," Bartram ! (in herb.
Banks, under the name of E. canescens.) Aug.-Sept. — Stems terete, grow-

EuPATORiuM. COMPOSITiE. 89

ino; in tufts, 2-3 feet hia;h. Leaves 4-6 inches long, or often shorter, 4 to 5
lines wide, pale, rather membranaceous, cohering to the paper in the pro-
cess of drying, on account of the numerous resinous globules intermixed with
the close pubescence. Heads rather small, very numerous. Involucre
short. Style moderately exserted. — This very distinct and apparently very
local species was discovered in the year 1833, by one of the authors of this
■work, in the pine barrens of New jersey, where it occurred abundanth',
but we have never received it from any otlier quarter. In the Banksian
herbarium, however, there is a specimen from Bartram, said to have been
collected in Pennsylvania. In habit it resembles E. leucolepis; but the
leaves are rather flaccid, and clothed with a very soft pubescence, and the
involucre is ditferent.

t t t Leaves on slender petioles : heads 12-15-flowered.

19. E. serolinum (Mirhx.) : stem pulverulent-pubescent, much branched
above; leaves opposite, the upper frequently alternate, on slender petioles,
ovate-lanceolate, tapering above, acute, tripli-nerved and veinv, pubescent
or nearly glabrous, coarsely and sharply serrate ; corymbs numerous, com-
pound; heads 1-2-15-flowered ; scales of the involucre 10-12, linear-oblong,
with scarious margins, very pubescent, imbricated ; achenia glabrous, sel-
dom glandular.— iH/c/zx. .' ji. 2. p. 100 ; EIL! sk. 2. p. 304 ; DC. ! prodr.
5. p. 175.

Damp soil, N. Carolina! to Georgia! and Illinois! to Arkansas! and
Louisiana ! Sept.-Oct. — Stem 5-6 feet high, usually diffusely and some-
what paniculately branched above; the branches either opposite or alternate.
Leaves 5-6 inches long ; the lower ones narrowly ovate, with numerous
coarse often irregular teeth ; those of the brandies often with few unequal
teeth towards the base. Heads very numerous, rather small. Pappus about
the length of the corolla.

§4. Heads 8-30-JJoivered: scales of the campanulate involucre S-20, nearly
equal and in a single series: herbaceous : leaves opposite or rarely alternate,
ovate, petioled, not punctate or sprinkled with resinous globules: achenia not
glandular : flowers white or purj^le.

20. E. ageratoides {h'wn. f.) : glabrous ; stem branching; leaves opposite,
on long petioles, broadly ovate, sometimes slightly cordate, acuminate, tripli-
nerved, membranaceous, coarsely and sharply serrate ; corymbs compound ;
heads 12-20-flowered ; scales of the involucre 12-14, equal, in a single
series, narrowly lanceolate, scarious and rather obtuse at the tips, slightly
pubescent and ciliate ; corolla narrowed below, campanulate at the summit,
lonser 'han the pappus; achenia glabrous. — Linn. f. ! suj)pl. p. 355;

Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1765 ; Pursh ! jl. 2. p. 516 ; Ell. 'sk. 2. ;;. 303 : Bigd.
fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 298 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 305; Darlingl. fl. Cest.
p. 451 ; DC! prodr. 5. p. 175. E. urticEefolium, Reich, syst. 3. p. 719 ;
Michx.! fl. 2. p. 100; not of Linn. f. Sf Smith. E. ceanothifolium, DC.
I. c. ? E. caule erecto, &c. Linn. ! hort. Cliff, p. 396. Ageratum altissi-
mum, Linn..' spec. 2. p. 839.

Moist rich woodlands and thickets, Canada ! & Upper Missouri ! to Georgia!
and Louisiana! common, particularly in the Northern States. Aug.-Sept. —
Stem 2-3 feet high ; the summit and brandies a little pubescent. Leaves
usually large, 4-6 inches long, glabrous or with a few minute scattered hairs,
mostly dilated and obtuse or truncate at the base, sometimes abruptly taper-
ing into the petiole ; the latter 1 to 2 inches in length. Flowers pure white,
very numerous, exhaling a somewhat unpleasant odor. Lobes of the corolla
ovate, glabrous. Style much exserted.

VOL. II.-12

90 COMPOSITiE. EuPATORiuM.

21. E. aromaticum (Linn.) : pulverulent-pubescent or somewhat glabrous;
stem simple or loosely corymbose at the summit ; leaves ojjposite, on short
petioles, or sometimes almost sessile, ovate, subcordaie, or ovate-oblong,
rather acute or obtuse, rarely acuminate, 3-nerved or tri|)li-nervefl, of a
ihickish and firm texture, mostly scahrous-pubesceni, rather obtusely dentate-
serrate; corvmbs loose, somewhat panicled ; heads 8-'20- (commonly 12-15-)
flowered; scalesof the involucre 10-14, linear-lanceolate, nearly e(|ual, pubes-
cent, with slightly scarious and obtuse tips ; corolla narrowed below, cam-
panulate at the summit, rather exceeding the pappus; achenia glabrous. —
Linn.! sj^ec. 2. jp. 839 (fide herb.! & syn. PLuk. ! Sf Gronov.!) ; Willd. !
spec. 3. J}. 1765 ; Michx.! ft. 2. p. 100 ; Pursh! fl. 2. 7;. 516 ; Ait.! Kew.
(ed. 2.) 4. p. 508 ; EU. ! sk. 2. p. 304 ,• Bigel. fl. Bost. cd. 2. p. 298 ;
Darlinfft. ! fl. Cest. p. 452 ,- DC! prodr. 5. p. 175. E. cordatum, Walt.
Car. p. 199; DC. ! I. c. (the smaller-leaved forms.) E. raelissoides, Willd.!
I. c. p. 1754. (a dwarf form ; heads about 8-flowered !) E. ceanothifnlium,
Muhl. in Willd. ! spec. I. c. (fide herb. Willd. ; but the heads at least 12-
flowered, instead of 5-flovvered) ; Ell.! I.e. (leaves sniall, peiioled ; heads
8-10-flowered I) ; DC! I.e. (leaves larger, acuminate, nearly glabrous!)
E. cordiforme & E. Fraseri, Poir. suppl. fide DC (Eupatorium, Lam. ill.
t. 672.)

Dry woods and usually in barren soil, from Massachusetts near the coast !
to Florida ! Alabama! and Louisiana! Aug.-Sept. — This species exhibits
considerable variety in the form of the leaves, the length of the i)etioles, &:c.
It bears much resemblance to the preceding, and occasionally approaches it
perhaps too closely ; but it is a lower and more slender plant, with smaller
and much firmer leaves on shorter petioles, fewer heads, but usuall}' larger
flowers. The root is perennial.

22. E. ageratifolium (DC): shrubby, glabrous; the branches terete;
leaves opposite, petioled, broadly ovate, somewhat truncate at the base, at-
tenuate at the apex, obtuse, coarsely toothed, 3-nerved, not glandular; co-
rymbs terminal, trichotomous; pedicels somewhat viscous, scarcely pubes-
cent; heads about 10-flowered ; scales of the involucre in a double series,
linear, rather acute, slightly ciliate at the apex, at length spreading ; pappus
as long as the corolla ; achenia puberulent, the angles somewhat scabrous.
DC. !^ prodr. 5. p. 173.

(3. Texense : branches, pedicels, petioles, and usually the veins of the
leaves minutely puberulent; heads about 12-flowered.

Limestone rocks, Sabina's Creek (Camancheries) Texas, Dr. Riddell! {(i.)
— Shrub 6 feet high; the branches terete; the branchleis slightly angled.
Leaves in shape and texture wholly resembling many forms of E. aromali-
cum ; the corymbs also similar. Involucre about half the length of the
flowers, glabrous or nearly so ; the exterior scales 4-6, linear, rather acute,
one of them shorter and bracteolate ; the inner about the same number,
rather broader, with nanow scarious margins, somewhat obtuse, scarcely
ciliate at the apex. Corolla "white, slightly tinged with rose-color" {Rid-
dell), dilated upwards, scarcely longer than the pappus ; the teeth short,
glabrous. Achenia puberulent, and appearing somewhat viscous. — The
Texan plant accords almost exactly with De la Sagra's specimens from
Cuba, except that the scales of the involucre are less ciliate and more
obtuse.

23. E. incarnatinn (Walt.) : stem pulverulent-pubescent, branching; leaves
opposite, on slender petioles, membranaceous, deltoid, truncate or subcor-
date (rarelv only obtuse) at the base, tapering at the siimnjii or acuminate,
obtusely and coarsely toothed, 3-nerved at the base, slightly pubescent ; co-
rymb small, often panicled ; heads 20-flowered ; scales of "the involucre 15-
20, nearly equal, (a few of the outermost shorter,) in a somewhat double

EtJPATORiuM. COMPOSITE. 91

series, subulate-linear, acute, 2-nerved, slightly pubescent; pappus about tlie
length of the infundibulitbrm-tubular corolla; achenia glabrous. — Walt. Car.
p. 200 ; EU. ! sic. 2. p. 306 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. ;;. 175.

Rich soil, S. Carolina! to Florida! Louisiana I and Texas! Sept.-Nov.
— Stem 2-3 feet high, at length decumbent and producing nunaerous branch-
es. Leaves 1-2 inches long, ihe lateral nerves pedately branched from the
base ; ])etioles rather shorter than the lamina. Heads nearly as large as in
E. ageratoides. Lobes of the corolla light purple, very short, ovate, obtuse,
glabrous. Branches of the slightly exserted style very obtuse. — Considera-
bly resembles Conoclinium cislestinum.

24. E. occidentale (Hook.): nearly glabrous; stem (or branches) slender;
leaves alternate (rarely opposite), on short petioles, ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, tripU-nerved, coarsely and sparingly serrate ; the uppermost narrow,
entire; corymbs small and mostly simple, panicled ; heads 15-25-flowered ;
scales of the involucre linear, acute, nearly ecjual, in a single series; corolla
infundlbulifonn ; achenia slender, glabrous. — Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. J05 ;
DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 176. E. Oreganum, NuU. in trans. Amcr. p)hil. soc. {n.
ser.) 7. p. 286.

Interior of Oregon, in stony places, Douglas! Nuttall /—Plant 6-12 inches
high. Flowers white or pale rose-color. Styles much exserted. Leaves
about an inch long.

Eupalorium hdeum of Rafinesque doubdess belongs to some other genus ; but it
■will never be identified by the following character : " E. luteum (yellow Eupatory) ;
leaves linear, cunsiform, acute, entire, smooth ; flowers paniculated ; calyx 4-flow-
ered.— In New Jersey." Rif. in meJ. repos. (/lex. 2.) 5. p. 361.— E. crass ijo'ium and
E. viola:eum are Rafinesquian species of the Florula Ludoviciana: the latter may
be E. incarnatum, Walt.

E'lpa'oriwm P'rrinn^nnum. of Sprengel, and of Schlechtendal (in Linnan, 11. p.
5), which came from the West Indies, and not from South America as Sprengel
states, is a genuine species of Vernonia, (fide. sp. authen. in herb. Torr.] : Prof.
Schlechtendal must have overlooked the double pappus.

17. MHCANIA. Willd. sjkc. 3. p. 1452 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 187.

Heads mostly 4-flowered. Receptacle naked, narrow. Scales of the in-
volucre 4 or 5. Corolla dilated or campanulate at the summit, 5-toothed.
Anthers partly exserted. (Style with a cylindrical glabrous bulb at the
base ; the branches exserted, filiform, scarcely obtuse.) Achenia angled.
Pappus in a single series, capillary, scabrous. — Shrubby or herbaceous
mostly climbing plants (chiefly tropical and American), with opposite com-
monly cordate leaves. Heads corymbose, panicled, or spicate. Flowers
whitish.

1. M. scandens (Willd.) : stem glabrous, twining; leaves on slender peti-
oles, cordate, acuminate, repandly crenale or angularly toothed towards the
base, membranaceous, slightly scabrous or [)ubesceni, or glabrous; corymbs
paniculate, clu'^tered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate; achenia minutely
glandular— [F«//rZ. spec. 3. p. 1743 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 517 ; Ell. sk. 2. p.
292; Bigcl. fl. Bost. ed. 3. p. 314; DarUngt. fl. Cest. p. 454. Eupato-
rium scandens, Linn. ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 97 ; Jacq. ic. rar. t. 169.

/3. pubtscens : stem and leaves more or less pubescent. — M. pube.scens,
M'M. cat. p. 71 ; NiM. gen. 2. p. 136 ; Ell. I. c. ; DC. ! I. c, cV 7. {manl.)
p. 271. Eupatorium scaudens, Linn. ! (as to specimen in his herb.) ; Walt.
Car. p. 198.

92 COMPOSITE. MiKANiA.

Moist shady places, and along streams, Massachuselts! to Louisiana!
common ; the more pubescent forms occurring in the Southern States.
July-Sept. — Flowers purplish-white or flesh-color. Anthers appendiculate
at the apex.

18. CONOCLINIUM. DC. prodr. 5. p. 134.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulale ; the scales linear or sub-
ulate, somewhat imbricated in 2-3 series, nearly equal. Receptacle naked,
conical ! Corolla tubular-infundibuliform, 5-toolhed at the summit. Anihers
included. Branches of the style somewhat cylindrical, obtuse. Achenia
angled, glabrous. Pappus capillary, scabrous, in a single series. — Perennial
herbs or suffruticose (American) plants, with opposite petioled toothed leaves.
Corymbs terminal, crowded. Flowers blue or purple.

1. C. ccelesdnnm (DC. ! 1. c.) : herbaceous, pubescent or nearly glabrous;
leaves deltoid-ovate, often slightly cordate, tapering to the apex, coarsely
crenate-serrate, tripli-nerved, on slender petioles; scales of the (3()-60-flow-
ered) involucre about 30, nearly subulate. — Eupatorium cnRlesliiium, Linn,
spec. 2. p. 838 ; Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1764 ,• iV//c/(.r. / ji. 2. p. 100 ,• Eli. sk. 2. p.
306; Darlingt.! Jl. Cest. /?. 462. Coelestina cTerulea, Spreng. syst. 3. p.
446; Beck! bot. p. 198 ; Hook.! compan. to bot. mag. p. 96; not of Crtss.,
Less. Sfc.

Thickets &c. Pennsylvania, and throughout the Western and Southern
States! Sept. — Stem 2-3 feet high, sometimes hairy. Flowers light bluish-
purple, fragrant. Achenia dotted with resinous globules. — The genus is dis-
tinguished from Eupatorium merely by the conical receptacle.

Subtrlbe 2. Tussilaginej-, Less. — Heads with the flowers dissimilar or
somewhat diojcious (white, purplish, or sometimes yellow) ; the pistillate
either ligulate or tubular.

19. NARDOSMIA. Cass. diet. 35. p. 186 ; Less. syn. p. 139.

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious. Stj:rile Pl. Flowers of
the ray in a single series, pistillate, ligulate ; of the disk numerous, perfect
but infertile, with the corolla tubular and 5-toothed. Fertile Pl. Flow-
ers of the ray in several series, pistillate, minutely ligulate ; those of the
disk few, tubular. Scales of the involucre in a single series, e(]ual to or
shorter than the flowers. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia somewhat terete,
glabrous. Pappus capillary, that of the sterile plant shorter and less copious
than of the fertile. — Perennial herbs (in N. America nearly confined to the
northern regions). Leaves radical, cordate, toothed or lobed, petioled, ap-
pearing with or rather later than the flowers. Scape with scaly bracts; the
heads in a fasligiate thyrsus or corymb. Flowers purplish or nearly white,
fragrant.

1. N.frigida (Hook.) : leaves cordate, unequally coarsely and obtusely
toothed, and somewhat lobed, glabrous above, the lower surface white and

Nardosmia. COMPOSITiE. 93

tomentose ; the lobes at the base dlverginn;. DC. — Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 307 (excl. 13. ?); DC. prodr. 5. p. 205. N. aiigulosa, Cass. did. l. c. ;
Less, in Linnaa, 6. j}. 107. Tussihigo frigida, Linn.; Ft. Dan. t, 61 ;
Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 531. T. scapo imbricato, &c. Gmel. fl. Sibir. 2. p.
150, t. 70.

Arctic America, from lat. 66°, Richardson! Kotzebue's Sound! and Una-
laschka ! to Lake Wiiiipeg, lat. 52°, the mountains of Canada, and the
highest mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire, according to Pursh.

2. N. rorymhosa (Hook.) : leaves cordate, siniiate and acutely denticulate,
oblong, acute, glabrous above, tomentose beneath ; the lobes at the base di-
verging. DC. — Hook. ! I. c. ; DC. jjrodr. 5. p. 206. Tussilago corym-
bosa, Jl. Br.! in Parry's 1st voy. sujtpl. p. 269; Hook, t^' Am !'bot.
Beechey, p. 126.

Arctic America, from Melville Island ! to Kotzebue's Sound ! and south to
Fort Norman, in about lat. 65°. — Corymb with few heads.

3. N. sagiltata (Hook.) : leaves oblong, acute, sagittate, entire ; the lobes
obtuse, DC. (leaves cordate or reniform-sagittate, sinuate-toothed, tomentose
beneatli. Hook. ! I. c. — Tussilago sagittata, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 332.

Hudson's Bay (Hulchinsoj\), Pursh. Svvamp.s in the Rocky Mountains
{Drummond .') and from Lake Superior in lat. 48°, to Fort Franklin in lat.
66°, Richardson. — With numerous specimens bef()re us, we strongly suspect
(as Hooker also does) that this and the two preceding are in reality one
species. Hooker's N. sagittata has deeply toothed leaves, which are some-
times reniform. Can it be the same as Pursh's plant with "foliis in-
tegerrimis" ?

4. N. pahnata (Hook.) : leaves reniform or roundish-cordate, tomentose
beneath, palmately 5-7-lobed ; the segments coarsely toothed, often incised
or somewhat lobed. — Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-Am. \. p. 308; DC. I. c. N. pal-
mata, Hookeriana, & speciosa, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7.
p. 288. Tussilago palmata, Ait. Kew. (ed. I) 3. p. 188, t. 2 ; Willd. ! spec.
3. p. 1972 ; Pursh! jl. 2. p. 531 ; Beck, hot. p. 199.

Swamps and shady banks of streams, Newfoundland & Labrador! and
from Bear Lake, lat. 67°, to the Rocky Mountains ! and to the Pacific at the
mouth of the Oregon ! Also Lake Huron and Maine, Nuttall. Fairhaven,
Vermont, Mr. Robhins ! Prof. Beck. Sunderland, Massachusetts, ProJ.
Hitchcock! Saratoga, New York, Dr. Steele! April-May. — Leaves some-
times 10 to 12 inches in diameter, when fully developed. Scape stout, 6-20
inches high, with numerous leaf-sheaths. Heads numerous, in a corymbose
thyrsus. — Some specimens from the Rocky Mountains are noticed by Hooker,
which, if they really belong to this species, approach the preceding perhaps
too closely. Mr. Nuitall's N. Hookeriana is said to be founded upon the N.
palmata of Hooker, as well as of Wilklenow, Pursh in part, and De CandoUe.
His N. speciosa is the N. palmata of Hooker from Oregon : the specimens
accord so well with the figure of Alton, and with the plant of the Northern
United States, &c. (which presents very considerable diversities in size and
foliage) that we see not how it is to be distinguished. Although the species of
this genus are by no means well settled, it is evident that little dependence
can be placed on the degree of division or toothing of the leaves. The sub-
masculine and subj'eminine plants are difFerent in appearance.

20. TUSSILAGO. Tour?i. ; Gcertn.fr. t. 170; Less. syn. p. 159.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous. Flowers of the ray very narrowly
ligulate, in several series, pistillate ; those of the disk few, tubular (the limb

94- COMPOSITiE. Tushilago.

of the corolla campanulate, 5-toothed), staminate. Scales of the involucre
oblong, obtuse, somewhat, in a single series. Receptacle naked. Anthers
scarcely caudate. Style abortive in the flowers of the disk ; in those of the
ray 2-cleft, the branches somewhat terete. Achenia of the ray somewhat
cylindrical-oblong, glabrous; in the disk abortive. Pappus of the ray-
flowers in many series, of the disk in a single series, capillary. — A perennial
herb, common throughout Europe and Asia, and sparingly naturalized in the
nortliern portions of the United States. Rhizoma rather thick, horizontal.
Leaves radical, appearing later than the flowers, cordate, angled or toothed,
petioled. Scape clothed with scaly bracts, tomentose, bearing a single head-
Flowers yellow. — ColC s-foot.

T. Farfara (Linn.)— FZ. Dan. t. 595 ; Engl. hot. t. 429 ; WilUl.! spec.
3. p. 1967 ,- DC. ! prodr. 5. /;. 208 ; Beck, hot. p. 200.

Wet places and low meadows in cultivated grounds ; introduced from
Europe. March-April.— The ColVs-foot, a well known article of the popu-
lar materia medica, although not enumerated by any American writer, ex-
cept Prof. Beck, is perfectly naturalized in many parts of the Northern States,
in moist grounds ; where it sometimes becomes a troublesome weed.

21. ADENOCAULON. HooTc. hot. misc. 1. p. 19, t. 15, &; jl. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 308 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 207.

Heads 5-10-flowered, heterogamous ; the flowers all tubular and equal :
those of the ray 5, in a single series, pistillate ; of the disk 4-5, staminate.
Corolla 4-5-lobed. Scales of the involucre several, in a single series, re-
flexed in fruit. Receptacle naked. Achenia obovate-oblong or clavate,
bearing towards the summit numerous large stipitate glands. Pappus none.

Perennial (N. American & Chilian) herbs. Stem leafy towards the base,

naked and paniculate above, clothed with a somewhat deciduous tomentose
pubescence, glandular towards the summit. Leaves alternate, pinnately or
palmately veined, membranaceous, petioled, glabrous above, tomentose and
canescent beneath. Heads few, small, loosely paniculate. Flowers ap-
parently white.

1. A. hicolor (Hook. ! 1. c.) : leaves deltoid, mostly cordate, angularly
toothed or sinuate, somewhat decurrent on the petiole. — DC prodr. 5. 2^- 207.

(3. integrifolium : leaves smaller, deltoid-ovate or slightly cordate, ob-
scurely angulate-toothed or entire. — A. integrifolium, Nult. ! in trans. Amer.
phii. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 289.

Dense woods, Oregon, from Fort Vancouver, &c. Dr. Scouler ! Nuttall !
to the Rocky Mountains in lat. 52°, Drummond ! Near the outlet of Lake
Superior, Dr. Pitcher! June. — Stem 10-30 inches high, slender. Leaves
2-4 inches long, and usually about the same breadth at the base, densely
tomentose beneath with a close white arachnoid pubescence. Anthers sagit-
tate, acuminate, sterile and nearly unconnected in the fertile flowers. Style
entire in the sterile flowers, in the fertile with two short obtuse lobes. — The
var. /3. appears to pass insensibly into the ordinary larger form ; the toothing
of the leaves is very inconstant.

AsTERoiDE-E. COMPOSITiE. 95

Tribe III. ASTEROIDE^. Less.

Heads heterogamous or sometimes homogamous, rarely dioecious.
Style (in the perfect flowers) cylindraceous above ; the branches flat
or flattish, mostly linear or lanceolate, above equally pubescent exter-
nal'y ; the conspicuous stigmatic lines terminating where the exterior
pubescence commences, not confluent. — Leaves alternate, or rarely
opposite.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SUBTRIBES.

Subtribe 1. Asterine^. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous.. Re-
ceptacle seldom chaffy. Anthers not caudate. Leaves alternate.

Div. 1. AsTERE.ffi;. Heads radiate, heterochromous (rays never yellow).
Div. 2. Chrysocome./e. Heads radiate, or homogamous, homochromous
(both the ray and disk yellow).

Subtribe 2. Baccharide.s;. Heads dioecious or heterogamous, but never radiate;
the pistillate flowers tubular, slender or filiform, in several series. Receptacle
not chaffy. Anthers not caudate.

Subtribe 3. Tarchonanthe.e. Heads dioecious or heterogamous, but never ra-
diate ; the pistillate flowers tubular and very slender, mostly in several series.
Anthers caudate.

Subtribe 4. Inule^e. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous and dis-
coid, never dioecious. Receptacle not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Leaves
alternate.

Subtribe 5. Eclypte.e. Heads heterogamous, radiate. Receptacle chaffy. An-
thers not caudate. Pappus toothed or awned, or none. Leaves opposite.

Subtribe 1. Asterine^, DC. — Heads heterogamous and radiate, or ho-
mogamous, never dioecious. Receptacle seldom chaff}^ Anthers not cau-
date. Leaves almost always alternate.

Div. 1. AsTERE^E, DC. — Heads heterogamous, radiate; the rays of
the cyanic .series (viz : white, purple, or blue, &c.) ; the disk-flowers yellow,
but frequently changing to purple in fading. Receptacle not chaffy, except
in a species of Corelhrogyne.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Subdiv. 1. EuasterejE. — Pappus of capillary or rarely subulate bristles.

* Rays Tieutral or sterile. Pappus simple, capillary.

22. Galateli.a. Appendages of the style triangular or deltoid-spatulate. Pap-

pus of the ray and disk similar.

23. CoRETHROGVNE. Appendages of the style densely penicillate. Pappus of

the ray nearly or entirely wanting.

♦ ♦ Rays fertile. Pappus of the ray and disk similar {except in Erigeron § Phalacro-
loma), simple or double ; the imier capillary.

24. DiETERiA. Pappus simple, veiy unequal. Rays several or numerous, in a

single series, hivolucre obovate, much imbricated. Root mostly bi-
ennial. Leaves usually pinnately toothed or pinnatifid.

96 COMPOSlTiE. Asteroidej:.

25. Sericocarpus. Pappus simple, unequal. Flowers of the ray and disk few.
Involucre oblong, imbricated, cartilaginous.

2G. Aster. Pappus simple, copious. Rays numerous, in a single series. Invo-
lucre more or less imbricated. Keceptacle alveolate.

27. Erigeron. Pappus either simple (not copious), or double; the exterior seta-

ceous-subulate or squamellaie. Kays very numerous, and often in
two or more series, fccales of the involucre nearly equal, almost in a
single series. Keceptacle naked.

28. DiPLOPAPPUs. Pappus double ; the exterior short and setaceous or squamel-

late-subulate. Kays in a single series. Involucre imbricated.

* * * Pappus of the ray and disk dissimilar.

29. TowNSENDiA. Pappus simple ; that of the disk composed of subulate-capil-

lary bristles; of the ray short and subulate. Achenia compressed.

30. Ch.etopappa. Pappus double; the inner of 5 rigid bristles; the exterior oC

1 to 5 hyaline scales. Achenia nearly terete.

31. BoLTONiA. Pappus of several very small, and 2 or more rigid and subulate

larger bristles. Achenia flat, margined.

Siibdiv. 2. Bellide^;. — Pappus none, or minute and coroniform.

32. Bellis. Achenia obovate, compressed. Pappus none.

33. Aphanostephus. Achenia terete. Pappus a very minute crown.

Subdiv. 1. EUASTERE.E. — Pappus, at least the inner, composed of capillary
or rarely subulate bristles. (Euastereee, Diplopappefe, Erigereae, & Heteropap-
peee, DC.)

22. GALATELLA. Cass. diet. 37.;?. 4G3 ; Nees, Ast. p. 158. (excl. spec.)
Galatea, Cass. {(lid. 18, tf-c.) ; Less.
Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers ievr (3-12), sterile, but u.sually
furnished with a rudimentary style, and sometimes with one or two abortive
filaments ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre shorter than the
disk ; the scales closely imbricated in 3 or 4 series, sometimes obscurely 1-3-
nerved or slightly carinate, destitute of herbaceous tips; the outermost
bracteolate. Receptacle alveolate, the alveoli toothed. Corolla of the disk
with a cylindrical tube, and an expanded deeply 6-cleft limb ; the lobes lan-
ceolate-linear, spreading. Anthers ex.serted. Branches of the style (in the
disk-flowers) linear, terminated by a short and broad deltoid-spatulate or tri-
angular appendage. Achenia oblong or slightly cuneiform, somewhat com-
pressed, silky-villous. Pappus composed of copious rather rigid unequal
serrulate-scabrous capillary bristles ; that of the ray similar but rather
shorter. — Perennial herbs (natives of Europe, Northern Asia, and the United
States); the stems simple below, corymbose at the .summit. Leaves alter-
nate, lanceolate or linear, entire, rather rigid, 1-3 nerved, veinless, often
impressed-punctate. Heads terminating the fastigiate branches. Rays blue,
purple, or nearly white ; the disk-flowers yellow, sometimes changing to
purplish.

Galatella scarcely differs from Linosyris except by the presence of (white or blue)
rays ; and these, according to Ledebour, are sometimes wanting in G. dracunculoi-

Galatella. composite. 97

des : the two genera have also nearly the same geographical range. The sterile
rays chiefly distinguish it from Aster §1 Orthomeris (species of Calimeris of
authors) ; to which Aster nemoralis, Ait. belongs.

1. G. hyssopifolia (Nee.s) : nearly glabrous, minutely scabrous ; the co-
rymbose branches numerous and crowded; leaves lanceolate-linear, acute,
narrowed at the base, punctate, 3-nerved ; tliose of the branches small, sub-
ulate-linenr ; involucre about half the length of the disk ; the scales acutish ;
the exterior ovate-lanceolate, rather fleshy ; the interior larger, linear-ohlong,
with membranaceous margins ; rays 5-10, longer than the disk. — Nees, AsL
p. IGO ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 255. "'G. albiflora," Cass. diet. 18. p. 58. (under
Galatea.) Aster hvssopifi)lia, Linn, f mant. p. 114; WilLd. ! spec. 3. p.
2022 ; Pursh ! Jl. 2. p. 543 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 342-

p. ? leaves mostly 1-nerved ; rays 3-7, not exceeding the disk. — G. lini-
folia, Nees, I. c. ; DC! I. c. (excl. syn. Linn.) G. albiflora, Cass, in diet,
sci. nat. 18. p. 58, fide Necs. Chrysopsis linifolia, Nutt. sen. 2. p. 152.

" Sandy fields and woods. New .ler.sey to Carolina," Pursh! Aug.-Oct.
—Stem 1-2 feet high, strict. Leaves 1—3 inches long, s[)reading, 1 -nerved,
and often with two less distinct lateral nerves. Rays while, tinged wiih pur-
ple.— This is a very uncommon plant, if indeed it be a native of the United
States. We have never met with an indigenous specimen, unless that in
Elliott's herbarium, communicated by Muhlenberg, should prove to be so.
Nees, however, professes to have seen not only spontaneous specimens of his
G. linifolia (which appears to differ from G. hyssopifolia merely in its short
rays), but even to have met with New Jersey specimens of G. dracuncu-
loides. His G. leptophylla, an impunctaie species of unknown origin, is
also conjectured to be a native of North America. The species of Galatella
are still in much confusion.

23. CORETHROGYNE. DC. prodr. 5. p. 215.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral, numerous, in a single se-
ries; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the hemispherical invo-
lucre imbricated in several series, lanceolate or linear, with somewhat spread-
ing tips ; the exterior shorter. Receptacle flat, obscurely alveolate, some-
times with linear chaflT scattered among the flowers. Rays linear, elongated ;
the corolla of the disk cylindraceous, with 5 short (somewhat hairy) teeth.
Anthers tipped with a filiform-cuspidate appendage. Branches of the .style
linear, bordered with conspicuous sligmatic lines, tipped with a dense peni-
cillate tuft of rather rigid bristles. Achenia of the ray none, or a mere rudi-
ment; of the disk cuneiform or turbinate, silky or villous. Pappus simple,
of numerous rather rigid scabrous unequal bristles ; thatof the ray obsolete, or of
few short and unequal bristles. — Perennial herbs or sufTrutescent plants (na-
tives of California), clothed with a soft and white, at length somewhat decidu-
ous wool ; the branches terminated by rather large solitary heads. Leaves
numerous, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, mucronulate, closely scs.sile ; the
radical and lowermost tapering into a petiole, serrate or toothed towards the
apex. Rays violet-purple; the disk yellow. Pappus turning reddish-brown
or purplish.

To this interesting genus (founded upon a Califomian plant collected by Douglas)
we had refeiTcd, from their description, the Aster? filaginifolius and A."? tomen-
tellus of Hooker &c A rnott in Beechey's Voyage. Some time afterwards, findin"
two species in the collection of Mr. ]Suttall, upon which he had established a new

VOL. U.-13

98 COMPOSITE. CORETHROGTNE.

genus {Heterostephiiim) in a memoir read before the American Philosophical Society,
we infonned him that they belonged in our opinion to L orethrogyne, notwithstand-
ing the want of chaiT upon the receptacle, and that they were the two doubtful
Asters of Hooker and Arnott, mentioned above, and one of them probably the C.
Califomica of DeCandoUe. Mr. Nuttall pubUshed them accordingly as species of
Corethrogyne, one under the name of C.incana (supposing it to be the Diplopappus
incanus, LinoL), the other as C. filaginifolia. Having since had the opportunity of
comparing original specimens of all these plants, our opinion, as regards the geiuis,
is fully confirmed: so perfect, indeed, is the resemblance between the C. incana,
Nutt. and C. Californica (excepting the chaff of the latter), that we still strongly
suspect they will prove to be the same species. The A . '? tomentellus, Houk. 4' Ar7i,.
is however a different species, perhaps too near C. filaginifolia.

§ 1. Receptacle with linear memhranaceoxis chaffy scales intermixed among
the flowers, usually, if not always, wuittirig in the centre of the head.

1. C. Califomica (DC): stems and simple branches very woolly, leafy;
leaves linear-lanceolate, suberect ; the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, taper-
ing to the base, sparingly toothed ; scales of the hemispherical involucre
glandular-viscid, with somewhat spreading tips; achenia densely silky-
villous. — DC. ! I. c. ; Hook. S^- Am. ! hot. Beechey, svppl. p. 350.

California, Douglas! — Leaves an inch or more in lengih, acute, woolly
like the stem, resetnbling a Gnaphalium. Heads broad, tliree-fourihs of an
inch in diameter. Scales of ihe involucre rigid; the innermost linear, as
long as the disk, scarious below ; the exterior shorter, entirely herbaceous
and glandular-viscid externally, and also slightly woolly : the summit of the
branches likewise slightly glandular. Chali" of the receptacle narrow, sca-
rious, sometimes as long as the flowers and with herbaceous tips, but some of
them reduced to hyaline scales not more than twice the length of the achenia.
The achenia are densel}' clothed with very white and silky villous hairs,
which project beyond the summit, so as to appear like a short exterior pap-
pus: bristles of the jjappus unequal in size and length : the achenia of the ray
an abortive rudiment, with a pappus few or several, short, and very unequal
bristles, some of the stronger almost subulate.

§ 2. Rccepitacle destitute of chaff.

2. C. incana (Nutt.) : very woolly ; stem very leafy, branching above ;
the branches bearing 1 to 3 heads; leaves linear-lanceolate, suberect; ihe
lowermost oblong-lanceolate, tapering to the base, sparingly toothed ; scales
of the hemispherical involucre glandular-viscid, with somewhat spreading
tips ; the exterior lomentose ; achenia silky-canescent. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer.
phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 290, excl. syn.

St. Diego, California, Nuttall! May.— The ray-flowers (light bluish-
purple, Nutt.) present scarcely a trace of an ovary, and a rudimentary pap-
pus of only 3 or 4 very short bristles; the fertile achenia are clothed with
a rather shorter pubescence ; the tuft of bristly hairs which crowns the
branches of the style is not so strong as in the preceding species ; and there
are no chaffy scales on the receptacle : otherwise the two plants appear ex-
actly alike. It is said to exhale the heavy aromatic odor of some
species of Gnaphalium. — The Dij)lopappus incanus, Lindl., referred here by
Nuttall, is a species of Dieteria.

3. C. filaginifolia (Nutt.) : clothed with a loose somewhat floccose and
deciduous wool; branches slender, rather naked above; lower leaves oblong-
spatulate or oblanceolate, very sharply or incisely serrate towards the afiex,
tapering into a short petiole; those of the branchlets lanceolate, sessile, often
entire, scattered ; scales of the somewhat obovoid involucre intbricated in 3
or 4 series, acute, somewhat appressed. membranaceous, not glandular, at

CORETHROGYNE. COMPOSITiE. 99

first woolly-canescent, at length nearly glabrous ; achenia cuneiform-oblong,
compressed; silky-pubescenl. — Nutt. ! I.e. Aster? filaginifolius, Hook.Sf
Am.! bat. Beechey, p. 146. Diplopappus leucophyllus, Lindl. in DC.
prodr. 5. p. 278?

iMonterey, California, Capt. Beechey! St. Barbara, Nuttall! — Plant more
slender and branched than the preceding, a]jparenily slightly suffruticose at
the base ; the pubescence similar, but looser and more deciduous. Heads
smaller; the scales of the involucre fewer, and not glandular or viscid. Pap-
pus of the ray almost none. Young achenia turbinate and silky-canescent ;
when mature coinpressed and minutely silky-pubescent. The style resem-
bles that of the preceding species.

4. C. tomentella: stein shrubby at the base; the branches slender, woolly,
leafy to the summit; leaves (of the branches) appressed, linear or linear-
oblong, closely sessile ; those of the short branchlets or peduncles crowded,
very small and bract-hke. passing info the ohlong obtuse tomentose scales of
the somewhat turbinate involucre; achenia silky-canescent. — Aster? tomeu-
telliis. Hook. ^' Am. ! hot. Beechey, p. 146.

Monterey, California, Capt. Beechey! (v. sp. in herb. Hook.) — We have
seen but a single and imperfect specimen, vvhich has still smaller heads
than C. filaginifolia : the oblong or slightly spatulate scales of the involucre
are pretty closely imbricated in 4 or 5 series, and gradually pass into the
very short bract-like leaves of the branchlets; they are somewhat mem-
branaceous, obtuse, but often slightly mucronulate ; the tips somewhat
spreading. The leaves of the branches are small, densely v.'ooUy ; the upper
oblong ; the lowest linear ; those of the proper stem unknown.

24. DIETERIA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. sac. 7. p. 300. (excl. spec<)

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers numerous (10-30), in a single se-
ries, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the obovoid or
turbinate involucre closely imbricated for the most part in several series,
linear, rigid, somewhat carinate, unequal, with herbaceous squarrose-spread-
ing or recurved tips. Receptacle flat, somewhat alveolate ; the alveoli
toothed or lacerate. Rays linear; the corolla of the disk cylindraceous, often
narrow, 5-toothed. Appendages of the style filiform-subulate or linear-lan-
ceolate, minutely hirstUe. Achenia turbinate or cuneiform, often compressed,
pubescent or silky. Pappus of numerous scabrous and rather rigid capillary
bristles, very unequal (in 2 or 3 series) ; that of the ray similar but frequently
shorter and less copious. — Annual, biennial, or triennial herbs (natives of
arid or naked plains between the Mississippi and the Pacific), divaricately
branched, canescent or pulverulent-pubescent, or sometimes viscid. Leaves
rarely entire, usually jiinnalely toothed or pinnatifid, narrow; the cauline
sessile. Heads (often large) solitary or several on the corj^mbose or race-
mose branches. Rays purple or violet, rarely ochroleucous ; the disk-flow-
ers yellow. Pappus tawny or brownish.

§ 1. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several series, with short herbaceous
tips : leaves usually rigid, spinulose-loothed or jnnnatijid, sometimes entire ;
the cauline Linear, the radical lanceolate or spatulate {rays pistillate, but
sometimes infertile ?). — Dietkria proper.

100 COMPOSITE. DiETERIA.

* Corolla of the disk very narroiv, not dilated at the summit : appendages of the style
subidate-filiform.

1. D. sessilijiora (Nutt.) : viscidly pubescent; stems simple; heads spi-
cate-racemose, often crowded ; leaves linear or somewhat lanceolate, incisely
spinulose-toothed ; rays (12-15) ochroleucous. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil.
soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 301.

Denudated j)]ains of the Rocky Mountains and Oregon, Nvtiall! — Stems
about a foot high, mostly simi)le, the base and lower leaves n)inuiely canes-
cent ; the u])per ])ortion, involucre, &c. viscid. Heads rather smaller than
the following, scarcely a third of an inch in diameter, obovate or lurbinaie,
disposed in a close or crowded raceme or spike. Achenia, as in the oiher
species of this division, narrow, canesceutly pubescent. — Very nearly allied
to the following species.

2. D. viscosa (Nutt.) : pulverulently pubescent and viscid ; stems simple,
racemosely branched or soiuewhat corymbose; leaves linear, acute or acumi-
nate, incisely spinulose-toothed : rays (18-20) purple. — Nvtt. ! I. c.

With the preceding, particularly near Scoit's Bluff" on the Platte, Nut-
talL! — " Stem simple, oiten very viscid, and exhaling the strong heavy scent
of Aster graveolens or Gnaphalium Americanum. Leaves sometimes near-
ly pinnatitid or runcinate." Nutt. — Scales of the turbinate involucre very
numerous, linear, rigid, with short squarrose-recurved tips.

3. I), divaricata (Nutt.): minutely canescent, not glandular or viscid;
stem racemose or racemose-comj)ound; the branches divaricate; radical and
lower leaves lanceolate or somewhat spatulate, strongly sjnnulose-looihed ;
the upper linear, small, often nearly entire ; rays (12-16) short, pale blue or
purple. — ISutt. ! i. c.

Denudated plains of the Rocky Mountains and Oregon, common, Nuttall!
— About a foot higli; branches rather naked, with small leaves, spreading out
into a compound corymb. Papjjus fulvous or white. Nutt. — The heads
are about the size of the preceding, apparently more broadly obo\()id or al-
most hemis|)herical ; with rather broader, I'ewer, and less acute, perbaps less
rigid, canescently puberulent (but not glaixlular or viscid) scales. The rays,
as in the preceding, are not much longer than the disk. — These species are
so nearly related that they may berealter be found to pass into each other.

4. D. incana: perennial? minutely canescent throughout with a very
short soft pubescence; stem stout, racemosely branched ; the branches often
elongated and corymbose, terminated by single large heads ; leaves linear,
mucronulaie, entire, or frequently with a few laciniale mucronate teeih near
the base; involucre obovoid-hemispherical ; the linear slightly glandular
scales imbricated in numerous series, with very acute S(]uarro.se tips; rays
(about 30) large, bright violet; achenia narrow, canescent. — Diploj)a|)pus
incanus, Lindi. ! hut. rcg. t. 1693 ; Hook. ! hot. mag. t. 3382 ; DC. ! prodr.
6. p. 278.

California, Douglas! (probably from the interior.) — Stem stout, 1-2 feet
high, apparently a little woody at the base : the branches simple or some-
what branclied, ascending, racemose, becoming corymbose at the summit.
Leaves 1—2 inches long, closely sessile or slightly clasping, about 2 lines
■wide ; the lower obtuse, but mucronulate, ofien presenting 1 to 3 or 4 slender
divaricate and mucronate teeth on each side near the base. Heads in the
wild plant about two-thirds of an inch, in the cultivated nearly an inch, in
diameter, without including the numerous and large broadly linear rays. —
This is a genuine species of Mr. Nuttall's Dieteria, and the most showy
of the genus. The late Mr. Douglas alone seems to have met with it.
The cultivated specimens are less canescent, the branches more elonga-

DiETERiA. COMPOSITuE. 101

ted, the heads larger, the involucre more hemispherical, with narrower and
more squarrose scales.

* * Appendages of the style subulate or somewhat lanceolate : pap p\LS more slender .

5. D. canescevs (Nutt.) : minutely canescent with a soft pubescence; stem
low, much branched, corymbose ; leaves linear, entire ; the radical spatu-
late ; scales of ilie obovoid involucre lanceolate, acute, imbricated in about 4
series, with slightly squarrose lips; rays (18-20) rather large, purplish-blue.
— Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 300. Aster canescens,
Pursh ! Ji. 2. p. 547. A. biennis, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 155.

Upper Missouri, in denudated argillaceous soils, from the Arikarees to Fort
Mandan. Nuttall ! (who alone has collected it.) Aug.-Oct. — Stem about a
foot high, divaricately branched, fasligiate at the summit, bearing numerous
heads about as large as a Daisy. Scales of the involucre rigiil, canescent,
with short greenish tips. Cauline leaves closely sessile, 1 to 2 inches long,
1 to 2 lines wide. Appendages of llie style subulate-lanceolate.

6. D. pulverulenta (Nutt.) : somewhat cane.?cently puberulent; stem low,
much branched from the base, the branches fastigiaie, bearing few heads on
rather naked branchlets ; leaves linear or lanceolate ; the lower sparingly
toothed or spinulose-serrulate ; the uppermost entire ; scales of the hemi-
spherical involucre lanceolate, acute, imbricated in about 3 series; rays (6-12)
short, pale purple. — Nutt.! I. c.

Arid plains towards the sources of the Platte, Nuttall! — About 6 inches
high. Nearly allied to the preceding; the heads smaller, the scales of the
involucre less imbricated, somewhat viscid ? Appendages of the style
subulate.

§ 2. Scales of the hemispherical involucre nearly equal, imbricated in about 3
series, linear, with a short oppressed somewhat cartilaginous base, and
elongated acute spreading herbaceous tips : receptacle obscurely alveolate :
achenia obovate, many-striate : pappus of the ray and disk nearly equal:
leaves not rigid, pinnatifid and bipinnatifid. — Pappochkoma, Nutt.

7. D. coronopifolia (Nutt.) : pubescent and somewhat viscid, diffusely
branched from the base ; the branches mostly terminated by single (showy)
heads; radical and lower leaves bipinnatifid, petioled ; the upper pinnatifid,
with the segments toothed or incised; rays (about 20) large, reddish-purjjle ;
achenia villous. — Nutt..' I. c. Chrysop.sis (Pappochronia) coronopifolia,
Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 34.

Dry naked places along streams, from the Upper Missouri and Platte to
the Rocky Moumalns, Mr. Wyeth .' Nuttall! Jiily-Aug. — Root annual or
biennial ? Stems 6-10 inches high. " Heads nearly as" large as the garden
Marigold." Scales of the involucre with long and loose herbaceous very
acute summits. Appendages of the style subulate. Achenia large, com-
pressed, but turgid, nearly as long as the pappus when mature. Pappus
reddish-brown, copious, rather rigid ; the bristles in 3 or more unequal series.

25. SERICOCARPUS. Nees, Ast. p. 148 ; DC. j>rodr. 5. p. 261.

Aster § Leucocoma, Nutt. (1834.)

Heads 12-15-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 5, distant, pistillate; those

of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the obovate-oblong or turbinate-cylin-

drical involucre clo.sely imbricated in several series, nerveless or obscurely

1-nerved ; the lower portion cartilaginous (whitish), appressed ; the apex

102 COMPOSITjE. Sericocarpus.

herbaceous, often spreading or squarrose. Receptacle small, alveolate; the
alveoli toothed or lacerate-ciiiate. Rays oblong-linear ; the corolla of the
disk slightly expanded at the summit, 5-lobed; the lobes revolute, lanceolate,
acute. Appendages of the style (in the disk flowers) lanceolate-subulate,
minutely hispid, longer than the stigmatic portion. Achenia obpyramidal,
short, densely silky. Pappus simple, composed of rather numerous and
rigid unequal scabrous bristles, some of them thickened upwards. — Perennial
(North American) herbs, corymbose at the summit ; with alternate entire or
serrate sessile leaves. Heads in crowded corymbs, sometimes fascicled or
glomerate. Flowers of the ray white ; those of the disk pale yellow, rarely
changing to purplish.

§ 1. Involucre about the length of the disk ; the exterior scales oblong or oval,
closely oppressed, with rigid herbaceous squarrose tips.

1. S- conyzoides (Nees) : stem somewhat pubescent, slightly angled ; leaves
ciliate, glabrous beneath, veiny, obscurely 3-nerved ; the upper ones oblong
or lanceolate, often entire ; the lowermost spatulale-oval, coarsely serrate
towards the apex, tapering into a slender margined petiole; involucre some-
what turbinate; rays rather short; pappus ferruginous. — Nees, Ast. p. 150;
Darlingt..' fl. Cest. p. 470; DC.! prodr. 5. p. 161. Conyza asteroides,
Linn.! spec. 2, p. 8fil ; Walt.! Car. p. 204. Aster conyzoides, Willd.
spec. 3. p. 2043 ; Pursh ! Jl. 2. p. bbb ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 34^1 ; Nutt. ! gen.
2. p. 158 (& 13. plantaginifolius) ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 311. A. Mari-
landicus (^-c. Pluk. mant.), Michx. ! jl. 2. p. 108. Solidago calycibus squar-
rosis, flosculis, &c., Gronov. ! fl. Virg. {ed. 1) p. 97.

Dry woodlands, Massachusetts! to Florida! common. June-Aug. —
Plant 1-2 feet high. Leaves rather firm, 1-3 inches long. Heads some-
times solitary and pedicellate, but usually sessile in small clusters. Rays
much shorter than in the S. solidagineus, but always longer than the disk.

2. S. solidagineus (Nees): glabrous; stem angled with decurrent lines:
leaves linear-oblanceolate, or linear, obtuse, tapering to the base, entire, with
serrulate-scabrous margins, indistinctly 3-nerved or slightly veiny, obscurely
punctate; heads (small) glomerate at the extremity of the fastigiate pedun-
cles ; involucre cvlindraceous, few-flowered ; rays elongated ; pappus white.
—Nees, Ast. p. 149 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 14 •' Darlingt. ! fl. Cest.
p. 470 ,- DC. ! I. c. Conyza linifolia, Linn. ! I. c. ; Walt. ! Car. p. 204.
Aster solidaginoides, Michx. in Witld. ! spec. 3. p. 2024 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p.
543 ; Nutt. ! I. c. ; Ell. I. c. A. solidagineus, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 108. A.
Americanus albns, &c., Pluk. aim. t. 79, /. 2. Galatella obtusifolia, Lehm. !
ind. sem. horl. Hamb. 1837.

Moist woodlands, Canada! and Northern States ! to Alabama! and Louis-
iana ! not very common. July-Sept. — Plant pale yellowish-green, about
2 feet high ; the stems slender, often several from the same root or woody
caudex. " Heads in small close clusters, few-flowered ; the scales of the in-
volucre glabrous, broad, white, with abrupt green tips. Rays much longer
than the disk.

§ 2. Involucre mostly shorter than the disk ; the scales linear or narrowly-
oblong, less rigid and oppressed ; the tips greenish but scarcely squarrose.

3. 5. torfifolius (Nees) : slightly canescent with a minute dense pubescence;
leaves short, spatulate-oblong or obovate, entire, mucronulate, 1-nerved, ob-
scurely punctate, spreading and usually vertical, both surfaces similar, heads

Sericocarpus. COMPOSITiE. 103

in loose compound corymbs, mostly pedicellate and bibracteafe ; scales of
the obovoid involucre narrowly oblong, with aciuish slightly spreading tips ;
rays longer than the copious white pap|)us. — Nees, Ast. p. 151 ; DC. I I. c.
Conyza bifoliata, IVait. Car. p. :204. Aster tortifolius, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 109 ;
Ell. ! si: 2. p. 341.

ji. Cullinsii : leaves sparingly crenate-serrate. — Aster (Leucocoma) Col-
linsii, Nutt. ! in jour. arad. Philad. 7. p. 82.

Barrens and dry pine woods, Vircinia ! and North Carolina ! to Florida !
and Louisiana! p. Florida, Mr. Ware! Aug.-Se|)t. — Plant about 2 feet
high, branched above. Leaves 6-12 Hnes long, rigid. — Heads as large as in
S. conyzoides, seldom clustered. Flowers of the disk 10 or more. Achenia
short. — In a specimen collected in Virginia by Mr. Durand, the lower leaves
are sparingly crenate-serraie, and the others entire.

4. S. Oregoncnsis (Nutt.): nearly glabrotis : leaves broadly lanceolate,
rather acute, entire, 1-nerved, veiny, both sides and esjieciallv the margins
scabrous : heads clustered in small compact corymbs ; scales of the turbinate
involucre oblong-linear, 1-nerved; rays longer than the (white) pappus;
achenia slender. — Nutt.! in trans. Anier. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 302.

Oregon, Nuttali ! — Plant apparently rather large and slout, somewhat
branched. Leaves 2-3 inches long, nearly half an incli wide, thickish, nar-
rowed at the base ; those of the branchlets small. Heads rather larger than
in the following species, about 15-flowered. Achenia not very densely silky,
nearly linear, fully half the length of the pappus. — We have reason to think
that this will prove a mere variety of the succeeding; yet the exscrted rays
may atTord a constant character.

5. S. rigidus (Lindl.) : nearly glabrous; leaves oblong-spatulafe, or ob-
lanceolafe, obtuse, often mucronulate, entire, somewhat 3-nerved, veiny,
both surfaces very scabrous, the margins ciliate-scabrous; heads clustered
in small compact corymbs; scales of the turbinate involucre narrowly ob-
long or linear, 1-nerved ; rays shorter than the (white) papjius ; achenia
rather slender. — Lindl.! in Hook. fl. Bar.- Am. 2. p. 14, c^ in DC. I. c. ;
Nutt. ! I. c. {fi. Isevicaulis.) Galatella platylepis, Nees, in herb Am.

Low hills and gravelly soil, Oregon, around Fort Vancouver, &c. Doug-
las ! Dr. Scouler! Nuttali! July-Aug. — Plant 1 to 2 feet high; the sim-
ple stems, or the few corymbose branches, terminated by small compact
corymbs. Leaves an inch in length, rigid. Heads about 15-flovvered, near-
ly as large as in S. conyzoides. Inner scales of the involucre about the
length of the disk, scarious; the exterior with somewhat squarrose greenish
tips. Rays inconspicuous, but perhaps always present, and fertile. Ache-
nia when mature about half the length of the papj)us, not very densely silky.

26. ASTER. Tourn. inst. t. 174 ; Linn. gen. no. 954. (excl. spec.)

Aster, Biotia, Tripolium, Heleastrum, & species of Calimeris, DC.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers in a single series, pistillate ; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated,
usually with herbaceous or foliaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate, or
rarely naked. Appendages of the style (in the disk-flowers) lanceolate or
subulate, acute, rarely triangular or obtuse. Achenia usually compressed.
Pappus simple, of numerous, often unequal, scabrous capillary bristles. —
Perennial herbs, or rarely annual (Tripolium), chiefly natives of North
America. Leaves alternate, entire or serrate. Heads corymbose, panicu-
late, or racemose. Rays white, purple, or blue ; the corolla of the disk yel-
low, often changing to purple.

104 COMPOSITiE. AsTKR.

We are greatly indebted to several botanists and public institutions of this coun-
try for the use of their entire collections of ^^i merican A sters ; and we would especi-
ally render our acknowledgments to fcir Wm. Hooker, who, by most liberally en-
trusting to our care his vast materials in this and other allied genera, has aftbrded
the most important assistance. Notwithstanding the very favourable opportunities
we have enjoyed, our arrangement of this, probably the most difficult genus in
North American botany, although the result of much labor, is by no means so satis-
factory as could be desired. -A Ithough much remains to be done before our species
can be considered as well settled, still we trust that our attempt will be found to have
contributed to this result, and that most of our indigenous A sters may be satisfactorily
identified by the student. The chief remaining difficulties relate to the species of the
sections Dumosi and SaUcifnlii of A ster proper, which may probably be hereafter
much better defined, and also somewhat increased in number, in some instances
perhaps by the separation of species which we have ventured to unite, as well as by
the identification of various cultivated plants with their native originals. It is well
known that many of the enumerated species, both of earlier and later authors,
have been described from plants long cultivated in European gardens, where they
have doubtless undergone great alterations in appearance ; to say nothing of the
strong probability of occasional hybridization. A large, and indeed increasing
number of these are only known as garden plants ; and it is probable that many
will never be identified with their original types; even supposing them to have
been derived in all cases from this country, which is by no means certain. As
we have chiefly directed our attention to the indigenous plants, and have drawn our
descriptions from these alone, we have thought it advisable to bring together, at the
close of our account of the proper A sters known to us, those species of garden ori-
gin which we have not identified with native specimens. A fuller comparison than
we have been able to institute will doubtless considerably reduce their number.
Those botanists who are most familiar with our A sters in their native situations,
and with the changes produced by difference of soil, exposure, season, &:c. will not
be greatly surjDrised at numerous reductions of species which others may think un-
wairanted. We have only to say, that we have seldom ventured upon such reduc-
tions, except on the authority of a full suite of specimens which appeared to present
absolute transitions. A n obvious difference between two or three specimens is
often entirely inappreciable in a fuller series, and thus loses its value as a means of
distinction : but the claims of a genuine species are generally confirmed by a large
number of specimens. It must, however, be admitted that, in this as in all large
and natural genera, several species which we cannot but consider as distinct (such
for instance as A. cordifolius and A. sagittifolius) do frequently present very puz-
zlino" intermediate fonns; and that an apparent transition is not always real. 'Vet
it is better, perhaps, to hazard the occasional reduction of even true species to
varieties, than to multiply species which we are confessedly unable to define. We
may remark, in conclusion, that we are the more inclined to act upon our own con-
victions, on account of the very frequent and wide disagreement even of the highest
authorities upon this genus.

§ 1. Involucre ohovate-campanulale ; the scales regularly imbricaled in several
series, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips; the exterior successively
shorter: receptacle alveolate : raysQ-\b: appendages of the style subulate-
lanceolate, recurved or diverging, minutely hispid : bristles of the pappus
unequal, rather rigid; the inner series mostly slightly thickened toicards the
apex: achenia linear, slender, scarcely compressed, somewhat ^-angled or
striate: stem corymbose at the summit: leaves {ample) mostly petiolcd,
coarsely serrate ; the radical and lower cauline on long petioles, cordate. —

BlOTIA, DC.

1. A. corymbosus (Ait.): stem slender, often flexyous, terete; leaves
membranaceous, coarsely or incisely and unequally serrate wiih sharp
spreading teeth, conspicuously acuminaie, all but ilie uppermost cordate and
on slender naked petioles, ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; heads loosely corym-
bose; involucre shorter than the disk; the exterior scales roundish-ovaie;
rays (white) 6-9.— Ait. Kew. (ed. 1) 3. p. 207; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2036;

Aster. COMPOSIT.^. 105

Pvrsh! fl. 1. p. 552; Ell. sk. 2. p. 365. A. dlvaricafus, Livn. spec. 2. p.
873/ (fide herb..') excl. syn. Gronov. df Pluk. Kurybia corymbos-a, Cass,
in did. sci. Jiat. 27. p. 487; Necs, Asl. p. 143; Lindl. ! bot. rei . t. 1532;
Hook.! fl. Bar.- Am. 2. p. 14 ; Darlingl.! fl. Cest. p. 469. Biotia corym-
bosa, DC' prndr. 5. p. 265.

Dry woodlands, Canada and Northern Slates! to the middle country or
mountains of the Southern States! July-Auc- — Stem 1-2 feet high, fjla-
brous, or pubescent towards the summit, wliere it brandies into a loose (often
somewhat leafy) corymb. Leaves very thin and membranaceous, 2-4 or 5
inches long, sfrongly serrate with sharj) and sfireading rather distant and
irregular teeth, which are tipped with conspicuous mucronate-acuminate
points, glabrous or sparsely hairy above, and often hairy on the midrib and
veins beneath, as also the slender petioles, varying from broadly ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, but all except the uiipermost cordate: the upper rarely with
margined petioles; the uppermost sessile and sparingly serrate. Heads
smaller than in the following species, the outer scales of the involucre
(smootb, except the clliate-pubescent margin) rounder and less rigid. Pap-
pus tawny. Achenia nearly glabrous when mature. — Lindley cites the As-
ter cordifolius of Michaux as a synonym of this species, on the authority of a
specimen communicated by A. Richard : but, if we mistake not, tiie chief
specimens of his ])roper herbarium accord with the Linncean A. cordifoUus.

2. A. macrophylliis (Linn.) : stem stout, somewhat striate-angled, roughish-
pubescent above, the corymbose branches also rigid; leaves thickish, sca-
brous, closely serrate, somewhat acuminate; the radical and lower ones
(large) cordate, on slender petioles; the upper sessile or on margined peti-
oles; heads in ample corymbs; involucre nearly the length of the disk; the
exterior scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblone; rays (white or purplish) 12-15. —
Li7m..' spec. (ed. 2) 2. p.' 1232; Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 207; Michx.! fl. 1.
p. 114; Wllld. spec. 3. p. 2037; Pvrsh! fl. 2. p. 552. Eurybia macro-
phylla, Cass, in did. sci. nat. 27. p. 467 ; JSees, Ast. f. 140 (excl. syn. Ast.
divaric. &c.) ; Darlivgt.! fl. Cest. p. 465; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Avi. 2. p. 14.
Biotia macrophylla, DC! prodr. 5. p. 265.

(3. stem and leaves nearly smooth and glabrous; heads usually smaller.
— Aster Schreberi, Aees, synojjs. p. 16; Sprevs;- syst. 3. p. 535. Eurybia
Schreberi, Nees ! Ast. p. 138. Biotia Schreberi, DC! I. c. (Varies, with
the beads somewhat gloinerate on short pedicels, and the rays shorter; appa-
rently an accidental state. Eurybia glomerata, Bernh. in Nees, Ast. I. c.
Biotia glomerata, DC! I. c.)

y. exterior scales of the involucre broadly ovate or roundish-oval; other-
wise as in a.

Woodlands, Canada! (from the Saskatchawan !) and Northern States!
Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1^-3 feet high, usually broadly corymbose; the upper
portion, as well as the pedicels and involucre, clothed with a close puberu-
lence which appears glandular or viscid under a lens, often with roughish
hairs intermixed; below, as also the petioles, either smooth or Avith a rough
pubescence. Radical leaves 4-10 inches long and 3-6 in widili, varying
from roundish-cordate to cordate-oblong, serrate with broad and short mucro-
nate teeth, often sparsely hirsute, and usually hairy on the midrib and strong
veins beneath; the petioles 4-12 inches long : cauline leaves smaller, ovate
or oblong; the upper closely sessile; the lower abruptly narrowed into a
margined or winged petiole. Heads mostly large : the involucre about half
an inch in diameter; the exterior rigid scales pubescent-ciliate, acutish or
obtuse; the innermost much larger and membranaceous. Pajipus tawny, or
reddish. Achenia linear, obscurely striate, almost glabrous when mature. —
There are certainly but two species of Biotia indigenous to the United Slates.
B. (Eurybia, Nees) commixta, DC. is of doubtful origin; but perhaps it is
only a form of this species.

VOL. II.-14

106 COMPOSITiE. AsTKR.

§ 2. Scales of the involucre imbricated in several series, coriaceous, with her-
baceous spreading or squarrose tips : receptacle alveolate : rays numerous
(12-30)." appendages of the style lanceolate : bristles of the fappus rigid,
unequal, a ])ortion of the inner more or less thickened towards the summit:
achenia narroiv, angled or striate, slightly or scarcely compressed : cauline
■ leaves sessile, rigid; the radical never cordate: heads large and showy.
— Calliastrum.

This section closely approaches Biotia tlu-oiigh Aster Radula, and Sericocai'pus
by A. gracilis: it appears to fonn a very natural group. The inner bristles of the
pappus become more rigid and more evidently thickened above as they grow old.

3. A. Radvla (Ait.) : stem strict, glabrous, angled with decurrent lines,
somewhat corymbose at the summit; the branches few, nearly simple and"
naked, slightly pubescent; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
mostly narrowed towards the base, closely sessile, scabrous both sides and
somewhat rugose, sharply serrate, at least in the middle; involucre cam-
panulate-hemispherical, shorter than the disk ; the scales oblong, rather ob-
tuse, pubescent-ciliate, appressed, with slightly spreading herbaceous tips ;
achenia glabrous, linear-oblong, many striate. — Ait. Keio. {ed. 1) 3. p. 210 ;
Pursh, ft. 2. p. 6.56 ; Nees, A^. p. 43 ; Hook. ! jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 7 ; DC. !
prodr. 5. p. 230.

8. leaves ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ones somewhat obovate-oblong,
acute or slightly acuminate. — A. nudiflorus, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 157; Darlingt. !
fl. Cest. p. 462; DC. l. c.

Moist copses and low grounds. Nova Scotia {Aito7i) and Newfoundland !
Lubeck, Maine, Mr. Oakes ! Near Boston and Salem, Massachusetts,
Nuttall ! Dr. Greene ! Dr. Pickering ! New London, Connecticut, Mr.
Roland ! Swamps of New Jersey, Dr. Sttivc, ex Nutt. " On the high
mountains of New York and Pennsylvania," Pursh. Bethlehem, Pennsyl-
vania, Schweinitz ! and near Westchester, Mr. D. Toivnsend! (the southern
forins more luxuriant and corresponding with A. nudiflorus, Nutt.) Aug.—
Sept. — Plant 1-3 feet high. Leaves numerous, 2-3 inches long, nearly
equal in size to the summit of the stem, varying from half an inch to more
than an inch in width, pinnately veined, rough, hairy on the veins beneath,
often entire towards the base ; the teeth sharp and salient, or sometimes
rather obtuse, mucronate. Heads few, large (smaller than in A. spectabilis),
1-3 upon each branch of the simple corymb; the oval-oblong or linear ob-
long (often acutish) scales of the involucre with bright green, sometimes
slightly spatulate tips, nearly glabrous except the margins. Rays numerous,
elongated, pale violet ; the disk yellow, turning brownish. Achenia nar-
rowly oblong or fusiform, turgid, slightly compressed when mature. Pappus
rather rigid ; the longer bristles somewhat thickened near the apex. — The
Pennsylvauian is larger than the Newfoundland plant, but otherwise they
perfectly accord. We have gathered this species in the Berlin Botanic
garden, under the name of Biotia commixta, var. stricta.

4. A, biflorus (Michx.) : low ; stems very simple, slender, bearing two
(rarely a single) pedunculate heads at the summit; leaves broadly lanceolate,
very acute, remotely [and sharply] serrate ; scales of the appressed-imbri-
cate involucre lanceolate [heads large]. Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 1\5 ; Nees, Ast.
p. 39. A. strictus, Pursl^ fl. 2. p. .5-56, not of Poir.

Around lakes and rivers which flow into Hudson's Bay, Michaua: La-
Ijrador, and on high mountains of Pennsylvania, Pursh. Labrador, Herb.
Schweinitz ! — The following particulars are added by Pursh, whose Labra-
dor plant {Herb. Banks.) is probably the same as Michaux's A. biflorus :
Plant from 4 inches to a span high : leaves scabrous : flowers middle-sized ;

Aster. COMPOSlTiE. 107

the rays pale violet, disk brownish-yellow : scales of the involucre oblong,
acute, nearly equalling the disk. — According to Nees, who examined a spe-
cimen in the Willdenovian herbarium, the stem is glabrous, and the closely
imbricated scales of the involucre ovate-oblong, rather acute. — The specimen
in the Schweinitzian herbarium resembles a very dwarf state of A. Radula,
with which it accords in its pappus and narrow glabrous achenia ; but the
more membranaceous scales of the involucre are much fewer in number,
acute, and nearly equal in length.

5. A. montanus (Richards.) : rhizoma creeping ; stems pubescent or vil-
lous below, tomentose and mostly corymbose at the summit, leafy ; leaves
oblong, serrate, veiny, soinewhat hairy beneath, sessile ; the lowermost some-
what spatulate, the upper lanceolate ; scales of the campanulate-hemi-
spherical involucre canescently tomentose, lanceolate, acute, unequal, closely
imbricated in 3 or more series, with herbaceous spreading summits ; rays
narrow, numerous; achenia linear, elongated, many-ribbed, sparsely hir-
sute.— Ricliards. ! appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 32, not of NuU. A.
Richardsonii, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 528 ; Nees, Ast. p. 30 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 7 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 229. A. Sibiricus, Turcz. ! in herb. Hook.

j3. giganteus : stem large and stout, more tomentose ; leaves ample, more
deeply and sharply serrate, pubescent-tomentose beneath. — A. Richardsonii
/3. giganteus. Hook. ! I. c.

y. arcticus : stems smaller, often simple and bearing a solitary head;
scales of the more simple involucre fewer ; the exterior more foliaceous and
as long as the disk. — A. salsuginosus ? Less. ! in Linncea, 6. p>. 124. A.
Espenbergensis, Nees! Ast. p. 36 ; DC..' I.e. A. Sibiricus, Fischer! in
herb. Hook.

Barren country from lat. 64° to the Arctic Sea, Richardson ! Rocky
Mountains, Drummond ! Also in Siberia {Herb. Pall, fide Richards. (^
herb. Hook. ! ex Turcz.) /^. Fort Franklin on the Mackenzie River,
Richardson! y. Kotzebue's Sound, &c. C/z.«7?(isso / Capt. Becchey ! — Stem
varying from 5 inches to a foot or more (in jS. 2 feet) in height, often branched
at the base, usually simply corymbose at the summit ; the tomentose erect
peduncles thickened under the heads. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, feather-
veined, either obscurely or conspicuously serrate -with pointed teeth. Heads
as large as in A. alpinus : the involucre, in the fully developed states, broadly
cainpanulate rather than hemispherical, at first about the length of the disk,
but mostly shorter than the pappus ; the exterior scales successively shorter
and more herbaceous; the inner with purple summits; in [3. all rather looser
and less unequal ; in y. witli the exterior more foliaceous and lax or bracteo-
late, equalling or exceeding the innermost, so as to resemble an Alpigenous
Aster. Receptacle alveolate. Rays apparently purple, much longer than
the disk ; the corolla of the disk turning purple. Appendages of the style
lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse. Pappus copious, reddish-brown when old,
unequal, some of the longest series slightly thickened at the summit. Achenia
attenuated, strongly striate, Sjiarsely hairy wlien mature. — A well-marked
species, with the involucre of the section Anielli, and the achenia and pap-
pus of Biotia, or of most species of Calliastrum ; but in the extremely re-
duced arctic forms, the involucre simulates an Alpigenous Aster, which the
larger states are very unlike, although an approach to this form is occasionally
presented. The var. /3. is a larger, coarser, and much more tomentose state,
with the leaves often an inch and a half wide, resembling A. conspicuus,
except as to pubescence.

6. A. conspicuus (Lindl.) : stem stout, strict, corymbose at the summit; the
branches erect, minutely pubescent, mostly leafless and bearing single heads;
leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, acute, serrate with coarse spreading
teeth, slightly jiubescent and scabrous, sessile ; the lower narrowed at the

108 COMPOSITE. Aster.

base; involucre hcmispherical-campaniilate, about the Icncth of the disk;
the scales numerous, unetiuai, alanduiar-puberulent, lanceolate, with acute
herbaceous squarrose-spreading tips; rays numerous; achenia linear-oblong,
sWky-puhescent.—Lindl. ! in^Hook. fl." Bor.-Am. 2. p. 7, S^- in DC. prodr.
5. p. 230.

Carlton House, on the Saskatchawan River (about lat. 53°), to the Rocky
Mountains, Drummond ! — A stout showy species, with ample thickish veiny
leaves (4-6 t^Tches long and 1-2 wide, the teeth triangular and mucronate or
subulate-pointed), and heads fully as large as those of A. sjiectabilis, to
■which it bears considerable resemblance. Involucre and peduncles viscid
with a minute glandular pubescence. Rays large, blue. Appendages of the
style triangular-lanceolate. Bristles of the pappus slightly rigid, similar,
and scarcely, if at all thickened upwards.

7. A. spcctabilis (Ait.) : stem strict, puberulent-scabrous, glandular-pubes- .
cent and corymbose at the summit; leaves oblong-lanceolate, scabrous,
sessile, entire ; the lower ones oblong, remotely appressed-serrale, tapering
into a short margined petiole; branches of the corymb usually short and
rigid, bearing 1-3 heads ; involucre hemispherical-campanulaie, as long as
the disk ; the scales very numerous, somewhat etpial in length, linear-oblong
and slightly spatulate, glandular-puberuleni, somewhat ciliate, with conspi-
cuous herbaceous srpiarrose spreading (rather obtuse) tips; rays numerous
(20 or more); achenia linear, slightly pubescent. — Ait. Knc. (ed. 1) 3. p.
209; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 554; Nuit. .' gen. 2. p. 157; ISees, Ast. p. 42;
Lindl. ! bot. reg. t. 1527 ; JDC. ! prodr. 5. p. 230. A. grandiflorus, Walt.
Car. p. 209. A. elegans, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2042, in part, fide Nees. A.
speciosus, Hornem. hort. Hafn. 2. p. 816.'' fide DC.

j3. flowering branches, or ])eduncles, few and slender, mostly simple, pilose
■with slender hairs as well as glandular-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, entire
or scarcely serrate.

y. branches of the corymb few and mostly simple; leaves obovate-oblong,
often nearly all serrate. — A. spectabilis /i. bellidifolius, J\'utt. I. c. ? A.
surculosus? EIL! sk. 2. p. 354.

Dry sandy soil and pine barrens, Massachusetts (New Bedford, Mr. T. A.
Green!) and New Jersey ! to Florida! and Kentucky! Sept.-Nov. — Rhi-
zoma slender, creeping. Stem 1—2 feet high. Leaves 2—4 inches long (the
upi)er ones smaller), half an inch to an inch in width, of a firm texture,
acute or obtuse, mucronulate, sometimes obscurely 3-nerved. Branches of
the coryinb or peduncles with a few small leaves or bracts (the up])ennost
approximate to the head), usually short and rigid. Heads showy (larger
than in A. Amellus); the scales of the involucre imbricated in several series;
the exterior loose, clothed more or less with a glandular-scabrous pubescence
similar to that of the branches. Rays ver}' long, lanceolate, blue or violet.
Appendages of tlie style lanceolate-subulate. — We have met with no au-
thentic specimen of Mr. Nuttall's var. bellidifolius. Perhaps lie had a
form of the closely allied A. gracilis in view ; since the latter is common
in the pine barrens of New Jersey, while he only mentions it as a Western
plant.

8. A. gracilis (Nutt.) : stems several from the same often surculose cau-
dex, slender, slightly pubescent, corymbose at the summit ; leaves somewhat
scabrous, remotely and obscurely crenulate-serrate ; the radical ones oblong or
spatulate, on slender naked petioles; the cauline oblanceolaie or narrowly
oblong, often narrowed at the base, slightly clasping ; heads several, in a
spreading corymb; involucre obconical, as long as the disk; the scarcely
pubescent scales imbricated in several series, whitish and coriacenus, with
herbaceous (obtuse or slightly pointed) spreading tips ; the exterior succes-

Aster. COMPOSITE. 109

si vely shorter ; raj's about 12; achenia cuneiform-oblong, moderately com-
pressed, minutely hairy. — Nutt. ! gen. 2. 'p. 158.

Prairies of Kentucky & Tennessee, Nuttall ! Pine barrens of New Jersey !
common. Sept. — Caudex usually tuberous, ynoducing runners and offsets.
Stems about a foot high, not scabrous or glandular, leafy, either simple and
bearing 5 to 9 heads in a terminal corymb (the central head almost sessile,
the lateral on slender spreading or divaricate peduncles) ; or with corymbose
flowering branches, each bearing 3 to 7 heads, all but the lateral or external
on very short pedicels. Leaves 1 to about 2 inches long, nearly coriaceous,
opaque, glabrous. Involucre almost exactly like Sericocarpus conyzoides !
and about the same size ; the exterior scales subspatulate-oblong or linear-
oblong, somewhat ciliate ; the innermost linear, membranaceous. Heads
about 30-flowered. Rays violet ; the ligules exserted about the length of the
involucre. Achenia rather short, impressed-striate, clothed with short sparse
hairs. — Mr. Nuttall has correctly remarked the alliance of this plant to A.
spectabilis on the one hand (some forms of which it greatly resembles), and
to Sericocarpus conyzoides on the other : it almost connects the latter genus
•with Aster.

9. A. surculosus (MIchx.) : stems several from the same surculose caudex,
slender, simple, minutely pubescent above ; leaves lanceolate, elongated,
acute, glabrous, the margin scabrous, entire or with a few slight subulate
teeth ; the lowermost tapering into a margine<l somewhat sheathing petiole ;
the upper ones linear, partly sheathing or clasping at the base ; heads 3-5 in
a simple corymb (sometimes solitary) ; involucre turbinate-hemispherical,
nearly as lon<r as the disk; the scales numerous, somewhat e(|ual in length,
pubescent, with spreading iierbaceous mostly mucronulate tips; the outer-
most lanceolate and chiefly foliaceous ; rays numerous; achenia linear, al-
most glabrous. — Mlchx. jl. 1. p. 112; Null.! gen. 2. p. 157; Nees, AsL
p. 40 ; DC. I. c.

Woods, Burke County, N. Carolina, Michaux. Margins of open bushy
swamps in Tennessee, N. Carolina ! and Virginia, Nuttall. Wilmington, N.
Carolina, Natlali ! Mr. Curtis! Southern States, 7V/r. Croom ! Sept. — Rhi-
zoma creeping. Stems somewhat angled, 6-18incli6^shigh ; the summit, pedun-
cles &c. pubescent but not glandular. Leaves rather scattered, rigid, opaque
(the lower obscurely 3-nerved), Smooth and shining; the lower 4-6 inches
long, lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate ; the cauline successively reduced to
one or two inches in length, often narrowly lanceolate-linear; the uppermost
confluent with the scales of the involucre. Heads as large as in A. specta-
bilis ; the rays long, linear, violet. Exterior scales of the involucre loose,
lanceolate ; the others linear-spatulate or narrowly cuneiform, rigid, white at
the base, the tips herbaceous, mucronulate ; the innermost nearly membra-
naceous. Achenia striate, slender, somewhat compressed. — The dwarfish
state of this species (which we believe to be Michaux's) approaches A. spec-
tabilis, while the most slender forms considerably resemble the very differ-
ent A. paludosus.

10. A. paludosus (Ait.) : stem slightly puberulent or scabrous ; leaves
linear, entire, acute, rigid, partly claspino;, with the margins scabrous, often
fringed with bristly hairs near the base ; heads few, racemose, or terminating
the mostly simple axillary and somewhat racemose branches; involucre he-
mispherical, nearly the length of the disk, mostly bracteolate ; the scales nu-
merous, somewhat e(|ual in length, partly foliaceous, lanceolate or spalulate-
linear, mucronate, somewhat sijuarrose ; rays numerous; achenia linear-ob-
long, nearly glabrous. — Ait. Kew. (eel. 1) 3. p. 201 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 547;
E/.L sk. 2. p. 343. A. srandinorus, Nutt..' gen. 2. p. 156; not of Linn.
Tripolium paludosum, Nees, Ast. p. 155. Diplopap])us paiuJosus, i^mul. !
in herb. Hook. Sfc. Heleastrum paludosum, 1)C. ! prodr. 5. p. 264.

110 COMPOSITE. Aster.

Wet ])ine barrens and swamps, from North Carolina ! to Florida ! Lou-
isiana ! and Arkansas ! Aug.-Oct. — Stems 1-2 feet high. Leaves coria-
ceous, somewhat erect, 2-4 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, pointed, strongly 1-
nerved, or with 2 obscure lateral nerves; the uppermost often concave.
Heads large (the disk half of an inch in diameter), usually 3 to 8 dis-
posed in a somewhat racemose manner on short nearly naked peduncles,
sometimes axillary on very short peduncles, forming a kind of spike ; but
the lower peduncles, or branchlets, often elongated, so as to become corym-
bose, or branching and paniculate. Exterior scales of the involucre usually
loose and bracteolate, or passing into the bracteate leaves which subtend the
head, almost entirely foliaceous, somewhat ciliate ; the innermost with the
tips only herbaceous, or sometimes colored. Rays (about 24) nearly an inch
long, deep blue. Pappus tawny, rather rigid ; the bristles unequal ; the
larger ones gradually thickened upwards so as to appear slightly clavate
under a lens, but scarcely more so than in the preceding species. Achenia
glabrous, or slightly pubescent when young, somewhat angled and striate,
slender, scarcely compressed. — This species is, we believe, confined to the
Southern States. Mr. Nuttall's A. paludosus is probably a form of our
A. elodes. What can be the plant from Northern British America mentioned
by Dr. Richardson under this name ?

11.? A. Curtisii : smooth and glabrous; stem (apparently) simple, leafy,
slightly corymbose or racemose at the summit ; the branches short, rigid,
bearing single or few heads ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, attenuate-acute, ser-
rate, with scabrous or somewhat ciliate margins ; the lowermost tapering
into a winged petiole ; scales of the hemispherical involucre oblong or slight-
ly spatulate, unequal, imbricated in about 4 series, coriaceous, with con-
spicuous abruptly foliaceous squarrose-reflexed summits ; achenia narrow,
glabrous.

On Table Mountain &c. N. Carolina, Mr. M. A. Curtis /—Stem strict,
apparently 2 to 3 feet high, smooth throughout, leafy to the summit, with a
few short spreading flowering branches, which bear single or 3-5 racemose
heads ; the lateral ones on short pedicels. Leaves somewhat membrana-
ceous, tapering to a very acute point, entirely smooth on both sides, or slight-
ly scabrous next the margins of the upper surface or near the apex, pale
beneath, with rather prominent reticulated veinlets; all but the uppermost
conspicuously but somewhat irregularly serrate, the base and apex entire ;
the lowermost (radical unknown) about 4 inches long and two thirds of an
inch wide, narrowed rather abruptly into a margined or winged petiole,
coarsely serrate ; the upper similar, but narrower and less tapering at the
base ; the uppermost closely sessile, often entire ; those of the branchlets
minute and bract-like, thickish, obtuse. Heads about as large as those of
A. spectabilis, subglobose. Scales of the involucre numerous, white and cori-
aceous below, appressed ; the foliaceous summits (oval or lanceolate, often
acute) abruptly squarrose or recurved, sometimes equal in length to the ap-
pressed portion. Rays large, 20 or more, blue or purple. Bristles of the
pappus slender, rather soft, the inner series very obscurely thickened up-
wards.— We have but two specimens of this apparently well-marked species,
collected we believe in ditlerent localities, neither of which are so perfect as
could be desired. Perhaps it belongs to the Grandiflori, rather than to the
present division.

§ 3. Scales of the involucre i?nbricated in various degrees, with herbaceous or
foliaceous tips, or the exterior entirely herbaceous : receptacle alveolate :
rays numerous: ajjpendages of the style lanceolate: bristles of the pappus
capillary {soft) and nearly uniform, none of them thickened at the apex :
achenia compressed. — ^Aster proper.

La^jt^/ S^'

AsTKR. COMPOSITiE. lit

* Heads Qnrge) corymbose or racemose ; scales of the involucre imhricaled in several
series, rigid, u-ith herbaccovs or foliaccovs sumviits, somewhat squarrose or spread-
ing ; the inTwrmost usually Tncmbranaceous : achenia broad, cmiipressed, pubescent or
hairy. — Amelli.

12. A. integrifolius (Nutt.) : stem simple, villous-pubescent, the summit
and the simple corymb glandular and viscid; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute,
entire, 1-nerved, veiny; tlie radical and lowest cauline tapering into a mar-
gined petiole, almost glabrous; the others clasping, somewhat pubescent or
glandular; heads few (3-5); scales of the involucre loosely imbricated in
2-3 series, lanceolate, acute, glandular, herbaceous, somewhat unequal ;
achenia minutely silky-hirsute. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. scr.)
7.]). 291.

Rocky Mountains in lat. 42°, growing at a lower elevation than A. andi-
nus or A. glacialis, Nuttall ! — Plant 0-12 inches high, stout. Heads nearly
the size of A. Amellus; to which this species more closely approaches than
to any other. Leaves rather coriaceous, with a strong midrib (not tripli-
nerved) ; the numerous reticulated veinlets somewhat conspicuous on both
surfaces of the older leaves; the radical 3-5 inches long, including the peti-
ole. Exterior scales of the involucre broadl}' lanceolate, entirely herbaceous,
the margins not membranaceous; the innermost narrower, but similar, mem-
branaceous at the base. Rays "bluish-purple, 15-25" [Nutt.), rather large.
Pappus of unequal slightly rigid strongly scabrous bristles. Appendages of
the style linear-lanceolate, hirsute.

13. A. spatliulatus (Lindl.) : stems low, bearing a few simple racemose
branches; leaves narrowly spatulate, obtuse, entire, somewhat nerved, nearly
glabrous; the uppermost lanceolate, dilated at the base and partly clasping,
often acute ; peduncles simple, nearly naked, tomentose-piibescent ; scales
of the involucre linear or oblong-linear, acute, pubescent, rather unequal, in
2-3 series, erect, with foliaceous somewhat spreading summits. — Lindl. ! in
Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. 2. p. 8, S^-in DC. prodr. 5. p. 231.

Arctic America, at Bear Lake and Fort Franklin on the Mackenzie River,
Richardson I — Plant 5-10 inches high, slightly pubescent with appressed
hairs. Radical and lower leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 3-4 lines wide, of uni-
form appearance on both sides, often nearly linear; the lateral nerves some-
what reticulated. Heads few, about as large as in A. Amellus. Achenia
hairy, compressed.

14. A. adscendens (Lindl.): stems low ascending; the branches simply
racemose or somewhat corymbose ; radical and lower leaves oblong-linear or
narrowly spatulate, glabrous, entire, with ciliate-scabrous margins ; the cau-
line linear-lanceolate, partly clasping; scales of the hemispherical involucre
numerous, closely imbricated, unequal, nearly glabrous ; the exterior linear-
oblong, obtuse, the innermost acute ; achenia minutely hairy. — Lindl. ! in
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 8, S^-in DC. jnodr. 5. p. 231.

j8. denudatus : leaves more strongly ciliate-scabrous ; the radical and low-
ermost somewhat fringed towards the base; the cauline small. — A. denuda-
tus, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 292.

y. ciliatifolius : stem not denuded and scapiform, pubescent above ; leaves
more proportionate, distinctly ciliated ; scales of the involucre ciliate, some-
what acute. — A. denudatus /i. ciliatifolius, Nutt. I. c.

Banks of the Saskatchawan towards the Rocky Mountains, Drummond !
(3. & y. Arid and dry grassy plains in the Rocky Mountains near Lewis
River, about lat. 42°, Nuttall ! — Rhizoma creeping. Stems 8 to 16 inches
high, bearing several racemose or somewhat paniculate-corymbose heads,
which are smaller than in A. Amellus. Leaves rigid, the lowermost 2-4 inch-
es long, slightly veined when old, tapering into a margined petiole, which is

112 COMPOSITiE. Aster.

rather strongly ciliate in var. /3. ; the margins frequently somewhat undulate
or remoielv deniiculate. Involucre equalling or rather shorter than the disk,
composed "of numerous scales somewhat closely imbricated in several series,
rather rigid, often ciliate; the exterior shorter, almost wholly herbaceous; the
inner with more acute slightly spreading herbaceous summits. " Rays rose-
purple, 30-40, iVw«." Achenia rather broad, compressed, narrowed at the
base as if slightly stipitate, 4-nerved, resembling those of A. Amellus, but
smaller and minutely hairy. Papjjas brownish. — The descripiion of the
achenia is drawn from var."^/3., which differs from Dr. Lindley's plant only
in the particulars mentioned above.

15. A. Chilensis (Nees) : stem racemose-decompound, hairy above in
lines; the heads somewhat corymbose or racemose at the summit of the
branches ; leaves lanceolate, acute, crenate-serrate, clasping, scabrous on
both sides; those of the peduncles small, oblong, scpiarrose; scales of the
broadly obovate involucre closely imbricated, oblong, with obtuse spatu-
late herbaceous summits; achenia pubescent-hirsute when young. Nees,
Ast. p. 123,- DC. prodr. 5. p. 245. A. Radula, Less, in Linrxfa, 6. p. 125.

(3. leaves scarcely scabrous, except near the margins of the upper surface;
the cauline narrowed towards the base, partly clasping. — A. spectabilis ?
Hook. SfArn..' hot. Beechey, p. 146.

California, Chamisso. [3. Monterey, California, Capt. Beechey f— The
plant collected in Cajit. Beechey's voyage is smoother than that described by
Nees, but it accords in other respects. It is possible that the specimen of
HsenUe was also collected in California, instead of the mountains of Chili;
as great confusion wirh regard to the localities is said to exist in his collec-
tions. It has certainly much affinity with the Concinni, where Nees places
it, but apparently more with the Amelli. The heads are rather smaller
than in A. Amellus ; the herbaceous tips of the involucral scales are loose or
somewhat spreading, with a slight membranaceous margin, somewhat cili-
ate, otherwise glabrous; the innermost about the length of the disk, rather
acute. Young achenia compressed, clothed with a somewhat silky pu-
bescence.

* ♦ Heads (large) suhglobose, terminating the leafy Iranches : scales of the involucre
(rather few a7id large), somewhat equal in length, imbricated in 2 or A series, folia-
ceous, except the base, and nearly similar to the (small) oval or lanceolate, usually
silky, sessile and entire mucronate leaves, both sides of which are similar in appear-
ance : achenia glabrous, angled or compressed, many ribbed. — Sericei.

16. A. sericeus (Vent.) : stems slender, numerous from the same root,
glabrous below, branched; leaves silvery-canescent on both sides with a
dense appressed silky pubescence, lanceolate or oblong, closely sessile, mu-
cronulate, obscurely 3-nerved ; heads mostly solirary terminating the short
canescent branchlets; scales of the involucre similar to the uppermost leaves,
silvery, squarrose-spreading, the coriaceous base appressed ; achenia many-
ribbed, glabrous.— Ten^ hort. Cels. t. 33; Pursh! Ji. 2. p. 548; JXult. !
gen. 2. p. 155 ; Nees, Ast. p. 51 ; DC. ! procLr. 5. p. 233. A. argenteus,
Michx.! fl. 2. p. 111.

j3. leaves and scales of the involucre rather narrowly lanceolate, less sil-
very.— A. montanus, Nutt. ! gen. I. c.

Prairies and dry banks of rivers, nearly confined to the valley of the
Missis-sippi and its tributaries: Arkansas! Mississippi! Missouri! Illinois!
to Wisconsin ! N. W. Territory ! Tennessee and N. Carolina near the moun-
tains, Nuttall! (var. /3.) Schiceinitz ! Aug.-Oct.— Plant 10-20 inches high
(said to become a little shrubby at the base by cultivation in Europe), very
elegant ; the densely silvery-canescent leaves half an inch to an inch long,

Aster. COMPOSITE. 113

crowded on the brandies ; the radical ones oblanceolate, sessile, about 3
inches long, distinctly 3-nerved. Heads showy, but variable in size. Rays
20-25, half an inch or more in length, deep violet-blue. Achenia evidently
compressed when mature. Pappus tawny, equal.

17. A. phylloleins : stems slender, loosely branched ; leaves erect, lanceo-
late, closely sessile, mucronulate, somewhat hairy or canescent when young;
those of the branches crowded, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate, ap-
pressed, ciliate with long spreading hairs ; heads mostly solitary terminating
the branchlets ; scales of the involucre similar to the ujiper leaves, loosely
imbricated in 2-3 series, glabrous except the fringed margins, reticulated,
conspicuously acuminate-mucronate, nearly equal in length; achenia linear,
angled, striate or ribbed, glabrous. — A. sericeus /5. microphyllus, DC. I. c.l
A. ciliatus, Nutt. in trans. Amer. ])]iil. soc. (n. scr.) 7. p. 295, not of Walt.

Texas, Berlandier? Drnwmond! Western Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth!
Dr. Hale! — Plant 10-18 inches high, with virgate somewhat pubescent or
hairy branches. Leaves coriaceous, pale, scabrous, somewhat 3-nerved,
obscurely reticulated, gradually reduced in size from an inch or more to 4-5
or 6 lines in length ; the upper ones more crowded, evidently reticulated, and
conspicuously ciliate with long spreading hairs, which are, however, some-
Avhat deciduous. Scales of the hemispherical involucre oval or ovate, or the
innermost lanceolate, few, as long as the disk. Heads as large as in the
preceding, or sometimes smaller. Rays about 25, elongated, purple. Ache-
nia scarcely compressed. Pappus nearly equal, reddish-brown.

♦ * * Heads (?niddle-sized) racemose ; scales of the turbinate or obovoid involucre im-
bricated in several series, rather rigid, silky, the exterior successivelij shorter, alt with
short herbaceous tips : corolla of tlve disk as well as the (12-15) rays purple or violet :
achenia silky-viUous : leaves small, lanceolate or oblong, entire, closely sessile, pale^
when young canescent, of the same color and appearance both sides. — Concolores.

18. A. concolor (Linn.) : stem simple or sparingly branched, virgate ;
leaves crowded, oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, minutely silky both sides,
or sometimes nearly glabrous when old ; the up])er ones acuminate-mucro-
nate, appressed ; heads in a simple or compound virgate raceme ; scales of
the involucre lanceolate, acute, somewhat appressed; achenia silky-villous.
—Linn. ! spec. {ed. 2) 2. p. 1228 ; Walt. ! Car. p. 209 ; Michx. ! fi. 2. p.
Ill ; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2029 ; Pursh! jl. 2. p. 448 ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 116 ;
Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 350 ; Nees, Asl. p. 115 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 243. A. caule
simplicissimo, &c. Gronov. ! fl. Virg. ed. 2. p. 123. A. foliis lanceolatis
sessilibus alternis, &c. Gronov. ! I. c. p. 125.

Dry sandy soils, and in pine barrens. New .Jersey ! to Florida ! and Louis-
iana ! Aug.-Nov. — Plant 1-3 feet high, with somewhat the habit of a Lia-
tris, sometimes with a tuberous root, often simple or branched only towards
the base, and bearing the heads in a long virgate raceme, o!i short (erect or
recurved) peduncles, which are furnished with minute bract-like leaves,
frequently branching above and bearing several shorter racemes or some-
times solitary heads. Leaves 1-3 nerved, often obscurely reticulated, rather
rigid, grayish; the lower about an inch long, and partly clasping; the upper
successively reduced in size, oval or lanceolate, mucronatc or cuspidate.
Pappus rusty or reddish.

19. A. Menziesii (Lindl.) : leaves, as well as the stem, canescent with a
somewhat scabrous pubescence, lanceolate or oblong-linear, closely sessile,
acute; lieads racemose ; scales of the involucre ol)tuse, somewhat S([uarrose.
— Lindl. ! in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 12, f^- DC. prodr. 5. p. 243.

Oregon, Menzies ! — Leaves all slightly auriculatc and clasping at the

VOL. II.-15

114 COMPOSITiE. Aster.

base; the lowermost oblong-spatulate ; the upper lanceolate-linear, all strong-
ly 1-nerved. Peduncles or branches several, simple, or sometimes forked,
almost tomentose. Immature achenia canescent. Pappus rusty. — We have
only seen the single specimen in Sir Wm. Hooker's herbarium : we doubt
if it be so nearly allied to A. concolor as is supposed.

* * * • Heads {middle-sized, large for the size of the leaves^ solitary terminating the
numerous diffuse braiichMs : scales of the obovoid-turbinate involucre closely im^
hricated in several series (the exterior successively shorter^, coriaceous, spatvlate-linear,
ivith short herbaceous slightly squarrose or spreading tips ; achenia short, turbinate,
minutely canesce?it : leaves croioded throug/wut the slender stem and brandies, very
short and uniform {except the very loicesl), thiclc, hispid-scabrous, ovate-oblojig or
lanceolate, either appressed or squarrose-rcflcxcd. — Brachyphylli.

20. A. squarrosus (Walt.) : stems minutely hispid, diffusely branched ;
the branchlets short, somewhat paniculate or racemose ; leaves triangular-
ovate or oblong, mucronulate, squarrose-reflexed. — Walt..' Car. p. 209;
Michx.Ifl. 1. p. 112,- Willd.! spec. 3. p. 2028; PursJi, fl. 1. p. 547;
Ell. .' sTc. 2. p. 530 ; Nees, Ast. p. 115 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 243.

Dry soil, N. Carohna ! S.Carolina! Georgia! and Florida ! Sept.-Nov.
— Stems (suffruticose at the base ?) about 2 feet high ; the branches often vir-
gate. Leaves somewhat fleshy and rigid ; the radical ones obovate-oblong,
sessile, nearly an inch long ; the cauline nearly uniform, crowded so as often
to appear imbricated downwards, usually 2-3 lines long, minutely hispid,
especially on the margins. Involucre one-third to nearly half an inch in di-
ameter ; the scales scabrous-puberulent, coriaceous and whitish, except the
oval mucronulate spreading foliaceous tips. Rays 15-20, lanceolate-linear,
large and showy, bright blue. Pappus brownish when old.

2\. A. adnatus (^uit.) : minutely hispid-scabrous throughout; ascending
stems and branches virgate ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, mucronulate,
almost imbricated, appressed, adnate to the stem ! — Null. ! in jour. acad.
Philad. 7. p. 82 ; Hook..' comjmn. to hot. mag. 1. p. 97. A. microphyllus,
Torr.! ined. ; Lindl. .' in DC. prodr. 5. p. 244, (badly described.)

Dry soil, Florida, Nuttall! Dr. Alexander .' Dr. Chapman! Alabama, Dr.
Gates! New Orleans, Drummond! Sept.-Nov. — Resembles the preceding;
the heads and flowers similar. Stems suffrutescent at the base, with loose
virgate branches, clothed with the minute leaves (1-3 lines long) quite to the
summit. The leaves are coherent to the stem and branches by the midrib,
the summit only being free ; they are more finely scabrous than in A. squar-
rosus : the very lowest, which are about three-fourths of an inch long,
are nearly or quite free. Rays ' pale lilac' {Nutt.), or rather violet-blue.

;^ « % » >» Heads {^rather large) mostly solitary terminating tJie spreading brayichlets :
scales of the obovoid-turbinate or somewhat campanulate involucre closely imbricated
in several series, rigid, vnth herbaceous mostly acute a/nd somewhat spreading tips,
the exterior successively shorter : achenia linear-oblong, many-slnatc, silky-canescent :
leaves auriculaJte-ayrdate and clasping the stem, entire, pubescent or scabrous ; those of
the brancltlets very smaU. — Patentes.

22. A. patens (Ait.) : stem pubescent; paniculate at the summit; leaves
ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pubescent or scabrous, with ciliate and
very scabrous (often undulate or almost serrulate) margins, sometimes nar-
rowed below the middle, auriculate-cordate and clasping ; those of the spread-
ing or divaricate slender branchlets very small ; heads mostly solitarj^ on
the branchlets ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, scabrous-puberulent ;

Aster. COMPOSITtE. 115

achenia silky.— ^/<. Keiv. {ed. 1) 3. p. 201 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 551 ; Nees,
Ast. p. 49 (excl. syn. Miclix.) ; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. p. 463 ; DC. ! prodr.
5. p. 232. A. undulatus, Linn. ! spec. ed. 2. p. 1228, ^- herb, (not of hort.
Cliff. .') ; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 361. A. amplexicaulis, Michx.I Jl. 2. p. 114 ;
Big-el. .' Jl.. Bost. ed. 2. p. 312.

/?. gracilis : heads smaller, terminating the very numerous and elongated
brandies ; leaves very small, rigid, scabrous. — Hook. ! compan. to hot.
mag. 1. p. 97.

y. patentissimus : heads large, terminating the elongated branchlets ; the
scales of the more turbinate involucre very numerous and more closely im-
bricated (in 5-6 series), somewhat canescent, the exterior broader and more
obtuse; leaves rigid, hirsute-scabrous. — A. patentissimus, Zrtno?^. / in DC. I. c.
A. Arnottii, Nees ! in herb. Arn. Sf- herb. Hook.

d. phlogifolius : stem simple or paniculate at the summit ; the heads
(large) solitary, or frequently several and somewhat racemose on the short
branches ; involucre more lax and herbaceous (imbricated in 3-4 series) ;
leaves much larger, membranaceous, pubescent beneath, scarcely or not
at all scabrous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an acute
point, usually contracted below the middle. — Nees, Ast. I. c. (excl. syn.
Michx.) ; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. I. c. A. phlogifolius, Muhl. ! in Willd. spec.
3. p. 2034 ; Pursh ! Jl.. 1. p. 550 ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 156 ; DC. ! I. c.
A. auritus, Lindl. in DC. I. c. ?

Dry soil, Massachusetts ! to Florida! and Louisiana! /?. Alabama, Dr.
Gates ! Louisiana and Texas, Drummond ! y. Kentucky ! and Missouri ! to
Arkansas ! and Western Louisiana ! 6. Woods, New York ! Pennsylvania !
and Ohio ! to Kentucky ! and North Carolina ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem rather
slender, 1-3 feet high. Heads rather large and showy (in ji. less, in y. & 6.
usually more than half an inch in diameter), commonly terminating the
elongated and diverging branchlets; which are furnished with numerous mi-
nute and bract-like leaves. Rays purplish-blue, about 24. Scales of the
involucre minutely pubescent or hairy, more or less granulose-scabrous under
a lens ; the innermost linear, acute or acuminate (sometimes purplish) ; the
exterior shorter and more obtuse. Pappus ferruginous or_ tawny. — The
scales of the involucre in var. y. are more numerous and imbricated ; and in
the plant of Drummond from St. Louis (A. Arnottii, Nees. ined.) they are
broader, more obtuse, and remarkably appressed : other specimens of this
variety (A. patentissimus, Lindl. in herb. Ton:, which however have the
leaves very scabrous on both sides) pass insensibly into the ordinary state of
the plant. — The lower leaves, except in var. 6., rarely exceed one or two
inches in length, and are mostly obtuse, but mucronate. In that plant, how-
ever, they vary from 3 to 6 inches in length, usually tapering to each end,
but are dilated and auriculate at the base"; they occasionally present a fewje-
mote serratures. We were strongly disposed to consider it a distinct spe-
cies ; but are now convinced by the examination of numerous intermediate
forms, that it is a state which the plant assumes in shady moist places.

****** Heads {middle-sized, showy') 'paniculate or sovuwhat racemose; scales of
tlic turbinate or obovoid involucre closely and regularly imbricated in several series
(the exterior successively shorter), chartaceous and white (except the midnerve), with
very short appressed or slightly spreading green tips : rays bright blue : achenia very
smooth and glabrous {or sometimes minutely pubescent with sparse hairs), broadish,
compressed, 2r-b-ribbed or nerved: plant perfectly smooth and glabrous {except the
branchlets and the scabro^is margins of the leaves), often glaucous: cauline leaves
lanceolate or oblong-ovate, thicldsh, sessile or clasping, entire or sparingly serrate ;
the radical ovate or oblong {small), tapering into a slwrt and margiiu:d often ciliate
petiole. — Concinni, Nees, (excl. spec.)

116 COMPOSlTiE, Aster.

23. A. Ifevis (Linn.): very smooth, often glaucous; stem loosely panicu-
late or somewhat corymbose at the summit ; leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceo-
late, or oblong, coriaceous, very smooth, with scabrous margins, entire or
sparingly serrate ; the lower narrowed towards the base, or tapering into a
margined petiole ; the upper clasping and mostly somewhat auriculate or
cordate at the base ; those of the branches very small ; scales of the obovoid
involucre closely imbricated, appressed, rigid, lanceolate or broadly linear,
"with short abruptly acute or acuminate herbaceous tips ; achenia shining,
glabrous, or pubescent with a few scattered hairs. — Linn. ! S2}ec. 2. j). 876 ;
Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 206; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1500; Darlingt. ! Ji. Cest.
p. 468. A.leevis, laevigatus, mutabilis, amplexicaulis, rubricaulis, & cyaneus,
Nees, Ast. -p. 128-132 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 245 c^ 246. A. rubricauhs. Lam.
did. 1. p). 305. A. amplexicaulis, Muhl. ! in tVilld. spec. 3. p. 2046. A.
Pennsylvanicus, Poir. siijjpl. 1. p. 498, ex Nees.

(3. more glaucous ; upper leaves cordate-clasping, oblong-lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate ; scales of the involucre more numerous. — A. cyaneus,
Hoff7n. flnjtogr. bl. p. 71, t. B. f. 1 ; Pursh, ft.. 2. p. 550 ; Nees, I. c. ;
Lindl. bat. reg. t. 1495. A. glaucus & A. politus, Nees, synops. p. 23. A.
bupleurifolius, Hort. Monsp.

y. leaves elongated lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. — A. leevigatus, Willd.
spec. 3. p. 2046?

Borders of woodlands and thickets, Canada! to Georgia! Missouri! and
Saskatchawan ! common. Aug.-Oct. — A beautiful species, readily recog-
nized (notwith.sfanding some diversities in the foliage and the size of the
heads) by its polished and more or less glaucous stem and leaves (the former
2-3 feet high, often purple) ; the somewhat coriaceous regularly imbricated
and appressed scales of the involucre, which are white (slightly ciliate), with
a greenish midnerve, and short rhombic green tips; the heads middle-sized
or rather large ; and the numerous showy rays bright blue or indigo, changing
to violet. The flowers of the disk usually change to purple : the pappus be-
comes tawny or brownish. We entirely agree with Dr. Darlington in the
opinion that it is vain to separate the various forms of this plant into several
species. The large suite of specimens before us have been named for the
most part by several distinguished botanists, whose determinations so seldom
accord that we feel the greater confidence in our own opinion. We can
make nothing of the characters derived by Nees from the alveoli of the re-
ceptacle, whether naked, ciliolate, or piliferous. The radical leaves are
ovate, oval, or spatulate-oblong, serrate, on winged petioles which are usually
ciliate at the base; the earliest smaller, more rounded or obtuse, crenate-
serrate ; the cauline vary from 2 to 5 inches in length, and one-third to an
inch and a half in width, the broader ones often abruptly narrowed at the
base ; the upper surface shining ; the reticulations loose and manifest.
Branches of the inflorescence rather rigid, loose, few or numerous ; the
leaves gradually reduced to short lanceolate bracts.

24. A. virgatus (Ell.): very smooth; stem strict; the branches few and
virgate, racemose at the summit ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, with sca-
brous or ciliolate-serrulate margins, partly clasping ; those of the branches
very small and numerous, erect, subulate-acuminate ; the lowermost taper-
ing at the base; the radical spatulate-oblong; scales of the somewhat hemi-
spherical involucre lanceolate, acuminate ; the exterior loose or slightly squar-
rose-spreading ; achenia glabrous. — Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 353.

13. stem stout; the virgate branches numerous, somewhat compound ; heads
larger; lower cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate.

y. stems slender, often simple ; cauline leaves elongated linear-lanceolate,
the margins more strongly ciliolate-scabrous. — A. attenuatus, Lindl. ! in
Hooh. compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 97.

Western districts of Georgia, Elliott! ft. Georgia, Dr. Boykin! y. Jack-

Aster. COMPOSITiE. 117

sonville, Louisiana, Drummond ! Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale! Sept.-
Oct. — Resembles considerably the narrow leaved forms of A. laevis ; but is
distinguished by the virgate branches and racemose inflorescence ; the scales
of the involucre with sharper spreading points, the exterior often loose and
passing into the very small bract-like leaves ; which are usually numerous
or crowded on the branches, varying from 3 to G lines long, rigid, subulate-
acute or acuminate. Lower leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, 3 to 4 (or in /?.
6-10) lines wide, shining above, coriaceous. The plant of Elliott is inter-
mediate between our specimens from Dr. Boykin (which has shorter and
broader cauline leaves, the lower occasionally serrulate) and those of A.
attenuatus, Lindl. Drummond's specimens are remarkably slender, and
about 2 feet high. In those from Dr. Hale, tlie margins of the leaves are
still more strongly serrulate-scabrous, or the uppermost even minutely ciliate-
hispid, and the heads are more obconical. Rays apparently deep blue.

25. A. concinnus (Willd.) : stem nearly glabrous, somewhat corymbose,
loose ; the branches virgate, dichotomous-paniculate ; leaves lanceolate,
partly clasping, remotely and sharply serrate, with scabrous margins, those
of the branchlets oblong, entire; scales of the involucre linear, acute, closely
imbricated. Nces. — Willd. enum. 2. p. 884 ; Nees, Ast. p. 121 ; Lindl.
hot. reg. t. 1619; DC. 2}rodr. 5. p. 245 (excl. syn. Colla, liort. Ripul.) ;
Hoolc.'fi. Bor.-Am. 2. p. \2? A. cyaneus ? Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 244.

p. branches more strict and racemose, with smaller and more numerous
leaves. Nees, I. c.

North America, Willdetioiv. (In fields and woods. New York & Penn-
sylvania, Pursh.) N. Carolina, Schiveinitz ! (in herh. Ell.) Florida, Mr.
Read! (in herb. acad. Philad.) Saskatchawan, Drummond, ex Lindl.!
Sept.-Oct. — We have copied the specific character from Nees, having seen
no indigenous specimens which altogether accord with the plant cultivated in
the Berlin Botanic garden (from which Willdenow described the species) and
elsewhere : the fragment from Saskatchawan (in herh. Hook.) is not satisfac-
tory, and may belong to A. tevis. But Elliott's A. cyaneus ? (judging from
an imperfect specimen) appears to be the same as the cultivated A. concin-
nus: the upper cauline leaves are linear-lanceolate, and those of the numer-
ous diverging branches narrowly linear ; the heads rather smaller than in
most forms of A. laevis ; and the young achenia are minutely puberulent.
The specimen from Florida clearly belongs to the same species ; but in its
more strict branches and racemose heads it accords with the description of
A. concinnus /?., Nees ; and the leaves of the branches are also rather slen-
der and narrowly linear. The rays are blue, and the flowers of the disk
change to jiurple. — We know not from what source the original A. concin-
nus was derived. Willdenow compares the leaves with those of Phlox
maculata; and the stem is said to be one and a half to two feet high.

26. A. turhinellus (Lindl.) : stem and slender paniculate branches smooth
or minutely puberulent-scabrous ; leaves lanceolate, smooth, entire, with cili-
olate-scabrous margins, tapering to each end, acute, slightly clasping ; those
of the filiform branchlets subulate ; involucre clavate-turbinate, as long as
the disk; the scales imbricated in numerous series, linear, obtuse, concave,
herbaceous merely at the tips ; achenia minutely puberulent-scabrous (under
a lens). — Lindl.! in Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 98, t^ in DC. prodr.
6. p. 244.

St. Louis, Missouri, Drummond ! Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth ! — Stem
apparently 2-3 feet high, often very much branched in a corymbose-panicu-
late manner ; the branchlets rather numerous, lax, very slender, racemose or
shghtly paniculate, terminated by middle-sized heads. _ Lower leaves about
3 or 4 inches long, rather opaque, pale, sparingly reticulate-veined, or ob-
scurely 3-nerved, tapering to an acute point, the margin upwardly almost

118 COMPOSITE. Aster.

serrulate-scabrous ; those of the branches and branchlets gradually reduced
to subulate bracts resembling the exterior scales of the involucre. Rays
about 20, elongated, blue or purple ? Disk about 20-flowered. Achenia
glabrous to the naked eye, but clothed with a very minute appressed pubes-
cence under a lens. Pappus reddish-brown, not exceeding the innermost
scales of the involucre. — A very distinct species, remarkable for its exactly
turbinate involucre (5-6 lines long), which is very acute at the base, owing
to the short exterior scales : these are coriaceous and white, with very short
greenish tips.

* ;^ % « % 4= * Heads (^middle-sized or small^ paniculate or racemose : scales of tlie
ohovoid or campanidate involucre imbricated in several series (the exterior successively
shorter'), commonly oppressed, chartaceous or somewhai membranaceous, vnth short
green tips : achenia glabrous or slightly pubescent : radical and lowest cauline leaves
(large) cordate, with elongated naked or margi?i£d petioles ; the upper often petioled. —
Heterophylli, Nees.

+ Leaves entire, undulate, or slightly serrate : heads loosely paniculate or race-
mose : rays usually bright blue or violet.

27. A. azureus (Lindl.) : stem somewhat scabrous, racemose-compound
at the summit ; the branches slender and rigid ; leaves scabrous ; the radical
and lowest cauline ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, cordate, somewhat
serrate, on long (naked or margined) often hairy petioles ; the others lan-
ceolate or linear, acute at each end, sessile, mostly entire ; those of the
spreading branches subulate, mostly very numerous and appressed ; in-
volucre broadly obconlc, nearly the length of the disk; the scales closely
imbricated, narrowly-oblong or linear, abruptly acute ; achenia glabrous or
very slightly and sparsely hairy. — Lindl. ! in Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1.
p. 98, 8^' in DC. jJrodr. 5. p. 244. A. Oolentangiensis, Riddell ! synops.
fi. Western States, ^;. 55.

Woods and prairies, of theWestern States ; from Western Louisiana, Dr.
Leavenworth! Dr. Hale ! Missouri, Dru7n7nond .' Makato River (a tributary
of St. Peter's), Mr. Nicollet! to Ohio, Dr. Riddell! Dr. Paddock! Dr.
Van Cleve ! and Fort Gratiot, Michigan, Dr. Pitcher ! Also Georgia, Dr.
Chapman! (a variety with more lax branches.) Aug.-Oct. — Stem 1-3 feet
high, rigid. Heads equalling or sometimes exceeding those of A. undulatus
in size ; the involucre between hemispherical and turbinate, nearly as broad
as long, and rather shorter than the pappus ; the scales numerous, appressed,
white except the green rhombic or triangular tips, slightly pubescent. Rays
blue. — A well-marked species (" appearing as if a hybrid between A.
rubricaulis and A. multiflorus," Lindl., who described from imperfect spe-
cimens, wanting tVie lower leaves), manifestly connecting this group with
the foregoing, with which it exactly accords in its involucre &c., remarkable
for its scabrous leaves; the lower 3-5 inches long (sometimes hairy beneath) ;
those of the branchlets reduced to short subulate bracts. The inflorescence
usually consists of a few racemose rigid (although slender) branches, some-
what paniculate at the summit of the stem ; but in some large specimens
from Dr. Leavenworth, the stem is much racemose-compound, the rigid
primary branches often more than a foot in length ; and these, with the race-
mose branchlets, all terminated by single heads and clothed with uniform
very short subulate leaves, so different from those of the stem, present a very
marked appearance.

28. A. Shortii (Hook.) : stem slender, nearly glabrous, racemose-panicu-
late at the summit ; leaves glabrous and nearly smooth above, minutely
pubescent beneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point ;
the radical and cauline ones all more or less cordate and on naked (some-

«iUjC«

JkH^

/ii>.

Aster. COMPOSITiE. 119

what hairy) petioles, entire or sparingly serrate, the veins loosely reticulated
beneath ; those of the short pubescent branches small and sessile ; heads
numerous and rather crowded; involucre campanulate, shorter than the
disk ; the scales closely imbricated, lanceolate-linear, rather obtuse ; ache-
nia glabrous. — Hook.! {Sf Lindl. !) fl. Bor.-Am. 2. j). 9 (note); Ridclell!
synops. I. c.

Cliffs and banks of streams, throughout Kentucky, Dr. Short ! S^x. and
Ohio, Dr. Riddell! Mr. Sullivant'f Dr. Paddock! S^x. Mountains of
Georgia, Mr. Buckley ! Arliausas, Nuttcdl ! Sept.-Oct. — A beautiful spe-
cies (deservedly dedicated to the well-known botanist who has so greatly
contributed to our knowledge of the plants of the Western States), 2 to 4 feet
high, remarkable for its lanceolate-cordate, petioled, often slightly falcate,
rather membranaceous leaves ; which vary from 3 to 5 inches in length,
smooth and somewhat shining above, pale and puberulent (but scarcely, if
at all scabrous) beneath ; the lower ones often serrate or toothed tOAvards the
base; those of the branches oval or oblong, of the ultimate branchlets or
peduncles minute and subulate. Heads showy (usually larger than in A.
undulatus), racemose at the summit of the stem or on the short branches,
often forming a thyrsus. Scales of the involucre appressed, minutely
pubescent, whitish, with oblong green tips. Rays violet-blue, lanceolate :
disk yellow, changing to purple. Pappus brownish or tawny.

29. A. undulatus (Linn., Ait.) : pale with a close and cinereous often
scabrous pubescence ; stem paniculate or racemose-thyrsoid at the summit ;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat tomentose-pubescent beneath and
scabrous above, acute, with the margins often imdulate or slightly crenate-
serrate ; the radical and lowest cauline cordate, on slender slightly margined
petioles, which are usually dilated and clasping at the base ; the others ab-
ruptly contracted into a short broadly winged clasping petiole ; the upper-
most cordate-clasping ; those of the branchlets lanceolate or subulate ; invo-
lucre obovoid, nearly the length of the disk ; the scales linear, mostly acute,
pubescent, closely imbricated ; achenia slightly pubescent, or at length gla-
brous.—Linn, hort. Cliff, p. 408, S^- spec. {ed. 1) 2. p. 875? (not of ed. 2.) ;
Ait. KeiD. {ed. 1) 3. p. 206; ''Hoffm. j^hytogr. hi. p. 77. t. C. f. 1;"
Parsh, fl. 2. p. 551 ; Nees, Ast. p. 57 ,- Darlingt. ! fi. Ccst. p. 464. A.
diversifolius, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 113; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 361; Bigcl.! fl. Bost.
ed. 2. p. 312; DC! prodr. 5. p). 234. A. paniculatus, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p.
156, not o[ Ait. A. sagittifolius & A. scaber. Ell.! I. c. A. patens, Bart,
compend. fl. Phil. 2. p. 113. A. heterophyllus y. Nees, Ast. p. 55? A.
autumnalis & A. heteromallus, Wender. 1 ex Nees. (The leaves vary in
size, from 1 to 3 or 4 inches ; in shape from broadly ovate to nearly lanceo-
late, the radical often obtuse, the primordial roundish ; and in pubescence,
being sometimes minutely and softly tomentose on both surfaces, and fre-
quently scabrous beneath as well as above.)

/3. stem strict ; panicle simple ; the heads rather larger ; cauline leaves
elongated oblong or lanceolate.

Dry woodlands, nearly throughout the United States ! (3. Kentucky, Dr.
Short ! Sept.-Oct. — Stem 1-3 feet high, often purplish ; the flower-branch-
es spreading, rather rigid, with very small (often subulate) leaves. Radical
and lower leaves remotely crenate or serrate, or, like the upjK'r, merely un-
dulate. Heads middle-sized, loosely disposed on the branches in a some-
what racemose manner, often unilateral, all pedicellate ; or rarely somewhat
glomerate. Scales of the involucre nearly membranaceous, with oblong or
somewhat lanceolate green tij^s, acute or acuminate, ciliate. Rays pale vio-
let-blue : disk yellow turning purple. Pappus becoming tawny or brown-
ish.— That the var. /3. is merely a peculiar state of this species, is evident
from connecting specimens. The original A. undulatus {Linn. hort. Cliff. /)
is not A. patens, but we believe belongs to this species, which must in any

120 COMPOSITE. Aster.

case retain the name, as it is employed in the Hortus Kewensis, where the
two species are first distinguished, anterior to Michaux.

30. A. aspcrulus : somewhat scabrous-pubescent; stem simple, racemose-
paniculate at the summit ; leaves sparingly and slightly serrate ; the radical
oblong-ovate, obtuse, mostly subcordate, on slender naked or margined peti-
oles; "the cauline oblong or spatulate, narrowed at the base, or the lowest on
winged petioles, not dilated at the insertion, those of the branchlets minute,
scattered ; heads (small) loosely paniculate ; scales of the somewhat hemi-
spherical involucre oblong, acute, closely imbricated, shorter than the disk ;
achenia very minutely pubescent.

New Orleans, Drummond ! Georgia, Baldwin ! — Plant 1-2 feet high, pale
with a close somewhat scabrous pubescence. Radical and lowest cauline
leaves obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, on slender petioles; the others
sessile, 1 to 3 inches long, mostly acute, somewhat serrate towards the apex,
more or less scabrous above and pubescent beneath, tapering below, but not-
dilated at the base. Heads nearly as large as in A. undulatus ; the scales of
the involucre fewer, slightly pubescent, appressed, with rhomboid green tips.
Rays blue or purple ?

t t Lower leaves conspicuously sen-ate: heads usually small, racemose or some-
what thyrsoid : rays commonly pale blue.

31. A. cordifolius (Linn.) : stem often flexuous below, racemose-panicu-
late at the summit ; leaves glabrous, or often hairy beneath and slightly
scabrous above; the radical and lower cauline cordate, acuminate, sharply
serrate, on slender naked or margined and ciliate petioles ; the uppermost
ovate or lanceolate, sessile or with short margined petioles, often entire ;
heads numerous or somewhat crowded in oblong spreading or divaricate
thyrsoid racemes or panicles ; scales of the closely imbricated involucre
oblong-linear, obtuse or rather acute, appressed, with short green tips;
achenia glabrous. — Linn, sjyec. 2. p. 875 [S^- hort. Cliff.) ; Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3.
p. 207 ,• Michx.! fi. 2. p. 114 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 552; Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 156,-
Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 364 ; Lindl. ! hot. reg. t. 1-597 ; Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 313 ;
Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 463. A. paniculatus. Ait. Keiv. I. c. ; Pursh, I. c. A.
heterophyllus, Willd. enum. 2. p. 882. A. cordifoUus, heterophyllus, & pa-
niculatus (chiefly), Nees, Asl. p. 52 ^- 55 ; Lindl. ! in herb. DC, herb. Hook.,
8^-herb. Torr. ; DC! j^^odr. 5. p. 233. A. pubescens, Hornem. hort. Hafn.
suppl. 1. p. 98, fide Nees. A. latifolius autumnalis, Cornut. Canad. p. 64,
t. 65. (Varies, with the stem glabrous, or pubescent in lines above, or
roughish-hairy ; the leaves broadly or narrowly ovate, either glabrous
throughout, somewhat scabrous above, or hairy beneath ; the branches of
the panicle loosely or densely flowered.)

Woodlands, Canada ! Northern and Western States ! to the mountains of
Georgia. Sept.-Nov. — Stem 1-4 feet high. Leaves membranaceous, or
rather firm when growing in open situations, loosely veined, coarsely and
sharply serrate, the radical and lower ones on slender narrowly margined
ciliate petioles, 2-4 inches long; those of the branches small and frequently
entire, reduced on the ultimate branchlets or peduncles to subulate bracts.
Heads small, usually crowded in thyrsoid racemes on the rather short spread-
m^ or divaricate branches; the distinct peduncles also spreading. Scales of
the involucre whitish, with green rather obtuse tips, often purple at the apex,
minutely ciliate. Rays about 12, pale violet (or nearly white in shade)
turning deeper ; the disk changing to reddish-purple. The very numerous
heads are smaller than in any of the preceding ; the appressed involucre
as in A. Shortli (except tliat it is much smaller), and the pale scales are
tipped with short green points. We meet, however, with occasional speci-
mens from the Western States, which, in their rather looser involucral scales

Aster. COMPOSITiE. 121

with somewhat longer and more acute green tips, make a near approach to
A. sagittifolius /3. ; and we have observed the ordinary form of the species to
assume a similar state, when cultivated for a few years in fertile soil and
more open situations. Perhaps the A. paniciilatus, Ait. was founded upon
a plant of this kind. The A. cordifolius of the Northern and Middle States
is a very uniform and well-marked species.

32. A. sagittifolius (Willd.) : stem strict, glabrous, racemose-compound
above ; the branches ascending, rigid ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat
hirsute-pubescent or nearly glabrous, serrate, attenuate-acuminate; the ra-
dical and lower cauline elongated ovate-oblong, cordate at the base, on slender
narrowly margined petioles; the others narrowed into a winged petiole ; the
uppermost lanceolate or nearly Hnear, acuminate at each end, sessile, often
entire ; heads numerous, in strict and dense compound racemes, on very
short peduncles ; scales of the cylindraceous involucre linear-subulate, ap-
pressed at the base, rather loose above; achenia glabrous. — Willd. spec. 3.
jj. 2035.? Nees, Ast. p. 56? {Lindl. ! in herh. Hook.); HooTc. ! fi. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 9; DC. I.e.? {not of Ell.) A. paniculatus, Muhl. ! herh. (at
least in part) ; Ell. sTc. 2. p. 365 ; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. p. 464 ; not of Nutt.,
nor of Nees, S^-c. A. urophyllus, Lindl. in DC. I. c. ?

(3. heads less crowded on the rigid branches ; scales of the involucre lan-
ceolate-subulate, or lanceolate with acute or acuminate tips ; cauhne leaves
(varj'ing from ovate to ovate-lanceolate) often nearly all cordate, thickish.
(Varies, with the leaves, as well as the upper part of the stem, either almost
glabrous, or scabrous-pubescent, or with the lower surface almost tomenlose.)

Woodlands and low rich soil, Canada (Lake Huron, Dr. Todd! and
Montreal, Mr. Cleghorn ! in herh. Hook.) and on St. Peter's River, Mr.
Nicollet! Western New York, Dr. Sartivell! and Pennsylvania! to Georgia!
and Missouri ! (i. Western States, from Ohio ! and Indiana ! to Wisconsin !
and St. Peter's River ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-4 feet high, branched above ;
the racemose (pubescent) flower-branches panicled, rather erect. Leaves
slightly ciliate ; the radical ones more or less cordate, or cordate-sagittate at
the base (the sinus often closed), 2-5 inches long, and 1-2 broad, on petioles
2 to 6 inches in length ; the upper cauline diminishing successively in size and
width; those of the branches narrowly lanceolate and linea?-, reduced on the
ultimate branchlets or peduncles to subulate bracts. Heads small (mostly
larger than those of A. cordifolius), in crowded racemes, often almost sessile,
or shorter than the bracteal leaves which subtend them. Scales of the invo-
lucre (as long as the disk) not very numerous, subulate from a rather broad
pale appressed base to an acute point ; the midrib and upper portion usually
green. Rays about 12, narrow, purple or bluish, sometimes white; the disk
yellow or turning purple. — This species is well characterised by both El-
liott and Darlington, under the name of A. paniculatus. Possibly it is not
the original A. sagittifolius ; but, as it is certainly the plant of Hooker, and
accords very well with Willdenow's description, and tolerably with that of
Nees, it will perhaps be safe to retain the name, which is not inappropriate
when applied to the radical leaves. It passes insensibly into our var. (3. ;
which generally presents larger and more scattered heads, a somewhat tur-
binate involucre, with broader scales, which, however, always have slender
pointed green tips ; and the rays are sometimes bright blue : tliey are, as it
were, intermediate between A. sagittifolius, A. cordifolius, and A. undulatus;
but probably do not pass into the two latter.

33. A. Drummondii (Lindl.) : stem and lower surface of the leaves can-
escent with a soft velvety pubescence ; cauline leaves oblong-ovate, cordate,
or crenatc-serrale, tapering to an acute point, strigose or scabrous above, on
margined petioles; the uppermost ovate-lanceolate and sessile; heads in
strict and mostly dense thyrsoid racemes paniculate at the summit of the

vol.. II.-16

122 COMPOSITE. Aster.

stem ; scales of the involucre subulate-linear ; achenia minutely pubescent.
—Lindl. .' in Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 97, ^- in DC. prodr. b. p. 234.
St. Louis, Missouri, and also Texas, Drummond ! Western Louisiana,
Dr. Leavenworth ! Dr. Hale I — Plant intermediate in its characters between
A. undulatus, cordifolius, and sagittifolius, resembhng some states of the
former in its pubescence, the second somewhat in its petioled and mostly-
cordate cauline leaves, and the latter in inflorescence ; but apparently clis-
tinct from either. Stem strict and rather stout, apparently 1 to 3 feet high,
when old less canescent and more scabrous. Leaves serrate with appressed
teeth, appearing somewhat crenate, velvety beneath ; the lower ones 2 to 4
inches long, on narrowly margined petioles 1-3 inches in length. Heads as
large as in the preceding, often neariy sessile and glomerate or crowded on
the branchlets. Involucre pubescent. Rays blue ; the disk turning purple.
— We here introduce the two following species (known to us only by the
very brief characters given in DeCandolle), on account of their apparently
close resemblance to this and the preceding species.

34. A. uropihyllus (Lindl.) : stem racemose-panicled, the branches thyr-
eoid; leaves ovate-lanceolate, very much acuminate, sharply crenate-serrale,
very scabrous above, the lower surface hairy ; scales of the imbricated in-
volucre subulate. Lindl. in DC prodr. 5. p. 233.

Louisiana.— Species near A. hirtellns. Rays white, longer than the in-
volucre ; the disk purple. Lindl.— Is it not A. sagittifolius, without the ra-
dical leaves ? No information is given respecting the source from which the
specimens of this and the following were derived.

35. A. hirtellus (Lindl.) : stem racemose-panicled, the racemose branches
crowded and few-leaved; leaves cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate in the rniddle,
very scabrous above, the lower surface hairy ; involucre loosely imbricated.
Lindl. in DC. prodr. 5. j^- 233.

Louisiana.— Rays jjerhaps lilac-color; the disk purple. Lindl. — We
have from Western Louisiana (collected by Dr. Leavenworth) very im-
perfect specimens, which may perhaps be referred to this species, if indeed
they are not rather a more glabrous and attenuated state of A. Drummondii,
with loose and virgate racemes: the tall and slender stem is nearly glabrous;
the branches scabrous-pubescent ; the cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate
in the middle, more or less cordate, on distinct margined petioles, strigose-
scabrous above, pubescent beneath.

36. A. Lindleyanus : stem stout, glabrous, or pubescent in lines, corym-
bose-paniculate above ; leaves (thickish) mostly smooth and glabrous, ovate,
sharply and unequally serrate; the radical and lowest cauline usually some-
what cordate, on broadly margined petioles ; the uppermost oblong-lanceo-
late, narrowed at the base, sessile ; heads loosely- paniculate or somewhat
corymbose; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat un-
equal, rather loosely imbricated ; achenia at length almost glabrous. — A.
paniculatus 6. ? (& a. chiefly) Hool: ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 8.

(i. stem and lower surface of the leaves (especially the midrib and petiole)
pubescent with loose somewhat deciduous hairs.

y. more slender; leaves membranaceous ; the radical and lower cauline
narrowed into a winged (ciliate) petiole.— A. prsecox, Lindl. ! in Hook. Ji.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 9, not of Willd.

Saskatchawan, Z)rwm?7ior!fZ/ and on the Red or Assimboin River, X>o?/^-
las! to Slave Lake, Richardson! i3. Rocky Mountains (probably about
lat. 52°), Drummond ! y. Fort Franklin on the Mackenzie River, Richard-

son ! Plant 2h to 4 feet high, when growing in low fertile soils on the

Assiniboin River, according to Douglas (in herb. Hook.) ; the Arctic speci-
mens 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves thickish or somewhat fleshy, 1-3
inches long, mostly acute or acuminate, serrate with small and irregular

Aster. COMPOSITE. 123

sharp spreading teeth ; the lowest only cordate (and mostly slightly so), or
often truncate at the base, on rather long margined or winged partly sheath-
ing petioles, which when young are usually ciliate with soft hairs, but after-
wards naked : upper cauline leaves ovate lanceolate or oblong, acute or
acuminate at each end. Flower branches erect, often nearly simple, and
corymbose at the summit, leafy only at the divisions. Heads larger than in
A. cordifolius or sagittifolius : rays about 20, blue or violet ; the disk chang-
ing to purple. Scales of the involucre rather few, with slender linear-lan-
ceolate green tips. — To this apparently well-marked and exclusively northern
species we also refer the specimens of Douglas which are cited under
A. saglttifijlius in Hooker's Flora ; which, like others from Saskatcha-
wan, are larger than the Arctic plant, and with more numerous and rather
smaller heads, but there is no other difference. In the latter, even the radi-
cal leaves are but slightly cordate or truncate at the base, and some of them
frequently taper into the petiole ; so that we find no adequate distinction be-
tween them and the A. precox, Lindl. in Hook., which was collected in the
same region.

37. A. ciUolatus (Lindl.) : stem simple (6-8 inches high) ; leaves all
ovate, sharply serrate in the naiddle, ciliate, abruptly narrowed into a
[margined] petiole, scabrous along the margins; heads axillary, sessile or on
short pedicels, somewhat solitary ; scales of the involucre erect, with mem-
branaceous tips. Lindl. ! in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 9, Sf in DC prodr.
5. p. 235.

Slave Lake, Richardson ! — Dr. Lindley has remarked the close resem-
blance of this plant to his A. precox (our A. Lindleyanus ;-.), of which we
greatly fear it is only a depauperate state. The heads are smaller, and in
a specimen wliich bears 6 or 7 they are somewhat spicate or glomerate.
Like the preceding, the margins of the young leaves and petioles are fringed
with white hairs, which are usually deciduous when the leaves are fully
developed ; so that the name is not very appropriate.

******** Heads (small and nnmerous) 'paniculate-racemose : scales of tlte caw-
panulate or hemispherical involucre closely hnbricated in several series, rigid, more or
less unequal ; the coriaceous whitish base appi'essed, with abrupt mostly squarrose or
spreading herbaceous tips: achenia minutely pubescent : rays (10-25) lohite or pale
purple : stems much bratiched or diffuse : cauline leaves rigid, sessile, linear, loMceolute,
or siibidate, entire ; the radical and lowermost oblunceolate or spatulate, sonietirnes
serrate. — Ericoidei.

t Leaves tapering to each end, or naiTOwed at the base: scales of the involucre
broadest at the base, witli subulate or acute green tips.

38. A. ericoides (Linn.) : glabrous or slightly hairy, racemose-compound;
the simple branchlets or peduncles racemose and mostly unilateral on the
virgate spreading branches ; leaves rather rigid ; the radical and lowest
cauline oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, tapering into a short margined
petiole, often serrate ; the others linear-lanceolate and linear-subulate, entire,
acute at each end ; scales of the hemispherical or often slightly turbinate
involucre with acute or abruptly acuminate tips terminating the broader
closely appressed lower portion; the outermost subulate from a very short
base. — Linn.! spec. 2. p. 875 (excl. syn. Dill.) ; Ait. Keiv. {ed. 1) 3. p.
202 ; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2027 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 546 ; FAl. ! sk. 2. p. 348 /
not of Lam. Sf Michx. ! A. ericoides & A . glabellus, Nces. Ast. p. 1 07 ;
Lindl. ! in herb. Hook. S^'herb Torr. ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 242. A. sparsi-
florus, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 242 ; Willd. enum. 2. p. 880, in part (also including
specimens of A. coridifolius & A. tenuifolius, fide Nees). A. tenuifolius,

124 COMPOSITE. Aster.

Wilid. spec. 3. p. 2026 (excl. syn.) ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 155 ; Darlingt. ! fl.
Cest.p. 467. A. tenuifolius, & (3. ericoiAes, Muhl. ! cat. p. 77. A. dumosus,
" Hoffm. j^hytogr. bl 1. t. A,f. 2" ; Willd. enum. 2. p. 880, l<f herb., fide
Nees ; not of Linn. A. ramosissimus, A. leptophyllus? & A. subulatus 1
Hort. Par. fide DC.

(i. villosus: stem and branches, and usually the leaves, villous-hirsute. —
K.ViWosu^Michx.! fl. 2. p. 113. A. pilosus, Willd.! spec. 2. p. 2025;
Nees. Ast. p. 109. A. glabellus, Lindl. ! in Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1.
p. 97.

y. platyphyllus : stem and mostly shorter branches densely villous ;
cauline leaves pubescent-hirsute, lanceolate ; the lower ones oblong-
spatulate ; those of the branchlets only subulate-linear.

Barren soil, Canada and nearly throughout the United States ! (3. North
Carolina! and Ohio! to Missouri! y. N. CaroUna, Sclm-einitz! Mr. Curtis!
Indiana, Dr. Clapp ! Aug.-Oct.— Stem 1-3 feet high, often branched from
the base, bushy ; the slender spreading branches, and the erect secund
branchlets or peduncles, rigid. Leaves numerous, but not very crowded,
rather rigid ; the lower ones serrulate-ciliate, and often sparingly serrate,
2-4 inches long; the radical ones about the same length, oblanceolate ; the
primordial spatulate or obovate and much shorter; those of the upper
part of the stem and branches varying from linear to subulate, an inch or
less in length, acute, and pointed with a short bristle. Heads usually
scattered along the branches, but sometimes rather crowded, 3-4 lines in
diameter. Involucre rather shorter tlian the disk ; two or three of the ex-
terior scales similar to the subulate leaves of the branchlets, and like them
cuspidate with a short bristle, either rather short and appressed, when the
involucre appears slightly turbinate ; or almost as long as the innermost,
when it appears hemispherical ; the inner scales glabrous or slightly ciliate,
with rhomboid or triangular-lanceolate greenish tips, which are more or less
spreading ; the lower p'ortion white, except the midrib, rigid and appressed,
with membranaceous somewhat dilated margins. Rays 15-25, white or
pale bluish-purple ; the disk frequently turning reddish-purple. Achenia
with a dense minute pubescence, turgid. Pappus of about 24 nearly equal
serrulate-scabrous bristles, in a single series. — There is no difference between
A. ericoides and A. glabellus, Nees, except a slight and variable degree of
hairiness. Our var. /3. is only a still more hairy state of the same species,
with often wider leaves, which Nees (who examined an imperfect specimen
in the herbarium of Willdenow), suspected to be the same as his A. gla-
bellus. From this, we find a regular transition to our var. y., of which we
have specimens with such broad cauline leaves (often half an inch wide by
2 to 3 inches in length), that no botanist would venture to unite them with
A. ericoides without a very full suite of intermediate specimens. Perhaps
the scales of the involucre are rather more equal ; but we perceive no other
difference.

t t Leaves crowded ; the upper not narrowed, but usually dilated or partly clasping
at the base : scales of the involucre spatulate, or narrowed below, mostly ciliate ;
the exterior with obtuse herbaceous tips.

39. A. multiflorus (Ait.) : cinereous-pubescent or hairy ; stem diffusely
racemose-compound ; the heads very numerous and crowded, somewhat
unilateral ; leaves linear, entire, closely sessile, not tapering at the base,
with serrulate-scabrous or ciliate margins, spreading or at length recurved ;
scales of the campanulate involucre spatulate or hnear-spalulate, with spread-
ing or recurved tips; the exterior obtuse. — Ait. Keio. {cd. 1) 3. p. 203;
Willd. spec. 3. p. 2027, Sf enum. 2. p. 880 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 546; Ell. ! sk.
2. p. 349 ; ISecs. Ast. p. 114; Lindl. ! in DCprodr. 5. p .243, S^'in Hook.

Aster. COMPOSIT^E. 125

Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 13. A. ericoides dumosus, Dill. Eltli. t. 36,/. 40. A.
ericoides, Lam. diet. 1. p. 304 ,• Miclix: ! Jl. 2. p. 113. A. ericoides var.
multiflorus, Pcrs. s>/)i. 2. p. 443. A. ciliatus, Muhl. in IVilld. spec. 2. p.
2027. A. dumosus, DC! prodr. 5. p. 241 (as to spec, in herb., excl. char.
& syn.) ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 311 ? (Varies, in the pubescence of the
stem, leaves, and involucre, from hirsute-canescent to almost glabrous ; in the
scales of the involucre from spatulate and obtuse to nearly linear and acute,
with the margins either strongly or slightly ciliate ; and in the racemes,
which are either dense and elongated, or more compound and thyrsoid ; or,
in sterile soil with feyv and scattered heads, sometimes even solitary and
terminating the branches.)

/i. stricticaulis : stem strict, slender, narrowly racemose at the summit, or
slightly compound ; heads (small) somewhat scattered ; scales of the invo-
lucre mostly acute, more squarrose. — A. ericoides var., Lindl.! in herb.
Hook. A. ericoides, Hook.! Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 12 (chiefly), excl. syn.

y. commutatus : heads larger, fewer, solitary on the branches, or racemose-
spicate. — A. ramulosus, (i. iucano-pilosus, Lindl. ! in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 13, S^- in DC. I. e. A. biennis, Torr. ! in ann. lye. New York, 2. p.
212 ; Lindl. ! in herb. Torr. ; not of Null.

Dry fields and sandy or gravelly soil, Canada, Massachusetts ! and New
York ! to Georgia ; and throughout the Western States from Michigan ! to
the Upper Missouri ! /3. Saskatchawan, and towards the Rocky Mountains,
Drummond ! 7. Upper Missouri, J)r. James! Rocky Mountains, Drum-
mond! to Fort Franklin on the Mackenzie River, Richardson ! Aug.-Nov.
— Stem 1-2 feet high, much branched, very bushy ; the branches mostly
spreading, very leafy ; the small heads usually crowded in dense racemes.
Leaves 1-nerved, or somewhat 3-nerved by the confluence of the few veinlets,
obtuse or scarcely acute, but usually tipped with a mucronate bristle ; the cau-
line ones an inch to an inch and a half in length, 1-2 lines wide, often with tufts
of smaller ones fascicled in their axils; those of the branchlets much smaller,
crowded. Involucre 2 to 3 lines in diameter ; the scales rather rigid, whitish
and appressed, except the short spreading or recurved green tips, usually
mucronulate like the leaves ; the exterior shorter, more spatulate, and ob-
tuse ; the innermost linear, acute. Rays 10-15, broadly linear, white, or
slightly tinged with purple ; the disk-flowers about the same number, turn-
ing slightly purple. Achenia turgid, covered with a minute appressed pu-
bescence.— The var. /i. is a more attenuated ])lant, probably growing in
shady places, with the leaves also more slender; certainly not a variety of
A. ericoides. We have not seen the specimens from ' Red River, Douglas,''
cited under that species in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am., and know not whether they
should be referred here. — The var. 7. does not diflfer from the ordinary
A. multiflorus, except in the size and number of the heads, which are subject
to considerable variation. It was a specimen of this plant (erroneously
named A. biennis in herb. Torr.) that Dr. Lindley had in view, when he
remarked the close affinity of his A. ramulosus (i. with A. biennis Nutt.
(A. canescens, Pursh). We have also a specimen of A. multiflorus a., with
more scattered heads, collected in Michigan, which Dr. Lindley has labelled
' A. canescens, Pursh^ : hence, probably, by some misapprehension, De
Candolle, on his authority, has given Massachusetts as a habitat of that spe-
cies ; which, however, is not found east of the Mississippi.

40. A. falcatus (Lindl.) : somewhat cinereous-pubescent with appressed
hairs ; stem strict, slender, racemose or somewhat compound at the summit ;
the heads solitary or several on tlie erect contracted branches ; leaves linear,
entire, minutely appressed-pubescent ; the cauline partly clasping by a
broad or somewhat dilated base, often slightly falcate, the margins scabrous ;
scales of the hemispherical involucre linear, somewhat narrowed below, all
nearly equal in length, with spreading tips, mucronate-acute. — Lindl. ! in

126 COMPOSITE. Aster.

Hook. ! jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 12, Sf in DC. prodr. 5. p. 241. A. ramulosus c,
Lindl. f in HooTc. I. c. p. 13, S^'in DC. I. c. p. 243. A. bracteolatus, Nutt.
in trans. Amer. j^hil. soc. I. c. ?

Arctic America, from Fort Franklin on the Mackenzie .River, to Cum-
berland House on the Saskatchawan, Richardson ! — Stem 1-2 feet high.
Leaves very numerous, li-2 inches long, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved,
usually broadest at the base, abruptly acute or obtuse, but tipped with a mu-
cronate bristle. Heads in a simple or more or less compound narrow raceme,
larger than the ordinary states of A. multiflorus ; the scales of the nearly
glabrous involucre more loose, equal, and acute. — The A. falcatus and the
typical A. ramulosus of Lindley (from Fort Franklin and Cumberland House)
appear to us entirely similar ; and the affinity of the species is clearly with
A. multiflorus.

41. A. Nuttallii: smooth and nearly glabrous ; branches racemose, simple, '
rather naked, bearing solitary or few heads ; leaves linear, rigid, entire, with
scabrous margins ; the upper sessile or somewhat clasping by a broad base ;
the radical and lowest cauline lanceolate, tapering into a petiole ; scales of
the involucre unequal, closely imbricated, linear-oblong, with short herba-
ceous tips; the exterior obtuse. — A. ramulosus, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil.
soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 293, not o( Lindl.

Plains of Lewis River, near the Rocky Mountains (about lat. 42°), Nut-
tall ! — Plant 6-12 inches high, nearly glabrous to the naked eye ; the branch-
es mostly bearing single subglobose heads, of about the same size of those of
A. ramulosus. Leaves coriaceous, acute ; those of the branches few and
small. Involucre hemispherical-campanulate, at length widely hemispheri-
cal, nearly glabrous ; the scales appressed, obtuse or abruptly acute ; the
exterior successively shorter. — Allied to the preceding, but apparently quite
distinct.

42. A. campestris (Nutt.) : viscid-puberulent ; cauline leaves oblong-li-
near, entire, mostly obtuse, closely sessile, slightly clasping; the radical
ones oblanceolate, serrulate towards the summit, tapering into a petiole ;
heads racemose or slightly panicled ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, very
acute, viscid, rather loosely imbricated in about 3 series, somewhat spread-
ing.— Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

" Plains of Lewis River, in the Rocky Mountain region : with A. ramu-
losus [A. Nuttallii], which it closely resembles, but differs in being every
where somewhat pubescent and viscid, with a strong scent, dec. Stem
about a foot high." Nuttall! — Heads as large as in the preceding. Involu-
cre rather shorter than the ferruginous pappus. Ovary pubescent.

43. A. bracteolatus (Nutt.) : stem pulverulently pubescent ; leaves linear
or oblong-linear, acute, sessile, entire ; heads racemose-paniculate, mostly
solitary on the leafy branches; involucre smooth, spreading; the scales ob-
long, somewhat acute ; the outermost similar to the branch leaves. — Nutt.
in trans. Amer. pihil. soc. I. c.

" With the preceding, to which it is nearly allied, but remarkable by the
smooth leaf-like involucrum. The radical leaves are unknown. Stem and
branches more leafy than in the two preceding ; the leaves nearly all similar.
Flowers lilac-purple, rather large. Nuttall. — This species is unknown to
us : we introduce it here on account of the resemblance it is said to bear to
the preceding.

********* ffgads (viiddk-sizcd or smaW) mostly racemose : scales of ike in-
volucre iml/ricated and unequal in length, meiniranaceo-herbaceous, icith short ap-
pressed or somewhat spreading (not squarrose) greenish tips: achenia minutely pu-
bescent or nearly glabrous : rays (13-30) usually pale or white, often small : stems at

A3TER. COMPOSIT.E. 127

length much branched, racemose or paniculate, rarely corymbose : leaves serrate or en-
tire (^the radical spatukde, obovate, or oblong) ; the cauline sessile, usually tapering at
the base. — Dumosi.

t Heads small : rays often short.

44. A. racemosus (Ell.): scabrous-pubescent; stem raceinosely much
branched; the heads spicate-racemose and mostly crowded towards the sum-
mit of the long and slender erect branches ; leaves rather rigid, linear, ses-
sile, entire, mucronulate, with minutely serrulate-scabrous margins ; those
of the branches short and scattered, spreading, linear-subulate or lanceolate ;
scales of the glabrous involucre subulate-linear, very acute, imbricated in
4 or 5 series, somewhat spreading, the innermost fully as long as the disk ;
rays very short. — Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 348.

Damp or dry soil, Paris Island, South Carolina, Elliott .' Florida, Z)r.
Leavenworth ! Sept.-Oct. (Ell.) — Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, producing very
numerous (rather strict ? and mostly simple) slender virgate branches, along
the upper part of which the small heads (scarcely as large as in A. multiflo-
rus) are disposed, on peduncles 1 to 3 lines long, or seldom longer; forming
either crowded or often loose spicate racemes, 3-5 inches long; the lower
heads shorter than the leaves which subtend them. Lower leaves apparent-
ly 2-3 inches long, and 2-3 lines wide; those of the branches 4-2 lines long,
with somewhat hispidly scabrous margins (under a lens). Scales of the
involucre rather rigid, nearly glabrous, numerous; the exterior shorter;
the innermost somewhat membranaceous, in the young state manifestly
longer than the disk, spreading above. Rays very small, linear, pale pur-
ple, scarcely exserted beyond the disk or the involucre. Achenia minutely
pubescent. — A very distinct species, which we have only seen from the
sources mentioned above.

45. A. Baldwinii : scabrous-pubescent throughout, stem paniculate-com-
pound ; the heads solitary or loosely racemose on the branchlets ; leaves
rigid, closely sessile, partly clasping, entire, very scabrous above, mucronu-
late; the cauline ones oblong-linear ; those of the branches and branchlets
short, erect, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-subulate, acuminate-mucronate ;
scales of the involucre linear, acute, minutely pubescent, rather loosely
imbricated in 3 or 4 series.

a. leaves appressed and crowded on the branchlets ; scales of the involu-
cre narrowly linear, very acute.

(i, leaves more scattered on the branchlets; scales of the involucre broader,
acute. — A. coridifolius, Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. 1. f. 97 (partly), not
of Miclix.

Dry soil? a. Georgia, Baldwin! (v. sp. in herh. Schiveinitz, now herb,
acad. Philad. ; the specimens mixed with A. coridifolius and A. ericoides.)
(3. Jacksonville, Louisiana, Drummond! New Orleans, Dr. In galls ! — Plant
more closely allied to A. dumosus /3. coridifolius than to any other spe-
cies, nearly similar in habit, the size and disposition of the heads, &c. ;
differing, however, in its rough or even minutely hispid pubescence, more
acute and cuspidate branch-leaves, and especially in the (fewer) acute scales
of the involucre. It may also be compared (especially var a.) with the spe-
cies of our section Brachyphylli), which it resembles in the short and nearly
uniform upper leaves, which are mostly broadest at the base and partly
clasping, and in the short rough pubescence; but the involucre, achenia, &c. .
are abundantly different. The fully developed branches of A. azureus (with-
out the lower leaves) somewhat resemble var /:J. of this species ; but they
may be distinguished by their larger heads, with the scales of the turbinate
involucre much more numerous, broader, and appressed, &c. The radical
and lowest cauline leaves are unknown to us : those of the stem are an inch
to an inch and a half long ; those of the branches gradually reduced to one

128 COMPOSITiE. Aster.

or three lines. Scales of the involucre rather loose and spreading when old.
Rays apparently blue or purple. Achenia slightly pubescent.

46. A. dumosiLS (Linn.): stem glabrous or slightly scabrous-pubescent,
racemosely branched or decompound ; the heads solitary at the extremity of
the spreading branchlets, or rarely somewhat racemed ; leaves linear, crowd-
ed, glabrous, with scabrous margins, sessile ; the lower cauline ones linear-
lanceolate, ofren remotely serrate with small and sharp appressed teeth;
those of the branchlets small, mucronulate ; scales of the involucre linear-
spatulate, obtuse (or sometimes abruptly and slightly mucronulate), closely
imbricated in 4-6 series, with short herbaceous tijis.

a. verus : paniculate-racemose ; the branchlets clothed with numerous
linear-oblong and obtuse (obscurely mucronulate) small and spreading leaves;
the upper cauline leaves frequently obtuse. — A. dumosus, Linn.! hort. Cliff.,
Sfspec. 2. p. 873 (excl. syn. Gronov. ?) ; Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 202,- Bigel.
Ji. Bost. cd. 2. p. 311,- Boott! in herb. Hook. A. Americanus multiflorus,
&c., Plulc. aim. t. 78, /. 6. A. fragilis, Lindl. ! in herb. Hook. ^r. partly,
{Sf bot. reg. t. 1537 ?) A. sparsiflorus, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 155, not of Michx.

13. coridifolius : racemose-compound or decompound ; the slender and
elongated diffuse branches and branchlets clothed with crowded, depauperate
and bract-like, spreading or reflexed, rather obtuse, linear leaves ; the lower
cauline leaves linear, elongated, mostly entire. — A. coridifolius, Michx. ! ji.
2. p. 112; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2028; Pursh, ji. 2. p. 547; Nees, Ast. p.
105; Lindl. ! bot. reg. t. 1487, Is; in herb. Hook. S;c. ; DC! p^rodr. 5. p.
241. A. foliolosus. Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 345, probably not of Ait. A. foliolosus
/3. coridifoUus, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 155. A. sparsiflorus, Willd. enum. partly,
ex Nees.

y. subul/ffolius : diffusely compound ; leaves of the branches and branch-
lets rather subulate-linear, erect or slightly spreading ; otherwise as in (3.

6. gracilentus : stem slender, rather sparingly branched ; leaves scattered
on the branchlets, very small, acute or obtuse ; all usually entire.

e. strictior : stem sparingly paniculate or racemose-compound; leaves
usually more or less acute ; the lower ones often slightly serrate ; those of
the short branchlets rather numerous, scarcely spreading ; otherwise nearly
as in a. — A. fragilis, Lindl. ! in iierb. Torr. i^r., partly.

C. subraccmosus : stem racemose-compound ; the heads often somewhat
racemed ; leaves mostly acute, the cauline ones frequently remotely serru-
late ; those of the branches more scattered, slender, and proportional, acute ;
scales of the involucre rather narrower, often slightly acute. — A. dumosus,
Nees, Ast. p. 105, ex descr. A. foliolosus. Ait. Kew. {cd. 1) 3. p. 202 ?
excl. syn. JDill. ?

Dry or moist shady soil throughout the United States : a. Massachusetts !
to Alabama! (3. Throughout the Southern States! (mostly in pine M-oods.)
y. Texas, Drummond ! Western Louisiana, Dr. Lcavemvorth! 6. Alabama,
Dr. Gates! also in Georgia and Florida! f. Vermont! and Michigan! to
New Jersey! &c., usually in moist soil. f. Northern and Middle States!
Aug.-Oct. — Stems 1-3 feet high. Lower leaves 2-3 inches long, 2-5 lines
wide ; those of the branches and branchlets reduced frequently to 2-3 lines
in length, slightly rigid, with minutely ciliolate-scabrous margins. Heads
usually about 4 linesin diameter, scattered : scales of the regularly imbri-
cated involucre obtuse ; the inner ones often mucronulate, about the length
of the disk, slightly ciliate ; the exterior successively shorter. Ras'S rather
short (20-30), pale purple, occasionally almost white. Achenia minutely
and sparsely pubescent under a lens.— The plants Avhich we have here
brought together (excepting the last enumerated variety, if such it be, which
makes an approach to the following species,) accord in their inflorescence,
achenia, scales of the involucre, &c. ; while the foliage, in the vast number
of specimens before us, presents almost every imaginable gradation between

Aster. COMPOSITE. 1'29

the extreme forms. It is not unlikely that we have united two or more spe-
cies ; but, as we have sought in vain for any available distinctions, we are
compelled to arrange the principal forms as varieties. The etTects of culti-
vation, so far as our observation extends, appear to confirm the correctness of
this view. Specimens of the form we have assumed as the type of the spe-
cies have been compared witli the Linnasan and Banksian herbaria by Dr.
Boott, who considers them identical with the A. dumosus of Linnseus.

47. A. Tradescanti (Linn.) : stem slender, often somewhat pubescent in
lines, much branched ; the (small) heads numerous, usually densely race-
mose on the erect-spreading or at length divergent virgate branches, often
unilateral ; leaves sessile, glabrous, with scabrous margins ; the cauline ones
lanceolate-linear, elongated, mucronate-acute or acuminate, remotely serrate
in the middle with fine and sharp teeth ; the upper and those of the branches
successively shorter and usually entire, mucronuiate ; those of the branchlets
obiong-linear, small; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish,
imbricated in 3 or 4 series, appressed ; the innermost rather shorter than the
disk.— I,i«n. hort. Cliff, p. 403, hort. Ups. p. 262, S^- spec. 2. p. 876 ; M'lchx. !
fi. 2. p. 115; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 556; Ell. sk. 2. p. 358; Necs, Ast. p. 103;
Lindl. ! in herb. Torr. (not in herh. Hook.) ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 241. A.
Virginianus ramosissimus serotinus, parvis florilius albis, Moris, hist. 3. p.
121. A. vimineus, Lam. diet. 1. p. 306. A. recurvatus, Pursh, Jl. 2. p.
556 ? Nutt. gen. 2. p. 158 ?

ji. fragilis : cauline leaves, except the lowermost, minutely appressed-
serrulate or entire, usually shorter ; heads more scattered on the branchlets.
—A. fragihs, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2051 ; Nees. Ast. p. 102 ; Boott ! mss. in
herb. Hook. ; not o[ Lindl., DC. S^v. A. muliiflorus, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 155,
(excl. syn.) fide herb. A. tenuifolius, Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 347, not of Linn.

Fields and along rivulets, in dry or rather moist soil, Massachusetts I to
Ohio ! Kentucky ! and Louisiana ! not uncommon. Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-4
feet high, bushy ; the branches very numerous, slender, racemosely arranged
along the stem, or rarely somewhat corymbose or paniculate, at first often
erect, but at length divergent or even divaricate, bearing very numerous
heads on short pedicels, forming slender strict racemes, which decrease
gradually in size upwards; in var. j3. the racemes often more irregular,
looser, and more paniculate. Lower cauline leaves 3 to 4 or 5 inches long,
3-4 lines wide, acute at each end, more or less evidently serrate with 4-8
sharp scattered teeth on each margin, which when rather large are some-
what spreading, but when minute are closely appressed; those of the branch-
es and branchlets successively reduced in size. Heads smaller than in A.
dumosus, about as large as is ordinary in the following species. Scales of
the involucre fewer and narrower than in the former. Bays small, pale
purple or almost white ; the disk often turning purplish. Achenia closely
and minutely pubescent. — While this species somewhat approaches narrow-
leaved forms of the following ; some states of var. (i. having fewer, and con-
sequently larger and more scattered heads, considerably resemble forms of A.
dumosus, particularly the doubtful var. subracemosus, which should perhaps
be referred to the present species. — A very diiferent plant, with much larger
heads, is frequently cultivated in the European gardens under the name of
A. Tradescanti.

48. A. miser (Linn. ? Ait.): stem mostly pubescent or hairy (often in
lines), racemosely branched or compound ; the numerous heads racemose
along the spreading or divaricate branches ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lan-
ceolate, sessile, attenuate or acuminate at each end, sharply serrate in the
middle; the radical ones spatulatc-lanceolate or oval, tapering into a petiole;
those of the branches and branchlets successively smaller, and often entire ;
scales of the involucre linear, imbricated in 3 or 4 series (the exterior much

VOL. 11.-17

130 COMPOSITE. Aster.

shorter, the innermost about the length of the disk), acute or rather obtuse ;
rays short, and often inconspicuous. — Linn. spec. 2. p. 887 ? (excl. syn.
Dill. Elth. t. 35, /. 39.)* A. miser, divergens, diiFusus, & pendulus. Ait.
Ken: {ed. 1) 3. p. 205, and of most, if not all, succeeding authors.

a. miserrimus : stem and elliptical-lanceolate or cuneiform-lanceolate leaves
more or less scabrous or ^^^ubescent; the flowering branches sliort, seldom
divergent; scales of the involucre narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate, acute.
— A. miser (excl. y.), Nees! Ast. p. 111. A. miser, var. Nutt. ! herb. A.
myrtifolius, IVilld. envm. stippl. tide, Nees. — The following are the chief
variations: 1. Stem somewhat simple, puberulent-scabrous, as well as the
leaves ; heads glomerate or somewhat s[)icate on short raceraed branchlets,
which are often shorter, or sometimes longer than the leaves -, in the latter
case usually leafy. — 2. Scabrous-puberulenf, the flowering branches usually
longer than the upper cauline leaves, bearing few or solitary heads. (A.
miser, Nees I in herb. Hook, ex dono Lindl.) — 3. Leaves scabrous above, *
the lower surface and the stem or branches softly cinereous-pubescent ; heads
somewhat secund and spicate on the (abbreviated or someiimes elongated)
ascending flowering branchlets. (A. miser, var. Nees. ! in herb. Am. Sf
Hook. Jacksonville, Louisiana, Drimunond!)

/?. glomerellus : mostly cinereous-pubescent or scabrous ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, elliptical-lanceolate, or cuneiform-oblong, scabrous above, mostly
short ; heads glomerate-spicate at the summit of the stem or on divergent
branches ; scales of the involucre linear, obtusish or abruptly acute. —
Varies: 1. Stem low (6-18 inches high), rigid, simple or with ascending
branches ; heads glomerate in short spikes at the summit of the stem or
branches, and in the axils of the upper leaves, or on short spreading flower-
ing branchlets; scales of the involucre rather broadly or spatulate-hnear ;
the innermost sometimes narrower and more acute. (A. miser, Nvtt. ! gen.
2. p. 158; Darlingt.! fl.. Cest. p. 466.)— 2. Plant taller, less pubescent;
heads (rather smaller) more loosely spicate along the slender or virgate diva-
ricate branches; or the lower flowering branches somewhat compound. (A.
diffusus, Muhl. ! in herb. Ell. ; Nees, Ast. (partly,) and in herb. Arn. S^-
Hook..' St. Louis, Drummond !)

y. diffusus : stem pubescent, or glabrous below, much branched ; leaves
nearly glabrous (mostly slightly scabrous above, sometimes sparsely pubes-
cent beneath), lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or the lowermost often oblong-
oval; branches diffuse, mostly elongated, divergent, recurved-spreading or
divaricate ; heads loosely or densely racemose ; scales of the involucre
linear, acute or acutish. — A. diffusus (partly?), divergens, pendulus, & par-
viflorus, Nees, Ast. I. c. ; DC. I. c. A. divergens, Nntt. ! I. c. A. paryi-
florus, Darlingt. ! fi. Cest. p. 466. A. secundiflorus, & A. horizontalis,
Desf. cat. hort. Par. — Varies in the disposition and length of the branches,
in the number (and slightly in the size) of the heads, the size and breadth of
the leaves, &c. : but the different forms are so connected that they are not
clearly distinguishable into definite subvarieties. The cauline leaves vary
from elongated lanceolate (3-5 inches, or in some specimens from Kentucky
and Wisconsin even 6 inches long,) or the lowermost even broadly oval, to
cuneiform-lanceolate, oval-lanceolate (2-3 inches long) ; the more or less

* There are, if we mistake not, no specimens of A. miser in the Linnoean her-
barium ; and the description of Linnaeus appears to have been drawn chiefly (but
not entirely) from tlie 'Aster ericoides, Meliloti agranaj urabone,' /><//. Elth. (A.
foliolosus. Ait. q. v.) It is evident, however, from the phrase : " Radius albus, brevis-
simus et miser," that Linna;us had some other than the Dillcnian plant in view,
probably some form of the polymoi-jDhous species to which the name of A. miser
has generally been applied by succeeding botanists; but this is by no means
cert2iin.

Aster. COIVIPOSITiE. 131

elone;ated primary branches are ascending or mostly divergent ; the heads
usually disposed along them on short pedicels, so as to form elongated leafy
racemes, sometimes forming small glomerules, sometimes very numerous
in spiciform divaricate racemes, or frequently more loose and somewhat
paniculate, &c. Some of the narrow-leaved forms, with the midrib pubes-
cent or hirsute beneath, pass into the following :

6. liirsuticaulis : stem and midrib of the narrowly lanceolate elongated
leaves more or less hirsute ; heads racemose or spicate on short spreading or
divergent branchlets ; the uppermost in axillary glomerules much shorter
than the leaves ; scales of the involucre very narrowly linear, acute. —
Varies : 1. Leaves nearly entire, but some of them remotely and very
sharply serrate (4-5 inches long, attenuate-acuminate); the midrib very
hirsute' beneath ; heads few, in racemes much shorter than the leaves. (A.
hir.suticaulis, Lindl. ! in DC prodr. 5. p. 242, ex herb. Torr. Albany,
New York, Beck!) — 2. Stem sparingly hirsute-pubescent; the midrib of the
(mostly entire) leaves glabrous or nearly so ; heads few and glomerate on
branchlets usually much shorter than the leaves; the uppermost in small
sessile glomerules; otherwise as in no. 1. (Bellows Falls, Vermont, Mr.
Carey.') — 3. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate (3-4 inches
long), mostly serrate with sharp scattered teeth ; the midrib beneath and
stem hirsute ; heads in short recurved-spreading somewhat leafy spikes; the
upper in sessile glomerules. (Wayne County, New York, Dr. Sariwell .')

Old fields, borders of thickets &c., Canada ! and throughout the United
States ! common. Aug.-Oct. — A polymorphous species, 10 inches to 3 feet
high, erect or diffuse, often beginning to flower when nearly simple, but at
length usually much branched^ varying greatly according to soil, situation,
and age. Heads small, often very numerous; the involucre nearly glabrous,
the scales with short green tips. Rays white or tinged with purple, short, often
inconspicuous : the corolla of the disk often turning purple ; the limb deeply
5-parted. Achenia minutely pubescent. — This is the most polymorphous
species of the genus. It would be easy to arrange its most remarkable
forms as distinct species, but perfectly impossible to characterize them.
Even our var. diftusus might thus be divided into a dozen species of equal
consequence with those admitted by later authors. Its most striking states
are, 1. a Western plant with lower leaves six inches long, and the heads
also larger than usual : 2. a form which we have only received from N.
Carolina, with nearly simple stems and inflorescence, and small broadly-
oval, or cuneiform-oblong leaves: the latter is sometimes called A. Cornuti.

49. A. Lamarckianus (Nees) : steiii pubescent in lines, racemose-decom-
pound, coarctate ; the branches paniculate-racemose ; leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, sessile, appressed-serrate, scabrous above ; those of the branch-
lets lanceolate-acuminate, sjjreading; scales of the involucre linear, rather
equal, loosely imbricated. Nces, Ast. p. 100; Lindl.! in Hook. fi. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 11 ,• DC. prodr. 5. p. 241. A. paniculatus. Lam. diet. 1. p. 306
(not of Ait.), fide Nees. A. Tradescanti, Nees, sijnops. p. 28. A. par-
viflorus, Lindl. in Hook. fl. Bar.- Am. I. c. 1

Canada, according to Lamarck, Nees. Saskatchawan, rdchardson !
Drummond ! (v. sp. in herh. Hook.) — According to Nees, this species is
quite ditferent from any with which he is aciiuainied, except his A. divergens.
The plant from Saskatchawan appears nearly to agree with an immature spe-
cimen of the species cultivated in the Berlin botanic garden, under this name.

t t Heads middle-sized.

50. A. simplex (Willd.) : stem glabrous, racemose-decompound; the
branches somewhat corymbose at the summit; the branchlets contracted,
bearing few [middle-sized] heads; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very smooth,

132 COMPOSITiE. AsTKR.

the margins scabrous ; the lower serrate ; scales of the involucre loosely im-
bricated, linear-subulate. Nees.— Willd. enum. 2. p. 887; Nees, Ast. p. 91 ;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 239. A. lanceolatus, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2050 ? (a species
of doubtful origin, perhaps not American), and of North American authors?
A. salicifolius, '^Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. p. 467 ; not oi Ait. 1 A. sestivus, Ait. 1
Wiiid. 1 , -

/3. stem diffusely branched ; the branches pubescent in lines, often elongated
and diverging; heads (variable but mostly rather large) racemose-scattered;
scales of the Involucre linear, acute, (rays blue or nearly white). — A. recur-
vatus, Nees, Ast. p. 93 ? A. Novi-Belgii var. minor, Boott ! in herb. Hook.
A. divergens (partly), Lindl. ! in herb. Hook. A. obliquus (partly), Lindl.
in herb. Hook. .

y. heads (middle-sized) in dense or contracted axillary racemes which are
shorter than the cauline leaves ; otherwise as in /3.

6. stem tall (4-6 feet high) erect; the branches hirsute or pubescent, o'ten
in lines; heads (pretty large) loosely racemose or somewhat paniculate
towards the extremity of the branchlets; rays blue.

e. stem 1-2 feet high, pubescent in lines above ; heads numerous or crowd-
ed on the short branchlets, small; rays pale blue or bluish-white.

Wet banks of streams and margins of swamps, Canada ! and nearly
throughout the United States ! a. d. & e. Common in the Northern and Mid-
dle States! /^. Ohio! Kentucky! &c. common, y. Ohio, Mr. Lea ! Aug.-
Oct. — A polymorphous and widely diffused species (not happily named
A. simplex), much resembling the A. salignus of Europe, as Nees remarks,
particularly the larger-flowered forms. Probably some species fouiided on
plants long cultivated in European gardens have been derived from it; and
perhaps A. obliquus, Nees, is among the number. Some states are, more-
over, very near our A. tenuifoUus y. bellidiflorus ; and our var. e. closely
approaches A. Tradescanti, but has larger heads, and broader as well as
more deeply serrated lower leaves. — The leaves are 1 to 4 inches long, 3-10
lines wide, tapering to an acuminate point, glabrous and smooth on both
sides, or the upper surface scabrous towards the margins, which are ciliolate-
scabrous; ^he lower serrate in the middle with small and sharp or mucronate
teeth, narrowed to the base, sessile or slightly clasping; the uppermost and
those of the branches mostly entire. Scales of the obovoid involucre more
or less unequal, loosely imbricated, narrow, acute; the tips often a little
spreading. Disk flowers at length turning brownish or purplish. Achenia
minutely pubescent.

61. A. tenuifoUus (Linn.): nearly glabrous ; stem paniculate-compound,
or the branchlets and (rather small) heads often slightly racemose ; leaves
narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, mostly elongated, attenuate-acumi-
nate, the margin scabrous ; the lower ones usually sharply serrate in the
middle ; those of the branches and branchlets entire, attenuate, proportioned ;
scales of the hemispherical involucre numerous, linear or subulate-linear,
acute, closely imbricated, or the points somewliat spreading, the innermost
nearly as Ions as the disk; rays rather short. — Linn. spec. 2. p. 873 (at
least as to syn.'^Fluk.) ; Nees, Ast p. 119,- DC. ! j^rodr. 5. p. 245. A. Ameri-
canus Belvidere foliis, &c. PLuk. aim. p. 56, t. 78, /. 5. A. polyphyllus,
Willd. enum. 2. p. 888, fide Nees. A. junceus, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 557 ; {Ell.
sk. 2. p. 356 7) Nees, synops. p. 26, fide Nees. A. Tradescanti (partly),
Lindl. ! in herb. Hook.

i3. ramosissimus : paniculately much branched ; the branches and branch-
lets rigid, somewhat erect, roughish-pubescent; leaves often scabrous ; scales
of theT involucre more closely imbricated and numerous, linear-subulate. —
A. tenuifoUus, {Linn. I. c. ?) Lindl. ! in herb. Hook. A. tenuifoUus y. Nees,
Ast. p. 120.

y. bellidijiorus : paniculate-compound, rather strict ; the branchlets and

AsTKR. COMPOSITE. 133

heads often somewhat racemose; leaves smooth, or frequently scabrous
above ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute, loosely imbricated. —
A. bellidiflorus, Will.d. enum. 2. p. 886 ; iVet'5, Ast. p. 97 ; DC. prodr. 5.
p. 240 ,- Lindl. ! in Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 2. ^. 11. A. angustus & rigid ulus,
Nees, synops. p. 26, S^ p. 29. — Varies: 1. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or
linear, elongated, nearly entire : 2. Leaves shorter and usually entire ; heads
smaller. (A. dracunculoides, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2050, Sf enum. I. c, fide
Nees. (v. sp. hort. Berol.) A. leucanthemos, " Desf. cat. hart. Par. ed. 3.
p. 401" ; Nees, Ast. p. 95 ; DC. I. c. ; not of Raf. A. bellidiflorus, Nees,
synops. p. 21. A. artemisiajflorus, Poir. suppl. 1. p. 500.): 3. Lower
leaves ratlier broadly lanceolate, sharply and often coarsely serrate, or some-
limes nearly entire.

Low or moist soil, Canada (y. from the Saskatchawan !) and Northern
States ! to the upper districts of N. Carolina. Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-4 feet
high, usually rather stout and rigid ; the branches often pubescent, especially
in lines. Cauline leaves varying from 2i to 5 or even 6 inches in length
(those of the branches very gradually reduced in size), narrowed at the base,
tapering above to a long attenuate very sharp point, scabrous-ciliolate under
a lens, of a rather firm texture, with a strong midrib, the veinlets copiously
and conspicuously reticulated beneath. Heads about middle-sized (larger
than in A. miser) ; the scales of the involucre acute or acuminate, somewhat
ciUate ; the exterior often greenish throughout, the others with short green
tips. Rays numerous, considerably longer than the disk (which sometimes
turns purplish), pale purple or nearly white, usually assuming a deeper
tint before fading.

52. A. carneus (Nees) : glabrous, or the strict racemose branches some-
what pubescent in lines ; leaves uniform, entire or nearly so, narrowly lan-
ceolate, mucronate-acuminate, slightly scabrous above, with serrulate-sca-
brous margins; the lower more or less attenuate towards the base ; the upper
shorter and partly clasping; heads (middle-sized) racemose towards the
summit of the leafy branches; involucre obovate, manifestly shorter than
the disk ; the scales unecjual, lanceolate, abruptly acute, closely imbricated ;
rays rather large. — Nees, synops. p. 26, d^- Ast. p. 96 ; Lindl. ! in herb.
Hook. A. laxifolius y. carneus, Lindl. in DC. prodr. 5. p. 236. A. obli-
quus, DC. ! jjrodr. 5. p. 237, partly. — Varies, with the heads few and near-
ly sessile, on short leafy branches, which are aggregated in a compact ra-
ceme. (A. salicifolius, Muhl. ! in herb. Ell., partly.)

i(3. subasper: racemosely much branched ; the branches usually very nu-
merous, rather strict and rigid, puberulent, bearing numerous densely race-
mose heads; leaves minutely scabrous above ; those of the branches shorter,
oblong-linear or lanceolate. — A. subasper, Lindl. ! in Hook, compan. to bot.
mag. 1. jj. 97, S^' in DC. prodr. 5. p. 237. — Varies: 1. Exterior scales of
the involucre somewhat spatu late-linear, obtuse or abruptly and very slight-
ly acute : 2. Stem densely racemose-compound at the summit ; leaves of
the branches and branchlets very short. (Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth!)
A state of the plant with short leaves and smaller heads scattered along the
slender branches connects it with our var. y.

y. ambieuus : heads racemose along the branches, somewhat scattered,
on short peduncles ; involucre conspicuously shorter than the disk ; cauline
leaves elongated, rather broadly lanceolate, much attenuate at each end,
sometimes sharply serrate in the middle ; those of the branches nearly as
in var. a.

Moist soil, Massachusetts, (near Boston, Dr. Boott !) to Pennsylvania,
Muhlenherg .' Schweinitz ! and Ohio, Dr. JRiddell ! Mr. Sullivant! (3. St.
Louis, Missouri, Drummond ! Indiana, Dr. Clapp ! Louisiana, Dr. Leaven-
worth! y. Ohio, Dr. Paddock ! Sept.-Oct. — Cauline leaves (numerous)
usually 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, of the same firm texture as in the preceding.

134 COMPOSITiE. Aster.

and with the veinlets similarly reticulated ; the apex more abruptly narrowed
to a mucronate-acuminate point ; those of the branches 1-2 inches long,
usually broader in proportion to their length, those of the branchlets often
very short. Heads usually larger than in A. tenuifolius, but somewhat va-
riable in this respect ; the scales of the involucre broader and shorter, ap-
pressed (or the outermost loose), more unequal, and regularly imbricated,
pale, with short usually rhombic-ovoid green tips, which are very slightly
spreading. Rays longer, broader, and more showy than in A. tenuifolius,
' flesh-colored' (Nees), nearly white, or sometimes light violet-purple in the
wild plant ; the disk often turning purplish. Alveoli of the receptacle some-
what lacerate or laciniate. — This sjjecies was described by Nees, from spe-
cimens of uncertain derivation, cultivated in the garden of Count Schccnborn.
Dr. Lindley identified a plant collected near Boston by Dr. Boott, with an
authentic specimen, from Nees. We have the same plant from Ohio, and
other specimens, which clearly sliow that A. subasper of Lindleyis only a
form of this species. Although apparently distinct from both, it closely
approaches A. laxifolius on the one hand, and A. tenuifolius (with which
Nees compares it) on the other. Some states of it have not unfrequently
been labelled A. Tradescanti ; a name often applied to what we consider a
form of A. tenuifolius.

53. A. Grcenei : stem smooth and glabrous, racemosely branched or com-
pound ; leaves nearly all remotely appressed-serrulate, glabrous, acute or
acuminate, scabrous above ; the cauline ones narrowly lanceolate, elongated,
slightly clasping (not dilated) at the base ; those of the branches short, nu-
merous, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat clasping at the base, spread-
ing; heads (hardly middle-sized) simply racemose on the leafy branches, on
very short bracteate peduncles; involucre campanulate, somewhat shorter
than the disk ; the scales linear-lanceolate, acute, rather closely imbricated
in nearly 3 series, the exterior somewhat shorter.

Near Boston, Dr. B. D. Greene ! Dr. Pickering ! (in herh. acad. Philad.)
— The specimens we have seen want the lower cauline leaves, and do not
afford sufficient information as to the size of the plant. The cauline leaves
in the specimens are 3-5 inches long, about half an inch broad, remotely ser-
rate with minute teeth, of a rather firm texture ; the veinlets of the lower
surface finely reticulated, but less conspicuously than in A. carneus ; the
upper surface very scabrous in one specimen, but slightly so in the other :
the leaves of the branches are pretty uniform throughout in size and shape,
6-12 lines long, lanceolate-ovate or elliptical, nearly all serrate like those of
the stem. Heads nearly the size of those of A. carneus /?. subasper,^ race-
mose or sometimes crowded along the slender ascending branches in a similar
manner ; the lower often shorter than the leaves from the axils of which
they rise. Scales of the involucre rather appressed, pale below, with a
greenish mid-nerve, more lax than in A. carneus, and with narrower and
sharper herbaceous tips. Rays rather short, broadly linear, apparently pur-
plish; the disk turning to rexldish-purple. Achenia minutely puberulent.

********** Heads {middle-sized or large, shmmj) mostly corymbose or panicu-
late : scales of the involucre equal or somewhat unequal, more or kss imbricated, with
lax or spreading herbaccoxLS or foliaceous tips; the exterior frequently entirely herba-
ceous : aclienia pubescent or glabrous : rays usually large and numerous, blue or pur-
ple ; cauline leaves sessile, the upper •nwre or less clasping. — Salicifolii.

+ Scales of the involucre erect or appressed, with mostly short (seldom squarrose)
herbaceous tips ; the exterior often entirely herbaceous.

54. A. la.vus (Willd.) : stem glabrous, racemose-compound or decom-
pound; the branches loose and corymbose at the summit; the branchlets

Aster. COMPOSITE. 135

elongated ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the margin (and often
the upper surface) scabrous; the lower ones somewhat serrate ; those of the
branchlets linear, obliquely spreading ; scales of the involucre in the termi-
nal heads loose, and nearly equal, linear; of the others imbricated, reflexed
at the summit. Nees.— Willd. enum. 2: j). 886; (Pwr.y/i, Jl. 2. p. 557?)
Nees, Ast. p. 95 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 240.

North America, WiUdenow. (Low sandy fields. New Jersey to Virginia,
Pursh ; who, however, probably had a dilferent species in view.) Near
Boston, Dr. Boott! Dr. Greene! in herh. Hook.) New York, Mr. Broimne!
Sept.-Oct. — Tlie few specimens we have seen agree very well with the
character of Willdenow, and that of Nees, whicli we have copied. They
belong to a good-sized plant, with very numerous and rigid ascending (race-
mose) branches, which terminate in loose corymbs. The cauline leaves
(3-5 inches long and 4-5 lines broad) are rather rigid, serrulate whh scat-
tered appressed teeth, the upper surface more or less scabrous ; the upper-
most and those of the branches short, partly clasping and sometimes slightly
dilated at the base. The heads are rather smaller than in A. prsaltus, but
very similar, except that those which terminate the leafy branchlets present
a much more foUaceous involucre ; the numerous exterior scales being en-
tirely herbaceous, thickish, broadly linear, obtuse or mucronale-acute, often
as long as the disk, loose, at length squarrose-spreading ; the outermost simi-
lar to the leaves of the branchlets : in the lateral heads, when these are pro-
duced, the scales are regularly imbricated, as in A. praeahus. The rays ap-
pear to be purplish-blue~. Although he has placed the two species at some
distance from each other, Nees appears to suspect that his A. laxus may pass
into A. prsaltus ; which is most probably the case. Indeed these two species,
as well as A. elodes and A. Novi-Belgii, seem to be connected by a series of
intermediate forms.

55. A. 2^'rcealtus (Poir.) : stem or branches mostly hairy in lines, race-
mose-paniculate or corymbose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, partly
clasping, acute, entire, or obscurely appressed-serrate, glabrous, with sca-
brous margins, the upper surface somewhat shining, smooth, or slightly
scabrous towards the apex and margins ; the lower narrowed towards the
base ; scales of the involucre unequal, loosely imbricated in 3 or 4 series,
linear-lanceolate, acute, often with the tips spreading ; rays rather large. —
Poir. suppl. 1. p. 493 ; Nees, Ast. p. 71 ; DC. proclr. 5. p. 236. A. sali-
cifolius, Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 203? {Pursh, fl. 2. p. 549?); Bigel. fl.
Bost. ed. 2. J). 309. A. virgatus, Nees, synops. p. 27.

JVIoist woods and rocky banks of streams. New Hampshire ! Massachu-
setts ! and perhaps throughout the Northern States. Aug.-Oct. — Stem I to
6 or 6 feet high, often rather slender and flexuous, frequently hairy or pubes-
cent throughout when young, at length smooth and glabrous except in lines,
often purple, branched near tlie summit; the branches somewhat racemose
or racemose-compound, rather rigid ; the branchlets short, and usually form-
ing a more or less fastigiate or thyrsoid-corymbose inflorescence. Radical
or primordial leaves spatulate-oblong, 1-2 inches long, obtuse, nearly entire,
tapering into a somewhat ciliate margined short petiole, sheathing at the
base ; all the lower ones often hairy on the midrib when young. Cauline
leaves about 4 inches long, 5-8 lines wide, tapering gradually to an acute
point, of a firm texture, pale and very smooth beneath, with a narrow promi-
nent midrib, bright green above, usually a little scabrous only towards the
summit; the veins forming loose open reticula'ions, which are ratlier con-
spicuous in the older leaves; the upper usually with a more or less dilated
or auriculate insertion. Heads rather large and showy. Involucre as long
as the disk ; the scales numerous, pale and often somewhat narrowed to-
wards the base, slightly ciliate, lierbaceous above, mostly with sliglit mem-
branaceous margins. Rays violet or pale blue, pretty large in the wild

136 COMPOSITE. Aster.

plant (the ligule as long as the involucre) ; the disk-flowers often changing to
purple. Achenia minutely pubescent, or glabrous when old. — We should
have restored the older name of A. salicifolius, were we at all confident that
it belongs to this species : as this is doubtful, we have followed Nees and
De CandoUe. Pursh's plant is said to grow from New York to Virginia.

56. A. elodes : very smooth and glabrous; stem mostly simple, corym-
bose or rarely somewhat racemose-paniculate at the summit ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, fleshy, acute or acuminate at each end, entire or sparingly ap-
pressed-serrulate, shining, reticulate-veined, the upper surface often minutely
scabrous towards the apex and margins; the uppermost partly clasping by a
more or less narrowed base ; scales of the obovoid involucre rather closely .
imbricated in 3 or 4 unequal series, linear or spatulate-linear, mucronulate-
acute; the exterior often with recurved-spreading herbaceous tips; tte inner-
most erect, as long as the disk ; rays large ; achenia glabrous. — A. paludo- -
sus, Nutt. gen. 2. j;. 155?

(3. leaves varying from narrowly lanceolate to broadly oval-lanceolate, or
the lowermost lanceolate-spatulate.

Wet swamps, mostly in pine barrens, Massachusetts'! Long Island! New
Jersey ! and Pennsylvania ! to Virginia ! and North Carolina ! Aug.-Sept.
— Stem usually simple, and 1 to 2^ feet high, very smooth, mostly purple,;
the branches sometimes slightly pubescent. Leaves sparse, 3-5 inches long,
usually from 2-4 lines wide, but varying from half to three-fourths of an inch
wide (when they are commonly shorter in proportion and more or less acu-
minate at each end), mostly deep green and shining above, and conspicu-
ously reticulated with impressed veins, the margins often slightly and sharp-
ly serrate; those of the branches small, spreading. Heads large and showy,
few or rather numerous, in simple or somewhat compound corymbs, or some-
times paniculate racemes, solitary on the short and rather rigid, sparse and
diverging branchlets. Involucre glabrous or slightly pubescent ; the scales
of a rather firm texture ; the exterior herbaceous, except the pale broad mar-
gins near the base ; the others with oblong-lanceolate herbaceous tips, which
are sometimes erect, but usually more or less spreading or squarrose; the
innermost more membranaceous, often with purple tips. Rays large, nu-
merous, deep blue or violet; the disk flowers sometimes turning purplish.
Achenia minutely and slightly pubescent when veiy young, smooth and
glabrous when mature. — This is a common species in the swamps of the
pine barrens of New Jersey, and is found in similar situations as far north as
Massachusetts, and as far south at least as North Carolina. It varies much
in the form of the leaves, which are frequently as narrow as in A. paludosus,
but sometimes as wide as in A. Novi-Belgii. It begins to flower when only
8 or 12 inches high, and perhaps seldom attains more than two feet in
height; while the heads are proportionally large and showy. We are not
sure that it has been described by any author, either in Europe or this coun-
try; but it has probably been confounded whh A. praealtus or A. Novi-
Bel"-ii, to both of which "its different forms so closely approacii as to render
the diagnosis difficult. It can hardly be the A. brumalis of Nees (which is
described from spontaneous German specimens, supposed to be of American
origin), and is by no means a late-flowering species.

67. A. Novi-Belgii (Linn.) : smooth and glabrous throughout (or the
branches sHg1:itly pubescent in lines), often somewhat glaucous ; stem stout;
the branches strict, racemose or somewhat corymbose ; leaves rigid or slightly
coriaceous, pale and very smooth, or sliglitly scabrous towards the margins
of the upper surface, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, somewhat serrate, taper-
ing to each end, acute ; the lower partly clasping by the narrowed base ; the
uppermost and those of the branches short, clasping by a broader base, often
entire ; involucre (hemispherical) about the length of the disk ; the scales

Aster. COMPOSITE. 137

lanceolate, somewhat unequal, ratlier closely imbricated in about 3 series,
with broadish acute herbaceous tips ; rays numerous, mostly large. — Linn. !
hort. Cliff, p. 108, S^- spec. 2. p. 877; Ait. Kew. (ed. 1) 3. p. 206 ; Pursh,
fi. 2. p. 554; Nees! Ast. p. 79; DC! prodr. 5. p. 238, (excl. syn. A.
floribundus, Nutt.) A. Novi-Belgii latifohus, &c. Herm. Lugd. p. 66, t. 69.
A. serotinus, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2049 (partly), fide Nees. A. lajvigatus,
Pursh,fl. 2. p. 553 ? — The following varieties are enumerated by Nees, all
described from garden specimens: Var. a. amplifiorus ; the original species,
as characterized above, (branches simply racemose, the large heads some-
what corymbose ; ray ample, &c.) Var. /3. squarrosus : leaves lanceolate,
rather more elongated ; branches simply racemose, with the heads somewhat
corymbose ; ray broad and dense ; scales of the involucre somewhat equal,
the exterior squarrose-spreading, often foliaceous and elongated. (A. junceus,
recurvatus, and adulterinus, of some gardens). Var. j. serus : stem taller;
ray dense, flesh-colored, whitish towards the disk. Var. 8. minor : leaves
lanceolate, attenuate ; the branches crowded, dichotomous-corymbose, many-
flowered ; ray shorter and not so dense ; scales of the involucre loosely im-
bricated, unequal; flowers smaller; stem lower. (A. floribundus, Willd.
spec. 3. p. 2048, S^- enum. 2. p. 885, S^v.) — The indigenous jjlant varies:
1. Heads (ample) solitary or nearly so on short axillary branchlets, often
much shorter than the leaves. — 2. Heads (rather large)"in clusters or short
crowded racemes at the summit of axillary branches, which are either shorter
or longer than the can line leaves, racemose along the stem or aggregated and
somewhat corymbose at the summit. — 3. Heads (smaller), racemose or ra-
cemose-paniculate towards the summit of numerous slender branches, which
are racemose along the stem, the upper fastigiate ; scales of the involucre
narrower; ray shorter.

Borders of swamps and moist ground, from near the sources of the Mis-
sissippi (Banks of Spirit Lake, Mr. Nicollet!) to S. Carolina, Elliott! (A.
laevis ? Herb. Ell. !) and Georgia, Miss Clay ! apparently not very com-
mon. Sept.-Oct. — Stem usually stout, 1-4 feet high. Leaves thickish;
the lower ones often 5-6 inches long, and about an inch wide, often tapering
from above the middle to the base, with a pretty strong midrib, the margins
scabrous; the primary veins few ; the reticulation of the veinlets rather ob-
scure. ^ Heads, when not very numerous, frequently an inch in diameter ;
including the rather linear and pretty large pale blue rays, but sometimes
reduced to half that size. Exterior scales of the involucre occasionally her-
baceous throughout ; the others pale at the base ; the short herbaceous tips
also with slight pale or scarious margins. Disk often turning purplish.
Achenia slightly pubescent. — Our plant, which wholly accords with the des-
cription of A. Novi-Belgii, a. Nees, is doubtless the same with the original
Liunaean species, and with that figured by Hermann. Although extensively
diffused, it appears to be uncommon in this country. It has been cultivated
in Europe for more than a century and a half; and from it several nominal
species have probably been derived. — The "specimen of an Aster from Dr.
Scouler, gathered on the Columbia, which Prof Lindley inclines to refer to
A. asper," {Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 10, under A. luxurians,) is either a
variety of A. Novi-Belgii, or belongs to a new species, of which there are
not suflScient materials for description.

58. A. amplus (Lindl.) : stem simple, stout; the racemose branches some-
what corymbose, nearly naked, hairy above, bearing 1-3 large heads ; leaves
glabrous, with scabrous margins, slightly serrate or nearly entire ; the radi-
cal ones oval-lanceolate, tapering into a long narrowly-winged petiole, the
lower cauhne spatulate-lanceolate, acute, partly clasping ; the upper nar-
rowly oblong-lanceolate, often auriculate-clasping ; scales of the involucre
lanceolate, loose, equal, herbaceous; rays large.— Lindl. ! in Hook. Jl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 10, S^in DC. p)rodr. 5. p. 236.

VOL. II.-18

138 COMPOSITtE. Aster.

Rocky Mountains (lat. 54°-56° ?), Drummond ! — A plant with large
heads, mostly solitary on the erect and simple often leafless branches ; and
ample scattered leaves ; the radical ones, including the elongated petioles,
sometimes nearly a foot in length. Achenia slightly pubescent. Dr. Lindley
compares it with A. brumalis.

69. A'. Douglasii (Lindl.) : stem glabrous, racemose-compound ; the (few-
leaved) branches loosely paniculate-cor^^mbose, bearing few (rather large)
heads; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, mostly somewhat narrowed at the
base, glabrous, nearly all serrate ; scales of the hemispherical involucre
broadly linear (or the exterior spatulate-linear), acute, loosely imbricated
somewhat in 3 series, rather unequal, with spreading herbaceous summits;
rays rather large. — Lindl. ! in Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 2. 'p- H? <-V ^^ -^C". prodr.
5. p. 239 ; Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phii. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 293.

Oregon, in low soils; common along the large rivers near the coast, Doug-
las! Dr. Scouler .'^'Nuttall .' . Aug.-Sept. — Varies; with shorter branches
and more numerous smaller heads; and with more slender and naked
branches, bearing fewer and larger headLS''{Lindl.) ; and specimens collected
by Mr. Nuttall have shorter and broader leaves, with rather strongly ciliolate-
scabrous margins. Dr. Lindley considers it allied to A. eminens, which it
resembles in foliage; and Mr. Nuttall compares it with A. Novi-Belgii,
which it nearly approaches in the involucre and flowers. — TBt^^ppus turns
brownish.

60. A. laxifolius (Nees): stem scabrous, racemose-compound, narrow;
the branches racemose at the summit or slightly compound ; leaves narrowly
lanceolate (or lanceolate-linear), mucronately serrulate, attenuate to each
end, clasping, flaccid, scabrous above ; scales of the involucre linear, squar-
rose ; those of the terminal heads nearly equal. Nees, Ast. p. 69. A. longi-
folius, Nees, synops. p. 26, and of the Leyden Garden ; not of Lam.

/?. ? borealis : stem strict, smooth and glabrous, or pubescent towards the
summit; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, elongated, with very scabrous
sparingly serrulate or often entire margins; the upper surface slightly sca-
brous ; heads solitary or few and n^ostly somewhat corymbose on the strict
(often very short) branches ; involucre about the length of the disk ; the
scales in 2-3 series, somewhat equal, lax, the summits more or less spreading
or squarrose when old. — A. laxifolius (a. &c (3.), Lindl..' in Hook. Jl. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 10, Sf in DC. prodr. 5. p. 236, (excl. }'. carneus.) A. salicifolius,
Richards. ! appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 1. p. 748, not of Ait. 7 — Varies; with
the leaves serrulate and entire ; the stem with single or few heads, corym-
bose or racemose-compound; the pappus turns brownish. Lindl. in DC. —
Varies also (if we mistake not,) with the upper leaves rather shorter ; the
heads somewhat crowded on the branches ; the scales of the involucre (ex-
cept in the primary heads) more unequal and appressed ; verging towards
A. carneus. (A. strictus (3. angustifolius, Lindl. ! in Hook. I. c. Saskatcha-
wan, Drummond! not Arctic America.) A state with rigid leaves, the upper
ones longer than the simjjly racemose heads, is A. sestivus, Lindl. ! in
herb. Torr.

y. ? l(Etiflorus : stem slender, mostly scabrous, racemosely branclied ; the
long and almost filiform branches spreading ; leaves linear or narrowly lan-
ceolate-linear, elongated, acute, rather rigid, scabrous above ; the margins
remotely serrulate or often entire, very scabrous ; heads loosely racemose
or somewhat paniculate at the extremity of the branches, on slender pedun-
cles or nearly naked branchlets; scales of the involucre unequal, with some-
what spreading tips.

North America (cultivated in the Lej'den Garden), Nees. (i. Canada
{Mrs. PercivaU), Lake Huron {Dr. Pitcher!), and Saskatchawan ! to Arctic
America ! and west to the Rocky Mountains ! and the interior of Oregon !

Aster. COMPOSITiE. 139

7. Mihvaukie, Wisconsin, Dr. Lapham ! Columbus, Ohio, Mr. Sullivant !
Sept.-Oct. — We refer the A. salicifolius of Richardson to A. laxifolius, on
the authority of Dr. Lindley, who is probably acquainted with the plant of
Nees, whose specific ])hrase we have copied. But we must remark, that
our specimens do not well accord with the description of that species, which
is said to differ from A. vimiueus, Nees, " by its minutely and remotely
serrulate leaves, 5-7 inches long and 4-5 lines broad ; by its narrower (flesh-
colored) raj's about half the size ; and its earlier florescence" ; and the stem
is said to be " hinc inde setulis inspersus." A specimen from Philadelphia,
mentioned by Hooker, accords with the character in the latter respect ; but
we are confident this is a fragment of A. puniceus y. vimineus. Our var.
/3, ? (which abounds in, and is nearly confined to the northern regions, and
may therefore bear the name of A. borealis if it should prove to be distinct,)
is a slender plant, from 1 to 3 feet high ; the long and narrow leaves of nearly
the same breadth throughout, and except the lowermost, not at all attenuate
towards the base, but with a broad partly clasping insertion. The heads are
nearly as large as in A. puniceus ; the rays numerous and long (the ligule
fully the length of the involucre), apparently violet-blue ; the achenia in
some specimens rather densely, in others sparingly appressed-pubescent.—
The var. 7., which is probably not specifically distinct from the preceding,
is a very graceful plant, apparently of considerable size, with long and
slender lax branches, and the heads loosely disposed at their extremities.
The cauline leaves are 4 or 5 inches long, and about 4 lines wide ; those of
the branches perhaps broadest at the partly clasping base. Heads fully as
large as in the preceding form ; the scales of the involucre narrowly linear,
in about 3 unequal series, loose, but not inclined to become squarrose. Rays
numerous, long, showy, apparently pale violet or purple ; the disk turning
purplish. Achenia minutely puberulent. — The A. th^^rsiflorus of the Euro-
pean gardens may have been derived from this species.

t t Scales of the involucre loose, narrow, acute, often recurved or spreading.

61. A. longifolius (Lam.) : glabrous ; stem smooth or sometimes scabrous
below, paniculately branched ; the (middle-sized) heads loosely corymbose-
paniculate ; leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, elongated,
somewhat clasping, attenuate-acuminate, the lower mostly serrate in the
middle with scattered and spreading sharp teeth, smooth beneath; the upper
surface broadly scabrous towards the margins ; scales of the broadly turbi-
nate involucre narrowly linear, acute, nearly equal, with the summits
spreading or often recurved ; rays numerous. — Lam. diet. 1. p. 306, fide
DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 239. A. eminens, Willd. enum. 2. p. 886; Nees, Ast. p.
87. A.. ]anccm. Ait. Kew.{ed. 1)2. p. 2QA,Mq Nees, DC. Sfc. A. tevi-
gatus, Pursh,jl. 2. p. 553 ? (ex Nees. Sf- DC.)

(3. stem stout, scabrous below (roughened with minute sharp points) ;
leaves mostly entire ; the lower elongated-lanceolate ; those of the branches
oblong-lanceolate, short ; scales of the involucre more or less unequal, with
shorter and less spreading summits.

' Swamjiy places from New York to Carolina,' Nees, DC. (derived partly
from the habitats cited by Pursh under A. junceus, laevigatus, &c.) South-
ern States, Le ConZe .' p. In the Southern States? Z,e Con^e/ Sept.-Oct. —
We have never met with the native plant, except in the herbarium of Major
Le Conte,, whose specimens very well agree with cultivated forms. The
latter are subject to considerable variation, and six varieties are characterized
by Nees and De Candolle. To one of these, (A. eminens e. laevigatus, Nees,
I. c, or A. longifolius e. Ia3vigatus, DC. I. c.) Nees adduces the synonym, A.
mutabilis. Ait. and A. Ifevigatus, Pursh: this is said to be a tall plant (5-6
feet high) ; with the oblong-lanceolate leaves smooth, the margins only
scabrous, rigid, bright green and lucid : perhaps our var. /3. does not mate-

140 COMPOSITiE. Aster.

rially differ from it. Another, the A. longifolius rj. albiflorus, DC. (A.
eminens v. Nees, I. c. A. virgineus, Nees, synops.), has white rays, rarely
verging to reddish-violet, and more scabrous as well as broader leaves : from
this the A. eminens var. virgineus, Lindl. hot. rcg. t. 1656, is said to differ
in the coarsely serrate upper leaves, and the erect scales of the involucre. —
The plant varies from 2 to 5 feet high : the leaves, of a rather firm texture,
are pale and very smooth below, usually shining above and reticulated ; the
lower often 5 or 6 inches long, 3-7 lines wide, tapering to a long sharp point,
and also usually narrowed towards the base ; either entire, or sparingly
serrate with sharp spreading teeth. The heads are barely middle-sized, but
showy : the rays light blue. The scales of the involucre in our plant, as in
several of the cultivated forms before us, are narrowly linear, loose, in
about 3 series, nearly equal; the long and slender green tips recurved-
spreading. Those of var. (i. are more unequal, broader, more obtuse, loose,
but less spreading. Achenia minutely pubescent. — A. squarrulosus, iVees,
has apparently been derived from this species.

62. A. Elliottii : stem stout, very smooth and glabrous, the upper portion
and the paniculate branches minutely and softly pubescent in decurrent
lines ; leaves somewhat coriaceous, smooth beneath, more or less scabrous
above, serrate with appressed mucronulate teeth ; the cauliue ones oblong-
lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, somewhat acuminate, tapering into an
attenuate base (like a margined petiole), partly clasping but not dilated at
the insertion ; those of the branches short, spatulate, oblong, or oval-lanceolate,
serrulate; heads (middle-sized) corymbose-paniculate; scales of the obovate
involucre linear-subulate, somewhat equal, numerous, in about 3 series,
nearly the length of the disk, their summits usually spreading or recurved ;
rays numerous, slender. — A. puniceus. Ell. ! sk. 2. ]}• 255, (excl. spec, char.)

Margin of rivers, in the low country of Georgia and South Carolina,
Elliott! Miss Clay! North Carolina, Mr. Croom! Mr. Curtis! Oct.-Nov. —
A stout plant, 2-3 feet high, with a somewhat angled stem, and numerous
often crowded and rather simple flowering branches ; the heads either
racemed, or more commonly paniculate or corymbose at the summit.
Cauline leaves 4-6 inches long, an inch or less in width, of a rigid texture,
pale when dry, and not lucid, with a very strong midrib ; those of the
branches small, much less tapering at the base, abruptly acuminate or
mucronate-acuminate, nearly all serrulate with sharp closely appressed
teeth. Scales of the involucre very narrow (narrower than in any state of
A. puniceus) and acute, somewhat ciliate, all similar. Rays long and
narrow, " bright purple" (Ell.), iu dried specimens appearing reddish-
purple or pink ; the disk-flowers apparently not changing to purple. Ache-
nia very slightly pubescent under a lens. Pappus tawny when old. — We
cannot ascertain that this species has been noticed by any author except
Elliott, who has in fact described it as a distinct species, under A. puniceus.
It should be ])laced between the latter and A. Novi-Belgii, which it more
nearly resembles in the foliage, while the involucre, rays, &c. are very
different. We have never observed the young leaves ^jubescent, as described
by Elliott.

63. A. puniceus (Linn.) : stem hispid, stout, paniculate above ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, clasping by a more or less auriculate base, acuminate,
serrate in the middle with mucronate-acute mostly appressed teeth, scabrous
above, usually smooth and glabrous beneath (exce])t the sometimes scabrous-
hispid midrib) ; heads (pretty large) racemose or paniculate towards the
summit of the leafy branches; scales of the involucre narrowly linear or
subulate-linear, acute, loose, equal, in about 2 series, as long as the disk,
more or less spreading ; a few of the exterior (especially in the terminal
heads) often broader, more foliaceous (linear-lanceolate) and bracteolate ;

Aster. COMPOSITE. 141

rays numerous, showy. — Linn. ! hort. Cliff, p. 408, ^' spec. 2. p. 875 ; Ait.
Keiv. {ed. 1) 3. p. 208; Michx.! fl. 2. p. 115; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2040;
Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 554 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 10 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p.
465 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. ^;. 236. A. Americanus latifolius, puniceis caulibus,
Herm. Lvgd. p. 649, t. 651. A. hispidus & A. amoenus, La7n. diet. 1. p.
306, fide Michx. Sf Nees. A. altissimus, Mill. diet. — Varies; with the stem
(which is commonly purple, and densely hispid with rough and short spread-
ing pointed hairs,) sometimes rather hirsute with longer and softer hairs, and
sometimes more sparsely hispid or in lines, or below only hispid-scabrous :
in size, 3-6 feet high ; or rarely 1-2 feet high (A. puniceus, var. demissus,
Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1636) : in the size of the heads equalling A. Novae-An-
glise, especially when scattered; or considerably smaller; frequently very
numerous and corymbose-paniculate : the leaves varying from rather nar-
rowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or oblong, or the lower even obovate-
oblong ; either narrowed near the base, or cordate-clasping ; the teeth scat-
tered or more numerous, small, sometimes obscure, occasionally conspicu-
ous ; their texture, when growing in shade, thin and then moderately sca-
brous above ; in exposed situations thicker, very scabrous above, and even
somewhat so beneath.

8. firmus : stem lower, stout, often angled, smooth and glabrous below,
towards the summit slightly hairy or hispid, either sparsely or in lines ;
leaves moderately or slightly scabrous above ; exterior scales of the involu-
cre rather broader and more foliaceous ; " rays bluish-lilac." — A. firmus,
Nees, Ast. p. 66 (v. sp. in hort. Berol.) ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 235, excl. syn.
Ell..' A. vimineus, Lindl..' in HooJc. fl. Bor.-Am. I. c. in part. (Lake
Huron, Dr. Todd ! Stem a little more hairy.)

y. vimineus : stem smooth and glabrous below; somewhat pubescent or
hispid in lines near the summit and along the branches; leaves lanceolate,
attenuate-a(;uminate, usually minutely and sparingly serrate towards the
middle, clasping by the auriculate base, inore or less scabrous above, very
glabrous beneath ; exterior scales of the involucre rather broader and more
foliaceous. — A. vimineus, Willd. sjoec. 3. p. 2046, fide Nees, (not o? Lam.) ;
Spreng. syst. 3. p. 538 (excl. syn.) ; Nees, Ast. p. 68 ; DC. I. c. ; Lindl. !
in herb. Torr. — Varies ; with the stem (pale or purple, often angled, usually
branching in a pyramidal or thyrsoid manner) either almost entirely gla-
brous, or more or less hispid in lines, or eveu with scattered bristly hairs ;
the branches all short, "ascending (A. vimineus /3. Nees; leaves smooth
above) ; or the lower ones elongated; the leaves (mostly 4-6 inches long and
5-10 lines wide) sometimes nearly smooth above, &c.

Low grounds and swampy thickets, Canada! (from Hudson's Bay) and
rather common throughout the Northern States ! Sept.-Oct. — A well-
marked species, varying somewhat in appearance when it grows in wet
shady places. We are perfectly satisfied that A. firmus and A. vimineus of
Nees are only varieties or states of this species : the latter is a form which
the plant assumes in deep shade ; and we have seen specimens with the
stem quite as hispid as in ordinary states of A. puniceus, and even with the
midrib beneath pubescent with the same kind of hairs. We also consider
the A. luxurians /3. Lindl.! in Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. I. c. (Canada, Mrs. Per-
cival!) to be a state of this species. — The leaves are ordinariK' pretty large
and uniform. The rays are numerous, rather large, violet-purple, varying
in shade to pale lilac-blue; the disk turning purplish or brownish; the ache-
nia minutely and sparsely pubescent.

64. A. prenanthoides )Muhl.) : stem pubescent or hirsute above mostly in
decurrent lines, paniculate-corymbose at the summit ; leaves spatulate-Ian-
ceolate or lanceolate-oval, incisely serrate in tlie middle with sharp spreading
teeth, conspicuously acuminate, tapering into a long narrow base like a
winged petiole, with a cordate-clasping insertion ; the lower surface smooth,

142 COMPOSITiE. Aster.

the upper scabrous ; heads on short and rather rigid spreading peduncles ;
scales of the obovoid involucre narrowly linear, acute or acuminate, unequal,
imbricated in 3 or 4 series, with recurved-spreading herbaceous summits. —
Muhl. ! in IVilld. spec. 3. p. 2046 ; Pers. syn. 2. p. 446 ; Nees, Ast. p. 61 ;
Darlingl. ! Jl. Cest. p. 465 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 234.

/3. scaler : stem sparsely roughish-hirsute, or even hispid above ; leaves
less conspicuously attenuate towards the base, the upper surface very
scabrous.

Moist woods and thickets. Western New York ! Pennsylvania ! Ohio !
Kentucky! and probably throughout the Alleghany Mountains, p. West-
Chester, Pennsylvania, Darli7igto7i, Mr. Tou-nsend! {in herb. HooJc.) Sept.
-Nov. — Stem 1-4 feet high, angled, rather stout, usually pubescent only in
decurrent lines, or entirely glabrous below, bearing few or numerous pretty
large heads, in a terminal loose and expanding, simple or compound, or some-
what paniculate corymb. Leaves of a membranaceous rather firm lexture,.
veiny, lively green above, pale beneath, and frequently a little hairy along
the midrib ; the lower cauline 5-6, or even 8-10, inches long, the attenuate
lower portion 2-3 inches long, entire, not ciHate, more or less dilated and
auriculate-cordate at the insertion ; the uppermost, and those of the branches
smaller, and less narrowed below, less serrate, but otherwise similar; those
of the branchlets often linear and entire. Involucre glabrous, or minutely
pubescent under a lens. Rays rather large, pale violet, or in deep shade
nearly white ; the disk turning purplish. Achenia narrow, slightly cunei-
form, a little narrowed at the summit, contracted at the base as if somewhat
stipitate, scabrous-pubescent. Pappus unequal. — A very marked species,
imperfectly characterized by Willdenow, but accurately described by Nees
from dried specimens. It has never found its way into the gardens, and
appears to be known to few botanists ; yet, it is not uncommon within the
geographical range we have given. Distinct as the species certainly is, the
yaT^jS. (as Dr. Darlington has noticed) makes a near approach to A. puniceus,
and appears like a hybrid between the two.

65. A. mutatus : stem hairy, racemose-corymbose ; the branches simple,
fastigiate, glandular-pubescent at the summit, terminated by single heads ;
leaves (membranaceous) lanceolate, very acute, slightly and remotely serrate,
pubescent both sides, partly clasping, the upper clasping by a broad base ;
scales of the hemispherical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, very acute,
foliaceous, loose, nearly in a single series, as long as the disk ; rays nume-
rous.— A. Unalaschkensis /3. ? major. Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 7.

Saskatchawan to the Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! — Stem about 2 feet
high, pubescent with loose spreading hairs ; the branches slender, erect.
Leaves very thin, 3-4 inches long, tapering to a sharp point; those of the
branches smaller but similar, broader at the base and more clasping. Heads
about as large as in A. puniceus; the scales of the almost simple involucre
somewhat pubescent, loose or spreading. Rays (blue or pale purple?) about
30, rather narrow, much longer than the disk. Appendages of the style lan-
ceolate. Achenia (immature) compressed, ribbed, minutely pubescent with
scattered appressed hairs. — This plant has the involucre of an Alpigenous
Aster, but the receptacle is alveolate, &c.

*********** Heads {large and showy) terminating the coryviiose or pani-
culate branches : scales of the involucre nuyiierous, in 2-several series, someuihat equal;
the short rather rigid base afpressed; tJie elo7igated foliaceous upper portion spreading
or squarrose : achenia villous or canescent, rarely glabrous : pappus slightly rigid :
rays nwmerous, 'purple vr violet: leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, vwstly entire,
sessile, often partly clasping: brancMets and involucre often glandular, viscid, or
gramdar- picberuUnt. — Grandiflori.

Aster. COMPOSIT^E. 143

t Scales of the involucre imbricated, with squarrose-reflexed foliaceous summits.

66. A. grandijiorus (Linn.) : hispid with sharp rough liairs ; stem stout,
racemosely branched or compound ; leaves linear-spatulate, obtuse, mucro-
nulate, closely sessile, reflexed or recurved, very rough, numerous ; those of
the branches small, oblong-linear or lanceolate ; heads (very large) solitary,
terminating the branches ; scales of the involucre similar to the uppermost
leaves, imbricated in several series, the summits squarrose-reflexed ; achenia
strigose-hirsute. — Linn. spec. 2. p. 877 ; {Gronov. ! jl. Virg. ed. l.p.99 ; Mill,
ic. t. 282 ;) Hoffm. phytogr. hi. p. 65, t. A, f. 1 ; Michx.! Jl. 2. p. Ill ;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 550 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 344 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 273 ; Nees, Ast.
p. 60 ; DC! prodr. b. p. 232. A. grandiflorus asper, squamis reflexis. Dill.
JElth. t. 36, /. 41. A. asperrimus, Null.! in trans. Aincr. phil. soc. {n. ser.)
7. p. 293.

Dry soil, in the mountains and upper country of Virginia! North Caroli-
na I and Georgia ! apparently not common ; cultivated for more than a cen-
tury in European gardens. Sept.-Nov. — Stem and branches rigid. Leaves
very small in proportion to the heads ; the lower 1-2 inches, those of the
branches often less than half an inch in length, thickish, somewhat papillose,
and hispid with very sharp rigid hairs. Heads of the cultivated plant per-
haps the largest of the genus ; in indigenous specimens frequently not larger
than in A. spectabilis, slightly viscid. Scales of the involucre much more
numerous in the cultivated than in the indigenous plant, and with longer and
narrower squarrose foliaceous appendages, slightly viscid ; the chartaceous
base appressed. Rays large, violet. — In habit, the wild plant approachea
the section Calliastrum.

67. A. Carolinianus (Walt.) : minutely or'canescently pubescent ; stem suf-
frutescent, much branched, diffuse or decumbent, flexuous; the heads some-
what racemose or scattered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire (or serrate on
the sterile branches), attenuate to each end, very sharply acuminate, the
narrowed base abruptly dilated and auriculate-clasping at the insertion ;
scales of the involucre linear, canescent, imbricated in several series, une-
qual, with short foliaceous squarrose-reflexed tips ; achenia narrow, ribbed,
glabrous.— W^aZ<. Car. p. 208 ; Michx.! Jl. 2. p. Ill ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 550 ;
Null.! gen. 2. p. 156; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 353; Nees, Ast. p. 48; DC! prodr.
5. p. 232. A. scandens, Jacq. /., in Sj^reng. syst. 3. p. 524.

In swamps and moist thickets, South Carolina ! to Georgia! and Florida !
Sept.-Oct. — Stem often trailing or supported by other plants, and attaining
the height of 8 to 12 feet, very pubescent when young, not viscid nor glandu-
lar ; the showy heads (as large as in A. patens) mostly solitary on short
branchlets or peduncles, scattered. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, clothed with
a minute and close soft pubescence, or nearly canescent when young, or the
upper surface slightly scabrous when old, produced to a very sharp acuminate
point ; the lowermost narrowed towards the base, as if petioled, but dilated
at the insertion. Scales of the involucre rather rigid, not glandular or viscid,
appressed except the squarrose tips; the exterior shorter and with the short
tips slightly dilated ; the interior narrowly linear, as long as the disk. Rays
bright purjde (Ell.), or often purplish rose-color, numerous; the disk turning
purplish. Achenia linear, 10-ribbed, slightly puberulent when young, but
perfectly glabrous when mature. Pappus turning reddish-brown. — The
leaves of the young sterile branches are sometimes coarsely toothed.

68. A. ohlongifolius (Nutt.) : stem much branched, diffuse or divaricate,
somewhat hairy ; the branchlets loose, paniculate-corymbose, and with the
involucre and uppermost leaves more or less glandular or granular-scabrous;
leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, mucronulate-acuminate, entire, i)artly
clasping, somewhat scabrous ; scales of the involucre numerous, broadly
linear, somewhat unequal, appressed at the base, with elongated and squar-

144 COMPOSITE. Aster.

rose foliaceous summits; achenia canescent. — Nutt. I gen. 2. p. 15G, <^' in
trans. Amcr. phil. soc. I. c. ; Nees, Ast. p. 48 ; Hook. ! compan. to hoi. mag.
1. p. 97 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 232. A. graveolens, Nutt. ! in jour. acad.
Philad. 2. p. 110, S^- in trans. Amer. piliil. soc. I. c.

Rocks along rivers, and on dry prairies, from the upper Mississippi! and
Missouri ! to Arkansas ! Kentucky ! and Illinois ! Sept.-Oct.— Stems nu-
merous from the same root, often siifTruticose at the base, rigid, erect or
ascending, mucli branched, 1-2 feet high, somewhat hirsute or nearly gla-
brous befow: tlie branches, young leaves, and involucre covered, more or
less abundantly, with minute resinous and somewhat viscid granules, on
which account the plant exhales a heavy odor. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long,
varying from 2 to 5 lines in breadth, often nearly linear, abruptly acute or
mucronate, pale, rather rigid, reticulated, more or less scabrous with minute
strigose hairs, particularly on the margins which are sometimes scabrous-
ciliate ; the upper ones more manifestly sprinkled with resinous dots, which
are frequently pedicellate, so as to appear like glandular hairs ; those of the
branchlets small, often crowded, gradually passing into the scales of the
involucre. Heads very numerous, scarcely as large as in A. Carohnianus ;
the scales of the involucre with more or less prolonged foliaceous summits,
which are squarrose-spreading or at length reflexed ; all equal in length, or
the exterior somewhat sliorter. Eays purple or violet. Achenia canescent
with a fine closely appressed pubescence. Pappus brownish. — The nume-
rous specimens before us afford no characters to distinguish the A. graveolens
from the A. oblongifolius of Nuttall.

69. A. amethystinus (Nutt.) : hirsute with a close somewhat cinereous
pubescence; stem racemose-paniculate; leaves numerous, linear-lanceolate,
entire ; strigose-scabrous, acute, partly clasping by a dilated or auriculate
base; scales of the involucre somewhat equal, not glandular or viscid, linear,
acute, erect, with squarrose foliaceous tips; achenia silky. — Nutt.! in trans.
Amcr. phil. soc. (n. set.) 1. p. 294.

Near Boston and Salem, Massachusetts, Nuttall! Mr. Little! Sept.? —
We have only seen branches ; with leaves about an inch long, abont 2 lines
wide, thickish, minutely reticulated, pale, strigose under a lens: the nu-
merous racemose branchlets are furnished with similar leaves of a smaller
size, and bear one to three or four heads, scarcely half the size of those of
A. Novge-Anglise. Involucre about the length of the disk ; the scales minute-
ly strigose ; the exterior slightly spatulate, the lower whitish portion some-
what narrowed ; the innermost rather longer and more attenuated. Rays
numerous, azure according to Nuttall, appearing violet in dried specimens.
Pappus turning brownish. — Resembles A. oblongifolius.

t t Scales of the involucre loose, very narrow (glandular-viscid), appearing as if
nearly in a single series.

70. A. Novce-Anglife (Linn.) : stem stout, hispid, corymbose at the sum-
mit; the branchlets and involucre somewhat viscid ; leaves very numerous,
lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, auriculate-clasping, entire, acute, clothed with
a close somewhat scabrous pubescence ; scales of the involucre narrowly
subulate-linear, lax, equal, as long as the disk; achenia villous-hirsute. —
Livn. hort. Cliff, p. 408, S^' spec. 2. p. 875 ; Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 201 ;
Mich.T.! ji. 2. p. 113 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 549 ; Nutt.! gen. p. 156; Ell.! sTc.
2. p. 351 ,• Lindl. hot. reg. t. 183 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 310 ; Nees, Ast.
p. 46 ; HooTc. ! Ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 8 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 462 ; DC. !
prodr. 5. p. 233. A. Novse-Anglise altissimus, &c., Herm. paracl. Batav. t.
98. Asteropholis, Pont. diss. p. 242. A. amplexicaulis. Lam. diet. 1. p.
304; not of IVilld., nor of Michx. A. spurius, Willd. sp)ec. 3. p. 2032;
Nees, synop)s. p. 20.

Aster. COMPOSIT^E. 145

Low or moist grounds, Canada and Northern States ! to Missouri ! Ken-
tucky ! and the upper districts of the Southern States ! Sept.-Oct. — Stem
3-8 feet high, mostly ])urple, hirsute with spreading sharp jointed hairs; the
summit and branches furnished besides with a more or less copious close
granular-viscid pubescence, which also clothes the pedicels and the involu-
cre, and exhales a faint resinous odor. Leaves 2-4 inches long, about half
an inch wide, finely reticulate-veined, often somewhat 3-nerved ; the lower
more obtuse ; those of the flowering branches often tinged with purple, like
the involucre. Heads in a sliort thyrsus or corymb, or in compound some-
what paniculate corymbs, often an inch and a half in diameter, including the
large and very numerous violet-purple rays; the latter sometimes rose-color
in cultivation (A. roseus, Desf. cat. hort. Par.) ; the disk turning slightly
purplish. Scales of the involucre numerous in 2-3 series, but similar in
size and form, lax, and very narrow, so that the involucre appears nearly as
simple as an Alpigenous Aster, attenuate from the short chartaceous ap-
pressed base to the apex ; or the outermost almost entirely foliaceous. — A
handsome and well-known species, of very uniform appearance in its native
situations, but several varieties have resulted from long cultivation in the
European gardens. To tliis, or to A. puniceus, probably belongs the A. cou-
cinnus, CoUa, hort. Ripul. appx. 3, in act. acad. Tur. 33. j). 134, t. 12,
which De Candolle has incautiously cited under A. concinnus, Willd.

71. A. modestus (Lindl.) : stem glabrous below, the summit and the pe-
duncles, or branches of the simple corymb, glandular-pubescent; leaves nu-
merous, lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly and sharply serrate, glabrous, part-
ly clasping; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, lax, erjual, about
the lenijih of the disk ; achenia pubescent. — Lindl. ! in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 8,''(!^-?n DC. j)rodr. 5. p. 231.

(i. branches of the corymb longer and somewhat leafy; scales of the invo-
lucre rather shorter. — A. Sayianus, Nult. ! in trans. Amer. j^hil. soc. {n.
ser.) 7. p. 294.

Mountain woods at the mouth of Smoking River, lat. 5G° (near the Rocky
Mountains), Drummond f ft. Forests of the Rocky Mountains (lat. 42° ?), and
plains of the Oregon, Nuttall! — Stem about a foot high, simple. Leaves
about 3 inches long, less than an inch wide, serrate with small often spread-
ing teeth; the uppermost clasping by a broad base; the lower somewhat
narrowed at the base and less clasping. Heads few, resembling those of A.
Novae-Angliae ; the scales of the involucre fewer and rather broader, some-
what glandular. "Rays pale blue," Am^^. Achenia 10-ribbed, pubescent,
especially on the ribs, both in a. and (3., which differ very slightly.

*** Several insufficient specimens of undetemiined species remain in our collec-
tions, or in those submitted to our examination : we think it better to leave them
unnoticed than to describe from imperfect materials, which is. veiy hazardous in
such a genus as the present.

t Species unlcnown to us, founded on native specimens.

72. A. ccerulescens (DC): stem erect, smooth; branches erect, leafy,
racemose; leaves sessile, about half-clasping, broadly linear or Ungulate,
acute somewhat coriaceous, entire, almost smooth, the margins and midrib
beneath scabrous; those of the branchlets (which bear single heads) gradu-
ally passing into the oblong acute loosely imbricated and slightly s(iuarrose
scales of the involucre. DC. prodr. 5. p. 23o.

Texas, in the eastern districts, Berlandicr. — Cauline leaves 3 to 4 inches
long, 4 lines broad. Heads as large as in A. puniceus ; the rays pale-blue.
Achenia almost glabrous. Pappus reddish-brown, DC. — The species ia
placed next to A. puniceus.

vol,. II. -19

146 COMPOSITiE. Aster.

73. A. multiceps (Lindl.) : glandular-pubescent throughout; stem race-
mose ; the branches erect, bearing single heads ; leaves oblong-linear, acute,
pubescent, slightly scabrous; scales of the involucre linear, subulate, whitish
at the base, squarrose. Lindl. in DC. prodr. 5. p. 237.

Louisiana. — A very distinct species, not closel}' allied to any one known ;
perhaps of the Amelli section, if the inner scales of the involucre were mem-
branaceous and colored. Liiull. — We know not from whom this species
was derived. It is placed at the end of the section which includes A. puni-
ceus, prsealtus, &c.

74. A. suhspicatus (Nees) : stem hairy in lines ; the branches virgate ; the
branchlets hirsute, bearing the heads somewhat in s])ikes ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acute, appressed -serrate, glabrous, with scabrous margins, clasp-
ing; scales of the involucre somewhat equal, lax; the exterior spatulate-
lanceolate, broader. Nees, Ast. p. 75; DC. prodr. 5. p. 237.

Mulgrave Promontory, on the North West Coast of America. {Nees.) —
Heads of the size and form of those of A. oblicjuus, 3-7 upon each branchlet,
nearly sessile (on hirsute pedicels scarcely half a line long) in the axils of
the upper leaves, approximate, solitary, or 2 to 3 on the highest branchlets.
Involucre as long as the disk, erect, loose ; the scales in several series; the
inner linear-lanceolate, mucronate-acute, ciliate ; the bose membranaceo-
chartaceous, pale, with a green nerve which is lanceolate-dilated upwards.
Rays numerous, lanceolate, purplish ; the disk-flowers turning rose-color :
'stigmas short, dimidiate-conic, scabrous.' Aclienia small, obconic, densely
canescent-strigulose. Pappus brownish. Nees. — It is placed in the same
section with A. Novi-Belgii, &c.

75. A. tknc^us (Pursh) : stem pyramidate-branched; the branches axil-
lary, scarcely longer than the leaves, bearing the heads in racemes; pedun-
cles tomentose, naked ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, partly clasping, acuminate,
serrate, glabrous ; scales of the involucre lax, somewhat equal, shorter than
the disk. Pursh, fi. 2. p. 555 ; DC prodr. 5. p. 237.

Canada, Herh. Banks. U Oct.-Nov. Flowers above the middle size :
rays pale purple. Pursh. — Nothing farther is known respecting this species.
The A. blandus, Lodd. hot. cab. t. 959 (perhaps A. puniceus?) is doubtless
different from Pursh's plant.

76. A. hehecladus (DC.) : stem slightly shrubby, slender, hirsute with a
close spreading pubescence ; branches loose, leafy, with few branchlets
bearing single heads ; leaves sessile, Hnear, entire, mucronate-acute, both
sides villose-scabrous ; the u])permost ciliate ; scales of the involucre loosely
imbricated, linear, puberulent, acute. DC. prodr. 5. p. 242.

Texas, in the eastern districts, Berlandier. — Allied to A. scoparius, but
with looser hirsute branches, bearing few heads about one-third the size. DC.

77. A. scoparius (DC) : stem slightly shrubby, erect, much branched,
glabrous, scarcely puberulent at the summu ; branches erect, racemose ; leaves
sessile, hnear, minutely scabrous, the upper ones ciliate ; branchlets leafy ;
scales of the involucre loosely imbricated, Hnear, acute, ciliate. DC. pro'dr.
5. !>■ 242.

Texas, in the eastern districts, Berlandier. — Plant with nearly the habit of
Erica scoparia. Leaves 4-5 lines long, half a line wide. Pappus reddish-
brown. Achenia puberulent. DC. — This and the preceding are placed in
the same section with A. ericoides, A. dumosus, &c.

78. A. bifrons (Lindl.) : stem scabrous, lax, racemose ; branches race-
mose at the summit ; leaves oval-lanceolate, scabrous above, nearly all ser-
rate ; heads secund ; scales of the involucre subulate. ^^ Nees in litt. ad
Lindl:' ; DC. p>rodr. 5. p. 243.

North America. — Allied to A. pendulus ; distinguished by the branches

Aster. COMPOSITE. 147

bearing fewer and larger heads. Lindl. — Apparently described from in-
digenous specimens ; most probably one of the larger forms of A. miser.

79. A. reticulatus (Pursh) : canescently tomentose throughout ; stem
branching above, the branches corymbose-racemose at the summit ; pedun-
cles nearly leafless ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, sessile, acute at each end,
with revolute margins, beneath reticulate-veined, tripli-nerved ; involucre
rather loosely inibricated ; the scales very acute. Pursh, jl. 2. p. 548.

In dry swamps of Carolina and Georgia. H Aug.-Oct. — About 3 feet
high : flowers middle-sized : rays and florets white. Pursh. — This plant has
not been identified by any succeeding botanist ; and notwithstanding the
accustomed v. v. of Pursh, we believe that he never travelled in Carolina
and Georgia. It probably belongs to some other genus.

80. A. ciliatus (Walt.) : leaves lanceolate, entire, cihate ; stem 3 feet
high; heads large (purple), somewhat solitary; peduncles leafy. Walt. Car.
p. 209.

South Carolina, Walter. — The subsequent A. ciliatus of Willdenow is
only a form of A. multiflorus; but this is apparently altogether a different
species.

A. leucantliemus of Rafinesque (" Leaves semi-cuneiform, incised-serrated ; flowers
terminal; crown semi-10-flosculous." Raf. in mcd. rcpos. {hex. 2) 5. jj. 359. Vir-
ginia.) is doubtless not the A. leucanthemos, Desf. Necs, (^c.

t t Species described frotn garden specimens {some of them of doubtful ori-
gin), which we have not identijied with native plants.

81. A. auritus (Lindl.): stem racemose-compound; the branches rigid,
densely racemose at the summit; leaves oblong, acuminate, cordate and
clasping at the base, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; scales of the slightly
imbricated involucre linear, acuminate, glandular, as also the branchlets.
Lindl. ! in DC. prodr. 5. p. 232.

"North America? Cultivated, but rarely, in the English gardens. Near
A. patentissimus." DC — Apparently a cultivated state of A. patens var.
phlogifolius.

82. A. preecox {WxWA.) : stem racemose ; the branches bearing few heads,
naked at the base ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate with spreading teeth,
acuminate, tapering into an adnate [winged] petiole, glabrous, the margins
scabrous, ciliate towards the base ; the radical ones ovate and petioled ; scales
of the involucre lanceolate, acute, loose, nearly equal, erect; achenia pubes-
cent. Necs. (char. & descr.) — " Willd. emim.. hort. Ber. suppl. p. 58" ;
Link, enum. 2. p. 328 ; Necs, Ast. p. 63 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 235.

North America (?) : described from a plant cultivated in the Berlin garden.
July-Aug. — We have gathered specimens of this apparently well-marked
species in the Berlin botanic garden ; but we suspect it is not of American
origin. The A. precox of Lindley (in HooTc. jl. Bar.- Am.) bears considera-
ble resemblance to it, but belongs, in our opinion, to a diflerent species. —
The A. praecox and the two following species belong to the section Petiolati
of Nees : ' Leaves rather broad, serrate ; the radical and lower cauline ta-
pering into a petiole ; the upper cauline also narrowed at the base, but ses-
sile.' The cauline leaves of this species are 3 to 4 inches long, an inch or
less in widlli, acuminate or attenuate at each end, serrate with unequal and
re?narkabiy spreading subulate-pointed teeth, and ciliate witli very short and
scattered rougli hairs along the contracted base. The heads are about as
large as in A. acuminatus; the scales of the involucre barely in a double

148 COMPOSITE. Aster.

series, rather firm, shorter than the pappus. The rays are pale lilac. The
stem is glabrous or slightly pubescent, 1 to 2 feet high.

83. A. ahlreviatus (Nees) : stem erect, glabrous, or hairy in lines, race-
mose ; the branches short, thyrsoid or simple ; lower leaves oval-lanceolate,
serrate,'^ adnate-decurrent along the petiole, scabrous above, smooth beneath ;
the upper oblong-lanceolate and somewhat entire ; scales of the involucre
loosely imbricated, lanceolate-linear. DC. — Nees, synops. p. 16 ,• DC. prodr.
5. p. 234. A. Cornuti, Mull, ex Nces. A. acuminatus, Nees, Ast. p. 60,
not of Michx. <^c. (Varies with the branches short or elongated. Rays pale
blue. DC.)

North America? (obtained by Nees, in the year 1802, from the Marburg
garden.) Sept. (v. sp. in. hort. Berol.) — Nees has strangely confounded this
species with the widely different A. acuminatus, Michx. It resembles A.
praecox, and is also compared with the following species. The lower leaves
are scabrous and tapering to the base, while the uppermost are smooth and
closely sessile by a broad base. Perhaps it is not of American origin.

84. A. patulus (Lam.) : stem glabrous, racemose-paniculate; the branches
spreading ; leaves oblong, deeply serrate, tapering into a petiole ; the upper
surface glabrous, or rough with a very minute pubescence; the lower gla-
brous; the niargins scabrous ; involucre imbricated [achenia glabrous]. DC.
—Lam. diet. I. p. 308 ,- Desf.! cat. hort. Par. p. 102; DC. ! prodr. b. p.
234. A. paniculatus, Willd. sjjec. 3. p. 2035 (in part), fide Nees. A.
Tradescanti, Hoffin. phytogr. hi. p. 68, t. D. f. 2, fide Nees. A. Cornuti,
Wendl. in Nees, Ast. ^;. 58.

/3. rays pale; leaves somewhat glabrous. DC. I. c. "A. pallens, Willd.
enum. suppl. jJ- 58 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1509," ex DC. A. Cornuti /3. Nees,
I. c. (v. sp. ex hort. Par. S^'hort. Berol.)

North America. — This is doubtless of Ainerican origin, and was perhaps
derived from Canada; but we have never met with an indigenous specimen:
the A. Cornuti, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. appears to be only a state of A. miser;
and is certainly ditferent from the plant cultivated under that name in the
Berlin garden. — The cultivated plant has much the habit of A. cordifolius,
&c., except that none of the leaves are cordate. Stein 2 to 3 feet high,
glabrous ; the spreading paniculate branches somewhat pubescent in lines ;
the heads mostly solitary on the branchlets. Leaves all very sharply
serrate, v.-ith more or less incurved teeth ; the lowermost elliptical, tapering
into a channelled petiole, acute, the base and apex entire ; the upper oblong
and oblong-lanceolate, much acuminate, narrowed below, sometimes into a
short margined petiole ; those of the branches sessile. Heads middle-sized.
Scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 to 4 series, somewhat unequal, subu-
late linear, acute. Rays numerous, narrow, blue according to De Candolle,
flesh-color turning purplish according to Nees. Achenia perfectly glabrous.

85. A. stenophyllus (Lindl.): stem nearly glabrous, racemose; the
branches spreading, very densely racemose at the summit ; cauline leaA'es
linear-lanceolate, much acuminate, rather scabrous ; heads secund ; scales
of the involucre linear, acuminate; the inner membranaceous and colored.
Lindl. in DC. prodr. 5. p. 243.

North America? Cultivated in the English gardens. — Rays pale flesh-
color ; the disk changing. Lindl. — Placed between A. diffusus and A. miser.

86. A. ohliquus (Nees) : stem glabrous below, racemose-compound above,
strict ; the branches somewhat corymbose at the summit ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, sessile, mucronate, somewhat entire, scabrous above, oblique ;
those of the branches spreading ; involucre lax ; the exterior scales larger,
spatulate-lanceolate, speading. Nees, Ast. p. 76 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 237.
A. rigidulus, Desf. cat. hort. Par. (1815) p. 122, fide Nees 4' DC.

Aster. COMPOSIT.^. 149

North America. New York, BernharcH, ex Nees. — Heads small, lilac
and white. Exterior scales of the involucre few, 1-2, linear-spaiulate,
exceedino; or equalling the others, which are linear, nearly equal, and with
a membranaceous margin. Aclienia pubescent-scabrous. — This, to us
extremely obscure species, is placed by Nees between A. blandus and A.
hiemaiis, and is considered to be the A. lanceolatus of American authors.
Nees has a wild specimen from New York, but we cannot identify the plant.

87. A. (Estkus (Ait.) : leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping, entire,
glabrous, with scabrous margins ; scales of the lax involucre equal ; stem
(2 feet high) hispid; rays blue. Ait. Kew. [cd. 1.) 3. p. 203.

" Labrador Starwort. Native of North America. Introduced, 1776, by
Messrs. Gordon & Gruffer. July-Aug." Ait. I. c. — Willdenow gives the
following character : " Leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping, entire, at-
tenuate at the apex, the margins scabrous ; stem branched from the base,
erect ; branchlets hairy ; scales of the involucre lax, linear, acute, equal ;"
and he remarks that it is nearly past flowering when the other American
species commence. Pursh, who copies the character of Willdenow, pro-
fesses to have seen the plant in dry swamps and copses in New York and
Pennsylvania, as well as dried specimens in the Banksian herbarium and
that of Mr. Lambert. Nees, who describes both from spontaneous and
cultivated specimens (although the origin of the former is not mentioned),
gives the following character : " Leaves lanceolate, ciliate ; the radical
appressed-serrate ; the cauline entire; stem (glabrous) paniculately branched
or racemose ; the branchlets loose, scattered, one-flowered ; inner scales
of the narrow obconic involucre subulate." JSees, Ast. p. 74. It often
begins to flower, according to Nees, in the middle of the month of June.
The heads are said to be small ; the rays nearly white ; the achenia puberu-
lent and narrowed into a stipe. We have not been able to identify either
the original species of Alton, or that of Nees (which are probably different)
with indigenous specimens; nor do we possess specimens of the cultivated
plant.

88. A.foliolosus (Ait.): stem pubescent; leaves lanceolate-linear, entire,
glabrous ; those of the branches m.uch spreading; involucre imbricated, the
scales acute. Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 202. A. ericoides Meliloti agrarise
umbone. Dill. Elth. p. 39, t. 35, /. 39. A. hiemaiis, Nees, Ast. p. 11? (A.
salicifolius, Nees, synops. p. 26.)

North America: Cuh. 1732, by James Sherard, M. D. Hort. Kew.— The
A. foliolosus of Alton appears to have been founded upon the plant of
Dillenius, which Nees cites under his A. hiemaiis, a species of unknown
origin. The description of A. hiemaiis accords very well with the figure of
Dillenius.

89. A. thyrsiflorus (HofTm.) : stem racemose-compound, spreading ; the
branches elongated, spicate-racemose at the summit; leaves linear-lanceolate,
attenuate, clasping, the margin scabrous, serrulate ; scales of the lax invo-
lucre lanceolate, unequal, recurved. Nees. — '■'■ Hoffm. phytogr. hi. 1. p. 83,
t. B,f. 1" ; Nees, Ast. p. 65 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 235. A. junceus, Ait. Kew.
{ed. 1) 3. p. 204 ? A. recurvatus, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2047 (chiefly), fide
Nees.

(3. squarrosus (Lindl.) : leaves all linear, squarrose-recurved ; branches
racemose at the summit; heads larger. Lindl. ! in DC I. c.

Virginia? {Hoffman.) Oct.-Nov. — Cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, tapering from the base to the apex, clasping, serrulate in the middle.
Heads middle-sized, lilac. Scales of the involucre somewhat equal, linear-
lanceolate ; the inner colored at the apex. Achenia glabrous. Nees. In
our specimens (from the English gardens), the heads are large and showy,
and the upper leaves nearly or quite entire. — Probably this species (rather

150 COMPOSITiE. Aster.

than A. longifolius, Lam.) is the A. junceus, Ait, : we have specimens
many years since cultivated under that name in the Liverpool botanic
garden.

90. A. squarrulosus (Nees) : stem corymbose-decompound ; the branches
erect, corymbose at the summit; leaves lanceolate-acuminate, somewhat
clasping, sharply serrate in the middle, the upper surface scabrous next the
margins ; scales of the ovate involucre narrow, imbricated, with recurved
summits. Nees. Ast. p. 86 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 239. A. mutabilis, Linn. ?
ex Nees. A. spectabilis, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2048, 4* enum. 2. p. 886, fide
Nees ; not of Ait. A. recurvatus, Spreng. in Schrad. jour. hot. 2. p. 195,
ex Nees.

[3. albiflorus (Nees, 1. c.) : taller; rays white becoming somewhat violet ;
the disk at length deep purple.

North America. — Stem glabrous below. Leaves pale green. Achenia,
somewhat pubescent. Varies with the lower leaves lanceolate and rather
broad, or all linear-lanceolate and narrow. Nees. — Under A. eminens, Nees
remarks that his A. squarrulosus is perhaps only a variety of that species,
but that they have retained their characters in cultivation for many years.
The heads of A. squarrulosus are also said to be larger than those of A. enii-
nens, but the rays narrower. — We have met with no native specimens : if it
be the A. mutabilis, Linn, it has been in cultivation for more than a century.
The plant from the Berlin garden has rather large loosely corymbose heads ;
the scales of the obovate involucre loosely imbricated in 2-3 series, linear,
acute, nearly equal ; the exterior herbaceous except the very base ; the
inner more membranaceous ; all loose and at length somewhat squarrose-
spreadmg. Achenia narrow, puberulenl-scabrous. The cauline leaves are
3 to 4 inches long, 6 to 10 lines wide ; the lower narrowed at the base. It
appears like a mere variety of A. longifolius. — From this, A. argutus, Nees,
of unknown origin (described from specimens cultivated in the gardens of
Bonn and Breslau), seems not greatly to differ.

91. J., asper (Nees) : stem paniculate-compound above, glabrous, rough
with minute tubercles; the branches racemose-corymbose; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, partly clasping, scabrous above, all serrate in the
middle; scales of the involucre imbricated, with squarrose-spreading sum-
mits. Nees, Ast. p. M.

North America / Described from specimens derived originally from the
Berlin botanic garden. — Leaves thick, firm, deep green ; the cauline con-
siderably attenuate at the base, the margins undulate-reflexed, with 3-6 dis-
tant acute teeth in the middle ; the apex produced into a long entire acumi-
nate point. Involucre turbinate, half the length of the disk; the scales
imbricated in a triple series, linear-spatulate, ciliate ; the base appressed,
with broad membranaceous margins; the rather obtuse summit green, thick-
ish, squarrose-spreading, somewhat 3-nerved. Rays copious, almost in a
double series, pale blue or lilac : the disk yellow, turning brownish. Ache-
nia obovate-cuneiform, obsoletely puberulent. Nees. — The species is arranged
near A. Novi-Belgii.

92. A. hrumalis (Nees) : stem glabrous, racemose ; the heads somewhat
solitary on the branches; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, partly clasping,
sharply appressed-serrate in the middle, the margins scabrous; scales of the
involucre loose, somewhat equal. Nees, Ast. p. 70 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 236.
A. tevigatus. Lam. diet. 1. p. 307, fide Nees. A. Novi-Belgii & A. sero-
tinus (partly), Willd. spec. 3. p. 2048, &^' enum. 2. p. 886, fide Nees.

North America? (Indigenous on the banks of the Main near Sickerhau-
sen ; probably derived from North America. Nees.) Oct.-Nov.— Primordial
leaves spatulate, entire, glabrous, with a short and broad petiole, half an inch
long ; the succeeding oblong and oblong-lanceolate, clasping by the narrowed

Aster. COMPOSITE. 151

base ; the margin entire or remotely denticulate, somewhat shining, obtuse,
with a mucronate point ; the others lanceolate, acute, serrulate with minute
appressed callous teeth. Heads large: rays blue. Achenia puberulent.
iVee5._According to Nees, this is the A. Novi-Belgii of many gardens: it
has been, perhaps, derived from that species.

93. A. luxurians (Nees) : stem paniculate ; the branches corymbose-race-
mose at the summit ; branchlets bearing single heads ; leaves oval-oblong or
lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, clasping, sharply serrate in the
middle, scabrous and glaucescent above ; scales of the involucre loosely im-
bricated, linear-lanceolate, acute. Nees, Ast. p. 83 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 238.
A. prenanthoides, Nees, synops. p. 23 ; Link, enum. 2. p. 330.

13. stem more compound, and more hairy in lines. Nees, I. c. — A. luxuri-
ans, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 538 (excl. syn.), ex Nees.

North America? Sprengel. (Nees, probably supposing this to be the
A. Novi-Belgii of Pursh as well as of Nuttall, has copied from the former-
the habitat: "In hedges and old fields. New England to Virginia; Aug.-
Oct.", although the synonym of Pursh is not adduced. He states also that
he has seen native specimens from Virginia.) — Root creeping, stoloniferous.
Stem 2 feet or more in height, glabrous or more or less hirsute with decurrent
lines, whh spreading branches at the summit ; the branches corymbose-divi-
ded ; the branchlets spreading, leafy, bearing single heads. Leaves approx-
imate, 2i to 3 inches long, ari inch wide, sharply but not coarsely serrate in
the middle, sessile and somewhat clasping by the narrowed base, smooth
and paler beneath, densely but obsoletely reticulated with slender veins;
those of the branches and branchlets similar to the cauline ones, but dimin-
ished in size, less tapering at the base, and entire. Heads, including the
lilac (at length deep violet) rays, an inch in diameter. Involucre shorter
than the disk ; the scales in several series, erect-imbricate, thickish, unequal,
linear-lanceolate, rather broad, acute, the base and ciliate margin thin and
whitish, with a spatuliform herbaceous disk. Achenia glabrous. Nees. —
This appears, as well from the description as from our imperfect (cultivated)
specimens, to be perhaps too closely allied to our A. pr«altus.

94. A. adulterinus (Willd.) : stem paniculate-decompound from the base;
the branches corymbose-racemed ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate,
clasping, smooth, the margin scabrous; scales of the obovate involucre some-
what equal, spatulate-lanceolate, squarrose, enlarged after flowering. Nees. —
Willd. enum. 2. p. 884 ; Nees, Ast. p. 85 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 238.

North America. Sept. — Stem 1^ to 2 feet high, hairy in decurrent lines.
Leaves lanceolate, clasping, somewhat shining, the lower slightly serrate,
with scabrous margins ; those of the branchlets nearly linear, squarrose-
spreading. Scales of the involucre linear-cuneate, squarrose-spreading.
Rays pale violet ; the disk yellow, turning brownish. Willd. — Heads mid-
dle-sized, at first white, then pale violet. Achenia glabrous. Perhaps a
variety of A. Novi-Belgii. Nees. — The A. adulterinus. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
from the coast of Oregon {Dr. Scouler .') is probably a different species ; but
the specimens are insufficient for satisfactory determination. Our specimen
of A. adulterinus from the Berlin garden differs very little from the A. tardi-
florus from the same and other gardens.

95. A. tardiflorus (Linn.? Nees): stem glabrous, divaricate-corj-mbose ;
leaves oblons-lanceolate, obliquely clasping, serrate towards the apex, the
margins scabrous ; those of the branchlets obtuse ; scales of the involucre
imbricated, squarrose-spreading, thick; the exterior often elongated and some-
what radiant. Nees.— Linn. spec. {ed. 2) 2. p. 1231, ex descr. (but according
to Lindley, the plant of the Linnaean herbarium is A. patulus. Lam.) ; Ait.
Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 209 ? Willd. spec. 3. p. 2049 ; Nees, Ast. p. 78 ; DC. !
prodr. 5. p. 238. A. tardiflorus /?. caespitosus, Lindl. ! in DC. I. c. A.

15-2 ' COMPOSITE. Aster.

cffispitosus, Hort. A. adulterinus, Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1571. Symphotrichium
unctuosum, Nees ! Ast. p. 135.

North America. (?) According to Pursh, it is found " in overflowed
grounds from New York to Virginia ; rare : Oct.-Nov." — But, notwith-
standing the annexed v. v. we greatly doubt if Pursh ever met with this
plant in North America : the phrase he gives is composed of the Linnsean
description combined with that of Alton. — This species is remarkable for
its very corymbose habit, thickish or somewhat succulent very smooth leaves
(the upper cauline and those of the branches mostly entire), and the thick
and foliaceous exterior scales of the involucre, which resemble the leaves of
the branchlets. Heads middle-sized. Rays lilac. Achenia nearly glabrous.
Bristles of the pappus slightly united at the base, and separable from the
achenium in the form of a ring.

96. A. mutabilis {Liinu.) : leaves lanceolate, serrate ; involucre squarrose ;"
panicle somewhat fastigiate. Linn. spec. {eel. 2) 2. p. 1230.

North America. — The specific phrase in the first edition of the Species
Plantarum is merely "A. foliis lanceolatis, calycibus imbricatis basi squar-
rosis" ; and the only synonym adduced is, " A. caeruleus Americanus non
fruticosus serotinus angustifolius, flore amplo floribundus," Pluk. aim. p. 56,
i. 326, f. 1. (which represents a narrow entire-leaved plant with small
heads) : to this Linnajus adds, that it difi'ers from A. serotinus (but he has no
A. serotinus!) in the more closely imbricated involucre, the deep purple
rays ; and that the disk-flowers, at first yellow, change to purple. In the
second edition, Linnteus adds the synonym 'A. Novi-Belgii latifolius pani-
culatus, floribus saturate violaceis," Herm. Lugcl. 65. t. 67 ; and compares
it with A. Tradescanti, adding to the former remarks, that it may readily be
distinguished by the recurved -squarrose leaves of the peduncles and involu-
cre, the exterior scales of the latter not larger than the others. — The A. mu-
tabilis of the Hortus Kewensis is thus characterized : " Leaves somewhat
clasping, lanceolate, serrate, smooth, tapering below ; branchlets virgate ;
calyx somewhat foliaceous, lax ; stem glabrous." Ait. I. c. Nees cites
Alton's plant both under his own A. mutabilis and under a variety of his A.
eminens ; while he adduces the synonym of Linnaeus, with a query, to his
A. squarrulosus, which, however, he suspects {Ast. p. 89) may be no more
than a variety of A. eminens. Our specimen of A. mutabilis from the
Berlin garden appears not to differ essentially from the A. squarrulosus of the
same garden, except that it is a stouter plant : we have met with no indi-
genous specimens of either. The A. mutabilis of Lindley, &c., and proba-
bly of Nees, we take to be a form of A. Isevis.

97. A. versicolor (Willd.) : stem paniculate-compound ; the branches
simply corymbose at the summit, dense ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, very smooth, of the same color both sides ; the lo"wer serrate in the
middle, the upper clasping, entire ; scales of the involucre imbricated, lan-
ceolate. Nees. — Willd. spec. 3. p. 2045, c^ enum. 2. p. 885; Nees, Ast. p.
127 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 246.

North America, Willdenoiu. -—'■'■ Upper leaves entire, the lower with a few
serratures, glabrous ; the radical oblong, tapering at each end, serrate in the
middle. Flowers very showy, considerably crowded at the summit of the
branches. Disk yellow- Rays large, at first white, afterwards deep violet,
so that the plant exhibits both violet and white flowers at the same time,
which has a very pleasing effect." Willd. — Scales of the involucre, as in A.
mutabilis, triangular-lanceolate, narrow. Achenia pnberulent. Nees. — We
have met with no indigenous Aster which accords with the A. versicolor of
the Berlin garden ; and we know not what plant Pursh had in view, to
which he assigns the habitat : " In old fields and on the borders of woods,
New Jersey to Carolina." Elliott remarks that the plant which passes under

A3TER. COMPOSITE. 153

that name has small flowers, and is therefore not so ornamental as Willdenow
represents.

98. A. ronfertus (Nees) : stem robust, smooth, somewhat corymbose-de-
compound at the snmmit; the branches corymbose and much crowded;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with a cordate-clasping base, appressed-
serrate in the middle, the margins scabrous; involucre imbricate. Nees, Ast,
p. 126 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 245 ; not of Desf.

North America. (Cultivated in the Botanic garden at Bonn.) — The heads
are said to be middle-sizeil ; and the rays white, not changing to violet, as in
A. A'ersicolor, under which name it is cultivated in some gardens, according
to Nees. Achenia glabrous.

99. A. strictus (Poir.) : stem glabrous, strict, racemose-decompound ; the
branches strict, coarctate ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate, partly clasping,
somewhat serrate in the middle, scabrous towards the margins; involucre
closely imbricated. Nees. — Poir. suppl. 1. p. 498; Nees, Ast. p. 124; DC.
prodr. p. 245. (excl. /5.)

North America. — " Resembles A. praealtus; from which it differs by its
shorter branches; the leaves more (appressed-) scabrous towards the mar-
gins ; the larger heads ; the closely imbricated involucre, which is scarcely
subsquarrose even in the terminal head ; the narrow, elongated and somewhat
distant lilac-colored rays, which in that species are paler, a little shorter, and
approximate." Nees. This author however does not place it in the section
■which includes A. prasaltus, but with his Concinni, between A. Chilensis and
A. mutabilis. We have seen no specimens. The A. strictus /i., Lindl. in
Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. appears not sufficiently different from the A. laxifolius
of the same work.

100. A. onustus (Nees) : stem racemose-compound, decurved ; the branches
lax, racemose at the summit; leaves tapering to each end, partly clasping,
appressed-serrate in the middle, the margins scabrous; heads somewhat
secund, on short pedicels; scales of the short involucre imbricated, lanceolate,
scarcely equalling the disk. Nees, Ast. p. 122 ; DC. jnodr. 6. p. 245. A.
confertus, Desf. cat. hort. Par. ed. 3. p. 401, not of Nees, fide DC.

/?. squarrosus (Lindl.) : leaves of the branchlets linear, squarrose. (Culti-
vated in the English gardens under the name of A. Tradescanti cseruleus.)
Lindl. in DC. I. c.

North America ? but the origin very doubtful. — Nees compares it with his
A. amplexicaulis, A. mutabilis, and A. Isevigatus (all of which are probably
included under our A. Isevis) ; but states the heads to be more like those of
A. luxurians. The stem is said to be 3 or 4 feet high, the summit decurved
by the weight of the flowers, glabrous, or with a few scattered small bristles,
or slightly hirsute in lines at the summh ; the leaves smooth and lucid.
Heads crowded, nodding, with copious pale blue rays ; the scales of the
turbinate involucre not densely imbricated, lanceolate, with a membranaceous
margin, ciliate. Achenia glabrous. Nees.

101. A. purpuratus (Nees) : stem somewhat simply racemose-virgate ;
the branches elongated and bearing single heads ; leaves narrowly lanceo-
late, clasping, with scabrous margins, sharply serrate in the middle ; the
uppermost ovate-lanceolate ; those of the branches numerous, lanceolate,
spreading, entire, equal and equally distant; scales of the turbinate involucre
imbricated, lanceolate, with colored tips. Nees, Ast. j). 118; DC. prodr. 5.
2). 244. A. miser. Lam. did. 1. p. 308 (excl. syn.), fide DC.

North America ? Cultivated for many years at the Garden of Plants,
Paris, under the name of A. miser. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in
several series, not rigid, lanceolate-triangular, whitish at the base, with pur-
plish tips, all similar ; the inner nearly the length of the disk ; the outer-
VOL. 1I.-20

154 COMPOSITiE. Astkr.

most about half that length. Rays short, erect-spreadinc:, purple ; the disk
turning purple. Achenia linear-cuneiform, glabrous. — Placed by Nees at
the commencement of his Concinni : Dr. Lindley compares with it his A.
azureus, and A. turbinellus. We liave seen no specimens.

102. A. retrojlexus (Lindl.) : stem compound-racemose; the branches
short and bearing single heads ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, very gla-
brous ; those of the branches linear-subulate, recurved, distant; scales of the
hemispherical involucre linear-lanceolate, squarrose. Lindl.! in DC. j^Todr.
6. p. 244.

North America. — Disk whitish, scarcely changing. Rays blue. DC. —
We are uncertain whether this is described from cultivated or indigenous
specimens. No farther particulars are given. It is placed between A.
azureus and A. turbinellus.

A. serotinus, Mill. diet. erl. Maiiyji, (1797,) founded on the A. foliis oblongis acu-
tis basi latioribus semi-amplexicaiilibus, caule ramose, floribus temiinalibus plerum-
que solitariis (Late blue shrubby Starwort of John Tradescant, commonly called
Michaelmas Daisy'), of the earlier editions, is anterior to the A. serotinus of Willde-
now, but is not cited by that author or by succeeding writers. It is said to have
been brovight from Virginia, and to bear "pretty large flowers, which are of a very
pale bluish color, tending to white."

§ 4. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, loose, narrow, scarcely or slightly
imbricated, more or less herbaceous : receptacle naked, scrobiculate : appen-
dages of the style triangular, short : pappus of cajnllary bristles : rays
numerous : stems often low and simple, bearing solitary or feto large heads.
— Oritrophium, Kunth, excl. spec. ? (Ast. Alpigeni, Nees, DC.)

103. A. alpinus (Linn.) : pubescent or hairy; stem bearing a single head;
leaves entire, 3-nerved or tripli-nerved, obtuse ; the radical ones spatulate,
the cauline lanceolate ; scales of the involucre loose, about the length of the
disk, oblong-linear, obtuse or obtusish, ciliate and pubescent. — Linn. spec. 2.
p. 872; Jacq. Jl. Austr. t. 88; Bot. mag. t. 199; Nees, Ast. p. 26; Hook..'
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 6 ; DC ! prodr. 5. p. 227.

On the higher Rocky Mountains, in lat. 54°, Drummond ! — Heads, with
the blue rays, 1^-2 inches in diameter, showy. Radical leaves petioled. —
The American plant resembles Siberian forms.

IQA^. A. pygm/eus (Lindl.): villous; stem bearing a single head; leaves
at length nearly glabrous, obtuse, entire, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved ;
the radical ones spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate ; the cauline lanceolate;
scales of the very villous involucre linear, obtuse, squarrose-spreading. —
Lindl. ! in Hook. Jl. Bor -Am,. 2. p. 6, c^ in DC. prodr. 5. p. 228.

Arctic sea-coa.st, Richardson! — Plant about 2 inches high. Head large
for the size of the plant ; the rays scarcely twice the length of the involucre.
— Smaller specimens of A. intermedins, Turcz.! (A. Argunensis, fide DC.)
scarcely differ from this species, except in their longer rays and more hirsute
pubescence.

105. A. Andinus (Nutt.) : rhizoma slender and creeping ; stems several,
decumbent, above pubescent, mostly bearing a single head ; leaves glabrous,
entire; the radical spatulate or somewhat lanceolate; the cauline nearly
linear, acute, usually wider at the base and clasping; .scales of the involucre
linear, nearly glabrous, ciliate, mostly acute ; rays numerous, rather long ;
achenia nearly glabrous. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. p>hil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 290.

Rocky Mountains at Thornberg's Ridge, near the line of perpetual snow
in lat. 42°, about 10,000 feet above the level of the sea, Nuitall! — Root wiry

Aster. COMPOSITE. 155

ami slender, sending up small clusters of decumbent stems, 3-4 inches high.
Leaves scarcely an inch long, rather coriaceous. Head about half as large
as in A. alpinus.

106. A. glacialis (Nutt.): rhizoma thickish, not creeping; stem low, erect,
minutely pubescent above, often nearly leafless, bearing a single head ; leaves
spatulate-oblong and lanceolate, entire, glabrous, obscurely 3-nerved; the
cauline small, acute, partly clasping ; scales of the involucre numerous,
linear-subulate, glandular-puberulent, appressed, about the length of the disk.
—Nutt.! I. c. p. 291.

Rocky Mountains, with the preceding. Nutiall! — Stems about 3 inches
high, bearing 2—3 small leaves, and a head about the size of the preceding,
but with broader and shorter rays. Radical leaves 1-2 inches long, thickish,
with somewhat scabrous margins. Pappus strongly scabrous. Involucre
much like that of A. salsuginosus, brownish, somewhat viscid.

107. A. salsuginosus (Richards.) : stem simple, leafy, bearing 1 to 3
heads, pubescent above with appressed hairs ; leaves linear-obovate and lan-
ceolate, apiculate-acuminate, mostly entire, veiny, somewhat pubescent; the
radical and lower cauline tapering into a margined petiole, the upper sessile
and partly clasping ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear or linear-subu-
late, jjubescent, nearly equal, lax, with mostly squarrose-spreading or re-
curved tips ; achenla somewhat hairy. — Richards, in appx. Frankl. journ.
p. 749, &f ed. 2. p. 32 ; Spreng. syst. 3. p. 527 ; Nees, Ast. p. 29 ; Hook. 8^-
Am. hot. Beechey, p. 126 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 229. A. salsuginosus, (3.
Hook. ! Ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 6. A. tJnalaschkensis, Less, in Linncea, 6. p.
124 ,• Nees, Ast. p. 34 ; Bongard ! veg. Sitcha, I. c. p. 148 ; DC. ! prodr.
5. p. 228.

/3. stem stouter and larger, often bearing 3-5 heads ; lower and radical
leaves broadly spatulate or obovate ; the upper oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late ; scales of the involucre somewhat glandular. — A. salsuginosus (a.)
Hook. ! hot. mag. t. 2942, S; Ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 6 ; Hook. 4' Am. hot.
Beechey, suppl. p. 350.

Subarctic America, from the salt plains of the Athabasca, Richardson !
and the Rocky Mountains, J) /■?<m?«o«f^/ to Kotzebue's Sound ! the N.W.
Coast! Unalaschka ! Sitcha, and the interior of California (Oregon?),
Douglas! — Plant 6 to 18 inches high, with a thickish rhizoma, and large
heads (the peduncles thickened at the summit) ; the rays 30 or more, 6 to 8,
or even 10 lines long, purple? Radical and lower leaves 3-5 inches long,
including the margined petiole, varying from 3 lines to an inch in width,
nearly glabrous when old. Pappus densely scabrous. — In all the specimens
we have examined, the scales of ihe involucre are in fact nearly the length
of the disk, although their recurved summits cause them to appear much
shorter. In the A. Unalaschkensis, the involucre is more pubescent or hairy,
and scarcely glandular or viscid, and less recurved. The specimens from
the North West Coast, collected by Mr. Menzies, are intermediate in this
respect.

108. A. peregrinus (Pursh) : stem somewhat simple, erect, glabrous, hir
8Ute above, bearing 1-3 heads at the summit ; leaves sessile, remote,
oblong-lanceolate, gradually acute, glabrous; scales of the involucre lan-
ceolate-Hnear, very acute, villous, loose, as long as the disk ; rays numerous
(heads large, violet). Pursh, fl. 2. p. 556 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 228. "A.
Tilesii, Wikstr. in act. Holm. 1822. p. 13," fide Nees S^- DC.

North West Coast; Unalaschka, D. Nelson, Pursh. (Norfolk Sound,
Eschschollz !) — We copy the character from Pursh, since Chamisso's plant
from Unalaschka. which Lessing has described under this name, De Candolle
inclines to refer to A. foliaceus, Lindl. ; the description of Nees is drawn
from Chamisso's plant; while that of Bongard from Sitcha is supposed to be

156 COMPOSITiE. Aster.

the same. We have a fragment collected by Eschscholtz which accords
with Pursh's character.

109. A.Joliaceus (Lindl.) : stem simple ? racemose ; leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, clasping, somewhat serrate, glabrous ; heads terminating the axillary
branchlets ; scales of the involucre spreading, foliaceous, glabrous. Lindl.
in DC. prodr. 5. p. 228. A. peregrinus. Less, in Linntza, I. c. ? ex DC.

Unalaschka, Fischer. — Species remarkable for the scales of the involucre,
which resemble the rameal leaves : peduncle tomentose. DC. — De Can-
doUe also remarks that in his own specimen, likewise received from Fischer,
the scales of the involucre are erect instead of spreading, ciliate instead of
entirely glabrous; the leaves obtuse at the base; the stems slightly hairy,
with the hairs here and there somewhat in lines.

110. A. graminifolius (PuTsh): slightly pubescent with minute scattered _
hairs ; leaves very numerous, narrowly linear ; stems slender, branched at
the summit ; the branches somewhat corymbose, simple, prolonged into
slender naked peduncles terminated by single (small) heads ; scales of the
involucre linear-subulate, loose, scarcely in a double series, nearly the length
of the disk ; achenia minutely hairy. — Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 545 ; Richards. !
appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 32 ; Lindl. ! in DC. prodr. 5. p. 227. Gala-
tella graminifolia. Hook. ! Ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 15. Erigeron hyssopifolium,
Michx. ! ji. 2. p. 123.

Hudson's Bay, Michauxl Sf Hcrh. Banks, to Slave Lake, Richardson! —
Stem 6-12 inches high, clothed like the leaves with minute and often sparse
somewhat strigose hairs ; the simple branches leafy like the stem below ; the
upper portion, or peduncle, leafless or nearly so, 2-3 inches long. Leaves
an inch or more in length, acute or mucronulate, with a conspicuous midrib,
and the broader ones presenting lateral veinlets or ramified nerves. Heads
about a third of an inch in diameter; the involucre resembling an Erigeron.
Rays 15-25, fertile, purple or rose-color, much longer than the disk. Ap-
pendages of the style very short, triangular. Achenia narrow, compressed,
scabrous-hirsute under a lens. — This plant bears no small resemblance to
Aster roseus, Stcv. (Calimeris rosea, DC.) ; which, however, has larger heads,
broader and more unequal and imbricated scales of the involucre, silky-
villous achenia, &c.

§ 5. Scales of the regularly imbricated involucre with membranaceous or
scarious margins, destitute of herbaceous tips or appendages, often carinate,
mostly unequal: appendages of the style lanceolate, sometimes oblong or
triangular : receptacle alveolate {flat) : bristles of the pappus capillary,
usually unequal. — Orthomeris. (Calimeris, Nees, Lindl., DC, in part;
not of Cass. Species of Heleastrum, DC. Eucephalus, Xylorhiza, & Gala-
tella § Cahanihus, Nutt.)

The original Calimeris (Kalimeris platycephala, Cass., or C. incisa, Z>C.) is dis-
tinguished by its conical receptadc, which is obscurely alveolate, its broad aiid jlat
margined achenia, and a pappus of short setaceous-sulfulatc bristles, none of which
exceed in length tlie proper tube of the (disk) corolla. C. integrifolia, Thircz. ! pre-
sents the same characters ; but, having naiTOW entire leaves, it accords in habit
with C. Altaica and C. canescens, Nces, C. Tartarica, C. exilis, &c. of Lindley,
and C. rosea, DC. But all the latter have a flat, or at most slightly convex, recep-
tacle, narrower achenia without distinct margins, and a capillaiy pappus which is
never much shorter than the corolla. Tliese, in connexion with tlie Xylorhiza and
a part of Eucephalus of Nuttall, the Aster nemoralis, Ait., &CQ. appear to fonm a
pretty well defined subgenus, or genus, more nearly allied to Galatella (as that
genus now stands) than to Calimeris, but hardly to be separated from Aster by
those who would retain Tripolium as a subgenus ; and A. acuminatus, Michx., with

Aster. COMPOSITjE. 157

A. Tartavicus {Li7in. /".), DC. will perhaps fonn a mere section of the same gi-oup.
We are acquainted with only two species of Calimeris (thus retricted), viz. C. incisa
and C. integrifolia: the genus should be placed next to Boltonia. — In Sir Wm.
Hooker's herbarium, two plants (collected at Simla by Lady Dalhousie), very
similar in habit and foliage, are labelled ' Calimeris flexuosa' by Dr. Lindley,
neither of which altogether accords with the character given by De CandoUe. Both
have a broad and perfectly flat receptacle, and a loose involucre of two series of
scales ; the exterior larger, unequal, and more or less foliaceous. One of them has
a double pappus ; the inner capillaiy and as long as the corolla, the outer setaceous
and shorter than the achenia; it therefore belongs to De Candolle's Diplopappus §
Calimeridei (certainly not a congener of D. linariifolius, &;c.), and is probably C.
asoerulus, DC. The other presents a simple setaceous-subulate pappus, shorter
than the achenia and not exceeding the proper tube of the corolla, nearly similar to
the exterior pappus of the preceding plant, which it nearly resembles. The two
should doubtless be united in the same (new 1) genus ; to which, we may remark,
the Aster peduncularis, WaU. ! cat. no. 29G7 (Amphiraphis peduncularis, DC. prodr.)
also belongs. The pappus of the latter is manifesdy double, and the rays doubtless
not yellow.

♦ Scales of the hemispherical involucre unequal, narrmdy lanceolate or linear, loosely
imbricated in 2 or 3 series : alveoli of the receptacle toothed and lacerate : appendages
of the style lanceolate : achenia glandular {or hairy) : heads loosely corymiose : leaves
ample, cmieiform-lanceolate, coarsely toothed toivards the summit, pinnately veined.

This section might include Aster Tartaricus, Limi. f, DC. ; which has more
obtuse appendages to the style, and broader hairy achenia.

111. A. acuminatus (Michx.) : stem simple, flexuous, pubescent or hairy,
paniculate-corymbose at the summit ; the peduncles slender ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate or cuneiform-lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate, coarsely or in-
cisely toothed above, the narrowed base, entire, glabrous above, the margins
finely ciliate ; scales of the involucre lax, membranaceous, acuminate; ache-
nia narrowly oblong, glandular. — Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 109 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p.
555 ; Bigel. ! fl,. Boat. ed. 2. p. 312 ,• HooTc. ! hot. mag. t. 2707, ^ fl.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 9; not of Nees. A. diffusus var. acuminatus, Pers. syn.
2. p. 447. Diplostephium acuminatum, DC. ! prodr. b. p. 273.

In deep rich woods, Canada ! to the mountains of Virginia ; not uncom-
mon in the New England States ! and New York. Aug.-Oct. — Rhizoma
slender, creeping. Stem 1-2 feet high, bearing rather numerous heads in a
loose paniculate corymb ; or frequently flowering when only 6 inches high,
and bearing very few heads ; the slender peduncles and pedicels pubescent,
slightly viscid, leafless, or with a few subulate bracts. Cauline leaves 3-6
inches long, membranaceous, pubescent or hairy on the veins, at length near-
ly glabrous. Heads from one-third to half an inch in diameter. Scales of
the involucre nearly glabrous, membranaceous throughout, often purple, the
innermost linear, very acute, about the length of the disk ; the exterior suc-
cessively .shorter. Rays 12-18, elongated, white, often tinged with purple.
Appendages of the anthers subulate-lanceolate. Appendages of the style
subulate-lanceolate. Bristles of the pappus capillary, unequal in length, but
otherwise similar. — There is no proper exterior pappus, as in Diplopappus,
&c. : nor are the bristles more unequal than in many genuine Asters.

* * Scales of the turbinate-hcmisphcrical involucre narrowly linear -lanceolate, rather
closely imbricated in about 3 series ; the innermost scarcely as long as the disk ; the
exterior shorter, loose, passing into subulate bracts : alveoli of the receptacle short, denti-
culate : branc/ies of the style broadly linear, terminated unthaslwrt aculish appendage:
achenia obovoidAurbiiiate, turgid, GS-ribbed, glandular : pappus copious, obscurely
scaltroiLS : leaves crowded, lanceolate, mostly entire ; the lower surface someu-hat pin-
nately veined, minutely dotted with resiuMis globules : heads terminating tlie simple
pedunculifm-m branches. (Galalella I Calianthus, Nuti.)

158 COMPOSITE. Aster.

112. A. nemoralis (Ait.) : scabrous-puberulent; stem very leafy, slender,
simple or corymbose at the summit; leaves somewhat rigid, lanceolate or
linear, sessile, spreading, scabrous above, the revolute margins sometimes
obscurely 2-4 toothed ; those of the slender simple branches or peduncles
subulate; rays large. — Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 198; Willd. spec. 3. p.
2021 ,- Nult.! gen. 2. p. 154. A. uniflorus, Michx. ! fi. 2. p. 110 (stem
simple). A. ledifolius, Pursh ! fi. 2. p. 544. A. Greenei, Nees ! mss. in
herb. Am. S^ Hook. Galatella nemoralis, Nees, Ast. p. 173 ; Hook. ! fi.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 15 ; DC! prodr, 5. p. 257 ; Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phiL
soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 303.

Bogs and wet places, Newfoundland, Pylaie ! Dr. Morrison ! Mr. Cor-
mack! Nova Scotia (ex Ait.) and Canada (from Lake Mistassins, Michaux !)
to Boston, Dr. B. D. Greene ! and swamps in the pine barrens of New Jer-
sey ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 1-2 feet high, fragile, sometimes simple and bear-
ing a solitary head, usually with several simple and often flexuous nearly
naked branches, each terminated by a head, rarely branching above. Leaves
pale green, 10 to 20 lines long and 2 to 4 wide, usually acutish at each end,
and tipped with a callous gland-like point ; the upper surface nearly vein-
less; the lower with a prominent midrib and several rather strong primary
veins, sprinkled (under a lens) with very numerous and minute resinous
globules. Heads rather large, showy ; the peduncle thickened at the base
of the involucre, giving the latter a somewhat turbinate appearance. Scales
of the involucre minutely pubescent, acute ; the inner appressed, often pur-
plish. Rays rather broadly linear, 8-10 lines long, pale lilac-purple, elon-
gated; the disk-flowers pale yellow, slightly longer than the pappus. Branch-
es of the style in the rays stigmatose throughout their whole length; the
achenia of the ray-flowers fertile in all the specimens we have examined.

♦ * * Scales of the broadly hemispherical involucre loosely imbricated in about % series,
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminata, carincde below, herbaceous, with scarious mar-
gins; the inner ahout the length of the disk, the exterior rather shorter: "receptacle
fiat, alveolate" (Nutt.) : appendages of the style lanceolate, acute : achenia oblong,
compressed, densely silky : pappus of copious rather rigid unequal bristles, alout the
length of the corolla of the disk : root or caudex woody, bearing numerous dwarf
mostly simple stems, terminating in a naked peduncle : heads large, solitary : leaves
thickish, entire, somewhat 3-nerved, mucronulate; the lower linear-spatulate ; the
uppermost linear-lanceolate. (Xylorhiza, Nutt.)

We find no important character to distinguish the Xylorhiza of Nuttall from the
group to which Cahmeris Altaica, Nccs, C. Tartai'ica, Lindl. &c. belong; except
that the appendages of the style are narrower.

113. A. Xylorhiza : leaves and scales of the involucre canescently some-
what villous or tomentose, tipped with a rigid mucronate point ; peduncle
elongated. — Xylorhiza villosa, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.)
7. p. 298.

Arid argillaceous tracts in the Rocky Mountains, and on rocks towards
the sources of the Platte, Nuttall! — Root long, fusiform, perpendicular:
stems 4-6 inches high, minutely pubescent. Leaves 1-2 inches long, spatu-
late or lincar-spalulate, 2-3 lines wide towards the apex, tapering to the
base. Peduncle usually solitary, 1-3 inches long. Involucre about half an
inch in diameter; the scales ovate-lanceolate, with a very stout keel or mid-
nerve, and broad scarious margins (especially the innermost), tapering into a
cuspidate point. Rays 15 or more, large, much longer than the disk, "pale
red." {Nutt.) Pappus brownish, somewhat strongly scabrous. — The (to-
mentose rather than villous) pubescence appears as if deciduous, in which
case it will probably be difficult to distinguish this species from the following.

AsTKR. COMPOSITE. 159

114. A. glabriusculus : lower leaves pubescent; the upper nearly gla-
brous, linear-lanceolate, acute ; peduncles solitary or 3-5 together, short. —
Xylorhiza glabriuscula, Nutt. ! I. c. p. 297.

With the preceding, Nuttall .'—The lower leaves (about 2 inches long,
linear-spat ulate, are sparsely clothed with a similar pubescence as the pre-
ceding; and the scales of the involucre are nearly glabrous, with more mem-
branaceous points: the scarious margins are somewhat denticulate-ciliate in
both. The rays are said to be pale rose-color.

* * * * Scales of tlce turbhuite-campamdate involute regiilarhj imbricated in 3 to 4
series, avate, coTvcave, somcivhat carinate {acute or obtuse) ; the innermost about the
length of the disk; the exterior successively shorter, but similar: alveoli of the recep-
tacle lacerate : appendages of the style lanceolate, acute: achenia obhng, compressed,
villous : pappus copious, rather longer than the corolla ; the bristles uTwqual, a few of
the longest often obscurely thickened toxoards the summit: stems several from a woody
root, simple, very leafy: leaves lanceolate, entire, somewhat rigid: heads {rather smaU)
in contracted coryvibs. (Eucephalus, Nutt., excl. spec. no. 2 & 4.)

Mr. Nuttall's first species, Eucephalus elegans, is much more allied to the third,
E. (§ Lagatea) glaucus, than to his E. albus. The fourth, E. ericoides, is a Diplo-
pappus. The two plants here retained, if we except their fertile rays and narrow
appendages to the style, accord in habit and character with such impunctate species
of Galatella as G. Hauptii and G. leptophylla; both of which, it may be remarked,
but especially the former, have the innermost series of the pappus much more evi-
dently clavate than E. elegans, Nutt.

115. A. elegans: stems minutely ptiberulent; leaves narrowly lanceolate,
closely sessile, pale, minutely scabrous, especially the margins, somewhat
3-nerved ; heads in a contracted corymb ; scales of the obovate-turbinate in-
volucre ovate, acute, pubescent, with ciliate-fringed margins; rays few (6 or
7, Nutt. to 10). — Eucephalus elegans, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. pJiil. soc. (n.
ser.) 7. p. 298.

Plains of the Oregon, and in the Blue Mountains, Nuttall! Sept.-Oct. —
Stems 2-3 feet high, clothed with numerous erect leaves, which are 1 to 2
inches long and 4 to 6 lines wide, gradually becoming smaller towards the
summit of the stem, with scabrous margins ; the surfaces also minutely
scabrous with close hairs and obscure dots. Scales of the involucre_ rigid,
pale, tinged with purple; the narrow scarious margins densely laciniate-
fringed under a lens; the inner rather shorter than the disk. " Rays pale
purple," (Nutt.) ; the disk-flowers 15-20. Appendages of the anthers nar-
rowly lanceolate. Bristles of the pappus unequal ; the inner series very
obscurely thickened towards the apex.

116. A. glaucus: very smooth, pale and somewhat glaucous; stem often
branching above ; leaves oblong-linear, closely sessile, 1-nerved, reticu-
late-veined ; heads in contracted corymbs, or somewhat racemose ; scales of
the campanulate involucre oval, obtuse, glabrous, shghtly ciliate ; the inner-
most lanceolate, membranaceous, acute, as long as the disk ; " rays about
14," Nutt.— Euce^ihalus (§ Lagatea) glaucus, Nutt.! I. c. p. 299.

Rocky Mountains, about lat. 42°, and towards the sources of the Platte,
Nuttall .'—Stem 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 4 to
6 lines wide, somewhat coriaceous, both sides of a similar pale hue ; the
margins scarcely scabrous; the lowest narrowed at the base. Heads rather
smaller, and the scales of the involucre fewer tlian in the preceding, pale.
Ovaries minutely pubescent. Bristles of the pappus not at all thickened at
the apex.— Manifestly allied to the preceding : our specimens are immature,
with the rays undeveloped.

160 COMPOSITtE. Aster.

***** Scales of the somewhat hemispJierical involucre closely imbricated in 3-4 un-
equal series, shorter than the disk, oblong, obtuse ; the exterior somewhat carinate, pass-
ing into subulate bracts ; the interior with broad membranaceoiis margins : alveoli of
the receptacle entire : appendages of the style lanceolate : achenia oblong, very gla-
brous : pappus copious, as long as the corolla, unequal ; the longer bristles claveliate-
thickened at the apex : stems simple : leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, scabrous : heads
(rather smaW) corymbose. (Species of Heleastrum, DC)

117. A. ptarmicoides : stems several from a somewhat woody rhizoma,
scabrous above ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat shining, smooth
or scabrous, with very scabrous margins, entire ; the lower elongated, often
slightly and remotely toothed, tapering to the base or somewhat petioled ;
corymb fastigiate, simple or compound ; scales of the involucre rather obtuse ;
rays 12-18, linear-oblong, short. — Chrysopsis alba, iVw?<. / gen. 2. p. 152.
Doellingeria ptarmicoides, Nees, Ast. p. 183. Diplopappus albus. Hook. !
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 21; Gray! in ann. lye. NewYorJc, 3. p. 226. D. ptar-
micoides, Lindl. ! in kerb. Torr., Sfc. Heleastrum album, DC. prodr. 5.
p). 264, excl. syn. Aster albus, Willd. 1 Bucephalus albus, Nutt.! in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 299.

/i. heads few or solitary. (Lindl. ! in DC. I. c.)

y. leaves nearly all furnished with 3 or 4 sharp spreading teeth on each
side ; stem very scabrous above ; inner scales of the involucre rather broad-
er.— Heleastrum album y. DC. I. c. [Lindl..')

Dry soil, or rocky banks of streams, from the Missouri, near Fort Man-
dan! to Saskatchawan ! Lake Superior! Wisconsin! Michigan! Upper
Canada along the Great Lakes ! to the banks of Black River, Jefferson
County, New York! and Pownal, Vermont, Mr. Rabbins ! — July-Sept. —
Stems 6-18 inches high, rigid, leafy, scabrous, especially above, with a minute
somewhat strigose pubescence. Leaves rigid, with serrulate-scabrous mar-
gins, or often sparsely ciliate towards the base, with a strong midrib and two
more or less distinct lateral nerves, anastomozing towards the summit ; the
radical and lowermost 3 to 6 inches long, 3-4 lines wide, linear-lanceolate,
or oblanceolate, tapering gradually into a more or less distinct petiole ; the
upper successively shorter and less narrowed at the base ; those of the
branches scattered, linear-subulate. Corymb spreading. Involucre nearly
glabrous, greenish ; the outermost scales somewhat lanceolate-subulate ; the
inner more membranaceous, narrowly oblong, slightly ciliate, shorter than
the disk. Rays pure white. Pappus soft, white. — It is not probable tliat
this is the Aster albus, Willd. herb. ^' Spreng., a species of unknown origin,
which is said to have oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse and nerveless leaves,
leafy branches, and elongated rays. — This plant has little agreement with
De Candolle's Heleastrum paludosum, besides the clavellate pappus; a
character which equally exists in some other divisions of Aster, in a few spe-
cies of Galatella, &c.

118. A. lutescens: pubescent-scabrous throughout; leaves lanceolate, acute,
scarcely nerved ; the lower elongated and tapering into a petiole, somewhat
serrulate ; the upper short, oblong-linear ; corymb simple or rather com-
pound ; scales of the involucre oval or oblong, very obtuse, minutely pubes-
cent; rays ochroleucous ? — Diplopappus lutescens, Lindl..' in DC. prodr.
5. p. 278. D. albus /?. lutescens. Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 21.

Saskatchawan, on dry elevated grounds of the Assiniboin River, Douglas!
— Plant with the habit of the preceding (a foot high), everywhere covered
with a similar, but denser, rough pubescence. Lower leaves 5-6 inches long,
5 lines wide ; both surfaces scabrous-pubescent, and not shining : the upper
cauline an inch or less in length, and broader in proportion. The involucre
is as long as the disk (but the flowers are not fully developed, so that this

Aster. COMPOSITE. 161

character may not be relied upon), and the scales are broader than in the
preceding. Mr. Douglas has labelled his specimens, " flower yellow", but
the rays appear to have been at most.only ochroleucous. If this be the case,
it is doubtless a distinct species ; if not, it may prove to be only a variety of
the preceding, as Hooker supposes.

§ 6. Scales of the involucre imbricated in few-several series, membranaceous
or chartaceous with scarious margins, destitute of herbaceous tips, usually
very acute ; the exterior shorter and passing into scale-liJce bracts : recepta-
cle someiohat alveolate : rays numerous {rarely even in a double series) : ap-
pendages of the style subulate from a broad base, or triangular, acute :
bristles of the pappus soft and capillary, nearly equal : achenia compressed,
often striate : annual or perennial, mostly glabrous, and natives of salt
marshes: leaves thickish or succulent, narrow, usually entire. — Oxttripo-
tiUM, DC, under Tripolium. (Tripolium (' or perhaps sect, of Aster,')
§ Astropolium, Nutt.)

* Scales of the involucre regularly and closely imbricated in numero^is series : rays cx-
serted, in a single series (heads large) : perennial.

119. A. Chapmanii : very glabrous ; stems simple or branched at the
base, long and slender, strict, somewhat corymbose at the summit ; the fili-
form branches terminated by single (large) heads ; leaves numerous, linear-
subulate, appressed, those of the branches reduced to subulate bracts ; scales
of the broadly obconical involucre closely and regularly imbricated in 5 or 6
series, slightly pubescent, ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, the exterior
successively shorter ; rays elongated ; achenia oblong, compressed, very
glabrous.

In swamps. Middle Florida, Dr. A. W. Chapman ! — Stems 2 feet or more
in height, virgate, not in the least flexuous, striate with lines produced from
the mtdrib of the leaves. Lower leaves 3-4 inches long ; the cauline about
a line wide at the appressed base, tapering to the subulate apex, successively
reduced upwards to half an inch or less in length, rather rigid, but not fleshy,
smooth on the njargins ; the uppermost sometimes cihate. Heads as large
as in A. flexuosus; the scales of the involucre broader (the exterior triangu-
lar-ovate), brownish, with a very narrow but distinct and abrupt scarious
margin. Rays 20 or more, large (three-fourths of an inch long), apparently
bluish-purple. Corolla of the disk sparsely pubescent below with minute
jointed hairs. Appendages of the style ovate-triangular, acute, flat, as long
as the oblong stigmatic jjortion. Pappus capillary, nearly in a single series,
as long as the corolla of the disk. Alveoli of the receptacle toothed. — A very
remarkable species.

120. A. flexuosus (Nutt.): very smooth and glabrous; stem flexuous,
dichotomous ; the branches mostly terminated by (large) solitary heads ;
leaves linear-subulate, thick and fleshy ; the lower linear-lanceolate, acute,
tapering to the base ; those of the branchlets reduced to subulate-acuminate
scale-like bracts ; scales of the obovate involucre lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, subulate-acuminate, unequal, imbricated in several series ; rays nume-
rous, rather short ; achenia slender, sparsely pubescent, strongly 5-striate. —
Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 154 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 343. A. sparsiflorus, Pursh ! fl. 2.
p. 547, iiot ofMichx. A. Tripolium ? Walt. Car. p. 154. Tripolium flora
unicocaulem terminante, &c. Clayt.! fl. Virg. cd. 1. p. 99. T- flexuosum,
Nees, Ast. p. 155 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 254.

Salt marshes, Massachusetts ! and Connecticut ! to Georgia ! and Florida !

VOL. II.-21

162 COMPOSITtE. Astf.r.

Sept.-Oct. — Stem erect or ascending, 6-20 inches high ; the whole plant
very smooth, with a somewhat glaucous hue. Leaves succulent, 3-G inches
long; those of the branches reduced to ovate-subulate acuminate bracts,
passing into the chartaceous regularly imbricated scales of the involucre.
Heads few, about half an inch in diameter. Rays about 20, pale purple,
oblong-linear, moderately exserted. Achenia oblong-linear.

* • Scales of the involucre in 2-3 scries : rays mare or less disUncthj in a double series,
very short ; the ligides scarcely exceeding the papp^is, or sometimes icanting : annual.
(Conyzopsis.)

121. A. angustus : stem strict; the branches erect, racemose; leaves
linear, acute, ciliate-serrulate ; scales of the hemispherical involucre linear,
acute, in about 2 series, somewhat equal ; ligiiles extremely short, or want-
ing ; achenia densely and minutely hirsute-pubescent. — Tripolium angus-
tum, Lindl.! in Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 15, <)• in DC. prodr. 5. p. 254.

Saskatchawan, and towards the Eocky Mountains, Drummond ! Slave
Lake, Richardson! — Plant a foot or more in height, with numerous strict
branches, glabrous or nearly so, except the serrulate-ciliate or ciliate-scabrous
margins of the slender leaves. Heads as large as in the following, racemose
(either few or numerous) on the branches. Exterior scales of the involucre
nearly or entirely destitute of membranaceous margins. Ray-flowers in two
series; the corolla shorter than the capillary pappus, with an extremely short
ligule (shorter than the style), or frequently reduced to a slender truncate tube
(as in Conyza, &c.), which is often much shorter than the style. Corolla of
the disk also slender.

122. A. linifolius {hmn.): very smooth and glabrous; stem erect, race-
mosely branched or compound ; the branches erect-spreading, bearing nume-
rous racemose or paniculate heads ; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, at-
tenuate-acute or acuminate, entire ; the lowermost lapering into a petiole ;
those of the branches subulate ; scales of the cylindraceons involucre linear-
subulate, unequal, in about 3 series; ray-flowers somewhat in two series; the
ligules scarcely exceeding the pappus ; achenia narrow, minutely pubescent.
— Linn. ! hort. Cliff, p. 408, c^- spec. 2. p). 874 (excl. syn. Gronov.) ; not of
Ait., Willd., (.yc. A. subulatus, -M;c//.T. .' fl. 2. p. Ill (partly); Nutt. ! gen.
2. p. 154 ; Ell. ! sTc. 2. p. 345 ; Bigel. ! fl.. Bost. ed. 2. p. 3(^9. A. longifolius,
Desf. cat.? Poir. suppl. 1. _p. 480 / Tripolium subulatum, Nees, Ast. p.
156 (in part); DC. jjrodr. b. p. 254, partly.

Salt marshes, Massachusetts ! to South Carolina ! Sept.-Oct. — Stem 1-3
feet high, stout, erect, usually much branched, with numerous paniculate
or corymbose-paniculate heads, which are 4 to 5 lines in length. Leaves
rather fleshy ; the lower 4 to 6 inches long, 3 to 4 lines broad, narrowed be-
low, partly clasping, obscurely veined. Scales of the involucre very acute,
the inner fully as long as the disk. Ray-flowers about 30, with very short
purplish-white ligules, often shorter than the capillary pappus ; the disk-
flowers fewer. Pappus in a single series. Receptacle almost naked. In-
volucre reflexed after the fruit is mature. — The A. subulatus of Michaux,
as well as the Tripolium subulatum of subsequent authors, doubtless includes
both this and the following species ; but Michaux's character is at least partly
derived from the present species, which moreover is alone found so far north
as Pennsylvania. But if we may rely upon our memoranda respecting the
specimens in the herbarium of the Hortus Clifli)rtianus, asd upon their au-
thenticity, the plant here described is the original A. linifolius (the A. foliis
linearibus acuiis, caule corymbose ramosissimo, Linn. hort. Cliff', p. 408) ;
a name to which we may revert without increasing the confusion, since the
A. linifolius of subsequent authors is a Galatella, and probably only a variety

Aster. COMPOSIT.E. 163

of G. hyssopifolia. If this view should prove incorrect, the name of A. subu-
latus, Michx. ought perhaps to be retained for this species rather than the
following, to which, however, it is more appropriate. There is no specimen
under the name of A. linifolius in the Linnsan herbarium ; and the plant
which, in the Species Plantarum, is cited from Gronovius (the Tripolium
flore unico caulem terminante, cujus radii purpurei et longi, &c., Clayt.) is
A. flexuosus, Nuit.

* * * Scales of the invohicre in 2-3 scries : rays cxserted, in a single scries.

123. A. divaricatus (Nutt. under Tripolium, not of Linn.) : annual, very-
glabrous; stem erect or ascending, ditrusely much branched, the branches
and branchlets slender ; leaves linear-subulate, very acute, with smooth or
minutely denticulate-scabrous margins; the lowermost narrowly linear, ta-
pering to the base ; those of the branches subulate, very small ; heads (small)
scattered, loosely paniculate ; scales of the turbinate-cylindraceous involucre
linear-subulate, very acute, membranaceous, unequal, imbricated in about 3
series; rays numerous in a single series, longer than the disk ; achenia sca-
braus-puberulent. — Tripolium (Astropolium) divaricatum, Nutt. ! in trans.
Amer. phil.soc. {n. ser.) 7. 2^. 296. T. subulatum, Nees, Ast. j)- 156 (part-
ly) ; DC. ! j^rodr. 5. p. 524, partly. Aster subulatus, Michx. ! fi. 2. p. 112,
in part.

Salt marshes. South Carolina and Florida ! (Key West !) to Louisiana !
and swamps in saline prairies of Western Louisiana ! Arkansas ! and Tex-
as ! Also in the West Indies ! and probably throughout tropical America,
&c. Sept.-Oct. — Stem 6 inches to 3 feet high, often diffusely branched
from the base, sometimes slightly scabrous on the angles; the slender branch-
lets spreading or divaricate. Radical or primordial leaves oval or lanceolate,
denticulate, petioled, thickish ; the cauline 2-4 inches long, 1-nerved, slen-
der, mostly 1-2 lines wide, tapering to a very sharp point; the upper succes-
sively shorter and tapering from the base ; those of the branchlets reduced to
subulate bracts. Heads one-third to one-half smaller than in the preceding
species. Scales of the involucre very narrow, greenish, with broad scarious
margins, tapering into very sharp points; the innermost as long as the disk.
Rays blue, always longer than the disk, and sometimes exserted nearly
the length of the involucre. Disk-flowers equaUing or exceeding in number
those of the ray. Appendages of the style lanceolate-subulate. Achenia
narrowly oblong, obscurely about 4-striate. Receptacle somewhat alveolate.
— The A. subulatus of Lessing (Sandwich Islands) has smaller heads, less
pointed scales of the involucre, and less exserted rays ; it is probably a dis-
tinct species.

124. A. Oreoraniis (Nutt. under Tri]iolium) : stem rather tall, flexuous,
divaricately branched ; cauline leaves rather long, linear-sublanceolate,
nearly equal, acute, entire, scabrous on the margin ; scales of the involucre
linear-lanceolate, imbricate, slightly acute, herbaceous; rays narrow.
Nutt. — Tripolium Oreganum, Nutt. in trans. Amer. p/riZ. soc. (n. ser.)
7. p. 296.

On the inundated banks of the Walilamet. — Flowers [heads] very in-
conspicuous, somewhat fastigiate. Nutiall. — This species has not come
under our examination. We are inclined (both from the description and the
habitat) to suppose it the same, perhaps, as the Tripolium subulatum /?.
Nees (Aster subulatus. Less.), from the Sandwich Islands.

125. A. exilis (Ell.) : stem strict, slender, glabrous, with a few scattered
simple branches, bearing solhary or mostly racemose heads; leaves narrowly
linear, elongated, subulate-acute, entire, with the margins minute serrulate-
scabrous ; those of the branches much shorter ; scales of the involucre
lauceolate-linear, acute, unequal, imbricated in about 3 series ; rays (about

164 COMPOSITE. Aster.

20) exserted ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 344 ; DC. prodr.
b.p. 247.

Damp soils in the western districts of Georgia, Elliott! Sept.-Oct. — Root
apparently annual. " Stem 4-5 feet high, erect, very slender, with a few
scattering branches, which near the summit become corymbose. Lower
leaves 4 to 6 inches long, scarcely exceeding a line in width, very slightly
scabrous along the margin; the upper diminishing in size; those of the
branches linear-lanceolate. Flowers [heads] on the lower branches few, on
the upper in racemes, on peduncles 2 to 4 lines long. Florets of the ray
narrow, twice as long as the involucrum, pale purple; of the disk yellowish."
FAl. — We have only seen the specimen in EHiott's herbarium. It is allied
to the preceding, but is a much more strict plant; the broader and less
pointed scales of the involucre more rigid, &c.

126. A. paudflorus (Nutt.) : perennial? stem glabrous below, simple,
or racemosely branched above ; the strict branches and the somewhat equal
(linear-lanceolate) scales of the hemispherical involucre densely viscid-
pubescent ; leaves subulate-linear, somewhat fleshy ; the lowermost linear,
3-nerved, tapering into a slender petiole, glabrous; those of the branches
subulate, scattered, somewhat viscid ; rays (15-24) rather short ; acheftia
narrow, obscurely striate, nearly glabrous. — Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 154, c^ in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 292. Tripolium subulalum, Nees, Ast.
p. 167 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 15 ; Lindl. ! in DC. prodr. 5. p. 254.

Margin of saline springs, near Fort Mandan on the Missouri, Nuttall ! to
the Saskatchawan, &c. Drummond! Aug. — Stem 8-20 inches high, rather
rigid, scarcely flexuous ; the heads (about as large as in A. angustus) solitary
or nearly so on the simple or dichotomous branches. Lower leaves 4-6
inches long ; the upper a line wide, partly clasping, tapering to a sharp point,
the margins scarcely if at all scabrous. Scales of the involucre in about 2
series, acute, with scarious margins, rather shorter than the disk, loose.
Rays pale purple, linear-oblong. Pappus capillary, nearly in a single
series. Appendages of the style lanceolate-subulate ; the stigmatic portion
narrowed downwards. Achenia beset with a few very minute scattered
hairs. Receptacle slightly alveolate. — This is a somewhat peculiar species,
but it is certainly an Oxytripolium (with which it accords in habit,) rather
than an Alpigenous Aster.

127 ? A. occidentalis (Nutt. under Tripolium) : stem nearly simple, with
few large and corymbose heads ; leaves all linear subulate, clasping, here
and there incisely serrate ; involucre loosely imbricate ; the scales subulate,
subherbaceous, nearly equal; rays as long as the disk (pale blue) ; achenia
nearly smooth, scarcely striate, compressed. Nutt. — Tripolium (Astro-
polium) occidentale, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 296.

" Margins of muddy ponds in the Rocky Mountains, 7000 feet above the
level of the sea. — Root creeping, slender : stem slender, four inches to a foot
high, often only one or two-flowered, seldom more than five or six. Leaves
long and narrow, linear, entire, or with one or two pairs of deep incise
serratures, almost approaching to a pinnatifid division : branchlets slender,
one-flowered : the flower as large as a daisy, with a simple series of pale
blue or pink rays. An alpine species, approaching the true Tripolium in
the fruit being ahnost destitute of striation." Nutt. — This is described by Mr.
Nuttall as a species of his Tripolium § Astropolium (which corresponds with
the Oxytripolia of De CandoUe). It seems to us, however, to belong rather
with the Alpigenous Asters, except that the appendages of the style are
lanceolate-subulate. The upper part of the stem and often the margins of
the leaves are a little pubescent ; and the rays are much exserted beyond
the disk. The linear-oblong achenia are clothed with a minute appressed
pubescence. The root is probably perennial.

Aster. COMPOSITiE. 165

128? A. frondosus (Nutt. under Tripoliiim) : stem much branched;
Jeaves linear, entire, clasping, rather obtuse, heads fasligiate ; scales of the
involucre, loose and leafy, rather obtuse ; rays numerous, very small and
slender ; achenia nearly smooth, about 4-striale. Nutt. — Tripolium (Astro-
polium) frondosum, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 296.

" Muddy ponds in the Rocky Mountains, near Lewis River of the
Shoshonee; rare: growing partly in the water, and mud. Apparently
biennial, with very inconspicuous flowers, and an entirely leafy nearly equal
involucrum of about 2 series of leaflets." Nutt. — Our specimens are very
imperfect, and the flowers not fully developed.

129 ? A. spinosus (Benth.) : glabrous, much branched ; the branches
rush-like, furnished with minute scattered scale-like leaves, which are
somewhat caducous, often bearing spines in their axils ; heads solitary ter-
minating the branches, or somewhat racemose ; scales of the involucre im-
bricatedin 2-3 series, unequal, shorter than the disk, lanceolate, with mem-
branaceous margins ; rays short ; achenia very glabrous. — Benth. ! pi.
Hartio. (no. Ue.) p. 20.

Texas, Drummond ! — A singular, apparently leafless species ; its long
branches terminated by rather small heads ; the subulate leaves 1 to 2 or 3
lines long; those of the lower part of the stem unknown. Exterior scales of
the involucre ovate-lanceolate ; the innermost longer, narrowly lanceolate,
with broader membranaceous margins. Rays numerous in a single series,
nearly twice the length of the pappus ; the ligules linear-oblong. Appen-
dages of the style (of the disk-flowers) short and thick, somewhat conical.
Pappus nearly equal, in a single series, capillary. Achenia linear-oblong,
slightly compressed, obscurely nerved. — The Texan specimens exhibit fewer
short spines, or abortive branchlets, than the Mexican, and some are alto-
gether destitute of them ; but we find no other ditference.

*** The following species reached us too late for insertion in the sections to
which they belong.

§ 2. Calliastrum, p>- 106.

130. A. mirabilis: pubescent-scabrous; stem simple, sparingly corjniibose-
paniculate at the summit ; leaves ovate, strigose-scabrous above ; the lowest
(and radical?) abruptly narrowed into a petiole ; the others sessile, rather
acute ; those of the branches small, roundish ; involucre hemispherical,
shorter than the disk ; the scales regularly imbricated in 4-5 unequal series,
oblong-linear, with conspicuous squarrose-recurved obtuse herbaceous tips ;
rays (about 20) elongated ; achenia linear, scarcely compressed, nearly gla-
brous (minutely hairy under a lens when young), striate.

Columbia, South Carolina (probably in dry soil), Professor Gibhes! Sept.
— Stem 1-2 feet or more in height, apparently simple, clothed with a close
and rather rough pubescence, which is scarcely if at all viscid, sparingly
branched towards the summit ; the branches bearing solitary or 2-3 scattered
heads, or sometimes 4 or 5 heads, somewhat crowded at the summit. Leaves
ihickish when old, rather strongly pinnately veined and more or less reticu-
lated, all serrate from the base to the apex with close and short mucronale
teeth ; the lower surface less scabrous and more pubescent tlian the upj:)er,
often somewhat hoary ; the cauline 1-3 inches long, uniformly ovate, but
the upper gradually diminishing in size, all but the lowermost closely sessile,
not clasping; those of the branches similar but much smaller, obtuse,
and nearly round ; the lowest cauline abruptly narrowed into a jnargined
petiole, or rarely almost cordate ; the jiroper radical leaves wanting. Heads
nearly as large as in A. spectabilis, subglobose. Involucre minutely pubes-
cent : the scales between chartaceous and coriaceous in texture, whitish,

ICG COMPOSITE. AsTKR.

closely imbricated, with rather short, but conspicuous, squarrose or reflexed
herbaceous lips. Rays large, thrice the length of the involucre, blue or
violet. Achenia narrow and slender, many-striate, somewhat shorter than
the rather rigid (brownish or ferruginous) unequal pappus ; the innermost
bristles of which are manifestly thickened towards the apex. Appendages
of the style subulate-lanceolate, and at length recurved or reflexed, as in
Biotia. — This very interesting species furnishes additional evidence of the
propriety of re-uniting Biotia with Aster; being exactly intermediate in cha-
racter and appearance between that group and our subgenus Calliastrum.
We have received it only from Professor Gibbes of Charleston, South Caro-
lina, who collected it at Columbia in the year 1835. The Biotia commixta,
a plant of unknown origin cultivated in the European gardens, which is said
to have a squarrose involucre, has (fide descr. Nees,) oblong-lanceolate and
partly clasping upper leaves, a very compound corymb, glutinous pubescence,
and an involucre resembling Aster macrophyllus, as long as the disk ; the
scales oblong-lanceolate, acute, 6zc. &c. — This species should be placed at
the commencement of the section Calliastrum, before A. Radula.

§ 3. Aster proper, iSu&flJiv. Concinni, p. 115.

131. A. gracilenius : very smooth and glabrous throughout; stem slender,
strict, simple, loosely paniculate or somewhat corymbose at the summit;
cauline leaves linear, elongated, with very scabrous margins, slightly clasp-
ing, acute or acuminate ; the lower coarsely toothed or incised above the
middle, the upper entire ; those of the branches and branchlets very small
and numerous, erect, linear-subulate; scales of the obovoid involucre (much
shorter than the disk) closely imbricated in 3 or 4 series, apjjressed, lanceo-
late, acute ; the exterior very short ; achenia glabrous.

Lincolnton, North Carolina, Mr. M. A. Curtis /—Stem rigid, purple, 2-3
feet liigh, branching only at the summit ; the branches and branchlets slender,
spreading, terminated by solitary heads, which are smaller than in most
states of A. tevis. Lower (cauline) leaves 5-6 inches long, about 3 lines
wide, 1-nerved, obscurely reticulate-veined, somewhat shining above, pale
beneath, rather rigid, furnished towards the apex on each side with 3 or 4 very
coarse and spreading irregular teeth, or appearing somewhat pinnately incised :
upper cauline similar, but successively shorter, and entire. Involucre very
short ; the green tips small and inconspicuous ; the exterior lanceolate-subu-
late ; the inner larger, lanceolate-linear, less acute, often tinged with purple.
Rays about twice the length of the disk, blue or violet. Ovaries minutely
pubescent, but the achenia perfectly smooth and glabrous, similar to those of
A. Insvis, &c. — We have described this species from a single specimen,
which is however so remarkable that it is scarcely liable to be confounded
witli any other.

27. ERIGERON. Linn. (excl. spec.) ; Null. gen. 2. p. 146.

Erigeron, Stenactis, &; Phalacroloma, DC. ; and also Polyactidium 1 & Heterochaeta^

Heads mostly hemispherical, many flowered; the ray-flowers very nume-
rous and usually in more than one series, pistillate; those of the disk tubular,
perfect; or some of the exterior (rather transformed ray-flowers) filiform-
tubular and truncate, pistillate. Scales of the involucre mostly equal, nar-
row, in a single or somewhat double series. Receptacle flat, naked, punctate
or scrobiculate. Appendages of the style very short and obtuse. Achenia
compressed, usually pubescent, coinmonly with 2 lateral nerves. Pappus a
single series of capillary scabrous bristles, rather few (12-30) in number,

Erigeron. composite. 167

often with minute setfe intermixed or forming an indistinct outer series, or
sometimes with a distinct and short, squamellate-subulate or setaceous (or
somewhat coroniform) exterior pappus ; the inner rarely wanting in the ray.
— Herbs, or rarely suffrutescent plants; with entire, toothed, or lobed leaves.
Heads solitary, corymbose, or paniculate. Rays white, blue, or purple.

It appears to vxs impossible to effect generic divisions among these plants, by
characters derived froni the single or double series of rays, or from the simple or
double pappus, or by any combination of these. The characters of our sections,
or subgenera, exhibit the diversities which the North American species present in
these respects. As a whole, the genus is distinguislied from Diplopappus by the
very short and obtuse appendages of the style, the nearly simple involucre, and the
naked receptacle : the same characters also distinguish it from Aster ; but the Alpi-
genous'Asters almost connect the two genera.

§ 1. Rays in several series, shorter than tJic involucre: pappus simple : ache-
nia 2-nerved : corolla of the disk inostly ^-toothed: annual or hiennial
herbs: heads very small, cylindrical. — C^jjotus, Nutt.

1. E. Canadense (Linn.) : stem erect, hispid, or sometimes nearly gla-
brous, paniculately verv much branclicd above ; leaves lanceolate-linear,
mostly entire, hispidly ciliate ; heads small, very numerous, corymbose-pani-
culate or somewhat racemosely disposed on the branchlets ; rays (white)
scarcely longer than the pappus; achenia oblong, sparsely hispid. — Linn..'
spec. 2. p. 86.3 ; Ft. Dan. t. 292; Michx. ! fl. 2.^ p. 123 ; Nutt..' gen. 2. p.
148; Hook..' fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 20; Darlingt..' fl. Cest. p. 471; DC. ! .

2nodr. 5. p. 289. E. pusillum, Nutt..' I. c. (a depauperate form.) Senecio
ciliatus, Wcdt.

Fields and waste or open places, Canada! and Saskatchawan ! throughout
the United States! to Texas! and in Oregon ! Also apparently indigenous
to almost every part of the world, and naturalized in Europe. July-Oct. —
A common weed, very variable in size (from 5 inches to 5 feet) and mode of
growth. Involucre at first cylindrical, at length spreading. Ligule of the
ray many times shorter than the tube. Corolla of the disk (perhaps always ?)
4-toothed. Radical leaves often pinnately incised or lobed. — Horse-weed.
Butter-iceed.

2. E. divaricatnw (Michx.) : decumbent, diffuse, and very much branched,
the branchlets fastigiate, strigose-hirsute and often somewhat hispid ; leaves
linear or subulate? heads small, loosely paniculate-corymbose; rays (purple)
not longer than the pappus; achenia oblong, aImo.st glabrous. — Michx.! fl. 2.
p. 123 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 534 ; Null. I. c. ; DC. I. c.

Throughout the Western States, from Illinois ! and Upper Missouri ! to
Louisiana ! along the Mis.sissippi ; in similar situations with the preceding,
flowering during the whole summer. — Plant rarely exceeding 6 inches iu
height, but very diffuse, at length spreadingout one or two feet in width.

§ 2. Rays crowded or in two or more series, longer than the involucre : pap-
pus simple or sometimes with minute setce intermixed or forming an indis-
tinct external series: achenia 2-nerved: mostly perennial. — Euerigeron.
(Euerigeron & Trimorpha3a, DC. excl. spec.)

* CcBspUose acaulescent {chief,y alpine) species : scapes bearing a single head : leaves
mostly 3-deft or divided : pistillate flmvers all ligvlafe.

3. E. compositum (Pursh) : canescently hirsute ; leaves on long petioles,
1-3-ternately divided or parted ; the ultimate segments linear, obtuse ; scapes

168 COMPOSITiE. Erigeron.

naked or with a f§w linear bracts ; rays twice the length of the involucre ;
achenia hirsute; pappus hispid-scabrous, as long as the corolla of the disk. —
Pursh! ji. 2. p. 535 ; Hook. ! ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 17 (vars. /3. &; y.) ; JSutt..'
in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 32, <^- in trans. Amer. pkd. soc. I. c. ; DC.
■prodr. 5. p. 288. Cineraria Lewisii, Richards. ! appx. Frankl. jour. ed.
2. p. 32.

p. smaller; leaves 3-parted; the segnaents very short, 3-lobed. — E. com-
positum, Hook, in Linn, trans. 14. p. 374, t. 13.

Interior of Oregon, on the banks of the Kooskoosky ! Flat Head River !
&c., and on the Rocky Mountains ! Also east of the mountains between lat.
64°, and the Arctic Sea, Richardson! (3. Arctic coast and islands ! June-
July. — Scapes 2-6 inches high, often leafy near the base. Head large ; the
rays white or pale pink. Bristles of the pappus about 15, with a few minute
interposed setaj.

4. E. trifidum (Hook.) : hirsute ; leaves on long petioles, 3-cleft ; the seg-
ments short, entire, or the lateral often 2-lobed ; scapes nearly naked ; rays
twice the length of the very hirsute involucre ; achenia minutely hairy ;
pappus hispid-scabrous, as long as the corolla of the disk. — Hook. ! ji. Bor.-
Am. 2. p. 17, t. 120.

Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! — Resembles the preceding; the heads
about the same size. Leaves slightly fleshy.

5. E. pedatum (Nutt.) : somewhat glabrous; leaves on slender sparsely
ciliate-hispid petioles, 3-parted; the segments linear, obtuse, entire, or the
lateral 2-lobed or toothed ; scapes naked ; rays longer than the scarcely
hirsute involucre; achenia minutely hirsute; pappus hispid-scabrous. —
Nult. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 308.

Oregon, on the gravel bars of small streams to the east of Walla-wallah,
iVMi!toW.'— Resembles E. trifidum; but the leaves are glabrous, except the
strongly ciliate petioles, and the lobes more slender ; the heads are scarcely
half the size, and the involucre somewhat glabrous. Scapes glabrous, 2-3
inches high. Rays ' pale rose-color,' nearly in a single series.

6. E. radicalum (Hook.): minutely hirsute and somewhat canescent;
leaves linear-spatulate, entire, rather thick or fleshy ; scapes with one or two
small leaves ; rays not twice the length of the toraentose or hirsute involucre ;
achenia minutely hairy ; bristles of the pappus few, scabrous, shorter than
the coro\[a.— Hook. ! Ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 17, t. 122 ; Nutt. ! in trans. Amer.
2)hil. soc. I. c.

Near Jasper's Lake in the Rocky Mountains, Drummond! and in the
Blue Mountains of Oregon, Nuttall ! — Leaves nearly sessile, glabrous when
old, less than an inch long, clustered. Scapes 2 or 3 inches high. Heads
smaller than in E. uniflorum; the rays spreading, white.

8. E. nanum (Nutt.) : canescently hirsute ; leaves narrowly linear, and
slightly spatulate, scarcely obtuse ; scapes naked above ; rays scarcely twice
the length of the hirsute-pubescent involucre ; achenia minutely hairy ;
pappus about the length of the corolla, hispid-scabrous. — Nutt. ! in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 308.

Rocky Mountains, in about lat. 42°, Nuttall ! — Leaves in a dense cluster,
1-2 inches long, scarcely half a line wide, somewhat petioled. Scapes 2-4
inches long, tomentose-pubescent. — " Resembles the preceding ; but has
hirsute leaves, and a different achenium and pappus." Nutt.

8. E. lanatum (Hook.) : very woolly ; leaves spatulate, petioled, entire,
the lowermost often 3-lobed or toothed at the apex ; scapes mostly leafless ;
the upper portion and the involucre extremely woolly; rays elongated;
achenia glabrous; pappus hispid-scabrous, as long as the corolla of the disk.
—Hook. ! ft. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 17, t. 121 ; DC prodr. 7. {mant.) p. 275.

Erigerox. composite. 169

Summits of the Rocky Mountains, between lat. 52° and 56°, Drummond !
— Scapes about 3 inches high. Head much larger than in E. uniflorum ;
the rays white or rarely tinged with purple.

* * Somewhat cecspitose {siibalpirie) species : stems mostly short, leafy, bearing one or
few lieads: leaves entire : the inner series of pistillate flowers often filiform-tubular,
truncate. (Trimorphaea, Cass.)

9. E. unifloruw, {Liinn.) : stem short, bearing a single head; leaves hir-
sute ; the cauline lanceolate or linear ; the radical ones spatulate and be-
coming somewhat glabrous ; pistillate flowers nearly all ligulate ; the rays
somewhat erect, scarcely twice the length of tlie very woolly involucre. —
Linn..' spec. 2. p. 864, c^.^. Lapp. <. 9, /. 3; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.

17. E. alpinum, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 532. E. alpinum j. DC. ! jrrodr. 5. p.
290. E. pulchellum 13. Unalaschkense, DC. I. c. p. 287. E. humile,
Graham, in Edinb. phil, jour. 1828. p. 175 ?

Arctic shore and islands from Greenland to Behring's Straits and Una-
laschka ! Summits of the Kocky Mountains, Dru7n7nond ! Labrador! — The
involucre and its dense woolly covering are usually purple in the American
specimens, as they frequently are in the European. There .are minute
slightly squamellate setae mixed with the longer bristles of the pappus,
which are sometimes so copious as to form an indistinct outer series, in this
species, and also in E. alpinum and E. grandiflorum.

10. E. grandifl,orum (Hook.) : very hirsute ; caudex thick ; stems short,
bearing a single head ; radical leaves oblong-spatulate ; the cauline oval-
lanceolate; pistillate flowers all ligulate; the rays spreading, twice the
length of the very densely woolly involucre. — Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.

18, t. 123.

Summits of the Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! — Stems 4-6 inches high.
Heads very large for the size of the plant. Scales of the involucre with pur-
plish and naked tips ; the woolly covering white. Rays white or purple. —
Can this also be the E. grandiflorum of Hoppe ?

11. E. alpinum (Linn.) : somewhat hirsute ; stem somewhat elongated,
bearing one or few heads ; leaves lanceolate ; the radical ones spatulate, ta-
pering into a petiole ; the inner pistillate flowers numerous, tubular-filiform,
truncate; the rays spreading, twice the length of the hirsute involucre; pap-
pus of the disk as long as the corolla. — Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 864 ; Engl. hot.
t. 464 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. _p. 18 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 291. (a.)

/3. leaves narrower ; branches elongated. Hook. ! I. c.

J. tall (about a foot high) ; heads several. Hook. ! I. c.

Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! — Rays purple. Apparently a very rare
species in this country. — The exterior pappus, if it may so be called, in this
species was observed by Cassini {Diet. sci. nat. 37, p. 485), who therefore
referred it to his genus Stenactis.

12. E. glahratum (Hoppe) : almost glabrous ; stem tall, simple ; radical
leaves spatulate ; the cauline linear-lanceolate ; raceme terminal, many-
flowered ; peduncles elongated, scarcely corymbose, simple or branched ;
scales of the small involucre very narrow [pistillate flowers mostly or wholly
ligulate] ; rays inconspicuous, immersed in the copious pappus. Hook.—
'■'Hoppe Sf Hornsch. cent. ; Bl. & Fing. comp. fl. Ger?n. 2. p. 364"; Koch,
fl. Germ. S^- Helv. p. 354; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 18. E. alpinum /?.
ramosum, IVahi. fl. Lapp. p. 207. E. alpinum /3. DC. I. c. E. racemo-
sum, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. [n. ser.) 7. p. 312.

p. peduncles contracted. — E. racemosum /3. angustifoliura, Nutt.! I. c.
Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains, and from Saskatchawan to Fort

VOL. II.-22

170 COMPOSITiE. Erigeron.

Franklin on the Mackenzie River, Richardson ! Drummond ! Rocky Moun-
tains in about lat. 42^, Nuttall ! — Plant from 4-6 inches to 2 feet high. — Our
specimens from the north of Europe very well accord with the American
plant.

13. E. nivale (Nutt.): stems somewhat cfespitose and hairy at the base,
mostly bearing single heads ; radical leaves spatulate ; the cauline lanceo-
late, acuminate, somewhat clasping ; involucre and the summit of the stem
glandularly pubescent; the scales linear and acuminate (not hirsute) ; pappus
longer than the linear elongated somewhat pubescent achenium. Nutt. in
trans. Amer. jMl. soc. {n. ser.) l.ii. 311.

Central chain of the Rocky Mountains, lat. 42°, towards the sources of the
Colorado of the West ; near the limits of perpetual snow, Nuttall. — "Allied
to A. alpinus, but with subamplexicaul leaves, widest at the base. Pappus
longer than the involucre. Rays? A few filiform pistillate florets outside
the discal ones. Achenium long and linear, compressed, slightly silk}^."
Nutt. — We have not examined this species, which is founded, we believe, on
a single specimen. We see not how it is to be clearly distinguished from
some states of Hooker's E. alpinum, in which the upper cauline leaves are
often broadest at the base.

• * ♦ Stem leafy at ike base, elongated and scape-like above, bearing a single head :
pistillate Jioirers all ligulate.

14. E. scaposum (DC.) : stem decumbent and leafy at the base, naked
and much elongated above, pubescent ; leaves hirsute with appressed hairs,
lanceolate-oblong or spatulate, coarsely toothed ; the radical ones crowded,
somewhat petioled ; tliose of the sterile branches or lower part of the flower-
ing stems lanceolate, partly clasping ; rays very numerous, about twice the
length of the canescently hirsute involucre ; achenia hirsute. — DC. prodr. 5.

p. 287 ; Benth. ! pi. Hartw. p. 17. Aster rivularis, Less, in Linncea, 5.
p. 142.

Rio Brazos, Texas, Drummond! Also Texas, Mr. Callana ! — Scape or
naked summit of the stem 4-7 inches long. Rays apparently white. — The
Texan plant accords with that of Hartvveg from the north of Mexico ; and
also with a specimen from Jalapa, received from Prof. Schlechtendal, under
the name of Aster rivularis, Less.

* * ♦ * Stem leaf y : heads mostly corymbose or panided : pistillate Jlowcrs all ligulate.

15. E. Bellidiastrum (Nutt.) : annual ; stem leafy throughout, somewhat
corymbosely branched, hirsute-pubescent ; leaves entire, oblong-linear or
linear-spatulate, obtuse, tapering to the base, the lower petioled ; heads soli-
tary terminating the branches, pedunculate; rays (pale red) nearly twice the
length of the involucre, scarcely in a double series; achenia minutely pubes-
cent.— Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 307.

Borders of the Platte, within the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall! — Stem about
a foot high. Leaves more or less pubescent, 1-2 inches long, 2-4 lines wide,
tapering into a slender narrowed base, or the lowermost with attenuate pe-
tioles, thickish, more or less pubescent. Heads few, small. Scales of the
involucre somewhat strigose-canescent. Pappus simple, of 15-20 very slen-
der deciduous bristles, rather shorter than the corolla.

16. E. bellidifolium (Muhl.) : stoloniferous at the base, hirsute, especially
when young, with soft spreading hairs ; radical leaves obovate or broadly
spatulate, somewhat serrate or entire ; the cauline (often few and distant) oblong
or lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, mostly entire ; heads few (1-5, rarely
7-9) and large, corymbose; the lateral pedicels elongated ; rays (about 50)
rather broadly linear, scarcely in a double series, twice the length of the in-
volucre, light bluish-purple ; achenia glabrous. — Muhl.! in Willd. spec. 3.

Erigeron. composite. 171

2K 1958; Bot. mag. t. 2402 ; Pursh! fl. 2._2?. 502 ; Ell. si: 2. p. 393; DC!
2)rodr. 5. jj. 285. E. pulchellum, Mkhx. ! fl. 2. p. 124 (excl. syn. Gronov.
whicli relates lo Marshallia!) ; Darlingt.fl. Cesi. p. 472 ; notof jDC, nor of
Hook. 1

Borders of woods and thickets, Canada! (and in the wooded country from
lat. 54°-64°, fide Richardson) to Louisiana ! May-June, or in the Southern
States, March-April. — Stem simple, 9-20 inches high. Radical leaves
clustered, 2-3 inches long, and 1-2 wide, very obtuse. Cauline leaves often
very few, but sometimesnumerous. Pedicels thickened or obconical at the
summit. Pappus simple. — Varies considerably in the degree of the pubes-
cence, the more or less entire or toothed leaves ; but perfectly distinguished
from E. Philadelphicum (with which it has sometimes been confounded) by
the larger heads, bluish-purple (not reddish-purple) much broader rays, gla-
brous achenia, and by the stolons, &c. It is the earliest-flowering species in
the Northern States. — The plant we have under the name of E. pulchellus,
Hookifl. Bor.-Am., is the same with the E. glabellus (3. of the same work,
whence (although it may have been so labelled by mistake) we have not
cited the synonym here, particularly as the character does not well accord
with our E. bellidifoliura. Hooker also mentions a variety from Oregon,
with the leaves deeply toothed, which is probably what we consider a variety
of E. Philadelphicum.

17. E. Philadelphicum (Linn.) : hirsute or hairy ; stem slender, loosely
corymbose above ; leaves membranaceous, with a conspicuous midrib,
ciliate ; the radical and lowermost spatulate-oblong, tapering into a slender
base or margined petiole, obtusely serrate or nearly entire; the upper cauline
oblong, clasping and mostly cordate at the base, entire, or rarely somewhat
serrate ; heads corymbose (rather small) ; rays innumerable, very narrow,
pale reddish-purple or flesh-color, more than twice the length of the invo-
lucre ; achenia minutely hairy. — Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 863 ; Willd. ! spec, 3.
p. 1957 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 123 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 533; Darlingt.! fl. Cest.
p. 462 ; Hook. conijMn. to bot. mag. 1. p. 96; not of Ell. or DC, nor of
Bart. E. purpureum, Ait. Kew. {ed. 1.) 3. p. 186; Pursh! I. c. ; Hook.!
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 19; DC! prodr.b. p. 286. E. amplexicaule, Torr. !
in Short, cat. Kentucky p>lants.

(i. stem stout; cauline leaves larger, mostly coarsely and sharply serrate ;
corymbs compound ; rays pale or nearly white.

y. ? stem tall and stout, glabrous above, as also the numerous sharply
serrate leaves; cor3rmbs compound.

6. " stem elongated and slender towards the summit, very hairy at the
base; radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate, dentate ; flowers white ; the rays
rot much longer than the disk." Nutt. — E. purpureum /?. attenuatum,
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 307.

Woodlands and fields, common nearly throughout North America, from
Hudson's Bay and the Arctic Circle (Richardson) Saskatchawan ! &c. to
Louisiana! and west to Oregon ! and California / y. Oregon, Dr. Scolder!
Drummond ! 6. Oregon am\ Arkansns, Nuttall ! June-Aug; the varieties
(3. 6c y. commencing in April or May in the Southern States. — Stem 1-2,
in 13. & y. often more than 3 feet high, villous-hirsute towards the base.
Leaves bright green, thin ; the broad and whitish midrib conspicuous under-
neath. Pedicels naked, thickened at the summit. Scales of the involucre
somewhat hairy on the back; the margins scarious. Pappus simple. —
Variable as to size &c., but a well-markecl species. The var. 6. appears to
be an attenuated state of /3., and like it has very pale rays, and probably
grows in shade. — We know not why Linna3us apphed to this species the
name of E. Philadelphicum, since his specimen, communicated by Kalm, is
said to come from Canada.

172 COMPOSITiE. • Erigeron.

18. E, querci folium {Liam.) : pubescent; stem loosely corymbose above;
radical leaves obovate-oblong, mostly lyrate-pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-
toothed ; the caullne scattered, oblong-lanceolate, partly clasping, sharply
toothed, or the uppermost entire ; heads small and numerous ; rays innu-
merable, almost capillary, twice the length of the involucre, pale purple ;
achenia minutely hairy. — Lain. ill. t. 681, f. 4 ; Poir. did. 7. p. 491 ;
Pursh! fl. 2. p. 533; not of DC. E. Philadelphicum? Ell.! sic. 2. p.
396; DC! prodr. 5. p. 285; not of Linn., Willd.! <^r. E. Philadelphi-
cum, Reichenb. ic. exot. t. 134 ?

Fields &c., Florida {Lamarck, Nuttall !) to Georgia ! S. Carolina ! and
west to Louisiana! and Mississippi ! March-June. — Stem 1-2 feet high, fur-
rowed. Heads rather smaller than in E. Philadelphicum ; the involucre,
and the (often very pale) rays resembling that species. Pappus simple. —
This is without doubt the E. quercifolium of Lamarck; and is probably
distinct from the preceding, to which some states nearly approach. The
form with sparingly toothed leaves is the E. Philadelphicum a. of De Can-
dolle ; and that with lobed leaves is his var. quercinum.

§ 3. Rays in a double or single series, much longer than the involucre :
pappus double {both in the disk and ray) ; the exterior short, more or less
distinct, setaceous or squamellate-suhulate : achenia 2-b-nerved : perennial.
— Stenactis, Cass, Nees, {excl. spec.) (Heterochasta, DC. ? Erigeron §
Phsenactis, &c., Nutt.)

* Exterior pappus somewhat indistiTict, of short seta:, more or less intermixed with the
inner : rays in a double series.

19. E. glaucum (Ker) : stems several from a persistent caudex or rhizoma,
ascending, more or less villous with soft slightly viscid hairs, simple or
sparingly branched, terminated by large solitary heads ; leaves spatulate-
oblong, obtuse, sessile, the upper often hairy ; the lowest spatulate-obovate,
somewhat 3-nerved, tapering into a margined petiole : rays very numerous
(about 100), twice the length of the pubescent or villous involucre; achenia
sparsely hairy, 4-nerved. — Ker, bot. reg. t. 10 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 284.
(Aster Bonariensis, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 528.) Stenactis glauca, Nees, Ast.
p. 275. Aster Californicus, Less, in Linntea, 6. p. 121 ; Hook. <^* Am.!
hot. Beechey, p. 146; JVees, Ast. p. 53 ; DC. prodr. b. p. 228.

/?. plant more villous throughout. — E. maritimum, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer.
phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. j)- 310. Woodvillea calendulacea, DC. prodr. 5.
p. 318?

Coast of California and Oregon, Menzies ! Caj^t. Beechey! Douglas?
Nuttall! {i3.) — Stem or caudex decumbent, sending up mostly simple
branches in the wild state, 3-12 inches high, terminated by solitarj^ heads
as large as the Marigold (1 to nearly 2 inches in diameter including the pale
red rays), more or less pubescent or villous, as well as the involucre, with
soft spreading hairs, which are somewhat viscid towards the summit of the
stem. Leaves rather succulent; the margins of the upper ones often villous-
ciliate, and the surfaces of the uppermost also villous in var. (3. — The more
hairy variety of tliis plant (the rays of which appear yellowish in dried
specimens) is without much doubt the Woodvillea calendulacea of De
CandoUe: no other plant of Douglas's collection accords with the descrip-
tion. We have also adopted the suggestion of Hooker & Arnott (Bot.
Beechey, suppl. p. 351), as to the identity of the Aster Californicus, Less,
(a less villous form of the same species), with Erigeron glaucum, Ker, of
unknown origin, supposed to come from South America ; but which these
authors, apparently with good reason, suspect to have been raised from seeds

Erigeron. • COMPOSITE. 173

brought from California or Oregon by Mr. Menzies; whose dried specimens,
we may remark, ahnost entirely agree with the cultivated E. glaucum.

20. E. 7nacranthum {Null.): nearly glabrous; stem leafy to the summit;
leaves glabrous, with hispidly ciliale margins, obtuse, mucronulate ; the
upper oblong-ovate or elliptical, partly clasping ; the lowermost oblong-spa-
tulate, tapering into a petiole ; heads few (3-5) on simple naked peduncles ;
rays numerous, twice the length of the glabrous and slightly glandular invo-
lucre ; achenia slightly hairy, 2-nerved. — Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc.
(n. ser.) 7. p. 310.

/?. leaves very acute; heads larger. — E. grandiflorum, Nutt..' in jour.
acad. Philad. 7. p. 31, not'of Hook.

Sources of the Missouri, and plains of the Platte, near the Rocky Moun-
tains, Mr. Wyethl Nuttall! Aug. — Leaves thickish, reticulated; the upper
about an inch long and half an inch wide. Heads smaller than in E. spe-
ciosum ; the rays blue, fewer in number. Involucre glabrous to the naked
eye, minutely glandular under a lens. — The variety with acute leaves ap-
proaches E. speciosum, from which, indeed, i» appears to be distinguished
chiefly by its glabrous involucre.

21. E. speciosum (DC.) : stem glabrous below, much branched and
sparsely hispid above, leafy to the summit; leaves lanceolate, mostly acute
or acuminate, entire, hispidly ciliate, closely sessile or somewhat clasping ;
the radical ones spatulate and tapering into a petiole ; heads corymbose, ter-
minating the leafy branchlets ; rays very numerous (about 120), nearly
thrice the length of the very narrow hispid setigerous-mucronate scales of
the involucre; achenia minutely hairy, 2-4-nerved. — DC! prodr. b. p. 284,
^7. {mant.) p. 274. Stenactis speciosa, Lindl. ! bot. reg. t. 1577; HooTc.
hot. mag. t. 3607.

/3. stem often simple, bearing few heads ; leaves narrowly lanceolate,
cuspidate-acuminate. — E. speciosum, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. pJiil. soc. I. c,
chiefly. E. glabellum y. mucronulatum, Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. pi- 19-

California and Oregon, Douglas ! /3. Plains of the Oregon, common,
Dr.Scouler! Douglas! Nuttall! — Stem tall and stout, furrowed. Leaves
often nearly glabrous, except the margins, 2-4 inches long. Heads (includ-
ing the showy violet-purple ray) nearly 2 inches in diameter. Scales of the
involucre attenuate, hispid with spreading whitish hairs. Achenia 2-3-
(soraetimes 4-) nerved. Pappus with short setsB intermixed at the base,
forming an indistinct exterior series.

22. E. glabellum (Nutt.) : stem simple, or sparingly branched and some-
what naked above, pubescent or nearly hispid towards the summit ; leaves
mostly glabrous, with cihate and scabrous margins, entire; the upper cauline
(small) lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or mucronate-acuminate,
closely sessile or partly clasping ; the lower and radical ones spatulate, with
a long tapering base or margined petiole ; heads 3-7, corymbose ; the pe-
duncles naked, thickened at the summit; rays very numerous (more than
100), twice the length of the narrowly linear acute canescently hispid scales
of the involucre ; achenia sparsely hispid, nearly glabrous wlien mature,
2-3-nerved. — Nutt! gen. 2. p. 147, Sf- in jour. acad. Philad. 7 . p. Ii7 ;
Richards, appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 30 ; Hook. ! bot. mag. t. 2923, Sf
jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 19 ; DC. ! I. c. (Varies, 1. with the radical leaves lan-
ceolate, sometimes toothed ; the cauline linear ; head often solitary : 2. stem
stout ; leaves larger ; heads larger, 7-10, in a simple or slightly compound
corymb.)

/3. asperum : stem and leaves rough with a strigose-hirsute pubescence
(rays nearly white ?). — E. asperum, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 147 ; DC. prodr. 5-
p. 286. (E. i)ulchpllus, a. Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 19 (excl. syn.), fide herb.
Greene, ^-herb. Torr.)

174 COMPOSITE. Erigeron.

y. pubescens (Hook. ! 1. c.) : stem and leaves hirsute throughout with a
spreading pubescence. o /-i •

Prairies and open plains, Missouri, Nuttall! Mr. Nicollet! S^v. St. Croix
River, Dr. Houghton ! Saskatchawan, Drmmnond! and throughout the
woody country to lat. 64°, Richardson! Also in Oregon near the Rocky
Mountains, Nuttall! ^r. and on Lewis River, Mr. Tolmie! i3. Missouri,
Nuttall ! to Arctic America, Rkhanhon ! y. Prairies in the Rocky Moun-
tains (lat. 52°), Drummond! July-Aug.— Stems 10 inches to 2 feet high,
often several from the same root ; the lower portion, as well as the radical
leaves often entirely glabrous : the upper cauline leaves usually small arid
scattered, lanceolate or nearly linear, pointed. Heads about as large as in
E. bellidifolium, or sometimes nearly equalling those of E. speciosurii, to
which this species is evidently allied. Rays pale purple or blue, sometimes
nearly white. — The pubescence is exceedingly variable, and we have a full ,
series of specimens, connecting the most hairy forms with the nearly smooth
and glabrous plant.

* ♦ Exterior pappibs of manifeB, subulate or squamcllate setcE: rays nearly in a
single series.

23. E. pumilum (Nutt.) : very hirsute throughout with spreading rigid
hairs; stems numerous from the same root, or ca3spitose, simple or sparingly
branched, terminated by solitary heads ; leaves entire, lanceolate or linear,
tapering to the base ; the radical and lowermost linear-spatulate, tapering into
a petiole ; rays somewhat in a double series, twice the length of the very
hirsute involucre ; achenia sparsely hairy ; exterior pappus setaceous-subu-
late, very shovi.— Nutt. ! gen. 2. j;. 147, Sfin trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. ;
DC. jnodr. 5. p. 286. E. hirsutum, Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 742, not of Lour.

Upper Missouri, Bradbury! Nuttall! Mr. Nicollet! and plains of the
Platte near the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall ! May-June.— Stems 6-10 inches
high, rather stout, clothed like the leaves with almost hispid hairs, simple or
forked, or rarely divided into 3 or 4 branches, naked at the summit, bearing
snigle heads nearly as large as those of E. alpinum. Leaves rather rigid ;
the lowest 2-3 inches long, including the margined petiole, 2-3 lines wide
near the apex. Rays white. Bristles of the inner pappus 15-20, scabrous,
slightly shorter than the corolla; the exterior rather fewer, very sliort, but
forming a distinct outer series.— In Nuttall's Genera, the pappus is said to be
"double, the internal short, about 12-rayed": in Mr. Nuttall's recent me-
moir it is said to be single, of about 20 rays. The exterior pappus is abun-
dantly manifest in all tlie specimens we have examined.

24. E. concinnum: very hirsute throughout with long spreading hairs;
stems several from the same root or caudex, slender, leafy, branching above ;
the branches or peduncles terminated by single heads; leaves narrowly
linear, elongated, entire, attenuate at the base, the lowermost tapering into a
petiole ; rays narrowly linear, numerous (about 50), in a single series, twice
the lencrth of the very hirsute involucre; achenia (immature) hirsute; ex-
terior pappus setose-scjuamellate. — Distasis ? concinna, Hook. Sf Am. ! bat.
Beecliey, suppl. p. 350.

" Snake River, below the Salmon Falls in the Snake Country" (interior
of Oreeon), Mr. Tolmie! — Stems about a span high; the plant hoary or
canescent with the hirsute pubescence, resembhng the preceding species, but
much more slender throughout. Heads about the size of a Daisy ; the rays
in the dried specimens bright blue. Inner pappus of 8-10, or more commonly
12-15, hispid-scabrous bristles, nearly the length of the corolla : the exterior
fe~wer, somewhat chail-like, squamellate-subulate (as in Chrysopsis), form-
ing a distinct outer pappus, rather shorter than the ovary. Receptacle areo-
lafe. Appendages of the style, as in all the genus, very short and obtuse.

Ebigeron. COMPOSlTiE. 175

§ 4. Rays very numerous, nearly or quite in a single series, longer than the
involucre: paiypus mamfeslly double; the exterior very short, subulate or
squamellate, or almost coroniform ; the interior of few somewhat deciduous
bristles, often caducous or tcanting in the ray : achenia 2-nerved : annual
or biennial.— Fhalacko-loma, Cass. (Stenactis, DC. partly, excl. char.*)

* Pappus of the ray and disk similw. (Erigeron § Oligotrichium, NiUt.)

25. E. tenue : branched from the base, minutely strigose or scabrous ;
stems slender, ascending or erect, bearing few (1-9) small heads on slender
peduncles ; leaves short, with minutely ciliate and scabrous margins ; the
radical ones spatulate-oblong, somewhat lyrately toothed or sparingly lobed,
on slender petioles; the lower cauline mostly oblong-linear, entire; rays
very narrow and numerous, twice the length of the almost glabrous involu-
cre; inner pappus of 12-20 rather fragile bristles. — E. quercifolium, {Nutt.!)
DC. ! j^rodr. 5. p. 285, certainly not of Lam.

Prairies, and banks of rivers, Arkansas, Nuttcdl ! Louisiana, Dr. Car-
penter ! Dr. Hale! Dr. Leavenworth ! Texas, Drumiytond .' April-June. —
(D or II ? Stems slender, 5-10 inches high, pubescent near the base.
Leaves somewhat glabrous, the lower about an inch long. Heads smaller
than in E. quercifolmm, when several in number somewhat corymbose ; the
peduncles slightly thickened at the summit. Rays purplish, very slender,
more than 100 in number, but nearly or quite in a single series. Inner pap-
pus similar in the disk and ray, of 12 to 20 slender rather fragile scabrous
bristles ; the exterior very tnanifest, setaceous-squamellate, much shorter
than the slightly pubescent achenia.

26. E. diver gens: somewhat hoary with a minute hirsute pubescence,
diffusely branched from the base ; leaves small', entire, acute ; the radical
somewhat spatulate, narrowed into a short petiole ; the cauline scattered,
sessile, linear, narrowed at the base ; heads (small) mostly solitary termina-
ting the naked branchlets or peduncles ; rays very narrow and numerous,
twice the length of the hirsute involucre; inner pappus of few (8-12) very
slender and deciduous bristles. — Erigeron (Oligotrichium) divaricatum, Nutt. !
in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. x>- 311, "ot ai Michx.

Rocky Mountains, and plains of the interior of Oregon, Nuttall! — (l)
Stems about a foot high, diffiise, ascending, slender, at length much branched.
Leaves half an inch to an inch long, 1 to 2 lines wide, mucronate-acute.
Heads rather smaller than in E. tenue ; tire rays (white, Nutt.) nearly simi-
lar ; the exterior pappus shorter.

* * Imier pappus of the ray almost or entirely vxmting. (Phalacroloma, Cass. , proper.)

27. E. annuum (Pers.) : sparsely hirsute or hispid with more or less
spreading hairs; stem corymbosely branched above; leaves coarsely and
sharply serrate-toothed ; the radical and lowermost ovate, obtuse, tapering
into a margined petiole ; the others ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute and entire
at each end ; the uppermost lanceolate, mostly entire ; rays very narrow, not
twice the length of the sparsely setose-hispid involucre. — Pcrs. syn. 2. p.
431 ,• Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 20. E. heterophyllum, MuU. ! in Willd.
spec. 3. ;j. 1956 ; Pers. I. c. ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 534 ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 148 ;
Bart. veg. mat. med. t. 21 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 472. E. strigosum,

* None of the North American species of DeCandoUe's Steiiactis accord with his
generic character, in which the simple pappus of the ray is said to be similar to the
inner pappus of the disk ; and it is equally at variance with the character given by
Nees. The two Asiatic species belong to Stenactis, of Nees.

176 COMPOSITtE. Erigeron.

Bigel. Jl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 302. Aster annuus, Linn. ! liort. Cliff, p. 409, &■
spec. 2. p. 875 ; Willd. enum. 2. p. 884. Bellis ramosa, &c. Cornut. Canad.
t. 194. Pulicaria annua, Gcertn. fr. 2. p. 462. Diplopappus dubius, Cass,
in hull, philom. 1817 Sf 1818. Stenactis dubia, Cass, in diet. sci. nat. 37. p.
485. S. annua, Nees, Ast. p. 273. S. annua & S. strigosa (excl. syn.), DC !
prodr. 5. p. 299. Phalacroloma acutifolium, Cass, in diet. I. c. 39. p. 405.
Fields and waste places, Canada ! and throughout the Northern States !
to Kentucky ! a common weed; now naturalized throughout Europe. May
or June-Aug.— (|) or (l) 1 Stem stout, 2-4 feet high, striate or angled.
Radical andlower leaves large. Heads as large or larger than E. strigosum,
but less showy ; the ray (white or tinged with purple) being shorter.— i^im-
hane, Daisy. — Nuttall says the ray has no pappus ; and Nees, that it is very-
deciduous. We find the exterior squamellate-coroniform pappus, but no
trace of an interior : both the pappus and the achenia entirely correspond
with the following species ; and, indeed, specimens almost intermediate be-
tween the two may sometimes be observed.

28. E. strigosum (Muhl.) : more or less strigose with a minute appressed
pubescence ; stem slender, paniculate-corymbose at the summit ; leaves all
entire or slightly serrate ; the radical and lower cauline oval or spatulate,
3-nerved, tapering into a slender petiole ; the upper ones scattered, lanceo-
late, oblanceolate, or linear, acute or obtuse ; rays narrowly linear, about
twice the length of the minutely hispid or pubescent involucre. — Muhl. ! in
Willd. spec. 3. p. 1956 ,• Ell. sic. 2. p. 394 ; Hook. ! ft. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 18 ;
Darlingt. jl. Cest. p. 471. E. ambiguum, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 147. E. lon-
gifolium, Hort. Par., ex Cass., not of Lam. E. nervosum, Pursh, I. c, not
of Willd. E. spathulatum, H. H. Eaton, in trans, mcd. soc. New York,
1822. E. Philadelphicum, Bart. veg. mat. med. t. 20. Doronicum ramo-
sum, Walt. Car. p. 205. Phalacroloma obtusifolium, Cass, in diet. I. c. ;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 298, excl. all the syn. Stenactis ambigua, DC! prodr.
5., p. 299.

(3. stem and leaves nearly glabrous ; the latter almost constantly entire,
except the lowest. — E. integrifoHum, Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 302.

y. slender; heads rather smaller; rays rose-color, turning nearly white.
— E. Beyrichii, Hort. Berol. ! Stenactis Beyrichii, Fisch. S^- Meyer, 5th
ind. sem. St. Petersb. Phalacroloma Beyrichii, i^isc/i. 4* -^%^''- Gth ind.
sem. I. c, &; in Linneea, 14. suppl. p. 162. (Carolina, Beyrich. v. sp. in
hort. Berol.)

Fields and open places, Canada! and from the Saskatchawan ! to Florida!
and Louisiana! and west to Oregon ! .Tune-Aug., or in the Southern States,
April-June. — (T) or @ ? Stem 1-3 feet high, usually much smaller and
more slender than the preceding, angled or furrowed. Corymbs loose, at
length rather naked. Rays while ; the tube hairy. Achenia slightly hairy.
Inner pappus in the disk, of about 15 slender fragile and deciduous bristles ;
in the ray none, or sometimes of one or two caducous bristles : the exterior
a small setaceous-squamellate crown, similar in the ray and disk.— The
plant infests cultivated fields and meadows, like the preceding, and is also
called Flea-bane and Daisy.

§ 5. Rays in a single series, rather few {about 30), longer than the invo-
lucre : pappus simple : achenia mostly A-nerved : perennial, scapiform. —
Erigeridium.

29. E.vernum: nearly glabrous ; radical leaves rosulate, slightly succu-
lent, spatulate or oval, mostly petioled, obscurely toothed or entire; the
cauline very few and small, or none ; heads several (5-12), small, paniculate-
cymose ; rays narrowly spatulate-linear ; scales of the involucre lanceolate,
with scarious margins, slightly pubescent. — E. nudicaule, Michx. ! Jl. 2. p.

Erigeron. composite. 177

124; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 533; NutL! gen. 2. j). 147; Ell. sk. 2. p. 393.
Aster vernus, Linn.! spec. 2. p. 876 (pi Gronov. !) ; Pers. I. c. Doronicum
Iccvifolium, Walt. Car. p. 205 7 Stenactis verna, Nees, Ast. p. 275 ; DC. !
prodr. 5. p. 299.

Moist pine barrens, &c. Virginia ! and N. Carolina ! to Florida ! and
Louisiana! May-June. — Leaves variable in form, sometimes short and
roundish, often narrowly spatulate, with a more or less elongated tapering
base. Scape 1-2 feet high, slender, a little pubescent or hairy above, often
simple, and v^\\h few heads ; not unfrequently once or twice dichotomous,
the branches bearing commonly 3 heads. Rays white (sometimes purple,
DC), rather broad for their length in this genus, spreading, exserted the
length of the involucre. Appendages of the style, in the disk-flowers, short,
triangular, often acute. Pappus (double according to Nuttall, Nees and
De Candolle) in all our specimens certainly simple and in a single series ;
the bristles very slender, scabrous, equal, between 20 and 30 in num-
ber. Achenia oblong, 4-nerved, quadrangular or compressed, minutely
hispid.

§ 6. Rays (30-50) in a single series or nearly so, much longer than the invo-
lucre: pappus double; the exterior short, setaceous or squamcllate-subulaie :
achenia mostly 2-nerved : receptacle areolate : perennial or svffruticose,
with the habit o/Diplopappus or Chrysopsis, but ivith the style and recep-
tacle o/'Erigeron. — Pseuderigeron.

30. E. fill folium (Nutt.) : canescent, stems or branches numerous from a
woody base; leaves filiform, crowded on the sterile branches, scattered on
the fertile; peduncles naked, bearing single (small) heads; scales of the
involucre somewhat unequal, linear-subulate ; rays (white) rather few,
about twice the length of the disk; achenia somewhat hairy; exterior pappus
very indistinct.

a. branches elongated, nearly simple ; rays about 40. — Diplopappus
filifolius, Hook. ! fl. '^Bor.-Am. 2. p. 21.

(3. stems or branches paniculate-corymbose; rays 25-30. — E. filifolium,
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. [n. ser.) 7. p. 308. Chrysopsis canescens,
DC. .' i)rodr. 5. p. 323.

Oregon, from the Great Falls and barren grounds of the interior, Douglas!
to the" Rocky Mountains, Nuttall !—Siems 8-12 inches high; the sterile
branches and young leaves very canescent. Leaves 2-3 inches long, very
slender. Scales of the involucre rather rigid. Pappus a single series of
white bristles (20 or more), with a few minute setos intermixed, scarcely
distinguishable from the hairs of the compressed 2-nerved achenia.

31. E. Douglasii : stem tall, glabrous, racemosely branched at the
summit ; the branches numerous, elongated, mostly simple and bearing
solitary heads, somewhat corymbose or fasti gi ate ; leaves (upper cauline)
linear, rigid, obtuse, scabrous with minute appressed hairs; those of the
branches much smaller ; rays (blue or purple) about twice the length of the
disk ; scales of the somewhat imbricated involucre minutely pubescent, the
exterior linear-subulate; the inner larger, lanceolate; achenia somewhat
hairy; exterior pappus minute and indistinct. — Diplopappus? occidentalis,
Hook. Sf Am. ! bot. Beechey, suppl. p. 350.

California, Douglas! — The original, and only specimen we have seen is
imperfect, wanting the lower part "of the stem, which appears to have been 2
feet or more in length : the numerous and mostly simple flexuous flowering
branches are about 6 inches long : the only cauline leaves present about an
inch long, 2 lines or more in breadth, 1-nerved, and slightly veiny. Heads
scarcely larger than in E. Philadelphicum. Scales of the involucre narrow
VOL. 11.-23

178 COMPOSITiE. Erigeron.

and acute, not very numerous, but somewhat in 3 series, rather unequal ;
the inner whitish, with a brownish mid-nerve, nearly glabrous. Inner
pappus of few (15-20) bristles ; the exterior fewer and very small.

32. E. decumhens (Nutt.) : scabrous-pubescent; stems slender, decumbent
or ascending, glabrous at the base, leafy, numerous from the same root,
somewhat branched or corymbose at the summit; the branches bearing single
heads ; leaves linear, entire, acute ; the lower somewhat lanceolate, tapering
into a petiole ; rays (white, Nutt.) more than twice the length of the linear
hairy and rather loose scales of the involucre ; exterior pappus minute. —
Nutt..' in trans. Amcr. phil. soc. {n. s;r.) l.j). 309.

Rocky Mountains towards the Oregon, Nuttall ! Wahlamet, Douglas ! —
Stems more slender than in E. corymbosum, 10-15 inches long; the whole
plant scabrous-pubescent, not hoary, leafy nearly to the summit. Leaves
2-3 inches long, often less than 2 lines wide ; the lower attenuated into
slender petioles. Heads as large as a Daisy, on slender peduncles. Scales
of the involucre narrow, acute, nearly in a single series. Rays 40-50, in a
single series.

33. E. corymhosum (Nutt.) : canescently pubescent throughout ; stems
numerous from the same root, erect, bearing few (3-5) corNmibose heads at
the summit ; leaves lanceolate-linear, entire, acute, sessile ; the radical lan-
ceolate or slightly spatulate, tapering into a petiole ; rays (blue) about twice
the length of the lanceolate canescent appressed scales of the involucre ;
achenia minutely hairy ; exterior pappus sqnamellate-setaceous, very dis-
tinct.— Nutt. ! in trans. Amcr. pliil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. ^?. 308.

Rocky Mountains, in about lat. 42°, towards Oregon, Nuttall ! — Plant
6-8 inches high, rather stout, hoary with a close and short ])ubescence.
Leaves rather rigid, strongly 1-nerved, 1-3 inches long, about 2 lines wide.
Heads middle-sized, on naked peduncles. Scales of the involucre in about
2 nearly equal series, appressed, hirsute-canescent. Rays 30 or more, in a
single series. Pappus somewhat brownish ; the exterior rather copious,
shorter than the 2-3-nerved compressed achenia. — Habit of Chrysopsis, and
with a similar exterior pappus.

34. E. ochroleucum (Nutt.) : somewhat cfespitose, low; stems numerous
from a thickened caudex, simple, slender, naked above, pubescent with ap-
pressed hairs ; bearing soUtary or rarely 3-5 heads; radical leaves crowded,
very narrowly linear, tapering into a petiole ; the cauline few or scattered,
sessile ; rays (ochroleucous, Nxdt.) scarcely twice the length of the pubes-
cent-tomentose linear-lanceolate scales of the involucre ; achenia somewhat
pubescent ; exterior pappus squamellate-subulate, very distinct. — Nutt. ! in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 309. Diplopappus linearis, Hook. Ji.
Bor.-Am. 2. p. 21. (ex descr.) Chrysopsis hirtella, DC. prodr. b. p>- 327 .''

Plains of the Oregon, Nuttall! On dry rocks and sandy grounds near
• Priest's Rapid,' and on Lewis River. Douglas ! Aug. — Stems 3-5 inches
high, often simple and scape-like, leafless above and bearing a single head ;
frequently more leafy and bearing 3 or 4 heads on naked peduncles. Leaves
clustered at the base, slender, 2-3 inches long, rather rigid, slightly dilated
upwards or near the apex, or somewhat spatu late-linear, half a line to scarce-
ly a line in width, resembling an Armeria, nearly glabrous when old, at first
clothed with slender appressed hairs: cauline leaves nearly similar, but
sessile, often almost filiform. Heads as large as in E. alpinum. Scales of
the involucre nearly equal and somewhat in a double series. Rays 60 or
more, in a single series. Inner pappus of few bristles. — This is without
much doubt the Diplopappus linearis of Hooker, and the Chrysopsis hirtella
of De CandoUe (described from imperfect specimens) : having yellowish-
white rays (according to Nuttall,) it certainly closely approaches Chrysopsis.
The style, receptacle &c. agree with Erigeron.

Erigeron. composite. 179

35. E. ceespitosum (Nult.) : dwarf, canescent with a close and short pubes-
cence ; stems numerous from a thickened caudex, csespitose, decumbent,
mostlj'^ simple and terminated by single heads ; leaves linear-oblong, rather
obtuse, entire ; the cauline sessile ; the radical clustered, oblanceolate or
spatulate-oblong; rays (white or pale rose-color), very numerous and some-
what in a double series, twice the length of the hirsute-tomentose involucre;
achenia hairy ; exterior pappus squamellate-setaceous, very distinct. — Nutt. !
in trans. Amer. phil. soc. («. ser.) 7. p. 307.

j3. grandiflorum : larger ; stems occasionally somewhat branched ; rays
more than twice the length of the involucre. — Diplopappus grandiflorus,
Hook. ! fi. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 21.

Dry hills of the Platte, in the Rocky Mountains, and on the Colorado of
the West, Nuttall! (3. Plains of the Saskatchawan and prairies of the
Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! — Stems 3-5, or in (3. often 6-8 inches high.
Radical leaves in dense clusters, about 2 inches long, or in (3. larger, ob-
scurely 3-nerved ; the cauline i-1 inch long, obtuse or abruptly acute.
Scales of the involucre appressed, narrow, very acute, the exterior shorter,
the interior broader. — The head is about as large as a Daisy in Mr. Nuttall's
plant : in the specimens of Drummond, the heads, as well as the whole
plant, are larger, and the rays longer. Mr. Nuttall has overlooked the ex-
terior pappus ; the squamellate seta3 of which, although not numerous, are as
large and distinct as in any species of this section.

X Species unlaiown to us.

36. £. (Pseuderigeron) canescens: canescently pubescent ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, entire, very much narrowed at the base ; the lower on long
petioles ; stem simple, corymbose ; the branches elongated, leafy, bearing
single heads ; scales of the involucre narrow, very acute, hirsute-scabrous.
Hook. — Diplopappus canescens, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 21.

Saskatchawan, between Carlton House and Edmonton House, Dnmimond!
— According to Hooker, this plant may possibly prove to be a variety of his
Diplopappus grandiflorus, which is a large variety of E. cajspitosum, Nutt. ;
but it is said to be a talier, more erect, and corymbose plant, with smaller
heads.

37. E. lonchophyllum (Hook.) : stem tall, simple, hispid ; leaves very
long, linear, glabrous, nerved, ciliate ; the lower ones lincar-spatulate; ra-
ceme terminal, leafy, many-flowered ; peduncles elongated, somewhat leafy
(foliolosis) ; rays nuinerous, narrow (white?), scarcely longer than the
copious pappus. Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 2.j?. 18.

Saskatchawan, Drummond. — Apparently a remarkable species, founded
on a single specimen, said to be about 2 feet high, very hispid with spreading
and rigid white hairs ; the cauline leaves several of them 6 inches long and
2-4 lines broad; the heads similar to those of E. glabellum : but in the
specific character the rays are said to be scarcely longer than the pappus.

38. E. hispidum (Nutt.) : stem erect, corymbose, above scabrous and his-
pid ; leaves entire, ciliate and scabrous on the margin ; the radical spatulate ;
cauline sessile, acuminate ; peduncles elongated, one-flowered ; scales of the
involucre hoary, hispid, very hirsute, much acuminated ; rays very nume-
rous. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 310, not of DC.

"St. Barbara, California. — Nearly allied to E. speciosum, from which,
however, it is very distinguishable by its exceedingly hirsute involucrum,
and hispid, naked, elongated peduncles ; the leaves appear, also, broader,
and scabrous towards the points. Rays blue, more nunjerous than in E.
speciosum, and not so long. Pappus double in ray and disk; rays [bristles]
20 to 24, persistent." Nutt. — We have not seen this plant. There is proba-
bly a typographical error in the character ; the word ' hispid ' should proba-

180 ••• COMPOSITE. Erigeron.

bly be applied to the peduncles, instead of the involucre. There is already
an Erigeron hispidum of DeCandolle (in Wiit^ht, contrib. hot. Ind., !s^' DC.
prodr.) ; but we have left the name of Mr. Nuttall's species unchanged ;
firstly, because that of De Candolle will perhaps be removed from the genus;
and secondly, we see no adequate distinction between this plant and E.
speciosum.

39. E. occidentale (Nutt.) : hispid with a short pubescence ; corymb com-
pound, irregular; lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, subserrulate ; upper
linear, entire, scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, scarcely hirsute; rays
very numerous, red ; inner pappus of about 12 bristles ; the outer very dis-
tinct. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) p. 311.

"Oregon. — A low perennial species, with broadish leaves on the lower
part of the stem. Allied to E. strigosum, but scarcely the same, with red
flowers and broad leaves." Nuttall.

40. jE. foliosum (Nutt.) : rather hirsute and somewhat scabrous ; stem
simple, erect, terete, attenuated, the summit corymbose ; leaves oblong-
linear, sessile, acute, crowded; scales of the involucre lanceolate, pubescent,
acute, in about 2 series, nearly equal; rays short, red, about 30; achenia
somewhat hirsute. Nutt. in trans. Amer. j^hil. soc. {n. scr.) 7. p. 309.

St. Barl)ara, California, Nutiall. May. — "Avery remarkable species;
the stem terete, full of leaves, one and a half to two inches long, and about
2 lines wide, diminishing in size with the attenuation of the stem. Pappus
double ; the outer small, the inner of many brownish rays. Stigma exserted,
smootli and nearly equally filiform in the ray; obliquely truncate and slightly
pubescent in the discal florets. Rays narrow, about the length of the invo-
lucrum [that is exserted to about that length], of a full purple red. This
species appears to be considerably allied to Corethrogyne, but has the
achenium of Erigeron, somewhat prismatic, with 3 or 4 longitudinal brown
lines or nerves, but the obtuse stigma appears to be an anomaly in the genus."
ISutt. — We have not seen this plant, which, in addition, is said to resemble
an Aster in aspect, and to liave been described from immature specimens.
The ai)pendages of the style (stigmas) are, we believe, always obtuse in
Erigeron.

E. Carolhiiamim, of Linnceiis, is wholly founded on the Virga-aurea Carolinianf ,
&c. DM. Elth. t. 306, /. 394, a yellow-flowered plant, which no botanist has suc-
ceeded in identifying. It has nothing in common with the Phalacroloma obtusifo-
lium of Cassini (which is Erigeron stiigosum), nor with the Erlgf ron hyssopifolium,
Michx. (which is Aster graminifolius). This confusion commenced with Fursh,
who erroneously adduced the figure of Dillenius and the E. Carolinianum as syno-
nyms of the E. hyssopifolium of Michaux.

E. longifolium (Desf &; Pers.) is pretty clearly not of this genus, and in all pro-
bability not a North American plant. Pursh adds the mark v. s., but we find no
specimen in Mr. Lambert's herbarium. In the list of excluded species, De Candolle
refers it to Jasonia longifolia, but we find no such species described, nor have we
elsewhere met with the name.

E. retroflczum (Poir.), a veiy imperfectly characterized species, is said to have
extremely narrow linear glabrous leaves, and a short, imbricated, and very glabrous
involucre. Perliaps it is Chiysopsis pinifolia, Ell.

28. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass, in hull, philom. 1817, c^ in diet. 13. p. 308.

Diplostephium, Kunth. — Diplopappus &; Diplostepluum. Cass. {did. 37.) & DC.
(excl. Diplop. § 1 1 &; 2.) — Diplostephium &c Dcellingeria, in part, Nees. — Chrysopsis
§ 2, Nutt. pardy.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers 8-12, or rarely more numerous,
in a single series ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre

DiPLOPAPPUs. COMPOSITiE. 181

imbricated, lanceolate or subulate, 1-nerved or carinate, destitute of herba-
ceous or squarrose tips. Receptacle flat, somewhat alveolate ; the alveoli
toothed. Appendages of the style subulate or lanceolate, rarely short. Ache-
nia more or less compressed. Pappus double ; the exterior of copious sca-
brous often unequal capillary bristles, as long as the corolla ; the exterior
very short, setulose, or setaceous-subulate. — Perennial (chiefly American)
herbs or suffruticose plants, somewhat variable in habit ; with alternate most-
ly entire and sessile leaves. Heads corymbose, or terminating the simple
branches. Rays blue, purple, or white ; the corolla of the disk yellow, rarely
changing to purplish.

The name Diplostephium appertains to the section which comprises the original
species, D. lavandulaefolium, Kmith; which ajjpears to differ considerably, and per-
haps generically from the Eudiplostephium of De Candolle, and is perhaps much
nearer tlie Diplopappus § Amelloidei of the latter author. — In a note under Aster § Or-
thomeris, we have already observed that some, if not all of the species of De Can-
doUe's Diplopappus § Cahmeridei, with the Aster peduncularis, Wall. (Amphiraphis
peduncularis, DC), the Calimeris flexuosa, Lindl.&cc. (all natives of the mountains
of India), appear to form a well-marked genus.

§ 1. Bristles of the inner imirpus similar, not clavellate or thickened at the
apex ; the exterior setulose : achenia villous or silky, short, someivhat com-
pressed : involucre about the length of the disk : leaves crowded, linear,
risid, 1-nerved, mucronulate, with serrulate-ciliate very scabrous margins :
heads terminating the simple branches : rays violet. — Ian the. (Diplo-
stephium § Amelloidea, Nees. Diplopappus § Amelloidei, DC.)

1. D. linariifolius (Hook.) : stems strict, puberulent or slightly scabrous,
usually several from the same root or suffrutescent base ; leaves rigid, mostly-
spreading, linear, mucronulate, strongly 1-nerved, glabrous, with very scab-
rous serrulate-ciliate margins ; scales of the turbinate-campanulate involucre
imbricated in several series, rigid, carinately 1-nerved, at length somewhat
spreading ; the exterior short, lanceolate-subulate ; the innermost linear,
mostly obtuse; exterior pappus copious, setaceous; achenia narrow, silky-
MiWoua.— Hook. ! Ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 21 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 473. D.
linariifolius & D. rigidus, Lindl. ! in DC. ptrodr. 5. p. 277. Diplostephium
linariifolium, Nees, Ast. p. 199. Chrysopsis linariifolia, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p.
152. Aster linariifolius, Linn.! spec. 2. p. 874; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 110;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 545 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 365. A. rigidus, Linn. I. c. (fide pi.
Gronov. .') ; Michx.! I. c. ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 544. (excl. syn. A. nemoralis,
Willd.) A. pulcherrimus, Lodd. bot. cab. 1. t. 6. A. Americanus frutes-
cens, &c. Pluk. aim. t. 14, /. 7.

Dry soil, throughout the United States ! also in Canada ! and New-
foundland, Mr. Cormack ! (in herb. Hook.) Sept.-Oct. — Stems 8-20 inches
high, simple and terminated by a single head ; or with few or numerous,
simple, leafy, corymbose, clustered, or somewhat racemose branches. Leavea
near the root short and scale-Uke, appressed, obtuse, 1-3-nerved, rigidly cili-
ate; the other cauline ones about an inch long, very numerous, mostly
spreading or recurved, shining above, pale and with the midrib prominent
beneath, veinless ; those of the somewhat hoary branches much smaller,
the uppermost subulate. Heads rather large ; the numerous scales of the
involucre somewhat ciliate ; the inner often with purplish tips. Rays 10-12,

elongated, showy. Appendages of the style attenuate-subulate, hairy "We

know not how the D. rigidus, Lindl. S^v. is to be distinguished, even as a

182 COMPOSITE. DiPLOPAPPUs.

variety. The involucre, at first more or less turbinate, becomes somewhat
hemispherical when old.

2. D. ericoides : strigosely canescent ; stems branching from near the
sufFrutescent ? base; leaves acerose-subulate, imbricated, mucronate-pilife-
rous ; scales of tlie involucre lanceolate-linear, acute, 1-nerved, with scarious
margins, loosely imbricated in about 3 series ; exterior pappus very minute ;
young achenia pubescent. — Inula? ericoides, Torr.! in ami. lye. New York,
2. p. 212. Chrysopsis ericoides, Eaton, man. hot. Bucephalus ericoides,
Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. sac. {n. ser.) 7. p. 299.

On the Canadian River ? Dr. James! (collected in Long's expedition to
the Rocky Mountains.) — Plant apparently 6-8 inches high, clothed quite to
the summit of the branches with appressed strigose and hispidly-ciliate heath-
like leaves ; those near the base 2 or more lines long ; those of the branches
scarcely a line long, thickened, concavo-convex, obscurely 1-nerved. Heads
solitary, rather small. Scales of the involucre rather few. Rays 10-15,
longer than the disk, apparently not yellow ; the disk-flowers about 12. Appen-
dages of the style oblong, much shorter than the stigmatic portion. Pappus
of rather few capillary bristles ; the exterior of about as many in proportion
to the inner as in D. linariifolius.

3. D. alpinus (Nutt.) : stems several from the suffrutescent base, simple,
tomentose-pubescent, naked at the summit; leaves crowded, erect, linear-
oblong, mucronulate, rather rigid, scabrous, villous-pubescent when young,
1-nerved, flat, with cartilaginous minutely serrulate-scabrous margins ;
scales of the hemispherical involucre linear, acute, 1-nerved, with scarious
margins, pubescent, imbricated in about 3 series ; exterior pappus of rather
numerous setaceous bristles ; young achenia compressed, silky-villous. —
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. sac. {n. ser.) 7. p. 304. Chrysopsis alpina,
Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 34, t. 3, /. 2.

Rocky Mountains, near the Flat Head River, Mr. Wyeth! June. — Plant
3-4 inches high. Leaves about 4 lines long and one in breadth. Heads as
large as in D. linariifolius ; the rays " pale violet-purple," 12-15, elongated.
Appendages of the style subulate-linear, as long as the stigmatic portion.

§ 2. Bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some of them (the innermost) cla-
vellate or slightly thickened at the summit ; the exterior of copious short
slightly squamellate bristles : achenia [pubescent or glabrous) obovoid,
more or less compressed, o-8-nerred : involucre shorter than the disk: leaves
scattered, membranaceous, veiny, entire: heads in compound corymbs:
corolla of the disk deeply 5-toothed : rays 8-12, white, or somewhat ochro-
leucous. — Triplopappus. (Species of Doellingeria, Nees. Diplostephium
§ 1. Eudiplostephium, DC.)

* The longer bristles of the inner pappus vnth manifestly clavellate tips: appendages of
the style liTiear-suhdate, elongated.

4. D. cornifolius (Darlingt.) : stem slender, terete, pubescent-scabrous
above, sparingly corymbose-paniculate at the summit; leaves elliptical, or
broadly lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate at each end, ciliate, hairy on
the veins beneath ; heads few, scarcely corymbose, on divaricate pedicels ;
achenia glabrous. — Darlingt.! fl. Cest. p. 475. Dcellingeria cornifolia,
Nees, Ast. p. 181. Diplostephium cornifolium, DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 273. Aster
Americanus latifolius albus, &c. Pluk. ! aim. p. 56, t. 79, /.I. A. caule
infirmo, foliis ovatis, &c. Gronov. ! Virg. ed. \. jo. 99. A. divaricatus,
Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 873 (ex syn. Pluk. S^' Gronov. supr. cit.) ; not of herb.
Linn. ; Spreng. syst. 3. p. 529 ? A. cornifolius, Muhl. in Willd. spec 3.

DiPLOPAPPUs. COMPOSITiE. 183

p. 2039 ,• Bisel.fi. Bost. ed. 2. x>. 313. A. infirmus, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 109.
A. humilis, Pwrs/?,/. 2. p. 548 (excl. syn. IVilld.) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 366.
Chrysopsis humilis, Nutt. gen. 2. p. ]o3 ?

Woodlands &c. from (Canada, Michaux,) Massachusetts, New York !
and Pennsylvania! to Virginia ! and the mountains and upper country of
the Southern States! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1-2 feet high, sometimes flexuous.
Leaves somewhat rhombic-oblong or oval (the uppermost oblong-lanceolate),
tapering to the base and almost petioled, 2-4 inches long, 1-2 wide. Heads
larger and much fewer than in the following, 2-5 on the somewhat pani-
culate branches; or very loosely corymbose at the summit. Scales of the
involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, slightly pubescent ; the innermost
shorter than the disk, the exterior very short. Achenia large, obovoid,
fuscous, turgid, but evidently compressed, 7-8-nerved, viz : with one nerve
on each margin, and 3 on one side and 2 or 3 on the other. Pappus reddish-
brown ; the "exterior very copious ; a large portion of the interior clavellate
and obtuse. — A very distinct species.

* * The longer bristle?, of the inner pappus slightly thickened towards the summit
{under a lens), but scarcely clavellate : appendages of the style short, triangular-subu-
late or oblong.

5. D. amygdalinus : stem slightly striate, smooth, or scabrous above, co-
rymbosely branched at the summit; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or some-
times oval, more or less acute or acuminate, scabrous-ciliolate, sessile, or
abruptly narrowed into a slight petiole ; heads numerous, in loose corymbs ;
scales of the short involucre loosely imbricated, obtuse ; achenia minutely
hairy. — Aster amygdalinus. Lam. diet. 1. p. 305 ? (excl. syn. Ast. Acadiensis,
&c. Tourn. herh.) ; Ell.! I. c. (partly.) A. humiVis,^ Willd. spec. 3. p.
2038, c*^- hort. Berol. t. 67, fide Nees. Chrysopsis amygdalina, Nutt. I. c. ?
Diplostephium amygdalinum, Cass, in diet. sci. nat. 37. p. 486.'' Dcellin-
geria amygdalina, Nees, Ast. p. 179.

/3. stem branching ; heads rather large. — D. corniMius, Lindl. ! in herb.
Torr. (partly.)

y. more scabrous and rigid ; heads smaller. — Dosllingeria cornifolia,
Lindl..' in Hook.! compan. to bat. mag. 1. p. 98.

Moist places. New Jersey ! Pennsylvania? and throughout the Southern
States ! i3. Alabama, Dr. Gates ! Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! Arkansas, Dr.
Pitcher! y. homsiana, Dnuyrmond! Dr. Leavenivorth! Aug.-Sept. — Stem
1-3 feet high, often producing straggling branches. Leaves shorter and
broader than in the following, sometimes ovate or oval and obtuse, but usually
acute or acuminate. Scales of the involucre scarcely longer than the mature
achenia, nearly glabrous. Achenia and pappus nearly as in D. umbellatus. _
— Both this and the following species are subject to considerable variation,
and perhaps are not always readily discriminated, but we think they are dis-
tinct. This species is nearly confined to the southern portion of the United
States, while the following abounds in the Northern States and Canada.
They are not satisfactorily distinguished by those who recognize two species,
and a portion of the synonymy is very uncertain. Perhaps the original A.
amygdalinus, as well as A. umbellatus, was founded on the present species
(as 'is certainly the case with the plant cited from Tournefort's herbarium),
although Lamarck's plant is said to have been derived from Virginia.

6. D. umbellatus : stem striate, smooth or somewhat scabrous, fastigiafe-
corymbose at the summit; leaves elongated lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate,
tapering at the base usually into a slight petiole, the margins ciHate-scabrous;
heads numerous, usually in fastigiate corymbs ; scales of the short involucre ob-
tusish, rather closely imbricated ; achenia minutely hairy. — D. umbellatus

184 COMPOSITE. DiPLOPAPPUs.

& D. amygdalinus, Hook. ! Ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 23. D. amygdalinus, Dar-
lingt..'fl. Cest. p. 473. Doellingeria u mbellata, iVees, Ast. p. 178. Diplo-
stephium umbellatum, DC. I. c. Aster umbellatus, ^^ Mill. diet. ed. 7. no.
2" ,• Ait. ! Kew. {ed. 1) 3, p. 199 ; Willd. spee. 3. p. 2030 ; " Hoffm.phytogr.
II. p. 74, t. B. f. 2." (ex Nees.) ; Bigel. fi. Bost. ed. 2. p. 310. A. amyg-
dalinus, Michx.! fl.2. p. 109; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 549; Ell. I. c. (partly);
Torr. ! compend. p. 300 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1517.

/?. low and small ; corymb simple. — Diplostephium amygdalinum, /3. hu-
milius, DC! I. c.

Moist thickets, &c. Canada! and Nova Scotia! and common throughout
the Northern and North Western States ! to the mountains of South Carolina.
/?. Newfoundland, Pylaie ! Mr. Morrison ! S^'c. Aug,-Sept. — Stem 2-5
feet high, simple below, above with rather strict corymbose branches.
Leaves 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, either narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, glabrous, pale beneath. Scales of the involucre (not longer than the
ripe achenia) slightly pubescent and ciliate. Achenia obovoid oblong, some-
what compressed, 3-5-nerved or ribbed. Pappus pale or tawny.

7. D. obovaius : clothed with a minute short pubescence : stem terete,
corymbose at the summit; leaves closely sessile, oval, elliptical, or occa-
sionally somewhat bbovate, mostly obtuse at each end, conspicuously re-
ticulated, tomentose-pubescent beneath; heads rather numerous; scales of
the involucre, linear, acute, pubescent and viscid, imbricated in about 3
series; achenia pubescent- villous. — Chrysopsis obovala, Nutt.! gen. 2. p.
152. Solidago Noveboracensis, iVfM/iL .' herb. Aster obovatus, jBW. sJc. 2.
p. 368. Diplostephium boreale, Spreng. syst. 3. p). 544. D. obovalum,
DC. prodr. 5. p. 273. Dixllingeria obovata, Nees, Ast. j}- 182.

[3. corymb dichotomous-paniculate; peduncles elongated, naked; heads
fewer. — Aster dichotomus. Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 366. Diplostephium dichotomum,
DC. I.e.

Damp shady soil, S. Carolina and Georgia, LeConte! Nuttall ! Elliott!
to Florida, Dr. Chainnan! Dr. Leavenicorih ! June-Oct. — Stem 2-3 feet
high, often numerous from the same root. Leaves numerous, 2-3 inches
long, an inch or more wide, somewhat membranaceous, often a little nar-
rowed towards the base, slightly puberulent-scabrous above ; the veins di-
verging at right angles from the midrib, and conspicuously reticulated beneath.
Heads as large as in D. cornifolius, either loosely corymbose, or somewhat
paniculate, usually on slender tomentose-pubescent peduncles. Involucre
shorter than the disk, at length scarcely exceeding the slender achenia.
Rays 10-13, white (sometimes tinged with purple), nearly thrice the length
of the involucre. Achefiia oblong, about 5-angled or nerved, scarcely com-
pressed. Pappus white, or at length tawny; the exterior not very copious ;
the interior very obscurely, if at all, thickened towards the summit. — The
plant is sometimes considerably branched ; and, according to Elliott, the leaves
are rarely toothed. We have met with no specimen in Elliott's herbarium
under the name of Aster obovatus; but his A. dichotomus is a mere state of
this species.

t Doubtful Species.

8. D. leucopiliyllus (Lindl.): shrubby? woolly throughout; branches short,
bearing smgle heads ; leaves thick, oval, acute, crenate, narrowed into a
petiole ; scales of the squamose involucre linear, membranaceous, the upper
ones naked ; achenia tomentose, fusiform ; exterior pappus short ; the inner
very unequal, subulate. Lindl. in DC. prodr. 5. j)- 278.

California. — Probably collected by Douglas, but this is not mentioned.
We have ventured to adduce this species as a synonym of Corethrogyne fila-
ginifoUa ; with which, however, the character does not altogether accord.

r

FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA

CO MTAINIKG

ABRIDGED DESCRIPTIONS OP ALL THE KNOWN. INDIGENOUS
AND NATURALIZED PLANTS GROWING NORTH OF MEXICO :

ABRANGED ACCORDING TO

THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

JOHN TORREY and ASA GRAY.

Vol. II.— Part II.

NEW- YORK & LONDON:
WILEY AND PUTNAM.

Paris: Bossange & Co. 11 duAi Voltaihe.
April, 1842.

TowNSENDiA. COMPOSITiE. 185

29. TOWNSENDIA. HooTc. fl. Bor.-Am. % p. IG, t. 119.

Heads subglobose, many-flowered ; the ray-flowers numerous in a single
series, pistillate, but sometimes infertile ; those of the disk tubular, perfect.
Scales of the involucre numerous and closely imbricated, appressed, lanceo-
late, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat, naked, areolate-fimbrillate.
Rays linear, often erect; the corolla of the disk infundibuliform, 5-tooihed.
Branches of the style lanceolate, rather acute, hairy towards the summit.
Achenia of the disk flat, obovate-oblong, pubescent or hairy, the margins 1-
nerved; those of the ray 3-nerved. Pappus of the disk-flowers composed of
numerous rather rigid and uniform barbellate-scabrous bristles, as long as the
corolla (slightly cohering at the base ? persistent) ; that of the ray of fewer
short subulate bristles or squamellse, sometimes with one or two slender bris-
tles intermixed. — Dwarf acaulescent or subcaulescenl herbs (natives of the
Rocky Mountains and the banks of the rivers which rise on their eastern
slope) ; with a branching caudex or a perpendicular root, and crowded linear
or spatulate entire leaves. Heads large for the size of the plant, sessile or
nearly so at the summit of the caudex, or of the proliferous branches. Rays
rose-color or nearly white.

^ 1. Root perennial ; the caudex somewhat ligneous: rays fertile ; the short
pappus squamellate-suhulate, and mostly roith one or two capillary bristles
resembling those of the disk. — Townsendia proper.

1. T. sencert (Hook.! I.e.): stemless ; leaves spatulate-linear, silky-ca-
nescent, erect, surrounding and partly concealing the sessile heads ; scales of
the involucre subulate-lanceolate ; rays long and narrow, with the margins
involute ; receptacle areolate ; achenia hairy ; pappus of the ray composed
of several unequal subulate bristles much shorter than theachenium, and one
or two long ones nearly resembling those of the disk-flowers. — Aster? exsca-
pus, Richards.! appx. Frank. journ. ed. 2. p. 32.

/?. heads and flowers smaller; leaves narrower. — T. sericea, Nutt. ! in
trans. Amer.pihil. soc. {n. scr.) 7. p. 304.

Carlton House on the Saskatchawan, Richardson! to the Rocky Moun-
tains in about lat. 54°, Drummond! (3. Black hills towards the sources of
the Platte in lat. 41°, Nuttall! April-May. — Root perpendicular, elon-
gated ; the caudex simple or divided, thick, very short ; the whole plant not
rising more than 2 inches in height. Leaves obscurely 1-nerved, 12-15
lineslong, mostly overtopping the sessile heads, which are ordinarily about
8 lines in length. Scales of the involucre pubescent, green in the centre (or
purplish towards the tip) ; the margins scarious and lacerate-ciliate. Rays
not spreading. Pappus of the disk white, longer than the corolla; the bris-
tles somewhat unequal, in alcjut 2 rows; the exterior thickened towards the
base, the interior more slender. Hairs of the acheniuna minutely capitate. —
The flower-bud, according to Dr. Richardson, is formed in the autumn and
expands the following spring.

2. T. incawa (Nutt.) : caudex, or rather stems, branching ; leaves silky-
canescent, oblong-spatulate, tapering into a petiole, crowded, surrounding the
(small) sessile heads ; scales of ilie involucre oval-oblong, rather acute; rays
linear, flat; receptacle somewhat alveolate-limbrillate ; achenia minutely

VOL. II. — 24

186 COMPOSlTiE. TowNSENDiA.

hairy; pappus of the ray composed of nearly equal subulate setaceous bris-
tles, shorter than the acheniura. — Nutt. I in trans. Amer. jihil. soc. I. c.
p. 305.

Near the sources of the Platte in the Rocky Mountains, Nultall! — Plant
about 2 inches high, densely csespitose and depressed, inclined to produce di-
chotomous stems. Leaves about half an inch long, indistinctly petioled.
Heads smaller than in T. sericea. Scales of the involucre silky-pubescent,
with broad scarious and conspicuously fimbriate-ciliate margins. Rays not
twice the length of the disk, pale lilac ; the pappus resembling that of the
disk, but shorter.

§ 2. Root perennial : pappus deciduous in a ring ; that of the scarcely
serted fertile rays equalling that of the disk. — Urcphorus, Nutt.

ex-

3. T. spathulata (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : densely csespitose ; caudex branched ;
leaves spaiulate or obovate, silky-villous, narrowed into a petiole as long as
the limb, crowded, and nearly enclosing the (small) sessile heads ; scales of
the involucre lanceolate, acute, scarious ; receptacle somewhat alveolate.

On the Black Hills of the Platte, witli the preceding, Nuttall! — Plant 1-3
inches high. "Achenia oblanceolate, margined, slightly pubescent on the
disk, and usually naked by the escape of the deciduous (barbellate) pappus,
which is not the case in any of the preceding. Though the habit is nearly
similar, the present plant probably constitutes an allied genus." JSutt. — Our
specimens are too old, and have lost their achenia as well as pappus. Per-
haps the latter is also deciduous in the other species, when the fruit is fully
mature.

§ 3. Root annual, thickened at the summit, and producing depressed branch-
ing stems : rays pistillate but infertile ; the short pappus composed oflacerate-
denticulate squamella, often somewhat united at the base. — Nanastrum.
(Subgen. Nanodia, Nutt., not o^ Banks.)

4. T. strigosa (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : depressed ; leaves strigose-canescent, linear-
spatulate ; the uppermost often involucrate around the base of the slightly
pedunculate heads; scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, fimbriate-cili-
olate ; rays 12-14 (rose-color), short ; achenia minutely pubescent.

Black Hills, near the banks of the Platte, Nuttall ! June.— Plant 2-4
inches high. Heads scarcely as large as in T. sericea. Scales of the invo-
lucre scarious, except the greenish line in the centre. Pappus of the ray
barely visible to the naked eye, composed of a single series of squaraelte,
somewhat united or coroniform.

5. T. grandiflora (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : divaricately branched from the base ; the
branches depressed, often proliferous ; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate,
acute, minutely pubescent ; the uppermost bracteate at the base of the (large)
heads ; scales of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, subulate-acuminate, with
fimbriate-ciliolate margins ; rays 25-30, elongated (pale lilac) ; achenia mi-
nutely hairy.

Black Hills, and plains of the Upper Platte, Nuttall ! Dr. James ! June. —
Central stems short, erect, bearing a single head ; the lateral decumbent, ex-
tending 5 to 10 inches along the ground, often branching and bearing 3 or 4
heads. Leaves 1-2 inches long, somewhat succulent; the cauline alternate.
•' Heads nearly as large as those of the China Aster. The plant well de-
serves cultivation, from its large showy flowers." Nuttall. — The pappus
is very similar to that of the preceding species.

CHiETOPAPPA. COMPOSITE. 187

30. CH^TOPAPPA. DC. prodr. b. p^mi. (1836.)

Chaetanthera, Nutt, not of Ruiz <|- P^fore.— Chsetophora, Nutt. in herb. DC, not of
Agardh. — Diplostelma, Raf. (1836.)

Heads about 20-flowered ; the ray-flowers 8-12, pistillate, in a single se-
ries ; those of the disk tubular, perfect ; the central mostly infertile or abor-
tive. Scales of the involucre about 12, lanceolate, acute, rigid, with scarious
margins, loosely imbricated in 2-3 series, carinately l-nerved ; the outermost
shortest. Receptacle narrow, naked. Rays linear-oblong; the corolla of
the disk infundibuliform-tubular, 5-lobed. Style somewhat included ; the
branches short, very obtuse. Achenia nearly terete, somewhat fusiform, 5-
striate, slightly hairy. Pappus of the ray and fertile disk-flowers similar,
double ; the exterior of 1-5 very small hyaline scales ; the interior of 5 rigid
scabrous bristles nearly the length of the corolla: that of the central mostly
infertile flowers simple and similar to the exterior pappus of the fertile
flowers, or coroniform, the bristles wanting. — A small annual herb (4-10
inches), diffusely branching from the base, minutely strigose. Leaves alter-
nate, entire ; the radical and lowermost obovate-spatulate, tapering into a pe-
tiole ; the upper linear. Heads terminating the branchlets, solitary or loose-
ly paniculate. Flowers of the ray pale purple or white.

C. asteroides (DC. ! 1. c.) — Chfetanthera asteroides, Nutt..' in jour. acad.
Philad. 7. p. 111. Chfetophora asteroides, Nutt. ! in herb. DC. Asteridi-
um ramosissimum, Engelmann! mss. in herb. Berol.

Prairies and naked places, Arkansas, Nut tall ! Dr. Engelmann ! Dr.
Leavenworth ! to Texas, Drummond ! March-May. — Heads about the size
of thoseof ErigeronCanadense. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, glabrous.
Rays elongated, convolute when dry ; the tube slender. — We have described
this plant somewhat differently from either Nuttall or De Candolle. The
pappus of the ray and of the exterior perfect flowers is absolutely similar in
all our speciiTiens ; but several of the central flowers, although perfect, are
smaller and apparently always infertile; in these the inner pappus is want-
ing, and the exterior often only rudimentary and coroniform. The plant
begins to flower when the stems or branches are about 2 inches high : later
in the season it branches very much, and the numerous heads are borne on
setaceous divaricate peduncles.

31. BOLTONIA. VHer. sert. Angl. p. 27 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 301.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, in a single series ; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated
somewhat in 2 series, appressed, scarcely the length of the disk, with some-
what membranaceous margins. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, ob-
scurely alveolate. Branches of the style linear-oblong, with very short ap-
pendages. Achenia compressed, flat, obovate or slightly obcordate, margined
with a callous wing, in the ray often 3-winged, glabrous or sparsely and mi-
nutely hispid. Pappus of several minute setose bristles, and frequently with
2 {or sometimes 3-4) more or less elongated subulate awns. — Perennial gla-

188 COMPOSITE. BoLTOKiA.

brous and somewhat glaucescent paniculately branched herbs, with the habit
of Aster. Leaves mostly vertical, lanceolate, sessile, entire, or the lower
rarely serrate, with scabrous and somewhat cartilaginous margins. Heads
rather small, loosely corymbose or paniculate. Rays white or purplish.

1. B.asteroides (L'Her. I.e.): achenia broadly oval, glabrous; pappus
of 4 or 5 minute setulose teeth, similar in the disk and ray, deciduous ; heads
loosely corymbose; leaves lanceolate, entire, or the lower obscurely serrate.
—Ait. ! Kew. (ed. 1) 3. p. 197 ,• Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 132 ; Nees, Ast. p. 236 ;
DC! I.e. Matricaria asteroides, Linn. mant. p. 116. Chrysanthemum
Carolinlanum, Walt.! Car. p. 204.

Pennsylvania, Bartram, {Linn.) and along the mountains to the Southern
States! — Heads larger than in B. diffusa, but rather smaller than in B. glas-
tifolia, which it closely resembles, and from which it is distinguished by the .
minute pappus. This would appear to be a rare species ; as we possess
only a single specimen, collected in Burke County, N. Carolina, by Mr. M.
A. Curtis ; and Elliott did not meet with it in the low country of the Southern
States.

2. B. glastifolia (L'Her. 1. c.) : achenia obovate, broadly winged, often
slightly hairy; pappus of several very short bristles, and (especially in the
disk) with 2, or sometimes 3-4, more or less elongated slender awns ; heads
loosely corymbose ; leaves lanceolate, the lowest often serrate. — Ait.! I.e.;
Michx.! I. e. ; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2161 ,• Sims, hot. mag. t. 2381 ; Ell. sk.
2. p. 399 ; Nees, Ast. p. 235 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 23 ,• DC. ! I. c.

(3.? decurrens : leaves elongated lanceolate, rather thin, decurrent on the
stem; the broad decurrent portions usually terminated by short and triangu-
lar divaricate lobes, thus appearing sagittate.

Swamps and wet places. Upper Canada, Pennsylvania ! and nearly
throughout the Southern and Western States ! fi. Wet prairies of Illinois,
Dr. Short! — Plant 3-7 feet high. Leaves 3-5 inches long, tapering to the
base, or oblanceolate. But in var. /5. which is perhaps a distinct species, the
leaves are of the same breadth throughout in the only specimen we have
seen, those of the branches closely sessile ; the cauline (upper) strikingly
decurrent.

3. B. diffusa (Ell.) : achenia obovate, rather narrowly winged ; pappus
of several very short bristles, and 2 short subulate awns; heads (small) dif-
fusely paniculate ; branches and branchlets very numerous and slender ;
cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, entire ; those of the branches small, linear ;
those of the branchlets subulate. — Ell. sk. 2. p. 400 ; Hook, eompaii. to hot.
mag. 1. p. 97 ; DC! prodr. 5. p. 301. B. asteroides, Sims, hot. mag. t.
2554, ex DC

Damp soil, throughout the Southern and Southwestern States from Georgia !
to Western Louisiana ! common. Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-7 feet high, very
diffusely branched from near the base. Heads not more than half the size of
the preceding : the achenia small in proportion ; the stout awns not half their
length.

Subdiv. 2. Bellide^;, DC. — Pappus none, or coronifonn and minute,
32. BELLLS. Linn. ; Gcertn.fr. t. 168 ; DC. p)rodr. 5. p. 304.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, in a single series ; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre campanulale; the scales somewhat in
a double series, foliaceous, herbaceous, or somewhat membranaceous, equal.

Bkllis. composite. 189

Receptacle conical, slightly alveolate. Branches of the style short and hroad.
Achenia obovate, compressed, slightly hairy or hispid. Pappus none. — Low
herbs (natives of Europe, with a single exception), either acaulescent and
perennial, or caulescent and annual. Leaves mostly obovate or spatulate.
Heads solitary, terminating the scape or branches. Rays violet-purple, rose-
color, or white. — Daisy.

§ Annual : stems branched. — Kyberia, NecTc.

1. B. integrifolia (Michx.) : stem diffusely branched ; leaves entire, sparse-
ly hairy and ciliate ; the radical and lowermost spatulate-obovale, scarcely
petioled ; the upper lanceolate or oblong, sessile ; peduncles elongated ; scales
of the involucre lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, with membranaceous margins;
achenia somewhat scabrous. — Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 131 ; Hook. ! hot. mag. t.
3455; DC. .'I.e. Eclipta integritblia, ^j^ren^-., ex syn. Astranthium inte-
grifolium, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. j)hil. soc. I. c.

Along streams and in prairies, Kentucky ! Tennessee ! Arkansas! and Texas !
March-June. — Stems 4-12 inches high. Heads about as large as the true Dai-
sy (B. perennis) ; the ray pale purple or violet. Scales of the involucre clothed
with scattered hairs, acuminate into a bristly point. Appendages of the style a
little longer than in B. annua. Rays pistillate, and apparently always fer-
tile.— This appears to be a true congener of Bellis annua, as Hooker has re-
marked.

33. APHANOSTEPHUS. DC. prodr. b. p. 310.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate; those of the disk tubu-
lar, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated in a double series, lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, large, naked.
Rays linear, twice the length of the involucre ; the corolla of the disk tubu-
lar, 5-toothed, narrowed at the base. Branches of the style short, flat, termi-
nated by a very short obtuse flattened cone. Achenia terete, obscurely
striate, nearly glabrous. Pappus exceedingly minute, coroniform, nearly
entire. — Annual ? or perennial pubescent and branching (Mexican and Texan)
herbs. Leaves alternate, incisely toothed or lobed. Heads solitary, pedun-
culate, terminating the branchlets. Rays white.

The genus should perhaps be removed to the Subtribe Anthemidese ; as De Can-
doUe has suggested.

1. A. Riddellii: perennial; stems branched from the base, erect ; radical
and lower cauline leaves lanceolate-spatulate or nearly linear, acutely and
incisely toothed towards the apex, tapering below into a long and slender pe-
tiole ; those of the branches narrowly linear, entire, crowded.

Texas, Dr. Riddell ! — Root ligneous, acrid to the taste. Stems ri.gid, slen-
der, 6-8 inches high ; the flowering branchlets slender, naked towards the
summit. Leaves minutely hirsute-pubescent and somewhat canescent. Heads
smaller than in BeUis integrifolia, but very similar in appearance. Recepta-
cle nearly the length of the involucre. — From A. ramosissimus, DC. this
species ajjpears to differ chiefly in its sharply toothed and conspicuously pe-
tioled lower leaves (those of the branches more crowded), and in the rather
larger flowers ; characters which are perhaps inconstant, and not of specific
importance.

190 COMPOSITiE. Brachtcomk.

34. BRACHYCOME. Cass. diet. 37. p. 464 (5-491 ; DC. prodr. 5. p.
305, ^- 7. />. 276 ; Benth. enum. pZ. Hugel. p. 59.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, in a single series ; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the campanulate or hemispherical in-
volucre in 2-3 series, appressed, with membranaceous margins. P^eceptacle
conical, somewhat alveolate. Achenia compressed, or nearly terete, crowned
with an inconspicuous squamellate setulose pappus. — Low herbs, with the
habit of the annual species of Bellis ; chiefly perennial, and natives of Aus-
tralia. Rays white.

1. B. xanthocomoides ? (Less.): diffusely branched from the base; the
branches somewhat pubescent with appressed hairs, naked at the summit and
bearing solitary heads ; leaves nearly glabrous, entire; the lower oblong-spa-
tulaie ; those of the branches lanceolate-linear, sessile ; scales of the involucre
oblong-lanceolate, acute, with broad scarious margins. — Less. syn. p. 192,
Sfin Linneea, 9. p. 265?

Texas. Dnimmond ! (v. sp. in herh. B. D. Greene.) — The specimen which
we describe was mixed with some other plants in Drummond's Texan col-
lection, and not numbered. The plant resembles Bellis integrifolia in aspect,
but is smaller, and the heads not half the size : the involucre is very similar ;
the scales in 2 series, herbaceous in the centre. Rays about 3 lines long,
•white. Corolla of the disk cyathiform, expanded, deeply 5-toothed, the pro-
per tube very short. Style in the disk-flowers with broadly oblong flat
branches, bordered with very thick stigmatic lines, and terminated with a
short and flat triangular minutely hairy appendage. Achenia (immature)
somewhat compressed and obovate, minutely hispid, crowned with a single
series of distinct squamellate-setulose bristles, scarcely exceeding the short
hairs of the achenium. We have not seen the lower leaves; and Lessing
does not describe the achenia or the style of his plant, which was collected in
Mexico by Shiede. Our plant appears to accord with the Australian Bra-
chycomes, and only differs from the annual species of Bellis in the minute
pappus ; and when we consider that a perennial Spanish Bellis (B. papulosa,
Boiss.) exhibits a similar pappus, it is evident that the present genus scarcely
deserves to be distinguished.

Div. 2. Chrtsocome^:, DC. — Heads either heterogamous and radi-
ate, or homogamous and discoid (both forms sometimes occurring in the same
genus) ; the rays and disk-flowers yellow and unchanging. Receptacle never
chaffy.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENEKA.

Subdiv. 1. Gymnosperme^. — Pappus none.

35. Gymnosperma. Rays few, very small.

Subdiv. 2. AcHYRiDE^. — Pappus chaffy or coronifomi.

36. Amphiachyris. Achenia of the disk abortive, the narrow scales of the pappus

united at the base ; of the ray fertile, with a short pappus.

37. GuTTiERREZiA. Achenia of tlic disk and ray fertile.

Subdiv. 3. SoLiDAGiNES. — Pappus similar in the disk and ray (when the latter
is present), simple, of capillary or rigid, rarely squamellate or awn-like bristles.

Chrysocome^. composite. 191

♦ Pappus of very short squameUale bristles.

38. BRACHycHa:TA. Rays and disk-flowers each 4-5. Lower leaves cordate.

* * Pappus of elongated capillary bristles.

39. SoLiDAGO. Rays few, rarely none ; disk-flowers several. Receptacle alveolate.

40. BiGELoviA. Rays none : disk-flowers 3-4. Receptacle cuspidate.

41. LiNOSYRis. Rays none: disk-flowers 5-many. Receptacle alveolate-tootlied.

Achenia oblong, silky-villous.

42. Ammodia. Rays none : disk-flowers numerous. Scales of the involucre sca-

rious-membranaceous. Achenia attenuate, hairy.

43. Macronema. Rays 6-8, or none: disk-flnwcrs numerous. Scales of the in-

volucre scarcely in two series, with foliaceous tips. Achenia flat, hairy.

44. Ericameria. Rays3-(): disk-flowers 7-9. Scales of the oblong or cylindrical

involucre imbricated. Achenia glabrous. Pappus copious.

45. Stenotus. Rays 8-12 : disk-flowers numerous. Scales of the hemispherical

involucre broad, closely imbricated. Achenia silky-villous. Pappus
copious, unequal.

46. Isopappus. Rays 5-12: disk-flowers 10-20. Scales of the cylindrical involucre

lanceolate-subulate. Achenia villous. Pappus equal, in a single series.

* • * Pappus of nuTuerous uneqvM bristles, more or less rigid.

47. Aplopappus. Achenia oblong or turbinate, villous or silky. Pappus of co-

pious unequal and rather rigid persistent bristles.

48. Pyrrocoma. Achenia linear, angled, glabrous. Pappus of copious uniform

slender and rigid persistent bristles.

49. Prionopsis. Achenia ovoid, glabrous. Pappus of very unequal deciduous

bristles ; some of them very rigid.

50. Centadridium. Achenia turbinate, pubescent. Pappus of several nearly defi-

nite subulate persistent bristles.

♦ * * * Pappus of few rigid awns or bristles.

51. Grindelia. Pappus of 2-8 corneous caducous awns.

52. PENTACHiETA. Pappus of 5 persistent rigid bristles.

Subdiv. 4. HETEROTHECE.E. — Pappus of the ray and disk dissimilar.

53. Bradburi A. Pappus of the ray double ; the exterior of short and squamellate, the

interior of capillary barbellate bristles ; that of the disk of 2 chaffy awns.

54. Heterotheceje. Pappus of the ray none ; of the disk as in Chrysopsis.

Subdiv. 5. CHRYSOPSIDE.E. — Pappus of the ray and disk similar, double.

55. Chrysopsis. Exterior pappus short, setose or chaffy ; the inner capillary.

Subdiv. 1. Gymnosperme^, DC. — Pappus entirely wanting.

35. GYMNOSPERMA. Less. syn. p. 194; DC.prodr. 5. p. 311.

Heads 8-i4-flowered ; the ray-flowers 3-5 (sometimes wanting), very nar-
row, and with an extremely short ligule, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular
and perfect, sometimes sterile. Involucre oblong ; the scales imbricated, ap-
pressed, scarious-coriaceous. Receptacle narrow, naked. Corolla of the disk
with a cyathiform 5-cleft limb ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, revolute.
Branches of the style oval or oblong ; the appendages as long as the stigmatic

192 COMPOSITE. GVMNOSPERMA.

portion. Achenia oblong-cylindrical, slightly compressed, destitute of pap-
pus.—Suffruticose and fasligiately branched (American) plants, glabrous,
mostly glutinous or varnished, with the habit of Solidago § Euthamia.
Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, oblong or linear, sessile, entire, punc-
tate. Heads small, ternate or aggregated at the summit of the branchlets,
usually corymbose-fastigiate. Flowers yellow.

1. G. corymbosum (DC.) : shrubby; branchlets somewhat angled, dicho-
lomous-corymbose ; leaves alternate, oblong [or linear-lanceolate], tapering to
each end, somewhat viscid, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves slender; heads ag-
gregated three together at the summit of the branchlets, 8-flowered ; the ray-
flowers 5, those of the disk about 3. DC' prodr. 5. 2^. 312.

Texas, Dr. Rlddcll ! — Ligules not half the length of the tube. Achenia -
minutely puberulent. — De CandoUe describes the leaves as oblong, but men-
tions at the same time their length as 12 to 15 lines, and their breadth 2 lines!

Siibdiv. 2. AcHYHiDEi;, DC. — Pappus composed of several persistent chaf-
fy scales, or short and coroniform, sometimes nearly obsolete in the ray.

36. AMPHIACHYRIS. DC, (§ of Brachyris) notic. 7. pi. rar. Genev. p.
l,t.l, Sfprodr. 5. p. 313 ,• Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 313.

Heads many-(20-40-) flowered ; the ray-flowers (8-10) ligulate, pistillate,
fertile, in a single series ; those of the disk staminate and pistillate, but by the
abortion of the ovary infertile. Involucre obovoid, shining as if varnished ;
the scales 10-12, rigid, appressed, imbricated, often bracteolate at the base,
coriaceous, the summit abruptly somewhat foliaceous, mostly obtuse. Re-
ceptacle alveolate. Corolla of the ray oblong, with a very short tube ; of the
disk much smaller, infundibuliform, 5-toothed. Branches of the style (in the
disk-flowers) oblong-linear, rather acute, papillose-hispid quite to the base.
Achenia of the ray oblong or obconic, somewhat terete, with a minute coro-
niform or nearly obsolete pappus ; of the disk none or a mere rudiment ; the
pappus of 5-8 scarious very narrowly linear scales, slightly dilated towards
the summit, about the length of the corolla, united at the base into a campan-
ulate tube. — A perennial (or possibly sometimes annual) herb, or suffrutes-
cent glabrous plant, fastigiately much branched (in the manner of Solidago
§ Euthamia, with the involucre much as in Sericocarpus) ; with lanceolate or
narrowly linear and entire sessile (1-3-nerved) impressed-punctate leaves,
the margins scabrous. Heads terminating the numerous branchlets. Flow-
ers deep yellow.

A. dracunculoides (DC. ! 1. c.)—Nutt..' in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.
Brachyris ramosissima. Hook.! ic. pi. t. 142 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 278.

Western Arkansas, Nuttall ! Pour tales ! Texas, Drummond ! Sept.-
Oct. — Stem 1-3 feet high ; the branchlets angled. Leaves l-2_inches long;
the lower often 3-4 lines wide ; or all narrow and only 1-2 lines in width
(var. angustissima, DC.) ; the lower obscurely 3-nerved. Peduncles more
or less bracteolate. Achenia clothed with a very minute appressed pubes-
cence.— We have not observed so manifest a pappus in the ray as is repre-
sented in Hooker's figure ; nor do we find more than the slightest rudiment
of an ovary in the disk-flowers.

GuTiKRRKziA. COMPOSlTiE. 193

37. GUTIERREZIA. Lagasca, nov. gen. S^- spec. (1816) p. 30; Don,
and Hook. S^- Arn. in coirqmn. to hot. mag. 2. p. 51.

Brachyris, Nutt. (1818)— Brachyris § 1. (excl. no. 6.) & Hemiachyris, DC.

Heads 8-40-flowered; the ray-flowers ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in a single
series ; those of the disk tubular, perfect and fertile. Involucre carapanulate
or turbinate ; the scales appressed and closely imbricated, rigid, with some-
what foliaceous greenish tips. Receptacle naked. • Corolla of the ray oblong
or oval, with a short tube ; of the disk infundibuliform, 5-toothed ; the teeth
short, recurved. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers linear, elongated,
obtuse, hairy down to the very short stigmatic lines at the base ; in the ray
glabrous, the stigmatic lines extending to the summit. Achenia somewhat
obconic and terete, pubescent or silky. Pappus of several linear or oblong
chaffy scales, mostly in a doable series, persistent ; that of the ray sometimes
obsolete or wanting. — Perennial or snflruticose plants (natives of the region
beyond the Mississippi,'and of Mexico and South America to the extremity of
the continent), glabrous, somewhat glutinous and balsamic, with linear or
lanceolate entire mostly irapressed-punctate alternate leaves. Heads solitary,
or aggregated (about 3 together) at the summit of the corymbose or paniculate
branchlets. Flowers yellow.

§ 1. Pappus as long as the achenium, more or less distinctly in a double se-
ries ; that of the ray similar to the disk, or often shorter. — Gutierrezia,
Lag. (Brachyris, Nutt.)

1. G. Californica : stem terete, somewflat paniculate at the summit;
leaves linear, acute, attenuate at the base, scabrous, slightly ciliate, strongly
1-nerved ; heads few, sometimes glomerate, turbinate or obovate; flowers of
the disk and ray each 8-10 ; pappus of mostly 9 narrowly linear rather acute
chaffy scales, in the disk longer than the achenium. — Brachyris Californica,
DC! prodr. 5. p. 313; Hook. 6^' Am. ! bot. Beechey, suppl. p. 351.

California, Douglas ! — Stem a foot high. Limb of the ligulate corolla
broadly oval. Achenia silky. Pappus manifestly in a double series ; that
of the ray shorter. — Hooker & Arnott consider this species not only identical
with the following, but also probably the same as G. linearifolia. Lag. In
G. Euthamise, however, the scales of the pappus are shorter and broader,
the achenia less hairy, &c. ; yet all these species are too closely allied.

2. G. Euthamiee: stems woody and much branched at the base, angled ;
leaves crowded, narrowly linear, acute, attenuate at the base, 1-nerved,
slightly scabrous ; corymb compound, fastigiate, contracted ; the heads
mostly glomerate, turbinate-cylindrical ; flowers of the ray and disk each
about 5 ; pappus mostly of 9 oblong-linear obtuse chaffy scales, about the
length of the achenium. — Brachyris Euthamise, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 163 ; Hook. !
jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 23 ; DC. I. c. Brachyachyris Euthamise, Spreng. syst,

3. p. bl^. Solidago Sarothree, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 540.

Arid hills of the'Upper Missouri, &c., Lewis, Nuttall! to the Saskatcha-
wan, Drummond! Douglas! — Srems numerous, 6-12 inches high. Ligulate
flowers spreading; the limb broadly oval. Pappus in a double series; that
of the ray mostly a little shorter, but otherwise similar.
VOL. II. — 25

194 COMPOSITyE. Gutierrezia.

3. G. divaricata : suffruticose ; stems much branched above, divaricate-
corymbose ; leaves very narrowly linear ; the oblong-turbinate heads nearly
all solitary and pedunculate ; flowers of the ray and disk each about 7 ; pap-
pus of 9 or 10 narrowly linear acutish chaffy scales, those of the disk longer
than the achenium. — •Brachyris divaricata, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc.
{n. ser.) 7. p. 313.

On the Platte near the Rocky Mountains, with the preceding, Nuttall ! —
Plant with the habit of the following, and nearly the achenia and pappus of
G. Californica.

§ 2. Pappus of the disk short and nearly coroniform, of the ray obsolete or
none. — Hemiachtris, DC.

4. G. Texana: stem shrubby at the base, very much branched, fastigiate-
paniculate; the branches slender, angled ; leaves narrowly linear, 1-nerved;
those of the branchlets very short ; heads (small) sohtary, turbinate ; flowers
of the ray 5-7, of the disk 7-10 ; pappus of the ray none or obsolete ; of the
disk consisting of several very small ovate chafTy scales. — Hemiachyris
Texana, DC. ! inodr. 5. p. 314. Brachyris n. sp. Niitt. ; Torr. ! hi ann.
lye. New York. B. microcephala. Hook. ! ic. pi. t. 147, not oi^ DC.

Prairies of Arkansas, Nuttall, Dr. James! Dr. Leavemvorth ! Texas,
Drummond ! Berlandier ! Dr. Leavenworth ! Dr. Riddell ! Aug.-Sept. —
Stems 1-3 feet high ; the branchlets, heads, &c., somewhat varnished.
Scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, witli scarious margins. Corolla of
the ray oblong. Style as in the preceding species. Achenia minutely
pubescent.

Subdiv. 3. SoLiDAGiNEs:, D C. — Rays in a single series, or often none. Pappus
similar in the disk and ray, simple, of capillaiy or setiform, rarely squamellate or
awn-like bristles.

38. BRACHYCH^TA.

Heads 8-10-flowered ; the ray-flowers ligulate, pistillate, fertile ; those of
the disk tubular, perfect and fertile. Involucre cylindrical ; the scales
(about 12) imbricated, appressed ; the outermost short, the others oblong-
linear, with .somewhat greenish but scarcely herbaceous tips. Receptacle
narrow, naked. Ray-flowers 4-5 ; the tube of the corolla as long as the
oval ligule : corolla of the disk dilated above, 5-cleft ; the lobes lanceolate.
Branches of the style (in the disk-flowers) acute, produced above the short
and fiat stigmatic portion, into a deltoid-lanceolate minutely hispid acumina-
tion. Achenia somewhat obconic. Pappus of the disk and ray similar,
consisting of about 20 scabrous squamellate bristles, in a single series, shorter
than the achenia. — A perennial herb, with the habit of Solidago ; the stem
simple or sparingly paniculate at the summit. Leaves alternate, membra-
naceous, very veiny, ovate, acute, all but the upper somewhat cordate,
on margined petioles, sharply serrate ; the radical roundish. Heads small,
racemose-glomerate, nearly sessile; the clusters, or near the summit the
solitary heads, disposed in an elongated and interrupted somewhat leafless
unilateral raceme or spike. Flowers golden yellow.

BRAcnYCH.f:TA. COMPOSITE. 195

B. cordata. — Solidago sphacelata, Raf. ! ann. nat. (1820.) p. 14. no.
106, S. cordata, Short ! siq)pl. cat. Kentucky plants. Brachyris ovati-
folia, DC! prodr. 5. p. 313.

Wooded hill-sides of Kentucky, Rafincsque ! Dr. Short ! S^v. to the
mountains of North Carolina, as far east as Wilkes County, Mr. Curtis !
and of Georgia, Mr. BucMey ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-4 feet high, pubescent,
as well as the lower surface of the leaves, usually with a few lax and spread-
ing or recurved branches at the summit. Radical leaves deeply cordate,
3-5 inches broad, more or less acuminate, finely veined and reticulated,
somewhat triplinerved ; the cauline gradually reduced in size and less cor-
date ; the upper merely obtuse at the base; the uppermost nearly sessile
and entire. Heads about 3 lines long. Rays a little longer than the disk.
Achenia almost glabrous. — This plant is more closely allied to Solidago than
to Gutierrezia (Brachyris) ; only differing from the former, indeed, in its cor-
date leaves and very short pappus. The latter does not consist of 5-6 paleas,
as stated by De Candolle ; but of about 20 linear squamelte, not longer than
the ovary, which, if prolonged to the length of the corolla, would form
bristles scarcely stronger than those of Solidago.

39. SOLIDAGO. Linn.; Gtertn. fr. t. 170; Schkuhr, handb. t. 246 ; DC.

Solidago, Euthamia, & Clirysoma, Nutt.

Heads few-many-flowered ; the ray-flowers few (1-16), or sometimes
wanting; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the oblong involucre
imbricated, appressed, destitute (except in Chrysastrum) of foliaceous or
herbaceous tips. Receptacle narrow, mostly alveolate. Appendages of the
style lanceolate. Achenia many-ribbed, somewhat terete. Pappus simple,
of numerous scabrous capillary (mostly equal) bristles. — Perennial herbs,
rarely suffruticose (the greater portion North American), mostly with strict
or virgate stems, and sessile alternate cauline leaves ; the radical never cor-
date. Heads in terminal or axillary racemes or clusters, sometimes corym-
bose ; the pedicels often unilateral. Flowers yellow (the rays white in S.
bicolor), never turning purplish.

§ 1. Herbaceous: scales of the {much imbricated) involucre with squarrose
herbaceous tips : rays 12-16, or entirely wanting: the inner bristles of the
unequal pappus slightly thickened at the apex! : heads in glomerate clus-
ters or racemes disposed in a compound spike or panicle : leaves ample,
veiny ; the loioer narrowed into petioles. — Chrysastrum.

♦ Rays Tume: corolla of the disk deeply ^-defl : inner bristles of the pappus manifestly
davellate-thickened at the apex.

1. S. discoidea: stem somewhat villous, branching above ; leaves mostly
pubescent ; the lower ovate, coarsely toothed or serrate, abruptly narrowed
into a margined petiole ; the upper oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute at each
end, somewhat petioled ; the uppermost entire ; racemes paniculate, often
glomerate ; scales of the canescently pubescent involucre linear-lanceolate,
acute, squarrose; disk-flowers 10-15. — Aster? discoideus, Ell.! sk. 2.
p. 358 ,• DC. prodr. 5. p. 247.

Georgia, abundant in the high rich lands between the Alabama and
Chatahouchie Rivers, Elliott! Middle Florida, Dr. Chajmian! Louisiana,

196 COMPOSITiE. SoLiDAGo.

Drummond ! Sept.-Oct. — Stem 2-4 feet high, stout, clothed with a hoary
villous pubesceuce. Leaves membranaceous, veiny, pale beneath, and
more or less pubescent, or sometimes villous, especially on the veins, minute-
ly pubescent above ; the lower 2-4 inches li^ng, with margined petioles about
the same length, often 2 inches wide, mostly acute and macronate ; the up-
per gradually reduced in size, less serrate. Racemes erect, disposed in
a virgate panicle. Heads smaller than in the succeeding species, often some-
what^clustered. Scales of the involucre pale below, with conspicuous squar-
rose herbaceous tips. Achenia narrow, glabrous or nearly so ; in the speci-
men from Dr. Chapman, pubescent when young. Pappus copious, some-
times turning purplish, unequal; the longer bristles manifestly clavellate-
thickened atlhe ajiex ! In Mr. Elliott's speciTnens of this interesting plant,
the pappus is purplish, but the corolla appears to be yellow (not ' pale pur-
ple'), as it certainly is in the other specimens we have met with. That of
Dr. Chapman belongs to a large plant, apparently 5 feet high, with an open
panicle, and the heads are nearly as large as in S. squarrosa: the achenia
also are evidently pubescent, while they are very obscurely so in Elliott's
plant. The specimen of Drummond (iriarked ' No. 328, A, Louisiana,' in
herb. Hook.) has smaller heads and almost glabrous leaves. In none of them
do we find any trace of ray-flowers.

* * Rays 12-16 ; pappus uiicqiud, a portion oftlie longer bristles obscurely thickened at
the apex.

2. S. squarrosa (Muhl.) : stem glabrous below, very pubescent at the
summit; leaves mostly glabrous, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, sca-
brons-ciliate, acute, narrowed at the base, sessile; the lowermost broadly
spatulate-oval, tapering into a margined petiole; heads (large) in short clus-
ters or glomerate racemes disposed in a dense somewhat leafy compound
spike ; scales of the minutely pubescent involucre rigid, imbricated in seve-
ral series, with conspicuous recurved-spreading herbaceous tips; disk-flowers
16 to 24 ; achenia glabrous. — Muhl. ! cat. p. 79 (fide spec, in herh. Collins !) ;
Nutt.! gen. 2. 2^. 161 ; Beck! hot. p. 193; Darlingt.! fl. Cest. jj. 459;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 337; not oi^ Nutt. in juur. acad. Philad., nor of Ell.?
S. confertiflora, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 102 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-
Am. 2. j;. 4 ; not of DC. S. macrophylla, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 542.^

Rocky banks, &c., Canada! New England States! New York ! Penn-
sylvania! and Alleghany Mountains, Kin, in herb. Muhl.! Aug.-Sept. —
Stem 2 to 4 feet high, stout, simple. r..adical and lowest cauline leaves 3-6
inches long, 1^-3 inches wide, sharply serrate ; the upper leaves gradually
reduced in size, more acuminate, the uppermost entire ; all glabrous, or some-
times scabrous-pubescent on the midrib and principal veins, thickish. Heads
showy, about as large as in S. rigida, disposed in a rigid and thick virgate
interrupted spike often a foot or more long ; which is composed of sessile clus-
ters (the lower mostly shorter, the upper longer than the reduced leaves or
bracts from the axils of which they arise), or sometimes of dense racemes
about 2 inches in length. Scales of the involucre oblong, rigid, with minute-
ly lacerate-ciliate margins; the innermost more membranaceous and less
squarrose. Rays bright yellow, rather large. — This is not only the plant
first published as S. squarrosa (by Mr. Nuttall), but that so named originally
by Muhlenberg; as is evident from the habitats New York and Pennsylva-
nia, as well as Georgia, given in Muhlenberg's Catalogue, and from the spe-
cimen which Mr. Collins received from that author under this name. Al-
though not ticketed, specimens of this species exist in the Muhlenbergian
herbarium; but there are none of S. petiolaris, to which Mr. Nuttall has re-
cently transferred the name. Perhaps, however, the prior name of S. ma-
crophylla should have been adopted ; but as neither this species, nor any

SOMDAGO. COMPOSITE. 197

other with that appellation, is to be found in the Banksian herbarium (which
is Pursh's sole authority for the plant), we have not presumed to discard the
more appropriate name of S. S(|uarrosa; especially since Pursh's description,
though chiefly applicable, is not sufficient to decide the point.

§2. Herbaceous: rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers, rarely wanting:
heads more or less pedicellate, variously disjjosed. — Virgaurea. (Tourn.) DC.

* Heads in axillary clusters or sliort racemes, and often racemose at the extremity of the
stem or braiiches: leaves feat/ier-vcincd. — GlomeruliflorEe.

t Racemes or clusters often longer than the leaves, and racemose or spicate at the
summit of the stem or branches.

3. <S. hicolor (Linn.) : hairy and often cinereous ; stem simple, or some-
times branched at the summit; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute
at each end ; the upper sessile and often entire ; the radical and lower cau-
iine oval or spatulate-oblong, serrate, tapering into a petiole ; heads in glome-
rate clusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, and forming
an interrupted spike, or with the spicate somewhat leafy racemes more or
less prolonged and paniculate ; scales of the somewhat glabrous involucre
oblong, obtuse ; rays 7-9, short, whitish or ochroleucous ; the disk-flowers
(9-14) pale yellow. — Linn.! ma7it. j)- 114 ; Ait.! Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 216;
Michx.! fl. 2. p. 116 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 537 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 382 ; Bigel. !fl.
Bost. ed. 2. p. 306 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-A7n. 2. p. 3 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p.
458 ,• DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 335. S. alba, Mill. diet. Virga-Aurea flore albo,
&c. Pluk. aim. t. 114, /. 8. Aster bicolor, Nees. synops.; Spreng. syst. 3.
p. 536.

/3. concolor: flowers of the ray and disk yellow. — S. hirsuta, Nutt. ! in
jour. acad. Philad. 7. jy. 103, S^' in trans. Amer. jMl. soc. I. c.

Woodlands and borders of tliickets, Canada ! Saskatchawan ! and North-
ern States ! to Kentucky! and the mountains of Georgia. /3. Kentucky, Dr.
Short! Near Philadelphia, Mr. Gambell ! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1-3 feet
high, often very hairy or villous towards the base, commonly simple ; the
compact axillary clusters of rather large heads approximate and forming an
interrupted virgaie spike, leafy below, naked and nearly simple at the sum-
mit -, but the lower clusters frequently developed into racemes or branches
2-4 inches in length. Leaves more or less hairy on both sides ; the lower
2-5 inches long ; theuppergradually reduced in size, less serrate and more ses-
sile. Scales of the involucre with greenish tips and midrib. Achenia glabrous or
nearly so when mature ; when young sometimes entirely glabrous, but often
sparsely pubescent. — We can in no way distinguish the S. hirsuta, Nutt. froin
S. bicolor, except by the color of the rays, in which the latter differs from the
rest of the genus: these, however, are not pure white in S. bicolor, but cream-
color ; and in some specimens, as in those from Saskatchawan mentioned by
Hooker, they appear to be light yellow.

4. S. lanata (Hook.): villous or woolly throughout ; stem branched above ;
lower leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate, tapering into margined petioles ; the
uppermost and those of the simple virgate branches oblanceolate, mostly
entire ; racemes spicate, nearly simple ; scales of the involucre oval or ob-
long, obtuse, nearly glabrous ; rays 6-8 ; achenia almost glabrous. — Hook. !
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 4.

Plains of the Saskatchawan near the Rocky Mountains, Drummond! —
Stem apparently about 18 inches high, producing near the summit a few
simple and loose elongated branches, terminated by rather dense racemes or

198 COMPOSITE. SoLiDAGO.

spikes about 2 inches long. Leaves membranaceous ; the lowest nearly 4
inches long, including the winged petiole ; the uppermost very small. Heads
smaller than in S. bicolor, but otherwise very similar, ab6ut 15-flowered.
Achenia minutely pubescent-scabrous under a lens.

t + Clusters or glomerate racemes mostly short and axillary.

5. S. 2mhens (M. A. Curtis I mss.) : stem virgate, nearly terete, pubescent,
tomentose-villous above ; leaves (membranaceous) oval-lanceolate, acumi-
nate at each end, sessile, coarsely and unequally serrate-toothed, nearly gla-
brous above, pubescent especially on the veins and midrib beneath ; heads in
small axillary clusters ; the lower remote, the upper approximate and forming
a continuous and contracted virgate raceme ; involucre as well as the very
short peduncles villous-tomentose ; the scales linear, rather obtuse, unequal;
rays and disk-flowers each 4-7 ; achenia canescent.

Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, Mr. Curtis! Aug.-"
Sept. — Stem slender, apparently simple and 2-3 feet high ; the flowering
portion often a foot long, with 7 or 8 of the lower roundish clusters much
shorter than the leaves ; the others similar but crowded (the subtending leaves
reduced to bracts), forming a continuous spicate raceme 3-5 inches long.
Leaves 3-5 inches in length, an inch or more in breadth, the upper surface
sprinkled with minute appressed hairs; the upper successively reduced in
size, less pointed but more tapering to the base, less serrate, more hairy above
and pubescent beneath. Heads about as large as in S. cassia; the rays rather
small.

6. S. BucMeyi : stem and lower surface of the oblong (acute at each end)
subsessile leaves villous-pubescent ; heads in small (loose) axillary clusters
much shorter than the leaves ; peduncles villous ; scales of the involucre
nearly glabrous, rather acute ; the exterior ovate-lanceolate, short ; the inner-
most linear; rays 4-6, the disk -flowers 9-12; achenia short and broad,
(compressed?) glabrous.

Interior of Alabama, Mr. S. B. Buckley ! Oct. — Stem (simple or branch-
ed ?) apparently 2 feet or more in height, almost villous with soft hairs, leafy
to the summit. Leaves about 3 inches long, and an inch to an inch and a
half in breadth, nearly equal, membranaceous, copiously feather-veined, the
veins and veinlets of the lower surface villous-pubescent, unequally and not
very coarsely serrate with broad teeth, or the uppermost entire ; the upper
surface nearly glabrous. Heads larger than in S. latifolia ; the lowermost
nearly solitary on very short peduncles, the upper 5-8 together in short ra-
cemes or clusters. Involucre shorter than the disk ; the outermost scales
onljr pubescent. Rays rather small. Achenia perfectly glabrous, apparently
compressed ! — The only specimen we possess is somewhat imperfect.

7. S. latifolia (Linn.) : stem angled, often flexuous, glabrous : leaves
broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply serrate-toothed, conspicu-
ously acuminate at both ends, or somewhat petioled, mostly hairy on the
veins beneath ; heads in short axillary clusters or oblong racemes, and race-
mose or somewhat paniculate at the summit of the stem ; peduncles pubes-
cent ; exterior scales of the glabrous involucre very short; the interior oblong-
linear or slightly spatulate, obtuse ; rays 3-4, large ; the disk-flowers 6 or 7 ;
achenia silky-pubescent. — Linn. ! s])ec. 2. p. 879 ; Smith, in Rees, cycl. no.
49; Muhl.! cat. i^. 79; Torr. ! compend. p. 304. S. flexicaulis, {Linn,
spec, ex syn. Pluk. &• Herm., not of herb.) Ait. ! Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 217 ;
Michx.! fl. 2. p. 118 (a.) ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 38G ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 335.
.S. flexicaulis \i. latifolia, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2064 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 542 ;
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2, p. 5 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 460. S. macrophylla,
Bigel.fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 305. Virga-Aurea Canadensis, &c. Herm. parad.

SoLiDAGo. COMPOSITE. 199

Bat. t. 244 (poor). V. montana ScrophuIaria3folio, Pluk. aim. t. 235, /. 3.
V. latissimo folio Canadensis glabra, Pluk. I. c. f. 4? (Varies, with the
glomerate racemes, which usually do not exceed the margined petiole or at-
tenuate base of the leaves, sometimes prolonged and exceeding the leaves,
either simple or branched, or paniculate. S. flexicaulis, var. 2. Miclix.
S. flexicaulis /3. ? ciliata, DC! I. c.)

Moist woods and shady banks of small streams, Canada! and Northern
States ! to Kentucky ! and the mountains and upper country of Georgia.
Aug.-Oct. — Stem usually simple, 1-3 feet high, very commonly flexuous,
angled by 2 or 3 decurreut hues from the base of the leaves, often hairy or
pubescent at the summit. Leaves membranaceous, 3-5 or 6 inches long,
and J i to 3 or 4 inches wide (the upper smaller and narrower, the uppermost
much reduced in size), abruptly narrowed (the lowermost sometimes almost
cordate) at the base into a winged petiole, fully as long as the acuminate
apex of the leaf, closely, unequally, and very sharply serrate-toothed, or al-
most laciniate-toothed, the teeth triangular-lanceolate and spreading, often
ciliate ; the upper surface glabrous, or scabrous with short scattered hairs.
Heads middle-sized ; the clusters or racemes mostly sessile. — It must be ad-
mitted that the broader-leaved forms of S. cajsia sometimes too closely ap-
proach this species, yet we cannot but consider them as distinct. The very
broad abruptly petioled leaves, with closely set and spreading teeth, and the
angular stem, obviously distinguish the S. latifolia; which is one of the most
common species throughout the Northern States.

8. S. c<«sia (Linn.) : stem terete, simple or branching, seldom flexuous,
glabrous, mostly glaucous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous,
serrate, acuminate, sessile ; heads in short axillary clusters, and sometimes
racemose-paniculate at the summit ; peduncles pubescent ; exterior scales of
the nearly glabrous involucre oblong, short ; the interior oblong-linear, ob-
tuse; rays 3-4; the disk-flowers 5-7 ; achenia pubescent. — Linii. sjycc. 2. p.
879 ; Ait. ! Kew. {eel. 1) 3. p. 217 ; Pursh, fl. 2. 'p. 540 ; Smith, in Rees,
cycl. no. 37 ; Ell. ! sJc. 2. p. 385 ,- Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 306 ; Darlingt. !
ji. Cest. p. 460 ,- DC. ! proclr. 5. 336. S. flexicaulis, Linn. ! herb. {S^- spec.
I. c. 1 excl. syn.) ; Smith, I. c. ; not oi: Ait., DC. S^-c. S. flexicaulis, var. 3,
Michx.! fl. 2. p. 118. S. axiflaris, P;«-s/i .' /. 2. p. 542; BecTc, hut. p.
193 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 335. S. livida, Willd. enum. p. 890 ,• Pursh, fl. 2. p.
541. Virga-Aurea Marilandica cssia glabra. Dill. Elth. t. 307, /. 395.—
(Varies, with the stem simple, or considerably branched ; the heads in small
globular clusters, or in more or less prolonged racemes at the summit of the
stem or branches ; the leaves vary from oblong-lanceolate to elongated linear-
lanceolate, &c.)

Woodlands and thickets, Canada! to Georgia! and Louisiana! Aug.-
Oct. — Stem 1-3 feet high, slender, often purplish, and of a glaucous hue.
Leaves 2-5 or even 6 inches long, one-third or half an inch to an inch and a
half wide, smooth, except the scabrous margins, mostly narrowed at the base,
but sessile, irregularly and sharply serrate, with the teeth either appressed,
or often coarse and somewhat spreading ; the uppermost usually entire ; the
radical and lowermost ovate or oblong and tapering into a slight petiole.
Heads nearly as large as in S. latifolia; the bright yellow rays very similar,
the achenia pubescent, but not silky or canescent. — There is no specimen of
S. csesia in the Linnsean herbarium, and that species appears to have been
founded on the figure of Dillenius. Although the specimen of S. flexicaulis
in the herbarium of Linnaeus certainly belongs to this species, as Smith has
long since remarked, yet we are unwilling to employ that name ; 1st, because
the stem is very seldom flexuous ; 2nd, because most succeeding authors
have apphed it to S. latifolia, while the equally ancient name of S. caesia
has not been misapplied; and 3rd, because the specific phrase given by Lin-
naeus, and the entire synonymy, belong to S. latifolia. Those authors.

200 COMPOSITtE. Solidago.

however, who unite the two species very properly adopt the name of S-.
flexicaulis.

9. S. Curtisii : stem tall, very strict and simple, striate-angled, nearly
glabrous ; leaves elongated-lanceolate, smooth and mostly glabrous, finely
and sharply serrate above the middle, gradually tapering to the base, sessile*
sharply acuminate ; heads in dense and sessile axillary clusters, all many
limes shorter than the leaves; involucre minutely pubescent; the exterior
scales short (few), the others linear, rather obtuse; rays and disk-flowers
each 4-6 ; achenia 7iiinutely pubescent.

(3.? monticola: leaves sparingly appressed-serrate ; the upper scarcely
longer than the subsessile glomerate clusters, the uppermost reduced to-
bracts; scales of the about "l5-flowered involucre narrowly-linear, acute;
achenia glabrous.

Mountains of North Carolina (/3. Yellow Mountain), Mr. M. A. Curtis!'
&c. Aug.-Sept. — Stem virgate, 3-5 feet high, rather stout, leafy to the-
summit (where it is somewhat pubescent), grooved and striate-angled, not
glaucous. Leaves rather equal throughout, membranaceous, 5-6 inches
long, half an inch to an inch wide, irregularly and sharply serrate, gradually
(the upper slightly, the lower ones conspicuously) tapering to the sessile base.
Peduncles and pedicels very short, pubescent. Heads as large as in S.
CEesia; the scales of the involucre narrower, &c. — We have only an imper-
fect specimen of var. (i. 1 which appears to be a smaller plant, with shorter
leaves; the glomerate clusters ajiproximate, and near the summit forming a
strict interrupted spike ; the heads rather smaller, but the flowers more
numerous.

10. S. ambigua (Ait.) : stem somewhat flexuous, glabrous, angled",
branching; leaves oblong-lanceolate, densely serrate, slightly hairy beneath ;
racemes erect ; rays elongated [scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute ;
achenia canescently hairy]. Ail. ! Kav. {ed. 1)3. p. 217 ; Smith, in Rees,
cycl.; DC. inodr. 5. p. 336.? (The additions to the character derived from
the specimen in herh. Banks.)

(3. ? lancifolia : leaves elongated lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate ; ra-
cemes pedunculate, somewhat compound or paniculate, numerous, all but
the lowermost longer than the leaves, forming an elongated panicle ; rays
rather small.

North America ? described from specimens of unknown origin, cultivated
in 1759 by Miller, and in the Kew Garden. Smith supposes that it may be
a variety of S. lalifolia ; " from which it differs in its somewhat narrower
leaves, and much greater length of the upper clusters of flowers, which com-
bine to form a close panicle." The figure he cites from Plukenet doubtless
belongs to S. latifolia ; and the plant cultivated as S. ambigua in the Berlin
Garden, and some others, is probably nothing but a state of that species.
But the original plant must be diflerent, as the scales of the (perhaps 20-
flowered) involucre are lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, and more imbri-
cated. If really of American origin, the plant we have doubtfully subjoined
is probably not specifically distinct from it. — The latter was collected on the
Yellow Mountain in North Carolina by Mr. M. A. Curtis. The angular
stem is apparently simple and 3 feet in length (the base is vv^anting in the
specimen) ; the flower-bearing portion a foot long, somewhat pubescent. The
leaves, instead of elliptical-lanceolate and abruptly narrowed into a short
winged petiole, as in the original S. ambigua (like a narrow-leaved var. of
S. latifolia), are elongated lanceolate, tapering gradually from near the mid-
dle to the base, 4 to 5 inches long, less than an inch in width, thin, smooth and
glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs, sharply and rather finely serrate, ex-
cept the slender acuminate apex and near the base. Racemes 20 or more,
approximate, erect or somewhat spreading, more or less compound, naked at

SoLiDAGo. ■ COMPOSITE. 201

the base (pedunculate) ; the lower about 3 inches in length but rather shorter
than the subtendi no; leaves; the upper successively shorter, but longer than
the reduced narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire leaves : heads usually
crowded on the branches of the raceme, on "short pedicels, or nearly sessile.
Scales of the involucre glabrous or minutely granular, similar to the original
S. ambigua, or perhaps a little broader. Achenia canescently hairy. — If we
mistake not, this is by no means an uncommon species in the mountains of
North Carolina, but we have only seen the living plant before the flowering
season.

* * Racemes terminal, erect, iwt secund, either simple and virgaie, or compound and
paniculate : leaves feather-veined. — VirgatK.

11. <S. virsata (Michx.) : glabrous throughout; stem virgafe, simple,
very slender ; leaves somewhat fleshy, entire, with scabrous margins; the
radical and lowest cauline oblong-spalulate or oblanceolate, often obscurely
serrate, petioled ; the others small, appressed, lanceolate-oblong, sessile ;
those of the attenuated upper part of the stem very small and bract-like;
heads (middle-sized) numerous, in a very strict or spiciform compound ra-
ceme; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, glabrous; rays 5-7, elon-
gated; achenia pubescent. — Michx. ! fi. 2. 'p. 117,- Pursh, ji. 2. p. 538;
Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 160 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 384 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 338.

Pine barrens, mostly in damp soil. New .Jersey ! to Florida ! and Ala-
bama ! Sept.-Oct.— (June to Oct., Ell.)— Stem 2-4 feet high, very strict
and simple, leafy throughout, but the leaves of the upper part of the stem
reduced to mere bracts (one-half to one-fourth of an inch in length), termin-
ated by a virgate compact raceme, 3-12 inches long, which is composed of
short approximate racemes, bearing 3-6 heads; the short peduncles and
slender pedicels appressed, glabrous, furnished with subulate bracts. The
general raceme is often more or less secund; and occasionally the inflores-
cence is more compound and paniculate. Heads about 16-flowered. Ex-
terior scales of the involucre short and often subulate ; the inner rather acute.
Radical leaves 5-8 inches long, including the margined petiole, 6-12 lines
wide, obscurely serrulate, or not unfrenuently quite entire.

12. S. i^ulverulenta (Nutt.) : minutely and softly puberulent; stem sirnple,
virgate, verv leafy ; cauline leaves short, obovate-oblong, obscurely veined,
mostly entire, often mucronate-acute, attenuate at the base, sessile ; the radi-
cal and lowentiost oblong or spatulate, serrate, tapering into a petiole ; heads
numerous, crowded on the short peduncles, and disposed in a long and strict
compound raceme ; scales of the involucre narrow!}^ lanceolate, acute, ap-
pressed ; rays about 10, elongated; achenia glabrous. — Nutt.! gen. 2.
p. 161 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 384 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 338.

/?. peduncles somewhat elongated, and often spreading, forming an ex-
panded compound raceme.

Georgia and Florida, Baldwin. Alabama, Dr. Gates ! North Carolina,
Mr. Curtis ! Sept. — Stem 2-3 feet high, very strict and simple, terminating
in a narrow and somewhat spicate raceme (rarely more expanded and com-
pound), 8-10 inches in length. Radical and lowest cauline leaves similar to
those of S. puberula; the others gradually diminishing from an inch and a
half to half an inch in length, and from 6 to 3 lines in Isreadth, obovate or ob-
long; the lower often serrate. Heads as large as in S. puberula, but fewer-
(20-25)-flowered : the puberulent involucre nearly similar, but the scales
rather broader. — Distinguished tVom the too closely allied 8. puberula by
the more manifest cinereous pubescence, the short and broad cauline leaves,
and the contracted virgate iullorescence; but in some speciunMis (var. /j.)the
lower peduncles are jirolonged into racemes of considerable length.
VOL. II. — 26

202 COMPOSITiE. Solidaoo.

13. S. puberula (Nutt.) : very minutely puberulent; stem simple; cau-
line leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, sessile, mostly entire ; the
lower oblanceolate and somewhat serrate ; the lowest and radical oblong-
spatulate, serrate towards the apex, petioled ; heads (middle-sized) in nume-
rous compact erect-spreading racemes (often compound), forming an elonga-
ted or sometimes thyrsiform panicle; scales of the involucre linear-subulate,
appressed; ravs about 10, elongated ; achenia nearly glabrous. — Nutt..' gen.
2.^j. 162 ,• Darlinst. ! fl. Cest. p. 459 ; DC. ! prodr^B. p. 333. S. pubes-
cens, EU.I sk. 2. p. 381 ; DC. I. c.

Sandy woods &c. mostly in damp soil, Maine {Mr. Oakes !) and Mas-
sachusetts ! New Jersey ! &c. to Georgia ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-4 feet high,
strict, often purplish. Leaves thin, soft to the touch from the minute pubes-
cence, which is scarcely visible to the naked eye, somewhat veiny; the
radical ones 3-6 inches long, including the slender winged petioles, obtuse ;
the lower cauline 2-3 inches long and 6-8 lines wide, gradually diminishing _
upwards. Racemes very numerous, either short and disposed in a long and
dense virgate compound raceme, or narrow panicle ; or with the lower ra-
cemes elongated, and either simple or compound, forming a more expanded
panicle. Heads about 28-flowered : rays golden yellow. Achenia very
minutely pubescent under a lens, glabrous or nearly so when mature.

14. S. ronferdflora (DC.) : herbaceous, glabrous, viscous ; stem simple,
leafy to the thyrsus ; leaves oval-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate at
the apex, entire below, tapering (particularly of the lower ones) into long pe-
tioles ; heads 8-14-flowered, very much crowded in a spiciform thyrsus;
scales of the involucre linear, erect ; rays few and small. — DC. ! proclr. 5.
p. 339, not oi Nutt. S. glutinosa, Nxdt. ! in trans. Amer.jMl. soc. [n. ser.)
7. p. 328. S. compacta, Turcz. in bull. soc. nat. Mosc. 1840, p. 73.''

Nootka and Mu [grave Sound, Hfenke ex DC. Plains of the Oregon and
Wahlamet, Nuttall ! — " About 2 feet high, with a brown stem, angular
above ; lower leaves 3 or 4 inches long, by about half an inch wide ; the
radical attenuated into long petioles. Upper part of the stem, bracts, and in-
volucrum indued with an orange varnish-like resin, of a strong, aromatic, and
rather unpleasant taste. Rays about 8-10 [we observe 5-8] : discal florets
5 or 6 : pappus of the rays a little shorter," Nutt. — Not having compared the
two, we are not certain that the S. glutinosa, Nutt. is the S. conferliflora,
DC. ; but we find no essential difference. In the former, the radical leaves
are lanceolate-spatulate, 3-4 inches long, sharply serrate near the apex, with
a long attenuate entire base, veiny and somewhat triplinerved : the cauline
2-3 inclies long, 3-4 lines wide, rather obscurely reticulate-veined, the lower
more attenuate at the base. Heads middle-sized, in short glomerate racemes
which are aggregated in a spiciform panicle. Exterior scales of the involu-
cre ovate or roundish, very short ; the middle ones ovate-oblong, the inner-
most linear-oblong. Rays small. Achenia minutely pubescent.

15. <S. spiciforniis : glabrous or nearly so ; stem ascending, simple (some-
what glutinous?); leaves obovate-spalulate, finely serrate, tapering into a
narrow entire base, or the lower into long margined petioles, reticulate-
veined ; racemes short, crowded in a dense spike or thyrsus; scales of the
involucre oblong, very obtuse, appressed, nearly glabrous ; rays about 7,
very small ; achenia silky-pubescent. — S. petiolaris, (Less, in Linntea, I. c?)
Hook. 4* -Arn. bat. Beeckey, p. 145, chiefly ; not of Ait.

Monterey, California, Capi. Brcchcy ! (v. sp. in kerb. Hook.) — Stem
stout, 8-12 inches high; the base decumbent and apparently somewhat per-
sistent, densely clothed with spatulate leaves, which taper into slender petioles :
above with more scattered and less ]5etioled leaves ; those near the summit
small and sessile. The leaves are all glabrous (jr nearly so, usually serrate
with close and fine acute teeth, except the narrowed base, mostly obtuse, and

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITiE. 203

manifestly reticulate-veined beneath. Heads middle-sized or rather large,
crowded on the short erect racemes, and disposed in a dense spike or thyrsus
3-5 inches in length, about 25-flowered. Rays short and inconspicuous.

16. <S. Californica (Nutt.) : villous and cinereous : leaves nearly all equal
and somewhat crowded, oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, near the apex
sometimes very slightly serrulate; panicle elongated, nearly e(iual; scales
of the involucre lanceolate, acute, somewhat pubescent ; rays about 9 ;
achenia pubescent. Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. scr.) 7. j). 238. S.
petiolaris. Less, in Linneea, 6. p. 502?

P. softly cinereous-pubescent : leaves oblong, mostly obtuse, attenuate at
the base, veiny ; heads somewhat secund ? — S. petiolaris. Hook. Sf Am. !
hot. Beechey, p. 145, partly. S. puberula, Cham, c^ Schlecht. I. c. 1

St. Barbara, California, Nuttall. 0. Monterey, California, Capt. Beech-
ey ! — "Two or 3 feet high. Discal flowers about 9, as well as the rays.
AlUed to the preceding [S. nana] ; but softly villous and acute-leaved : the
stem-leaves are also nearly as large as the radical ones, about an inch or an
inch and a half long, by less than half an inch wide." Nutt. — In the only
specimen of var. /?., the lower part of the stem is wanting: the leaves are
much hke those of S. ovalifolia; the lower 1-2 inches long, considerably at-
tenuate at the base, the upper successively smaller, some of them obscurely
serrate towards the apex. The heads are not much larger than in S. nemo-
ralis, 14-16-flowered, crowded ; the rays small, about 7. Scales of the invo-
lucre lanceolate, acutish, slightly pubescent. The terminal portion of the
panicle or compound raceme appears to have been somewhat curved and
unilateral.

17. S. petiolaris {kit.) : stem simple and virgate, often branching above,
leafy, covered with a close pubescence, nearly tomentose at the summit ;
leaves oval or elliptical, mucronulate, veiny, somewhat scabrous above and
puberulent-tomentose beneath (at least the midrib and veins), scabrous-cilio-
late; the upper mostly entire, abruptly and slightly petioled ; the lower often
serrate, narrowed at the base : heads "(rather large) in a single virgate ra-
ceme or several paniculate racemes ; scales of the pubescent involucre lan-
ceolate ; the exterior loose or spreading, somewhat herbaceous; rays about
10, elongated; achenia at length glabrous. — Ait.! Keto. [eel. 1) 3. p. 216 ;
Smith! in Rees, cycl. ; not oi! Muhl, EIL, nor of iess. S. erecta ? Nutt.!
gen. 2. p. 161 ; perhaps also of Pursh,fi. 2. p. 542. S. elata? Ell! sk. 2.
p. 389, not of Pursh.

/?. squarrulosa : exterior scales of the involucre linear or subulate, more
herbaceous, somewhat squarrose. — S. squarrosa, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad.
7. p. 102 ; not of Nutt. gen., nor of Muhl., or Ell. 7

Pine barrens and sandy, usually dry soil, North Carolina ! to Georgia !
Florida ! and Western Louisiana ! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1-2, rarely 3 feet
high, clothed with a fine and short somewhat hoary pubescence, which at
the summit and on the peduncles, &c. is tomentose. Leaves pale, almost
glabrous or slightly scabrous above, prominently feather-veined beneath, and
often somewhat reticulated, either obtuse or acute, 1-2 inches long, gradually
diminishing in size upwards; the lower more or less narrowed at the base,
but very slightly petioled, usually serrate with small scattered teeth ; the
upper rounded at the base, sUghtly petioled, it may be, but appearing sessile.
Raceme usually virgate, terminating the stem or "branches ; or often several
disposed in a panicle, rarely nearly simple ; the heads usually 2-5 on each
short peduncle, and on mostly slender bracteolate pedicels, pretty large, 20-
25-flowered. Rays bright yellow. Achenia minutely pubescent when
young, glabrous when mature. Inner scales of the involucre witli somewhat
greenish tij)*, appressed ; the exterior short and loose, gradually i)assing
into the subulate bracts of the pedicels : in var. ii. these bracts are more

COMPOSlTiE. SoLiDAGO.

numerous, and the attenuated and longer exterior involucral scales exactly
resemble them, giving the involucre a squarrose appearance. The extreme
forms would seem to belong to different species (although no other dif-
ference is observable) ; but a full suite of specimens furnishes every gradi-
tion between them. — No species could less deserve the name of S. petiolaris
than this, at least in its ordinary forms : if the leaves may be said to be
petioled, they are so slightly so, that we believe no author has identified the
plant by the ciiaracter ; but, as this is certainly the plant described in the
Horlus Kevvensis, as well as by Smith, we do not feel at liberty to reject it.
— For his S. erecta, Pursh cites Herb. Banks, mss. ; but there are no speci-
mens with this name in the Banksian herbarium : he not improbably had
the present species in view, to which his short character is not inapplicable.
— The S. ])etiolaris of the Berlin Garden, 1839 (and of Link. enum. ?) is
S. Virga-Aurea. The S. petiolaris, Tliuillier, of the Paris and some other
gardens, is S. Narbonensis, Pourr. (Vide S. data.)

18. S. angusta : stem strict and simple, leafy, slightly scabrous ; leaves
lanceolate, mucronate-acute, tapering to the base, sessile, sparsely veined,
with a prominent midrib, glabrous, with ciliate-scabrous margins; the lower-
most obscurely serrate towards the apex; the others entire; heads (rather
large) in a contracted raceme; scales of the almost glabrous involucre lanceo-
late ; the outermost subulate, loose, or at length sfjuarrose-spreading, some-
what herbaceous; rays about 10, elongated; achenia glabrous.

Alexandria, Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale! Arkansas near the Hot
Springs, Dr. Engelmann ! Sept. — Stem 3-4 feet high, virgate, very leafy
throughout, glabrous below, scabrous-puberulent towards the summit. Leaves
bright green above, pale beneatli, oblanceolate, ciliate with minute and close
uncinate hairs ; the midrib and the few veins rather prominent on the lower
surface ; the lower 3 inches or more in length, and nearly three-fourtlis
of an inch in width ; the upper gradually diminishing in size, and less veiny.
Heads resembling those of S. petiolaris, 2 to 4 upon the short peduncles,
which are disposed in a narrow somewhat crowded raceme 4-G inches long,
25-30-flowered. Involucre and pedicels apparently slightly viscid. Rays
conspicuous, deep yellow. Achenia and ovaries perfectly glabrous.

19. S. stricta (Ait.) : smooth and glabrous throughout; stem strict and
very simple; leaves lanceolate, acute; the radical and lower cauline spar-
ingly appressed-serrate, tapering into winged somewhat sheathing petioles;
the upper sessile, entire; racemes (simple or compound) appressed, nume-
rous, forming a crowded and very strict virgate panicle, which is usually
leafy towards the base ; heads (rather small) 8-12-flowered ; scales of the
cylindrical involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 5-6, small ; achenia gla-
brous.—^i?. / Kew. (ed. 1) 3. ;?. 216 ,• Willd. spec. 3. p. 2062; Pursh, fl.
2. p. 540/ (excl. habitat) ; Richards, appx. Frankl. journ, ed. 2. p. 33 ;
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 4 (excl. Saskatchawan spec.) ; DC. prodr. 5. p.
340 ? S. uliginosa, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. ^j. 101, partly ?

Sphagnous swamps, Newfoundland ! Hudson's Bay! {Herb. Banks) &c.
to ^iassachusetts! and the Western part of New York ! July-Aug. — Stem
1-3 feet high, virgate, usually purple, perfectly smooth to the summit, even
the peduncles and pedicels glabrous or very nearly so. Leaves of a firm
texture, with a strong midrib, and several straight veins, the veinlets of the
pale lower surface minutely reticulated: the radical (appearing in the au-
tumn preceding flowering, and remaining through the winter) 6-10 inches
long, an inch to an inch and a half wide in the middle, tapering to each end
(the primordial obtuse), the base attenuate into a carinate petiole about the
same length ; the lower cauline similar, but with shorter sheathing petioles ;
the upper gradually reduced in size and breadth. — A northern species,
distinguished by its smoothness, elongated-lanceolate willow-like leaves (the

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITiE. 205

popular name applied in Hortus Kewensis, " Willow-leaved Golden Rod,"
is appropriate) ; the panicle narrow and perfectly strict (6 to 18 inches long,
and only 1-2 wide), entirely in fruit by the middle of September; the achenia
entirely glabrous, or rarely presenting a few minute scattered hairs, under a
lens. — A near approach to this species is sometimes observed in narrow-
leaved states of S. neglecta, with short racemes, at first scarcely if at all
spreading or secund.

20. S. speciosa (Nutt.) : stein simple, stout, glabrous ; the summit, with
the peduncles and pedicels hirsute-pubescent ; leaves thickish, smooth and
glabrous, with densely scabrous-ciliolate margins; the lower oval or ovate,
narrowed into a margined petiole, somewhat serrate, the upj)er lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, entire; racemes numerous, erect, forming a pyramidal or
ihyrsiform (usually ample) panicle ; heads (pretty large) on short pedicels,
somewhat crowded or glomerate ; scales of the cylindrical nearly glabrous
involucre oblong, obtuse ; rays about 5, large ; achenia very glabrous. —
Nutt.f gen. 2. p. 160 (excl. syn. Pers.) ; Darlingt.! fi. Cest. p. 459.
S. sempervirens, Miclix.! fi. 2. p. 119, not of Linn. S. petiolaris, Muhl.J
cat. p. 79 ,• Bart. fi. Phil. 2. p. 121; not of Ait.

ji. augustata: smaller, less pubescent at the summit; racemes short and
glomerate, forming a narrow and dense, interrupted or somewhat compound
spike.— S. erecta ? Ell. I sk. 2. p. 385 ; DC. j^rodr. 5. p. 340?

}'. rigicliuscula : heads smaller ; panicle strict ; peduncles and summit of
the stem less pubescent; leaves nearly all entire and smaller, lanceolate or
oblong, more rigid.

Borders of woods &c. (Canada, Michau.v) Massachusetts ! and Ohio ! to
Kentucky! and Florida! [3. New Jersey! North Carolina! South Caro-
lina! Kentucky! &:c. y. St. Louis, Missouri and Texas, Drummond! Dr.
Engelmann ! Louisiana, Dr. Leacenivorth! Prairies between the Missis-
sippi and Missouri Rivers, Mr. Nicollet ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2i to 5 or even
6 feet high, stout, erect, glabrous and often purple; the summit and the
branches of the inflorescence ])ubescent, in a greater or less degree, with short
and close jointed hairs, not unfrequently almost hirsute. Radical leaves
6 inches or more in length, and 2-4 wide, sharply serrate, y>etioled ; the
lower cauline ample, 4-6 inches long, 1-2, or often 3 inches wide, acute or
slightly acuminate, narrowed into a slight margined petiole, thickish, very
smooth except the margins, with a rather strong midrib ; the primary veins
seldom prominent; the veinlets very copiously and minutely reticulated;
upper leaves successively much reduced in size ; the primary veins obscure
and similar to the immersed, inconspicuous, but finely reticulated veinlets.
Panicle very showy, 6-18 inches in length, composed of numerous, rigid,
dense or spicate racemes, which vary from 1 to 5 inches in length. Heads
crowded, 12-16-(rarely 18-) flowered, large for the number of flowers they
contain, but somewhat variable in size. Scales of the involucre 1-nerved,
pale, with greenish summits, glabrous or nearly so, appressed, large ; the
exterior oval or oblong, short, very obtuse; the innermost linear-oblong, soirie-
times acutish. Rays conspicuous, deep yellow. — A very showy species,
varying considerably in the size of the leaves, and in the panicle, which in
some specimens is very large and compound ; in others small and simple.
The var. (i. is a reduced state, growing in poor soil ; its contracted inflorescence
often simulating S. bicolor, for which indeed it has sometimes been mistaken.
Var. y., which probably grows in more arid situations, has smaller heads as
•well as leaves ; the latter often conspicuously veined and more rigid.

21. S. verna (M. A. Curtis! mss.): softly cinereous-pubescent; stem
erect or ascending, loosely paniculate at the summit; the branches nearly
naked ; leaves scattered, veiny, minutely tomentose beneath ; the radical
and lower cauline ovate or oval, finely serrate, abruptly narrowed into mar-

200 COMPOSITiE. Solidago.

gined petioles ; the uppermost oblong or lanceolate, sessile, mostly entire ;
racemes loose, paniculate, or rarely somewhat corymbose, sometimes slightly
recurvef] ; scales of the nearly glabrous involucre linear-lanceolate ; rays
10-12, large; achenia pubescent.

Open sandy pine woods, near Wilmington, and Lenoir County, North Ca-
rolina, Mr. M. A. Curtis! (Florida, Herb. Ra fines que .') May-June. —
Stem about 2 feet high, almost villous when young. Kadical and lowest
cauline leaves 2-3 inches long, and often 2 inches wide, usually somewhat
triple-veined, abruptly contracted into winged or margined petioles which
vary in length from 1 to 5 inches ; the other cauline nearly similar but only
narrowed at the base and seldom petioled ; the upper very few and reduced
in size. Heads middle-sized, about 30-flowered, loosely racemose on the
slender naked branches, the summits of which are sometimes a little spread-
ing or recurved. Pedicels slender. Rays linear-oblong, golden yellow.

22. S. TerrfB-Novre: stem erect, smooth, paniculate-corymbose and some-
what pubescent at the summit; leaves glabrous; the cauhne lanceolate,
tapering to the base, nearly entire ; the lowest and radical spatulate-oblong,
tapering into a margined petiole, somewhat serrate-; racemes numerous,
short, loose, forming a large expanding and mostly fastigiate compound pani-
cle ; heads (small] about 12-fiowered ; scales of the involucre glabrous, ob-
long-linear; rays 5-6, small ; achenia nearly glabrous.

In bogs, Newfoundland, Pi/laie ! MissBrcnton! [in herb. Hook.) — Plant
1-2 feet high. Leaves smooth, minutely veiny ; the lowest about 3 inches
long, an inch wide near the apex, mostly obtuse ; the uppermost narrow, en-
tire. Panicle open, 4-5 inches broad at the summit ; the paniculate irregu-
lar racemes more or less spreading, but not secund. Heads as large as in
S. stricta; the scales of the involucre membranaceous and much narrower.
— The specimen from Miss Brenton consists of the panicle, with only the
summit of the stem, the former so much expanded that it was referred by
Hooker to S. serotina : but it appears rather to belong to the present division.

23. S. humilis (Herb. Banks) : glabrous ; stem simple, erect ; radical
leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse, crenate-serrate at the apex, tapering
into a petiole ; the cauline lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base ; the up-
permost linear and entire ; raceme simple, or compound and paniculate,
elongated, strict; scales of the involucre oblong (somewhat glutinous,) mostly
obtuse ; rays C-8, short ; achenia minutely canescent. — Pursh ! jfi. 2. p.
543 ; Richards ! apirx. FranM. journ. cd. 2.'p. 33 ; Hook. ! jl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.
6 ,- not of Dcsf. & DC. S. confertiflora, Fisch. Sf Meyer, animad. bot. in
ind. scm. St. Petersb. 1840, ex ann. sci. nat. {n. ser.) 16. p. 59.

/3. stem taller ; heads more numerous, in short glomerate clusters disposed
in a dense, somewhat interrupted, virgate spike or compound raceme. — S.
stricta. Hook. ! I. c, partly.

Fort Albany, Hudson's Bay, and Newfoundland, Herb. Banks! "Woody
country between lat. 54° and 64°, Richardson ! Limestone cliffs on the
banks of the Onion River &c. Vermont, Dr. Robbins ! 13. Carlton House
on the Saskatchawan &c. Drummond! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 6-15 inches
high, nearly or quite glabrous, but more or less glutinous, as also the leaves
in the fresh plant: the raceme simple and slender, or more or less compound;
the branches strict ; the middle-sized heads rather crowded, in (i. much so.
Leaves of a firm texture ; the radical often coarsely toothed at the apex; the
cauline about 2 inches long, 3-4 lines wide, serrulate above ; the uppernar-
rower and entire. — Differs" from S. Virga-Aurea in its more rigid foliage,
smaller heads, with the scales of the involucre more appressed, rigid, obtuse,
and appearing somewhat glutinous.

24. S. Virga-Aurea (Linn.) : stem erect, terete ; cauline leaves lanceo-
late, tapering to each end, serrate ; the lower elliptical, petioled ; raceme

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITiE. 207

erect, simple or compound; scales of the involucre linear [or lanceolate],
acute; rays about 8, elongated ; achenia minutely pubescent. DC. — Linn.!
spec. 2. p. 880 ; Engl. hot. t. 301 ; Fl. Dan. t. 6G3 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 5 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 338.

/3. aljnna (Bigel. ! 1. c.) : stem 3-8 inches high, simple, glabrous or pubes-
cent, bearing tew (1-8) heads; scales of the involucre lanceolate, nearly gla-
brous ; rays short ; leaves oblanceolate, oblong-obovate, or spatulate.

y. multiradiata : stem viUous-pubescent, simple, or rarely branched at
the summit ; heads (large) in a dense thyrsoid or corymbose raceme ; scales
of the involucre narrow, nearly glabrous; rays 8-12; leaves ciliate, oblong-
lanceolate (obtuse or acute), tapering to the base. — S. multiradiata, Ait. !
Kew. I. c. p. 218 ; Pursli! fl. 2. jj. 542 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 5 ; E.
Meyer, i)l. Lahrad. p. 64 ; DC. I. c. S. Virgaurea, Pursh, I. c. S. corym-
hosa, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. pihil. soc. (ji. ser.) 7. p. 328, not of Ell. (Va-
ries, with the rays fewer and smaller. S. Virga-Aurea, Hook, t^ Am. !
bot. Beechey, p. 12G. S. Virga-Aurea var. Arctica, DC! I. c.)

Arctic America ! and Labrador ! to the Rocky Mountains ! (in about lat.
54°) Unalaschka! Sledge Island ! and Kotzebue's Sound ! (a. & chiefly y.)
/3. On the bare summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire ! and
on Mount Marcy, Essex County, New York ! Shore of Lake Superior, Dr.
Pitcher! Dr. Houghton! Aug.-Sept. — A very variable species, which in
this country is confined to the Nortliern regions, and the higher mountains
of the Northern States. Nearly all the American specimens belong either
to var. /3., which very nearly approaches the var. Cambrica of Europe, or
to the var. y., which passes insensibly into other forms of this species, to
•which it should doubtless be united.

25. S. thyrsoidea (E. Meyer) : stem erect or somewhat flexuous, simple,
very glabrous, the summit and peduncles viUous-pubescent ; leaves glabrous,
ovate, irregularly and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, veiny, all except
the upper cauline abruptly narrowed into very long petioles; the ujjpermost
oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, often pubescent beneath ; raceme oblong, sim-
ple or slightly compound; heads large; the peduncles mostly ebracteate ;
scales of the involucre nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous,
nearly glabrous; rays 8-10; achenia glabrous (slightly pubescent at the
summit). — E. Meyer, j^l- Lahrad. p. 63; DC. pirodr. 7. {mant.) p. 279.
S. leiocarpa, DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 339. S. multiradiata, Nutt. ! in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 328, not of Ait.! S. Virgaurea, a. Bigel. fl.
Bost. ed. 2. p. 306.

Labrador, Herzherg{E. Meyer), Kohlmeister ! (v. sp. in herb. Schiveinitz,
herh. Collins, eye.) Lower Canada, Michaux! herb. On the wooded sides
of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, Dr.Boott! Mr. Oakes ! Sfc.
Killington Peak and Mansfield Mountains, Vermont, Dr. Bobbins ! Aug.-
Sept. — Allied to S. Virga-Aurea (var. alpestris) ; but certainly a distinct
species; remarkable for the abrupt and very long petioles of all but the up-
permost cauUne leaves (frequently two to three inches long, supporting a
lamina about half that length, and an inch or more in breadth) ; for its larger
heads, which perhaps are only exceeded by the following; and the glabrous
achenia, upon which, however, a little hairiness is observable near the sum-
mit. The raceme commonly consists of 6 to 12 heads, on short and simple
bractless peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves, &c., rather crowded :
but one specimen from Labrador presents a large raceme more than 6 inches
long, with nearly all the peduncles somewhat elongated and bearing 2 to 4
heads ; the pedicels often longer than the heads, and furnished with a linear-
subulate, scarious, deciduous'bracteole. Rays rather short.— The species is
well described by Meyer.

26. S. glomerata (Michx.) : stem low, very simple; leaves glabrous, am-

208 COMPOSITE. SoLiDAGO.

pie, lanceolate, serrate ; raceme simple, of axillary clusters, the uppermost
capitate, crowded ; involucre turgid, many-flowered. Michx. fl. 2. p. 117.

Mountains of Carolina, Michaux. — With much hesitation we join to this
species a remarkable plant which we had called 5'. macra?itha, collected in
flower on the Roan Mountain by Mr. Curtis, and which is also abundant
towards the summit of the Grandfather, N. Carolina (Gra?/, in Sill.journ. 42.
p. 35) ; flowering in August. It is one to 2 feet high, with a stout striate-
angular glabrous stem; with large, broadly lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate,
glabrous leaves, 4-9 inches long, the lower 2-3 broad, ciliate especially to-
wards the tapering entire base, serrate above with small sharp teeth, acumi-
nate, veiny, of afirm but rather thin texture; the radical tapering into a
winged petiole. Heads larger than those of S. rigida, 3-7 together in short
racemes or clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, at first glomerate, but
when expanded the pedicels (stout and pubescent, like the peduncles) are
often as long as tlie heads ; the lowest clusters somewhat remote, the others
approximate, forming a narrow (sometimes thyrsoid) elongated panicle or
compound raceme, mostly simple at the sumtnit. Scales of the involucre
imbricated in 3 or 4 series, 1-nerved, acutish ; the exterior oblong-ovate, the
innermost linear-lanceolate, nearly glabrous, flowers 30-40 in each head ;
the rays 10-12, small in proportion. Achenia pubescent towards the sum-
mit, nearly a;labrous below. — We know not what plant Nuttall had in view
as the S. glomerata, of which he remarks {Gen. 2. p. 161) : " Lower leaves
broad oval and acuminate, serrate : nearly allied to Aster." Nor have we
been able to ascertain the species mentioned by Schweinitz (in EU. sk. 2.
p. 387,) as " distinguished by its deep and close serratures, and the capitate
form of the axillary racemes" : the latter, however, is probably S. latifblia.

* * * Heads in a compomid corymb tenninating the simple stem, showy: Uaves feather-
veined or 3-nerved. — Corymbosse.

t Scales of the involucre acute : achenia pubescent : leaves veiny.

27. S. spilhameea (M.A.Curtis! mss.) : stem villous-pubescent, leafy;
leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, ciliate, nearly glabrous, sharply serrate
above the middle, or the uppermost entire ; the lowest and radical spatulate-
oblong, tapering into winged petioles; heads (middle-sized) disposed in a
compound glomerate corymb; peduncles and pedicels villous ; scales of the
involucre somewhat eijual, lanceolate, ciliate ; rays 6 or 7, short ; achenia
pubescent. — Gray ! in Sill. jour. 42. j)- 42.

Rocky places on the bald summit of the Roan Mountain, North Carolina
(at an elevation of 6000 feet) ; where it was discovered, in 1835, by Mr.
Curtis! Aug.-Sept. — Stems 8-10 inches high, growing in tufts from a
branching caudex. Leaves membranaceous, 1-3 inches long, rarely an inch
in width, irregularly and sometimes incisely serrate ; the uppermost acute;
the lower conspicuously ciliate along the entire narrowed base. Heads 25-
30-flowered. Scales of the somewhat hemispherical involucre appressed,
1-nerved, slightly carinate, with scarious minutely lacerate-ciliate mar-
gins, acute or acuminate; the outer broadly, the inner narrowly lanceolate.
Rays scarcely exserted.

+ t Scales of the involucre very obtuse: achenia glabrous : leaves mostly feather-
veined from a strong midrib : rays several.

28. S. rigida [\Axm.): scabrous-pubescent, somewhat hoary ; stem stout;
the short compact racemes corymbose at the summit ; leaves rigid ; the
lower mostly oval or oblong, serrate, petioled; the others ovate-oblong,
closely sessile, slightly clasping ; the uppermost entire ; heads (very large)

SohiDAuo. COMPOSITiE. 209

about 34-flo\vered, crowded. — L'mn. spec. 1. p. 880 ; Ait.! Kew. {ed. 1) 3.
2?. 216 ,• Michx.! fi. 2. p. 118 ; Pursli! ji. 2. p. 543 ; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 390 ;
Hook.! Ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. b\ DC. prodr. 5. p. 337. S. grandiflora, Raf.
in med. repos. {hex. 2) 5. p. 359. Virga-Aurea Novae-Anglias, Herm. parad.
t. 243. (poor.)

Dry soil, from Connecticut! New York! and Pennsylvania! to North
Carolina! &c. along the mountains; and from Saskatchawan, Michigan!
and Missouri! to Arkansas ! and Texas ! Aug.-Ocl. — Stem 3-4 feet high,
stout and rigid, clothed with a rough pubescence. Leaves thick, clothed
with a minute and somewhat hoary pubescence, scabrous, or often rather
soft or velvety beneath, more or less serrate with fine mostly appressed or
somewhat crenate teeth ; the radical ones 4 to 9 inches long, on petioles
about the same length ; the upper cauline reduced to 1-2 inches in length,
broadly oval or ovate-oblong. Heads among the largest and most showy of
the genus. Scales of the involucre oblong, very obtuse, slightly striate,
pubescent or almost glabrous. Kays large, oblong, 7-10. Achenia
very glabrous.

29. S. corymbosa {K\\.) : stem stout, glabrous ; the corymbose branches
and short racemes hirsute-pubescent; leaves (cauline) oblong-lanceolate,
closely sessile, rigid, glabrous, with minutely ciliate and very scabrous mar-
gins, mostly serrulate ; heads (large) in short and loose fastigiate racemes,
about 30-flowered.— EH. / sk. 2. p. 378.

In the middle districts of Georgia, _E/^?'o^? / Sept.-Oct. — "Stem 4-6 feet
high, robust and virgately erect, branching near the summit, the young
branches hirsute." Ell. Radical leaves unknown ; the lower cauline 4-6
inches long, about an inch wide, coriaceous, the margin rough with close fine
hairs; the upper similar but gradually reduced in size to about an inch in
length, rather crowded, somewhat acute; the younger more ciliate, and the
lower surface sonietimes furnished with scattered hairs. Heads smaller than
in S. rigida, but about twice the size of those of the following species, on ra-
ther slender bracteolate pedicels, disposed in loose short racemes terminating
the corymbose branches, those of the lower or exterior racemes unilateral and
recurved-spreading. Involucre minutely pubescent, similar to that of S. rigi-
da. Rays about 10, rather large. Achenia perfectly glabrous. Pappus as
long as the corolla of the disk. Doubtless distinct from the preceding, if the
stem is constantly smooth. What is S. corymbosa, Poir. 5«^?pZ., of unknown
origin, with rough crenate-toothed leaves ?

30. S. 0/u'oenszs (Riddell) : very smooth and glabrous; stem strict, fasti-
giate-corymbose at the summit ; radical and lowest cauline leaves lanceolate-
oblong, obtuse, with ciliolate-scabrous margins, finely serrate towards the
apex, tapering into slender petioles; the others oblong-lanceolate, closely ses-
sile, mostly entire; heads (rather small) numerous, in a compound corymb,
on slender glabrous pedicels, 16-20-flowered ; pappus shorter than the corolla
of the disk. — Riddell ! synops.fl,. Western States, p. bl.

Wet grassy prairies of Ohio, Mr. Van Cleve ! JDr. Riddell ! and of Indi-
ana, Mr. Lea ! Also in various parts of Western New York, Dr. Sartwell!
Dr. Knieskern ! Mr. G. W. Clinton! Sept.-Oct.— Plant 2-3 feet high,
perfectly smooth, except the margins of the leaves; with a simple virgate
stem, which is divided at the summit into a compound fastigiate corymb ;
the oblong heads all erect, and on slender pedicels. Leaves of a rather firm
texture ; the radical 5-8 inches long, an inch or an inch and a half in breadth,
with petioles often about the same length : the cauline successively reduced
in size (the uppermost about an inch long), rather crowded, erect. Scales of
the narrow involucre 8-10, oblong, obtuse. Rays 6-7, small. Pappus
scarcely longer than the perfectly glabrous achenia.
VOL. II. — 27

210 COMPOSITE. SoLiDAGO.

31. S. Riddellii (Frank) : stem stout, glabrous, corymbose at the summit,
the branches and pedicels pulverulent-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, elonga-
ted, acute, entire, glabrous, with scabrous margins, obscurely nerved ; the
radical on long carinate petioles; the cauline partly clasping or sheathing,
carinate-conduplicate, mostly arcuate; heads (middle-sized) very numerous,
clustered, forming a compound fastigiate corymb, 20-24-flowered. — Frank !
in Riddell, synops. I. c. S. Mexicana /3. floribus lato-corymbosis, Hook. !
compan. to hot. mag. l.p. 97.

Wet and grassy prairies, Ohio, Dr. Riddell ! Mr. Van Cleve! Dr. Pad-
dock ! Mr. Lea ! St. Louis, Missouri, Drummond ! Dr. Enselmann !
and on St. Peter's River, Mr. Nicollet! Wisconsin, Mr. Lapham .' Sept.-
Oct. — Stem about 2 feet high, very leafy to the summit. Leaves ^^-ith a ra-
ther strong midrib, and 1 to 3 more or less distinct parallel nerves, forming
numerous" reticulations with the minute and close veinlets, thin but rather
firm in texture; the radical a foot or more in length, including the elongated
petioles, into which the limb (6-9 lines wide in the middle) is gradually at-
tenuated, often falcate ; the cauline 4-8 inches long, about half an inch
wide, erect, appressed and partly sheathing at the base, above arcuate-spread-
ing or recurved. Heads rather larger than in the preceding, much crowded
on the branches of the large compound corymb, usually on short pubescent
pedicels. Scales of the involucre narrowly oblong, 1-nerved, nearly gla-
brous. Rays 7-9, small and narrow. Achenia glabrous, or slightly and
sparsely pubescent under a lens. — A beautiful and very distinct species, al-
lied to the preceding.

t t t Scales of the involucre obtuse : achenia glabrous : leaves nerved : rays 2-3.

32. S. nitida: stem strict, very smooth below, fastigiate-corj^mbose at the
summit ; the branches and pedicels scabrous-pubescent ; leaves rigid, very
smooth and shining, nerved, lanceolate or linear, entire, acute, the margins
ciliolate-scabrous towards the apex ; the radical and lowest cauline tapering
into short petioles; the others sessile ; heads (middle-sized) in loose fastigiate
corymbs, about 14-flowered.

Dry pine woods &c.. Western Louisiana, Dr. Leavemvorth ! Dr. Hale!
and Texas, Drummond ! Dr. Leavemvorth ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-3 feet
high, slender or rather stout, simple, and terminated by a single fastigiate
corymb, or somewhat branched near tlie summit; the branches rigid, erect,
fastigiate, clothed with a short rough pubescence. Leaves varying from line-
ar to rather broadly lanceolate, coriaceous, both surfaces very smooth and
shining (the margins also smooth towards the base), rarely with one or two
obscure serratures near the apex, furnished with 1 to 3 nerves or parallel
veins on each side of the rather strong midrib ; the radical and lowest cauline
4-8 inches long, 3-5 lines wide ; the upper gradually reduced in size, nume-
rous, spreading, sessile, but mostly narrowed at the base. Scales of the in-
volucre nearly glabrous, oval, very obtuse. Rays 2-3, large. Achenia
perfectly glabrous. — The leaves vary in width in different specimens from
2-3 lines to three-fourths of an inch. The plant exudes small quantities of
resin when wounded.

33. S. pumila : stems several from a woody caudex, scarcely longer than
the radical leaves, simple, angular ; leaves rigid, lanceolate, entire, tapering
to each end, mucronate-acule, smooth, somewhat glutinous, strongly 3-nerved;
the radical petioled ; heads (large for the size of the plant) in sessile clusters
of 3-4 together, disposed in a small corymb ; scales of the somewhat viscid
and cylindrical involucre oval or oblong, carinate ; rays 2-3, short ; the disk-
flowers about the same number. — Chrysoma pumila, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer.
phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 325.

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITE. 21J

Open situations, on shelving rocks towards the western declivity of the
Rocky Mountains [about lat. 'il°], Nuttall! — Plant about a span high, iv
clusters from the same root. Leaves (persistent?) with somewhat scabrous
margins, slightly veiny between the ribs. Scales of the involucre with sca-
rious margins, obscurely mucronate.

* * * * Natives of brackish siramps: racemes erect or spreading, paniculate: leaves
thickish or fleshy, very srnooth and entire, obscurely veiny, often somewhat iriplinerved .
— Maritimae.

34. )S. Mexicana (Linn.) : stem oblique, glabrous ; leaves lanceolate,
somewhat fleshy, very entire, smooth throughout; racemes paniculate, erect ;
peduncles squamose, glabrous; rays elongated. Ait. — Linn.! liort. Cliff, p.
409, Is; spec. 2. p. 879; Ait..' Kew. {ecL I) 3. p. 215; excl. syn. Tourn.
Pluk. &f Dodart., fide Swartz, ohs. p. 306 ; H. B. Sf K. ! nov. gen. Sf' spec.

4. p. 104. S. limonifolia, Pcrs. syn. 2. p. 449, at least as to the character.
Described from specimens introduced into European gardens more than

two hundred years ago, at first of reputed Mexican origin ; but afterwards
supposed to be a native of this country and not of Mexico; whence Persoon
changed the name, and succeeding botanists have partially confounded it
with the following species. It was most probably derived either from Mexico
or the West Indies; since we have seen no native specimens of the United
States which accord with the Linnsan plant, while the species of Humboldt
does so : it is moreover given as a West Indian species by Swartz, who, by
excluding the synonyms adduced by Linnfeus, appears to have been aware
that his plant was distinct from the more northern one ; and in the Hortus
Kewensis (where the plant is well characterized), a reference is made to the
manuscripts of Sir Hans Sloane. — The heads are in small corymbose pani-
cles, crowded at the summit of the stem, and in the axils of the obtuse upper
leaves ; the peduncles leafy ; the pedicels with numerous subulate bracts,
passing into the scales of the involucre, which are more pointed than in

5. sempervirens. It should probably be excluded from the flora of extra-
tropical North America ; unless, indeed, the variety of S. limonifolia men-
tioned by Nuttall {trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 328), as a native of
the Californian coast, near St. Barbara, should be found to belong to this
species.

35. S. sempervirens (Linn.) : stem erect, glabrous; leaves fleshy, lanceo-
late, entire, acute, sessile, slightly clasping, obscurely triplinerved ; the radi-
cal lanceolate-oblong, on elongated petioles ; racemes paniculate (simple or
compound), more or less secund and spreading; peduncles pubescent or
nearly glabrous. — Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 878 ; Pursli, fl. 2. p. 538 ; Ell. ! sk.
2. p. 37'^9 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 335. S. Noveboracensis & S. carnosa. Mill,
diet. Virga-Aurea seu Solidago procerior, &c. Pluk. aim. t. 235, /. 5 .''

p. leaves thick and fleshy ; racemes short, in a contracted panicle, more
or less secund or turned to one side. — Virga-Aurea limoniifolio, &c. Tourn.
inst. p. 404 ? Pluk. aim. t. 235, /. 2? Solidago tevigata, Ait. ! Keiv. {ed.
1) 3. p. 215; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 541 ; DC. I. c. S. Umonifolia, Pers.? and
of authors.

y. leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to each end, very acute, thickish ;
racemes erect, in a pyramidal rather strict panicle. — S. sempervirens,
Ait. ! I. c.

6. leaves scarcely, or not at all fleshy, elongated lanceolate, tapering to
each end, very acute ; racemes short, mostly secund, in a close erect or some-
what decurved panicle. — S. viminea. Ait.! Keiv. I. c. p. 2J5. S. integer-
rima, Mill, diet., ex Ait.

In salt or brackish marshes along the coast of the United States ! to Mas-
sachusetts! and Canada. Sept.-Oct. — Stem stout, 3-8 feet high. Margin

212 COMPOSITjE. SoLiDAGo.

of the leaves eomerimes scabrous. Heads large. Rays 8-10. Achenia, as
in all the species of this section, somewhat pubescent. — We have possibly
combined two or more species; but the form of the panicle, &c. is very vari-
able, and the fleshiness of the leaves probaby varies with the saltness of the
marsh; becoming almost membranaceous, as in var. ^., when the water is
nearly fresh.

36. S. angustifolia (Ell.) : very glabrous ; stem erect, strict, simple, or
sometimes branched at the summit ; leaves thick, short, erect, lanceolate-
linear, sessile, mucronate-acute, 1-nerved ; the lower lanceolate, attenuate at
the base ; racemes short, erect or at length somewhat recurved, sometimes
secund, disposed in a close and virgate erect panicle; peduncles and pedicels
slender; heads small.— £/L / sic. 2. p. 388,- DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 341.

In brackish swamps, Carolina! to Florida! Texas, Drummond ! Sept.-
Oct. — Plant with somewhat the habit of S. virgata. Stem 2-4 feet high,
simple and virgate, or producing slender branches near the summit, and
terminated by a contracted crowded panicle ; the very numerous heads
smaller, and the scales of the invokicre narrower than in the preceding spe-
cies. Upper leaves about an inch long, often subulate; the lower more scat-
tered, less pointed, sometimes broadly lanceolate. — The leaves in the Texan
specimens are more appressed.

37. iS. integrifolia (Desf.) : stem erect, simple, somewhat pubescent;
leaves lanceolate, sessile, acuminate, slightly and obsoletely triphnerved,
glabrous, entire, the lowest [rather obtuse] sparsely denticulate ; racemes
axillary, erect, somewhat panicled [forming an elongated rather large pani-
cle] ; pedicels pubescent; scales of the involucre acute ; rays elongated. DC.
— " Desf.! cat. hart. Par. ed. 1804, f. 103, Sf ed. 3. p. 402" ; Pers. syn. 2.
f. 449 ,- DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 340. (excl. syn. S. speciosa, Nuit.) S. elata,
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 543, partly (spec. cult. Soland. ! in herb. Banks.) ; not
of Ell.

"North America." — We have only seen cultivated specimens, the origin
of which is uncertain. The summit of the stem, peduncles, &c. are pubes-
cent ; the heads large ; and the achenia pubescent.

***** Racemes spreading or recurved (^scorploid^, secund : leaves veiny {sometimes
indistinctly triplinervcd), usually serrate. — Secundiflorae.

+ Leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather-veined ; one of the veins on each
side of the midrib sometimes stronger than the others, thus appearing slightly tripli-
nerved: heads middle-sized.

38. S. elliptica (Ait.): stem erect, glabrous; leaves elliptical, smooth, ser-
rate; racemes paniculate, secund; rays middle-sized, [peduncles and pedi-
cels minutely pubescent; scales of the involucre narrow, acute; achenia
strigose-pubescent]. Ait.! Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 214 ; not of Ell., nor of DC?
S. iatissimifolia, Mill, diet., ex Ait. S. dubia, Scojwli, fl. insub. 2. p. 19,
t. 10?

North America, Hort. Kew. Canada, Mill, did., in which the subjoined
particulars are given. — " Stalks stiff, round, smooth, with a white bark, up-
wards of 3 feet high. Leaves spear-shaped, smooth, with several veins, 3i
inches long, one inch broad, alternate. Flowers from the upper axils, in
short, erect, obtuse spikes, of a pale yellow color." — The characters we have
added to the phrase of the Hortus Kewensis are derived from the authentic
specimen, preserved in the Banksian herbarium. It is somewhat allied to
the maritime species; and the same plant, if we mistake not, is found along
the borders of salt marshes near New York. The latter has thickish, shining,
oblong-lanceolate leaves, veiny, smooth, with scabrous margins, the upper

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITiE. i>13

closely sessile and mostly entire ; the short and dense racemes forming a
crowded and leafy pyramidal panicle. Heads middle-sized. Rays 10-12.

39. S.neglecta: stem stout, smooth; leaves thickish, smooth and gla-
brous; the radical and lowest can line oblong or ovate-lanceolate, appressed-
serrate, petioled ; the others elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute at
each end, sessile (often obscurely tripUnerved) finely appressed-serrale ; the
upper entire; racemes short, den"se, secund, somewhat spreading, disposed in
an elongated or pyramidal somewhat leafy panicle ; peduncles and pedicels
nearly glabrous; scales of the 8-12-flowered involucre oblong, obtuse; rays
rather large ; achenia nearl}' glabrous.

In swamps, Massachusetts! and New York ! to North Carolina ! and In-
diana! Aug.-Sept. — This not uncommon Solidago has doubtless been no-
ticed; but we cannot refer it, with reasonable probability, to any described
species. It is distinguished from S. arguta by its elongated panicle, with
short racemes, which are at first erect (the lower often shorter than the leaves
which subtend them) ; by the larger heads with much fewer flowers, &c. :
from S. Muhlenbergii by the more entire and rigid, seldom acuminate leaves,
more strict and terete stem, fewer-flowered heads, &c. : from S. elliptica by
the broad and obtuse scales of the involucre (which are pubesceni-ciliate at
the tips), and the smooth achenia. The primordial radical leaves are oblan-
ceolate or narrowly oblong, finely crenate-serrate, often obtuse, tapering into
slender petioles ; which are frequently succeeded by larger acuminate radi-
cal leaves, resembhng those of S. arguta, but less strongly serrate. Several
varieties occur ; as 1, with coriaceous leaves, deep green above, the margins
scarcely scabrous ; the panicle either small and strict, or large and loose,
with many of the lower racemes often shorter than the leaves (Can this be
S. verrucosa, Schrad. ?), or sometimes compound from the stem producing
corymbose branches at the summit (this is possibly the S. dubia, Scopoli,
Smith, the S. Clelise, DC.) : 2, leaves less rigid, with very scabrous margins,
the cauline elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, short, more entire ; panicle large
and often crowded : 3, leaveslonger and narrower, often tripUnerved above
the middle; sometimes sharply serrate; and 4, if we mistake not, with the
leaves slightly scabrous. Sometimes the racejxies are erect, at least until
old, and but sUghtly secund, approaching S. stricta.

40. S. patula (Muhl.) : stem angled and striate, smooth, usually branched
above; leaves (large) elliptical, acute, serrate, entirely smooth and glabrous
beneath; racemes mostly short and crowded on the elongated somewhat leafy
branches, at length spreading or recurved ; peduncles scabrous-pubescent ;
scales of the involucre oblong; rays 6 or 7, the disk-flowers 8-10 ; achenia
sparsely and minutely pubescent. — Muhl.! in Willd. sj^ec. 3. p. 2059 ;
Beck. hot. p. 190 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 457. S. asperata, {herb. Banks.,
mss.) Pursh, fl. 2. p. 538,- Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 3. S. angulata,
Schrad. in DC. prodr. 5. p. 331 ?

(3. siriclula: stem simple or nearly so ; the very short racemes, at first
erect and scarcely secund, constituting a virgate compound raceme ; upper
leaves small.— S. salicina. Ell. sk. 2. p. 389.^ S. scabra, Hook. ! compan.
to lot. mag. 1 p. 97.

Swamps, meadows, and moist woods, Canada, Massachusetts! New York I
and Wisconsin! to Georgia! and Louisiana! (not uncommon.) /3. North
Carolina ! to Florida ! and Louisiana ! Aug.-Sept. — This species is readily
distinguished by the shagreen-like roughness of the upper surface of the am-
ple somewhat coriaceous leaves, and their livid or leaden hue, especially in
dried specimens; while the pale lower surface is perfectly smooth (a charac-
ter pointed out by Dr. Darlington, but unaccountably omitted by Willde-
now, although mentioned by Muhlenberg in his mss. Flora Lancastriensis) ;
and also by the strongly- angled stem, and the pretty large heads disposed

214 COMPOSITE. SoLiDAGO.

in short racemes on the spreading branches. Sometimes the stem is simple,
witli the short and crowded racemes at first erect, and scarcely secund when
old. The leaves are rather finely serrate, coarsely veined, the veins conspi-
cuous on the lower surface; the radical often 6 inches long and 3-4 broad,
abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; the lower cauline nearly similar,
narrowed at the base, or contracted into a short winged petiole ; the upper
successively smaller and more closely sessile, lanceolate-oblong, acute or
sometimes obtuse. When it grows in deep shade, the leaves become more
membranaceous and less scabrous.

41. S. arguta (Ait.): smooth and glabrous throughout, except the minute-
ly ciliate margins of the leaves ; stem strict ; radical and lower cauline
leaves large, elliptical or lanceolate-oval, veiny, sharply serrate, with spread-
ing teeth, acuminate, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; the others
lanceolate or oblong, somewhat triplinerved, tapering to each end, sessile,
serrate, the uppermost entire; racemes dense, at length elongated and re-,
curved, forming a crowded corymbose panicle ; scales of the involucre ap-
pressed; ravs 8-12, small, the disk-flowers about 10 ; achenia scarcely pu-
bescent.—IjX / Keic: (ed. 1) 3. p. 313 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 538; {Ell. sk. 2.
p. 374 ?) DC. prodr. 5. p. 333 ; not of MuhL, Darlijigt., <^c. S. ciliaris,
MuM.! in Willd. spec. 3. p. 2056; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 455 ; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 331. S. argentea, Homem. suppl., ex DC.

[i.juncea: lower leaves narrower and less deeply serrate, the upper more
entire.— S. juncea. Ait..' Keu: I. c. ; Pursh, I.e.} Hook. I fl. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 3 ; not of Ell., nor of DC.

y. scahrella: leaves, especially the lower, scabrous or roughish-pubescent,
at least beneath ; racemes somewhat pubescent.

Meadows, fields, &c. either in dry or moist places, a. & p. Canada (from
Subarctic America, Richardson!) and throughout the Northern and Western
States! to South Carolina! y. Barrens of Indiana, Dr. Clapp ! Marshes
around Louisville, Kentucky, Dr. Short! Wisconsin, Mr. Lapham! Aug.
_Sept. — A rather stout species, 2-4 feet high, apparently well distinguished
by the very numerous heads, mostly smaller than in any of its allies, com-
pactly disposed in long, at length recurved racemes, which form an arnple
and dense fastigiate-corymbose panicle ; by the much appressed and rigid
somewhat carinate scales of the involucre (the exterior ovate-oblong) ; the
small rays ; glabrous branches of the inflorescence, with the bracts usually
ciliate, &c. The radical and lower leaves are frequently very large, ovate-
oblong or elliptical, and sharply and coarsely serrate ; this form is the
S. arguta of Alton, according to specimens compared by Dr. Boott, &c. :
when they are narrower and less coarsely serrate, it is the S. juncea. Ait.,
&c. The young achenia are more or less pubescent under a lens ; but
when mature they are almost glabrous.

41. S. MMe7ibergii: stem angled, glabrous; leaves (large and thin)
smooth and glabrous both sides, very sharply and strongly serrate ; the radi-
cal ovate, on winged (naked or ciliate) petioles; the cauline elliptical-lanceo-
late, strongly acuminate, tapering into a narrow base or margined petiole;
the uppermostsomewhat entire ; racemes pubescent, short, spreading, disposed
in an elongated open panicle ; scales of the involucre oblong-linear ; rays
6-7, large ; the disk-flowers about 12 ; achenia glabrous. — S. arguta, Muhl.!
fl. Lancast. ined., S^'herb. ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 458 ; not o( Ait., nor of
Ell. (ex char.)

Low or shady grounds, Massachusetts ! Vermont ! New York ! and
Pennsylvania! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 2-3 feet high, simple, or branched at
the summit. Leaves very sharply and often doubly serrate with narrow
teeth, as in those of S. latifolia, which they somewhat resemble, the acumi-
nate base and apex mostly entire. Panicle often simple at the summit ; the

SoLiDAGo. COMPOSITjE. 215

lateral branches or racemes mostly short, more or less secund, but seldom
recurved : the heads crowded, larger than in S. arguta, and as large as in
S. speciosa ; the rays also pretty large. — This plant best deserves the name
of S. arguta, for which Muhlenberg and Darlington have taken it : but the
original species of that name appears to be the S. ciUaris of these authors.
It is said to resemble the S. ambigua, in which species the racemes are
not secund, and the achenia are almost villous.

43. S. Boottii (Rook.) : stem usually branching; radical and lowest cau-
line leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, on slender margined petioles ;
the others lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, appressed-serrate (or the upper en-
tire), acuminate at both ends, or contracted into a winged petiole ; racemes
loosely paniculate, elongated ; scales of the involucre narrowly oblong, ob-
tuse ; rays 2-5; the disk-flowers 8-12 ; achenia minutely pubescent.

a. stem slender, glabrous ; the lax spreading branches pubescent, bearing
(few or solitary) rather loose secund racemes ; leaves glabrous, with scabrous
margins, the upper entire. — S. Boottii, Hook. ! compan. to hot. mag. l.p. 97,
(the specimens destitute of the lower leaves, &c.)

/3. stem slender, glabrous ; racemes very loose, paniculate ; lower leaves
somewhat pubescent, or sometimes nearly all scabrous-pubescent on both
sides.

y. stem and both surfaces of the leaves scabrous-pubescent ; branches slen-
der, bearing rather loose and often simple racemes.

6. glabrous, except the branches ; stem stouter ; leaves attenuate-acuminate
at both ends, often very sharply serrate ; racemes rather dense, secund, re-
curved, forming a sparse terminal panicle. — S. juncea? Ell.! sic. 2. p. 375,
not of Ait.

c. ? glabrous; stem stout; leaves rigid, oblong, less acuminate, the lower
serrate with spreading teeth; racemes dense, very numerous, forming an
ample compound panicle.

Sandy fields and woods. North Carolina! to Florida! and Louisiana!
a. Louisiana, Drmnrnond ! Florida, Dr. Leavenworth! i3. Louisiana, Dr.
Leavenworth! Dr. Hale! y. Georgia, Dr. Boykin! 6. Southern States!
apparently common, e. Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth! Dr. Hale! Texas,
Drummond. ! Aug.-Oct. — Variable in many respects, yet apparently a well
marked species, 2-5 feet high, with rather large heads : when the latter are
loose, the pedicels are furnished with several subulate bracts.

44. S. gracillima: smooth and glabrous throughout; stem virgate,
branched towards the summit; the branches strict, very long and slender,
leafy, terminated by single virgate secund racemes with the apex somewhat
recurved, sometimes compound at the base ; leaves narrowly spatulate-
linear, rather obtuse, tapering to the base, with ciliolate-scabrous margins,
entire, the lowermost sparingly serrate; scales of the involucre narrowly
oblong, obtuse; rays mostly wanting; achenia pubescent.

Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman !— Stem 2-3 feet high, terete, strict and
slender. Leaves rather rigid ; the lowest 3-4 inches long, and about half
an inch wide towards the apex, oblanceolate, with a gradually attenuate
base or winged petiole, and a rather strong mid-nerve, obsoletely triplinerved
above the middle, the veinlets obscure, usually somewhat serrate; the others
entire and gradually reduced in size, linear with a narrowed base; those of
the branches numerous, about an inch long, scarcely a line in width. Ra-
cemes virgate, 3-5 inches long, terminating the numerous branches; the
broadly obconic heads entirely unilateral, large in proportion (as large as in
S. Boottii), crowded, on very short pedicels: the summit of the main stem
often producing a virgate panicle ; the lateral racemes short and spreading.
Disk-flowers 10-14: rays none, or very rarely solitary (3-toothed), in the
specimens examined.

216 COMPOSITiE. Solidago.

45. S. li7io'ules (Solaiid. in herb. Banks.): smooth and glabrous; stem
slender, simple ; leaves lanceolate, finely appressed-serrate, with ciliolate-
scabrous margins; the radical and lower cauline acute or acuminate at both
ends, on slender ciliate petioles ; the upper often oblong, sometimes entire ;
panicle small, turned to one side (rarely compound), the short racemes at
length open, secund ; scales of the involucre oblong-linear, obtuse, appressed;
rays 1-3, short, the disk-flowers 4-5; achenia glabrous. — Bigelovia? unili-
gulata, DC! 2^'rodr. 5. p. 329, excl. syn. Chrysoma uniligulata, Nutt. in
trans. Amcr. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 325. Solidago uliginosa, partly, Nutt. !
in jour. acad. Philad. 1. p. 101.

Sphagnous swamps of Wading River, &c. in the pine barrens of New
Jersey! Near Boston, Mr. Greene.' {in herb. Hook.) Sept.-Oct. — A slen-
der plant, 12 to 20 inches high; with a panicle only 3 or 4 inches long, some-
what contracted, usually turned to one side ; the short and rather crowded
racemes at length spreading or somewhat recurved; heads small. Radical
and lowest cauline leaves 2-5 inches long, tapering into a petiole about the"
same length, half an inch wide; the upper gradually reduced in size, less
tapering, sessile. Achenia often with a few minute scattered hairs when
young. — Somewhat allied to S. virgata, and especially to S. stricta : it is a
more slender plant than the latter, with a different inflorescence, and fewer
flowers. The ray is frequently reduced to a single flower, and those of the
disk to four; but we quite as commonly find 2 to 4 rays (in the specimens
from which De CandoUe was supplied), showing the little consequence that
can be atfached to this character: nearly every section of Solidago presents
species with only one or two rays. — We have adopted the name which, ac-
cording to Dr. Boott, was applied to this species by Solander. This and S.
stricta appear to have been more or less confounded by Nuttall under his S.
uliginosa; Dr. Pickering's specimens from "sphagnous swamps and marshy
thickets in Massachusetts," preserved in the herbarium of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, belonging entirely to S. stricta; while others from New
Jersey belong to the present species.

t t Leaves (small) serrate, copiously feather-veined, the veinlets conspicuoiisly
reticulated: heads small.

46. <S. altisshna (Linn.): stem hirsute with rough hairs; leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end or acuminate, sessile,
coarsely serrate with sharp and unequal spreading teeth, strongly feather-
veined and more or less reticulated, often rugose, scabrous above, hirsute on
the veins beneath; racemes paniculate, secund (ascending or recurved);
scales of the involucre linear; rays 6-9, small; the disk-flowers 4-7; ache-
nia pubescent. — Linn. spec. 2. p. 878; Ait.! Kew. (ed. 1) 3. p. 212; IVilld.
spec. 3. p. 2058 ; Bis;el. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 305 ; Hoolc. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.
2; Darlingt! fl.. Cest. p. 456. (Virga-Aurea spec. Dill. Elth.f. 391,^392,4-
393.) (S. altissima, pilosa, recurvata, & Virginiana, Mill. diet. S. altis-
sima, aspera, rugosa, & villosa, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 536. S. altissima, aspera,
rugosa, & humilis, DC! j^rodr. 5. p. 333. S^r.)

p. stem villous; leaves thin, strongly and sharply serrate, often nearly
smooth ?nd glabrous above, and rather softly hairy on the veins beneath. —
S. altissima /?. Ait. I. c. S. villosa, {Herb. Banks!) Pursh! fl. 2. p. 537;
Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 2; not of DC. — Varies, with the racemes at
first erect, at length recurved. S. humilis, Dcsf. ! cat. hort. Par. ed. 3. p.
402 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 336 ; not of Pursh.

y. stem scabrous-pubescent or somewhat hirsute ; leaves serrate with ap-
pressed teeth, varying from ovate-oblong to lanceolate (the uppermost not
narrowed at the base), reticulated, mostly rugose. — Virga-Aurea Novae An-
e;lice rugosis foliis crenatis. Dill. Elfh. t. 308, /. 396. Solidago rugosa.
Mill; Willd. spec. 3. f. 2058; Ait. Kew. {ed. 2) 5. p. 66; Pursh! fl. 2.

SOLIDAGQ. COMPOSITE. 217

p. 537 ,• Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 574 ; Hook. ! I. c. (Varies, with the stem hirsute,
as in icon. Dill., and in S. ulraifolia, Ell.! sk. 2. p. 373 (spec, ex Muhl.!),
not oi Muhl. herb, or Willd. ; or scabrous with a short pubescence; with the
leaves either very scabrous, or almost smooth and glabrous; the lowermost
frequently serrate with sliarp salient teeth, as in var. a.

6. leaves elliptical or oblong-ovate, short, crenate-serrate, very strongly
rugose, scabrous above ; the lower surface, with the stem, pubescent with
close rather soft hairs.

e. leaves ovate-elliptical or oblong, serrate with small and sharp mostly
appressed teeth, somewhat rugose, very scabrous above, scabrous-pubescent
beneath.— Virga-Aurea aspera, &c. Dill. Elih. t. 305, /. 392. Solidago
aspera. Ait.! Kew. {ed 1) 3. jo. 212; IVilld. I. c. ; Muhl.! cat. p. 79;
Ell.! sk. 2. p. 371. S. scabra, Nutt. ; DC. I. c? not o^ Muhl.

Borders of fields and thickets, mostly in low or rich ground, Canada!
Newfoundland ! & Labrador ! (chiefly var. /i.) and nearly throughout the Uni-
ted States! very common. S. Louisiana, Drximmovd! Dr. Ingalls! Dr.
Leavemcorth ! e. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg! to Georgia, Dr. Boykin!
Aug.-Oct. — One of the most common Golden-Rods, exhibiting a great vari-
etyof forms; of which we have only characterized the more striking. A
correct view of the species, we think, is taken in the first edition of the Hor-
tus Kewensis. We are in doubt as to the plant originally intended by Lin-
nagus, but the synonyms adduced, at least those of Dillenius, belong to this
species. The specific name is not always appropriate: the plant varies
from 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 feet in height.

47. .S. ulmifolia (Muhl.) : stem smooth and glabrous, the branches hairy;
leaves membranaceous, elliptic-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, tapering
to the base, acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate (the uppermost en-
tire), loosely veined, smooth above, softly hairy beneath, especially the mid-
rib and margins; racemes paniculate, recurved-spreading; scales of the in-
volucre lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4, short; achenia minutely pubes-
cent.—Mm/?/,. / in WiLkLs2-)ec. 3.^. 2060; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 538; Dariingt.!
jl. Cest. p. 457 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 333 (ex char.) ; not of Ell.

"Woods and low grounds, Northern and Western States! and along the
upper country to Alabama! Aug.-Sept. — Resembles some states of the
preceding species; but the striate stem is glabrous, or with scattered soft
hairs, and the thin leaves are softly pubescent or villous beneath, and either
glabrous or sparsely hairy above, &c.: the radical leaves are elliptic-ovate,
with v/niged petioles. The specific name is not appropriate, but this is the
plant described by Willdenow, and of Muhlenberg's herbarium, yet not the
one sent by the latter to Elliott.

48. S. Drummondii : stem and lower surface of the leaves, especially the
veins, minutely velvety-pubescent; leaves ovate or broadly oval, acute at
each end, almost petioled, sharply serrate, veiny, somewhat triplinerved,
smooth and slightly pubescent on the veins above ; those of the branches en-
tire; racemes secund, paniculate; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse;
rays 4-5, small; the disk-flowers 5 or 6 ; achenia pubescent. — "S. ulmifo-
lia. Ell.?" Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. I. p. 97.

St. Louis, Missouri, Drummond ! Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth! — Upper
part of the stem (the lower portion not seen), with the branches and pedun-
cles, clothed with a fine and close velvety pubescence, leafy to the summit.
Leaves 2 inches or more in length, about an inch and a half wide, of a
rather firm texture ; abruptly acute at both ends, appearing slightly petioled,
strongly serrate ; the younger slightly pubescent above ; those of the branch-
es small, often obtuse. Heads nearly as large as in S. altissima. Invo-
lucre nearly glabrous. Pappus rather shorter than the corolla of the disk-
flowers.

VOL. II.— 28

218 COMPOSITiE. Solidago.

49. S. amplexkaulis (Martens?) : stem velvety-pubescent, loosely branched
above ; leaves (thin) very veiny and reticulated, softly pubescent beneath,
scabrous above, serrate, acute or acuminate; the radical ovate or oblong,
abruptly narrowed into a slender margined petiole ; the lower cauline con-
tracted as if into a winged petiole, with a dilated auriculate-clasping base;
the upper ovate-lanceolate, somewhat panduriform, auriculate-clasping; the
uppermost usually entire ; racemes loosely paniculate, secund ; scales of the
involucre lanceolate; achenia minutely and softly pubescent ; disk -flowers
5-8; rays 1 or 2. — S. amplexicaulis, iVZartms, mem. acad. sci. Bruxelles,
1841 ? fide L'Institut, May 13, 1841 ; but we merely judge from the appro-
priates of the name, having seen no description.

Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth! Missouri, Mr. Duerinck? (Also? Mid-
dle Florida, Dr. Chafman!) Sept.-Oct.— A singular species (2-4 feet
high), very remarkable on account of its auriculate-amplexicaul leaves,
which are not unlike those of Aster prenanthoides, or A. patens var. phlogi- -
folius. Those of the stem are about 3 inches long, an inch and a half wide
in the middle, tapering to an acute apex, abruptly contracted below (the con-
tracted portion entire), and again much dilated at the insertion; this clasping
portion being either entire, or sharply serrate : the lowest leaves are similar,
except that the contracted portion is longer and narrower ; while the upper,
gradually reduced in size and often entire, are less contracted below. Ra-
cemes small, irregular. Heads small. Scales of the somewhat pubescent
involucre narrow, rather loose. "We more commonly observe but a single
ray-flower.

50. S. brachyphylla (Chapman ! mss.) : stem scabrous-pubescent, often
virgately branched above, very leafy; leaves glabrous, with ciliate-scabrous
margins, obscurely veiny ; the lowest oblong-spatulate, tapering into a short
margined petiole, appressed-serrate ; the others oval or ovate, short, closely
sessile, often nearly entire ; the secund racemes disposed in a virgate pani-
cle; scales of the 'involucre oblong, obtuse; achenia minutely canescent;
disk-flowers 5-6 ; rays none !

Middle Florida, in fertile soil. Dr. Chapman! Dr. Alexander! Georgia
& Alabama, Baldwin! Le Conte /—Stem 4-6 feet high, often much branched
above; the branches elongated, erect. Leaves pale beneath, somewhat
shining above; the lower a'bout 3 inches long; the upper and those of the
branches an inch to half an inch in length, half an inch or less in breadth,
elliptical, ovate, or roundish, entire or sparingly serrate, sometirnes mucronu-
late-acute, the lower surface rather obscurely reticulate-veined. Heads
about the size of those of S. altissiraa. Scales of the involucre glabrous, very
minutely ciliate ; the exterior very short. — We find no rays in this well-
marked species; but some of the exterior flowers are occasionally destitute
of stamens.

51. S. EllioUii: smooth and glabrous throughout; leaves very numerous,
oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, mucronate-acute or somewhat acuminate, ses-
sile, veiny, the margins scabrous, serrate with small appressed teeth, the up-
per often entire ; heads in crowded recurved racemes, forming a pyramidal
panicle; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse ; rays 8-10, scarcely longer
than the (5-7) disk-flowers; achenia minutely pubescent. — S. elliptica?
Ell.! sk. 2. p. 376 (founded on a branched specimen, with the panicle more
leafy and irregular than usual), not of Aii.

Damp rich soil, in the low country of the Southern States, from Cape Fear
River, North Carolina, Mr. M. A. Curtis! & Paris Island, Elliott! to
Georgia, Lc Contc! (& herb. Z. Collins!) Sept.-Oct.— Stem 3-6 feet high,
simple, or sometimes branched above, the branches or summit angled ; the
peduncles and pedicels more or less pubescent — Allied to S. pilosa, and
very similar in the inflorescence, heads, &c. but differs in the smooth stem

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITE. 219

and leaves; tbe latter more veiny (the primary veins evident and often re-
ticulated), pale beneath, instead of green both sides, (2-3 inches long, an
inch or less in width, the upper smaller) ; the panicle perhaps more elonga-
ted; and the scales of the involucre broader and more obtuse.

t t + Leaves entire, or slightly seiTate, the primary veins nearly obsolete ; the mi-
nutely pellucid-reticulate veinlets inconspicuous except by transmitted light:
heads small: scales of the 5-15-flowered involucre few, membranaceous, narrow.

52. S. p27osa (Walt.) : stem hirsute with spreading hairs, strict, often
branching above, very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, slightly
scabrous, mostly hairy along the midrib, often pubescent beneath, obscurely
veined ; the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong, erect, closely sessile, mostly
entire; the recurved racemes disposed in a c(ense pyramidal panicle; rays
7-10, scarcely longer than the about 5 disk-flowers; achenia minutely pu-
bescent.—IFa/^ .' Car. x>- 207, not of Mill. diet. ? S. altissima, Mickx. ! fl.
2. p. 118, ex herb. S. pyramidata, Pursli, fl. 2. p. 537; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p.
159 ; DC. I. c. S. villosa. Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 372 ,• DC. ! p>rodr. 5. p. 333 ;
not of herb. Banks! S. Bosciana, Moretti, ex DC.

Damp soil, from Florida ! Alabama ! and Louisiana! to the pine barrens
of New Jersey ! Sept.-Oct. — Stem 3-7 feet high, robust, villous-hirsute, es-
pecially towards the summit, with whitish jointed hairs, often paniculately
branched at the summit ; the branches or the numerous racemes recurved-
spreading. Leaves thickish or rather firm, pale green, closely sessile or
partly clasping, nearly veinless except by transmitted light, or sometimes
with the primary veins apparent; the prominent midrib, and often the sca-
brous margins fringed with long hairs; the surfaces often glabrous, but some-
times scabrous-pubescent above and villous-pubescent beneath : lower leaves
2-3 inches long, lanceolate-oblong, sharply serrulate, mostly acute, often nar-
rowed at the base ; the upper gradually reduced to about half an inch in
length, 3-5 lines in width. Heads very numerous, about as large as in S.
odora. Bracts subulate. Exterior scales of the glabrous involucre lanceo-
late-subulate ; the inner linear. Pappus about as long as the corolla of the disk.

53. S. odora (Ait.) : stem simple or sparingly branched, somewhat pubes-
cent in lines, often declined ; leaves linear-lanceolafe, entire, very glabrous,
with minutely scabrous margins, punctate with pellucid dots ; racemes pani-
culate ; rays 3 or 4, rather large ; the disk-flowers 3-4 ; achenia minutely
hairy.— ^if..' Kew. {ed. 1) 3. j^- 214,- Pursh, fl. 2. p. 539; Ell..' sk. 2.
p. 376 ; Bigel. ! med. bot. 1. p. 188, t. 20, 8^ fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 304 ; Hook. !
fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 3; DarBigt..' fl.. Cesi. p. 457; DC! prodr. 5. p. 334.

S. retrorsa, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 117 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 377. Virga-Aurea Ameri-
cana Tarraconis facie et sapore, &c. Pluk. aim. t. 116, f. 6.

(i. leaves less evidently punctate, and nearly destitute of anisate odor.

Borders of thickets, in dry or sandy soil, Canada (Pursh) and New Hamp-
shire ! to Florida! and Louisiana I (Also a Mexican & South American
species?) Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-3 feet high, rather slender, often reclined.
Leaves closely sessile, spreading, or at length reflexed, 1 to 3 or 4 inches
long, one-fourth to more than half an inch wide near the base, tapering to a
point; the midrib prominent and smooth; the veins and minutely reticulated
veinlets inconspicuous except by transmitted light. Panicle mostly secund,
as well as the racemes. Pedicels slender. Bracts subulate. Scales of the
involucre few, nearly glabrous; the exterior short; the others linear, rather
acute. Pappus shorter than the corolla of the disk. — The leaves yield a
volatile oil by distillation, and when bruised exhale a fine anisate odor. A
plant is frequently found growing with the ordinary S. odora, which is only
to be distinguished by tlie absence of this agreeable odor, having instead
the scent of'S. Canadensis, &c. ; but the pellucid dots, or reservoirs of vola-

220 COMPOSITE. SoLiDAGO.

tile oil, are evident in the leaves of this plant, with the aid of a lens, al-
though less abundant than in the common form.

54. S. tortifoUa (Ell.): stem frequently branched, scabrous-pubescent
above ; leaves small (very numerous) linear, spreading, often twisted at the
base, sparingly serrate; the upper surface with the margins and midrib sca-
brous, not punctate ; the recurved racemes in a pyramidal panicle ; rays 3-5,
small; the disk-flowers 3-5; aclienia sUghtly pubescent. — Ell! sk. 2. p.
377; Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. 1. j:».'"97. S. odora, Michx.! fl. 2. p.
118, not oi: Ait.

Dry fields, &c. North Carolina! to Florida! Louisiana! and Texas!
Aug.-Oct. — Stem erect, about 3 feet high, often much branched. Leaves
an Inch or more in length, 2-4 lines wide, usually serrate with a few scat-
tered teeth, the minutely reticulated veins pellucid, not punctate; the lower-
most about 3 inches long, obscurely somewhat triplinerved. Heads smaller
than in S. odora; the scales of the involucre obtuse. Pappus nearly equal- ■
ling the corolla of the disk. — In the Texan plant both surfaces of the leaves
are equally puberulent-scabrous.

t t t t Leaves soi-newhat cinereous or canescent, thickish, feather-veined, and more
or less evidently triplinerved, the veinlets reticulated : heads middle-sized (racemes
sometimes crowded and scarcely secund).

55. .S. nemoralis (Ait.) : clothed with a very short cinereous pubescence;
stem simple or corymbosely branched above ; radical leaves oblanceolate,
spatulate, or obovale-cuneiform, tapering into a petiole, mostly crenate-ser-
rate; cauline oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, sessile, nearly entire, some-
what scabrous ; racemes numerous, short, dense, at length recurved-spreading,
forming a crowded compound raceme or panicle usually turned to one side ;
scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed ; rays 6-9, rather short; the
disk-flowers 3-6; achenia appressed-pubescent. — Ait.! Keio. {ed. 1)3. p.
213 ,• Pursh, fl. 2. p. 537 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 373 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.
3 ,• Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 456; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 333. S. hispida, Muhl.
in Willd. spec. 3. p. 2063, fide herb. Muhl.! S^-c. S.cinerascens, Schweinitz!
in Ell. I. c.

/3. dwarf and more canescent ; leaves mostly entire ; panicle contracted,
somewhat virgate.

y. leaves more scabrous: the upper short, obovate-spatulate.

Dry or sterile fields, &c. Canada ! (from the Saskatchawan !) and through-
out the United States ! common. (3. On the Assiniboin River, Douglas !
and towards the sources of St. Peter's River, Mr. Nicollet ! j. Texas, Drum-
mond ! Louisiana, Dr. Hale! Kentucky, Dr. Short! Manitou Island, Lake
Michigan, Dr. En gelmann! Sept.-Oct. — A well known species, remarka-
ble for^its grayish hue and dense inflorescence. The stem (1-3 feet liigh, in
/3. 6-10 incbes) is often entirely sim])le, and terminated by a small and con-
tracted, more or less elongated and decurved panicle, composed of short
glomerate racemes; frequently it produces several such panicles, racemosely
or corymbosely arranged : sometimes the stem is much branched at the sum-
mit, producing many compound panicles. Scales of the involucre minutely
pubescent-ciliate. The var. y. is a more rigid and scabrous form.

56. S. Radula (Nutt.) : stem simple, scabrous-pubescent ; leaves cunei-
form-spatulate, sessile, hispidly pubescent, very scabrous, toothed towards
the apex ; the lowest tapering into a somewhat petiolate base; the upper ob-
long, mostly entire; panicle contracted, turned to one side, simply racemose
at the summit; the racemes short, secund; scales of the involucre oblong,
appressed; disk-flowers and rays each 3-6, the latter very short; achenia

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITE- 221

minutely pubescent.— iVw«. / in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 102, Sj-in trans.
Amer. pJiil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 327.

Dry ground, Arkansas, NuUall! Western Juouhiana, Dr. Leavenu-orih!
Dr. Hale! Missouri, Dr. Engelmann ! Sept.— Plant 10-18 inches high,
rather slender. Radical leaves unknown : the cauline rather crovyded and
rigid, roueh, minutely hispid-ciliate, reticulated ; the lowest (sometimes lan-
ceolate-elliptical and acute) 2-3 inches long, half an inch wide near the apex ; _
the upper su^cessivelv smaller and more oblong or ovate-lanceolate, and en-
tire, mucronulate. Heads rather smaller than in S. uemoralis, crowded.
Bracts minute.

57. jS. scaberrima : stem corymbose at the summit, very scabrous; cauline
leaves crowded, ovate or elliptical, closely sessile, rigid, very scabrous,
somewhat triplinerved ; the lower coarsely serrate-toothed; the uppermost
and the lowest bracts roundish, entire; racemes numerous, recurved, forming
a fastigiate compound panicle ; the heads crowded, strongly secund ; disk-
flowers and rays each 4-6, the latter very short ; achenia nearly glabrous.

Texas, Drummond ! — The specimens consist of the upper portion of an
apparently large species; the thick and coriaceous leaves 1 to 2 inches long,
8-9 lines wide, triplinerved and reticulated, scarcely acute or pointed at
either end ; the upper smaller and rounder, closely sessile by a very obtuse
base; those of the branches and the lowest bracts small, nearly orbicular.
Racemes somewhat elongated. Involucre, &c. as in the preceding. — Differs
from the character of S. rotundifolia, DC. in the secund and much spreading
racemes, and the sharply toothed lower leaves. It agrees with the preserit
group in habit and character ; but the lower leaves are so manifestly tripli-
nerved that it might be referred to the following division.

58. S. nana (Nutt.) : pulverulently canescent ; stems several from a some-
what ligneous caudex, simple : radical and lowest cauline leaves spatulate,
entire or obscurely serrulate towards the apex, on short petioles ; the others
linear, narrowed at the base, sessile, entire, scattered ; panicle thyrsoid-corym-
bose; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse; rays 6-7, rather large; achenia
appressed-pubescent. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 327.

Rocky Mountains near Lewis River, Nuttall .'—About a span high.
Leaves obscurely triplinerved, soft, obtuse ; the radical an inch or more in
length. Branches of the inflorescence erect; the lower slender, bearing 5-8
scarcely secund heads (smaller than in S. nemoralis) towards the summit.
Involucre somewhat pubescent.

59. S. incana: clothed with a close canescent-tomentose pubescence, when
old slightly scabrous; stems low, numerous from a suffruticose base; leaves
crowded, thick, oval or oblong, mostly obtuse, sessile, triplinerved ; the lower
oblong-spatulate, sparingly serrate towards the apex, tapering to the base ;
racernes short, glomerate, crowded in a dense thyrsoid oblong panicle, at
length somewhat spreading and secund ; scales of the involucre oval-oblong;
rays 5-8 ; achenia appressed-pubescent.

/?. ? leaves cinereous-canescent and somewhat scabrous (not tomentose),
lanceolate, acute at both ends, finely and sharply serrate above the middle, or
nearly entire; heads mostly smaller; scales of the involucre oblong-linear.

Prairies between the upper Mississippi and the Missouri, Mr. Nicollet !
(3. Margin of the Lake of the Woods, Mr. Nicollet ! Saskatchawan, Drwrn-
mond!' (in herb. Hook.) July-Aug.— Root a slender woody rhizoma, pro-
ducing numerous rigid stems, 6-12 inches high, sometimes a little woody at
the base. Leaves 1-2 inches long, 5-9 lines wide, equally canescent both
sides, velvety when young, less white and somewhat scabrous when older,
conspicuously triplinerved, and more or less r«liculate-veined ; the upper
obscurely serrate or entire. Racemes very dense, aggregated in a close
panicle, at length more or less spreading and secund. Bracts linear. Exte-

222 COMPOSITE. Solidago.

rior scales of the involucre somewhat pubescent or ciliate. — The plant which
we have, with some hesitation, considered a variety of this species, has nar-
rower and less velvety-canescent leaves, more acute, looser racemes, &c.
The species would probably be sought for among the Triplinerviee ; but we
have retained it in this subdivision on account of its close alhance to the
adjacent species.

'* + **** jiacemes spreading or recurved (scorpioid), secund: leaves manifestly
triplinerved or 3-ribbed. — Ti'iplinervdse.

t Heads middle-sized : scales of the involucre rather thick and rigid, closely im-
bricated, with gi-eenish tips.

60. S. Shortii: stem simple or branching from the base, minutely sca-
brous-pubescent; leaves rigid, smooth and glabrous, with ciliolate-scabrous
margins, oblong-lanceolate, acute ; the lower tapering to the base, sharply
and unequally serrate towards the apex ; the uppermost entire ; racemes
short, disposed in an elongated crowded panicle ; scales of the involucre
Unear-oblong; achenia silky-pubescent.

l3, heads disposed in a somewhat simple glomerate-spicate raceme.

7. lower leaves slightly serrate, the upper entire.

Rocky islands at the Falls of the Ohio, Dr. Short ! {a. & y.) Kentucky?
Herb. Rafinesque ! {j3. & y.) July-Aug. — A very distinct species, 1-2 feet
high, with the inflorescence and somewhat the habit of S. nemoralis ; but with
larger heads, and very smooth and somewliat shining acute leaves, the mar-
gins of which are mostly beset with small and rigid inflexed cilias; the lower
2-3 inches long, strongly triplinerved, and somewhat reticulate-veined ; the
uppermost commonly veinless. Racemes numerous, rather dense, secund,
at length spreading, forming an erect or decurved more or less contracted
panicle, 3-8 inches in length, which is often leafy at the base. Ray and
disk-flowers each 5-7.

61. S. Missouriensis (Nutt.) : smooth and glabrous ; stem low, simple ;
leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate, acute, with very scabrous margins ; the lower
tapering to the base, sharply and sparsely serrulate (or even laciniate-serrate)
towards the apex ; the radical oblong-spatulate, petioied, 3-5-nerved, reticu-
lated ; racemes rather dense, slender, at length recurved-spreading, forming
a short and crowded pyramidal panicle ; scales of the involucre oblong, ob-
tuse ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Nuit. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 32,
8c trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p>' 327. S. serotina. Hook. ! in cotnpan.
to hot. mag. 1. p. 97. S. glaberrima. Martens, in acad. Brux. 1 (we have
seen no character), founded on a plant collected in Missouri by Duerinck.

/3. leaves shorter and wider, less pointed.

7. leaves more slender ; stem corymbose at the summit; achenia glabrous.

Dry prairies of the Assiniboin {Douglas !) and the sources of St. Peter's
River (Mr. Nicollet !) of the Upper Missouri [Mr. Wyeth !) to St. Louis,
Drummond ! Illinois, Mr. Buckley! Louisiana and Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher !
Dr. Lcavcmcortli ! (Also Chapel Hill, North Carolina, according to Nuttall;
but we apprehend some mistake.) [i. Texas, Dru7nni,ond .' 7. Illinois, ikfr.
Buckley ! Julv-Aug. — Stem a foot or more in height, from a somewhat
ligneous caudex, simple, or sometimes fastigiately branched at tlie summit.
Leaves crowded, often fascicled in the upper axils, coriaceous, shining, per-
fectly smooth, except the densely ciliolate-scabrous margins ; the uppennost
entire and scarcely if at all nerved ; the others varying from obscurely ap-
pressed-serrulate to sparsely laciniate-toothed, conspicuously triplinerved
when old, with the veins of the lower surface also somewhat parallel (the
veinlets minutely reticulated), 2-3 inches long, 2-4 (in /3. sometimes half an
inch) in width. Racemes at first nearly erect, at length elongated and re-

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITE. 223

curved, forming a short and broad panicle. Involucre closely imbricated.
Rays 6-10, rather short. — A well marked species. The plant is sweet-
scented, according to Mr. Buckley.

t t Heads small: scales of the involucre narrow, membranaceous: racemes mostly
elongated, forming an ample panicle.

' 62. S. Leavemvorthii : stem strict, scabrous ; leaves linear, acute, sharply
serrate, with ciliolate-scabrous margins, inconspicuously triplinerved, smooth
and glabrous ; racemes loose, recurved-spreading, somewhat secund, forming
an elongated open panicle ; peduncles villous-pubescent ; (heads large for
this subdivision ;) scales of the involucre linear-oblong, very obtuse ; rays
small.

Florida, near Micanopy, &c.. Dr. Leavenworth ! Sept.-Oct. — Stem ap-
parently 3 or 4 feet high, terete, simple, puberulent-scabrous throughout.
Leaves numerous, about 3 inches long, and one-fourth of an inch wide, ser-
rate with small and sharp appressed teeth, entire and somewhat narrowed
near the base, with a conspicuous midrib, from which arise two rather ob-
scure lateral nerves, veinless except by transmitted light, when they appear
minutely reticulated under a lens. Racemes in a simple or compound
somewhat leafy panicle (6-12 inches long), loose ; the pedicels slender.
Heads fully as large as in S. gigantea. and much less crowded. Rays about
12, small and slender ; the disk-flowers nearly the same number. Ovaries
minutely pubescent. — Allied in some respects to the S. odora group.

63. jS. elongata (Nutt.) : stem smooth or minutely pubescent, strict ;
leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, sparingly serrate, nearly
glabrous, obscurely triplinerved (the veinlets reticulated) ; panicle elongated,
virgate or narrowly pyramidal ; the racemes at length somewhat spreading
and secund ; scales of the involucre Hnear-subulate ; rays small and slender;
achenia pubescent. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 327.
S. elata, Hook..' fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 5, not oi Soland.

(3. leaves lanceolate-linear, sharply and irregularly serrate ; racemes strict,
at length somewhat spreading, but scarcely secund; heads smaller. — S. Can-
adensis/3. Hook.! I.e. S. stricta, Less, in Linncea, 6. p. 502.^ (Leaves
either smooth and very indistinctly triplinerved, or slightly scabrous with the
nerves more evident : varies also with the leaves shorter, the panicle short
and obtuse. S. Canadensis, Hook. Sf Am. ! lot. Beechey, p. 145.)

y. ? leaves larger, somewhat scabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath,
sometimes nearly glabrous ; panicle dense, pyramidal, the crowded racemes
at length recurved-spreading, secund ; heads larger. — S. elongata [3. Nutt. !
I. c. S. Canadensis, Hook J fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 1, as to Arctic specimens.

Oregon and California (a. &/3.), Me«:ies/ Beechey! Douglas! Nuttall!
y. Fort Vancouver, Nuttall ! Mr. Garry ! Straits of Da Fuca, Dr. Scouler!
Arctic America, from Slave Lake, Drummond! to Fort Fran khn on the
Mackenzie River, Richardson! — Plant 3-4 feet high, in y. stout, but the
Arctic specimens more dwarf. Panicle 5-10 inches long, strict and narrow,
with the heads about as large as in S. Canadensis: in y. the dense panicle is
usually thyrsoid or broadly pyramidal, with the heads fully as large as in
S. gigantea ; it is perhaps a distinct species. Rays exserted, but slender
and inconspicuous. — This species perhaps extends to extra-tropical South
America ; for to it (or to S. linearifolia, DC. ?) we may probably refer a
plant collected in Mendoza by the late Dr. Gillies, mentioned in Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. under S. lanceolata.

64. S. Canadensis {laum., Mu) : stem scabrous-hirsute or villous ; leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, sometimes almost entire, more or less
pubescent beneath and scabrous above ; panicle pyramidal or fastigiate, of

224 COMPOSITiE. Solidago.

very numerous recurved racemes ; heads small ; rays very short ; achenia
pubescent. — Linn. hort. TJps.p. 259, Sf spec. 2. p. 878 ; Ait. ! Kew. {ed. 1)
3. p. 210 ,• Wild. spec. 3. p. 2055 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 535 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 369 ;
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 1 (excl. (i.) ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 455 ; 1)C.!
prodr. b.p. 330. S. nutans, Desf. ! cat. ; DC ! I. c. Virga-Aurea augus-
tifolia, &c. Pluk. aim. t. 236, /. 1. — Varies with the leaves ahnost smooth
and glabrous (closely approaching S. serotina) ; and from oblong-lanceolate
to elongated linear-lanceolate (a state of the latter is S. longifolia, Schrad. .'
hort. Gait., Sf in DC. ! prodr. I. c), from very sharply serrate to nearly entire.

(i. intermedia : stem villous or densely cinereous-pubescent; leaves softly
pubescent or tomentose beneath, scabrous above. — S. Canadensis y. Ait. ! I. c. ;
Hook. ! I. c. S. procera, Desf. cat. ; DC I. c. (" Heads much smaller than
in S. Canadensis"); Wild, enum.?

J. jrrocera : stem villous or scabrous-hirsute ; leaves tomentose beneath,
scabrous above, elongated lanceolate, sparingly serrate, or the upper entire ;
heads larger, with the rays rather longer. — S. procera. Ait. I. c, ; Ell. ! sk.
2. p. 369. — Varies with the leaves slightly pubescent, except along the nerves,
and the stem scabrous-pubescent, or sometimes glabrous below.

(5. scahra: stem scabrous-hirsute or cinereous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, frequently entire, indistinctly triplinerved, more veiny and pu-
bescent-tomentose or scabrous-pubescent beneath, very scabrous above ; heads
and rays as in var. y. — S. scabra, Muhl. ! cat., &f fl. Lancastr. ined. (where
it is well characterized) ; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2059 (where it is so incorrectly
described that it has not since been recognized) ; not o^ DC. !

Borders of thickets, fields, &c., common nearly throughout the United
States ! to Subarctic America ! (Oregon, Nuttall.) 6. Pennsylvania ! to
Georgia! and west to Saskatchawan ! Louisiana! and Texas! Aug.-Oct. —
A polymorphous species, distinguished by its small heads, very inconspicuous
rays, and pubescent or scabrous stem and leaves. Our var. /?. passes into the
succeeding form, from which it is only to be distinguished by the some-
what larger heads: the latter is scarcely distinguishable from S. scabra,
Muhl. ; which has shorter and usually broader leaves, often indistinctly tripli-
nerved but somewhat rugosely veined. — This species appears to have been
a long time cultivated in many European gardens, under the name of
S. altissima.

65. S. serotina (Ait.) : stem very smooth, often glaucous ; leaves lanceo-
late, acuminate, serrate, glabrous except the veins beneath, the margins and
usually the upper surface scabrous: panicle pyramidal, of numerous recurv-
ed racemes ; peduncles roughish-pubescent ; rays short ; achenia at length
nearly glabrous. — Ait. Keiv. {ed. 1) 3. p. 211 ; Aluhl..' herb. ; Hook. ! I. c.
partly. S. gigantea, Darlingt.! fl. Cest. p. Abo.

Borders of thickets and low grounds, Canada! and nearly throughout the
United States! (Oregon, Nuttall.) Aug.-Oct. — Distinguished by its smooth
and stout stem (4-8 feet high), while the leaves are more or less pubescent
along the ribs beneath, with the upper surface scabrous, at least towards the
margins. The leaves are usually less attenuate at the base than in S. gigan-
tea, which some states very closely approach ; and the heads and raj's are
commonly intermediate in size between that species and S. Canadensis.
Achenia pubescent when young.

66. 5^. gigantea (Ait.) : stem stout, smooth and often glaucous ; leaves
smooth and glabrous both sides, lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, densely
scabrous-ciliolate, very sharply serrate, except the narrowed base ; panicle
pyramidal, of numerous recurved racemes; peduncles pubescent or villous;
(heads large for this subdivision) ravs exserted ; achenia pubescent. — Ait, !
Kew. (erf.l) 3. p. 211; Hook. ! fl." Bor.-Am. 2. p. 2; DC! prodr. b.p.
331. S. serotina, Willd. spec. 3. p. 2056. — Varies, with the leaves broadly,

S0LIDA60. COMPOSITE. 225

or narrowly lanceolate (the latter S. glabra, Desf.! cat. ; DC. ! I. c), very
coarsely, or finely and sparsely serrate (the latter S. serotina, Hook.! I. c.
as to spec, from Oregon, &c.), sometimes with the lateral nerves less distinct
(S. gigantea, Willd. ! I. c.) ; the panicle large and crowded, or sometimes
loose and elongated.

j3. leaves varying from lanceolate to oval-lanceolate, narrowed at the base ;
the lateral nerves often indistinct; panicle dense, thyrsoid or fastigiate.—S.
gigantea /3. Hook. ! I. c. S. Pitcheri, Nutt. .' in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p.
101, Sf in trans. Amer. phil. sac. I. c.

Fields and borders of thickets, Canada ! and Saskatchawan ! to Alabama!
and west to Oregon! Common in the Northern and Western States. /3.
Arkansas, (Dr. AMer /) Kentucky! &c., to Saskatchawan! and Oregon I
Aug.-Sept. — Distinguished by its perfectly smooth leaves as well as stem,
(the latter 3 to 7 feet high), and larger heads with more conspicuous rays
than any of its immediate allies.

67. S. rupestris (Raf.): stem slender, often loosely branched above,
smooth, the branches and peduncles pubescent; leaves smooth and glabrous,
linear-lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, entire or sparsely serrulate ; panicle
virgate ; heads small ; rays very short ; achenia pubescent. — Eaf. ! ann.
nat. (1820) ;5. 14.

Cliffs of Kentucky River, Rajinesque! Dr. Short! and apparently com-
mon in Kentucky! Indiana! &c. Aug.-Sept. — Smooth like S. gigantea,
with the small heads and inconspicuous rays of S. Canadensis ; remarkable
for its nearly entire narrow leaves, somewhat resembling those of S. odora,
but triplinerved (the nerves whitish), and for the slender and often simple
racemose panicles which terminate the stem or loose branches. Stem 2-3
feet high.

§ 3. Frutescent, branched, someivhat glutinous : leaves obscurely triplinerved,
veinless, entire: heads corymbose-pianiculate : involucre as in ^Yirgaurea,
few- {i-7-) flowered: rays 1-3. — Chrysoma, Nutt. {in jour. acad. Philad.,
4' trans. Amer. phil. sac. excl. spec. 2 & 3.)

A specimen of a plant very nearly allied to the following, from the Bahama
Islands, exists in Sir William Hooker's herbarium, chiefly differing in its smaller
and mostly 4-flowered heads, short rays, and more evidently triplinerved leaves,
which do not exliibit the beautiful reticulated stmcture of that species : it is very
probably the S. Domingensis, Spreng. This section is allied to the Maritimce on
the one hand, (and is composed of sea-side plants 1) and to Euthamia on the other.

68- S. pauciflosculosa (Michx.): glabrous or glaucous, the paniculate
branchlets somewhat viscid ; leaves thick, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear,
obtuse, entire, narrowed at the base, sessile; branches of the compound pani-
cle erect; scales of the 5-7-flowered involucre narrowly oblong, carinate ;
rays large ; achenia silky-villous. — Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 116. Chrysoma solida-
ginoides, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 67.

In sand on the coast of Carolina (Michaux!) Georgia, Mr. Croom!
Florida, Mr. Ware! Dr. Leavemvorth! Dr. Ingalls! Dr. Chapman! and
Alabama, Mr. A. Bigeloiu ! — Stems woody, much branched, 1-3 feet high.
Leaves 1-2 inches long, 1-nerved, or often obscurely triplinerved, veinless,
appearing reticulate-punctate, or rather cancellate, by transmitted light.
Heads rather large, somewhat clustered. Rays large, deep yellow. Pappus
unequal, turning somewhat brownish. — This remarkable plant was doubt-
less unknown to Pursh, who has probably at a mere venture given it as a
native of Virginia.

VOL. II. — 29

226

COMPOSITjE. Soliuago.

§ 4. Herbaceous, much branched, fastigiate-corymhose : scales of the involu-
cre much af pressed, somewhat glutinous: receptacle fimbrillate: rays
(6-20) more numerous than the disk- flowers, very small : achenia oblong,
villous-pubescent : heads in corymbose clusters, mostly fascicled : leaves line-
ar, entire, l-5-nerved, sessile. — Euthamia, Nutt.

69. 5. lanceolata (Linn.): stem much branched, fastigiate; the branches
(at least the angles), with the nerves and margins of the lanceolate-linear
3-5-nerved leaves minutely scabrons-pubescent; heads obovoid-cylindrical,
in dense corymbose clusters, sessile ; scales of the involucre obtuse, oblong
or lanceolate, the innermost linear; flowers of the disk 8-12; the minute
rays \b-2Q.—Linn.! mant. p. 114; AiU! Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 214; Michx.!
fi. 2. p. 116 (a. major) ; Pursh, fl. 2.' p. 405 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 301 ;
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Ain. 2. p. 6 (partly) ; Darlingt.! fl. Cest. p. 461. S. gra-
minifolia. Ell! sk. 2. p. 391; DC..' prodr. 5. p. 341. Euthamia grami-
nifolia, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 162, &f in trans. Amer. j^hil. soc. I. c. Chrysoco-
ma graminifolia, Linn. spgc. 2. p. 841.

Fields and borders of thickets, Canada ! (from Subarctic America) and
nearly throughout the United States. Aug.-Oct.— Stem 2-4 feet high, stri-
ate-angled, usually scabrous-puberulent. Leaves sometimes broadly lanceo-
late-linear (3-5 inches long) and 5-nerved (the lateral nerves more slender),
sometimes narrow and indistinctly 3-nerved, numerous, but not fascicled in
the axils. Heads one-fourth to one-third of an inch in length. Receptacle
setose-fimbrillate.

70. S. ienuifolia (Pursh): glabrous or slightly scabrous; stem much
branched, fastigiate; leaves very narrowly linear, spreading, _ 1- (rarely
somewhat 3-) nerved, punctate with resinous dots ; heads obovoid or turbi-
nate, in loose corymbose clusters, mostly in glomerules of 2 or 3, sometimes
pedicellate ; rays 6-12, slightly exserted ; the disk-flowers b-Q.— Pursh, fl.
2. p. 540 ; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 392 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 341. S. lanceolata /3.
minor, Michx. ! I. c. Euthamia tenuifolia, JSutt. ! I. c.

Sandy fields, &c. from the coast of Massachusetts ! and New York ! to
Florida ! and Louisiana ! Aug.-Oct.— A more slender plant than the pre-
ceding, with the heads smaller, and less glomerate. Leaves 1 to nearly 3
inches long, one line or less in width, sprinkled with resinous atoms, often
fascicled in the axils. When the corymb is reduced to few heads, these are
commonly pedicellate. The species "is variable, and some states nearly ap-
proach S. lanceolata.

71. S. leptocephala : very smooth ; stem densely fastigiate-corymhose at
the summit; leaves lanceolate-linear, 1-nerved, or obscurely 3-nerved;
heads narrow, cylindrical-clavate, in compound corymbose clusters, mostly
fascicled and sessile at the apex of the peduncles ; scales of the involucre
linear; rays 8-10, very small; the disk-flowers 3 or 4.

Western Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth! Dr. Hale! Texas, Drummond !—
Stem apparently strict and nearly simple, except at the summit. Leaves
crowded, but not fascicled, 2-3 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, with a strong
midrib and usually 2 obscure lateral nerves, pellucid-punctate, as in the
allied species, but not sprinkled with resinous atoms, not glutinous. Heads
very numerous and slender. Rays mostly shorter than the disk-flowers.
P4,eceptacle conical, fimbrillate.

72. S. occidentalis (Nutt. under Euthamia) : very smooth, loosely
branched, somewhat paniculate ; leaves narrowly lanceolate-linear, obscure-
ly 3-nerved ; heads in small corymbose clusters, pedicellate; scales of the
many-flowered involucre linear-lanceolate, acute. — S. lanceolata, Cham. Sf

SuLiDAGO. COMPOSIT.E. 227

Schlecht..' in Linmea, 6. p. 502; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 6, partly.
Euthamia occidentale, Nntt. .' in trans. Arner. 'j'hil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 32G.

Oregon, Dr. Scoulcr ! Douglas! Nuttall! and California, Chamisso ! to
the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall. — More panicu lately branched than any other
species of this division ; the long and slender branches terminated by small
clusters; the short and broadish heads all, or nearly all pedicellate: rays
16-20, a little exserted ; the disk-flowers 8-14 : appendages of the style of
the latter obtuse. Receptacle with the margins of the alveoli pilose, rather
than iinibrillate.

X Sjjccies not sufficiently known to us, founded on native specimens.

73. S. Jecemflora (DC.) : stem erect, terete, and (with the leaves) some-
what scabrous with a very short pubescence ; leaves oblong, mucronulate,
entire, somewhat triplinerved ; the radical attenuate at the base ; racemes
somewhat secund, disposed in a corymbose panicle ; scales of the glabrous
involucre linear ; heads 1 0-flowered ; the rays 5, very minute ; achenia
silky-villous. DC. pirodr. 5. p. 322. _ •

Texas, in the eastern districts, Berlandier. Plant a foot high. DC. —
Perhaps it belongs to the corymbose division.

74. S. rotundifolia (DC.) : stem erect, terete, puberulent, scabrous; leaves
oval, ovate, or obovate, obtuse, mucronate, the margins and both surfaces
very scabrous ; the lower crenate, the upper entire ; racemes erect, compact,
short, disposed in a narrow panicle; bracts roundish; scales of the involu-
cre glabrous, somewhat acute ; rays very small. DC. prodr. 5. p. 332.

Texas, in the eastern districts, Berlandier. — Very distinct in the form of
its bracts. DC.

75. S. Icpida (DC.) : stem erect, strict, terete, puberulent; leaves oval-
lanceolate, with a long cuneate entire base, coarsely serrate at the apex, acu-
minate, feather-veined, somewhat scabrous, especially the margins and the
veins beneath ; panicle erect, terminal ; scales of the glabrous involucre
linear, acuminate ; rays a little longer than the disk. DC. jJrodr. 5. p. 339.

(3. subserrata (DC. 1. c.) : leaves slightly serrate.

Nootka, Hcenke. — Allied to S. latifolia and S. ambigua. DC.

76. iS. compacta (Turcz.) : racemes erect; stem ascending, strict, scabrous;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a long petiole, entire, or the upper-
most serrulate, slightly scabrous, the margins ciliate ; heads densely glome-
rate, surrounded by leaves. — Turcz. in hull. soc. nat. Mosc. 1840. p. 73.

Unalaschka, Turczaninow. — Perhaps the same as S. lepida, DC.

77. S. data (Pursh) : stem hairy, terete ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat
hairy beneath ; racemes erect ; rays elongated. Pursh, fl. 2. p. 543.

North America, {Herb. Banks.) Pursh. — Two plants are ticketed ' S. elata'
in the Banksian herbarium : one, a cultivated specimen of a maritime
species, is S. integrifblia, Desf. SfDC: the other is marked ' New Jersey,
Bartram'' ; and has a hairy stem, corymbosely branched above ; elliptic
serrate leaves, which are hairy on both surfaces and ciliate; erect racemes ;
rather rigid and minutely strigose-canescent scales of the involucre (the outer-
most ovate, short; tbe inner oblong-lanceolate, slightly pointed, all somewhat
carinate) ; and strigose-canescent achenia. Dr. Boott has remarked its great
similarity to " S. Narbonensis, Pourret, in act. Tolas. 3. p>. 329" (of which
we have seen no description), from which we suspect it is not distinct.

78. S. pauciflj}ra (Raf.) : stem simple, smooth ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute, entire ; flowers 1-5, terminal. — Raf. in mcd. repos. {hex. 2) b. p. 359.

Gloucester County, New Jersey, and Kent County, Delaware, Rafinesque.

228 COMPOSITE. Solidago.

t X Species founded on garden specimens {many of unknoion or uncertain ori-
gin), which we have not identified ivith native plants.

* Racemes erect.

79. S. grandfjlora (Desf.) : clothed with a short and close villous pubes-
cence, somewhat scabrous ; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, finely ser-
rate, acute; the lower narrowed at the base; racemes paniculate, forming a
thyrsus ; heads 30-40-flowered ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, pu-
bescent; rays (large) 8-10; achenia pubescent. — Desf.! cat. hort. Par. ed.
3. p. 403 ; 'DC. prodr. 5. p. 337.

North America? the particular origin unknown; cultivated in the Garden
of Plants, Paris. — We have seen no indigenous specimens of this species ;
which has much the aspect of S. rigida, and its heads are nearly the same
size ; but the rather loose racemes are paniculate, the upper shorter and with
{q\v heads, so that the inflorescence forms a pj^ramidal thyrsus or panicle
instead of a fastigiate corymb ; the scales of the involucre are narrower and
less obtuse ; the achenia clothed with a minute pubescence ; even the upper
leaves are serrulate, and the radical (which we have not seen) are said to be
scarcely petioled.

80. S. multiflora (Desf.) : stem erect, glabrous, terete, very much branched,
the paniculate branches sparsely pubescent ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acu-
minate, serrate, glabrous, or the uppermost somewhat pubescent along the
nerves ; racemes erect ; scales of the involucre glabrous, acute ; rays rather
longer than the disk. DC. — Desf ! cat. hort. Par. ed. 1804, p. 103,
if ed. 3. p. 402 ; Pers. syn. 2. p. 449; DC! prodr. 5. p. 336.

Said to be of North American origin ; but we have seen no native speci-
mens which accord with the cultivated plant. The heads resemble S. Cana-
densis, but the racemes are very short, in erect panicles. Achenia pubescent.
Leaves somewhat scabrous above ; the upper slightly triplinerved, the
midrib pubescent.

81. S.fuscata (Desf.): very glabrous; stem erect, brownish-red, smooth
[terete]; leaves lanceolate, quite entire; racemes erect; pedicels short,
bracteolate ; scales of the involucre oblong, glabrous, scarcely acute ; rays
5-6, linear, a little longer than the disk; the disk-flowers 6-7. DC. — '■*Desf. !
cat. hort. Par. ed. 3. p. 402"; DC! prodr. 5. p. 340.

North America ? — Unknown to us as a native plant. The leaves are not
unlike S. speciosa.

82. S. plantaginea (Desf.) : glabrous ; stem angled ; leaves triplinerved,
slightly serrulate, acute, narrowed towards the base; the lower ovate ; flori-
ferous branches erect, leafy. Desf. cat. I. c. p. 402.

Cultivated in the Paris Garden ; probably of American origin. — Very
glabrous: stem 3-4 feet high. Flower-branches panicled; the partial
racemes of few small heads. Pedicels with subulate bracts. Desf. — This
is referred by De Candolle to his S. elliptica.

83. iS. /iirte (Willd.) : stem paniculate, hirsute; leaves lanceolate, sca-
brous on both sides ; the cauline serrate, those of the branches entire ; ra-
cemes erect; rays elongated. Willd. emim. p. 891.

North America. — Sufficiently distinguished by its hirsute stem, and sca-
brous leaves ; the cauline deeply and sharply serrate. Willdenow. — It has
never been identified in this country.

84. S. lithospermifolia (Willd.): stem branching, pubescent; leaves lan-
ceolate, attenuate, "scabrous on both sides, triplinerved, entire; racemes
erect; rays elongated. Willd. enum. p. 892 ; Link, enum. 2. p. 332 ; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 339'.

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSITE. 229

North America, Willdenow. — Leaves nearly as in Lithospermum offici-
nale. Willd. I. c. — Cauline leaves long, triplinerved, scabrous. Flowers
rather large. Link. — Stem pubescent, somewhat hispid. Leaves apicu-
late with a callous mucronation, somewhat triplinerved, the lateral veins
minute. DC. — Pursh,who professes to have seen this species growing, gives
the habitat, Sandy barren woods, New Jersey to Carolina ; but affords no
other information.

85. jS. gracilis (Poir.) : stem erect, glabrous, somewhat simple ; leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, ciliolate, feather-veined ; the lower
oval-lanceolate, attenuate at the base; the upjiermost nearly entire; ra-
cemes erect, bearing few heads disposed in a narrow panicle; scales of the
involucre scarcely acute; flowers 9; those of the ray nearly twice the length
of the disk. DC. — Poir. did. 8. p. 476? (where the leaves are said to be
entire) DC. pi. rar. hort. Genev. 6. p. 6, c^ prodr. 5. p. 336.

North America? — The plant is said to be a foot and a half high, with a
reddish stem ; the largest leaves 2 inches long, 6-8 lines wide ; the branches
terminated by erect "panicles, 2-3 inches in length, less than an inch in
breadth : the ovaries clothed with very small appressed hairs. The latter
character, among others, would seem to separate the plant from S. stricta
and S. linoides.

86. S. Schraderi (DC.) : stem erect, terete, sparsely pubescent, panicu-
lately branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate at the apex,
glabrous, with somewhat scabrous margins, the uppermost entire; racemes
erect, very short, bracleolate ; scales of the involucre acute ; rays linear, as
long as the disk. DC. prodr. 5. p. 336. S. gracilis, Schrad. hort. Gostt.,
fide DC.

A species of unknown (probably N. American) origin, allied to the prece-
ding; but the leaves longer, narrower, and a little more rigid; the long pani-
culate branches bearing very short axillary racemes for a long distance ; the
rays much shorter, &c. DC.

87. S. carinala (Schrad. in DC.) : stem erect, angled at the summit,
somewhat puberulent; radical leaves on long petioles, oblong, tapering at
the base, obtuse at the apex, mucronate, sinuate-serrate ; the upper sessile,
linear, somewhat serrate ; all glabrous, with the margins scabrous, the mid-
rib prominent beneath; racemes erect, disposed in a panicle; rays 7-9,
longer than the disk. DC. jnodr. 5. p. 337.

Cultivated in the Goettingen Botanic Garden, the origin unknown, perhaps
North American. — Radical leaves 7 inches long, including the petiole, 8-10
lines broad. Pedicels puberulent, bracteolate. DC. — Perhaps a cultivated
state of S. stricta.

88. S. mollis (Bartl.) : leaves, as well as the terete stem, pulverulent-
pubescent, with scabrous margins, obovate-oblong, serrate above ; the floral
ones oblong, entire; racemes erect, panicled ; scales of the involucre ap-
pressed, acute, glabrous ; rays longer than the disk. Bartl. ind. sem. hort.
GcEtt. 1836, p. 5, S^-in Linntea, 12. suppl. p. 80 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 279.

North America ; raised from seed collected by Prince Neu-wied. — May it
be a state of S. nemoralis ?

* * Racemes spreading or recurved, secund.

89. S. verrucosa (Schrad.) : stem verrucose, glabrous, erect, the summit
reflexed ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, glabrous, the upper nar-
rower; racemes axillary, as long as the leaves, compound, the summit re-
flexed; rays elliptical. ''Schrad. hort. Gcett. p. 12. t. 6, S^- in neu. jour.
1810, p. 140 ; ex DC. prodr. 6. p. 334.

230 COMPOSlTiE. Solidago.

North America : said to be allied to S. arguta and S. elliptica. DC. —
This is perhaps our S. neglecta : but we have never observed a verrucose
stem in that species.

90. S. recurvata (Willd.) : stem erect, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, acu-
minate (veiny), serrate, nearly glabrous, the margins scabrous ; racemes
elongated, secund, panlcled. WiUd. enum. p. 889 ; DC. 'prodr. 5. p. 334.

North America, Willdenow. — Described from a plant cultivated in the
Berlin Botanic Garden. — Leaves glabrous above, slightly scabrous along the
nerves beneath. Rays linear-oblong, a little longer than the disk. DC—
Pursh is the only American author who pretends to have recognized this
species, which he gives as a native of shady woods of Pennsylvania and
Virginia.

91. S. lateriflora (Linn.): panicle corymbose; racemes recurved, as-
cending ; stem bearing flower-branches below the middle. Linn. spec. 2. ■
p. 879.

North America, Kalm. — The plant is said by Linnseus to be half the size
of S. Canadensis; the leaves entire or with one or two teeth ; the flowers as
in S. altissima; the simple branches rather shorter than the stem, corym-
bose. As remarked by Smith, {Rees, cycl.) there is some doubt as to the
plant Linnseus had in view, which an inspection of his herbarium does not
remove. The plant cultivated under this name appears to have been
much changed by long cultivation. As described in the Hortus Kewensis, it
is said to have an erect somewhat hairy stem, lanceolate somewhat tripli-
nerved glabrous leaves with scabrous margins, the lower somewhat serrate,
and the paniculate racemes secund and somewhat recurved. According to
Willdenow {enum. p. 889), when cultivated in a shady place, the stem is
very simple, with simple axillary racemes, the lower very long, the upper
short : but in exposed situations the stem becomes branched.

92. 5. fragra7is (W\M.) : stem erect, glabrous ; leaves glabrous, oblong,
attenuate at each end, slightly triplinerved ; the lower somewhat serrate, the
upper entire; racemes more or less secund; pedicels pubescent; bracts
linear-subulate, arcuate-recurved; scales of the involucre somewhat green-
ish [ovate-lanceolate, acutish] ; rays oblong, rather longer than the disk
[achenia silkv-villous]. DC. — Willd. enum. suppl. p. 59, ex Link, enum.
2. p. 331 ; DC. ! p>rodr. 5. p. 331.

North America, Willd.— We have seen no native plant which accords
with our specimens of this species, gathered in the Berlin Botanic Garden.
It is perhaps a maritime species; and the leaves (which are rather thick,
dark green, and shining above, 2-3 inches long, about half an inch wide, mi-
nutely veiny,) are scarcely sufficiently 3-ribbed to give it a place among fhe
Triplinervia. The racemes are mostly axillary, rather crowded, and
scarcely longer than the leaves ; the heads fulh^ middle-sized ; the exterior
scales of the involucre greenish: and the achenia clothed with white ap-
pressed hairs.

93. ^5^. duhia (Scopoli) : stem erect, striated, slightly hairy ; leaves lanceo-
late, smooth, distantly toothed; clusters panicled, unilateral, rather hairy,
the lower ones axillary ; bracts lanceolate, smooth. Smith. — Scopoli, del.
insubr. 2. p. 19, t. 10 ; Smith, in Rees, cycl. no. 23. S. Clelia3, DC. j^rodr.
5. p. 331.

Cultivated in the Italian gardens, (collected by Smith in the garden at
Pavia, in 1787; and by De Candolle in that of Clel. Grimaldi near Genoa,
in 1808,) and supposed to be of North American origin. According to Smith,
Dryander " considered it as coming nearest to S. elliptica; but its leaves are
narrower, and its bracfeas much less. Most of the clusters are axillary, com-
posing a leafy panicle, and about as long as their corresponding leaves.

SoLiDAGO. COMPOSlTiE. 231

Rays rather numerous. The foHage is rigid, entirely smooth, finely toothed,
not serrated, somewhat triple-ribbed, indeed more so than in S. lateriflora,
next to which species we sliould have placed it but for its alleged affini-
ty to S. elliptica." Smith, I. c.

94. S. reflexa (Ait.) : stem erect, villous ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat
serrate, triplinerved, scabrous, reflexed ; racemes paniculate, somewhat
secund. Ait. Ken: [ed. 1) 3. p. 211 ; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2057 (who adds:
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, with about three serratures in the
middle, scabrous, reflexed ; branches of the panicle secund, reflexed, short).
DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 330.

Th's is unknown to us as a wild plant, nor can we identify the one or two
different species which are cultivated in Europe under this name with any
indigenous species. Pursh's habitat, "Pine woods and old fields, New Jer-
sey to Carolina," is probably of no account ; and the species was not recog-
nized by Elliott. The plant of De CandoUe (Geneva Bot. Garden) has a
very much contracted and simple erect panicle, with the heads rather larger
than in S. Canadensis; the stem somewhat pubescent above; the narrowly
lanceolate leaves slightly pubescent beneath, obscurely triplinerved.

S. Novehoracaisis, Linn, (tlie particular derivation of the specimen unknown), the
ray-flowers of which probably were not yellow, is apparently an Aster, with heads
as large as those of A. patens.

S. asperula, of Desf cat. 1. c, the native country of which is not mentioned, by no
means corresponds with the plant received by De Candolle under this name, which
he considers a doubtful and probably monstrous state of S. rigida : but the species
described by Desfontaines is said to have elongated and spreading racemes, with
small secund heads.

40. BIGELOVIA. (Bigelowia,*) DC. jJrodr. 5. p. 329 (excl. § 2 & 3), (!^
mem. Comp. t. 5 ; not of Smith, o{ Spreng., nor of Raf.

Heads 3-4-flowered; the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre cla-
vate-cylindrical, somewhat colored, as long as the flowers; the scales (10-14)
linear, imbricated, appressed, rigid, somewhat glutinous. Receptacle
narrow, pointed by a hyaline or scale-like cusp as long as the achenia. Co-
rolla, anthers, and style nearly as in Linosyris ; the latter scarcely exserted.
Achenia somewhat obconic, hairy. Pappus a single series of scabrous capil-
lary bristles. — A perennial glabrous herb, with slender stems, simple or
branched from the base, somewhat naked above, corymbose at the summit.
Leaves alternate, oblanceolate or linear, entire, 1-3-nerved, obscurely punc-
tate. Heads in a fastigiate corymb or cyme. Flowers yellow, the involucre
also yellowish.

* " A Chrysocoma separatum dicavi cl. J. Bigelow, qui florae Americanse auream
coronam flora Bostoniensi et medica addidit." DC. I. c. — We gladly retain the
name of Bigelovia for this genus (excluding the species wrongly associated with it);
since the BigdoYiei of Spreng.sijd., if sufiiciently distinct from Spermacoce, will keep
that of Borreria so long as the Borrera of Acharius is merged in Parmelia, &c. But if
both the above-mentioned genera prove distinct, the name Borrera, Ac/iar. must be
presei-ved in the Lichens, and that of Bigelovia, Spreng., Am. if-c. in Rubiaceae ; in
which case die present genus may be called Adclinium.

232 COMPOSITE. Bigelovia,

B. nudata (DC! 1. c.) — Chrysocoma nudata, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 101;
Pursh! fl. 2. ]}. 517 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 309.

a. spathulfsfolia : radical and lower leaves oblanceolate, 1- or obscurely
3-nerved, tapering into an attenuated base; the cauline ones scattered, often
very few, linear. — B. nudata, DC! I. c, Sf mem. comp. t. 5. Chrysocoma
nudata, Nult. gen. 2. p. 137.

/3. virgata : earliest radical leaves linear-spatulate ; the others, and the
(often more numerous) cauline ones narrowly linear, 1-nerved. — B. virgata,
DC! I. c. Chrysocoma virgata, Nutt. I. c.

Borders of swamps, and low pine barrens, Nevv Jersey (Nuttall) and Vir-
ginia ! to Florida ! Alabama ! Louisiana ! and Texas ! Aug.-Oct. — Stems
1-2 feet high, slender. Lower leaves 2-3 inches long; the uppermost very
short, scattered. Scales of the involucre 1-nerved, with somewhat greenish
tips. — The habit is much that of the section Euthamia in Solidago, but the
stems are less inclined to branch. The B. virgata appears to be only a nar-
row-leaved state of the ordinary plant ; but it may, perhaps, be a distinct
species.

41. LINOSYRIS. Lobel ; DC prodr. 5. p. 351, (& Bigelowia § 2. DC)

Linosyris & Crinitaria, Cass. — Chiysothamnus, Nutt.

Heads 5-many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre
campanulate, obovoid, or oblong, often shorter than the disk ; the scales im-
bricated, mostly concave or carinate, destitute of herbaceous tips ; the exte-
rior usually looser and bracteolate, passing into the leaves. Receptacle flat,
alveolate-toothed ; the teeth fleshy or somewhat lacerate. Corolla with an ex-
panding 5-cleft or 5-parted limb. Branches of the style with flat linear or
oblong stigmatic portions ; the pubescent appendages various in form. Ache-
nia oblong, somewhat compressed, silky-villous. Pappus simple, of copious
scabrous capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs or sufTruticose plants (natives
chiefly of Southern Europe, Northern Asia, and North America west of the
Mississippi), branched from the base, and bearing corymbose heads at the
summit. Leaves alternate, crowded, sessile, linear or oblong, mostly entire,
and 1-nerved. Flowers yellow.

§ 1. Involucre 20-30-flowered, as long as the disk.

1. L. Texana: suffrutescent at the base, glabrous, not glutinous; stems
and numerous branches strongly striate-angled ; leaves linear, carinately 1-
nerved, rather rigid ; scales of the hemispherical involucre lanceolate, acute,
loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 series ; lobes of the deeply parted limb of the
corolla lanceolate-linear, as long as the tube ; appendages of the style lance-
olate, thicker than the stigmatic portion, and about its length ; pappus as long
as the flowers.

Texas, Drummond ! Dr. Rid dell ! — Stems 1-2 feet high, much branched
at the summit. Leaves 1-2 inches long, less than 2 lines wide, acute, some-
times with 2 slight undulate lateral nerves, and very minutely and obscurely
dotted. Heads all more or less pedicellate, with few bracteal leaves. Scales
of the involucre smooth, not rigid, strongly 1-nerved, with slight scarious mar-
gins, obscurely ciliate near the apex. Receptacle alveolate-toothed ; the
teeth somewhat fleshy. Pappus not very copious, very soft and slender.
Achenia unknown.

LiNOSYRis. COMPOSITiE. 233

2. L. Drummondii : much branched from the suflfrutescent base, glabrous,
the young heads and fastigiate branchlets somewhat glutinous ; stems terete;
leaves narrowly linear, tapering lo the base, thickish, obscurely 1-nerved ;
scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated in 4-5 series, rigid, lanceo-
late-oblong ; the outermost passing into subulate bracts ; corolla somewhat
exceeding the pappus, the slender tube longer than the cyalhiform 5-cleft
limb ; the triangular-lanceolate appendages of the style much shorter than
the sfigmatic portion.

Texas, Dnunmond ! — Stems rigid, 8-10 inches high; the heads nearly
sessile and somewhat aggregated at the extremity of short terete branchlets.
Leaves an inch long and a line wide, crowded. Scales of tlie involucre either
glutinous, or slightly pulverulent at the apex, obtusish. Stamens inserted be-
low the middle of the tubular part of the corolla. Ovary silky-pubescent. —
The achenia are immature. — Another species of this continent, L. Mexicana,
is figured by Schlechtendal {Hortus Halensis, t. 4.), and is remarkable for
its toothed leaves.

§ 2. Involucre sererrtZ-(6-10-20-) flowered, mostly shorter than the disk ; the
scales oval or oblong, concave or carinate : ajjpendages of the style triangu-
lar or deltoid-ovate, much shorter than the flat stigmatic portion.

This division includes the Siberian L. punctata, L. villosa, (in which the heads
are only 8-lO-flowered), L. Tartarica, &c. ; in our specimens of the latter the heads
are only 5-7-flowered.

3. L. pluri flora: frutescent ? glabrous; branches angular ; leaves very
narrowly linear, somewhat attenuate towards the base, obscurely 1-nerved ;
heads 15-18-flowered, crowded and subsessile at the summit of the small
nearly leafless branchlets, forming a compound fasciculate corymb; scales
of the involucre smooth and shining, oblong-lanceolate, acute, closely imbri-
cated, very unequal ; lobes of the corolla very much shorter than the tube ;
appendages of the style lanceolate-ovate, obtusish. — Chrysocoma graveolens,
Torr.! in ann. lye. "New York, 2. p. 211, not of Nutt.

Upper Missouri or Platte ? l)r. James ! — The lower part of the stem is
wanting in our specimen. Leaves about 2 inches long, a line wide, obscurely
impressed punctate, and a little resinous. Heads densely clustered, one-third
of an inch long. Scales of the involucre small, coriaceous, with narrow sca-
rious margins. Pappus copious, unequal. Alveoli of the receptacle lacerate-
dentate.

4. L. lanceolata : shrubby, cinereous-puberulent; branches terete ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, mucronate, 3-nerved, with scabrous margins; heads 6-8-
flowered, in clusters, forming a compound fastigiate corymb ; scales of the
involucre oval, obtuse, or abruptly somewhat acute, loosely imbricated in 3-4
series, the innermost glabrous, nearly the length of the disk ; lobes of the co-
rolla about half the length of the tubular portion ; branches of the style elon-
gated; the appendages lanceolate, acute. — Chrysothamnuslanceolatus, Nutt.!
in trans. Amer. p)hil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 324.

Rocky Mountains, on the sources of the Platte, and of Lewis River, Nuttall!
— " A moderate-sized shrub." Leaves l-lj inch long, 3-4 lines broad. Heads
smaller than in the preceding.

§ 3. Involucre 5-flowered, mostly shorter than the disk; the concave or
carinate scales oval or oblong-linear : aj)pendages of the style linear-sub-
ulate, longer than the linear flat stigmatic portion. — Chrysothamuus, Nutt.

(Bigelowia § 2. Spuriae, DC.)
VOL. II. — 30

234 COMPOSITiE. Linostris.

5. L. graveolens : shrubby, very much branched ; branches pulverulent-
tomenlose, wliiiish ; leaves very narrowly linear, 1-nerved, glabrous ; heads
(large) 5-llowered, clustered; scales of the hivolucre lew, loosely imbricated
in about 3 series, glabrous, carinate ; the outermost very short, ovate-oblong ;
the innermost elongated, linear; pappus very fine and capillary ; corolla gla-
brous.— Chrysocoma dracunculoides, Pttrsh ! fl. 2. p. 517, excl. char., which
chiefly relates to L. punctata. C. graveolens, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 136. Bige-
lowia dracunculoides, DC. prodr. 5. p. 329. Chrysothamnus dracuncu-
loides, Nuft. in trans. Amer. jMl soc. I. c. ]}. 324.

(3. leaves and the outermost scales of the involucre, as well as the branches,
more or less tomentose-pubescent. — Chrysocoma nauseosa, Pursh, I. c. ?
Bigelowia Missouriensis, DC. I. c. Chrysothamnus speciosus, Nutt. ! in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. (excl. var. /3.)

On the denudated banks of the Missouri, Platte, &c. Leicis! Nuttall! and
plains in the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall ! Aug.— Shrub 3-5 feet high, with
a heavy and unpleasant, though somewhat aromatic odor; with numerous
virgate branches, like the common Broom. Flowers abundant, brilliant
yellow. Nutt. — Heads narrow, nearly half an inch long. Corolla a little
longer than the fine and scarcely scabrous, unequal and copious pappus,
sHghtly dilated upwards ; the lobes" about one-fifth the length of the undivided
portion. Stamens inserted low down in the tube. Appendages of the style
linear-subulate, longer than the stigmatic portion. Leaves 2-3 inches long,
about a line wide.

6. L. alUcaulis: stem and branches densely lanate-tomentose, white;
leaves very narrowly linear, tomentose-pubescent (at length glabrous ?),
1-nerved; tube of the corolla beset with very fine long villous hairs! —
Chrysothamnus speciosus (i. albicaulis, Nutt. I. c. Chrysocoma nauseosa,
Pursh, I. c?

Rocky Mountain plains near Lewis River &c., Nuttall! — Resembles the
preceding very perfectly, except in the characters pointed out. Mr. Nuttall
remarks "that it is perhaps a distinct species; without noticing, however, the
character upon which we should chiefly rely for distinguishing them ; viz.
the long cobwebby hairs of the corolla.

7. L. viscid'iflora (Hook.) : shrubby, glabrous ; leaves narrowly linear,
1-nerved, rigid, very acute ; heads more or less clustered, fastigiate-corym-
bose, 5-flowered ; scales of the oblong involucre glabrous, often glutinous, ob-
long or oval, carinate-concave, few, rather loosely imbricated in about 3
series ; the exterior very short ; corolla glabrous. — Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p.
24, under Crinitaria. Bigelowia viscidiilora, DC. jnvdr. l.p. 279.

/?. " involucre ovate, the scales ovate and short." — Chrysothamnus pumi-
lus /3. enthamioides, Nutt. I. c.

J. dwarf, much branched from the base, minutely pulverulent-pubescent
or nearly smooth. — Chrysothamnus pumilus, Nutt..' I. c.

Barren plains of the Oregon, from the Great Falls to the Mountains, &c.
Douglas! Lewis River and plains of the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall /—The
plant described by Hooker is said to be a common shrub, 2-4 feet high, in the
region where Mr. Nuttall obtained his Chrysothamnus pumilus : the latter
is called a low shrub, about 6 inches high, and described as either glabrous
or pulverulent-pubescent, with the involucre either smooth or glutinous ; so
that nothing of any consequence is left to distinguish it from Hooker's plant,
of which we have seen no specimens. The heads are much smaller than in
the preceding; the pappus of firmer hairs, and more scabrous ; but the habit
and structure of the plant nearly the same.

X Doubtful Species.
8. L. 7 humilis (Hook., under Crinitaria) : branches sparsely and slightly

LiNOSTRis. COMPOSITE. 235

hirsute ; leaves linear-lanceolate, denticulate-ciliate, mucronulate-acute ;
heads axillary and terminal ; scales of the glabrous involucre linear; the ex-
terior larger and foliaceous. Hook. I. c.

Banks of the Saskatchawan, Drummond. — Plant 3-4 inches high, of
doubtful genus.

42. AMMODIA. Nutt. in trans Amer. phil. soc. {n. scr.) 7. p. 321.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular. Scales of
the campanulate involucre scarious-membranaceous, linear or lanceolate,
1-nerved, imbricated in few series ; the innermost as long as the disk, the
outermost short, appressed. Receptacle flat, alveolate-toothed. Branches of
the style subulate-filiform, the appendages longer than the flat stigmatic por-
tion. Achenia oblong-linear, attenuate, fusiform, or somewhat compressed,
pubescent. Pappus of copious minutely scabrous capillary bristles. — A
perennial branching somewhat hairy herb, with the habit and appearance of
Inula viscosa ! exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves alternate, oblong, entire,
veiny, sessile. Heads irregularly paniculate-corymbose : peduncles some-
what glandular; the pale yellow flowers nearly hid in the copious white
pappus.

A. Oregana (Nutt. ! 1. c.)

On the sand and gravel bars of the Oregon and its tributaries, common,
Nuttall ! Aug. — Stems a foot high, many from the same root. Heads as
large as in Inula viscosa. Flowers all similar ; the corolla slender, slightly
dilated upwards, 5-toothed. Anthers not caudate.

43. MACRONEMA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 322.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray -flowers 6-8, ligulate, pistillate, or none ;
those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre, few, loose, some-
what in 2 series, nearly equal, linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved ; the exterior
mostly with foliaceous spreading tips, commonly with one or more foliaceous
bracts at the base resembling the upper leaves. Receptacle flat, areolate.
Corolla of the disk somewhat dilated above, 5-toothed. Branches of the
style much exserted ; the appendages of the style (in the disk-flowers) elon-
gated, subulate, hirsute, much longer than the linear flat stigmatic portion.
Achenia large, much compressed, when mature longer than the pappus of
copious somewhat unequal scabrous capillary bristles. — Low and viscidly
pubescent much branched shrubby plants (natives of Oregon) ; the fastigiate
leafy branches terminated by solitary rather large heads. Leaves alternate,
lanceolate, entire, sessile. Flowers yellow.

§ 1. Heads radiate : achenia p)uhescent.

1. M. svjfruticosa (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, acute,
somewhat narrowed towards the base ; scales of tlie involucre mostly appen-
diculate ; achenia oblong or sliglitly obovate, flat, 1-3-nerved on each side.

Sandy and gravelly banks of the Malade, a stream of the Oregon, near

236 COMPOSITiE. Macronema.

the Blue Mountains, Nuttall ! — Stem 6-8 inches long, from a low woody
base, leafy to the summit. Leaves an inch or more long, about 2 lines wide.
Heads large, with about 30 disk-flowers and mostly 8 linear-oblong rays,
•' having often the same pubescent stigmas with the discal florets, and not
unfrequently the rudiments of stamens." Nutt, Pappus ferruginous. — The
heads are not unlike those of Dieteria (Pappochroma) coronopifolia.

§2. Rays 7canting : achenia very glabrous. (Eugtmna, iViiW.)

2. M. discoidea (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : young branches tomentose ; leaves sub-
spatulate-oblong, obtuse; involucre subtended by 2-3 foliaceous linear-oblong
bracts similar to the upper leaves ; the inner scales membranaceous, scari-
ous, not appendiculate ; young achenia linear-oblong.

Banks of Lewis River and other tributaries of the Oregon, Nuttall ! — Re-
sembles the preceding. Leaves about an inch long, 2-3 lines wide. Heads
25-flowered.

44. ERICAMERIA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. pliil. soc. («. ser.) 7. p. 318.

Heads few-flowered ; the ray-flowers 3-6, ligulate, pistillate ; those of the
disk 7-9, tubular, perfect. Scales of the turbinate or cyHndrical involucre
few, imbricated, carinate-concave, chartaceous with scarious margins ; the
outermost short and subulate, fleshy, passing into the leaves. Receptacle
small, alveolate. Corolla with a slender tube ; that of the disk infundibuli-
form at the summit, 5-toothed. Branches of the style linear-subulate, the
hirsute acute appendages much longer than the stigmatic portion. Achenia
linear, slender, terete, mostly glabrous. Pappus of copious capillary bris-
tles, entirely similar but unequal. — Dwarf and often resinous shrubby plants
(natives of Oregon & California), exceedingly branched and leafy, with the
aspect of Heaths. Leaves acerose or linear-subulate, crowded and fascicled,
persistent. Heads small, corymbose at the extremity of the branchlets.
Flowers yellow.

1. E. microphylla (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : somewhat pubescent, scarcely glutinous ;
leaves terete, obtuse, very short, much fascicled ; rays 3-4 ; inner scales of
the involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenia glabrous. — Diplopappus ericoides,
Less., in Linncsa! 6. p. 117. Aplopappus ericoides. Hook. Sf Am. hot.
Beechey, p. 146 ; DC! prodr. 5. p. 346.

California, on rocks, Chamisso! Douglas! Nuttall! S^'c. — Shrub 6-12
inches high, at first cinereous-pubescent: the leaves 3-5 lines long, not
unlike those of Adenostoma.

2. E. nana (Nutt. I 1. c.) : glabrous, somewhat glutinous; leaves linear-
acerose, acute, channelled ; rays about 4 ; scales of the involucre lanceolate,
acute; achenia minutely hairy, somewhat compressed.

On shelving rocks in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, Nuttall! — Shrub
scarcely a span high, densely branched, fastigiate, brittle : the rigid leaves
6-12 lines long. Pappus not very copious, in 2 series, somewhat deciduous.

3. E. resinosa (Nutt.! 1. c.) : glabrous, glutinous; branches slender, co-
rymbose at the summit; leaves subulate-linear, acute, tapering to the base ;
rays about 6 ; the disk-flowers about 12 ; the limb of the corolla deeply
6-cleft ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute ; achenia hirsute when
young.

Ericameria. composite. 237

With the preceding ; the flowers larger and not perfectly yellow (ochro-
leucous) ; the branches more slender and open ; the leaves somewhat longer
and a little broader; the rays often, but not always bilabiate, with 2 strap-
shaped narrow segments opposed to the 2-toothed ligiile. Nuitall. — Pappus
in a single series, the capillary bristles nearly all equal.

45. STENOTUS. Nutt. in trans. Amer. jjhil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 334.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers 8-12, ligulate, rather distant, pistil-
late; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the hemispherical involu-
cre few, oblong-ovate or orbicular, 1-nerved, membranaceous (rarely coria-
ceous) with scarious margins, closely appressed and regularly imbricated in
2-3 series. Receptacle flat, alveolate-toothed. Rays oval or oblong. Co-
rolla of the disk dilated towards the summit, deeply 5-toothed. Appendages
of the style broad and flat, with the pubescent appendages various in form.
Achenia oblong-turbinate, densely silky-villous. Pappus of numerous soft
unequal densely scabrous capillary bristles, commonly bright white. — Dwarf
suffrulescent plants of alpine aspect (natives of the Rocky Mountains, &c.),
densely cfespitose, of a cinereous hue, or sometimes covered with a resinous
exudation, the fastigiate stems or scapes numerous from the ligneous branch-
ing caudex, terminated by showy heads (large for the size of the plant).
Leaves linear or lanceolate, 1-3-nerved, rigid, persistent, entire, alternate or
crowded. Flowers bright yellow.

A group of plants well marked in habit, and doubtless generically distinct from
the true Aplopappus.

§ 1. Floivering stems or scapes somewhat simi^le and naked, hearing single
heads : leaves cinereous : rays 10-12 : pappus and silky hairs of the ache-
nia bright white,

1. <S. acaidis (Nutt.! 1. c.) : leaves clustered at the summit of the thick
branched caudex, spatulate-ianceolate, raucronate-acute, somewhat 3-nerved,
minutely hispid-scabrous; scapes nearly leafless ; scales of the nearly jrla-
brous involucre short, oblong-ovale, acute, chartaceous, with scarious mar-
gins, somewhat in 2 series; rays short, often 2-cleft ; appendages of the style
in the disk-flowers subulate-linear, longer and narrower tl/an the stigmatic
portion. — Chrysopsis acaulis, Nutt..' in jour, cicad. Philad. 7. p. 33, t. 3, /. 1.

Borders of Little Godin River in the Rocky Mountains, towards the sour-
ces of the Oregon, Mr. Wycth! June. — "A small, tufted alpine, only 3-4
inches high." Leaves scarcely an inch long ; those of the simple scape 1-2
and much smaller, or none.

2. S. pygmceus: very dwarf; leaves spatulate, obtuse, somewhat 3-nerved,
fimbriate-ciliate; the radical as long as the simple leafy scape ; head brac-
teate ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, ciliate, rather rigid ; rays
oblong-linear.

Rocky Mountains, probably in about lat. 41°, Dr. James! — Scarcely 2
inches^ high, slightly cinereous. Ovaries hairy. Style, &c. as in the
preceding.

3. S. armerioides {'HwXi.\ I.e.): glabrous; leaves crowded at the summit
of the thick woody caudex, elongated spatulate-linear, obscurely 3-nerved ;

238 COMPOSITE. Stenotus.

those of the simple scape 1-2 ; scales of the involucre roundish-oval, very
obtuse, coriaceous, with abrupt scarious margins, closely imbricated some-
what in 3 series ; style with short and thick lanceolate appendages.

On shelving rocks towards the sources of the Platte, Nultall ! — Plant a.
span high, with the asiject of an Armeria. Leaves very rigid,_ pale or whi-
tish, but shining, 3 inches long, not 2 lines wide, sometimes a little resinous,
as well as the rigid rounded scales of the involucre.

4. S. cfesjntosus (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : glabrous or nearly so ; leaves crowded at
the summit of the woody caudex, narrowly lanceolate or linear, acute,
3-nerved; those of the simple or branching scapes 3-4 ; scales of the invo-
lucre broadly ovate, acute, membranaceous, erose-ciliate, imbricated in 3
series; appendages of the style subulate-linear, minutely pubescent. — Chry-
sopsis csespitosa, Nutt. ! in jour, acacl. Philad. 7. ^i. 33.

Vallies of the Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the Missouri and
Platte, Mr. Wiieth ! Nutiall ! July.— Plant 4-6 inches high. Leaves per-
fectly smooth and glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs.

§ 2. Leaves crowded on the somewhat ligneous branching flowering stems,
often covered with a resinous exudation: rays 12 : ])<^I'I>^^ «'*^ ^^^Ml ^'"^^^
of the achenia bright white.

5. S. linearifolius : glabrous, much branched ; the branches naked and
pedunculiform at the summit ; leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1-nerved,
glandular-punctate ; scales of the glabrous involucre lanceolate-oblong, acute,
somewliat membranaceous, with broad scarious margins, in 2 series, some-
what equal, the inner as long as the disk ; appendages of the style ovate,
thickened, much shorter than the linear stigmatic portion.— Aplopappus
linearifolius, DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 347 ; Hook.! Sf Arn. ! hot. Bcechey, suppl.
p. 350.

Cahfornia, Dowfl^as/— Leaves an inch or more in length. Head nearly
an inch in diameter; the involucre looser than in the preceding.

6. S. florifer : stem rather short, branched, hairy ; leaves all linear-spatu-
late, slightly hairy, entire, glaucous ; heads sohtary, terminating the pedun-
culiform branches ; exterior scales of the involucre pubescent-hirsute ; the
interior membranaceous, fimbriate-ciliate ; rays rather broad, spreading,
twice the length of the involucre ; bristles of the pappus very white. Hook.
—Aplopappus florifer. Hook. Sf Am. hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 351.
Erigeron ? florifer, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 20.

p. leaves obovate-spatulate. Hook. <^" Am. I. c.

Dry rocks and sandy grounds, near Priest's Rapids of the Oregon, and
Lewis & Clarke's River, Douglas ! /3. Snake Country, Mr. Tohme.—Smd.
to be very nearly allied to A. linearifolius, but with different foUage. The
description does not satisfactorily accord with any of the preceding ; and the
following exhibits a tawny or ferruginous pappus in the youngest state, &c.

§ 3. Flowering stems somewliat leafy, hearing 1 to 3 ohovoid fewer-flowered
heads : rays 8 : 2^c-PP^^ fi'^^S^'^'^'"-^' (Oonopsis, Nutt.)

7. S. nmlticaulis (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : flowering stems numerous from a woody
caudex, simple or somewhat branched, tonientose-cinereous (as well as the
leaves and involucre) when young, at length nearly glabrous ; leaves linear,
l-nerved ; the lowest subspatulate-linear and obtuse ; those of the flowering
stems 3-5, acute ; heads b'racteate or subtended by a leaf; scales of the invo-
lucre ovate, acuminate, membranaceous (6-9), in 2 series ; appendages of
the style linear-oblong.

Stenotus. COMPOSITiE. 239

Rocks, on the wef5lern declivity of the E-ocky Mountains, Nultall! — Stems
2-4 inches long, a little lonjrer than the tufted leaves, the latter 1-2 lines
wide. Pappus scanty, of about 2 series of unequal bristles, shorter than the
corolla.

46. ISOPAPPUS.

Heads several-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5-12, ligulate, pistillate, those of
the disk 10-20, tubular, perfect. Scales of the cylindrical-campanulate in-
volucre lanceolate-subulate, imbricated in 2-3 series, appressed. Receptacle
small, alveolate, the alveoli nearly entire. Corolla of the disk slightly
dilated upwards, 5-toothed. Appendages of the style subulate, hirsute,
much longer than the stigmatic portion. Achenia linear-oblong, terete, at-
tenuate at the base, silky-villous. Pappus a single series of capillary sca-
brous entirely similar and nearly equal bristles. — Hirsute and scabrous
loosely paniculate-branched biennial herbs, with small heads on slender pe-
duncles. Leaves alternate, crowded, sessile, lanceolate, 1-nerved and some-
what veiny, sparsely hispid-ciliate, often sparingly serrate.

1. I. divaricatus : glandular-scabrous and sparsely-hispid ; branches and
peduncles slender, divaricate-spreading; leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate, very
acute, entire or acutely and remotely serrate, tapering towards the base ;
scales of the oblong involucre linear-subulate, hairy ; rays 5-8 ; the disk-
flowers 7-14. — Chrysopsis divaricafa, Nutt..' gen. 2. p. 162 (under Inula);
Ell.! sk. 2. p. 338. C. Laraarckii, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.
p. 315. Diplopappus ? (Chrysopsis) divaricatus. Hook. ! conipan. to hot.
mag. 1. 21. 97. Heterotheca Lamarckii, DC. prodr. 5. p. 317, as to spec,
char. & syn. Nutt. c^ Ell. ; excl. syn. Cass. S^- Lam. (which relate to
Heterotheca scabra), 4* Pluk. aim., which probably represents Chysopsis
Mariana.

Dry sandy woods and fields, Georgia! to Florida ! Louisiana ! and Tex-
as ! Aug.-Oct. — Plant 1-2 feet high, sometimes nearly glabrous when old,
with a very effuse panicle ; the filiform pedicels usually minutely glandular
and hispid. Heads about a quarter of an inch in length. Pappus ferrugin-
ous, not unlike that of a true Erigeron; the bristles rather numerous but in a
single series, slender, entirely similar, and nearly all of equal length, a very
few being more or less shorter. — On account of the entirely simple pappus of
this plant, and its peculiar habit, Mr. Elliott long since suggested the pro-
priety of separating this plant from Chrysopsis, but he evidently did not in-
tend to include it in his genus Calycium, as De Candolle supposed. It is
most nearly allied to the doubtful section of Aplopappus, or perhaps genus,
Blepharodon, JJC. ; which, however, has many-flowered heads, a copious
pappus of unequal bristles, &c.

2. I. Hookerianus : stem branched from the base, and with the somewhat
spreading branches roughish-liirsute, not glandular ; leaves oblanceolate or
oblong-spatulate, fringed with bristles along the attenuate base or margined
petiole, obscurely serrulate towards the apex, mucronulate, nearly glabrous ;
scales of the short campanulate involucre almost glabrous, subulate-lanceo-
late; rays 12 ; the disk-flowers about 20.

Gonzales, Texas, Drummond ! — Stems about 10 inches high ; the leaves
somewhat scattered ; the branches bearing few heads on erect peduncles.
Pappus ferruginous. — Only a few specimens having been collected, this
species is not to be found in many of the sets of the late Mr. Drummond's

240 COMPOSITE. IsoPAPPus.

plants. The specimens we have examined are in the herbarium of Sir
Wra. Hooker.

47. APLOPAPPUS. Cass. ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 345, exc\. spec.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers numerous, ligulate, pistillate,
sometimes wanting ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the invo-
lucre lanceolate or linear, imbricated. Receptacle flat, foveolate, or alveo-
late and somewhat fimbrillate. Achenia silky, somewhat terete, oblong or
turbinate. Pappus of copious unequal and more or less rigid scabrous bris-
tles.— Mostly perennial herbs or suflTruticose plants (chiefly natives of the
Andes and the Pacific coast of America) ; with alternate usually serrate or
spinulose-toothed leaves. Heads solitary or somewhat corymbose. Flowers
yellow.

We have no species which entirely accord with the Chilian Euaplopappi. Some
of the Aplodisci are most nearly alhed to them, except that they have no rays ; but
the presence or absence of rays appears to be of minor consequence when the capi-
tula are homochromous. Perhaps Pyrrocoma and Prionopsis hardly deserve the
rank of genera, but it is more convenient to separate them.

§ 1. Scales of the hemisjjJierical or campanulate involucre linear-lanceolate :
achenia obovoid-oblong or turbinate, silky-villous : pappus of copious and
very unequal but nearly capillary bristles : perennial or suffrutescent :
leaves pinnately lobed or incised ; the lobes or teeth pointed ivith bristles.-—
Blepharodon, DC. (excl. no. 9.)

1. A. rubiginosus : sufFruticose ? branclrlng from the base, viscidly pubes-
cent and cinereous : leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, mostly narrowed
at the base, sessile, laciniate-incised ; the divaricate teeth produced into pel-
lucid bristles ; heads subglobose, solitary or corymbose, terminating the leafy
branches, often bracteate ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, viscidly pu-
berulont, in about 2 series, nearly e(iual, loose, at length spreading ; achenia
turbinate, densely silky-villous; pappus bright reddish-brown.

Texas, Druminond ! — Stems erect or decumbent, corymbosely branched,
about 10 inches high. Heads rather smaller than in Chrysopsis Mariana,
on short stout peduncles. Kays 15-18, elongated. Scales of the involucre
tipped with a bristle. Alveoli of the receptacle pllose-fimbrillate. Corolla of
the disk-flowers dilated at the throat, rather deeply toothed. Appendages of
the style oblong-ovate, broader and much shorter than the stigmatic portion.
Achenia sllky-canescent. Bristles of the pappus in about 3 series of unequal
length. — Allied apparently to A. phyllocephalus, DC, of Mexico.

2. A. spinulosus (DC.) : herbaceous ; canescent with a soft minute woolly
pubescence, or at length almost glabrous ; stems many from the same root,
corymbosely branched above ; leaves (small) rigid, pinnately or somewhat
bipinnately parted ; the segments short, linear-subulate, mucronate with a
short bristle ; heads subglobose, terminating the numerous branchlets; invo-
lucre shorter than the disk ; the scales subulate-lanceolate, mucronulate,
imbricated in 3-4 series, appressed, canescent; achenia turbinate, villous ;
pappus (pale or tawny) very unequal. — DC. I.e. — Amellus? spinulosus,
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 564, (but the descr. does not perfectly accord); Torr.! in
ann. lye. New York, 2. p. 213. Starkea? pinnata, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 169.
Diplopappus pinnatifidus, Hook. ! fl. Bar.- Am. 2. p. 22. Dieteria spinulosa,
Nutt. ! in trans. A7ner. phil. soc. I. c. j). 301.

Plains of the Missouri to the Rocky Mountains ! Aug.-Sept. — Stems 1-2

Aplopappus. composite. 241

feet high. Leaves an inch or more in length. Heads small. Rays 20-30.
Corolla of the disk with very short teeth. Style nearly as in the preceding,
but the appendages as long as the stigmalic portion. Pappus short, rather
rigid, very unecpial, in about 3 series.

§ 2. Scales of the hemispherical involucre lanceolate, more or less imhricated :
achenia oblong or turbinate, villous : pappus of unequal and strongly scabrous
but almost capillary bristles: stems low, scape-like, from a fusiform, caudex,
hearing solitary or few rather large heads : leaves chiefly radical, petioled,
lanceolate, mostly with cartilaginous or spinulosc teeth. — Arnicella.

• Scales of the involucre lanccolatc-ohlong, cluirtaceous, unequal, iinbricatcd in 3 series :
pappus slutrier than the corolla of the disk.

3. A. lanceolatus : stem and petioles at first lanuginous, at length nearly
glabrous; leaves coriaceous; tlie radical and lowest cauline lanceolate, acute,
irregularly spinulose-toothed, petioled ; the upper small and bract-like, linear-
lanceolate, partly clasping; heads 2-5; achenia silky. — Donia lanceolata,
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 25. Homopappus (Actinaphoria) multiflorus,
Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. ]). 333.

Saskatchawan, Drummond! Plains both east and west of the Rocky
Mountains in about lat. 41°, Nuttall! — Plant from 6 to 24 inches high. Ap-
pendages of the style lanceolate, about the length of the stigmatic portion.
Rays 20 to 25, pistillate, and to all appearance fertile.

* * Scales of the involucre Uncar-laiiceolaLe, herbaceous, nco.rly equal, hose, in about 2
series: papp^is not very copious, as long as the corolla of the disk.

4. A. uniflorus : somewhat woolly when young, at length glabrous; leaves
rigid ; the radical lanceolate, acute, sparingly and coarsely spinulose-toothed,
or some of them entire, petioled ; the cauline linear-lanceolate, partly clasp-
ing; heads commonly solitary; involucre at length nearly glabrous ; achenia
silky-villous. — Donia uniflora. Hook. ! fl.. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 25, t. 124. Homo-
pappus uniflorus, Nutt. I. c.

Plains of the Saskatchawan and prairies of the Rocky Mountains, Drum-
mond! — Stems 5-10 inches high, from a thick caudex. Appendages of the
style oblong-lanceolate. Rays 25-30, fertile.

5. A. imdoides : tomentose-wooUy throughout; the pubescence mostly
persistent; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or sparingly spinulose-serrulate ;
the radical tapering to the base but nearly sessile ; heads usually solitary ;
involucre very woolly ; achenia villous. — Homopappus (Actinaphoria) inu-
loides, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. pJdl. soc. I. c.

Moist grassy plains of the Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the
Platte, Nuttall ! — Plant 3-4 inches to a foot high. Rays 40-50, Nutt. — Ap-
pendages of the style lanceolate-subulate. The rays are jiistillate and appa-
rently fertile. The species is very nearly allied to the preceding, and per-
haps not distinct.

6. A. 7 al'pigenvs : caudex thick, branched ; radical leaves narrowly spa-
tulate or oblanceolatc, obtuse, entire, somewhat petioled, about 3-nerved,
glabrous; the cauline few and small, linear, 1-nerved, slightly pubescent ;
head solitary, terminating the short ascending scapiform stems; scales of the
involucre linear, rather acute, pubescent, loosely imbricated in a double
series; the exterior a little shorter; achenia oblong-linear, at length nearly
glabrous.

VOL. II. — 31

242 COMFOSITiE. Aplopappds.

On Mount Ranier, Oregon ! collected either by Douglas or Mr. Tolmie ;
the specimen communicated by Sir Wm. Hooker. — Stem or scape 3-4 inches
high, bearing 3 or 4 small leaves below the middle, tomentose-pubescent near
the summit. Radical leaves 1-3 inches long, apparently rather fleshy.
Heads nearly as large as in A. unitlorus, to which it is manifestly allied ;
from which we infer the ray (twice the length of the involucre) to have been
yellow, which is uncertain from the specimen. Pappus whitish, barbellate-
scabrous. Achenia at first villous-pubesceni, the hairs deciduous. Appen-
dages of the style elongated-subulate, much longer than the stigmatic portion.

§ 3. Rays ivanting. — Aplodiscus, DC.

* Involucre ohconical, as long as the disk ; the scales regularly vnibricated in 4-5 series,
oblong, with narroio scarious margins, and slightly herbaceous and spreading tips :
corolla dilated at the siLnimit, the teeth spreading. (Aplodiscus, DC. Isocoma, Nutt.)

7. A. Menziesii: stem sufFruticose ; the branches elongated, simple, some-
what pubescent ; heads in terminal corymbose clusters ; leaves oblanceolate
or linear-spatulate, impressed-punctate, somewhat fleshy, glabrous, spinu-
lose-serrate towards the apex, often fascicled in the axils; appendages of the
style ovate, acute, much shorter than the stigmatic portion; achenia silky. —
Pyrrocoma Menziesii, Hooh. Sf Am. hot. Beechey, siipjd. p. 351. Isocoma
vernonioides, Nutt. ! in trans. Anier. 2}hil. soc. I. c. p. 320.

California, Menzics. Common in marshes near the sea, at St. Barbara,
Nuttall! April-May.— Plant 1-2 feet high.

* • Involucre elongated obconiccd ; the ohlong-Unear scales regularly imbricated in nu-
Tnerous series on the slender cylindrical rachis, rnth herbaceoxis squarrose tips, the in-
Tiermost as long as the disk: corolla not dilated at the summit.

8. A. squarrosus (Hook. & Arn.): slightly pubescent, somewhat resinous
or glutinous; stem shrubby, branched; heads crowded or spicate at the sum-
mit of the branches and in the upper axils; leaves crowded, obovate-oval,
rigid, 1-nerved, obscurely veined, closely serrate with mucronate spreading
teeth, very obtuse, partly clasping ; appendages of the style ovate-lanceolate,
as long as the stigmatic portion; achenia nearly glabrous. — Hook. S^' Am. !
lot. Beechey, p. 146 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 280. Pyrrocoma grindelioides, DC. !
procl.r. 5. p. 350 ; Hook. S^' Am.! I. c. svpjd. p. 351.

California, Capt. Beechey, Douglas! iyc. Plant with the habit of some
species of Baccharis. Leaves of the branches an inch long. Heads two-
thirds of an inch in length. Receptacle narrow.

* * * Involucre heniispherical, as long as the disk ; the scales lanceolate, vmiricated in
about 3 series, oppressed : corolki longer than the very unequal pappus, not dilated at
the summit, i-5-toothcd. (Eriocarpum, Nutt.)

9. A. NuttaUii : ciuereous-tomentose, dwarf; stems numerous from a
woody base or caudex, leafy, bearing several somewhat corymbose (small)
heads ; leaves cuneiform-oblong, sessile, serrate-toothed, the teeth ending in
bristles, when old somewhat glabrous; appendages of the style oblong-lan-
ceolate ; achenia silky-villous. — Eriocarpum grindelioides, Nutt. ! in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. I. c. ]). 321.

On shelving rocks in the Rocky Mountain range, Oregon, Nuttall! — Plant
about 6 inches high, with the habit, pappus, &c. of a genuine Aplopappus.
Alveoli of the receptacle strongly toothed.

PrRROcoMA. COMPOSlTiE. 243

48. PYRROCOMA. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 306, t. 107.

Sect. EupyiTocoma § Bracteosse, /)C.— Homopappus (partly) & Pyn-ocoma, Nutt.

Heads many-flowerecl ; the ray-flowers numerous, pistillate, but sometimes
infertile or inconspicuous; the disk-flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the
hemispherical or campanulate involucre rigid, somewhat foliaceous, nerve-
less, oblong, with more or less squarrose or herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat,
alveolate-toothed. Corolla of the disk cylindrical, slightly dilated upwards,
with short erect teeth. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers subulate-
linear, elongated, the hispid appendages much longer than the stigmalic por-
tion ; those of the ray often unequal or one of them abortive, glabrous.
Achenia linear, elongated, somewhat 3-angled and striate, glabrous, rarely
hairy. Pappus (reddish-brown or fulvous) of copious and uniform slender
rigid bristles, usually longer than the corolla of the disk, expanding. — Peren-
nial rigid herbs (natives of Oregon), with simple stems; the showy heads
terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves, often sessile. Leaves coriaceous,
alternate, lanceolate or oblong, sessile, 1 -nerved, reticulate-veined, obscurely
pellucid-punctate, sharply serrate or entire. Flowers yellow.

§1. Heads very large and bread, with foliaceous bracts; the rays slender,
concealed in the pappus or exscrted {the margins involute in dried speci-
mens), infertile. — Eupyrrocoma.

1. P. carthamoides (Hook. ! 1. c.) : stem (and young leaves) pubescent,
terminated by a single bracteate head ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucro-
nate-acuminate, sparingly spinulose-serrulate ; the lowest tapering into
slender petioles; bracts similar to the uppermost leaves, as long as the proper
involucre ; corolla of tlie ray and disk shorter than the pajxpus. — DC. ! prodr.
5. p. 350.

Oregon, (in the interior ?) Douglas! — Stem rather stout, a foot or more
high. "Head more than an inch in diameter ; the proper scales of the involu-
cre oblong, imbricated in 3 to 4 series, shorter than the disk. — The close re-
semblance of this plant to the tbllowing radiate species induced us to examine
it more attentively ; and we find that the head is not truly discoid, as has
been supposed ; but there is an outer series of rays, which are so concealed
in the pa]ipus as readily to escape observation. One of the branches of the
style in these flowers is suppressed or abortive ; the other is stigmatose, but
the ovary is apparently infertile. — It is not improbable that the rays will be
found to be sometimes a little exserted.

2. P. rctfZiato (Nutt.) : very glabrous ; leaves shining, reticulated, clasp-
ing; the radical (petioled) and lower cauline obovate-oblong, entire; the
upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sparingly spinulose-serrate or entire; heads
usually several and somewhat corymbose ; bracts fewer, passing into the
scales of the involucre; rays (about 25) exserted; the corolla of the disk as
long as the pappus. — Nutt. I in trans. Amer. pihil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 333.

Plains of Oregon near Walla-wallah, NuMall .'—Stem stout, 12-18 inches
high. Leaves very thick, 3-6 inches long, the lower 2 inches broad. Heads
nearly as large as "in Inula Helciiium! Involucre muchlikethat of Liatris
scariosa ; but the scales not dilated above, and acutish, imbricated in 5 or 6

244 COMPOSITE. Pyrrocoma.

series, more or less subtended with foliaceoiis bracts, shorter than the disk.
Rays very narrow, rigid, exserted, but inconspicuous. Achenia fully a third
of an inch long, about the length of the rigid expanding pappus ; the bristles
of which are barbellate-scabrous (more so tlian the preceding), some of them
very obscurely thickened towards the apex. — The exterior covering of the
fruit, or calyx-tube, as in the whole genus, is readily separable from the
proper ovary.

§2. Heads smaller and fewer-flowered : the involucre scarcely bracteate ; the
rays manifest, and usually fertile. — Homopappus, Nutt. (excl. spec.)

* Heads hemispherical: involucre imbrv:oted in 2 series, shoiier than the disk: achenia
sparsely hirsute.

3. P. racemosa: stem glabrous, bearing several (3-7) racemose heads at
the summit; the peduncles and the ovate-oblong scales of the involucre
pubescent; leaves glabrous, lanceolate, slightly spinulose-serrate ; the upper
acute, oblong-lanceolate, partly clasping ; the lower tapering to the base,
somewhat petioled ; corolla of the disk shorter than the pappus. — Homopap-
pus (Myrianthus) racemosus, Nutt. ! in trans. Avier. phil. sac. I. c. p. 332.

Plains of the Wahlamet, Nultcdl ! — Plant 12-18 inches high. Entirely a
Pyrrocoma; but the heads reduced in size (less than an inch in diameter);
the involucre of fewer scales, and not subtended by leafy bracts ; the rays
(15-20) rather conspicuous and fertile ; and the achenia hairy.

* * Heads ohoroid, sessile and often clustered : involucre as long as the disk; the scales
lincar-ohlong , with ^hoH distinct herhaccous lips, imbricated in several series : achenia
gkibrous. (Intennediate between Pyrrocoma and Aplopappus.)

4. P. paniculata : glabrous ; stem branched at the summit ; the heads
sessile and somewhat clustered along the branches, about the length of the
bracteal leaf; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, mucronate ; rays 10-12,
slender; young achenia slightly hairy towards the summit ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, mucronate, obscurely and remotely serrulate; the cauline partly
clasping. — Homopappus paniculatus, Nutt.! I. e.

Plains of the Oregon near Walla-wallah, in wet jdaces, NuttalL! — Plant
a foot high; the leaves (entirely like a genuine Pyrrocoma) and involucres,
as also in the following species, often slightly covered with a resinous exuda-
tion. Heads numerous, more than half an inch long; the rays fertile.

5. P.arguta: glabrous; heads axillary and terminal, clustered, sessile;
scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute; rays 10-12 ; leaves spatulate-lan-
ceolate, somewhat acuminate, sharply serrate, the cauline partly clasping.
Nutt. — Homopappus argutus, Nutt.! I. c.

Plains of the Oregon, with the y)receding, Nuttall! — Very similar to the
following, according to Nuttall: it appears to us mOre closely to resemble the
preceding species. The rays in the specimens which we have examined are
entirely neutral.

6. P. glomerata : glabrous ; stem simple or branched ; the heads (short)
clustered and disposed in an interrupted spike; scales of the involucre oblong,
obtuse; rays 8-10; leaves oblong-lanceolate, the lower spatulate-lanceolate,
very acute, mostly entire ; the cauline partly clasping.

Plains of the Oregon, with the preceding, Nuttall! — Heads nearly as
broad (half an inch) as long. Rays fertile.

Prionopsis. composite. 246

49. PRIONOPSIS. Nidt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. («. ser.) 7. p. 329.

Heads broadly hemispherical, many-flowered ; the rays numerous (in a
single series), ligulate, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect, but more
or less infertile. Scales of the involucre very numerous, lanceolate, cuspi-
date, somewhat unequal, the exterior squarrose and foliaceous. Receptacle
broad and flat, slightly alveolate. Corolla of the disk slightly dilated up-
wards, 5-toothed. Appendages of the style in the disk-flowers lanceolate-
oblong, obtuse, rather short. Achenia short, very glabrous, somewhat striate,
turgid; in the ray oval; in the disk cylindrical-oblong, or the infertile oblong-
linear. Pappus deciduous, composed of copious and very unequal rigid
scabrous bristles ; the inner series (5-10) setose and stronger than the others,
longer than the corolla (of the disk) and much longer than the achenia; the
others successively shorter and more slender. — Stout biennial plants, with
the aspect and spinulose-toothed leaves of Grindelia. Heads large and
showy : flowers yellow.

The short and very smooth achenia, and the deciduous pappus, form the chief, if
not the only distinctions between this genus and true Aplopappus : we are not suffi-
ciently acquainted with the South American species to judge of the importance of
these characters. The perennial species from Florida here subjoined, has short and
glabrous ovaries, but perhaps a persistent pappus : if so, this ge'nus should probably
be considered a section of Aplopappus.

1. P. ciliata (Nutt. ! I.e.): glabrous; stem stout, simple or sparingly
branched ; leaves elUptical, very obtuse, partly clasping, somewhat veiny,
closely and sharply serrate-toothed, the teeth all pointed with bristles. — Donia
ciliata, Nutt..' in jour. acad. Philad. 2. p. 118; HooJc. exoL. ji. 1. t. 45.
Aplopappus (Leiachenium) ciliatus, DC! j^rodr. 5. p. 346.

Arkansas, on the alluvial banks of Great Salt River, Nuttall ! Texas,
Drummond! Aug.-Oct. — Stem about 3 feet high. Involucre an inch in
diameter, somewhat glutinous. Pappus of the ray rather shorter than in the
disk, often deciduous in a ring. Inner bristles of the pappus terete, attenu-
ate from the base to the middle, and tlience obscurely thickened upwards;
the outermost very slender and scarcely exceeding the achenia, the others
intermediate in size, &c.

2. P.? Chapmanii : stems simple, virgate, hirsute-pubescent; leaves erect,
numerous, narrowly lanceolate or linear, glabrous, pungently acute, seta-
ceously serrate; the radical ones elongated; the uppermost short, some-
what hairy, appressed ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, very acute or cus-
pidate, S(iuarrose ; rays elongated.

Swamps in pine barrens, Middle Florida, Br. Chapman! June-July —
U Stem 1-2 feet high, bearing 1 to 3 or 4 heads. Leaves slightly nerved ;
the radical ones clustered, 4-6 inches long, tapering to the base, sometimes
entire ; the cauline successively decreasing in length, serrate with scattered
bristly teeth, much as in Eryngium aquaticum. Head about three-fourths
of an inch in diameter ; the" involucre rather shorter than (he disk. Recep-
tacle broad and flat, slightly alveolate and fimbrillate. Rays 30-40, nar-
rowly linear. A[)pendages of the style in the disk-flowers narrowly lanceo-
late, longer than the stigmatic portion. Achenia (inunature) very short.
Pappus rigid, ferruginous, nearly as in the preceding, but the bristles less
unequal.— We have not seen the mature achenia, and are not entirely sure
that the rays are yellow.

246 COMPOSITiE. Prionopsis.

50. CENTAURIDIUM.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 20, ligulale, pistillate ; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre subglobose ; the scales (few) closely
imbricated in 2-3 series, appressed, coriaceous at the base, the upper herba-
ceous portion dilated rhombic-ovate, cuspidate or mucronate ; the inner with
scarious margins. Receptacle flat, strongly fimbrilliferous ; the subulate
fimbrillas nearly the length of the achenia. Corolla of the disk somewhat
dilated above, 5-toothed. Appendages of the style (in the disk-flowers)
subulate-filiform, hispid, 3-4 times the length of the linear-oblong flat stig-
matic portion. Achenia short, obovoid-turbinate, obscurely 4-sided, minute-
ly appressed-pubescent. Pappus persistent, spreading when old, composed .
of 10 subulate-filiform rigid bristles, which are flattened and dilated towards
the base, minutely scabrous above, longer than the corolla (of the disk) and
twice the length of the achenia, 10 similar but smaller ones nearly one-half
shorter, and usually about 5 still smaller and exterior. — An annual or bien-
nial glabrous herb ; the stem and fastigiate branches slender, rather thickly
clothed with linear-lanceolate 1-nerved cuspidate-acute alternate leaves with
scabrous margins, and terminated by solitary small heads. Flowers appa-
rently light yellow.

C. Drummondii.

Texas, Drummond! Dr. Rid dell ! — Plant 20-30 inches high; the virgate
branches minutely scabrous. Leaves erect, pale, about an inch long, sessile,
the lower sometimes very slightly serrate. Heads half an inch in diameter;
the rays linear-lanceolate, elongated. FimbrilliB of the receptacle white,
chaffy, united only at the base, setaceous, not unlike the pappus. Achenia
about a line and a half long, all fertile, but those of the ray often larger than
the others, or perhaps maturing earlier ; the setiform-subulate definite pap-
pus radiate-spreading in fruit. Heads in appearance not unlike some species
of Cenlaurea.

51. GRINDELIA. Willd. mag. nat. Berl. 1807, p. 261; Dunal, mem.
mus. Par. 5. p. 48 ; DC. p)i'odr. 5. p. 314.

Donia, R. Br. (1813)— Demetria, Lagasca, (1814.)

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers ligulate, pistillate, in a single se-
ries (or very rarely wanting) ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre
hemispherical or subglobose ; the scales numerous and imbricated in several
series. Receptacle flat, foveolate. Corolla of the ray elongated; of the disk
tubular-infundibuliform, 5-toothed. Branches of the style linear, rather
acute, the hairy appendages as long as the stigmatic portion. Achenia ob-
ovate or oval, somewhat angled, glabrous. Pappus of few (2-8) rigid or cor-
neous bristles or awns, very deciduous. — Perennial, biennial ? or suffruticose
plants (all American, and chiefly Mexican) ; with the stems mostly branched.
Leaves entire or serrate, somewhat pellucid-punctate or reticulate-punctate ;
the radical ones usually spatulate ; the cauline sessile or partly clasping.

Gri> DELIA. COMPOSITE. 247

Heads solitary at the extremity of the branches ; the involucre, and often the
branchlets, as well as the (yellow) corolla, &c. covered with a glutinous var-
nish, particularly when young. Disk-flowers sometimes infertile.

1. G. aineiJhUa (Nutt.) : herbaceous ? glabrous ; leaves entire (the lower
unknown), cuneate-oblong, or the uppermost linear-oblong, mucronate-acute,
partly clasping, somewhat fleshy, pellucid-(reticulate-) paniculate ; heads
(rather large) leafy at the base ; scales of the involucre with linear-subulate
recurved-squarrose appendages ; pappus of 5 or 6 short and stout nearly te-
rete bristles. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. G. s(|uarrosa /3. fol. sub-
inttg. carnosula opaca, Hook. &; Am. hot. Beecheij, p. 147.

California, at St. Barbara, Nuttall ! — Mr. Nuttall obtained only imperfect
specimens, and thinks the plant may perhaps be only a variety of G. gluti-
nosa. The thick awns of the pappus are considerably shorter than the
corolla, and not at all angled or scabrous.

2. G. inuloides (Willd.) : stem suffruticose at the base, branching and
pubescent or hirsute-pubescent above ; cauline leaves ovate-oblong, rather
glabrous, broader and cordate at the base, partly clasping, obtuse or rather
acute, evenly serrate-toothed ; scales of tlie involucre glabrous, produced into
linear-subulate spreading or recurved appendages ; bristles of the pappus
\-^.— Willd. I. c. p. 261, S^-enum. 2. p. 894; Dunal! I. c. t. 15 ; Bot. reg.
t. 248 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 315 ; Hook. ! hot. mag. t. 3737. G. pubescens,
Nutt..' in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 74. G. spathulata. Link, enum., ex DC.
Aster spathulatus, Hort. Madr. ! S^x. Demetria spathulata, Lagasca, elench.
hort. Madr. (1814) p. 20. Inula serrata, Pcrs.

(3. branches, leaves, and involucre glandular-hairy. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 25, under Donia.

y. leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse ; the upper finely pectinately
serrate, mostly tipped with glands; achenia of the disk often sterile. — G. mi-
crocephala, DC. I. c? (which is said to have a pappus of 4-5 bristles.)

Texas, Belandier ! Drnmmond ! {a. & 7.) Arkansas, Nuttall! jS. Sources
of the Wahlaraet, Douglas, ex Hook. Aug.-Oct. — Sent many years ago
by Sesse from Mexico to the Botanic Garden of Madrid ; not uncommon in
cultivation.

3. G. hirsutula (Hook. & Arn.) : stem herbaceous, glabrous below, hairy
towards the summit; cauline leaves sessile and partly clasping, oblong, ob-
tuse, sharply serrate-toothed, the younger pubescent; inner scales of the in-
volucre glutinous, appressed ; the exterior tomentose-pubescent, squarrose ;
bristles of the pappus 2-3. — Hook. S{ Arn. ! hot. Beechey, p. 147, S^- suppl.
p. 351 ,• DC. j^rodr. 7. {mantiss.) p.27S. G. rubricaulis, DC. prodr. 5. p. 316.

California, Capt. Beechey, Douglas! — Stem and elongated nearly simple
branches purplish. Leaves rigid, 1-3 inches long, narrowly oblong, the
lower oblong-spatulate, reticulate-punctate.

4. G. rohusta (Nutt.): very glabrous; stem herbaceous; leaves oblong,
very obtuse, coarsely serrate, cordate-clasping ; involucre leafy at the base;
the scales produced into recurved-squarrose subulate-linear appendages;
pappus of 2 (or more?) bristles. — Nutt.! in trans. Amer. jMl. soc. {n. ser.)
7. p. 314.

St. Pedro, California, Nuttall! April. — A very stout and robust species,
about 18 inches high, apparently biennial. Leaves about an inch broad, one
and a half [to 2 inches] long. Heads very large, more than twice the size of
those of G. squarrosa, which this species much resembles ; but the leaves are
broadest at the base. Nutt.

5. G. squarrosa (Dunal) : herbaceous or nearly so, glabrous ; stem corym-

248 COMPOSITE. GaiNDELiA.

boselv branched ; leaves oblono; or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, slightly or finely
serrate (seklom spinulose-tooihetl), somewhat clasping; scales of the gluti-
nous involucre with recurved-squarrose or mostly circinale subulate lips;
bristles of the pappus 2-4. — Dunal, I. c. p. 50 ; Richards, aj^px. Frankl.
journ. ed. 2. p. 33 ; Torr. ! in ami. lye. Neiv York, 2. p. 212 ; DC. ! I. c.
Donia squarrosa, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 559 ; Bot. mag. t. ]706 ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p.
163 ; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 25. Aurelia amplexicaulis, Cass., ex DC.
Dry plains, from the Upper Missouri ! to the Rocky Mountains ! and north
to Saskatchawan ! extending, according to Richardson, into the woody coun-
try between lat. 54° & 64°. July-Oct.— Plants 10-20 inches high. Leaves
of a pale glaucous hue, small. Heads numerous, small ; the involucre not
exceeding half an inch in diameter in the wild plant.

6. G. lanceolala (Nutt.) : herbaceous, glabrous ; stem fastigiately and vir-
gately branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, coarsely spinulose-
serrate or incisely toothed ; scales of the involucre with subulate-filiform .
straight appendages, nearly equal in length ; the exterior loose ; pappus
mostly of 2 bristles. — Nutt..' in jour. acad. Philad. l.p. 73.

/3. leaves linear, sparsely spinulose-serrulate, or the upper entire.

y.l leaves short, oblong-lanceolate, partly clasping, spinulose-serrulate ;
scales of the involucre with shorter appendages, more unequal and appressed.

Plains of Western Arkansas I Louisiana! and Texas! (a. & /3. Nultall!
Dr. Pitcher! Dr. Leavenworth! Drummond!) y.l Texas, Drummond !
Sept. — Plant 1-3 feet high ; with larger heads than the preceding, very glu-
tinous; the elongated aijpendages of the involucral scales not recurved and
circinate, but straight, spreading, or reflexed when old. Leaves ])ale, rigid;
the lower incisely spinulose-serrate, or sometimes almost pinnatifid, 2-3
inches long. We have only seen an imperfect specimen of the doubtful var. y.

7. G.integrifolia (DC.) : stem herbaceous, wdth a few scattered hairs to-
wards the summit ; leaves puberulent or nearly glabrous, entire, with sca-
brous margins ; the upper ones lanceolate, acute, broadest at the partly clasp-
ing base ; "the lower somewhat spatulate-oblong, rather obtuse, often slightly
serrate ; scales of the glutinous involucre produced into slender subulate-fili-
form spreading appendages; bristles of the pappus mostly 2. — DC! 2nodr.
5. p. 315. Donia glulinosa, Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 25, (excl. syn.)

/3. virgata : steni more slender and virgately branched ; leaves narrowly
lanceolate ; heads smaller. — G. virgata, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Oregon, common. Dr. Scolder ! Douglas ! Nuttall /— (2) Stem 3-4 feet high ;
the branches and upper leaves as well as the involucre and corolla, &c., more
or less glutinous. The leaves rather thin. Heads about as large as in G.
squarrosa, or in var. a. larger; the exterior scales with long filiform appendages.

8. G. stricta (DC.) : stem herbaceous, strict, somewhat simple, glabrous
at the base, sparingly hairy at the summit; cauline leaves much attenuate
and entire at the base ; the summit oblong, acuminate, serrate ; scales of the
involucre erect, linear, acuminate. DC. prodr. {maniiss.) l.p.21S.

Port Mulgrave, on the North West Coast, Heenke, fide De Candolle. —
This species" is unknown to us ; and there is so much confusion and uncer-
tainty respecting the origin of the specimens in Htenke's collection, that we
cannot be confident as to the habitat. The character nearly accords with G.
humilis, except the somewdiat hairy stem and erect scales of the involucre.

9. G. humilis (Hook. & Arn.) : diffiisely branched from the base, dwarf,
herbaceous, glabrous ; the stems mostly simple ; leaves resinous-dotted, linear-
spalulate or oblanceolate ; the radical and lower cauline with a long at-
tenuate base, the uppermost reduced to bracts ; heads small ; scales of the
involucre with subulate squarrose-recurved appendages. — Hook. Sf Arn.
hot. Beechey, p. 147.

Grindelia. COMPOSITiE. 249

a. cauline leaves entire or nearly so. — G. nana (3. integrifolia, Nutt. ! in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

13. leaves spinulose-toolhed. — G. nana, Nult. ! I. c.

California, Capt. Beechey, Oregon near Fort Vancouver, Nuftall! —
Stems 5-8 inches high, numerous from a perennial? root. Involucre nearly
as in G. squarrosa. Pi.ays about 16.

10. G. discoidea (Nutt.) : herbaceous, perennial, glabrous ; stems several
from the same root, slender, fostigiately branched ; leaves oblong-linear,
tapering to the base, sessile, somewhat spinulose-serrulate above ; heads
small; scales of the involucre with short su!)ulate squarrose-recurved appen-
dages ; pappus of 2 bristles ; rays none. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I.
c. p. 315.

Banks of the Oregon, Nuttall! — Heads rather smaller than in G. squarrosa,
terminating the slender stems (a foot high) or branches. Leaves 2-3 lines
wide.

52. PENTACHiETA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. pli'd. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 33G.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers ligulate, numerous, in a single se-
ries (in 2-3 series, Nutt.) ; those of the disk tubular, perfect and fertile. In-
volucre hemispherical ; the scales lanceolate, mucronate-acuminate, mem-
branaceous, with broad scarious margins, loosely appressed and imbricated
in 2-3 series. Receptacle convex, naked, areolate. Corolla of the ray ob-
long; of the disk tubular-infundibuliform, slightly incurved (the proper tube
very short), unequally 5-cleft at the summit, the sinuses of the exterior lobe
deepest ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, spreading. Anthers (naked at the
base) tipped at the apex with a mucronate appendage. Branches of the
style in the ray-flowers linear, glabrous, slightly exserted beyond the tube,
stigmatose to the summit ; of the disk consisting of a very short and flat stig-
matic portion, terminated by a long subulate-filiform strongly barbellate-
hispid appendage. Achenia oblong, hirsute, obscurely 5-angular. Pappus
of the ray and disk similar, consisting of 5 elongated rigid scabrous bristles
slightly dilated (and obscurely connected ?) at the base, persistent. — A small
and slender much branched annual; the branches terminated by solitary
heads. Leaves alternate, numerous, sessile, filiform-linear, involute when
dry, and like the stem furnished with scattered villous hairs, otherwise gla-
brous. Flowers golden yellow.

P. aurea (Nutt.! I.e.)

St. Diego, California, in dry plains near the sea. Flowering in April. — A
very elegant, though often minute plant, from 2-3 inches to a foot high, branch-
ing usually from the base in an umbellate manner. Head about the size of a
daisy, almost orange-yellow, with 20-50 rays much longer than the disk. . .
Habit of some of the Chilian species of ChcEtanthera. Allied to the Mutisia-
cese, but with the stigma of Aster. Nuttall. — Involucre almost exactly as in
Bradburia (which it also resembles in foliage and habit), but with fewer
scales, with the central portion greenish. Rays simple, 4-nerved. Bristles
of the pappus as in Elephantopus, but more abruptly dilated at the base;
the habit also (not unlike some Pectideae) and bilabiate corolla of the disk,
would seem to indicate an affinity with the Vernoniaceae. But the style is
VOL. II. — 32

250 COMPOSITE. Pentach^ta.

certainly that of Asteroidefe, although the appendages are unusually narrow
and prolonged.

Subdiv. 4. Heterothece^, DC. — Rays in a single series. Pappus of the
disk and ray dissimilar.

53. BRADBURIA. Torr. Sf Gray; not of Raf.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in a sin-
gle series; those of the disk perfect but infertile. Involucre hemispherical-
campanulate ; the scales oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, membranaceous,
shining, with broad scarious margins, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, appressed.
Receptacle flat, areolate, nearly naked. Corolla of the ray linear, twice the
length of the involucre ; of the disk tubular, slender, 5-toothed, about the
lenf^th of the involucre. Branches of the style in the ray-flowers included in
the tube of the corolla, narrowly linear, glabrous, stigmatose to the summit;
in the disk filiform, elongated, barbellate throughout. Achenia of the ray
short, triangular, turgid, villous ; of the disk very short, villous, rudimentary.
Pappus of the ray double ; the exterior of few unequal short squamellate
bristles; the interior of numerous rather rigid barbellate-scabrous capillary
bristles, somewhat longer than the achenium : pappus of the disk of 2 awn-
like bristles, nearly the length of the corolla, somewhat dilated and chaffy
towards the base. — An annual herb, sparsely hispid with rigid spreading
hairs, and glandular-scabrous, with numerous slender and elongated branches.
Leaves linear, very narrow, short, entire, involute when dry; the uppermost
setaceous. Heads solitary, terminating the branchlets. Flowers apparently
yellow.

B. liirlella.

Texas, Drummond! — Stem about 2 feet high, somewhat corymbosely
branched. Leaves rather rigid, numerous, the lower ones about an inch long,
apiculate, sparsely hispid, like the stem, with long bristly hairs arising from
a rigid somewhat dilated base, and minutely glandular-scabrous. Heads
pedunculate, as large as in Chrysopsis graminifolia. Involucre at length
spreading ; the scales nearly glabrous, shining, remarkably membranaceous,
1-nerved. Ray-flowers about 12 ; the achenia slightly obovate, 3-sided,
rather large. Pappus of the disk-flowers of 2 (very rarely one) bristles or
awns resembling those of Ageratum conyzoides: in one of them the chaffy
base is occasionally wanting. — We are not sure that the ray is yellow : if it
prove otherwise, the plant would belong to De Candolle's division Asterese,
subdivision Heteropappes. The style is nearly the same with that of Ver-
noniacffi. We dedicate this remarkable genus to the memory of John Brad-
bury, who in the year 1811 ascended the Missouri to the Mandan villages,
and made an interesting collection of plants, &c., a portion of which were
published by Pursh in the supplement to his Flora. " In 1817, he pub-
lished in London a journal of his travels in America during the years 1809-
11, in which is contained a great deal of interesting information on the bota-
ny'of the Missouri country/' {Short, on Western Botany.) This work we
have never met with. — Bradhurya of Rafinesque's Flurula Ludoviciana, is
founded on Robins' description of two species of Glycine, one of which ap-
pears to be Centrosema Virginiana, the other perhaps a Galactia.

Heterotheca. composite. 251

54. HETEROTHECA. Cass. hill, pliilom. 1817, S^- diet. 21. p. 130 ; DC.

Calycium, Ell. — Diplocoma, Don.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers ligulate, pistillate, in a single
series ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, ap-
pressed, or with somewhat spreading points, imbricated in few series. Re-
ceptacle alveolate, fimbrillate. Corolla of the ray with a slender tube and
an oblong or linear ligule ; of the disk slender, somewhat dilated at the
throat, 5-toothed. Appendages of the style in the disk-flowers lanceolate,
acute, or rarelj^ triangular and obtuse, hispid. Achenia of the ray (some-
times glabrous) oval, nioslly triangular, destitute of pappus ; of the disk ob-
ovate or cuneiform, compressed, hairy, with a double pappus; the exterior
of very short squamellate or somewhat chaffy bristles; the interior of num-
erous capillary scabrous bristles mostly in a single series. — Perennial? (N.
American and Mexican) strigose or hirsute herbs, paniculately branched.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate, toothed or serrate, sometimes sprinkled with
resinous dots; the lower petioled and often furnished with a dilated auricu-
late or stipuliform base. Heads in terminal (and often also in smaller axil-
lary) corymbose panicles. Flowers yellow. Pappus usually reddish or
brownish.

1. H. scabra (DC) : stem hispid and scabrous; the branchlets glandular;
leaves strigose, veiny, dentate-serrate; the upper lanceolate, closely sessile
or partly clasping ; the lower oval, coarsely and une(]ually serrate-toothed,
obtuse or subcordate at the base, petioled ; the petioles dilated at the base
into a roundish foliaceous toothed lamina resembling adnate stipules; heads
in a loose spreading or divaricate corymbose panicle; involucre somewhat
pubescent and glandular, shorter than the pappus; rays oblong-linear; ache-
nia of the ray glabrous; of the disk silky-villous ; inner pappus reddish-
brown, in a single series; the exterior squamellate-selaceous, white. — DC. !
prodr. 5. p. 317. H. Lamarckii, Cass, in diet. sei. not. 21. p. 131 (fide
descr.) ; DC! I. e. (excl. char. & syn. except Inula subaxillaris. Lam.)
Inula subaxillaris. Lam. diet. 3. p. 259, ex spec, in herb. Desf. (fide Cass.)
I. scabra, Pursh! fl. 2. p. 531. I. punctata, Muhl. cat. Chrysopsis scabra,
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 151 ,• EU. ! sk. 2. p. 339.

a. Calyeium : achenia of the ray oblong, crowned with a nianifest cup-
shaped epigynous disk. — Chrysopsis scabra, Ell..' I. c., Sfe. (Perhaps all the
above synonymy belongs here.) Calycium, Ell. I. c, in a note.

(3. nuda : achenia of the ray broadl}^ oval, the disk obscure.

Sandy soil and dry pastures. South Carolina ! near the coast, to Western
Louisiana! and Texas! Sept.-Oct. — All the specimens from South Caro-
lina which we have examined present the " marginal cup" crowning the ray-
achenia, as described by Elliott, to which his proposed generic name alludes,
and this disk is uniformly nearly obsolete or very inconspicuous in our spe-
cimens from the Western States ! The H. Lamarckii of De Candolle, as to
the plant in his herbarium, we believe to be a state of the present species;
but the character appears to be taken from the Chrysopsis divaricata of Nut-
tall and Elliott; who do not describe the ray-flowers as destitute of pappus,
nor does the latter include that plant in his proposed genus Calycium, as
De Candolle seems to have supposed. The oldest specific name, that of
Inula subaxillaris, Lam., is by no means appropriate, except to a particular

252 COMPOSITiE. Heterothkca.

state of the plant, or when the corymb has been injured, in which case it
often produces short axillary flower-branches.

2. H. grandijlora (Nutt.) : very villous, glandular and viscid above;
leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, sparingly toothed ; the upper sessile or nearly so
with a tapering base ; the lower tapering into long and slender petioles, which
are somewhat dilated at the base; involucre glandular-viscid; achenia of the
ray pubescent, of the disk silky-pubescent; exterior pappus setose, short, in-
conspicuous.— Nuit. ! in trans. Amer. pliil. soc. I. c. i). 315. Diplopappus
scaber, Hool\ ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. jj. 22.

"N. W. Coast, Meazies .' in herh. Hook, (probably California?) and on
rocks St. Barbara, California, Nuttall! — Heads larger than in H. scabra,
but smaller than in H. inuloides; distinguished from the former by the
character assigned, and by the short and triangular obtuse appendages of the
styles ; from the latter by the obtuse, densely villous, slightly toothed leaves,
distinct exterior pappus, &c. In our specimen of H. inuloides (Mexico,
Harlweg), the disk-llovvers present an unequal pappus of copious capillary
bristles, forming 2 or more series, but with no distinct squamellate or setose
exterior pappus ; thus holding the same relation to Aplopappus, that the
other species do to Chrysopsis.

Subdiv. 5. Chrysopside^, DC. — Pappus of the ray and disk similar,
double; the exterior shoi"t ; the inner copious, capillaiy.

55. CHRYSOPSIS. Nuit. gen. 2. p. 150 ( § of Inula), excl. spec. ; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 333 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 326.

Heads many-flowered; the rav-flowers ligulate, pistillate, in a single
series; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, im-
'bricate. Receptacle somewhat alveolate, flat. Corolla of the disk -flowers
tubular, 5-toothed. Branches of the style mostly terminated by linear or
linear-subulate hispid appendages, often longer than the flat stigmatic por-
tion. Achenia obovate or linear-oblong, compressed, hairy. Pappus of the
disk and ray similar, double ; the exterior short, squamellate-setose or some-
what chaffy ; the interior of numerous elongated and scabrous capillary bris-
tles. Perennial, rarely annual or suffrutescent plants (all North American),
mostly villous, silky, or woolly ; with oblong or linear usually entire and
sessile leaves. Heads terminating the branches, often corymbose, showy.
Flowers yellow.

§ 1. Perennial: leaves gramineous or linear, nerved: aclienia ohlong-linear,
at length attenuate at each end, or fusiform : exterior pappus setiform or
somewhat squamellate-subtdate. — Pityopsis, Nutt.

1. C. graminifolia (Nutt.) : thickly clothed with long closely appressed
silky hairs ; stem corymbosely branched above, leafy ; leaves lanceolate or
linear, gramineous, shining, nervose, entire ; the uppermost and those of the
branchlets very short, appressed ; heads corymbose, or somewhat paniculate ;
scales of the turbinate involucre linear and lanceolate-subulate, pubescent
and more or less glandular; achenia linear or linear-oblong, silky-pubescent;
exterior pappus nearly setiform. — Ell. sk. 2. jj. 334; JDC. .' prodr. 5. p.
326. Inula graminifolia, Michx. ! ji. 2. p. 122 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 532 ; Nutt.

Chrtsopsis. composite. 253

ge7i. 2. p. 151. Erigeron nervosum, Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1953. E. glandu-
losum, Poir. ex DC. Diplopa])pns gram inifoli lis, Less, in Linncea, 5. p. 310.
D. sericeus. Hook, compan. to bot. mag. 1. p. 97. Pityo|isis (Sericophyl-
kim) graininitblia & argentea, Nuit. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. set.)
7. 1). 318.

/3. achenia rather shorter ; stem less leafy towards the summit. — C. argen-
tea, Nutt. I. c. ; Ell. I. c. ; DC. ! I. c. Inula argentea, Pcrs. syn. 2. p)-
452, ex DC. I. graminifolia /3. tenuifolia, Ton.! in ann. lye. New York,
2. p. 212.

Dr}^ sandy soil, Delaware to Florida ! Alabama ! and Western Louisiana !
July-Oct.— Stem 1-2 feet high, usually leafy throughout. Leaves with
botl: surfaces similar and shining ; the pubescence at length often partly de-
ciduous; the leaves of the branches somewhat subulate. Heads variable in
size. Pappus whitish or brownish. — Tiiis species varies considerably as to
the size and breadth of the leaves ; but C. argentea can scarcely be distin-
guished, even as a variety. In both forms the involucre is either manifestly
or very slightly glandular, and sometimes a glandular pubescence takes the
place of the silky hairs on the branchlets and peduncles.

2. C. vligantha {Chapman [ mss.) : stem simple, slender, glandular and
naked above, bearing 2-4 heads; leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate,
silky with closely appressed shining hairs, nervose, entire ; heads on elonga-
ted naked peduncles; scales of the campanulate involucre subulate-lanceo-
late, glandular, somewhat pubescent ; achenia linear, elongated, silky-vil-
lous ; exterior pappus nearl}^ setiform.

Damp pine barrens of Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! April-May. —
Stem 12-18 inches high, somewhat leafy and silky below the middle, but
glandular and entirely naked or with a few minute bracts above. Leaves
either eloniiated as in the preceding, or short and linear-spatulate, or even
oblong and obtuse, on the same plant. Peduncles 2—1 inches long. Heads
mostly larger than is usual in C. graminifolia — This is a vernal species,
closely allied to the preceding, but perhaps sufficiently distinct. It cannot
be the Inula argentea of Persoon, or of later authors : the achenium and pap-
pus are wholly similar to the preceding. — We have seen Mexican specimens
almost intermediate between this species and the preceding.

3. C. pinifolia (Ell.): nearly glabrous; stem rigid, branching; leaves
crowded, narrowly linear, rigid, carinate-nerved ; the uppermost setaceous;
heads mostly solitary terminating the branchlets; inner scales of the involu-
cre linear-lanceolate, somewhat membranaceous and lanate-ciliate at the
apex; achenia linear, villous; exterior pappus somewhat chaffy or squa-
mellate. — Ell.! sk. 2. p. 335; DC! j^^odr. 5. p. 326. Erigeron retro-
flexum, Poir. suppl. 2. p. 464 .'' Pityopsis pinifolia, Nutt.! I. c.

Sand-hills between the Flint and Chatahoochee Rivers, C4eorgia, Elliott!
Sept.-Oct. — Stem 1-2 feet high. Lower leaves 4-6 inches long. Heads
rather large. Exterior pappus very short, whitish ; the interior reddish-
brown.

4. C.falcata{'EA\.): stem lanate-villous, often branched ; leaves crowded,
linear, mucronate, rigid, spreading or falcate, about 3-nerved, entire, hairy
or at length nearly glabrous ; heads (small) paniculate-corymbed ; the pedi-
cels slender; scales of the campanulate involucre villous-pubeseent ; ache-
nia oblong-linear; exterior ])appus setiform. — Ell.! I- c. p. 336 (note);
DC. ! I. c. Inula falcata, Ptirsh, fl. 2. p. 532. I. (Chrysopsis) Mariana,
/?. Nutt. ! I. c. Pityopsis falcata, Nutt. ! in trans. Amcr. phil. soc. I. c.

Pine barrens. New Jersey ! and Long Island, New York ! Connecticut,
Dr. Kohbins ! Nantucket, Massachusetts^ Mr. T. A. Green ! July-Sept. —
Stems 6-10 inches high, stout, very leafy. Pappus cinnamon-colored. — A
very distinct species.

254 COMPOSITjE. Chrysopsis.

§ 2. Perennial : leaves ohlong or lanceolate, somewhat veined : aclienia oh-
ovate or ohlong, compressed. — Euchrtsopsis.

* Exterior pappus inanifcst, setose or squavicUatc-suhdate.

5. C. Mariana (Nutt.) : villous with long and weak somewhat deciduous
hairs; stem mostly simple, leafy ; leaves membranaceous, oblong or ellipti-
cal, entire, or remotely mucronately serrulate, mucronulate, somewhat veiny;
the uppermost closely sessile ; the lower tapering to the base and somewhat
petioled; corymb mostly simple ; peduncles glandular; scales of the cam-
panulate involucre linear, acute, somewhat glandular-viscid ; achenia ob-
ovate, pubescent; exterior pappus setose-squamellate. — Nutt. ! I. c. ; Ell.!
sk. 2. p. 335; DC! prodr. 5. p. 327. Inula Mariana, Linn. spec. {ed. 2)
2. p. 1240; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 531. Aster Carolinianus pilosus, &c., Mill,
diet. t. 57. Diplopappus Marianus, Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 97;
Darlinzt. fl. Cest. p. 475.

Sandy and barren dry soil. New York? and New Jersey ! to Florida! and
Louisiana ! common. Aug.-Oct. — Stem 1-3 feet high. Leaves villous
with sparse verj' long and silky hairs, or sometimes nearly glabrous, mostly
obtuse ; the lower 3-5 inches long. Heads rather large. Pappus pale.

6. C. tricliophylla (Nutt.) : villous with very long and M'eak loose woolly
hairs, glabrous towards the summit ; stem simple or branched below, very
leafy; leaves narrowlv oblong or lanceolate, entire or obscurely serrulate,
obtuse, somewhat mucronulate ; the upper ones closely sessile, often nearly
glabrous; the lower oblong-spatulate, veiny ; corymb sitriple or compound,
loose ; the peduncles glabrous ; scales of the hemispherical-campanulate
involucre lanceolate-linear, acute or mucronate, glabrous or minutely glan-
dular; the points often somewhat foliaceous and spreading; achenia oblong-
obovate, obscurelv ribbed, hairv or villous; exterior pappus nearly seti-
form.— iV(/«. gen. 2. p. 150; Ell. sk. 2. p. 336 ; DC! jnodr. 5. p. 327.

(3. hyssopifolia : radical leaves oblong-spatulate, in dense very woolly
tufts; the cauline linear-spatulate or narrowly linear, sparingly pilose or
glabrous; involucre glabrous. — C. hyssopifolia. Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad.
7. p. 67. Di])lopappus trichophylla? Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. \. p. 97.
(plant from Jacksonville.)

Dry soil, N. Carolina! to Florida! and Louisiana! /3. Florida and Louis-
iana! Aug.-Oct. — Stem ] -3 feet high, sonietimes simple and loosely co-
rymbose at" the summit, with few heads ; often branched from the base, with
a dlflTuse compound corymb. Heads about as large as in C. Mariana. —
Well described as intermediate between the latter and C gossypina ; but
distinguished from both by the much narrower leaves, glabrous branches
and peduncles, more subulate appendages of the style, &c. The foliage va-
ries through a variety of forms into var. /i. ; in which they are sometimes no
more than a line wide, but variable in form, and either glabrous or hairy; so
that we cannot define it as a separate species.

7. C gossypina (Nutt.) : very densely lanuginous-tomentose throijghout ;
leaves oblong or elliptical, obtuse, entire; the upper ones closely sessile; the
lower spatulate ; heads corymbose or somewhat panicled ; scales of the in-
volucre lanceolate, acute, at first woolly; achenia obovate, hairy, somewhat
ribbed ; exterior pappus almost setiform. — Nutt. ! I. c. ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p*- 337 ;
DC! prodr. 5. p. 327. Inula gossypina, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 122; Pursh,
I. c. I. glandulosa, Lam. did. 3. p. 259, excl. syn., fide DC Erigeron
pilosum,"l^«^<./ Car. p. 206.

/3. dentata : lower leaves elongated, coarsely sinuate-toothed towards the
summit. — C. dentata, E/?. / L c. _

Pine barrens &c., Virginia and N. Carolina! to Florida! /3. Louisville,
Georgia, Elliott ! Aug.-Oct.— Stem 1-2 feet high. Lower leaves about 2

Chrysopsis. COMPOSITiE. 255

inches long. Tlie whole plant remarkable for its thick and soft woolly
covering. Heads rather larger than in C. Mariana. Pappus brownish.
Achenia marked with 2-5 elevated ribs.

8. C. scabreLla: pulverulent-scabrous throughout ; stem slout, corymbose-
ly branched above, leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, entire,
equally somewhat glandular-scabrous on both sides, sessile ; the lower ones
narrowed at the base ; heads numerous, in a compound corymb ; peduncles
and lanceolate obtuse scales of the involucre puberulent-glandular ; achenia
oblong-obovale, silky-villous; exterior pappus nearly setiform.

In pine woods, Florida, Dr. Leavenworth ! Sept.-Oct. — Stem 2 feet high.
Leaves about as large as in C. Mariana, but narrower, rather firm, totally
destitute, as is tlie whole plant, of silky or woolly hairs. Corymb fastigiate,
rather dense. Heads a little smaller than in C. Mariana. Pappus pale.

9. C. villosa (Nutt.) : stem villous-pubescent and sparsely hirsute, erect
simple or corymbose, very leafy ; leaves canescently strigose on both sides
mucronate, entire or rarely with a few sharp scattered teeth, hispidly ciliate
towards the base, sessile ; the upper ones linear-oblong or lanceolate, the low-
er oblong-spatulate, tapering at the base ; heads solitary or somewhat co-
rymbose at the extremity of the branches, on short peduncles ; scales of the
broadly campanulate invohicre linear-subulate, strigosely pubescent; ache-
nia obovate, villous ; exterior pappus setose-squamellate. — I^utt. ! I. c. ; DC.
I. c. Amellus villosus, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 5G4. Diplopappus villosus. Hook. !

fl. Bor.-Am. 2. 77. 22, S^- comjJan. to hot. mag. 1. j). 97 ; Hooh. Sf Arn. ! hot.
Beeche]/, p. 146.

Prairies of Illinois ! and the plains of the Missouri! Saskatchawan ! &c.
(also in Alabama, Mr. Bncklei/.') extending beyond tlie Rocky Mountains
to Oregon, Douglas ! California, Capt. Beechey ! in herh. Hook. July
-Sept. — Stems 1-2 feet high. Leaves an inch or more in length, 1-nerved
slightly veiny; the rigid pubescence closely appressed. Heads laro-e.
Rays about 25. Pappus tawny or nearly white. Appendages of the style
subulate-linear, rather obtuse.

10. C. hispida {Yiook.) : hispid throughout with uniform spreadin a- hairs •
branches somewhat corymbose ; leaves oblong-spatulate, narrowed at the
base and somewhat petioled ; the radical on long peduncles ; scales of the in-
volucre narrowly linear, acute ; achenia obovate-oblong, hairy ; exterior
pappus squamellate. — Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 22 (under Diplopappus) ;
DC. prodr. 7. ^j. 279 ,■ Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c- p. 316.

On the Saskatchawan, Richardson ! Rocky Mountains, Nultall ! A

smaller plant than C. villosa, (6-6 inches high), which it considerably re-
sembles. Pappus tawny ; the exterior rigid, while. — According to Nuttall,
" there are numerous aromatic resinous glands spread over most part of the
plant."

* * Exterior pappus setose, indistinct: achenia oblong, densely silky-villous: plants
canescent or silky-villous : leaves entire. (Aplopappus §■? Leucopsis, £>C., at least
in part.)

10. C. mollis (Nutt.) : silky-canescent throughout ; leaves spatulate-ob-
long, mostly obtuse ; the upper sessile, the lower tapering to the base, some-
what petioled ; heads few, corymbose ; scales of the vilious-canescent in-
volucre linear-lanceolate. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Plains of the Platte, with the following; "which it much resembles, but
the leaves are more oblong, not in the least scabrous, nor anywhere ciliate ;
the stem also softly villous." Nuttall. — Except in the s"ilky appressed
pubescence, it closely resembles C. hispida.

256 COMPOSITE. Chrtsopsis.

11. C. foliosa (Nutt.) : uniformly canescent with a soft silky-villous pu-
bescence, and at the same time scabrous ; stems very leafy to the summit;
leaves oblono; or elliptical, obtuse, mucronulate, not tapering to the base,
closely sessile, or slightly clasping, with very scabrous margins; the lower
sometimes fringed with bristles towards the base ; heads fastigiate-corymbose,
crowded, nearly sessile ; involucre campanulate, canescent, rather shorter
than the disk ; the linear-subulate scales closely imbricated. — Nutt. ! in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Plains of the Platte, in the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall ! Aug. — Stems
many from the same root, a foot high, canescent with villous soft spreading
hairs, but beneath this somewhat deciduous pubescence very scabrous.
Leaves about an inch long, and half an inch wide, appressed silky, and also
rough beneath this covering. Heads smaller than in C. villosa, with shorter
rays. Pappus brownish. — Allied to the following.

12. C. canescens : silky-canescent throughout, suffrutescent at the base, .
much branched, rigid ; stems and fastigiate branches very leafy ; leaves
linear-oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, mucronate-acuminate, tapering to
the base, sessile, fringed below the middle with long and scattered rigid bris-
tles; heads mostly solitary terminating the crowded branchlets; scales of the
campanulate involucre subulate-linear, closely imbricated, canescent. — Aplo-
pappus ? (Leucopsis) canescens, DC! proclr. 5. 'p. 349; not Chrysopsis
canescens, DC. I. c. j}- 328, which is Erigeron (Pseuderigeron) filifolium.

Texas, Bcrlandkr! Drummond ! Dr. RiddcLl! Aug.-Sept. — Variable
in the size and form of the leaves; those of the branchlets much smaller:
the branches occasionally bear a few bristles like those so cons|)icuous on the
margins of the leaves. Heads, involucre, and pappus (often ferruginous)
nearly as in C. foliosa, Nutt. Rays rather numerous and short.

* * * Exterior pappus chaffy but very minute; tlie inner nearly in a single series:
heads subtended by foliaccous bracts similar to the upper leaves. (Phyllotheca, Nutt.^

13. C. ? sessilijlora (Nutt.) : hirsute throughout with spreading viscid
hairs ; stem branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, sessile, en-
tire ; heads solitary, shorter than the linear-lanceolate involucrate bracts;
scales of the involucre linear-subulate, slender, rather longer than the disk. —
Nutt. I in trans. Amer- pldl. soc. I. c. p. 317.

St. Barbara, California, Nuttall! April. — It Plant with "a heavy aro-
matic odor and bitter taste," clothed with slender viscid hairs, with shorter
glandular hairs intermixed. Leaves an inch long. Rays about 30, narrow,
elongated -'with rudiments of stamina, or filaments. Appendages of the
style oblong, obtuse, shorter than the stigmatic portion. Ovaries villous.

§ 3. Annual : leaves ohlong or lanceolate, somewhat veined ; the lower often
toothed: achenia obovate, compressed: exterior pappus of conspicuous rigid
chaffy scales ; the inner of 25-30 capillary bristles in a single series: recep-
tacle convex. — Achyr^a. (Subgen. Phyllopappus, Nutt. ; not of Walp.)

14. C. pilosa (Nutt.) : villous with very soft and loose partly deciduous
hairs, and minutely viscid-puberulent; stem simple or loosel}' branched;
leaves lanceolate; the upper closely sessile, acute or mucronulate, entire;
the lowermost tapering to the base, often toothed ; heads nearly solitary ter-
minating the branches ; scales of the hemispherical involucre narrowly linear,
very acute, villous and viscid, almost equal, as long as the disk, achenia pu-
bescent, obscurely impressed-striate. — Nutt. ! in jour. acad. PJnlad. 7. p. 66,
4* trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Chrysopsis. composite. 257

Pine woods and open barrens, Arkansas, Nultall! Dr. Pitcher! Lou-
isiana, Dr. Leavenworth! Dr. Hale! Dr. Carpenter! Texas, Drummond!
July-Sept. — Stem 1-2 feet, high. Heads smaller than in C. villosa, with
numerous elongated rays. Appendages of the style elongated-subulate, more
than twice the length of the stigmatic portion. Inner pappus brownish ; the
exterior whitish, the scales linear-oblong, about one-third the length of the
achenium, slightly denticulate, firm. — The lower leaves are sometimes laci-
niate-toolhed or incised.

Subtribe Baccharide^, Less. — Heads discoid, never radiate, dioecious or
monoecious; the fertile flowers mostly filiform and truncate, and when monoe-
cious in several series, with the sterile flowers in the centre. Receptacle not
chaffy. Anthers not caudate at the base. — Leaves alternate.

56. CONYZA. Linn. (excl. spec.) ; Less. syn. p. 203.

Heads many-flowered, monoecious ; the exterior pistillate and fertile, in
many series, with a filiform truncate or 2-3-toothed corolla; a few of the cen-
tral flowers staminate, sterile, but often styliferous or even fertile, with a
tubular 5-toothed corolla. Scales of the involucre in several series. Recep-
tacle flat or convex, punctate or fimbrillate. Achenia compressed, attenuate
at the base, usually glabrous. Pappus a single series of capillary scarcely
scabrous bristles. — Chiefly tropical herbs, with branching stems, and vari-
ously incised leaves. Heads peduncled, corymbose or paniculate. Flowers
yellow.

1. C. sinuata {YA\.) : annual? hairy, somewhat scabrous; lower leaves
sinuate ; the lobes oval, acute ; the upper linear, entire ; heads paniculate ;
scales of the involucre linear-subulate ; flowers white, all fertile ; achenia
oblong, angled, hairy. Ell. sk. 2. p. 378.

Around Charleston, S. Carolina, very common. April-July. — The plant
scarcely appears to be a native, and has the habit and appearance of an Eri-
geron. Elliott. — This plant is entirely unknown to us and is probably not
indigenous. It appears to belong to Conyza sect. Dimorphanthes, the Amer-
ican species of which frequently have the central flowers perfect and fertile.

C. Chiknsis, Spreng. According to De CandoUe, a specimen of this plant in
Heenke's collection is said to have been obtained at Mulgrave Sound on the Pacific
coast ; but there is doubtless some mistake as to the ascribed habitat of this and
many other of Haenke's plants.

57. BACCHARIS. Linn.; Michx.fl. 2. p. 125,- DC. prodr. 5. p. 398.

Heads many-flowered, dioecious; the flowers all tubular and similar. In-
volucre somewhat hemispherical or oblong ; the scales imbricated in several
series. Receptacle naked, or rarely somewhat chaffy. Corolla in the sterile
flowers somewhat dilated and 5-cleft at the summit ; in the fertile filiform,
somewhat truncate. Anthers exserted in the sterile flowers ; entirely absent
in the fertile. Style in fertile flowers exserted ; the branches glabrous ; in
the sterile tipped with an ovate hairy appendage, often more or less abortive.
Achenia ribbed or grooved. Pappus capillary ; of the sterile plant in a sin-
VOL. II. — 33

258 COMPOSITE. Baccharis.

gle series, often tortuous or somewhat plumose-penicillate, about the length
of the involucre ; of the fertile plant in one or several series, not thickened or
penicillate at the apex, usually much longer than the involucre. — Shrubs,
very rarely herbs (nearly all American), commonly glabrous and resinous, or
viscous. Leaves mostly alternate, entire or toothed, often decurrent on the
branches, forming either a foliaceous wing or narrow margins. Flowers
mostly white.

* Natives of the United Stales.

1. B. angusti folia (Michx.) : glabrous, much branched; the branchlets
angled ; leaves narrowly linear, sessile, entire, rather acute ; heads about
20-ilowered, axillary, pedunculate, and somewhat clustered at the summit of
the branches, forming a loose panicle ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceo- ■
late, acute.— MichxJ fl. 2. p. 125 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 523 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p.
318; DC! j^roch. b. p. 423.

Sea-coast, S. Carolina ! to Florida ! and Louisiana ! Sept.-Oct. — Shrub
6-10 feet high. Heads small.

2. B. halimifoUa (Linn.) : arborescent, glabrous, somewhat scurfy-glau-
cescent ; the branches angled ; leaves obovate, coarsely angulate-toothed
above, cuneate at the base and somewiiat attenuate into a petiole; the up-
permost lanceolate, entire ; heads of the sterile plant subglobose, pedicellate,
solitary or aggregated ; the fertile loosely somewhat panicled ovate-oblong ;
scales of the sterile involucre ovate ; the inner ones elongated in the fertile.
DC— Linn.! spec. 2. p. 860; Michx.! fl. 2. p. 125 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 523 ;
ELL! sk. 2. p. 319 ; Duham. arb. {ed. 2) 1. 1. 60 ; DC! ]}rodr. 5. p. 412.
Senecio Vir2;inianus arborescens, Herm. parad. Bat. t. 225. Elichryso
affinis, &:c.,^Fliik. aim. t. 27, f. 2.

Sandy beach of Connecticut ! New York ! and New Jersey, and through-
out the low country of the Southern States! " growing indiscriminately in
fresh or brackish soils," Ell. Sept.-Oct. — Shrub 6-12 feet high. Pappus
of the fertile flowers very long and slender.

3. B. glom.eruliflora (Pers.) : shrubby, very glabrous ; the branches an-
gled ; leaves smooth, cuneate-obovate, attenuate into a short petiole, obtuse,
coarsely toothed ; the uppermost obovate-oblong, entire ; heads sessile and
crowded in the axils of the leaves ; the sterile involucre campanulate, with
the scales oblong and obtuse. DC. — Pers. syn. 2. j)- 423 ; Pursh, I. c.
B. sessiliflora, Michx.! 2. p. 125; Ell. sk. 2. p. 320; not of Vahl.

Damp pine barrens along the sea-coast, (but not in brackish soils. Ell.)
Virginia to Florida ! and Louisiana ! Sept.-Nov. — Shrub 3-5 feet high.
Leaves pale green. Pappus of the fertile flowers very long, as in the pre-
ceding.— De Candolle, from whom we have taken the characters of this spe-
cies and B. hallmifolia, places the two at considerable distance from each
other ; and authors appear to have no doubt of tlieir distinctness : but, if in-
deed we are truly acquainted with the present species, we cannot distin-
guish them.

4. B. salicina: " shrubbj'-, smooth ; branches angular; leaves mostly ob-
long-lanceolate, subdenticulate ; the uppermost nearly linear, entire, viscid ;
heads sessile, clustered ; involucre ovate, as well as the smooth scales."
Nutt. in trans. Anie.r. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 337, under the name of B. sa-
licifolia, which is pre-occupied by Persoon. B. aff. rupicola, Torr. ! in
ann. lye. New York, 2. p. 211.

Banks of the Arkansas. — Nearly allied to B. glomeruliflora. More or less
resinously punctate. Leaves very obscurely 3-nerved, attenuated into a pe-
tiole. Nuttall. — Dr. James collected this plant on the Canadian, but his spa-

Baccharis. COMPOSIT7E. 259

cimens are not sufficient to allow of our ottering any opinion respecting the
species.

* * Natives of California.

5. B. consanguinea (DC.) : shrubby, much branched, glabrous, viscous
when young; the branchlets decurrent-angled ; leaves sessile, obovate-cunei-
form, obtuse, with 2-4 rigid acute teeth on each side; heads sessile at the
summit of the branches and branchlets, solitary, or mostly aggregated in
glomerules of 2-4; scales of the involucre in the fertile heads oblong-linear,
obtuse, with a membranaceous somewhat fimbriate margin ; the innermost
rather acute. DC. 2^1'odr. 5. ^j. 408 ; Hook. S^ Am. bat. Bccchey, suppl.
p. 352. B. glomeruliflora. Hook. S^' Arn. I.e. p. 147, excl. var. ji. (which
these authors now refer to B. pilularis.)

California, Menzies, Dovglas, &c. — Leaves 6 lines long, about 3 broad,
slightly scaly above, DC. — Hooker & Arnott still doubt whether this species
be really distinct from B. glomeruliflora, or from B. pilularis.

6. B. pilularis (DC) : somewhat shrubby, much branched, glabrous and
viscous; the branches angled ; leaves sessile, obovate-cuneiform, obtuse, en-
tire, or often slightly toothed, 1-nerved, coriaceous; heads globose, solitary at
the summit of the branches on the axillary branchlets, bracteate with mi-
nute leaves ; scales of the involucre in the sterile plant oblong, rather acute,
the margin membranaceous and somewhat fimbrillate at the apex. DC.
frodr. 5. p. 407 ; Null, in trans. Amcr. 2)hil. soc. I. c.

CaWfonim, Douglas, jStidtall! — Leaves 4 lines long, and 2-3 broad; the
uppermost shorter than the heads. Heads about 2 lines in diameter. Fertile
plant unknown. DC. — "In my specimens of tlie fertile plant, the leaves are
often strongly denticulate, three-fourths of an inch long, by half an inch in
width : the capituli solitary or by threes. . . . Achenia smooth with 10
grooves, the ])appus of moderate length. A shrub 3 or 4 feet high. It an-
pears to be subject to the attack of some insect, which causes excrescences on
the branches ; and hence, I suppose, arises the specific name." Nutt. I. c.

7. B. Douglasii (DC): herbaceous, erect, very glabrous, viscid; stem
simple, angled above ; leaves on short petioles, lanceolate, acute, entire,
3-nerved, both sides punctate ; corymb in the sterile plant compoimd, some-
what naked, fastigiate, bearing numerous heads; involucre campanulate;
the scales lanceolate, rather acute, with membranaceous ciliate margins.
(Leaves 2 inches long, 5-G lines wide, the upper narrower; pappus of the
sterile flowers whitish, as Jong as the involucre.) DC. prodr. 0. p- 400.
B. glutinosa. Hook. Sf Am. hoi. Beechey, p. 147, S^' suppl. p. 352, under
B. Douglasii, and by tnistake printed viscosa. B. Pingrsea, Nutt. .' in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p). 337. Molina linearis. Less, in Linnaa, 6.
p. 139 cy 505.

California, Chamisso, Capt. Beechey, Douglas, Nuttall ! — This plant,
which Lessing and Nuttall take for B. Pingraea, Hooker and Arnott remark
that they are still unable to distinguish from the Chilian B. glutinosa.

8. B. viminea (DC) : shrubby, glabrous; branches terete, the branchlets
striate-nerved ; leaves on short petioles, oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end,
slightly 3-nerved at the base, entire, or minutely denticulate at the apex ;
corymbs somewhat racemose, crowded, terminating the branchlets ; heads of
the sterile plant pedicellate ; the scales of the involucre oval-lanceolate,
acute, membranaceous, clHatc. DC. prodr. 5. p. 400; Hook. S^'. Am. I.e.

California, Douglas, — Fertile phmt unknown. Leaves 12-14 lines long,
those of the branchlets short and scale-like. Pappus of the sterile flowers
scarcely longer than the involucre. DC.

260 COMPOSITiE. Pluchea.

Subtribe 3. Tarchonanthej;, Less. — Heads discoid, never radiate, di-
CEcious or hetero2;amous ; the fertile flowers tubular-filiform, mostly truncate,
when lieterogamous with the perfect or staminate flowers in the centre.
Receptacle sometimes chafl}'. Anthers caudate at the base. — Leaves
alternate.

COXSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

* Pappus of the sterile and fertile flou-ers similar, capillary.

58. Pluchea. Involucre persistent. Heads in compound corymbs.

59. Pterocaulon. Involucre deciduous. Heads spicate. Leaves decuiTcnt.

* * Pappus of the sterile and fertile floioers none. Receptacle flat or conical.
+- Flowers all fertile.

60. Calymmandra. Achenia of the perfect flowers only enclosed by the chaff.

•f- +- Staminate flowers few, sterile.

61. Filagiko^sis. Fertile flowers numerous, in the axils of narrow equal chaff.

62. Diaperia. Fertile flowers 8-12. in the axils of broad unequal concave chaff.
53. MiCROPrs. Fertile flowers 5-7, enclosed in rigid gibbous scales.

64. Psilocarphus. Fertile flowers numerous, enclosed in membranous chaff.

* * * Pappus of the sterile flou-crs of few bristles. Receptade columnar.

65. Stylocline. Achenia numerous, enclosed in the saccate keel of the broad

chaff.

68. PLUCHEA. Cass. bull, philom. 1817, p. 31 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 449.

Stylimnus & Gynema, Raf (1819.)— Leptogyne, Ell. (18-24.)

Heads many-flowered; the central flowers mostly perfect, but sterile ; the
others filiform, pistillate, in many series. Involucre imbricated. Recepta-
cle flat, mostly naked. Corolla of the fertile flowers truncate, or mi-
nutely 2-3-toothed ; of the sterile dilated and 5-cleft at the summit. Anthers
bicaudate. Style in the central flowers entire or minutely 2-toothed. Ache-
nia somewhat cylindrical, angled or grooved. Pappus capillary, in a_single
series, slightly scabrous. — Herbs, or rarely suffrutescent plants (mostly sub-
tropical), glandular, emitting a strong and somewhat disagreeable odor.
Leaves oval or oblong, serrate. Heads in compound corymbs. Flowers
mostly purplish.

1. P. hifrons (DC.) : pubescent and slightly viscid ; leaves oval or lanceo-
late-oblong, somewhat cordate and clasping at the base, mucronately serru-
late, reticulate-veined, sprinkled with resinous globules ; heads in compact
fastigiate corymbs. — DC! j^^odr. 5. p. 451. Conyza hifrons, Linn. spec. 2.
p. 862 (excl. var. radiata) ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 524 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 322 ; Hook,
compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 96. C. amplexicaulis, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 126.
/3. uliginosa, Pers., ex DC. Baccharis viscosa, Walt. ! car. p. 202.

Wet places in the low country, from South Carolina! to Florida! and

Pluchea. COMPOSIT.E. 261

Louisiana! July.-Sept. — U Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches
long, rather acute. Flowers dull purple.

2. p. fcetida (DC.) : stem minutely pubescent ; leaves (large) oval-lance-
olate, very acute or acuminate at each end, distinctly petioled, membrana-
ceous, almost glabrous, conspicuously feather-veined, serrate ; corymbs com-
pound, paniculate ; scales of the involucre glabrous, doited with minute
glands. — DC..' prodr. 5. p. 452. (excl. syn. Pursh S^' Cass.?) P. petiolata,
Cass, in did. sci. nat. 42. jp. 2? Baccharis fcetida, Linn. spec. 2. p. 861, at
least as to syn. Dill. Eltli. t. 89, /. 105. Conyza camphorata, Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 523; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 145, not of Ell.? nor Erigeron camplioratum, Linn.
Gynema dentata & viscida, Eaf. ! ann. nat. p. 159 Sf in herb. DC.

Along streams, &c. Pennsvlvania ? to Alabama ! and throughout the
Western States! Aug.-Oct. — 11 Stem strongly grooved or angled, 2-4 feet
high : the plant exhaling a more powerful odor than the following species.
Leaves 5-8 inches long, and 1-3 broad, pubescent beneath, especiall}' on the
veins, and copiously sprinkled with minute resinous globules, very veiny.
Heads numerous : the involucre at first ratiier longer than the disk. — We
are somewhat uncertain as to the plant of Clayton on which the Baccharis
fcetida of LinnjEus was ])artly founded ; but the figure of Dillenius here cited
doubtless was intended for this species. The Erigeron camphoratum, Linn,
hort. Ups. (^r. is pretty clearly the following. We therefore retain the sy-
nonymy of De Candolle, but leduce two of his species to one.

3. P. camphorata (DC.) : minutely viscid-pubescent and glandular; leaves
lanceolate-ovate or oblong-ovate, serrile or slightly petioled, pale and mi-
nutely pubescent and sprinkled with resinous globules both sides, slightly
feather-veined, repandly serrate ; corymbs fastigiate; scales of the involucre
pubescent and viscid, ciliale. — P. camphorata & P. Marilandica, DC.! I. c.
P. Marilandica, Cass. I. c? Erigeron camphoratum, Linn. spec. 2. p. 864;
Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1960. Conyza Marilandica, [Dill. Elth. t. 88, f. 104 ?)
Michx.! fl. 2. p. 126; Pursh!' I. c. ; Nutt. I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 320. C
camphorata, {Ell. I. c. ?) Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 299, not of Pursh, Sfc.
Baccharis foptida, Walt.? Stylimnus maritimus, Raf.! in herh. DC.

/?. angusti folia: leaves lanceolate, obscurely serrulate or entire. — Conyza
angustifolia, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 109.

Salt marshes, Massachusetts! to Florida! and Louisiana ! Aug.-Oct. —
(D Stem 10-30 inches high. Leaves slightly succulent, 2-3 inches long.
Heads fewer and larger than in the preceding ; the purplish involucre at
length shorter than the disk. Flowers light purple.

4. P. purpurascens (DC): herbaceous, somewhat viscidly puberulent ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, unequally serrate, tapering into a peti-
ole, minutely jiuberulent and glandular, somewhat veiny; heads subglobose,
pedicellate, in loose corymbs; scales of the involucre pubescent-tomentose
and viscid ; the exterior ovate, the inner oval-lanceolate, somewhat spread-
ing. DC. prodr. 5. jy. 452. — Conyza purpurascens, Swartz, 2^'>'odr. Ind.
Occ. p. 112?

Key West, Mr. Blodgett! — Apparently a rather small annual herb; with
much the habit and appearance of C. camphorata, the leaves about the same
size, but narrower; the cauline ones tapering into distinct petioles. As we
have seen specimens of the same species from St. Domingo, we have little
doubt that it is De CandoUe's P. purpurascens, and most probably his P.
glabrata also.

Conyza Carnlinienais of Jacquin is referred by De Candolle to Pluchea (Conyza,
Linn.) odorata, a shrubby West Indian and Mexican, but certainly not a Carolinian
species.

262 COMPOSITE. Ptkrocaulon.

59. PTEROCAULON. Ell. sk. 2. p. 333 (1824); DC. prodr. b.p. 453.

Heads many-flowered ; the fertile flowers filiform, pistillate, in several
series; the perfect flowers in the centre (or intermixed with the others, Ell.),
mostly sterile. Scales of the oblong involucre imbricated in several series,
appressed or with slightly squarrose points, caducous. Receptacle mi-
nutely fimbrillate or hirsute. Corolla of the fertile flowers 3-toothed ; the
sterile 5-cleft at the summit. Anthers bicaudate, somewhat exserted. Ache-
nia angled, pubescent with appressed hairs. Pappus of numerous capillary
scabrous equal bristles, longer than the involucre. — Perennial herbs, or
sliglitly shrubby jilants (chiefly natives of tropical America), with a some-
what tuberous rhizoma. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire or denticulate,
very densely toraentose beneath, the margins decurrent along the stem into
continuous foliaceous wings. Heads sessile, densely crowded in simple or
compound spikes. Flowers usually white.

1. P. jjycnostachyum (E\\.): stem herbaceous, simple; leaves lanceolate,
undulate-denticulate, glabrous above ; heads in a dense continuous spike ;
scales of the involucre silUy-tomeniose, squarrose at the apex. — Ell. I. c. ;
DC! I. c. Conyza pycnostachya, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 126 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p.
524. Chlsenolobus pycnostachyos, Cass, in diet. sci. 7iat. 49. p. 348 (1827).
Pluchea pycnostachya, Z,ess. Gnaphalium undulatum, Walt.! Car. p. 202.

Dry sandy soil, S. Carolina! to Florida! May-Aug. — Black Root. (The
root is mucli used in some parts of the country as an alterative, and as a
cleanser of old ulcers. Elliott.)

60. CALYMMANDRA.

Heads subglobose, subsessile, collected in small axillary clusters, many-
flowered, heterogamous; the flowers all fertile; the pistillate in many series,
in the axils of narrow and plane linear or somewhat spatulate scarious (vil-
lous-lanate) chafl'of the receptacle, with a filiform truncate corolla; the per-
fect 5 in a single central series, each enclosed in an oval convolute woolly
chaff"; the short and somewhat inflated minutely 4-toothed corolla more or
less exserted. Scales of the involucre few, similar to and passing into the
chaff. Receptacle conical, punctate. Anthers with very short tails. Branch-
es of the style short ; in the perfect flowers oblong, flat ; in the pistillate fili-
form. Achenia oval-oblong, nearly terete, very smooth, destitute of pappus,
those of the perfect flowers similar, but enclosed by the subtending chaff. —
A small annual herb, branched from the base, clothed with a very white and
silvery appressed wool ; the branches slender, somewhat simple, erect, bear-
ing small bracteate or irregularly involucrate clusters of few heads, closely ses-
sile in the axils of linear-oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate entire leaves; the
heads themselves (about a line long) on short pedicels concealed by the wool.

C. Candida.

Texas, Druminond ! — Plant 5-10 inches high. Leaves alternate, approxi-
mate, half an inch or more in length, very much longer than the clusters in

Calymma:^dra. COMPOSITE. 263

their axils. Chaff falling away when the achenia ripen, all nearly equal in
length, scarious, glabrous towards the base, that of the perfect flowers woolly
throughout, somewhat herbaceous, obtuse, shorter than the flowers, but in-
vesting the achenia, just as those of Micropus are enclosed by the scales of
the involucre. In the latter, the exterior and pistillate flowers are thus in-
vested : in this remarkable genus, on the contrary, the central staminate
(and fertile) flowers are enclosed, to which circumstance the generic name
alludes.

61. FILAGINOPSIS.

Heads subglobose-ovoid, collected in dense umbelliform clusters, many-
flowered ; the fertile flowers pistillate, numerous, and in many series in the
axils of the linear-oblong and obtuse (woolly-tipped) flat and scabrous equal
chaff of the receptacle, with a filiform truncate corolla ; the 2-5 central sta-
minate, with a tubular-infundibuliform 4-toothed corolla, sessile and with no
vestige of an ovary, subtended by as many of the chaffy scales of the recep-
tacle, and nearly equalling them in length. Involucre of few scales en-
tirely similar to the chaff of the receptacle, and only distinguishable by having
no flowers in their axils : involucrate bracts mostly 5, in a single series, ob-
ovate-spatulate, herbaceous, with scarious margins, very woolly. Receptacle
flat or somewhat convex, papillose-punctate. Style in the staminate flowers
undivided; in the fertile with short filiform branches. Achenia oval, smooth
and glabrous, slightly obcompressed (that is parallel with the chaff), entirely
destitute of pappus. — Annual woolly herbs, with the aspect of Filago (natives
of Mexico and Texas), much branched from the base, diffuse. Leaves ob-
long-spatulate, entire, sessile. Heads in involucrate (siaiple or proliferous)
woolly glomerules, terminating the branches.

This genus differs from Evax in the broad and flat receptacle, obtuse chaff, ikc. ;
from the Diaperia of Nuttall in the roundish veiy many-flowered heads, the narrow
chaff numerous in each series, the sessile sterile flowers, &c.

1. F.multic.aulis : glomerules often proliferous ; chaffof the sterile flowers
linear-spatulate, somewhat herbaceous and Avoolly throughout, slightly in-

'volving the entirely glabrous corolla. — Evax multicaulis, DC. ! prodr. 5. p.
459. E. verna, Raf.! herb.

Texas, Berlandier ! Drummond ! Dr. Leavenworth ! (the former also ob-
tained it in Mexico.) — Plant 3-G inches high, witli rather slender diffuse stems
and branches, clothed with long loose wool. Leaves one-fourth to half an
inch long ; the involucrate ones unequal and often shorter than the irregular
clusters." Heads ovoid ; the chaff all but the inner series glabrous except at
the summit, where the long wool is densely matted and coherent, while the
base separates from the receptacle when the achenia are mature.

2. F. Drummondii : glomerules seldom proliferous : chaff of the sterile
flowers entirely similar to that of the fertile, or wanting; the corolla (sterile),
like the chaff, clothed with lone; woolly hairs at the summit.

Texas, Drummond /— Plant^4-8 inches high, more loosely branched than
the preceding, which it exceedingly resembles. Heads fewer in a cluster
and rather larger, very many-flowered, liemispherical-obovoid; the oblong-
linear chaff all similar and of the same length, clothed towards the tips with

264 COMPOSITE. Filaginopsis.

rather shorter wool, so that they separate readily when they fall away ; the
4 or 5 sterile corollas naked, connected by the crisped woolly hairs which
grow on the dilated limb.

62. DIAPERIA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. j^hil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 337.

Heads fusiform-oblong, disposed in sessile glomerules of 4-5 together,
which are collected in large capitate and bracteate compound clusters termi-
nating the stem or simple and mostly proliferous branches ; the fertile flow-
ers 8-12, pistillate, in the axils of the chaff of the receptacle, with a much
attenuated filiform truncate corolla ; the 2-3 central staminate, with a tubu-
lar-infundibuliform minutely 4-toothed corolla, destitute of ovaries, each
supported by a filiform stipe and enclosed in a chaff of the receptacle. Scales,
of the involucre and the chaff of the small convex receptacle scarious, oval,
broad and large for the size of the head, closely and somewhat distichously
imbricated and wrapped around each other, the inner successively longer ;
the 2-3 innermost chartaceous, attenuate at the base, woolly towards the
apex, each convolute and separately enclosing a sterile flower. Style in the
sterile flowers undivided ; in the fertile with 2 filiform branches. Achenia
obovoid-oblong, obconipressed, glabrous, destitute of pappus. — A small an-
nual erect woolly herb, with spatulate-oblong or linear-spatulate numerous
sessile entire leaves; the stems sinaple or often branched from the base, ter-
minated by the large irregularly involucrate compound head ; from which
arise 1 to 5 or 6 simple branches, terminated by simple but usually smaller
compound heads, in the manner of the Herba imjna; and these rarely again
proliferous. Proper heads and primary clusters more or less bracteate.

D. prolifera (Nutt. ! 1. c.) — Evax prolifera, Nutl. ! in DC. prodr. 5.
f. 459.

Banks of Red River, Arkansas, Nuttall ! Dr. Leavenworili ! June-Aug. —
Stems stout, rigid, 2-5 inches high, terminated by a capitate cluster one-
half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter, including a large number of small
heads: some of the branches when numerous often arising below this com-
pound head. Scales of the involucre few, entirely similar to the chaff, and
passing into the latter, but shorter, and woolly externally : the chaff of \h%
fertile flowers glabrous or slightly tomentose-ciliate : that of the sterile longest
and more rigid, much longer than the slender corolla it encloses ; the filiform
stipe of the latter fully half its own length.

63. MICROPUS. Linn. ; Geerln. fr. t. 164 ; Schkuhr, handb. t. 267.

Heads collected in axillary sessile clusters, several-flowered ; the fertile
flowers 5-7, in a single series, pistillate, with a filiform corolla, enclosed in
the inner scales of the involucre; the 3-7 central staminate, with an infundi-
buliform 5-toothed corolla, naked, destitute of ovaries. Receptacle small and
flat. Involucre in 2 series, each of 5-7 scales ; the exterior scarious, flattish,
spreading, bracteiform; the interior (perhaps rather to be considered chaff of
the receptacle, as described by Nuttall) infolded and laterally compressed.

MiCROPus. COMPOSITE. 2G5

boat-shaped and very gibbous, enclosing the fertile flowers, and forming a
permanent cartilaginous covering to the smooth obovate and gibbous com-
pressed achenia. Pappus none. — Low woolly herbs with the aspect of
Filago or Gnaphalium.

§ Fructiferous scales of the involucre not ecJiinate, woolly when young. —
Bombycilaena, DC.

Ic M. Californicus (Fisch. & Meyer) : clusters lateral and terminal ;
fructiferous scales compressed-navicular, serai-obcordate ; the inner margm
straight, terminated by an erect mucroniform appendage with a scarious
apex.— Fisch. Sf Meyer, ind. sem. St. Pelersb. 1835, p. 42; DC. frodr. 7.
(mant.) p. 283.

/i. angustjfolia : slender ; leaves linear, acute ; heads very woolly when
young ; exterior or bracteate involucral scales oval, concave, scarious with a
linear green centre. — M. (Rhyncholepis) angustifolius, Nutt.! in trans. Amer.
2)hil. soc. I. c.

California at Bodega, Fischer ^' Meyer. /3. St. Barbara, Nuttall .'—Said to
resemble M. erectus, but the heads with a more scattered and shorter wcjol ;
while Mr. Nuttall's j)lant is more slender than that species, the young heads
Avith a longer wool ; but the fruit &c. exactly corresponding to the character
of the Russian botanists, who do not notice the leaves, &c. Perhaps there are
two nearly allied Californian species.

64. PSILOCARPHUS. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 340.

Heads solitary or clustered, many-flowered ; the fertile flowers 8-30 in
several series, pistillate, wiili a filiform corolla, each enclosed in an involute
involucral scale or chaff" of the receptacle ; the 5-8 central staminate, with a
dilated infundibuliform 4-5-toothed corolla, destitute of ovaries, naked. Re-
ceptacle subglobose ; the chaff" and similar involucral scales (as the outermost
may be deemed) membranaceous, woolly, reticulated, infolded, and cucul-
late, forming thin obovoid or somewhat gibbous loose coverings to the very
smooth oblong terete or slightly compressed achenia. Branches of the style
short and filiforzn, in the sterile flowers minutely hairy. Pappus none. —
Very small diffiasely branched and depressed woolly annuals, with the aspect
of Evax, &c. (natives of the western coast of America) ; with linear or
spatulate-oblong entire and sessile leaves, which are alternate, and irregu-
larly involucrate around the terminal or lateral sessile heads or clusters.

This certainly disthict genus is well described by Nuttall ; except tliat, although
he mentions a beak or uncinate tips to the fructiferous chaff in some species, he has
DOt alluded to the true structure of this inconspicuous appendage, which in fact
exists in all the species. It consists of a small hyaline scale, forming the organic
apex of the fruit-enclosing chaff, and, as it were, articulated with it at the summit of
the anterior fissure : at first it is erect or spreading ; but after impregnation it is more
or less inflexed, covering the fissure like an operculum. In P. tenellus, this scale is
broad, ovate, and nearly as large as the chaff itself at die time of impregnation : in
P. Oreganus it is similar in form, and in the full-grown chaff about half the length
of the fissure ; in P. globiferus and the nearly allied P. brevissinuis, it is smaller
in proportion to the chaff, ovate-oblong, and apparenUy somewhat deciduous.

1. P. globiferus {Nutt. \ I.e.): very woolly, decumbent, much branched ;
VOL. II. — 34

266 COMPOSITE. Psilocarphds.

leaves oblong-linear, the floral ones broader, obtuse ; fertile flowers 20 or
more ; the obovoid inflated fructiferous chalT forming globose very woolly-
heads, lateral and terminal. — Microj)us globiferus, Bertero, in DC. 2^rodr. 5.
p. 460 ?

St. Barbara, California, Nultall ! April. — "Plant not an inch high,
spreading out 5 or G inches :" the woolly bracteate heads numerous, nearly
one-fourth of an inch in diameter; the woolliuess of the leaves somewhat
deciduous: the inflated fruit-bearing cliafl'between 1 and 2 lines long. — Also
a native of Chili, if it is really the Micropus globiferus of Bertero, which is
uncertain, although that species doubtless belongs to this genus.

2. P. hrevissimus (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : stem minute, simple, producing mostly
a single very woolly head ; fertile flowers 8-10 ; the fructiferous chaff" obovoid-
oblong; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute.

"Plains of the Oregon River, in inundated tracts. — Extremely dwarf
(perhaps not always so) ; about 4 lines high; the solitary capitulum, though
rather large, sessile on about the third set of leaves, and so downy as to look
like a pellet of cotton." Nultall. — Very nearly allied to the preceding. Mr.
Nuttall suspects it may possibly prove to be the Micropus minimus of De
Candolle.

3. P. Oreganus (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : canescently tomentose throughout, dif-
fusely branched and procumbent; leaves linear; fertile flowers 20 or more;
fructiferous scales obovoid, tomentose.

"Inundated places, near the Oregon and the outlet of the Wahlamet. —
Nearly allied to P. globiferus ; but with much narrower leaves ; with none
of the long arachnoid hairs of that species ; the scales of the receptacle also
smaller." Nuttall.

4. P. tenellus {Nutt. [ I.e.): topientose-canescent; the base of the ascend-
ing clustered stems and the lower leaves becoming glabrous ; lower leaves
spatulate-linear ; the upper and floral ones oblong-spatulate ; heads small,
mostly terminal ; fertile flowers 20 or more; fructiferous scales obovoid-ob-
long, gibbous, tomentose.

St. Barbara, California, Nuttall! April. — Plant 1-2 inches high, with
the stems slender. Heads about 2 lines in diameter. Achenia acute at
each end.

65. STYLOCLINE. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 338.

Heads subglobose, many-flowered ; the fertile flowers pistillate, in several
series included in a carinate fold of the chaff" of the receptacle, with a very
slender and filiform truncate corolla; the 3-4 central staminate, with a tubu-
lar minutely 5-toothed corolla, destitute of ovaries, naked. Receptacle slen-
der and elongated, cylindrical; the chaff" imbricated, broadly ovate, concave,
scarious, with & green herbaceous carinate-saccate keel in which the fertile
flowers are enclosed, woolly towards the base ; the scales of the involucre
about 5, similar, but destitute of the saccate keel. Achenia very smooth,
somewhat laterally compressed, acute at the base, slightly lunate. Pappus
of the fertile flowers none ; of the sterile composed of 3-5 barbellate-scabrous
bristles as long as the corolla. — An annual tomentose woolly low herb, dif-
fusely branched and decumbent, with small linear entire sessile leaves.
Heads (about 3 lines in diameter, yellowish-white) in sessile clusters of 3-5
together at the extremity of the branches and in the upper axils.

Stylocline. composite. 2G7

.S'. gnaphaloides (Nutt. ! 1. c.)

Near Monterey, California, iVMftaZZ /— Plant about 6 inches high. — Chaff,
includinij the minute achenia, at length deciduous from the slender spirally
punctate receptacle. — The fertile flowers have the same corolla as the pre-
ceding genera ; and what Mr. Nuttall describes as a few long chaffy hairs
produced at the apex of the receptacle, is the pappus of the sterile flowers.

Subtribe 4. ly\)-LY.s.,Cass. — Heads mostly radiate and heterogamous, never
dioecious. P.eceptacle not chaffy. Anthers caudate at the base. — Leaves
alternate. Heads not glomerate. Ray-flowers of the same color as the disk.

66. INULA. Linn. : Grertn. fr. t. 170 ; DC. inodr. 5. p. 463.

Heads many-flowered ; tlie ray-flowers in a single series, pistillate, but
sometimes infertile, ligulate, or rarely somewhat tubular ; those of the disk
tubular, perfect. Involucre imbricate in several series. Receptacle flat or
somewhat convex, naked. Anthers bisetose at the base. Achenium terete
or 4-sided. Pappus a single series of capillary slightly scabrous bristles. —
Mostly perennial herbs (natives of Europe and Asia), with the cauline leaves
often clasping. Heads solitary or corymbose at the summit of the pedun-
cles. Flowers yellow.

§ Exterior scales of the involucre broadly ovate, foliaceous ; the inner ohovate-
sjmtulate, obtuse : achenia 4-sided, glabrous ; rays ligulate, numerous, nar-
rowly linear. — Corvisartia, Merat, Cass.

1. J. Helenium (Linn.) : leaves (large) velvety-tomentose beneath, denti-
culate; the radical ones ovale, tapering into a petiole; the cauline partly
clasping ; heads solitary at the summit of the stout somewhat corymbose
peduncles.— Lmra. .' sjjec. 2. p. 881 ,• Fl. Dan. t. 728 ; Lam. ill. t. 680 ;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 476; DC! I. c. Aster Helenium, Scojmli. Corvi-
sartia Helenium, ''Merat, fl,. Par. ;" Cass, in diet. I. c. 10. p. 572. Hele-
nium seu Exula Campana, &c., Clayt.

Road-sides and about houses, introduced from Europe, and naturahzed in
many places. — The thick and branching perennial root is mucilaginous and
slightly bitter, and is employed as a popular remedy. — The old officinal
name is Emda Camyana, whence Elecampane.

Subtribe 5. Ecliptes, Less. — Heads radiate, heterogamous, never dioe-
cious. Receptacle chaffy. Anthers not caudate at the base. Pappus none,
or awn-like. — Leaves opposite. (Plants with nearly the habit and structure
of Helianthese, except the style, which corresponds with Asteroides.)

67. BORRICHIA. Adans. fam. 2. p. 130 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 488.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers ligulate, pistillate, in a single
series; those of the disk perfect and tubular. Involucre hemispherical, im-
bricated ; the exterior scales foliaceous. Receptacle flat, covered with lan-
ceolate rigid persistent chaffy scales, as long as, or sometimes shorter than
the flowers of the disk. Corolla of the ray short and broad ; of the disk
scarcely dilated at the throat, 5-toothed. Anthers blackish, tipped with an

268 COMPOSIT.E. Borrichia.

ovate appendage. Branches of the style (in the disk) elongated, rather thick,
somewhat terete, acutish, hispid from the summit to near the base. Achenia
somewhat cuneiform, 3-4-angled, crowned with a short coroniform 4-toothed
(or nearly obsolete) pappus. — Shrubby (American and mostly tropical) mari-
time plants. Leaves opposite and somewhat connate, oblong or linear, cori-
aceous or fleshy. Heads solitary, pedunculate. Flowers yellow.

1. B. arborescens {DC.) : glabrous; leaves lanceolate, mucronately acute,
narrowed at the base, entire; exterior scales of the involucre ovate, rather
acute, appressed ; the interior obtuse, membranaceous; chaff' of the recepta-
cle spatulate, obtuse. — Buphthalmum arborescens, Linn. spec. {ed. 2.) 2. p.
1273. Asteriscus, &c.. Dill. Elth. t. 38, f. 43. Corona-solis frutescens, &c.,
Plum. Amcr. ed. Barm. l. 16, f. 2. Diomedea unidentata, Cass, in diet. I. c.
13. p. 284. D. glabrata, H. B. c^ K.

Key West, Mr. Blodgett! — A large shrub.

2. B. frutescens (DC) : canescent with a minute appressed silky pu-
bescence ; leaves lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse, attenuate and usually 1-2-
toothed towards the base ; those of the branches often toothless, sometimes
linear; exterior scales of the involucre somewhat spreading, rather acute;
the interior and the chaff"of the receptacle cuspidate with a rigid point. — DC. I
prodr. 5. p. 489. Buphihalmum frutescens, Linn. ! spec. {ed. 1) 2. p. 903 ;

Walt. ! Car. p. 212 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 130 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 563 ; Ell. sic.
2. p. 408. Asteriscus frutescens &c. Dill. Elth. t. 38, /. 44. Chrysanthe-
mum fruticosum &c., Catesb. Car. 1. t. 93. Diomedea bidentata, Cass. I. c.
On the coast, Virginia! to Florida! and Key West! June-Oct. — A
small shrubby |)lant. The leaves vary from obovate or broadly spatulate to
linear; in all the states being either obtuse or acuminate-mucronate, entire,
or with one or two sharp salient teeth near the base, or remotely denticulate
throughout: the exterior scales of the involucre are ofl en rather appressed;
the inner either canescent, or nearly glabrous witli ciliate margins, and the
spinous points of the chaff' are at lirst rather shorter than the flowers.
Hence perhaps B. argentea, B. Peruviana, and Buphth. lineare, Willd. are
not sufficiently distinct.

68. ECLIPTA. Linn. mant. Ga^rtn.fr. t. 169 ,- DC. prodr. 5. p. 489.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, ligulate, short, in a
single series ; those of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre
10-12, in a double series, foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acuminate.
Receptacle flat, furnished with linear-filiform or bristly chaff', as long as the
achenia. Corolla of the ray-flowers with a narrow ligule rather shorter than
the involucre ; of the disk inflated above, 4- (rarely 5- ?) toothed. Appen-
dages of the style hairy. Aclienia 3-4-sided ; those of the disk mostly by
compression 2-sided, the sides roughened or tuberculate, somewhat hairy at
the summit. Pappus none, or an obsolete denticulate crown. — Chiefly an-
nual scabrous or strigose herbs; the stems erect, diff'use, or procumbent.
Leaves opposite, serrate or nearly entire, lanceolate or oblong, feather-veined,
or somewhat tripliuerved. Heads on axillary solitary or geminate, or ter-
minal and ternate, peduncles. Flowers white. Anthers brownish. Juice
of the stem turning black.

EcLiPTA. COMPOSIT7E. i>69

1. E. erecla (Linn.) : more or less strigose throughout with closely ap-
pressed rigid hairs ; stem erect, ascending, or decumbent ; leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, acute or attenuate at each end, sparingly or obscurely
serrate; scales of the involucre acute or acuminate; pedicels 3-G times llie
length of the head. — Linn. 1 mant. p. 157, (|?/. Gronov. c\r.); Lam. ill. t. G87 ;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 5G1 ,• I)C. ! prodr. 5. p. 490. E. jirocumbens, Michx. I fl. 2. p.
129 ; Pursh, I. c. : Ell. sk. 2. p. 403 ; DC. ! I. c. Verbesina alba, Linn.
spec. 2. p. 902. Eupatorio-pbalacron &c.. Dill. Elth. t. 113, /. 137. Sca-
biosa conyzoides &c., Pluk. aim. t. 109,/. 1. Amellus Carolinianus, Walt.
Car. J}- 313. Grangea lanceolata. Pair, ex DC.

(3. brachyjjoda : pedicels as long as the heads, or about twice their length.
— E. brachypoda, Michx. I. c. (but the corolla of the disk 4-cleft!), scarcely
ofX>C.

Banks of streams, and in damp sandy soil, Maryland ! and Kentucky! to
Florida ! and Louisiana ! conmion. (Also at Mulgrave Sound on the N.
W. Coast, according to De Candolle.) /i. Maryland ! Kentucky ! and
Louisiana ! with the ordinary form. June-Oct. — Stems 1-3 feet long, often
rooting at the base. Heads small ; the dowers rather inconspicuous. " Chaff
of the receptacle fringed. In all the specimens from numerous localities
which we have examined, we have, like Elliott, never found a 5-cleft
corolla, and tlierefore suspect some mistake on the part of Walter and Mich-
aux. The plant which in every other respect accords with the E. brachy-
poda, Michx., only differs in its shorter pedicels, upon which we think little
dependence can be placed. Our plant frequently has the peduncles 5 to 6
times the lengtli of the head ; and we have seen East Indian specimens of
E. erecta with the peduncles as short as in E. brachypoda.

Tribe IV. SENECIONIDE^. Less.

Heads heterogamous, homogamous, or heterocephalous (dicEcious or
moncecious). Style (in the perfect flowers) cylindraceous above ; the
branches linear (somewhat thickened or convex externally), penicil-
late or hairy at the apex, either truncate, or produced into a cone, or
a more or less elongated and hispid appendage ; the stigmatic lines
terminating in the base of the cone or appendage, not confluent. —
Leaves opposite or alternate.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SUBTRIBES.

Subtribe 1. Melampodine^. Flowers all unisexual; the staminate and pistillate
either occupying the same, or different heads, in the same or different individuals.
Anthers not caudate. Pappus never of bristles.

Subtribe 2. Helianthe.s;. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous and
discoid. Receptacle parUy or entirely chaffy. Pappus none, or coroniform, or
awned, or of few squamella;. Anthers blackish, not caudate. Leaves often
opposite.

Subtribe 3. Fi.aveuiejE. Heads 1-few-flowered, densely aggregated, heterogamous.
Leaves opposite.

Subtribe 4. Tagetine^e. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or homogamous and
discoid. Receptacle not chaffy. Pappus awned or setose. Involucre with the
scales in a single series and mostly united, dotted, like the opposite leaves, with
large pellucid glands.

Subtribe 5. Hei^enie^. Heads mosUy heterogamous. Pappus of several or nu-
merous scarious chaffy scales, in a single scries, distinct, rarely none. Leaves
mosdy alternate.

270 COMPOSITE. Melampodine^.

SubtribeG. Anthemideje. Heads mostly heterogamous. Pappus none or coroni-
form, rarely squamcllate. Anthers not caudate. Branches of the style tmncate
and bearded at the apex, rarely terminated by a short cone. Leaves mostly
alternate.

Subtribe 7. Gnaphalie^. Heads homogamous and discoid, or rarely heteroga-
mous. Anthers caudate. Pappus of capillary or setaceous bristles, very
rarely none. Leaves mostly alternate.

Subtribe 8. Senecione^. Heads homogamous or heterogamous, discoid, or ra-
diate. Anthers not caudate. Pappus of capillary bristles, or very rarely
wanting in the exterior flowers. Leaves alternate.

Subtribe 1. Melampodine^, DC. (Polygamia Necessaria, Linn.)—
Flowers all unisexual; the pistillate and staminate flowers either in different
individuals, or in different heads of the satne plant, or in the same head.
Anthers not caudate at the base. Receptacle almost always chafly. Pap-
pus none, or somewhat coroniform, or awned, never of bristles.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Div. 1. Melampodie;e. — Heads moncecious, radiate. Achenia corticate.
G9. Melampodium. Inner scales of the involucre investing the achenia.

Div. 2. MiLLERiE^E.— Heads moncecious, radiate. Achenia not corticate nor winged.
70. Blennosperma. Receptacle naked. Achenia pulverulent-papillose.
7L PoLYMNiA. Receptacle chaffy. Achenia ob ovoid : pappus none.
72. Chrysogonum. Receptacle chaffy. Achenia obcompressed 4-angular: pap-
pus coroniform-toothed.

Z>iv. 3. SiLPHiEJE. — Heads monoecious, radiate; the rays deciduous. Achenia not
corticate, obcompressed, or winged. Pappus of two teeth or short awns.

73.' SiLPHiUM. Achenia winged, in more than one series.

74. Berlandiera. Achenia wingless, one adhering to each inner involucral scale.

75. Engelmannia. Achenia wingless, free : pappus 2-auriculate-squamellate.

Div. 4. PARTiiENiEiE. — Hcads moncecious, radiate : rays raarcescent. Achenia not
corticate, obcompressed.

76. Parthenium. Achenia 5 ; their callous margins united at the base with the

chaff of 2 contiguous sterile flowers.

Div. 5. lvE.iE. — Heads monoecious, not radiate. Anthers scarcely united.

77. Cyclach;ena. Heads glomerate-paniculate, bracteate: the central flowers

abortive.

78. IvA. Heads bracteate. Receptacle chaffy. Flowers glabrous.

79. PiCROTHAMNUS. Receptaclc naked. Achenia and corolla woolly.

Div. G. Ambrosieje. — Heads heterocephalous ; the sterile and fertile heads in the
same or different plants, not radiate. Anthers distinct.

80. Ambrosia. Fertile involucre 1-cellcd, 1-flowered, not spinose throughout.

81. Franseria. Fertile involucre 1-4-celled, sjiinose ; the sterile 8-12-toothed.

82. Xanthium. Fertile involucre 2-celled; the scales of the sterile distinct.

Melampodium. composite. 271

Div. 1. Melampodie^j, DC. — Fertile and sterile flowers in the
same heads ; the former several, ligulate ; the latter central, tubular. Ache-
nia corticate* (that is, invested and concrete witli the scales of the involucre
or chaff of the receptacle). Pappus none. Anthers united.

69. MELAMPODIUM. Linn.; Gartn.fr. t. 169; R. Br. in Linn,
trans. 12. p. 104.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5-10, in a single series ; those of
the disk sterile Ly the abortion of the style. Involucre double ; the exterior
of 3-5 flat and spreading foliaceous scales; the inner as many as the ray-
flowers and enclosing their achenia. Receptacle convex or subulate-conical,
chaffy; the chaff membranaceous, deciduous. Style in the sterile-flowers
undivided and hairy above. Achenia of the disk abortive ; of the ray ob-
ovoid, smooth, slightly curved, invested by the inner scales of the involucre,
which are often rugose or tuberculate, or cucullate at the summit, and either
truncate or produced into 1-3 teetli or awns. — Herbaceous or suffruticose
(chiefly Mexican) plants, with dichotomous stems, opposite sessile leaves,
and terminal or alar peduncles bearing a single head. Flowers yellow, or
the rays rarely (in two species?) white.

1. M. ramosissimum (DC): stem slightly suffruticose, much branched,
glabrous ; leaves linear, pubescent with somewhat appressed hairs, entire, or
remotely dentate-lobed or sinuate ; peduncles longer than the leaves; rays
oblong-linear, small (yellow) ; exterior scales of the involucre oval, pubes-
cent externally ; the interior involving the achenia, tuberculate at the base,
the summit expanded into a broad hood, with a dorsal uncinate acumination.
DC! prodr. 5. p. 518.

Texas, Berlandier ! (v. sp. in herb. DC.)

2. M. leucanthum: suffruticose, much branched at the base, strigose
throughout and dotted with minute resinous globules; leaves very numerous,
linear, the lower linear-spatulate, obtuse, entire, strigose-hispid above ; pe-
duncles much longer than the leaves ; rays oval-oblong, emarginate, thrice
the length of the ovate and hairy exterior scales of the involucre ; the inner
enclosing the achenia, tuberculate-scabrous towards the base, dilated above
into a short smooth hood, truncate at the summit, with the margin entire and
involute.

Texas, Dr. Ridddl ! — Plant 6-10 inches high. Leaves 1-2 inches long,
somewhat canescent, above witli hispid, beneath with weak hairs. Rays
about half an inch long. Chaff" of the receptacle laciniate-fimbriate at the
summit. — Nearly allied to (and possibly not distinct from) M. cinereum,
DC, a Mexican species collected by Berlandier, which is also remarkable
fur having white rays.

Div. 2. MiLLERiE^, DC — Fertile and sterile flowers in the same
heads ; the former few, ligulate, or sometimes tubular and 3-cleft ; the latter
central, tubular. Achenia not corticate, (that is not coherent with the scales

* We have used the term as employed and defined by De CandoUe in this place.
But in the Heliopsidece, and other pkices, this author also terms those achenia cor-
ticate in which the exterior covering (calyx-tube) is separable from the interior.

272 COMPOSITtE. Melampodium.

of the involucre or clmflTof the receptacle when invested hy these), or winged.
Pappus none, or coroniform. Anthers united.

Baltimora recta, Linn. (Fougerouxia recta, DC.) is a native of the coast of Mex-
ico, and not of Maryland, as Linnoeus supposed, being misled by the synonyrn he
adduced from Plukenet (Chrysantliemum Americanum, caule alato, amplioribus
foliis binatis, &c. Pink. mant. j). 4G, /. 34-2, /. 3.), which probably belongs to Ver-
besina Siegesbeckia.

70. BLENNOSPERMA. Less. syn. p. 267 ; DC. 2^rodr. 7. mant.p. 288.

Coniothele &; Apalus, DC.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5-10, in a single series, pistillate,
the elliptical ligule obtuse at the base and articulated with the ovary, entirely
destitute of tube ; those of the disk numerous, tubular, sterile by the abortion
of the ovary. Scales of the involucre 5-10, elliptical or oblong, membrana-
ceo-herbaceous, nearly in a single series. Receptacle at length convex, not
chafly. CoroUa of the disk short, with a much dilated 4-5-lobed limb.
Anthers oval. Style in the fertile flowers with short obtuse branches; in the
sterile capitate. Achenia (of the disk none,) of the ray oblong, terete, nar-
rowed towards the base, canescent with pulverulent papillae (which when
moistened open at the extremity, or by 2 valves, and emit 2 long filaments
of extreme tenuity, soon forming an apparently gelatinous mass equal in
thickness to the achenia itself), destitute of pappus. — Annual slender and
somewhat branching small herbs (Chilian and Californian), with alternate
pinnately-parted leaves; the branches naked and somewhat pubescent above,
and mostly terminated by a single small head. Rays, disk-flowers, and
anthers pale yellow.

1. B. Californicum : scales of the involucre and rays 7-10 ; a series offer-
tile apetalous flowers alternating with the rays ; branches of the style in the
fertile flowers oval, flat. — Coniothele Califoruica, DC. ! inodr. 5. p. 531 ;
Hook. SfArn..' hot. Beechey, su2}pl- p>- 352.

California, Douglas ! — Plant 4-6 inches high, slightly pubescent when
young. — Beyond tlie characters given above, the Californian plant scarcely
diflers from B. Chilense, except in the rather fewer disk-flowers of the latter,
the linear-oblong branches of the fertile style, and the evidently 5-sulcate-
striate achenia. In both, the eUiptical ray is immediately sessile on the
ovary, and when it falls oft" leaves a round perforation close to its base.
The only distinction of any generic consequence between Blennosperma and
Coniothele is entirely unnoticed by De Candolle, and may not be constant ;
but if it prove a permanent character, it will be proper to preserve the name
of Coniothele for the section. It consists in the presence of a series of fertile
flowers alternate witli the rays, and exactly similar to them, except that,
instead of a sessile ligule, they bear a minute deciduous ring, which repre-
sents the ligule reduced to its mere insertion. These apetalous flowers we
uniformly observe in Californian specimens, but do not find in the Chilian
plant. — An excellent account of the structure of the pa])ilhe of tlie achenia,
and the included spiral filaments, as observed in some other Composites, is
given by Decaisne, in Ann. sci. nat. (ser. 2.) 6. p. 251.

PoLYMNiA. COMPOSITiE. 273

71. POLYMNIA. Linn.; Gcertn.fr. t. IIA, f.2 ; DC. prodr. b. p.bl4..

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers (5-10 or more) pistillate, in a sin-
gle series ; those of the disk tubular, sterile. Scales of the involucre in a
double series ; the exterior about 5, large and spreading, foliaceous, ovate
or lanceolate ; the interior smaller, membranaceous, partly embracing the
fertile achenia. Receptacle flat, chaffy; the cliaffscarious, lanceolate or ob-
long. Corolla of the disk inflated above, thin and pellucid, with 5 short
teeth. Style in the sterile flowers 2-cIeft ; the branches hairy. Achenia
glabrous, destitute of pappus ; those of the disk abortive, terete ; of the ray
thick, obovoid, slightly compressed laterally, wingless. — Perennial (Ameri-
can) herbs, usually viscid-pubescent, with an unpleasant odor. Leaves op-
posite, or sometimes alternate (at least the uppermost), large,^dilated, mem-
branaceous, variously angled, lobed, or cleft, often whh stipule-like appen-
dages at the base. Heads paniculate-corymbose. Flowers yellow or
yellowish.

§ 1. Rays inconsjyicuous, shorter than the involucre. — Eupolyrania. (Alym-
nia. Neck. Polymniastrum, Lam.)

1. P. Canaclc7isis (Linn.) : viscid-pubescent ; leaves petioled, opposite ;
the uppermost alternate, deltoid-ovate or rhomboidal, often 3-5-angled or
lobed, or somewhat hastate ; the lower deeply pinnatifid or lyrate ; involucre
very viscid and hairy ; the exterior scales ovate-lanceolate, acumina'e,
rather larger than the_ (5-8) interior ; rays obovate-cuneiform, obtusely

3-lobed at the summit ; achenia crowned with a protuberant rins;.

Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 926, Sf amcen. acad. 3. t. 1, /. 5 ; Lam. ill. t 711 -
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 147 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 579; Ell. s7c. 2. p. 471 ,- Darlingt.)
fl. Cest. p. 476 ; DC. ! jvodr. 5. p. 515. P. variabilis, Poir. diet. 5. p. .505 ?
Polymniastrum, Lam. ill. t. 712 ?

Hill-sides in sliady rich soil along streams, Canada! and Northern States!

to the mountains of Carolina ! and west to Missouri. July.-Ausj. Stem

2-5 feet high. Leaves very thin, pale green. Heads small. Flowers very
pale yellow or ochroleucous.

§ 2. Rays flat, much longer than the involucre. — Polymnactis. (Polymnia,
Lam., Cass.)

2. P. Uvedalia (Linn.) : scabrous-pubescent or somewhat hirsute ; leaves
opposite, triplincrved, broadly ovate or deltoid ; the lower large, nearly as
broad as long, palmately lobed and sinuate, abrui)lly narrowed into a winged
petiole ; the uppermost nearly sessile, sinuate-toothed ; involucre slightly
pubescent and viscid ; the exterior scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, ciliate, many
times larger than the (10-14) ovate-lanceolate acuminate interior ones ; rays
hnear-oblong, 3-toothedat the apex, thrice the length of the inner scales of the
involucre.— Li/m. / spec. {cd. 2) 2. p. 1303 ; Lam. ill. t. 711,/. 2 ; Michx. '
fl. 2. p. 147 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. I. c. ; Darlingt. I. c. ; DC! prodr. 5.
p. 515. Osteospcrmum Uvedalia, Linn. spec. {ed. 1) p. 923. Chrysanthe-
mum angulosis ])latani-foliis, &c., Pluk. aim. t. 83, /. 3. C. perenne Vir-
gmianum, &c., Moris, hist. 3. sect. 6. t. 7, f. 55.

Rich dry soil. New York ! and Pennsylvania ! (rare) to Georgia ' Louis-
iana! and Arkansas! and Missouri! Junc-Aug.— Stem stout, grooved and
angled, nearly glabrous below, 4-10 ibet bigli. Lower leaves'about a foot
VOL. II. — 35

274 COMPOSITE. Polymnia.

wide; the wing of the petioles sinuate or pinnatifid. Heads large; the rays
an inch long, 10-15 in number, bright yellow ; the corolla of the disk dull
yellow. Acheuia large, striate.

72. CHRYSOGONUM. Linn. ; Gcertn. fr. t. 174 ; DC.prodr. 5. p. 510.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 5, pistillate; those of the
disk sterile. Involucre double, each of about 5 scales ; the exterior foliace-
ous, oblong, longer than the disk ; the interior chartaceous, roundish, con-
cave, embracing the fertile flower in its axil. Pi-eceptacle flat ; the linear
obtuse persistent chafT subtending the sterile flowers ; 2 or 3 usually adhe-
rent to the base of each inner involucral scale. Corolla of the disk cylindra-
ceous, 5-toothed. Style in the sterile flowers hispid above, undivided, or
sonietimes 2-cleft at the apex. Achenia of the ray obovate, obcompressed,
4-angled, somewhat convex on the back, enclosed in a scale of the involucre;
of the disk linear, abortive. Pappus small, coroniform, 2-3-toothed, and
divided to the base on the inner side, persistent. — A low tomentose-hirsute
perennial herb, nearly acaulescent when it begins to flower, producing several
stems, some of which are erect or ascending and floriferous, others prostrate
and stoloniferous. Leaves opposite, or clustered at the base, on long pe-
tioles, ovate or spatulate, crenate. Peduncles solitary, simple, naked, at
first short, at length elongated. Flowers bright yellow.

C. Virginianum (Linn.)— Lam. ill. t. 713 ; Gfertn. fr. 2. p. 436, t. 174
(the pappus bad) ; Walt. ! Car. p. 217 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 148 ; Pursh!
jl. 2. p. 579 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 472. C. Virginianum & diotostephus, DC. ! I. c.
Diotostephus repens, Cass, in diet. sci. nat. 48. p. 453. Chrysanthemum
Virginianum, &c., Pluk. aim. t. 83, /. 4, S^- 1. 242, /. 3. _

Dry fertile soil, Maryland! to Florida! and Illinois! to Louisiana!
April-July. — We are confident that Cassini has founded two genera, and De
Candolle two species, upon one and the same plant. We have never seen a
pappus like Gaertner's figure, nor exactly as Cassini describes his Diotoste-
phus ; but it is almost always as stated by Michaux and Elliott, that is,
3-toothed ; and the middle tooth is often shorter, or irregularly crenate, and
probably sometimes nearly wanting, when it would accord with Cassini's
character. The plant, when it commences flowering, presents only a tuft of
radical leaves (with rather short petioles), and a single head on a short radi-
cal peduncle ; but the succeeding leaves are borne on elongated petioles, the
ascending stems at length 6-12 inches high, and the peduncles which are
always short before the heads expand, often attain the length of 2 or 3 inches-
When old, the leaves become rather glabrous.

Div. 3. S 1 L P u I E 5; , DC. — Fertile and sterile flowers in the same heads ;
the former (3-20) ligulate, the ra3's deciduous; the latter numerous, central,
tubular. Fertile achenia obcompressed, sometimes winged, not corticate,
destitute of pappus, or mostly 2-toothed or 2-awned. Anthers united.

73. SILPHIUM. Linn. ; Gcertn. fr. t. 171 ; Schkuhr, liandh. t. 262.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers numerous, pistillate, the ligules in
a single series, but the flat ovaries in 2-3 rows ; those of the disk tubular.

SiLPiiiuM. COMPOSlTiE. 275

sterile. Involucre broadly campanulate ; the scales appressetl at the base,
more or less sprcadhig or loose and foliaceous at the summit, imbricated in
several series; the innermost (those next the achenia) very small and chaffy.
Receptacle small, flat, or somewhat turbinate when old ; the chaff linear,
flat, or slightly involute around the sterile ovaries. Corolla of the ray with
an elongated spreading ligule ; of the disk cylindrical; the teeth very short,
somewhat thickened and glandular, often pubescent or hairy externally.
Style in the sterile flowers undivided, much elongated, hispid. Achenia of
the ray broad and flat, obcompressed, imbricated in 3-4 series, surrounded
with a wing, which is notched at the summit, and usually confluent with 2
callous, subulate, or somewhat awn-like (often nearly obsolete) teeth, which
represent the pappus ; those of the disk abortive, slender, with an obsolete
coroniform pappus. — Stout perennial herbs (natives of the United States and
Texas), mostly hispid or scabrous, with a copious resinous juice. Leaves
alternate, opposite, or verticillate, entire, serrate, or lobed. Heads (large)
corymbose, jianicled, or solitary. Flowers yellow.

* Stem terete, virgate or nearly tuilced : leaves large, alternate, or radical and on long
petioles, often sinuate, lobed, or pimuitchj pa.rted.

1. S. laciniatum (Linn.) : hispid with white spreading hairs ; leaves pin-
nately parted, mostly petioled, but dilated and clasping at the base; the seg-
ments lanceolate or linear, sinuate-tootlied, incised, or pinnatifid, or some-
times entire, acute; heads (very large) few, racemose-sjjicate ; scales of the
involucre ovate, hispid and ciliate, produced into a long rigid and usually
squarrose acuminate appendage ; achenia orbicular-obovate, with a manifest
and scarious wing, deeply emarginate. — Linn.! spec. 2. p. 919; Linn. f.
dec. p. 5, t. 3; Ait.! Keiv. {ed. 1) 3. p. 267; Michx. ! Jl. 2. p. 145;
Pursh? fl. 2. p. 577; Jacq. f. eclog. 1. t. 90; DC! ptrodr. 5. p. 512;
Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 99. (excl. syn. E. pinnatif.) S. spicatum,
Poir. diet. 5. p. 157. S. gummiferum, Ell. sk. 2. p. 460.

(3. cauline leaves numerous towards the lower part of the stem, sessile
and clasping, ovate-lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatifid.

Prairies from Iowa ! Wisconsin ! Missouri ! Illinois ! and Ohio ! to Ken-
tucky ! Alabama! Louisiana! Arkansas! and Texas! /3. Prairies of Ala-
bama, Mr. Buckley ! July-Sept. — Root thick. Plant exuding a copious
resin, 3-11 feet high. Stem simple, striate-grooved and nearly glabrous at
the base, somewhat naked above, clothed, as also the young heads, veins of
the leaves &c., with large very white jointed hairs arising from rigid papillas.
Lower leaves 12-30 inches long, often bipinnatifid, with an ovate circum-
scription, sometimes lanceolate and simply pinnatel}' parted, with the seg-
ments narrow and rather remote, eitlier entire or toothed. Heads frecpiently
2 inches in diameter, without including the rays, which usually exceed the
involucre : the lertninal one flowers earliest, and 2 or 4 others appear later
in the axils of often remote bracts, or of the upper leaves, either sessile or
peduncled. The var. /i., which came from the same region as Elliott's S.
gummiferum, does not however so well accord with his description as the
ordinary S. laciniatum, which varies greatly in foliage. In ibis variety the
incisions of the cauline leaves do not reach more than half-way to the mid-
rib.— Rosin-toecd.

2. S. terehinthinaceum (Linn.): stem and peduncles glabrous; leaves
ovate and ovate-oblong, mostly cordate at the base, sharply serrate-toothed,

276 COMPOSITE. Silpiiium.

hispid-scabnms, especially beneath ; die radical ones very large and on long
petioles; tlie cauline very few, oblong; heads (rather large) in a loose ir-
regular panicle ; scales of the involucre glabrous, the exterior orbicular, the
others obovate or oval, obtuse ; rays numerous ; achenia obovate, very nar-
rowly winged, emarginate-2-toothed. — Linn. su2i2^L p. 383 ; Jacq. hort.
Vin'doh. lU. 43; G^rfji. fr. 1. 171 ,- Aif.! Kew. {eel. 1) 3. ji. 267; Michx. !
fl. 2. p. 145 ; Schkuhr, liandh. t. 2G2 ; Pursh, I. c. ; DC! I. c. ; Hook. hot.
mas;- t. 3525 ,- not of Ull.

Prairies and dry open woods, Michigan I and throughout the Western
States! to Louisiana! and the western part of Georgia! July-Sept. — Stem
4-9 feet highj leafless except near the base, exuding a copious resinous juice.
Radical leaves often more than 2 feet long, resembling those of the Burr-docJc,
but more rigid (the plant is sometimes called Prairie Burr-dock) ; the short
hispid liairs arising from a broad papillose base, in which a resinous matter
is frequently deposited, and the cuticle desquamates, so that the leaf appears
thickly sprinkled with white scurfy dots, particularly the lower surface. "
Heads about an inch in diameter, excluding the rays, which are an inch or
more long. The narrow wings of the achenia either entirely confluent with
the teeth of the achenia, which tlien appears rather deeply emarginate ; or the
wings are somewhat contracted at the summit, which is then more obtusely
toothed, and less deeply emarginate.

3. .S. jyinnafifidum (Ell.) : glabrous, except the petioles and lower surface
of the leaves, wliicii are more or less hirsute and scabrous; leaves large, ob-
long, varying from pinnately incised to deeply pinnatifid ; the radical on
long petioles, sliglifly cordate, the cauline few and cuneiform at the base ;
exterior scales of the involucre orbicular, the inner broadly oval ; rays nu-
merous ; achenia oval-obovate, very narrowly winged, obtusely emarginate
and slightly 2-toothed. — Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 462 ; DC.prodr. b. JJ. 512.

Prairies, western part of Georgia and Alabama, Elliott ! Mr. Buckley !
Ohio, J)r. Riddcll! Mr. Sullivant! Aug.-Sept. — Plant with the habit of
the preceding, and with equally large leaves and heads, rays an inch and a
lialflong. Achenia with 2 very short and rounded callous teeth. — x\s this
plant bears in its foliage the same relation to the true S. terebinthinaceuni
that S. compositum of Michaux does to the S. terebiuthinaceum of Elliott,
and presents no other sulFiciently marked characters, it may not improbably
prove to be a variety of the preceding.

4. S. com/positum (Michx.) : glabrous ; stem virgate, nearly naked, glau-
cous ; radical leaves broadly ovate, cordate, or reuiform-cordate, on long pe-
tioles, angulate-toothed, sinuate-toothed, or deeply and irregularly pinnatifld,
often ternately divided, the petiolulate divisions sinuate-pinnatifid or toothed,
glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath when young, the margins mi-
nutely ciliate and scabrous ; heads (small) numerous, in a spreading cymose-
corymbosc panicle ; scales of the involucre glabrous, obtuse, the exterior oval,
the others obovate or spatulate ; rays 9-12 ; achenia obovate-orbicular, rather
broadly v/inged, deeply and narrowly eraarginated; the wing confluent with
the acute or subulate teeth.

a. Mlchauxii : leaves deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, or sometimes ternately
divided, the divisions (3-9) sinuate-lobed or toothed. — S. compositum,
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 145 ; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2331 ,; Pursh, fl. 2. 2^- 5~7 ; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 462,- DC! 2^rodr. 5. p. 512. S. laciniatum, Walt. Car. p. 217,
not of Linn. S. sinuatum, Herh. Banks.! S. nudicaule, Curtis! cat.
Wilmingt. 2^1- in Bost. jour. nat. hist. (1835) 1. p. 127. S. terebinthaceum
/3. sinuatum, Curtis ! mss.

/3. reniforme : leaves (larger) roundish or reniform-cordate, sinuate-toothed
or angulate, or slightly lobed. — S. datum, Pursh, I. c. (ex. descr.) S. tere-
biuthinaceum, EU. sk. 2. 2'- 463, not of Linn. S. reniforme, Raf. med. fl..
2. 2>- 283 ; Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. j?. 342.

SiLPniuM. COMPOSITJ5. 277

y. ovatifuLium : leaves ovate, subcordatc, unequally and doubly toothed.

Dry pine barrens and open sandy woods, North Carolina ! to Florida ! the
var. a. prevalent in the low country ; (i. more common towards the moun-
tains, y. Florida, Mr. Croom! Dr. Chapman! June-Aug. — Stem 2-6 feet
high, slender, simple, paniculate or cor^'mbose at the summit, with a few
scattered bracts, or sometimes 3 or 4 small petiolate leaves towards the base.
Leaves 4-8 inches long (in ji. usually broader than long) ; the scattered hairs
of the lower surface not arising from papillfc, as in S. terebiuthinaceum.
Heads much more numerous, more corymbose or rather cymose, and smaller
than in the last named species. Scales of the involucre rather loose, slightly
ciliate. Chaft'of the receptacle with slightly dilated and hairy tips. Wing
of the large orbicular achenia united with, or when old partly separating
from, the subulate or aristate teeth. — This species, well-marked in habit and
character, although polymorphous in foliage, is confined to tlie Southern At-
lantic States ; while S. terebiuthinaceum, for which Elliott mistook the en-
tire-leaved form, is almost exclusively a western plant. From long observa-
tion, Mr. Curtis is convinced that our a. and ft. are only varieties of the same
species, widely as their extreme forms differ in foliage ; and our own obser-
vations confirm this view.

* * Stem terete or obscurely angled, leafy : leaves undivided, alternate, opposite, or 3-4-
nately vcrtidllatc, not unfrequently presenting all these variations in the same plant.

5. 5. irifoliatum (Linn.) : stem smooth and glabrous, often glaucous; cau-
line leaves lanceolate, usually narro\v, acute or acuminate, remotely denticu-
late, scabrous, especially the upper surface, on very short hispidly ciliate
petioles, ternately or quaternately verticillate, the uppermost opposite ; heads
in a loose compound corymb or panicle ; scales of the involucre ciliate, gla-
brous ; the exterior ovate, rather acute; the interior broadly oval, obtuse;
achenia obovate-oval ; the rather broad wings produced at the summit into
2 acute triangular lobes, which are confluent with (when old often more or
less separating from) the subulate teeth or awns. — Linn. spec. 2. p. 920 (excl.
syn. Moris.) ; Desf. cat. ; Hook. hot. mag. t. 3355. S. trifoliatum, terna-
tura, & atropurpureum, Retz, in Willd. spec. 3. ^7. 2333 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 466. S. ternatum & S. trifoliatum (at least in part) DC! I. c.
S. ternifolium, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 146, chiefly. Chrysanthemum Virginia-
num, foliis asperis, &c., Moris, hist. t. 3, /. 68. — Varies with the leaves
nearly all verticillate, or the upper opposite and alternate, entire, or irregu-
larly serrate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, scabrous or nearly smooth on
both sides ; the short petioles ciliate or glabrous ; the stem sometimes pale, but
commonly purple and glaucous.

Dry woods and plains, Ohio ! Maryland ! and throughout the mountainous
portion of the Southern States! July-Oct.— Stem 4-6 feet high, striate,
slightly angled. Leaves 4-6 inches long, frequently less than an inch broad.
Heads rather small ; the rays 12-18. The subulate awns of the achenia
equalling or slightly exceeding the wings, with the edges of which they arc
confluent, but when mature they often break away.

6. S. dentatum (Ell.) : stem usually smooth and glabrous, or hirsute-sca-
brous towards the summit; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, irre-
gularly and coarsely toothed, scabrous above but scarcely so beneath ; tire
upper alternate or scattered, ^somewhat pctioled orS(3Ssile; the lower opposite
or ternately verticillate, on rather slender hirsute-ciliate petioles ; heads co-
rymbose ; scales of the involucre broadly ovate, obtuse, cdiate, glabrous ;
achenia broadly obovate, narrowly winged, obtusely emargmatc at the surn- -
mit, or almost truncate, the teeth obsolete.— EZL .' sk. 2. p. 468. S. trifo-
liatum, partly, DC. I.e.? S. aHiuc, M. A. Curtis ! mss.

278 COMPOSITiE. Silphium.

/3. lower leaves opposite ; the upper alternate but approximate in pairs, on
short petioles ; all ovate-lanceolate and entire.

}'. stem somewhat hirsute or hispid ; lower leaves opposite or alternate,
petioled, coarsely sinuate-toothed or incised. — S. qnercifoliura, DC. ! prodr.
5. p. 513. S. lanceolatum, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Dry woods and fields, western part of N. CaroHna, Mr. Curtis! to Geor-
gia, 'Elliott! Dr. Boyldn! and Alabama, Mr. Bucldeij ! June-Sept. —
Stem 2-5 feet high. Leaves 3-5 inches long, 1-liwide; the lower on
petioles 1-3 incheslong. Heads smaller than in S. Asteriscus. Rays 8-15.
Achenia with narrow wings, which are very slightly produced at the apex,
■which is therefore broadly" and slightly emarginate, minutely ciliate, some-
times with 2 minute callous rudiments of the awns or teeth. — This plant
bears so much resemblance to the smoother forms of S. Asteriscus, varying
also like that species with either glabrous or hispid stems, and with the leaves
slif^htly, or very coarsely and sinuate-incisely toothed, that we can only dis-
tinguish them with certainty by the achenia; and hence we sliould have hes-
itafed to consider it a distinct species, had notditferent states of it been so re-
garded by Elliott, De Candolle, Mr. Curtis, &c., apparently without reference
to the achenia. We expect that tliis character will yet prove inconstant, and
that all the varieties will be included under S. Asteriscus.

7. S. Asteriscus (Linn.) : stem terete, hispid ; leaves oblong or oval-lan-
ceolate, irregularly and often coarsely serrate with scattered teeth, scabrous-
hirsute both sides; the u])])er alternate and sessile; the lower mostly oppo-
site, often ternately verticillate ; the lowest on short hirsute petioles ; heads
solitary or somewhat corymbose ; scales of the spreading involucre foliace-
ous, ciliate, the exterior hispid-scabrous, ovate, acutish, the inner large and
obtuse ; achenia obovate-oval ; the rather broad wings projecting beyond the
summit into 2 triangular acute lobes, united with the short subulate spreading
teeth.— -Linn. .' spec. 2. p. 920; Lam. ill. t. 707; Miclix. ! fi. 2. p. 146;
Purslu I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 469 ; DC! prodr. 5. p. 513. Asteriscus Co-
ronaj-Solis, &c.. Dill. Elth. U 37, /. 42.

ji. IcEvicaule (DC! 1. c.) : stem and sometimes the peduncles smooth and
glabrous or nearly so; lower leaves elongated, often coarsely toothed or sinu-
ate-incised, tapering into petioles.— S. scabrum, Walt. Car. p. 217. S. As-
teriscus fl. scabrum, Nutt. s^en. 2. p. 183.?

Dry sandy soil, Virginia! to Florida! and Louisiana! common. June-

Aug. Stem 2-4 feethigh. Leaves very scabrous above, less so beneath,

varying from broadly lanceolate-oblong to rather narrowly lanceolate, from
nearly 'entire to very coarsely toothed. Heads large, with 12-15 elongated
rays. Achenia moderately winged ; the subulate teeth often breaking away
more or less from the wing, sometimes projecting beyond it, but usually
shorter.

8. S. IfEVigatum (Pursh 1 Ell.) : smooth and glabrous ; stem terete, slightly
angled above ; leaves coriaceous, opposite, lanceolate-oblong, acute or acu-
minate at both ends, remotely serrate-toothed, minutely hispid-ciliate ; the
lower tapering into margined petioles; the uppermost nearly sessile andob-
tuse or even "slightly cordate at the base, often entire; heads (small) in a
loose corymb ; scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate, obtuse, squarrose; ache-
nia oval-obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate and slightly toothed at the
summit.— S. Isvigatum, Ell. sk. 2. p. 465, not of Pursh, ex char,, but pro-
bably the plant collected by Enslin.

Prairies &c. of the western part of Georgia {Elliott, Sec.) and Alabama,
Mr. BucMo/! July-Sept.— Stem 2-3 feet high, stout. Leaves very
smooth, except tlie marguis; the lower 6-8 inches long and 2 in width ;_ the
uppermost much smaller. Resembles S. scaberrinium, except that it is
smooth, with smaller heads ; and the achenia not more than half the size,

SiLPHiuM. COMPOSITE. 279

broadly emarginate, and with very narrow wings. — Pursh's character of S.
Ia3vigaiuni is most applicable to a common variety of S. integrifolium : yet
the latter surely is not found in the low or middle country of (leorgia (al-
though there is some reason to suppose it a native of the western Allegha-
nies) : but the plant may have been described from the mere summit of the
stem of this species; for which, as it is certainly Elliott's plant, we have
retained the name.

9. S. scaberrhnum (Ell.) : stem somewhat angled, hispid, nearly glabrous
when old (sometimes smooth when young) ; leaves opposite, oval, acute or
somewhat acuminate, rigid, hispid-scabrous on both sides ; the uppermost
nearly sessile and entire, tlie lower narrowed into petioles, denticulate or ser-
rate; heads few; scales of the involucre strongly cillate, squarrose-spread-
ing, the exterior acutish ; achenia (large) nearly orbicular, very broadly
winged, narrowly cleft at the summit. — Ell.! sk. 2. ^j. 44G.

/3. very hispid, at least when young; leaves occasionally alternate; the
uppermost sessile, the lower petioled ; heads often solitary.

y. hispid and scabrous ; leaves oblong and lanceolate-ovate, opposite and
alternate, nearly all sessile ; heads somewhat panicled. — S. asperrimum,
Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 99. S. Radula, Nutt.! in trans. Amcr.
phil. soc. I. c. p. 341.

Western districts of Georgia, Elliott ! and Alabama, Mr. BucMey ! /?. &
y. Louisiana, {Drummond,) Dr. Hale! Arkansas, Nuttall ! Texas, Drmn-
mo7id! Aug.-Sept. — Stem stout, 3-4 feet high. Leaves very rough; the
hairs, particularly of the upper surface, arising from broad papilla3. Heads
as large or larger than those of S. Asteriscus; the rays numerous. Mature
achenia half an inch long, the wing also proportionally broad, often with a
distinct callous tooth. — A distinct species, remarkable for its very rough
leaves and large rounded achenia, although variable in its foliage, and allied
to S. integrifolium.

10. S. integrifolium {ISlithx.) : stem quadrangular and striate, scabrous;
leaves rigid, numerous, opposite, lanceolate-ovate, witii a subcordate sessile
and partly clasping base, tapering to an acute point, entire, or sparingly den-
ticulate, the upper surface and margins very scabrous, the lower closely sca-
brous-pubescent or often smooth ; heads in a close 2-3-chotomous corymb ;
the lateral peduncles short; scales of the involucre rigid, scabrous, somewhat
squarrose ; the exterior ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; achenia (large)
roundish oval or obovate, broadly winged, deeply emara;inate and 2-toothed. —
Michx.! fl. 2. p. 146; Willd. spec. 3. p. 2333; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 578; scarce-
ly of E/^io^ /

/3. leeve : stem (striate-angled), lower surface of the leaves, and sometimes
even the peduncles and involucre smooth. — S. Ifcevigatum, Pursh, I. c.l S.
speciosum, Nuit. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Plains, &c. Wisconsin {Mr. Lapham!) Illinois! Missouri! and Arkansas!
to the Western districts of Georgia, ji. With var. a.\ and Plains of Arkan-
sas, Nuttall! Aug.-Sept. — Plant rigid, 2-4 feet high, simple or corym-
bosely branched and dichotomous. Leaves 3-4 inches long, sometimes a
little narrowed below, but usually broadest at or near the closely sessile base,
and tapering regularly to the apex. Heads as large as in S. Asteriscus; the
rays 15-20. Achenia 4-5 lines long. — The plant varies greatly as to rough-
ness in the same locality, and also when cultivated, the stem being sometimes
strongly scabrous, but not unfrefjuently perfectly smooth: the leaves are
usually very scabrous above and closely scabrous-pubescent beneath; but
occasionally the lower surface is rough like the upper, and often entirely
smooth. The species is well marked in habit.

280 COMPOSITiE. Silpiuum.

* * * Stem sqiuire, at kast below: leaves all opposite, connate, either directly or by
winged petioks.

11. S. perfoliatum (Linn.) : stem stout, square, the branches often nearly
terete ; leaves large, ovate or ovate-oblong, thin ; the lower ovate-deltoid,
coarsely toothed, on winged connate petioles ; the upper often nearly entire,
connate-perfoliate and forming a concave disk ; heads trichotomous-corym-
bose, tlie central on a long peduncle; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse,
squarrose-spreading ; achenia broadly obovate, winged, emarginate. — Linn.!
spec. {eel. 2) 2. p. 1301; Gouan, hort. Monsp. p. 4G2,- Hook. hot. mag. t.
3354. S. tetragonum & S. scabrum, Mcenck. S. connatum, Michx. ! ji. 2.
p. 146. — Varies with the stem, branches, involucre, &c. smooth and glabrous,
the leaves somewhat scabrous (S. perfoliatum of authors) ; sometimes very
scabrous above, and minutely and softly pubescent beneath ; or with the
stem hirsute or hispid, at least above, with deflexed hairs, and the leaves
often hairy (S. connatum, Linn. mant. pi- 574; Willd. spec. Z. p. 2332;"
Pursh, ji. 2. p. 578; DC.'jjrodr. 5. p. 514): a state with the exterior
scales of the involucre larger and more foliaceous is S. conjunctum, Willd.
enum. p. 933. As to the achenia, these are frequently obcordate-emarginate,
the extremities of the wings being rounded and not at all produced (S. perfo-
liatum, DC! I. c); or these are produced into 2 short acute or triangular
teeth (S. Hornemanni, DC! I. c, which, as to pubescence &c. is interme-
diate between S. perfoliatum & S. connatum of authors), or into sharp lobes
producing a deep narrow notch, as is represented in SchJcuhr, liandh. t. 262.
But all these forms arc so variable as scarcely to admit of being distinguished
as varieties, much less as species.

Banks of streams, &c. Michigan ! Illinois ! and Ohio ! to Kentucky !
Tennessee ! and the mountainous portion of the Southern States ! July-
Sept. — Stem 4-6 feet high. Leaves 6-12 inches long, 4-8 broad ; the radi-
cal somewhat cordate, on margined petioles; the upper connate either by a
very broad or somewhat narrowed base ; those of the branches sometimes
disjoined. Heads large ; the rays 15-30. — Cup-Plant.

S. crythrocaulmi (Bernh. m Sprcng. sijst. 3. ^?. 630); "stem 4-angled, glabrous;
leaves opposite, cordate-lanceolate, acute, unequally toothed, very scabrous; the
winged petioles perfoliate; scales of the involucre oblong, rather acute," also seems
to be a variety of S. peifoliatum.

74. BERLANDIERA. DC prodr. 5. p. 517 ; DeLess. ic. sel. 4. t. 26.
Species of Silphium, DC. i^ authors.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, ligulate, equal in num-
ber to the inner series of involucral scales (5-8, rarely 12), and situated in
their axils ; those of the disk tubular, sterile, partly enclosed by the some-
what foliaceous and cucullate upwardly dilated and obtuse chaffy scales of
the receptacle, two of which are adherent to the base of each inner scale of
the involucre and persistent, tire others borne on the margin and depressed
summit of the small somewhat turbinate receptacle ; the central flowers oc-
casionally somewhat abortive ? and with narrower chaff. Scales of the
spreading involucre foliaceous, in 3 series ; the exterior 3-4, oblong or oval,
smallest; the second 4 or 5, mostly obovate ; the innermost (usually 5-8)
largest, dilated-obovate or rhornboidal, membranaceo-chartuceous, reticulated.

Berlandfkra. COMPOSITiE. 281

Corolla of the ray with an oblong subsessile spreadmg ligule ; of the disk
cylindraceous, 5-toothed ; the teeth hairy externally. Style in the sterile
flowers undivided, elongated and hispid above. Achenia of the ray in a sin-
gle series, flat, obcompressed, obovate, Avingless, not toothed or notclied at the
summit, one-nerved on the outer, one-ridged and canescently pubescent on
the inner surface, each more or less strongly coherent with the flat involucral
scale to which it corresponds and falling away with it, partly covered by the
chaff of the two attached sterile flowers ; the pappus of 2 minute and caducous
setose teeth or short awns : the abortive achenia of the disk linear or filiform,
with an obscure coroniform pappus. — Perennial canescent or velvety-tomen-
tose herbs or sufTrutescent plants (natives of the Southern United States,
Texas, and Northern Mexico), not resiniferous ; with mostly solitary (middle-
sized) pedunculate heads terminating the terete stem or paniculate-corym-
bose branches; the involucre and summit of the chafT usually canescently
pubescent. Leaves alternate, cordate, ovate or oblong, and crenate, sinuate,
or pinnatifid, thin, veiny. Rays yellow, pubescent externally. Corolla
of the disk and anthers sprinkled with reddish resinous globules.

This genus, although well-marked inhabit, is mainly distinguished from Silphium
by its single series of wingless achenia, adherent to the large interior involucral
scales; and, including as it does all the toraentose and canescent species of Silphium,
it leaves that genus better defined in habit and character. It is singular tliat DeCan-
dolle, who founded the genus upon a Texan plant, and mentions its affinity on the
one hand to Melampodium, and on the other to Polymnia, should not have remarked
its closer alliance with Clnysogonum and especially with Silpliium (from which the
receptacle scarcely differs), nor have noticed the adhesion of the achenia to the
scales ; a character first pointed out by Mr. Bentham, in his B. lyrata of Mexico,
but which occurs in all the species. As we find a corolla, stamens, &c. in all the
disk-flowers, we suspect that DeCandolle may have mistaken for abortive flowers
some of the central abortive ovaries, from which the corolla falls at an early period.
— Since our account of this genus was prepared, Mr. Nuttall, who had established a
new genus upon these plants, adopted at our suggestion the name of Berlaudiera,
but with the appended sectional appellation of iSilphiastrum. His B. longifolia,
however, is doubtless the original B. Texana.

1. B. Texana (DC. ! 1. c.) : herbaceous (suffrutescent DC.) ; branches and
peduncles hirsute with jointed often purplish hairs ; leaves oblong-ovate, cor-
date, simply or doubly crenate, minutely hispid-scabrous above, canescently
pubescent or hairy beneath ; the lowermost petioled ; the others closely ses-
sile; heads somewhat corymbose. — B. longifolia, Nutt. .' in trans. Amcr.
phil. soc. I. c. p. 342.

fS. brtonicfpfolia : leaves all petioled, cordate-ovate, deeply and coarsely
crenate ; peduncles clothed with jointed purplish hairs. — Silphium belonici-
folium. Hook. ! com2)an. to hot. ma,s'. 1. p. 99.

In woods, Texas, Berlandier ! Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale! Western
Arkansas, Nuttall ! /3. New Orleans ? Drummond. — Most of the specimens
from Dr. Hale (which do not appear sutiiuiieose) have the peduncles and
upper part of the stem clothed with purplish hairs (colored by the deposition
of a resinous matter), just as Hooker describes his Silphium betoniciiblium;
but the upper leaves are all sessile, as in De Candolle's i)lant, inclining to
lanceolate-ovate, an inch or an inch and a half in length ; the uppermost
often acute : but those at the base of the stem are about 4 inches long, obtuse,
in form very like those of a Betonica, doubly and incisely crenate, on petioles
about an inch long.

VOL. II. — 36

282 COMPOSITE. Berlandiera.

2. B. tomcntosa : herbaceous, stem softly canescent with closely appressed
woolly tomentum, simple or branched ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, green
and minutely pubescent above, white and finely tomentose beneath, crenate;
the uppermost cordate and sessile ; the lower ones petioled ; heads in small
corymbs, on slender peduncles. — Silphium tomentosum & pumilum, Pursh,
jl. 2. ]}. 579. S. reticulatum, Pursh, I. c. ? Polymnia Caroliniana, Poir.
did. 5. 7. 505.

a. stem erect or ascending, simple or sparingly branched ; heads few on
elongated naked pedicels; leaves mostly obtuse; the lower oblong, often
acute and somewhat irregularly toothed at the base. — Silpliium pumilum,
Michx..' fl. 2. p. 146 (a dwarf state) ; Ell.! sk. 2. _p. 469 ; DC. ! prodr. 5.
p. 512. Berlandiera tomentosa, Nutl. ! I. c.

(3. {dealbata) stem mostly branched, and, with the lower surface of the
more numerous cordate-ovate often acutish leaves clothed with a very while
fine tomentuni ; heads more numerous, corymbose, on shorter peduncles. —
B. pumila, Nutl.! I. c.

J. stem taller, branched, at length scarcely tomentose ; upper surface of
the leaves scabrous.

Dry pine barrens and plains ; a Georgia ! to Florida ! /3. Arkansas, Nut-
tall! "Texas, Drummond! 7. Western Louisiana, _D/-. Leavenworth ! May-
Aug. — Stem varying from scarcely a foot to 3 feet high. Leaves 1^-2, the
lowest often 3-4 inches long, and 1 to 2 wide. Pedicels and involucre to-
mentose.— When old, the soft tomentum is more or less deciduous, and the
stem often branched. The var. 7. is in this state, and approaches the pre-
ceding. The var. jL appears to be an exclusively Western plant, and is
larger, more leafy, &c. If it prove a distinct species, it will re(]uire a new
name, since both S. pumilum and S. tomentosum were founded on the
species from the Atlantic States. We have adopted the latter of these spe
cific names, because the plant, although small for a Silphium, is one of the
largest of the genus to which we have removed it.

3. B.incisa: herbaceous, minutely velvety-canescent throughout; stem
(short?) branching ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly petioled, coarsely and
very irregularly incised and toothed, deeply sinuate and pinnatifid towards
the base ; the lobes and teeth short, obtuse ; heads usually solitary terminat-
ing the branches, on elongated peduncles. Silphium Nuttallianum, Torr.!
majin. lye. NewYork, 2. jj. 216, as to the plant collected by Dr. James; but
not the Florida plant of Nuttall.

On the Arkansas or Platte, Dr. James ! — The specimen is only the upper
portion of a stem, or perhaps a branch, clothed throughout with a very fine
and close whitish velvety tomentum ; but the upper surface of the leaves (2
inches or more in length) less canescent. Except that the stem is leafy, it

considerably resembles B. lyrata, Benth.! p)^- Hartw., which is, however,

quite distinct from this or the following species.

4. B. subacaulis (Nutt.) : minutely slrigose-canescent, at first acaulescent;
leaves (radical) deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, often lyrate, somewhat petioled;
the lobes toothed or crenate ; peduncles (scapes) elongated, naked, bearing a
single head. — B. subacaule, Nutl.! I.e. Silphium subacaule, Nutt.! in
Sill. jour. 5. p. 301 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 512. S. Nuttallianum, Torr. ! I. c.
as to the syn.

/3. stems short, at length brandling, leafy below ; radical leaves oblong ;
the cauline oblong-spatulate, somewhat petioled ; all obtuse, lyrate, or spar-
ingly sinuate, or nearly undivided ; peduncles terminal, very long.

"East Florida, Mr. Ware! {Nuttall), Dr. Burroxvs ! Dr. Leavemcorth !
Georgia, Le Conte ! (3. Florida, Dr. Leavemcorth ! May-Aug. ? — Radi-
cal leaves about 3 inches long, clustered, rather rough, particularly the up-
per surface, mostly alternately sinuate-pinnatifid, often with an oblong undi-

Berlandiera. COMPOSITiE. 2&3

vided terminal lobe. Scapes, or peduncles, slender, 6-8 inches long. Head
as large as in B. tomentosa.

75. ENGELMANNIA. Torr. S^- Gray, mss., hi Nutt. trans. Amer. phil.
soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 343.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers equal in number to the inner
scales of the involucre (8-10), and situated in their axils, ligulate, pistiUate ;
those of the disk tubular, sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated in about
3 series, coriaceo-chartaceous, broadly oval or obovate, appressed, the exte-
rior shortest ; all abruptly narrowed into a foliaceous lanceolate or linear
spreading appendage, the exterior exceeding the scale ilself in length. Re-
ceptacle flat ; the chalT persistent, chartaceous, with foliaceous and hairy
tips, partly involute and enclosing the sterile flowers ; the outer series lance-
olate, acute, two firmly adherent to the base of each inner involucral scale ;
the others very narrowly linear, rather obtuse. Corolla of the ray with an
oblong exserted sessile ligule ; of the disk dilated upwards, 5-toothed, the
teeth somewhat hairy. Style in the sterile flowers undivided, hispid. Ache-
nia of the ray equal in size to the concave inner involucral scales to which
they are applied, oval-obovate, obcompressed, convex and carinate external-
ly, flat or concave and one-ridged on the inside, scabrous-pubescent, not
winged or toothed, crowned with two small scarious lanceolate concave marce-
scent squamellae, which are more or less united at the base, hispid and fringed ;
those of the disk filiform, abortive, with a minute coroniform pappus. — A pe-
rennial branching rough and hirsute herb, with branching stems, corymbose-
paniculate at the summit, and bearing several rather small heads on slender
peduncles. Leaves alternate, strigose, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, irregu-
larly pinnatifid, with the segments lanceolate or linear (the lower longest
and divaricate), sessile ; the radical petioled and bipinnatifid. Rays yellow,
tardily deciduous, pubescent externally.

E. pinnatifida {Torr. & Gray, 1. c.)— Silphium, n. sp. {Nutt.) Torr. in
ann. lye. New York, 2. ^?. 215.

On the Canadian, Dr. James ! Red River, Arkansas, Nuttall ! Br. Lea-
venworth! Tcxns, Drummond .' — Plant ]-3 feet high. Leaves 2-5 inches
long. Heads about as large as in Polymnia Canadensis : the involucre sub-
globose. The base of the achenia coheres with the base of the involucral
and the two adjacent chaffy scales, but at length it separates witliout tear-
ing away the margin : the exterior coat (calyx-tube) is separable. — This
genus, intermediate between Silphium and Parthenium, is dedicated to
our esteemed correspondent. Dr. George Engelmann, of St. Louis, Mis-
souri, who has for several years assiduously studied the plants of Missouri,
Arkansas, &c., and made valuable contributions to many European collec-
tions, as well as to this work.

Div. 4. Parthenie^, DC. — Fertile and sterile flowers in the same
heads ; the former (several) ligulate, the rays persistent or marcescent ; the
latter central, tubular. Fertile achenia obcompressed, not corticate or winged,
usually with a callous margin. Pappus none, or 2-squamellate. Anthers
scarcely united.

284 COMPOSITE. Partheniom.

76. PARTHENIUM. Linn.; Gcertn. fr. t. 168 ; DC. prodr.b. i). bZ\.

Heatls many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5, pistillate, fertile, somewhat ob-
scurely ligulate, one in the axil of each inner scale of the involucre ; those of
the disk tubular, sterile by the abortion of the style. Involucre hemispherical,
in a double series ; the exterior ovate ; the interior nearly orbicular. Recep-
tacle conical or somewhat cylindrical, covered with membranaceous chaffy
scales, which are dilated above and somewliat cucuUate, partly sheathing
the flowers of the disk, tomentose at the summit. Corolla of the ray very
short, obcordate, persistent or marcescent ; of the disk tubular, somewhat
dilated above. Staniens inserted towards the base of the corolla : anthers
slightly united. Style of the sterile flowers undivided : the branches of the
fertile style semiterete, obtuse. Achenia (of the ray) compressed, oval or
obovate, smooth, surrounded by a filiform callous margin, which is firmly*
coherent at the base with the involucral scale and with a contiguous chaffy
scale of the receptacle on each side, at length tearing away from the ache-
nium. Pappus 2-squamellate, or somewhat aristate, sometimes nearly ob-
solete.— Herbs or suffrutescent (American) plants, somewhat various in
habit, canescent or hirsute-scabrous, with alternate undivided or 1-2-pin nately
cleft leaves. Heads corymbose-cymose or panicled, rarely solitary. Flow-
ers whitish.

§ 1. Pappus of 2 very small and slender or aivn-like squamellce, sometimes
obsolete : j)erennial or suffrutescent : leaves toothed or someioliat incised, un-
divided.— Partheniastrum, Dill., DC.

1. P. integrifolium (Linn.) : stem herbaceous, hirsute-pubescent ; leaves
hispid-scabrous, ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, doubly crenate orcrenale-
toothed, or sometimes incised ; the upper ones sessile or partly clasping; the
lower petioled, often deeply incised at the base ; heads numerous, tomentose,
corvmbed ; exterior scales of the involucre somewhat acute. — Linn. ! spec.
2. p. 988; Lam. ill. t. 766 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 147 ; Willd. hort. Berol. t.
4 ,• Schkuhr, handb. t. 293 ; Null. gen. 2. p. 183 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 474 ;
DC. I. c. Partheniastrum Helenii folio, DHL Elth. 1. 225, /. 292. Ptar-
mica Virginiana &c., Pluk. aim. t. 53, /. 5, 4" 219, /. 1.

Dry soil, Maryland ! Virginia ! to Alabama ! and west to Missouri !
Louisiana! and Texas! July-Sept. — Stem 1-2 feet high. Lower leaves
3-5 inches long. Heads crowded, about 4 lines in diameter; the scales
closely appressed. Ray inconspicuous.

§ 2. Pappus of 2 oblong obtuse membranaceous squainellee : root annual :
leaves hipinnatfid. — Argtroch^ta, Cav., DC.

2. P. Hysterophorus (Linn.) : hirsute-puberulent and somewhat canescent,
diftiisely branched or decumbent ; leaves variously bipinnatifid ; the upper-
most linear and undivided ; heads (very small) paniculate; exterior scales of
the involucre somewhat acute. — Linn. I. c. ; bot. mag. t. 2275 ; Hook, in
cotnpan. to bot. mag. 1. p- 99; DC! I. c. Argyrochajta bipinnatifida, Cav.
ic. i. J). 54, t. 378. Villanova bipinnatifida, Ort. dec. p. 48, t. 6.

Banks of streams. New Orleans, Drummond, Dr. Ingalls ! Texas, Ber-
landier! St. Augustine, Florida, Baldicin ! Key West, Mr. Blodgett!

Partki-nium. COMPOSITiE. 285

Also a native of Mexico and the West Indies. — Leaves resembling those of
Ambrosia artimesicEfoIia.

§ 3. Pajijnts of 2 oblong-lanceolate membranaceous squamellce, nearly the
length of the short truncate tubular corolla: ccespitose, dwarf: heads soli-
tary and nearly sessile among the spatulate-Unear canescent leaves at the
summit of each division of the ligneous caudex ! — Bolophyta, Nutt.

3. P. alpinum. : acaulescent ; caudex branched, denselv c^sspitose, and
crowned with the vestiges of former leaves and whh a tuft of white hairs ;
leaves densely tufted, entire, silverj^-canescent ; corolla of the ray scarcely
exserted, truncate, slightly 2-crenulate. — Bolophyta alpina, Nutt. ! in trans.
Amer.j)hil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. J347.

In the Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the Platte, in about lat.
42°, on slielving rocks at the summit of a lofty hill, near the place called the
' Three Butes' by the Canadians, 7000 feet above the level of the sea. Ntit-
tall! June. — Caudex fusiform, sending off several closely matted crowns of
leaves ; the latter an inch or an inch and a half in length, scarcely a line
wide, tapering into short petioles, 1-nerved. Heads concealed among the
leaves, about as large as those of P. integrifoliiim, and entirely similar in
structure ; except that the rays, if they may be so called, are shorter, entirely
tubular, with an obscure emargination anteriorly and posteriorly. The pap-
pus, which escaped Mr. Nuttall's notice, consists of a scarious ovate-lanceo-
late or triangular scale-like auricle or tooth on each side, which perhaps
withers away as the achenium ripens. Excepting the habit, therefore, we
find nothing whatever to distinguish this little plant from Parthenium, be-
yond the more reduced corolla of the ray.

Div. 5. IvE5:, DC. — Fertile and sterile flowers in the same heads, all
tubular, or the former rarely apetalous. Pappus coroniform, 4-awned, or
none. Anthers approximate but distinct : filaments inserted towards the
base of the corolla. Style of the fertile flowers mostly 2-parted.

77. CYCLACH^NA. Fresenius, ind. sem. hort. Franc. 1836, p. 4, Sfin
Linntea, 12, suppl. p. 78.

(Polygamo-subdioecious ; the barren plant similar to the fertile, but not
fertilizing its ovaries.) Fertile and sterile flowers in the same heads ; the
former 5, in the axils of the inner scales of the involucre, with no corolla or a
mere rudiment ; the latter 10-15, with an obconical 5-toothed corolla, (near-
ly destitute of proper tube) ; the central ones abortive. Scales of the flattish
hemispherical involucre usually TO, in 2 series ; tlie exterior 5, ovate, some-
what acuminate, thickish, herbaceous ; the interior dilated-obovate, truncate,
membranaceous, at length loosely wrapped around the achenia. Recepta-
cle small, flat ; the chafTlinear-spatulate, usually wanting towards the cen-
tre. Anthers slightly united, tipped with an inflexed mucronate appendage.
Style of the fertile flowers deeply 2-cleft, linear, acutish ; in the sterile
flowers undivided, radiate-penicillate at the apex. Achenia obovate, obcom-
pressed, somewliat turgid, not margined, glabrous, entirely destitute of pap-
pus ; tlie siaminafe (lowers with no rudiments of ovaries. — A tall and coarse

286 COMPOSITE. CYCLACHiENA.

annual; the stem simple and more or less branched at the summit; the
leaves opposite, ovate or subcordate, acuminate, doubly or unequally serrate,
3-nerved, hirsute-canescent or pubescent beneath, somewhat scabrous, on
long petioles. Heads small, greenish, ebracteate, sessile and often glomer-
ate, disposed in compound terminal and axillary spikes, forming a pyrami-
dal panicle.

C. xanthiifolia (Fresenius, 1. c.)— Iva xanthifoha, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 185.
I. (Picrotus) xanthifolia & paniculata, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n.
ser.) 7. p. 347.

In alluvial soil, Upper Missouri near Fort Mandan &c., Nuttall ! Prince
Neu-xvied (seeds from which the plant was raised in the Frankfort Botanic
Garden) to the Rocky Mountains, NutlalL.'— Scales of the involucre some-
what hairy externally and ciliate, distinct, as long as the disk. Ovaries
minutely somewhat hairy at the summit when young, at length glabrousr;
the corolla reduced to a minute ring surrounding the base of the style. — We
are not sure that the plant is truly polygamo-dioecious, since the styles, in
what Mr. Nuttall considers the sterile p'la'nt, are apparently perfect: the fer-
tile ovaries of Iva ciliata are at first very small hkewise : but in this plant
the inner involucral scales are also proportionally reduced in size, so as to be
readily overlooked, as indeed they have been by Mr. Nuttall. We have a
specimen from a plant cultivated in Mr. Lambert's garden, exhibiting the
heads in a somewhat monstrous state ; the styles of the fertile flowers fre-
quently 3 or 4, and those of the exterior sterile 2-cleft ; the former showing
an evident corolla ; the corolla of the disk-flowers 10-nerved ; the receptacle
towards the margin furnished with dilated and somewhat cucullate chaff;
while in the wild plant the chaff" is often nearly or quite wanting.— Except-
ing its entire opposite leaves, this plant has the habit as well as.the inflor-
escence and many of the characters of Euphrosyne, DC. [DeLess. ic. 4. t.
28 j ; of which, indeed, it might be deemed a section, should that genus
prove to have an inner series of involucral scales, similar to that which is re-
presented in the figure as one of the paleae of the receptacle.

78. IVA. Linn. ; Gfertn.fr. t. 164 ,- DC.prodr. b. p. 529.

Fertile and sterile flowers in the same heads ; the former few (1-5), mar-
ginal, with a small tubular corolla ; the latter several (7-20, rarely only 2 or
3), with a tubular-campanulate or infundibuliform 5-toothed corolla. Scales
of the campanulate or hemispherical involucre 3-5 in a single series, and of-
ten more or less united, or 6-9 and imbricated, usually ovate or orbicular
and somewhat fleshy. Receptacle small, chaffy ; the chaff linear or spatu-
late. Anthers sometimes with a mucronate inflexed appendage, distinct or
nearly so. Style in the fertile flowers deeply 2-cleft ; the branches linear or
linear-subulate, one of them often imperfect ; in the sterile flowers undivi-
ded, usually with the apex radiate-penicillate. Achenia obovoid, somewhat
obcompressed, wholly destitute of pappus ; the sterile flowers with rudimen-
tary ovaries. — Herbaceous or shrubby commonly maritime (American)
plants. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate, often thick or fleshy, 1-3-
nerved. Heads solitary or ternate in the axils of the upper leaves, or of fo-
liaceous bracts, forming spikes orsjjicate racemes, deflexed. Corolla green-
ish-white. Anthers yellow.

IvA. COMPOSlTiE. 287

§ 1. Involucre several-flowered, coivposed of 3-5 distinct and nearly 1-seriate,
or partly united scales.

1. /. ciliata (Willd.) : annual, hirsute or hispid, branched; leaves oppo-
site, on slender hispid or ciliate petioles, ovate, acuminate, coarsely and ir-
regularly serrate-toothed, scabrous above, softly pubescent or slightly canes-
cent beneath; the upper ones ovate-lanceolate; spikes dense, elongated,
paniculate; the conspicuous lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate bracts, and the
(3-4, distinct) roundish unequal scales of the involucre, hispidly ciliate ; fer-
tile flowers mostly 3; chaff of the receptacle linear-filiform. — Willd. spec. 3.
p. 2386 ; Piirsk, fl. 2. p. 580 ; DC. I. c. I. annua, Mickv. ! fl. 2. p. 184,
not of Linn. Ambrosia (vel Iva) Pitcheri, Ton. ! mss. {in herb. Hook.) ;
Hook, compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 99.

/?. bracts linear and much elongated, ciliate only near the base. — Ambro-
sia Pitcheri /3., Hook. I. c.

Swamps and moist places, Illinois ! and Missouri ! to Louisiana ! Arkan-
sas ! and Texas ! common. Aug.-Oct. — Plant 2-6 feet high, coarse and
weed-like in appearance, with much the habit of an Ambrosia. Leaves 3-4
inches long. Spikes 3-6 inches long, numerous; the bracts longer (in ,5.
many times longer) than the deflexed almost sessile heads. Scales of the
involucre 3, rarely 4 or 5, very obtuse, unec|ual. Fertile flowers sometimes
4 or 5, inconspicuous when young ; the corolla slender, truncate. Achenia
obovate, lenticular. Sterile flowers 10-15, greenish ; the style penicillate at
the apex.

2. I. frutescens (Linn.) : shrubby, nearly glabrous, much branched ; leaves
opposite or the upper ones alternate, a little fleshy, oval or lanceolate, some-
what scabrous, coarsely and sharply serrate ; the uppermost, or bracts, line-
ar-lanceolate, entire ; heads depressed-globose, somewhat pedicellate, solitary
or in pairs in the axils of the bracteal leaves, forming foliaceous paniculate
racemes ; scales of the involucre 5, orbicular, glabrous, distinct; fertile flow-
ers 5; chaflTof the receptacle linear-filiform. — Linn.! ammi. acad. 3. p. 25,
^- sjjec. 2. p. 989 ; Wcdt. ! Car. p. 232 ; Lam. ill. t. 166. /. 2 ; Michx. ! fl.
2. p. 184 ,• Willd. I. c. ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 580 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 475 ; Bigel. fl.
Bost. ed. 2. p. 317; DC! I. c.

Sea-coast, and muddy shores of large rivers near the ocean, Massachu-
setts ! to Florida ! and Louisiana ; common. July-Sept. — Shrub 3-8 feet
high ; the stems annually dying down to near the ground in the Northern
States. Leaves of a greyish hue, sometimes ternate. Heads recurved,
greenish. Corolla of the fertile flowers very small, 2-3-toothed. Achenia
when young sprinkled with resinous dots as in most other species. — Marsh
Elder.

3. /. axillaris (Pursh) : much branched from the somewhat ligneous base,
low, covered with minute appressed hairs or nearly glabrous ; leaves alter-
nate or the lower opposite, fleshy, lanceolate-linear, oblanceolate, or spatu-
late-oblong, entire, obscurely 1-3-nerved, narrowed at the base, sessile ;
heads solitary in the axils of the leaves, on short recurved pedicels; scales
of the campanulate involucre 4-5, distinct, or united to the middle ; fertile
flowers 4-5; chafT of the receptacle filiform-linear. — Pursh! fl. {suppl.) 2.
p. 743 ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 185 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 309, t. 106. L
axillaris & L foliolosa, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. ]). 346.
Dry sandy and saline soil. Upper Missouri, Bradbury! Nuttall! Mr.
Nicollet ! Saskatcliawan, Drtmimond ! &c. and on the Oregon from the
Rocky Mountains to the Grand Rapids, Douglas ! May-July. — Root an-
nual according to Pursh and Hooker, 'perennial & herbaceous,' Nuttall,
certainly perennial or even ligneous in the fine specimens collected by Mr.
Nicollet. Stems ascending, a span to a foot high ; the plant with much the

288 COMPOSITE. IvA.

habit of Glaux maritima. Leaves about an inch long, varying from 2 lines
to half an inch in breatlth, j)ale ; the close strigose pubescence (traces of
which are almost always visible with a lens) scarcely perceptible to the
naked eye except on the margins. The involucral scales are sometimes
nearly or quite distinct (I. axillaris, Nut.l. I. c. excluding the reference to
Hooker) ; sometimes variably united, as described and figured by Hooker,
when it is the 1. foliolosa, Nutt. I. c. But Mr. Nicollet's si)ecimens from the
Missouri (in which the leaves are as evidently 3-nerved and hairy as in any
state of the species,) have the scales in some instances united to the middle,
while more commonly they are nearly distinct.-

4. 1. micro'cephala (Nutt.) : stem slender, glabrous, virgately branched ;
heads very small, nearly sessile in the axils of the narrowly linear and fleshy
sessile entire alternate leaves, nodding ; scales of the involucre 4-5, distinct;
flowers about 6, three of them pistillate. — Nutt. ! in trans. Arner. jMl. soc. I. c.

Florida, Dr. Baldicin! — Leaves about half an inch long and half a line
wide : the capitula not larger than an ordinary pin's head. Nutt.

§ 2. Scales of the many-jloivered involucre 6-9, imbricated in 2-4 series.

5. /. imbricata (Walt.) : perennial, herbaceous or nearly so, mostly gla-
brous ; branches ascending ; leaves commonly alternate, fleshy, lanceolate,
mucronulate, tapering to the base, sessile, obscurely 3-nerved, entire or den-
ticulate serrate ; heads solitary or in pairs in the axils of the upper leaves, on
short pedicels, forming foliaceoas spikes or racemes ; exterior scales of the
involucre orbicular, fleshy, with a narrow scarious margin ; the interior ob-
ovate, the scarious margin lacerate-denticulate; fertile flowers 2—4; chaff of
the receptacle linear-spatulate, denticulate at the summit. — Walt.! Car. j^-
232; Michx.! fl. 2. p. 184,- Pursh ! fi. 2. p. 580; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 475;
DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 530.

Sandy sea-shore, N. Carolina ! to Florida ! and Louisiana ! Also Key
West, Mr. Blodgett ! July-Oct. — Plant 1-2 feet high, suffrutescent at the
base. Leaves about an inch long. Corolla of the fertile flowers very small
and short, 5-parted or irregularly cleft. Fertile style divided nearly or quite
to the base ; the branches linear, rather obtuse, one of them sometimes abor-
tive. Sterile flowers numerous. Achenia slightly compressed. — " Leaves
of the fertile branches linear; of the barren ones cuneate-obovate. and ser-
rate-toothed : the plant has an extremely strong odor of honey." M. A.
Curtis, mss.

§ 3. Involucre turbinate, composed of 3 scales united nearly to the summit,
3-6-Jiowered, the fertile flowers solitary. — Monachsena.

6. /. angustifolia (Nutt.) : annual, strigose-pubescent : stem erect or de-
cumbent at the base, much branched ; leaves narrowly linear or lanceolate-
linear, 1— 3-nerved, tapering at the base or somewhat petioled, entire, the
lower often denticulate ; heads (small) subsessile, deflexed, forming narrow
virgate leafy spikes ; chaff of the receptacle filiform, minute. — Nutt. ! in
DC. prodr. 5. p>' 5~9' '■V'"' t^o-^^s- Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Prairies, Arkansas, Nuttall ! Dr. Leavenworth ! Western Louisiana, Dr.
Hale ! Texas, Drummo)ul ! Dr. Leavenworth ! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 1-3
feet high. Leaves &c. minutely pubescent and somewliat canescent with
appressed strigose hairs; the lower 1-2 inches long and 1-3 lines wide; the
upper much narrower ; the bracteal ones almost setaceous. Spikes very nu-
merous, 4-G inches long. Heads scarcely more than a line in length, fre-
quently with only 3 flowers, two of them staminate. Sterile style abor-

IvA. COMPOSITiE. 289

tive, short, glabrous, not thickened at the summit. Achenium somewhat
compressed.

79. PICROTHAMNUS. NuU. in trans. Amer. j)hil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. j;. 417.

Fertile and sterile flowers in the same heads; the former 3-5, marginal,
with a very small obliquely truncate and obscurely 2-3-toothed corolla ; the
latter about 10, with an infundibuliform 5-toothed corolla, inflated at the sum-
mit. Scales of the depressed-hemispherical involucre about 5, orbicular,
distinct. Receptacle flat, naked. Sterile flowers destitute of ovaries; the
anthers slightly united, tipped with an inflexed mucronate appendage ; the
abortive style entire, whh a radiate-penicillate summit. Style in the fertile
flowers deeply 2-cleft ; the branches subulate-linear, glabrous. Achenia
obovoid-oblong, terete, entirely clothed, as well as their corollas, and the
tube of the sterile corolla, with very long and tortuous woolly hairs. — A low
rigid suffruticose plant, with the habit of Artemisia, canescently pubescent,
much branched ; the branches spinescent. Leaves small, alternate or
crowded, petioled, pedately or 2-ternately divided. Heads small, in short
and somewhat loose racemes or spikes; the rachis persistent and spinescent.
Flowers pale yellow.

P. desertorum (Nutt. ! 1. c.)

Arid deserts in the Rocky Mountains, towards the north sources of the
Platte, Nut tall .' — Plant bitter to the taste (whence the name), 4-18 inches
high. — Mr. Nuttall doubtfully refers it to Milleries, next to Clibadium : but
the heads and flowers entirely accord with Iva, except in the naked recepta-
cle, and the woolly hairs of the achenia and corolla.

Div. I?. Ambrosie^, DC. — Fertile and sterile flowers in different
heads on the same individual; the former (1-4) often apetalous ; the latter
tubular. Scalesof the involucre in the fertile heads united into an ovate or
oblong persistent covering, including or closely investing the flowers and fruit,
often prickly or spinose. Pappus none. Anthers approximate, but distinct
or very slightly united : filaments inserted at the base of the corolla.

80. AMBROSIA. Tourn. ; Linn.; G^ertn.fr.t. 164; Schkuhr, handb. t.

292 ; DC. jmdr. 5. p. 524.

Sterile heads occupying the upper portion, the fertile at the base of the ra-
cemes or spikes, or in the axils of the upper leaves. Sterile Fl. Involu-
cre flattish, hemispherical, or somewhat turbinate, composed of 7-12 united
scales, 5-20-flowered. Receptacle flattish, naked, or usually with filiform
chaff" among the flowers. Corolla infundibuliform or turbinate, 5-toothed.
Anthers tipped with a mucronate-setigerous indexed appendage. Ovary
none or rudimentary : abortive style included, minutely fimbriate or radiate-
penicillate at the summit. Fertile Fl. Involucre globose-ovoid, oblong,
or turbinate, closed, pointed, usually armed near the summit witli 4-8 tuber-
voL. II. — 37

290 COMPOSITE. Ambrosia.

cles or horns in a single series, 1-flowered. Corolla none. Stamens none.
Branches of the style filiform, elongated. Achenium ovoid or obovoid. —
Herbaceous or rarely sufTrutescent weed-like plants (chiefly American), with
opposite or alternate mostly lobed leaves. Branches terminating in racemes
or spikes, which are simple and sterile above. Sterile heads ebracteate.
Fertile heads clustered at the base of the sterile spikes and bracteate, or ses-
sile in the axils of the upper leaves. Corolla whitish.

Lessing, De Caiidolle &;c. distinguish Franseria from Ambrosia by the chaffy re-
ceptacle of the sterile flowers, the presence of an abortive style, and the echinate fer-
tile involucre as in Xanthium, which moreover in Franseria proper (§ Xanthiopsis,
DC.^ is said to be 2— 4-celled: but that genus must depend upon the latter characters
alone (at least so far as the section Centrolsena is concerned, of which only we have
seen specimens); for all the species of Ambrosia we have examined have a sterile
style, and all but A. trifida and A. artemisisefolia exhibit the same chaffy receptacle
as in Franseria. In the Mexican A. fruticosa tvjr. canesceas, Bcnth.pl. Harhc, the
chaffy scales ai'e conspicuously dilated at the summit. No one appears to have re-
marked tlie setiform inflexed appendage of the anthei-s in these jilants. — A. bidentata,
Michx. might perhaps be properly separated from the genus.

§ 1. Sterile heads more or less pedicellate; the involucre regular, with Oie
margin crenate or nearly entire : fruit {fertile involucre) subglobose or obo-
void. E UAiMBROSIA.

* Involucre of the sterile heads 3-ribbed : receptade naked : fertile heads glomerate ai,
the base of the sterile spiciform racemes; the clusters someiohat involucraie ; leaves op-
posite, ujulivided or pahnately 2-b-hbed.

1. A. trifida (Linn.) : stem tall and stout, hairy, rough ; leaves scabrous
and hairy, deeply 3-lobed ; the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate;
the lower leaves often 5-lobed ; petioles narrowly winged, ciliate ; racemes
often paniculate; fruit (fertile involucre) turbinate-obovoid, with a short
conical pointed apex, 6-ribbed, the ribs terminating in as many cristate tuber-
cles.—Li?(«. / sijcc. 2. p. 987 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p.\H3; Willd. ! spec. 4. p.
375 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 581 ; Ell. ! sTc. 2. p. 476 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 527 ;
Darlingt.fi. Cest. p. 479 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 26. A. Virginiana &:c.,
Moris, hist. 3. sect. 6. t. 1, /". 4.

/3. integrifolia : leaves ovate or oval-oblong, acuminate, sometimes the up-
per, and often the lower ones 3-lobed. — A. integrifolia, Muhl. in Willd. ! I.
c. ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 580 ; DC. I. c. "

Low grounds and along streams, Canada ! to Georgia ! and west to Louisi-
ana and Arkansas ! Aug.-Sept. — (I) Stem 4-sided, 4-9 feet high (some-
times 20 feet or more ! according to Dr. Boykin), branching above. Leaves
large. Involucre of the sterile heads with 3 .strong dark purple radiate ribs,
occupying the side farthest from the axis of the raceme. Corolla greenish-
white, cyathiform-campanulate, scarcely attenuate at the base. Fruit 3-4
lines long. — A coarse unsightly plant.

* * hwolucre of the sterile heads not ribbed: receptacle itsualli/ chaffy ; the chaff filiform ,
or rarely dilated at the summit, rather shorter than the corolla: fertile heads solitary
or glomerate towards the base of the sterile spikes or racemes, or in the axils of the up-
per leaves ; the clusters somewhat involucrate : leaves 1-2-pinnately cleft or parted, al-
ternate, tlie lower opposite.

2. A. crithmifolia (DC.) : suffruticose and prostrate at the base; the flow-

Ambrosia. COMPOSITiE. 291

ering stems erect or ascending, velvety-hirsute at the summit ; leaves nearly
all opposite, petioled, rather thick, bipinnatifid, when young hirsute-tomen-
tose on both sides ; spikes few, the terminal one much longest; receptacle of
the sterile flowers chatfy; fruit (fertile involucre) obovoid, villous when
young, unarmed. — DC! jnodr. 5. p. 525.

Sea-shore, Key West, Mr. Bennett! Mr. Blodgett ! — Whole plant some-
what hirsute-canescent, 12-15 inches high. Lower leaves bipinnatifid ; the
ultimate segments short; the uppermost occasionally alternate, often simply
pinnatifid ; the segments linear, entire or 1-2-toothed. Fertile involucre
with about 4 obscure inflexed teeth near the summit.

3. A. arleinisi(efolia (Linn.): annual; stem sparsely or rather densely
villous, or pubescent, paniculately branched ; leaves bipinnatifid, minutely
sirigose-pubescent, almost glabrous above, paler and frequently somewhat
canescent beneath ; the uppermost simply pinnatifid ; the lower opposite ;
petioles ciliate or hirsute; racemes spicate, paniculate; receptacle of the
sterile flowers naked ; fertile heads solitary or glomerate along the lower part
of the racemes and bracteate, or in the axils of the upper leaves ; fruit ob-
ovoid or subglobose, nearly glabrous, pointed, armed with about 6 short acute
spines or teeth. — Linn.! spec. 2. p. 988; Lam. ill. t. 16b, f. 1 ; Willd.!
spec. 4. p. 376; Ell. sk. 2. p. 477 ,• DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 526. A. elatior,
Linn. ! I. c. ; Willd. ! I. c. ; Pnrsh ! ft. 2. p. 581 ; Ell. I. c. ; Bigel. jl.
Bost. ed. 2. p. 343 ; Hooh. ! jl.. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 309 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p.
479 ; DC. ! I. c. A. absyntiiifolia, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 183.

ji. cauline leaves 1-2-pinnatifid ; those of the branches nearly sessile; the
uppermost lanceolate, undivided, or somewhat lobed at the base. — A. hetero-
phylla, Muhl. in Willd. ! spec. 4. p. 378 ; Pursh, I. c. ; DC. I. c.

y. fertile heads glomerate in the axils of the leaves and on short axillary
branchlets or spikes, and more or less racemose or paniculate ; the sterile
racemes very short.

S. less pubescent ; fruit (usually rather smaller) with the spines or teeth
very short or obsolete. — A. ]mmcu]ata, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 183; Willd.!
I. c. ; Ell. I. c. ; DC. ! I. c. ; Hook. I. c. partly ? Iva monophylla, Walt. !
Car. p. 232.

Dry fields and pastures, roadsides, and waste places, Canada ! to Florida!
Louisiana ! and Texas ! often a troublesome weed in cultivated grounds.
(California, eyi Hook. S^ Am. hot. Beechey.) July-Sept. — Stem 1-3 or 4
feet high, at length much branched ; the plant variable as to pubescence, &c.
Fruit a line to a line and a half in length ; the spines or teeth certainly varia-
ble, and sometimes inconspicuous or almost none. — Of the two Linntean
names, the one we have preferred is the most appropriate. — Bitter-weed.
Rag-iveed. Hog-weed.

4. A. coronopifolia : annual ? canescent-strigose, at length much branched,
leaves crowded, rigid ; the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile ;
deeply and somewhat remotely pinnatifid or incised; the lower opposite and
somewhat bipinnatifid, on short margined petioles; sterile heads in loose
spicate racemes, the receptacle chatiy ; fertile heads solitary or somewhat
clustered at the base of the sterile spikes and in the axils of the upper leaves;
fruit globose-ovoid, turgid, unarmed, obtusely ])ointed, hairy. — A. hispida,
Torr. ! in ann. lye. New York, 2. ;/;. 216, doubtless not of Pursh.

Prairies of Illinois! Missouri, (north to Devil's Lake, il//-. Nicollet!)
Louisiana ! and Texas I Aug.-Sept. — Stem erect, 1-5 feet high, often rough
or almost hispid. Leaves very numerous, sometimes nearly all opposite,
2-5 inches long, clothed with very closely appressed hairs, both sides more
or less canescent when young, sprinkled \vith minute resinous globules; the
segments ratlier distant, spreading, oblong or lanceolate. Sterile racemes or
spikes proportionally shorter than in the preceding; the heads scarcely

292 COMPOSITtE. Ambrosia.

larger : involucre minutely hispid. Chaff of the receptacle filiform. Mature
fruit twice as larije as in A. artemisiaefolia, pubescent towards the summit,
obscurely triangular at the base, entirely destitute of teeth or horns.

5. A. longistylis (Nutt.) : annual, scabrous ; stem (apparently) simple ;
leaves pinnatifid; the segments oblong-linear; bracts em ire ; fertile Howers
axillary, conglomerate, with exceedingly long styles; fruit cornute, spiny at
the summit ; sterile flowers about 30, in a slightly toothed involucre ; the
receptacle iiliformly paleaceous ; cusps of the anthers filiform. Nutt.! in
trans. Amer. j}hil. soc. I. c. p. 344.

Rocky Mountains : allied to Franseria, Nuttall! — Plant strigose-hispid.

§ 2. Sterile heads closely sessile, densely aggregated in a cylindrical sessile
spike terminating the stem or branches ; the involucre turbinate, truncate,
the inner margin produced into a long and consjncuous lanceolate, hispid,,
decurved or cucullate tooth or appendage : receptacle chaffy: fruit (fertile
involucre) oblong, 4.-angled and sometchat prismatic, solitary or clustered in
the axils of the lanceolate closely sessile 1-nerved leaves. — Cercomeris.

6. A. hidcntata (Michx.) : annual ; stem hirsute with spreading hairs ; the
branches simple ; leaves very numerous, mostly alternate, hirsute or hispid,
partly clasping, commonly with a short spreading lobe or broad tooth on each
side near the" base, entire above, or rarely remotely serrate, acute ; sterile
spike squarrose with the recurved very hispid appendage of the involucres;
receptacle small, about 10-flowered; the filiform scarious chaft' much shorter
than the corolla ; fruit acutely pointed ; the 4 angles or ribs terminating in
short acute spines.— ili/fZ/.r. / jl 2. p. 182 : Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 581.

Prairies of Illinois ! Missouri ! Arkansas ! and Louisiana ! July-Sept. —
Stem 1-3 feet high. Leaves 1-2 inches long. Sterile spikes very dense ;
the appendages of the involucres, which are twice or thrice the length of the
involucre itself appearing like recurved bracts. Fertile heads numerous,
minutely pubescent, when mature about 4 lines long, including the rigid
and sharp terminal horn or cusp. Achenium conformed to the cavity of the
involucre.

X Doubtful Species.

7. A.Mspida{'P\xxs\i): canescent-hispid throughout; leaves bipinnatifid,
the segments incised ; racemes terminal, somewhat paniculate. Pursh, ji.
\suppl) 2. p. 743.

South Carolina, Catesby {Herb. Sherard.) About a foot high: flowers
larger than in A. trifida. Pursh.

8. A. tomentosa (Nutt.) : perennial ; stem low ; leaves bipinnatifid, the
lower side white and tomentose; spikes solitary. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 186

Upper Missouri : rare ; 1-2 feet high. Nuttall.

81. FRANSERIA. Cav. ic. 2. t. 200 ; Willd. hort. Berol. t. 2 ; DC.

Sterile heads occupying the upper portion, the fertile the base of the ra-
cemes or spikes. Sterile Fl. Involucre hemispherical, composed of
8-12 united scales, 15-20-flowered. Receptacle flatlish, chaffy ; the chaff
filiform. Corolla infundibuliform, 4-5-toothcd. Anthers tipped with a mu-
cronate-setigerous inflexed appendage. Ovary none : abortive style included,

Franseria. composite. 293

radiate-penicillate at the summit. Fertile Fl. Involucre ovoid or oblong,
closed, covered with uncinate or spinescent prickles (composed therefore of
numerous pluriseriate united scales, each tipped with a prickle), 1-4-celled,
with a single flower in each. Corolla none, or a rudiment ap])ressed to the
base of the style. Stamens none. Branches of the style filiform, obtuse at
the summit. Achenia oblong. — Herbaceous or suffrutescent (American)
plants, with alternate coarsely toothed or lobed, or 1-2-pinnately parted
leaves ; the fertile heads somewhat aggregated at the base of the sterile spikes
or racemes ; the evolution of the latter mostly centripetal ! Sterile heads
ebracteate.

§ Fertile involucre {1-cclled) mined with straigld sjiines. — Centrol^na, DC.

* Pcrcrmial or siijfruticose.

1. F. Chamissonis (Less.) : hirsute-canescent ; stems decumbent, stout ;
leaves roundish-elliptical, crenate-toothed, abruptly narrowed into a long
petiole; involucre of the densely spicate sterile heads 10-12-toothed, hirsute;
spines of the fructiferous involucre short and very stout ; achenia large. —
F. Chamissonis a. malv^folia. Less, in Linnfea, 5. p. 507 ; DC. I. c.

(S. cunei folia: leaves oval or elliptical, tapering by a cuneate 3-nerved
base into a long petiole; the upper often incisely toothed. — F. cuneifolia,
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. j). 345.

Coast of California, Chamisso. /3. Mouth of the Oregon, i\^M/to//.' — Stem
(ligneous at the base. Less. ; succulent, Nutt.) 1-2 feet long. — Lessing re-
niarks that one of his specimens has the uppermost leaves bijiinnately divided ;
and in Nuttall's specimens they are sometimes incised ; so that the following
different as it appears, may not be distinct.

2. F. hipinnatifida (Nutt.) : herbaceous ; stems decumbent, villous-hir-
sute; leaves silky-canescent, bipinnately divided; the ultimate segments
linear, short, obtuse, sometimes 1-2-tootlied ; sterile heads in a dense spicate
raceme, vi'ith nearly glabrous 10-12-toothed (about 30-flowered) involucres;
spines of the fructiferous involucre short and very stout. — Nutt.! I. c.
F. Chamissonis /3. pinnatisecta. Less. I. c. ; DC.' I. c. Ambrosia paniculata,
Hook. ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 309, as to spec, from N. W. Coast ? (but our spe-
cimen has no flowers.)

Coast of California, very common, Chcunisso, Douglas! Nuttall! Nootka,
Dr. Scouler !

3. F. j)umil«- (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : silky-canescent ; leaves on long petioles
3-pinnatifid ; the ultimate segments linear-oblong, crowded ; sterile involucres
5-7-toolhed, about 12-flowered.

St. Diego, California, Nuttall /—Plant 4-6 inches high. Spike not ex-
serted beyond the leaves. We have not seen the fruit.

4. F. discolor (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : root creeping ; leaves interruptedly bipin-
natifid, nearly smooth above, closely canescent-tomentose beneath ; segments
subovate, acute, confluent on the wide rachis ; stem short, with the lateral
branches decumbent ; sterile involucres about 5-6-toothed. Nutt.

Rocky Mountains near the Colorado of the West. A very remarkable
and distinct species. Stems about a span long, slightly pubescent. Leaves
with a lanceolate outline, about 6 inches loiig. Fertile flowers few: fruit
spiny. Nuttall. — Wc have not seen the fully developed flowers, nor the
fruit.

294 COMPOSITiE. Franseria.

* * Annual. (Ambrosidium, Nutf)

5. F. Hookerianh (Nutt.) : much branched, paniculate ; stem scabrous and
more or less hirsute ; leaves bipiiinatifid, with few oblong or somewhat linear
segments, strigose-canescent; racemes paniculate; sterile involucres 5-8-
cleft, 10-20-flowered ; tlie fructiferous involucre covered with (12 or more)
long and slender flatfish spreading spines. — F. Hookeriana & F. montana,
Nutt.! I. c. Ambrosia acanthicarpa. Hook. ! ji. Bor.-Am. 1. jj. 309.

Saskatchawan to the Oregon River, Douglas! Drununond! and near the
sources of the Colorado of the West, Nuttall ! — Fertile portion of the racemes
often as long as the sterile, frecjuently leafy at the base and partly com-
pound. Sterile heads small, on filiform pedicels.

82. XANTHIUM. Touim. inst. t. 252 ; Linn. ; Gcertn. fr. L 164 ;
Schkuhr, handh. t. 291 ; DC. I. c.

Heads glomerate-spicate ; the sjiikes sterile at the summit. Sterile Fl.
numerous in subglobose heads ; the scales of the involucre distinct, in a sin-
gle series. Receptacle oblong or cylindraceous, chaffy. Stamens inserted
in the base of the short and dilated 5-toothed and somewhat hairy corolla :
anthers distinct, but connivent. Style abortive, undivided. Fertile Fl. two,
enclosed in a 2-celled ovoid or oblong coriaceous closed involucre, which is
clothed with hooked prickles and terminated by 1 or 2 stout beaks. Corolla
filiform. Stamens none. Branches of the style linear-filiform. Achenia
solitary in each cell of the involucre, oblong, flat. — Coarse annual weeds,
with branching stems, and alternate, petioled, lobed or toothed leaves.

§ 1. Leaves cordate, lobed, incised, or toothed, with no spines at their base:
fructiferous involucre iiith 2 beaks. — Euxanthium, DC.

1. X. strumarium (Linn.) : fructiferous involucre oval, somewhat pubes-
cent ; the beaks straight (appressed or spreading) ; leaves 3-5-lobed incise-
ly-toothed ; the lobes acute. — Linn. spec. {ed. 2) p. 1400 ,• Fl. Dan. t. 270 ;
Lam. ill. t. 765, /. 1 ; Engl. bot. t. 2544 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. 2^- 523.

j3. Canadense: fructiferous involucre pubescent-scabrous, or at length
glabrous; the beaks straight or slightly incurved; stem usually spotted.
— X. majus Canadense, Herm. Lugd. p. 635 .'' X. elatius Americanum,
&c., Moris, hist. 3. p. 604. sect. 15. t. 2, f. 2 ? X. Canadense, Mill. diet,
no. 2 ? Hook. 4* Am. bot. Bcechey, p. 148. X. Carol, medium, Dill. Elth.
t. 321 ? e\cl. fig. 13-16. X. Americanum, Walt. Car. p. 231 ? X. macro-
carpon ji. glabratum, DC. I. c. X. strumarium, Michx. fi. 2. p. 182 ;
Eli. sk. 2. ^p. 479 ?

Waste places, around barnyards, &c., apparently introduced. Also Key
West, Florida, Mr. Blodgctt! (with fruit a little smaller than the European
plant, the beaks appressed.) p. Fields, &c., Canada ! Northern and West-
ern States ! and probably in the Southern States. Also in California, Hook.
Sf Am. July-Sept. — The true X. strumarium is more or less naturalized ;
the var. /3. is probably indigenous, and perhaps a distinct species ; but we
can indicate no further characters to distinguish it. except that the fruit is in
general a little larger than in the European plant, and the leaves perhaps
less lobed. — Burr-weed. Cockle-burr. Clot-burr.

2. X. echinatum (Murray) : fructiferous involucre oval, very densely
clothed with rigid slender prickles, which are strongly hispid, as well as the

Xasthium. COMPOSITiE. 295

more or less incurved beaks ; stem and petioles rough and strigose, spotted ;
leaves scabrous, broadly subcordate, obtuse, irregularly repand-toothed, ob-
scurely lobed.— Murr. coiiim. Gull. 6 (1783-S4) ^?. 32, ^. 4 (good figure) ;
Willd. spec. 4. ^;. 374. X. maculatum, Raf.! in Sill. jour. 1. p. 151.
X. orientale, Muhl. cat. p. 89 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 186 ; Torr. ! cat. pi. New
York, p. 73 ; not of Linn. X. macrocarpon, DC! p)rodr. 5. p. 523, in
part ; Beck, hot. p. 210.

p. prickles of the oval-oblong fructiferous involucre stouter and less crowd-
ed ; leaves incisely lobed.

Waste places near salt water, Massachusetts! and New York! to Caro-
lina! /3. Banks of Spirit Lake, head-waters of the Little Sioux River of
the Missouri, Mr. Nicollet ! Aug.-Oct. — A stout and very coarse plant, 1-2
feet high. Mature fruit about an inch and a quarter long, turgid, three-
fourths to nearly an inch broad, including the slender but rigid recurved-
spreadins prickles with which it is very densely invested, and which, as well
as the beaks, are clothed with rigid bristly hairs. This is certainly different
from the X. macrocarpon, DC, which has an oblong fruit with very stout,
suberect and scattered ])rickles. Murray's plant was raised from seeds col-
lected at New York by Wangenheim. We have never met with it at a dis-
tance from the sea-coast, except the specimens of var. /?., which are, how-
ever, from a region which abounds in salt marshes. These indeed approach
X. macrocarpon, and may prove to belong to tliat species ; but they are ap-
parently in a stunted state.

§ 2. Leaves narrowed into the petiole, furnished with spines at their base :
frucliferous involucre with a single beak. — Acanlhoxanthium, DC.

3. X spinosum (Linn.) : spines at the base of the leaves 3-parted, slender;
stem much branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, entire or
somewhat 3-lobed, with the middle lobe prolonged, acuminate, the lower
surface and the veins of the upper canescent ; involucre cylindrical-oblong,
with an inconspicuous beak ; the prickles slender. — Linn. spec. [ed. 2) 2.
p. 1400,- Lam. ill. t. 655, /. 4 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 479 ; DC! prodr.5. p. 523.

Naturalized in many places along the coast from Massachusetts ! to Geor-
gia ! Sept.-Nov. — Heads few, or solitary and sessile in the axils. Spines
yellowish.

Subtribe 2. Heliantheje, Less. — Heads heterogamous and radiate,
rarely homogamous and discoid ; the disk-flowers perfect. Receptacle
chaffy. Lobes of the corolla in the perfect flowers often somewhat thickened
and papillose. Anthers blackish, not caudate at the base. Pappus either
wanting, or coroniform, or of awns which are sometimes chaffy or with chaffy
scales intermixed, never of capillary bristles, nor of several uniform and dis-
tinct chaffy scales. — Leaves commonly opposite.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Div. 1. Heliopside^. — Rays fertile, rarely none. Aclienia with a thick outer
integument, not obcomprcssed.

83. Melanthera. Rays none. Pappus of few rigid caducous bristles.

84. Zinnia. Rays persistent. Pappus 1-2-awned, persistent.

85. Wyethia. Rays numerous. Pappus coroniform-tootlied and 1-3-awned.

296 COMPOSITiE. Xa.nthium.

86. Balsamorhiza. Rays numerous. Pappus none. Receptacle flat.

87. Hemopsis. Rays 10-15. Pappus none. Receptacle conical.

88. Tetragonotheca. Rays G-9. Pappus none. Scales of the exterior invo-

lucre 4, foliaceous, united towards the base.

89. Halea. Rays 6-12. Pappus of numerous distinct, small and rigid scales.

Exterior involucre of 4-5 foliaceous scales vmited below.

Dlv. 2. EUHELIANTHE.E. — Rays sterile. Achenia never obcompressed.
* Pappus coronifonn, somewhat 2-iootkcd, or noTie.

^- Receptacle conical or columnar.

90. Echinacea. Achenia quadrangular. Chaff" with a cartilaginous cusp.

91. Rudbeckia. Achenia quadrangvilar. Chaff" navicular or concave.

92. Lepachys. Achenia compressed, somewhat 1-2-winged, 1-2-toothed. Chaff"

truncate.

93. Dracopis. Achenia terete. Chaff" linear.

•)- +- Receptacle flat or convex.

94. Gymnofsis. Pappus coroniform. Achenia enclosed in the chaff".

95. Encelia. Pappus none. Margins of the compressed achenia villous.

* * Pappus aristiform or squamdliform.

96. Viguiera. Pappus of 4 squamellce and 2 awns. Involucre scarcely im-

bricated.

97. Helianthus. Pappus of 2 chaff'y awns and often 2-4 squamellas, caducous.

Involucre imbricated. Aclienia wingless.

98. Helianthella. Pappus lacerate-toothed or awned at the angles. Achenia

slightly winged or margined.

99. Actinomeris. Pappus of 2 persistent awns. Achenia winged.

Div.Z. C0REOPSIDE.E. — Rays sterile. Achenia obcompressed, not rostrate. Awns
not retrorsely hisjDid.

100. Agarista. Aclienia villous. Pappus of 2 long cliaff"y scales.

101. Coreopsis. Achenia mostly glabrous.

Div. 4. Bidentide^. — Rays sterile. Achenia cither obcompressed or rostrate.
Awns retrorsely hispid.

102. Cosmos. Achenia rostrate. Awns deciduous. Chaff" slender.

103. CosMiDiuM. Achenia not rostrate. Awns persistent. Chaff" short and ob-

tuse. Disk-corolla deeply cleft.

104. BiDENS. Achenia rostrate or erostrate. Awns persistent. Disk-corolla

5-toothed.

Div. 5. VEKBEsiNEiE. — Rays fertile, rarely "^none. Achenia mostly compressed or
obcomjiressed, with a thin exterior integument.

* Achenia all obcompressed. Disk-corolla unth a barbelkde ring. Involucre dmible.

105. Leptosyne. Pappus minute and cup-shaped. Rays 8-15.

106. Tdgkermannia. Pappus none. Rays 15-20.

Melanthera. composite. 297

* * Achenia, at least those of the disk, compressed.

107. Spilanthes. Receptacle conical. Appendages of the style truncate. Rays

deciduous, often none.

108. LipocHJETA. Receptacle flattish. Achenia awned from the angles, and witli

chaffy or squamellate teeth between the awns.

109. Verbesina. Receptacle flattish. Achenia 2-awned. Rays few or none.

110. XiMENEsiA. Receptacle convex. Achenia of the disk •2-awned and winged.

of the ray wingless. Rays numerous.

111. Sanvitalia. Receptacle convex. Achenia of the ray 3-sided and 3-awned,

of the disk compressed, scarcely awned. Rays persistent.

Div. 1. Heiiopside^, DC. — Rays pistillate and fertile (in Melan-
thera none), ligulate. Achenia never obcompressed (that is, flattened) paral-
lel with the scales of the involucre or chaff of tlie receptacle ; the exterior
integument (calyx-tube) thick and firm, often separable from the interior.
Pappus none, or coroniform, frequently toothed or with one or more rigid
awns.

83. MELANTHERA. " Rohr, in Kioh. nat. hist, selsk. 2. (1792) p.
213";* Cass., in jour. phys. 1823, DC. prodr. 5. pi- 544.

Melananthera, Michx. ^-c.

Heads discoid, many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales
of the involucre in a double series, nearly equal. Receptacle convex ; the
persistent chaff partly sheathing the flowers. Teeth of the corolla papillose.
Branches of the style hispid above, acuminate. Achenia .short, compressed-
quadrangular, or sometimes triangular, truncate at the summit. Pappus of
2-18 rather rigid scabrous caducous bristles or awns. — Perennial herbaceous
or rarely suffrutescent (American, tropical) scabrous plants, with quadrangu-
lar branching stems. Leaves opposite, or rarely ternately verticillate, pe-
tioled, Iriplinerved, toothed or serrate, often 3-lobed. Heads ternate or soli-
tary, peduncled. Corolla white. Anthers black with whitish appendages.

1. M. hastata (Michx.) : leaves opposite, very scabrous, mostly hastate-
3-lobed ; scales of the involucre lanceolate; chaff of the receptacle acumi-
nate-cuspidate ; awns of the pappus 2-3. — DC. I ijrodr. 5. p. 545. M. tri-
lobata & pandura3formis, Cass. in. diet. I. c. 29, p. 485. Melananthera has-
tata, iWjc/ix. .' ^. 2. p. 107; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 519; Ell. sk. 2. p. 315.
Bidens nivea, (3. & y. Linn, (ex syn. Dill. Elth. t. 49 4' 47); Walt. Car.
p. 201 1 Athanasia hastata, Walt.! I. c.

Dry soil, S. Carolina! to Florida! and Louisiana! (Also in Cuba, La
Sagra, ex DC.) July-Sept. — Stem 4-6 feet high, often beautifully marbled
or spotted. Leaves variable in form, between lanceolate and deltoid-ovate,
either deeply or slightly hastate-3-lobed, or somewhat pandurilbrm, some-
times undivided, acute or acuminate. Epigynous disk or nectary rather con-
spicuous, sheathing the base of the style.

♦ Transactions of the Natural History Society of Copenhagen.
VOL. II. — 38

298 COMPOSITiE. Melantheba.

2. M. deltoidea (Michx.) : leaves opposite, ovate-deltoid, undivided, or
obscurely angulate-lobed, canescent-scabrous; scales of the involucre ovate ;
chaff" of the receptacle somewhat membranaceous, obtuse, mucronulate. —
DC. I. c. M. urticaefolia, Cass. Melananthera deltoidea, Michx. I. c. (note.)
M. Linuffii, H. B. S^ K. Bidens nivea, Linn. I. c. {a. excl. syn. Dill.) ;
Sicarlz, ohs. j). 296. Galea aspera, Jacg. ic. rar. t. 583.

Key West, Florida, Mr. Blodgett! — A common species in the West
Indies.

84. ZINNIA. Linn. ; Gcertn. fr. t. 172 ; SchJcuhr, handh. t. 252 ; DC.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate ; those of the disk tubular,
perfect. Involucre imbricate ; the scales roundish or oval, margined. Re-
ceptacle conical or somewhat cylindrical, covered with oblong conduplicate
chaffy scales which envelope the disk-flowers. Rays obovate or oblong,
coriaceous, reticulated, persistent, continuous with the summit of the acheni-
um, or rarely somewhat articulated. Lobes of the corolla of the disk densely
velvety-villous at the summit with colored hairs. Branches of the style in
the disk-flowers terminated by a hairy somewhat capitate cone. Achenia
nearly wingless ; those of the ray somewhat 3-sided, mostly destitute of pap-
pus ; of the disk compressed or flat, 1-2-awned or toothed, rarely naked. —
Annual (American) herbs, with opposite mostly sessile entire leaves. Heads
solitary terminating the branches, showy, persistent. Rays purple, orange,
scarlet, or greenish-white.

1. Z.?)iidtiJlora {h'lnii.) : stem erect, branching, somewhat hirsute ; leaves
scarcely somewhat petioled [or closely sessile] ovate-lanceolate ; peduncles
longer than the leaves ; the apex (particularly of the central one) hollow and
inflated or obconical, striate ; scales of the campanulate involucre appressed ;
ligules obovate, obtuse or emarginaie ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, entire ;
achenia of the disk with a single awn. DC. — Linn. spec. {ed. 2) 2. p. 1269 ;
Linn. f. dec. t. 12; Lam. ill. I. 685 ; Willd. si)ec. 3. p. 2139; DC! prodr.
5. J). 535.

Louisiana, Wllldenoiv. Carolina, Bosc ! Alabama, Dr. Gates ! Key West,
Mr. Blodgett ! Texas, Dnumnond. ! Sept. — This is doubtless a native plant,
at least in some of ilie above-cited localities. The specimens accord with
the cultivated plant, in which also the leaves are often closely sessile, and
the species is probably, as De Candolle suspects, not sufficiently distinct
from Z. pauciflora, Linn. The rays are purplish in all our specimens,
while in that of Bosc (in herb. DC.) they appear to have been yellow.

2. Z. grandiflora (Nutt.) : perennial ? dwarf; stem much branched from
the base ; leaves linear-lanceolate, connate, with scabrous ntargins ; scales
of tlie involucre rounded ; rays (yellow) very large, orbicular-oval ; paleae
fimbriate ; achenia of the disk with a single awn. Nutt. in trans. Amer. j^hil.
soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 348.

Rocky Mountains, Dr. James ! — A very distinct and splendid species.
Stem somewhat hirsute, scarcely more than 5 inches high. Leaves about
an inch long, 2-3 lines wide. Rays three-fourths of an inch wide, appearing
cordate at the base : disk apparently orange. Nutt. — The plant is minutely
strigose, and the crowded leaves arc impressed-punctate.

Wyethia. composite. 299

85. WYETHIA. Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. f. 39, t. 5, (1834), S^-in
trans. Amer. jilnl. soc. I. c. {n. ser.) 7. p. 351.
Alargonia, DC. 1836.
Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers numerous, pistillate, and some-
times with sterile filaments. Scales of the campanulate involucre loosely
and irregularly imbricated in 2 or 3 series, somewhat equal, foliaceous,
as long as the disk; the innermost smaller and resembling the chaff'. Re-
ceptacle slightly convex ; the chaff lanceolate, carinate, acute, as long as
the flowers and partly embracing them. Rays large. Corolla of the disk
cylindrical, elongated, with a short proper tube, 5-toothed ; the teeth nearly
glabrous. Branches of the style in the ray-flowers glabrous ; in the disk
elongated, linear-filiform, revolute, strongly hispid, nearly smooth on the
back. Achenia stout, elongated, 4-5-angled, prismatic, terminated with a
rigid coroniform or calyciform 5-10-toothed or laciniale pappus, one or more
of the teeth usually prolonged into a rigid persistent awn. — Perennial herbs
(natives of Oregon and California), with somewhat the liabit of Helianthus
or Inula Helenium, furnished with long tap-roots, usually simple stems,
with alternate mostly entire veiny leaves, and large solitary heads. Flowers
of the ray and disk yellow.

* Scales of the involucre Ibicar-lanceolate, immerous, more or less hirsute, as well as
stem and leaves : rays 12-20.

1. W. helianthoicles (Nutt.) : dwarf; stem very hairy at the summit,
bearing a single head ; leaves lanceolate, entire, somewhat pubescent, with
scabrous margins, tapering into a petiole ; exterior scales of the involucre
linear, the inFerior lanceolate ; pappus short, unequally and obtusely 5-10-
toothed, and sometimes with a single slender awn. — Nutt. ! in jour. acad.
I. c. t. 5, S^'in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (w. ser.) 7. p. 351.

" In the Kamas plains near the Flat-Head River, towards the sources of
the Oregon, and in the plains near the Blue Mountains of Oregon," Mr.
Wyel'h ! Nuttall 1 — About a span high. Rays pale yellow. Summit of the
achenium and the variable coroniform pappus minutely pubescent. — We
have not the means of satisfying ourselves whether this species is suffi-
ciently distinct from the following.

2. W. robusta (Nutt.) : stem and midrib of the leaves villous-hirsute,
bearing a single head; cauline leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent, entire,
tapering to the base, the lower petioled ; the radical large, elliptical-lanceo-
late, petioled, often sparingly serrate; scales of the involucre lanceolate,
very hirsute, especially on tlie margins; pappus of 5-10 irregular stout teeth
(silky-pubescent) and mostly of 1 to 4 stout awns. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer.
phil. soc. I. c. Alarconia helenioides, DC. pirodr. o. p. 537 ? (and therefore
Wyethia helenioides, Nutt. I. c. ?)

/3. leaves appearing somewhat glutinous ; the lower elongated lanceolate,
tapering into slender petioles. — Helianthus longifolius. Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 312, Sf hot. Beechey, snppl. p. 353, as to the Oregon plant. H. Hook-
erianus, DC. prodr. 5. j). 590.

"Plains of the Oregon near the confluence of the Wahlamct, common, in
wet places," Nuttall! /3. " Common in low moist soil on the jilains of the
Columbia near the ocean, the plains of the Multnomah, and in the vallies of
the Fi,ocky Mountains," Douglas! in herb. Hook. June. — Stem stout, li-3

300 COMPOSITiE. Wtethia.

feet high, usually naked at the summit. Radical leaves a foot or more in
lenfTth, 1 to 2h inches wide. — In Mr. Nuttall's specimens, we ohserve traces
of the clammy varnish which is so apparent on the leaves of the var. /3.

* * Scales of the involua-e fewer, subspahdate-oblo7ig : stem sometimes hrancliing: rays
seldom 12.

3. W. angustifolia (Nutt.) : stem hirsute or pubescent above ; leaves spat-
ulate-lanceolate,' or the lower and radical spatulale-oblong, entire, nearly
glabrous when old, attenuate at the base ; the lowest pelioled ;_ scales of the
involucre foliaceous, hirsute, especially on the margins ; achenium hairy to-
wards the truncate or obscurely coroniform summit, 1-2-awned, and often
with a short sharp tooth from one or more of the remaining angles.— Nm^<. /
I. c. Alarconia angustifolia, DC. ! L c. Helianthus longifolius. Hook. Sf
Am.! hot. BcecJtey,]). 149.

California, Beechey ! Doudas .' Nuttall .'—Stem varying from 8 to 20
inches in height, with a very large head, terminating the stem or branches.
Lower leaves sometimes more than an inch broad, wider indeed in propor-
tion to their length than in the preceding, often obtuse. Scales of the involu-
cre an inch lone, and a third of an inch broad.— We are uncertain whether
the Alarconia helenioides of De Candolle is founded upon an awnless state
of this, or the preceding species.

4. W. amjylexicaulis (Nutt.) : smooth and glabrous throughout, somewhat
shinina or glutinous; leaves lanceolate-elliptical, rather coriaceous, venose ;
the radical on short petioles, sometimes serrulate ; the lower cauline nar-
rowed at the base, nearly sessile ; the upper partly clasping ; heads solitary,
or often two or more from the axils of the upper leaves, on short peduncles;
scales of the involucre lanceolate-ovate or oblong, appressed, glabrous ; pap-
pus unequally 3-8-toothetl, one or two of the teeth often prolonged into
awns. — Nutt.! I.e. Espeletia amplexicaulis, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad.
l.p. 38.

In the Rocky Mountains, on Flat-Head River &c., Mr. Wyeth! Nuttall!
June.— Root large and thick, used for food by the Indians. Stem 8 inches
to 2 feet high. Lower leaves 6-12 inches long, 1-2 wide, often obtuse and
somewhat obovate. Heads smaller than in the preceding ; the broad scales
of the involucre few, barely in a double series.

86. BALSAMORHIZA. HooJi:. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 310 ; (under Heliop-
sis) ; Nutt. in trans. Amcr.jMl. soc. (n. ser.) l.p. 349

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers pistillate, in a single series ; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 to 3 or
more series ; the exterior foliaceous, as long as the disk ; the innermost chaf-
fy. Receptacle nearly flat; the chaff linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat
foliaceous, scarcely embracing the flowers. Corolla of the disk cylindrical,
elongated, with a short proper tube, 5-toothed ; the teeth sparingly bearded
externally. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers filiform, very hispid
throughout. Achenia quadrangular, or those of the ray compressed, glabrous,
entirely destitute of pappus.— Low pubescent or canescent herbs (natives of
the plains of Oregon and the Rocky Mountains) ; whh a thick fusiform dark-
colored root, abounding in a terebinthine juice, and chiefly radical leaves ; the
simple stems or scapes bearing usually solitary large heads, which resemble
those of Helianthus. Ray and disk yellow.

Balsamorhiza. composite. 301

The large roots of all the species, especially those of the second section, are em-
ployed by the Indians for food : when cooked upon hot stones, or otherwise, they
acquire a sweet and rather agreea):)le taste. Nultall, i^-c.

§ 1. Leaves pinnatifid : scapes hearing a single head.

1. B. Hookeri (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : silky-piibescent or canescent ; leaves with
a lanceolate outline, ])innately parled ; the segments very numerous, crowd-
ed, linear, sparingly toothed or incised, or the lower pinnatifid, and the up-
permost confluent; scapes several from the same root; scales of the involu-
cre narrowly lanceolate, acute, numerous, the exterior somewhat spreading.
— Heliopsis ? balsamorhiza. Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Ain. \. p. 310.

ji. leaves ovate-lanceolate, sinuate-piunalifid and crenate-serrate. — Heli-
opsis (Balsamorhiza) terebinthacca, Hook. I. c. 7 (A state with the seg-
ments more or less confluent, Avliich often occurs in a portion of the leaves.)

Plains of the Oregon, common, Douglas ! Nultall ! — Stem at first 6-8
inches, in fruit 12-18 inches higb, naked, or with one or two rudimentary or
small pinnatifid leaves. Rays 12-18. Root exuding a copious limpid resin
when wounded, with a strong turpentine odor. — By an error of the press, in
Hooker's character, the scales of the involucre, instead of the radical leaves,
are said to equal the stem in lengtb : the latter is the case when the flowers
appear; but in fruit the scape is much longer.

2. B. hirsuta (Nutt.! I.e.): somewhat hirsute, not canescent; leaves
with an elongated lanceolate circumscription, pinnately divided ; the divis-
ions lanceolate-oblong or cuneiform, pinnatifid, often 2-3-parted, with rough
hirsute-ciliate margins ; petioles dilated and very woolly at the base ; scales
of the involucre broadly lanceolate, lanuginous-ciliate, closely imbricated in
4 or 5 series.

Dry plains near the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and in the Grande Ronde
prairie, Nultall ! — Leaves about a foot long. Scape often entirely naked.

3. B. incana (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : densely canescent-tomentose throughout ;
leaves with an oblong or deltoid-lanceolate circumscription, pinnately di-
vided ; the divisions oval or oblong, entire, or with the lower margin some-
what toothed, the uppermost confluent; scales of the involucre imbricated in
2-3 series; chalTof the receptacle much shorter than the flowers.

In the Rocky Mountains, Nultall! — Scape 6-8 inches high, bearing a
very showy head ; the rays 12-14, more than an inch long, deep yellow,
sometimes with infertile filaments, as also in the other species.

4. B. macrojihylla (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : nearly glabrous; leaves oblong or oval,
pinnately parted ; the divisions lanceolate-oblong, entire, sometimes slightly
lobed or toothed at the base, with somewhat ciliate and scabrous margins ;
the uppermost confluent ; scales of the involucre in about 3 series, lanceo-
late, the exterior foliaceous and reflexed.

Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Colorado of the West, Nullall !
— Leaves and stem sprinkled with minute glandular atoms ; the segments
of the latter 2-3 inches long, sometimes nearly an inch wide.

§ 2. Leaves entire or crenate, haslate-cordate, or the few cauline tapering at
the base, all on long j)etioles : scapes hearing 1 to 3 heads: receptacle
broad and flat.— Artokhiza, Nutt. (Espeletia. Null., not of H. B. S^ K.)

5. B. sagittata {Nuil.l 1. c.) : canescently tomentose ; radical leaves cor-
date-hastate or cordate-ovate, entire, acute, somewhat 3-nerved at the base ;
the cauline linear, attenuate below ; exterior scales of the involucre longer
than the iianer, spreading, lanceolate, densely tomentose ; rays 20-24. —

30*2 COMPOSITiE. Balsamorhiza.

Buphthalmum sagittatum, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 564, ex Nutt. Espeletia sagittata,

Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 38, t. 4.

In the Roclv3' Mountains by Flat-Head River, &c., Lewis, Mr. Wyeth !
— Head laroe and showy, 3 to 4 inches in diameter, while the scapoid stem
is not more than a span high. ±^ult.

6. B. helianthoides (Nutt.! I.e.): leaves densely tomentose-canescent ;
the radical on very long petioles, oblong, cordate-hastate, entire, acutish, the
cauline lanceolate; scales of the tomentose involucre lanceolate, acuminate,
appressed ; rays about 15. — Espeletia helianthoides, jSutl. ! in jour acad.
Philad. I. c.

Rocky Mountains, with the preceding, {Mr. Wyeth !) to which it is very
similar; but differs, according to Mr. Nuttall, in having a smaller and more
imbricated involucre, &c. We should have taken this species for the Buph-
thalmum sagittatum of Pursh, except that that author states that the ex-
terior scales of the involucre are longer than the disk.

7. B. deltoidea {l^nXt.l I.e.): hirsute-pubescent; radical leaves on very
long petioles, deltoid-cordate, acute, with undulate or crenate margins ; the
cauline 1-3, small, ovate or spatulate ; involucre woolly or tomentose at the
base ; the scales in about 2 series ; the exterior largest, linear-lanceolate,
foliaceous, spreading, longer than the disk ; raj's 12-20.

Oregon, at Fort Vancouver, Dr. Scouler ! and in wet open places on the
Wahlamet, Nuttall ! June. — Scapes a foot or more in height. Rays about
an inch long.

87. HELIOPSIS. Pers. syii. 2. p. 473 ; DC. inodr. 5. p. 550, excl. § 3.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers (10 or more) pistillate, in a single
series; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre in 2-3
series; the exterior foliaceous and somewhat spreading; the interior shorter
than the disk. Receptacle conical ; the lanceolate or Hnear chaff somewhat
embracing the achenia. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers hairy to-
wards the apex, which is obtuse and tipped with a mucronate appendage.
Achenia glabrous, quadrangular, or in the ray 3-sided and convex externally.
Pappus none, or rather an obsolete truncate crown. — Perennial (American)
herbs, with rather large lieads on long peduncles, terminating the stem or
branches. Leaves opposite, petioled, triplinerved, serrate. Flowers
yellow.

§ 1. Rays articulated toith the ovary, and at length deciduous: achenia
smooth. — EuHELiopsis, DC

1. H. leevis (Pers.): nearly smooth and glabrous; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or oblong-ovate, somewhat truncate at the base, or abruptly tapering
into the petiole, coarsely serrate.— Pwr-s/?/ fl. 2. p. 563; Ell. sk. 2. p. 407;
Darlinu-t.! fl. Cest. p. Al^ ; Dunal! in mem. mus. 5. 2^' 55; Hook. hot.
ma"-, t. 3372 ; DC! I. c. Buphthalmum helianthoides, Linn. ! hort. Ups.,
Sf spec. 2. p. 904: Michx.! fl. 2. p. 130 ; VHer. stirp. t. 45 ; Schkuhr,
handb. t. 257. Silphium helianthoides, Linn..' sjJec. 2. p. 920, ex syn.
Gronov. Rudbeckia oppositifolia, [Gronov.) Linn.! I. c. Helianthus laevis,
Linn.! spec. ed. 2., excl. syn. Gronov. Helepta parviflora, H. grandiflora,
&c., Eaf.! neog.

Heliopsis. composite. 303

/3. gracilis : much smaller in all its parts ; stem very slender, minutely-
pubescent towards the summit; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute
at tlie base, scabrous. — H. Irevis /i., Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. 1. js. 98.
H. gracilis, Nutt. in trans. Aincr. p^iil. soc. I. c.

}'. scuhra : stem and oblong-ovate leaves scabrous ; involucre pubescent
or somewhat downy. — H. scabra, Dunal! in mem. mus. 5. p. 56, t. 4;
Hook. ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 310.

Banks of streams, and in dry soil, throughout the United States! /3. Lou-
isiana, Driimmond, Dr. Hale! Georgia, Dr. Boykin! Alabama, Dr. Gates!
&c. y. With the ordinary form, particularly in the Western States from
Saskatchawan to Arkansas ! — Stem 2-4 feet high ; in var. ji. 1-2 feet, and
bearing usually a single head. Exterior scales of the involucre extremely
variable ; sometimes scarcely longer than the innermost, and with very short
foliaceous lijis ; but often more spreading, almost entirely foliaceous, and
even slightly serrate at the apex, as long as or longer than the disk. Pedun-
cle thickened and obconical at the summit. Rays an inch or more in length,
bright light yellow. — The original Helianlhus Ivevis (H. foliis lanceolatis
serratis lajvibus, Gronov. fl. Virg.) is Bidens chrysanthemoides. Hence it
■were to be wished that Persoon had taken the specific name from some
other of the numerous Linucean synonyms. We have so many forms inter-
mediate between H. l?evis, H. scabra, and the very slender var. gracilis,
that we unite them without the slightest hesitation ; although the extremes
appear abundantly different.

88. TETRAGONOTHECA. Dill. Elth. p. 378, t. 283; Linn.; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 552.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers (6-9) pistillate; those of the disk
tubular, perfect. Involucre double; the exterior composed of 4 large and
broadly ovate foliaceous acuminate scales, united towards the base into a
4-angled or 4-winged cup, valvate and reduplicate in sestivation; the interior
of about 8 very small oval-lanceolate scales, resembling the chaff' of the re-
ceptacle, partly clasping the achenia of the ray. Receptacle convex-conical ;
the chaffy scales membranaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, nerved. Corolla
hairy at the base ; the ray with a manifest tube ; the ligules large and broad,
coarsely about 3-toothed at the apex, many-nerved; of the disk deeply
5-toothed (10- or mostly 15-nerved) ; the teeth erect, glabrous. Style, in the
disk-flowers, bulbous at the base (above the annular epigynous disk) ; the
branches linear, hispid, tipped with an acuminate appendage. Achenia ob-
ovoid, nearly terete, thick, smooth, flat at the summit, destitute of pappus. —
A perennial herb, somewhat viscidly hairy, and sprinkled with minute resin-
ous globules. Leaves opposite, coarsely toothed, oval or ovate-oblong, nar-
rowed at the base, closely sessile, and often slightly connate. Heads large,
pedunculate, terminating the branches. Flowers pale yellow.

T. helianthoides (Linn. !)— Willd. spec. 3. p. 2116 ; VHer. stirp. p. 177 ;
Pursh, JI. 2. p. 563; Ell. sk. 2. p. 407 ; DC. I. c. Polymnia Tetragono-
theca, Linn. ! syst. p. 658 ; Abbot, insects of Georgia, 2. t. 69 ; Schkuhr,
handb. t. 263. 'Silphium Tetragonotheca, Gcertn. Jr. t. 171.

Dry sandy soil, "\'irginia ! to Florida! and Alabama! May-June, often
flowering again in Sept. — Root thick. Stem 2-3 feet high, terete. Leaves
3-6 inches in length, feather-veined, sometimes also triplinerved, either re-

304 COMPOSITE. Tetragonotheca.

pandly and unequally toothed, or with coarse and sharp salient teeth. Invo-
lucre, when expanded, two inches or more in diameter. Corolla of the disk
with the proper tube short (the stamens inserted near the base), somewhat
coriaceous, hairy externally (as also the summit of the ovary) ; the throat
nearly cylindrical; tlie teeth ovate-lanceolate. — There are more commonly
10 nerves in the disk-corolla, apjiroximate in pairs and nearly correspondent
to the sinuses, near which the}' diverire, one traversing each lacinia as near
to the axis as to the margin, and uniting within the apex with its fellow of
the adjacent sinus, in the ordinary manner. Very frequently there are 3
nerves to each set, the middle one exactly corresponding to the sinus, but
often vanishing or confluent with one of the lateral, in some part of its course :
there are no nerves corresponding with the axis of the lacinia3 as in Helian-
thus. The rays present 10 nerves, or by bifurcation 12 to 14.

89. HALEA.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers (10-12) pistillate; those of the
disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double ; the exterior of 4 or 5 ovate folia-
ceous scales, united below the middle, valvate in aestivation, at length shorter
than the disk ; the interior of numerous (about 15) obovate or oval-lanceolate
acuminate erect chaffy scales, more or less imbricated, nearly flat, many-
nerved, similar to the chaff of the large conical receptacle. Corolla glabrous
or nearly so ; the rays broadly oval, slightly 3-toothed, tapering and involute
at the base, but not tubular ; of the disk deeply 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Style
as in Tetragonotheca. Achenia 4-sided, pubescent, with a broad and flat
summit, crowned with a short pappus, composed of about 20 thick and oval
distinct and entire scales. — A tall and stout branching perennial herb, some-
what pubescent when young, with much the aspect and fohage of Tetra-
gonotheca. Stem striate, quadrangular below. Leaves opposite, or rarely
ternately verlicillate, rather large, veiny, the margin thickly set with sharp
unequal salient or laciniate teeth, all sessile ; the lowermost oval-oblong,
tapering into a narrowed base, more or less connate ; the upper ovate or
ovate-oblong, connate-perfoliate. Heads (rather large) on naked peduncles
terminating the stem or branches. Flowers yellow.

H. Ludoviciana.

Dry sandy soil, Western Louisiana, Dr. Leavemvorth ! Dr. Hale! Texas,
Drummojid .' Dr. LeavcnworlJt .' June-Aiig. — Stem 2-4 feet high. Heads
about an inch in diameter. Exterior involucre very slightly angled at the
junction of the scales; wliich are broadly ovate, obtuse, or scarcely acumi-
nate, glabrous, persistent, and at length shorter than the elongated conic re-
ceptacle. Rays not twice the length of the involucre, ]0-nerved. Corolla
of the disk with a very short coriaceous proper tube (as in Tetragonotheca),
the elongated throat slightly dilated : the 10 nerves in pairs corresponding
with the sinuses, approximate but distinct from the base to near the sinuses,
where they diverge and traverse the lobes of the corolla about half way be-
tween the margins and the axis. Anthers yellowish. Exterior envelope of
the achenium (calyx-tube) separable. Pappus a very short chaffy crown ;
the scales distinct but very thickly set, obtuse, nerveless, of nearly the same
texture as in Sclerolepis ; the alternate ones usually smaller and almost
forming an exterior series. — If the pappus alone were considered, tliis plant

Halea. composite. 305

would probably be referred to the division GalinsogecE of the subtribe Hele-
niea3 ; but its true aflfinitv is undoubtedly with the present subtribe, and par-
ticularly with Tetrae;onolheca. It forms, however, a distinct and very re-
markable genus, which we have named in honor of one of ils discoverers,
Dr. Josiah Hale of Alexandria, Western Lousiana, a zealous botanist, who
has favored us with extensive collections and important observations, illustra-
tive of the botany of that region.

Div. 2. E uHEiii ANTHE.*: . — Rays (neutral or imperfectly styliferous)
sterile, ligulate. Achenia often compressed, but never obcompressed. Pap-
pus coroniform, toothed, or of 1-4 awns, chaffy scales, or squamellEe, often
none. (Rudbeckiese & a part of Coreopsidea;, DC.)

90. ECHINACEA. Mmnch, viclh. j). 591 ; Cuss. diet. ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 554.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers much elongated, in a single series,
somewhat styliferous but sterile ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales
of the involucre lanceolate, ciliate, often scjuarrose, imbricated in 3 or more
series. Receptacle conical ; the navicular lanceolate chaff terminated with
a cartilaginous cusp, exceeding the flowers of the disk. Corolla of the disk
cylindrical, with 5 erect teeth; the proper tube almost none; the stamens
therefore inserted at the very base of the corolla. Branches of the style ter-
minated with a long lanceolate hispid appendage. Achenia of the ray abor-
tive ; of the disk 4-sided, obpyramidal, thick. Pappus coroniform, unequally
toothed, marcescent or persistent. — Perennial (N. American & Mexican)
herbs ; with alternate, or rarely opposite, 3-5-nerved undivided leaves.
Stem or branches naked above and terminated by a single large head. Rays
purple, or sometimes nearly white, 2-3-toolhed at the apex, at length elon-
gated and dependent, marcescent or tardily deciduous : disk-flowers greenish
or dark purple ; the points of the chaff purplish.

The propriety of separadng these plants from Rudbeckia was suggested by Gro-
novius, in 17G'2, and recently by Elliott, who was not aware of its establishment by
Moench in l7tH. — The long and thick blackish roots are very pungent to the taste,
and are employed in popular medicine, and for the cure of ulcers, in some parts of
the country, under the names of Lobelia, Black Sampson, (^c. — The disk in all the
species is at first flattish, but elevated and between globose and conical in fruit: the
marcescent rays also vaiy in length with age, as well as in color.

1. E. purpurea (Moench) : stem smooth and glabrous, striate ; leaves
usually scabrous, often serrate; the radical ones ovate, about 5-nerved and
veiny, on long ))etioles ; the cauline ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, taper-
ing into a margined petiole, or the uppermost almost sessile ; scales of the
involucre ii)d)ricated in 3-5 series, squarrose. — Mosnch, I. c. ; DC! I. c.
Rudbeckia purjiurea, Liiin. ! spec. 2. p. 907 ; Bot. mas- t. 2 ; Schkuhr,
handb. L. 259,- Michx.! ft. 2. p. 143; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 573; Nutt. gen. 2.
p. 178 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 450 ; Bart.Jl. Amer. Sept. 2. t. 64. Chrysanthemum
Americanum, &c., Catesb. Car. 2. t. 59. Helichroa Linnteana, elatior,
amcena, furcata, &c. Raf. neog. &,v.

0. stem glabrous or slightly hispid near the suinmit; leaves hispid-sca-
brous, the upper ones sometimes opposite.
VOL. II. — 39

306 COMPOSITE. Echinacea.

y. stem and leaves hispid or hispidly scabrous ; rays usually shorter and
rather broader. — E. serotina, DC! I. c. Rudbeckia purpurea /3. serotina,
JVm«. / I. c. R. serotina, Sweet, Brit. fl. gard. t. 4 ; Lodd, hot. cat. t.
1539. R. hispida, Hoffm., ex DC. R. speciosa, Link, enuni. 2. p. 352,
ex DC

6. stem and leaves hispid-scabrous ; rays nearly white.

Virginia! to Georgia! and Alabama! mostly in the Western districts, and
Ohio! to Louisiana! (5. Illinois, Dr. S. B. Mead! July-Oct. — Stem 2-5
feet high. Rays 12-20, li to more than 2 inches long, dull purple. — The
short pappus appears to be persistent, not deciduous as described by De Can-
doUe. The horizontal root, which is said to distinguish E. serotina, is some-
times observed in the smooth plant.

2. E. an gusti folia (DC. 1. c.) : stem hispid, mostly simple, naked above;
leaves all lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, hairy or strigose-hispid, entire,
3-nerved, all but the uppermost tapering into petioles ; scales of the short in-
volucre in about 2 series. — E. pallida, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n.'
ser.) 7. p. 354 (1841). Rudbeckia pallida, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7.
p. 77. (Rays 12-15, at first often short, at length elongated and slender,
2 inches long, dependent, varying from light purple to pale rose-color.)

(i. leaves crowded towards the base of the short stout stem, oblong-lance-
olate, on short petioles, strongly strigose-hispid ; rays 20 or more, pale rose-
color or white.

y. leaves hirsute ; the lowest lanceolate-oblong, the upper narrowly lance-
olate ; stem often glabrous below; rays about 15, dark red. — E. sanguinea,
Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. (Varies with the leaves almost
glabrous.)

Prairies and low barrens, from Illinois ! and Missouri ! to Alabama ! Ar-
kansas! Western Louisiana! and Texas! /3. Upper Missouri, iV/r. iVicoZ-
let! May-July. — A common plant beyond the Mississippi, variable in size
(1-3 feet high), usually slender, and nearly naked above the middle ; the
leaves 3-7 inches long, one-fourth to more than half an inch wide, on peti-
oles of variable length. Heads smaller than in the preceding; the disk pur-
plish-brown and usually with shorter cusps to the chatf. Root perpendicular.

3. E.? atrorubens (Nutt. 1. c.) : glabrous; stem elongated, terete; leaves
narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire, tapering into long petioles, the margins
scabrous; chaff' exserted, lanceolate, acute; rays very dark red. Nutt. —
Rudbeckia atrorubens, Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 80.

(3. ? graminifolia : stem slender, striate-angled, slrigose-pubescent above ;
leaves scattered, narrowly linear, elongated, rigid, shining, slightly strigose-
pubescent when young, 3-nerved (the lateral nerves marginal), acute, sessile;
the lower with a long attenuate base as if petioled; rays 9 or 10, oblong,
dark red-purple ; chaff of the receptacle oblong, thick and fleshy, abruptly
mucronale, as long as the (purple) corolla; pappus minute, 4-toothed.

Plains of Arkansas, and also in Georgia {Dr. IVrai/), Nuttall. 13. Low
pine barrens. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapwan! — Mr. Nuttall speaks of his
Rudbeckia atrorubens as "closely allied to R. purpurea and R. pallida, but
perfectly distinct in its singular smoothness, very narrow entire leaves, and
dark red rays, which are very showy from the intensity of their color; and
in his recent memoir he accordingly refers it to Echinacea. Our plant agrees
in many respects with his brief description ; but has apparently still more
attenuated leaves (2-3 lines wide, the lower a foot long), short rays (half an
inch long), a strigose-hairy involucre, short cusps to the chaff', and short coni-
cal appendages to the style; so that it is a somewhat doubtful member of the
genus. We have not seen it fully in flower; but suspect that the scarcely
developed corolla (which is that of Echinacea) nearly equals the chaff in
length.

RuDBECKiA. COMPOSITE. 307

91. RU.DBECKIA. Linn. (excl. spec.) ; Gferf.n. fr. t. 172 ; Cass. ; DC.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers neutral, in a single series; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre foliaceous, in about 2
series, spreading. Receptacle conical or often more or less elongated and
spiciform ; the chaff" concave or navicular. Corolla with a cylindraceous or
somewhat dilated throat ; the teeth erect or spreading. Branches of the style
terminated by a very short obtuse cone, or rarely with a subulate-lanceolate
barbellate appendage. Achenium quadrangular, obpyramidal or prismatic,
glabrous, flat at the summit. Pajipus none, or minute and coroniform,
rarely somewhat conspicuous. — Mostly perennial (North American) herbs,
with alternate leaves, and rather large and showy heads terminating the stem
or branches. Rays yellow (rarely par(icolored), usually elongated, spread-
ing or drooping. Corolla of the disk, and tlie style, purple or brownish-pur-
ple, sometimes greenish-yellow. Anthers fuscous.

§ 1 . Disk conical or suh globose : pappus very short and coroniform, or often
none. — Rudbeckia proper. (Centrocarpha, Don, partly.)

* Disk (kirk purplish-brovm, subghbose or broadly corneal : appendages of the style laiv-
ceolate or broadly subulate.

1. R. hicolor (Nutt.) : annual, hirsute; stem mostly simple, naked at the
summit ; leaves oblong, sessile, obscurely serrate, rather obtuse ; the lower-
most petioled ; head (rather small) solitary; scales of the involucre linear-
oblong, hispid, rather shorter than the oblong (yellow and brownish-purple)
particolored rays ; disk conical ; chaff" of the receptacle rather acute, hirsute
at the summit, as long as the corolla ; pappus none. — Null.! in jour. acad.
Philad. 7. p. 81.

Arkansas and on Red River, Nuttall ! Texas, Drummond ! — Stem 1-2
feet high. Rays about 10, half an inch long; the lower half "intense black-
ish bro'wn, with the gloss of velvet" {Nutt.) or dark purple; the upper part
yellow. Branches of the style lanceolate, barbellate.

2. R. hirta {Linn.) : very hirsute or hispid throughout; stems simple or
slightly branched, naked at the summit ; radical and lowest cauline leaves
spatulate-oval or oblong, triplinerved, denticulate, petioled ; the upper ovate-
oblong or lanceolate, sessile, denticulate or serrate; scales of the involucre
numerous, narrowly lanceolate; rays (about 14) spreading; disk broadly
conical ; chaff" of the receptacle linear, mostly acute, hairy at the summit,
about the length of the corolla ; pappus obsolete. — Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 907 ;
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 143 ,• Pursh ! I. c. ; Brit. fl. gard. 1. t. 82 ; Ell. I. c. ;
Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 480 ; DC! prodr. 5. p. 556. R. serotina, Nutt. ! in
jour. acad. Pliilad. 7. p. 80.

a. heads large ; rays nearly twice the length of the involucre. — Obelis-
cotheca integrifolia &c.. Dill. Eltli. t. 218, f 285.

(3. heads smaller ; rays scarcely exceeding the involucre ; leaves mostly
narrow. — R. strigosa Nutt.! in trans. Amer. ])ltil. soc. I. c.

Dry soil. Upper Canada! and Western part of the State of New York!
Michigan! &c. to Florida! Western Louisiana! and Texas! (5) or K ?
July-Sept.— Stem 1-2 or 3 feet high, very rough. Rays bright yellow,

308 COMPOSITE. RuDBECKiA.

1-lJ inch long; the disk dark purphsh-brown. Pappus a minule margin.
Appendages of' the style lanceolate or linear-subulate.

* * Disk dark piirple or brown, subglobose or broadly conical: appendages of the style
very short and obtuse, or somewhat capitate.

t Chaff glabrous and very dark purple at the summit, as well as the corolla.

3. R. fulsida (Ait.): stem hirsute or strigose-hispid, branching, the branches
slender, naked at the summit ; leaves strigose, sparingly denticulate ; the
cauline sessile, spatulate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed towards the
base, partly clasping, somewhat, triplinerved; the radical ovate, petioled ;
scales of the involucre oblong or lanceolate, sometimes as long as the spread-
ing oblong ravs ; chafT of the receptacle linear-oblong, obtuse or mucronu-
late, glabrous or slightly ciliate at the summit, ralher shorter than the corolla;
pappus coroniformr minute. — Ait.! Keiv. (ed. 1) 3. j). 251 ; Bot. mag. <. .
1996 ,• WiUd. spec. Z. j). 2248 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 546 ; Bart. fl. Amer. Sept. 1. t.
54 ,- Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 480 ; DC! jJrodr. 5. p. 556. R. chrysomela,
Michx. ! fl. 2. 2). 143. R. aspera, Pers. ; Desf. cat. R. spathulata, Pursh,
fl,. 2. p. 574.

(i. slender ; leaves narrowly spatulate-oblong or lanceolate; heads small ;
rays seldom exceeding the disk. — R. gracilis, Nuit. ! gen. 2. p. 178, (& R.
spathulata, in herb. acad. Philad.) R. discolor. Ell. sk. 2. p. 454. (In his
note, instead of" to the preceding species," to R. fulgida, should doubtless
be read.)

y. slender; upper part of the stem and the leaves minutely strigose-pu-
bescent ; the latter spatulate, acute, mostly entire, much attenuate at the
base, only the lowest somewhat clasping ; involucre shorter than the rays.
— R. spathulata, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 144;" not oi: Pursh, nor of Nutt. gen., ex
spec, in herb. Muhl. ! which appears to be Dracopis.

&. stem stouter, often simple ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, most-
ly entire, clothed with loose or spreading (and at length somewhat deciduous)
hirsute or hispid hairs. (Pubescence somewhat strigose; rays about the
length of the involucre. — R. discolor, Pursh! fl. 2. p. 574.— Hairs often
slender from a papillose base ; heads large; rays exceeding the involucre. —
R. discolor, DC. I. c.)

Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Georgia ! and Florida ! (a. & /5.) y. Moun-
tains of Carolina, Mlchaux ! Liiicolnton, N. CaroUna, Mr. Curtis! (a
smoother dwarfish state of var. a. growing apparently in shade.) 6. Flori-
da! to Western Louisiana! and Arkansas! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 1-3 feet
high. Rays about 12, 2-3-cleft at the apex, deep orange-yellow, the lower
surface and the base in dried specimens often reddish-orange. — Resembles
R. hirta in some of its forms, and like that species variable in the size of its
heads and rays; but generally distinguished by the short rays, the leaves
more or less tapering below and dilated at the insertion, with a shorter pu-
bescence, and always different in ihe very sliort and obtuse appendages of
the style, and dark purple (instead of dull purplish-brown) disk.

4. R. speciosa (Wender) : stem hirsute or liispid, loosely branched ; the
branches elongated, naked above ; leaves roughish-hirsute or pubescent,
coarsely and irregularly toothed or incised; the upper lanceolate, sessile ;
the lower ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, petioled,
triplinerved ; the radical 5-nerved, on long petioles ; scales of the involucre
linear-lanceolate, unequal, about half the length of the numerous spreading
elongated rays ; chaff" of the receptacle oblong-linear, mostly acute and gla-
brous, rather shorter than the corolla ; pappus coroniform, minute. — " Wender
in flora (1829), 1. p. 30"; Schrad! in herb. DC. 1832; DC! prodr. 5. p.
656. R. fulgida, Nutt. ! herb. ; Sullivant ! cat. Ohio pi. ^v. (Varies, with

RuDBECKiA. COMPOSITE.. 309

the upper leaves elongated lanceolate, closely sessile, with one or two large
laciniate teeth or lobes on each side near the middle, the uppermost entire ;
as in the cultivated jdant, and in specimens IVora the valley of the Susque-
hannah, Pennsylvania, Dr. Sariwell .' ; or with the upper leaves shorter and
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, all but the uppermost narrowed at the base or pe-
tioled.)

Mountains of Pennsylvania! to Ohio, Dr. Paddock! Mr. SulUvant! Mr.
Lea.' where it appears to take the place of R. fulgida. Not uncommon in
European gardens. Aug.-Oct. — This is a larger plant than R. fulgida, with
showy heads terminating the long naked summit of the branches ; the black-
purple disk conoid-globose in fruit and two-thirds of an inch long; the oblong-
linear rays bright yellow, an inch to an inch and a half long ; the thin
leaves 3 to 6 inches in length ; the radical less toothed, and somewhat re-
sembling those of the common Plantain.

5. R. triloba (Linn.): hirsute, paniculately branched; the branches
spreading ; cauline leaves sessile, more or less hairy ; the uppermost ovate-
lanceolate, slightly clasping, sparingly serrate or entire; the lower mostly 3-
lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely serrate, acuminate; the radical on slen-
der petioles, ovate or oval, obtuse, often subcordate, crenate-toothed, some-
times lobed or incised ; heads (rather small) on short peduncles; scales of
the involucre lanceolate-linear, unequal, usually shorter than the (mostly 8)
oval or oblong spreading rays ; chali^ of the receptacle glabrous, lanceolate-
oblong, cuspidate-awned, as long as the corolla; pappus coroniform, obso-
lete.—Liwra..' sj^ec. 2. p. 907 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 144 (excl. /i.) ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 452 ,• Bot. reg. t. 525 ; Bart.Jl. Amer. Sept. 1. /,. 24 ,• DC. ! I. c. R. triloba,
subtomentosa (as to herb.), & aristata, Pursh I fl,. 2. p. 575. Centrocarpha
triloba (excl. syn. Michx.) & aristata, Don, in Siveet, Brit. fl. gard. ser. 2.
under t. 87. Peramibus hirtus, Raf.I in ann. nat. (1820,)^;. 14.

ji. 2nnnatiloba : slender; earliest radical leaves roundish-oval (small),
crenate, sometimes lobed ; the others irregularly pinnatifid with the lobes
short and obtuse : lower cauline leaves pinnately 5-7-lobed or parted ; the
upper 3-lobed or entire ; heads small. — R. biennis. Chapman! 7nss.

Dry soil, Virginia ! to Alabama ! and Ohio ! Illinois! &c., to Louisiana!
/3. Lime rocks, Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman ! July-Sept. — Plant 3-5
feet high (probably biennial ?), the conical receptacle exhaling a faint aro-
matic odor when divided. Disk black-purple, or dark chesnut, less than
half an inch in diameter, at first depressed-globose, when old somewhat
ovoid. Rays deep yellow, in dried specimens often orange towards the base,
6-12 lines long. — Well distinguished by the slender (dark-purple) cuspidate
points of the chaflf'. In Pursh's character of R. aristata, the chali' of the
pappus is said to be awned.

t t Chaff pale and often bearded or canescent at the summit, mostly shorter than
the expanded corolla ; the disk thei'efore at first fuscous, at lengtli brownish or
dull purple.

6. R. suhlomentosa (Pursh) : stem branching, tomentose-pubescent;
leaves mostly petioled, hispid-scabrous above, soft and minutely tomentose
beneath; the lower 3-parted or deeply 3-lobed ; the upper mostly undivided,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; heads somewhat corymbose ;
scales of the involucre numerous, narrowly lanceolate, canescent, imbricated,
at length squarrose or reflexed, rather shorter than the subglobose brownish
disk, many times shorter than the numerous spreading rays ; chaff' of the
receptacle glandular-bearded at the obtuse (rather pale) summit, shorter than
the corolla; pappus coroniform, obsolete. — Pursh, fl.. 2. p. bib, ex char. &
syn. (not of /tcri. ?) R. triloba ,i. foliis subtomentosis, Michx.! fl. 2. ;;. 144.
R. odorata, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 78, not of the gardens.

310 COMPOSITiE. RuDBECKiA.

Prairies antl copses, (Mountains of Virginia?) Illinois! to Arkansas!
Western Louisiana ! and the borders of Texas! July-Aug. — Plant rather
stout and with a coarse habit, 2-4 feet high ; the receptacle when bruised,
and perhaps also the leaves, exhaling an anisate or vanilla-like odor, much
as in Lepachys. Leaves 3-5 inches in length ; the lower ones sometimes
undivided and the upper occasionally 3-lobed ; but usually the lower ones
only 3-parled or divided ; the lateral lobes smallest, lanceolate ; the termi-
nal ovate-lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, serrate. Peduncles short. Rays,
10 to 12, or rarely 20, 10-15 lines long, bright yellow.

7. R. mollis (Ell.): stem hirsute-villous, branching; leaves sessile and
partly clasping, oblong, obscurely serrate, tomentose-canescenl on both sides,
the lower ones somewhat spatulate ; heads rather large ; scales of the invo-
lucre numerous, linear-lanceolate, villous, reflexed about half the length of
the rays; cliaff linear, canescent at the summit, rather obtuse, as long as the
purple corolla; achenia (small) minutely 4-toothed at the summit. — Ell. I
sk. 2. p. 453 ; DC. .' prodr. 5. p. 55G. JR. spalhulata, Pursh ! ji. 2. p. 574,
not of Michx.

"Western districts of Georgia, Barlram ! Baldivin! Elliott! &c. Aug.-
Oct. — Plant 2-3 feet high, canescent throughout ; the branches simple and
terminated by a single head. Leaves 12-15 lines long, soft. Rays 15-20,
usually an inch loHg, pale yellow, but deep yellow at the base. Achenia
scarcely half the length of the narrow chaff, exactly 4-sided ; the angles
produced into indistinct and minute obtuse teeth.

8. R. Heliopsidis : stem simple from a prostrate rhizoma, somewhat pu-
bescent with appressed hairs, terete, bearing 3-6 slender angled branches or
peduncles near the summit; leaves somewhat distant, ovate or oval, slightly
serrate, mostly obtuse, quintuplinerved, glabrous or nearly so, abruptly con-
tracted, the lower into long and slender, the upper into short petioles ; scales
of the involucre oblong or somewhat spatulate, minutely pubescent, at length
squarrose, shorter than the subglobose brownish purple disk, and much shorter
than the (10-12) oblong-linear spreading rays ; chaff of the receptacle ob-
tuse, canescenl-pubescent at the summit, about the length of the corolla ;
achenia of the rays triangular and as large as the quadrangular fertile ones ;
pappus nearly obsolete.

a. almost glabrous ; leaves more or less serrate, sometimes acute ; invo-
lucre much shorter than the disk.

(3. stem stouter, pubescent below with spreading, above with appressed
hairs ; leaves nearly entire, obtuse.

Pine woods, &c. a. Columbus, Georgia, Dr. Boykin! /?• Cherokee
country of Alabama, in Avet places, Mr. Buckley ! Aug.-Sept. — Stem
about 2 feet high. Lower leaves 2-3 inches long, 1-2 broad, on petioles 2-6
inches long, which in /3. are hairy, pale beneath, dull above. Rays scarcely
an inch long, pale yellow, in /?. presenting an abortive style. Involucre and
disk exactly resembling some forms of Heliopsis la^vis, except that the latter
is brownish-purple : the achenia of the rays perfectly formed, and often
larger than the fertile fruit, but not ovuliferous.

9. R. alismeefolia : glabrous; stem simple or sometimes branched, angled,
smooth below, scabrous towards the long and naked striate-furrowed summit,
terminated by large solitary heads; leaves (often membranaceous) somewhat
scabrous, oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, entire or sparingly repand-toothed,
3-5-nerved and reticulate-veined ; the radical and lower cauline tapering by
a cuneate base into slender petioles ; the uppermost cuneiform-obovate,
nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre linear, mostly shorter than the ovoid-
globose brownish disk, and much shorter than the (12-15) drooping rays ;
chaff of the receptacle rather obtuse, canescent at the summit, a little shorter
than the corolla; pappus coroniform, conspicuous, unequally crenatc-toothed.

RuuBECKiA. COMPOSITE. 311

Plains and pine woods, Western Louisiana, especially on the borders of
Texas, Dr. Hale ! Dr. Leavcmvorth ! Dr. Carpenter I Texas, Drummond !
June-Aug. — Plant 2-3 feet high, rather slender. Lower leaves 3-6 inches
long, 2-3 wide, usuall}' nearly enlire, strongly ribbed and beautifully reticu-
lated between the ribs, sprinkled with minute resinous dots, sometimes mem-
branaceous and nearly smooth ; the upper all similar in form but smaller
and on shorter petioles, or the uppermost sessile. Heads smaller than in
R. grandiflora ; the broadish rays an inch or more in length : the chatf, co-
rolla, pappus, &c. very similar ; the latter perhaps more conspicuous, as long
as the proper tube of the corolla. — Closely allied to the following species.

10. R. grandijlora (Gmel., DC.) : scabrous-hispid throughout ; stem sim-
ple or branching, striate-angled ; the branches naked above, and terminated
by solitary (very large) heads ; leaves rigid, very rough; the radical and
lowest cauline ovate or oval, somewhat serrate or entire, 7-nerved and reticu-
late-veined, on long petioles; the upper lanceolate, unequally and sharply
denticulate-serrate, acuminate at each end, 3— 5-nerved, on short petioles, the
uppermost sessile ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear, shorter than the
ovoid-globose purplish-brown disk, and many times shorter than the numer-
ous (20 or more) drooping rays ; chatf of the receptacle rather acute, some-
what canescent at the summit, shorter than the corolla; pappus coroniform,
crenate or unec[ually toothed, conspicuous. — DC. j^rodr. 5. |;. 556. R. nu-
dicaulis, Nutt. 'mss., not of Pers. Centrocarpha grandiflora, Don, in Sweet,
Brit. fl. gard. ser. 2. t. 87.

Dry plains, &c., Red River, Arkansas, Nuttall! Dr. Pitcher ! Dr. Lea-
venworth! July-Sept. — Stem stout, 2-3 feet high, thickly clothed, like the
both surfaces of the leaves, with short and very rough hispid hairs. Leaves
with strong nerves, or rather ribs, running from the base to the apex ; the
upper 4-6 inches long, an inch or less wide; the lowermost sometimes 8
inches long and 3-4 broad. Heads in the cultivated plant sometimes " near-
ly 6 inches across" ; the rays in our indigenous specimens 2 inches long,
golden yellow, minutely tomentose-pubescent beneath. Receptacle narrow-
ly conical. — The character given by De CandoUe, which is chiefly taken
from that of Don, is incorrect in several particulars : the pappus is not very
short, but large for a Rudbeckia ; the rays are not hispid beneath, nor is the
chatF pungent, or even pointed, in this, or in any of Prof. Don's species of
Centrocarj)ha, except R. triloba.

* * * Disk grecnish-yclloiv, conical, somavhat prolonged tp/ieri mature ; tJie receptacle at
length columnar or spiciform : chaff navicular, truncate, someivhat bearded at the
summit, not longer than the frismatic aehenia : branches of the style tru7icate, slightly
thickened and bearded, at the summit.

11. R. laciniata (Linn.) : glabrous; stem tall, branching ; leaves minutely
hairy and scabrous, particularly on the margins; the radical and lowermost
pinnately (5-7-) divided, the divisions 3-lobed or incised, sometimes lacini-
ate ; upper leaves irregularly 3-5-parted, with the segments lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, often toothed, or incised ; the uppermost simple,
lanceolate or ovate, incisely toothed or entire ; heads (rather large) somewhat
corymbose-paniculate ; rays drooping, about twice the length of the ovate-
lanceolate scales of the involucre; aehenia prismatic, with a coroniform
toothed pappus. — Linn. ! hort. Cliff'., S^- sjoec. 2. p. 906 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p.
144 ; Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 2247 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 575 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 451 ;
Bart.fl. Amer. ScjJt. 1. t. 16 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest.p. 481 ; DC. ! jirodr. b.p. 555.

ji. leaves glabrous, the u])per ones undivided. — R. laevigata, Pursli ! fl. 2.
p. 574, not of Nutt.

y. divisions of the radical and lower leaves i)innatifid. — R. digitata, Mill.

312 COMPOSITE. RuDBECKiA.

diet.; Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 251 ; Willd. ! enum. 2. p. 921 ; Pursh! I. c. ;
Ell. I. c. ; DC. I I. c. R. laciniata /3. angustifolia, Pers. syn. 2. p. 476.
R. Ia3vis, Hoffm., ex DC.

Moist thickets, Canada! to Alabama! Western Louisiana! and to near
the sources of the Missouri! July-Sept.— Stem 4-8 (in 0. 3-4) feet high,
Rays bright liijht yellow, oblanceolate, 1-2 inches long. Radical leaves sca-
brous on both sides ; the divisions and segments often long and very narrow,
sometimes rhombic-ovate. — The var. 0. is common in the mountains of North
Carolina.

12. R. heterophylla : cinereous-pubescent; leaves minutely tomentose be-
neath, scabrous above ; the lower petioled, pinnately 3-5-parted or divided,
the oblong divisions sparingly toothed, the terminal one cuneiform and mostly
3-cleff, the upper siraple,"ovate, slightly petioled, strongly serrate, acute;
heads somewhat corymbose ; rays drooping ; achenia prismatic, with a short
coroniform denticulate pappus.

Middle Florida, Dr. Chcqmian! — Plant smaller in all its parts than R. la-
ciniata, with the upper leaves evenly dentate-serrate throughout. Disk glo-
bose, and the receptacle conical, perhaps elongated when old. Chaff cunei-
form-oblong, minutely canescent at the summit, slightly pointed. Pappus
shorter than in R. laciniata.

§ 2. Scales of the involucre feiv ; the exterior spreading, the innermost erect,
similar to the chaff of the spiicform elongated receptacle : the disk at length
columnar : rays tvith abortive achenia : branches of the style terminated by
a very short and obtuse cone : achenia of the disk as long as the obtuse chaff,
acutely 4-sided ; the pajjjms continuous with its summit, sheathing the lower
portion of the corolla, irregularly toothed or lacerate-denticulate ; that of the
ray small with a short coroniform pappus. — Macrocline. .

13. R. maxima (Nutt.) : very smooth and glabrous throughout, somewhat
glaucous ; leaves large, membranaceous, broadly oval or ovate-oblong, cre-
nate-denticulate or e'ntire, feather-veined and reticulated, the radical and
lower cauline petioled; the upper clasping, either tapering at the base or
cordate ; head usually solitary on a long peduncle ; rays large, drooping ;
chaff pubescent at the summit. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 354.

Plains of Red River, Nuttall .' Moist pine woods and along shady
streams, Western Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, Dr. Leavenworth ! and
near Alexandria, Louisiana, Dr. Hale! June-Aug. — Stems 4-9 feet high,
" growing in extensive masses" {Nutt.), stout, striate. Leaves 8-10 or 12
inches long, and 4-5 broad, "but little inferior in size to those of the Cab-
bage" (iV«H.), obtuse or slightly acuminate ; the numerous veins diverging
from the strong midrib, reticulated, the upper ones usually converging to the
apex. Rays 10-15, usually 2 inches in length, oblong-hnear, bright yellow,
much longer than the linear scales of the involucre. Disk fuscous, at length
frequently IJ to 2 inches in length, and columnar, 9 to 10 hnes in diameter;
the receptacle a narrow cylindrical and pointed rachis. Corolla of the disk
brownish-purple ; the teeth erect. Style with a large bulb at the base.
Achenia 3 lines long, usually somewhat compressed ; the pappus perfectly
continuous with thesummit of the achenium and of the same texture, be-
coming scarious at the summit, sometimes nearly half as long as the imma-
ture achenium itself and including the lower half of the corolla, but often
shorter. — This and the following species might be considered as a separate
genus with nearly the same reason as Dracopis, which they closely resemble
in their receptacle, involucre, &c. : but as to the pappus they do not greatly

RuDBECKiA. COMPOSITiE. 313

differ from Rudbeckia allsmcefolia ; and R. laciniata has a similar, although
less elongated receptacle.

14. R. nitida (Nutt.) : very smooth and somewhat shining; stem simple
or sparingly branched above; leaves coriaceous, oval-oblong and lanceolate,
nervose and reticulated, repand-denticulate or entire, mostly acute at each
end; the radical and lower cauliue tapering into slender usually margined
petioles, the uppermost (often linear-lanceolate) partly clasping; rays large,
drooping; chaff" pubescent at the summit. — Nuit.! in jour. acad. PJiilad. 7.
p. 78. (1834.) R. glabra, DC. jjrodr. 5. p. 556 ?

Georgia and Florida, on the borders of swampy open thickets, iVi/^/aM.'
Prairies, Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth! Dr. Carpenter! Dr. Hale ! Texas,
Drummond! June-July. — Plant 3-5 feet high, much resembling the pre-
ceding, but with more nervose smaller leaves (the lower 4-6 inches long, 1-3
wide), beautifully reticulated between the nerves or ribs, &c. Stem either
simple, with a solitary head on a long naked peduncle, or branched above,
producing several heads. Heads nearly as large as in the preceding, M^ith
8-12 rays ; tlje disk sometimes broadly conical and apparently unchanged in
fruit ; but commonly elongated like the preceding, and sometimes attaining
the length of 2 inches. — Both these species would be very showy in
cultivation.

§ 3. Involucre and chaff as in Macrocline : rays none! (always?) : corolla of
the conical-oblong disk nearly destitute of proper tube {the stamens inserted
into the very base) : branches of the style slightly dilated upwards, truncate-
capitate : achenia jmsinatic : 2^(i2W^^ coroniform and somewhat toothed,
nearly as in R. laciniata. — Acosmia, Nutt.

15. R. occidentalis (Nutt.): smooth and glabrous; stem stout; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or repandly toothed, sometimes irregu-
larly lobed, scabrous on the margin, 3-nerved ; the uppermost sessile, lanceo-
late, entire; heads few, on long peduncles ; disk conical ; scales of the invo-
lucre lanceolate, acuminate, nearly in a single series. Nutt.! in trans. Amer.
phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 355.

Rocky Mountains, and woods of Oregon, particularly in the Blue Moun-
tain range, by small streams, Nuttall! — Plant about 3 feet high. Leaves
ample, somewhat reticulated as in the preceding. Disk purplish-brown,
probably elongated in fruit. — Apparently the only species west of the Rocky
Mountains.

R. asperrima, Hornem. (Loud. hort. Biit.)

R. cicutiB folia, Spreng. is founded on Heliopthalmum cicutEefoliuni, Raf.fi. L/iidov.

92. LEPACHYS. Raf in jour. phys. 1819, p. 100; Less. syn. p. 225.

Lepachys & Ratibida, Raf. I. c— Obeliscaria, Cass. (1825), DC.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers few, in a single series, neutral ;
those of the disk small, tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre few, linear
or subulate, spreading, or sometijnes with an inner series of small obtuse
scales similar to the chaff" of the receptacle. Receptacle elongated, colum-
nar or spiciform; the chaff" truncate or obtuse, thickened and bearded or vil-
lous at the summit, nearly the length of the disk-flowers and partly enclosing
or embracing the achenia. Corolla of the disk short, cylindrical, with 5 short
VOL. II. — 40

314 COMPOSITtE. Lepachts.

recurved teeth ; the proper tube none ; the stamens therefore inserted into the
very base of the corolla. Achenia of the ray 3-angled, hairy, abortive; of
the disk compressed, glabrous or ciliate, with a wing-like margin on one or
both sides, which is more or less produced into a tooth at the summit; the
areola at the base somewhat lateral. — Perennial usually branching strigose-
scabrous herbs (natives of North America, chiefly of the region between the
Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains) ; the striate-sulcate stems or branches
naked above, and terminated by single showy heads. Leaves alternate, pin-
nately parted or divided ; the divisions narrow, sometimes again pinnatifid.
Rays spreading or drooping, yellow, sometimes partly or entirely orange-
brown. Disk cylindrical, exhaling a fragrant anisate odor when bruised, the
apex of the chaff canescent; the corolla, anthers, and branches of the style
fuscous-

De Candolle, who has by mistake given the year 1829, instead of 1819, as the date
of Rafinesque's memoir (which is however elsewhere correcdy cited), has thence
adopted Cassini's name of Obeliscaria, doubtless upon the supposition of its priority.
Cassini passed by Rafinesque's name, because, as he states, he could not ascertain
what plant that author had in view : the character is ceitainly not altogether correct ;
but Rafinesque mentioned Rudbeckia pinnata as the type of his genus. We feel
obliged, therefore, to follow Lessing, and retain the name of Lepachys for this genus ;
which, although well marked in habit and character, must be divided into as
many sections or subgenera as there are species. L. pinnata approaches neai-est to
the original Rudbeckia, viz : R. laciniata.

§ 1. Achenia quadrangnlar-comincssed ; the inner margin very obscurely
winged, the summit obsoletcly and obtusely 2-toothed, naked: apjmidages
of the style lanceolate, acute, barbellatc-hisjnd. — Obeliscaria, Cass. (Le-
pachys, Raf.)

1. L. 2nnnata: scabrous and pubescent with minute strigose hairs; leaves
pinnately divided ; the divisions 3-7, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each
end, sparingly serrate-toothed or entire; the uppermost undivided ; disk oval-
oblong, much shorter than the ravs. — L. pinnatifida &c anguslifolia, Raf.!
I. c. "^Rudbeckia pinnata, Vent. ! liort. Cels. t. 71 ; Michx. ! fi. 2. jj. 144 ;
Smith, exot. bat. 1. t. 38; Bat. mag. t. 2310; Willd.! enum. 2. p. 921;
Pursh! fl. 2. p. 576. R. digit aiR,"Wi lid. .' spec. 3. p. 2247, excl. syn.
Moris. Sf Ait. R. tomentosa, ^Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 453, excl. syn. R. odorata &
cinerea, of the gardens. Obeliscaria pinnata, Cass, in diet. sci. nat. 46. p.
401 ; jDC. I prodr. 5. p. 558.

Dry prairies and plains, from Western New York {Dr. Sartu-cll!) and
Pennsylvania {Muldcnberg .') Iowa! and Michigan! and throughout the
Western States to Louisiana ! the western part of Georgia {Baldwin ! El-
liott!) Alabama {Mr. Buckley!) and Middle Florida, Dr. Cltapman! June-
Sept. Plant 3-4 feet high. Divisions of the leaves varying from oblong-
lanceolate and coarsely toothed, to narrowly lanceolate-linear and entire; the
terminal & superior divisions largest, often confluent. Rays bright yellow,
li to 2i inches long, varying from 3 or 4 to 8 or 9 lines in breadth. Chaff
3-nerved ; the lateral nerves colored. Achenia when young exhibhing a
narrow indistinct wing on each margin, which is slightly produced beyond
the summit, so that the achenium is obscurely 2-toothed.

§ 2. Achenia much compressed ; the inner margin evidently winged and
slightly ciliate ; the summit somewhat l-2-toothed, and crayoned loith an ob-

Lepachys. COMPOSITiE. 315

scure lacerate fringe : brandies of the style Jlattish, terminated by a very
short truncate or obscurely conical barbellate appendage. — Ratibida, Raf.,
Don. (Obeliscaria § Ratibida & Monodonta, DC.)

2. L. columnaris: strigose-scabrous, mostly branched from the base; radi-
cal (primordial) leaves undivided, spatulate-lanceolate ; the cauline pinnately
parted, the upper sessile; seoments linear-lanceolate or oblong, rigid, mucro-
nulate, entire, rarely somewhat lobed ; disk columnar, in fruit longer than
the 5-8 oblong or obovate-oval recurved yellow rays. — Rudbeckia colum-
naris, Parsh! fl. 2. p. bib; Bot. mag. t. 1601; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 178;
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 311. R. columnifera, Nutt. in Fras. cat. Rati-
bida sulcata, Raf. in jour. phys. I. c. R. columnaris, Don, in Brit.fl. gard.
ser. 2. no. 361. Obeliscaria columnaris, DC! prodr. b. p. 559.

/3. pulcJierrima (Don): rays wholly or in part brown-red. — Varies, like
var. a. with the segments somewhat oblong or narrowly linear-lanceolate,
either entire {Don, in Brit. fl. gard. I. c. t. 361) ; or the narrowly linear di-
visions of the leaves again irregularly pinnatifid, the rays also yellow at the
apex (Obeliscaria pulcherrima, DC! I. c.) ; or the rays entirely brown-red,
with the columnar disk variable in length (Rudbeckia Tageles, /ames.' in
Long^s exped. 2. p. 68. Obeliscaria Tagetes, DC. I. c), occasionally sub-
globose, the peduncles shorter. R. globosa, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7.
p. 19. R. columnaris, Torr. ! in ami. lye. NewYork, 2. p. 215.

Plains of the Upper Missouri, Bradbury! Nuttall! also between the Mis-
souri and Mississippi, and on St. Peter's River, Mr. Nicollet ! to Saskatch-
awan, Drummond ! extending to the Rocky Mountains, Douglas! 0. With
the preceding, Nuttall, Mr. Nicollet! Upper Arkansas, Dr. James! to
Texas, Drummond! and Berlandier ! July-Aug. — Plant 10 inches to 2
feet high. Leaves crowded or somewhat distant ; the segments variable : the
rays an inch long, and sometimes nearly as broad. Chaff with woolly tips
and mostly ciliate on the margins, near which is an oblong purple spot.
Wing of the achenia (anterior) terminated by a short acute membranaceous
tooth", which is sometimes obsolete ; the exterior margin obscurely if at all
winged, but sometimes very slightly toothed at the summit. — The specimens
collected in Mr. Nicollet's expeduion entirely justify the union of the varie-
ties with red-brown or particolored rays to the yellow R. columnaris. Both
forms vary with the disk an inch or more in length, and in starved specimens
reduced to half, or even one-third of an inch, when it is nearly globose. The
specimens of Dr. .Tames belong to a dwarf, much branched and leafy plant,
with short peduncles.

§ 3. Achenia much compiressed, 2-winged and conspicuously 2-tooihed or
2-awned {the summit and the teeth obscurely bearded) ; the loings strongly
fimbriate- ciliate : branches of the style terminated by a lanceolate acute
barbellate-hispid appendage. — Lophoch^na.

3. L. peduncularis : stem simple or branching near the base, leafy and
hirsute below ; leaves hirsute or strigose, bipinnalely parted ; the ultimate
segments short, obtuse ; peduncles naked, very long; disk columnar, twice
orthrice the length of the rays ; chaff sparsely ciliate, slightly bearded at the
summit.

Texas, Drummond ! — Root fusiform. The leafy portion of the stem 6-8
inches; the naked peduncle 12-16 inches in length. Radical leaves une-
qually pinnately divided ; the divisions numerous, oblong or cuneiform, in-
cised or pinnatifid ; the upper leaves regularly pinnatifid, with narrow seg-
ments. Disk an inch and a half or more in length, cylindrical. Exterior

316 COMPOSITiE. Lepachys.

scales of the involucre very few, subulate ; the interior much shorter, resem-
bUn!:^ the chafT of the receptacle. Rays linear-oblong, yellow. Chaff with
a bright purple spot near each margin. Achenia (immature) flat, oval,
2-win"fed; the inner wing broader, and more conspicuously fringed with
stout ^preadhig bristles ; the summit produced into 2 sharp slightly unequal
teeth or awns, which are fully half the length of the corolla, and confluent
with the wings, in the manner of Silphium.

93. DRACOPIS. Cass. diet. 35. p. 273 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 558.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral, in a single series ; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre in 2 series ; the exterior
6-8, small, linear, spreading; the interior very small, appressed, resembling
the chaff of the receptacle. Receptacle cylindrical, pointed ; the chaff Hnear,
somewhat bearded at the summit, abruptly mucronulate, rather shorter than
the flowers. Corolla of the disk with a manifest tube ; the throat expanded,
5-toothed, the teetli reflexed. Branches of the style terminated by a linear-
lanceolate barbellate appendage. Achenia terete, narrowed towards the
base, with a lateral areola, minutely striate and granulated. Pappus obso-
lete (an extremely minute entire crown or border), or none. — An annual
branching glabrous herb ; the stem and branches striate-sulcate. Cauline
leaves cordate-clasping, oblong or oval, mostly acute, entire, the lower ones
serrate, smooth and pale, reticulate-veined ; the margins ciliate-scabrous.
Heads solitary, peduncled, terminating the branches. Rays yellow, often
with an orange-brown spot at the base. Disk (at first somewhat conical, at
length cylindrical) fuscous.

D. amplexicauUs (Cass. 1. c.)—Hook. hot. mag. t. 3716, Sf compan. 1.
p. 99. Rudbeckia amplexicaulis, VahU in act. Hafn. 2. p. 29, t. 4 ;
Schkuhr, handb. 3. t. 259. R. amplexifolia, Jacq. ic. rar. 3. t. 592 ;
Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 2249 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 573. " R. perfoliata, Cav. ic. 3.
p. 27, t. 252." R. spalhulata, Nutt. gen. 2 p. 178, ex Muhl. herb.!

Low prairies, &c., Louisiana! Arkansas! and Texas ! (Also in Mexico
according to Cavanilles.) May-Aug.— Stem 1-3 feet high. Rays cunei-
form-oblong, 2-3-toothed, 6-10 lines long. Disk at length about an inch
long. Anthers fuscous. Branches of the style purple.

94. GYMNOPSLS. DC. prodr. 5. p. 561.

Gymnolomia, H. B. <^ K. — Aldama, Lallav. cf- Lex. 7

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers in a single series, neutral ; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre in a double series, the
exterior somewhat foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex, or perhaps conical,
chaffy. Branches of the style with long appendages. Achenia crowned
with a very short coroniform-toothed pappus. — Herbaceous or somewhat
shrubby (American) plants, with opposite petioled 3-nerved or triplinerved
leaves. Heads pedunculate. DC.

1. Q. uniserialis (Hook.) : stem erect, scabrous, branching, somewhat
dichotomous; leaves obloug-ovate, petioled, angulate-toothed, obsoletely

Gymnopsis. composite. 317

punctate and nearly naked above, strigose-hairy beneath; scales of the invo-
lucre oblong-spatulate, hirsute, in a single series; chaif of the receptac, lein-
cluding the" very glabrous and shining' achenia, at length tuberculate and
scabrous, tubular; pappus coroniform, fimbriate. Hook.! ic. fl. t. 145,-
DC. 'prodr. 7. {mant.) p. 289.

Texas, Brummond .' — Plant strigose-hirsute; the stems apparently 2 feet
or more in height. Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; the uppermost alternate.
Rays rather large, bright yellow, oblong. >^Disk-flowers about 30 ; the co-
rolla (yellow) slightly dilated upwards, with 5 elongated and very narrowly
linear lobes. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla ; anthers brown-
ish, tipped with a slender lanceolate appendage. Appendages of the style
very long, hirsute, filiform-linear. The edges of the chafty scale which en-
closes each achenium at length cohere firmly. — Nearly allied apparently to
G. dentata and G. Schiediana of De Candolle ; but the genus seems to in-
clude incongruous plants.

95. ENCELIA. Adans. ; Cav. ic. 1. t. 61 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 566.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers neutral, in a single series; those
of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre somewhat imbricated in 2-3 series,
equalling the disk. Receptacle flat : the chaflT membranaceous, navicular.
Branches of the style terminated by a cone. Achenia compressed, flat,
emarginate, destitute of pappus, with the margins densely woolly or villous.
— Shrubby plants of the Pacific coast of America, more or less canescent ;
the leaves alternate, ovate or oblong, petioled, entire or nearly so. Heads
few, terminating the paniculate branches. Ray and disk yellow.

1. E. Californica (Nutt.) : erect, much branched ; the branches puheru-
lent-canescent ; leaves lanceolate-ovate, acute, sometimes angular-toothed at
the obtuse or rounded base, abruptly petioled, 3-7-nerved, nearly glabrous,
the margins scabrous ; involucre very villous ; achenia nearly glabrous ex-
cept the margins, which are very densely villous-hirsute. — Nutt..' in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 357.

Dry hills, near St. Barbara [or St. Diego], Nuttail .' April.— A low,
rather showy, brittle shrub, with the scent of Calendula or Gaillardia.

96. VIGUIERA. H. B. l]: K. nov. gen. 8f spec. 4. p. 224, t. 379 ;

DC. prodr. 5. p. blS.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers few, neutral ; those of the disk
perfect. Scales of the hemispherical involucre nearly in a single series,
somewhat equal, with foliaceous tips or appendages. Receptacle either co-
nical or flattish ; the persistent chaff" embracing the achenia. Appendages
of the style subulate, hispid. Achenia obovate-cuneiform, pubescent. Pap-
pus of 4 small denticulate squamellas and 2 awns, deciduous. — Annual or
perennial (W. Indian, Mexican, and Texan) herbs; with alternate or oppo-
site leaves, and small heads with yellow rays.

Vigiiiera prostrata, DC. is not a North American plant; and is perhaps different
from Heliantlius prostratus, Wdld.

318 COMPOSITjE. ViGuiERA.

1. V. Texana: stem hairy, sparingly branched ; leaves alternate (the low-
est opposite), rhomboid-ovate, acuminate, sparingly serrate, triplinerved,
appressed-pubescent, somewliat scabrous above, abruptly contracted into
long villous petioles; peduncles solitary or subcorymbose ; scales of the in-
volucre villous-canescent, in 1-2 series, with linear fohaceous appendages ;
chaff of the nearly flat receptacle membranaceous, ovate, cuspidate; rays 8-
10; achenia appressed-pubescent.

Texas, Dnimmond ! — Root and base of the stem unknown. Leaves 4-5
inches long, 2-3 broad, membranaceous; the lower petioles 2 inches in
leno-th. Appendages of the involucral scales longer than the ovate-oblong
appressed portion; or those of the inner series, when present, shorter. Chaff
scarious, with a short rigid cusp. Squamellae of the pappus small, roundish,
lacerate-fimbriate : awns rather shorter than the achenia, dilated and lacer-
ate-denticulate near the base. — Apparently near V. laxa, DC

97. HELIANTHUS. Linn.; Schkuhr, liandh. t. 258; Less. syn. p. 229.
Heliantlms& Harpalium, Cass., DC. excl. § Harpalizia'?

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers several or numerous, neutral ;
those of the disk perfect. Involucre imbricated in 3 or more series ; the
scales with or without foliaceous tips or appendages. Eeceptacle flat or
convex ; the persistent chaff embracing the achenia. Corolla of the disk
commonly 10-nerved, with a short proper tube. Branches of the style his-
pid, terminated by a subulate-conical appendage. Achenia 4-sided or most-
ly compressed, not winged or margined. Pappus of 2 chaffy scales or awns,
arising from the principal angles of the achenia, and often with 2 or more
smaller intermediate scales or squamellse, very deciduous. — Annual or per-
ennial (chiefly North American) mostly rough herbs; with opposite, some-
limes alternate or scattered, commonly triplinerved leaves. Heads solitary
or somewhat corj-mbose. Rays yellow ; the corolla of the disk yellow, or
sometimes dark-purple at the summit. — Sunflower.

The corolla of the disk in Helianthus is generally lO-nerved, the 5 additional or
secondaiy nerves corresponding widi the axis of the lacinise : in H. mollis there are
commonly 10 others, alternating with the former, but they seldom extend to the la-
cinise. H. Radula, H. heteropliyllus, & H. angustifolius, however, present the or-
dinary venation of Compositse (viz. 5 nei"ves corresponding with the sinuses) ; and
this is occasionally the case in H. longifolius. In H. Nuttallii, we obsei-ve a second-
ary or median nerve in two of the lacinise only.

* Annual : heads iisuaUy large : rays numerous : receptacle fiat : involucre spreading :
disk brownish-purple : leaves ovate or cordate, nios/y alternate, triplinerved. — Annul.

H. annuus, the common Sunflower, is very generally cultivated, but is no-where
naturalized in this countiy.

1. H. argoplnjllus : densely lanate ; leaves alternate, mostly entire: the
lower cordate; the upper ovate, acute, on short petioles; heads axillary and
terminal, on short peduncles; scales of involucre ovate, acuminate, woolly;
achenia compressed, slightly hairy at the summit ; pappus of 2 very deci-
duous chaffy awns.

Helianthus. COMPOSITiE. 319

Texas, Dnnnmond I — Apparently a large plant, but the base of the stem
unknown, clothed with a very white wool, which on the stem is loose and
flocculent, on the leaves appressed. Lowest leaves (radical ?) G-8 inches in
diameter, obscurely serrate, on long petioles; the upper 2-3 inches long; the
uppermost bearing pretty large heads in their axils, on peduncles which are
seldom longer than the leaves. Rays about 20. Inner scales of the involu-
cre lanceolate, all finely acuminate. Chaff of the receptacle 3-cleft at the
apex.

2. H. lenticularis (Dougl.) : st'em hispid, branching, stout; leaves hispid-
scabrous, alternate, ovate, serrate, obtuse at the base, petioled ; the lower of-
ten cordate, the uppermost often lanceolate and entire ; peduncles terminal,
sometimes paniculate; heads very large; scales of the involucre oval or
ovate, ciliate, abruptly and conspicuously acuminate ; achenia appressed-
pubescent, otlen as long as the corolla of the disk ; the latter villous at the
base; pappus of 2 lanceolate chaBy awns. — Dougl. in hot. reg. t. 1265;
Hook.! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 31.3 ; DC. ! jmidr. 5. p. 586; NultJ in trans.
Amer. fhil. sac. I. c. H. tubffiformis, Nutt. gen. 2. jj. 177 .'' H. erythrocar-
pus. Bard. ind. sem. liort. Gatt. 1839 ? [Linntva, sicppi. 14. p. 125.)

j3. corolla of the disk sparsely villous at the base (lower leaves sometimes
opposite, and the scales of the involucre narrower). — H. multiflorus, Hook. !
I. c. partly.

Interior of Oregon, Douglas, NuUall ! and from the Platte to Louisiana!
Arkansas ! and Texas ! /i. Saskatchawan, Drummond ! Upper Missouri,
Mr. Nicollet! July-Sept. — A large plant, resembling H. annuus, with a
rough hispid (often spotted) stem; the involucre 1-2 inches broad; the rays
sometimes 2 inches long and 6-10 lines wide. The stem exudes a resin
when wounded. The Indians employ the seeds for food.

3. H. petiolaris (Nutt.) : stem strigose or hispid, branching ; leaves sca-
brous, alternate (the lower not unfrequently opposite), ovate-lanceolate or
ovate, entire or nearly so, on very long petioles ; peduncles terminal, naked,
bearing solitary (large) heads ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or
acuminate ; corolla of the disk minutely pubescent or canescent at the base ;
achenia villous ; pappus of 2 chaffy awns. — Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 2.
p. 115 ; Sweet, Brit. fl. gard. {ser. 2) t. 75 ; DC! prodr. 5. p. 586. H.
patens, Lehm. ! ind. sem. Hamh. 1821, p. 8.'' H. integrifolius, Nutt. in
trans. Amer. jjhil. soc. (n. ser.) 7.^. 366.

Upper Missouri, Nuttall! Mr. Nicollet! and Arkansas! in arid places.
Aug. — Stem erect, 1-3 feet high. Heads, including the (12-20) large rays,
3-4 inches broad. Scales of the involucre narrowly or broadly lanceolate,
with a conspicuous acuminalion, or merely acute. Leaves mostly acute at
the base.

4. H cucumerifoUus : hispid-scabrous ; stem branching ; leaves alternate,
or the lower opposite, all cordate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate-toothed,
on slender petioles; peduncles terminal, naked, bearing a single, or 2-4
clustered (sessile) small heads ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear-lan-
ceolate, attenuate-acuminate; corolla of the disk glabrous at the base; ache-
nia hairy ; pappus of 2 minutely pubescent small chaffy awns.

Texas, Drummond! July-Sept. — Lower part of the stem unknown ; but
apparently a small species; the branches spotted, terminating in a slender
peduncle 4 to 10 inches long. Leaves 1-3 inches long, deltoid-cordate, an-
gulate-toothed, both sides very scabrous. Heads half to two-thirds of an
inch in diameter, often in a cluster of 2-4 at the apex of the peduncle.
Scales of the involucre lax. Rays about 15. Chaff of the receptacle (or
middle lobe) produced into a slender acumination. Achenia oblong, clothed
with appressed villous hairs.

320 COMPOSITiE. Helianthus.

5. H. debilis (Nutt.) : somewhat scabrous ; stem slender, clecurabent,
branchin,2; ; leaves alternate (rarely opposite), deltoid-ovate, mucroiiate-acute
or acuminate, repand-serrulate, on slender petioles ; heads (very small for
this division) solitary, on slender terminal peduncles ; scales of the involucre
narrowly lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, achenia pubescent; pappus of 2
minutely pubescent small chalFy awns. — Nutt. ! in trayis. Ainer. phil. soc.
(n. ser.) 7. p. 367.

/?. stem mostly simple, ascending; lower leaves frequently opposite.

Coast of East Florida, Baldwin! B. Sand hills of Western Louisiana
and Texas, Dr. Leavenworth .' — The root of the Florida plant is unknown;
but that of 13., which scarcely ditTers except in the simple stem (1-2 feet
long), and a little more attenuate leaves (1^ inch in length), is annual. In-
volucre about half an inch in diameter. Chaft'of the receptacle 3-lobed; the
middle lobe cuspidate-acuminate. Rays 10-14.

* * Perennial: heads small: rays 12-24; receptacle convex: scales of tlte involucre,
irregularly imbricated, narro^o, at length squarrose, as long as the dark purple disk :
leaves opposite, alternate, or scattered, linear, \-7icrvcd. — Angustifolii,

6. H. a7igusfifolius {hiim.) : stem scabrous or hairy; leaves linear, elon-
gated, sessile, entire, with revolute margins, 1-nerved, scabrous above, pale
or whitish, and often pubescent or hirsute beneath ; the lower opposite, the
upper alternate ; heads on slender peduncles, somewhat corymbose; scales
of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, acute, squarrose in fruit ; chaff of the
receptacle cuneiform-oblong, 3-toothed ; achenia glabrous; pappus of 2 small
chaffy awns.— Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 906 ,• Wtdt. Car. p. 216 ; Michx.! fi. 2.
p. 141 (chiefly); Pursh, fl. 2. p. 572; Ell! sk. 2. p. 415; Bot. mag. t.
2051; Bart. fl. Amer. Sept. t. 105; DC! prodr. 5. p. 587. H. foliis
linearibus, & Coreopsis foliis linearibus, &c. Gronov. ! fl. Virg. " Coreopsis,
Mdl. ic. t. 224, /. 2." C. angustifolia, Linn. spec. ed. 1. Rudbeckia an-
gustifolia, Linn.! spec. {ed. 2) 2. p. 1281. Leighia bicolor, Cass.

Damp pine barrens &c. New Jersey! to Florida ! Alabama ! Kentucky!
Louisiana ! and Texas ! common. Aug.-Oct. — Stem 2-6 feet high, slender,
simple or branched. Leaves 2-6 inches long, 2-4 lines, or the lower half an
inch wide, with a prominent midrib. Involucre somewhat scabrous or hairy.
Rays 12-20, nearly an inch long. Lobes of the disk-corolla brownish purple.
Pappus shorter than the achenia.

7. H. orgyalis (DC.) : stem tall, very smooth; leaves alternate, sessile,
linear [very narrow], flat, scarcely denticulate, 1-nerved, slightly if at all
scabrous; heads 5-7, corymbose, on long peduncles ; scales of the involucre
linear, acuminate, ciliolate; chaff of the receptacle linear-subcuneiforin, en-
tire, somewhat ciliate at the apex ; achenia glabrous, 2-3-4-awned. DC. !
not. 7. p>l. rar. Genev. p. 12, S^' prodr. 5. p. 587., excl. syn.

Arkansas, Mr. Pourtales : cultivated in the Geneva Botanic Garden ! —
Stem 6-10 feet high. Leaves very numerous and narrow, 3-6 inches long,
1-2 lines wide; the lower remotely denticulate. Heads rather large. Scales
of the involucre lax, very slender, attenuate-subulate, longer than the disk.
Rays about 15, an inch or more in length. Pappus of chafiy scales rather
than awns, usually 2 large and 2 smaller ones, but the latter are sometimes
wantino- or confluent with the larger. — This is not the H. angustifolius of
Linnffius. The H. giganteus jS. crinitus, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 127, i)erhaps be-
loncrs to this sjiecies, in which case its geographical range extends to the
Missouri: but we find no specimen of Mr. Nuttall's plant in the herbarium
of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

* * * Perennial .- rays rarely none ; receptacle convex : sccdcs of the hemispherical ivr-
volucre regularly imbricated, appresscd, ovate or lanceolate, destitute of foliaceous tips

Helianthus. COMPOSITiE. 321

or appendages, mostly shorter than the dark purple disk : leaves usually opposite. —
Atrorubentes. (Discomela, Raf. Harpalium, Cass.')

t Rays 7-10, slightly exserted, or frequently wanting! (Echinomeria, Nutt.')

8. H. Radula : stems simple, often several from the same root, very hir-
sute below, naked above, bearing a single head ; leaves opi)osite, crowded at
the base of the stem, orbicular, obovate, or broadly spatulate, obtuse, entire,
3-nerved or triplinerved, sessile or on short winged petioles, hirsute beneath,
hispid above; the u])per reduced to lanceolate bracts; scales of the involucre
and chaff" of the receptacle lanceolate, acuminate, dark-purple ; achenia gla-
brous ; pappus of 1-2 small awns, scarcely as long as the proper tube of the
corolla. — Eudbeckia Radula, Piirsh! fl. 2. j). 575. E.. apetala, Nutt..' in
jour. acad. Philad. 7. jj. 77. Helianthus apetalus, Le Conte! ined. ; Torr. !
ined. Echinomeria apetala, NutL. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.)
7. p. 356.

Damp pine barrens of Georgia ! Alabama! and Florida ! Aug.-Sept. —
Stems erect from a decumbent base, perfectly simple, 1-3 feet high, ex-
tremely hirsute below, often glabrous above, and naked, except one or two
pairs of bract-like leaves. Lower or radical leaves clustered, 1-3 inches
broad, often rounded, nearly or quite sessile, very rough and hispid above.
Heads mostly larger than in H. atrorubens ; the scales of the involucre ob-
long-lanceolate, ciliate, about the length of the disk. Rays when present
yellow, sometimes slightly tinged with purple. Chaff" of the convex recep-
tacle membranaceous, with cuspidate-acuminate brownish-purple tips. Co-
rolla dark-purple ; the proper tube nearly as long as the limb ! Achenia
compressed, the edges slightly produced at the apex so as to appear obscurely
2-toothed.

t t Rays 12-20, elongated.

9. H. heterophyllus (Nutt.) : stem very slender, simple, sparsely hispid,
bearing a single head ; leaves ojiposite, entire, hispid above, smoothish be-
neath; the radical and lowest cauline oval or elliptical, narrowed at the base
or somewhat petioled, obscurely tri])linerved ; the upper narrowly lanceolate,
or linear, sessile ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate; chaff
of the receptacle acute ; achenia glabrous ; pappus of 2 slender chaffy awns.
— Nutt..' in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 74.

(3. lower leaves lanceolate, with a long attenuate base. — H. heterophyllus,
Hook. ! compan. to bot. mag. 1. p. 98, partly.

In dry soil? North Carolina! Georgia! and Alabama! j8. Covington,
Louisiana, Drmnmond ! Florida, Dr. Chapman! — Stem 1-2 feet high,
naked and often nearly glabrous above. Radical leaves 1^-3 inches long,
about an inch wide, somewhat hairy on the veins beneath; the cauline pairs
distant ; the lower 2-3, or in /3. 4-7 inches long, 3-5 lines wide; the upper-
most very small. Involucre half an inch in diameter : scales glabrous or
pubescent; the exterior oval-lanceolate; the inner narrower and more acu-
minate. E,ays 14-18, large, an inch or more in length. Lobes of the disk-
corolla and tips of the chaff" brownish-purple. Achenia narrow, when young
slightly hairy at the summit. Awns of the pappus lanceolate-subulate,
denticulate.

10. H. atrorubens (Linn.) : stem hirsute and scabrous below, trichotomous
or loosely corymbose and naked above ; leaves mostly opposite, ovate, oval,
or spatulate-oblong, rough and hispid, triplinerved, somewhat serrate, obtuse,
abruptly narrowed into margined petioles, the lowest often slightly cordate;
scales of the involucre oval or obovate, obtuse, minutely ciliate ; chaff" of the

VOL. II. — 41

322 COMPOSITE. Helianthus.

receptacle acutish ; achenia pubescent at the summit ; pappus of 2 squamel-
late lanceolate awns. — Linn. ! spec. 2. 'p. 906 ; Ait. ! Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 250 ;
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 140 (in part only) ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 414 ; not of Lam. ! of J>C.
ex cliar., nor of Hook. ! H. sparsifolius, Ell.! I. c. H. silphioides, Nutt.!
in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 1 . p. 366. Corona-solis minor, &c., Dill.
Elth. t. 94, /. 110.

Dry soil, Virginia ! to Florida ! Louisiana ! and Arkansas ! common.
Aug.-Oct. — A well-marked species, varying in size (from 1 to 4 feet) ; the
stem bearing 3-5 beads on naked slender peduncles, or several, terminating
the very loose paniculate-corymbose branches, clothed with long white hairs
towards the base, but often nearly glabrous above. Leaves rather thin, both
sides hirsute or hispid, veiny, sometimes nearly entire ; the lower 3 to 6
inches long, and 2 to 5 broad ; the upper small and in more distant pairs ;
the uppermost remote and sometimes alternate. Heads small; the 12-16
rays elongated, about an inch long. Involucre rather shorter than the convex
disk; the obtuse scales obscurely 3-nerved. Chaff of the receptacle purplisii
at the tips, entire, or slightly 3-lobed. Corolla of the disk dark-purple at the
summh, pubescent at the base of the limb. Pappus of 2 minutely fringed,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate palese, rather than awns, one-half to two-
thirds the length of the corolla. Achenia glabrous, except the summit.

11. H. rigid us (DesC.) : stem simple or sparingly branched, rough; cau-
line leaves opposite, very thick and rigid, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate at each end, subsessile, obscurely serrate or entire, some-
what triplinerved, extremely hispid-scabrous on both sides ; the uppermost
sometimes alternate; the radical oval, obtuse, strongly triplinerved, petioled ;
scales of the involucre ovate, mostly obtuse, finely ciliate, numerous, closely
imbricated; chaff of the receptacle obtuse; achenia somewhat hairy; pap-
pus of 2 concave lanceolate scales, rather than awns, and frequently with
one or several intermediate small scales. — Desf. cat. Iiort. Par. ed. 3. p. 184.
H. atrorubens, Michx.! herb, in part; Hort. Berol. ! 1839; Bat. mag.
t. 2668 ; Hook. ! comjmn. to hot. mag. 1. p. 98 (var. foliis acutioribus).
H. scaberrimus. Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 423 ; DC. I. c. p. 588. H. crassifolius,
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. Harpalium rigidum, Cass, in diet,
sci. nat. 20. p. 300 ,• DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 583.

/3. branches or peduncles simple, elongated; scalesof the involucre ovate-
lanceolate or ovate, more acute. — H. diffusus, Sims, hot. mag. i..2020 (poor.)
H. Missuricus, "■ Spreng. p)ug. pi- 21 ;" Link. enum. 2. p. 352.'' H. Mis-
souriensis, Schivein. ! lierh. ; Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. H. atroru-
bens, Bot. reg. t. 508 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 312; DC. prodr. I. c.
ex char. ; not of Linn.

Plains and prairies, western part of Georgia, Elliott ! Illinois, Mr. Buck-
ley ! and St. Louis, Drummond! to the Upper Missouri, Nuttall! Mr.
Nicollet! Arkansas, Nuttall! Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth! and Texas,
Drummond! j3. Missouri, Nuttall! (spec, cult.) and Saskatchawan, Drum-
mond! Aug.-Sept. — Plant stout, 1-3 feet high, rather naked above ; the
rigid stem hispid with short papillose hairs, often smoothish above : the cori-
aceous thick leaves (cauline 3-5 inches long, an inch or less wide) very
rough with short bristles arising from papillas, which give the surface a cine-
reous hue, and often a whitish blistered appearance. Heads few, but showy ;
the disk about an inch in diameter; the 20-24 rays an inch long. Scales of
the involucre regularly and closely imbricated in 3-4 series. Receptacle
convex : the chaff entire, ciliate on the back towards the summit. Lobes of
the disk-corolla purple : style yellow. Achenia somewhat lenticular, hirsute
when young, but more smooth when mature, except the edges and summit.
The pappus is variable, even in different flowers from the same individual ;
consisting either of the two scale-like asvns without intermediate squamellas,
or of 1-4 of the latter on each side, or with the squaraellse confluent

Helianthus. composite. 3Q3

with the lateral scales, which become dilated and auric ulate or lobed
at the base, &c. &c. ; whence we conclude that Harpalium, Cass, is
founded upon insufficient and very inconstant characters. The var-^ j3. dif-
fers but slightly, and passes completely into the other forms of this well-
marked species, so that it hardly merits to be distinguished. In some of the
Texan specimens, and in those"^described by Nuttall as H. crassifoUus, the
leaves are more attenuated to each end, more serrated, and the upper surface
comparatively smooth. — The stem sometimes exudes resin in small (piantity.

* * * * Perennial : rays 12-24 : receptacle convex ; scales of the involucre regularly
imbricated, appressed, or loith someiohat spreading acute or acuminate (inappendicii-
late) tips, equalling the yellow disk : leaves opposite, or the uppermost sometimes alter-
nate.— Lsetiflori.

12. H. Icetiflorus (Pers.) : stem scabrous and branching at the summit ;
leaves oval-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, serrate, contracted at the base
into short petioles, triplinerved, very scabrous on both sides ; the uppermost
often alternate and nearly entire ; heads solitary or somewhat corymbose, on
naked peduncles; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciUate,
ajjpressed, about the length of the disk; chaffof the receptacle somewhat
3-toothed or entire; achenia glabrous- — Pers. syn. 2. p. 476 ; DC. ! j^rodr.
5. p. 586, excl. syn. Ell. H. atrorubens. Lam.'.' did. 3. p. 86, not of Linri.

13. leaves all somewhat entire ; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed. — H. tri-
cuspis. Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 422.

N. America ; long cultivated in the French Gardens. In barrens, &c. In-
diana, Dr. Clapp! "Dayton, Ohio, Dr. Short! p. Western part of Georgia,
Elliott! Aug.-Oct. — A stout and showy plant, 3-4 feet high, somewhat tri-
chotomous above. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, 5-8 inches long, li-2i
broad, extremely scabrous above, more or less pubescent, but also very rough
beneath, copiously feather- veined, the veins anastomosing with the prolonged
lateral nerves. Heads few (in the cultivated plant on long naked pedun-
cles) ; the scales of the involucre resembling those of H. rigidus /?., but fewer
and more pointed. Rays 12-16, in the cuftivated plant 20 or more, showy,
often nearly 2 inches in length. Chaff of the receptacle hairy at the sum-
mit. Corolla of the disk yellow, the lobes rarely if ever turning pur-
plish; the anthers brownish, whence the disk appears somewhat dark-
colored. Achenia compressed, when young sometimes slightly hairy at the
summit. Papjjus of two subulate chaffy awns, usually dilated at the base,
lacerate-fringed.— Allied to H. rigidus; 'but the disk-flowers are yellow, as
remarked by Persoon. AVe confidently refer Elliott's H. tricuspis to this
species, although the specimens in his herbarium are exceedingly imperfect.

13. H. occidentalis {KxMeW) : stem slender, simple, naked above, some-
what hairy; radical and lower cauline leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate (acut-
ish or obtuse), obscurely serrate, 3-nerved or triplinerved, scabrous above,
roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles;
the\]pi)er very small and remote, entire; heads 1-5 on slender peduncles;
scales of the involucre oval-lanceolate, acute or acunrinate, ciliate, appressed,
scarcely as long as the disk ; achenia villous-pubescent towards the summit.
—Rlddell, suppl. cat. Ohio plants, (1836) p. 13. H. heterophyllus. Short!
3rd suppl. cat. Kenfuchj plants; Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 98,
8. partly (spec, from St. Louis); not o'i Nutt. (Varies with the stem nearly
smooth and glabrous.)

p. plnntagincus : stem (sometimes branching) a:id leaves almost smooth ;
scales of the involucre scarcely ciliate, attenuate-acuminate, as long as the
disk.

Dry barrens, &c., from Michigan! Ohio! and Kentucky ! to Missouri!

324 COMPOSITiE. Helianthus.

/?. Texas, Drummond! July-Sept. — Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, nearly
leafless, except towards the base. Lower leaves 3-5 inches long, 1-2 broad,
usually roughish-pubescent or hirsute beneath; the petioles 5-8 inches long.
Rays 12-15, nearly an inch in length. ChalF of the receptacle nearly gla-
brous, somewhat 3-tooihed at the summit, acute.. Achenia hairy towards the
summit and along the angles. Pappus of 2 lanceolate-subulate awns. —
Resembles H. heterophyllus, Nutt., but an enlirely distinct species, with a
yellow disk. The leaves of the Texan specimens are more coriaceous, and
ajipear glabrous to the naked eye and nearly smooth to the touch ; but under
a lens they are observed to be clothed with very fine and short appressed
hairs.

14. H. cinereus : clothed with a close somewhat scabrous and cinereous
pubescence; stem somewhat naked above; leaves ovate-oblong, acutish,
appressed, serrulate, contracted at the base, sessile; the lowermost narrowed
into a winged petiole ; peduncles slender; scales of the involucre lanceolafe,
canescent ; immature achenia villous at the summit.

[3.? SuUivantii : larger and more branched; stem scabrous-hirsute;
leaves obscurely serrate, acute, the uppermost ot'ten alternate.

Texas, Drummond ! I3. Near Columbus, Ohio, Mr. Sullivant ! — Stem
2—3 fed high, virgate, sometimes a little branched, bearing few heads nearly
as large as those of H. mollis. Leaves rigid, somewhat Iriplinerved, veiny,
clothed with a fine slrigose pubescence, which is cinereous on the lower, but
more scabrous on the upper surface : the lowest leaves 3-5 inches long, in-
cluding the narrowed base or petiole ; the upper small and remote. Chaff
of the receptacle pubescent and more or less 3-toothed at the apex; the
middle lobe acuminate. Young achenia villous at the summit (under a
lens), and somewhat so on the angles.

15. H. mollis (Lam.) : stem villous ; leaves ovate or lanceolate-ovate,
acuminate, with a somewhat cordate and clasping base, serrulate or entire,
cinereous-pubescent and slightly scabrous above, tomentose-canescent and
reticulated beneath; scales of the involucre lanceolate, villous-canescent ;
mature achenia nearly glabrous. — Lam.! diet. 3. p. 81 ; DC. ! prodr. b. p.
587 ; not of Willd. Sfc. H. canescens, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 140. H. pubes-
cens, Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 2240 (excl. syn. Vahl.) ; Bot. reg. t. 524 ; Ell. !
sk. 2. p. 418; Hook.! comj?. to bot. mag. \. p. 98.

Barrens and dry prairies from Ohio ! Indiana ! and the western part of
Georgia ! to Missouri ! Louisiana ! and Texas ! Aug.-Sept. — A well
marked, canescently villous species, 2-4 feet high, simple or sparingly
branched at the summit, bearing rather large showy heads on stout pedun-
cles. Leaves all closely sessile, broadest at or near the more or less cordate
base, 3 to 6 inches long, often with both surfaces canescent, or the upper
slightly scabrous, the lower very soft. Scales of the hemispherical involu-
cre either broadly or narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, somewhat un-
equal. Rays 15-25, an inch long. Chaff of the receptacle entire, the tri-
angular summit canescent. Pappus of 2 lanceolate pointed chaffy scales,
somewhat fringed.

***** Perennial : heads middle-sized : rays S-2A : involucre irregularly iyndrica-
ted; the scales loose, or with squarrose-spreadingoftenfoliaceous summits, as long as
the yellow disk {achenia glabrous). — Corona-solis.

t Leaves commonly alternate or scattered, the lower often opposite, feather-veined,
sometimes obscurely triplinerved.

16. H. Nuttallii : stem smooth ; leaves alternate, the lower opposite, nar-
rowly lanceolate-linear, acute, mostly entire, scarcely petioled, both sides

Helianthus. composite. 325

scabrous ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate, hirsute-ciliate towards
the base ; pappus of 2 linear-lanceolnte chaffy awns or scales. — H. Califor-
niciis, Nutt.! in herb. acad. Pliilad. ^-c, not of DC.

Plains of Lewis River, Nut t all ! — Stem apparently strict and simple.
Leaves 4-6 inches long, 3-5 lines wide, feather-veined, obscurely tripli-
nerved near the base, somewhat cinereous beneath ; the lower remotely and
slightly serrate. Heads nearly as large as in H. giganteus. Involucre
clothed with whitish hairs, or often smoolhish. The disk-corolla is 5-nerved,
or with intermediate nerves corresponding with the axis of 2 only of the la-
ciniae, but not reaching the apex.

17. H. CaUfornicus (DC.) : stem tall, smooth, loosely paniculate ; upper
leaves ahernate, remote, elongated lanceolate, entire, attenuate at the base,
acuminate, slightly ciliate, both sides scabrous, triplinerved ; peduncles sca-
brous; scales of the involucre linear-sublanceolate, a little longer than the
disk, squarrose-spreading, roughish-puberulent ; achenia glabrous, 2-awned.
DC! prodr.b.2}- 589."

California, X>oi(^/a.s/ — We can add little to De Candolle's character, ex-
cept that the upper leaves (the lower not seen) are slightly petioled, obscure-
ly triplinerved near the base, 3-5 inches long, one-half to an inch wide :
heads larger than in H. giganteus ; the rigid scales of the involucre nearly
equal, not ciliate, very acute : pappus of 2 broadly-lanceolate somewhat
fringed scales, tapering into an awn-like point.

18. H. Maximiliani (Schrad.): stem strigose-scabrous, branched ; leaves
alternate (those of the branches sometimes opposite), lanceolate, entire or
nearly so, tapering to each end, acuminate, very scabrous and often canes-
cent-strigose on both sides, the lower petioled ; scales of the involucre lanceo-
late-subulate, much attenuate, strigose-canescent ; pappus of 2 lanceolate
slightly fringed chaffy scales. — Schrad. ind. sem. hort. Gcett. 1835 ; DC.
prodr'. 1. p. 290.

Prairies, Missouri, Prince Neu-iwed. (v. sp. cult.) Mr. Keating? in herh.
Schivein. ! Texas, Drumniond ! — A stout branching plant, bearing numer-
ous heads fully as large as those of H. giganteus; the leaves equally rough
on both sides ; the canescent and numerous much attenuated scales of the
involucre sometimes three-fourths of an inch long. In the wild specimens,
we sometimes observe two nerves near the axis of some of the laciniae of the
disk-corolla.

19. H. giganteus (Linn.) : stem roughish-hirsute or scabrous ; leaves al-
ternate or scattered (the lowest ojjposite), lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, very
scabrous above, pilose-s(;abrous beneath, narrowed and ciliate at the base,
.subsessile; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute or
strongly villous-ciliate ; pappus of 2 short lanceolate-subulate (slightly
fringed) chaffy scales. — Linn.! spec. 2. p. 905 (excl. syn. Gronov.) ; Ait.!
Kew. [ed. 1 ) .3. p. 249 ; Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 2242 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 571 ; Ell. !
sk. 2. p. 426 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 312 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 484 ;
DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 589. H. altissimus, {LiTin. spec. ed. 2. p. 1278.^) Jacq.
hort. Vindoh. 2. t. 162 ; IViUd. I. c. Fl. virgatus. Lam. diet. 3. p. 85. H.
gigas, Michx. fl. 2. p. 141/ Chrysanthemum Virginianum, Sec, Moris,
hist. 3. t. 7, /. 66 S^- 67 ; Pluk. aim. t. 159,/. 5. (Varies with the leaves
nearly all alternate, or sometimes irregularly ternately verticillate.)

(3. ambiguus : leaves nearly all opposite and closely sessile, obtuse or
rounded at the base !

Thickets and borders of marshes, from Canada I and Saskatchawan ! to
Kentucky ! and the mountainous jiortion of the Southern States! /?. Copses,
near Brooklyn, Long Island ! Aug.-Oet. — Stem 3-10 feet high, branched
above, corymbose-paniculate at the summit, smooth or nearly so towards
the base. Leaves 2-5 inches long, half an inch to an inch broad, copiously

326 COMPOSITjE. Helianthus.

feather-veined, and usually slightly triplinerved at the base. Rays 15-20,
pale yellow, an inch or more in length. — This is a common species in the
Northern States, and is very variable in the disposition of the leaves. The
var. i3. grows with, and apparent!}' passes into the ordinary state of the
plant; but it is remarkable for having the leaves not only opposite, but
broadest near the sessile base, much as in H. divaricatus.

20. II. orosse-serraius (Martens) : stem smooth and glaucous; leaves al-
ternate, elongated lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, sharp-
ly (the lower coarsely) serrate, scabrous above, toinentose-canescent be-
neath, mostly obtuse at the base, all on slender naked petioles; peduncles
scabrous; scales of the involucre subidate-lanceolate, slightly ciliate ; pap-
pus of 2 lanceolate somewhat fringed cliafly scales. — Martens, set. sem. hort.
Lovan. 1839, Is^' in Linnfea, swpj^l. 14. ^j. 13-3.

(i. leaves less canescent beneath, tapering into the petiole ; stem scabrous
towards the summit.

y. leaves softly canescent beneath ; the low^ermost opposite ; the upper
(more or less serrate) mostly acute at the base, on shorter petioles; stem
smooth and glaucous. — H. giganteus. Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. I. p. 98.

Dry plains &c. St. Louis, Missouri, Mr. Duerinck, {Martens) to West-
ern Louisiana, Dr. Hale.' and Texas (a. & /J.) Drummond! y. St. Louis,
Drummond ! Dr. Engelmann! and St. Peter's River, Mr. Nicollet.' to
Ohio, Mr. Leaf Dr. Paddock! Mr. Sullivant ! Aug.-Sept. — The leaves
in the Texan plant are 5-10 inches long, tapering regularly from near the
obtuse base to the acuminate apex, on petioles 1-3 inches in length, feather-
veined, or slightly triplinerved at the base, the very soft and close tomentose
pubescence of the lower surface turning brownish when old. Heads larger
than in H. giganteus : the pappus sometimes with intermediate squamellse.
It passes insensibly into var. 7., which closely approaches H. giganteus, but
differs in the very smooth stem, the soft hoary pubescence of the leaves, and
the slender petioles. — We have seen (in herb. Schiveinitz) a curious mon-
strous state of this species, with the disk-flowers either transformed into rays,
or into a 3-5-parted corolla, with very long linear (3-nerved) divisions ; and
with the anthers, and even the (commonly 3-cleft) style also changed into li-
near, 3-nerved, petaloid bodies.

21. iJ. tomentosMS (Michx.) : stem stout, hirsute-pubescent; leases (am-
ple, thin,) alternate or rarely opposite, oval-lanceolate, or the lower ovate,
obscurely serrate, tapering to an acute point, contracted at the base, scabrous
above, softly pubescent-tomentose beneath ; the lowermost usually tripli-
nerved; heads (large) on stout peduncles; scales of the involucre lanceolate,
much acuminate, elongated, squarrose, villous; chat!" of the receptacle
(3-toothed) and the corolla K^nentose or hairy at the summit ; pappus of 2
subulate (minutely fringed) awns. — Michx.! fl. 2. j}- 141 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p.
424 ; DC. prodr. 5. _p.^569.

/3. heads larger; peduncle leafy at the summit ; involucre foliaceous (ap-
parently a monstrous state). — H. squarrosus, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil.
sac. I. c.

7. leaves opposite, oval, acuminate, more distinctly petioled ; scales of the
involucre less acuminate, not longer than the disk. — H. spathulatus, EU. !
sk. 2. J). 421. (Leaves not in the slightest spatulate, all opposite in Mr. Elli-
ott's specimen ; in others frequently alternate.)

Dry soil, Illinois, and the western portions of North Carolina! Georgia!
and Alabama ! /i. Columbus, Georgia! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 4-8 feet high.
Lower leaves often a foot long, 3-6 inches broad, often opposite; the upper
3-8 inches long, copiously feather-veined, sometimes triplinerved, but often
not at all so ; all contracted at the base into a sort of winged petiole. Invo-
lucre an inch or more in diameter ; the long taper-pointed scales hirsute or

Helianthus. composite. 327

villous, especially on the margins. Kays 12-16, or in /3. 20, apparently pale
yellow, an inch and a halt' long. Corolla of the disk pubescent.

t t Leaves opposite, or the uppermost sometimes alternate, 3-neiTed or triplinerved.

22. H. doronkoidcs (Lam.) : stem branched, smooth below, scabrous-pu-
bescent or hirsute above ; leaves opposite or the upper alternate, ovate, or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, strongly triplinerved, scabrous above,
sottly pubescent benealli ; the upper sessile or somewhat petioled ; the lower
(often slightly cordate) on margined petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-
lanceolate, strongly hirsute-ciliale, acuminate, scarcely longer tlian the disk;
rays 12-15. — Lam. diet. 2. p. 84 (1789), ex DC ! prodr. 5. p. 587, excl.
syn. Ell. S^T. H. pubescens, f^ahl, synih. 2. p. 92, ex DC, &;■ Hook. hot.
maif. t. 211'i ; not of Willd. H. Hookeri, Don, in Loud. hart. Brit.

(3. leaves appressed-serrate, sometimes closely sessile, finely tomentose-
canescent beneath. — H. pubescens. Hook..' hot. mag. t. 211di (excl. syn.), i!^-
compan. to hot. mag. 1. j)- 98.

y. leaves less pubescent beneath ; the lower (often a foot long) coarsely
serrate-tool hed.

Fields and river-bottoms, throughout the Western ! and inland portion of
the Southern States! July-Sept. — A large species, 5 to 8 feet higli. with
ample leaves and showy heads. Rays an inch and a half long. Chaff" of
the receptacle hairy at the summit, and more or less 3-toothed. Achenia
glabrous, or when young slightly pubescent above. Pappus of 2 fringed
subulate awns, and often with 2 or more intermediate dentictilate-fringed
squamellse. — The var. j3. often approaches H. tomentosus ; and some states
of var. y. are very near H. decapetalus.

23. H. stnimosus {hmn.): stem simple or sparingly branched and sca-
brous-pubescent at the summit, smooth below; leaves opposite, ovate-lan-
ceolate, gradually acuminate, serrate with small appressed teeth, very sca-
brous above, whitish (and smooth or softly pubescent) beneath, somewhat
triplinerved, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles; scales of the
involucre lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tomentose-ciliate, equal-
ling the disk, the summits squarrose-spreading; rays mostly 10. — Linn. !
spec. 2. p. 905 ; Ait, Kcw. (ed. 1) 3. p. 249. (H. radice fusiformi, Hort.
Cliff. ; Mill. ! diet. ed. 7. no. 4. Chrysanthemum Canadense strumosum,
&c., Herm. hort. Lugd. ?) H. Iffivis, ^Wtdt. Car. p. 215 ? IL macrophyl-
lus, Willd. ! hort. Berol. t. 70, S^- enmn. p. 920 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 587.
H. decapetalus, Darlingt.! fi. Ccst. p. 483. H. altissimus, DC i.e.,
excl. p.

i3. mollis: leaves softly canescent beneath. — H. mollis, Willd.! spec. 3.
p. 2240 (excl. syn. Michx.) ; Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 572; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 418;
Hook. ! hot. mag. t. 3689 ; not of Lam.

y.l leptophylius : leaves lanceolate, slender, pale but nearly smooth be-
neath, almost entire.— H. tracheliifolius /3. folhs lanceolatis. Hook.! compan.
to hot. mag 1. ^?. 98.

Copses and banks of rivers, Canada, and throughout the Northern and
"Western States ! to Georgia ! and Arkansas ! y. Covington, Louisiana,
Drummond! July-Sept.— Stem 2-4 feet high. Leaves 3-8 inches long,
an inch or less to 3 inches wide towards the base, on petioles half an inch or
rarely an inch long, tapering to a sharp point, serrulate, green above; the
lower surface of a glaucous or lead-colored hue, or nearly white, but often
glabrous, except a few minute hairs on the veins, thence varying to tomen-
tose-canescent ; the lateral nerves small, but usually continued by anasto-
mosing with the veins ; the branch-leaves sometimes alternate. Involucre
more imbricated and appressed than in the tiallowing, with short spreading

328 COMPOSITE. Helianthus.

tips. Rays an inch to an inch and a half long, often half an inch wide,
bright yellow. Pappus of 2, or sometimes 3, subulate chaffy awns, and fre-
quently with 2 or 3 small intermediate scales, all ciliate. — The var. fS. only
differs in the degree of the pubescence of the leaf, which is inconstant. —
This species is sometimes cultivated in Europe under the name of H. decape-
talus ; and a different plant appears to have been known as H.struniosus: but
if we mistake not, this is the H. strumosus of Miller, of the Kew garden, &c.
It is readily distinguished by the form of the leaves, their inconspicuous ser-
ratures, and the whitish lower surface.

24. H. decapeialus (Linn.) : stem branching, smooth below, scabrous at
the summit; leaves opposite, or tliose of the branches alternate, thin, ovate,
acuminate, coarsely serrate, triplinerved, scabrous above, smooth or scabrous
beneath; the upper ovate-lanceolate; all abruptly contracted into usually
winged petioles ; scales of the involucre narrowly lanceolate-linear, loose,
squarrose-spreadi ng, ciliate, the exterior longer than the disk; rays 8-10
(rarely 13).— Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 905 ; Ait. ! Keiv. {ed. I) 3. p. 249 ; {Elt.
sk. 2. p. 425 ?) Hook. ! hot. 'mas;. I. 3510: DC. ! p)rodr. 5. p. 588. H.
strumosus & H. tenuifolius, Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 420. H. multiflorus (partly) &
H. frondosus, Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 312. H. frondosus, Darlirigt. ! Jl.
Cest. p. 483.

■y. frondosus (Hook. hot. mag. 1. c.) : exterior scales of the involucre larger
and foliaceous, one or more of them often changed to leaves. — H. frondosus,
Linn. ! amain, acad. 4. ^;. 290, 6f sjjec. ed. 2. p. 1277.

>• Banks of streams &c., Canada ! and Northern States ! to Kentucky ! and
the mountains of Georgia I Aug.-Sept. — Stem 2-5 feet high, usually pur-
plish. Leaves 3-6 inches long, 1-3 broad, obtuse at the base, coarsely ser-
rate or toothed, rather paler and often scabrous, but never pubescent beneath;
the upper surface scabrous with short often scattered hairs: they are very
thin when the plant grows in shade, and frequently perfectly smooth beneath.
Heads middle-sized, on slender terminal peduncles. Involucre very varia-
ble. Rays rather pale yellow, an inch to an inch and a half long, and one-
third of an inch wide. Pajipus of 2 subulate chafly awns.

25. H. traclieliifolius (Willd.) : stem loosely branching, hairy or some-
what scabrous ; leaves opposite, or those of the branches alternate, thin,
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, tripli-
nerved, scabrous or roughish-pubescent on both sides, contracted into short
petioles; scales of the involucre lanceolate-linear, attenuated, ciliate, very
loose, longer than the disk ; the exterior often produced into long subulate
squarrose-spreading appendages ; rays 12-15. — Willd. spec. 3. p. 2241, <^
enum. p. 920 ,• Link, enum. 2. p. 332.

Northern States ? to Ohio! and Indiana! Aug.-Sept. — What we take
for H. tracheliifolius, on the authority of a specimen gathered in the Berlin
Botanic Garden, as well as from the original cliaracter, is a species with the
habit of H. decapetalus, but with narrower and more appressed serrate leaves,
not strongly triplinerved, mostly long and slender scales of the involucre,
which are often inclined to become fuliose, and pretty large pale yellow rays.
Link remarks that it is a more hairy plant than H. decapetakis, with smaller
flowers: but the stem is nearly glabrous in our cultivated and sonje of the
wild specimens (the heads as large as those of H. decapetalus), while others
are quite hirsute ; and the lower surface of the leaves is sometimes nearly or
quite smooth and glabrous. We are not sure that it has been described un-
der this name by any succeeding author. — The plant cultivated in the Ber-
lin Garden in 1839 as H. prostratus, (very probably the H. proslratus, Willd.
spec. &fc. but not Viguiera prostrata, DC.) appears to be a state of this spe-
cies, and is an erect plant.

Helianthus. COMPOSITiE. 329

26. H. liirsuius (Raf.) : stem simj^le, or rlichotomous at the summit, hir-
sute, rou2;h; leaves opposite, more or less petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradual-
ly acuminate, sparsely serrate, mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, 3-
nerved or triplinerved, very scabrous above, hirsute-pubescent beneath;
scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute-ciliate, imbrica-
ted, eciualling the disk; rays usually 12. — Raf.! ann. nat. (1820) p. 14 ;
DC. prodr. 5. jj. 591. (Varies with the leaves nearly ovale, usually thick-
ish, but membranaceous when growing in shadv ])laces.)

/?. diversifolius : cauline leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate ; those of the
branches oval or ovate, sometimes slightly cordate, nearly entire. — H. diver-
sifolius. Ell. ! sk. 2. J}- 423.

y. trachyphyllus : stem hispid ; leaves uniform, ovate-lanceolate, mostly
subcordate, large (6 inches long, 2 inches wide at the base), very rough on
both sides; heads larger ; rays 12-15.

S. stenophyllus : smaller; stem hispid; leaves narrowly lanceolate, scarce-
ly triplinerved, hispid-scabrous above, roughish-hirsute beneath, the upper
entire.

Dry soil, from Ohio ! and Indiana ! to Louisiana ! and the western part
of North Carolina ! Georgia! and Alabama! y. Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher!
(5. "Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale! Dr. Leavenworth! Texas, Drummond!
July-Oct. — A polymorphous species, with larger heads than H. divaricatus
(on short peduncles, which are sometimes leafy at the summit); and the
scales of the involucre (often scabrous-hirsute) more appressed, but the tips
at length more or less spreading: it is also distinguished by the distinct,
although short petioles. Pappus of two subulate denticulate awns, longer
than the achenia.

27. H. divaricatus (Linn.) : stem simple, or corymbose-2-3-dichotomous
above, smooth, or the branches and peduncles sparsely hispid with spreading
hairs ; leaves opposite, divaricate, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate
from an ovate base, gradually acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved from the round-
ed or truncate base, very scabrous above, scabrous-pubescent beneath ;
scales of the involucre lanceolate from a broad base, acuminate, ciliate, im-
bricated, at length sfpiarrose-spreading, equalling the disk ; rays 8-12. —
Linn. ! spec. 2. ]i. 906; Ait. ! Keiv. (ed. 1) 3. ;;. 250 ; Pursh, J. 2. p. 576
(excl. the char., which seems to have been made from Michaux's and therefore
belongs to H. microcephalus); Bigcl. ! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 315; HooTc. ! fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 312 (excl. char.) ; '^DarlinQt. / fl. Cest. p. 482 ; DC. ! 2^rodr.
5. p. 587. H. truncatus, Schwein. ! in Ell. sk. 2. p. 416. Chrysanthemum
Virginianum &c., Moris, liist. 6. t. 3,/. 62.

Borders of thickets and dry fields, Canada ! and Saskatchawan ! to Louis-
iana ! and Florida ! July-Sept. — Stem 1-5 feet high, often purplish and at
the same time glaucous. Leaves sometimes ternate, the cauline perhaps
never alternate, decussate, divaricate, broadest at the sessile or nearly sessile
base, thence tapering to a sharp point, 3-6 inches long, an inch or less (rare-
ly 2 inches) wide at the base. Heads rather small. Pappus of 2 short sub-
ulate chaffy awns.

****** Pcramial: heads ymaU: rays 5-S, rarely 10 : scales of the involucre fev:i,
irregularly imhrlcalcd, appressed, shorter than the yellow disk; the exterior with
squarrose-spreading hcrhaceou.s or acuminate tips. — Microcephali.

28. H. microcephalus : stem smooth and glal)rous, with numerous slender
and s|)reading 2-3-choiomous branches ; leaves (sometimes all opposite, occa-
sionally with all the upper ones alternate,) membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate,
attenuate-acuminate, somewhat serrate, petioled, veiny, triplinerved, sca-
brous above, tomentose-pubescent beneath ; heads on slender scabrous-pubes-
cent peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, appressed,

VOL. II. — 42

330 COMPOSITE. Heliawthtjs.

ciliate ; the exterior with acute or acuminate herbaceous squarrose-spreading
tips; rays 5-6 ; pappus of 2 small subulate chaffy awns. — H. divaricatus,
Michx. ! fl.. 2. p. 141 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. ^;. 428 ; not 'of Linn. H. strun)osus,
var. pallidus, Ell. ! I. c. p. 420. H. parvillorus, BcrnJi. in Spreiig. syst. 3.
f. 617/ but not of H. B. S^- K., (which apparently has the priority in
publication.)

l3. leaves more sharply serrate, the soft pubescence of the lower surface
turninc; brownish ; heads rather larger. — H. divaricatus var. ferrugineus.
Ell. ! X c.

y. upper leaves ovate ; heads rather larger ; involucre more squarrose. —
H. trachelifolius, Hook. ! comp. to hot. mag. 1. p. 98.

Thickets, and in alluvial soil, Upper Canada! {Goldie, in herh. Hook.)
Western Pennsylvania! Ohio! Indiana! and Kentucky! to the western
part of Georgia! and to Louisiana! y. Covinglon, Louisiana, Drnmmond f
July-Sept. — Stems growing usually in tufts, 3-6 feet high, 2-3-cholomously
branched. Leaves clothed beneath with a soft pubescence, and sprinkled
with minute resinous dots, very veiny, and somewhat reticulated, abruptly
contracted into distinct petioles an inch or less in length (it is evidently by a
misprint or error of the pen, tliat Elliott describes the petioles as 3 to 6 inches
long!): the lower 6 to 10 inches long, 2-3 broad at the base, tapering to
a long acuminate point, the upper similar but smaller and often entire, or
frequently elongated lanceolate and sliglitly falcate. Heads somewhat ob-
long, nearly half an inch long, about one-third of an inch in diameter. ChafF
of the receptacle oblong, pubescent at the apex, and more or less 3-1oothed.
Rays nearly an inch long. Throat of the disk-corolla scarcely longer than
the lobes, pubescent towards the base, as well as the short tube. Pappus
shorter than the nearly glabrous achenia. — Somewhat variable in foliage, (kc;
but remarkable for its very few rays, which are large for the size of the head,
its smooth much-branched stems, and thin distinctly petioled leaves.

29. H. Schweinitzii : stem strigose-pubescent, branching above; leaves
opposite (or those of the branches alternate), narrowly lanceolate, tapering to
a slender acute point, obscurel}' and sparingly serrulate, narrowed at the
base, nearly sessile, triplinerved, very scabrous above, densely tomentose
and canescent beneath ; heads on slender canescent peduncles terminating
the dichotomoLis branches; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, hairy, the tips stjuarrose ; rays mostly 8; jiappus of 2 lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate chaffy scales.

Near Salem, North Carolina, ScJiwcirr/fz ! and in Mecklenburg County,
Mr. M. A. Curtis ! — Stem apparently 3 to 6 feet high. Leaves thickish ;
the lower 6-10 inches long, and scarcely an inch wide near the base; the up-
per 3-5 inches long, half an inch wide, more closely sessile. Heads rallier
larger than in H. microcephalus : involucre somewhat hirsute-canescent;
the scales rather shorter than tJie disk. ChatF of the receptacle more or less
3-toothed and hairy at the summit. Pappus shorter than the glabrous
achenia.

30. H. lavigatus : stem glabrous and glaucous, branching; leaves oppo-
site, or the u]ipermost alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile, entire or
obscurely serrulate, with scabrous margins, smooth and glabrous on both
sides, veiny, indistinctly triplinerved ; heads terminating the dichotomous
branchlets; scales of the involucre ovate, appressed, mostly with acuminate
spreading tips, nearly glabrous ; rays 6-8 ; pappus of 2 lanceolate or ovate
concave chalFy scales, and usually of 2 to 4 intermediate squamellffi.

Southern States? — Tbe ticket of our specimen having been lost, we are
uncertain as to its particular locality. It belongs to a plant 4 or 5 feet high,
branching after the manner of H. microcephalus; with somewhat coriaceous
smooth leaves, which are less veiny as well as more obscurely triplinerved

Helianthus. COxMPOSIT^. 331

than in that species, pale beneath, acute at the base, but nearly or quite sessile.
Heads about twice the size of tliose of H. microcephalus, of the same shape,
on slender peduncles; the scales of the involucre (all shorter than the disk)
slightly ciliate. Chafl" of the receptacle linear, entire, obtuse. Corolla of
the disk with a long throat, and a very short ])roi)er tube. Achenia glabrous,
or with a few minute scattered hairs. Intermediate scales of the pappus
sometimes confluent with the larger ones, all deciduous, as usual in the
genus.

31. H.longifoUus (Pursh) : very smooth and glabrous; stems slender,
often numerous from the same root; leaves opposite or rarely alternate,
linear-lanceolate, acutish, entire, obscurely triplinerved, sessile; the lower-
most and radical tapering into slender margined petioles, rarely somewhat
serrate; heads few, terminating the simple or dichotomous branches; scales
of the involucre ovate-lanceolate ; the exterior wiih lanceolate-subulate
spreading tips, as long as the disk ; rays about 10, narrow ; achenia hairy at
the summit; pappus of 2 ovate-lanceolate concave denticulate-fringed chaffy
scales, and usuall}^ with two intermediate S(|uamelliB. — Pursh, ft.. 2. p. 571 ;
Ell.! sk. 2. p. 417. Leighia longifolia, Nalt.! in trans. A/ner. 'phil. soc.
{n. ser.) 7. p. 365.

Western part of Georgia ! in wet soil. Sept.-Oct. — An anomalous spe-
cies, wiili the aspect of an aquatic Coreopsis, as Elliott remarks, very smooth
throughout. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, nearly simple. Leaves 3-8 inches
long, one-fourth to half an inch wide, thickish. Heads as large as in
H. microcephalus; the glabrous scales of the involucre somewhat fleshy,
appressed, except the slender herbaceous tips. Rays about half an inch
long. Chaff" of the receptacle narrow, glabrous, 3-toothed. Achenia gla-
brous, except the very summit. Pappus deciduous, as in the whole genus ;
the small intermediate scales frequently confluent with the larger ones.

t Obscure or little-known species.

32. H. paucifiorus (Nutt.) : leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, nearly smooth ; stem naked, trichotomous, few-flowered ; scales of
the involucre closely imbricated, ovate. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 177.

Lower Louisiana. — Plant 4-5 feet high. Leaves sometimes ternately
verticillate, very long, paler beneath and somewhat pubescent. Ray and
disk nearly the same' color. Nutt. — This species is unknown to us ; we And
no specimen in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

33. U. jJumi^MS (Nutt.) : hirsutely pilose and scabrous; leaves opposite,
ovate-lanceolate, attenuated below, subpetiolate, nearly entire, 3-nerved ;
upper leaves lanceolate, alternate ; involucrum hoary, hispid, the scales im-
bricated, lanceolate, acute, as well as the receptacular palea?; achenium
smooth. — Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 366.

/3. / NlcoUcti : somewhat strigose-canescent : stem simple; leaves (the
lowest wanting) lanceolate, 1-nerved, tapering to the base, sessile, obscurely
serrulate ; theuppermost alternate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or sub-
ulate, canescently pubescent; rays 14-20 ; pappus of 2 oblong-lanceolate
chatfy scales.

Rocky Mountains of the Platte, Nuttall; who describes it as a perennial,
single-stemmed s])ecies, about a foot high; the leaves 2-3 inches long, about
aninch wide. Heads 3-5, apparently sessile. Rays 16. Chaff of the
achenium rather large and wide. — The var. /3. ? collected near Devil's Lake
in the N. W. Territory, by Mr. Nicollet, has scabrous hoary leaves, about
half an inch wide, and pretty large heads for the si/.e of the stem. It is per-
haps different from Mr. Nuttall's^aut, which is unknown to us ; but thespe-
ciniens are insufficient. We have seen a fragment of the same species, col-

33-2 COMPOSITE. Helianthds.

lected in the same region durin,2; Major Long's second expedition ; in which
all the leaves are opposite and somewhat spalulate, the canline hroader, and
nearly agreeing with the character of Mr. Nuttall's H. pumilus.

34. H. Doiiglasii: upper parr of the stem and hranches scahrous-hirsute;
the leaves alternate, rhomboid-oblong, scabrous-pubescent, obscurely tripli-
nerved, entire or slightly toothed, contracted into winged petioles; peduncles
terminal, naked ; exterior scales of the involucre foliaceous, linear-oblong,
obtuse, longer than the disk, spreading or reflexed ; rays 12 or more, small ;
chaff of the receptacle entire ; achenia glabrous ; pappus of two deciduous
subulate chaffy awns.

California, Douglas ! — The imperfect specimens from which we have
ventured to describe this species (mentioned by Hooker & Arnott in the sup-
plement to Capt. Beechey's Voyage, p. 153), consist only of branches, or of
the summit of the stem, which appears to have been weak or decumbent :
the leaves are 2-3 inches long, including the cuneiform base or winged
petiole.

35. H. hispidulus (Ell.): stem scabrous ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-
lanceolate, tapering towards the summit, serrulate, scabrous on the upper
surface, paler underneath and slightly hispid ; scales of the involucre ovate-
lanceolate, ciliate ; chaff 3-tootlied, Ell. sk. 2. p. 419.

Pine barrens near Louisville, Georgia. Sept.-Oct. — Stem 3-4 feet high.
Leaves long, narrow, tri|)linerved, very obscurely serrulate. Involucre as
long as the disk. Rays 8-10, about an inch long. Ell. — So wretched are
the original si)ecimens in Elliott's herbarium, now before us, that we are un-
able to offer any decided opinion respecting this species ; except that it is not
H. divaricatus, but more likely to ])rove a variety of H. strumosus. The
leaves, although nearly or quite sessile, are contracted at the base, paler be-
neath, and beset with small and scattered, rather rigid white hairs along the
veins, and sprinkled with minute resinous atoms (under a lens), similar to
what we frequently observe in H. strumosus.

36. H. nudtifloriis {\A\m.): rhizoma terete, inflexed ; stem erect, branch-
ing, scabrous ; leaves alternate, sometimes opposite, or the lowest ternate,
petioled, toothed, triplinerved, scabrous; the lower cordate, the upper ovate;
scales of the involucre lanceolate, the exterior linear-lanceolate, ciliate,
spreading, but not squarrose ; rays oblong, numerous. DC. — Linn.! (hort.
Cliff.) spec. 2. p. 905 ; Ait. Kew. {eel. 1) 3. p. 248 ,• Lam. ill. t. 706 ; Bot.
mag. t. 227 ; DC. jvodr. 5. p. 590, probably not of Pursh, (tec.

Virginia, according to authors (Equatorial America, Hcjrt. Cliff.): but
we have seen no native specimens that correspond with the cultivated plant,
which has been known in Eurojiean gardens for more than 200 years. We
greatly doubt if it were derived from this country ; but if so, it probably ori-
ginated either from H. decapetalus or H. doronicoides. It is well character-
ized by Linnreus as having cordate-ovate leaves, with the scales of the
involucre [elongated linear-lanceolate] loosely imbricated, neither squarrose
nor drooping.

t t Iiitrocluceel species,

37. H. tuberosus (Linn.) : root bearing oblong tubers ; stem erect, branch-
ing, scabrous; leaves alternate, petioled, triplinerved, scabrous, serrate; the
lower [opposite] cordate-ovate; the upper ovate, acuminate; petioles ciliate
at the base; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, ciliate. DC. — Jacq.
hort. Vindoh. t. 161 ; Schkuhr, handb. t. 258 ; Beck, hot. j;. 203; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. 2J. 484.

Naturalized along fence-rows, &c., in many places, where it becomes
a troublesome weed. Said to have been derived originally from Brazil :

Helianthus. composite. 333

cultivated for a very long period for its fleshy tubers. — Rays 12-15. Pappus
of 1 to 4 subulate scales or chaflTy awns. — Jerusalem Artichohc.

H. negkctus, Hort. Berol. 1840; we have seen no descrijotion of this species. Is
it H. rigidus ']

H. villosus, Nutt. is enumerated in Loud. hort. Brit., but no-where described.

98. HELIANTHELLA.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 10-24, neutral ; those of the disk
perfect. Scales of the involucre linear or lanceolate, in about 2 series, loose,
somewhat foliaceous. Chaff of the receptacle persistent, embracing the
achenia. Corolla of the disk cylindrical, elongated, 5-toothed, with a very
siiort proper tube. Branches of the style very hispid, more or less obtuse.
Ovary comjjressed, with one or both margins slightly winged and produced
at the summit into a short auriculate and lacerate persistent appendage or
into an awn, sometimes with intermediate squamellse, or an obscure coroni-
form fringe, glabrous, or ciliate. — Perennial herbs, with linear or lanceolate
mostly scattered and sessile entire leaves, and solitary showy heads termina-
ting the stem or branches.

§ 1. Receptacle convex : apj^endages of the style slender, hispid throughout,

1. H. grandiflora : stem simple, leafy, scabrous-pubescent; leaves lan-
ceolate-linear, 1-nerved, scabrous-hispid ; scales of the involucre lanceolate,
acute, somewhat appressed, about the length of the disk ; rays 16-20, elon-
gated ; chafl" of the receptacle as long as the corolla, obscurely 3-toothed ;
immature achenia oval, compressed, glabrous, with 2 obtuse auricles at the
summit, which are somewhat lacerate-fringed, and often bear one or more
minute and deciduous aristate squamellae, the whole summit crowned with a
ring of minute hairs; the inner edge slightly winged.

East Florida, Dr. Leavenworth ! Dr. Burrows! — Stem apparently 3-4 feet
high, the base wanting. Leaves without order, sometimes nearly opposite,
2-4 lines wide, obtuse at the base : the lower 2 inches, the uppermost scarce-
ly an inch long. Disk nearly an inch in diameter ; the rays sometimes 2
inches long. Corolla sparsely hairy towards the base, the teeth nearly gla-
brous. The two gibbosities or auricles of the achenia resemble the pappus of
some species of Coreopsis ; that which is formed by the prolongation of the
inner and wing-like margin of the achenium is often largest : there are no
intermediate stjuaraells, but a crown-like minute ring of bristles which
probably takes their place : the small awns or squamella3, when present,
arise from within the auricles.

2. H. tenuifolia : stem slender, scabrous, simple, or branching at the sum-
mit; leaves very narrowly linear, 1-nerved, very scabrous ; scales of the in-
volucre lanceolate-subulate, loose, hirsute, as long as the disk; rays 10-12;
chaff oblong, 3-lobed, shorter than the corolla ; achenia glabrous, short, quad-
rangular ; the anterior and posterior angles strongest or somewhat margined,
each produced at the summit into a stout persistent chafiy tooth, the interme-
diate angles obscurely toothed.

Sand hills, Middle Florida, Dr. Chapiman ! — Leaves 2 inches or more in
length, less than a line wide. Heads not half the size of the preceding.
Disk-corolla short, glabrous; the proper tube very short and indurated.

334 COMPOSITE. Hklianthella.

Style bulbous at the base. Summit of the achenium obscurely cororiiform,
produced into a short somewhat lacerate tooth at the principal angles (the
inner angle strongest), and very obscurely toothed at the intermediate angles.

§2. Receptacle fiat ; the chaff broad, chartaceo-membranaccous, entire: scales
of the involucre squarrose-spreading ; the ijiner linear-lanceolate ; the exte-
rior foliaceous, or some of them changed into leaves: branches of the style
smooth below, terminated by a short dilated or spatulate appendage, icith
hispid margins : teeth of the corolla densely puberulent externally: ovaries
fiat, with narrow ivinged margins.

3. H. Douglasii : stem (the upper portion) hirsute with spreading hairs ;
striate-angled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuiish, sessile, triplinerved, gla-
brous, ors|)arsely hirsute-))ubescent on the midrib and margins; head solitary,
pedunculate; the winged margins of the young achenia lacerate-fringed at
the summit, not avvned ; intermediate squamellfe obsolete or none.

Interior of Oregon ; " common on the subalpine range of the Blue Moun-
tains, 3-5 feet high, rarely branching," Douglas ! in herb. Hook. — The spe-
cimen wants the lower part of the stem : it appears to be nearly allied to Mr.
Nuttall's Leighia lanceolata ; but the leaves are closely sessile and tripli-
nerved at a considerable distance from the base : the solitary head (the flat
disk an inch in diameter, the rays about 24,) is borne on a hirsute peduncle
2 inches long ; and (he wings of the ovary, which form lacerate appendages
at the summit, are not produced into awns. Better specimens, however, are
needed for the proper determination of these species. — The corolla in this
genus exhibits the ordinary venation of the family ; but some flowers of this
species present the intermediate nerves, like most Helianthi.

4. H. lanceolata: nearly glabrous; stem grooved, bearing 2-3 or more
subsessile heads ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, petioled,
3-nerved, a little hairy ; the upper and lower alternate, the intermediate op-
posite ; achenia short, obcordate, the narrow (not ciliated) wings produced
into slender persistent awns twice or thrice the length of the ovary ; interme-
diate squamellas obsolete. — Leighia lanceolata, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil.
soc. [n. ser.) 7. p. 365.

Rocky Mountain plains, and Upper California? Nntfall. — Having no spe-
cimens (except the ovaries), we have drawn the character from Mr. Nuttall's
descri]Jtion. The stem is said to be 12 to 18 inches high ; the lower leaves
6-8 inches long, an inch broad. Rays 12-14 : the chafl'retuse.

5. H. unifiora: stem and leaves clothed with a short and soft somewhat
cinereous ])ubescence; leaves lanceolate-oblong, rather acute, triplinerved,
narrowed at the base, sessile, the middle ones sometimes opposite ; head sol-'
itary on a long naked peduncle; involucre leafy at the base; the narrow
wings of the young obovate achenia ciliate, each bearing at the summit 1 or
2 stout apparently persistent awns as long as the ovary ; intermediate squa-
mellae 2-4, obtuse, lacerate. — Helianthus uniflorus, iN'w/i. .' in jour. acad.
Philad. 7. p. 37. Leighia uniflora, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Rocky Mountains, on the sources of the Missouri, Mr. Wijelh ! June. —
Resembles the preceding; and like them with the nerves of the leaves con-
nected by transverse reticulated veinlets. Rays 15-20, more than an inch
long. — This species makes a nearer approach to Leighia than the others, but
certainly it does not belong to that genus.

Leighia? Hool'eriana, Nutt. 1. c.= Helianthus Hookerianus, DC. =H. longifolius,
"ook. (not of Pwrsh), is Wyethia robusta, Nutt. ! Leighia debilis, Nutt. 1. c. (in a

Hook

Helianthella. COMPOSITiE. 335

note) from Maldonado, is apparently L. buphthalmiflora /?. Hook. tf» Am. ; and L.
Baldwiniaiia, Nutt. 1. c. is Pascalia srlauca, Ort., DC.

90. ACTINOMERIS. Nutt. gen. 2.|7. 131 (1818) ; DC. jjrodr. 5. p. bl5.

Pteropliyton, Cass. (I8l8) — Actimeris, Raf.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 4-14, elongated, or sometimea
wanting. Scales of the involucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1-3 series,
mostly shorter than the disk. Receptacle convex or conical, chaffy; the
chaff embracing the outer margin of the achenia. Corolla of the disk with a
more or less inflated 5-lobed limb longer than the tube. Branches of the
style terminated by an acute or subulate cone. Achenia compressed, ob-
ovate, mostly winged, flat, crowned with 2 nearly smooth persistent awns. —
Tall and branching (North American and Mexican) perennial herbs, with alter-
nate or opposite ovate or lanceolate serrate (feather-veined) leaves, which
(although often tapering at the base as if petioled) are mostly decurrent on
the terete stem. Heads corymbose. Flowers yellow, rarely white.

§ 1. ReceiAacle very small, subglobose : scales of the involucre sometohat in a
double series, spreading or rejiexed, rather shorter than the disk : rays 4-8
or rarely 12, usually few and irregular : achenia broadly winged : disk
squarrose in fruit : flowers yellow. — Actimeris.

1. A. squarrosa (Nutt.) : stem more or less pubescent and hairy and
winged above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower ovate-lanceolate, ta-
pering or acuminate at both ends, often slightly petioled, scabrous above,
hirsute-pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath, serrate; heads in a loose co-
rymbose ])anicle ; scales of tlie involucre in 2 series; the exterior linear-spat-
ulate or oblanceolate, reflexed ; awns stout, much shorter than the achenium.
—Null.! gen. 2. p. 131 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 413, excl. /?. Coreopsis alternifolia,
Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 909 ; Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 2257 ; Jacq. hort. Vindob. t.
110. C. procera. Ait.! Kew. [ed. 1) 2. p. 258. C. acuta, Pursh,fl. 2. p.
569 .'' Verbesina Coreopsis, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 134, excl. /3.

a. alternifolia: leaves alternate, or the lower frequently opposite; rays
4-8. — A. alternifolia, DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 575.

0. op'positi folia : lower leaves generally opposite, sometimes ternately ver-
licillate [Engelmann, in litt.) ; rays 6-12. — A. opposiiifolia, Frcsenius, ind.
sem. hort. Franc. 1836, <^" in Linn^a, 12, suppil. p. 11 ; scarcely of DC.
prodr. 1. p. 290 ?

Dry or alluvial soil, throughout the Western States from Michigan ! to Ar-
kansas! Western New York, Dr. Sartwell! and in the western ])ortion of
the Southern Atlantic States ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem 4-8 feet high, glabrous be-
low. Lower leaves a foot or more in length, coarsely serrate or toothed.
Chaff ovate, much shorter than the corolla, coriaceous. — Tlie A. oppositifo-
lia was described from a plant produced by seeds sent from Illinois by Dr.
Engelmann, who informs us that the common plant of that region generally
has opposite leaves. DeCandoUe's descri])tion of A. op|)ositifolia seems to
have been drawn from a variety of A. helianlhoides, excejit the appended
" achenia lato-alata," which was probably taken from Fresenius.

336 COMPOSITE. Actinomeris.

§ 2. Receptacle very small, subglobose : scales of the involucre few in a single
scries, at length reflexcd : achenia usually broadly ivinged : rays none :
disk squarrose in fruit : the corolla white. — Anactimeris.

2. A. alba : stem smooth and glabrous, or scabrous-puberulent at the
summit, often slightly winged above ; leaves alternate, narrowly lanceolate,
tapering to each end, slightly petioled, serrate, scabrous ; heads in a loose
corymb ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate ; achenia crowned with
2 slender awns. — A. squarrosa, var. alba, Nutt. I. c: Ell. ! I. c. Verbesina
Coreopsis /3. alba, Michx. ! I. c. ; Pursh, I. c. ; Atlianasia paniculata, Walt.
Car. p. 201.

Alluvial soil (tec, S. Carohna to Western Louisiana ! Aug.-Oct. — Stem
3-10 feet high. Leaves 5-8 inches long ; the lower ones very sharply ser-
rate ; the upper often decurrent, but frequently not at all so. Heads smaller
than in A. squarrosa. Chaff ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the flowers,_
membranaceous. Achenia with a very broad white wing ; which is fre-
quently so large that the transverse diameter of the fruit is twice as great as
the longitudinal ; while some of the achenia, even in the same head, are
nearly or quite wingless : the awns longer than in the preceding species, and
the corolla with a more deeply cleft limb.

§ 3. Receptacle conical : scales of the involucre in 2-3 series, not spreading
or reflexcd in fruit: rays 8-15, regular: achenia slightly winged : flowers
yellow: stem {and sometimes even the peduncles) conspicuously ivinged with
the decurrent alternate leaves. — Pterophyton, Cass, (partly.)

3. A. helianthoides (Nutt.) : stem hirsute-pubescent; leaves alternate,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, closely sessile, canescently villous with soft
appressed hairs beneath, strigose-scabrous above ; heads few in a contracted
simple corymb; peduncles mostly wingless ; rays 10-14, long and narrow;
achenia crowned with 2 setiform awns. — Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 181 ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 413,- DC! prodr. 5. p. 575, ^-7. p. 290. (a. Nuttallii & /?. EUiottii !)
Verbesina helianllioides, Miclix. ! I. c.

Thickets, and in prairies, Ohio ! Illinois ! and Missouri ! to the western
part of Georgia! Louisiana! and Arkansas! June-Jnly. — Stem 2-4 feet
high. Leaves about 3 inches long and one or more broad, acute or attenu-
ate-acuminate. Scales of the involucre canescent, lanceolate, oval, or some-
what spatulate. Rays narrowly lanceolate, 18-20 lines long, golden yellow.
Corolla of the disk deep yellow, with an elongated throat, 5-toothed. An-
thers conspicuously appendlculate. Chaff rigid, lanceolate, longer than the
fruit. Achenia oval, pubescent; the awns rather short, very slender, fragile,
— The plant cultivated in the Geneva garden has much broader involucral
scales than we have observed in indigenous specimens. The habit is quite
different from the other N. American species : the disk does not become squar-
rose ; and the receptacle is almost like that of Rudbeckia. A. ovata, and A.
tetraptera, DC. c^c. apparently belong to this section.

§ 4. Receptacle at length conical: scales of the involucre few, in 2-3 series,
not spreading or reflexcd in fruit ; the exterior lanceolate, much shorter than
the disk; the innermost resenMing the chaff: rays 7-12: achenia usually
wingless, with short awns : flmvers yelloio : leaves closely sessile, mostly op-
posite, not at all decurrent. — Apteron.

4. A. nudicaulis (Nutt.) : scabrous-hirsute ; stem wingless, paniculately

AcTiNOMERis. COMPOSITiE. 337

branched at the summit ; the branches slender, naked above ; leaves oval or
lanceolate-oblong, sharply and unequally serrate, obtuse or rather acute, ses-
sile b}' a slightly cordate base ; the uppermost alternate or scattered ; heads
irregularly corymbose; rays linear, elongated; achenia obovate-oblong, oc-
casionally winged on one or both sides. — Natt. ! in trans. Ainer. phil. soc.
{n. ser.) 1. p. 3^04. Helianthus? aristatus, ELL! sk. 2. p. 428.

Dry sterile soil, Georgia ! Alabauia ! and Middle Florida ! Aug.-Nov. —
Stem 2-3 feet high, often simple. Leaves 2-3 inches long, l-lj broad.
Heads small, 2-5 on each erect branch ; the central or primary on a short
peduncle; the lateral on slender spreading peduncles. Chaff ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, longer than the achenia. Awns erect, variable and somewhat
unequal, but usually much shorter than the achenia. — Elliott suspected this
plant to belong to Actinomeris, of which there is no doubt: although the
achenia are generally wingless, or obscurely margined near the summit, a
few of them are sometimes furnished with a conspicuous wing on one or both
sides : the heads resemble the preceding section.

§ 5.^ Aivns of the winged achenia obsolete : leaves opposite, decurrent on the
stem: peduncles naked, elongated: rays 3-4. — Ach^ta, Nutt.

5. A.? pauciflora (Nutt.): hirsute; leaves elliptical, obtuse, serrulate;
peduncles very long, bearing 2 heads ; achenia with a shallow cup at the
summit. — Natt. ! in Sill. jour. 5. p. 301, c^' trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

East Florida, Mr. Ware. — Achenia obovate-oblong, with a conspicuous
wing, which extends across the summit, and forms a slight cup.

Div. 3. CoREOPSiDETE, DC. (excl. gen.) — Rays neutral, ligulate, or
very rarely wanting. Achenia obcompressed (that is, flattened parallel with
the scales of the involucre), not rostrate. Pappus 2- (rarely 4-) toothed or
awned (sometimes obscurely coroniform), or none; the awns or teeth often
upwardly, but never retrorsely hispid.

100. AGARISTA. DC. prodr. 5. jJ- 569 ; not of Doji.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers (8-10) neutral; those of the disk
tubular, perfect. Involucre broadly campanulate, double ; the exterior of (4,
DC.) usually'5 broadly ovate somewhat foliaceous scales, united at the base;
the interior of 8 oblong-ovate acute somewhat membranaceous scales, longer
than the exterior series. Receptacle flat ; the chaff membranaceous or
somewhat hyaline, linear-lanceolate, deciduous with the fruit. Rays obo-
vate-cuneiform, truncate at the summit, many-nerved. Corolla of the disk
with a long and slender tube, and an infundibuliform-campanulate deeply
6-toothed limb. Branches of the style tipped with a short mucronulate cone.
Achenia obcompressed ; those of the ray sterile, (but often containing an
abortive ovule) oval, glabrous, margined, desthute of pappus ; of the disk
oblong or elliptical, with a large basilar callus, densely villous with very
long hairs, except the exterior surface in contact with the chaff. Pappus of
2 lanceolate 1-ribbed chaffy scales, arising from the angles of the achenia,
about as long as the corolla, deciduous. — An annual very glabrous herb, with
VOL. II. — 43

338 COMPOSlTiE. Agarista.

the habit of Coreopsis. Leaves ahernate, pinnately and bipinnately parted ;
the rachis and segments linear. Heads showy, solitary, terminating the
terete and naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers of the (large)
ray and of the disk golden yellow.

A. calliopsidea (DC. ! 1. c.) — Hook. Sf Am. ! hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 352.

California, Douglas! — A very pretty plant, a foot or more in height; the
bright golden rays about 8 lines long, crenulate at the summit. The chaflf
which subtends each fertile flower is confluent at the base with the obtuse
callus of the achenium, and therefore necessarily deciduous with it : the ex-
terior surface of the latter, which is covered with the chaff, is perfectly gla-
brous. The twosquamellae of the pappus are longer than the achenium, and
are minutely striate, and obscurely denticulate, with a rigid axis, much in
the manner of Palafoxia &c. ; so that in this respect it accords with Hele-
nieas ; but its affinities are with Coreopsis, in which the section Leachia has
a similar although much smaller pappus.

101. COREOPSIS. Linn. gen. no. 981 (excl. spec.) ; Schkuhr, handb. t. 260.

Coreopsis, Chrysostemma, & Calliopsis, Less., DC. (f*.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 8 (wanting in one or two spe-
cies), neutral ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double, each of
about 8 (6-12) scales ; the exterior foliaceous, narrower and sometimes more
numerous, usually more or less spreading ; the interior broader and often
rather membranaceous. Receptacle flat or somewhat convex, chaffy; the
chaff membranaceous, mostly deciduous with the fruit. Corolla of the disk
with a slender tube, and an infundibuliform or campanulate 5-toothed limb.
Branches of the style hairy at the summit, and terminated witli an acute con-
ical or subulate appendage, or truncate, or obtuse. Achenia obcompressed,
not rostrate or tapering at the summit, often winged, 2-awned, 2-toothed, or
somewhat 2-squamellate, or sometimes naked at the summit; the teeth or
awns usually denticulate or hispid upwardly, but never downwardly. — Her-
baceous (American) plants, with opposite or sometimes alternate divided or
undivided leaves. Heads terminating the branches, solitary or corymbose.
Rays (many-nerved) usually yellow: the corolla of the disk yellow or dark
purple at the summit. Anthers blackish.

§ 1. Branches ofOie style terminated by an acute cone, or an abrupt subulate
appendage : corolla of the ray and disk {with one or tico exceptions) yellow.

EUCOREOPSIS.

* Achenia wingless, auieate-ollong, 1-ridged on each side, Twt incurved, 2- (rarely some-
what 3-4-) toothed or awned: chaff deciduous vnth the fruit: scales of the exterior in-
volucre distinct, foliaceous, often numerous and irregular, reflexed : rays (rarely want-
ing') ohova.te-oblong, obtuse, entire or nearly so : leaves opposite, petioled, mostly ter-
nately or pinnately divided or lobed ; the segments sen'ate, very veiny in the manner
of Bidens ; the primary veins often running to the sinuses. — Diodonta, Nutt.

These plants entirely accord with Bidens § Platycarpcea, except that the awns or
teeth of the achenia are not retrorsely barbed, and are often nearly wanting. We do

Coreopsis. COMPOSITE. 339

not find sufficient characters to warrant their separation from Coreopsis ; but if this
be done, they might with more propriety be joined to Bidens (at least to the broad-
fruited section), than erected into a distinct genus, as proposed by Nuttall.

t Rays none.

1. C.discoidea: glabrous; stem erect or ascending, diffusely branched;
leaves on long petioles, ternately divided ; the divisions ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, mostly petiolulate, coarsely serrate, tlie teeth mucronulate; the
uppermost often simple ; heads (small) somewhat paniculate-corymbose at
the extremity of the branches, on very short peduncles ; exterior involucre of
3-5 foliaceous linear or spatulate bracts, usually much longer than the heads;
scales of the inner involucre appressed ; achenia narrowly cuneiform-oblong
or linear cuneiform, hairy; tlie awns or teeth erect, upwardly hispid, about
the length of the corolla. — Bidens? aff". frondosa, Suilivant! cat, pi. Coiuinh.
p. 30 4' 37.

Wet places and swamps, Columbus, Ohio, Mr. Suilivant .' Feliciana,
Louisiana, Dr. Carpenter ! Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! Texas, Drum-
mond ! Virginia, Mr. Rugel ! July-Sept. — (i) ? Stem 1-2 feet high.
Lower leaves sometimes undivided. Mature heads 3 or 4 lines long. Ex-
terior involucre sometimes an inch long. Awns sometimes one-fourth or
even one-third the length of the achenium, but often very much shorter, even
in the same individual. — This plant lias exactly the apjiearance and structure
of a Bidens § Platycarpsea, except that the awns are hispid upwardly.

2. C. bidentoides (Nutt. under Diodonta) : dwarf, diffusely branched, near-
ly glabrous; leaves lanceolate-linear, incisely toothed, tapering into a petiole ;
exterior involucre of 3 or 4 linear foliaceous scales often longer than the
(small) heads; the inner 5-6, membranaceous, with colored (yellow) tips;
awns slender, upwardly hispid, much longer than the corolla or the linear-
oblong hispid (immature) achenium. — Diodonta (§ ? Heterodonta) bidentoi-
des, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 361.

Near Philadelphia, Nuttall! — Founded on a single specimen of somewhat
uncertain origin, with the aspect of a dwarf Bidens cernua : the small heads
rather few-flowered ; the long awns exserted: the intermediate angles some-
times with shorter awns. There appear to be no rays ; what have been so
described being the somewhat dilated and exserted yellow summits of the
linear-oblong membranaceous chaff'.

t t Heads radiate.

3. C. aurea (A.it.) : glabrous or nearly so ; stem striate; lower leaves 1-2-
pinnately 3-5-divided; the upper 3-divided or sometimes simple; the divi-
sions lanceolate, sharply or incisely serrate; heads paniculate ; scales of the
exterior involucre (mostly 8) linear-spatulate, slightly ciliate, not longer than
the interior; achenia cuneiform or obovate-cuneiform, nearly glabrous, ciliate
towards the summit, crowned with 2 short and triangular concave and .some-
what chaffy teeth, or obscurely 4-toothed by the ))roduclion of the interme-
diate angles, or with a somewhat coroniform pappus, from the confluence of
the very short or obsolete teeth. — Ait. ! Kew. (ed. 1) 3. p. 252. C. coronata,
Linn. spec. {ed. 2) 2. p. 1281 .'' (excl. syn. Plum. 8^- Vaill.) ; Walt. ! Car.
p. 215. Diodonta aurea & D. rnitis, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc.
(n. ser.) 7. p. 360.

a. subinf.egra : upper leaves mostly 3-divided, with the lateral divisions
short and small ; or the uppermost frequently simple, lanceolate, elongated,
petioled, sharply serrate, or entire towards the tapering npax. — C. aurea
Ait. ! I. c, not of Lindl. C. arguta, Pursh ! jl. 2. p. 567. C. ambigua,
Nutt. ! in jour, acaxl. Philad. 7. p. 75.

13. leptophylla : cauline leaves pinnately 3-5-divided ; the terminal divi-

340 COMPOSITE. Coreopsis.

eions linear, elongated, sparingly toothed ; the lateral shorter, lobed or incised.
— Diodonta leptophylla, Nutt. in trans. Amer. pJiil. soc. I. c.

y. incisa : lower leaves bipinnately parted or divided ; the upper pinnately
3-7-parted, the divisions incised or toothed. — C. niitis, Miclix. ! fl. 2. p. 138.

Wet places tliroughout the Soiilhern States! originally described from a
specimen collected in East Florida hy Bartram ! (v. sp. in licrh. Banks.)
Aug.-Oct. — @? Stem 2-4 feet high, at length much branched. Rays
about 8, obovate-oval, rather large. Achenia 2-3 lines long, commonly not
more tlian half as large as in C. trichos]3erma, and proportionally broader:
the summit emarginate-truncate, or vvitli very short somewhat hairy teeth.

4. C. tricliosperma (Michx.) : glabrous; stem somewhat 4-angled ; leaves
on short sparsely ciliate petioles, pinnately 5-7-paried or divided ; the divi-
sions lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, serrate or incised ; the uppermost leaves
often 3-5-cleft, nearly sessile ; heads paniculate-cor^ymbose ; scales of the
exterior involucre about the length of the interior, linear or subspatulate,
somewhat ciliate; achenia narrowly cuneiform-oblong, minutely and sparse-
ly hairy, hispidly ciliate above, crowned with two triangular-subulate hispid
teeth or stout awns.— Mjc/?x. .' ji. 2. p. 139 ,• Pursh, fi. 2. p. 568; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 439 ; Biirel. ! ji. Bost. ccl. 2. p. 315 ; DC. ! jnodr. 5. p. 572. C. mitis,
Ell. I. c. S^- DC. l. c, as to char. C. aurea, Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1228.

/?. achenia smaller; the teeth shorter, and sometimes obsolete !

Swamps, Massachusetts! and New York ! to Carolina. Aug.-Oct. — (§)?
Stem 1-2 feet high, rriuch branched. Leaves membranaceous. Rays
sometimes an inch long, showy, bright yellow. Achenia when mature 4-6
lines long, including the stout teeth, which sometimes taper into short erect
awns, but are variable, and occasionally almost wanting: the prominent ridges
also not unfrequently produced into obscure intermediate teeth, and all the
teeth somewhat connected. — Either this or the preceding species is the
C. coronata of the Linntean herbarium (Virginia, Sp. PI.) ; but the charac-
ter, synonymy, and observations all relate to a West Indian plant, the Bidens
pentaphylla, &c.. Plum. Amer. cd. Burm. t. 53, /. 2, which is ])robably
Bidens leucantha. — Tlcksecd-Sunjloiver.

5. C. aristosa (Michx.): minutely pubescent, or rarely glabrous; stem
quadrangular below; leaves pinnatel3% the loAver bipinnately 5-7-parled or
divided, petioled ; the divisions lanceolate, sharply serrate, incised, or incise-
ly pinnatifid; heads paniculate-corymbose, numerous, peduncled ; scales of
the exterior involucre (10-12) about the length of the interior, linear-oblong,
minutely hispid or ciliate ; achenia flat, oblong-obovate, surrounded with an
obscure wing or margin, strongly hispid-ciliale ; the hispid awns slender, di-
verging, about the length of the achenium. — Michx..' JI. 2. j)- 140,- DC. I. c.
C. "aristata, Wdld. spec. 3. p. 2253 ,• Pursh, I. c. (excl. local. S. Car.)
Diodonta aristosa, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Swamps, Michigan! Ohio! Missouri! to Western Louisiana ! Aug.-
Sept. — @? Stem 2-3 feet high, at length brachiately much branched.
Rays large. Awns (sometimes 4 in number) somewhat variable in length,
but longer and more slender than in any related species ; the achenium also
broader and flatter, with very hispid margins ; the surface likewise sparingly
hispid. If we mistake not, the achenia are sometimes awnless !

6. C. involucrata (Nutt.) : minutely pubescent ; stem quadrangular be-
low; leaves 1-2-pinnately 3-7-parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, in-
cisely toothed ; heads paniculate ; scales of the exterior involucre (about 20)
linear-lanceolate, hirsute (as well as the peduncles), longer than the interior;
ovaries oval, hispid-ciliate, 2-toolhed at the summit. — JSlutt. ! in jour. acad.
Philad. 7. p. 74. Diodonta involucrata, Nutt..' in trans. Amer. phil.
soc. I. c.

Coreopsis. COMPOSITE. 341

Arkansas, Nuttall ! 'Dr. Pitcher! — Fruit unknown. The plant entirely
resembles C. aristosa, excepting the outer involucre, and the short teeth of
the ovary.

* * Achenda obovate-oblong, unnglcss, ohsolddy 2-toothcd at the summit : inrclucre near-
ly as in Chrysostemma ; the scales scarcely united : rays entire : appendages of the
style ovate-triangular, with a short point : leaves opposite, ample, undivided, serrate,
copiously feather-veined. — Silphidium.

7. C. latifolia (Michx.) : very smooth and glabrous ; stem lall ; leaves
membranaceous, ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, irregularly dentate-ser-
rate, with the teeth mucronafe, abruptlj' conirncted into short petioles, pale
beneath; heads in small irichotomous corymbs; scales of the involucre 4-5
in each series; the exterior linear, spreading. — Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 137.

High mountains of Carolina, Michaux! Mountains of Georgia and North
Carolina, Mr. Buckley ! Aug. — Lower leaves often 6 inches long and 4
broad. Heads small for the size of the plant : rays 5 or 6, large. Cliaff ob-
long-linear. Corolla yellow. Anthers long, black. Mature achenia un-
known : the flat ovaries are obscurely margined.

* * * Achenia elliptical, narrowly winged and somewhat incurved ivhen mature, emar-
ginate : the summit of the wing and the narroio emargination denticulate-lacerate :
chaff n£arly filiform, someiohat deciduous: scales of the exterior involucre linear, ob-
tuse, foliaceous, spreading, as many as the interior (6-8) hut muck smaller, all united
at the base: rays obtuse, entire: corolla of the dish yelloiv, turning brownish: leaves
opposite, petioled, 3-divided, or the lowest pinnately 5-divided ; the divisions entire,
feather-veined: heads somewhat corymbose, exhaling the anisate odor of Lepachys
when bruised! — Chiysostemma, Less.

8. C. tripteris (Linn.) : smooth and glabrous; stem tall, simple, or corym-
bose above; divisions of tlie leaves lanceolate, acute, with very scabrous
margins, and with an obscure marginal nerve ; heads on short peduncles. —
Linn.! spec. 2. p. 908; Michx. !% 2. p. 138; Willd.! spec. 3. p. 2253;
Ell. sk. 2. ]}. 442. Anacis tripteris, Schrank. Chrysostemma tripteris,
Less.! syn. p. 227; DC! prodr. 5. p. 568; Hook. hot. mag. t. 3553.

/?. leaves minutely scabrous-puberulent.

Dry soil, and near streams, Michigan! and Missouri! to Florida! and
Louisiana! /:(. Western Louisiana, £>r. Frate/;/ Aug.-Oct. — 11 Stem 4-8
feet high. Heads including the spreading rays an inch or more in diame-
ter.— The denticulate fringe at the summit of the achenia is nearly confined
to the wing, so that the pappus can scarcely be called coroniform. The
style is nearly as in C. senifblia, delphinifolia, &c., in which species, more-
over, the summit of the wing is more or less denticulate.

* * * * Achenia oblojig, narrowly winged , straight or a littk incurved, minutely 2-toothed
or nearly naked and truncate at the summit: chaff linear filiform , persistent: scales of
the exterior involucre oblong-linear, obtuse, about the length of the interior, all united
at the base : rays usually acute and entire : leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-divided, so
that each pair resembles a whorl of six ; the divisions entire or lobed, never serrate,
1-nerved. — Gyrophyllum. (Eucoreopsis & Gyrophyllum, Nutt., excl. spec.)

9. C. senifolia (Michx.): softly and minutely puberulent ; stem quadran-
gular below ; leaves closely sessile, 3-divided ; the divisions oval-lanceolate,
membranaceous, 1-nerved, obscurely veined, entire, scarcely acuminate;

342 COMPOSITE. Coreopsis.

rays lanceolate or oblong, rather acute, sometimes toothed; disk yellow;
achenia narrowly elliptical or slightly cuneiform, with 2 minute often deci-
duous subulate teeth, the narrow wing sliijluly serrulate towards the sum-
mit.—Michx..' fl. 2. p. 138; Pursluji. 2. p. 568,- Ell! sk. 2. f. 438;
Null.! in jour. acad. Pliilad. 7. 2^- 77; DC! irrodr. 5. p. 572. C. major,
Walt. Car. p. 214.

(3. slcllata: glabrous; divisions of tlie leaves varying from oval-lanceolate
(and acute or acuminate at both ends) to rather narrowly lanceolate. — C.
stellata {herh. Banks) ; Niitt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 76. C. senifo-
lia. Hook. bot. mag. t. 3484. (Varies rarely with the middle division of the
leaves 3-parted, according to Elliott.)

Dry woods and in sandy soil, a. Virginia to Georgia! in the low and mid-
dle country, and St. I^ou'is, Drunrmond! /?. Virginia! to Alabama! Ken-
tucky! &c. abounding in the upper country. July— Aug. — It Divisions
of the leaves 1-3 inches long, simulating a whorl of 6 leaves; the uppermost
often undivided. Rays an inch long.

10. C. delphinifolia (Lam.): glabrous or minutely puberulent ; leaves
closely sessile, 3-divided; the divisions entire or 2-3-parled, the middle one
often pinnately 5-parted ; lobes lanceolate-linear, rather rigid ; rays often
acute; disk-flowers brownish; achenia obovate-elliptical ; the narrow wing
minutely denticulate at the summit. — Lam. diet. 2. p. 108; DC! I. c. C.
verticillata, Elirh. I. c. ; Willd. I. c. ; Bot. mas;, t. 156 ; Schkuhr, handb. t.
260; Piirsh, I.e.; Ell. I.e. C. verticillata (3. hnearis, Michx.! I.e. C.
Wrayi, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 76. Ceratocephalus delphini-
folius, Vaill. ; Ehret, pict. t. 9, f. 1.

/3. rigida: leaves (of the branches often simple) 3-divided'; the divisions
varying from narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, or the central one
3-cleft. — C. rigida, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 180 (under C. senifolia), (^" in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Dry soil, and in pine woods, Virginia to Georgia! Alabama! and Middle
Florida! chiefly along the mountains. Aug. — H Stem 1-2 feet high. — A
distinct species, very variable in the width of the foliage (the divisions from
1 to 3 lines broad, rigid, very commonly undivided), and intermediate
between C. verticillata and C senifolia /i. stellata.

11. C verticillata (Lihin.): glabrous; stem branched; leaves closely ses-
sile, 3-divided; the divisions pinnately or bipinnaiely parted; the segments
very narrowly linear, obtuse; rays acute at each end, or rarely obtuse and
2-3-toothed ; corolla of the disk yellow; achenia obovate-cuneiform, slightly
winged, minutely 2-toothed at the summit. — Linn.! spec. 2. jj. 907 (fide
herb.! & ex syn. Gronov.! & Pluk.! excl. svn. Faill.) ; Lam. diet. 2. p.
108. C. verticillata /?. tenuifolia, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 139. C. tenuifolia,
Ehrh. beitr. 7. p. 168; Willd.! spec. 3. p. 2252; Schkuhr, handb. t. 260;
Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 439 ; Bart. fl. Amer. Sept. t. 73 ; DC. ! prodr.
5. p. 572. Chrysanthemum Marianum, &c., Pluk.! mant. t. 344, /. 4.

Moist places and margin of swamps, Michigan (Lake Huron, and Sault
St. Marie, Dr. Pitcher !) Ohio, Maryland! to Arkansas! in the Southern
States mostly confined to the mountainous districts. July-Sept. — 11 Stem
1-3 feel high, slender, strongly striate. Leaves appearing as if in whorls of
six, whence the Linnaean name, allhough not strictly correct, is by no means
inappropriate, and ought not to be superseded ; tlie segments and rachis al-
most filiform. Scales of the exterior involucre 8-10, linear or oblong-linear,
usually about the length of the interior, rarely only 3 or 4 and almost as long
as the rays. Rays bright yellow, 8-12 lines long, narrow ; in the cultivated
plant sometimes oblong-oval, obtuse and deeply 2-3-toothed.

12. C. palmata (Nutt.) : glabrous or nearly so; stem simple or slightly

Coreopsis. COMPOSITE. 343

branched above, angled and striate ; leaves approximate, rigid, sessile, deeply
3-cleft ; the lobes rather obtuse, with scabrous margins, linear, entire, or the
middle one often 3-lobed ; rays obovate-oblong, sometimes toothed at the
apex; corolla of the disk yellow; achenia linear-oblong or elliptical, slightly
incurved when mature, narrowly winged, truncate, and crowned with 2
short (often deciduous or obscure) teeth. — Null.! gen. 2. p. 573 ; Torr. ! in
ann. lye. New York, 2. p. 215; DC. I. c. C. pauciflora, LeJun..' ind. sem.
hort. Hamh. 1833; DC. I. c. C. praecox, Fresenius! ind. sem. hort. Franc.
1838. Calliopsis palmata, Spreng. syst, 3. pi- 611.

Plains and prairies, Michigan ! and on the Mississippi above the Falls of
St. Anthony, {Dr. Houghton!) to Illinois! Missouri! Arkansas! and Lou-
isiana! June-July. — 2i Stem 1-2 feet high, rather rigid. Leaves about
2 indies long, with a cuneiform circumscription, 3-lobed below the middle or
nearly 3-parted, narrowed and 3-nerved at the base ; the lobes more or less
divaricate ; the lateral ones frequently cleft in the lower leaves. Heads
solitary, or sometimes several, on short peduncles, fully as large as in C.
delphinifolia ; the rays bright yellow, sometimes entire and a little acute,
often toothed, especially in cultivation. Chaff filiform, slightly dilated at
the summit, shorter than the flowers.

« « « * « Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged and incurved luhen mature, often
minutely tuberculate, usually furnished icithalarge callus or tubercle on the inner side
at the base and summit, croitmed with 2 short squameUate denticulate {often obsolete)
teeth : chaff deciduous loith the fruit : exterior involucre about the length of the inte-
rior : rays (large) obovate or cuneiform, coarsely 3-b-toothed or incised at the summit :
leaves opposite, or the uppermost rarely alternate, entire or divided often in the same
individual, not serrate, the lower ones petioled : heads on long naked peduncles. —
Leachia, Cass. (CoreopsoideS; Mxnch. Chrysomelea, Tausch, Nutt.)

13. C. auriculata (Linn.) : pubescent with spreading or retrorse hairs, or
at length somewhat glabrous; radical and lower leaves on slender hairy pe-
tioles, some of them oval or roundish and entire, others 3-parted or divided,
with the lateral divisions much smaller; the uppermost on short petioles or
nearly sessile, oblong or oval-lanceolate; heads mostly solitary, on elongated
glabrous peduncles ; scales of the exterior involucre oblong-linear or lanceo-
late, at length spreading; achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, strongly
incurved when ripe, often minutely muricate-tuberculale on one or both sides,
crowned with 2 very short ciliate-denticulate somewhat squameUate teeth,
which are sometimes deciduous or obsolete.

a. Ctespitose and somewhat stoloniferous ; stems short and slender, simple
or sparingly branched near the base ; leaves at first hairy, at length nearly
glabrous, entire and roundish-oval, or 3-parted, with the lateral divisions very
small, or sometimes either pinnately or pedately 5-divided on the saine indi-
vidual ; the upper leaves rather acute; rays oblong-cuneiform, coarsely and
unequally 4-5-toothed ; wing of the achenium entire or very minutely denti-
culate.— C. auriculata, Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 908 (ex svn. Gronov., Moris., Sf
Pluk. !) ; Ait.! Kew. {ed. 1) 3. p. 252 ; Michx.! fl.2. p. 138; Fursh, I. c.
C. auriculata var. diversifolia, Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 437. C. diversifolia, DC. !
frodr. 5. 'p- ^71 ; not ol' Jacq., nor o? Hook. Chrysanthennim hirsutum Vir-
ginianum &c., Pluk. ! aim. t. 83, /. 5, S^' especially, t. 242, /'. 4. C. Virgini-
anum trifolaium &c., Moris, hist. 3. sect. 6. t. 3, /. 45. (good figure.)

/3. leaves oval-oblong or ovate-oblong, all but the uppermost on slender
hairy petioles, mostly obtuse, all entire ; rays oval-oblong, rather acute,
slightly 2-toothed.

y. stem elongated, and with the leaves mostly softly pubescent, more or
less branched ; lower leaves 3-divided or parted, the terminal division 3 or 4

344 COMPOSITtE. Coreopsis.

times larger than the lateral ones ; the upper often entire, oblong-lanceolate,
rather acute, slightly petioled ; rays oval-cimeiforn:i, toothed at the summit. —
C. auriculata, Sclikuhr, handb. t. 260; Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 2256; DC!
I. c. C. piibescens, (and C auriculata?) Ell.! I. c. Coreopsoides lanceo-
lata, Mcench, meth. p. 594. Anacis auriculata, Schrank, in acad. Munch,
nat. 5. p. 7, ex DC. Leachia trifoliata, Cass, in diet. sci. nat. 25. p. 389.
Chrysomelea auriculata, Tausch. hort. Canal., ex DC.

6. stem stout, very pubescent below ; leaves pubescent or nearly glabrous;
the lower 3-parted with small lateral segments, or not unfre(]uently entire ;
the upper nearly sessile, entire, ample (3-4 inches long, and 1 to nearly 2
inches broad), oval-lanceolate or oblong; rays laciniate-toothed. — C. auricu-
lata, var., Gray ! in Sill. jour. 42. p. Ab.

Dry soil, in rich woods and along streams, Virginia ! and Kentucky ! to
Middle Florida! and Western Louisiana! more abundant in the mountain-
ous districts. 6. Mountains of North Carolina! May-Sept. — li Like
most plants which flower throughout the summer, this species presents many,
variations. We have distinguished only the more important, assuming the
smaller and vernal form as the type, which is moreover the plant of Plukenet,
Clayton, &c. The stoutest and large-leaved var. 6. resembles some of the
garden states, which have been long in cultivation. Ripe achenia dark
brown.

14. C. lanceolata (Linn.) : pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stems short, as-
cending, often branched near the base ; leaves entire, with ciliate or scabrous
margins ; the radical and lower cauline oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong,
tapering into hairy petioles; the upper oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
sessile, "slightly connate at the base (the uppermost rarely alternate) ; heads
miostly solitary, on very long naked peduncles ; scales of the exterior involu-
cre ovate-lanceolate; rays deeply 4-5-toolhed or incised at the summit;
achenia nearly orbicular, incurved when mature, broadly winged, crowned
■with 2 very short auriculiform denticulate squamellaB, which when old be-
come (especially in cultivation) subulate teeth. — Linn.! spec. 2. p. 908;
Michx. ! fi. 2. p. 136 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 570. Coreopsis, Lirm. ! hort.
Cliff, p. 420. Leachia lanceolata, (& L. crassifolia?) Cass. I. c. Chryso-
melea lanceolata, Tausch, I. c.

a. succisajblia {DC.) : leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent, more or less
ciliate (the stem often elongated and more branched in cultivation). — Bidens
succis'tfifolio, radio atnplo laciniato, Dill. Elth. t. 48, f. 56.

/?. angust.ifolia : leaves glabrous, narrow, mostly ciliate ; the cauline ones
linear; stem short, or rarely somewhat elongated. — C. lanceolata /3. glabella,
Michx.! I. c; DC! I. c. (chiefly.) C. lanceolata, Hook. ! fi. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 311.

y. villosa (Michx.! 1. c.) : very hairy or villous throughout; the peduncles
and involucre (and sometimes the surface of the spatulate or oblong-lanceo-
late leaves) becoming e;!abrous. — Pursh, I. c. ; DC! I. c. C. crassifolia.
Ait. Kew. {ed. 1) 3. ;;. ^253 (fide Pursh, S^-c.) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 434. C. ob-
longifolia, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 76.

Rather damp soil, Virginia! and N. Carolina ! to Florida! Western Lou-
isiana ! and Missouri ! North shore of Lake Superior, J)?-. P?<c//er .' and
Lake Huron, Dr. Todd, fide Hook. June-Aug. — U or (D ? Heads showy :
the rays an inch long, bright yellow. Achenia blackish when mature.

15. C grandi flora (l^uU.) : glabrous; stem slender, striate-angled, simple
or branchino; ; leaves on hirsute or somewhat ciliate petioles ; the radical
lanceolate or linear-spatulate, or sometimes divided ; the cauline 1-2-pin-
nately or ternately 3-5-parted, with the segments or lobes narrowly linear or
lanceolate, canaliculate; the uppermost sessile; heads solitary, on long naked
peduncles ; scales of the exterior involucre lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.

Coreopsis. COMPOSITtE. . 345

about the length of the inner, acute or acuminate ; rays 4-5-cleft at the
apex ; achenia orbicular, winged, incurved, crowned with 2 short denticu-
late-fimbriate squamellate leeih. — Nutt. ! inhort. Barclay, Sfin trans. Amer.
phil. soc. I. c. p. 358 ; Hogg, in Stveet, Brit.Ji. gard. t. 175 ; DC. ! prodr.
5. p. 572.

(3. longipes: heads rather smaller ; exterior involucre shorter than the in-
ner ; radical leaves commonly undivided.— C. longipes, Hook. ! hot. mag. t.
3586 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 290.

y. subinlcgri folia: radical and lowest cauline leaves narrowly linear or
lanceolate, entire; one or more of the upper 3-parted, the lateral segments
smaller; exterior involucre usually shorter than the inner. — C. Boykiniana,
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Plains of Arkansas, Western Louisiana, and Texas, Nuttall ! Dr. Pitch-
er! Dr. Leavenworth ! Dr. Engclmunn! Drummond ! (a. 6c i3.) Also Al-
abama, Dr. Gates! y. Texas^ Drummond ! Southern Missouri, Dr. En-
gelmann! Georgia, LeConte ! Dr.Boykln! July-Sept. — U Plant 8-12
inches high. Heads resembling those of C lanceolata. Chaff attenuate-
filiform. Achenia brownish, often minutely luberculate on one or both sides,
as in all the species of this section.

16. C. coronata (Hook.) : stem slender, erect or difllisely branched, naked
and glabrous except near the base ; leaves flaccid, hairy, on slender petioles,
spalulate-oval or oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lowest 3-5-divided ; the lateral
divisions oblong, small ; scales of the exterior involucre lanceolate, ciliate,
shorter than the inner ; rays 5-cleft at the apex, " marked with a purple spot
at the base" ; achenia oval, incurved, narrowly winged, crowned with 2
(2-3) squamellate teeth. — Hook. ! hot. mag. t. 34(J0, not o^ Linn. ^r.

Texas, Drum)n.ond ! Mr. Lhulheim.er!—(X) Plant 8-15 inches high, either
simple or branched near the base; which alone is leafy: the naked portion,
or peduncle, 6-10 inches long. Heads smaller than in C. lanceolata, &c.
Limb of the leaves an inch long. — The rays are sometimes entirely yellow.

§ 2. Branches of the style truncate and slightly penicillate at the apex : ache-
nia naked at the summit, or ivith two short or obscure teeth, more or less in-
curved, often minutely lubercidate : chaff deciduous with the fruit: exterior

■ involucre small : rays mostly 2-colored {yelloiv with a brownish-purple spot
at the base), toothed: disk-floivers dark purple or broivnish : leaves opposite,
1-2-pinnately divided, the lobes entire. — Calliopsis, Reichenb., DC.

* Achenia wingless. ^

17. C. Drummondii : annual, more or less pubescent or hirsute with joint-
e5 hairs ; leaves pinnately 3-5-divided, or sotnetimes simple ; the divisions
(or leaves) oval or oblong, entire, or with the margin undulate ; scales of the
exterior involucre lanceolate-acuminate, a little shorter than the interior;
rays unequally 5-toothed, twice the length of the involucre ; achenia obovate,
wingless, strongly incurved, naked or minutely 2-toothed at the aj)ex,
smooth or obscurely tuberculate. — C. diversifolia. Hook.! hot. mag. I. 3474,
not of DC. Calliopsis Diummondii, Don, in Sweet, Brit. f. gard. ser.2.
t. 315.

a. leaves mostly pinnately 3-7-divided ; the divisions entire, or frequently
3-parled.

Texas, Drummond !—Slem 6-20 inches high, branched above. Rays
with a small purplish spot at the base. Achenia much incurved.
VOL. u. — 44

346 COMPOSITE. Coreopsis.

18. C. tinctoria (Nutt.) : annual, jjlabrous; lobes of the leaves linear-ob-
long and linear ; scales of the exterior invoUicre very short, acute ; rays 3-
lobed at the summit, twice the length of the interior involucre ; achenia ob-
long, wingless, minutely tuberculate on both sides, or sometimes nearly
sinoolh. — Natl. ! in jour. acad. Philad. j;. 114 ; Bart. ji. Amcr. Sept. 2. t. Ab ;
Bot. mag. t. 2512,- Bot. reg. I. 846,- Brit. Ji. gard. t. 72. Diplosastera
tinctoria, Tausch., hort. Canal., ex DC. Calliopsis bicolor, " Reichenb. mag.
t. 70"; Spreng. syst. 3. p. 611. C. tinctoria, DC. ! p)rodr. 5. p. 568;
Hook. bot. mag. t. 3511. (/3. atropurpurea).

Damp prairies, from the Upper Missouri, {Mr. Nicollet!) to Western Ar-
liansas, Nuttall ! Dr. Pitcher! Dr. Leavenworth! Dr. Engelmann ! West-
ern Louisiana, Dr. Hale! Texas, Drumrnond ! Dr. Leavenworth! (Very
common in cultivation.) July-Oct. — Stem 1-3 feet high. Rays golden
yellow, towards the base deep brownish-purple : in cultivation nearly the
whole ray sometimes becomes dark purple, as figured in Bot. mag. t. 3511.

* * Achenia winged.

19. C. AtMnsoniana (Dougl.) : perennial, glabrous; lobes of the leaves
linear or linear-spatulate ; scales of the exterior involucre linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, somewhat scarious ; rays obtusely 3-tooihed, thrice the length of the in-
terior involucre ; achenia elliptical, distinctly winged, crowned with 2 very
short (often deciduous) subulate teeth. — Dougl. in Lindl. ! bot. reg. t. 1376.
Calliopsis Atkinsoniana, Hook.! JI.. Bor.-Am. 1. j^- 311; DC. ! prodr. 5.
p. 568.

Oregon, near the coast, Douglas ! Dr. Scovler ! — This species, now com-
mon in the European gardens, appears to be the only one indigenous to Ore-
gon, or any part of the country west of the Rocky Mountains. It greatly re-
sembles C. tinctoria, but is a larger plant.

20. C. cardaminefolia ; annual, glabrous; lobes of the leaves obovate-
oblong, of the upper linear-spatulale or narrowly linear; scales of the exte-
rior involucre very short, rather obtuse; rays 3-cleft at the summit, twice
the length of the interior involucre ; achenia broadly oval, winged, often with
2 short subulate teeth, smooth or very minutely tuberculate. — Calliopsis car-
daminefolia, DC! I. c.

(3. angustiloba : lobes of the leaves all narrowly linear ; achenia tubercu-
late.

Texas, Berlandier ! [3. Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! — The young
achenia are usually crowned with two subulate teeth, which are united with
the wing, and sometimes project a little beyond it.

§ 3. Branches of the style truncate or terminated with a very obtuse cone:
achenia straight or slightly incurved,' crowned with two upwardly serridate
or hisjnd aicns or subulate teeth ; the ivinged margin mostly fringed or dis-
sected : chaff deciduous with the fruit: exterior involucre small : rays about
3-toothed or cleft at the summit, yellow : disk-flowers dark purple : stem,
naked and dicholomously corymbose at the summit : leaves o2'>posite or alter-
nate {often in the same species), entire or sjMringly lobed. — Coreoloma.

* Achenia slightlij incurved, surro^mdcd icith a broad entire icing. — Calliopsidium.

21. C. Leavenworthii : glabrous ; stem terete, slender, dichotomously
branched at the summit; leaves opposite, narrowly linear, entire, or fre-
quently with two lateral linear lobes ; the lower ones petioled ; scales of the
exterior involucre very short, ovate-lanceolate ; rays 3-toothed ; achenia (in-

Coreopsis. COMPOSITiE. 347

eluding the broad whitish wing) roundish oval, crowned with 2 awn-like
teeth, which exceed the wing-
Tampa Bay, and near Fort Drane, Florida, Di . Leavenworth! — @ ox 111
Stems often several from the same root, 1-2 feet high. Lower leaves 3-4
inches long, scarcely a line wide. Kays 5-6 lines in length, bright yellow :
disk brownish-purple. Achenia smooth; the wing of each side as broad as
the achenium itself: the awns or teeth minutely serrulate, somewhat ex-
ceeding the wing. — Differs from the Calliopsides with winged achenia only
in the more conspicuous teeth, and the entirely yellow rays.

* * Ache?iia not incurved ; th£ margin serrulate, or with a lacerate or pcctinately dissected
wing. (Eublepharis &: Rhabdocaulis, Nutt., excl. spec.)

22. C. glad'mta (Walt.) : glabrous; stem terete, striate, dichotomously
corymbose at the summit ; leaves somewhat fleshy, alternate, remote, en-
tire, or the upper ones frequently with two lateral lobes; the lowermost
oblong-lanceolate, sometinies 1-2-ternately-parted, tapering into a long mar-
gined petiole partly clasping at the base; the upper sessile, elongated hince-
olate or linear-lanceolate, riiostly acute; bracts alternate or opposite, subu-
late; scales of the exterior involucre ovate-lanceolate ; rays obovate, 3-lobed
at the summit ; achenia narrowly elliptical or somewhat obovate-oblong,
surrounded by a conspicuous pecti'nate fringe, crowned with 2 slender serru-
late-hispid awns about half the length of the corolla. — Walt.! Car. j). 215;
Nutu! gen. 2. p. 180; Ell. sk.^]^- ^^^^ ; DC. I. c.l C. dichotoma,
Michx. I. c, partly ? "' —

Damp pine baVrens, North Carolina! to Georgia! and Florida! Aug.-

Sept. H Stem 2-3 feet high, naked above, 2-3 times dichotomous at the

summit, and often bearing 9-12 heads on slender pedicels. Lower leaves,
including the petiole, often 6-10 inches long, somewhat veined : the upper
4-5 inches Ions, and deceasing upwards, 1-nerved: the uppermost rarely
opposite. Achenia glabious, or minutely papillose-scabrous, about twice the
length of the awns ; the linear segments of the fringed margin often as long
as the achenium itself is wide, appearing like a dissected wing.

23. C. an"-usti/'olia (Ait.) : glabrous; stem acutely 4-angled, virgafe, slen-
der, dichotomously branched above ; leaves entire, opposite, or the lower fre-
quently alternate; the radical and lowest cauUne oblanceolate or spatulate,
tapering into a slender petiole; the others spatulate-linear, obtuse, narrowed
towards the base, sessile, the uppermost bract-like ; scales of the exterior in-
volucre ovate, obtuse ; rays obovate-cuneiform, 3-lobed at the summit, the
middle lobe largest; achenia elliptical, surrounded by a lacerate-fimbriate
■wivg, crowned with 2 short upwardly hispid awns. — Ait.! Kew. [eel. I) 3.
p. 253. C. dichotoma, Michx. Jl. 2. jy. 137, (at least in part.) C. linifolia,
Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 75. C. (Rhabdocaulis) angustifolia &
linifolia, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Moist pine barrens, &c., Florida, Bartram! Dr. Chapman! Mr. Croom !
Alabama, Dr. Gates! Sfc. New Orleans, Dr. Ingalls! Western Louisiana,
Dr. Hale! Borders of Texas, Dr. Leavenworth! N. Carolina, (near Wil-
mington?) Mr. Curtis! June?-Sept.— 2X Stem 1-3 feet high, grooved be-
tween the angles. Leaves more frequently all opposite, rarely all alternate,
rather thick and opaque, often obscurely punctate; the cauline ones short
(1-2 inches long), and becoming smalle"^r towards the sunmiit; those of the
branches reduced to spatulate-linear bracts. Heads loosely dichotomous-
corymbose ; the slender pedicels spreading. Corolla of the disk dark purple,
much longer than the setiform awns of the achenia.

24. C. inlcgrifolia (Poir.) : glabrous; stem terete below, striate-angled
and often corymbose above ; leaves ovate or oval-lanceolate, entire, with a

348 COMPOSlTiE. Coreopsis.

whitish and somewhat cartilaginous smooth or ciliate-scabrous margin; the
lower ones mostly alternate, and tapering into a margined somewhat clasping
petiole, the uppermost much snialler, opposite, sessile; heads few; scales of
the exterior involucre oblong-linear, obtuse, scarcely half the length of the
interior; rays narrowly cuneiform, 3-lobed, 3-4 times the length of the in-
volucre; achenia (immature) narrowly cuneiform-oblong, wingless, the mar-
gin minutely ciliolate-hispid, crowned with 2 very short upwardly serrulate
awns. — Poir. sujyjd. 2. p. 252; DC. I j^Todr. 5. p. 570. C. (Emleri, Ell.
sic. 2. p. 436 ?

Carolina, Bosc! Georgia, "near the junction of Broad and Saluda Rivers,
Mr. CEmler" ex Elliott. Near Columbus, Dr. Boylcin ! and on the banks
of Spring Creek, Decatur County, in the same Slate, Dr. Clwpman ! — (1) ?
Stem 2-3 feet liigh. Lower leaves 3-5 inches long, with a petiole nearly
the same length, thick, rather acute at each end, with a conspicuous midrib,
obscurely feather-veined, varying in outline from ovate or oval to elongated
lanceolate; the upper shorter and often opposite, on short connate petioles.;
the uppermost reduced to bracts, always opposite. Rays bright yellow,
nearly an inch long. Corolla of the disk dark purple at the summit.
Branches of the style dark purple, terminated by a very obtuse or capitate
minutely hairy cone. Awns rather stout, scarcely one-fourth the length of
the immature acheniura.

§ 4. Brandies of the style truncate or terminated with a very ohtuse cone:
achenia as in Coreoloma, or naked and xcingless : exterior involucre small:
rays 3-5-loothed, rose-red : the disk-jiowers light yellow : leaves alternate
or opposite^ undivided, and entire. — Cosmklla.

25. C. nudata (Nutt.) : glabrous ; stem terete, dichotomously branched
above; leaves few and remote, alternate, terete, subulate ; the lower elon-
gated ; the upper very short; scales of the exterior involucre much shorter
than the interior; rays (rose-red) broadly cuneiform-obovate, crenately
3-5-toothed; achenia elliptical, surrounded with a narrow laciniately lace-
rate wing, crowned with two short upwardly fimbriaif^-serrulate awns. —
Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 180, 8fin trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. Calliopsis nudata,
Spreng. syst. 3. j). 611.

Near St. Mary's, West Florida, Baldwin. Apalachicola, Dr. ChajJman!
— 11 1 Stem 2-3 feet high, somewhat corymbosely branched, and bearing
3 to 6 or more showy heads on naked pedicels. Leaves, or rather petioles
without lamina, partly clasping at the base ; the lower ones (2-3) about 6
inches long, subulate-filiform; the uppermost reduced to minute tracts.
Rays showy, about 8 lines long. Lobes of the corolla of the disk puberulent
internally. Anthers brownish. Branches of the style yellowish, terminated
by a short, pubescent, rather acute cone. Awns scarcely exceeding the wing
of the achenium. — This plant resembles Cosmos in the color of the flowers,
and the section Coreoloma in the achenium and style, dichotomously corym-
bose heads, &c. The following species is a Calliopsis except in the color of
the flowers.

26. C. rosea (Nutt.) : stem leafy, mostly branched ; leaves opposite, nar-
rowly linear, entire, obscurely 1-nerved, narrowed and slightly ciliate at the
base'; heads on short peduncles; exterior involucre very small; rays (pale
red, rose-color, or sometimes white) oblong, slightly 3-toothed ; achenia ob-
long, wingless, somewhat incurved when mature, and obscurely tuberculate
on the margins, crowned w-ilh an obscure truncate coroniform pappus. —
Nutt. ! gen^2. p. 179, S^' trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. ; Bigel. ! jl. Bost. ed.
3. p. 338 ; Bart. Ji. Amer. Sept. t. 12. Calliopsis rosea, Spreng. syst.
3. p. 611.

Coreopsis. COMPOSITuE. 349

Sandy or grassy swamps, from Plymouth, Massachusetts, Mr. OaA'cs /
Mr. Russell! Nantucket, iVir. T.A.Green! and Rhode Island, Pro/". S«i?e?/.'
to New .Tersey ! and Georgia. July-Aug. — H Plant slender, 8-15 inches
high. Heads small. Appendages of the style (yellow) slightly capitate and
truncate.

C. trifida (Lam. ill. t. 704) is of unknown ori^n, and is unlike any North Ameri-
can species.

C. flexicanlis (Raf ) : " stem simple, flexuous ; leaves linear, thickened, the lower
ones attenuated, the tipper ones opposite; flowers terminal, ci-own-flovvpred : flos-
cules 1-fid," Raf. in mad. repos. {Jiex. C) 5. p. 361, (South New Jersey) is not likely
to be identified.

C. aspera (Pursh) : " leaves lanceolate-linear, rou2:h ; the upper alternate, the
lower opposite; stem one-flowered," Pi;/"5/(, y?. 2. p. 570, is said to have been de-
scribed from a Maryland specimen in the Banksian herbarium; where, however, we
did not recognize the species.

C. acuta {V\ws\\,\. c): "leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, denticulate, somewhat
hairy, alternate; flowers coiymbose-paniculate," which we were also unable to iden-
tify in the Banksian herbarium, is perliaps Acdnomeris squarrosa.

C. alata (Pursh, 1. c.) is doubtless Verbesina Siegesbeckia.

Peramibus, Raf. — Under this name Rafinesque founded a genus in his Annals of
Nature (1820), which is chiefly characterized by having triangular naked achenia,
and the scales of the involucre alternately longer and shorter in a single series. It
was established on a Kentuckian plant, P. hirtus, which is Rudbeckia triloba! To
the genus he referred, somewhat doubtfully, several species which he had not seen,
viz: his own Coreopsis scabrd of liie Ftorula Ludoiticiana, the C. acuta, Piirs/i, and
the C. palmata, rosea and nudata of Nuttall, none of which accord with his
charactei".

Div. 4. BidentidejE, Less., DC. — Rays neutral, ligulate, or some-
times wanting. Achenia obcompressed, or often tetragonal or terete, and
rostrate. Pappus of 2-4 (rarely 5-6) retrorsely barbed or scabrous hispid

awns.

y

102. COSMOS. Cav. ic. 1. j^. 9, t. 14 S^- 79 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 606.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers (about 8) neutral; those of the
disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double, each of 8-10 acute or acuminate
scales, more or less united. Receptacle flat; the chaff membranaceous, at-
tenuate-acuminate. Corolla of the disk with a slender tube and a 5-toothed
limb. Anthers with a scarious cordate appendage. Branches of the style
thickened and very hairy or bearded at the summit, terminated by a subu-
late cone. Achenia tetragonal or terete, attenuate or rostrate at the summit,
sometimes stipitate, crowned with 2-4 retrorsely barbed or scabrous-hispid
deciduous awns. — Annual or perennial (mostly Mexican) branching herbs,
with opposite 1-2-pinnatifid or divided leaves, the lobes moslly entire.
Heads on slender peduncles terminating the branches. Rays jiurple, violet,
or rose-color : disk-flowers yellow; the anthers brown.

1. C. caudatus (H. B. & K.) : glabrous or slightly hairy; leaves petioled,
bipinnately parted ; the segments lanceolate, feather-veined, ciliate-scabrous,

350 COMPOSITiE. Cosmos.

cuspidate ; scales of the involucre scarcely united ; the exterior linear-lanceo-
late, cuspidate, ciliate, spreading, nearly equalling the scarious or colored in-
terior series; chaff' obtuse ; achenia 4-angled, tapering into a very long up-
wardly scabrous beak, crowned with 2 spreading awns. — H. B. ^' K. nov.
gen. ^' sjjec. 4. |>. 240 ; DC. ! prodr. 5. ^j. 606. JBidens Berteriana, Spreng.
sysl. 3. p. 454 ; DC. ! in Wight, conlrib. p. 19.

Key West, Mr. Blodgett! A common West Indian species ; also natur-
alized in the East Indies. — li Rays rose-color, 3-cleft at the summit,
scarcely longer than the involucre. Achenia (about 20) nearly an inch
long.

103. COSMIDIUM. Torr. &; Gray, mss. ; Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil.
soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 361.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 8, neutral, or sometimes
wanting ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double, each of 8
scales; the interior oblong-ovate, somewhat membranaceous, united' to the
middle, much larger than the exterior. Receptacle flat ; the chaff" scarious,
oblong, obtuse, with 2 approximate colored nerves, shorter than the flowers,
partly investing the achenia, and deciduous with them. Corolla of the disk
with a very slender tube, and a deeply 5-cleft limb; the segments long and
linear, recurved. Anthers and style as in Cosmos (the base of (he latter
dilated into a conspicuous bulb.) Achenia linear-oblong (obscurely angled
when young), terete or slightly obcompressed, a little incurved and tubercu-
late on the back when mature, not rostrate, the abrupt summit crowned with
2 dentiform retrorsely pectinate-ciliate (persistent ?) awns. — Annual and pe-
rennial dichotomous or brachiate glabrous herbs, with slender branches naked
at the summit, and term.inated by rather small heads. Leaves opposite,
somewhat fleshy (the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile), 1-2-pinnate-
ly parted ; the divisions or lobes linear-filiform, canaliculate, entire. Rays
light yellow ; the disk-flowers purple : the chaflf white.

1. C. jilifolium (Torr. & Gray ! 1. c.) : lower leaves twice ternately or
pinnately divided; the upper simply 3-5-divided, or the uppermost siinple ;
the divisions attenuate-filiform ; scales of the interior involucre with broad
scarious margins, united nearly to the middle, longer than the linear-subu-
late exterior scales; rays obovate, 3-toothed ; achenia crowned with 2 trian-
gular-subulate concave at length divaricate short awns or teeth. — Nutt.! I. c.
Coreopsis filifolia. Hook.! hot. mag. t. 3505; DC! 2>i'odr. 7. p. 290.

Plains of Arkansas, on the Red River, &c., Nuttali ! Dr. Leavenworth !
Dr. Engelmann ! Te\ns, Drtimmond ! May-July. — (T) Hook. H Nutt.
Stem 1-3 feet high, much branched. Heads nearly as large as in Coreopsis
tinctoria. Achenia about 3 lines long, crustaceous when ripe, one or both
sides smooth and even when young: the awns or teeth scarcely a line in
length, fringed with yellow reflexed bristly hairs, apparently persistent. Chaflf
closely investing the back of the achenia. — We had provisionally appended
this group to Cosmos (not to Coreopsis, as Mr. Nutiall by some misappre-
hension states), to which it is most allied, notwithstanding the yellow rays
(which are also found in C. sulphureus) and erostrate achenia.

2. C. gracile (Torr. & Gray ! I.e.): leaves pinnately or pedately about
5-parled, with narrowly linear rigid lobes; the uppermost nearly simple;

CosMiDiuM. COMPOSIT.E. 351

scales of the inner involucre united above the middle, obtuse, without scari-
ous margins, the exterior ovate, obtuse, very short ; rays none ; ovaries
oblong-linear, crowned with 2 subulate retrorsely pectinate-hispid (decidu-
ous?) awns. — Bidens gracilis, Torr. ! in ann.lyc. Neiv York, 2. p. 215.

Upper Arkansas, on the Canadian River, JJr. James ! — 11 Stems 2 feet
high, branched from the base, dichoiomous and naked at the summit, striate.
Chaff &c. as in tlie preceding. Awns stout, concave, about the length of
the tube of the corolla. — The single specimen brought by Dr. James, the
only one extant, is not very perfect. Perhaps it sometimes bears ray-
flowers.

104. BIDENS. Linn.; Gcertn.fr. t. 167; DC. prodr. 5. p. 593.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers (3-8) neutral, often inconspicuous
or wanting ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double; the scales
dissimilar or nearly similar, the exterior frequently large and foUaceous.
Receptacle flattish; the chaff deciduous with the fruit. Corolla with a slen-
der tube, and an infundibuliform-campanulate 5-toothed limb. Branches of
the style hairy at the summit, terminated by an acute or subulate cone.
Achenia obcompressed, or slender and more or less 4-sided, often attenuate
or rostrate at the summit, crowned with 2-4 (rarely 5-6) rigid and persistent
retrorsely barbed or hispid awns. — Annual or sometimes perennial (mostly
American) herbs; with opposite, incised, serrate, or divided leaves, feather-
veined (the numerous primary veins often running to the sinuses) and reti-
culated. Flowers mostly yellow or yellowish : the anthers pale or brownish-

§ 1. Achenia flat, oval or cuneiform, not attenuated at the sunmiit ; the
margins usually ciliate or hispid mostly in a downward direction.^
Plattcarp^a, DC.

1. B. frondosa (hinn.) : glabrous or slightly hairy ; lower leaves pinnate-
ly 5-, the upper commonly 3-divided ; the divisions distinct and mostly pe-
tiolulate, lanceolate, or the terminal one ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely
serrate (rarely 3-lobed or parted); heads discoid, pedicellate; scales of the
exterior foliaceous involucre longer than the head, mostly acute, conspicuous-
ly ciliate towards the base ; achenia obovate-cuneiform, 2-awned, pubescent
and ciliate with chieflv erect hairs. — Linn.! spec. {ed. 2) 2. p. 1166;
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 136 ; Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1718 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p.
431 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 314; Bigel. fl. Bosl. ed. 2. p. 294 ; Dar-
lingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 486 ; DC. ! I. c.

JVloist fertile soil, throughout Canada! and the United States! abounding
around barn-yards and moist corn-fields, where it is a very troublesome
weed. July-Sept. — Stem 2-6 feet high, branched. Petioles, and often the
lower surface of the leaves, a little hairy. Scales of ihe outer involucre 8-12,
varying from twice to six limes the length of the disk ; the inner ovate-lan-
ceolate, brownish. Flowers greenish-yellow. Margins of the achenia up-
wardly ciliate, except near the summit, where the bristles are usually re-
trorse. — Stick- tight. Burr-Marigold.

2. B. connata (Muhl.) : glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, tapering into margined petioles, slightly
connate at the base ; the lower ones often ternately divided ; the lateral seg-

352 COMPOSITiE. Bidens.

merits connate at the base and decurrent on the petiole ; heads discoid, most-
ly on short pedicels ; scales of the exterior foliaceous involucre longer than
the head, lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, scarcely if at all ciliate ;
acheiiia narrowly cuneiform, glabrous, with retrorsely ciliate-hispid margins,
9_4.((;omnionlv 3-) avvned. — Muhl. in IVilld. ! spec. 3. p. 1718 {S^-herb. .') ;
Pursk, I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 430 ; Hook. ! I. c. ; DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 594. B.
cernua, Darlingt. ! jl. Cest. ed. I. p. 92. B. tripartita, Bigel. jl. Bost. ed.
2. p. 294. B. petiolata, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad.l.p.Qd ; Darlingt.!
fi. Cest. ed. 2. p. 486.

Swampy grounds, and margins of ponds, Canada and throughout the
Northern Slates! to Ohio! Kentucky! Missouri! and the western part of
Georgia. July-Sept. — (T) Stem 10-24 inches high, branched. Leaves
very smooth, thin and membranaceous when young, mostly conspicuously
acuminate at each end, frequently all undivided. Exterior involucre varia-
ble in size, sometimes 1-1^ inch long; the inner membranaceous, brown
with a yellowish scarious margin. Flowers greenish-yellow ; the rays gen-
erally, if not always wanting. — De Candolle has mistaken Hooker's mean-
ing, who, in stating that the leaves are sometimes ternate, does not mean ter-
nately verticillate. This species is introduced into Dr. Short's Catalogue of
Kentucky plants under the name of Bidens comosa. Hooker, but we are not
aware that Sir Wm. Hooker, or any other author, has ])ubiished a species
with this name. In the account of Drummond's Collections in the United
States, however, a 'Bidens comafa, Linn.'' is enumerated; but as Linnaeus
has no such species, we suppose B. connata, Muhl. to be intended.

3. B. cernua (Linn.): glabrous, or often hairy towards the summit;
leaves undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, the upper ones slightly con-
nate ; heads (discoid or radiate) nodding ; exterior involucre longer than the
head ; achenia obovate-cuneiform, 4-awned, the margin retrorsely ciliate-his-
pid.— Linn. I spec. 2. p. 832 (var. discoidea) ; Engl. hot. t. 1114; Schkuhr,
handb. t. 235 ; Koch, fl. Germ- Sf Helv. p. 356 ; ^Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
314; DC. .' prodr. 5. p. 59o. B. minima, Linn, spiec. {ed.2)2. p. \.\Qb ;
Fl. Dan. I. 312. Coreopsis Bidens, Linn. spec. 2. p. 908. (var. radiata.)

/?. elata : upper part of the (stout) stem and branches somewhat hirsute
with short white hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolaie, unequally and incisely ser-
rate; rays inconspicuous. — B. chrysanthemoides. Hook.! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
314 (excl. syn.), S^' hot. Beechey, p. 148. ' B. quadriaristata, /3. dentata,
Nutt. in trans. Amcr. j)hil. soc. I. c. p. 368.

Swamps and ditches, Canada and Saskatchawan, Hooker, to Pennsylva-
nia, Pwrs/?. Maine and Massachusetts, Mr. Oakes ! Western part of the
Stale of New York, Dr. Sartwell! (i. Oregon at Fort Vancouver, and
Straits of Da P'uca, Douglas, Dr. Scolder! Nuttall. (California, Beechey ?)
— (i) This species is said to be common in Canada, but in the United States
it is probably only to be found along the northern borders. The following
species approaches its radiate forms too closely ; but in B. cernua, the leaves
are more irregularly serrate, scarcely connate, and the outer involucre nearly
similar to the leaves, and much longer than the rays when these are present.
The Oregon plant is certainly much nearer this than the following species.

4. B. chrysanthemoides (Michx.) : glabrous; stem erect or reclined at the
base ; leaves lanceolate; tapering to each end, more or less connate, regu-
larly and rather remotely serrate ; heads conspicuously radiate, erect or
nodding; scales of the foliaceous exterior involucre somewhat unequal, ob-
tuse, ciliate-serrulate towards the base, mostly shorter than the rays; the in-
terior oblong-ovate, membranaceous, partly colored; achenia cuneiform, with
retrorsely aculeolate-ciliate margins ; awns 2, 3, or 4. — Michx. ! Jl. 2. p.
136 ; Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1717 C Pursh ! Jl. 2. p. 566. Coreopsis Bidens,

BiDENS. COMPOSITE. 353

Walt. Car. p. 215. C. perfoliata, Wait. I. c? Helianthus laevis, Linn.!
spec. 2. p. 906 {pi. Gronov. .'), not of ed. 2.

a. achenia 2-awned, sometimes with two other rudimentary awns; rays
about twice the length of the inner invohicre. — B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. !
I. c. (wholly?) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 430 ; DC. ! j^rodr. 5. yj. 595.

ji. achenia 2-awned ; rays 2-3 times the length of the inner (colored) in-
volucre ; exterior involucre not ciliate ; leaves remotely serrulate, scarcely
acute.

y. achenia 3-4-awned ; rays 2-4 times the length of the inner involucre.
— B. chrysanthemoides, Bigel.! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 294 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest.
p. 485. B. quadriaristata, DC. ! I. c.

6. achenia 4-awned ; rays scarcely longer than the inner involucre, often
exceeded by the exterior.

Swamps, and margin of shallow pools, Canada ! and nearly throughout
the United States ! (/3. Western Louisiana, Dr. iTaZe/) Aug.-Nov. — ®?
Stem 6-30 inches high, branching, rarely a little scabrous or hairy at the
summit. Leaves 3-6 inches long, serrate with even acute or mucronulate
teeth, often minutely ciliate-scabrous towards the base. Rays golden yellowy
usually large (about an inch long) and very showy. Chaff spatulate-linear,
scarious, about 3-nerved, colored (yellow or purplish) at the summit. — Beg-
gar-Ticks.— The number of awns seems to be constant in each individual,
but certainly does not furnish specific distinctions. A specimen sent by the
elder Richard to Willdenovv (probably collected by Michaux), presents
4-awned achenia. Our var. 6. is a mere state of var. y., and nearly ap-
proaches B. cernua.

5. B. Beckii (Torr.) : glabrous; stem elongated, simple or sparingly
branched; leaves chieflv submersed, sessile, many times dissected into ca-
pillary segments; the emersed ones few, lanceolate, slightly connate, sharply
serrate or incised ; heads solitary on short terminal peduncles; scales of the
exterior involucre usually 5, oval or oblong, obtuse, shorter than the interior
and somewhat resembling them, several times shorter than the oblong rays ;
achenia (immature) narrowly oblong, flattened, perfectly glabrous, 4- (some-
times 6-) awned ; the awns approximate in pairs, densely hispid above, gla-
brous near the base. — Torr.! in Spreng. neu. entd. 2. p. 135, Sf syst. 3. p.
455; Beck. ! bot. p. 207 ; DC! prodr.'b. p. 595.

In lakes and ponds, and slow-flowing streams, near Schenectady ! and in
several localities throughout the western part of the State of New York !
Massachusetts and Vermont, Mr. Oakes ! Near Montreal, Mr. Goldie.
Aug.-Sept. — Plant with the habit and submersed foliage of Ranunculus
aquatilis, except that the leaves are opposite ; the lowest emersed leaves often
1-2-pinnatifid. Scales of the inner involucre oblong-lanceolate, yellowish,
with brown stripes. Rays golden yellow, 8-10 lines long. Anthers pale.
Branches of the style terminated by a densely hairy rather acutely conical
appendage. Awns usually unequal ; the longer nearly twice the length of
the half-grown achenium.

§ 2. Achenia linear-tetragonal, attenuate or rostrate, glabrous or upiwardly
hairy. — Psilocarp^a, DC. (Kerneria, Mcench.)

6. B. leucantha (Willd.) : stem glabrous, somewhat 4-angled ; leaves
nearly glabrous, petioled, pinnately 3-5-, the upper ones 3-divided ; the divi-
sions ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply and closely sen-ate, sometimes
confluent; heads (small) paniculate-corymbose, pedicellate; scales of the
involucre nearly equal, united at the base; the exterior narrower and ciliate,
obtuse ; the interior lanceolate, acute, somewhat scarious and colored, rather
shorter than the disk ; rays small, white ; achenia somewhat quadrangular,

VOL. II. — 45

354 COMPOSITE. BiDENs.

linear, glabrous or slightly hairy, 2-4-awnecl. — Willd. spec. 3. p. 1719;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 598. Coreopsis leucaiitha, Linn. spec. (ed. 2) 2. p. 1282.
C. coronata, Linn. I. c, excl. hab.

Tampa Bay, Florida, Dr. Leavenworth ! Key West, Mr. Blodgett! —
(T) A native also of Mexico, tlie West Indies, &c.

7. B. Californica (DC) : stem 4-angled, somewhat pubescent at the sum-
mit ; leaves slightly hairy, petioled ; the lower pinnately 5-, the upper 3-di-
vided or parted ; the divisions ovate, acute or acuminate, incisely serrate ; heads
discoid, or with a few small rays, pedicellate, somewhat paniculate ; scales
of the involucre nearly equal, lanceolate ; the exterior ciliate, spreading, all
at length reflexed ; achenia linear, slender, 4-angled, minutely and sparsely
hairy towards the summit, 3-4-awned. — DC. ! 2^i'odr. 5. jj. 599 ; Nutt. in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

California, Douglas ! Nuttall. — (T) Plant ascending, scarcely a foot high.
Heads small. Achenia about 4 lines long, sometimes minutely tuberculate-
seabrous. Rays white, or yellowish according to Nuttall ; who states that
the plant is also a native of Chili.

8. B. hipinnata (Linn.) : glabrous ; stem quadrangular, striate ; leaves
petioled, 1-3-pinnately parted ; the segments lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mu-
cronulate, usually narrowed at the base ; heads (small) on naked slender
pedicels, with 3-4 inconspicuous rays scarcely longer than the disk ; exterior
scales of the involucre linear, spreading, about the length of the narrowly
lanceolate interior ones ; achenia linear, elongated and slender, 4-angled and
grooved, nearly glabrous, 3-4-awned. — Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 832; Miclix. ! fl.
2. p. 135 ; Willd. ! I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 432 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 487 ;
DC! prodr. 5. p. 603.

Dry soil, and in waste places, Connecticut ! New York ! and Pennsylva-
nia ! to Arkansas! and Florida! (Key West, Mr. Blodgett!) July-Oct.
— CD Stem 1-4 feet high, slender, branched. Rays yellow, obovate : disk-
flowers yellow, about 20. Achenia three-fourths of an inch in length. —
Spanish Needles.

B. pilosa (Linn.) is not a native of North America, nor is it said to be by Lin-
naeus, except originally in the Hortus Cliffortianus ; wliere the vars. /?. &c y. are said
to come from Virginia, &c. But all the synonyms of /i. there enumerated (except
Dill. Elth. t. 43, /'. 5-10, which belong to'a broad-fruited species) are in the Species
P/a/itenw/i justly referred to B. bipinnata ; and those of var. y., which we have not
the means of tracing further, are equally rejected from the species. B. pilosa is
again given as a North American plant by Willdenow, and afterwards by Pui'sh,
who terms it a common weed in old fields and cultivated grounds, from Pennsylvania
to Carolina ; but the plant in Pursh's view (and also Elliott's 1) is doubtless B.
frondosa.

Div. 5. VERBESiNEiE, Less., DC. — Rays pistillate and fertile, ligu-
late, rarely none. Achenia compressed or obcompressed, the exterior integu-
ment thin. Pappus awned from the angles of the achenium, sometimes with
intermediate chaffy scales or teeth, frequently wanting.

105. LEPTOSYNE. DC. prodr. 5. p. 531.

Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 10-15, broadly ligulate ; those of
the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double, each series of 6-8 scales, as
long as the disk ; the exterior linear, foliaceous, loose ; the interior elliptical,

Leptosyne. composite. 355

somewhat membranaceous. Receptacle convex; the chaff membranaceous,
3-nerved, deciduous with the fruit. Rays oblong, coarsely 3-toothed, the
base abruptly narrowed into a short slender tube, which is sparsely barbellate
at the summit. Corolla of the disk with a slender tube, which is furnished
with a bearded ring at the summit, and an obconical throat, deeply 5-toothed.
Anthers pale. Branches of the style in the ray-flowers scarcely exserted,
obtuse ; in the disk somewhat capitellate at the apex, and terminated by a
very short and abrupt pointed cone. Achenia oval, obcorapressed, slightly
incurved when mature, sparsely scabrous with short capitate gland-like
hairs, surrounded by a narrow, at length somewhat fungous-thickened wing-
like margin, 1-nerved on the inside, crowned with a minute and entire coro-
niform or cup-shaped pappus. — An annual (biennial, Nutt.) glabrous very
slender herb, branching from the base; the scapes or peduncles (8-12 inches
long) naked, bearing a single head. Leaves alternate, nearly all at the base
of the stem, linear-filiform, entire, or sparingly iiinnately parted. Ray and
disk yellow.

L. Douglasii (DC ! 1. c.) — Hook. SfArn.! hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 352.
L. Californica, Nutt.! in trans. Aiuer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 363.

California, Douglas ! (in flower only) Nuttall ! May-June. — Head, in-
cluding the rays, three-fourths of an inch in diameter. — Instead of having the
disk-flowers sterile, as described from immature specimens by De CandoUe,
and Hooker & Arnott, these alone ripen their fruit according to Nuttall ; but
we find perfect achenia both in the disk and ray. We place the genus as
near as possible to Coreopsis, and next to Chrysanthellum in Verbesinese.

106. TUCKERMANNIA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Head many-flowered; the ray-flowers 15-20, ligulate; those of the disk
tubular, perfect. Involucre double ; the scales ovate or oval, all slightly
united at the base ; the exterior 6-8, shorter than the disk, herbaceous; the
interior 8-10, membranaceous, somewhat colored (yellowish). Receptacle
flat ; the chafT membranaceous and scarious, minutely nerved, linear-lanceo-
late, flat, apparently deciduous. Corolla of the disk with a slender tube,
which at the summit is furnished with a naked or obscurely barbellate ring (as
in Leptosyne, except that the jointed hairs are few and short or nearly want-
ing) ; the throat narrowly obconical, 5-toothed. Branches of the style in the
disk-flowers slender, somewhat capitellate at the apex, and terminated by an
obscure or extremely short cone. Achenia ellijitical, obcompressed, smooth,
surrounded by a narrow wing or margin, entirely destitute of pappus. — A
somewhat succulent perennial glabrous herb ; the alternate or scattered
bipinnately-divided leaves with linear entire segments, nearly all borne to-
wards the base of the stem ; which terminates in a naked peduncle (a foot
long), bearing a very showy head, more than two inches (or even 3-4 inches,
ex Nutt.) in diameter. Flowers golden yellow.

T. maritima (Nutt. ! 1. c.)

St. Diego, California, on shelving rocks near the sea, Nuttall ! May. —

356 COMPOSITE. Tuckkrmannia.

" After the period of flowering, it remains for a month or two in a dormant
state, shedding its leaves. . . . Cultivated in Philadelphia, it flowered both in
the spring and autumn." Nutt. — We trust the plant will not be lost to our
gardens, as it is very showy. It is very closely allied to Leptosyne, and,
like that plant, has nearly the style of the Anthemidese.

107. SPILANTHES. Jacq. stirp. Amer. f. 214, U 126; DC. l. c,

Spilantlius, Linn. mant. ; Gartn. ; Less. (^-c. — Spilanthes &; Acmella, Richard.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers ligulate, sometimes inconspicuous,
or frequently wanting. Involucre shorter than the disk, appressed, in 2
series ; the exterior scales somewhat foliaceous ; the interior membranaceous.
Receptacle conical, convex, or elongated ; the chaff membranaceous, em-
bracing the flowers. Corolla of the disk tubular-infundibuliform, 4-5-toothed.
Branches of the style in the disk-flowers truncate and penicillate at the sum-
mit. Achenia of the disk laterally compressed, the margins mostly ciliate ;
of the ray, when present, somewhat triquetrous, or by the obliteration of the
inner angle naore or less obcompressed ; all either crowned with 1-3 small
setiform awns, or naked. — Mostly annual tropical herbs (the greater portion
American), usually fervid or acrid to the taste ; with opposite entire or serrate
leaves. Heads solitary on slender peduncles, ovate or conical. Flowers
yellow or rarely white. Anthers blackish.

§ Heads radiate ; the rays hairy at the base: achenia of the ray either
3-angied and 3-aivned or sometimes aumless, or 2-aivned, the inner angle
naked, or sometimes the inner angle obliterated. — Acmella, (Rich.) DC.

1. S. rcpens (Michx.) : glabrous, or sparsely somewhat hairy; stem sim-
ple or slightly branched, decumbent, rooting at the base ; leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, acute, somewhat serrate, mostly tapering into a petiole ;
peduncles terminal (or at length alar), elongated ; heads ovoid ; scales of the
involucre lanceolate, about 12, in 2 series ; rays 12, exserted ; achenia awn-
less and without cihate margins. — Michx.! fl. 2. p. 131 ; DC. prodr. 5.
p. 623. Acmella repens, Pers. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 406. Anthemis repens,

Walt. ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 562.

In wet or inundated places, South Carolina to Florida ! Sept.-Oct. — H
Disk and ray yellow ; the former at length oblong-conical. Achenia slight-
ly papillose-scabrous when mature; the exterior often with ciliate margins.
-^We have a specimen from a plant cultivated in the Jardin des Plantes
under this name, which accords with the description as to the foliage ; but
the short involucral scales are ovate, and the achenia all strongly ciliate.

2. S. Nuttallii: villous-pubescent, or nearly glabrous; stems diffusely
branched, ascending ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, coarsely serrate-toothed,
abruptly contracted into a slender petiole ; heads ovoid, at length conoid-
oblong, on terminal or alar peduncles longer than the leaves ; scales of the
involucre lanceolate-ovate, acute, 9-12, somewhat in a double series; rays
6 ?-12, mostly as long as the disk ; achenia awnless (rarely with 1 or 2 very
minute awns), tuberculate-scabrous when mature, the margins cihate. —
Acmella occidentahs ? Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 171, not of Pers.

Inundated places, East Florida ! {Dr. Leavenworth !) to Louisiana ! Mis-

Spilanthes. composite. 357

sippi ! Arkansas! and Texas! Aug.-Oct. — Stems 1-2 feet long. Leaves
2 inches or more in length, one or more wide, veiny. Rays yellow, varying
from a fourth to fully half an inch in length, usually 10 or 12. Disk when
mature fully half an inch long. Achenia of the ray somewhat triangular-
obcompressed, otherwise similar to those of the disk ; the innermost often
smooth, at least when young ; but all distinctly, although not very stongly
ciliate.

S. Pscudo-AcriicUa (Linn.) is cited as a Califomian species, with a mark of dovibt,
in the Botany of Beechey s Voyage (p. 150), on the authority of a very imperfect
specimen in the collection from California, made during that voyage.

108, LIPOCH^TA. DC. prodr. 5. p. 610.

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers ligulate, in a single series. Invo-
lucre ovate or campanulate ; the scales oval, appressed, in 2-3 series. Re-
ceptacle flattish ; the chaff" membranaceous, clasping the flowers. Branches
of the style in the disk-flowers appendiculate at the summit. Achenia of
the ray 3-sided, scarcely or somewhat winged, each angle produced into a
persistent awn, and with a few setiform [or chaffy] teeth between the awns ;
of the disk compressed. 1-2-awned, the inner margin slightly winged. —
Suffruticose or herbaceous plants [chiefly natives of Mexico and the Sand-
wich Islands], with the habit of the opjiosite-leaved Verbesinse. Leaves
opposite, sessile, or on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat serrate,
triplinerved. Heads pedicellate, either solitary or corymbose. Flowers
yellow. DC.

§ Achenia of the ray 3-, of the disk mostly 2-awned {the awns slender
and upwardly scabrous), with a fexo intermediate chaffy teeth or scales,
more or less united with each other and vnth the base of the awns. — Cato-

MENIA.

1. L. Texana: suffruticose; branches terete; leaves sessile, triplinerved,
rhombic-ovate, the uppermost ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, strigose above,
villous-hirsute beneath, sparingly and remotely serrate, mostly 2-angled or
2-lobed near the middle, cuneiform at the base ; peduncles solitary, naked,
slender ; scales of the canescent campanulate involucre in 2 series, nearly
equal in length ; the exterior lanceolate, somewhat foliaceous ; the interior
with scarious margins; ovaries narrow, crowned with 2-3 setiform awns, and
a few short hyaline denticulate-lacerate scales, all more or less united at
the base.

Texas, Dr. Riddell ! — Plant hairy and scabrous ; the young branches,
lower surface of the leaves, peduncles, &c. somewhat canescent with ap-
pressed hairs. Leaves 1-2 inches long, slightly hastate-lobed or angled;
the scabrous hairs of the upper surface arising from impres.sed tubercles.
Involucre about the length of the disk, appressed. Rays 7 or 8, narrowly
oblong, minutely 3-toothed at the summit, 5-6 lines long, orange-yellow in
the dried state. Corolla of the disk yellow, witli a slender tube, and an elon-
gated slightly dilated 5-toothed limb ; the teeth jjuberulent externally. An-
thers brownish, tipped with yellowish triangular appendages. Branches of
the style (in the disk) terminated with long and acute linear-subulate hirsute
appendages. Ovaries of the ray triangular, somewhat pubescent; of the

358 COMPOSITE. Lipoch^ta.

disk pubescent, oblong-linear, compressed ; the awns in the latter 2, some-
times 1 or 3, rather shorter than the corolla ; in the former 3, often unequal,
shorter than those of the disk. Mature acheuia unknown. — Apparently
allied to L. strigosa, DC.

109. VERBESINA. Linn, (partly); Less. syn. p. 231; DC. prodr.

Species of Verbesina & Siegesbeckia, Linii.

Heads several-many-flowered ; the ray-flowers ligulate, usually few,
rarely wanting. Scales of the involucre erect, imbricated in two or more
often unequal series. Receptacle flat or rather convex ; the chaff concave
or embracing the flowers. Corolla of the disk with a short tube, and a cylin-
draceous 5-toolhed limb. Branches of the style with an acute appendage.
Achenia nearly flat (compressed laterally) winged or wingless, 2-awned. —
Perennial or suffrutescent (American) plants; the serrate or lobed leaves
often decurrent on the stem. Heads solitary or corymbose. Flowers white
or yellow. Anthers blackish.

§ Heads radiate ; the rays in a single series : achenia usually with 2 simi-
lar and equal aions. — Verbesinaria, DC.

* Leaves opposite : flowers of the disk and ray yellow.

1. V. SiegesbecHa (Michx.) : stem 4-winged ; leaves ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate at both ends, triplinerved ; heads in tri-
chotomous somewhat cymose corymbs ; scales of the involucre few (8-10)
and obtuse, in 2 series ; rays 1-5, lanceolate ; achenia obovate-oblong, wing-
less, hairy, 2-awned; those of the ray rarely 1-awned or awnless. — Michx. !
fl. 2. jp. 134 / Willd. spec. 3. p. 2224 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 565 ; Ell. sk. 2. p.
412. V. Phaethusa & Siegesbeckia, DC. jj^odr. 5. p. 616? V. occidenta-
\is, Walt. Car. p. 213. V. foliis ovatis petiolatis, &c., Gronov.! fl. Virg.
ed. 1. p. 179. Siegesbeckia occidentalis, Linn. ! sjyec. 2. p. 901, Sf ed. 2.
p. 1269. Chrysanthemum Americanum caule alato, &c.. Pink. mant. t.
342. Phasthusa Americana, Gcertn. fr. 2. p. 425, t. 169,/. 3? P. bore-
alis, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 591 .'' Coreopsis alata, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 567 ; and
therefore Actinomeris alata, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 181.

Dry woods and road-sides,very common in the Southern and Western States !
Aug.-Sept. — Stem 4-6 feet high. Leaves large, membranaceous, often pu-
bescent, especially beneath, abruptly tapering into a margined petiole. Rays
8-10 lines long ; those of the disk about 20 in number : the tube of the co-
rolla in both pubescent. Chaff" lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the disk.
Awns of the achenia slender, often divergent or recurved when old. — The
plant we have described is certainly the Siegesbeckia occidentalis of Lin-
naeus and Gronovius, and is the only North American species with opposite
leaves that we have seen : the leaves appear to be always triplinerved ; but
the uppermost often indistinctly so. We are doubtful whether it be the
Phaethusa of Geertner, which seems however to differ only in wanting the
awns : these are sometimes absent in the ray of our plant, and the short
bristly hairs of the achenium, some of which crown the summit, accord very
well with Gsertner^s and De Candolle's description, although they have
nothing to do with the pappus. The plant, according to De CandoUe, is
somewhat dioecious in cultivation.

Verbesina. composite. 359

* * Leaves alternate : flowers of the disk and ray white.

2. V. Virginica (Linn.) : stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, tomen-
tose-pubescent at the summit; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate
(often obscurely), feather-veined, scabrous above, pubescent or tonientose be-
neath, acute or acuminate at each end, tlie lower ones decurrent ; heads in
compound cymose corymbs, crowded ; rays 3-4, oval ; achenia minutely
hairy, narrowly and often unequally winged, crowned with 2 scabrous seti-
form awns. — Linn..' spec. 2. p. 901 (pi. Gronov.!); Walt.! Car. p. 213;
Michx.! fl. 2. p. 134; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. sTc. 2. p. 410; BC! I. c. V.
paniculata, Poir. diet. 8. p. 456.

p. stem and lower surface of the{^aves more tomentose ; achenia some-
times wingless. — V. villosa, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p.
370.

Woods and dry soil, Pennsylvania (Michaux) and Virginia ! to Florida !
and Louisiana ! p. Kentucky ! to Arkansas ! and Louisiana ! Aug.-Sept.
— Stem 3-6 feet high. Involucre very pubescent. Rays very short : the
tube hairy, as also the (about 15) disk-flowers. — The wings of the achenia
are variable, even in the same individual, as in Actinomeris ; and are some-
times nearly absent in the smoothish as well as the most tomentose forms.

3. V. sinuata (Ell.) : stem striate, pubescent, naked, or sometimes winged
near the base; leaves irregularly sinuate-lobed or laciniate-pinnatifid, sca-
brous above, tomentose-pubescent beneath, the lower ones tapering into a
long and narrow base or winged petiole ; the lobes denticulate or serrate ;
heads in a compound corymb ; rays 3-5, oval ; achenia minutely hairy, 2-
awned, narrowly winged. — Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 411 ; DC. prodr. b. p. 615. V.
laciniata, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p>- 170. Siegesbeckia laciniata, Poir. diet. 7. p.
158.?

Sandy soil, from the sea-coast of S. Carolina ! to Florida, Dr. Burrows !
Dr. Leavenivorth ! Sept.-Nov. — Stem 4-6 feet high. Leaves mostly acute
or acuininate,* variously sinuate-pinnatifid ; the uppermost and lowest fre-
quently spatulate-ovate and undivided, according to Elliott. Heads, flowers
&;c., nearly as in V. Virginica ; of which perhaps it is only a variety.

V. laciniata (Walt.), is said to have 3-9 yellow 2-3-tootlied sterile rays, 3-awned
achenia, and sinuate-laciniate leaves.

110. XIMENESIA. Cav. ic. 2. p. 60, t. 178; DC. prodr. 5. p. 627.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers ligulate, in a single series. Scales
of the involucre somewhat in 2 series, narrow, acute, foliaceous, spreading.
Receptacle convex; the chafT lanceolate, membranaceous, embracing the
flowers. Tube of the corolla hispid. Branches of the style in the disk-
flowers appendiculate. Achenia of the disk flat (compressed laterally),
winged, somewhat hairy, deeply emarginate at the summit, with 2 setiform
awns more or less united with the wing ; those of the ray mostly dissimi-
lar and wingless. — Annual (chiefly Mexican) somewhat canescent herbs.
Leaves opposite or alternate, mostly tapering into a winged petiole, which is
dilated and auriculate at the base, cordate-ovate or oblong, serrate-toothed.
Heads solitary, or loosely and irregularly corymbose. Flowers yellow.

1. X. encelioides (Cav. 1. c.) : achenia of the disk slightly villous, sur-
rounded with the wing, emarginate at the summit ; of the deeply 3-toothed

360 COMPOSITiE. Ximenesia.

rays rugose, wingless. DC. ! prodr. I. c. Pallasia serratifolia, Smith, in
Rees, cycl.

Florida, Dr. Chajmian ! Mr. Croom ! Probably introduced.

111. SANVITALIA. Guall. in Lam. jour. hist. nat. 2. p. 176, t. 33, 8f
ill. t. 686 ; Cav. ic. 4. t. 351 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 628.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers ligulate, in a single series, the
ligules persistent. Scales of the involucre somewhat imbricated in 2-3
series, appressed ; the innermost ratheL longer and equalling the disk. Re-
ceptacle conical or convex, chaffy ; the chaff' oblong, partly clasping the
flowers. "Corolla of the disk articulated above the ovary, pihferous," DC.
Branches of the style terminated by a short cone. Achenia of the ray,
larger, 3-sided, smooth, crowned with 3 diverging smooth conical awns ; of
the disk compressed ; the exterior ones muricate or roughened and nearly
awnless ; the interior more or less winged and ciliate, crowned with 2 minute
awns. — Annual (chiefly Mexican) dichotomous or trichotomous mostly hairy
herbs. Leaves opposite, ovate, triplinerved, usually entire, tapering into
a ciliate or hairy petiole. Heads solitary and terminal, sessile between the
uppermost pair of leaves. Rays yellow : the disk purplish.

1. S. ocymoides (DC.) : stem diffuse, rather erect ; leaves ovate ; awns of
the ray longer than the ligules ; achenia of the disk compressed-tetragonal;
the exterior muricate, wingless, slightly 2-awned ; the interior smoother,
somewhat winged, with rather longer awns. DC. ! I. c.

Texas, Berlandier ! — Leaves, including the ciliate petioles, about an inch
long, strigose. Plant with wholly the habit of S. procumbens*

Subtribe 3. Flaverie^, Less. — Heads 1-few-flowered, densely aggre-
gated, heterogamous with a single pistillate ray-flower, the others perfect ; or
sometimes homogamous (rarely with the pistillate flowers in several series,
when the innermost are perfect but sterile). Branches of the style usually
not appendiculate. Receptacle naked, except when the head is many-
flowered. Achenia wingless, somewhat terete, attenuate at the base. Pap-
pus none. — Herbs, with opposite triplinerved or nervose leaves. Flowers
yellow.

■ 112. FLAVERIA. Juss. gen. p. 168; DC. prodr. 5. p. 635.

Heads in glomerate fascicles, few-flowered, either discoid, the flowers all
tubular and perfect, or with a single pistillate ray-flower. Involucre oblong,
of 3-4 connivent nearly equal scales, the outermost broader and somewhat
concave. Receptacle small, naked. Achenia oblong or subclavate, striate,
glabrous, naked. — Annual or rarely perennial (tropical and South American)
herbs ; with opposite mostly sessile leaves, toothed or entire. Corolla pale
yellow.

1. F. linearis (Lagasca) : suffiruticose at the base, somewhat procumbent,

Flavkria. composite. 361

glabrous or slightly pubescent ; leaves sessile, connate, narrowly linear, en-
lire, nearly nerveless, somewhat fleshy; heads in compound crowded co-
rymbs ; ray single or often wanting. — Lag. nov. gen. 6fc. p. 33 ; DC. I. c.
F. maritima, H. B. &;■ K. ! nov. gen. Sf spec. 4. p. 285. F. tenuifolia,
Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Pliilad. 7. p>- 81. Selloa nudata, Nutt. ! in Sill. jour.
5. p. 300 ,• and therefore Gymnosperma nudatum, DC. prodr. 5. p. 312.

East Florida, Mr. Ware! Mr. Peale! Key West, Mr. Bennett! Mr.
Blodgett! — A maritime species, also a native of Cuba.

Subtribe 4. Tagetine.c, Cass. — Heads many-flowered, either heteroga-
mous, with the ray-flowers pistillate and mostly ligulate, or homogamous
and discoid. Involucre either in a single series, the scales more or less
united ; or in several series, the exterior scales bracteiform and distinct, the
inner more or less united. Branches of the style terminated by a cone or a
subulate appendage. Receptacle naked, flat. Achenia striate, attenuate at
the base. Pappus composed of awns, squamellffi, or bristles. — Herbs,
marked with large glandular pellucid dots, and therefore commonly odorous.
Leaves opposite or alternate.

113. DYSODIA. " (Dyssodia) Cav. in ann. sci. nat. 6. (1802) p. 334" ;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 639.

Heads radiate or sometimes discoid ; the rays ligulate, pistillate. Scales
of the proper involucre in a single series and more or less united, usually
subtended by an outer series of bracts. Receptacle somewhat alveolate or
hirsute-fimbrillate. Corolla of the disk regularly 5-toothed. Branches of
the style terminated by a somewhat pubescent cone. Achenia elongated,
4-angled and somewhat compressed. Pappus a single series of chaffy scales,
which are pinnately or palmately laciniated or cleft into scabrous bristles, so
as to appear like a polyadelphous pappus ! — Mostly annual branching
(chiefly Mexican) herbs, with the habit of Tagetes. Leaves opposite or al-
ternate, commonly pinnately parted or toothed, the teeth mucrouate-setige-
rous. Heads terminating the paniculate or corymbose branchlels. Flowers
yellow or orange.

§ Receptacle somewhat alveolate^ slightly fimhrillate, or naTced : involucre
hracteolate; the bracts entire or laciniate-pinnatijid. — B(ebera, Willd,
(1803.) (Dysodia § Boebera & Bceberoides, DC.)

1. D. tagetoides : glabrous; stems corymbose at the summit; leaves al-
ternate or rarely opposite, narrowly linear, spinulose-toothed ; scales of the
cylindrical-oblong involucre united nearly to the summit, longer than the
spinulose-toothed or sparingly pinnatifid involucrate bracts; rays numerous
(10 or more), exserted ; achenia glabrous ; pappus much shorter than the
corolla ; the scales linear-subulate, sparingly laciniate, or sometimes nearly
entire.

Texas, Drummond! Western Louisiana or Arkansas, Dr. Leavenivorth !
— 11 1 Stem erect, often branching at the base, about a foot high. Leaves
2 inches long, only a line wide, pinnately laciniate with spinulose teeth. In-
VOL. II. — 46

362 COMPOSITiE. Dysodia.

volucre much longer than the pappus, marked with very large dots. Rays
linear-oblong, bright yellow.

2. D. chrysanthemoides (Lagasca) : puberulent or glabrous, diffusely
branched ; leaves opposite, pinnately parted ; the lobes linear, toothed or in-
cised towards the summit; heads terminating the paniculate leafy branchlets;
scales of the campanulate involucre united at the base, scarious at the sum-
mit; the involucriforin bracts (about 8) linear, entire, ciliate at the base;
ravs few, scarcely exceeding the involucre ; achenia pubescent ; pappus as
long as the involucre, rather longer than the corolla ; the scales dissected
into numerous slender bristles. — Lagasca, elench. Jwrl, Madr. p. 29; DC. !
prodr. 5. f. 640. Dyssodia glandulosa, Cav. demoyist. hot. p. 202, not of
Less. Tasetes papposa. Vent. hort. Cels. t. 36 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 132.
Boebera chr^^santhemoides, Willd.! spec. 3. p. 2125; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 559.
B. glandulosa, Pers. syn. 2. j)- 459.

Banks of rivers, and on prairies, on the Mississippi and Missouri, and their
tributaries, from St. Pierre River ! and Illinois ! to Louisiana ! Aug.-Oct.
— (l) Plant about a foot high, exhaling a very strong unpleasant odor.
Flowers golden yellow. — Willdenow gives Carolina and Florida as habitats
of this plant, doubtless incorrectly. It is also a Mexican species.

114. RIDDELLIA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. set.) 7. p. 371.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 3-5, ligulate, pistillate, dilated,
6-nerved, equally 3-lobed, persistent ; the disk-flowers tubular, perfect. In-
volucre cylindrical, composed of 8 scales united in a single series. Recep-
tacle small, naked. Corolla of the disk 5-toothed ; the teeth glandular.
Appendages of the style subcapitate, obtuse, minutely pubescent. Achenia
" slender and conic [obconical ?], prismatic, smooth." Pappus of the ray
and disk similar, of 5-6 lanceolate acuminate nerveless chafTy scales. — A
slender branching aromatic herb, with alternate oblong-linear and somewhat
tomentose leaves ; the branchlets corj^mbose, bearing 3-5 heads. Rays ap-
parently yellow, turning to reddish-orange. Involucre densely silky with
long hairs.

R. tagetina (Nutt. 1. c.)

" In the southern range of the Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of
the Platte. — A very elegant plant, with the habit of a Zinnia, but having the
involucrum formed of a single series of united sepals. The rays are very
remarkable, appearing as rigid as parchment, and remain perfectly flat after
inflorescence, as in Zinnia." Nuttall. — This genus is dedicated to Prof. John
L. Riddell, formerly of Ohio, now of New Orleans; author of a Synopsis of
the Floraof the Western States, published at Cincinnati in 1835 (pp. 116, 8vo.),
and of a Supplementary Catalogue of Ohio Plants (1836). This plant is un-
known to us, and we have taken the character from Mr. Nuttall's memoir.
So far as the description extends, it only differs from Tagetes in the persis-
tent rays, and the pubescence. We are not informed whether or not the
leaves present the large pellucid dots of the Tagetines.

Subtribe 5. Helenie^, Cass., DC. — Heads mostly heterogamous and ra-
diate ; the disk-flowers perfect, but sometimes sterile. Receptacle naked or
chaffy. Anthers often blackish, the lobes frequently somewhat prodnced at

Helenikje. composite.. 363

the base, but scarcely caudate. Pappus chatTy, the scaiious scales several
or numerous, and distinct, or sometimes none. — Leaves alternate or opposite.
(Chiefly American.)

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Div. 1. Gaillardie.e. — Receptacle not chaffy, nor deeply favosa.
Suhdiv. 1. EcGAiLLARDiEJE. — Bi'anches of the style long and filiform, hispid.

115. Gaillardia. Rays ligixlate, neutral. Achenia obpyramidal, involucrate

with villous hairs. Pappus l-ner\'ed and awned.

116. Palafoxia. Rays ligulate, pistillate, or none. Achenia mostly slender.

Pappus 1-nerved, awnless.

117. CH.ENACTIS. Rays, or exterior disk-flowers tubulose, inflated or palmate.

J Achenia slender. Pappus nen'eless.

Siibdiv. 2. EUHELENIE.E. — Branches of the style obtuse or truncate.

* Raijs ligulate andfertik, or none.

•K Receptacle flat or flattish.

118. Hymenopappcs. Rays none. Achenia turbinate, substipitate, many-striate.

Scales of the pappus short and obtuse, 12-20. Involucre somewhat
petaloid, spreading.

119. Bahia. Rays 5-11. Achenia prismatic. Scales of the pappus 4-10, ob-

long. Involucre appressed.

120. AcTiNOLEPis. Rays 3-5. Achenia tei-ete. Pappus of the disk none, in the

ray of 10-15 narrow acute scales.

^- +- Receptacle conical, convex, or oblong.

121. Lasthenia. Scales of the involucre united! Pappus of 5-10 scales, or

sometimes none !

122. BuRRiELiA. Receptacle conical, papillose. Scales of the pappus equal, nar-

row, subulate-awned, or sometimes none !

123. DICH.ETA. Receptacle conical, alveolate-toothed. Scales of the pappus 4-8

oblong and obtuse, and about 2, which are subulate-awned.

124. HvMENOXYs. Receptacle conical, alveolate. Scales of the pappus 5-12,

oblong or lanceolate, acuminate or awned, rarely obtuse or none !
Lobes of the disk-corolla nearly glabrous.

125. AcTiNELLA. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. Scales of the

involucre ovate or lanceolate, appressed. Lobes of the disk-corolla
glandular-bearded. Scales of the pappus 5-12, ovate, 1-nerved,
awned.

126. Amblyolepis. Receptacle flattish, alveolate. Scales of the involucre ovate,

appressed. Scales of the pappus 5, obtuse, nerveless.

127. Helenium. Receptacle convex or oblong, naked. Scales of the involucre

linear or subulate, spreading or reflexed. Lobes of the disk-corolla
glandular-bearded. Scales of the pappus 5-8, apiculate or awned.

* * Rays neutral.

128. Leptopoda. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, areolate. Scales of the

pappus mostly nerveless and awnless, denticulate or fimbriate.

364 COMPOSITE. Helknie/e.

Div. 2. BALDWiNiEiE. — Receptacle very deeply alveolate ; the corneous alveoli
(united chaff"? ) enclosing the achenia. Rays neutral.

129. Baldwinia. Rays 20-30. Involucre in about 4 series. Alveoli of the

receptacle truncate. Head solitaiy.

130. AcTiNospERMUM. Rays 8-10. Involucre in about 2 series. Alveoli of the

receptacle subulate-toothed. Heads corymbose.

Div. 3. GalinsogEjE. — Receptacle chaffy ; the chaff" distinct. Scales of the involu-
cre not enclosing the ray-achenia.

131. Marshall: A. Rays none: disk-flowers numerous. Chaff" narrow, rigid.

Scales of the pappus ovate or triangular-lanceolate, entire.

132. Blepharipappcs. Rays and disk-flowers few. Chaff" membranaceous.

Scales of the pappvxs pectinate-plumose.

Div. 4. MADiEiE. — Receptacle wholly or partly chaffy. Ray achenia destitute of
pappus, enclosed by the scales of the involucre.

* Achenia not compressed, but often obcampressed.
+- Heads many-flowered ; the rays infertile "?

133. Achyrach^-Ma. Pappus of 10 membranaceous obtuse scales in 2 series, the

inner large. Achenia striate, attenuate at the base.

+- +■ Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all (or nearly all) fertile.

134. Layia. Pappus of 10-20 bristly awns, villous-plumose towards the base.

135. Callichroa. Pappus of 12-25 subulate serrulate-scabrous awns. Disk-

achenia somewhat obcompressed, villous.

136. OxYURA. Pappus none. Achenia of the disk and ray glabrous, obovate,

obcompressed; the central infertile.

H_ ^_ H_ Heads several-many-flowered ; the disk-flowers infertile.

137. Hem'zgnl4. .Rays 5-20. Achenia glabrous ; those of the ray obovoid, gib-

bous, somewhat obcompressed, partly enclosed by the involucral
scales. Pappus none, or of lacerate squamellae.

138. Calycadenia. Rays 3-5. Achenia mostly hairy ; of the ray obovoid-tri-

angular, partly enclosed by the involucral scales ; of the disk quadran-
gular-obcompressed, with a pappus of 5-10 lanceolate or subulate
often awned scales.

139. Lagophylla. P>.ays and disk-flowers each about 5. Achenia glabrous;

those of the disk abortive, destitute of pappus ; of the ray obcom-
pressed.

* * Achenia compressed, glabrous. Pappus {except in Anisocarpus) none.

140. Anisocarpus. Rays about 12: disk-flowers numerous, with abortive ova-

ries, and a pappus of 5-8 fimbriate-lacerate squamellEe.

141. Madaria. Rays 10-15: disk-flowers numerous, with abortive ovaries. Re-

ceptacle convex, fimbrillate-hirsute.

142. Madia. Rays 5-12: disk-flowers numerous, fertile. Receptacle glabrous.

143. Amida. Rays 1-2, or none; the disk-flowers 2-4, fertile. Achenia com-

pressed-3-4- angular, slightly incurved.

144. HarpvEcarpus. Rays 5-8; the disk-flower solitary, fertile. Ray-achenia

obovate-lunate, flat.

Gaillardia. composite. 365

Div. 1. Gaillardie^;, DC. (excl. gen.) — Receptacle not cIiafTy, nor
very deeply alveolate. Rays fertile or neutral, or sometimes none.

Subdiv. 1. Eu G Ai L L A RDIE/-E. — Branches of the style in the disk-flowers
long and filiform (nearly as in Eupatoriaceae), hispid or glandular-pubescent.

115. GAILLARDIA. Fougeroux, in mem. acad. sci. Par. (1786) p. b;
DC. ■prodr. 5. p. 56 ; Gay, in ann. sci. nat. {ser. 2) 11. p^ 57.

Galardia, Lam. (ill. t. 708), Michx., Nutt., 4' Less.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers neutral, in a single series,
deciduous. Scales of the involucre in about 3 series, very acute, foliaceous,
more or less callous and appressed or erect at the base, above spreading or
at length reflexed ; the exterior largest. Receptacle convex or hemispheri-
cal, fimbrillate (the fimbrillfe rigid or corneous and elongated), or in one spe-
cies nearly naked. Rays cuneiform, palmately 3-cleft or toothed at the
summit. Corolla of the disk with a short tube, and an elongated cylindra-
ceous somewhat inflated 5-toothed limb ; the teeth usually subulate, and hispid
with jointed hairs. Branches of the style terminated with a very long and
acute filiform hispid appendage. Achenia obpj^amidal, involucrate with
villous hairs. Pappus of 6-10 membranous 1-nerved scales, the nerves pro-
duced into awns about the length of the corolla. — Branching (North Ameri-
can) herbs, with the habit of Scabiosa, more or less pubescent with jointed
hairs. Leaves alternate, mostly punctate with glandular or pellucid dots,
entire, sometimes toothed or lobed ; the lower ones often petioled, the upper
sessile. Heads on slender naked peduncles terminating the stem or
branches. Flowers of the disk violet, or sometimes yellowish. Raj's yellow
or purple, often 2-colored, dotted with resinous globules, as also the style.
Anthers pale yellow.

* Pappus of the ray-Jloivers aivned like that of the disk.

1. G. lanceolala (Michx.) : biennial? puberulent; stem usually branched;
the branches elongated ; leaves lanceolate or linear, entire or very sparingly
serrate or denticulate, ciliolate, mostly obtuse, mucronulate-acuminate; the
lower ones somewhat spatulate and slightly petioled, the upper sessile ; in-
volucre about the length of the disk, in about 2 series, neither callous nor
hirsute at the base ; corolla of the disk with long and narrow subulate teeth ;
chaff" of the pappus (7-9) narrowly lanceolate ; the fimbrillse of the receptacle
minute abortive teeth, or none I — Michx. ! fl. 2. j^- 142 ; Gaij .' in ann. sci.
nat. I c. p. 63 ; not of DC. G. bicolor, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. -572. (excl. syn.
Fouger., DHer. is;c.) ; Nutt.! gen. 1. p. 175; EU. ! sk. 2. p. 449; Hook.!
compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 98. Leysera Caroliniana, Walt. Car. p. 211, ex
Pursh, (perhaps erroneously.)

/?. rays abortive or none. — Polypteris integrifolia, DC! prodr. 5. p. 659,
excl. all the synonymy.

Dry pine woods and barrens. South Carolina! to Florida! Alabama!
Louisiana ! Arkansas ! and Texas ! May-Aug. — Root certainly biennial.

366 COMPOSITE. Gaillardia.

and sometimes perennial. Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves clothed with a
minute appressed pubescence ; the short hairs which fringe the margin in-
curved. Involucre often tinged with purple. Heads, including the rays,
about an inch in diameter. Rays 8-10, small and distant, cuneiform, nar-
rowed at the base, deeply 3-cleft, yellow throughout, or pale violet beneath
or at the base, the nerves often violet. Corolla of the disk, as in the other
species, either violet-purple or yellow, at length turning violet at the summit.
Receptacle nearly or quite naked, by which the species (the only one in the
Atlantic Southern States) may always be distinguished. — We have received
the rayless and nearly rayless states from Alabama {Mr. Buckley .') and
Florida (Dr. Leavemcorth !), and have seen it in the herbarium of De Can-
doUe. It is also mentioned by Michaux.

2. G. aristata (Pursh) : perennial, villous-pubescent or almost tomentose;
stems simple or branched ; radical and lower leaves lanceolate, tapering into
slender petioles, sinuate-pinnatifid or toothed (the lobes or teeth 2-4 on each,
side) ; the uppermost linear or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, usually dilated at
the base and partly clasping; involucre very hirsute and callous at the base,
equalling or exceeding the disk ; corolla of the disk with short broadly subu-
late teet'h ; chaff of the pappus (6-8) broadly lanceolate ; fimbrilte of the
receptacle few, aristiform, slender, distinct and not dilated at the base, twice
or thrice the length of the achenia. — Pursh, fl. 2. p. 573 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t.
1186; Hook. hot. mag. t. 2940, S; fl. Bar. -Am.! 1. j^. 315 ; DC. ! prodr.
5. p. 652 ; Gay! in ann. sci. nat. I. c. p. 57. G. bicolor, Sims, hot. mag.
t. 1062 (fide Gay); Hook.! fi. Bor.-Am. I. c. fexcl. syn.) G. bicolor ,8.
aristata, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 175. G. rustica, Cass. ; Desf. cat. hort. Par. ed.
3, fide Gay. G. lanceolata, DC. I. c. (excl. syn. Mickx. & Ell.), fide Gay.

Plains and prairies, Missouri! and Saskatchawan ! to Oregon! — Plant
12-18 inches high ; the stems frequently simple. Head li-2 inches in di-
ameter. Rays 10-18, crowded, elongated-cuneiform, deep yellow through-
out, or sometimes orange or reddish violet at the very base. Achenia scarcely
hairy except at the base. — This species presents several forms, which per-
haps cannot be limited or defined. That which best accords with Pursh's
description (G. aristata. Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am., partly,) has all the upper
leaves entire, and the exterior scales of the involucre much longer than the
disk : another (G. aristata. Hook. Oregon, Dr. Scolder !) has a shorter and
more woolly involucre; while in the G. bicolor. Hook. I. c, nearly all the
lower leaves are frequently sinuate or pinnatifid. Gay's description is ex-
cellent, except that we never find the setiform fimbrillse of the receptacle
" nearly as long as the corolla," but sometimes about two-thirds its length :
they are few and sparse, so as not to circumscribe the areoleae, and are
somewhat deciduous.

3. G. pinnatifida (Torr.) : perennial, canescent ; stem low, branching ;
leaves sessile, pinnatifid ; the rachis and remote lobes linear ; involucre in
about 2 series, nearly equal to the disk; chaff of the pappus (7-10) lance-
olate, rather shorter than the obtusely 5-toothed corolla ; fimbrillse of the re-
ceptacle aristiform, slender, sparse, not dilated at the base, longer than the
achenia. — Torr. ! in ami. lye. New York, 2. j?. 2l4.

Western Arkansas or Missouri, (on the Canadian River?) Dr. James ! —
Plant about a span high, perhaps suffruticose, leafy. Heads rather small.
Rays deeply 3-cleft, "*' purple towards the base, yellow at the summit."
The aristate portion of the pappus much shorter than the elongated-lance-
olate chaff.

4. G. pulchella (Fougeroux) : annual, puberulent or slightly hirsute,
branching; leaves lanceolate; the lower ones tapering at the base and slight-
ly petioled, somewhat toothed (rarely incised or pinnately lobed) ; the
upper entire, partly clasping, apiculate-acuminate; involucre very hirsute

Gaillardia. composite. 367

and callous at the base, longer than the disk ; corolla of the disk with atten-
uate-subulate teeth; chaff of the pappus ovate or lanceolate-oblong, with
long awns ; finibrillai of the receptacle aristiform-subulate, not dilated at the
base, slender, longer than the achenia. — Fouoeroux, in mem. acad. I. c. t. 1
Sf2; Cass, in diet. set. nat. 18. p. 19; DC. prodr. 5. p. 652 ; Gay, I. c.
G. bicolor. Lam. diet. 2. p. 590, %- ill. t. 708 ,• Ait. Kew. {ed. 2) 5. p. 129 ;
Ihrr. ! in ann. lye. I. c. (excl. syn.) G. Drumraondii, DC. ! I. e. (excl.
syn.), Sf 7. p. 292 (excl. syn. G. picta. Sweet.), fide Gay. G. bicolor rar.
Drunimondii, integerrima, HooTn. hot. mag. t. 3551 ? Calonnea pulcherri-
ma, ''■ Buchoz, ic, t. 136." Virgiha helenioides, '■'■ DHcr. diss, (ic.) ; Smith,
exot. hot. 1. p.71,t. 37."

Louisiana I Arkansas! and Texas! Introduced into the French gardens
from Louisiana in the year 1786, and lost about 1791 ; again recently intro-
duced by Drummond. — Heads an inch or more in diameter. Rays 10-12,
attenuate at the base, deeply 3-cleft, violet-purple, the teeth yellow. Fim-
brillas 4-5 to each areola, rigid, persistent. Achenia involucrate with a vil-
lous ferruginous tuft. — In some specimens, (G. Drunimondii, DC!) the
chaffy portion of the pappus is broadly ovate, in others ovate-oblong or ob-
long-lanceolate ; but we observe no other difference. The fimbrillge appear
to be as long as in G. aristata. — According to Mr. Spach [Ann. sei. nat. {n.
ser.) 15. p. 34), this is a perennial species, and to it he unites the following.

5. G. picta (Don) : suffruticose, much branched ; leaves sessile, linear-
lanceolate, scarcely if at all dilated or clasping at the base, entire, or the
lower ones with a few coarse teeth, and the upper denticulate; scales of the
involucre equalling or exceeding the disk, hairy, callous and somewhat hir-
sute at the base ; corolla of the disk with long subulate teeth ; chaff of the
pappus oblong-lanceolate ; fimbrillas of the receptacle 4-6 to each areola)
subulate, rigid, dilated and triquetrous at the base, rather longer than the
achenia. Gay, I. c. — Don. in Brit. fi. gard. ser. 2. t. 267. (excl. habitat
Louisiana.) G. bicolor, var. Drunimondii, Hook. hot. mag. t. 3368.

Rio Brazos, Texas, Drummond ! — Leaves rather thick, often with a brown-
ish margin, scabrous-ciliolate. Heads 12-15 lines in diameter. Rays about
12, broadly cuneiform, reddish-orange ; the teeth yellow. Fimbrillae stout,
carinate at the base. — Resembles the preceding. In the indigenous, as well
as in our cultivated specimens, the lower leaves are frequently sinuate-pin-
natifid. Among the tbrnier, there is a state of the species with what appears
like an annual root, and the stems only 3 inches high bear a single head.

* * Pappus of the ray-jlowers awnkss.

6. G. amhlyodon (Gay) : annual ; stem hirsute-pubescent, simple or
branching; leaves sessile, denticulate, scabrous-pubescent; the lowest some-
what spatulate ; the others oblong-linear, somewhat auriculate at the base
and clasping ; involucre hirsute, rather longer than the disk, the scales cal-
lous and appressed for nearly half their length; corolla of the disk with short
triangular rather obtuse teeth ; chaff of the pap]3us lanceolate ; hmbrillae of
the receptacle aristiform, unequal, not dilated at the base, mostly longer than
the achenia. — Gay! in ann. sei. nat. I. c. p. 63.

Texas, Drummond ! — Stem 1 0-18 inches high. Leaves numerous, rather
thick, serrate towards the summit. Scales of the involucre imbricate in 3 \o
4 series, more erect and callous at the base than in any other species, the in-
termediate ones longer than the exterior. Rays about 12, elongated cunei-
form, deeply 3-toothed, brownish-purple throughout in the dried state. Pap-
pus of the ray composed of 5-7 short ovate or obovate membranous scales,
three or four of which are more or less mucronate, the othei-s lacerate or
denticulate at the summit.

368 COMPOSITiE. Palafoxia.

116, PALAFOXIA. Lagasca, nov. gen. h. Madr. (1815) p. 26; DC.
Paleolaria, Cass. (1816), I/f5;5.— Polypteris, Nutt. (1818); not oi Less., nor of DC.

Heads 10-30-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular; or the exterior
series either imperfectly or manifestly radiate ; the rays 3-cleft, pistillate.
Scales of the obconical or campanulate involucre 8-15, membranaceous or
herbaceous with scarious tips, appressed (or spreading in fruit) in 1-2 series,
shorter than the disk. Receptacle small, flat, naked or slightly alveolate.
Corolla of the disk with a slender tube and an expanded deeply 5-cleft or
5-parted limb ; the lobes linear or lanceolate, spreading, glabrous. Branches
of the style long and filiform, flattish, glandular-pubescent throughout-
Achenia quadrangular, slender, tapering to the base, minutely pubescent.
Pappus of 6-12 membranaceous denticulate pinnately striate scales, fur-
nished with a strong midnerve, which is thickened at the base and often
somewhat produced at the apex ; the pappus of the exterior flowers often
much shorter. — Herbaceous or suffruticose (chiefly Mexican and Texan)
cinereous or strigose-scabrous plants; the loosely paniculate or corymbose
branches and peduncles often glandular. Leaves linear or lanceolate, en-
tire, somewhat petioled, alternate, scattered, or the lower opposite, 1-3-nerved.
Flowers white, flesh-colored, or purple.

§ 1. Heads radiate, or with some of the marginal flou-ers palmate or irregu-
lar, and with a smaller pappus than the disk-flowers : scales of the involu-
cre someiohat herbaceous, equal, in 1-2 series, often someichat embracing the
exterior achenia {nerves of the lobes of the disk-corolla intramarginal.)—

EUPALAFOXIA.

1. P. Hookeriana : leaves' lanceolate, 1-3-nerved; heads (large) many-
flowered, radiate; scales of the involucre 12 or more, very glandular (as well
as the peduncles and branches), imbricated in 2 series; the exterior lance-
olate ; the interior obovate-lanceolate or oblong ; rays 8-10, exserted, broad-
ly cuneiform, deeply 3-cleft; limb of the disk-coroUa 5-cleft below the mid-
dle; pappus of the disk-flowers of 6-8 narrowly lanceolate acuminate scales,
as long as the attenuated hairy achenium ; in the rays of as many obovate
or spatulate very obtuse rigid scales, many times shorter than the nearly
glabrous achenia. — P. Texana, Hook. ! ic. pi. t. 148, not of DC

(3. subradiata : smaller ; rays few and inconspicuous, irregular or pal-
mate.— Stevia spacelata, (Nutt. mss.?) Torr. ! in ann. lye. NeivYork, 2.
p. 214.

Texas, Drummond ! jS. Arkansas, Dr. James ! Texas, Mr. Callana ! —
Plant apparently 1-2 feet high, rather stout. Heads three-fourths of an inch
in length ; the showy rose-purple rays in Drummond's plant half an inch
or more in length, resembling aGaillardia ; the disk-flowers also rose-color;
the tube glandular. Scales of the involucre not embracing the achenia ;
which are very slender, and in the disk one-third of an inch long. — Between
the long acuminate pappus of the central flowers, and the very short and ob-
tuse nearly corneous scales of the rays, there is almost a complete gradation;
the exterior flowers which have a tendency to become radiate presenting a

Palafoxia. COMPOSITjE. 369

shorter and obtuser pappus. — This is the most showy species of the genus,
and would be very ornamental in cultivation.

2. P. Texan a (DC): leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved, or the lower 3-
nerved ; hends (rather small) many-flowered, discoid, 2 or 3 of the marginal
flowers usually pahnate or irnperfecily radiate, not exceeding; the disk ; scales
of the involucre 8-12, lanceolate, strigose-puberulent and sligluly glandular,
scarcely iiTibricated ; limb of the corolla 5-cleft to the base ; papjjusofihe
disk-flowers of 8 lanceolate-ovate acute or cuspidate scales, rather shorter than
the obpyramidal hairy achenium ; in the marginal flowers broadly ovate,
mostly obtuse, much shorter. — DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 125.

Texas, Berlandier ! Drummond! — 2| ? A more slender plant than the
preceding, scarcely glandular, with much smaller heads : the flowers appar-
ently flesh-colored ; the linear lobes of the corolla rather longer than the al-
most glabrous tube. Scales of the involucre scarious at the tip, partly em-
bracing the exterior achenia.

§ 2. Heads^discoid, ivith the Jloivers and papjms all similar ; the latter of short
and rounded scales {nerves of the lobes of tJte corolla intramarginal) : scales
of the involucre nearly in a single series, equal, somewhat herbaceous, partly
embracing the exterior achenia. — FiiORESTiNARiA.

3. P. callosa : strigose-cinereous ; the diffuse and dichotomous slender pe-
duncles glandular; leaves narrowly linear, 1-nerved; heads (small) turbi-
nate, 10-12-flowered; scales of the involucre 8-10, oblong, obtuse; limb of
the corolla 5-cleft to the base ; the oblong-linear lobes nmch longer than the
tube; scales of the pappus 8, roundish-obovale, about one-fourth the length
of the obpyramidal minutely hairy acheniunr. — Sievia callosa, Nuit. ! in
jour. acad. Philad. 2. p. 121 ; Bart. fl. Amer. Sept. t. 46. Florestina cal-
losa, DC. ! prodr. b. p. 6bb.

Western Arkansas, Nuttall I Texas, Drummond! Dr. Riddell! — (l) ?
Stem slender, a foot high, corymbose at the summit. Leavesoften 2 inches
long, a line wide, frequently fascicled in the axils. Involucre 3 lines long;
the scales slightly scarious at the apex. Flowers purple. Pappus unif(>rni
and resembling that of the ray-flowers in P. Hookeriana : the scales opaque
and thickened in the centre and at the base, dilated above, with denticulate-
lacerate margins. — The style is exactly as in Palafoxia, and very different
from that of Florestina ; and the leaves are undivided.

§ 3. Heads discoid, ivith the flowers and paiipus all similar ; the latter oflan^
ceolate pointed scales {nerves of the lobes of the corolla marginal) : scales of
the involucre somewhat scarious or membranaceous, flat, in 2-3 series ; a
fewofthe exterior small and bracteolate. — Polypteris, Nutt.*

4. P. integrifolia : stem slightly scabrous, fastigiate-corymbose above ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved, scabrous; heads (rather large) many-
flowered ; scales of the involucre 10-15 ; the inner oblong, obtuse ; the exte-
rior linear-lanceolate, loose ; limb of the corolla 5-clcft below the middle ;
scales of the pappus 8-9 (12-14, Nutt.), linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acumi-
nate, about the length of the slender slightly pubescent achenium. — Poly-
pteris integrifolia, 'i\M/^ / gen. 2. p. 139; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 314, not of X>C.
Paleolaria fastigiata, DC. prodr. b. p. 125.

* The character of Polypteris in DC. prodr. 5. p. 659, is drawn from a rayless state
of Gaillardia lanceolata.

VOL. II. — 47

370 COMPOSITE. Palafoxia.

Dry pine woods, Southern Georgia ! and Florida 1 Aug.-Oct. — If Stem
2-5 feet high. Heads half an inch or more in length. Corolla, and some-
times the pappus purplish ; the tube slightly pubescent. Achenia 3-4 lines
long, blackish ; the feathery pappus somewhat lacerate-denticulate.

117. CH^NACTIS. DC. j^odr. 5. p. 659 ; Hook. Sf Arn. bat. Beechey.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect ; the exterior
series (rays) more or less dilated and larger than the others, irregular or pal-
mate. Scales of the campanulate involucre about 20, linear, nearly in a
single series. Receptacle alveolate. Corolla glabrous or slightly glandular,
the lobes hirsute-puberulent ; of the disk tubular, slightly dilated above,
5-toothed; of the ray expanded or ventricose above, 5-cleft. Branches of the
style linear-filiform, with long and slender acuminate hirsute appendages.
Achenia linear, tapering to the base, 4-angled. Pappus of 4-12 somewhat
unequal membranous nerveless scales, with irregularly denticulate mar-
gins ; in the disk-flowers rather shorter than the corolla and about the length
of the achenium; in the ray much shorter, obtuse. — Biennial, sometimes
annual or perennial ? herbs (natives of California, Oregon, and the Rocky
Mountains) ; with alternate pinnately dissected leaves, and rather large
heads terminating the simple or corymbose branches.

§ 1. Flowers mostly yellow ; those of the ray irregular or palmate, exserled :
achenia minutely strigose : pa2>pus of A-G scales ; in the disk ohlong-lancea-
late, acute, in the ray much shorter and obtuse. — Euchsnactis.

1. C. glabriuscula (DC): perennial or suflruticose ; stem branching;
leaves and involucre nearly glabrous, or with scattered cobwebby hairs; the
expanded rays palmatiHd, evidently longer than the disk ; branches naked
at the summit ; lobes of the leaves 5-6 pairs, rather obtuse ; the uppermost
leaves linear and entire. DC. prodr. 5. p. 659.

California, Douglas. — We have no specimen of this plant. It is said to
be 8 to 16 inches high, arenose-villous in the young state, but glabrous when
mature; the peduncles, or naked summit of the branches, 2i inches long.
Scales of the pappus 5-6.

2. C. tenuifolia (Nutt.) : annual or biennial, nearly glabrous ; the involu-
cre and short peduncles glandular-viscid; leaves 1-2-pinnately parted ; the
divisions irregular, small, linear ; the uppermost leaves hnear and 3-5-cleft
at the apex ; ray-flowers funnel-form, expanded, scarcely irregular, rather
longer than the disk. — Nutt.! in trans. Amcr. jjhil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 375.

St. Diego, California, Nuttall ! May. — About a font high, much branched.
Divisions of the leaves numerous, 2-4 lines long. Heads as large as in the
following species. Flowers bright yellow. Scales of the involucre numer-
ous, narrowly linear, concave ; a few similar scales also interposed between
the ray and disk-flowers. Pappus of 4 unequal scales. — The leaves in our
specimens by no means resemble those of Hymenopappus filifohus, but those
of the following species do so. Nerves of the lobes of the corolla intramar-
ginal, as in Hymenopappus.

3. C. lanosa (DC.) : annual, clothed with a soft and loose somewhat de-
ciduous white wool ; stems branched from the base, simple and naked above ;
leaves (often glabrous when old) on slender petioles, pinnately parted ; the

Ch^nactis. COMPOSITiE. 371

segments 3-5, narrowly linear, entire ; the uppermost leaves linear and en-
tire ; rav-flowers tubulose-infundibuliform, somewhat irregular, scarcely ex-
ceedingthe disk. — DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 659.

California, Douglas I—Pinnt 8-12 inches liigh ; the naked summit of the
branches often 6 inches long. Involucre very woolly when young. Flowers
light yellow. Lobes of the leaves one-half to one inch long.

4. C. stevioides {Rook. 6c Am.) : annual, somewhat glabrous; stem co-
rymbosely branched ; leaves somewhat woolly when young, pinnately di-
vided ; the divisions linear, obtuse, entire, or sometimes pinnatifid ; involucre
glandular-puberulent ; flowers white or flesh-color ; those of the ray tubu-
lose-infundibuliform, scarcely irregular, about the length of the disk. — Hook.
Sf Am. ! hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 353.

Interior of Oregon, in the Snake Country, Mr. ToZmie /—Plant 3-5 inches
high. Heads smaller than the precedinff. Scales of the involucre broadly
linear. Pappus of 4-5 scales. Peduncles short. Upper leaves entire.

§ 2. Floivers pale rose or flesh-color ; those of the ray infundibuliform or ex-
panded at the suinmit, regular, not longer than the others: achenia villous-
hirsute: pajjpus of 8-12 scales, in the disk oblong-linear, scarcely shorter
than the somewhat glandular corolla, in the ray much shorter, obtuse. —
Macrocarphus, Nutt.

5. C. achillecefolia (Hook. & Arn.) : tomentose-canescent ; stems low, co-
rymbose at the summit ; leaves pinnately divided ; the divisions crowded,
linear or oblong, obtuse, mostly jjinnatifid. the lobes very small ; scales of
the somewhat obconical involucre pubescent or tomentose; achenia hirsute ;
scales of the pappus in the disk-flowers linear, acutish, nearly the length of
the corolla.— i/oo/v. 4* ^rra..' hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 354. Macrocarphus
achilleaefolius, Nutt..' I. c.

Dry plains, interior of Oregon, (Snake Country) Mr. Tolmie .' to the
Rocky Mountains on the Colorado of the West, Nuttall ! July-Aug.— (2)
Stems several from the same root, 4-6 inches high. Leaves somewhat gla-
brous when old, densely woolly-canescent when young. Heads as large as
in C. Douglasii, to which it is very closely allied.

6. C. Douglasii {Hook. &c km.) : loosely tomentose ; stem corymbose at
the summit ; leaves pinnately divided ; the divisions scattered, linear or ob-
long, obtuse, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; the lobes minute ; scales of the
hemispherical involucre glandular-pubescent (when young tomentose) ; ache-
nia hirsute-villous; scales of the pappus linear-oblong, truncate. — Hook. Sf
Arn. ! I. c, under C. achillefefolia. Hymenopappus Douglasii, Hook. ! ft.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 316; Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 30 ; DC. ! prodr.
5. p. 658. Macrocarphus Douglasii, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Dry barren soil, interior of Oregon ! and Rocky Mountains ! July-Aug.

(D Stems 1-3 feet high, fastigiate, somewhat glabrous when old. Heads

half*an inch in diameter. Papp'us silvery; the scales toothed or lacerate at
the apex ; in the disk-flowers shorter than the corolla.

Subdiv. 2. EuHELENiE^.— Branches of the style in the disk-flowers obtuse or
truncate, or tipped with a cone, pubescent or barbellate at the apex.

118. HYMENOPAPPUS. L'Her. ; Cass. ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 658.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, similar and
regular. Scales of the involucre 6-12, somewhat in 2 series, oval or ob-

372 COMPOSITE. Htmenopappds.

ovate, membranaceous or petaloid (white), obtuse. Receptacle small, naked.
Corolla with a slender glandular tube, and a dilated campanulate throat; the
lobes revolute. Anthers exserted. Branches of the style linear, with a very
short obtuse or conical appendage. Achenia turbinate, contracted at the
base as if stipitate, broad at the summit, many-striate, somewhat 4-sided
when mature. Pappus of 12-20 short and obtuse membranaceous (nearly
nerveless) scales, in a single series. — Biennial or perennial (N. American)
herbs, clothed with a wliite often deciduous wool, or somewhat glabrous ;
with sulcate-angled stems, and corymbose or solitary heads. Leaves alter-
nate, pinnately lobed or divided. Flowers whitish, in a single species
yellow.

* Scales of the spreading involucre, and often the bracts, petaloid (lohitish'): corolla with
a filiform tube, aiid a deeply cleft limb (J,he nerves of the lohes intermediate between the
margins and the axis').

1. H. scahiosceus (L'Her.): clothed with a more or less deciduous ap-
pressed wool ; leaves pinnately, or the radical and lower bipinnately parted ;
the segments linear or oblong, entire or sparingly toothed ; heads (rather
large) in nearly simple and loose small corymbs; scales of the involucre
(about 10) roundish-obovate, petaloid, dilated, exceeding the disk ; achenia
somewhat hairy; scales of the pappus very small. — " L Her. diss, cum ic." ;
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 104 ; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 519 Sf 742 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 313 ;
DC. prodr. 5. p. 658. Rothia Caroliniensis, La7n. jour, liist. nal. 1. p. 16,
t. 1, S^-ill. i. 667.

Dry pine barrens, and around ponds. South Carolina ! to Florida ! Also
Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale! April-May. — (f) or li 1 Stem 1-3 feet
high. Leaves variable, when young often tomentose, woolly or canescent on
both sides, at length freciuently glabrous or nearly so, as well as the stem.
Achetiia somewhat hairy when young, minutely glandular-pubescent (under
a lens) when mature.

2. H. artemisicefoliits (DC.) : stem woolly when young, paniculate-
branched ; leaves densely tomentose-canescent beneath ; the radical and
lower cauline petioled, lanceolate-oblong, entire, or often sinuate-incised or
pinnatifid, especially towards the base ; the upper sessile, pinnatifid with the
terminal lobe largest, the lateral lobes lanceolate, acute; the uppermost often
entire ; heads (small) numerous, in loose compound corymbs ; scales of the
involucre (8-10) oval or oblong, unequal, petaloid, scarcely exceeding the
disk ; achenia villous ; scales of the pappus somewhat conspicuous, spatu-
late-oblong. — DC. iirodr. 5. j)- 658.

Texas, Berlandier, Driimmond ! Mr. Lindheimer .' — (f) Stem 2-3 feet
high. Radical leaves 4-6 inches long. Corymb large, glandular-tomentose.
Heads much smaller than in the preceding.

3. H. corymhosus : somewhat tomentose when young, at length nearly
glabrous; stem much branched; leaves 1-2-pinnately divided, the divisions
or lobes narrowly linear, often incised or toothed ; heads (small) very numer-
ous, in compound corymbs ; scales of the involucre (8-12) oblong-obovate,
petaloid (the base mostly herbaceous), about the length of the disk ; achenia
glandular, somewhat pubescent on the angles; scales of the pappus minute,
orbicular.

B. Nultallii: lower leaves 3-pinnately, the upper 1-2-pinnately divided or
parted ; the segments very narrowly linear, mostly entire. — H. tenuifolius,
Nutt.! in herb. DC. S^c. (pi. Arkans.), not of Pursh.

Hymknopappus. composite. 373

Prairies of Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth! Texas, Drummond ! (3. Red
River, Arkansas, NutlalL ! — (5) Stem 2-3 feet high, loosely corymbose
above ; tlie branchlets minutely tomentose and somewhat glandular. Lower
leaves somewhat petioled. Heads one-fourth to one-third of an inch in
diameter. Scales of the involucre unequal, the larger somewhat dilated. —
The pappus in var. /J. is somewhat more conspicuous, and tlie lobes of the
leaves more slender. So far as relates to the s|)ecimen of Nuttall, this is the
H. tenuilblius of De Candolle, who, unaccjuainted with Pursh's plant, has
modified the character of that author, so that it no longer accords with either
species.

* * Scales of the oppressed involucre with v;hitish or scarious margins: tube of the co-
rolla, not longer than the b-ioothed or cleft limb.

4. H. tenmfoUus (Pursh) : lanuginous-canescent ; stem stout, corj^mbose
at the summit; leaves bipinnateiy divided; tlie divisions very narrowly
linear, entire, rigid, somewhat glabrous; heads in a loose compound corymb;
scales of the involucre (6-8) oval, appressed, much shorter than the fully de-
veloped disk; achenia very villous; scales of the pappus spatulate-oblong,
as long as the tube of the corolla. — Pursh! fi. 2. p. 742; Niitt. ! gen. 2.
p. 139 ; DC. prodr. b. p. 658. (excl. syn. Nutt. j)l- Arkans., and a part of the
character founded on it.)

Upj)er Missouri, Bradbury! Nuttall! (v. sp. in herb. Lamb.) Mr. Nicol-
let! on gravelly hills, &:c. May-June. — @ Stetn 12-15 inches high.
Leaves sessile, rigid, the pinnae of the lower in 8-12 pairs; the d. visions 2-4
pairs, irregular and unequal; occasionally somewhat 3-pinnatifi 1. Heads
pedunculate, fastigiate, a third of an inch in diameter; the invilucre not
spreading and petaloid as in all the preceding. Flowers greenish-white.
Throat of the corolla short, abruptly inflated, about the length of the tube,
deeply 5-toothed. Achenia more villous, and the pappus more conspicuous
than in any other species ; the scales of the latter somewhat denticulate at
the apex.

5. H.fiUfolius (Hook.): tomentose-canescent, the pubescence somewhat
deciduous; stem looselv paniculate-branched ; leaves 1-2-pinnately divided;
the divisions scattered, rigid, filiform-linear, canaliculate ; peduncles mostly
solitary ; scales of the involucre ('about 12) oval, ap{)ressed, shorter than the
disk; achenia villous; scales of the inconspicuous pappus somewhat lacer-
ate.— Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. j^- 317 ; NtUt. ! in trans. Amer. pliil. soc. I. c.
p. 374.

Arid plains of the upper Oregon, Douglas! Nuttcdl! — HI Stem 10-20
inches high. Lower leaves petioled : the divisions few, often simple and an
inch or more in length. Heads fully as large as in the preceding. Achenia
less angled or tapering at the base, not dilated at the apex ; the hyaline
scales of the pappus nearly concealed among the villous hairs of the ache-
nium, and shorter than the tube of the (white) corolla. — In Mr. Nuttall's
specimens, the pappus is more conspicuous than in those collected by
Douglas.

6. H. luteus (Nutt.) : dw^arf, woolly-canescent ; stems several from a
thick caudex; leaves petioled, chiefly radical, pinnately-divided ; the divi-
sions very much crowded, small, pinnatifid or trifid ; the lobes very short,
linear, obtuse; heads (small) somewhat paniculate; scales of the involucre
(about 12) oblong-obovate, appressed, rather shorter than the disk; achenia
very villous; scales of the pappus lacerate or denticulate, shorter than the
tube of the (yellow) corolla. — Natt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Rocky Mountains near the sources of the Colorado of the West, particular-

374 COMPOSITiE. Htmenopappus.

ly on Ham's Fork, Ntittall ! — 2^ Stems 4-10 inches high, bearing 3-5 heads.
Invohicre tomentosr, scarioiis. Pnpptis! nearly as long as in H. tcnuifolius,
bur not exscrli'd bryond tiic very long villous hairs oftlie achcnium. Throat
of the corolla rrmipanulate, 5-toothcd ; the nerves marginal. — The plant has
the aspect of a Chieuaclis.

119. BAHIA. Lagasca, nov. gen., in clench, hort. Madr. p. 28; DC. I. c.

Bahia it Eriophyllum, Lagasca. — Trichoiiliyllum, NuU.

Heads many-Ilowereil ; the raj'-flowers 5-11, ligulafe, pistillate; those of
the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the subglobose, ovoid, or canipanulate in-
volucre in a single or somewhat double series, e(]ual, appressed. Receptacle
naked, or somewhat alveolate-fimbrillate. Tube of the corolla glandulap-
hairy. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers thickened at the apex,
obtuse. Achenia 4-sided, linear, or oblong-turbinate. Pappus of 4-10 oval
or oblong and mostly obtuse scarious nerveless small scales. — Perennial
woolly herbs or sutlVuticose plants (natives of the Pacific coast of America
from Chili to Noolka, of Oregon, Mexico, &c.) ; with opposite or alternate
often cleft or divided leaves, and solitary or corymbose and clustered heads,
with yellow rays, which often turn brownish in drying.

* Shni/)l'i/ or siijl'nitcsccnf : heads corymbose.

1. B. artcmisicrfoUa (Less.) : leaves crowded, mostly alternate, nearly gla-
brous above, densely lanate-tomcntose and white beneath, remotely pinnatifid
(the lobes 1-3 on each side, linear or oblong, obtuse) ; some of the upper of-
ten entire, spatulate-linear ; scales of the cylindraceous involucre scarcely
woolly, oblong ; rays small, oval ; achenia nilnut(^ly hispid along the angles ;
scales of the j)appus mostly 8, obtuse ; four of them (corres|)onding to the
angles of the achenium) linear, the others oblong and rather shorter. — Less, in
Linncea, 5. j^- I''*'- "-V ^- P- 2'53 ; Hook. S^- Am. ! hot. Becchey, ji. 149, <y
suj>pl. p. 353; DC.prodr. 5. p. 567. (Heads in the plant of (^hamisso 2|
lines long; in that of Douglas &c. (/}. Douglasii, DC! I. c.) 3-4 lines long.)

j3.1 lower leaves sparingly pinnatifid; the upper mostly entire. — B. stae-
chadifolia /?. Californica, DC. I. c. ; AuK. ! in trans. Amcr.pJnl. sac. {n. ser.)
7. p. 374.

California, Menzies, Chamisso, Douglas! Nuttall ! &:c. — A low shrub.
Heads on distinct jieduncleswhen the compact corymbs are simi)le, but often
somewhat fascicled and sessile. — Without nnich doubt thcB. st.Tchadifolia /3.
Californica of De Candolle is a state of his B. artcmisia^folia jJ. Douglasii;
but we have not the means of satislying ourselves whether the latter has been
correctly united with the B. artemisiwfolia of Lessing, which is said to have
sessile or slightly pedicillale heads, only two and a half lines in length.

2. B. confcrlijlora (DC): stem and branches densely arenose-tomentose
or woolly ; leaves alternate, canescently tomentose beneath, i)innately 5-7-
parted, with narrowly linear segments, or often 3-parted, with the middle di-
vision 3-toothed at the apex; heads (small) in dense corymbs ; scales of the
ovoid involucre (about 5) obovate, refuse, woolly-eanescent ; rays 3-4,
small, nearly orbicular ; achenia slightly scabrous-pubescent: scales of the
pap[>us 8-10, oblong, denticulate, nearly equal. — DC! prodr. b. p. 657;
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Bahia. COMPOSITiE. 375

California, Douglas '. NuUall ! April. — Plant shrubby at the base, about
a foot high. Lower divisions of the leaves largest. Heads clustered, but on
distinct peduncles when in fruit. Involucre about two lines long.

3. B. trifida (Nutt.) : stem and involucre closely arenose-woolly when
young; leaves alternate, cuncalc-oblong, closely sessile and partly clasping,
loosely toinentose beneath, 3-clc[l at the apex ; heads (small) in crowded
corymbs; scales of the obovoid involucre 5, broadly obovate ; rays 4-5,
broadly oval, small; achenia glabrous, or slightly hairy along the angles;
scales of the pappus 10-14, equal, oblong, obtuse, nearly entire. — NuU. ! in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

St. Barbara, California, NuUall! April. — Growing with the preceding ;
the heads about the same size. Leaves very numerous, about half an inch
long, nearly glabrous above.

4. B. achillteoides (DC) : woolly-tomenfose throughout; leaves alternate,
cuneifonn, with a long attenuate base, bipinnatifid above ; the lobes (2-4
pairs) small, entire or toothed; heads (rather large) solitary, terminating the
sparingly corymbose branches or peduncles; scales of the globose very wool-
ly involucre about 10, ovate-lanceolate, acute; rays 8-10, oblong; achenia
hairy on the angles ; scales oval or oblong, somewhat unequal, laciniate-
toothed at the apex. — DC! prodr. 5. p. G37.

California, Douglas! — SulFruticose, branched from the base. Leaves less
than an inch long, laciniate-bipinnaliiid. Heads not clustered. Rays 3-4
lines long.

♦ * Herbaceous : heads solitary on naked simple peduncles.

5. B. lanata (Nutt.) : stems mostly branched from the decumbent base,
lanuginous-tomentose ; leaves lanuginous-tomentoso beneath, alternate, or
the lower opposite, pinnatifid ; the uppermost often linear and entire ; heads
(large for the genus) on naked peduncles ; rays large ; achenia glabrous. —
DC! prodr. 5. p. G37 ; Null.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. Achillea
lanata, Pursh,Jl. 2. 'p- 560. Trichophyllum lanatum, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 167;
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 315; Fisch. Sf Meyer, 2nd ind. sem. hart. St.
Petersh. 1835, p. 51. Eriophyllum cnespilosum, Dougl. ! in Lindl. hot. reg.
t. 1167. Helenium lanatum, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 574. Phialis, Spreng.
gen. p. 631.

/3. lenuifolia : stem slender and often simple ; heads smaller; divisions of
the leaves narrowly linear, entire, or often lobed. — B. lenuifolia, DC! I. c. ;
Nutt. ! I. c.

Oregon, common from the Rocky Mountains to the Coast! (The B. fenu-
ifolia, DC was probably collected in Oregon instead of California.) — Stems
10-15 inches high, frecjuently branched above, with the peduncles somewhat
corymbose. Segments of the leaves 1-3 pairs. Involucre subglobose, com-
posed, as in the following species, of about 12 oval or oblong connivenl scales,
which are all clothed with a dense and intricate wool. Scales of the pappus
oblong and obtuse, somewhat uneijual, denticulate at the apex, often a little
united at the base.

6. B. leucophylla (DC.) : lanuginous-tomentose throughout; stems branched
from the base, naked above ; leaves alternate and sometimes opposite, oblan-
ceolate or oblong-si)atulate, 3-cleft or lobed at tlic apex, or somewhat pin-
nately incised, or often (especially the upper) entire ; heads solitary on long
naked peduncles; raysol)long, rather large ; achenia glabrous. — DC! prodr.
5. p. 656. B. integrifolia, DC I. c. Trichophyllum integrifolium, Hook,
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 316. T. mulliflorum, Null. ! in jour. acad. Philad.

7. p. 37.

376 COMPOSITvE. Bahia.

Rocky Mountains ! to the coast of Oregon ! and Nootka, &c. July. —
Stems 5-12 inches high. Leaves an inch or more in length ; the upper linear.
Heads 25-35-flovvered, as large as in the preceding; the scales about 12,
oval-oblong. Pajipus of mostly 4 oblong or lanceolate acutish scales, and as
many alternate smaller scales, the latter often denticulate at the apex. The
leaves vary greatly.

7. E. gracilis {Hook. & Arn.) : lanuginous-tomentose throughout; stems
branched from the base, naked above; leaves alternate, attenuate, linear, ob-
tuse, entire; the lower somewhat spatulate; heads terminating the long
simple peduncles; rays large; achenia glandular-pubescent. — Hook. ^'Arn.!
bat. Beechey, suppl. p. 353.

Interior of Oregon, Snake Fort, Mr. Tolmie ! — Stems slender, 8-10 inches
high. Leaves nearly 2 inches long, about a line wide. Scales of the involucre
oblong. Rays bright yellow in the dried specimens. Pappus of about 10
small oblong scales.

X Species unJcnown to us.

8. B. opjyositi folia (Nutt., under Trichophyllum) : decumbent and much
branched, canescently pubescent ; leaves opposite, all palmately 3-cleft ; the
segments ligulate, simple, or divaricately subdivided ; peduncle filiform,
mostly dichotomal, scarcely longer than the leaves. Nuit. — DC. prodr. 5. p.
657. Trichophyllum opposltifolium. Null. gen. 2. p. 167.

Denudated sterile hills near Fort Mandan on the Missouri, abundant.
July-Aug. — It ? Stem diffuse, 6-12 inches high. Leaves petiolate, canes-
cent; the pubescence very short : segments about an inch long, thickish, li-
near, somewhat obtuse. Peduncle slender, 1-2 inches long. Involucre ob-
long-cylindrical ; the scales 5-8, oblong-ovate : rays about the same number,
very short. Pappus minute, of 5-8 partly obtuse and somewhat lacerate
scales. Achenia nearly smooth. Plant sensibly bitter, and destitute of
aroma. Nutlall.

120. ACTINOLEPIS. DC. prodr. 5. p. 655; Hook. ic. pi. t. 325.

Heads several-flowered ; the ray-flowers 3-5, ligulate, pistillate ; those of
the disk tubular, perfect and fertile ! Involucre oblong-campanulate, bracte-
ate at the base, tomentose ; the scales about 5, oblong-obovate, obtuse, con-
nivent after flowering, and involute so as to include the achenia of the. ray.
Receptacle small, convex, naked. Rays slightly exserted, oval, mostly
2-toothed, raised on a slender tube. Corolla of the disk with a slender tube
(pubescent with jointed hairs), and a spreading deeply 5-lobed limb.
Branches of the style in the disk-flowers short, rather flat, terminated by a
very obtuse puberulent cone, or almost truncate. Achenia slender, terete,
striate, tapering to the base ; those of the ray minutely hairy, crowned with
a (somewhat deciduous?) pappus of 10-15 narrow and almost aristiform.
acute unequal scales, slightly united at the base ; those of the disk similar,
but glabrous and destitute of pappus. — A low (2-6 inches) and slender dif-
fusely branched annual herb, clothed with loose somewhat deciduous wool ;
the stems corymbosely branched. Leaves alternate (opposite, DC), very
small (2-3 lines long), sessile, cuneate-obovate, deeply and very obtusely
3-toothed at the apex. Heads small, solitary and sessile in the forks of the

AcTiNOLEPis. COMPOSITiE. 377

stem, and somewhat glomerate at the extremity of the branches ; the bracts
(1-2) similar to the leaves. Flowers of the disk and ray yellow. Anthers
nearly while. Achenia black.

A. multicaulis (DC. ! 1. c.) — Hook. SfArn..' hot. Beechey, suj)pl. p. 353.

California, Z)o7io7as/ — Our description differs considerably from that of
De Candolle, who perhaps examined an imperfect specimen. He describes
the disk-flowers as probably sterile with the style undivided, and does not
notice the involution of the involucral scales so as nearly to enclose the ray-
achenia, as in the Madiese ; but we find the disk-flowers (perhaps every
one) fertile.

121. LASTHENIA. Cass. ; DC. in Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1780, S^-prodr. I. c.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5-15, pistillate, ligulate, obliquely
truncate and included, or oblong and exserted ; those of the disk tubular,
perfect. Involucre as long as the disk, campanulate, composed of 5-15 scales
united nearly to the summit; the teeth triangular, acute, ciliate. Receptacle
conical, papillose. Corolla of the disk with a slender glandular-pubescent
tube, and a campanulate 5-toothed limb. Branches of the style in the disk-
flowers terminated by a short cone. Achenia linear-oblong, compressed,
appressed-pubescent or glabrous. Pappus of about 10 unequal acute lace-
rate-toothed chaffy scales, or none ! — Annual diffusely branched (Chilian and
Californian) herbs, growing in wet places ; with opposite linear or lanceolate
mostly entire leaves, somewhat connate at the base. Heads solitary, termi-
nating the branches ; the elongated peduncles more or less dilated and obconi-
cal at the base of the involucre. Flowers yellow : the anthers yellowish.

§ 1. Pappus of 9 or 10 {rarely 5?) unequal chaffy scales: rays very short, in-
cluded.— Lasthenia, Cass. (Rancagua, Poepp. Sf Endl.)

1. L. glaberrima (DC): involucre about 15-toothed; pappus as long as
the disk-corolla, and nearly equalling the obliquely truncate included rays;
the scales lanceolate or oblong, the larger ones cuspidate; plant glabrous
throughout. — DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 664 ; Hook. S^' Am. hot. Beechey, I. c.
L. Californica, DC. ined., not of Lindl.

California, Douglas ! — Plant slender, 6-12 inches high. Leaves 2-3
inches long, 1-2 lines wide. Corolla much shorter than the achenia.
(Scales of the pappus 5, according to De Candolle.)

§ 2. Pappus none: rays exserted, conspicuous. — Hologymne, Bartl. (Las-
thenia, Lindl., Endl.)

2. L. glahrata (Lindl.) : involucre 10-15-toothed ; peduncles and young
leaves slightly and minutely pubescent. — Lindl. ! hoi. reg. t. 1780 ;
DC! I. c. ; Nutt.! in trans. Amcr. pliil. sac. I. c. L. Califcrnica, Lindl. hot.
reg. I. c. (note) <y t. 1823 ; but not the plant to wliich this name was original-
ly applied by De Candolle. Hologymne glabrata, Bartl. ind. sent. Gait.
1837 (1^1839, l^'in Linncea, 12. suppl. p. 81 ; Hook. &f Am. hot. Beechey,

VOL. II. — 48

378 COMPOSIT.E. Lasthekia.

suppl. p. 354 ,• HooTi:. hot. mag t. 3730 ; Fisch., Meyer, 6^- Lallem. ind. sent.
St. Petersb. 1840.

California, Douglas! Nuttall ! Common in cultivation. — Closely resem-
bles the precedinfr, except in the conspicuous rays, rather larger heads, and
entire absence of the pappus ; the corolla of the disk is also much longer ; the
lobes sparsely barbellate. The cultivated specimens are often entirely gla-
brous. We are only acquainted with a single species of Hologymne.

122. BURRIELIA. DC. prodr. 5. p. 663.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 3-12, pistillate, ligulate (rarely
very short) ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the spreading or
somewhat campanulate involucre 3-12, oval, acuminate, in 1-2 series,
nearly equal, a little longer than the disk. Receptacle conical, papillose.
Corolla of the disk with a slender tube, and an expanded 5-toothed limb.
Branches of the style terminated by a very short obtuse cone. Achenia
linear-fusiform or tetragonal, often somewhat compressed. Pappus of 2-5
lanceolate-awned scales or subulate awns, about the length of the corolla, or
sometimes none ! — Slender and somewhat pubescent annual (Californian)
herbs ; with opposite linear entire and sessile leaves, and solitary heads on
slender peduncles, terminating the stem or branches. Flowers yellow : the
anthers yellowish.

§ 1. Pappus aicned ; that of the ray similar but more slender. — Burrielia
proper.

* Rays %■ cry short : appendages of the style acute: lobes of the disk-coroUa glabrous.

1. B. microglossa (DC. ! 1. c.) : yillous-pubescent ; scales of the involucre
and rays 3-4, the included ligules shorter than the styles; disk-flowers 6-12;
achenia attenuated, minutely scabrous; pappus 2-4- (or the in rays 1-)
awned.

Cahfornia, Douglas! — Plant resembling a Pectis, 3-4 inches high ; the
heads appearing discoid. Leaves often an inch long, and a line wide.

* * Rays obovatc or oblong, exscrted: lobes of the disk-corolla slightly barbellate.

2. B. tenerrima (DC. ! 1. c.) : stem simple, filiform, nearly glabrous ;
scales of the involucre and the obovate rays about 5 ; achenia slender, gla-
brous; pappus 1-3-awned.

California, Douglas! — Stem 3-4 inches high. Leaves filiform, half an
inch long. Rays short.

3. B. parviflora (Nutt.) : much branched, diffuse, almost glabrous; scales
of the involucre and the oblong rays about 8 ; achenia minutely scabrous-
canescent, linear-obconical ; pappus 2-3-awned from a broad base. — Nutt.!
in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 381.

St. Barbara, California, Nuttall! — Stems 2-3 inches high. Leaves near-
ly filiform, half an inch long, pubescent when young. Heads many-flow-
ered, 2-3 lines long ; involucre turbinate. Rays short. Scales of the pap-
pus triangular-ovate, short, abruptly awned.

4. B. gracilis (DC) : appressed, pubescent or hairy ; stem sparingly

BuRRiELfA. COMPOSITE. 379

branched; scales of the involucre and the oval rays 10-14; achenia fusi-
form, compressed-4-sided, or those of the ray obcompressed ; pappus of 4-5,
or in the rays 2-3, lanceolate-subulate awns. — DC! -prodr. b. p. 664;
Bard. ind. sem. hort. Gcett. 1837, if in Linnepa, 12. suppl. p. 80 ; Hook. S^
Am. hot. Beechey, suiopl. p. 354 ; Hook. hot. mag. t. 3758. B. gracilis &
B. longifolia, Nutt. I. c.

California, Do?/ oZrts/ Nuttall ! — Plant 5-10 inches high, weak, decum-
bent. Leaves about 2 inches long, and a line wide, slightly fleshy. Ex-
panded heads half an inch or more in diameter. Rays rather longer than
the involucre.

§ 2. Pappus none. — Baekia, Fisch. & Meyer.

5. B. clirysostoma : appressed-pubescent or hairy ; stems loosely branched ;
scales of the involucre and the elliptical rays 10-13, achenia glabrous. —
Baeria chrysostoma, Fisch. c^ Meyer! 2nd ind. sem. St. Petersb. {Dec.
1835) p. 29^• Don, in Sweet, Brit. ji. gard. ser. 2. t. 395 ,• DC. jnodr. 7.
p. 254 ; Hook, t^ Arn. hot. Beec/iey, suppl. p. 354. Burrielia (Amphia-
chaenia) hirsula. Nutt. ! I. c.

California, Fischer S^ Meyer, Douglas! Nuttall! — Plant 6-12 inches
high, glabrous below. Leaves li to 3 inches long, 1-2 or 3 lines wide,
somewhat channelled above and connate at the base, as in the otjier species.
— This and the preceding species are common in cultivation, and resemble
each other so closely that they are apparently undistinguishable, except by
the absence of the pappus in B. chrysostoma. As similar isomorphous spe-
cies occur in Lasthenia, Hymenoxys, &c., we cannot consider the mere
absence of the pappus as of generic consequence in this tribe. But
since many botanists hold a different opinion, Ave think it inexpedient to in-
crease the synonymy by employing the somewhat anterior name of Baeria
for the whole genus.

123. DICHtETA. Nutt. in trans. Amer.phil. sac. {ser. 2.) 7. p. 383.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5-12, ligulate, pistillate ; those of
the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the somewhat campanulate involucre as
many as the rays, nearly equal and in a single series, ovate, scarcely as long
as the disk. Receptacle conical, alveolate ; the alveoli toothed. Corolla of
the disk with an inflated 5-lobed limb ; the apex of the lobes and the slender
tube minutely glandular-hairy. Branches of the style truncate, minutely
barbellate at the apex. Achenia attenuate-obconical, 4-angular, somewhat
hairy. Pappus of the ray and disk similar, composed of 4-8 oblong nerve-
less obtuse chaffy scales, (equalling the tube of the corolla,) which are fim-
briate-laciniate at the apex, and 2 (rarely 3 or 4) subulate awns about the
length of the corolla. — Annual small (Californian) herbs, growing in wet
places and on the margin of ponds, villous-hairy when young, nearly gla-
brous when old; with opposite laciniate-pinnatifid leaves, or the upper lin-
ear and entire. Heads terminating the stem or branches. Flowers yellow.

This genus is, as it were, intermediate between Hymenoxys and BiUTJelia ; D.
tenella liaving exactly the habit of the latter, and D. uliginosa nearly that of Hy-
menoxys (Ptilopsis) mutica ; which, moreover, presents a similar pappus, except that
the intermediate awns are wantinfr.

380 COMPOSITiE. DicHiETA .

1. D. uligincsa (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : decumbent, branching ; leaves crowded
rear the base, laciniate-pinnatifid ; the lobes linear; the rachis broad : rays
and scales of the involucre 8-12.

St. Barbara, California, Nuttall ! April. — Plant 4-6 inches high, almost
aquatic. Lower leaves 2-3 inches long. Heads one-third to half an inch in
diameter, including the short oblong rays. Scales of the pappus often some-
what united ; the awns slightly dilated below, minutely serrulate-scabrous.

2. D. tenella (Nutt.! I.e.): stem erect, simple, slender; leaves linear;
the upper entire ; the lower sparingly laciniate-pinnatifid towards the base ;
rays and scales of the involucre 5-8.

St. Barbara, California, growing wilh D. uliginosa, Nuttall! April. —
Plant 3-4 inches high, resembling Burrielia gracilis. Stem and leaves
hairy.

124. HYMENOXYS. Cass. diet. 55. p. 278 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 661.

Heads many-flowered, discoid, or often radiate ; the ray-flowers 8-10, li-
gulate, pistillate; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre
in 1-2 series, appressed, nearly the length of the disk. Receptacle conical,
alveolate, mostly pilose or glandular. Corolla of the disk with a slender
(sometimes minutely glandular) tube, and an expanded 5-toothed limb; the
lobes glabrous, or slightly bearded. Branches of the style short, truncate
and minutely barbellate at the apex. Achenia usually turbinate, and silky-
villous. Pappus of 5-12 unequal chafTy acuminate or awned scales, min-
utely denticulate, mostly similar but often smaller in the ray (in § 2, awn-
less, or entirely wanting!). — Annual or sometimes perrennial ? (South
American, Mexican, and Californian) branching nearly glabrous and min-
utely glandular herbs, exhaling the odor of Chamomile, with rather small
showy heads terminating the branchlets. Leaves alternate or opposite in
the same plant, 1-2-pinnately parted into linear-filiform or almost capillary
segments. Flowers yellow.

§ 1. Heads radiate : scales of the pxippus {at least in the disk-Jlou-ers) awned.
— OxTPAPPUS, DC. (Ptilomeris, Nutt.)

1. H. Californica {Hook.) : achenia fusiform, minutely strigose ; pappus
of mostly 10 (8-12) small lanceolate or oblong denticulate-serrate scales; in
the disk-flowers terminated with long awns a little shorter than the corolla;
in the ray with 2-4 of the scales awned ; the others awnless and smaller ;
scales of the involucre lanceolate; leaves mostly opposite; the divisions
capillary ; the rachis often broad towards the base. — Hook. bat. mag. t.
3828. Ptilomeris aristata, Nutt. ! in tra7is. Amer. phiL. soc. (re. ser.) 7. p. 382.

/?. coronaria : scales of the pappus of the ray small and acute, but all of
them awnless ; receptacle more hairy. — Ptilomeris coronaria, Nutt.! I. c.

St. Diego, California, Nuttall! April. — (T) Branched from the base, mi-
nutely glandular-puberulent. Scales of the involucre somewhat embracing
the ray-achenia, which are a little incurved. Rays oblong, 2-3-toothed at
the apex. Achenia linear-obconical or fusiform. Receptacle pilose. — This
plant has been, we think, correctly referred by Hooker to Hymenoxys.
The two following species have precisely the same aspect, foliage, involucre,
&c., and can only be distinguished by the pappus.

Hymenoxys. composite. 381

^ 2. Heads radiate : pappus awnless, or none! — Ptilopsis, Nutt. (Plilo-
meris, excl. spec, & § Ptilopsis, Nutt.)

2. H. mutica : scales of the pappus 6-8, oblong, truncate or obtuse, lacini-
ate at the summit, equal, shorter than the proper tube of the corolla ; that of
the ray smaller. — Ptilomeris mutica, Nutt. ! L c.

California, "with the preceding, Nuttall.

3. H.calva: pappus of the ray and disk none. — Ptilomeris (Ptilopsis)
anthemoides, Nutt. ! I. c.

California, with the preceding, and in no way distinguishable, apparently,
except by the achenium. Nuttall !

125. ACTINELLA. Pers. syn. 2. p. 469 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 173.

Actinea, Jitss. — Ptilepida, Rnf. — Picradenia, Hook.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 8-12, pistillate, ligulate, cuneate-
oblong, 3-toothed or lobcd at the apex ; those of the disk tubular, perfect.
Scales of the hemispherical involucre lanceolate or ovate, appressed, in 1-3
series, nearly equal, rather shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical
or conical, naked. Corolla of the disk cylindraceous, with the proper tube
very short, 5-toothed ; the teeth erect glandular-bearded. ;Sranches of the
style linear, truncate and barbellate at the apex. Achenia turbinate, short,
densely silky-villous. Pappus of 5-12 ovate or ovate-lanceolate membrana-
ceous 1-nerved and awned scales with denticulate or eroded margins. —
Low chiefly perennial or suffruticose (American) plants ; whh the leaves
linear or lanceolate, entire or 2-3-parted, impressed-punctate; the cauline
alternate, sessile. Heads solitary, pedunculate. Flowers yellow, rarely
white ? sprinkled with bitter resinous globules.

* Caulescent : stems numerous from a thick caudex : leaves sparingly pinnately parted.

1. A. Richardsonii (Nutt.): puberulent; leaves petioled, rigid, irregularly
3-7-parted towards the summit ; the segments glandular-punctate, fihform-
linear, entire, or the terminal one 2-toothed ; scales of the involucre ovate-
lanceolate, in two series, the exterior united at the base ; pappus of 5-7 ovate-
lanceolate cuspidate-awned scales. — Nutt..' in trans. Amer. ])hU. soc. {n. ser.)
7. p. 379. Picradenia Richardsonii, HooJc. ! Ji. Bor.-Avi. I. p. 317, t. 108;
DC. 2>i'odr. 5. p. 065.

About Carhon House, on the Saskatchawan, Richardson ! — A span high,
rigid, branching above. Heads an inch in diameter, including the (8-10)
obovate-oblon^ yellow rays. Branches of the style flat, truncate and beard-
ed at the apex! Achenia clothed with long tawny villous hairs. Pappus
shorter than the corolla of the disk.

* ♦ CcBspitose, mostly du-arf and acaidcscent : leaves crowded or rosulate, usually evr-
tire : scapes simple, naked.

2. A. acaulis (Nutt.) : leaves densely clustered on the thick caudex, line-
ar-spatulate, silky-villous, as well as the scapes when young, and the invo-
lucre ; the scales of the latter lanceolate-oblong, in 2 series ; scales of the

382 COMPOSITE. Actinella.

pappus 5-7, broadly ovate, lipped with slender awns. — Nutt. ! gen. 2. p.
173, cy in trans. Amer. 2)Ml. soc. I. c. Actinea acaulis, Spreng. syst. 3. p.
574; Torr. ! in ann. lye. NewYork, 2. ]). 213. Galardia acaulis, Pursli!
fl. 2. p. 743. Cephalophora (Actinella) acaulis, DC. prodr. 5. jj. 663.

Dry chalky soil, along the ujjper part of the Missouri & Platte Rivers,
Bradhury, Nullall ! Dr. James ! — Plant growing in very dense tufts. Leaves
1-2 inches long, the silky pubescence dense and appressed. Scapes 3-6
inches long. Heads three-fourths of an inch in diameter, including the 10-12
cuneate-oblong yellow rays. Proper tube of the disk-corolla almost none.
Receptacle hemispherical. Achenia very villous. Pappus nearly equal-
ling the corolla of the disk.

3. A. Torrcyana (Nutt.) : densely csespitose ; scapes, involucre, and axils
of the leaves very tomentose -, leaves clustered, narrowly linear, obtuse,
sparsely hairy, strongly punctate with blackish dots, usually as long as the
scape; scales of the involucre oblong-ovate, with scarious margins, in aboirt
2 series ; scales of the pappus 5-7, ovate, nearly awnless. — Null. ! in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. I. c., excl. syn.

Shelving rocks on the lofty hills or mountains of the Upper Platte called
the "Three Butes," Nuttall ! June. — Plant 2-3 inches high. Leaves a
line wide, rigid. Heads rather smaller than iu the preceding. Rays rather
large, 8-10. Receptacle conical.

4. A. lanata (Nutt.! 1. c.) : densely cacspitose, very woolly throughout;
leaves clustered, linear-oblanceolate, the primary oblong-spatulate and some-
what glabrous when old, nearly impunctate ; scales of the involucre oblong-
lanceolate, in about 3 series ; the inner with scarious margins ; scales of the
paj)pus 5-6, ovate, tipped with short awns. — Actinea integrifolia, Torr. in
ann. lye. New York, I. c. ? not of Kunth !

With the preceding, which it closely resembles, Nuttall! (Rocky Moun-
tains in about lat. 41°, Dr. Jai>ies !) June. — The specimen of A. integrifo-
lia ? Torr. I. c. is so imperfect that we cannot very confidently refer it to
the present species ; but it certainly is not the same with the foregoing.

5. A. glabra (Nutt. I 1. c.) : densely ca?sphose ; leaves narrowly linear or
linear-spatulate, nearly glabrous when old, impressed punctate ; the dilated
scarious bases imbricated on the slender branches of the caudex ; scape
naked or with a single leaf; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, woolly, in
about 2 series ; scales of the pappus 5, oblong-ovate, lacerate-loothed, nearly
awnless, scarcely more than half the length of the corolla.

Near the Shawnee villages on the Missouri, Nuttall! On the Platte?
Dr. James! — Plant 3-5 inches high. Heads smaller than in A. acaulis.
Pappus shorter than in any of the preceding species.

6. A. scaposa (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : villous ; stems leafless, strict, simple, bear-
ing a single head; leaves radical, linear-lanceolate, attenuate at the base,
entire, or some of them pinnatifid with a few acute lobes ; exterior scales of
the involucre obtuse, appressed, shorter than the disk ; scales of the pappus
oval, abruptly awned, a little shorter than the corolla. DC. — Cephalophora
(Actinella) scaposa, DC. prodr. 5. p. 663.

13. linearis (Nutt.! 1. c.) : cinereous-pubescent, scarcely villous; scapes
several from a slender branching caudex, on which the narrowly linear en-
tire and punctate leaves are closely imbricated ; scales of the involucre line-
ar-oblong, in about 2 series, silky-villous ; achenia sparsely villous.

Texas, in the eastern districts, Berlandier. (3. Texas, Dr. Riddell ! —
The scapes, in the plant described by De Candolle, are 8-12 inches long;
the leaves 2-3 inches in length and 2-3 lines in breadth, acute ; the rays
4-nerved and 3-toothed. Our plant agrees with this description, except that
the leaves are narrower, less hairy, &c. ; and the involucre is nearly as long

AcriNELLA. COMPOSITE. 383

as the disk. The heads are rather larger than in the following species ; the
rays 12 or more, bright yellow, elliptical-oblong. The membranaceous
.scales of the pappus, 5 in number, are roundish-oval, obscurely 1-nerved,
and very abruptly awned, the awns short; in the ray similar but awnless.

* * * Annual : stems branching, diffuse : leaves entire.

7. A. UnearifoUa : somewhat pubescent with slender spreading hairs; pe-
duncles slender, terminating the spreading branches; leaves narrowly linear,
the lowermost oblanceolate, attenuate at base; scales of the involucre oblong,
obtuse, pubescent, in 1-2 series; scales of the ])a[)pus 5-6, ovate, entire,
tipped with slender awns. — Hymenox3's ? linearilblia, Hook. ic. jjI. t. ]46;
DC. 2Jrodr. 7. p. 243.

Texas, Drummond ! Western Louisiana or Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth!
— Plant slender, 6-12 inches high. Heads one-half to two-thirds of an inch
in diameter, including the 8-9 rather large obovate-oblong rays, wjiich are
apparenlly pale yellow. Receptacle conical. Achenia villous. The heads
exhale the odor of Chamomile when bruised, as in Hymenoxys. Although
an annual, it is doubtless a congener of the preceding species.

126. AMBLYOLEPIS. DC. prodr. 5. p. 667.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers ligulate, pistillate, in a
single series, 3-cleft at the apex ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales
of the involucre in two series; the exterior 6 or 7, ovate, acute, foliaceous, ap-
pressed, as long as the disk ; the inner roundish-obovate, very obtuse, hyaline,
nerveless. Receptacle flattish, alveolate. Corolla of the disk with a short
tube and an inflated throat, 5-lobed ; the lobes lanceolate, callous-apiculate.
Anthers with long acute appendages. Branches of the style not appendicu-
late. Achenia turbinate, very villous with appressed hairs. Pappus of 5
very obtuse nerveless scales in a single series, as long as the tube of the co-
rolla.— An annual erect and simple herb, sparingly hairy along the stem, the
margins of the leaves, and the scales of the involucre. Leaves alternate,
partly clasping, not decurrent, oval-lanceolate, nearly entire. Heads termi-
nal, solitary, of the size and aspect of Pyrethrum Myconis. Flowers
yellow. DC.

A. setigera (DC. 1. c.)

Texas, between Bexar and Austin, Berlandier. — A foot high. Leaves
few; the lower obtuse, the upper acuminate, DC. — We have seen this plant
only in the herbarium of De Candolle.

127. HELENIUM. Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 688; DC. prodr. 5. p. 665.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series, pistillate,
ligulate, cuneiform, 3-5-cleft at the summit, nearly or quite destitute of a
tube. Scales of the involucre in 2 series ; the exterior linear or subulate,
foliaceous, spreading or reflexed ; the interior fewer and much shorter, chaffy.
Receptacle convex, globose, or oblong, naked. Corolla of the disk with an
extremely short proper tube, and a cylindraceous inflated 4-5-toothed throat ;

384 COMPOSITE. Helenium.

the teeth very short and obtuse, glandular-bearded. Branches of the style
slightly dilated and obtuse at the apex. Achenia obovate-turbinate, striate
or ribbed, villous on the ribs. Pappus of 5-8 membranous apiculate or
awned somewhat 1 -nerved scales. — Erect branching (North American and
Mexican) herbs; with alternate minutely punctate leaves, decurrenl on the
striate-angled stem and branches. Heads terminating the branches. Flow-
ers yellow, or the rays (minutely pubescent beneath) rarely purplish-brown
towards the base, and the corolla of the disk often brownish or purplish at
the summit, sprinkled with bitter resinous globules.

§ 1. Receptacle convex or globose: corolla of the dish mostly b-tooihed. —
Helenia, Linn., Gcertn.

1. H. autumnale (Linn.): glabrous or minutely pubescent; leaves lanceo-
late, serrate, or the uppermost entire ; acute, strongly decurrent ; scales of the
involucre linear-subulate ; rays fiat, 3-5-cleft at the apex, longer than the
globose disk ; scales of the pappus ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat lace-
rate, acuiniuate-awned, about one-third or one-fourth the length of the corolla.
—Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 866 ,- Michx.! fl. 2. p. 1.33 ; Lam. ill. t. 688 ; Schkuhr,
handb. t. 250 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 560 ; -Ell. sk. 2. p. 316 ; Bart. fl. Amer.
Sept. t. 26 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 487 ,• Hook. bot. mag. t. 2994. cV fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 317; DC. ! prcdr. b. p. 666. H. pubescens, Ait. Kew.
{ed. 1) 3. p. 287.

(3. grandiflorum : scales of the pappus narrower and more awned, one-
third to two-thirds the length of the corolla (rays not tubular). — H. autum-
nale, Hbo^-. .' I.e., partly^ H, grandiflorum, A'w^i. .' in trans. Amer. phil.
soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 384. H. montanum, Nutt.! I. c.

y. tubiiUflorum : scales of the pappus lanceolate, acuminate-awned, half
the length of the corolla ; rays tubulose, unequally 5-cleft. — H. tubuliflorum,
DC. ! I. c. — Probably an accidental state of var. (i. ; as some of the rays are
flat and not at all tubular in an authentic specimen.

6. canaliculatum : scales of the pappus ovate, either acutish, acuminate, or
slightly awned, about one-fourth the length of the corolla : rays concave-
canaliculate or 3-sulcate. — H. canaliculatum. Lam. in jour. hist. nat. 2. p.
213, t. 3b?

In wet or alluvial soil, nearly throughout North America, from Florida
and Georgia ! to Hudson's Bay ! Subarctic America ! and west to Oregon !
Aug.-Oct. — If Stem 1-3 feet high, loosely corymbose-paniculate at the
summit. Leaves &c. bitter, as in all the species of the genus. Rays droop-
ing. Disk one-third to two-thirds of an inch in diameter, greenish-yellow.
Achenia hairy or villous on the angles. — Some of our varieties are possibly
species ; but they accord in every thing but the pappus, which also presents
every intermediate gradation. The var. [3. is the only state we have seen
from Oregon, Saskatchawan, &c. : but a state with a nearly similar pappus is
common in New York ; while other specimens, otherwise undistinguishable,
present a reduced and merely acute pappus. — Sneeze-iceed.

2. H. parnifloruni (Nutt.): glabrous; stem much branched, slightly an-
gular ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, here and there subserrulate,
scarcely decurrent; scales of the involucre filiform, shorter than the globose
disk; rays flat 3-toolhed, narrow; achenia rather smooth; pappus awned,
half the length of the corolla; heads scattered, solitary or in pairs. Nutt. I
in trans. Amer. j^hil. soc. I. c.

" Georgia. — A very distinct and well-marked species, scarcely at all bitter
to the taste. Flowers scattered, not fastigiate, scarcely half the size of those

Helenicm. COMPOSITiE. 385

of H. autumnale, to which this species has an affinity; the leaves are also
generally entire and scarcely decurrenf. Rays slightly pubescent external-
ly." Nu/lall. — We have only seen cultivated specimens: in these the ribs
of the acheniuni are villous with long scattered hairs.

3. H. tenutfolium {Nu\t.): fastigiately much branched, nearly glabrous;
leaves crowded and usually fascicled, very narrowly linear, entire; scales of
the involucre subulate ; rays rather longer than the globose disk : scales of
the pa|)pus ovate, entire, crowned with abrupt awns, nearly erpiaUing the
corolla. — Nutt..' in jour. acad. Philad. 7. j^- 66; Hook.! compan. to hot.
maff. 1. 2>- 98.

Fields and road-sides, Mississippi! Louisiana! and Arkansas! "A
common and troublesome weed, imparting a bitter taste to the milk of cows
that feed upon it." Dr. Hale. ' April-Nov. — H Plant 8-20 inches high,
very leafy. Disk 3-4 lines in diairieter, yellow. Achenia villous.

§ 2. Receptacle ohlong or conical: corolla of the disk mostly 4-ioothed. —
Tetrodus, Cass.

4. H. puherulum {T>C .) : minutely cinereous-puberulent ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, entire; the upper acute or acuminate ; the lower obtuse, some-
times incised ; heads terminating the simple naked branches ; rays and
involucre very short ; disk globose; scales of the pappus ovate, cuspidate-
acuminate, somewhat denticulate or lacerate, rather shorter than the achenia.
— DC. prodr. 5. p. 667. H. piibescens. Hook. 6^' Am. bat. Bcechei/, j^- 149,
8f suppl. p. 355 ; not of Ait. H. Californicum, Link, ind. sem. hort. Berol.
1840 ? Cephalophora decurrens. Less, in Linncea, 6. p. 517 ; DC. I. c.
p. 663.

California, Chamisso, Douglas! &c. — (l) ? A larger plant than H. quad-
ridentatum, sprinkled with resinous globules ; the disk nearly half an inch
in diameter. Corolla of the disk brownish-purple at the tips. Rays yel-
low, pubescent. Achenia villous on the ribs ; the pubescence and the pap-
pus tawny.

5. H. quadridentatmn (Labill.) : somewhat glabrous, much branched;
radical and lower leaves oblong-pinnatifid ; the upper coarsely 1-2-toothed
on each side; the uppermost lanceolate, entire ; involucre and rays shorter
than the ovoid-oblong disk ; scales of the very short pappus roundish-oval,
obtuse. — Labill. in act. soc. nal. hist. Par. 1. p. 22, t. 4 ; Lam. ill. t. 688 ;
Bot. reg. t. 598 ; Pursh, fl.. 2. p. 560 ; DC. ! p)rodr. 5. p. 666. Rudbeckia
alata, Jacq. ic. rar. 3. t. 593.

Moist soil and banks of rivers, Louisiana! Mississippi! and Arkansas!
common. June-Aug. — (T) Plant 1-3 feet high; the stems and branches
broadly winged. Heads small: the disk yellow. Achenia minutely
pubescent.

6. H. microcephalum (DC.) : glabrous [or minutely puberulent] ; stem
erect, very much branched, bearing many heads ; leaves lanceolate, entire,
somewhat punctate ; involucre very short ; rays 3-ioothed (yellow) glabrous;
pappus very short, obtuse. DC. prodr. 5. p. 667.

l3. bicolor : rays purplish-brown towards the base,* yellow at the apex ;
leaves manifestly punctate. — H. elegans, DC. I. c. ?

Texas ? between Lando and Bexar, Berlandier. (Heads subrotund, 3
lines in diameter, DC.) Texas or Arkansas, Mr. Beyrich ! [Dr. Leaven-
worth.) 8. Texas, Drummond ! — Plant 2-4 feet high; the minutely puber-
ulent branches bearing numerous corymbose heads; the globose disk 3 lines
in diameter. Rays niuch longer than the subulate scales of the involucre,
about the length of the disk, glabrous or nearly so; the receptacle depressed-
VOL. II. — 49

386 COMPOSITE. Helenium.

conical. Corolla of the disk brownish-purple at the apex. Achenia minute-
ly pubescent. Lower leaves oblong, triplinerved, tapering to the base; the
upper lanceolate-linear, strongly decurrent.

H. Mcxicamim (H. B. &; K.) is said by Nuttall (in trans. Amcr. phil. soc. I. c.) to
have been collected in Louisiana by Mi-. Teinturier. We have seen no specimens
which accord with the Mexican plant.

H. lon<;ifolim?i (Smith) : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, very smooth ; peduncles
naked, elongated. Smith in Rces, cycl. H. autumnale. Mill. diet. ed. 8, ex Smith.

H. pumilum of Willd. {Enum. suppl. p. 60,) of unknown origin, is at present
not known either in the Berlin Garden or in the herbarium of Willdenow.

H. quadripariitum (Link, enum. 2. p. 338) is probably a state of H. quadri-
dentatum.

H. allissimum of Link, is described in the Index Seminum of the Berlin Garden
for 1840 (fide Linnfea, 15. suppl. p. 83) from a plant raised from seeds sent by Dt,
Engelmann of St. Louis : we have not seen the description.

H. commidatum, Link, 1. c. is also said to be a new species from North America.

128. LEPTOPODA. Nutt. gen. 2. j??. 174 ; Ell. sTc. 2. p. 445.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in one or more series, ligu-
late, cuneiform, 3-4-cleft at the summit, nearly or quite destitute of tube,
neutral. Scales of the involucre in 1-2 series, spreading or reflexed ; the
exterior numerous, foliaceous, lanceolate-subulate ; the inner very short,
chaffy. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked, areolate ; the areolae
becoming fleshy. Corolla v/ith a short narrow tube, and an elongated cylin-
draceous 4-5-toothed throat; the teeth sliort and obtuse, glandular-bearded.
Branches of the style short, slightly dilated and truncate at the apex. Ache-
nia short, truncate at each end, somewhat cylindrical or turbinate, many-
striate. Pappus of G-12 (rarely 5) membranous and silvery oblong
(mostly nerveless and awnless) scales, denticulate, lacerate, or fimbriate,
longer than the achenia. — Perennial (North American) herbs, with the habit
&c. of Helenium ; but usually with simple fistulous stems, naked above,
and terminated by a solitary large head. Flowers of the ray and disk yel-
low or sometimes brownish-purple, sprinkled with resinous globules; the
former mostly pubescent externally.

The first section of the genus is somewhat peculiar in habit : the second is only
to be distinguished from Helenium by its neutral rays.

§ 1. Stems mostly sinijyle, naked at the summit, and terminated hy a single
large head : rays numerous (12-40), spreading : p)o.ppus awnless : pedun-
cle commonly dilated or ohconical under the head. — Leptopoda proper.

* Achenia glabrous, glandular-dotted : scales of the pappus slightly thickened or obscure-
ly nerved at the base.

1. L. Helenium (Nutt.) : glabrous, or when young sometimes pubescent
at the summit; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, elongated, entire, or
often denticulate, mostly decurrent; the radical and lowermost tapering into

Leptopoda. composite. 387

petioles; scales of the pappus lacerate, especially near the summit, often
somewhat pointed with a central bristle ; rays 20-30 in a single series. —
Nidt. gen. 2. p. 174 ; DC. I. c. L. Helenium & denficuhita, Nittt. in trans.
Amer. j)hU. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 373. L. decurrens, Macbride, in Ell. I. c.

South Carolina ! and Georgia! to Florida! Alabama! and Louisiana ! in
wet soil, like all the species. March-April. — Stem 1-2 feet liigh. Lower
cauline leaves 4-7 inches long, 1-nerved; the primordial small. Heads an
inch and a half in diameter, including the rays.

2. L. incisa : glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse, sessile, not de-
current, sinuate-pinnatitid or incised ; scales of the pappus lacerate or slightly
fimbriate at the summit ; rays about 40 (always?) in a double or triple series.

Georgia, Mr. L. Le Conic! — Plant with the habit of L. puberula, and with
the incised or pinnatifid leaves so common in that species; but the achenia
perfectly glabrous, strongly striate ; the pappus nearly as in L. Helenium.
Involucre glabrous, very short. The rays in the only specimen we possess
are in 2 or more series.

* * Achenia hairy on the angles : pappus Tiervelcss.

3. L. fimhriata : glabrous or nearly so ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lance-
olate, acute, entire or remotely denticulate, often decurrent ; the lower elon-
gated ; the radical oblanceolale ; scales of the pappus deeply fimbriate-cleft
into capillary segments. — Galardia fimbriata, Mirhx. fl. 2. p. 142 .■'

East Florida, Dr. Leavenworth ! Texas, Drummond ! Dr. Leavemcorth !
growing in wet soil, and in pine barrens along streams, like all the other
species. April-May. — Stem occasionally forked above, 1-2 feet high.
Leaves resembling those of L. Helenium. Rays rather numerous, in a
single series. Receptacle oblong-conical. The scales of the silvery pappus
are fully half the length of the corolla, and beautifully dissected about to the
middle into a capillary fringe. — This is very probably not the Galardia fim-
briata of Michaux, although it best accords with his character; but, since that
name cannot properly be employed for either of the species already described,
it may in any case be adopted for the present very distinct species, for which
it is very appropriate.

4. L. puherula (Macbride): stem tomentose-pubescent and somewhat vis-
cid ; leaves linear-lanceolate (thickish), often toothed ; the cauline not de-
current; the radical sometimes obovate-lanceolate, often incised; scales of
the pappus obtuse, lacerate-denticulate at the summit, or nearly entire. —
Macbride, in Ell. sJc. 2. p. 445, (excl. syn. {Michx?) ; DC. I. c. Helenium
vernale, IValt., fide Ell.

jS. pinnatijida: radical and lower cauline leaves incisely toothed or pin-
natifid.— L. pinnatifida, Schivein. ! herb.; Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. p)hil. soc.
{n. ser.) 7. p. 372.

North Carolina! to Georgia ! and Florida! April-May. — Stem 1-2 feet
high, usually fistulous. Head, including the 20-30 rays, often 2 inches in
diameter.

5. L. brevifolia (Nutt.) : stem glabrous below, minutely pubescent at the
summit; leaves all entire or obscurely denticulate ; the lower and radical
oblong-spatulate, obtuse ; the cauline more or less decurrent; the uppermost
lanceolate, often acute; scales of the pappus obtuse, slightly denticulate or
lacerate at the summit. — L. puberula, Ell. I. c, partly.

/?. stem stouter and taller ; leaves larger ; the cauline more strongly de-
current. — L. integrifolia, M. A. Curtis ! mss.

North Carolina! to Alabama! common. /?. Raleigh, N. Carolina, Mr.
Curtis ! May-June. — Stem 1-3 feet high, not unfrecjuently slightly branched

388 COMPOSITiE. Leptopoda.

at the summit, bearing 2 or 3 heads. Primordial radical leaves often sessile, 1-2
inches long; the succeeding sometimes larger ; the upper cauline also small :
but in var. /5. all are larger. Heads 12-18 lines in diameter, including the
numerous (12-25) rays. Disk-flowers brown at the summit, or often pale.

§ 2. Stem leafy, corymbose at. the summit ; the heads on short peduncles : rays
8-12, drooping {very rarely furnished with an abortive style or with sterile
filaments). — Pseudo-helenium.

6. L. bracliypoda: minutely pubescent, or glabrous below^; stem fastigiate-
corymbose at the summit ; leaves decurrent, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
entire or denticulate; the upper acute ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceo-
late, shorter than the globose brownish-purple disk, about half the length of
the golden yellow rays ; scales of the pajjpus ovate, somewhat denticulate,
mucronate or abruptly cuspidate-awned : acbenia hairy on the angles. — He-
lenium fpiadridentatum, Hook.! compan. tobot. mag. 1. p. 98 ; Croom ! cat.
pi. New Bern. p. 44 ,• not o'l Labill. S^'c. H. nudiflorum & H. micranthum,
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. see. I. c. p. 385.

p. rays dark orange or brownish-purple. — H. purpureum. Hale ! mss.

Damp soil. North Carolina! to Georgia! and Florida! and from Illinois!
to Louisiana ! Arkansas! and Texas ! apparently common. April-July. —
Plant 1-3 feet high, commonly slender and simple below, often itiuch
branched ; the radical leaves often tootl}ed. Disk 4-6 lines in diameter.
Receptacle ovoid. Rays irregularly and often deeply cleft, one-half to three-
fourths of an inch long. Corolla of the disk 4-5-toothed. Pappus sometimes
scarcely pointed, but mostly ti|)ped with a mucronate point or short awn. —
The variety with bro\Yn-purple rays is apparently confined to the South-
Western Slates, and is not constant. The rays are entirely sterile; but in
one or two instances we have observed an abortive style in a portion of the
rays, while the others were neutral. The aspect of this somewhat variable
plant is entirely that of Helenium : but as the sterile rays afford the only
available character of Leptopoda, we are obliged to retain it in the latter
genus.

Div. 2. Baldwinie s.. — Receptacle very deeply alveolate ; the car-
tilaginous alveoli consisting of united chaff? enclosing the achenia. Rays
neutral.

129. BALDWINIA. (Baldwina,) Nutt. gen. 2. p. 175 (partly) ; Ell. sTc.

Heads (subglobose in fruit) many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 20-30, Hgu-
late, neutral, in a single series; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre
cainpanulate, scarcely as long as the disk ; the scales imbricated in about 4
series, short and thick, appressed, or at length somewhat squarrose ; the inner-
most longest, mucronate-acuminate. Proper receptacle convex-conical, co-
vered with cartilaginous chaff" entirely concreted, and forming 5-6-angular
cells or deep alveoli, the margins nearly truncate and entire. Rays nar-
rowly cuneiform-oblong, 3-toothed at the apex. Corolla of the disk Avith a
short corneous tube, and a cylindrical 5-toothed limb ; the teeth glandular-
puberulent. Branches of the style flattish, crowned with a ring or tuft of col-
lecting hairs, and terminated by a subulate cone. Achenia immersed in the
cells, cylindrical-obconical, silky-villous. Pappus of 7-9 lanceolate-oblong

Baldwinia. COMPOSITjE. 389

nerveless erect chafly scales in a single series, as long as the corneous tube of
the corolla, and about the length of the achenium. — A perennial puberulent
lierb, with a simple or rarely somewhat branched striate stem, naked at the
summit. Leaves alternate, rather thick, minutely punctate, short, linear-
spatulate, sessile, entire. Head large, solitary. Corolla of the disk and ray
yellow, punctate with resinous dots. Anthers yellowish-while.

B. vniflora (Nutt. ! 1. c.)—Ell. sh 2. p. 147 ; DC. ! fwclr. 5. p. 653.
Ceranthea, Le Corite ! mss.

Margin of swamps, Virginia, near the coast, S. Carolina! Georgia! Flor-
ida! and Covington, Louisiana! July-Sept. — Stem about 2 feet high.
Leaves obscurely 1-nerved. Head, including the rays, nearly 2 inches in
diameter; the exterior involiicral scales oval, obtuse. Receptacle resembling
honey-comb ; the cells 4 lines in depth, including the (not stipitate) achenia
and pappus. — The remarkable genus Baldwinia (as it should be written) was
named in commemoration of the late Dr. Wm. Baldwin ; -a botanist of dis-
tinguished talents and indefatigable zeal,in whose early death natural science
in this country sustained a severe loss. The genus may well be restricted to
the present species, as proposed by Elliott; who, however, probably mistook
the appresSed silky hairs at the summit of the achenium for a fimbriate exte-
rior pappus-
ISO. ACTINOSPERMUM. Ell. sic. 2. p. 448, under Baldwinia.

Heads (hemispherical in fruit) many-flowered; the ray-flowers 8-10, ligu-
late, neutral; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre much shorter
than the disk ; the scales imbricated in about 2 series, lanceolate, somewhat
foliaceous, squarrose; the interior mucronate-acute. Proper receptacle
small, covered with cartilaginous subulate-cuspidate chaff', concreted and
forming somewhat hexangular cells, in which the achenia and pappus are
deeply iminersed. Rays narrowly cuneiform, elongated, 3-toothed at the
apex. Corolla of the disk with a somewhat expanded deeply 5-toothed limb
(the teeth glandular-puberulent), becoming indurated at the very base ; the
proper tube almost none. Style &c. as in Baldwinia. Achenia turbinate,
silky, stipitate, flat and 12-radiate at the summit, and crowned with a short
cup-shaped pappus of about 12 orbicular-obovate nerveless scales, which are
slightly thickened at the base. — An annual or biennial ? slender corymbosely
much branched herb, glabrous, or when young often hirsute with scattered
jointed hairs ; the slender branches naked at the summit, and terminated by
small but showy heads, with somewhat the aspect of a Coreopsis ; the bright
yellow rays 3-4 times the length of the involucre. Disk-corolla and anthers
yellow, sprinkled with resinous globules. Leaves very numerous, alternate
or irregularly scattered, often much crowded, narrowly linear, obtuse, taper-
ing to the base, sessile, thickish, impressed-punctate, nerveless.

A. angustifolium. — Buphthalmum angustifolium, 5fm7cs/ herb.; Pursh !
ft. 2. p.'56i. Baldwina multiflora, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 176 ; Ell. ! I. c. ; DC.
prodr. 5. p. 653.

Sand hills of Georgia and Florida, Barlram ! Baldwin ! Mr. L. Le Conte !
Dr. Chapman! Dr. Leavenworth! Aug.-Sepl. — Stem 1-3 feet high.

390 COMPOSITE. ACTINOSPERMUM.

Leaves less than a line wide, often almost filiform ; those of the branchlets
scattered. Rays 6-9 lines Ions;. Cells of tlie receptacle deeper in propor-
tion than in Baldwinia ; the immersed achenia exhibiting noihing but their
radiated summits nestling in the cavities, and reseinUling some of the starry
Madrepores, as Elliott remarks. The minute chaffy scales of the pappus
are inserted by a narrow thickened base, and spread, like the petals of a
rosaceous flower, from the flat summit of the exactly turbinate achenium.

Div. 3. Galinsoge^, DC. — Receptacle chaffy throughout ; the chaflf
distinct. Scales of the involucre not enclosing the ray-achenia. Rays fertile
or neutral, or none.

Galinsoga parvifiora, Cav. is somewhat naturalized near Boston, having doubtless
escaped from the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, as it has done from several Euro-
pean gardens : we have also found it in a waste field near Pi"inceton, New Jersey.

131. MARSHALLIA. Schreh. gen. 2. j^. 810 ,- Cass. ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 680.

Persoonia, Mklix. — Trattenickia, Pcrs. — Therolepta, Raf.

Head many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and similar, perfect.
Scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, in 1-2 series, erect,
about the length of the disk. Chaff of the convex or conical involucre nar-
rowly linear, rigid or herbaceous. Corolla pubescent, with a filiform tube
and a 5-parted (occasionallv somewhat bilabiate) limb ; the lobes long and
linear, spreading. Branches of the style slender, slightly pubescent, truncate
at the apex. Achenia turbinate, somewhat 5-angled, mostly hairy or villous.
Pappus of 5 or 6 ovate or triangular-lanceolate acute or acuminate nerveless
membranaceous scales. — Perennial (North American) herbs ; with alternate
entire and glabrous 3-nerved leaves (the lower more or less petioled and
sheathing at the base), and solitary heads (resembling those of Scabiosa)
terminating the simple stem or branches. Flowers pale purple or rose-color;
the anthers blue.

1. M. latifolia (Pursh) : stem simple or sparingly branched above, leafy;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, 3-nerve'd ; scales of the involucre
linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid ; chaff subulate-filiform ; achenia glabrous
when mature ; scales of the pappus attenuate-acuminate from a lanceolate-
triangular base.— Purs/i / fl. 2. p. 519; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 140; Ell. sk. 2. p.
316; DC. I.e. M. Schreberi, Trail, arch. gen. 1. p. 108, with a figure
copied from that of Michaux. Athanasia trinervia, Wall..' Car. p. 201.
Persoonia latifolia, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 105, I. 43. Trattenickia latifolia, Pers.
syn. 2. p. 403.

Dry soil, Virginia ! to Alabama I along or near the mountains. May-
June. — A foot high, glabrous. Leaves about 2 inches long, and three-fourths
to one inch broad. Pappus tawny.

2. M. angustifolia (Pursh, 1. c.) : stems somewhat cffispitose, often branch-
ing above, leafy; radical leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved ; the
upper cauline linear, very narrow; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate,
acute, rigid; chaff filiform-setaceous; achenia minutely hairy on the angles;
scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. — Ell. sk. 2. p. 316 {6c
var. cyananthera) ; DC! I.e. Persoonia angustifolia, ilfe/j-r..' I.e. Trat-
tenickia angustifolia, Pers. I. c. Athanasia graminifolia, Walt..' Car. p. 201.

Marshallia. composite. 391

Pine woods, &c., North Carolina! to Florida! Tennessee, and Western
Louisiana! June-Aue;. — A foot high, somewhat pubescent at the summit.
Lowest leaves 3-6 inches long, petioled ; the uppermost linear-setaceous;
all rigid. Involucre shorter than the disk. Scales of the pappus somewhat
denticulate, very obscurely 1-nerved.

3. M. lanceolata (Pursh ! 1. c.) : stem simple, very leafy near the base,
naked above ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, triplinerved,
tapering into petioles, the upper sessile; scales of the involucre oblong-linear,
obtuse ; chafflinear and somewhat dilated at the apex; achenia pubescent;
scales of the pappus ovate, acuminate. — Ell. sk. 2. p. 315; DC! I. c.
Persoonia lanceolata, Miclix. ! I. c. Trattenickia lanceolata, Pers. I. c.
Athanasia obovata, Walt. ! I. c.

Upper districts of North Carolina ! to Middle Florida ! April-June. —
Stems 10-20 inches high, a little pubescent near the summit. Pappus
lawny, somewhat denticulate, cuspidate-acuminate.

4. M. ceesjntosa (Nutt.) : stems mostly simple, caespitose, leafy only at the
base; leaves lanceolate-linear, rather obtuse, obscurely 1-3-nerved, some-
what petioled ; scales of the involucre oblong-linear, obtuse; chafT linear and
somewhat dilated at the apex ; achenia villous (at least on the nerves) ;
scales of the pappus ovate, scarcely acute. — Nutt. ! in DC. prodr. 5. p.
680 ; Hook. hot. mag. t. 3704.

Woods and moist prairies, Arkansas & Western Louisiana, Nuttall! Dr.
Leavenworth.' Dr. Hale! Dr. Engelmartn! Texas, Drummo7id ! May-
June. — Plant 6-10 inches high, with much the aspect of an Armeria; the
leaves (2-3 inches long, & 2-3 lines wide) all crowded at the base of the
simple scape-like stem. Pappus conspicuous, tawny; the scales so broad as
to overlap, often lacerate-denticulate near the summit, not pointed.

132. BLEPHARIPAPPUS. Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 316. (excl. spec.)

Ptilonella, Nutt.
Heads few-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 3, ligulate, short, dilated cunei-
form, 3-5-lobed, pistillate, and sometimes with rudimentary stamens; those
of the disk (7-9) tubular, perfect ; the central ones infertile. Scales of the
involucre 6-8, in a single series, oblong, equal, concave, with somewhat in-
volute membranaceous margins. Receptacle small, furnished with a mar-
ginal series of membranaceous chaff, partly embracing the fertile disk-flowers.
Corolla of the disk glabrous, with a short tube and an expanded throat, 5-
toothed. Style in the disk -flowers hairy and slightly thickened above the
middle ; the branches extremely short and obtuse, thick, glabrous, not appen-
diculate, the stignialic lines confluent at the summit! Achenia obconical or
clavate, villous. Pappus of 12 to 20 membranous pectinate-plumose narrow
scales, shorter than the corolla. — An annual slender (aromatic) plant ; with
nearly glabrous diffusely branched and corymbose stems, narrowly linear
entire and scabrous alternate and crowded leaves, and small heads termina-
ting the branchlets : the involucre, branchlets, and upper leaves glandular-
viscid. Rays and disk-flowers white : anthers brownish-purple.

B. scaler (Hook. 1. c.)— .DC. prodr. 5. p. 679. Ptilonella scabra, Nutt. I
in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 386.

Prairies and sandy plains of Oregon, east of Wallawallah, Douglas!
Nuttall ! — About a foot high. Cauline leaves an inch long, half a line wide.

392 C03IP0SIT^. Blepharipappus.

Heads 3 lines long. "Rays scarcely longer than the disk, sometimes palmate
and furnished with stamens : the branches of the style linear. — The style of
the disU-flovvers is very peculiar, and more like that of the Cynarese than of
the present tribe. — De CandoUe's character of Blepharipappus, made by
combining the description of Hooker's two species, is consequently inapplica-
ble to either. Tlie division of the genus was proposed by Arnott, in the
second edition of Lindley's Introduction to the Natural System, and also in
the Supplement to Capt. Beechey's Voyage (p. 358) ; retaining the name
for the present species.

Div. 4. Madie^:, DC. — Receptacle chaffy throughout, or only at the
margin ; the chaff often more or less united. Scales of the involucre con-
volute or complicate and enclosing the (fertile) achenia of the ray, which are
always destitute of pappus. (Natives of Chili, California, and Oregon.).

133. ACHYRA-CH^NA. Schauer, del. sem. Vratis, 1837 ; DC. I. c.

Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers sterile, small, somewhat ligulate,
or cleft on one side, retaining the rudiments of stamens and style; those of
the disk perfect, 5-cleft. Scales of the involucre in a double series, lanceo-
late ; the exterior foliaceous, somewhat convolute and including the ray-
flowers ; the inner plane, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat, bearing a
series of chaffy scales between the ray and disk ; otherwise naked, alveolate
and somewhat fimbrillate. Anthers not caudate ; the antheriferous joint
rather long. Branches of the style nearly terete, puberulent. Achenia
elongated, attenuate at the base, longitudinally striate, scabrous along the
nerves; in the ray destitute of pappus; in the disk crowned with an ample
pappus of 10 membranaceous obtuse scales in 2 series; the 5 exterior scarce-
ly half the length of the inner; the latter when young convolute around the
tube of the corolla. — A villous herb [annual], with somewhat the habit of
Hecubaea or Scorzonera, rather canescent ; some of the hairs long, others
very short and perhaps glandular. Stem nearly simple, naked at the sum-
mit and bearing a single head. Leaves alternate, hnear, sessile, entire.
Corolla with a long tube, in the dried specimens purple. DC.

A. mollis (Schauer, 1. c.) — Linncea, 12. svppl. p. 87 ; DC. prodr. 7.
p. 292. Lepidostephanus madioides, Bartl. 'hid. san. hort. Gcett. 1837,
Sy in Linmea, I. c. p. 82, c^ 15. p. 94.

Western coast of North America, probably from California, Douglas.
Described by DeCandolle apparently from the wild plant, in 1838; but the
genus founded the year preceding, both by Schauer and Bartling, on speci-
mens cultivated in"^the Botanic Gardens ofBreslau and Gu^ttingen. Accord-
ing to Schauer, the scales of the involucre are in a single series, as many as
the short 3-toothed rays (5-10), and the somewhat foliaceous chaff in 2
series : the inner scales of the white and scarious pappus linear, obtuse,
slightly fimbriate at the apex, as long as the flowers : the stems somewhat
branched : the oblong 20-30-flowered heads almost an inch long. Accord-
ing to Bartling, the head is about half an inch long ; the rays 3-5, at first
yellow, at length fuscous ; the pappus shining, denticulate under a lens.
The genus would appear to rank next to Chienactis, except that the rays are
destitute of pappus, and the receptacle chaffy at the margin.

FLORA OF NORTHAMEHICA:

CONTAINING

ABRIDGED DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN INDIGENOUS
AND NATURALIZED PLANTS GROWING NORTH OF MEXICO :

AKRANGED ACCORDING TO

THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

JOHN TDRREY and ASA GRAY

Vol. II.— Part III.

NEW- YORK & LONDON :
WILEY AND PUTNAM.

Paris: Bossange & Co. 11 Quai Voltaibk.

February, 1843.

ACHYRACH^INA. COMPOSITE. 393

*«* We would here observe, that, since the preceding page was printed,
wild specimens of the well-marked Achyrach^na (California, iJoug^cts/)
liave fallen under our observation ; we having casually misplaced them, as De
CandoUe had done, in Cichoracese, with specimens of Calais.

134. LAYIA. Hook. UfArn. hot. Beechey, p. 148 (1833), S^- 357 ; notofj?. 182.

Eriopappus, Am. (1836)— Madaroglossa, DC. (1836)— Blepharipappura, partly, flboL

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 10-15, ligulate, 2-3-toothed or
cleft, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre
oblong or lanceolate, acute, equal, in a single series, foliaceous above ; the
base convolute and enclosing the ray-acbenia. Receptacle flat, pubescent,
chaffy at the margin ; the chaff in a single series between the ray and disk-flow-
ers, and resembling an inner row of involucral scales ; or rarely in 2-3 series.
Corolla of the disk with a short proper tube and an infundibuliform throat,
5-toothed ; the teeth and the tube sparsely hairy. Branches of the style in
the disk-flowers filiform, very acute, hairy above, at length exserted and re-
curved. Acheniaof the ray glabrous, linear-oblong, attenuate at the base, or
subclavate, more or less obcompressed, somewhat incurved, crowned with a
small protuberant disk, destitute of pappus ; of the disk linear-clavate, an-
gled, appressed-pubescent or villous, with a pappus of 10-20 equal bristly or
subulate awns, which are naked and scabrous-serrulate above, and plumose
or villous with very long weak hairs towards the base. — Annual or biennial
pubescent or hirsute and often glandular herbs (natives of California and
Oreo-on) ; with showy heads terminating the branches, and alternate sessile
linear or oblong leaves ; the upper usually entire, and the lowermost incisely
toothed or pinnatifid. Rays yellow or white ; the disk-flowers yellow. An-
thers brownish or purplish.

Under the name of Layia, this genus was proposed by Hooker & Arnott several
years anterior to Madaroglossa, DC. ; but the authors themselves seem to have for-
gotten it, as they some time afterwards applied this name to a Chinese Leguminous
plant ; which however proves to be the Macrotropis of De Candolle. In the sup-
plement to Capt. Beechey's Voyage, Layia is continued for the present genus ;
while, by some inadvertency, these authors also state (in a note on p. 357) that they
retain the name for the Leguminous plant.

§ 1. Rays yellow. — Madaroglossa, DC.

1. L. gaillardioides (Hook. & Arn.) : decumbent, hispid throughout with
rather rigid spreading bristles ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; the lower incisely
serrate, the upper entire ; the flower-branches somewhat elongated ; rays
12-15, obovate, 3-cleft at the apex, twice the length of the disk ; pappus ful-
vous. Hook, cy Arn. lot. Beechey, p. U8 (under Tridax? galardioides), &(■
suppl. p. 357.

Monterey, California, Mr. Lay; the Naturalist of Capt. Beechey's voy-
age.— This species (which we have not seen) appears to differ from the others
in the more copious linear-oblong chaff of the receptacle, occupying more
than one series.

2. L. hieracioides (Hook. & Arn. 1. c.) : hispid throughout with spreading
rigid bristles ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely incised-serrate ; those of the

VOL. 11. — 60

394 COMPOSITE. Latia.

flower-branches linear and entire; rays about 15, entire, oval-oblong, a little
longer than the disk ; pappus fuscous. DC. — Madaroglossa hieracioides,
DC. I. c.

California, Douglas. — Plant a foot high, with the habit of an Echium ; the
bristles arising from a black base. Leaves 2 inches long, 6-7 lines broad.
Achenia of the disk a little villous : awns of the pappus villous at the
base. DC.

3. L. carnosa (Nutt.) : stem decumbent, hairy towards the surnmit ; leaves
succulent, smooth, linear-oblong, incisely toothed; head subsessile, solitary;
scales of the involucre linear, obtuse, softly pubescent; rays very small, 2-3-
toothed ,- achenia of the ray and disk pubescent; pappus of 18-20 loosely
plumose awns. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 393, under Mada-
roglossa.

St. Diego, California, Nuttall ! on the sands of the sea-coast. May.—
Plant 3-4 inches high. Lower leaves oblong-spatulate, the coarse teeth ob-
tuse. Rays scarcely if at all exserted. Pappus as long as the corolla of the
disk, whitish.

4. L. elegans (Nutt.) : stem decumbent, somewhat hirsute, much branched
from the base ; leaves sparsely hispid, Unear-lanceolate ; the radical pinnati-
fid ; the cauline laciniate-toothed towards the apex, the uppermost entire ;
peduncles and involucre somewhat villous and glandular; rays 10-12, 3-4-
toothed, longer than the disk ; pappus white.— iVw^^ / I. c, under Mada-
roglossa.

St. Barbara, California, Nuttall!— Awns of the pappus more densely plu-
mose towards the base than in L. heterotricha, the long and very fine
woolly hairs crisped and interlaced ; and the yellow rays are smaller than in
that species. It appears to differ from L. hieracioides by its larger deeply
toothed rays, very woolly white pappus, &c.

§ 2. Rays ivhite, or nearly so. — Eriopappus, Arn.

5. L. glandulosa (Hook. & Arn.) : erect, hispid below with rigid spread-
ing bristles ; leaves broadly linear, entire ; the upper with the peduncles and
involucre glandular (some of the glands black and stipitate) ; rays 12-13,
3-cleft, nearly twice the length of the involucre ; pappus very white. (Char.
ex Hook. Sf DC.) — HooTc^ &f Arn. hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 358. Blephari-
pappus glandulosus, Hook. ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 316. Eriopappus glandulo-
sus, Arn. in Liyidl. nat. syst. p. 443. Madaroglossa angustifolia, DC.prodr.
6. p. 694, ex Hook. Sf Arn.

Common on the plains of the Oregon, in sandy soil, under the shade of
Purshia and Artemisia, Douglas. Snake Country, Mr. Tolmie. Califor-
nia, [?] Douglas. — Plant 6-8 inches high, vaguely branched ; the heads
nearly as large as in Leucanthemum vulgare. Achenia of the ray glabrous ;
of the disk villous. Hook. — A foot high, with the aspect of Echium. Lower
leaves very hispid. Flowers pale yellowish. Achenia of the ray [disk 1]
appressed-villous. DC.

6. L. Douglasii (Hook. & Arn.) : somewhat decumbent, clothed with
bristly whitish hairs, not glandular; lower leaves pinnatifid-toothed ; the upper
entire ; rays (white) 3-cleft, nearly twice the length of the disk; pappus ful-
vous. Hook. Sf Arn. hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 358.

Gravelly islands of the Oregon, between the Narrows and the Great Falls,
Douglas.

7. L. heterotricha (Hook. & Arn. ! 1. c.) : stem branching ; the upper por-
tion, and the oblong-linear obtuse entire or denticulate leaves somewhat sea-

Latia. COMPOSITjE. 395

brous, with a short pubescence, and with sfipitate black glands intermixed ;
rays (white ?) 10-12, large, 3-cleft at the apex, twice the length of the disk ;
pappus very white. — Madaroglossa heterotricha, DC. ! I. c. ; Hook. ! ic.
pi. t. 326.

CaHfornia, Douglas! — Plant 1-2 feet high. Leaves 1-2 inches long, 2-3
lines wide. Rays nearly an inch long, probably white. Acheniaof the ray
glabrous ; of the disk appressed villous-pubeacent. Awns of the pappus
13-17 ; the long plumose hairs erect.

135. CALLICHROA. Fisch. Sf Meyer, 2nd ind. sent. St. Petersh. p. 31.

Callichroa & Calliglossa, Hook. <J« Am.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 10-15, ligulate, 2-3-toothed, pis-
tillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre oblong or
lanceolate, nearly in a single series, foliaceous ; the base convolute and en-
closing the ray-achenia. Receptacle flat, chaffy at the margin only, or
throughout. Corolla of the disk with a short pubescent tube and an infundi-
buliform throat, 5-toolhed. Branches of the style subulate-filiform, hairy
above, at length exserted and recurved. Achenia of the ray glabrous,
narrowly obovate-oblong, obcompressed, somewhat incurved, crowned
with a small protuberant disk, destitute of pappus ; of the disk villous,
obcompressed, subclavate or narrowly cuneiform-oblong, with a pappus
of 12 to 25 subulate and naked serrulate-scabrous awns. — Annual (Cal-
ifornian) herbs, with entirely the habit and aspect of Layia and Oxyura.
Flowers yellow ; the rays often whitish at the apex. Anthers purplish-
brown.

The first section is only distinguislied from Layia by the naked, instead of plumose
awns of the pappus, and might perhaps be combined with it.

§ 1. Receptacle naked and pubescent at the centre, chaffy at the margin in one
or more series ; the exterior resembling the scales of the involucre : achenia
narroio : awns of the pappus (20-25) setiform, equal. — Callichroa, Fisch.
& Meyer.

1. C. platyglossa (Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c.) : somewhat hirsute with slender
white hairs, and cinereous with a short pubescence, with small stipitate glands
intermixed ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; the lower incisely pinnatifid, the upper
entire or slightly toothed ; achenia of the disk slender, slightly obcompressed,
villous, when mature rather longer than the pappus ; corolla somewhat pu-
bescent.— Don, Brit. fl. gard. ser. 2. t. 373 ; Schauer, del. sem. Vratisl. 1837,
p. 2; DC. frodr. 7. ip. 294 ; Hook. ^* Arn. bot. Becchey, suppl. p. 357 ; Hook,
hot. mag. t. 3719. Madaroglossa (Callichroa) hirsuta & angustifolia, Nutt. I in
trans. Amer. j)hil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 394.

California, at the Russian Colony Ross, Fisch. S^' Meyer, and at St. Bar-
bara and Monterey, Nuttcdl! — Plant branching from the base, 6-12 inches
high. Heads showy, an inch and a half in diameter, including the light
bright yellow cuneiform-oblong rays ; the latter whitish at the tips in the wild
plant, according to Nuttall. — The small and stipitate dark glands are not men-
tioned in the account of the cultivated plant; with which Mr. Nuttall's speci-
mens otherwise well accord.

396 COMPOSITE. Callichroa.

§2. Receptacle chaffy throughout ; the chaff membranaceous, short: acheniaoj
the disk oblong-cuneiform : awns of the pappus {about 12) subulate, very un-
equal.— Calliglossa, Hook. & Arn.

2. C. Douglasii : stem glabrous below, loosely branched and pubescent
above; leaves scabrous-ciliate ; the lower pinnatifid, with the linear seg-
ments entire or sparingly incised ; the uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire ;
scales of the involucre hispid on the back with short and stout bristles ; achenia
of the disk silky-villous ; tlie corolla glabrous. — Calliglossa Douglasii, Hook.
Sf Arn. ! bot. Beechey, suppl. p. 356. Oxyura chrysanthemoides, Lindl. !
bot. reg. t. 1850 (as to the figure) ; Fisch. Sf Meyer, 3rd ind. I.e. 1837, Sf
in Linntea, 12. suppl. p. 102 ; Schauer, del. sem. Vralisl. 1837, p. 3, Sf in
Linmea, I. c. p. 89 ; not of DC.

California, Douglas, (v. sp. cult.) — Plant very much resembling Oxyura
chrysanthemoides in aspect, but with narrower and less compressed villous
achenia. Awns of the pappus rigid and dilated at the base ; 3 or 4 of the longer
equal in length to the achenia. Rays whitish at the tips.

136. OXYURA. DC. in Lindl. nat. syst., S^prodr. 5. p. 693.

Tollatia, Endl. — Oxyura, Lindl. bot. reg. as to descr. only.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 10-12, ligulate, coarsely 2-3-toothed
at the apex, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect ; many of the cen-
tral infertile. Scales of the involucre in a single series, hispid-ciliate, con-
volute at the base and enclosing the ray achenia, abruptly narrowed above
into a linear foliaceous and spreading appendage. Receptacle flat, chaffy
throughout ; the chafT oval-oblong, membranous, ciliate, with acute herba-
ceous or colored hairy tips. Corolla with a hairy tube ; the infundibuliform
limb in the disk-flowers deeply 5-toothed. Branches of the style in the disk-
flowers long and linear, very acute, hispid, exserted and revolute. Achenia
of the ray and disk similar, glabrous, obovate, obcompressed (with a very
small epigynous disk), entirely destitute of pappus; the central often abor-
tive.— An annual erect nearly glabrous herb, with the habit of Chrysanthe-
mum segetum ; the branches pubescent at the summit, and terminated by
rather large heads. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid ; the lobes 4-8 pairs, oblong-
linear, entire, short, scabrous-ciliate. Flowers yellow : the anthers blackish.

O. chrysanthemoides (DC. ! 1. c.) — Hook. S^' Arn. ! bot. Beechey, suppl. p.
356 ; not of Bot. reg., Fisch. c^ Meyer, Schauer, S^-c.

California, Douglas! — Tube of the corolla somewhat dilated at the base,
and embracing the apex of the short and flat achenia. — This plant, we be-
lieve, has never been cultivated. In the Mantissa Compos. {7. p. 294), De
CandoUe has incautiously adduced the syn. of Lindl. bot. reg., Fisch. Sf
Meyer, Sfc. ; which belongs to Callichroa (Calliglossa) Douglasii.

137. HEMIZONIA. DC. prodr. 5. p. 692.

Hemizonia & Hartmannia, J9C.

Heads several-many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5-20, ligulate, 2-3-lobed,
pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect, but infertile. Scales of the in-

Hemizonia. composite. 397

volucre in a single series, oblong or lanceolate, concave or convolute and partly-
enclosing the ray-achenia, often subtended by linear bracts. Receptacle flat,
chaffy either throughout, or only at the margin and punctate at the centre ;
the chaff often more or less united. Corolla of the disk-flowers infundibuli-
form, 5-toothed ; the teeth (and often the tube) mostly glandular-bearded.
Appendages of the style in the disk-flowers linear or subulate, acute, very
hispid. Achenia glabrous ; those of the ray obovoid, gibbous, or slightly ob-
compressed, convex on the back (where it is sometimes rugose or sparsely
muricate,) often flattish anteriorly, slightly stipitate ; the apex mostly oblique,
and terminated with a small often papillose-exserted or beaked areola ; of the
disk sterile or abortive, oblong, 5-7-nerved. Pappus none ; or in the disk-
flowers sometimes of 5-8 short and unequal lacerate chaffy scales. — Low
annual or perennial hairy and sometimes glandular (Californian) plants ;
Avith alternate often crowded lanceolate or linear leaves. Heads (middle-
sized) solitary or clustered. Flowers mostly yellow. Anthers brownish.

The achenia of the disk in Hartmanniafasciculata and H. corymbosa are certainly
sterile, at least in our specimens, although they contain a rudimentary ovule ; as
do nearly all the species placed by De Candolle in Hemizonia. Hence the former
genus is only to be distinguished by the pappus ; which is not well described by De
Candolle, and which is said to be pardy wanting in one, and entirely so in another
of the three species referred to it. The remarkable union of the chaff in some spe-
cies of Hemizonia, Hartmannia, and Calycadenia, seems also to have escaped De
Candolle's observation. Hooker &■ Arnott have noticed it in Hemizonia, DC; and
Nuttall in Hartmannia.

§ 1. Heads 10-12-flowered, corymbose-fasciculate: chaff of the receptacle of
5 or 6 scales in a single series interposed between the ray and disk-flowers,
united to the middle: pappus of the disk-flowers chaffy, lacerate-toothed at
the apex: leaves incisely pinnatifid.

1. H. fasciculata: annual, hirsute; stem stout, corymbose above; the
small heads numerous, densely fascicled at the summit of the fastigiate
branches; leaves linear-lanceolate ; the lower pinnatifid ; the upper incisely
toothed or nearly entire, closely sessile ; rays 5, short, obovate-cuneiform ; ray-
achenia obscurely rugose on the back when old, or slightly muricate; pappus
of the disk-flowers of 5-8 oblong chaffy scales, not half the length of the co-
rolla, unequally and very acutely lacerate-toothed at the apex Hartmannia

fasciculata, DC-! prodr. 5. p. 693; Hook. &^' Am.! bot. Beechey, suppl. p.
357. H. gloraerata, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. jJ. 391.

California, Douglas ! Nuttall ! April-May. — A span high. Flowers
bright yellow. Disk-flowers enclosed in a 5-6-angular tube or cup, formed
by the membranaceous carinate-concave chaffy receptacular scales, which are
unhed (although not very firmly) by their edges at least to the middle ; the
apex mucronate-acuminafe. Fertile (ray) achenia broad at the summit, with
a small beak-like areola projecting from the anterior margin : the stipe short
and incurved.

§ 2. Heads many-flowered, somewhat solitary : receptacle chaffy throughout ;
the scales of the outer series united : pappus of the disk-flowers very small,
membranous, fimbriate-lacer ate, nearly obsolete {or wanting, DC.) in the ex-
terior flowers : leaves pinnatifld.

398 COMPOSIT.E. Hemizonia.

2. H. corymbosa : annual, hirsute-pubescent ; heads nearly solitary at the
summit of the stem or branches; leaves pinnately parted, tapering into a
petiole ; the lobes 5-9 pairs, linear, entire ; rays 15-20, oblong ; ray-achenia
obscurely 4-angular, somewhat rugose or muricate on the back; pappus of
the disk-flowers of 6-8 hyaline irregularly laciniate very acute scales,
about one-fourth the length of the tube of the corolla. — Hartmannia corym-
bosa, DC! prodr. 5. p. 694.

California, Douglas ! — Nearly a foot high, slender. Chaff scarious ; the
exterior series united nearly to the acute herbaceous and hairy tips. Achenia
stipitate, tipped with a protuberant areola from the inner margin of the apex.
Pappus wanting in the exterior disk-flowers, according to De CandoUe.

3. H. ? ciliata : annual, stem somewhat glabrous, loosely branched at the
summit, but scarcely corymbose ; leaves pinnately parted, with the entire
lobes in 5-8 pairs; the lower attenuate into a petiole; the upper (partly
clasping) and the floral ones ciliate ; heads many-flowered ; rays ample,
10-12, obovate ; achenia all smooth and destitute of pappus. DC. — Hartman-
nia ciliata, DC jnodr. 5. p. 694.

California, Douglas. — Plant with entirely the habit of the preceding ; but
the achenia all destitute of pappus and terminated by an areola, and the tube
of the corolla obcompressed ; therefore approaching the following tribe. Head
nearly that of Chrysanthemum Myconis. DC. — This ambiguous plant is
unknown to us.

§ 3. Heads many -flowered, solitary or crowded at the summit of the branches :
chaff of the receptacle in a single series between the ray and disk-flowers,
not united : pappus none : leaves undivided.

4. H. angustifolia (DC.) : stem much branched, suffrutescent at the base ;
the branches, leaves, and involucre minutely pubescent ; leaves and bracts
narrowly linear, entire; heads bracteate, somewhat solitary; chaff of the
receptacle narrow, membranaceous ; achenia obovate, not stipitate, the apex
mucronate with a short acute cone. — DC. ! prodr. 5. p. 692. H. congesta,
Hook. S^ Am. bot. Beechey, suppl. p. 355 ?

California, Douglas ! — There appears to be some difficulty in distinguish-
ing these two species by the description. What we have as H. angustifolia
agrees with the character of De CandoUe, except that the leaves (at least the
upper) and the scales of the involucre are clothed with both villous and glan-
dular hairs (just as H. congesta is described) ; and the chaff is membranaceo-
foliaceous. The stipe of the achenium and the terminal areola doubtless
vary with age. The (yellow) rays, about 12 in number, are slightly exsert-
ed, with the branches of the style very long and filiform : the tube of the disk
corolla glandular, as in most species of the genus, and the teeth hispid-
bearded on the margin. The leaves are about half an inch long, and obtuse.

b. H. congesta (DC): stem herbaceous, erect, branching ; the branches
somewhat hispid with soft glandular and glandless hairs; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, sparsely villous-glandular; heads bracteate, crowded ; chaff of the recep-
tacle somewhat coriaceous, foliaceous ; achenia obovate, obtuse at the apex,
when mature produced at the base into a rostrate stipe, which is strongly
recurved, and bears a white areola. DC I. c. — H. multicaulis, Hook. Sf
Am. I. c. ?

California, Douglas. — Of this we have no specimen, if our H. angustifolia
be the true plant. The H. multicaulis. Hook Sf Am., which is doubtless the
same with one or the other of these species, is said to have an annual or
biennial root; the stems somewhat simple, or corymbosely branched at the
summit, hirsute with soft spreading hairs ; the radical leaves linear-lanceo-

Hemizonia. COMPOSITiE. 399

late, serrulate, several-nerved; rather glabrous; the cauline somewhat vil-
lous, long and linear, the lower opposite and serrulate ; the heads bracteate
and in clusters of 2-3: the achenia obovate, obtuse, with an inflexed rostelli-
form stipe ; the chaff only a marginal series.

§ 4. Heads many-floicered, nearly solitary: receptacle chaffy throughout ; the
chaff, with the scales of the involucre and the upper leaves, subulate-spines-
cent : pappus none.

6. H. pungens : herbaceous, somewhat ligneous at the base ; stem sparingly
branched, setose with whitish hairs; leaves crowded ; the lower pinnatifid,
with oblong or oblong-lanceolate spinose-mucronate lobes ; the upper and
those of the axillary fascicles linear, entire, rigid, spinescent, the recurved
margins papillose-hairy ; heads somewhat solitary, bracteate; scales of the
involucre spinescent, glandular, nearly equalling the 2-cleft rays ; achenia of
the ray gibbous, with a terminal very oblique areola; receptacle wholly
chafTy ; the chafT lanceolate-subulate, spinescent. Hook. Sf Am. — Hartman-
nia? pungens, Hook. Sf Am. hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 357 ; Hook. ic. pi.
I. 334.

California, Douglas. — " This is a very remarkable plant, more like a
species of Navarettia among the Polemoniaceae than one of the present order.
We can find no trace of it in DeCandoUe's Prodromus." Hook. S^ Am.

§ 5. Heads feio-ynany-flowered, not bracteate, corymbose : receptacle chaffy
throughout ; the scales of the outer series united : pappus none : leaves
glandless, entire or serrulate : flowers white ?

7. H. filipes (Hook. & Arn.) : stem sufFruticose, erect, simple, hirsute with
soft hairs; leaves linear, entire, 1-nerved, somewhat hirsute with soft hairs,
not glandular ; the lower elongated, acuminate, with smaller ones fascicled
in their axils ; the upper much smaller and bractieform, with black glands ;
corymb loose ; the rather rigid branches filiform and glabrous; heads solitary
on long pedicels, few-fiowered ; scales of the obconical ebracteate involucre
few, hirsute; achenia oblong, attenuate at the base. Hook. Sf Am. bot.
Beechey, supjd. p. 356.

California, Douglas. — " The corymb is lax, the primary branches bear a
few glanduliferous bracteas or leaves ; but the stalk that supports the capitu-
lum is slender, quite naked, and rigid. In habit it is very dissimilar to the
other species." Hook. Sf Arn. — This species, which is unknown to us,
would seem to have many points of resemblance to the Osmadenia tenella
ofNuttall.

8. H. luzulfefolia (DC.) : stem erect, tomentose-canescent, corymbose at the
summit ; the branches and the involucre hirsute and somewhat viscid ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, silky-villous, not glandular ; the lower elongated, tapering
to the base, denticulate, 3-5-nerved, sometimes opposite ; involucre hemi-
spherical, many-flowered, nearly bractless ; achenia of the ray obovate, ob-
compressed, somewhat gibbous, with a terminal obtuse sessile areola; those
of the disk abortive. — DC! prodr. 5. p. 692. H. sericea, Hook. Sf Arn.
bot. Beechey, I.e.

Caiilbrnia, Douglas. — Perennial? herbaceous, 8-12 inches high. Lower
leaves 4-5 inches long, 3-4 lines broad, and not unlike those of a Luzula ;
the appressed silky pubescence becoming loose and villous-tomentose on the
old leaves, at length somewhat deciduous : those of the branches or loose co-
rymb one-fourth to half an inch long. Heads 3-4 lines broad ; the scales of

400 COMPOSITtE. Hemizonia.

the involucre 8-10, rather shorter than the disk. Exterior series of the ohtuse
membranaceous chaff' united nearly to the apex ; a portion of the inner also
irregularly united with each other, and with the outer series. Rays 8-10,
apparently white, a little longer than the disk, broadly cuneiform, deeply
3-lobed (the middle lobe smallest), convolute, with an extremely short thick-
ened and glandular tube: the fertile achenia with a very short incurved
stipe, the base of which is dilated into a scarious disk. Corolla of the disk
white or yellowish ; the chocolate-brown anthers tipped (as in other species)
with a broad roundish-deltoid appendage ; the ovaries abortive.

§ 6. Heads many-flmvered, somewhat solitary, hracteate: receptacle chaffy
throughout ; the chaff, as well as the scales of the involucre, glandular-
laciniate, distinct or united only at the base : pappus none : leaves entire ;
the uppermost tipped with a large truncate gland : jio^vers yellowish-
white ?

9. H. macradenia (DC.) : stem suffruticose, much branched ; leaves linear,
entire, slightly hairy (as well as the branches), thickish, crowded, with
smaller ones often fascicled in their axils; "the lower sparingly serrate"
[DC) ; the uppermost and the numerous bracts tipped with a large and ses-
sile truncate or cup-shaped gland; scales of the involucre and chafT of the
receptacle glandular, their margins and back covered with callous cylindri-
cal projections or laciniate teeth, which are terminated by a thick truncate
gland ; fertile achenia obovate, gibbous, somewhat angled on the back and
face, the apex strongly incurved, and terminated by a short ascending beak;
those of the disk sterile. — DC! prodr. 5. p. 693; Hook. S^ Am.! I. c.

California, Douglas! — This singular plant approaches Calycadenia in
habit, as De Candolle remarks ; but ills surely by some mistake that it is said
to resemble H. luzulfefolia. We find the achenia to accord with De Can-
dolle's description. The heads (half an inch in diameter) are solitary or
several, together' and nearly sessile at or near the summit of the branches :
the broadly cuneiform numerous rays somewhat exserted, 3-lobed at the
apex, and raised on a slender glandular-hispid tube. The upper leaves are
about half an inch long, half a line broad (rather dilated at the base), with
still smaller ones in the axils, tipped with a gland nearly as in Calycadenia.

138. CALYCADENIA. DC. prodr. 5. p. 695.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 3-5, pistillate, 3-lobed or 3-parted,
with a slender mostly glandular tube; those of the disk tubular, perfect, but
mostly infertile. Involucre bracteate at the base ; the scales in a single se-
ries, concave, partly enclosing the ray-achenia. Receptacle small and flat,
naked in the centre, chaffy at the margin; the chaff" in a single series be-
tween the ray and disk-flowers, distinct or united. Corolla of the disk infun-
dibuhform, 5-toothed. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers with long
fihform hirsute appendages. Achenia somewhat hairy; those of the ray
obovoid-triangular, destitute of pappus ; of the disk quadrangular-obcom-
pressed, tapering to the base, fully formed and ovuliferous, but apparently in-
fertile, with a pappus of 5-10 chaffy and mostly awned scales. — Annual
slender (Californian) herbs ; with rigid chiefly alternate narrowly linear or
subulate 1 -nerved leaves, with revolute margins ; the floral ones (crowded

Calycadenia. COMPOSITiE. 401

on the short branchlets and at the base of the heads, orfascicled In the axils
of the cauline leaves) usually terminated by a large, sessile or stipitate, ace-
tabuliforra gland. Heads terminal or axillary. Corolla of the disk and ray
white : anthers dark brown.

The flowers are apparendy white in all the species, not yellow, as stated by De
Candolle. The pappus is not mentioned in the generic character of the latter au-
thor; whence EndUcher has incautiously introduced the phrase " Pappus nullus."

§ 1. Slem simple, strict: floral leaves tipped with a large saucer-shaped or
nail-headed gland : rays somewhat convolute, tmequally and often deeply
3-cleft: teeth of the disk-corolla short, ovate. — Eucalycadenia.

1. C. truncata (DC. ! I. c.) : stem very glabrous ; leaves slightly sca-
brous ; the upper cauline, as well as the fascicled floral ones, tipped with a
nearly sessile gland ; heads terminal and axillary, subsessile, solitary, re-
mote ; chaff of the receptacle truncate, scabrous on the back, distinct or
nearly so ; pappus of 7-10 oblong obtuse scales, incisely toothed at the apex,
several times shorter than the corolla or the slightly hairy disk-achenia.

California, Douglas ! — Stem reddish, shining. Achenia of the ray gla-
brous, somewhat rugose.

2. C. villosa (DC. ! 1. c.) : stem hirsute with white hairs ; leaves setose-
hispid towards the base ; the floral ones, as well as the scales of the involu-
cre, very villous below, mostly tipped with a stipitate gland ; heads termi-
nal and axillary, remote, solitary, nearly sessile ; chaff of the receptacle
acute, liairy towards the apex, often united ; achenia villous ; pappus of
about 10 rigid subulate-awned denticulate-scabrous scales, as long as the
disk-corolla. — Hook. S^- Arn. ! hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 358.

California, Douglas ! — Plant slender, about 10 inches high.

3. C. rmdtiglandulosa (DC. ! 1. c.) : stem scabrous-puberulent and sparse-
ly hispid ; leaves sparsely setose-hispid; the upper cauline tipped with a
subsessile gland ; the floral ones crowded or fascicled on the very numerous
and short axillary branchlets (which bear solitary heads), the back and mar-
gins above, as well as the apex, furnished with stipitate glands; scales of the
involucre and the united chaff of the receptacle acutish, beset with stipitate
glands; achenia glabrous; pappus of about 5 lanceolate subulate-awned
scales, and as many intermediate and shorter oblong and obtuse denticulate
scales.

California, Douglas ! — Apparently the largest species ; 18 inches or more
in height. Cauline leaves 2 inches long. Rays short, very broad, convo-
lute, with a very short tube, deeply 3-lobed; the lobes mucronulate ; the
middle one much smaller than the others.

4. C cephalotes (DC. ! 1. c.) : stem pubescent above ; the heads nearly
sessile and crowded at the summit, and sometimes solitary in the upper
axils; leaves long and very slender, nearly glabrous, sparsely hispid-ciliate
towards the base; the lower sometimes opposite ; the floral few, tipped with
a nearly sessile gland, and towards the summit furnished, as are the scales of
the involucre and the mucronate-acute united chaff of the receptacle, with
smaller scattered stipitate glands; achenia sparsely villous; pajjpus of 5
rigid lanceolate-subulate and somewhat awned scales, about two-thirds the
length of the corolla, and as many intermediate and shorter lanceolate-oblong
obtuse scales.

California, Douglas!— V\z.ni slender, 6-10 inches high. Leaves linear

VOL. II. — 51

402 COMPOSITiE. Caltcadenia.

filiform, 2 inches or more in length. Corolla of the disk with a glabrous
tube; of the ray with a rather short glandular tube; the ligule very broad,
convolute, deeply 3-cleft ; the lateral lobes roundish-cuneiform; the middle
one much smaller.

§ 2. Stem much branched, diffuse, minutely glandular, as well as the involu'
ere and upper leaves ; the cup-shaped glands none : rays ^-parted down to
the slender tube; the oblons; lobes somewhat equal, spreading : teeth of the
disk-corolla [purple in the throat) oblong-linear. — Osmadenia, Nutl.

5. C. tenella : stem somewhat hairy; the branches slender, divaricate,
sparingly leafy, terminated by mostly solitary heads; leaves very narrowly
linear, scabrous, setose-hirsute towards the base ; the lower cauline crowded;
those of the branches small, acerose-subuiate ; bracts few ; scales of the in-
volucre and the chalf of the receptacle ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acumi-
nate, covered with small glands ; the latter united ; achenia of the ray gla-
brous, rugose; of the disk slightly hairy ; scales of the pappus 8-10 ; the al-
ternate ones produced into rigid very scabrous awns, rather shorter than the
corolla ; the intermediate ones much shorter, lanceolate-oblong, lacerate-den-
ticulate. — Osmadenia tenella, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. [n. ser.) 7.
p. 392.

St. Diego, California, Nuttall ! May. — Plant 6-12 inches high, erect at
the base ; the filiform branches widely spreading. Heads 3 lines long ; the
linear-acerose bracts, and the somewhat glutinous involucre and chaff fur-
nished with small and flat slightly pedicellate glands. Chaff united nearly
to the summit. Rays white, exserted ; the middle division smallest; the
fertile achenia apiculate at each end. — The plant is said to exhale a powerful
and very agreeable aroma, whence the name imposed by the discoverer.

139. LAGOPHYLLA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. sod. c. p. ^^d.

Heads few-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 5, pistillate, ligulate, cunei-
form, 3-lobed ; those of the disk 5-6, staminate and pistillate, but sterile by
the abortion of the style and ovary. Scales of the involucre 5, similar to the
leaves, ovate-lanceolate, the margins infolded and enclosing the ray-achenia.
Receptacle flat, fimbrillate-hirsute in the centre, chaffy at the margin be-
tween the ray and disk-flowers ; the chaffy scales 5 or 6 in a single series,
distinct. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers subulate-filiform, hirsute.
Achenia smooth, destitute of pappus ; the fertile narrowly oblong-cuneiform,
obcompressed, straight, nearly flat and obscurely angled on the back, carinate-
angled anteriorly, and hence' somewhat triangular; those of the disk entirely
abortive. — A perennial ? exceedingly branched slender herb, with a smooth
and glabrous stem and branches, which are very leafy at the extremity, and
terminated by small sessile heads. Leaves alternate, almost imbricated on
the branchlets, deciduous, linear-oblong (those of the branches 3-4 lines long),
thickish, entire, obtuse, with involute margins, very villous, (as well as the
involucre and the summit of the chaff,) especially along the margins, with
long and soft white hairs. Rays short and broad, pale yellow.

L. ramosissima (Nutt. ! 1. c.)

Lagophtlla. COMPOSITiE. 403

Plains near Wallawallah, Oregon, Nuttall! — A remarkable plant, 2-3
feet high. We have not seen the cauline leaves, which are apparently ca-
ducous ; those of the branches are clothed with long and very soft hairs, thick-
ly spreading from the margin, so as almost to resemble the foot of a hare ;
whence the name.

140. ANISOCARPUS. Null, in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 388.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers about 12, ligulate, pistillate, in a
single series ; those of the disk tubular, staminate and pistillate, but sterile
by the abortion of the ovary. Scales of the subglobose involucre as many
as the rays, carinate-complicate, and wholly enclosing their achenia. Re-
ceptacle somewhat convex, naked and smooth, except the margin, which is
furnished with a single series of more or less united chaff}' scales between the
ray and disk-flowers. Tube of the corolla pubescent. Rays exserted, cunei-
form, 3-cleft at the apex. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers sub-
ulate, very acute, minutely hispid. Achenia of the ray oblong, obcompress-
ed, flat, somewhat incurved, glabrous, without lateral angles or nerves,
crowned with a small sessile disk, destitute of pappus ; of the disk abor-
tive, with a pappus of 5-8. small fimbriate-lacerate membranaceous scales. —
A villous-hirsute perennial herb, with the aspect of iMadia, or Madaria; the
leaves linear, elongated, entire or denticulate, sessile, alternate, or the lower
opposite. Heads paniculate-corymbose or racemose ; the involucre, naked
jied uncles, and upper part of the stem very glandular. Flowers bright
yellow.

A genus intermediate between Madaria (with which it accords in aspect, and from
which it chiefly differs in the pappus of the disk-flowers), and Hartmannia, DC.
(§ of Hemizonia), from which it is distinguished by the flat compressed achenia,
entirely enclosed in the involucral scales.

A. madioides (Nutt. ! 1. c.)

Banks of the Oregon, among rocks, in shady forests, at the outlet of the
Wahlamet ; rather rare, Nuttall! — Stem simple, 1-2 feet high, hirsute with
long and short hairs. Radical leaves linear-oblong, remotely serrulate, 3-4
inches in length; the cauline gradually reduced in size. Involucre 3-4 lines
in diameter : rays conspicuous, but rather short. — We have not seen the mature
fruit.

141. MADARIA. DC. mem. soc. Genev. 7. p. 280; Endl. iconogr. t. 36.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 10-15, ligulate, pistillate, in a
single series; those of the disk tubular, staminate and pistillate, but sterile by
the abortion of the ovary. Scales of the subglobose involucre as many as the
rays, complicate and enclosing their achenia. Receptacle somewhat convex,
fimbrillate-hirsute, except the margin, which is furnished with 1 or 2 series of
chaffy scales between the ray and disk-flowers. Corolla pubescent or hairy
at the base ; the rays twice the length of the involucre. Achenia of the ray
as in Madia; those of the disk abortive; all destitute of pappus. — Annual
(Californian) hairy and glandular herbs, with the aspect of Madia ; the heads

404 COMPOSITiE. Madaria.

more showy and corymbose. Leaves lanceolate or linear. Flowers yellow ;
the rays often spotted with purple at the base : anthers brown.

1. M. elegans (DC.) : stem and leaves hispid with glandless and glandu-
liferoiis hairs intermixed. DC! not. 7. pl.rar. Genev.p. 17, Sf prodr. 5. p.
692 ; Hook. S^ Am. ! hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 353 ; Hook. hot. mag. t. 3548.
Madia elegans, Dentin hot. reg. t. 1458. M. viscosa, /?. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.
2. p. 24.

California ! and Oregon ! Common in cultivation. — Rays linear-cuneate,
spotted with purple at the base, acutely 3-cIeft at the apex.

2. M. corymhosa (DC.) : stem and involucre hispid with glandless and
glanduliferous hairs intermixed ; leaves linear, villous, somewhat hispid,
glandless. (Varies with the glands many, or very few.) DC! I. c; Hook.
Sf Am. I. c. ; Endl. iconogr. t. 36. M. racemosa, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer.
phil. son. I. c.

/?. ? hispida (DC. 1. c.) : stem, leaves, and involucre hispid with spreading
hairs, all of them glandless.

California and Oregon! — Rays sometimes with a brown spot at the base,
3-cleft at the apex.

142. MADIA. Molina, Giil. ; Cav. ic. 3. p. 50, t. 298 ; DC. I. c.

Madia & Madorella, Nutt.

Heads usually many-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5-12, ligulate, pistillate, in
a single series ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of ihe subglobose
involucre in a single series, as many as the rays, carinate-complicate and en-
closing their achenia. Receptacle flat, naked, except the margin, which is
furnished with 1-2 series of chaflTy scales, usually more or less united. Co-
rolla with a pubescent tube ; the rays slightly' exserted. Branches of the
Btyle in the disk-flowers lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the margins minutely
hispid. Achenia of the ray and disk similar, compressed, nearly straight,
oblong-obovate, glabrous (minutely and closely striate), destitute of pappus,
usually more or less one-nerved or angled on each side. — Annual or biennial
hairy and glandular herbs (natives of Chili, California, & Oregon) ; with ob-
long or linear sessile or partly clasping entire or denticulate leaves; the low-
est often opposite, the others alternate. Heads bracteate, sessile, or on short
peduncles, somewhat racemose. Flowers pale yellow : anthers brown.

1. 31. saiira (Molina) : villous and glandular throughout; leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate ; heads many-flowered, mostly racemose and peduncu-
late ; achenia manifestly 1-2-angled on each side. — DC not. 7. pL rar.
Genev., Sfmem. soc. Genev. 7.^.277, Sf prodr. 5. p. 691 ; Hook. &^- Am. hot.
Beechey, suppl. p. 355 ; Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 387.
M. viscosa, Cav. I. c. ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 24, in part. M. mellosa,
Jacg. hort. Schcenb. 3. t. 302. Sclerocarpus gracilis, Sinith, in Rees, cycl.,
ex Hook. Sf Am. I. c.

p. congesta : heads clustered at the summit of the stem and branches. — M.
congesta, Nutt. ! I. c.

Oregon ! and California ! doubtless indigenous. Also a native of Chili,
where it is cultivated for the oil yielded by its seeds.

Madia. COMPOSITE. 405

2. M. racemosa : hirsute, the stem and linear mostly acute leaves scarcely
glandular; heads racemose, many-flowered; involucre glandular; ray-
achenia flat, not at all (or obscurely) angled on the sides. — Madorella race-
mosa, Nuit. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Oregon, near the Wahlamel, Nutlall! Fort Vancouver, Mr.Tolmie! — A
more slender plant than the preceding, 12 to 20 inches high ; the stem spar-
ingly glandular at the summit ; the leaves clothed with short somewhat ap-
pressed hairs, sometimes glandular-denticulate. Kays 8-12, rather conspicu-
ous; the disk-flowers several. The ray-achenia are flat and even on the
sides; but those of the disk are more or less 1-nerved or angled: and the
preceding species presents such diversities that we are not very sure that this
is entirely distinct from it. The style accords with M. sativa. .

3. M. dissitijiora : stem, as well as the lanceolate-linear leaves, hirsute-
pubesceut; the branches glandular; heads scattered, few-flowered ; scales of
the involucre 5-8, very glandular ; achenia all flat, and scarcely or not at all
angled on the sides. — Madorella dissitiflora, Null. ! I.e.

JBlue Mountains and plains of Oregon, Nuttall! — A slender twiggy plant,
6 to 15 inches high ; the heads scarcely 3 lines in diameter, with inconspicu-
ous rays. Disk-flowers 3-6. Style as in M. sativa.

143. AMIDA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 390.

Heads few-(2-6-) flowered ; the flowers either all tubular and perfect (the
corolla with a cylindrical pubescent tube, and a very short scarcely dilated
5-toothed limb), or one or two of them pistillate and radiate, with a very small
cuneiform and 3-lobed ligule. Involucre oblong, subtended by 2-3 linear
bracts; the scales as many as the flowers, carinate-cymbiform, nearly
straight, each nearly enclosing an achenium, all more or less united with
each other by their inner margins. Receptacle small, somewhat punctate.
Branches of the style in the perfect flowers oblong, obtuse, slightly hairy.
Achenia linear-oblong, straight or slightly incurved, compressed-3-4-angled,
glabrous(minutely striate), destitute of pappus, terminated by a sessile are-
ola.— Annual slender hirsute and glandular herbs (indigenous to the plains of
the interior of Oregon and of the Saskatchawan), with the aspect of Madia ;
the leaves linear, sessile, entire ; the small heads irregularly clustered (2-5
together) in the axils and on the somewhat corymbose branches. Flowers
pale yellow, scarcely exserted beyond the involucre.

These plants are, as it were, singularly reduced Madiae ; in which, as the flowers
form but a single verticil, the involucral scales supply the place of the chaff of the
receptacle. In both species the flowers vary from 2 (both perfect), when the involu-
cre is compressed, to 3, 5, or rarely 6, when the involucre presents as many carinate
lobes and strong re-entering angles. This genus presents the only instance in which
a plant of the division Madiefe has been found east of the Rocky Mountains, or of
the Andes. Mr. NuUall doubtless was not aware that his A. hirsuta is the Madia
glomerata, Hook. ; or he would have adopted that name for the species.

1. A. gracilis (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : scabrous-hirsute with appressed hairs; leaves
narrowly linear, ciliate with a few spreading bristles near the base.

Rocky Mountain plains and prairies of the Oregon, Nutlall ! — Stein about
a foot high, slender, rigid, mostly simple ; with the clusters of heads often
axillary, and smaller than in the following.

406 COMPOSITE. Amida.

2. A. hirsula (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : hirsute with long spreading hairs and short
stipitate glands ; stein often corymbose at the summit. — Madia glomerata,
Hook. !fi. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 24.

Plains of the Saskatchawan, Drummond ! Plains of the Rocky Moun-
tains and of the Oregon, with the preceding species, Nuttall! — A stouter plant
than A. gracilis, with broader and more carinate involucral scales.

144. HARPJECARPUS. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 389.

Heads few-flowered ; the ray-flowers 5-8, pistillate, in a single series, each
enclosed in one of the carinate-complicate and lunate scales of the involucre ;
the disk-flower solitary ! tubular and perfect, fertile, surrounded by a 5-angled
and 5-toothed cup, consisting of the united chaff" of the receptacle. Corolla
glabrous ; of the disk -flower infundibuliform, 5-toothed ; of the rays scarcely
exceeding the involucre, tubular below, cleft above anteriorly ; the very short
and broad ligule 2-3-toothed or lobed, about the length of the linear glabrous
branches of the style. Branches of the style in the disk-flower short, lance-
olate-oblong, with barbellate-hispid margins. Achenia glabrous, much com-
pressed, destitute of pappus ; of the rays gibbous, obovate-lunate, the incurved
summit produced into a short ascending beak, when mature deciduous with
the scales of the involucre that enclose them ; that of the disk semi-obovate,
straight, with a truncate terminal areola, included by the united chaff". — A
small slender hirsute annual (3-12 inches high), with somewhat the aspect
of a Myosotis; the erect simple stem clothed with mostly alternate narrowly
linear and entire leaves, corymbose-paniculate at the summit, bearing sev-
eral small heads on simple and naked peduncles, which are elongated in fruit.
Flowers pale yellow, very small.

H. madarioides (Nutt. ! 1. c.) — Sclerocarpus exiguus. Smith, in Rees, cycl.
(ex char. & descr. Hook. Sf Am. hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 355, under Madaria
corymbosa.)

Oregon (' North West Coast,' doubtless collected by the venerable Menzies,
if we are right as to the synonymy) : common on rocky plains in depressions
at the outlet of the Wahlamet, Nuttall ! May. — Leaves about an inch long,
less than a line wide. Peduncles filiform and often 2 inches long in fruit,
bearing a depressed-globose head scarcely 2 lines in diameter. Involucre
covered with stipitate glands and short hispid hairs intermixed. Plant some-
what aromatic.

Subtribe 6. Anthemideje, Cass., DC. — Heads mostly heterogamous
(never dioecious) ; the ray-flowers in one or more series, pistillate or rarely
neutral, either ligulate or tubular ; the disk-flowers perfect or sometimes
staminate and infertile. Receptacle naked or chaffy. Anthers not caudate.
Branches of the style truncate and mostly bearded at the apex, very rarely
produced into a short cone. Pappus small and coroniform, or usually
none. — Leaves mostly alternate.

Maruta. COMPOSIT.E. 407

CONSPECTUS OF THE GEIVERA.

Div. 1. EaANTHEMiDE^. — Receptacle chaffy. Rays ligulate, in a single series (or
rarely wanting) : the disk-flowers perfect.

145. Maruta. Rays neutral. Achenia obovoid, ribbed.

146. Anthemis. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or quadrangular.

147. Achillea. Rays pistillate. Achenia obcompressed, margined.

Div. 2. Chrysantheme^. — Receptacle naked. Rays ligulate in a single series
(rarely none) : the disk-flowers perfect.

148. MoNOLOPiA. Scales of the cup-shaped involucre 8-10, united below. Re-

ceptacle convex. Achenia of the ray somewhat obcompressed ; of the
disk compressed. Leaves opposite and alternate.

149. Coinogyne. Scales of the involucre few, imbricated, unequal. Receptacle

conical. Achenia consimilar, oblong. Leaves opposite.

150. Venegasia. Scales of the campanulate involucre imbricated in several

series; the 5 exterior foliaceous. Receptacle flat. Achenia obscurely
quadrangular. Leaves alternate.

151. Egletes. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle

convex. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a thick coroniform pappus.

152. Leucanthemum. Scales of the depressed involucre imbricated. Receptacle

flat or convex. Achenia somewhat terete, striate, destitute of pappus, or
those of the ray with an auriculseform pappus. ,

153. Matricaria. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle ovate-conical.

Achenia angled, wingless : pappus none, obscure, or coroniform.

Div. 3. CoTULE^ & Artemisie^. — Receptacle naked. Heads discoid, homo-
gamous or heterogamous : the flowers all tubular ; those of the disk perfect, but
sometimes infertile.

154. Aeomia. Heads heterogamous. Achenia quadrangular, tapering to the

base. Pappus of chaffy scales nearly as long as the corolla.

155. Tanacetum. Heads homogamous or heterogamous. Achenia angled or

ribbed, with a large epigynous disk. Pappus none, or minute.

156. Artemisia. Heads heterogamous or homogamous. Achenia obovoid, with

a small epigynous disk. Pappus none.

Div. 4. Hippies. — Receptacle naked. Heads monoecious : the pistillate, flowers
in the margin ; the staminate in the centre.

157. SoLivA. Fertile flowers in several series, apetalous or nearly so ; the stami-

nate few. Achenia obcompressed, with winged or callous margins,
armed with the persistent style.

Div. 1. EuANTHEMiDE^;, DC. — Receptacle chaffy. Heads mostly
radiate ; the rays ligulate, in a single series ; the disk-flowers perfect.

145. MARUTA. Cass., Less. ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 13.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays neutral (rarely nearly wanting), continu-
ous with the sterile ovary. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated

408 . COMPOSITiE. Maruta.

in few series, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, chaffy throughout
or only at the summit. Achenia obovoid or obpyramidal, ribbed, glabrous,
destitute of pappus. — Annual (European) fetid herbs; with tripinnately
divided leaves, and solitary heads terminating the branches. Rays white,
often deflexed ; the disk yellow.

I. M. Cotula (DC. ! 1. c.) : scales of the involucre with whitish scarious
margins; receptacle conical, chaffy at the summit; the chaff subulate. —
Anlhemis Cotula, Linn, sj^ec. 2. p. 894 ; Engl. hot. t. 1772; Null. gen. 2.
p. 171 ; Bart. veg. mat. nied. t. 14 ; Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 318 ; Dar-
lingt. Cest. p. 489.

/3. rays few and small, or occasionally none.

Roadsides, &c., throughout the United States, where it is completely
naturalized. /?. St. Louis, Missouri, i)r. £no'eZmann .' June-Nov. — Plant
hairy or nearly glabrous, with a strong unpleasant smell, and acrid proper-
ties. Achenia more or less tuberculate in lines. — May-weed.

146. ANTHEMIS. Linn. (excl. spec.) ; DC. fi. Fr. Sf prodr. 6. p. 4.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre im-
bricated in few series. Receptacle convex or conical, with membranaceous
chaff among the flowers. Achenia terete or very obtusely quadrangular,
striate or smooth, destitute of pappus, or with a minute crown. — European or
Oriental odorous herbs, with 1-2-pinnately parted leaves ; the branches ter-
minated by single bractless heads. Rays usually white ; the disk yellow.

1. A. arvensis (Linn.) : diffuse or erect, pubescent ; leaves pinnately
parted, the lobes linear-lanceolate, approximate, and with the teeth very
acute; the branches leafless at the summit, bearing solitary heads; scales
of the involucre with white scarious margins, obtuse ; chaff of the conical re-
ceptacle lanceolate, acuminate ; achenia crowned with a very short some-
what toothed margin. DC. I. c. — Engl. hot. t. 602 ,• Fl. Dan. t. 1179 ;
Darlingt.fl. Cest. jo. 488.

Sparingly naturalized in the Northern States. June-Aug. — (T) The
Wild Cliammomile of Europe resembles Maruta Cotula, but is not fetid, with
larger heads, fertile rays, &c.

A. nobilis, the officinal Chammomile, is said by Nuttall to be naturalized near Lew-
iston, Delaware.

147. ACHILLEA. Linn. ; Schkuhr, liandb. t. 255 ; Less. S7jn. p. 250.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays few, or 10-20, pistillate, short. Scales of
the involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, or sometimes elongated, chaffy.
Achenia oblong, obcompressed, margined, destitute of pappus. — Perennial
herbs ; with alternate mostly pinnalifid or pinnately divided leaves, and small
corymbose heads. — Yarrow.

§ 1. Involucre campanulate : rays {wliite) 5-20, flat, longer than the involucre
(in A. multiflora very short) : receptacle broad, nearly flat : achenia often
with wing-like margins. — Ptarmica, Tourn., DC.

Achillea. COMPOSlTiE. 409

1. A. Ptarmica (Linn.) : leaves glabrous, lanceolate-linear, sharply and
equally serrate with appressed teeth; heads loosely corymbose ; rays 8-12,
much longer than the disk. — Linn, sjjec. 2. p. 898; Fl. Van. I. 643; Engl,
bot. t. Ibl ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 5-52. Ptarmica vulgaris, DC.j^rodr. 6. p. 23.

Canada to New York, according to Pursh : but it has not since been met
with. Introduced in Danvers, Massachusetts, Dr. Nicholls ! {Mr. Oakes.)
Aug.-Sept. — Disk and ray white. — Sneeze-wort.

2. A. multijlora (Hook.) : clothed with villous hairs when young ; leaves
elongated, linear-lanceolate, closely and sharply pinnatifid-serrate ; the teeth
or segments lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate, somewhat appressed ; heads
in dense compound corymbs ; rays 10-12, very short. — Hook. ! fl.. Bar. -Am.
1. p. 318. A. Ptarmica, Richards. ! appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 33.

Woody country of Subarctic America, as far north as Fort Franklin,
Richardson! Druminond! — Leaves evenly and deeply pectinate-incised.
Ligules roundish, scarcely exceeding the disk ; in which respect it differs
from all other species of this section.

3. A. horealis (Bongard) : stem striate, villous with soft hairs ; leaves ses-
sile, pinnately divided ; the segments bipinnatifid ; the lobes linear, acute,
pubescent ; heads corymbose ; the peduncles villous-pubescent, branched ;
exterior scales of the involucre rather obtuse, the inner oblong ; rays obovate,
entire, 4-nerved. DC. — Bongard, veg. Sitcha, in mem. acad. St. Petersb.
I. c. p. 149. Ptarmica borealis, DC. prodr. G. p. 21.

Sitcha, Kastahky, ex Bongard. — The heads are compared with those of
A. atrata. Flowers white.

§ 2. Involucre ovoid-oblong ; rays few and short ; receptacle small : achenia
slightly margined. — Millefolium, Tourn. (Achillea, DC)

4. A. Millefolium (Linn.) : cauline leaves nearly sessile, bipinnately
parted ; the lobes linear, 3-5-cleft, mucronate ; the rachis entire or slightly
toothed near the apex of the leaf; corymb compound, fastigiate ; rays 4-5,
obovate, white, or sometimes rose-color (var. rosea). — Linn. spec. p. 899 ;
Fl. Dan. t. 737 ; Engl. bot. t. IbS ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. j>. 318 ; Dar-
lingt. ! fl: Cest. p. 489 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 24. A. gracile & A. occidentale,
Raf. ! in herb. DC. — Varies from almost glabrous, with the divisions of the
leaves slender and loose, to densely woolly, with smaller and narrower leaves,
and the divisions and lobes short and very much crowded ; which is A. Mille-
folium y. lanata, Koch : A. tomentosa, Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 319 (Interior of
Oregon, Lewis !) : A. lanulosa, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 20 ; &
A. setacea, Schweinitz ! in Long's 2nd exped. 2. p. 119.

Throughout North America, from the Arctic regions ! along the Rocky
Mountains! to Mexico, and from Newfoundland! to Oregon! Sitcha, and
California. Also, doubtless introduced from Europe into pastures, &c. Aug.-
Oct. — The flowers of A. tomentosa, Pursh, although yellowish in the dried
specimen, were probably white in the living plant. — Bitter, astringent, and
aromatic. — Yarrow.

A. aspleniifolia (Vent. hort. Cels.) with rose-colored rays, is of unknown origin.
It is said to have been raised from seeds brought from Carolina by Bosc ; but, accord-
ing to De CandoUe, it had been cultivated in the gardens of Europe long before the
time of Bosc.

Div. 3!». Chrtsantheme*, DC. — Receptacle naked. Heads radiate ;
the rays ligulate, pistillate, rarely neutral, in a single series (rarely wanting) ; '^
the disk flowers perfect.

TOL. u. — 52

410 COMPOSITiE. Mo.NOLopiA.

148. MONOLOPIA. DC. prodr. 6. p. 74 ; Hook. ic. pil. t. 343 <^ 344.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays 8-10, pistillate ; the disk-flowers perfect,
but apparently sterile. Scales of the cup-shaped involucre 8-10, united
below. Receptacle convex or somewhat conical, naked. Disk-corolla with
a slender terete tube, and a dilated limb ; the short teeth bearded. Achenia
glabrous, destitute of pappus; those of the ray obovoid, slightly obcom-
pressed ; of the disk compressed, infertile ?— Annual (Californian) woolly
herbs ; with linear-oblong sessile leaves (either opposite or alternate), and
solitary heads terminating the branches. Disk and rays yellow.

1. M. major (DC. ! 1. c.) : lower leaves somewhat toothed, the upper
entire ; scales of the involucre strictly in a single series, united almost to the
summit ; rays much longer than the disk ; the tube furnished with a small
toothed appendage opposite the ligule ; receptacle nearly conical. — Hook. !
ic. pi. t. 344, 8f hot. Beechey, supi^l. p. 359, Sf hot. mag. t. 3839. Hologymne
Douglasii, Fisch., Mey. SfLall. ind. 8. hort. St. Petersb. (1841) _p. 64.

California, Douglas ! — A foot high. Heads showy.

2. M. minor (DC ! 1. c.) : leaves sparingly lobed ; the lobes linear ; scales
of the involucre somewhat in 2 series, united only at the base ; rays short ;
receptacle convex. — Hook. ! ic. pi. t. 343, c^ hot. Beechey, I. c.

California, Douglas ! — Plant 4 or 5 inches high. Tube of the disk-corolla
hirsute.

149. COINOGYNE. Less, in Linnaa, 6. p. 521, t. 6 ; DC. prodr. 6.p. 42.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays several, small, pistillate ; the disk-flowers
tubular, glabrous, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre few, imbricated, un-
equal, somewhat fleshy, very obtuse ; the outermost short and rounded.
Receptacle conical, naked. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers tipped
with a short cone, nearly as in Tagetes. Achenia of the ray and disk similar,
oblong, glabrous, many-ribbed, destitute of pappus. — A low perennial herb ;
with ascending stems, terminated by solitary rather large heads, and fleshy
ligulate and entire opposite leaves ; their tapering bases connate in a short
sheath. Flowers yellow?

C. carnosa (Less. ! 1. c). — Hook. Sf Am. hot. Beechey, p. 150.
California, Chamisso! Capt. Beechey. — Stems about 4 inches in length.
Leaves half an inch to an inch long, 1-2 lines wide.

150. VENEGASIA. DC prodr. 6. p. 43.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous (15), pistillate. Scales of the
carapanulate involucre imbricated in several series ; the 5 exterior cordate,
acutish, foliaceous; the intermediate 10 ovate-orbicular, very obtuse, some-
what colored ; the innermost (about 15) small and chaffy, lanceolate or ob-
long. Receptacle flat, naked. Tube of the corolla glandular, larger than
the ovary. Branches of the style terminated by an obscure cone. Achenia

Venegasia. COMPOSITiE. 411

oblong, obscurely quadrangular (muricate, DC), destitute of pappus. — A
somewhat shrubby and nearly glabrous branching plant ; with alternate del-
toid-cordate toothed leaves, on slender petioles, and large nodding heads on
short peduncles. Ray and disk yellow.

V. carpesioides (DC. ! 1. c.)—Nult. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 395.

California, Douglas! Nuttall .' (In rocky situations around St. Barbara,
near the sea.) — Leaves like those of Campanula rhomboidalis. Head, with
the conspicuous rays, 2 inches in diameter.

151. EGLETES. Cass. diet. ; Less. syn. p. 252 ; Nutt. I. c.
Egletes & Leucopsidium, DC.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the hemi-
spherical involucre ovate-lanceolate, with scarious margins, imbricated in
few series. Receptacle convex, naked. Branches of the style in the disk-
flowers terminated by a short cone. Achenia glabrous, or somewhat hairy
when young, somewhat angled or ribbed, scarcely compressed, with a short
and thickened coroniform pappus, which is more or less toothed or cleft. —
Diffuse or erect canescent or hairy branching (West Indian, Mexican, and
ArkansanJ herbs; with alternate often toothed or pinnatifid leaves. Heads
terminating the branches. Rays white ; the disk yellow.

1. E. Arkansana (Nutt.) : annual, canescent, erect; cauline leaves, ses-
sile, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, entire, or sparingly and slightly toothed ; the
radical tapering to the base, sinuate-toothed ; rays much longer than the in-
volucre; corolla of the disk becoming thickened and corky at the base;
achenia sulcate-striate ; pappus laciniate-cleft. — Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil.
soc. (n. ser.) l.p. 394. Leucopsidium Arkansanum, DC! prodr. 6. p. 43.
Keerlia skirrobasis, Koolz. ! ic. pi. t. 240, not of DC

Arkansas ! and Texas ! Aug. — Head smaller than in Leucanthemum
vulgare : the rays linear, nearly an inch long. Pappus thickened and almost
corneous at the base, usually deeply cleft into sharper segments than is re-
presented in Hooker's figure above-cited : that of E. (Leucopsidium, Benth.)
humilis is minutely and evenly toothed or cleft, more like that of E. Domin-
gensis.

152. LEUCANTHEMUM. Tourn.; DC prodr. 6. p. 45.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, numerous. Scales of the broad
imbricated involucre with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex,
naked. Corolla of the disk with a fleshy obcompressed and slightly 2-winged
tube. Achenia of the disk and ray similar, somewhat terete, striate, desti-
tute of pappus, or those of the ray sometimes furnished with an auriculseform
pappus. — Perennial herbs, with alternate mostly toothed or pinnatifid leaves,
and large solitary heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays white or
occasionally reddish ; the disk yellow.

§ Achenia of the ray as well as the disk destitute of pappus : flowers all
fertile. — Phalacroglossum, DC. (Chrysanthemum, Less.)

412 COMPOSITiE. Leucanthemum.

1. L. integrifolium (DC. I.e.): dwarf, hairy, leaves spatulate-linear,
entire, chiefly crowded at the base of the simple scape-like stem ; scales of
the involucre obovate-elliptical, with broad and brown lacerate scarious mar-
gins.— Chrysanthemum integrifoUum, Richards.! appx. Franki. journ. ed.
2. p. 33 ; Hook. ! in Parry's ^nd voy. p. 398, S^fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 319.

Shores of Arctic America, and on the Copper Mountains in lat. 57°.
Richardson ! — Rays elliptical, white.

2. L. arcticum (DC. ! 1. c.) : nearly glabrous ; stem low, simple, naked
near the summit ; lower leaves cuneiform, tapering into a petiole, incised or
coarsely toothed at the apex ; the uppermost small, mostly linear and entire;
scales of the involucre oval, with blackish scarious margins. — Chrysanthe-
mum arcticum, Linn. spec. 2. p. 889 ; Pursh,fi. 2. p. 526 ; Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-
Am. 1.^.319.

Arctic America ! extending south to York Factory, Hudson's Bay ! and
to Fort Vancouver ! probably confined to the coast. — Stem 6-10 inches high.
Head as large as in L. vulgare.

3. L. vulgare (Lam.) : stem erect, somewhat branched ; leaves laciniate-
incised or pinnatifid-toothed ; the cauline partly clasping ; the radical obovate-
spatulate, petioled ; scales of the involucre with narrow rusty-brown scarious
margins. — DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 46. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, Linn. !
I.e. ; Fl. Dan. t. 994; Engl. hot. t. 601 ; Pursh, I.e. ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest.
p. 490.

/?. involucral scales bordered with white scarious margins.

Naturalized in fields and meadows throughout the United States; also in
Canada and Oregon : a very troublesome weed. /3. Alexandria, Louisiana,
Dr. Hale! June-July.— Leaves variable. Achenia ribbed. — White Daisy.
Ox-eye Daisy.

153. MATRICARIA. Linn.; Tourn. ; DC prodr. 6. p. 50.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, rarely very small or wanting.
Scales of the involucre nearly equal, imbricated in few series. Receptacle
ample, ovate-conical ! naked. Corolla of the disk 4-5-toothed ; the tube
more or less obcompressed, or nearly terete. Achenia angled, wingless, those
of the disk and ray similar. Pappus none, or obscure, or occasionally coroni-
form. — Smooth and branching annuals ; the pinnately parted leaves with
linear or setaceous segments. Heads solitary or somewhat corymbose.
Rays white ; the disk yellow.

§ 1. Heads radiate : achenia with a coroniform pappus : corolla of the disk
b-tooihed. — Chamomilla, DC.

1. M. inodora (Linn.) : glabrous ; stem branched, diffuse or erect ; leaves
bipinnately divided ; the lobes linear, acute, flattish, 2-3 parted ; heads soli-
tary on the branches ; scales of the involucre oblong, with whitish [or brown]
scarious margins; achenia 3-4-angled ; pappus coroniform, entire. DC. —
Linn.Jl. Suec. ed. 2. p. 297 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 52. Chrysanthemum inodo-
rum, Linn. spec. ; Fl. Dan. t. 696 ,- Schkuhr, handb. t. 253. Pyrethrum
inodorum, Smith, Jl. Brit. 2. p. 900 ,• Engl. hot. t. 676 ; Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-Am.
I. p. 320.

3.1 nana: stem simple, with a solitary head.— Pyrethrum modorum /?.
nanum. Hook. ! I. c, ^ hot. Beechey, p. 126. P. Caucasicum, IVilld. ex
Less. Chrysanthemum grandiflorum, Hook. ! in Parry's 2nd voy. p. 398.

Matricaria. COMPOSITE. 413

" Lake Huron, Br. Todd.'''' York Factory, Drummond ; and as far north
as Bear Lake, Richardson! ji. Shores and islands of the Arctic sea,
Richardson ! Chamisso.'" Hook. — We are not well satisfied that the Ameri-
can plant is the same as the European M. inodora, or that it is an annual.

§ 2. Heads discoid, rayless: pappus none, or an obscure entire margin:
corolla of the disk 4-toothed, obcompressed, and more or less 2-winged.
— Anactidea, DC. (Lepidotheca, Nutt.)

2. M. discoidea (DC. ! 1. c.) : branched from the base, glabrous, leafy ;
leaves 2-3-pinnately parted ; the lobes short, linear, acute ; heads (small) on
short peduncles ; scales of the involucre oval, with broad while scarious mar-
gins ; rays none ; pappus an obsolete coroniform margin ; receptacle acute-
ly conical. — M. tanacetoides, Fisch. S^' Meyer, 7tk ind. sem. St. Petersh.
Santolina suaveolens, Pursh ! jl. 2. p. 520 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 37. Artemisia
matricarioides, Less, in Linneea, 6. p. 210. Tanacetum matricarioides. Less,
syn. p. 265. T.? suaveolens. Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 2,21, t. 110. T. pau-
ciflorum, DC. prodr. 6. p. 131 ; not of Richards. Cotula matricarioides,
Bongard, veg. Silcha, in mem. acad. St. Petersh. I. c. p. 150. Lepidotheca
suaveolens, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 397.

Western America from California! to Unalaschka! Shcha! and the ad-
jacent parts of Asia. Also in barren places around St. Louis, Missouri, Dr.
Engelmann ! perhaps introduced, as Nuttall states it was raised in a garden
at Philadelphia from seeds brought by Capt. Lewis. May-July. — An in-
conspicuous weed-like plant ; "with nearly the receptacle, involucre, and
achenia of M. suaveolens." The achenia of this species, and of M. Cham-
omilla, although appearing perfectly smooth under an ordinary lens, when
moistened emit from their whole surface innumerable filaments of extreme
tenuity, forming a kind of gelatinous mass, much as in Blennosperma,
p. 272.

M. Chamomilla (Linn.), which abounds in waste grounds in Europe, and possess-
ing to some extent the bitter and aromatic properties of the officinal Chammomile, is
sometimes substituted for it, under the name of Wd I Chammomile, has been collected
in Texas (" Bottom land on the Brazos") by Dr. Lindheimer : doubtless introduced,
and perhaps very locally naturalized.

Pyrethrum Parthenium (the Feverfeid) has escaped from gardens, and is begin-
ning to be naturalized in some places.

P. serotinum, Linn., which has been in cultivation for a long period, is doubtless
not of North American origin.

Chrj/santhemum ? nanum (Hook.) : stem somewhat branched, clothed with loose
deciduous wool ; leaves pinnatiiid ; the segments linear and entire ; heads terminal,
solitary ; achenia obovate-oblong, minutely papillose (receptacle naked, convex ; rays
8-10, entire, apparently white; scales of the involucre elliptical.) Hook'. Jl. Bor.-
Am.. 1. p. 320.

North West Coast of America, Menzies. — A plant of doubtful genus, 3-5 inches
high ; the head about the size of a Daisy. Hook.

Div. 3. CoTULE^: & Artemisie^:, DC. — Receptacle naked
(not chaffy. ) Heads discoid, homogamous or heterogamous; the flowers all
tubular ; those of the disk perfect, but sometimes infertile.

154. AROMIA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 395.

Heads discoid, heterogamous ; the flowers all tubular ; the 4 or 5 marginal
pistillate, with the corolla obliquely truncate and 2-3-toothed ; the others

414 COMPOSITiE. Akomia.

(10-12) perfect, with the corolla 5-toothed, nearly destitute of proper tube.
Scales of the involucre 5 or 6, equal, concave-carinate, obovate, nearly in a
single series, membranaceous. Receptacle convex, naked. Branches of the
style truncate. Achenia of the ray and disk similar, quadrangular, tapering
to the base, hairy on the angles. Pappus of about 12 oblong obtuse nerve-
less chaffy scales, distinct or slightly united at the base, much shorter than
the achenia, but almost equalling the very short corolla. — An aromatic an-
nual or biennial branching herb, nearly glabrous ; the branchlets glutinous.
Leaves linear ; the upper alternate, entire; the lower (often opposite) trifid
or somewhat pinnatifid ; the lobes filiform-linear. Heads corymbose, small.
Flowers yellow.

A. tenuifolia (Nutt. ! 1. c.)

St. Diego, California, near the coast, Nuttall! May.-— Lower leaves 2-3
inches long. Heads turbinate, 2-3 lines in diameter: the corolla of the pistil-
late flowers not longer than the perfect, both very short. Achenia and pappus
much as in Bahia and Cheenactis. — Although placed by Nuttall in Anthe-
mideae, Div. Cotuleas, this plant should rather find a place in the Subtribe
Helenieae.

155. TANACETUM. Linn. ; Gcertn.fr. 1. 165 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 127.

Heads discoid, homogamous, with the flowers all tubular and perfect, or
heterogamous ; the marginal flowers pistillate, in a single series, 3-4-toolhed.
Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex, naked. Ache-
nia angled or ribbed, glabrous, with a large epigynous disk. Pappus either
none or minute, membranaceous, coroniform, entire or toothed, often unequal.
Herbs or suffruticose plants ; with alternate variously dissected leaves, and
solitary or corymbose (rather large) heads. Flowers yellow.

§ 1. Heads (campanulate-hemispherical) heterogamous ; the terete ray -flow-
ers ^-toothed ; the disk-flowers 5-toothed. — Eutanacetum, DC.

1. T. vulgare {Tiinn.) : stem herbaceous, erect, glabrous; leaves nearly
glabrous, bipinnately parted; the rachis and lobes incisely serrate; corymb
of numerous heads ; inner scales of the involucre scarious at the apex, ob-
tuse; pappus short, equal, 5-lobed. DC. — Lam. ill. t. 696, f. 1 ; Engl. hot.
1. 1229 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 522 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 327 ; Darlingt. ! fl.
Cest. p. 492.

(S. crispum (DC.) : leaves more incised and crisped.

Naturalized abundantly in the Northern States ! and Canada ! July-
Sept. It — Tansey.

§ 2. Heads {hemispherical, the disk convex in fruit,) heterogamous ; the ray-
flowers obcompressed, 3-5-lobed or toothed, slightly winged at the base ; the
disk-flowers 5-toothed. — Homalotes. (Omalanthus, Less. — Omalotes,
DC. — Homalotes, Endl.)

2. T. Huronense (Nutt.) : hairy or almost tomentose when j'oung; stem
stout, herbaceous, striate-angled ; leaves bipinnately divided ; the lobes ob-
long, pinnatifid-incised, or often nearly entire, mucronate with a callous
point ; heads (large) corymbose, or rarely nearly solitary, on stout peduncles;

Ta.vacetum. COMPOSITiE. 415

inner scales of the involucre with brownish scarious margins ; ray-flowers
variable, often deeply cleft on the inside, with the rounded ligule slightly
3-toothed or 3-lobed, frequently with the limb 3-5-parted; pappus short,
toothed. — Null.! gen. 2. p. 141, Sf in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I.e. p. 401.
T. ? camphoratum, Less, in Linneea, 6 p. 521. T. Douglasii, DC! prodr.
6. p. 128. T. boreale, of the English gardens; Nutt. in trans, Amer. phil.
soc. I. c Omalanthus caraphoratus, Less. syn. p. 260 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 321. Omalotes camphorata, DC. prodr. 6. p. 83.

Shores of Lakes Huron and Superior! north to York Factory on Hudson's
Bay! and west to Oregon! and California! — 1^ A stout plant, 1-3 feet
high ; the heads much larger than those of T. vulgare ; the disk strongly
convex in fruit. Rays slightly exserted.

§ 3. Heads (obovoid) heterogamous ; the ray-floivers {about 5) truncate, 2-3-
toothed ; the disk-flowers b-toothed ; the central apparently infertile. —

SpH-EROMERIA, Nutt.

3. T. capitatum.: ctespitose, suflTrutescent, silky-canescent; leaves clustered
on a branched caudex, cuneiform, 3-5-parted or pedate ; those of the some-
what naked scapes nearly linear, entire or toothed at the apex ; heads nume-
rous, capitate ; scales of the involucre scarious ; pappus minute and irregu-
lar, denticulate, nearly obsolete in the disk-flowers. — Sphaeromeria capitata,
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 402.

Rocky Mountains, on a hish hill, near the Red Butes of the Platte, towards
its northern sources on the Sweet Water, Nuttall ! June. — Plant growing
in dense tufis ; the scapes 3 or 4 inches high, terminated by the spherical
cluster of heads. Corolla, especially of the exterior flowers, becoming en-
larged and indurated at the base. — Odor agreeable, like that of Chammomile.

4. T. Nuttallii : somewhat casspitose, silvery-canescent ; leaves cunei-
form, obtusely 3-lobed or toothed at the apex ; the lower crowded on the
branches of the woody caudex ; the upper scattered on the flowering stems ;
heads few (3-5) in a terminal capitate cluster ; scales of the involucre scari-
ous ; pappus very minute, in the disk-flowers obsolete. — Sphaeromeria
argentea, Nutt. ! I. c.

Rocky INIountains, near the sources of the Platte and Colorado of the
West, Nuttall! July. — Shrub 4-5 inches high. Leaves half an inch long.
Flowers bright yellow.

X Doubtful Species.

5. T. pauciflorum (Richards.) : stem simple, with a single terminal head,
and sometimes another from the uppermost axil, longer than the bipinnate
and tripinnatifid villous sessile leaves ; the lobes narrow, rather obtuse ;
flowers all perfect. Richards, appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 30 ; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 327 ; not of DC.

Woody country, between lat. 54° and 64°, Richardson. — A foot high.

156. ARTEMISIA. Linn.; Besser; DC. prodr. 6. p. 93.

Heads discoid, few-many-flowered, heterogamous, with the central flowers
perfect (either fertile, or sterile by the abortion of the ovary,) and 5-toothed,
and the marginal pistillate in a single series, with a tubular 3-toothed corolla ;
or sometimes homogamous, with the flowers all perfect. Scales of the in-
volucre imbricated, mostly dry and with scarious margins. Receptacle

416 COMPOSITiE. Artemisia.

flattish or convex, naked or villous. Achenia obovoid, with a small epigy-
nous disk, destitute of pappus. — Herbs or shrubby (bitter and mostly aroma-
tic) plants; with alternate, usually pinnately cleft or dissected leaves, and
small spicate or racemose heads; the spikes usually paniculate. Corolla
yellow or purplish.

§ 1. Receptacle naked : heads heterogamous ; the disk-Jlowers sterile.—
Dracunculus, Bess. (Oligosporus, Less.)

1. A. pycnocephala (DC.) : sufTruticose (ex Bess.) ; stems ascending or
erect ; leaves crowded, silvery-tomentose ; the lower tripinnately divided,
with linear lobes; the upper with somewhat ovate lobes; heads spicate or
spicate-paniculate, crowded, hemispherical, many-flowered ; scales of the
involucre elliptical, rather obtuse, silky-villous, with broad scarious margin's;
sterile flowers hairy at the summit; the fertile glabrous. — DC. prodr. 6.
p. 99; Bess, in Linncea, 15. p. 102. Oligosporus pycnocephalus, Less, in
Linneea, 6. p. 524.

St. Francisco, California, Chamisso, fide Besser, I. c. Inadvertently given
by De Candolle as a Siberian species.

2. A. dracunculoides (Pursh) : perennial, mostly sufTruticose, erect, branch-
ed, more or less canescently pubescent when young; cauline leaves nar-
rowly linear, entire, or the lower, as well as the radical, often 3-cleft; heads
small, globose, nodding, in paniculate racemes ; scales of the involucre with
scarious margins; the inner roundish, the outermost oblong. — Pursh! fi. 2.
p. 742. A. Dracunculus, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 521. A. cernua, Nutt.I gen. 2.
p. 143. A. dracunculoides var. glauca, Bess..' in Hook, fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
326. A. glauca /?. fastigiata, Bess, in DC. prodr. 6. p. 97. A. inodora.
Hook. Sf Am. hot. Beechey, p. 150 ?

a. tenuifolia: canescent or glabrous; leaves elongated, narrowly linear,
attenuate at both ends. — A. dracunculoides, Pursh! I. c. (fide spec, cult.)

/?. hrevifolia : somewhat cinereous, or at length glabrous (either herbaceous
or sufTruticose) ; leaves short, narrowly lanceolate-linear, acute ; the lower
cauline 3-cleft, the radical sometimes 1-2 pinnately parted 1 — A. Nuttalliana,
Bess, in Hook. I. c, 8f in DC. I. c. p. 96.

y. incana: sufTruticose, silky-canescent throughout when young, but be-
coming glabrous with age ; cauline leaves short, linear, obtusish, frequently
3-cleft (inflorescence and flowers unknown).

Missouri! common from near St. Louis to the Rocky Mountains! and
north to the Saskatchawan ! (a. & ji.) y. Sandy banks of Jacques River,
&c., Mr. Nicollet! — A somewhat polymorphous species, nearly allied in
some of its forms to A. Dracunculus. Leaves varying from 1 to 4 inches in
length, seldom more than one or two lines in width. — Both Pursh's name,
and that imposed by Nuttall, seem to have been overlooked by Besser and
De Candolle.

3. A. borealis (Pallas) : perennial, herbaceous, caespitose, silky-villous or
nearly glabrous; stem simple; leaves all but the uppermost petioled ; the
radical linear-lanceolate, entire at the base, 3-5-cleft at the apex, or 1-2-pin-
nately parted, with the lobes lanceolate or linear; the cauline 2-pinnately
divided, with linear lobes ; the floral elongated, undivided at the base [often
entire]'; heads spicate or racemose, paniculate, hemispherical ; scales of the
involucre elliptical, colored on the back. Bess, in Hook. S^- DC. — Pall.
itin. 3, (. Hh.f. 1 ; Less. in. Linn/ea, 6. p. 211 ; Richards.! appx. Frankl.
journ. ed. 2. p. 30; Bess.! in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 326 ; DC. ! prodr.
6.p.9Q.

Artemisia. COMPOSITiE. 417

(3. Besseri : cinereous-silky ; leaves all linear-lanceolate ; heads villous
externally, the lower pedicellate. Bess. — A. borealis, a. Purshii, Bess, in
DC. I.e., excl. syn. Pursh.

y. Wormskioldii{Bti!i.\.c.): canescent and somewhat silky; leaves on
short petioles; heads racemose; corolla a little hairy at the summit. — A.
Gra3nlandica, fVbrmsk. fl. Dan. t. 1585.

6. spiihameea : either villous or pubescent when young, at length glabrous;
cauline and floral leaves either 3-5-cleft, or linear and entire ; heads spicate-
racemose. — A. borealis |3. Adamsii (leaves 3-5-cleft; peduncles hairy), Sfi.
Schangini (cauline leaves entire and linear), Bess, in DC. I. c. A. spitha-
masa, Pursh ! Ji. 2. p. 522. (At length glabrous throughout ; cauline and
floral leaves linear, entire!)

Arctic America! from Greenland! (var. y.) and Labrador! {6.) to the
North West Coast! the Rocky Mountains! and Oregon! Also Keweena
Point, Lake Superior, Dr. Houghton! — A span high.

4. A. Canadensis (Michx.) : perennial (or biennial ?), glahrous or canes-
cent ; radical and lower cauline leaves 2-pinnately divided, petioled ; the
upper 3-7-divided, sessile ; the segments linear or linear-lanceolate ; heads
(rather large) hemispherical or subglobose, in paniculate racemes; scales of
the involucre ovate or oval, with scarious margins. — Michx.! ji. 2. p. 129 ;
Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 144. A. campestris, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 521 (ex Nutt.) ;
Richards, appx. FranM. journ. ed. 2. p. 30. A. desertorum, y-^, Bess.! in
Hook. I. c. A coramutata, Bess, in DC. I. c. (at least as to the American
plant.) A. peucedanifolia, ^' Juss. herb. ; Bess. Drac. n. 33 ;" DC. ! I. c. A.
Pacifica, Null, in trans. Amer. j)hil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 399.

Shores of the Great Lakes, from the St. Lawrence River to Lake Supe-
rior ! and west to Missouri ! Upper Platte ! and Oregon ! extending north to
Hudson's Bay ! and to the Arctic Circle. — Plant 1-2 or 3 feet high, erect or
ascending, considerably variable, if all the Western forms really belong to
this species; sometimes nearly glabrous except the young radical leaves; but
frequently silky-canescent throughout ; the leaves somewhat rigid. The
heads also vary in size, but are larger than the following species.

5. A. caudata (Michx.): biennial? glabrous; stem erect, paniculate; upper
cauline leaves pinnately, the lower and radical (often pubescent) 2-3-pin-
nately divided ; the segments linear-setaceous, divaricate ; racemes disposed
in a strict elongated panicle; heads (small) erect, subglobose ; exterior scales
of the involucre ovate ; the inner elliptical, scarious. — Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 129 ;
Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 144 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 318 ; DC. I. c.

Barren woods and sandy soil, Illinois ! and Missouri, and from the coast
of New Hampshire ! and New Jersey ! to Georgia ! Aug.-Sept. — Plant 2-6
feet high, strict.

6. A. Lewisii : herbaceous ; leaves on the sterile stems crowded, sessile,
bipinnately divided, villous (the pubescence deciduous?) ; the segments linear-
filiform, spreading, entire or often 2-3-parted ; heads small, few-flowered, in
a large open panicle ; involucre glabrous. — A. Santonica, Pursh, ft. 2. p. 521.
A. variabilis y ? Americana, Bess, in DC. prodr. 6. p. 94, 4* «« Linncea, 15,
p. 94 Sflll.

Missouri, Lewis, {ahoherb. Michaux.) Sandy places between Fort Gibson
and Fort Smith, Arkansas, Dr. Engelmann !— The specimen of Dr. Engel-
mann consists of a young leafy stem, and a panicle of the former year. The
leaves of the former are not unlike those of A. caudata, but villous ; those of
the latter are small, pinnately 3-5-divided, glabrous ; the segments setaceous.
Involucre apparently glabrous; the inner scales ovate, with scarious margins.

7. A. filifolia (Torn): canescent; stems very numerous from a thick
woody base, paniculate at the summit; leaves much crowded or fascicled,

VOL. II. — 53

418 COMPOSITE. Artemisia.

filiform; the lower mostly 3-parted; heads very small, crowded in virgate
leafy panicles, tomentose, 3-4-flowered; two of the flowers pistillate and fer-
tile; the others stamiuate and sterile; receptacle slightly fimbrillate-pilose. —
Torr.I in ann. lye. New York, 2. p. 211. A. Plattensis, Nutt.! in trans.
Amer.phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 397.

Plains of the Platte, very abundant. Dr. James ! Nutlall ! Lieut. Fre-
mont! July-Aug. — Plant 1-3 feet high; the branches slender and virgate.
Leaves 1-2 inches long, terete (revolute), very slender, white when young,
becoming somewhat glabrous when old.

§2. Receptacle naked: heads homogamous ; the Jloivers all perfect and fer-
iiie.^SERiPHiDiuM, Bess.

8. A. cana (Pursh) : shrubby, much branched, densely canescent through-
out; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, flat, entire (the lowermost cuneiform
and sometimes acutely 3-lobed), equally clothed with the close silky tomen-
tum on both sides; heads obovoid-hemispherical, axillary, sessile, mostly
glomerate or spicate-paniculate, 4-6-flowered; exterior scales of the involucre
canescent ; the inner scarious. — Pursh! fl. 2. p. 621 ; Bess. ! in Hook. I. c. ;
DC.prodr. 6. p. 105. A. Columbiensis, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 142, d^ in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 398, excluding the habitat in part.

Plains of the Upper Missouri and Platte to the Rocky Mountains, Lewis!
Nuttall! Mr. Nicollet! Lieut. Fremont! and plains of the Saskatchawan,
Drummond! — The leaves of this well-marked species are very seldom in
any degree lobed, although there are some obscure indications in Pursh's
specimens, collected by Lewis. We believe it has not been found west of
the Rocky Mountains; and Mr. Nuttall was mistaken in supposing it to be
the "Wild Sage" of Lewis and Clarke's Travels, which so abounds in the
woodless sterile plains of the interior of Oregon ; so that the change of specific
name was the more unwarrantable. The name of Wild Sage was doubtless
applied indiscriminately to several of the ensuing shrubby species, which in-
habit the region in question. But the plant given to Pursh by Lewis wiih
this name is the A. integrifolia, Pursh (A. Ludoviciana, Nutt.), and was
collected on the bluffs of the Missouri, Oct. 1, 1804, upon the homeward
journey.

9. A. tridentata (Nutt.) : shrubby, much branched, densely silvery-canes-
cent; leaves crowded or fascicled, narrowly cuneiform, 3-toothed or 3-cleft at
the apex, the teeth or short lobes obtuse and approximate ; those of the flower-
branchlets often linear and entire ; heads obovoid, spicate-glomerate, disposed
in dense compound panicles, 5-6-flowered ; exterior scales of the involucre
canescent, the inner scarious. — Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7.
p. 398. (from specimens not in flower.)

Plains of the Oregon and Lewis River (Rocky Mountains in herb.), Nutt-
all! Wind River Chain of the Rocky Mountains, Liewi. jPre?ttoni.' Aug. —
Shrub about a foot high, much branched. Leaves an inch or less in length,
3-4 lines wide at the apex, tapering to the base, both sides equally silvery-
tomentose ; the teeth or lobes either very short, or 2-4 lines long, seldom again
toothed. Heads very numerous, smaller than in A. cana.

10. A. arhuscula (Nutt.! 1. c): dwarf, shrubby, tomentose-canescent ;
leaves short, cuneiform, 3-cleft ; the lobes oblong, obtuse ; the lateral often
2-3-lobed ; heads globose-ovoid, 6-10-flowered, sessile, solitary or somewhat
clustered, forming a slender interrupted spike or spicate panicle; scales of
the involucre oval ; the exterior tomentose, the inner scarious.

Arid plains of Lewis River, Nuttall ! — Shrub 4-6 inches higli ; the flower-
ing branches virgate and rather naked.

Artemisia. COMPOSITES:. 419

11. A. trrfida (Nutt. ! I.e.): shrubby, silky-canescent ; leaves 3-parted
towards the apex ; the segments linear, obtuse ; heads spicate, somewhat glo-
merate, in a simple panicle, obovoid, 8-flowered ; exterior scales of the invo-
lucre ovate, canescent ; the inner oblong, glabrous, with scarious margins.

/i. rigida (Nutt.! 1. c.) : leaves rigid, more silky and shining; the seg-
ments rather acute.

Plains of the Rocky Mountains and Oregon, Nuttall! — Plant 6-8 inches
high.

§ 3. Receptacle naked {not hairy) : heads heterogamous ; the flowers all fertile.
— Abrotanum, (Tourn.) Bess.

* Perennial or shrubby.

12. A. Lindleyana (Bess.): shrubby, canescent towards the summit;
leaves nearly linear, canescently tomentose beneath ; heads spicate-panicu-
late, somewhat hemispherical, erect; scales of the involucre canescent,
scarious at the apex, the outermost foliaceous ; corolla glabrous. Bess, in
Hook. I. c, cV DC. I.e.

a. legitima (Bess. 1. c.) : leaves entire, an inch to an inch and a half in
length.

/3. hrevifolia (Bess. 1. c.) : leaves an inch long, in fascicles ; the primary
having probably fallen away.

y. subdentata (Bess. 1. c.) : leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat toothed at
the apex ; involucre white and tomentose.

(5. Coronopus (Bess. 1. c.) : leaves pinnatifid-toothed towards the apex. —
A. pumila, Nutt. 1

" North West Coast of America, Douglas, in herh. LindV, ex Besser.
Probably from the interior of Oregon — This species is unknown to us : per-
haps the following, of which we have only seen an imperfect specimen, is
one of its forms.

13. A. pumila (Nutt.) : dwarf, herbaceous, perennial, slightly tomentose-
pubescent ; leaves scattered, linear, entire, or sparingly laciniate or incised
towards the apex; heads sessile, subglobose, few, in a simple somewhat leafy
spike; scales of the involucre scarious, slightly tomentose ; the exterior ovate,
the inner broadly oval ; " flowers polygamous." — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer.
phil. soc. I. c. p. 399.

Lewis River, in the Rocky Mountains. — Stems simple, 6-8 inches high,
from a somewhat woody base. Leaves an inch or more in length, scarcely
a line wide ; the teeth or lobes (one or two on each side) subulate. Nutt.

14. A. pedatifida (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : dwarf, suffruticose, somewhat canescent
or cinereous, csspitose ; leaves 3-parted ; the lateral segments often 2-3-cleft,
linear, obtuse ; heads obovoid, sessile, bracteate, seldom clustered, few, in a
simple spike ; scales of the involucre ovate, pubescent, with shining scarious
margins ; corolla glabrous.

Arid plains of Lewis River, in the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall! Aug. —
" A very distinct and peculiar species, with a stout woody root, sending out
tufts of low stems, three or four inches high, terminating in spikes of 4-10
flowers." Nutt.

15. A. longifolia (Nutt.) : herbaceous (frequently woody at the base),
tomentose ; flowering stems simple ; leaves narrowly lanceolate-linear,
elongated, acute, entire, with revoiute margins, tomentose-canescent beneath,
at length almost glabrous above ; the lower occasionally 3-5-cleft or lacini-
ate ; the lobes linear ; heads cylindric-ovate, somewhat glomerate, sessile,
few-flowered ; involucre tomentose. — Nutt. '. gen. 2. p. 142, Sf in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. I. c. ; not of Bess, in Hook. I. c. S^c.

420 COMPOSIT.E. Artemisia.

Rocky situations on the Missouri from White River to the mountains,
Nuttali! Mouth of Teton River, -Mr. Nicollet! — A low, "very odorous"
species ; the leaves 3-4 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, tapering to an acute
point.

16. A. discolor (Dougl.) : suffrulicose, erect or ascending ; leaves some-
what bipinnatifid, canescently tomentose beneath ; the lobes mostly linear,
acute, with revolute m;irgins, few and divergent ; heads hemispherical, nod-
ding, disposed in a virgate raceme ; scales of the involucre scarious, oblong,
the outermost lanceolare ; corolla glabrous. — Dougl. ! in herb. Hook. ; DC.
prodr. 6. p. 109. A. Ludoviciana, Bess. ! in Hook. I. c, not of Nutt.

Rocky Mountains towards Arctic America, Richardson! and interior of
Oregon near the Spokan and Kettle Falls, Douglas. — Plant 8-12 inches
high. Involucre at first tomentose, but at length almost glabrous. — There
are two forms ; one (from Richardson ?) with the upper surface of the leaves
more tomentose, and more slender lobes ; the other, with the leaves almost
glabrous above, and with the lobes shorter and broader.

17. A. Ludoviciana (Nutt.) : i)erennial, canescently tomentose through-
out, branched; leaves lanceolate, mucronate, both surfaces when young
clothed with a white tomentum, beneath very densely so ; the lower often
incised, remotely and sharply serrate, or sparingly pinnatifid ; the upper en-
tire ; heads ovoid, mostly sessile, erect, disposed in a strict leafy panicle ;
corolla glabrous. — Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 143 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 110; Bess. ! in
Linnaa, 15. jj. 104. A. integrifolia, Pursh! fi. 2. f. 520. A. Purshiana /3.
angustifblia, Bess. ! in Hook. I. c. ; DC. I. c.

13. latiloha (Nutt.) : lower leaves dilated, deeply pinnatifid, or the upper
trifid ; the lobes and the upper leaves broadly lanceolate (pubescence of the
upper surface deciduous). — Nutt.! in trans. Amer. jjhil. soc. I. c. p. 400.

y. gnaphalodes : very tomentose-canescent throughout ; leaves elongated
lanceolate, entire, or sharply and irregularly serrate towards the apex. — A.
gnaphalodes, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 143 ; DC! prodr. 6. p. 115.

(5. serrata : leaves lanceolate (pretty large), acute or acuminate, sharply
but irregularly serrate from the middle to the apex, perfectly glabrous above,
at least when old ; heads becoming glabrous ; otherwise exactly as in var. 7.
— A. serrata, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 142. {herb. Lamb. ! 0^' herb. acad. Philad. !)

e. latifolia : tomentose-canescent throughout t leaves short, elliptical-lance-
olate or somewhat cuneiform-oblong, usually very entire. — A. Purshiana a.
latifolia, Bess.! in Hook. jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 323 ; Sf in DC. I. c. A. inte-
grifolia, Richards, appx. Frankl. journ. ed.2. p. 30.

Plains and dry banks of rivers, (fee, from the shores of Lakes Huron ! and
Michigan! the Saskatchawan ! Missouri ! &c. west to the Rocky Mountains!
and south to Texas! 13. Rocky Mountains, Nuttali! Oregon, Dr. Scouler !
(mentioned by Hooker under A. longifolia, Bess, in Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.)
y. &^' 6. Upper Great Lakes ! Upper Mississippi ! and Missouri ! e. Plains of
the Saskaichawan, Richardson ! Drummond ! Wind River Chain of the
Rocky Mountains, Lieut. Fremont ! Aug.-Sept. — Plant 1-5 feet high, some-
times simple, variable as to the shape and size of the leaves, but all the forms
passing into each other; with small and crowded, rather few-flowered, more
or less tomentose heads. The broader leaves are more or less evidently
feather- veined.

18. A. Douglasiana (Bess.) : suflTruticose ? strict, canescent ; leaves ca-
nescent beneath ; the cauline lanceolate, acute, entire ; heads spicate-panicu-
late, hemispherical ; the panicle somewhat leafy ; scales of the involucre
elliptical ; the inner scarious at the apex ; corolla glabrous. Bess, in Hook.
I. c, (^ DC. I. c.

Oregon, Douglas. — Differs from A. integrifolia by its wholly entire leaves,

Artemisia. COMPOSIT-S:. 421

large panicle, with smaller glomerate-spicate heads: from A. Purshiana [that
is A. Liidoviciana] in its strict stem, acuminate (not mucronate) leaves,
elongated branches of the panicle, larger heads, the involucre not canescent-
tomentose, the whole plant less canescent, and the leaves green above. Bess.
— We have a plant collected by Douglas, which accords with the above
character, except that the upper surface of the leaves and the heads are
clothed with a loose, woolly, but apparently deciduous pubescence.

19. A. vulgaris (Linn.): perennial, erect ; leaves whitish-tomentose be-
neath : the cauline pinnatifid, with the lobes either laciniate, incised, coarse-
ly serrate, or entire; the uppermost nearly linear and entire ; heads spicate-
paniculate, ovoid, nodding, at length erect; the panicle leafy and spreading;
exterior scales of the involucre canescently tomentose; the inner scarious; co-
rolla a;labrous. Bess..' in Hook. I. c, 6f DC. I. c. — Linn. spec. 2. p. 848 ;
EngCbol. t. 978 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 128 ; Pursh, fl.. 2. p. 522 ; Nutt. gen. 2.
p. 144; DC! prodr. 6. p. 112. A. heterophylla, Nutt. .' in trans. Amer.
phil. sac. I. c— A dozen varieties of this polymorphous and widely diffused
species are described by Besser and DeCandolle; of which the American
forms are,

a. vulsatissima (Bess. 1. c.) : lobes of the leaves linear-lanceolate, the low-
er scarcely incisely toothed ; panicle ample, erect.

/3. Kamtschatica (Bess. 1. c.) : cauline leaves bipinnatifid, with linear lobes,
those of the lower ones toothed ; spikes dense, branched at the base ; the spike-
lets nodding ; heads ovate ; scales of the involucre with scarious margins,
smooth and shining.

y. Californica (Bess, in Linnsea, 15. p. 91), which is said to represent the
opposite extreme, and to connect A. integrifolia with this species ; the lower
leaves being merely unequally 3-cleft. — A. integrifolia, Less, in Linncea, I.
c. ; Hook. Sf Am. hot. Beechey, p. 150.

6. Mexicana : lower leaves pinnatifid, the upper trifid ; the lobes, like the
uppermost leaves and those of the branches, linear-lanceolate, very acute,
entire, with revoliite margins; the upper surface as well as the branches
often canescent when young ; heads small, tomentose-canescent ; flowers ful-
vous.—A. Mexicana, 'WMd. ? DC. I. c. 1 {Cf. Bess, in Linncea, 15. p. 107.)
A. vulgaris var. Americana, Bess, in Linntea, I.e. p. 105, in part. (spec.
Engebn.)

Wastg places, var. a. {Mugicort) introduced from Europe, and more or less
naturalized ; but native in British America. From Vermont {Dr. Mob-
bins .') we have a state with the leaves all pinnatifid, and the lobes broad
and mostly obtuse ; apparently like the plant described by Nuttall, from se-
questered forests of North Carolina. /?. Unalaschka, (fee. y. California,
Chamisso. 6. Arkansas, Dr. En gelmann! Dr. Leavenworth! Texas, Drum-
mond! Dr. Riddell ! Berlandier ? — The A. vulgaris, Bess, in Hook. I. c,
from Arctic America, and subsequently indicated as var. Americana, we
cannot distinguish from A. Tilesii.

20. A. Tilesii (Ledeb.): perennial, erect; stem simple; leaves whitish-
tomentose beneath, pinnatifid [or trifid]; the lobes lanceolate, acuminate,
somewhat toothed ; heads racemose-paniculate, crowded, globose, somewhat
nodding ; branches of the panicle short ; scales of the involucre arachnoid-
tomentose, scarious; corolla glabrous. Bess.! in Hook. I.e., i^ DC. I.e. —
Ledeb. in mem. acad. St. Petersb. 5. p. 568 ,• Less, in Linntea, 6. p. 214 ;
Bess, in Linncea, 15. p. 106.

/3. arctica (Bess. 1. c.) : leaves laciniate-pinnatifid ; the lobes entire, short,
obtuse; involucre pale, scarcely woolly when old.

y. Unalasehkensis (Bess, in Linnsa, 1. c.) : leaves mostly deeply trifid ;
the middle segment very much larger than the lateral ; all lanceolate, acute,
slightly and unequally toothed [often entire] ; flowers purplish-brown.

422 COMPOSITiE. Artemisia.

6. elatior: leaves as in y.; the lobes entire ; heads as in fS., sraoothish, in
numerous more or less elongated racemes, forming an ample virgate-
pyramidal panicle. — A. vulgaris, Bess.! in Hook. I. c, in part. A. Indica (3.
Canadensis, Bess. I. c. 7 A. vulgaris /3/3. Americana (as to the Northern
plant), Bess, in Linntea, 15. p. 105.

Arctic shores of Asia and America ! toUnalaschka ! S. Subarctic America,
Richardson ! — A polymorphous plant, with larger (frequently 3 lines in di-
ameter), more globose and racemose heads, and more scarious involucres than
any form of A. vulgaris.

21. A. Hookeriana (Qess.) '. suffruticose, erect: leaves -with their lower
surface as well as the stem canescent ; the cauline pinnatifid, their lobes, like
the floral leaves, lanceolate, acute ; heads globose, nodding, in a terminal
thyrsoid and scarcely leafy panicle ; scales of the involucre woolly, with sca-
rious margins ; the inner rounded. Bess, in Hook. I. c, Sf DC. I. c.

Rocky Mountains, Drummond. — Heads l\-2 lines long. Corolla purplish.
Resembles a form of luxuriant A. vulgaris. DC.

22. A. Michauiiana (Bess.): herbaceous, erect; stem simple ;_ leaves
whitish-tomentose beneath, pinnatifid ; the lobes of the lower ones incisely
toothed, of the upper and also the floral leaves linear-lanceolate; heads race-
mose, globose, nodding; scales of the involucre glabrous, with the sides sca-
rious and shining; corolla glabrous. Bess, in Hook. I. c, S^'DC I. c.

Rocky Mountains, and on the Oregon, Douglas. — Plant wath the aspect of
A. vulgaris var. Mongolica. Raceme sometimes simple, sometimes branch-
ed at the base. DC.

23. A. incompta (Nutt.) : herbaceous, glabrous, except the lower surface
of the pinnatifid leaves, which is cinereous ; their lobes (3-5) linear-oblong,
entire (the lateral sometimes toothed ?) ; heads subglobose, racemose-panicu-
late, erect, on short pedicels : scales of the involucre glabrous and shining,
scarious ; the exterior ovate ; corolla glabrous. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. pliii.
soc. I. c. p. 400.

Central chain of the Rocky Mountains, in Thornberg'sPass (about lat. 41°),
NuitalL ! — Plant 1-2 feet high. Remarkable for its smoothness ; at first sight
somewhat resembles some varieties of A. vulgaris, but is very distinct. Nutt.
— Perhaps the same as the preceding, which is unknown to us.

24. A. pachystachya (DC.) : suffruticose (herbaceous, Nutt.), woolly-se-
riceous throughout ; stems simple ; cauline leaves crowded and also fascicled in
the axils, bipinnately divided, or simply pinnate and as if stipulate at the
base; the lower pinnae scattered, those at the apex crowded; lobes short,
narrowly linear-lanceolate ; heads subglobose, glomerate-spicate ; the spikes
crowded in a long spicate panicle, bracteate at the base; scales of the in-
volucre ovate, villous on the back; the inner scarious; corolla glabrous. —
DC! prodr. 6. p. 114; Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. (under the
name of A. pycnostachya.)

California, Douglas ! Coast of Monterey, Nuttall. — The crowded panicle
1-2 feet long, composed of short sessile spikes. Heads 15-20-flowered.

25. A. Richardsoniana (Bess.); csespitose; leaves somewhat silky [canes-
cent] ; the radical on long petioles, and with the lower cauline pinnately di-
vided; the upper 3-cleft ; lobes of the radical leaves 3-5-cleft, of the upper
undivided, linear, obtuse ; heads racemose-spicate, glomerate, globose; pe-
duncles woolly at the summit; scales of the involucre fuscous, scarious,
woolly on the back ; corolla a little hairy at the summit (varies with the pe-
duncles strict, and with the heads somewhat nodding). Bess. ! in DC. prodr.
6. p. 117. A. arctica, Bess. ! in Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 323, not of Less.
A. caespitosa, Bess, in Hook. I. c. ? , , , nr t> ■

From Bear Lake to the shores of the Arctic Sea, Richardson ! Mt. Ranier,

Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 423

Oregon, Mr. Tolmie /—Plant 4-6 inches high. The corolla is nearly glabrous
in our arctic specimens, but decidedly hairy at the summit in that from
Mount Ranier; in which the raceme is loose, the pedicels strict, but the
heads a little nodding.

26. A. PrescoUiana (Bess.) : suffruticose, branched ; leaves canescent be-
neath, with revolute margins, pinnatifid or trifid; the divergent lobes and
uppermost leaves linear-filiform; heads spicate, globose, nearly erect; scales
of the involucre whh scarious margins, shining, scarcely pubescent; corolla
glabrous. Bess, in Hook. I. c, 6^' DC. I. c.

Oregon, Douglas. — Lower leaves l|-2 inches long. DC.

27. A. arctica (Less.) : herbaceous ; stem simple ; leaves nearly glabrous;
the lower bipinnatifid, (pelioled) ; the lobes linear-lanceolate, incisely toothed ;
heads large, globose, racemose, nodding; the apex of the peduncles and the
base of the corolla hairy; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, scarious,
brown or blackish. DC! I. c. — Less.! in Linneea, 6. p. 213; Hook. Sf Arn. !
hot. Beechey,p. 125; not of Bess. A. Chamissoniana, Bess.! in Hook.fl.
Bor.-Am. l.p. 324.

Arctic coast, Richardson ! to Kotzebue's Sound ! and Unalaschka ! Woods
in the Rocky Mountains, lat. 52°, Drummoncl. — According to Hooker, the
specimens from the last-named locality are identical with A. Norwegica.

28. A. glomerata (Ledeb.) : suffruticose, csespitose, silky with white hairs ;
leaves on the simple tufted stems 3-parted and many-cleft ; the upper cauline
and the bracts cuneiform or oblong, pinnatifid; heads corymbose-capitate,
globose, bracteate ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, sphacelate, un-
equally toothed at the apex, whitish on the back ; corolla hairy only at the
summit. DC! I.e. — Ledeb. in mem. acad. St. Petersb. 5. p. 564;
Less. ! in Linneea, 5, j^- 212 ; Bess. ! in Hook. I. c.

Kotzebue's Sound, fide Hook. Sf Arn. ! hot. Beeckey, p. 125 : but we
doubt whether the sterile tufts (which alone were collected), with densely
imbricated, very villous, cuneiform, 3-5 cleft leaves, really belong to this
species.

29. A. globularia (Cham, herb.) : suffruticose at the base, caespitose ; stems
simple, hirsute at the summit ; leaves petioled, silky beneath, 3-parted ; the
lobes 3-cleft or entire, linear ; heads racemose-capitate, globose ; scales of the
involucre oblong-lanceolate, woolly on the back, sphacelate at the apex;
corolla glabrous. — Bess, in DC. prodr. 6. p. 116.

Unalaschka, &c., Chamisso !— Stems 3-5 inches long from a woody
caudex. Involucre blackish. Corolla purple. DC

* * Biennial.

30. A. biennis (Willd.) : herbaceous, strict, glabrous ; radical and lower
cauline leaves bipinnately parted ; the uppermost pinnatifid ; the lobes linear,
acute ; those of the lower leaves sharply toothed or incised, of the upper
mostly entire ; heads globose, erect, spicate ; the short spikes disposed in a
strict leafy panicle.— W^iW^. spec. 3. p. 1842 ; Pursh! fi. 2. p. 522 ; Nutt. !
gen. 2. p. 144 ; Bess. ! in Hook. I. c. ; DC ! prodr. 6. p. 120. A. annua ?
Nutt. I. c.

Ohio ! Illinois ! Tennessee ! and Missouri ! to the Upper Platte ! Sas-
katchawan ! and the Mackenzie River ! Aug.-Oct.— Plant 1-3 feet high.

§5. Receptacle villous {or naked?): heads as in § Abrotanum : achenia
acutely ribbed, croioned toith a minute squamelliform pappus ! — Tanaceum,
Nutt.

424 COMPOSITiE. Artemisia.

31. A. Calijornica (Less.) : shrubby, pubescent-canescent ; leaves pin-
nately 5-7-divided, with very narrowly linear segments, which are rarely
2-3-cleft ; the uppermost entire ; heads in a simple or compound raceme,
secund, nodding, on short pedicels, hemispherical; scales of the involucre
elliptical, obtuse, with broad scarious margins, almost glabrous; corolla
glabrous. Less, in Linneea, 6. p. 523 (whence the above character is de-
rived) ; Hook. Sf Am. bot. Beechey, p. 150 ; Bess, in Linneea, 15. p. 93 8f
109. A. abrotanoides, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 399, ex char.

California, Chamisso, Capt. Beechey. At St. Barbara, Nutlali; where it
is said to be common, to have much the appearance of A. Abrotanum, the
branches canescent, the heads large, and the receptacle somewhat hairy. —
De Candolle has omitted this species. Besser, who has recently examined
the original specimens [Linntsa, l. c), pronounces the plant a congener and
near ally of his A. Fischeriana, differing only in the division of the leaves.
He adds that the ovary is acutely 4-5-ribbed, one of the ribs winged, and
the rather large disk crowned with 4 or 5 short membranaceous squamellser.

32. A. Fischeriana (Bess.) : shrubby, subcanescent ; lower leaves biter-
nately divided ; the upper 3-cleft ; segments filiform ; uppermost leaves en-
tire ; heads racemose, secund, nodding, hemispherical ; scales of the involu-
cre ovate-elliptical, with scarious margins ; corolla glabrous. Bess. Abrot., S^'
in DC. prodr. 6. p. 105.

^3. vegetior (Bess. 1. c.) : leaves simply ternately divided ; scales of the in-
volucre all nearly glabrous. — A. foliosa, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c
p. 397.

" St. Francisco, California. — Shrub 3 feet high, decumbent." Besser, I. c.
who, under var. /?., remarks that the receptacle bears a dense wool, longer than
the involucre ; and that the acutely ribbed achenia are terminated by a mem-
branaceous aad somewhat lobed pappus ; the epigynous disk therefore large,
as in Tanacetum. Mr. Nuttall's plant (not in flower) is from Monterey.
The leaves have smaller ones fascicled in the axils ; which is said by Les-
sing to be the case in A. Californica.

§ 6. Receptacle villous or hairy : heads heterogamous ; the floioers all fertile :
achenia not ribbed: pappus none. — Absinthium, (Tourn., Gsertn.) Bess.

33. A. Absinthium (Linn.) : suffruticose, erect, silky-canescent ; leaves
2-3 pinnately parted ; the lobes lanceolate, often incised, obtuse ; heads
hemispherical, racemose-paniculate, nodding ; exterior scales of the involu-
cre linear or lanceolate, silky; the inner broad, rounded, scarious. — Engl.
bot. t. 1230 ; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 491 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 125 ; Oakes, cat.
pi. Vermont, in Thompson, gazetteer. Absinthium' vulgare, Lam.; Gcertn.
fr. t. 164.

Road -sides, naturalized in the Northern States ! Also in Newfoundland,
DC. — Bitter and odorous. — Wormwood.

34. A. frigida (Willd.): suffruticose, silky-canescent; cauline leaves
pinnately divided; the segments linear, 3-5-cleft ; heads small, racemose-
paniculate, globose, nodding, exterior scales of the involucre canescent ; the
inner woolly, oblong; corolla glabrous. DC. ! I. c. — Willd. spec. 3. p. 1838 ;
Ledeb. fl. Alt. 4. p. 63, 8fic. Alt. t. 462; Bess.! in Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 321.

8. Gmelinana (Bess. ! 1. c.) : branched fromthe base ; lower pinnae of the
leaves simple and remote from the others, resembling stipules; segments
narrowly linear. — A. frigida, Pwrs/i.' ^. 2. p. 521. A. sericea, Nutt.! gen.
2. p. 143. A. virgata, Richards. ! appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 30. Ab-
sinthium incanum, &c., Gmel, fl. Sibir. 2. p. 128, t. 62.

Dry hills and rocks, Saskatchawan ! and Missouri ! to the Rocky Moun-

Artemisia. COMPOSITiE. 425

tains, (Wind River Chain, at the altitude of 7000 feet, Lieut. Fremont!) and
the Snake Country, Mr. Tolmie, {Hook. 8^ Am.) Juiy-Aug. — Stems dif-
fuse, 8-12 inches high.

A. Chinensis (or rather A. lagocephala, Fisch.) a plant of Siberia and Kamtsch-
katca, is probably incorrectly given by Pursh as a native of the North West Coast
of America.

Div. 4. Hip FIE IE, Less. — Receptacle naked. Heads monoecious; the
pistillate flowers in the margin, the staminate in the centre. Style of the
sterile flowers simple, truncate. Pappus none.

157. SOLIVA. Ruiz <^ Pav. prodr. p. 113, t. 24; R. Br. in Linn, trans.
12. p. 101; DC. prodr. 6. j}- 142.

Heads many-flowered ; the fertile flowers in several series, apetalous or
nearly so ; the staminate few in the centre, with a 3-6-toothed corolla.
Scales of the involucre 5-10, in a single series. Receptacle flat, naked.
Achenia obcompressed, with winged or callous margins, armed with the per-
sistent rigid style, destitute of pappus. — Small depressed herbs (chiefly South
American) ; with petioled pinnately divided leaves, and small sessile or
rarely pedunculate heads.

1. S. nasturtiifolia {DC.) : very low and depressed; leaves on short pe-
tioles, pinnately parted; the lobes 3-4 on each side, obtuse, entire; heads
sessile; achenia cuneiform, villous at the apex, the callous margin tubercu-
late-rugose throughout. DC. prodr. 6. p. 142. Gymnostyles nasturtiifolia,
Juss. in ann. mus. A. p. 262, t. 61,/. 2. G. stolonifera? ISutt. ! gen. 2. p.
185; Ell..' sk. 2. p. 473.

Damp sandy soils, in South Carolina, near the coast: perhaps introduced.
This species is a native of Buenos Ayres, where it was collected by Commer-
son. — HI Ell. (Feb.-May.) Angles of the achenium somewhat produced
into spreading teeth.

2. S. daucifolia (Nutt.) : hirsute-pubescent, diffuse ; leaves bipinnately di-
vided ; the divisions crowded, mostly 3-parted ; the lobes linear, acute ; heads
sessile; achenia obovate, minutely hairy throughout, slightly margined, even,
minutely 2-toothed at the summit; the tepth incurved. — Null.! in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 403.

Dry grassy downs within the limits, and in the immediate vicinity of
St. Barbara, California, Nuttall! — About 2 inches high. Annual, accord-
ing to Nuttall.

Subtribe 7. Gnaphalie^, Less., DC. — Heads homogamous or hetero-
gamous, discoid; the flowers all tubular ; the pistillate mostly filiform. An-
thers caudate at the base ! Style in the perfect flowers with the branches
not appendiculate ; in the staminate mostly undivided. Pappus composed
of capillary or setaceous bristles, or sometimes none. — Leaves mostly alter-
nate.

VOL. 11. — 54

426 COMPOSITE. Gnaphalium.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

♦ Receptacle not chaffy.

158. Gnaphalidm. Heads heterogamous ; the central flowers perfect, the marginal

filiform. Pappus all capillary.

159. Antennaria. Heads dioecious. Pappus of the sterile flowers clavate or

thickened at the apex.

♦ * Receptacle chaffy, except in the centre.

160. Filago. Heads heterogamous ; the exterior flowers pistillate, filiform, sub-

tended by the chaff of the receptacle (which is similar to the scales of
the involucre), destitute of pappus; the central furnished with
pappus.

158. GNAPHALIUM. Linn. (excl. spec.) ; Don, in trans. Wem. soc.
5. p. 263 ; Endl. gen. p. 447.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; the flowers all tubular ; the exte-
rior pistillate, very slender, mostly in several series ; the central perfect.
Scales of the involucre imbricated, appressed, scarious or somewhat hyaline.
Receptacle flat, naked. Style 2-cleft. Achenia somewhat terete, or more
or less obcompressed. Pappus a single series of setiform or capillary sca-
brous bristles. — Herbs, or rarely suffruticose plants, mostly woolly or tomen-
tose ; with sessile or decurrent leaves, and glomerate, corymbose, or spicate
heads. Scales of the involucre variously colored.

§ 1. Pistillate flowers in several series, frequently more numerous than the per-
fect: achenia somewhat terete. — Eugnaphalium, DC.

* Leaves decurrent : scaki of the involucre not yellow.

1. G. decurrens (Ives): stem stout, branched at the summit, clothed with
a viscid pubescence; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent,
mucronate-acute, granular-viscid and slightly scabrous above, the lower
surface like the branches densely whitish-tomentose ; heads subsessile,
in dense corymbose clusters, on short leafy and very woolly branches;
the scales of the yellowish-white scarious involucre oval, rather acute ;
achenia minutely scabrous. — Ives ! in Sill. jour. 1. p. 380, t. 1 ; Torr. !
compend. p. 288 ; Beck ! bot. p. 178 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 328 ; DC!
prodr. 6. p. 226.

Hills and fields, Canada and Northern States, from Massachusetts! and
Vermont ! to New Jersey ! — Aug.-Sept. — 2i Stem about 2 feet high.

2. G. Californicum (DC.) : stem herbaceous, erect, arachnoid-tomentose,
somewhat glandular below ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat
decurrent, glandular-puberulent and viscid both sides (the lower surface often
clothed with a deciduous wool) ; heads in dense clusters; scales of the silvery-
white scarious involucre oval or oblong, mostly obtuse. — DC. ! I. c. p. 224 ;
Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 403. G. decurrens. Less,
in Linncea, 6. p. 525 ; Hook. 8^ Arn. hot. Beechey, p. 151, Sf suppl. p. 359 ;
not of Ives.

/3. ? scales of the involucre pale purple. — G. Sprengelii /3. erubescens,
Nutt. I. c.

Gnaphalidm. composite. 427

California, Chamisso, Douglas! Nuttall ! &c. April-May.— (l) iVu«.
Perhaps too near the preceding.

4. G. Sprermeiii (Hook. & Am.) : herbaceous; leaves clothed with white
wool on both sides ; the lower spatulate, the upper linear ; those of the branches
somewhat decurrent ; corymbs axillary and terminal, glomerate, peduncu-
late, of few heads ; scales of the silvery and slightly brownish involucre ob-
long, scarcely acute, shining. — Hook. ^ Am. hot. Beechey, p. 150. G. Chi-
lense, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 480 ; Less, in Linneea, 6. p. 525. G. decurrens ^.
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 328. G. luleo-album 0. occidentale, Nutt. .' in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

(3. smaller ; heads in a simple capitate cluster. — G. luteo-album, Hook. .'
Ji. Bor.-Am. I. c. . r

California! and Oregon! apparently common. Q — Near G. Vira-vira of
Chili. We know not how to distinguish the smaller states of this species
from G. luteo-album, except that the heads are larger, and the achenia per-
fectly smooth under a lens, instead of minutely tuberculale. The involucre is
often slightly yellowish.

♦ • Leaves not decurrent : scales of the involucre never ycUow : heads corymbose-clustered.

5. G. polycephalu7n (Michx.) : erect; leaves linear-oblanceolate, tapering
at the base, with undulate margins, mucronate-acute, nearly glabrous or
pubescent-scabrous above, wooUy-tomentose beneath, as well as the stem ;
heads clustered at the extremity of the paniculate-corymbose branches, ovate-
conical before expansion, then obovate ; scales of the scarious ochroleucous
involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse ; perfect flowers few. — Miclix. ! fl.
2. p. 127 ; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 584 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 325 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
328 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 494 ; DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 227. G. obtusifolium,
Linn. spec. ed. 2. p. 1198 (pi. Gronov..'); Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1880. G.
conoideum, Lam. diet. 2. p. lib.

(3. stem villous-pubescent with viscid hairs ; leaves varying from lanceo-
late to narrowly oblong.

Old fields and woods, Canada ! to Louisiana ! and Texas ! common.
Aug.-Sept.— (1) Plant fragrant, 1-2 feet high.

6. G. uliginosum (Linn.) : low, woolly, diffusely branched ; leaves lan-
ceolate-linear, tapering at the base, tomentose on both sides, especially the
uppermost; heads in terminal and sessile capitate clusters, subtended by
leaves; scales of the involucre oblong, rather obtuse, scarious, often brown-
ish; achenia smooth.— Linn. spec. 2. p. 856 ; Fl. Dan. t. 859; Engl. hot. t.
1194 ,• Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 127 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 329 ;
Darlingt. ! I. c. ; DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 230.

/3. achenia minutely hispid-scabrous. — G. pilulare, Wahl. fl. Lapp. p.
205, t. 13 ? {Less, in Linnrea, 6. p. 525.)

Common in low grounds throughout the Northern, Middle, and Western
States! and Newfoundland! Canada! Saskatchawan ! Oregon! and Cali-
fornia. July-Sept.— ® Plant 4-6 inches high.— The forms with smooth
and scabrous achenia appear to be equally abundant, and are undistinguish-
able, except by this character. The latter also occurs in Siberia, fide Ledeb.
fl. Alt. 4. p. 57. — Marsh Cudweed.

7. G. palustre (Nutt.) : low, very woolly; stem erect, branching; leaves
spatulate-oblong or nearly linear, acute, tomentose both sides ; heads crowded
in terminal capitate very woolly clusters, which are leafy at the base; scales
of the involucre whitish or brownish, scarious, linear, obtuse; achenia very
minutely scabrous. — Nutt.! in trans. Ainer.phil. soc. I.e. p. 403.

/3. achenia perfectly smooth and glabrous.

428 COMPOSITiE. Gnaphalium.

Rocky Mountains, Oregon, California (and Chili), Nuttall ! /3. Sweet
Water of the Upper Platte, Lieut. Fremont! — (l) Plant varying from an
inch to a span high; allied to G. uliginosum.

8. G. gossypinum (Nutt.) : white and floccosely woolly ; stem nearly
simple? erect; radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate, acute; the cauline
crowded, linear, acuminate, sessile, narrower towards the base ; heads con-
glomerate, sessile, terminal ; scales of the ovate involucre yellowish, oval or
oval-oblong, obtuse. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 404.

Shores of the Pacific near the mouth of the Oregon; rare, Nuttall. — (l)
Plant 12-18 inches high, heavy scented, with the appearance of Helichry-
sum graveolens, somewhat glandular beneath the copious pubescence. Nutt.

9. G. microcephalum (Nutt.) : suffruticose ? white and densely woolly ;
stem erect, simple ; leaves lanceolate, apiculate, sessile, narrower towards
the base, nearly all similar ; heads ovate, conglomerate in a short spike ;
scales of the involucre scarious, white and silvery, acute. Nutt. in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 404.

St. Diego, California: rare. — About a foot high. Leaves 1-li inch
long, 2-3 lines wide, white on both sides, with a blackish apiculate point.
Involucre very floccose at the base : perfect flowers about 5. — Allied appar-
ently to G. lanuginosum ; but strongly resembling some species from the
Cape of Good Hope. Nuttall.

• • * Leaves not dccurrent : scales of the involucre never yellow : heads racemose-
spicate.

10. G. purpureum (Linn.) : stems mostly simple or branched from the
base, erect or ascending, tomentose ; leaves oblong-spatulate or oblanceolate,
mostly obtuse, mucronate, tapering to the base, somewhat arenose-woolly,
but green above, densely tomentose and canescent beneath ; heads in sessile
clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spicate at the summit of the
stem ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, scarious, tawny or whitish,
the inner often marked with purple; achenia minutely scabrous. — Linn.!
spec. 2. p. 854 (ex syn. Gronov. ! S; Dill. Elth. t. 109) ; Michx. ! fi. 2. p.
127 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 325 ,• Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 492 ; DC. ! prodr. 6. p.
232. G. spathulatum. Lam. diet. p. 758. G. Americanum, Willd. spec. 3.
p. 1887 (excl. syn. Swartz. S^c. ) ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 525. G. Pennsylvani-
cum, mild. cnum. p. 867 ; DC. ! I. c. G. hyemale, Walt. Car. p. 203.—
Varies, with the clusters more spicate, and the pubescence closely appressed
and silvery. G. spicatum {Lam. I.e.?) DC! I.e. in part; Nutt. in trans
Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

(3. ? falcatam : leaves nearly e(|ually woolly on both sides, narrowly ob-
lanceolate ; the upper nearly linear. — G. falcatum, Lam. I. c. 1 DC. I. c.
G. Americanum /?., Hook. ! compan. to hot. mag. 1. ]?. 96.

Sandy or gravelly soil, from the coast of New Hampshire ! to Louisiana !
and CaViforma, ex Nuttall. (3. Louisiana! and Texas! July-Sept., or in
the Southern States, March to June. — Root apparently annual, at least in the
northern plant ; but described as perennial by Muhlenberg, Elliott, Dar-
lino-ton, &c.; which appears to be the case in some southern forms of this
variable species. Stem 6-20 inches high, slender. All the species of this
subdivision are ill defined.

11. G. nstulatum (Nutt.) : perennial, herbaceous, erect, canescently tomen-
tose; stem simple, terete, floccose-pubescent; leaves oblong-spatulate, ob-
tuse, mucronulate; the upper ones narrower, sessile (not decurrent); heads
oblong, aggregated in the axils of the upper leaves into a continuous short
and dense oblong spike ; scales of the involucre lanceolate and linear, acute,
brownish towards the points. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 405.

Gnaphalium. COMPOSITiE. 429

Plains of the Platte towards the Rocky Mountains, and near St. Barbara,
California, Nutlall. — Said to be nearly allied to G. spicatum, and therefore
perhaps not distinct from G. purpureum.

12. G. sylvaticum (Linn.) : stem simple, herbaceous, erect, leafy, toraen-
tose; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, woolly beneath or on both sides;
heads axillary, sessile [forming a leafy spike]. DC. I. c. — Wahl. Jl. Lapp,
p. 203 ; (Fi.'Dan. t. 254 S^- 1229;) Schkuhr, handb. t. 243.

Greenland! and Labrador! (Herb. Schwemilz !) li — Pursh is surely
mistaken in giving this species as a native of New York and Canada ; in
stony woods.

§ 2. Pistillate flowers in a single series : achenia obovoid, obcompressed. —
HoMALOTHECA, Endl. (Omalotheca, Cass., DC.)

13. G. supinum ( Villars) : caespitose; flowering stems simple, slender,
woolly above; leaves linear, woolly ; heads oblong, solitary, or few and spi-
cate-racemose ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, acute, brown ;
achenia minutely hairy. — Vill. Delph. 3. p. 192; Engl. hot. t. 1193;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 329. G. pusillum, H(enke ; Schkuhr, handb. t.
267. Omalotheca supina, jDC./proo^r. 6. p 245.

Labrador, Dr. Morrison. Greenland, Herb. DC. Dry ravine of the
Anionoosuck, White Mountains of New Hampshire, Nuttall ! (where it has
not since been found.) — li Plant 2-4 inches high.

159. ANTENNARIA. Gcertn. (excl. spec.) ; R. Br. in Linn, trans. I. c.

Heads many-flowered, dioecious ; the corolla tubular, 5-toothed, in the
pistillate flowers filiform. Scales of the involucre imbricated, scarious,
colored. Receptacle convex or nearly flat, alveolate. Style in the fertile
flowers 2-cleft ; in the staminate simple and undivided, or nearly so. Ache-
nia nearly terete. Pappus a single series of bristles, in the pistillate flowers
capillary, in the staminate clavate or barbellate at the apex. — Perennial
tomentose-canescent herbs; wilh alternate entire leaves, and corymbose (or
sometimes solitary) heads. Involucre white, rose-color, or brownish, never
yellow. Corolla yellowish.

§ 1. Fertile heads mostly with a few imperfect staminate flowers in the centre :
pappus in the sterile plant somewhat obscurely clavate : stems erect, not
ccespilose or stoloniferous. — Margaripes, DC.

\. A. margaritacea (R. Br. 1. c.) : stem woolly-tomentose, corymbose at
the summit ; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to an acute point, 1-3-nerved,
with revolute margins; the upper surface at first arenose-woolly ; the lower
tomentose; scales of the involucre nearly white, in the fertile plant obtuse,
in the sterile rounded at the summit. — Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 329 ; DC. !
prodr. 6. p. 270. Gnaphalium margaritaceum, Linn. spec. 2. p. 850 ;
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 127 ; Engl. bot. t. 2018 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 524 ; Darlingt.)
fl. Cest. p. 494. G. Americanum, Ciusius, hist. 1. p. 327, /. 3.

Dry woods and fields, Canada! Hudson's Bay, and Newfoundland! to
the mountains of ihe Southern States! and west to the Rocky Mountains!
Unalaschka ! and Oregon ! (Also naturalized? in Europe.) Aug.-Oct.—
Stem 1-2 feet high. Tlie sterile plant, which is scarcely known in Europe,
is here nearly as abundant as the fertile. — Everlasting.

430 COMPOSITiE. Antennaria.

strongly
iatipes, DC.

§ 3. Heads entirely dicecious : pappus of the sterile flowers mostly
clavate : stems ccespilose, often surculose, or stoloniferous. — Catipes

2. A. luzuloides : silky-villous throughout ; sterile stems or stolons none ;
leaves linear, obscurely 3-nerved, tapering to the base ; corymb compound,
loose; sterile heads small; the exterior scales of the glabrous involucre
short and rounded ; the inner ones spatulate, with dilated and very obtuse
white tips.

Oregon or Rocky Mountains. {Drummond or Douglas.) — Siem 10 inches
high, slender, simple, clothed like the leaves with a close appressed silky
pubescence. Leaves 2-3 inches long, 1-2 lines wide. Heads numerous
(40-50) in an open compound corymb, not more than half the size of those of
A. Carpathica: the scales of the involucre not sphacelate or eroded. Pappus
not denticulate or scabrous ; the tips very much dilated and spatulate. — Al-
though most related to Hooker's striking var. pulcherrima of the following
species, yet it has very much smaller and glabrous heads, and narrower
leaves ; and widely differs from the original A. Carpathica. We have only
seen the staminate plant.

3. A. Carpathica (R. Br. 1. c.) : sterile stems not stoloniferous ; leaves
lanceolate, or the radical oblanceolate, 3-nerved, villous-tomentose ; corymb
capitate ; involucre very woolly and turbinate at the base, brownish,
the inner with elongated and shining sphacelate-scarious (often while)
tips, which are obtuse in the sterile, but acute in the fertile heads.
—Bluff SfFing. fl. Germ. 2. p. 348 ; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 329;
DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 269. Gnaphalium Carpathicum, Wahl. fl. Carp.
p. 258, t. 3 ,• Koch, fl. Germ. S^' Helv. p. 364. (Varies with the leaves
nearly glabrous above, or woolly both sides. Hook. I. c.)

(3. pulcherrima (Hook. ! 1. c.) : tall (a foot or more high), and silky-tomen-
tose throughout.

Island of Anticosti, Pursh ! G oldie. On the higher Rocky Mountains,
about lat. 52°, Drummond! and Mt. Rainer, Mr. Tolmie ! /?. Swamps of
the plains among tlie Rocky Mountains, Drtiminond ! — Heads 3-8, or in /3.
8-15, in a close corymb. Pappus in the sterile flowers denticulate; the
clavate tips either spatulate and obtuse, or lanceolate and acute.

4. A. alpina (Gsertn.) : sterile stems short and ascending, or none ; leaves
villous-lomentose, at least on the lower surface ; the radical spatulate, the
cauline linear ; heads 3-5 in a terminal cluster, nearly sessile ; involucre
woolly at the base; the livid inner scales moslly erose-denticulate, obtuse in
the sterile, but acute or acumina/e in the fertile heads. — R. Br. I. c. ; Less,
in Linn<ea, 6. p. 221; Hook. ! I. c. ; DC. ! I. c. A. Labradorica, Nutt. ! in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 406. Gnaphalium alpinum, Linn. ; Wahl.
fl. Lapp. p. 203. _

/3. monocephala : heads solitary or rarely geminate. — A. raonocepnala,

DC. ! I. c.

Greenland and Labrador ! Hudson's Bay ! and along the Arctic regions to
Kotzebue's Sound ! Unalaschka ! &c.— Smaller than the preceding. Pap-
pus in the sterile plant strongly clavate.

5. A. dioica (Gfertn.) : sterile stems stoloniferous ; leaves silvery-tomen-
tose-canescent on the lower or on both sides (commonly glabrous above) ; the
radical spatulate, one-uerved or 3-nerved at the base ; the cauline linear-
lanceolate, appressed ; heads several, in a capitate corymb ; scales of the in-
volucre with erose-denticnlate mostly obtuse (white, ochroleucous, rose-color,
or purple) tips ; achenia perfectly smooth.— G^^rin. fr. 2. p. 410, t. 167 ;
Hook. ! I. c. ; DC. ! I. c. Gnaphalium dioicum, Linn. ; Engl. hot. t. 267 ;
Wahl.fl. Lapp. p. 202.

A-NTENNARIA. COMPOSITE. 431

(3. parvifolia : heads glomerate-capitate ; leaves silvery tomentose-canes-
cent on both sides ; scales of the sterile involucre ochroleucous, of the fertile
purple. — A. parvifolia, Nutt. I in trails. Ainer. j)hil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 406.

Arctic America ! and from Newfoundland! and Labrador to the Rocky-
Mountains! 0. Black Hills of the Platte, Nuitall! Wind River Chain of
the Rocky Mountains, Lieut. Fremont! (o. Sf (i.)

6. A. 2^l(^ntaginifolia (Hook.! I.e.): sterile stems stoloniferous or fla-
gelliform, the flowering simple and scape-like; leaves silky-villous on one or
both sides when young, but when old glabrous above and canescent beneath ;
the radical petioled, oval or obovate-spatulate (usually large), 3-nerved ; the
cauline lanceolate, appressed; heads in a small crowded corymb; scales of
the involucre with white (rarely purplish) erose or crenulate tips; those of
the sterile plant obtuse, of the fertile narrow and mostly acute ; achenia mi-
nutely glandular-papillose. — A. plantaginea, DC. ! I.e. Gnaphalium plan-
taginifolium, Linn. I spec. 2. p. 850 ; Willd. spec. 3. p. 1884. (G. planta-
ginis folio, Pluk. aim. t. 348, /. 9.) G. plantagineuiTi, Murr. syst. p. 748 ;
Pursh, fi. 2. p. 525 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 327. G. dioicum, var. plantaginifolium,
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 128. G. dioicum & var. plantaginifolium, Darlingt. !
fi. Cest. J*. 494.

(3. monocephala : stems shorter, bearing a single larger head. Michx. I. c.
— Gnaphalium monocephalon, Carpenier! mss.

Woods and sterile knolls, &c. from Hudson's Bay ! to Florida ! Louis-
iana ! and west to the Rocky Mountains! /3. Louisiana, Prof. Carpenter!
Near Philadelphia, Mr. Lea! &c. April-May: in the Southern Stales,
Feb.-March. — Plant 4-10 inches high. Radical leaves often 2-3 inches
long, and one or two wide. Pappus of the sterile flowers sparsely barbellate,
more or less evidently thickened towards the apex. — Plantain-leaved
Cud-weed.

7. A. racemosa (Hook.! 1. c.) : sterile stems stoloniferous; leaves tomen-
tose beneath; the upper surface and the scape-like stem nearly glabrous; the
radical oval or obovate-spatulate, petioled, somewhat 3-nerved ; the cauline
oblong or lanceolate ; heads loosely racemose-paniculate ; scales of the in-
volucre nearly glabrous, greenish; those of the sterile plant obtuse; the inner
of the fertile heads narrow and acute; achenia perfectly smooth.

Alpine woods of the Rocky Mountains (probably about lat. 52°), Drum-
mond! — Fertile plant often a foot or more in height ; the heads loosely dis-
posed in a long racemose panicle. Pappus in the sterile heads minute-
ly scabrous, very obscurely thickened above : the style slightly 2-cleft at
the apex.

8. A. dimorpha: csespitose, depressed, somewhat stoloniferous; leaves
crowded on the short branches of the suffruticose caudex, oblong-spatulate or
nearly linear, silky-villous ; heads solitary, on short peduncles, scarcely ex-
serted beyond the leaves ; scales of the involucre brownish, the exterior
woolly ; the inner scarious, lanceolate, acute in the sterile, and acuminate
in the fertile heads; pappus of the former capillary, sparsely and minutely
barbellate towards the apex. — Gnaphalium (subgen. Omalotheca, § Hetero-
phania) dimorphum, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 405.

Black Hills of the Platte, Nuttall ! May.— Plant 1-3 inches high. Leaves
an inch long; in the fertile plant 2-3 lines, in tlie sterile scarcely a line wide.
Heads twice as large as in Gnaphalium supinum. — This plant appears to
our view a genuine Antennaria ; notwithstanding the capillary pappus of the
sterile flowers; which, although not thickened even in the slight manner of
the preceding species, is yet manifestly barbellate (under a lens) towards the
apex.

432 COMPOSITE. Filago.

160. FILAGO. Tourn. inst. t. 259; Geertn.fr. t. 166 ; DC. I. c. p. 247.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous; the central flowers tubular, 4-5-
toothed, perfect, but often infertile ; the others pistillate, filiform. Scales
of the involucre few, mostly woolly. Receptacle columnar or turbinate,
naked at the summit, where it bears the perfect and a portion of the pistillate
flowers, chaffy at the margin or base ; the scarious chaff resembling the pro-
per scales of the involucre, each bearing in its axil a pistillate flower. Ache-
nia nearly terete, smooth or minutely papillose. Pappus of the central
flowers capillary ; of the exterior caducous or none. — Annual tomentose herbs,
usually branched ; with alternate entire leaves, and small mostly glomerate
or fascicled heads.

1. F. Germanica (Linn.) : woolly-tomentose ; stem dichotomous, the
upper branches arising from the capitate sessile glomerules; leaves lanceo-
late, acute, erect, crowded; heads pyramidal; involucral scales and chaff^
cuspidate, the exterior woolly ; the exterior pistillate flowers in several
series, destitute of pappus. — Linn. spec. ed. 2. p. 1311 ; DC. ! prodr. 6. p.
247. F. vulgaris. Lam. Gnaphalium Germanicum, Linn. spec. {ed. 1) 2.
p. 857 ,- Fl. ban. p. 997 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 526 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 493.
Gifola vulgaris, Cass, in diet. sci. nat. Impia Germanica, Bluff Sf Fing.

fl. Germ. 2. p. 342.

Old fields and roadsides. New York ! to Virginia ! introduced from Europe.
July-Oct. — A span high. Heads aggregated in globose capitate clusters. —
Herha Impia. Cudweed.

2. F. Californica (Nutt.) : arachnoid-tomentose, paniculately branched
from the base ; leaves linear, spreading, mucronulate, the lower spatulate-
linear ; heads ovoid, in small capitate clusters ; involucral scales and chaff
all obtuse ; the exterior strongly boat-shaped and very woolly ; the
innermost nearly glabrous ; pappus of the exterior pistillate flowers none,
of the central somewhat copious. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.)
7. j7. 405.

/3. tomentosa (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : leaves and glomerules more crowded ; chaff
somewhat purplish.

St. Barbara, California, Nuttall! — A span high. Heads larger and more
glomerate than in F. minima (F. montana, DC), but smaller than in F.
arvensis. Achenia papillose-scabrous.

3. F. parvula : canescently woolly ; stem erect, simple, or slightly
branched at the summit ; leaves linear-lanceolate, cuspidate ; heads ovate-
conical, acute, somewhat clustered ; involucral scales and chaff ovate, acutish ;
the exterior boat-shaped and very woolly ; the innermost scarious, oblong,
obtuse, nearly glabrous (yellowish) ; pappus of the exterior pistillate flowers
none; of the central rather copious. — Gnaphalium? filaginoides, iibo^. (^
Arn. hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 359 ; Nutt. ! l.jc. p. 404.

California, Douglas, Nuttall ! — Stem slender, 4-6 inches high. Leaves
small, tipped with a blackish conspicuous acuminate-cuspidate point ; the
uppermost linear-oblong and merely mucronulate. Achenia glandular-
puberulent. Pappus scabrous — Although overlooked by the authors who
have hitherto noticed this plant, pistillate flowers certainly exist in
the axils of all the chaffy scales ; and the species is closely allied to the
preceding.

Erechtites. composite. 433

Subtribe 8. Senecioneje, Cass., DC. — Heads homogamous or hetero-
gamous, never dioecious, discoid or radiate ; the rays ligulate, in a single
series. Receptacle scarcely ever chaffy. Anthers not caudate. Pappus
capillary.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Div. 1. Erechtiteje. — Heads discoid, heterogamous ; the flowers all tubular.

161. Erechtites. Marginal flowers pistillate, very slender, 2-3-toothed.

Div. 2. EusenecionejE. — Heads homogamous, or heterogamous and radiate.

• Scales of the involucre in one or two series.

+■ Leaves alternate.

162. Cacalia. Heads discoid, 5-many-flowered. Achenia glabrous. Pappus

scabrous. Flowers white or whitish.

163. Senecio. Heads radiate or discoid, many-flowered. Pappusof very slender

bristles. Receptacle flat or convex. Flowers mosdy yellow.

164. Tetrauymia. Heads discoid, 4- (rarely 5-9-) flowered. Pappus of copious

denticulate bristles. Achenia villous with long denticulate hairs. Re-
ceptacle small.

165. Crocidium. Heads radiate, many-flowered. Pappus of the disk-flowers

barbellate, caducous; of the ray none ! Receptacle conical !

+■ -t- Leaves opposite.

166. Arnica. Heads radiate, many-flowered. Pappus barbellate or strongly

denticulate, rather rigid. Receptacle flat.

* * Involucre imbricated.

167. Lessingia. Heads discoid, many-flowered, homogamous; the marginal

flowers larger and radiatiform, deeply 5-lobed. Pappus scabrous, rather
rigid. Achenia silky-villous.

Div. 1. Erechtites, DC— Flowers discoid, heterogamous; the
marginal flowers tubular, pistillate.

161. EPvECHTITES. Raf. {fl. Ludov. p. 65.? excl. char.) ; Less. syn.
p. 390 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 294.

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all tubular; the marginal pis-
tillate, with a very slender somewhat 2-3-toothed corolla ; the others perfect,
with the corolla 4-5-toothed. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single
series, linear, acute, with a few calyculate bracteoles. Receptacle naked,
somewhat papillose. Branches of the style tipped with a pubescent cone.
Achenia oblong, striate, somewhat contracted at the apex. Pappus copious,
of very fine capillary bristles. — Erect annual herbs (the genuine species
American), with alternate simple leaves, and corymbose heads. Flowers
whitish or yellowish.

VOL. II. — 55

434 COMPOSIT.E. Erechtites.

1. E. hieracifolia (RaC) : somewhat hairy or glabrous; stem simple or
paniculate above, striate-sulcate ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, unequally
and sharply toothed or incised, tapering to the base, sessile; the upper often
sagittate-auriculate at the base and partly clasping; involucre glabrous, sub-
tended by small subulate-linear calyculate bracteoles. — DC! prodr. 6. p.
294. E. hieracifolia, prsealta, & elongata, iJa/. Senecio hieracifolius, Lrnra.
spec. 2. p. 866 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 119 ; Pursh I ft. 2. p. 529 ,• Ell. sk. 2. p.
328; Hook. ! fl. Bar. -Am. l.p. 332 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 498. S. Ameri-
canus altissimus, &c. Herm. parad. Bat. t. 226 ; Pluk. phyt. t. 112, /. 1.
Cineraria Canadensis, Walt. ? Neocis hieracifolia (& N. rigldula) Cass, in
diet. sci. nat. 34. p. 387.

Moist waste places, Canada ! Saskatchawan ! and throughout the United
States! &c. ; particularly abundant in recent clearings, where the wood has
been burnt (whence the popular name of Fire-rceed). July-Sept. — A coarse
weed, 1-5 feet high, with the aspect of a Sonchus. Pappus copious and very
white. Corolla 10-nerved.

Div. 2. EusENECioNEa:, DC. — Heads either homogamous and
discoid, or heterogamous and radiate ; the rays pistillate.

162. CACALIA. Linn. (excl. spec.) ; Schkuhr, handb. t. 236 ; DC. I. c.

Heads 5-m any-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of
the cylindraceous involucre 5-30, in a single series, often with a few bracteoles
at the base. Receptacle flat, not chaffy, sometimes with a conical or scale-
like appendage in the centre. Limb of the corolla expanded, deeply 5-cleft ;
the lobes usually furnished with a mid-nerve. Branches of the style tipped
with a very short cone, or obtuse, usually with a ring of minute hairs.
Achenia oblong, glabrous, not rostrate. Pappus of numerous capillary sca-
brous bristles. — Perennial herbs, mostly very glabrous ; with alternate often
petioled leaves, and corymbose heads. Flowers white, ochroleucous, or rarely
rose-color.

§ 1. Receptacle flat and naked. — Eucacalia, DC.

1. C. suaveolens (Linn.) : glabrous; stem striate-angled ; leaves triangu-
lar-lanceolate, hastate, acute, unequally serrate-toothed ; the cauline on winged
petioles : heads in a compound corymb, 25-30-flowered ; scales of the involu-
cre about 12; bracts several, setaceous-linear, spreading — Linn.! spec. 2. p.
835; Michx.! fl. 2. p. 96; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 518; Schkuhr, handb. t. 236 ;
DC. ! I. c. Senecio suaveolens. Ell. sk. 2. p. 328.

Woods and along streams, Canada? New York (Avon, B. D. Greene!)
and Connecticut, (Milford, Dr. Bobbins!) to Virginia! the western part of
Georgia ! Kentucky ! and Illinois ! Aug.-Oct. — Plant 3-5 feet high.
Radical leaves on long petioles ; the large hastate lobes mostly obtuse, often
2-lobed. Branches of the style canaliculate, very obtuse.

§ 2. Receptacle usually furnished vnth a central conical or scale-like appen-
dage : involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, naked, or slightly and minutely
bracteolate at the base. — Conophora, DC.

Cacalia. composite. 435

2. C. reniformis {Muh\.) : stem sulcate-angled ; leaves petioled, green on
both sides, palmately veined (often slightly hairy on the veins beneath), re-
pandly angulate-toothed; the radical reniform ; the cauline flabelliform, di-
lated ; the teeth strongly mucronate; corymb compound, fastigiate. — Muhl.!
in Willd. spec. 3. p~. 1735; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 518; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 138;
DC. I. c.

Rich damp woods, Pennsylvania! to North Carolina ! along the moun-
tains. Also in Illinois, Michaux (in a note under the following species), and
Indiana, Dr. Clapp! Aug.-Sept. — Stem 4-9feethigh. Leaves ample, di-
lated ; the radical often 2 feet wide ; the margin angulate-incised and repand-
toothed: the upper cauline either truncate, or more or less cuneate at the
base. Heads 5-flowered, as correctly described in Muhl. fl. Lancast. mss. ;
not manv-flowered, as stated by Willdenow. Scales of the involucre lance-
olate-oblong, obtuse. Receptacle slightly, or not at all produced in the
centre.

3. C. at riplicifolia (hinn.) : stem terete, glaucous; leaves petioled, very
glaucous beneath, palmately veined, angulate-lobed or toothed (the teeth mu-
cronulate) ; the radical and lower deltoid-cordate or somewhat reniform ; the
upper rhomboid ; the uppermost cuneate at the base; corymb compound,
loose.— Linn. ! spec. 2. p. 835 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 96 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 518 ;
Schkuhr, handb. t. 236 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 310 ; Darlin^t. fl. Cest. p. 499 ; DC. !
I. c. p. 329. C. Virginiana, &c. Moris, hist. 3. sect. 7. t. 15, /. 7. Senecio
atriplicifolius, (& p. reniformis?) Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 332.

Moist woodlands. Upper Canada to Georgia ! and Missouri! July-Sept. —
Stem 3-6 feet high. Radical and lower cauline leaves 4-6 inches long : the
lobes or teeth triangular, mostly acute. Scales of the involucre lanceolate-
oblong, obtuse. Receptacle produced in the centre into a lanceolate some-
what chaffy appendage, which is usually larger than the achenia, and 2-3-
cleft at the apex, as if composed of as many confluent paleae ; but is often
much shorter, or even inconspicuous. — Indian Plantain.

4. C. diversifolia : stem striate-angled ; leaves petioled, green on both
sides, somewhat tripli-nerved, veiny ; the lower ovate, obtuse, slightly cor-
date, obtusely angulate-toothed or repand ; the upper 3-5-lobed, somewhat
hastate; corymb compound, loose.

River swamps, Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! May. — Plant 2-3 feet
high, not glaucous. Leaves nearly as large as in C. atriplicifolia ; the upper
on short but naked petioles ; the lateral lobes lanceolate, acute, entire, or
with one or two teeth. Heads, &c. as in the preceding. Receptacle slight-
ly produced in the centre.

5. C. ovata (Walt.? Ell.) : stem terete; leaves glaucous beneath, tripli-
quintupli-nerved and veiny, ovate or oval, obtuse, entire or slightly and
irregularly repand-toothed; the lower and radical tapering into long, the
upper with short margined petioles; the uppermost sessile; corymb-compound
loose, fastigiate.— ( JFgZ«. Car. p. 196?) Ell.! sk. 2. p. 311 ; DC. I. c.

Damp woods, western part of Georgia ! and Alabama! to Florida! and
Western Louisiana ! July-Aug. — Stem 3-4 feet high, quite terete, slightly
glaucous. Leaves rather veiny than nervose, pale and glaucous beneath ;
the radical (on very long petioles) and lower cauline with the lamina 5-8
inches long; the upper smaller and less petioled. Scales of the involucre
lanceolate-linear, rather obtuse. Receptacle with an obscure central projec-
tion, or none. — Walter's character " foliis nervosis utrinque vividibus " is more
applicable to the following species ; to which Elliott, if he had been acquainted
with that plant, would probably have applied the name. Having, however,
been appropriated, (perhaps correctly,) to the present specie.s, it should retain
the name. — Elliott calls the leaves obtuse in the characier, but acute in the
detailed description.

436 COMPOSITE. Cacalia.

6. C. tulerosa {Nun.): stem sulcate-angled ; leaves green on both sides,
strongly 5-7-nerved ; the radical and lower cauline lanceolate-ovate or oval,
obtuse or acutish, entire or repand-denticulate, tapering into very long pe-
tioles; the upper ovate or cuneate-oblong, usually toothed towards the apex,
on short margined petioles ; corymb compound, fastigiate. — Nutt. ! gen, 2.
p. 138; DC. I. c. C. paniculata, Raf. ann. nat. p. 15. C. pteranthes,

Raf. I. c. ?

Marshes and wet prairies, Ohio! Michigan! Illinois! and Upper Mis-
souri! to Arkansas! Louisiana! "Western Alabama! and Florida! May-

jyly. " Root a round tuber, similar to a small turnip," Nuitall, &c.

(but some other botanists have not met with the tubers.) Stem 2-6 feet high.
Leaves thickish, not at all glaucous; the radical resembling those of the
common Plantain; the largest rarely subcordate: the upper either entire, or
obtusely toothed, or even incised. Scales of the involucre oblong-linear, ob-
tuse. Receptacle pointed with a short subulate appendage.

7. C. lanceolata (Nutt.) : stem terete, virgate, slender, somewhat glaucous;
leaves glaucescent, 3- (sometimes 5-) nerved, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acute, entire, or very sparingly and sharply toothed ; the radical and lower
tapering into slender petioles ; the uppermost sessile ; corymb loose. — Nutt. .'
gen. 2. p. 138; Ell.! sk. 2. p. 311 ; DC. I. c.

Wet places, Georgia! to Florida and Louisiana! — Stem 2-3 feet high.
Leaves thickish, 3-6 inches long, 3-10 lines wide; the cauline often with
one or two sharp spreading teeth on each side. Scales of the involucre linear,
acutish or acute. Receptacle with a central scale-like appendage.

C. i^igaMea (Hort. Vindob.), Schauer in Linncca, 16, suppl. p. 216 (1842), raised
from ^eeds received from New Orleans, so far as the description extends, does not
differ from C. atriplicifolia.

163. SENECIO. Linn.; Less. syn. p. 391 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 340.

Heads many-flowered, either discoid with the flowers all tubular and per-
fect, or radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre in a single series,
or calyculate with a few accessory scales. Receptacle not chaffy, naked or
alveolate. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers truncate, the apex only
minutely penicillate. Achenia not rostrate or winged, often grooved or ribbed.
Pappus of numerous very slender capillary bristles. — Herbs or shrubs (occur-
ring in almost every part of the world) ; with alternate leaves, and solitary,
paniculate, or corymbose heads. Flowers for the most part yellow.

In many species of this vast genus (especially in S. coronopus, S. spartioides, S.
ampullaceus, and S. filifolius,) the short hairs or papillae of the achenia open at the
apex when moistened, and emit spiral threads of considerable size, which may be
distinctly observed with a simple lens of low power.

* Annual : rays none.

1. S. vulgaris (Linn.) : somewhat woolly or nearly glabrous ; leaves pin-
natifid and toothed, clasping; the lowest tapering into petioles; heads corym-
bose, nodding, discoid; the calyculate scales (about 10) appressed, much
shorter than the proper scales of the involucre ; achenia puberulent. — Linn,
spec. 2. p. 867 ; Fl. Dan. t. 513 ; Engl. hot. t. 747; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 528 ;
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 331 ; DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 341.

Waste and cultivated grounds in the Northern States ! introduced from

Senecio. composite. 437

Europe. Also Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland, and Labrador, {Hook.) June-
Oct. — A homely weed, a span to a foot high. — Groundsel.

• ♦ Annual ; licads radiate.

2. ,S. lohatus (Pers.) : glabrous (or slightly floccose when young) ; stem
striate ; leaves somewhat fleshy, lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnately divided ; the
lobes mostly distant and opposite, rounded, crenate-toothed or incised ; corymb
(usually compound) crowded, fastigiate ; involucre nearly ecalyculate ; rays
about 12 ; achenia minutely hispid on the 5 alternate (stronger) ribs. —
Pers. syn. 2. p. 436 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 332. S. lyratus, Michx. ! fi. 2. p. 120,
not of Linn. f. ^r. S. glabellus. Pair. did. 7. p. 102. S. Carolinianus,
Spreng. syst. 3. p. 559. S. Mississippianus, DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 427. S. den-
siflorus, Martens, in hull. acad. Brux. 8. p. 67. S. Schweinilzianus, Null.!
in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 411.

Damp soils, rice-fields, &c. North Carolina! to Florida! Missouri! Lou-
isiana! and Texas! common : flowering through the season. — Stem hollow.
Leaves extremely variable in the degree of incision, and in the number and
size of the segments; the uppermost leaves often auriculate-clasping and
laciniate-incised ; the lowest petioled. — Butter-weed.

3. S. Coronopus (Nutt.) : glabrous, much branched; leaves all pinnatifid,
auriculate-clasping, with a wide rachis and a few acute segments, those of
the upper leaves denticulate ; branches fastigiate, bearing few heads on
elongated naked peduncles ; scales of the campanulate involucre (about 20)
smooth, carinate, with acute sphacelous tips ; rays about 15, oblong, elon-
gated ; achenia cylindric, 10-ribbed, the ribs strigose; pappus about the
length of the florets. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 213.

St. Barbara, California, Nuttall! — May. — Plant not glaucous. Rays
bright yellow. — Mr. Nuttall inquires whether it may not be a variety of S.
coronopifolius, Desf., introduced by accident ; and it does not differ in any
essential points from the description of that species.

4. S. Californicus {DC.) : glabrous, erect; stem nearly simple, somewhat
angled, corymbose at the summit ; radical leaves oblong, tapering into a
petiole, entire; the cauline lanceolate, toothed, partly auriculate-clasping;
corymb simple, somewhat crowded; scales of the campanulate slightly caly-
culate involucre 20, acuminate; rays about 20, several-nerved; the disk-
flowers about 60; achenia velvety-villous [?]. DC! prodr. 6. p. 426.

(3. laxior (DC! I.e.): corymb looser; rays 10-15; disk-flowers about
50; achenia more densely villous [?].

California, Douglas. — The so-called villosity of the achenia, in this spe-
cies, is probably produced by the emission of spiral threads, when moistened.

5. S. ? flocciferus (DC.) : stems angled, glabrous, much branched from
the base ; leaves mostly radical, pinnately parted ; the ovate acutely toothed
lobes bearing here and there dense tufts of floccose hairs in their axils; cauline
leaves few, at the origin of the branches ; heads solitary terminating the
branchlets ; involucre glabrous, calyculate ; rays almost none, deformed, pis-
tillate, scarcely different from the disk-flowers; achenia glabrous. DC.
prodr. 6. p. 426 ; Hook. Sf Am. hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 360.

California, Douglas. — " The flowers are reddish ; the ligulate florets ap-
pear to be in several rows, and gradually to pass into the tubular ones."
Hook. 8f Am.

• * * Biennial : heads radiate, corymbose : involucre not calyculate.

6. S. palustris (Hook.): stem erect, somewhat simple, villous; leaves
broadly lanceolate, dentate-sinuate [or laciniately subpinnatifid], acute,

4 38 COMPOSITiE. Senecio.

hairy or nearly glabrous ; the upper partly clasping by a cordate base ; heads
corymbose at the summit of the stem or branches ; pedicels not bracteolate ;
scales of the involucre about 20, in a single series, linear, acuminate; rays
20-21 ; achenia glabrous, with many narrow somewhat unequal ribs. — DC. !
prodr. 6. p. 363; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 334. Cineraria palustris,
Linn. spec. ed. 2. p. 1243; Fl. Dan. t. bl^ ; Engl. hot. t. 151; Schkuhr,
handb. t. 246 ; Richards. ! appx. FranU. journ. ed. 2. p. 31.

fi. congestns (Hook.! 1. c): very woolly; stem simple (4 inches to a foot
high); leaves linear-ligulate, undulate or sinuate-toothed; heads crowded or
capitate.— S. congestus, DC. I. c. Cineraria congesta, R. Br.! in Parry's
1st voy. appx. p. 279 ; Hook. SfArn.! hot. Beechey, p. 126.

Saskatchawan ! (also saline marshy margins of Devil's Lake, N. W. Ter-
ritory, Mr. Nicollet .') to the Arctic Sea ! Kotzebue's Sound ! &c. the var. 8.
confined to the arctic regions, and Melville Island ! July.— Rays pale yellow.
Pappus very copious, at first scarcely longer than the tube of the disk-
corolla, at length very much longer than the flowers. — To this species, a_s
thus considered, may probably be referred S. Kalmh, Less, in Linncea, 6.
p. 244.

7. iS. Hookeri : biennial ? arachnoid-pubescent, at length somewhat gla-
brous ; stem simple; radical and lowest cauline leaves ovate or spatulate-
oblong, obtuse, repand-denticulate or entire, contracted into short margined
petioles; the upper Unear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile ; heads numerous,
in a contracted and dense simple corymb ; scales of the involucre about 12,
nearly glabrous; rays 8-9, oblong, short (bright yellow ?) ; achenia glabrous;
pappus rather shorter than the 10-nerved corolla of the disk. — S. integrifolia,
Hook. ! fi. Bor.-Am. (excl. syn.), not of Nult. Cineraria integrifolia,
Richards, appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 31 ; not of Jacq., Willd., Pursh, Sfc.

Woody country from lat. 54° to the shores of the Arctic Sea, Richardson.
Rocky Mountains (lat. 52°), Drummond !—F\auts 6-12 inches high, with
fibrous roots, clothed when young with loose woolly hairs. Heads smaller
than in S. spathulaefolius. Leaves perfectly smooth when the pubescence
has fallen.

» * » • Perennial : heads corymbose, chiefly radiate.

t Leaves entire or denticulate.

8. S. spartioides : glabrous throughout; stems suffruticose, very nume-
rous from the same ligneous tap-root, rigid, corymbose at the summit, leafy;
leaves fleshy, narrowly linear, perfectly entire, rather obtuse, sessile; heads
(large and showy) fastigiate-corymbose,on short minutely bracteolate pedun-
cles ; the calyculate scales subulate, minute; scales of the cylindrical invo-
lucre about 12, lanceolate-linear, acutish ; rays mostly 7, oblong-linear,
elongated ; achenia silky-canescent.

Upper Platte ; on a steep sand-bank of the Sweet-water River, Lieut.
Fremont! Aug.-Sept. — Stems a foot high, forming a dense tuft. Leaves
1-3 inches long, about a line wide, very numerous. Heads half an inch
in length. Rays golden-yellow. Pappus as long as the disk-corolla. —
A remarkable and handsome species.

9. S. megacephalus (Nutt.) : clothed with a deciduous wool, at length al-
most glabrous; stem low, stout; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or obscurely
denticulate; the lowermost tapering into petioles; the upper linear-lanceo-
late and partly clasping; corymb of 3-5 very large heads; scales of rhe
nearly ecalyculate vilTous-pubescent involucre linear, acuminate, not spha-
celate; rays 10-12, (pale yellow), short; achenia glabrous ; pappus as long
as the corolla of the disk.— iVu«. .' in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7.
p. 410.

Senecio. COMPOSITiE. 439

Plains of the Platte, near the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall ! — Plant 6-8
inches high. Heads very many-flowered, nearly an inch long.

10. iS. lugens (Richards.) : clothed with deciduous tomentose hairs, or
nearly glabrous ; stem simple, slender; leaves glandular-toothed, or often
nearly entire, obscurely veined; the radical oblong-spatulate, tapering into
short petioles; the cauline lanceolate and acute, partly clasping; corymb
simple; involucre sparingly calyculaie ; the scales linear-lanceolate, acute,
strikingly blackish -purple or sphacelate above the middle; rays about 12,
oblong-linear, twice the length of the involucre ; achenia glabrous. —
Richards, appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 31 ; Spreng. syst. 2. p. 558 ;
Hook..' jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 332 ,• DC. I. c. S. Kalmii, Hook. 8f Arn. ! hot.
Beechey, p. 126 (a stouter form).

Arctic America from Fort Franklin to the sea-coast, Richardson! and
Kotzebue's Sound ! — A foot high. Heads large ; the calyculate bracteoles
linear-subulate.

11. S. exaltatus (Nutt.) : sparsely clothed with caducous villous hairs, at
length glabrous ; stem tall and robust, grooved, simple, naked above ; leaves
unequally crenate-denticulate (the teeth somewhat glandular), veiny ; the
radical and lower cauline broadly lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, on long petioles;
the upper lanceolate, acute, partly clasping (sometimes deeply serrate,
Nutt.) ; corymb compound, fastigiate, of very numerous (small) heads ; in-
volucre scarcely calyculate; the scales linear, with pubescent and slightly
sphacelate or purplish tips ; rays 6-8, oblong, short ; achenia glabrous. —
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 410. S. lugens, Nutt. in
jour. Acad. Philad. 7. p. 31 ; not of Richards.

Plains of the Oregon and of the Platte, Nuttall ! &c. — Stem 3-5 feet high;
the umbelliform corymb containing numerous heads, which are smaller
than those of S. lugens.

12. S. cordatus (Nutt.): more or less hairy, especially towards the base
of the tall and stout sulcate-angled stem ; lower leaves cordate-ovate, repand-
ly serrulate or nearly entire, obtuse, on long petioles ; the upper lanceolate,
clasping, serrate ; heads numerous, in a nearly simple corymb ; scales of the
campanulate involucre (about 15) linear, with dark and sphacelous pubes-
cent tips ; rays 5 or 6, oblong; achenia glabrous. — Nutt. in trans. Amer.
phil. soc. I. c. p>. AW.

Alluvial situations in Oregon, uear the mouth of the Wahlamet. Nuttall.
June. — Plant 2-3 feet high, evidently allied to the preceding species.

13. S. fastigiatus (Nutt.): sparingly arachnoid-tomentose when young;
stem slender, at length glabrous, simple, angled ; leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, mostly obtuse and entire, tapering into petioles, tomentose-canes-
cent, or at length nearly glabrous ; the upper cauline linear, small, subses-
sile ; heads (small) numerous, in a fastigiate (simple or compound) corymb ;
involucre scarcely calyculate; the scales (yellowish) linear-lanceolate; rays
about 8, linear-oblong; achenia glabrous. — Nutt. in trans. Amer. j)hil. soc.
I. c. p. 410.

Plains of the Oregon, near the Wahlamet, Nuttall ! — Stem 2 or 3 feet
high. Leaves rather thick and rigid, the lower a span long (with the peti-
oles), sometimes sparingly serrulate towards the apex, the margins inclined
to be revolute. Heads about as large as in S. aureus.

14. S. integerrimus {^nit.): glabrous throughout; stem simple, striate;
leaves entire (rarely obscurely repand-denticulate), somewhat fleshy ; the
radical and lowest cauline short, lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse, tapering
into a petiole ; the upper small, lanceolate, acute, partly clasping; corymb
simple or nearly so ; involucre hemispherical, calyculate with a few loose

440 COMPOSITE. Senecio.

and slender subulate bracteoles ; the scales (15-20) narrowly linear, acute ;
rays about 8, small ; the disk-flowers 40-50 ; achenia striate, nearly g\a-
hroas.—Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 165 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 432.

(3. cauline leaves very small, except those near the base of the stem,
which appears scapiform ; heads very few. — S. integerrimus, Nutt. ! in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 411.

Upper Missouri, Nultall, Mr. Nicollet ! /?. Plains of the Platte towards
the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall! May-June. — Stem 12-18 inches high.
Radical leaves 3-5 inches long, and 1-2 wide. Heads 6-20, rather large:
the calyculate bracts nearly equalling the involucre.

15. S. hydrophiius (Nutt.) : very glabrous ; stem simple, terete, striate,
rather leafy ; leaves (thickish) lanceolate, acute, entire (or obsoletely repand-
denriculate), furnished with a prominent midrib ; the radical and lowest
cauline elongated, tapering into thickish somewhat clasping petioles ; the
others sessile, partly clasping; heads (small) numerous, in a compound naked
corymb; the pedicels and involucre scarcely bracteolate; scales of the cyliiT-
draceous-campanulate involucre about 8, oblong-linear, obtuse, the tips
purplish and somewhat sphacelate ; rays 3-6, very small ; the disk-flowers
18-25 ; achenia glabrous, obscurely angled.

a. stem stout ; the corymbs (not fully developed) thyrsoid-paniculate. —
S. hydrophiius, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

j3. stem slightly striate ; corymbs fasligiate.

Margin of ponds, &c., in the Rocky Mountains along Ham's Fork of the
Colorado of the West, Nuttall! l3. Borders of a lake in the Wind River
Chain of the Rocky Mountains, Lieut. Fremont ! Aug. — About 2 feet high.
Leaves much like those of Solidago sempervirens : the upper small and
scattered. Bracteoles few and very minute. — Heads smaller than in S.
integerrimus. Achenia not striate. Receptacle alveolate.

16. S. lanceolatus : glabrous (except the base of the stem, which is pubes-
cent) ; stem tall, virgate, angled, simple or somewhat branched above, very
leafy to the summit; cauline leaves uniform (thin), lanceolate, entire, acute
at both ends, subsessile (the lowest petioled?); corymbs small and loose,
terminal and from the axils of the upper leaves, paniculate; the slender
peduncles and pedicels and the small heads sparingly bracteolate; bracteoles
filiform-setaceous; scales of the cylindrical 15-20-flowered involucre 8-12,
narrowly linear, acuminate; rays few and small; achenia (not striate?)
glabrous.

Along the North Fork of the Platte, Lieut. Fremont! — Stem 3 feet high,
slender, inclined to branch from the axils of the upper leaves, terminated by
a narrow corymbose panicle. Lower cauline leaves wanting; the upper
much longer than the internodes, 4-5 inches long, one-half to three-fourths
of an inch wide, mucronulate ; the margin somewhat revolute. Heads
about as large as in S. Sarracenicus ; and the attenuated bracteoles
similar. Rays a little exceeding the disk. Pappus about the length of the
corolla.

17. S. ampullaceus (Hook.) : very glabrous ; stem grooved, branched
•above ; leaves fleshy, oblong, obtuse, entire or denticulate, partly clasping by
a cordate base ; the lowest spatulate ; panicle corymbose ; the peduncles in
fruit much incrassated and turbinate at the base of the heads ; involucre with
a few minute setaceous bracteoles ; rays 7-9, spreading ; achenia slender,
strigose-canescent. — Hook. hot. mag. t. 3487; DC. prodr. 6. p. 428.

Texas, Drummond! — Plant 2-3 feet high. Involucre at first cylindrical,
at length enlarged at the base, as in Sonchus, about 20-30-flowered. The
short strigose liairs of the achenia promptly emit long spiral threads when
moistened.

Set^ecio. COMPOSITiE. 441

t t Leaves sharply serrate-toothed : heads radiate.

18. S. triangularis (Hook.): glabrous throughout; stem tall; simple,
striate, leafy; leaves deltoid-triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, very sharply
and coarsely toothed, petioled ; heads (large) in a fastigiale compound
corymb ; bracteoles and calyculate scales few, linear-subulate ; scales of the
cylindraceous involucre about 15, linear, sphacelate at the tip; rays 10-12;
achenia glabrous.— iJoo^-./ ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 332, /. 115; DC l c. p. 432.

/3. smaller; leaves less acuminate, and less deeply and sharply toothed.

Moist prairies among the Rocky Montains, between lat. 52° and 55°,
Drummond! p. "Wind River Chain of the Rocky Mountains, about lat. 42°,
at the altitude of 7000 feet, Lieut. Fremont! — A stout handsome species : the
leaves about 3 inches long, unequally and incisely toothed, on distinct petioles,
tapering from the remarkably truncate base to the acuminate apex. Heads
half an inch long. Achenia not striate.

19. 5i. Serra (Hook. 1. c.) : herbaceous, erect, very glabrous ; stem stri-
ate; leaves petioled, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, strongly and sharply
toothed, mostly cordate at the base ; the uppermost linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate at both ends ; heads numerous in a compound corymb; the involucre
furnished with linear-subulate accessory scales ; rays 6-7, linear, remote,
twice the length of the involucre ; achenia glabrous. DC. (under the fol-
lowing name.) — S. longidentatus, DC. prodr. 6. p. 418.

Oregon; "common on the banks of the Wallawallah, Flathead, and
Spokan Rivers, (2-3 feet high)," Douglas. — Flowers rather small, very nu-
merous, in a dense corymbose panicle. Scales of the involucre scarcely
sphacelate at the tip. Hook. — While we adopt the anterior name of Hooker,
we copy the character of De CandoUe ; who alone has described the lower
leaves. It is doubtless nearly allied to S. Sarracenicus.

20. S. Andinus (Nutt.) : glabrous; stem angled, very leafy; leaves linear-
lanceolate, sharply denticulate, acute at both ends, subsessile ; heads (small)
cylindraceous, forming a compound paniculate corymb; bracteoles and caly-
culate scales few, subulate-setaceous ; rays 6-8, the disk-flowers about 20 ;
achenia glabrous. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. sac. I. c. p. 409.

Vallies of the higher Rocky Mountains (lat. 41°), about 6000 feet above
the level of the sea, Nuttall! July. — A foot high. Leaves 3-5 inches long,
a half to three-fourths of an inch wide. Corymb often irregular. Nutt.—
May not this be a subalpine form of the preceding ?

t t t Leaves toothed : rays none.

21. S. rapifolius (Nutt.) : very glabrous throughout ; stems angled, pani-
culately branched, leafy ; leaves thickish, oblong, unequally and very
sharply toothed ; the radical and lowest cauline oval or obovate-oblong, nar-
rowed into a winged petiole, and often sparingly incised at the base ; the
upper clasping by a subcordate base; heads (small) in numerous small co-
rymbs, on short many-bracteolate pedicels, slightly calyculate ; the calycu-
late scales and bracteoles very small and subulate ; scales of the cylindra-
ceous about 15-flowered involucre 8-10, oblong, thickish ; rays none ; achenia
glabrous. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 409.

Upper branches of the Platte near the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall ! Sweet-
Water River and North Fork of the Platte, Lieut. Fremont! Aug. — Plant
6-20 inches high. Cauline leaves 3-4 inches long, 1-2 wide, obtuse or acute,
somewhat fleshy. Heads much smaller than in S. Cacaliaster. Scales of
the involucre thickish, with hyaline margins, not sphacelate. Pappus rather
shorter than the yellow corolla. Achenia striate.

22. S. aronicoides (DC.) : stem herbaceous, simple, arenose-birsute ;

VOL. II. — 56

442 COMPOSITE. Senecio.

lower leaves ovate, tapering into a petiole partly clasping at the base, un-
equally toothed, glabrous above, arenose beneath ; the upper sessile, oblong,
acute, partly clasping by the auriculate somevi^hat adnate base, coarsely
toothed, arenose on both sides ; corymb terminal, crowded ; the calyculate
involucral scales about 10, acuminate, arenose; rays none; the tubular
flowers 10-12; achenia glabrous. — DC. prodr. 6. p. 426.

California, Douglas. — Herb 8-10 inches high. Lower leaves 5 inches
long, including the petiole. DC.

t t t t Radical leaves undivided ; the cauline incised or pinnatifid : involucre
nearly ecalyculate.

23. S. aureus (Linn.) : glabrous, or mostly somewhat arachnoid-woolly
when young ; radical leaves orbicular or roundish-ovate, mostly cordate,
crenate-serrate, petioled ; the lower cauline lyrate ; the upper lanceolate,
laciniate-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; the segments mostly toothed
at the apex ; corymb somewhat umbellate ; rays 8-12 ; achenia glabrous. —
Linn. spec. 2. p. 870; Michx.! fl. 2. p. 120 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 530; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 331 ; Bigel. .' fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 307 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
333 ; Darlingt. ! ji. Cest. p. 497 ; DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 432. S. tussilaginoides,
Walt. Car. p. 208. S. fastigiatus, Schweinitz! in Ell. I. c. S. gracilis,
Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 529; DC! I.e. (a depauperate state.) — Earliest radical
leaves, small and round, seldom cordate, on shorter petioles ; the succeeding
larger, on long petioles.

/?. ohovatus : radical leaves varying from roundish-obovate to oblong-
spatulate. — S. ohovatus, Muhl. in Willd. spec. 3. p. 1999 ; Pursh, I. c. ;
Ell. I. c. ; Darlingt. ! I. c. ; DC. ! I. c. S. aureus (i. gracilis. Hook. ! I. c.
— A large state, with heads of unusual size, is S. Balsamitae /J. majus,
Hook. ! I. c.

J. borealis : radical leaves thickish and somewhat coriaceous, obovate,
cuneate-spatulate, and oval, mostly crenulate-toothed at the apex only, or
some of them entire ; stem short (5-12 inches high) ; corymb of few or nu-
merous heads. — S. aureus, partly. Hook..' I. c. S. cymbalarioides, Nutt..'
in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 412.

6. discoideus (Hook. 1. c.) : rays wanting. — A rayless state of var. /3. is
S. elongatus, Pursh.' fl. 2. p. 529 ; of var. 7. (from Labrador!) is S. pauci-
florus, Pursh .' I. c. (heads rarely solitary I) : an Oregon plant, with some of
the oblong radical leaves sinuate-toothed or lyrate is S. debilis, Nutt. ! in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. : an Arctic American form, with the primordial
radical leaves often as in var. 7. but the succeeding thin, ovate, and sharply
serrate-toothed (corymb of few or several heads) is S. discoideus, Hook..' I.e.

£. Balsamitae : glabrous or more downy ; radical leaves oval, oblong,
spatulate, and lanceolate (often varying greatly on the same individual,
crenate or rather sharply crenate-toothed, some of them occasionally lyrate-
incised ; achenia either glabrous or strigose-puberulent on the angles. — S.
Balsamitffi, Muhl. in Willd. ! spec. I. c. (4* in fl.. Lancastr. ined., when the
achenia are said to be glabrous); Pursh ! I. c. ; Darliiigt. ! I. c. ; DC. ! I. c.
excl. syn. S. Plattensis, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. — Specimens
collected at the same time from the same locality, not distinguishable in any
other respect, have the achenia either glabrous, or minutely hairy on the
angles ; the latter are most common.

X. 1 lanceolatus (Oakes) : stem slender, loosely and sparingly corymbose at
the summit; leaves thin, lanceolate-oblong; the radical on long petioles,
unequally and sharply serrate, subcordate or cuneate at the base ; the cau-
line few, sessile, laciniate-pinnatifid towards the base ; rays 6-8 ; achenia
glabrous. — Oakes ! in Hovey's mag., Sf in Tliompsoii's gazetteer of Ver-
mont.

Sknecio. COMPOSlTvE. 443

Arctic America ! to Louisiana ! and from Labrador ! to Oregon ! a. in
swamps or meadows; /?. in drier places; e. in rocky places; y. (and (5. chiefly)
Arctic America! to the Rocky Mountains! &c. C- Cedar Swamp, Erown-
ington, Vermont, Dr. Robbins ! April-June. — A polymorphous species,
10-30 inches high ; the S. Balsamitse and S. obovatus pass by numerous
transitions into the typical S. aureus.

24. S.Elliottii: at length glabrous; stem simple, often nearly naked;
radical leaves thickish, oval-obovate or roundish, crenate-serrate, tapering
into a winged petiole which is much shorter than the lamina, or nearly ses-
sile ; the cauline few and small, sessile, laciniate-pinnatifid ; the upper re-
duced to bracts; corymb small ; rays 9-12; achenia glabrous. — S. obova-
tus, Ell. sk. 2. p. 330 (as to the Southern plant described), not of Muhl. ^-c.

Pennsylvania? to Georgia! Florida! and Alabama! May. — About a
foot high, the stem often scape-like and almost leafless, floccose-woolly when
quite young. Radical leaves crowded, 2-3 inches in diameter, frequently
coriaceous when mature, often sharply serrate or incised towards the nar-
rowed base, occasionally sinuate-incised or almost pinnatifid. Heads as
large as in S. aureus.

25. S. tomentosus (Michx.) : clothed with a more or less deciduous canescent
wool ; radical leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate, mostly obtuse at both ends,
crenate-toothed, on slender petioles; the upper sessile; corymb fastigiate;
rays 12-15, elongated ; achenia strigose-pubescent on the angles. — Michx. !
fl. 2. p. 119 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 329 ,• DC. prodr. 6. p. 433. S. integrifolius, (i.
heterophyllus, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 165.

/J. smaller, very canescent; radical leaves obovate-spatulate and oval, ta-
pering into short petioles, slightly toothed ; the cauline incisely pinnatifid. —
Cineraria helerophylla, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 528 ?

Virginia ! to Georgia ! Florida ! & Arkansas ! p. Blue Mountains (of
Pennsylvania, Pursh) oi Virginia, Mr. Buckley! April-June. — Stem 1-2
feet high, often nearly leafless, except at the base. Radical leaves on petioles
3-6 inches long, sometimes nearly entire, often sharply toothed near the base.
Heads larger than in S. aureus.

26. iS. cawMS (Hook.): toraentose and canescent throughout ; radical leaves
oblong-spatulate, tapering into short petioles, entire ; cauline linear-lanceolate,
sessile, partly clasping, shiuate-pinnaiifid, or laciniate-toothed towards the
base; corymb mostly simple ; rays 8-12, short; achenia glabrous. — Hook. !
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 333, t. 116 ; DC. I.e. S. integrifolius, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p.
165. S. Purshianus, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 412.
Cineraria iniegrifolia /3. minor, Pursh .' fl. 2. p. 528, (excl. syn.) as to
the Missouri plant.

j8. upper surface of the leaves becoming somewhat glabrous. Hook. I. c.

Upper Missouri, Leicis, Nuttall ! and Saskatchawan, Drummond ! /?•
Lake Huron, Dr. Todd. — Plant 6-12 inches high, somewliat caespitose; the
leaves white with a persistent tomentum. — The achenia as figured by
Hooker are sparsely hairy along the angles near the summit ; which is
not the case in any of the specimens (of Drummond or others) that we
have examined.

t t t + t Leaves all pinnately parted : involucre calyculate.

27. S. Douglasii (DC.) : clothed with a deciduous arenose-canescent pu-
bescence ; stem striate, leafy; leaves linear, acute, entire, or mostly furnish-
ed towards the base with 1-3 pairs of small and remote narrowly linear
lobes, nearly glabrous when old, the margins re volute; heads few, in a naked
and loose compound corymb ; the subulate calyculate scales or bracteoles

444 COMPOSITE. Senecio.

nearly as long as those of the involucre ; " achenia somewhat glabrous." —
DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 429.

California, Douslas ! — Leaves 3 inches long, 2 lines wide. Rays 11-13 ;
the disk-flowers about 60. DC.

28. 5. filifolius (Nutt.) : suffruticose, much branched ; the branches dif-
fuse, very leafy to the summit; leaves pinnately 5-9-parted ; the segments
very narrowly linear, entire, obtusish, often unequal, mostly with revolute
margins ; heads (rather large) corymbose, on short peduncles, calycufete with
a few small subulate scales ; rays about 7, linear, somewhat elongated ;
achenia strigose-canescent.

a. Jamesii : densely tomenfose-canescent ; the wool evidently more or less
deciduous. — S. filifolius, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 414. (De-
scribed from an imperfect specimen in herh. Torr.)

/?. Fremontii : glabrous, or obscurely arachnoid.

On the Upper Missouri or Platte, Dr. James! 0. On the Lower Plattej
near the " Chimney," Lieut. Fremont! Aug.-Sept. — Segmenlsof the leaves
an inch or less in length, half a line wide ; the rachis about the same width.
Heads smaller than in the following species. Rays golden yellow.

29. S. Riddellii: glabrous throughout; stem terete, very leafy, corymbose
at the summit; cauline leaves pinnately 5-9-parted ; the segments narrowly
linear, obtuse, entire, flat, somewhat dilated towards the apex, (ihickish and
rather rigid) ; heads (large and showy) on short peduncles, disposed in a
compound corymb, calyculate with subulate scales ; rays about 12, linear,
elongated; achenia minutely puberulent. — S. fragrans, Riddell! mss., not
Fisch.

Texas, Dr. Riddell! — 11 ? A stout species, apparently 1-2 feet high,
leafy to the summit. Radical leaves unknown : cauline not at all auricu-
late or dilated at the base; the segments an inch or more in length, and 1-2
lines wide: the rachis about the same width, and entire. Heads much
larger than in S. abrotanifolius : scales of the involucre 16-18, linear-laiice-
olaie, not sphacelate, nearly the length of the disk. Rays golden yellow.
Pappus very white, as long as the disk-corolla.

30. S. eremophilus (Richards.): glabrous; stem striate, tall, branching;
leaves membranaceous, interruptedly pinnatifid, the lower somewhat bipin-
natifid ; the segments lanceolate or oblong-linear, unequal, acute, often
toothed ; heads in a compound corymb : the calyculate scales few and loose,
nearly as long as the cylindrical involucre ; rays (about 9) linear, spreading;
achenia nearly glabrous. — Richards. ! apj^^- Frank, journ. ed. 2. p. 31 ;
Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 334.

Woods of the Saskatchawan (Drummond) to Fort Franklin on the Mac-
kenzie River, Richardson ! — Stem 2-3 feel high. Leaves ample ; the
lower 5-8 inches long.

t + t t t t Leaves all bipinnately dissected: involucre nearly ecalyculate.

31. S. Millefolium, : floccose-lanuginous when young, at length glabrous ;
stems striate, csespitose, corymbose at the summit; leaves chiefly radical,
petioled, bipinnately divided; the segments often 2-5-parted, linear, obtuse;
cauline leaves few, sessile, irregularly 1-2-pinnately dissected ; corymb
dense, fasligiate, mostly compound; scales of the hemispherical minutely
1-2-bracteolate involucre about 20, linear; rays 9-12, oblong, short; achenia
minutely hairy on the angles; pappus equalling the corolla of the disk.

Mountains of North and South Carolina: "Carolina, Fraser," in herb.
Lambert! Whiteside Mountain, North Carolina, Mr. Curtis! Table
Mountain, S. Carolina, Mr. Buckley! June. — It A foot or more high.
Leaves rather fleshy ; the numerous segments 2-3 lines long. Heads smaller

Senecio. compos IT.f:. 445

than is usual in S. aureus. Scales of the involucre greenish, with scarious
margins, not sphacelate. — Were this remarkable plant a northern species, it
migfit be supposed to prove the S. Canadensis; which has never been re-
cognized.

* » * » «

Perennial : heads radiate, solitary or nearly so.

32. S. resedifolius (Less.): dwarf, glabrous; stems mostly simple and
terminated with a single head, leafless above; radical leaves petioled ; the
exterior rounded, crenate-sinuate or lobed ; the interior lyrate-pinnatifid, with
the segments entire or 2-3-lobed ; the cauline oblong, sessile, pinnatifid at
the base, woolly in the axils ; scales of the nearly ecalyculate involucre lance-
olate ; rays 12-13, elongateil; achenia minutely and sparsely puberulent;
pappus a little shorter than the corolla of the disk. — Less..' in Linvcea, 6. p.
243 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 333, t. 117 ; DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 347. Cine-
raria lyrata, Ledeb. ! fl. Alt. 4. p. 102 (var. with purplish involucre);
Reichertb. ic. hot. t. 101 ; Hook- <^* Am.! bot. Beechey, p. 126.

Arctic America from Kotzebue's Sound! to Fort Franklin ! &c. — Stems
2-6 inches high, sometimes sparingly branched above. Heads rather large.
— This is not improbably the S. Cymbalaria of Pursh.

33. S. subnudus (DC) : very glabrous throughout ; stem simple, slender,
nearly leafless above and usually bearing a single head ; radical leaves ob-
ovate, toothed at the apex, on slender petioles ; the cauline few, sessile, oblong,
incised or somewhat pinnatifid, not woolly in the axils; scales of the slightly
calyculate involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; rays 8-12, elongated ;
achenia glabrous, striate ; pappus nearly equalling the corolla of the disk.—
DC! prodr. 6. p. 428; Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phii soc. I. c. p. 412.

Cascade Mountains on the Oregon, Dr. Gairdner ! Douslas ! Wind
River Chain of the Rocky Mountains, at the altitude of 7000 feet and up-
wards, Lieut. Fremont! Aug. — Stems often decumbent at the base, 6-10
inches high, sometimes bearing 2 heads, which are about as large as in S.
aureus. Limb of the radical leaves half an inch in length, occasionally
somewhat lyrate. — Allied to the preceding.

34. S. Fremontii: dwarf, glabrous; stems ascending, leafy, often branch-
ing; the branches naked at the summit and terminated by a solitary head ;
leaves somewhat fleshy, obovate and spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, some-
times mucronulate; the upper sinuate-toothed or slightly lyrate, sessile; the
lowest angulate-toothed or nearly entire, tapering into a short margined pe-
tiole; scales of the ecalyculate involucre in a single series, linear-lanceolate;
rays 8-10, oblong-linear; achenia (immature) puberulent; pappus equalling
the corolla of the disk.

On the Wind River Chain of the Rocky Mountains, just below the limits
of perpetual snow, Lieut. Fremont! Aug. — Stems 3-5 inches high. Leaves
an inch or more in length. Heads about half an inch in length ; the cylindri-
cal-cam pan u late involucre many-flowered, subteuded by one or two small
lanceolate bracteoles.

35. S. frigid us [Ijes^.): stem simple, bearing a single head, glabrous, or
clothed with deciduous floccose wool and blackish-purple hairs; leaves ellip-
tical-oblong, obtuse, with short petioles [the cauline sessile and partly clasp-
ing], glabrous or hirsute; the margins revolute, entire or slightly denticulate;
involucre ecalyculate, hispid with purple hairs; rays numerous, oblong-ellip-
tical ; achenia glabrous ; pappus as long as the tube of the disk-flowers. DC. —
Less, in Linnia, G.p. 239; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 334. 1. 112; DC. prodr.
6. p. 347. Cineraria frigida, Richards, appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 31 ;
Hook. 8f Am.! bot. Beechey, p. 126. C. atropurpurea, Ledeb. in metn. acad.
St. Petersb. 5. p. 274.

446 COMPOSIT.E. Sekecio.

Arctic America, from lat. 64°, to the shores of the Northern Sea! Kotze-
bue's Sound! &c.— Stems 1-5 inches high. Head large.— Varies greatly as
to pubescence, and the short purplish hairs of the involucre are sometimes
nearly wanting.

36. S. Pseudo-Arnica (Less.): glabrous or arachnoid-tomentose at the
summit; stem erect, simple, leafy, bearing one or very few [very large]
heads; lower leaves oval-oblong, repand-toothed, narrowed into a short pe-
tiole ; the upper sessile, lanceolate ; scales of the involucre in few series, the
exterior linear, acuminate, as long as the interior; rays many-nerved ; ache-
nia glabrous; pappus scabrous, equalling the disk-corolla, DC. — Less, in
Linncea, 6. p. 240; Hook.! ji. Bor.-Am. 1 . p. 334, t. 113; DC' prodr. 6.
p. 358. Arnica raaritima, Linn. spec. 2. p. 885 (ex. Less.)', Pursh! fl. 2.
p. 528; Hook. 6f Am.! hot. Beechey, p. 126. A. Doronicum, Pursh, fl.
2. p. 527.' Cineraria carnosa, Pylaie! herb.

Labrador! and Newfoundland! to Kotzebue's Sound! and Unalaschka! —
Stem stout, 2 inches to a foot high. Heads (1-4,) an inch or more in dia-
meter.

% Obscure species.

37. S. Canadensis (Linn.) : heads radiate ; leaves bipinnate, linear. Linn,
spec. 2. p. 869.

Canada, Kalm. — Stem erect, smooth. Leaves bipinnate, linear, glabrous ;
the uppermost simply pinnate. Corymb terminal, compound, fastigiate, yel-
low. Involucre rufescent. Linn.

38. 5?. Kahnii (Nutt.) : heads paniculate ; leaves pinnatifid, somewhat
villous ; the segments sinuate ; stem herbaceous. Linn. spec. ed. 2. p. 1244,
under the name of Cineraria Canadensis.

Canada, Kalm. — Like Cineraria maritima, but the leaves instead of to-
mentose are subvillous, especially beneath. Rays spreading, not revolute.
Stem annual, not perennial. Involucre a little sphacelate at the apex.
Linn. — We are inclined to suspect some mistake respecting the habitat of
several Linnsean species said to have been collected in Canada by Kalm.

39. S. Cymbalaria (Pursh) : radical leaves petioled, subrotund, trun-
cate at the base, with the petioles appendiculate and somewhat lyrate; the
cauline sessile, linear, incisely toothed ; stem somewhat one-flowered. Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 530.

North West Coast of America, Nelson, in herb. Banks. — May it not be
the same with S. residifolius ?

40. S. pauperculus (Michx.) : dwarf; stem very simple, rigidly erect,
somewhat naked ; leaves all lanceolate, a few of the radical somewhat en-
tire ; the others sparingly incisely toothed or serrate [or subpinnatifid] ; co-
rymb of few [2-4] heads; involucre nearly glabrous; rays rather small.
Michx. fl. 2. p. 120.

Canada near the Lakes, Michaux. Newfoundland, Pylaie. {V.sp.in
herb. Michx. S^herb. Pylaie.) — Plant 5-7 inches high. — Perhaps not differ-
ent from the remarkable and ambiguous S. aureus var. lanceolatus.

S. ciliatus, Walt., is most probably Erigeron Canadense.
S. opuntiisfdius, Raf. fl. Ludov.

CiTieraria Caroliniensis (Walt. Car. p. 207): heads paniculate; leaves petioled,*
oblong, denticulate, smooth ; stem herbaceous.

Tetradymia. composite. 447

164. TETRADYMIA. DC. prodr. 6. p. 440; Deless. ic. 4. t. 60.
Tetradpnia & Lagotliamnus, Nutt.

Heads 4- or sometimes 5-9-flowerecl ; the flowers all tubular and perfect.
Involucre of 4 or 5 (rarely 6) oval or oblong and obtuse coriaceo-charta-
ceous carinate-concave scales, somewhat in two series. Receptacle small,
naked. Corolla with a slender tube and a deeply 5-cleft limb ; the lobes
linear, spreading, mostly furnished with an indistinct mid-nerve. Anthers
exserted. Branches of the style tipped with a very short and obtuse pube-
rulent cone. Achenia oblong, terete, villous with long and soft denticulate
hairs. Pappus at first shorter than the corolla, composed of numerous
strongly denticulate and rather rigid unerjual capillary bristles. — Herbaceous?
or shrubby canescently tomentose branching plants (natives of dry barren
plains in and near the Rocky Mouniains) ; the leaves linear, entire, sessile,
alternate, often fascicled; the primary frequently converted into spines.
Heads corymbose or racemose, and often clustered at the extremity of the
branches, rather large. Flowers bright yellow.

§ 1. Involucre of 4-5 scales, 4-flowered : the villous hairs of the achenia
much shorter than the very copious pappus. — Eutetradtmia.

1. T. canescens (DC.) : herbaceous? unarmed ; silvery-tomentose ; leaves
scattered on the simple stems or branches, narrowly linear, rather rigid, mu-
cronate ; peduncles as long as the racemose-corymbose heads ; scales
of the involucre 4. — DC. ! in Deless. ic. sel. 4. t. 60, S^ prodr. I. c. ; Hook. A*
Arn. ! hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 360.

Interior of Oregon or CaHfornia, Douglas! — Leaves an inch and a half
long, scarcely a line wide, none of them fascicled or spinescent. Flowers
fully half an inch long. Hairs of the achenia, as in all the species of tliis
section, as long as or longer than the achenium, and strongly denticulate
under a lens, especially the uppermost, which might readily be confounded
with the pappus.

2. T. inermis (Nutt.) : shrubby, much branched, unarmed, silvery-canes-
cent ; leaves thickish, short, linear-lanceolate or somewhat spatulate, obtuse
or mucronulate-acute, either scattered or fascicled ; heads corymbose-clus-
tered, on short peduncles; scales of the involucre mostly 4. — Nutt..' in trans.
Amer. phil. sac. (n. ser.) 7. p. 415.

Dry barren plains west of the Rocky Mountains, particularly near Lewis
River, Nuttall! Also east of the Rocky Mountains on hills of the upper
part of the North Fork of the Platte, near Deer Creek ; and on the Wind
River Chain at the height of 7000 feet, Lieut. Fremont! Aug. — Shrub 1-3
feet high, not spinescent. Leaves 6-9 lines long, 1-2 wide, canescent with
a close tomentum. Heads and flowers smaller than in the preceding spe-
cies; to which some states are very closely allied.

3. T. Nuttallii : shrubby, much branched, woolly when young, canes-
cent; primary leaves mostly converted into subulate spines; the others
densely fascicled in their axils, thickish, linear-sjjatulate, obtuse, the tomen-
tum somewhat deciduous ; heads fascicled and in corymbose clusters, on
very short peduncles ; scales of the involucre 4-5. — T. spinosa, Nutt. ! I. c,
not of Hook. Sf Arn.

448 COMPOSITE. Tetradtmia.

Dry plains of Lewis River, with the preceding, and on Ham's Fork of the
Colorado of the West; common, NuUall! July.— Shrub 2-3 feet high,
growing in tufts like a Furze. Spines sharp, spreading or recurved, half an
inch or a little more in length, as long as the fascicled leaves. Heads and
flowers nearly as in the preceding.

§2. Involucre of b-Q scales, 5-9-Jlowered : the soft villoTis hairs which dense-
ly clothe the achenia as long as the less copious pappus ! — Lagothamnus,
Nutt.

4. T. spinosa (Hook. & Am., I.e.): shrubby, much branched, decum-
bent ; the branches and scattered or racemose heads very woolly ; primary
leaves converted into acerose often recurved spines; the others fascicled in
their axils, very small, fleshy, linear, obtuse, glabrous. — Lagothamnus
microphyllus & L. ambiguus, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 416.

Snake Country, on Lewis River, Mr. Tolmie. Arid plains with the pre-
ceding, common, Nuttall! July-Aug.— Shrub 3-4 feet high. Leaves usu-
ally much shorter than the spines, 2-3 lines long, somewhat terete, always
glabrous. Heads pretty large, on short jjeduncles, often nodding, most fre-
quently 5-flowered. Pappu^s of about 30 bristles, which are unequal as in
the preceding species, but are nearly concealed by the singular hairs of the
achenia, which perfectly simulate a pappus, and with which they were ap-
parently confounded by Hook. &f Am. I. c. These copious very white den-
ticulate hairs only differ from those of true Tetradymia by their greater
length, in this species nearly equalling the corolla and real pappus.

165. CROCIDIUM. HooTc. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 335, t. 118.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers about 12, pistillate ; the
disk-flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre 8-12, oblong-ovate,
herbaceous, with somewhat scarious margins, spreading, nearly in a single
series. Receptacle oblong-conical, naked, papillose. Rays oblong; the
ligule with a short filiform tube : the corolla of the disk with a slender tube
and a campanulate 5-cleft limb ; the lobes spreading. Branches of the style
short; those of the ray very obtuse, nearly included in the tube ; of the disk
tipped with a flattened triangular appendage. Achenia obovoid-oblong, ob-
scurely 5-angled, canescent with somewhat caducous clavate-papilliform
hairs (which when moistened split from the apex into two valves, and emit
two attenuated spiral threads) ; those of the disk furnished with a deciduous
pappus of 15-20 strongly barbellate capillary bristles, rather shorter than the
corolla; of the ray similar, but destitute of pappus. — A small annual, send-
ing up numerous slender and mostly simple stems (a span high) from the
same root, which are naked above, and bear solitary heads. Leaves loosely
floccose-wooUy when very young, at length glabrous except in the axils,
which are lanigerous; the radical spatulate, somewhat toothed or incised;
the cauline linear, sessile. Corolla of the disk and ray somewhat deciduous,
bright yellow.

C. multicaule (Hook. ! 1. c.)— iVu«. .' in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.)
7. p. 441.

Crocidium. COMPOSIT-^. 449

On rocks of the Oregon near Fort Vancouver, Douglas ! Sfc, and at the
mouth of the Wahlaraet, Nuttall ! — An elegant little plant, allied in several
respects to Blennosperma. — Hooker's figure and description do not altogether
correspond, and neither are correct as respects the achenia, which are not
compressed, tuberculate, nor crenate-margined in our specimens ; nor are
they very smooth, except when the papilliform hairs fall away. When
thrown into water, the spiral filaments which the latter emit form a gelatinous
mass around the achenium.

166. ARNICA. Linn. ; Gcertn.fr. t. 173 ; SchJcuhr, liandh. t. 248 ; DC. I. c.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers pistillate, and often fur-
nished with sterile stamens ; the disk-flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the
campanulate involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in two series. Recep-
tacle flat, fimbrillate or a little hairy. Tube of the corolla hairy ; the limb
in the disk-flowers 5-toothed. Style in the disk-flowers with long pubescent
branches, either truncate or tipped with a short cone. Achenia terete, taper-
ing to the base or fusiform, somewhat ribbed, commonly hairy. Pappus a
single series of rather rigid barbellate or strongly scabrous capillary bristles,
— Perennial herbs (of the colder regions of the northern hemisphere) ; with
simple stems, bearing solitary or somewhat corymbose large heads. Leaves
undivided, opposite! Flowers yellow.

1. A. nudicaulis (Ell.): hirsute; leaves all sessile, 3-5-nerved, very hir-
sute above, entire or slightly toothed ; the cauline 1-2 pairs, small, remote,
ovate or oblong; the radical clustered; heads several, od slender corymbose
peduncles; achenia nearly glabrous. — Ell.! sk. 2.^.333; DC! I.e. A.
Claytoni, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 527. Doronicum foliis plantaginis, &c., Clayt.
D. acaule, Walt. Car. p. 205. D. nudicaule, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 121.

Damp pine barrens, &c., Virginia! to Florida! April-May. — Stem 1-3
feet high; the pubescence somewhat viscid. Rays 12-15, twice the length
of the involucre, bright yellow. Achenia very slightly and sparsely pubes-
cent when young, at length glabrous.

2. A. angustifolia (Vahl) : more or less villous ; stem bearing a single
head; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly denticulate, 3-nerved ; the
radical on short petioles; the cauline 1-3 pairs, sessile; involucre woolly;
achenia hirsute. — Vahl, fl. Dan. t. 1524 ; DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 317. A. mon-
tana /3. alpina, Linn. spec. ed. 2. p. 1245 ; R. Br. ! in Parry'' s voy. p. 279 ;
Richards.! appx. Franhi. journ. ed. 2. p. 30; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
330. A. alpina, L(est. ; WaJd. fl. Suec. 2. p. 630. A. plantaginea & A.
fulgens, Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 527.

/?. Lessingii : achenia glabrous! (involucre turbinate; anthers blackish.)
— A. alpina. Less, in Linncea, 6. p. 325. A. angustifolia. Hook. Sf Arn. bat.
Beechey, p. 126.

Greenland ! Labrador ! and the Arctic coast ! to Saskatchawan ! and the
Upper Missouri and Platte, in and near the Rocky Mountains! (3. Kotze-
bue's Sound! &c. — Plant 4-10 inches high; some of the northern states
(such as A. plantaginea, Pursh, from Labrador, and those from the Arctic
islands) too closely approaching A. montana ; but the more southern forms
appear quite distinct from that species.

3. A. Chamissonis (Less.) : hirsute-pubescent ; stem simple or sometimes
branched above, bearing 3 or more heads, leafy to the summit; leaves (am-

VOL. II. — 57

450 COMPOSITE. Arnica.

pie) oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate or entire, tripli-quintupli-
nerved, pubescent or somewhat villous; the cauline 4-7 pairs, nearly equal,
partly clasping ; the lowest tapering to the base ; rays short ; achenia mi-
nutely hirsute. — Less.! in LintKea, 6. p. 238 ; DC. ! I. c. A. montana a.,
Hook.! I. c. A. foliosa, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 407.
Unalaschka, Chamisso ! Rocky Mountains on the Colorado of the West,
Nuttall! to the Woody Country of Subarctic America, Richardson ! S^c.^
Stem 1-2^ feet high. Leaves 3-5 inches long. Heads on slender pedun-
cles. Pappus plumose-serrate. Achenia (in our original as well as other
specimens) less hirsute than in A. montana.

4. A. mollis (Hook.) : villous-pubescent ; stem leafy, bearing 1—5 heads;
leaves thin and flaccid, veiny, nearly glabrous when old, denticulate or toothed ;
the cauline 3-5 pairs, somewhat equal ; the upper ovate-lanceolate and closely
sessile ; the lower lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base, or tapering into
a margined petiole ; scales of the hirsute involucre acuminate ; achenia
hirsute ; pappus almost plumose. — Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 331. A. lan-
ceolata, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 408.

Alpine rivulets of the (northern) Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! Moist
places on the White Mountains of New Hampshire, in the alpine and sub-
alpine region. Dr. Pickering! Mr. Oakes ! Nuttall! Mr. Tuckerman!
Mountains of New York, near the sources of the Hudson River! — Stem
10-30 inches high; the internodes mostly longer than the leaves. Upper
leaves obscurely 3-nerved from the broad base ; the lower somewhat tripli-
nerved ; the radical oblong-spatulate, petioled ; the upper varying from ob-
long-ovate and obtuse to lanceolate from a broad base, and tapering to an
acute point. Heads smaller than in A. montana ; the pappus nearly plu-
mose to the naked eye.

5. A. laiifolia (Bongard) : stem sparingly hirsute-pubescent, or nearly gla-
brous, bearing 3-5 heads ; leaves thin and flaccid, ovate, unequally and often
very sharply serrate, veiny, minutely pubescent with short hairs above, gla-
brous (except the veins) beneath ; the cauline about 3 pairs, often acute,
sessile, or the lowermost somewhat petioled ; the radical subcordate, obtuse,
on slender petioles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, hairy
towards the base ; achenia almost glabrous. — Bong. ! veg. Sitcha, I. c. p.
147; DC! I.e. A. Menziesii, Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 331, t. Ill ;
Nutt. I. c.

North West Coast, from Sitcha! Observatory Inlet! and Fort Vancouver !
to the Rocky Mountains ! — Stems 1-2 feet high. Peduncles slender. Scales
of the campanulate involucre and the rays usually 11 to 14, in the Sitcha
specimens as well as others ; in which also the achenia are not perfectly gla-
brous, but pubescent with scattered hairs near the summit.

6. A. cordifolia (Hook.) : stem sparingly villous, bearing 1-5 heads; leaves
nearly all cordate, thin, nearly glabrous, veiny, very unequally and often in-
cisely and sharply serrate ; the cauline 2-3 pairs, mostly acute ; the upper-
most sessile, the others like the radical on slender petioles ; scales of the in-
volucre acuminate, villous when young; achenia hirsute-pubescent. — Hook.!
Jl. Bor.-Am. I. c. A. macrophylla, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Vallies of the Blue Mountains of Oregon, Douglas ! Nuttall, to the Spo-
kan River, and the east side of the Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! — Plant
10-20 inches high, often paniculate at the summit, bearing larger heads than
the preceding (from which it is perhaps not sufficiently distinct), with about
12 large and long rays. Lower leaves often obtuse, and shorter than the
hairy petioles. Achenia becoming glabrous towards the base.

7. A. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) : sparingly pubescent, or at length glabrous,
somewhat caespitose, very leafy ; cauline leaves 5-6 pairs, approximate,

Arnica. COMPOSITiE. 451

ovate, acute, serrate-toothed, veiny, partly clasping; heads 3-5; scales of
the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely hirsute; achenia hir-
sute.— Nutt.! in trans. Anier. phiL soc. I. c.

Oregon, on rocks at the Falls of the Wahlamet, Nuttall ! — Ahout a foot
high ; the leaves, except the uppermost, much longer than the internodes, all
closely sessile, 1-2 inches long. Rays small.

X Species unknown to us {corolla glabrous).

8. A. obtusifolia (Less.): radical leaves pelioled, subspatulate, obtuse,
5-nerved, scabrous ; the cauline elliptical ; head solitary ; scales of the hir-
sute involucre exceeding the disk, oblong-elliptical ; corolla glabrous. DC.
I. c. — Less, in Linneea, 6. p. 238.

Unalaschka, Chamisso. — Stem 6-12 inches high, more or less hirsute.
Heads as large as in A. montaua: rays sulphur-color, short. Anthers black-
ish. Less.

9. A. Unalaschensis (Less. 1. c.) : radical leaves petioled, subspatulate,
obtuse, serrate towards the apex, very scabrous ; the cauline oblong-obovate ;
head solitary ; scales of the hirsute involucre exceeding the disk, linear-lan-
ceolate. DC. I. c.

Unalaschka, Chamisso. — Stem 6 inches high, leafless and hirsute-villous
at the summit. Leaves quintupli-nerved. Heads as in the preceding ; the
rays deeper yellow. Less.

167. LESSINGIA. Cham, in Linncea, 4. p. 203, t. 2, /. 2 ; Less. syn.
p. 388, /. 17 ; DC. prodr. 5. p. 351.

Heads many-flowered, homogamous ; the marginal flowers larger and ra-
diatiform, obconical, deeply 6-lobed ; those of the disk cylindrical-tubulose,
5-toothed. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Stamens and styles
included. [Branches of the style tipped with a dense tuft of rather rigid
hairs.] Achenia compressed, not beaked, silky-villous. Pappus a single
series of scabrous reddish somewhat rigid capillary bristles. — A procumbent
branching annual [tomentose and canescent when young], at length some-
what glabrous. Leaves alternate, thickish ; the lowest pinnatifid, the upper
toothed at the apex. Heads solitary, terminal and alar. Flowers yel-
low. D C.

L. Germanorum (Cham. 1. c.) — Hook. <^ Arn. hot. Beechey, suppl.
p. 351.

California, Chamisso, Douglas. — Plant with the aspect of an Asterea, but
with the style of Senecionese. The specific name ought perhaps to be changed
to Californica.

Tribe V. CYNARE^. Less.

Heads homogamous or heterogamous, sometimes dioecious. Style
in the perfect flowers often nodose-thickened near the summit (some-
times peniciliate at the node) ; the branches either distinct or con-
creted, puberulent externally ; the stigmatic lines reaching their apex,
where they are confluent.

452 COMPOSITiE. Saussurea.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SUBTRIBES AND GENERA.

Subtribe 1. Carlines;. — Heads discoid, homogamous. Anthers caudate. Pappus
mostly plumose.

168. Saussurea. Pappus double ; the few bristles of the exterior denticulate.

Subtribe 2. Centauries. — Heads discoid; the marginal flowers mostly neutral,
usually much larger than the others. Pappus never plumose, sometimes
wanting.

169. Centaurea. Achenia compressed. Pappus of filiform bristles, or none.

170. Cnicus. Achenia terete, strongly striate. Pappus triple, the exterior

10-toothed, the intermediate of 10 long bristles, the inner of 10 short
bristles. Marginal sterile flowers small.

Subtribe 3. Carduines. — Heads discoid, homogamous, sometimes dioecious. An-
thers slightly or not at all caudate. Pappus of plumose or scabrous bristles.

171. CiRsiuM. Achenia smooth. Pappus plumose. Receptacle bristly.

172. Carduus. Achenia smooth. Pappus scabrous. Receptacle bristly.

173. Onopordon. Achenia rugose, 4-angled. Pappus barbellulatfe, united at

the base into a corneous ring. Receptacle alveolate.

174. Lappa. Achenia rugose. Pappus scabrous, caducous. Receptacle setose-

fimbrillate. Scales of the involucre subulate, uncinate at the apex.

Cynara Scolymus, Linn, (the Artichoke) is said by Nuttall {Gen. p. 129) to be
Bomewhat naturalized in some parts of Virginia.

Subtribe 1. Carline.e, Cass. — Heads discoid, many-flowered, homoga-
mous, never dioecious. Scales of the involucre in several series, often spi-
nose. Anthers caudate ; the tails hairy. Pappus usually plumose.

168. SAUSSUREA. DC. inann. mus. 16. p. 107, Sfprodr. 6. p. 531.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, similar and perfect. Scales
of the involucre imbricated in several series, mostly not appendiculate. Re-
ceptacle flat, fimbrillate, or with persistent chaff". Corolla with a slender
tube and a 5-cleft limb ; the throat inflated. Anthers with setiform ciliate or
villous tails. Achenia glabrous. Pappus double ; the exterior of a few
short and denticulate rigid bristles ; the interior of a series of stout plumose
bristles, which are slightly united at the base. — Herbs (natives of the colder
regions of the northern hemisphere) ; with alternate leaves, and usually co-
rymbose heads. Corolla purple or dark violet.

1. S. alpina (DC.) : leaves flat, nearly glabrous above, villous-tomentose
beneath; the lower ovate-lanceolate and somewhat toothed; the upper
oblong-lanceolate and entire ; heads few in a close corymb; scales of the cy-
lindraceous involucre appressed, villous, unarmed ; the exterior shorter.
DC! Ic.—Ledeb. ic. Alt. 1. t. 18; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 303.

Sacssurea. COiMPOSlT^. 453

Serratula alpina, Linn. ; Engl. hot. t. 599. Circium montanum humile,
&c., Dill. Elth. t.lO.f. 81.

(3. densa (Hook.! 1. c.) : stem somewhat decumbent; leaves nearly gla-
brous, dense, nearly all narrowly lanceolate ; corymb glomerate [inner scales
of the involucre very acute]. — S. alpina /?. subacaulis, Ledeb. ic. Alt. t. 73?

y. viridis (DC. 1. c.) : leaves somewhat glabrous on both sides, elongated
lanceolate [or Unear], acuminate at both ends, denticulate, shorter than the
stem [inner scales of the involucre very acute]. — S. alpina, Hook. Sf Am.
hot. Beechey,p. 126. S. alpina y. remotifolia. Hook..' fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
303. S. monticola [printed S. multiflora in 1st ed.], Richards, appx.
Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 29. S. angustifolia, DC. I.e.? {Gmel. fl. Sibir.
2. p. 78. t. 33.?)

Arctic America ; y. from Kotzebue's Sound ! and the coast between the
Mackenzie and Coppermine Rivers, nearly to the Saskatchawan, Richard-
son! (3. Higher Rocky Mountains, Drummond .' — The American seem
nearly to correspond with the two Siberian varieties as described by De
CandoUe. The salient teeth of the leaves in Hooker's var. (3. are some-
times retrorse.

Subtribe 2. Centaurieje, DC. — Heads discoid, many-flowered; the
marginal flowers usually neutral, with the corolla irregular, and much larger
than the disk-flowers. Scales of the involucre imbricated, variously ap-
pendiculate. Achenia with a more or less lateral basilar areola. Pappus
pilose, setose, or chaffy, never plumose, sometimes wanting.

169. CENTAUREA. Linn. (excl. spec.) ; Less. ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 565.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers mostly large and sterile, sometimes
wanting. Involucre imbricated, various. Receptacle setose. Achenia com-
pressed. Pappus occasionally wanting or nearly so, but usually composed
of scabrous filiform bristles, in one or more series, the inner often smaller
and somewhat connivent. — Herbs of varied aspect (chiefly natives of the
Mediterranean region and of Middle Asia) ; with alternate leaves, and
solitary heads.

§ 1. Involucre nearly globose or depressed ; the exterior scales with a coriaceo-
scarious pectinate-fringed appendage ; the inner longer and scarious : rays
much longer than the disk : pappus of rigid nearly homogeneous scabrous
bristles, somewhat in a single series, caducous : achenia with a nearly ter-
minal areola (natives of America !). — Plectocephalus, Don.

1. C. Americana (Nutt.) : stem erect, striate-grooved, sparingly branched,
thickened under the heads; leaves sessile, glabrous, often scabrous; the lower
oblong-ovate, repand-toothed; the upper lanceolate, acute; head (very large)
not bracteate ; scales of the involucre all with pectinate appendages ; rays
elongated ; the segments very long and slender. — Nutt. ! in jour. acad.
Philad. 2. p. 117 ; Bart. fl. Amer.-Sept. t. 50 ; Colla, hort. Ripul. 1. p.
119, t. 6 ; DC! prodr. 6. p. 575. C. Nuttallii, Spreng. syst. 4 {suppl.) p.
298. C. Mexicana, DC. I. c.1 Plectocephalus Americanus, Don, in Brit,
fl. gard. ser. 2. t. 51.

Western Arkansas, Louisiana, &c. Nuttall ! Dr. James! Dr. Pitcher !
Dr. Leavenworth! Texas, Drummond! Common in cultivation. — (T)
Plant 2-3 feet high, with very large showy heads. Flowers pale purple.

454 COMPOSITiE. Cehtaurea.

§ 2. Scales of the ovoid- glohose involucre appendiculate ; the appendages cili-
ale-Jimbriate, or those of the innermost somewhat lacerate-scarious and round-
ish : ray-fiowers often none : pappus wanting or nearly so ! {corolla pur-
plish or rarely white). — Jacea, Cass.

2. C. nigra (Linn.) : stem erect, branching ; radical leaves petioled ; the
cauline sessile, lanceolate, entire, denticulate, or sparingly angulate-incised
towards the base, scabrous ; flowers all equal and perfect ; pappus much
shorter than the achenium. — Fl. Dan. t. 906 ; Engl. hot. t. 278; Hook.! fi.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 301 ; DC! prodr. 6. p. 571; Bigel.! fl. Bost. ed. 3.
p. 339.

Newfoundland! (perhaps indigenous.) Naturalized in the eastern parts
of Massachusetts! July-A.ug. — H Flowers purple. Scales of the involu-
cre black, with a stiff pectinate fringe.

§ 3. Scales of the ovoid or subglobose involucre surrounded by a memhrancT-
ceous serrate and ciliate margin : rays larger than the disk : pappus
double, often short: heads not bracteate. — Ctanus, Cass.

3. C. Cy anus {Liinn.) : floccose-tomentose ; stem erect, branching ; leaves
linear, sessile, entire ; the lower broader, tapering into a kind of petiole, and
toothed or pinnatifid at the base ; pappus shorter than the achenium.
DC. jnodr. 6. p. 578 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 435.

Old fields and roadsides, having escaped from gardens; sparingly natural-
ized in the Northern and Middle States. July-Aug. — (t) Flowers blue
(varying to purplish or white), or those of the disk violet. — Blue Bottle.

§ 4. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous, imbricated ; the middle ones
ovate, and produced into a long spine, which is naked above but sparingly
pectinate- spinulose at its base ; the inner oblong and toith a simple spine ;
the outermost spineless : rays 3-5-cleft, shorter than the disk : pappus
double ; the exterior rigid in several series ; the inner short, regular, con-
nivent {corolla yellow). — Mesocentron, DC.

4. C. Melitensis (Linn.): stem erect, branched; radical leaves pinnately
parted, tapering into a petiole ; the cauline decurrent, broadly linear, toothed ;
heads solitary, ovate-globose, somewhat tomentose ; innermost scales of the
involucre acuminate-spinescent. DC. ! jnodr. b. p. 593 ; Hook. SfArn.!
hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 360. C. Partibilcensis, DC. I. c, fide Hook.
Sc Am.

California, Douglas ! Probably introduced (as also into South America)
with grain from Europe.

§ 5. Involucre ovoid ; the middle scales produced into a spine, which is pin-
nately spinulose at the base ; the innermost scarious at the apex : rays
equalling or exceeding the disk: pappus short or none {corolla purple).—
Calcitrapa, Cass.

5. C. Calcitrapa (Linn.) : stem diffusely much branched, hairy ; leaves
sessile, pinnately lobed ; the lobes linear, acute, toothed ; heads sessile among
the uppermost mostly entire leaves ; spines of the involucre strong, spread-
ing, grooved above, with 2 or 3 small spinulae on each side at the base ; the

Centaurea. COMPOSITiE. 455

lowest involucral scales scarious and obtuse : pappus none. DC. prodr.
6. p. 597.

Naturalized in Virginia near Norfolk ! — (l) (D

C. Caroliniana, Walt, is doubtless Stokesia cyanea, VHer.

170. CNICUS. Vaill. ; Gcertn. fr. t. 162 ; DC. diss. Sf prodr. I. c.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray -flowers sterile, slender, nearly equal to the
disk. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous, appressed, produced into a
long and rigid pinnated spinose appendage. Receptacle densely clothed with
capillary bristles. Achenia terete, smooth, strongly striate, with a large lat-
eral basilar areola. Pappus triple ; the exterior, or rather margin of the
fruit, of 10 very short corneous teeth ; the intermediate of 10 elongated sub-
ulate-fihform rigid bristles; the inner of 10 short bristles; the three series
regularly alternating with each other.— An annual slightly woolly or
villous branching herb (of uncertain nativity) ; with clasping and some-
what decurrent undivided subpinnatifid leaves, and bracteate heads.
Corolla yellow.

C. benedictus (Linn.) — Centaurea benedicta, Linn. spec. ed. 2. p. 1296.

Sparingly introduced, but scarcely naturalized in New York, &c. Louis-
iana, Mr. Leavenworth! It has also been found in Mexico and Chili, to
which it was probably brought from Southern Europe.

Subtribe 3. Carduines:, Less., J>C.— Heads discoid, homogamous,
m.any-flowered ; the flowers all similar, perfect or dioecious. Scales of the
involucre imbricated in several series, often spinose at the apex. Corolla
usually curved outwards, the exterior lobe often deeper cleft than the others.
Anthers slightly or not at all caudate. Achenia glabrous, with a terminal
areola. Pappus composed of slender scabrous or plumose bristles, which
are often united into a ring at the base.

171. CIRSIUM. Tourn. ; DC. fi. Fran. ed. 3, &f jnodr. 6. p. 643.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers perfect and similar, rarely subdioe-
cious. Scales of the involucre imbricated in numerous series, mostly cuspi-
date or tipped with a prickle. Receptacle bristly. Corolla regularly or
often unequally 5-cleft. Anthers more or less produced and lacerate at the
base : filaments often hairy. Branches of the style concreted nearly to the
apex. Achenia oblong, compressed, glabrous, not ribbed. Bristles of the
pappus numerous and somewhat unequal, united into a ring at the base,
plumose, merely denticulate (and the stronger ones often slightly clavellate) at
the apex. — Herbs, with sessile or decurrent alternate leaves, which are often
pinnatifid ; the margins and teeth usually spinose. Heads subglobose.
Corolla purple, reddish, or ochroleucous. — Thistle.

456 COMPOSITvE. Cirsium.

§ 1. Scales of the involucre more or less unequal, all hut the innermost ter-
minating in subulate and spinose spreading appendages : leaves decurrent.
(Eriolepis, Cass.)

1. C. lanceolatum {S>co]i.) : stem branching, somewhat hairy; leaves de-
current on the stem and forming a spinose lobed wing, pinnaiifid, rough and
bristly above, somewhat glabrous or arenose-woolly beneath ; the lobes and
teeth tipped with spines and with spinulose margins; involucre ovoid, nearly
bractless, arachnoid ; the scales linear-lanceolate, tipped with spines, the ex-
terior spreading; flowers purple. DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 636. — Carduus lan-
ceolatus, Linn.; Engl. hot. t. 107 ; Fl. Dan. t. 1173 ; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 302 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 436. Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. ; Pursh,
fl,. 2. p. 606 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 292.

Pastures and road-sides throughout the Northern and Middle States ! in-
troduced from Europe. Also Newfoundland, {Hook., DC.) June-Sept. — (D
Common Thistle.

§ 2. Scales of the ovoid or globose involucre either mucronale or tipped, vnth
a prickle ; the innermost always unarmed : filaments hairy. (Onotrophe,
Cass.)

• Scales of the invohtcre closely appressed and regularly imiricated in numerous series,
the outermost very short, the others successively elongated, all but the innermost tipped
with a spreading or recurved acicular prickle {leaves not decurrent, canescently tomeTV-
tose beneath).

2. C. Pitcheri: canescently tomentose throughout; stem stout, very leafy,
simple or sparingly branched; leaves all pinnately parted, rigid; the seg-
ments narrowly linear, elongated, with revolute margins, terminated with
small prickles, entire, or sparingly and remotely pinnately parted ; heads
usually several, racemose-spicate in the axils of the upper leaves ; scales of
the o-lobose involucre oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with arachnoid margins,
appressed, tipped with a small spreading prickle ; flowers ochroleucous. —
Cnicus Pitcheri, Torr. in Eaton, man. ed. 5. p. 180.

On the sand banks of Lake Superior, Lake Huron, &c. Dr. Pitcher!
Shore of Lake Michigan, Dr. Wright! June-July.— 2i? A foot or more
high. Lower leaves 6-8 inches long, with a rigid narrowly margined rachis,
which is naked at the base ; the segments numerous, 1-4 inches long, 1-2
lines wide. Heads an inch in diameter, terminal, and on very short leafy
branches in the axils of the upper leaves. Corolla nearly regular. Fila-
ments somewhat pubescent. The longer bristles of the plumose pappus ob-
scurely thickened at the summit.

3. C. undulatum (Spreng.) : canescently tomentose throughout; stem low,
angled, often branched above; the branches leafy, bearing solitary (pretty
large) heads; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, sinuate-])innatifid,
plicate-undulate, very white and tomentose beneath ; the lobes often incised
or 2-cleft, spinose ; scales of the subglobose involucre lanceolate, appressed ;
the exterior tipped with a small and weak spreading prickle; the inner with
attenuated membranous tips; flowers reddish-purple. — DC. prodr. 6. p. 651.
C. Douglasii, DC. prodr. 6. p. 643; Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc.
I. c.p. 419. Carduus undulatus, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 130.

(3. smaller and more slender ; leaves more spinose and deeply pinnatifid.

Calcareous Islands of Lake Huron, and Upper Missouri, Nuttall! Hills
of the Missouri near Fort Pierre, Mr. Nicollet! {a. & ^.) Oregon, Douglas
(probably not California, as given by DeCandoUe), Nuttall! June-July.—

CiRSiuM. COMPOSITE. 457

(2)? Plant 1-2 feet high. Radical leaves sinuate and less spinose. Scales
of the involucre at length almost glabrous, often glutinous along the midrib.

4. C. HooJcerianum (Nutt.) : arachnoid-tomentose throughout; stem simple
or sparingly branched at the summit; striate; leaves lanceolate or linear,
sinuate-pinnatifid, with the lobes often toothed or incised, spinulose, arach-
noid above, canescently tomentose beneath; the cauline somewhat clasping;
heads (rather small) 2-5, subsessile; scales of the subglobose very woolly
involucre lanceolate, erect, tipped with somewhat spreading prickles ; the in-
nermost unarmed ; flowers apparently purple. — Null. ! in trans. Amer. phil.
soc. I. c. p. 418. Carduus discolor (in part). Hook. ! Ji. Bor.-Am. i. p. 302.

Saskatchawan or Rocky Mountains? (Richardson or Drummond.) — Plant
12-16 inches high, slender: doubtless distinct from C. discolor; but the speci-
mens are not very complete. The stronger bristles of the pappus are some-
what more evidently clavellate or thickened at the apex than in most other
species.

5. C. discolor (Spreng.) : stem striate, hirsute, with leafy somewhat spread-
ing branches; leaves all deeply pinnatifid, sessile, sparsely hairy and green
above, densely tomentose-canescent (bluish-white) beneath ; the segments
divaricate, mostly 2-3-lobed, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, spinulose-ciliate,
and tipped with an acicular prickle ; scales of the globose involucre somewhat
arachnoid, appressed ; the exterior ovate and tipped with a very slender
spreading acicular prickle; the innermost linear-lanceolate; flowers reddish-
purple. — Spreno: syst. 3. p. 373; DC. prodr. 6. p. 640. Cnicus discolor,
Muhl! in Willd. 'spec. 3. p. 1670; Ell. sk. 2. p. 271; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed.
2. p. 292. Carduus discolor, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 130; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p.
437. Serratula discolor, Poir.

Fields and along thickets, (Canada?) Northern and New England States!
to Illinois! Kentucky! and the upper districts of S. Carolina. .July-Sept.
— d) Stem .3-6 feet high ; the rather slender branches leafy to the summit,
and terminated by heads an inch or more in diameter. Leaves of the
branchlets quite small ; the lower cauline 6-12 inches long (the white persis-
tent tomentum very closely appressed) ; the segments mostly long and narrow,
often falcate.

6. C. altissimum (Spreng.) : stem tall, pubescent or somewhat woolly,
branching; the branches leafy to the summit; leaves roughish-pubescent
above, densely tomentose-canescent beneath, spinulose-ciliate ; the radical
petioled, pinnatifid ; the cauline sessile, oblong-lanceolate, either undivided,
sinuate-toothed, or sinuate-pinnatifid; the lobes or teeth spinescent; heads
(rather large) bracteate ; scales of the globose-ovoid involucre arachnoid
when young, appressed ; the exterior ovate-lanceolate, tipped with a spread-
ing acicular prickle ; the innermost narrow, with scarious acuminate tips ;
flowers mostly purple. — DC. ! pwdr. 6. p. 640, S^not. 8. pi. rar. Genev. p. 6.
C. altissimum, laciniato folio, &c.. Dill. Elth. 1. p. 81, t. 69. C. diversi-
foHum, DC. ! prodr. I. c. p. 649. Carduus altissimus, Linn. spec. 2. p. 824 ;
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 129; Darlingt.fi. Cest. p. 439. Cnicus altissimus, Willd.
spec. 3. p. 1671 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 268.

Fields and thickets, Pennsylvania! and Ohio! to Western Missouri!
Louisiana! Alabama! Carolina! &c. Aug.-Sept.— If ? Stem 3-10 feet
high. Leaves quite variable in outline ; sometimes the radical undivided :
when the cauline are pinnatifid, the lobes are usually few and short, oblong
or triangular. Scales of the involucre with a livid line or spot near the apex,
which is often somewhat glutinous. Heads about an inch in diameter.

7. C. Virginianum (Michx.) : stem slender, simple or loosely branched
above, arachnoid ; the branches or peduncles nearly naked ; leaves sessile,

VOL. 11. — 58

458 COMPOSlTyE. Cirsium.

lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, green and glabrous above (or sparingly pubes-
cent when young), tomenlose-canescent beneath, with spinulose-ciHaie (at
length revolute) margins, either entire, repandly spinulose-toothed, or
sparingly sinuate-lobed ; the radical petioled, often sinuate-pinnatifid ; heads
small,°not bracteate ; scales of the subglobose involucre somewhat arachnoid
when young, with a glutinous keel near the apex, appressed ; the exterior
ovate and lanceolate, tipped with a short cuspidate spreading prickle; the
innermost attenuate, unarmed; flowers purple. — Michx.! fi. 2. p. 90 ; DC.
prodr. 6. p. 653. Carduus Virginianus, Linn. ; Jacq. obs. 4. t. 99 ; JSutt..'
I. c. Cnicus Virginianus, Pursh,fl.. 2. p. 506 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 270.

l3. lower cauliiie and radical leaves all deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with the
segments often 2-3-lobed ; the upper very small, linear, entire.

y. stem more leafy, much branched and paniculate above; leaves mostly
pinnatifid and more spinescent. — Cnicus arvensis. Hook.! in compan. to hot.
mag. 1. p. 48.

6.1 stem stouter, sparingly branched, leafy; leaves all deeply pinnatifid,
with the lobes spinescent; heads larger (roots often tuberiferous). — C filipea-
dulum, Engelin. ! mss.

Pine woods, &c., Virginia to Georgia ! Alabama ! and Kentucky !
jS. & y. Louisiana ! Ohio T &c. 6. Tex'as, Drummond ! Dr. Lindheimer!
April-Sept.— 24 or (|) ?— Stem 2-3 feet high. Heads about half an inch in
diameter, smaller than in any of our species except C. arvense. In var. 6. ?
which is not unlikely either a distinct species or a variety of C. altissimum,
the heads are nearly as large as in the latter.

* » Scales of the involucre appressed, regularly imbricated in several unequal series,
unarmed, vmcronate, or the exterior cuspidate with a short erect prickle : heads naked,
or merely bracteate at the base.

8. C. muticum (Michx.) : stem tall, striate-angled, somewhat glabrous,
paniculate at the summit ; the branches sparingly leafy, bearing 1-few
heads ; leaves sessile, sparsely hairy above, arachnoid-tomentose beneath,
when old often nearly glabrous, deeply pinnatifid ; the segments lanceolate,
sparingly lobed or incised, acute, pointed with spines, the margins ciliate-
spinulose ; scales of the subglobose involucre villous-arachnoid and somewhat
viscid, appressed, unarmed; the exterior ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often mu-
cronate ; the innermost elongated, linear-lanceolate, acute ; flowers purple.

Michx. ! fi. 2. p. 89 ; DC ! prodr. G. p. 652. C. Bigelowii, DC. I. c.

Carduus muticus, Nutt. ; Hook. fi.. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 302 ; Darlingt. ! fi.
Cest. p. 438. Cnicus muiicus, Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 268. C. gluti-
nosus, Bigel. ! fi. Bast. ed. 2. p. 291, not of Lam.

^. leaves often glabrous or nearly so, more rigid and spinescent; the seg-
ments linear-lanceolate. — Carduus glaber, ISutt. gen. 2. p. 129. Cnicus
glaber. Ell. sk. 2. p. 270 ? Cirsium Nuttallii, DC. prodr. 6. p. 651 ?

Low shaded grounds and swamps, Canada ! and Saskatchawan ! to
Louisiana! and Texas ! the var. (3. (which is not very distinct) growing
in more exposed places, and prevailing in the Southern and Southwestern
Stales! Aug.-Sept.— If or (|) ? Stem 3-8 feet high. Margins of the
leaves strongTv ciliate-spinulose when the jilant grows in exposed places ; the
ciliate prickles weak and bristly when in deep shade. Heads half an inch
to an inch in diameter ; the dense cobwebby hairs which clothe the involucre
partly disappearing with age. Marginal flowers sometimes with the stamens
sterile, and the pappus sparingly or not at all plumose.

9. C. Lecontei : stem simple, slender, angled, naked at the summit and
terminated by a single (rather large) head ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute,
spinulose-ciliolate, sparingly toothed, the teeth spinose, glabrous above,

CmsiuM. C0MP0S1T.E. 459

clothed beneath like the stem with a white and floccose somewhat deciduous
wool, more or less decurrenl; the lowest narrowed at the base into a kind of
petiole ; scales of the ovoid involucre appressed, somewhat arachnoid when
young, glandular-carinate towards the apex ; the exterior ovate and lanceo-
late, cuspidate-mucronate ; the innermost elongated, linear-lanceolate, subu-
late-acuminate.— Cnicus Virginianus, Hook. ! in compan. to hot. mag. 1.
p. 48, not of authors.

Pine woods ? Georgm, Le Conte! Covington, Louisiana, Drummond!—
IS 1 Stem about 2 feet high, perfectly simple. Lower leaves 6-8 inches
long, half an inch wide, irregularly beset with spinose teeth ; the margin not
revolute. Heads much larger than in C. Virginianum, and nearly or quite
equal to C. muticum : exterior scales of the involucre very short, the inner
an inch or more in length, very slender; the short points straight. Flowers
ochroleucous ?

10. C.repandum. (Michx.) : arachnoid-woolly when young; stem low,
simple, very leafy to the summit, bearing one or two heads ; leaves crowded,
oblong-linear, clasping, the margins undulate or repand-sinuate, thickly be-
set with small prickles; exterior scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate and
somewhat awned ; the inner elongated and attenuate-acuminate ; flowers
purple. — Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 89; DC. pradr. 6. p. 651. Carduus repandus,
Pers. si/n. 2. p. 386. C. Virginianus, Walt. Car. p. 195.^ Cnicus repan-
dus, EU. sk. 2. p. 269.

Dry pine barrens, &c.. North Carolina! to Georgia! June-July. — U 1
Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves 2-4 inches long, scarcely half an inch wide ;
the lowest tapering at the base. Heads middle-sized. Filaments slightly
hairy towards the base.

11. C. Drummondii : dwarf, subcaulescent, sparsely hairy; stem (2-5
inches high) shorter than the leaves, bearing 1-3 large heads ; leaves lanceo-
late, pinnatifid, green on both sides, ciliate-spinulose, the somewhat incised
lobes spinose ; scales of the subglobose naked involucre ovate and ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, appressed ; the exterior mucronate or slightly spinose,
the innermost with scarious and erose somewhat dilated tips ; pappus of the
marginal flowers slightly plumose near the base, or only denticulate! (flowers
red).— Carduus pumilus. Hook.! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 302, excl. syn.

Banks of the Saskatehawan and prairies of the Rocky Mountains, Drum-
mond ! — Heads rather smaller than those of C. pumilum ; the scales of the
involucre broader, smoother, and almost unarmed. Leaves chiefly radical,
sparsely pubescent on both sides.

12. C. pumilum (Spreng.) : stem low, stout, striate, hairy or villous, bear-
ing 1-3 very large heads; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, green
on both sides, more or less villous, especially on the midrib beneath, pinnati-
fid, with spinulose margins; the segments short, incised or lobed, very
spinose; involucre ovoid-globose, 1-5-bracteate ; the exterior scales ovate-
lanceolate, appressed, acuminate and tipped with a short spine; the inner-
most lanceolate-linear, with acuminate scarious tips; flowers reddish-purple.
—DC. prodr. 6. p. 651. Carduus odoratus, Muhl. cat. p. 70 ; Darlinsi.!
fl. Cest. ed. 1. p. 85. C. pumilus (& var. Hystrix), Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 130 ;

Dariingt.! fl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 437. Cnicus pumilus, Torr.! compend.
p. 282 ; Bisel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 292.

Dry fields and borders of swamps, Massachusetts to New York near tlie
coast"! New Jersey ! and Pennsylvania ! July.— (2) Stem 1-2 (rarely .3-4) feet
high. Heads usually larg.^r than in any other N. American species, often
somewhat involucrate with a few spinose bracts. Involucre somewhat
arachnoid. Corolla about 2 inches long. Flowers fragrant, sometimes pure

460 COMPOSITE. CiRsiuM.

white {Mr. Oakes). — Muhlenberg's name is the most appropriate, and should
have been preserved. — Pasture Thistle.

* * * Scales of the involucre ratlier loosely imbricated in feto series, tapering to a
subulate point : heads coTispicuously involucrate with a whorl of very spirwse bracts !

13. C. Iwrridulum (Michx.) : arachnoid-woolly when young, at length
somewhat glabrous; stem simple or sparingly branched; leaves partly
clasping, lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short lobes toothed or incised, strongly
spinose ; heads (large) surrounded by a whorl or dense cluster of pectinate-
spinose bracts about the length of the involucre, the prickles often fascicled ;
scales of the subglobose involucre linear-lanceolate minutely scabrous and
ciliate, tapering to a very sharp point, unarmed ; flowers pale yellow. —
Michx.! fl. 2. p. 90 ; DC. ! prodr. 6. p. 651. C. megacanthum, Nutt.Hn
trans. Amer.phil. soc. I. c. Carduus horridulus, Pers. syn. 2. p. 390. C.
spinosissimus, Walt. Cnicus horridulus, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 507 ,- Bigel. ! fl.
Bost. ed. 2. p. 291 ; Hook. ! compan. to hot. mag. 1. j). 48. C. spinosissir
mus, Darlingt. I fl. Cest. p. 438. — Varies, with the anthers and styles red-
dish or purple {Bigel. I. c. Oakes, 7iiss.), or with the corolla sometimes
changing to purple in drying {Barratt, mss.), or

/3. Elliottii : flowers purple. — Cnicus horridulus, Ell. sk. 2. p. 272.

Hills and poor soils, from the coast of Massachusetts! and Connecticut I to
Florida ! and Louisiana ! t^. Southern States, Elliott. Florida, Dr. Chap-
man I (Corolla in dried specimen light purple, the anthers yellowish.)
Lincoln County, N. Carolina, Mr. Curtis! Dr. Hunter! (Corolla, anthers,
and style deeply purple.) June-Aug. in the Northern, March-May in the
Southern States. — U or(|)? Plant 1-3 feet high; the large heads sub-
tended by 12-30 very spinose bracts; the exterior often pinnatifid. — A some-
what variable, but well-marked species, with the corolla and pappus much
larger than in C. spinosissimum, the heads not clustered, and the lobes of
the leaves rather distant. From the characters given, we suspect it is equally
distinct from C. glabrum, DC, of which we possess no specimen. — Yellow
Thistle.

• ♦ * * Scales of the involucre loosely ivibricated in few series, somewhat unequal in
len<^th; the exterior with subiolate-spinescent tips : heads not involucr ate with bracts.

14. C. remotifolium (DC. 1. c.) : stem tall, erect, striate, branching and
nearly naked above, somewhat arachnoid and hairy ; leaves remote, lan-
ceolate, sparsely hairy above, arachnoid-tomentose beneath, partly clasping
by an auriculate very spinose base, pinnately parted ; the segments deeply
2-3-cleft ; the lobes lanceolate, tipped with a spine, the margins somewhat
spinulose ; heads large, paniculate; the panicle nearly leafless ; scales of the
involucre somewhat arachnoid, nearly equal, straight, lanceolate-subulate,
loose, cuspidate ; the innermost membranaceous, much acuminated, unarm-
ed ; "flowers purplish." — Carduus remotifolius, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. \. p.
302. Cirsium stenolepidum, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 419.

Plains of Oregon, Douglas, Nultall ! — Stem purple above, 3-5 feet high.
Leaves somewhat resembling those of C. discolor. Heads as large as in C.
lanceolatum.

§ 3. Heads by abortion dioecious: exterior scales of the involucre appressed,
unarmed, or the outermost tipped with a short prickle or bristle ; the innermost
with scarious tips : filaments nearly glabrous: roots creeping. (Cephano-
plos, DC.)
15. C. arvense (Scop.) : rhizoma creeping ; stem striale-angled, panicu-

CiRsiuM. COMPOSITiE. 461

late ; the branches somewhat woolly : leaves oblong or lanceolate, sessile,
glabrous, sometimes a little woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, undulate,
spinose; heads small and numerous; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceo-
late, mucronate, a few of the exterior cuspidate-spinose ; flowers pale purple,
or rarely whitish. — DC ! prodr. 6. p. 6i3. Serratula arvensis, Linn.; FL
Dan. t. 644. Carduus arvensis. Smith, Engl. hot. t. 975 ; Hooh. ! Ji. Bor.-
Am. I. p. 301 ; Darlingt. ! ji. Cest. p. 439. Cnicus arvensis, Pursh,Jl. 2.
p. 506 ; Bigel.Jl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 291. Breea arvensis, Less. syn. p. 9.

Cultivated fields of the Northern and Middle States ! introduced with grain
from Europe, and in many places becoming an extremely troublesome weed.
Also Canada! to Saskatchawan and Newfoundland; probably indigenous.
July-Aug. — 2i Too well known to our farmers, under the name of Canada
Thistle, or Cursed Thistle.

X Little-Tcnown species.

16. C. foliosum {TiC. I.e.): stem erect (simple?), robust, striate, some-
what woolly; leaves erect, the upper very numerous and exceeding the
heads, flaccid, irregularly sinuate-toothed, unequally ciliate with rather rigid
spines, sparingly hairy above, pale and arachnoid-tomentose beneath ; heads
large, glomerate in the axils of the uppermost leaves ; scales of the involucre
linear, appressed ; pappus very Qopious. Hook. — Carduus foliosus, Hook.fl.
Bor.-A7n. 1. p>- 303.

Prairies of the [Northern] Rocky Mountains, Drummond. — " The stems
are singularly erect and straight ; the leaves also erect, 6-8 inches long, the
uppermost very numerous, considerably exceeding and almost concealing the
flowers." Hook.

17. C. edule (Nutt.) : annual or biennial, nearly smooth ; leaves lanceo-
late, clasping, moderately pinnatifid ; the segments obtuse, almost equally 2-
lobed, spinescent and spinulose-ciliate ; heads terminal, glomerate, sessile,
3-5 together ; involucre subglobose, arachnoid-tomentose ; the scales linear-
lanceolate, tipped with short erect spines. Null, in trans. Amer. phil. soc.
\n. ser.) 7. p. 420.

Common in the plains of the Oregon and the Blue Mountains, Nuttall. — A
robust plant 3-4 feet high, somewhat succulent, with purple flowers, nearly
as large as in C. lanceolatum. Filaments hairy. The young stems are
eaten raw by the aborigines. Nutt. — Probably the same as the C. fohosum.
Hook. An edible thistle is mentioned by Lewis and Clarke.

18. C hrevifolium (Nutt.) : stem slender, nearly terete, and as well as the
lower surface of the leaves canescently tomentose, bearing 2-3 heads; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, clasping, green and nearly glabrous above, sinuaie-pin-
natifid, with shallow simple or 2-cleft lobes, tipped with spines, and with
spinose serratures ; involucre ovate, naked ; the scales lanceolate, glutinous,
smooth, terminating in small erect spines ; flowers ochroleucous. Nutt. in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. j). 421.

Plains of the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall. — Leaves about half an inch wide,
2-3 inches long. Allied to C. Virginianum. Nutt.

19. C. canescens (Nutt.) : perennial, dwarf, slender, canescently tomentose;
leaves lanceolate, decurrent, pinnatifid; the undulate segments oblong,
2-cleft, spinescent, and with spiny serratures; heads few (3-5), conglome-
rate, sessile; involucre slightly pubescent; the scales lanceolate, with rigid
erect spines. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 420.

Arid deserts of the Platte, Nuttall. — Root creeping as in C. arvense. Stern
8-10 inches high. Leaves 3-4 inches long, about an inch wide, nearly
while on both sides, but most so beneath, decurrent with narrow spiny

402 COMPOSIT.E. Cirsium.

margins. Flowers pale rose-color. Nutt. — Not improbably our C. undula-
tum, var. /3.

172. CARDUUS. Tourn. ; Linn. (excl. spec); Gcertn.fr. t. 162; DC. I. e.
Bristles of the pappus scabrous (not plumose) : otherwise as in Cirsium.

§ Bristles of the pappus few and slender — Leptoch^ta, JSutt.

\. C. occidentalis (Nutt.): perennial, dwarf; leaves deeply pinnatifid, nearly
smooth above, canescently lomentose beneath ; the segments somewhat pal-
mate; the ultimate lobes lanceolate, tipped with short spines, spinulose-serru-
laie- scales of the subglobose arachnnid-tomentose involucre lanceolate, erect,
term'inating in straight spines; the innermost scarious, spineless, acuminate.
Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. («. ser.) 7. /;. 418.

St. Barbara, California, Nutlall. — Stem tomentose, 6-12 inches high-
Leaves 4-5 inches long, about an inch wide, with a lanceolate outline ; the
cauline clasping. Heads 2-3, subsessile, pale purple. Plant with the habit
of Cirsium discolor, Nutt.— We. have not seen this plant, the only one of the
genus known to inhabit this continent. May it not be some species of South-
ern Europe, introduced into California?

C. pedinatus (Linn, mant.), a plant of uncertain origin, said to have been raised
from seeds received from Pennsylvania, is doubtless not a native of this country, and
is probably correctly referred by Sprengel to Carduus defloratus.

173. ONOPORDON. VailL; Linn.; Gcertn.fr. 1. 161; Schhihrjiandb. t. 230.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers perfect. Scales of the ovate-globose
involucre imbricated, coriaceous, tipped with a lanceolate spinescent appen-
dage. Receptacle fleshy, deeply alveolate; the alveoli membranaceous,
sinuate-toothed. Tubeof the corolla incrassated atthe summit. Antherswith
a linear-subulate appendage, and with short tails: filaments nearly glabrous.
Branches of the style concreted nearly to the apex. Achenia obovoid-com-
pressed, 4-angled, rugose transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous,
filiform, barbellulate, united atthe base into a corneous ring. — Coarse branch-
ino^ herbs; the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed or toothed
leaves ; the lobes and teeth spinescent. Corolla purple, rarely varying to
white.

1. O. acanthium (Linn.) : stem erect, branching, somewhat woolly ; leaves
decurrent, sinuate, spinose-toothed, tomentose on both sides ; scales of the
involucre linear-subulate ; the exterior spreading, woolly at the base. DC.
—Engl. hot. t. 977 ; Bigel.fl. Bost.ed. 2. p. 293 ; DC. prodr. 6. p. 618.

Waste grounds and dry pastures; introduced from Europe, and natural-
ized in the New England States ! July-Aug.— (D A tall cottony plant,
called Cotton Thistle.

174. LAPPA. Tourn. inst. t. 156 ; Juss. ; Lam. ill. t. 665 ; DC.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre
globose ; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at the base, then

Lappa. COMPOSITE. 463

subulate and spreading, with the rigid apex uncinate. Receptacle flat, some-
what fleshy, selose-fimbrillate. Corolla regularly 5-cleft, lO-nerved. An-
thers tipped with filiform appendages, caudate at the base : filaments papil-
lose. Branches of the style free and divergent at the apex. Achenia ob-
long, compressed, glabrous, rugose transversely. Pappus of numerous short
filiform scabrous bristles, not united into a ring, caducous. — Biennial branch-
ing coarse (European) herbs; with large cordate and petioled leaves with
slightly undulate margins, the lower surface more or less tomentose. Heads
small, solitary or somewhat corymbose. Corolla purple varying to white,
equalling the involucre. — Burdock.

1. L. major (Gsrtn.) : scales of the involucre all subulate and with unci-
nate tips, either glabrous or loosely arachnoid ; upper cauline leaves ovate ;
the others (large) cordate. — Gcerin. Jr. 2. p. 379, t. 162. L. major &
L. minor, DC. prodr. 6. p. 661. Arctium Lappa, Linn.; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. p. 436.

Fence-rows and waste-places in rich soil : introduced from Europe. — A
troublesome weed, well known under the name of Burdock. Dr. Darling-
ton and Mr. Tuckerman have observed an occasional form, (L. Bardana ?)
with pinnatifid leaves.

Suborder II. LABIATIFLOR.E. DC.

Corolla of the perfect flowers bilabiate ; the outer lip mostly 3-lobed
or 3- toothed, and the inner 2-cIeft or 2-toothed. Pollen smooth, glo-
bose or elliptical.

Tribe VL MUTISIACEiE. Less.

Heads heterogamous, or rarely dioecious ; the marginal flowers pis-
tillate or neutral, either ligulate or bilabiate. — Style nearly as in the
Cynareae.

175. CHAPTALL^. Vent. hart. Cels. t. 61 ; DC. in ann. mus. 16. p. m.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous, radiate ; the rays pistillate and fer-
tile, in 2 series; the disk-flowers perfect, but sterile by the abortion of the
ovary. Corolla of the outer series of ray-flowers simply ligulate, or rarely
with a minute inner lip ; of the inner series filiform and much shorter than
the style, obliquely truncate, the inner lip rudimentary ; of the disk-flowers
bilabiate, the lips equal in length, the outer 3-toothed, the inner 2-parted.
Scales of the campanulate involucre imbricated in few series, linear, acute,
1-nerved. Receptacle naked. Anthers caudate. Achenia of the fertile
flowers oblong, glabrous, striate, attenuate at each end, somewhat beaked,
and with the apex slightly dilated ; of the disk-flowers abortive. Pappus
copious, capillary, minutely scabrous. — Perennial acaulescent (American)

464 COMPOSITE. Chaptalia.

herbs, with naked scapes bearing solitary heads ; the leaves all radical,
lomentose beneath. Flowers white or purplish.

1. C. tomentosa (Vent. 1. c.) : leaves oblong or nearly lanceolate, some-
what petioled, retrorsely denticulate ; the lower surface and the slender scape
densely tomentose with a white matted wool ; the upper arachnoid when
young, at length glabrous ; head nodding when in flower ; exterior rays
16-20, simply ligulate.— Pwrs/i/ fl. 2. p. 577 ,• Bol. mag. t. 2257 ; Ell. sk.
2. p. 459 ; DC! prodr. 7. p. 41. Perdicium semiflosculare, IValt. ! Car.
p. 204. Tussilago integrifolia, Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1964; Miclix.! fi. 2.
p. 121.

Damp pine barrens, &c. North Carolina! to Florida! and Louisiana I
March-May. Scape a span to a foot high.

Tribe VII. NASSAUVIACE^. Less.

Heads homogamous, radiatiform ; the flowers all similar and per-
fect. Style nearly as in the Senecionese.

176. ACOURTIA. Don, in trans. Linn. soc. 16. p. 203 ; DC. prodr. p. 65.

Heads 10-30-flowered, discoid, homogamous ; the flowers perfect. Invo-
lucre turbinate ; the scales imbricated in several series, lanceolate, appressed,
dilated at the base, articulated with the rachis, deciduous ! Receptacle
naked. Corolla of all the flowers bilabiate; the outer lip ligulate and 3-
toothed; the inner 2-parted, with the revolute lobes linear and obtuse. An-
thers tipped with a linear-lanceolate cartilaginous appendage ; the tails sim-
ple and obtuse. Branches of the style truncate, papillose at the apex.
Achenia nearly terete, elongated, papillose-scabrous. Pappus a single se-
ries of bristles, penicillate at the apex, deciduous. — Shrubby (Mexican and
Californian) branching glaucous plants, with the habit of Serratula. Leaves
cordate-clasping, with the auricles free, spinulose-serrate. Heads 3-10, fas-
ciculate-corymbose : scales of the involucre often reddish, ciliate. Corolla
purple or rose-color ; pappus white. DC.

1. A. microccphala (DC): stem herbaceous? branching; the branches
angular, somewhat velvety with a glandular pubescence ; leaves cordate-
clasping, ovate, acute, sharply toothed, glandular, somewhat puberulent
beneath ; heads several in a thyrsoid corymb ; scales of the involucre
mucronate-acuminate, glandular-puberulent on the back. DC. I. c.

California, Douglas. — This and the Chaptalia are the only North Ameri-
can representatives of a suborder, which is eminently characteristic of the
westeru portion of South America.

Suborder III. LIGULIFLOR^. DC.

Flowers all ligulate and perfect, disposed in a homogamous radiati-
form head. Pollen scabrous and many-sided, usually dodecahedral.

CicHORACE^. COMPOSITE. 465

Tribe VIII. CICHORACE^. Vaill, Juss.

Style cylindraceous above, the summit as well as the rather obtuse
branches uniformly pubescent ; the stigmatic lines terminating below
or near the middle of the branches. — Plants with a milky juice 1
Leaves alternate.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Subtribe 1. Lampsane^. — Pappus none. Receptacle not chaffy. '

177. Lampsana. Achenia obscurely striate. Involucre erect. Heads paniculate.

178. Apogon. Achenia many-ribbed. Involucre connivent in fruit. Heads soli-

tary or umbellate. Cauline leaves often opposite.

Subtribe 2. HYosERiDE.a:. — Pappus either wholly or partly chaffy or squamellate.
Receptacle not chaffy.

* Involucre simple, equal, scarcely in 2 series.

179. Krigia. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales and 5 alternate bristles.

180. Cynthia. Pappus of numerous short squamellae and capillary bristles.

* * Involucre double or ivibricated.

181. SooRzoNELLA. Pappus of 10 short chaffy scalcs, bearing long capillary awns.

182. Calais. Pappus of 5 elongated and scarious (often bifid) awned scales.

183. CicHORiuM. Pappus veiy small, multi-squamellate. Flowers blue !

Svibtribe 3. Scorzonere^. — Pappus setose, or plumose. Receptacle not chaffy.

184. Stephanomeria. Achenia truncate. Pappus plumose. Heads 3-6-flowered.

185. Rafinesquia. Achenia rostrate. Pappus plumose. Heads many- flowered.

186. Leontodon. Achenia fusiform or slightly rostrate. Pappus plumose.

Heads many-flowered.

Subtribe 4. Lactuce^. — Pappus capillary, not plumose. Receptacle not chaffy.
* Pappus dirty white or tawny, fragile. Achcyiia not rostrate.

187. Apargidium. Pappus barbellate, in a single series. Heads many-flowered.

188. HiERACiuM. Pappus scabrous, in a single series. Heads 20-many-flow-

ered (yellow). Achenia oblong or columnar.

189. Nabalqs. Pappus scabrous, copious. Heads 5-30-flowered (ochroleucoua,

whitish, or purplish), nodding. Achenia linear-oblong, cylindrical.

190. Lyqodesmia. Pappus scarcely scabrous, very copious. Heads 5-10-flow-

ered (rose-purple), erect. Achenia linear, elongated.

* ♦ Pappus bright white (except in Pyrrhopappus and a single Mulgedium).
+■ Achenia terete or angled, not evidently compressed nor rostrate.

191. MALACOTHRi.t. Pappus in a single series, soft ; the bristles sparingly bar-

bellate near the base. Achenia short, truncate.

VOL. II. — 59

466 COMPOSITE. Lampsana.

192. Crepis. Pappus in two or more series, soft, slightly scabrous. Achenia

columnar, fusiform, or obscurely pointed.

193. Troximon. Pappus copious and unequal, in several series, rigid. Achenia

oblong-lineeir, scarcely or not at all rostrate. Acaulescent, simple.

+- +- Achenia terete, ribbed or angled, with a long filiform beak.

194. Macrorhynchus. Involucre imbricated. Achenia with about 10 ribs or

callous wings, smootli. Acaulescent.

195. Taraxacum. Involucre double, in 2 series. Achenia striate-angled, usu-

ally muricate. Acaulescent.

196. Pyrrhopappus. Involucre double, in 2 series, the exterior of spreading sub-

ulate scales. Achenia scabrous. Caulescent or acaulescent. Pappus
reddish or fulvous.

^- +• -t- Achenia flattened, either compressed or obcompressed.

197. Lactuca. Achenia obcompressed, flat, abruptly produced into a filiform

beak. Pappus very soft and white.

198. MuLGEDiuM. Achenia compressed, tapering into a short or thick (sometimes

indistinct) beak. Pappus bright white or tawny. Flowers blue.

199. SoNCHUs. Achenia compressed, not rostrate. Pappus exceedingly soft and

delicate, bright white. Involucre becoming tumid at the base. Flowers
yellow.

Subtribe 1. LampsanejE, Less. — Receptacle not chaffy. Pappus none.

177. LAMPSANA. Tourn. ; Juss. gen. p. 168 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 76.

Lapsana, Linn. ; Geertn. fr. t. 157.
Heads 8-12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical-campanulate angled
involucre 8, erect, in a single series, bracteolate with one or two minute
scales. Receptacle narrow, naked. Achenia oblong, glabrous, obscurely
striate, caducous, destitute of pappus. — Slender branching herbs (natives of
the old world), with angulate or toothed leaves, and small loosely paniculate-
corymbose beads. Flowers yellow.

1. L. communis (Linn.) : annual, somewhat glabrous ; lower leaves ovate,
angulate-toothed, petioled, sometimes lyrate ; involucre very glabrous, near-
ly equalling the flowers. — Fl. Dan. t. 500 ;. Engl. hot. t. 844 ; Schkuhr,
handb. t. 225 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 296.

Lower Canada, Mrs. Sheppard ! Mrs. Perdval ! Probably introduced
from Europe. — Mr. Oakes once found this plant by the roadside in Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts.

178. APOGON. Ell. sk. 2. p. 267; DC. prodr. 7. p. 78.

Heads 10-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre mostly 8, somewhat in two
series, ovate, acuminate, nearly as long as the corolla, connivent in fruit.
Receptacle naked. Achenia obovoid -oblong, terete, longitudinally ribbed,
and marked with very minute transverse striatures, glabrous. Pappus none !

Apogon. composite. 467

(or sometimes very minute and chaffy. DC.) — An annual glabrous or some-
what glaucous small herb, 4-12 inches high, branched from the base ; the
branches slender, erect or ascending, bearing 1-3 or several umbellate slender
pedicels at the summit, and also frequently in the axils of the cauline leaves,
mostly a little hispid near the summit, terminated by single small heads.
Radical leaves obovate-oblong or lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, the
primordial nearly sessile, the others tapering into petioles ; cauline lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, entire, sessile, partly clasping ; the uppermost
mostly opposite ! Flowers yellow.

A. humilis (Ell. ! 1. c.) — A. humilis & A. gracilis, DC. ! I. c.

0. lyrata: radical and lower cauline leaves (either some or all of them)
variously lyrate-toothed or pinnatifid. — A. lyratum, iVziW. / in jour. acad.
Phiiad. 7. p. 71, 4' i^ trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 424. Serinia
caespitosa, Raf. fl. Ludov. p. 149 ? {DC. prodr. 7. p. 261.)

South Carolina ! Georgia ! and Florida ! to Louisiana ! Arkansas ! and
Texas ! /?. Louisiana, Drummond ! Dr. Hale ! Plains of Arkansas, Nut-
tall, Dr. Pitcher ! dec. Texas, Drummond .' April-June. — "We cannot dis-
cover the 'minute chaffy pappus' in an original specimen of A. gracilis,
DC, nor find any appreciable difference in the achenia. In both Elliott's
and Nuttall's plants, also, the pedicels are frequently furnished with bristly
hairs towards the summit; and the irregular incision of the leaves in the latter
is very inconstant.

Subtribe 2. Htoseride^:, Less. — Receptacle not chaffy. Pappus sim-
ple or double, either wholly or partly chaffy, squamellate, or coroniform.

179. KRIGIA. Schreb. gen. p. 532; Willd. ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 88.

Heads 15-30-flowered. Scales of the involucre 6-15, somewhat in a
double series, equal. Receptacle naked. Achenia turbinate, many-stiiate,
somewhat 5-angular. Pappus double ; the exterior of 5 broad and rounded
scarious chaffy scales ; the inner (rarely wanting) of as many slender sca-
brous bristles alternating with the scales, and corresponding with the angles
of the achenium. — Small annual (North American) herbs, branching from
the base ; the mostly lyrate or toothed leaves radical or nearly so; the naked
branches or scapes long and slender, simple, terminated by solitary small
heads. Flowers yellow.

§ 1. Bristles of the papjms more or less exceeding the chaffy scales, but not
longer than the terete achenium, sometimes entirely wanting : scales of the
involucre 5-8, with a strong midrib, erect and carinate-navicular in fruit. —
Ctmbia.

1. K. occidentalis (Nutt.) : scapes very numerous from the same root,
diffiise, simple, leafless, hispid ; leaves either entire or lyrate ; the exterior
with the lamina or terminal lobe oval or roundish ; the innermost lanceolate
or narrowly linear ; achenia equally many-ribbed, ciliolate-scabrous on the
ribs which correspond with the bristles of the inner pappus, very minutely

468 COMPOSITE. Krigia.

reticulate-rugose by transverse lines. — Nuti. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7.
p. 104, c^ in trans. Amer. phit. soc. I. c. p. 427.

/3. mutica : bristles of inner pappus altogether wanting !

Arkansas, Nuttall ! Dr. Leavenworth ! Texas, Drummond ! (a. & /?.
under no. 164.) — Scarcely a span high. Earlier radical leaves in shape not
unlike those of Cardamine bellidifolia, sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid with
several divisions ; the later ones much more slender. One of two of the in-
volucral scales are usually 2-3-nerved, and 2-3-carinate in fruit. — Except as
to the pappus, the var. /3. is not distinguishable from the ordinary form.

§ 2. Bristles of the "pappus much longer than the pentangular achenium :
scales of the involucre 10-18, linear-lanceolate, nearly nerveless, spreading
in fruit. — Eukrigia.

2. K. Virginica (Willd.) : scapes at length several, sparsely and mi-
nutely pubescent, especially near the apex ; leaves somewhat glaucous ; the
primary orbicular or spatulate, mostly entire ; the succeeding spatulate-
oblono; or lanceolate, lyrate-toothed, or sinuate-pinnatifid. — Willd. spec. ^.
p. 1618 ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 127 ; Ell. sJc. 2. p. 264 ,• Bigel. ft. Bost. ed. 2.
p. 289 ; Darlingt. ! fl.. Cest. p. 440; DC! I.e. Hyoseris Virginica, Linn,
spec. 2.p- 809 ; Lam. jour. hist. nat. 1. p. 22, t. 12 ; Michx. !fl. 2. p. 88.
Cynthia Virginica, Beck, hot. p. 169, not of Don.

j3. dichotoma (Barton) : more caulescent ; stems much branched near the
base. — K. dichotoma, Nutt..' I. c. ; DC. ! I. c. Hyoseris ramosissima, Bart.
prodr. fl. Philad.

Dry sandy grounds and rocks (rarely in wet places), Canada ! to Louis-
iana! and Texas! May-Aug. — Scapes 1-10 inches high. Flowers deep
yellow. Achenia minutely hispid-scabrous on the angles. — The var. /?. is a
summer state of the species. — Dwarf Dandelion.

3. K. Caroliniana (Nutt.): scapes solitar}'^ or several, slightly and sparsely
pubescent, often somewhat hispid at the summit ; primary leaves linear-
lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or with one or two divaricate lobes on
each side; the succeeding variously pinnatifid, runcinate, or incised, acute
or obtuse. — Nutt. ! I. c. ; Ell. I. c. ; DC. ! I. c. Hyoseris Caroliniana,
Walt. Car. p. IM.

j3. leptophylla : leaves all linear- lanceolate, acuminate, either entire or
with one or two slender divaricate lobes on each side. — K. leptophylla,
DC. ! I. c.

Carolina ! to Florida, Alabama ! and Texas ! Feb.-May. — Scapes 1-12
inches high. Leaves very variable as to size, incision, &c.

% Uncertain species.

4. K. Montana (Nutt. 1. c.) : very glabrous, procumbent; leaves lanceolate
[or somewhat spatulate], entire; pappus double ; the exterior minute chaffy
scales and the bristles few. Michx. — Hyoseris montana, Michx. fl. 2.
p. 87.

On the highest mountains of North Carolina, Michaux.

180. CYNTHIA. Don. in Edinh. phil. jour. \2. p. 305 ; Less. ; DC.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre 12-15, linear-lanceolate,
equal, somewhat in a double series, shorter than the corolla. Receptacle
flat, foveolate. Achenia short, obscurely quadrangular, many-striate, not

Cynthia. COMPOSITE. " 469

rostrate. Pappus double ; the exterior of numerous very small chaffy
squamellaB ; the inner of numerous capillary and scabrous somewhat decidu-
ous bristles.— Perennial nearly glabrous and somewhat glaucous (North
American) herbs ; with very smooth undivided or pinnatifid leaves : the
scapes or peduncles slender, mostly glandular-hispid at the summit, and
bearing single middle-sized heads. Flowers bright yellow.

§ 1. Caulescent, somewhat branched above : root not tuheriferovs : peduvcles
subumbellate : achenia oblong, slightly narrowed toivards the base. — Eu-
CYNTHIA, DC. (excl. char, invol. calycul.) (Luthera, Schultz.)

1. C. Virginica (Don, 1. c.) : leaves oval, spatulate-oblong, or oblong-
lanceolate ; the radical on short winged petioles, angulate-denticulate, sinu-
ate-toothed, somewhat lyrate, or occasionally deeply pinnatifid; the cauline
1-2, clasping, mostly entire ; peduncles 2-5, elongated. — DC. ! I. c. — C. am-
plexicaulis, £ec^- / hot. p. 168; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. U\. C. Griffithii,
Nutt. I in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 69. Tragopogon Virginicum,
Linn, spicc. 2. p. 789. Hyoseris amplexicaulis, Michx. ! fl. 2. p.
87. H. biflora, Walt. Car. p. 194. H. prenanthoides, Willd. spec. 3. p.
1516. Troximon Virginicum, Pers. syn. 2. p. 360 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 505.
Krigia amplexicaulis, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 127 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 266. Luthera
Virginica, Schultz, in Linncea, 10. p. 257.

Dry or moist sandy soil, bcc. New York ! Michigan ! and from Lake
Winipeg (X)r. Houghton!) to Kentucky! and the upper part of Carolina!
and Georgia! May-July.— Stem 1-2 "feet high, sometimes once or twice
forked, somewhat naked. Leaves 2-5 inches long. Peduncles subtended
either by a single small bracteant leaf, or by 2 unequal and nearly opposite
bracts. Achenia glabrous. Pappus strongly scabrous. — The slate with
pinnatifid or lyrate radical leaves not at all constant.

§ 2. Acaulescent : roots tuberiferous : scapes naked, simple : achenia taper-
ing to the base, somewhat turbinate. — Adopogon, DC. (not of Neck. ?)

2. C. Dandelion (DC. ! 1. c.) : scapes usually several from the same root ;
primary leaves spatulate-oblong ; the others linear-lanceolate, elongated,
mostly acute, either entire, repand-denticulate, remotely sinuate-toothed, or
laciniate-subplnnatifid ; the triangular-lanceolate divaricate lobes 2-3 on each
side. — C. Dandelion & C. Boscii, DC. ! I. c. C. lyrata, Nutt. ! in jour. acad.
Philad. 7. p. 69. Tragopogon Dandehum, Linn. spec. ed. 2. p. 1111 [pl.
Gronav. I) ; Willd. I. c. Troximon Dandelion, Pers. I. c. Hyoseris major,
Walt. I. c. H. angustifolia, Michx. fl. 2. p. 87 ; Pursh, I. c. Krigia
Dandelion, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 127 ; Ell. I. c.

(3. leaves very narrowly linear and attenuated, either entire or sparingly
laciniate-pinnatifid. — Krigia Caroliniana, Hook. ! in compan. to bot. mag. 1.
p. 100, not of Nutt.

y. often caulescent and decumbent ; leaves either remotely sinuate-pin-
natifid or entire ; the upper cauline somewhat opposite. — Hyoseris
montana, Michx. fl. 2. p. 87 .''

Low grounds and fields, Maryland ! and Virginia! to Alabama! Louis-
iana! Arkansas! and Texas! y. Wet rocks at Tulaloo Falls, and mountains
of Georgia, Mr. Buckley ! March-May.— Scapes 6-15 inches high: some
of the leaves often almost as long. Roots fibrous, bearing small round tubers at
the extremity. Achenia somewhat scabrous. Exterior squameliate pappus
always present; the bristles of the inner minutely scabrous. — Our var. /3.

470 COMPOSITiE. Cynthia.

which has remarkably narrow leaves, passes into the ordinary state, from
which C. Boscii, DC is in no way distinguishable. The var. y. is a singu-
lar and probably local form.— The leaves in this and the preceding genera
are exceedingly variable in their outline, division, &c., upon which no
dependence can be placed for specific characters.

181. SCORZONELLA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. (n. ser.)7 p. 426.

Head many-flowered. Scales of the cyhndraceous-ovoid involucre imbri-
cated in 3-4 series, ovate, conspicuously acuminate, membranaceo-charta-
ceous, nearly as long as the corolla. Receptacle flattish, alveolate. Achenia
short, somewhat quadrangular, not attenuate at the apex, many- (10-14-)
striate, smooth, obscurely pubescent or glabrous. Pappus of 10 (or rarely
fewer) very small and coriaceous ovate chaffy scales, somewhat in two se-
ries, which are entire or obscurely denticulate at the apex, each tipped with
a very long and capillary scabrous awn. — Perennial nearly glabrous herbs
(natives of Oregon) ; with the habit of Scorzonera : the stems several from
the same fusiform or tuberous root, sheathed below the membranous dilated
bases of the (usually laciniately pinnately parted) leaves, simple or spar-
ingly branched, naked above, and terminated by solitary heads. Corolla
yellow.

The scales of the pappus are certainly distinct, not united at the base into a cup, as
described by Nuttdl.

1. S. laciniata (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : slightly puberulent ; leaves pinnately parted :
the segments long and slender, linear-subfiliform; scales of the involucre im-
bricated in 3-4 series, all acuminated from a broad base; scales of the pap-
pus ovate. — Hymenonema? laciniatum, Hook.! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 301.

Plains of the Oregon, from the Rocky Mountains to the ocean, Douglas!
&c. Near the mouth of the Wahlamet, NutlalU—k foot high: the long
naked peduncles fistulous. Flowers bright sulphur-yellow. The inconspicu-
ous squamellate portion of the pappus several times shorter than the ache-
nium ; the bristles about twice the length of the achenium.

2. S. leptosepala (Nutt. 1. c.) : leaves pinnately parted ; scales of the in-
volucre in two series; the exterior about 5, ovate; the inner 8, lanceolate,
acuminate ; scales of the pappus oblong-lanceolate.

With the preceding, and scarcely distinguishable from it, except by the in-
volucre, Nuttall. — This is entirely unknown to us.

3. S. glauca {Nutt. 1. c.) : leaves linear-acuminate, canaliculate, glaucous.
— Hymenonema ? glaucura. Hook. I. c.

Oregon, at Fort Vancouver, Mr. Garry, ex Hook.— This is a doubtful
plant, only known by the brief character given by Hooker.

182. CALAIS. DC. prodr. 7. p. 85. (excl. syn.)

Uropappus, Nutt.

Head many-flowered. Involucre cylindraceous, double ; the scales lance-
olate, acuminate, membranaceous ; the exterior 3-6 more or less calyculate ;

Calais. COMPOSITiE. 471

the interior 8-12 somewhat in 2 series, rather longer than the flowers. Re-
ceptacle flat, naked. Achenia terete, slender, attenuate at the summit or
rostrate, striate ; the minute ribs scabrous. Pappus of 5 linear-lanceolate
l-nerved scarious scales (which are at length convolute around the corolla) ;
the midrib produced into a minutely scabrous awn. — Annual nearly glabrous
(Californian) herbs, simple or sparingly branched near the base ; the scapi-
form stems mostly exceeding the linear and attenuated entire or sparingly
pinnatifid leaves, naked and fistulous above, terminated by a single head.
Corolla yellow.

§ 1. Achenia scarcely rostrate ; the exterior (Nutt.) {the inner, ex Hook. &
Am.) hirsute with ajipressed hairs ; the others scabrous: the chaffy scales of
the pappus dilated at the base, tapering gradually into the long awn : invo-
lucre more evidently calyculate. — Eucalais, DC. (Uropappus § Brachy-
carpa, Nutt.)

1. C. Douglasii (DC! 1. c.) : scapose, somewhat hairy when young;
leaves linear^lanceolate, entire, or remotely pinnatifid, with the lobes linear
and short (pappus reddish, DC., or straw-color, Nutt.). — Hook. S^- Am. bot.
Beechey, suppl. p. 361. Uropappus (Brachycarpa) heterocarpus, Nutt. in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 425.

CaUtbrnia, Douglas, Nutlall. — Plant 6 inches high. Flowers pale yellow,
small. Nutt. — We have only seen this plant in the herbarium of De Can-
doUe. The character given by Hooker & Arnott embraces the phrase:
" pappi paleis appresse villosis."

§ 2. Achenia all similar and glabrous, tapering into a short beak, the angles
minutely muricate- scabrous : chaffy scales of the pappus bifid at the apex ;
the midrib produced between the teeth into an awn of variable length:
exterior involucral scales unequal. — Calocalais, DC. (Uropappus §
Calocalais, Nutt.)

2. C. linearifolia (DC! 1. c.) : scapose or caulescent; leaves linear, elon-
gated, ciliate with soft hairs when young, often puberulent, as well as the
base of the stem, either entire, remotely toothed, or the lower laciniate-
pinnatifid (pappus either silvery-white or tawny). — Hook. Us; Am.! I. c.
C linearifolia & C. Lindleyi, DC. I. c. (excl. syn.) Uropappus grandi-
florus ! U. linearifolius ! & U. Lindleyi, Nutt. ! I. c.

California, Douglas! Nuttall! — Plant 10-14 inches high; the long scapoid
peduncles very fistulous. The capillary awn much shorter than the chaff'of
the pappus; one or two of them in someof the flowers scarcely if at all exserted
beyond the cleft. — Nutlall's Uropappus grandiflorus is exactly the Doug-
lasian C. linearifolia: his U. Lindleyi is founded merely on the character of
De CandoUe : his U. linearifolius is a state with rather smaller heads, &c.

183. CICHORIUM. Tourn.; Linn.; Gcertn.fr. t. 157; DC. prodr.l. p. 84.

Heads chiefly many-flowered. Involucre double ; the exterior of about 5
short spreading scales ; the inner of 8-10 scales. Achenia somewhat com-
pressed, striate, glabrous. Pappus of numerous very small chaffy squamellaj,

472 COMPOSIT.E. Cichorium.

in 1-2 series. — Branching herbs (natives of the old world), with the radical
leaves toothed or runcinate ; the heads axillary and nearly sessile, or termi-
nating the branches. Flowers bright blue, sometimes varying to white.

1. C. Intyhus (Linn.) : lower leaves runcinate, hispid-scabrous on the cari-
nate midrib; the cauline small, oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, sinuate-
toothed or nearly entire; those of the branches inconspicuous; heads mostly
2-3 together, sessile. — Engl. hot. t. 538 ; Schkuhr, handb. t. 226 ; Pursh, fl.
2. p. 496; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. \. p. 296; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 440.

Old fields and road-sides, naturalized in Canada ! and the Northern and
Middle States! Aug.-Sept. — 21 Flowers showy. — Wild Succory.

Subtribe 3. Scorzonere^, Less. — Receptacle not chaffy. Pappus of
chaffy or stout bristles, which are dilated at the base, or else plumose.

184. STEPHANOMERIA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. 7. p. 427.

Heads 3-6-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, composed of 3-5 oblong-linear
one-nerved equal scales, and of a few short calyculate scales at the base.
Receptacle scrobiculate, naked. Achenia oblong, strongly 5-angled or 5-
grooved, glabrous, not rostrate, scarcely if at all attenuated at either end.
Pappus (white) of 15-24 plumose filiform bristles (which are gradually but
slightly stouter towards the base), in a single series. — Diffuse and much
branched rather rigid and glaucescent herbs (natives of the sterile plains, &c.
on both sides of the Rocky Mountains), with the aspect of Chondrilla ; the
lower leaves linear and often runcinate ; those of the nearly naked branches
minute and bract-like, linear-subulate, entire. Heads small, solitary, termi-
nating the branchlets. Flowers rose-color.

These plants have exactly the habit of Lygodesmia ; from which they chiefly differ
in their plumose pappus.

§ 1 . Perennial : roots thick and often tortuous : heads 5-6-floicered.

1. S. minor {Natt.l I.e.): branches somewhat striate ; leaves linear-subu-
late, entire: heads 5-flowered. — Prenanthes ? tenuifolia, Torr. ! in Ann. lye.
NewYork, 2. p. 210, not of Spreng. Lygodesmia minor. Hook. ! fl. Bor.-
Am. l.p. 205, t. 103, A.

Plains and hills of the Oregon, near the Wallawallah, &c. Douglas !
Nuttall! Plains of the Platte, !>/-. James! — July-Aug. — A foot or more in
height. Achenia strongly 5-sulcate, sometimes very obscurely wrinkled or
rugose, probably smooth and even when mature. Pappus of 16-24 beauti-
rully plumose bristles.

2. S. runcinata (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : branches flexuous, somewhat striate ; radical
and lower cauline leaves runcinate, more or less pubescent when young;
those of the fertile branches linear or subulate, the lower often 1-2-toothed ;
heads 5-6-flowered. — Prenanthes runcinatum, James, in Long's exped. P.?
pauciflora, Torr.! in ann. lye. New York, 2. ]}. 210. S. runcinata &
S. heterophylla, Nutt. ! I. c.

Plains of the Platte at the base of the Rocky Mountains, Dr. James !
Lieut. Fremont! Also on Big Sandy Creek, one of the sources of the Colo-
rado of the West, Nuttall ! July-Aug. — Plant 4-8 inches high.

Stephanomeria. COMPOSITiE. 473

§ 2. Annual: heads 3-5-Jlowered.

3. S. paniculata (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : stems stout, erect, striate, virgate, bearing
numerous short paniculate flowering branches ; cauline leaves linear, the
lower often toothed or sagittate at the base; those of the brandies minute;
mostly 5-flowered.

Plains of the Rocky Mountains, near the Colorado of the West, Nuttall !
— Stem 2 feet or more in height. Heads smaller and more slender than in
the preceding, terminal and lateral, and subsessile along the branchlets.
Achenia 5-angled, obscurely rugose. Bristles of the pappus 15-20, grayish,
at length brownish.

4. S. exigua (Nutt. ! 1. c.) : diffusely much branched, the branches slender;
radical leaves runcinate-pinnatifid ; those of the branches reduced to minute
scales; heads 3-4- (sometimes 5-) flowered.

Plains of the Rocky Mountains, with the preceding, Nuttall ! — Heads
still smaller than in S. paniculata, scarcely a line in diameter, 3-4 lines in
length.

185. Pi,AFINESQUIA. Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. ;?. 429.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the cylindraceous involucre about 15,
somewhat in 2 series, linear-acuminate from a broadish base, with scarious
margins, subtended by a few short and spreading calyculate scales or bracts.
Receptacle naked, puncticulate. Achenia terete, nearly even, smooth or
the exterior minutely scabrous-pubescent, with the basilar areola terminal,
tapering above into a long filiform beak. Pappus of 12-15 uniform slender
and fragile plumose bristles, nearly in a single series, deciduous. — An annual
corymbosely much branched glabrous herb, with the aspect of a Sonchus.
Leaves runcinate or lyrately pinnatifid, clasping, lanceolate ; those of the
branches small. Heads rather large, terminating the fastigiate minutely
bracteate branches. Flowers white.

R. Californica (Nutt. ! 1. c.)

St. Diego, California, near the coast. — Stem 2-3 feet high, terete, purplish.
Involucre at length enlarging at the base and becoming conical, as in Son-
chus. Flowers fugacious, but little exserted, externally dark purple in the
centre of the ligule. Achenium shorter than the very slender and nearly
smooth beak.

186. LEONTODON. Linn. (excl. spec.) ; Juss. ; Koch, syn. p. 418.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated ; the exterior or
accessory scales shorter and bracteolate, in 1-3 series. Receptacle naked,
punctate, or sometimes fimbrillate in the centre. Achenia all similar, terete,
striate, transversely rugulose, tapering to the apex or somewhat rostrate.
Pappus persistent, composed of 1 or 2 series of plumose bristles, which are
scariose-dilated at the base, or the exterior short and filiform. — Acaulescent
perennial (chiefly European) herbs ; with radical, toothed, or pinnatifid
leaves. Flowers white.

VOL. II. — (iO

474 COMPOSITjE. Leontodon-

§ Scapes usually branched: involucre obconical, many-hracteolate : achenia
fusiform : pappus a single series of {dirty white or tawny) equal plumose
bristles, which are lanceolate-thickened at the base. — Oforinia, Don, DC.

1. L. auturnnale (Linn.): root prasmorse, fibrose; leaves more or less
pinnatifid ; peduncles paniculate-corymbose, thickened at the summit, and
furnished with small scaly bracts ; involucre obovoid-oblong, more or less
pubescent. — Koch, syn. fl. Germ. S^' Helv. p. 418. Hedypnois autumnalis,
Huds.; Engl. hot. t. 830. Apargia autumnalis, Willd. ; Schkuhr, handb.
t. 220 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 497 ,• Bigel. I fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 285 ; Hook. ! fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 296. Oporinia autumnalis, Don, in Edinb. phil. jour. 6.
(1829) -, Beck, bot. p. 168 ; DC. ! prodr. 7. ;7. 108.

Newfoundland, P?/^a2e .' Mr. Cormack! perhaps native. Naturalized in
pastures and roadsides throughout the eastern part of the New England
States ! Aug.-Oct.

Subtribe 4. Lactuce^, Cass. (Lactucese & Hieracieae, Less., DC) —
Receptacle not chaffy. Pappus capillary; the bristles mostly soft or fragile,
not dilated or thickened at the base, nor plumose.

187. APARGIDIUM.

Head many-flowered. Scales of the campanulate-cylindrical involucre
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, strongly one-nerved ; the inner nearly in a
single series; the exterior few, short and subulate-bracteolate. Receptacle
naked. Tube of the corolla villous. Immature achenia oblong, slightly
obcompressed, glabrous, not ribbed, nor attenuated at either end. Pappus
of copious rather rigid and fragile barbellate-denticulate capillary bristles,
nearly in a single series, scarcely thickened downwards, brownish.— A slen-
der glabrous acaulescent perennial herb ; with fibrous-fasciculate often tuber-
iferous roots, and narrowly linear-lanceolate obscurely denticulate leaves,
arising from a short caudex. Head solitary, on an elongated naked scape,
at first nodding. Flowers light yellow.

A. boreale. — Apargia borealis, Bongard ! veg. Sitcha, in mem. acad. St.
Petersb. I. c. p. 146. Leontodon boreale, DC. ! prodr. 7. p. 102. Crepis
borealis, C. H. Schultz, incd.

Sitcha, Bongard! Oregon, Mr. Tolmie! — Scape longer than the leaves,
slender, 4-12 inches high. Leaves 2-4 lines wide, tapering to both ends,
acute, one-nerved, furnished with here and there a slight retrorse tooth, some-
what petioled. Head about as large as in the common Dandelion : scales
of the involucre erect. Mature achenia unknown. — The pappus is neither
plumose nor white, as described by Bongard, but between barbellate and den-
ticulate, and dull light brown.

188. HIERACIUM. Tourn. ; Linn. ; Geertn. fr. t. 158 ; Schkuhr,
handb. t. 221 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 202.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, or only in
two series, of which the outer is short and somewhat calyculate.

HiERAciuM. COMPOSITE. 475

Receptacle scrobiculate, or slightly alveolate-fimbrillate. Achenia ob-
long or columnar, oCien subclavate, rarely fusiform, striate or ribbed,
not rostrate. Pappus consisting of a single series of persistent but very
fragile denticulate-scabrous bristles, brownish-white or fuscous. — Per-
ennial herbs (chiefly of the northern hemisphere) ; with entire or toothed
leaves, many of the European species stoloniferous; the softer pubescence
often stellate; the bristly hairs frequently glandular or denticulate. Flowers
yellow, very rarely orange or white.

§ 1. Involucre imbricated: achenia usually tapering towards the base, hut
never towards the summit {heads commonly rather large.) — Euhieracium.

1. H. alpinum (Linn.) : stem bearing about a single leaf and a solitary
ventricose head ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or somewhat toothed, bear-
ing both villous and glandular hairs ; scales of the involucre rather loose,
villous ; llgules pubescent externally. — Engl. bot. t. 1119 ; Frcel. ! in DC.
prodr. 7. p. 208.

Greenland ! {v. sp. in herb. Greene.) — The H. pusillum, Pursh ! {fl. 2. p.
602), which this author suggests may be only a diminutive variety of H.
alpinum, and which is therefore referred to that species by E. Meyer, &c.,
proves, on examination of the authentic specimen in herb. Lamb, (from herb.
Dickson) to be Erigeron alpinum !

2. H. vulgatum (Fries) : stem erect, somewhat flexuous, naked above,
corymbose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, coarsely
[or obscurely] toothed, entire towards the apex, petioled, villous; involucre
obtuse, hirsute and glanduliferous; pappus nearly white. Frcel. in DC. —
Fries, novit. Suec. ed. 2. p. 259. (H. sylvaticum, Fl. Dan. t. _ 1113, (not of
Linn., Wahl. S^-c.) and H. murorum a, Linn, in part, fide Fries, I. c.) H.
niolle, Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 503, not u( Jacq. H. sylvaticum, Schlecht. in Linneea,
10. p. 87 ,• Hook. fl. Bor.-Am, 1. p. 299 ?

Greenland, Fries. Labrador, Kohlmeister! Henne, ex Schlecht. Point
Levi, Lower Canada, Mrs. Sheppard, ex Hook, (if we have correctly refer-
red the synonym.) — A variable species, allied to H. sylvaticum and H.
murorum, with the heads resembling in size and form those of H. moUe
(Crepis hieracioides, Waldst. 6^- Kit.), for which Pursh mistook it.

3. H. prenanthoides (Vill.) : stem simple, strict, leafy, corymbose at the
summit; leaves membranaceous, denticulate, ciliate, reticulated and glau-
cous beneath; the cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping ; the lower narrowed
and auriculate at the base; the peduncles and obions; heads glandular-hir-
sute. Fral. in DC. I. c.— Vill. Delph. 3. p. 108, S^-voy. p. 58, t. 3, /. 3 ;
Fries, novit. Suec. ed. 2. p. 2G1.

Greenland, Fries. (A stouter variety, not glaucous, and hairy throughout.)
— Leaves varying from cordate to ovate-oblong, lanceolate, and Ungulate,
always acute. Fries.

4. H. Canadense (Michx.): stem erect, simple or sparingly branched
above, leafy; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, sparingly pu-
bescent or hairy, especially on the midrib and veins beneath, or nearly gla-
brous, scabrous-ciliolate, re^motely and often iucisely dentate with a few sharp
and spreading or divaricate tfclh; the upper obtuse at the base, often some-
what auriculate and partly clasping; heads (showy) corymbose ; involucre
somewhat glabrous; the exterior subulate scales mostly spreading in fruit,
the others appressed; receptacle somewhat alveolate, fiinbrillate-toothed. —
Michx..' fl. 2. p. 86; Monnier! ess. Hier, p. 37. H. virgatum, fasciculatuin,

476 COMPOSITES. HiERAciUM.

& macrophyllum, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 504. H. Kalmii, Spreng. syst. 3. p.
646; Bigel. .' fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 288; Torr.! compend.; not of Linn., Sec.
H. Canadense? hirsutum? (but these are described from garden speci-
mens, which probably belong to H. Sabaudum or H. sylvestre,) helianthi-
folium, & Sabaudum [3. Canadense, Fral. in DC. prodr. — Varies as to
pubescence, the size and breadth of the leaves, &c. ; and distinguishable,
but not definitely so, into the two following forms; the first or Northern
state nearly approaching the European ; H. umbellatura the second, H. syl-
vestre, Sabaudum, &c.

a. angustifolium : leaves varying from narrowly to broadly lanceolate. —
H. umbellatum, Richards, appx. FranM. journ. ed. 2. p. 29 ; Hook. ! fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 300, excl. syn. H. Canadense /3. scabruum, Schweinitz ! in
Long^s 2nd exped. appx. H. scabriusculum, Sclnveinitz! I.e. H. ma-
cranthum. Null, in trans. Amer. pJiil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 446.

(3. lalifolium : leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate ;
the upper frequently somewhat cordate at the base. — H. macrophyllum,
Pursh, I. c. H. prenanthoides. Hook, ! I. c, excl. syn.

Dry soil in open places, from Massachusetts ! and Western New York ! to
Canada! Lake Superior! &c. (chiefly var. 13.); extending (var. a.) north to
lat. 66° on Mackenzie River, Richardson! Drummond! and west to Oregon,
Nuttall ! July-Aug. — Stem 1-2 feet high, stout, either slightly pubescent,
or glabrous below and scabrous-puberulent above, the peduncles downy ; or
else hirsute, with the downy peduncles sparsely hispid with brownish bris-
tles : the close downy pubescence stellate ; the bristly hairs denticulate-
scabrous under a lens. Heads pretty large : the involucre either glabrous,
slightly pubescent, or sometimes sparingly beset with bristly and somewhat
glandular hairs. Leaves thickish and roughish when the plant grows in
exposed situations, rather thin and smooth when in shade.

§ 2. Involucre cylindrical ; the inner scales in a single series ; the others few
and short, calyculate: achcnia columnar or fusiform ! {heads small, 20-30-
flowered : bristly hairs tvhen present scabrous-serrate or denticulate under
a lens.) — Stenotheca, Mounier. (Stenotheca & species of Hieracium,
Monnier. Species of Aracium, Neck. ? Less.)

* Natives of Eastern Narth America.

5. H. scabrum (Michx.) : stem rather stout, leafy, scabrous, hirsute or
hispid below ; the flexuous panicle simple or compound, at first racemose,
but at length somewhat fastigiate-corymbose ; leaves obovate, oval, or spatu-
late-oblong, often denticulate, mucronate, hirsute ; the upper closely sessile ;
the thickish peduncles, with the rachis and the base of the somewhat cam-
panulate many- (40-50-) flowered involucre cinereous-tomentose and densely
glandular-hispid; achenia columnar, not attenuated at the summit! —
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 86 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 504 ; Monnier, I. c. p. 31 ;
Frcel.! in DC. I. c. H. Marianum, Willd. I. c. (herb. !) in part ; Ell. I. c. ;
Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 288 (at least in part). H. Gronovii /?. Hook.! fl.
Bor.-Am. I. c.

Borders of woods, &c., from Northern Canada ! to Missouri ! Kentucky !
and the upper part of Georgia ! common in the Northern States ! — Aug.-
Sept. — Stem 1-3 feet high, rough. Upper surface of the leaves hispid or
hirsute with scattered bristly hairs, arising from a brownish dilated base.
Heads larger than in H. Gronovii, and with more numerous flowers than
any other species of this section. The whole panicle is remarkably stiff
(the short peduncles divaricate), and thickly beset with brownish glandu-
liferous hairs, as well as with a close tomentum.

Hjeracium. COMPOSITiE. 477

6. H. longipilum (Torr.) : stem virgate, simple, very leafy towards or near
the base, naked and somewhat glabrous towards the summit, bearing a small
racemose panicle ; the lower portion, and both sides of the oblong-lanceolate
or spatulale-lanceolate entire leaves densely clothed throughout with very long
and strict slender bristles; the spreading at length subcorymbose peduncles,
with the 20-30-flowered involucte, cinereous-pubescent or tomentose and
glandular-hispid; achenia fusiform, attenuated at the summit! — Torr.! in
Hook-Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 298. (note under H. Scouleri, 1833.) H. barbatum,
Nutl. ! in jour. acad. Phiiad. l.p. 70 (1834), &fin trans. Amer. phil. soc.
I. c. ; not of Lois., or of Tausch.

Prairies and open woods, from Michigan! to Illinois! Missouri! and
Arkansas ! extending nearly to the Rocky Mountains, according to Nuttall.
July-Sept. — Stem 15-30 inches high, very strict. Leaves 3-6 inches long,
an inch or less in width, tapering to the base, mostly sessile ; the uppermost
reduced to bracts. Inflorescence nearly as in H. scabrum ; the heads smaller
than in that species, but larger than is usual in H. Gronovii. Scales of the
involucre subulate. Achenia scarcely as much attenuated above as in H.
Gronovii. The bristly hairs which so remarkably distinguish this plant, which
are either whitish or brownish, are all ascending, not shaggy, but straight and
even, as if combed, and are frequently an inch in length ! They are slightly
dilated or papilliform at the base, and are denticulate under a lens, as in all
the species of this section. — We should not have deemed it proper to restore
the natne under which this singular plant was first indicated, though not fully
described, were it not probable that the H. barbatumof Tausch and Reicheu-
bach will continue a distinct species, and necessarily retain that name.

7. IT. Gronovii (Linn.) : stem virgate, leafy and very hirsute below,
naked and minutely pubescent towards the summit, forming an elongated
panicle ; leaves entire or denticulate, mucronulate, pale, villous-hirsute,
especially along the midrib beneath and the margins ; the radical and lower
cauline oblong-obovate or spatulate ; the upper oval or oblong, closely sessile
or partly clasping ; the slender peduncles and the base of the involucre more
or less hispid with glanduliferous hairs ; achenia fusiform and almost rostrate !
— Linn. ! spec. I. c, as to pi. Gronov. ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 87 (/3. foiiosum) ;
Pursh,fl. 2. p. 503 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 263 ,- Hook. ! fi. Bor.-Am. I. p. 298 (var.
a.) ; not of herh. Linn., Willd., Frml. in DC, Sfc. H. foliis rad. obverse
ovatis, &c., Gronov. ! fl. Virg. p. 114. H. Marianum Pulmonarife Gallicse
folio, Pluk. mant. p. 102, t. 420, f. 2. H. Marianum, Willd. spec. 3. p. 1572
(at least partly!); Frcel. ! in DC. I.e.; Nutt. / in trans. Amer. phil. soc.
I. c. p. 446. Stenotheca Mariana, Monnier, Hier. p. 72, t. 2,f. A.

13. subnudum : stem slender, with one or few leaves near the base, naked
and often glabrous above. — H. subnudum, Frcel. I. c. 1 {herb. DC. ! partly.)
Stenotheca subnuda, Monnier, I. c. t. 2.f. A, no. 5 (fruit).

y. hirsutissimum : stem (except the summit) and leaves strongly hirsute
with very long shaggy hairs, arising from small papills.

Dry sterile soil, common from Canada! to Florida ! Louisiana ! Arkansas!
and Texas ! y. Southern and Western States ! July-Sept. — The narrow
and elongated panicle, the hairy base of the stem, and the achenia tapering
so that they might be termed rostrate, abundantly distinguish the depau-
perate forms of this species from H. venosum. The more robust states have
often been confounded with H. scabrum. — From Tampa Bay, Florida, we
have a specimen of what appears to be a variety of this species, with the
pappus pure white when young, agreeing therefore in every respect with the
character of Crepis.

8. H. venosum (Linn.) : stem or scape naked or with a single leaf, gla-
brous, slender, several times dichotomous, forming a diffuse compound
corymb (the divisions subtended by a subulate bract) ; radical leaves obovate

478 COMPOSITiE. Hieracium.

or epatulate-oblong, entire or obscurely denticulate, slightly petioled, thin and
pale, often purplish and glaucous beneath, mostly with purple veins, the
margins and especially the midrib beneath villous, the surfaces often gla-
brous; the filiform divaricate peduncles and base of the involucre either
glabrous or sparsely and minutely hispid with short glanduliferous hairs;
achenia linear (very obscurely if at all narrowed at the summit). — Livn.
spec. 2. p. 800 ; Willd. ! sfec. 3. p. 1570 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 502 ; Ell. sk.
2. p. 262 ; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 297 ,• Darlingt. !fi. Cest. p. 446 ; Frod. !
in DC. prodr. 7. p. 217. Stenotheca venosa, Monnier, Hier. p. 72.

(i. subcaulescens : stem more or less leafy near the base ; the cauline leaves
varying from ovate to lanceolate, sessile or slightly clasping. — H. Gronovii,
Linn. ! herb., Sf spec. 2. p. 802, as to char, (not as to syn. Gronov. .') ;
Willd..' I. c. ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 87 (var. a.) ; Monnier, I. c. p. 30 ; Frcel. !
in DC. I. c.

In dry soil, pine woods, &c., Canada ! and Saskatchawan ! to Kentucky!
and the upper portion of Georgia ! &c. : mosl.abundant in the Northern and
New England States! May-July. — Scape 1-2 feet high. Earlier radical
leaves appressed to the ground, sparsely hirsute above ; the cauline when
present at length glabrous. Heads small, about 20-flowered : the ligules
long, bright yellow. Inner or principal scales of the involucre about 10,
glabrous or nearly so. — There is no specimen in the herbarium of Linnaeus
with this name : we know not whence he obtained the character, " scapo
crassissimo." — HaivTc-weed. Rattle-snake-weed. (One of the reputed anti-
dotes to the bite of venomous snakes.)

9. H. paniculatian (Linn.): stem slender, leafy, paniculate, villous to-
wards the base ; leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, den-
ticulate, sessile, membranaceous, glabrous ; panicle diflTuse, mostly com-
pound, dichotomous ; the slender filiform branches and peduncles divaricate,
nearly glabrous, as well as the (few) scales of the 12-20-flowered involucre ;
achenia short, not at all contracted at the apex. — Linn.! spec. 2. p. 802;
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 86 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Hook. ! I. c. ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest.
p. 447 ,• Frcul. ! in DC. prodr. 7. p. 222.

Woodlands, Canada! and Northern States! to the mountains of Georgia!
Aug.-Sept. — Heads smaller than in any other species of the genus: the in-
volucre of fewer scales even than H. venosum ; but the achenia as in the
proper Hieracia.

* * Natives of Oregon and the North West Coast.

10. H. triste {WWld. herb.): stem slender, simple, bearing one or two
leaves, and few or several racemose or paniculate heads; leaves oblong-
spatulate, entire or obscurely denticulate, villous or nearly glabrous, tapering
into slender petioles ; the upper cauline lanceolate; peduncles, the summit
of the stem, and especially the involucre cinereous-woolly and hirsute with
lonsj brownish hairs (which are seldom glanduliferous) ; achenia oblong, not
narrowed at the summit. — Sprens- ■' syst. 3. p. 640. H. triste & H. arcli-
cum, Fral. in DC. prodr. 7. p. 209. H. gracile, Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
«. 298, not oi Fro&l. in DC. I. c. p. 231. H. Hookeri, Steud. nomenc. ed. 2.
p. 763.

Unalaschka, Norfolk Sound, &c. Chamisso! Northern and higher Rocky
Mountains, -Drw?/UKo« J / — A span to a foot or more high. Heads about as
large as in H. venosum : the ligules very short. Involucre &c. remarkably
clothed with long grayish-brown hairs.

11. H". ScowZeri (Hook.): stem paniculate-branched, either smooth and
glabrous, except the base, or hispid with divaricate-spreading long bristly
hairs, leafy below ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or mucronate, mostly

HiERAciuM. COMPOSITiE. 479

entire, sessile or nearly so, hispid with spreading hairs; panicle compound ;
the erect peduncles and the (about 20-flowered) involucre more or less glan-
dular-hispid ; achenia columnar, not narrowed at the summit. — Hook..' Jl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 298.

Nootka, and at the mouth of the Oregon, Dr. Scouler! On the Wahla-
met, Nuttall. — A foot high, clothed with fuscous or brownish bristly hairs
(distinctly denticulate under a lens), like those of H. longipilum, except that
they are much shorter and spreading. Heads small; the involucre sparing-
ly calyculate, clothed with short mostly glanduliferous hairs, or in some
specimens nearly glabrous. — We suppose that the specimen from Pennsyl-
vania, mentioned by Hooker, belongs to H. Gronovii.

12. H. albiflorum (Hook.) : stem simple, naked and glabrous above, bear-
ing a compound corymb, leafy and his|)id near the base, like the petioles and
midrib of the leaves, with slender reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves lanceolate-
oblong, hirsute, entire; the lower tapering into a short petiole, the uppermost
small and sessile; peduncles short, divaricate, minutely bracteolate, nearly
glabrous; the scarcely calyculate involucre very sparingly hirsute with
slender bristly hairs ; achenia columnar, not narrowed at the summit ;
flowers white I-^i?ooA". .' ^. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 298 ; Nutt. ! in trans, Amer.
phil. soc. I. c. p. 446.

Alpine woods in the Rocky Mountains, north of Smoking River, lat. 56°,
Drummond ! Also around Fort Vancouver, Oregon, Nuttall. — Stem 1-3 feet
high. Heads about as large as in H. venosum.

X Obscure or little-known species.

13. H.? Kalmii [lAu'a.) : stem erect, many-flowered ; leaves lanceolate,
tooihed ; peduncles tomentose. (Stem erect, smooth, narrower than in H.
Sabaudum. Leaves lanceolate, alternate, subsessile, small, naked, acumi-
nate, dentate with sharper spreading teeth than in any other species of the
genus. Peduncles alternate at the summit of the stem, commonly simple
and one-flowered, whitish-tomentose ; bracts few and sparse, linear. Flowers
small, terminal, erect.) Linn.! spec. 2. p. 804," not of Spreng. &c., neither
of Monnier (under the name of Sclerolepis), nor oi Less, (under the name of
Pachylepis.)

Pennsylvania, Kalm. {v. sp. in herb. Linn.) — Heads and flowers about as
large as in Erigeron strigosum. Scales of the involucre narrowly linear,
glabrous, not rigid, plane, in a single series, with a few exterior and shorter
ones. Corolla apparently yellow. Receptacle naked ? Ovaries similar in
all the. flowers, somewhat turbinate, glabrous, not striate, neither rostrate nor
in the least attenuated at the summit. Pappus a single series of fragile
strongly denticulate-scabrous bristles, brownish-white. — It is singular that
this plant, if it were really collected in Pennsylvania, has never been met
with since the time of Kalm. The above particulars, which an inspection of
the original specimen enables us to add to tfie excellent general description of
Linnaeus, clearly show that this lost species has no affinity whatever with the
jilant which Monnier (we know not on what grounds) mistook for it, and de-
scribed under the name of Sclerolepis Kalmii {Ess. Hierac. p. 81, t. 4,/. D.),
and which is adopted by Lessing (Syn. Compos, p. 129) and DeCandoUe
{Prodr. 7. p. 98), under the name of Pachylepis. Monnier does not slate the
source whence his specimens were derived; but we are confident that his
plant (which is nearly allied to Zacintha and Pterotheca) is not of North
American origin, and therefore have not introduced it into our Flora.

14. iy. ar£|-uiMm (Nutt.) : leaves and base of the stem clothed with long
reflexed hairs; stem smooth, paniculate, the branches divaricate, with long
naked and smooth pedicels; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, all incisely

480 COMPOSITE. HiERAc.uM.

and sbarply toothed, acute; the cauline few and sessile; involucre small,
slightly bracteolate, smooth and blackish-green, of few scales in about 2
series; pappus gray and scabrous; achenia not attenuate at the summit;
flowers white? Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. p. 447.

St. Barbara, California, Nuttall. — This plant is unknown to us; and only
a single specimen was collected.

189. NABALUS. Cass. did. M.p. 94 (1825) ; Hoolc.fl. Bor.-Am. ^.p. 293.
Heurpalyce, Don (1829), not of DC. — Species of Prenanthes, Linn.

Heads several-(5-30-) flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5-14 linear
scales in a single series, and calyculate with several short accessory scales.
Receptable naked. Branches of the style much exserted. Achenia linear-
oblong, cylindraceous, striate or grooved, smooth, not contracted at the apex.
Pappus of copious straw-color or brownish scabrous capillary bristles, some-
what fragile. — Perennial (North American) herbs; the erect leafy stem
arising from a fusiform simple or branched tuber, which is extremely bitter
to the taste. Leaves entire, or variously lobed. Head racemose or pani-
culate, usually nodding. Flowers whhish, ochroleucous, cream-color, or
purplish.

§ 1. Heads pendulous: involucre calyculate, feiv-several-Jlowered, glabrous
{rarely jnore or less hairy). {Leaves very variable in the same species.)

1. N. albus (Hook.) : nearly glabrous, slightly glaucous, stem corymbosely
paniculate at the summit (usually purplish); leaves angulate-hastate, irregu-
larly toothed, sinuate-incised, or sometimes either palmately or somewhat
pinnately 3-5-lobed or parted (the lobes or undivided leaves mostly obtuse,
mucronate) ; the lower petioled ; the uppermost usually oblong, subsessile ;
heads in short spreading racemes or panicles, somewhat corymbose; invo-
lucre (glaucous and usually purplish) of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered ; pappus
deep cinnamon-color. — N. albus & N. serpentarius, Hook. I. c. (in part, and
as to syn.) N. suavis, DC! I. c. N. trifoliolatus, Cass, in diet. sci. nat.
34. p. 95. Prenanthes alba, Linn.! hort. Cliff, p. 383, Sf spec. I. c. (excl.
/?.); Michx.! fl. 2. p. 83; Bot. mag. t. 1079; Pursh, I. c. ; Bigel. fi. Bost.
ed. 2. p. 286 (partly) ; Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 444 (partly). P. suavis,
Salisb. parad. Bond. t. 85. P. rubicunda, Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1537 {ex
herb.), excl. syn. P. Miamensis? ovata, & proteophylla, Riddell, I. c.
Chondrilla alba. Lam.

(3. Serpentaria : cauline leaves on slender petioles, deeply sinuate-pinna-
tifid or 3-parted, the terminal lobe 3-cleft, often sparsely ciliate with rough
hairs. — Prenanthes Serpentaria, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 499, t. 24. Harpalyce Ser-
pentaria, Don, in Edinb. netv. j^hil. journ. 6. p. 305; Beck, I. c.

Open grounds and borders of woods, Newfoundland ! Canada ! and Northern
States ! to the Upper Mississippi! and the Mountains of the Southern States!
Aug.-Sept. — A stouter plant than N. altissimus ; the stem sometimes spotted-
Leaves very variable, pale beneath ; the margins mostly somewhat scabrous
and ciliate. Heads half an inch or more in length. Achenia scarcely striate.
Corolla white or ochroleucous, sometimes tinged with purple. — White Lettuce.
Lion's Foot. Rattlesnake-root.

2. N. altissimus (Hook.) : glabrous or nearly so ; stem virgate ; leaves
(membranaceous) all petioled, either undivided or the lower palmately 3-5-

Nabalus. composite. 481

cleft, parted, or even divided; the lobes or leaves acuminate, repandly
toothed or denticulate ; heads in small axillary and terminal clusters, form-
ing an elongated virgate panicle ; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales,
5-6-flowered ; pappus dirty white, or straw color. — Hook.! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 294 ; DC. -prodr. 7. p. 241 (ex syn.) (N. albus & N. serpentarius,
Hook. I. c, at least in part, fide spec. !) Sonchus elatus, &c. Pluk. ! aim.
t. 317, /. 2. Preuanthes altissima, Linn.* spec. ed. 2. p. 1121 (ex char. &
syn. Pluk.) ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 498; Ell. sk. 2. p. 256. P. parviflora, Rid-
dell, syn. Western plants, p. 50. Chondrilla altissima, Lain. diet. 2. p. 78.
Harpalyce altissima, Beck, hot. p. 167.

[3. ovatus: cauline leaves nearly all ovate, abruptly contracted into
winged petioles.

y. cordatus : leaves mostly cordate, on slender petioles. — N. cordatus,
Hook. I. c. Prenanthes cordata, Willd. .' hort. Berol. t. 25 ; Pursh, I. c ;
Ell. I. c.

J. deltoideus : leaves deltoid, strongly repand-toothed ; the upper often
cordate, on margined petioles ; the radical and lowest cauline triangular-
hastate, sometimes 3-parted. — N. deltoideus & N. cordatus ! DC. I. c.
Prenanthes deltoidea. Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 257.

e. dissectus : leaves all 3-parted or. divided; the segments either entire or
deeply 2-3-cleft ; the lobes narrowly lanceolate or linear.

Woods, Newfoundland ! Canada ! and Northern States ! to Kentucky !
and the mountains of Georgia ! Aug.-Sept.— Stem 3-5 feet high, rather
slender, either simple or sparingly paniculate at the summit, sometimes
pubescent below, as well as the midrib and margins of the leaves. Corolla
yellowish or greenish-white. — A well-marked species, notwithstanding the
extremely variable foHage, of which we have enumerated the most striking
forms.

3. N. Fraseri (DC! 1. c.) : glabrous or slightly puberulent; stem corym-
bose-paniculate at the summit; leaves mostly deltoid, usually somewhat
scabrous, variously and often pinnately 3-7-lobed, and contracted into winged
or margined petioles (the lobes short and mostly sinuate-denticulate) ; the
upper subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, often undivided; racemes paniculate;
involucre (greenish or slightly tinged with purple,) either glabrous or with a
few scattered hairs, of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered ; pappus straw-color.—
N. trilobatus, Cass, in diet. sci. nat. I. c. ? N. Fraseri, N. trilobatus & N.
serpentarius (3. 1 DC! I. c. Prenanthes folio scabro inciso . . . floribus dilute
luteis, &c., Clayt. ! in Gronov. fl. Virg. 3. p. 133. P. rubicunda, Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 499, excl. syn. P. alba, Ell. sk. 2. p. 259.

(3. integrifolius : leaves thickish, lanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse, den-
ticulate, or sharply and irregularly toothed ; involucre often somewhat hairy.
— N. integrifolius, Cass. I. c. ; DC. ! I. c.

y. harhatus: leaves thickish, lanceolate or oblong, mostly sessile; the
upper often somewhat auriculate-clasping, sinuate-toothed or nearly entire ;
racemes paniculate ; involucre (12-15-flowered) hirsute when young with
long purplish hairs ! — Prenanthes crepidinea. Ell. sk. 2. p. 259, not of
Michx.

Dry sterile or sandy soil, from Florida! and Alabama! to New
York ! Connecticut ! and Newfoundland 1 (3. Long Island, New York ! and
North Carolina ! y. Saluda Mountains of Carolina, Dr. Machrlde. Ala-
bama, Mr. Buckley ! Sept.-Oct.— Stem 1-4 feet high, usually much
branched : the leaves exceedingly variable. Flowers cream-color or ochro-
leucous. — This species, most abundant in the Southern States (where it is

* The specimens of Prenanthes altissima and P. alba are evidently transposed in
the Linnaean herbarium !

VOL. II. — 61

482 COMPOSITiE. Nabalus.

called Gall-of-the-Earth), resembles N. albus in its mode of growth, number
of flowers, &c., but N. altissimus in its pappus. The very remarkable var. y.
but appears to pass through var. 13. into the ordinary state of the plant.

4. N. nanus (DC.) : glabrous ; stem simple, low ; leaves deltoid-hastate,
angulate, or variously lobed or cleft, on slender petioles ; heads in small
axillary and terminal clusters, forming a strict racemose panicle ; involucre
(livid or blackish-green) 10-13-flowe'red, of about 8 obtusish proper scales;
the bracteolate scales very short, triangular-ovate, appressed ; bracts and
bracteoles minute and subulate ; pappus dark straw-color. — DC! prodr. 7.
p. 241. Prenanthes alba, var. nana, Bigel. ! fi. Bost. ed. 2. p. 286 ; Torr. !
compend. p. 277 (partly). Harpalyce alba /3. Beck. hot. p. 167.

Alpine region of the White Mountains of New Hampshire ! and of
Essex County, New York ! Aug.-Sept.— Plant 5-10 inches high. Leaves
varying in the same manner as those of N. altissimus, either all undivided
and hastate-triangular, angulate-toothed, or hastate-3-lobed ; _ or else the
lower or the whole 3-parted, with the divisions 2-3-cleft or entire, oblong Or
lanceolate, often somewhat ciliate when young, as well as the tips of the
involucre. Heads nearly as large as hi N. albus. Flowers whitish.

5. N. Boottii (DC.) : stem simple, dwarf, pubescent at the summit when
young ; radical and lowest cauline leaves subcordate or hastate-cordate, ob-
tuse °the middle oblong ; the upper lanceolate, mostly entire, tapering into a
margined petiole; heads in a simple or nearly simple raceme, slightly nod-
ding; bracts and bracteoles linear; involucre (livid) 10-18-flowered, of
10-15 obtuse proper scales; the calyculate scales linear, lax, unequal, nearly
half the length of the proper involucre ; pappus straw-color. — DC. ! prodr.
7. p. 241. Prenanthes alba, var. nana, in part, Bigel.! I. c. Sfc.

Higher alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire !
On the extreme summit of Whiteface Mountain, Essex County, New York,
Mr. Macrae ! Aug.-Sept. — Plant 5-8 inches high. Scales of the invo-
lucre very obtuse, "pubescent-ciliate when young; the calyculate scales
nearly similar, but shorter and unequal. Flowers whitish. — Nearly allied
as is this species to the preceding, yet the characters we have indicated ap-
pear to be constant. According to Mr. Tuckerman, the flowers are odorous
in this species, but not in N. nanus.

6. N. virgatus (DC.) : glabrous, somewhat glaucous; stem virgate, very
simple; cauline leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile or partly clasping ;
the upper entire and gradually reduced to bracts ; the lower toothed or pin-
natifid ; the radical tapering into a margined petiole, sinuately or runcinately
and often deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes lanceolate-linear or oblong; heads in
small clusters, on short many-bracteolate peduncles (the minute bracteoles
subulate), forming a very long and slender mostly unilateral spicate raceme;
involucre (smooth and purplish) of about 8 proper scales, 8-12-flowered ;
pappus straw-color. — DC! I. c. — Prenanthes virgata, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 83;
Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1533 ;Pursh, fl. 2. p. 498 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 258. P. sim-
plex, Pursh, I. c. excl. syn. P. autumnalis, &c. Gronov. ! fl- Virg. ed. 2.
p. 113; Walt.! Car. p. 193. Sonchus virgatus, Desf., ex Steud. Har-
palyce virgata, Beck. hot. p. 167.

Moist places, in sandy fields and pine barrens. New Jersey! to Florida! in
the low country. Sept.-Oct. — Stem 2-4 feet high ; the naked wand-like
raceme 1-2 feet long. Flowers purplish. (' Dr. WitVs Snake-rool.' Clayt.)

§ 2. Heads nodding or erett: involucre calyculate, 12-35-flowered, hirsute.
(Leaves mostly undivided.)

7. N. racemosus (Hook.) : stem virgate, simple, and with the leaves smooth
and glabrous; radical and lower cauline leaves oval, oblong, or oblanceolate,

Nabalus. ■ COMPOSITJE. 483

sharply denticulate, tapering into winged petioles; the upper lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, partly clasping, entire ; heads in short racemes or fascicles,
scarcely spreading, forming a long and narrow interrupted spicate panicle ;
involucre (of 8-10 scales) with the short peduncles very hirsute, about 12-
flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 29i ; DC! I.e.
Prenanthes racemosa, Michx.! Jl. 2. p. 84; Torr.! compend. p. 277. Har-
palyce racemosa, Don, I. c. ; Beck, hot. p. 168.

f3. spicate panicles numerous, elongated (6-8 inches), crowded, forming a
thyrsiform compound inflorescence.

y. leaves deeply and irregularly laciniate-pinnatifid !

Canada! (Northern Canada, Michaux!) and Saskatchawan ! Wisconsin!
and Michigan ! to the plains and prairies of Ohio ! Also Hackensack marshes,
New Jersey ! /?. & y. Hackensack marshes, Mr. J. Carey! Sept. — Stem
2-5 feet high, striate. Flowers flesh-color or light purple.

8. N. asper: stem virgate, simple, and with the sessile leaves scabrous-
pubescent; lower leaves oval-oblong, narrowed at the base, irregularly and
sharply toothed; the upper oblong-lanceolate, closely sessile, often entire;
heads mostly erect, in small fascicles, forming a long and narrow compound
raceme ; the short peduncles and rachis woolly-hirsute ; involucre of 8-9
scales, very hirsute, 12-14-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — N. lUinoensis,
DC. I. c. Prenanthes aspera, Michx.! Ji. 2. p. 83 (1803). P. lUinoensis,
Pers. syn. 2. p. 366. Chondrilla lUinoensis, Poir. suppl. 2. p. 331.

Dry barrens and prairies of Ohio! Indiana! Illinois! Kentucky! Western
Louisiana! and Upper Missouri! Sept. — Stem 2-4 feet high. Leaves
small. Heads larger than in the preceding; the hairs of the involucre often
purple. Flowers sulphur or cream-color.

9. N. crepklineus {UC.l I.e.): somewhat glabrous; stem tall and stout,
corymbose-paniculate ; leaves (ample) unequally toothed ; the radical deltoid-
hastate, the lower cauline triangular-ovate or deltoid-lanceolate, on winged
petioles ; those of the branches ovate-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat petioled ;
heads in small paniculate clusters, nodding, on short pubescent peduncles ;
involucre of 12-14 proper scales, hirsute, 20-35-flowered ; pappus brownish.
— Prenanthes crepidinea, Michx. ! Jl. 2. p. 84. P. gigantea, Raf. ! in
herb. DC. Hieracium crepidineum, Frcel. mss.

Borders of thickets and cultivated fields, Ohio! Indiana! and Illinois! to
Kentucky ! and the high mountains of Carolina. Aug.-Oct. — Plant 5-8 feet
high. Lower leaves sometimes a foot long. Heads campanulate-cylindrical,
large. Involucre blackish. Flowers ochroleucous.

§ 3. ^Heads nearly erect, corymbose : involucre ecalyculate {with one or two in-
conspicuous bracteolate scales), somewhat pubescent, few-jiowered. (Indige-
nous to the North West Coast.)

10. N. alatus (Hook.) : nearly glabrous; stem paniculate-corymbose at the
summit ; leaves membranaceous, deltoid, acuminate, sharply or laciniately
toothed, with long winged petioles; the radical cordate ; the uppermost cauline
lanceolate, sessile; heads loosely corymbose; involucre of 7-9 lanceolate
somewhat acuminate minutely pubescent scales, 7-9-flowered ; pappus straw-
color. — Hook.! ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 294, t. 202. Sonchus hastatus. Less, in
Linneea, 6. p. 99; Bongard, veg. Siicha, I. c. p. 146. Mulgedium hasta-
tum, DC! prodr. 7. p. 250.

Unalaschka, &c. Chamisso! Sitcha (also Kamtschatka), Bongard.
Observatory Inlet and Fort Vancouver, Dr. Scouler! — Plant a foot or
more high. Root or tuber small, fusiform. Flowers flesh-color. Mertens
{Bongard).

484 COMPOSITiE. Ltgodesmia.

190. LYGODESMIA. Don, in Edinb. phil. jour. 6. p. 305 (excl. spec.) ;
Hook.ji. Bor-Am. l.p. 295; DC.

Lygodesmia & Erythremia, Nutt.

Heads 5-10-flowered. Involucre elongated cylindrical, of 5-8 linear scales
in a single series, and calyculate with a few very short imbricated bracteolate
scales. Receptacle scrobiculate. Branches of the style much exserted.
Achenia linear, elongated, somewhat cylindrical, striate, smooth, not contracted
at the apex. Pappus of very copious and scarcely scabrous whitish capillary
bristles, in many series, rather persistent. — Perennial glabrous and some-
what glaucous rigid branching herbs (natives of sterile plains chiefly beyond
the Mississippi), with the habit of Chondrilla: the leaves linear or subulate,-
entire ; those of the branchlets reduced to mere scales. Root perpendicular.
Heads solitary terminating the stem or branches, erect. Flowers reddish-
purple or rose-color.

This genus differs from Prenanthes and Nabalus rather in its striking habit than
in any mai'ked or important floral characters.

§ 1. Heads 5-Jiowered : pappus soft: stems very muck branched, not spines-
cent. EULYGODESMIA.

1. L. juncea {J)oxi\ I.e.): stems very much branched, striate; lower
linear-sublanceolate, rigid ; the upper subulate. — Hook. ! ji. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 295, t. 103 ,• DC. prodr. 7. p. 198. Prenanthes juncea, Pursh ! jl. 2.
p. 498; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 123.

Plains of the Missouri and Platte to the Rocky Mountains, Lewis? Nut-
tall ! Dr. James ! Lieut. Fremont ! and of the Saskatchawan, Drummond!
May-June. — About a foot high. Lower leaves 1-2 inches long. Flowers
purple according to Pursh, rose-color according to Nuttall, blue according to
Hooker. Pappus extremely copious, at first nearly white ; the soft slender
bristles scarcely at all scabrous. Mature achenia slender, half an inch
jOng.

§ 2. Heads A-5-flotvered : pappus rather rigid : stems divaricately much
branched: the branchlets spinescent. — Pleiacanthus, Nutt.

2. L. spinosa (Nutt.) : stem and branches not striate, rigid; lower leaves
linear, thickish ; those of the branches reduced to minute bracts ; proper
scales of the rather short cylindraceous involucre about 4, lanceolate ; the
calyculate scales conspicuous, ovate. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc.
{n. ser.) 1. p). 444.

Plains of the Rocky Mountains towards California, Nuttall! — A span to a
foot high, divaricate and spreading ; " the base somewhat pubescent, and
producing remarkably large tufts of brownish matted down." Nutt.
Flowers rose-red. Pappus less copious and more rigid than in the preceding,
by no means barbellate, as described by Nuttall, but appearing very slightly
scabrous under a good lens. Mature achenia not seen.

Lygodesmia. composite. 485

§ 3. Heads about 10-flowered: pappus rather soft : stems scapiform, sparing-
ly branched : leaves mostly radical, linear and elongated, somewhat fleshy.
— Erythremia, Natt.

3. L. grandiflora: dwarf; stems several from the same root (a span
high), scarcely longer than the narrowly linear radical leaves. — Erythremia
grandiflora, Nutt. I in trans. Amer. phil. sac. I. c. p. 445.

Borders of the Platte, near the Rocl^y Mountains, Nuitall ! — Heads large
for the size of the plant, equalling those of the following species. Proper
scales of the involucre about 8 ; the calyculate scales ovate, ciliate. Ligules
large and showy, rose-red. Achenia unknown. Pappus somewhat evident-
ly denticulate-scabrous towards the base.

4. L. a]}liyila {DC. I.e.): stem slender, elongated, striate-angled, spar-
ingly dichotomous towards the summit, many times longer than the attenu-
ated linear-filiform chiefly radical leaves ; bracts minute at the origin of the
branches. — Prenanthes pumila, Baldivin! niss. P. aphylla, Nutt..' gen. 2.
p. 123, Sfin Sill. jour. p. 299 ; Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 261. Erythremia aphylla,
Nutt. ! I. c. p. 446.

(i. Texana : stem stouter ; leaves flattish, sparingly and remotely pin-
natifid-laciniate. (Perhaps a distinct species.)

Pine barrens, St. Mary's, Georgia, Baldivin! Florida, Mr. Croom! Dr.
Chapman ! Dr. Leavenworth ! &c. (i. Texas, Drummond ! — Stem about 2
feet high, nearly naked. Heads showy; the cylindrical involucre nearly an
inch long : the calyculate scales very small, ciliate. Ligules large, rose-
color. Achenia very long and slender. Pappus slightly fawn-colored,
scarcely scabrous.

191. MALACOTHRIX. DC. prodr. 7. p. 192. (char, imperfect.)
Malacomeris, Leucoseris, & Leptoseris, Nutt.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispherical;
the scales narrow, numerous, more or less imbricated in 2-3 series, the exte-
rior often calyculate. Receptacle naked. Ligules narrow. Achenia oblong,
truncate at both ends, angled or nearly terete, 8-15-striate or ribbed, smooth,
glabrous ; the summit furnished (as in Andryala and many Hieracia) with a
minute or inconspicuous crenulate or many-toothed ring, surrounding the
base of the true pappus. Pappus consisting of a single series of slender and
rather soft silvery-white capillary bristles (20-40 in number), which are ser-
rulate-scabrous towards the apex, but minutely and sparsely barbellate near
the base, deciduous. — Californian herbs (with a single and dubious excep-
tion), of somewhat varied aspect, mostly with a deciduous pubescence, and
pinnatifid or undivided leaves. Flowers yellow or white.

This genus is most allied to Andryala ; with which the section Leucoseris nearly
agrees in habit, and from which the naked receptacle, the different pubescence, &c.
chiefly distinguish it.

§1. Annual, acaulescent : scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acuminate,
in 2-3 series; the exterior shorter and loose : flotvers yelloio. — Eumalaco-

THRIX.

1. M. Californica (DC. ! 1. c.) : softly and loosely villous when young, al

486 COMPOSITiE. Malacothrix.

length somewhat glabrous ; leaves all radical, clustered, linear-filiform, en-
tire, or mostly sparingly pinnately-parted, much shorter than the naked sim-
ple scapes; heads solitary ; immature achenia crowned with a minute pec-
tinate border simulating an obscure setulose exterior pappus.

California, Douglas ! — Scapes several from the slender and simple per-
pendicular root, fistulous, perfectly leafless, a span or more in height, termi-
nated by a rather large head. Leaves very slender. Mature achenia un-
known ; the immature linear-oblong (certainly not obovate), obscurely striate.
Pappus long, separating somewhat in a ring.

§2. Suffruticose and perennial ? subcaulescent : scales of the involucre linear,
in about 2 rather unequal series, and with several calyculate bracteoles :
flowers yellow. — Malacomeris, Nutt.

2. M.incana: canescently tomentose with a somewhat deciduous wool ;
leaves chiefly radical, clustered, irregularly pinnatifid ; the lobes (3-7) re-
mote, short, oblong-linear ; stem scapoid, bracteate, usually somewhat
branched, and bearing 2 or 3 heads; achenia angled, many-striate, the bor-
der obsolete. — Malacomeris incana, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.)
7. p. 435.

St. Diego, California, on an island in the bay, Nuttall ! — Low, decumbent,
nearly a span high ; the radical leaves in close clusters, shorter than the
flowering stems. Heads smaller than in the preceding. Achenia small,
brownish. Pappus exactly as in M. Californica, but more copious.

§ 3. Annual, subcaulescent {heads only 30-iO-flowered) : scales of the involu-
cre in 2 series; the inner linear-lanceolate, 12-15, equal ; the outer short
and unequal, calyculate, appressed : flowers yelloiv. — Leptoseris, Nutt.

3. M. sonchoides : dwarf, glabrous ; stems branching, somewhat corym-
bose ; leaves linear-oblong, runcinate ; the cauline small and scattered ; the
radical with short approximate lobes, spinulose-denticulate ; achenia some-
what angled, striate-ribbed, crowned with a very minute and denticulate bor-
der, simulating an exterior obscure coroniform pappus. — Leptoseris son-
choides, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 438.

Plains of the River Platte, Nuttall ! June. — Plant 4-5 inches high, with
several stems springing from a slender tap-root, bearing small heads, which
resemble those of a Crepis. Exterior scales of the involucre erose-denticu-
late. Pappus exactly as in the preceding, but shorter, deciduous in a ring.
Achenia pale.

§ 4. Perennial, caulescent, leafy : scales of the involucre numerous ; the inner
linear, equal, appressed, in about 2 series ; the outer short and calyculate,
subulate, spreading, copious: flowers white. — Leucoseris, Nutt.

4. M. saxatUis : somewhat pubescent when young; stems diffuse or de-
cumbent, leafy, branching ; leaves fleshy, linear-oblong, obtuse, mostly en-
tire ; the lower occasionally somewhat serrate or pinnatifid towards the base ;
heads few, somewhat fastigiate ; peduncles with minute subulate bracteoles;
calyculate scales subulate- lanceolate, very numerous, imbricated; achenia
somewhat angled, strongly ribbed, crowned wuh a minute denticulate bor-
der.— Leucoseris saxatilis, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 440.

St. Barbara, California, on shelving rocks near the sea, Nuttall ! April. —
Stems 1-2 feet long. Leaves 2-3 inches in length, half an inch wide, often
auriculate at the base, and partly clasping. Heads as large as those of the

Malacothrix. composite. 487

Dandelion. Flowers very numerous, pure white. Achenia dark brown.
Pappus as in the rest of the genus.

5. M. commutata : herbaceous, glabrous ; stem erect, fistulous, striate,
leafy, racemose-corymbose at the summit ; leaves lanceolaie-linear, sessile,
acute, denticulate, those of the branches entire ; heads terminating the sim-
ple branches ; calyculate scales of the involucre subulate, squarrose-spread-
ino-, rather numerous; the proper scales very narrow and acute. — Hieracium?
Californicum, DC. ! prodr. 7. p. 235. "Sonchus? Californicus, Hook. Sf
Am. hot. Beechey, suppl. p. 361. Leucoseris Californica, Nutt. I.e.

California, Douglas .'—Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves not fleshy, much
narrower than in the preceding (to which it is very closely allied) ; the heads
smaller, with the ligules in the dried specimens purplish underneath. Ma-
ture achenia unknown : ovaries with no manifest border or crown at the
summit. Pappus as in the preceding.

6. M. tenuifolia: sufFruticose, glabrous; stem erect, branching (2-3 feet
high); leaves sessile, laciniate-pinnatifid, with long and narrowly linear
lobes; the upper entire, filiform ; heads few, corymbose. JVmW.— Leucoseris
tenuifolia, Null. I. c.

St. Barbara, California, on the mountains near the town.— The expanded
flowers and fruit not seen. Involucre as in M. saxatihs. but the scales
narrower and more acuminate. Nutiall.

192. CREPIS. Linn. (excl. spec.) ; Manch ; DC. fi. Fr., Sfprodr. I. c.

Heads several-many-flowered. Involucre mostly double; the inner or
proper scales in a single series ; the outer short and calyculate. Receptacle
somewhat fimbrillate-hairy, or naked. Achenia terete or slightly com-
pressed, mostly 10-30-striate, either columnar, narrowed at the apex, or
obscurely attenuate-rostrate. Pappus copious, capillary, white ; the bristles
somewhat scabrous, usually very soft and slender (in H. chondrilloides,
hyoseridifolia, pygmgea, &c., rather rigid and slightly thickened towards the
base!).— Branching herbs (natives of the northern hemisphere), with nearly
the involucre of Senecio. Leaves mostly toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers
yellow.

§ 1. Involucre many-fiowered ; the exterior calyculate scales often loose : re-
ceptacle naked or somewhat hairy : achenia mostly 1Q-\Z- striate. — Eu-
CREPis, DC. (Crepidium & Psilochsena, Nutt.)

1. C. runcinata : perennial ? radical leaves obovate-oblong or oblong-lan-
ceolate, narrowed at the base and somewhat petioled, hirsute-pubescent on
both sides, or at length glabrous, runcinate-toothed or somewhat incised, or
frequently entire on the same plant ; the cauline solitary or reduced to mere
linear bracts at the bifurcations of the corymbosely branched scape ; scales
of the pubescent involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, with scarious margins ;
achenia somewhat attenuated upwards, smooth, scarcely as long as the
pappus. — Hieracium runcinatum, James, in Long's exped. 1. p. 453 ; Torr.
in ann. lye. NewYork, 2. p. 209. Crepis biennis ,i. Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 297, not of Linn. C biennis /3. ? Americana, DC. prodr. 7. p. 163.
Crepidium runcinatum, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 436.

Saskatchawan, to the prairies of the Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! Lake
Huron, Dr. Todd. Borders of woods at Devil's Lake, Mr. Nicollet!

488 COxMPOSIT^. Crepis.

Grassy plains of the Platte, Nuttall. — Scape 1-2 feet high, 2-4 times dicho-
tomous. Heads fastigiate, resembling those of C. biennis ; from which this
species is distinguished by its mostly naked and slightly pubescent scape,
narrower and less scarious scales of the involucre, &c., as well as the much
more entire leaves. Some states seem to approach the following species, so
as only to be distinguished by the larger heads, and more or less pubescent
involucre.

2. C. glauca : perennial, glabrous and glaucous throughout; leaves all
radical, thickish, spatulate-oblong, or nearly lanceolate, mucronate or some-
what acuminate, tapering to the base, unequally runcinate-toothed or runci-
nate-pinnatifid, or some of the leaves entire ; scape naked, twice or thrice
dichotomous, with minute bracts at the divisions; scales of the proper in-
volucre about 12, linear; the calyculate scales minute; achenia obscurely
angled, smooth, slightly attenuated towards the apex, as long as the pappus.
— Crepidium glaucum, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. ■phil' soc. I. c.

0. caulescens : not glaucous [?] ; stem with a cauline leaf at the first;-
division. — Crepidium caulescens, Nutt. I. c.

Plains of the Upper Platte, Nuttall! Lieut. Fremont! July-Aug. —
Scapes about a foot high. Heads much smaller than in C. runcinata, about
30-flowered. Leaves"3-6 inches long, tapering into an indistinct or winged
petiole. Achenia strongly striate-ribbed, smooth.

3. C. occidentalis (Nutt.) : perennial ? dwarf, canescent with a close fur-
furaceous pubescence; cauline leaves few, sessile, pinnately parted, with the
linear or lanceolate lobes often somewhat toothed ; the radical lanceolate,
acute, runcinate-pinnatifid, tapering into a petiole ; the short lobes toothed ;
heads (few) paniculate-corymbose; proper scales of the cylindrical involucre
8-10, linear-lanceolate, canescent, and sparsely hispid with blackish haira
intermixed ; the calyculate scales few and very short; achenia fusiform, not
angled or striate, as long as the pappus. — Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7.
p. 29. Psilochaena occidentalis, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

On the Oregon, near the Rocky Mountains, Mr. Wyeth ! Plains of the
Platte, Nuttall .'—A span high. Heads as large as in C. runcinata, about
20-flowered. Achenia probably all fertile, tapering to the apex, not rostrate.
Pappus grayish-white.

§ 2. Involucre few-flowered, cylindrical ; the exterior calyculate scales very
short and oppressed : receptacle naked: achenia slender, 5-10-striate. —
Ph^casium, Cass., Reichenb. (Crepis § Leptotheca, Nutt.)

4. C. nana (Richards.) : perennial, nearly acaulescent, depressed, very
glabrous and glaucous ; scapes numerous from the summit of the somewhat
fusiform caudex, clustered, bearing one or more about 14-flowered heads,
scarcely equalling the elliptical or roundish entire or sinuate-lyrate long-
petioled leaves ; achenia linear, narrowed at the apex, scarcely rostrate. —
Richards. ! aj)px. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 92 ; Hook. ! appx. Parry's 2nd
voy. p. 397, t.l, &f fl. Bor.-Am.l. p. 297. Hieracium, dec, Gmel.fl.
Sibir. 2. p. 20, t. 7, f. 2 Sf 3. Prenanthes pygmsea, Ledeb. in mem. acad.
St. Petersb. b.p. 55.3. P. polymorpha, Ledeb. ! fl. Alt. 4. p. 144. (a. Sf (i.)
Barkhausia nana, DC! prodr. 7. p. 156.

From the Arctic coast and islands ! to lat 64°, and on the northern Rocky
Mountains! (Also in Arctic Siberia !)— Scapes and leaves an inch or two in
height ; the lamina of the inner leaves often oblong-linear. Corolla yellow,
turning purplish in drying. Achenia all uniform, or the central perhaps a
little longer than the marginal, 10-striate, a little constricted at the apex, and
then dilated into a disk that bears the pappus ; certainly none of them ros-
trate as in Barkhausia !

Crepis. composite. 489

5. C. elegans (Hook.) : perennial, very glabrous and glaucous ; stems
numerous from the same fusiform root, slender, paniculate, bearing nume-
rous (small) 10-14-flowered heads ; radical leaves oval or spatulate, petioled,
nearly or quite entire ; the cauline narrowly spatulate ; the upper linear, ses-
sile.— Hook. ! ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 297 ; DC. ! prodr. 7. p. 172. Barkhausia
elegans, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 435.

On the Assiniboin River, Drummond ! — Plant 6 inches high ; with rather
smaller heads than the preceding; the young achenia similar to those of that
species, and not more rostrate.

6. C. acuminata (Nutt.) : perennial ; .stem nearly glabrous, sparingly
leafy, bearing numerous 8-10-flowered heads in a naked and fastigiate com-
pound corymb ; leaves pubescent, lanceolate ; the radical runcinate-
pinnatifid, tapering at the base into a petiole, and at the apeX into a slender
entire acuraination ; the cauline few and sessile ; the uppermost narrowly
linear, entire ; calyculate involucral scales villous-pubescent when young. —
Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 437.

Plains of the Platte, Nuttall! — Root long and fusiform. Scapiform stem
a foot high. Radical leaves 4-5 inches long. Heads more slender than in
C. nana; the young achenia, pappus, &c. similar.

193. TROXIMON. Nutt. in Fras. cat. 1813, c^ gen. 2. p. 127 ; not of Gcertn.

Agoseris, Raf. (excl. char.) — Ammogeton, Schrad.

Head many-flowered. Scales of the campanulate involucre ovate-lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate (distinct or nearly so), membranaceous, some-
what loosely imbricated in 2-3 series ; the exterior sometimes shorter. Re-
ceptacle subalveolate, rarely with a few chaffy scales intermixed among the
flowers! Achenia glabrous, oblong-linear, somewhat obcompressed, 10-
ribbed, with a large basilar callus, more or less narrowed at the apex, but
scarcely if at all rostrate. Pappus longer than the achenium, consisting
of copious and unequal rather rigid white bristles, in several series, scarcely
scabrous, the stronger ones gradually thickened towards the base, and fre-
quently more or less flattened. — Perennial acaulescent herbs, with the aspect
of Scorzonera (natives of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri, the interior of
Oregon, Saskatchawan, &c.,) ; the naked simple scapes terminated by a large
head. Root fusiform or thickened. Leaves linear or lanceolate, elongated,
entire, denticulate, or rarely runcinate-pinnatifid. Flowers showy, yellow,
sometimes changing to purple or rose-color when old or in drying.

We find a gradual transition from the typical species of Troximon to Macrorhyn-
chus, to which genus this bears nearly the same relation that Crepis does to Bark-
hausia. Even the nature of the pappus fails to furnish a very marked distinction,
although in Troximon it is more or less rigid. Indeed, were the genus founded on
T. cuspidatum alone, it would inevitably be referred to the subtribe ScorzonereaB ;
for all the bristles of die pappus in that species are somewhat flattened and wider
towards the base ; the inner and stronger ones so much so that they should rather
be termed palea than bristles. But this character is much less evident in the nearly
allied T. glaucum ; and in the other species the bristles are capillary, although rather
stift'. The remaining Troximon of Gsertner proving a Scorzonera, the name should
certainly be kept for the present genus.

1. T. cuspidatum {VuTsh): somewhat tomenlulose when young; leaves
narrowly linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminnte, somewhat nerved, especially

VOL. II. — G2

490 COMPOSITE. Troximon.

on the broad midrib ; the often undulate margins tomentose ; scales of the in-
volucre somewhat scarious, lanceolate, cuspidate-acute, glabrous, in two
nearly equal series, erect ; bristles of the pappus very numerous, rigid; the
inner and stronger series evidently flattened and dilated towards the base ! —
Pursh,fi. 2. p. 742. T. marginatum, Null.! gen. 2. p. 128, <!^' in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. {n. ser.) 7. j)- 433.

Plains of the Upper Missouri and Platte to the Rocky Mountains, Brad-
hury ! Nuttall ! Mr. Nicollet! Eagle Prairie, Wisconsin, Mr. Lapham !
April-June. — Heads, &c., apparently rather smaller than in the following.
Acheuia manifestly obcompressed, obtusely ribbed, a little narrowed at the
summit, but not at all rostrate, much shorter than the setose pappus.

2. T. giaucum (Nutt.) : somewhat glaucous; leaves linear-lanceolate,
acute, entire, Or rarely with one or two small teeth (the broad midrib some-
what nervulate towards the base), and with the scape nearly glabrous ; scales
of the involucre loosely imbricated in 3-4 series, somewhat unequal ; the
exterior (green) ovate-lanceolate and more or less pubescent when young ;"
bristles of the pappus capillary, rigid. — Nntt. ! in Fras. cat. (1813), <^' gen.
2. p. 128 ,• PursKJi. 2. p. 496 <V 506 ; Sims, bot. mag. t. 1667 ; Hook. ! fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 300. (var. (i.)

(3. dasycephaluni : involucre woolly at least when young, the exierior
scales spreading ; leaves and scape often somewhat pubescent ; receptacle
sometimes, but not always, furnished with a few linear-acuminate chaffy
scales intermixed among the flowers! — T. giaucum, Richards..' appx.
Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 29 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 252. T. giaucum, a. Hook. !
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 300; 6f bot. mag. t. 3462. T. pumilum, Nutt. in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. I. c. ? Ammogeton scorzoneraefolium, Schrad. ! ind. sem.
Gait. 1833 ; DC! prodr. 7- p. 98.

Grassy plains of the Upper Missouri, Bradbury, Nuttall! Dr. James ! and
Big Sioux River, Mr. Nicollet! to Saskaichawan, Drummond ! (3. Saskat-
chavvan and prairies of the Rocky Mountains to the Arctic coast, Drummond !
Richardson! July-Aug. — Scape 6-12 inches high. Leaves 6-8 inches
long, 4-10 lines wide. Heads nearly an inch in diameter. Tube of the
bright yellow corolla beset with long jointed hairs near the summit. Achenia
abruptly narrowed at the apex, obcompressed, at least when young. — It is
remarkable that the chaff' on the receptacle of the var. ,3. is found in some
but not all of the wild specimens we have examined.

3. T. parviflorum (NuXl.) : glabrous, or somewhat villous-pubescent when
young; leaves narrowly lanceolate-linear, acute or acuminate, entire, some-
times retrorsely denticulate towards the base ; scales of the glabrous invo-
lucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, few, in 2-3 series ; the outer bracteolate,
scarcely half the length of the inner; pappus capillary, rigid. — Nutt.! in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Plains of the Platte to the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall ! Lieut. Fremont ! —
Scape 4-5 inches high, mostly longer than the leaves: the latter about 2 lines
wide. Head very much smaller and narrower than in the preceding ; the
flowers and involucral scales much fewer. Flowers yellow, sometimes
changing to rose-color in drying.

4. T. roseum (Nutt.) : leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, with short linear lobes,
and with the scape sparsely villous-pubescent when young; scales of the
glabrous involucre lanceolate, acuminate, few, in 2-3 series, the exterior
short; pappus copious, capillary, rigid (flowers rose-color). — Nutt.! in trans.
Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Plains of the Platte, with the preceding, " which it wholly resembles, ex-
cept the leaves and red [rose-color in spec, char.] flowers," Nuttall! — Ache-
nia with 10 sharp ribs, rathsr shorter than the pappus, narrowed at the apex

TroximoiN. composite. 491

into a somewhat distinct beak. — Probably not sufficiently distinct from the

foregoing.

t Uncertain species.

5. T. taraxacifolium (Nutt.) : somewhat hirsute ; leaves lanceolate or
oval-lanceolate, scarcely acute, incisely runcinate-toothed at the base ; scales
of the involucre in about 2 series, the inner linear; achenia ' rostrately at-
tenuated.' Na(t. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

Plains of the Wahlamet, Oregon.— Remarkable for its broad leaves, which
are an inch and a quarter wide, by six inches in length, most pubescent on
the midrib. Scape rather short. Pappus very long and coarse, minutely
scabrous. Nutlall.

T. odoratum, Raf., and the other fictitious species of the Flora Ludoviciana, it
would be quite useless to attempt to identify.

194. MACRORHYNCHUS. Less. syn. p. 139 ; Fisch. 8f Meyer, ind.
sem. St. Pelersh. 1835. ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 145.

Macrorhynchium, Reichenb. — Trochoseris, Pmpp. tf" Endl.
Head many-flowered. Scales of the campanulate involucre imbricated
in few series, lanceolate; the exterior often foliaceous, sometimes calyculate.
Receptacle naked. Achenia mostly terete, or slightly obcompressed, linear
or fusiform, about 10-ribbed or grooved, the ribs callous, corky, or alate, the
apex at length produced into a long and slender or filiform beak. Pappus
shorter than the achenium, consisting of copious uniform soft and white capil-
lary bristles, minutely scabrous, often caducous. — Annual or perennial
acaulescent or subcaulescent (American, chiefly Western,) herbs, with
nearly the habit of Troximon. Leaves entire or laciniate-pinnatifid. Scapes
simple, with soUtary heads. Flowers yellow.

§ 1. Perennial : ligules elongated: achenia fusiform, 10-ribbed or lO-nerved,
glabrous {the outer series sometimes infertile, ex Nutt.) ; the ribs uniform,
not winged or j)roduced. — Stylopappus, Nutt.

* Scales of the campanulate involucre consimilar, in few series ; the exterior often
squarrose-spreading or calyculate. (Stylopappus § Troximeria, Null.)

1. M. troximoides: glabrous, at least when old, acaulescent; leaves ob-
lanceolate, mostly obtuse and entire (rarely with one or two small salient
teeth), tapering into slender margined petioles ; scales of the involucre lanceo-
late, appressec?, in about 2 somewhat ecjual series, the exterior rather broader,
woolly pubescent when young, as well as the summit of the elongated scape ;
achenia fasiform-linear. strongly and closely 10-sulcafe, gradually attenuated
into a beak which is nearly as long as the deciduous pappus, but shorter than
the proper bo:ly of the achenium.— Troximon auraniiacum, Hook.! Ji. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 300, t. 104,- DC. prodr. 7. p. 252. T. pumilum, Nutt.! in
trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. ?

Alpine prairies of the Rocky Mountains, Drunimnnd ! On the Wind
River Chain at the elevation of "7000 feet and more, Lieut. Fremont! Mount
Ranier, Oregon, Mr. Tolinie .'—Scape a span to a foot high. Corolla orange-

492 COMPOSITiE. Macrokhtjschds.

color. — We have described the fruit from the single specimen collected by
Lieut. Fremont; which alone exhibits it fully developed. The slender
terete achenium, with the beak, is nearly three-fourths of an inch long ; and
the apex, as in other species, is abruptly dilated into a flat disk for the inser-
tion of the pappus, which is quite fugacious. In no case do we find the in-
volucral scales united as in Hooker's figure.^This is possibly the Macro-
rhynchus aurantiacus, Fisch. S^- Meyer; a species of unknown origin : but it
does not sufficiently accord with the brief character given by De CandoUe.

2. M. laciniatus : nearly glabrous, at least when old, acaulescent ; leaves
narrowly linear, sparingly laciniaie-toothed towards the base, or subpinnatifid ;
the lobes (1-3 on each side) linear, slender; scales of the involucre lanceo-
late, acute, imbricated in 3-4 series ; the outer shorter and somewhat spread-
ing, woolly-pubescent when young, as well as the summit of the scape ;
" stipe more than twice the length of the achenium." — Stylopappus (Troxi-
meria) laciniatus, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

13. longlfolius : leaves more pubescent, deeply divided, slender; exterior
scales of the involucre nearly equalling the inner, foliaceous, spreading. —
Stylopappus laciniatus ii. longifolius, Nutt. ! I. c.

Plains of the Wahlamet, Oregon, Nultall! Oregon, Dr. Scouler! (var. /?.)
— Plant 6-12 or 20 inches high. Heads nearly as large as in M. troximoides.
Flowers pale yellow.

3. M. elatus : at length nearly glabrous, acaulescent ; leaves sparingly
and unequally pinnatifid, glaucous ; the lobes and rachis narrowly linear-
lanceolate ; scape woolly when young ; scales of the involucre hirsute, lanceo-
late, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the exterior shorter ; stipe rather longer than
the slender achenium (marginal infertile ? achenia minutely pubescent.) —
Stylopappus (Troximeria) elatus, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. _

On the Wahlamet, with the preceding, Nuttall /—Scape 1-2 feet high ;
sometimes with a single small leaf. Stipe of the achenium filiform.— Near-
ly allied to M. laciniatus.

4. M. Lessingii (Hook. & Arn.) : root perennial; stem scapiform, gla-
brous ; leaves glabrous, narrowly linear, pinnatifid, with segments short and
remote (leaves either entire, toothed, or subpinnatifid, obtuse, elongated obo-
vate, DC); scales of the involucre rather obtuse, with scarious margins,
somewhat hirsute ; achenia fusiform, deeply 10-striate-sulcate, the ribs ob-
tuse and not winged, one-third the length of the filiform beak (those of the
outer and inner flowers similar) ; pappus soft, caducous. Hook. Sf Arn. hot.
Beechey, supiil. p. 361. Borkhausia Lessingii, Hook. S^- Arn. I. c. p. 145.
Troxiraon apargioides, Less, in Linntea, 6. p. 501 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 252.

California, Chamisso, Capt. Beechey, Douglas.— This plant is unknown
to us. Lessing says it has the aspect of Krigia Virginica, or a state of Leon-
todon autumnale with a single head.

* * Scales of the hemispherical involucre dissimilar; the exterior short, foliaceous,
detiiiculate, squarrose-spreading.

5. M. grandiflorus : pubescent or at length glabrous, acaulescent; leaves
lanceolate, lyrately pinnatifid, tapering into long petioles; the terminal lobe
large and oblong-lanceolate; scape stout, fistulous, striate, wpoUy at the
bas'e ; exterior scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, rather rigid, in 2-3 series,
about half the length of the inner, which are narrowly lanceolate-linear,
acute, somewhat scarious, as long as the pappus; achenia linear-oblong,
acute at each end, 10-striate, about one-third the length of the setiform beak ;
pappus very soft and slender. — Stylopappus grandiflorus, Nutt. ! I. c.

High plains of the Wahlamet, Nuttall /—Scape a foot high. Head larger
than that of the Dandelion ; only seen in fruit. Achenia very small for the

Macrorht.nchds. COMPOSITiE. 493

size of the head, 2-3 lines long (the exterior abortive, Nutt.) ; the capillary
stipe twice the length of the very white pappus.

§ 2. Annual : ligules elongated : achenia linear-oblong, glabrous, obtuse ;
the outer series inflated and scarcely striate ; the others compressed [obcom-
pressedl], with 10 acute narrowly loinged ribs : scales of the involucre im-
bricated in few series, the exterior shorter and calyculate. — Crypto-
PLEURA, Nutt.

6. M. Californicus : dwarf (3-4 inches high), subcaulescent, hirsute : leaves
linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate ; scales of the involucre in about 3 series ;
the outer ovate, acute, hirsute ; the inner lanceolate ; achenia about half the
length of the filiform beak. — Cryptopleura Californica, Nutt. in trans. Amer.
phil. soc. I.e. p. 431.

Near St. Barbaja, California, Nuttall. — The achenia are said to be yel-
lowish-white : the pappus very soft and white. We have not seen the plant,
and have derived the character wholly from Nuttall's description.

§ 3. Annual: ligules scarcely exserted: achenia {glabrous or nearly so) with
the ribs callous-corky or winged : scales of the involucre in few series, op-
pressed, or the exterior foliaceous and squarrose-spreading. — Macrorhyn-
CHus, Less., Fisch. & Meyer. (Trochoseris, Papp. 8f Endl. Kyma-
pleura, Nutt.)

7. M. hetrophyllus (Nutt.) : dwarf, subcaulescent, villous-pubescent when
young ; primary leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, mostly entire ; the others
sparingly pinnatifid, with 2-3 short linear lobes on each side; the terminal
lobe elongated, oblong-linear ; scape scarcely longer than the leaves ; scales
of the involucre lanceolate, appressed, in 2 series ; the outer rather shorter
and somewhat pubescent ; achenia with slightly undulated wings, about one-
third the length of the filiform beak. — M. (Kymapleura) heterophyllus, Nutt. !
mss., &c trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 430. Kymapleura heterophylla,
Nutt. I. c. (in errata.)

Plains of Oregon, Nuttall ! — Plant 4-5 inches high, slender. Head small.
Corolla pale yellow, purplish externally, fugacious. — This species appears
to resemble M. Pa3ppigii. We do not observe any marked difference be-
tween the outer and inner achenia, or that either are at all compressed, or
more than obscurely pubescent, and that only when quite young.

195. TARAXACUM. Haller, enum. Helv. (excl. spec.) ; Juss. ; DC. I.e.

Head many-flowered. Involucre double ; the exterior of small scales,
either appressed, spreading, or reflexed ; those of the inner erect, in a single
series; all often callous-corniculate at the apex. Receptacle naked. Achenia
oblong, striate-ribbed or angled, muricate on the ribs, the apex abruptly
produced into a long beak. Pappus of copious white capillary bristles. —
Acaulescent perennial herbs, with simple fistulous and naked scapes
bearing a rather large head ; the leaves all radical, oblong, or lanceolate,
either nearly entire, sinuate-toothed, or runcinate. Flowers yellow. —
Dandelion.

494 COMPOSITiE. Taraxacum.

* Exterior involucral scales spreading or squarrose.

1. T. Dens-leonis (Desf.) : at length glabrous; leaves unequally and
acutely runcinate, the lobes toothed anteriorly; scales of the involucre not
comiculate, the exterior reflexed ; achenia muricale at the summit. — DC. !
prodr. 7. p. 145. T. officinale, Vill. ; Koch, syn.Jl. Germ. S^- Helv. p. 428,
var. a. Leontodon Taraxacum, Linn. ; En^'i. hot. t. 510 ; Pursh, fi. 2.
p. 497 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 250 ; Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 296 ; Darlingt.! fl.

Cest. p. 443. , -D .

Pastures, &c., naturalized nearly throughout the United States ! Proba-
bly native in the Northern States, and throughout British America on both
sides of the Rocky Mountains. Hook. April-Sept.—" When the heads of
flowers first expand, the pappus is nearly sessile; as soon as the florets
shrivel, the inner series of the involucre closes for a short time, in a cylindri-
cal form ; the beak of the achenia then becomes suddenly elongated, the
whole involucre is reflexed, and the elevated pappus displayed in a globular
head." Darlinot. — The following species (the characters of which we copy
from chiefly De CandoUe, who keeps them distinct), as well as nearly all
the genuine Taraxaca, are not improbably correctly viewed^ by Fries, Koch,
and other excellent botanists, as mere varieties of this, the Common
Dandelion.

2. T. latilohum (DC.) : leaves runcinate, glabrous above, sparsely hairy
(especially on the midrib) beneath ; the lobes broadly triangular, toothed an-
teriorly, crowded ; scape glabrous ; scales of the involucre not comiculate ;
the exterior reflexed-spreading ; achenia muricate throughout. DC! L c.

Newfoundland, Pylaie /—Very [too] near T. Dens-leonis. DC.

3. T. ceratophorum (DC.) : leaves glabrous, sinuate-toothed or riancinate ;
scapes glabrous, when young tomentose at the apex ; scales of the involucre
all erect, furnished with a callous horn below the apex ; achenia mucronate
at the apex, as long as the beak. DC. I. c. — Leontodon ceratophorum,
Ledeb. Jl. Alt. 4. p. 149, S^- ic. pi. Ross.- Alt. 1. ^ 34.

Unalaschka (and Kamtschatka).— Lobes nf the leaves various in size ; the
larger triangulate. Head twice as large as that of T. Dens-leonis. DC.

* * Exterior involucral scales apprcssed.

4. T. jJahistre {DC .) : glabrous; leaves lanceolate, sinuate or somewhat
runcinate, as long as the scape; scales of the involucre not comiculate; the
exterior lanceolate, acute; achenia spinellose-muricate at the apex, one-half
or one-third the length of the beak. DC. ! fi. Fr., &f prodr. I. c— Leon-
todon palustre, SmHh, fi. Brit. 2. p. 823 ; Engl. hot. t. 553 ; Hook. .' fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 296. L. Taraxacum [:i. salinum, E. Meyer, pi. Lahrad.
p. 58. Taraxacum montanum, ISutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 430,
not of -DC.

British America ! from Labrador and Hudson's Bay to the Pacific. Also
amonfT the Rocky Mountains, in somewhat saline situations on the Platte,
and in the highest vallies of the Colorado of the West. Nuttall! — Varies
greatly as to the shape and toothing of the leaves.

5. T. hirsutum (Hook.) : hirsute throughout ; leaves pinnalifid ; the une-
qual lobes acuminate, remote; scales of the involucre erect, appressed,
clothed with fulvous hairs. Hook.! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 296 (under Leonto-
don); DC. I.e. p. 149.

Menzies' Island, and sandy banks of the Oregon, Douglas, Dr. Scouler.

PYRRHOFAPfUS. COMPOSITE. 495

196. PYRRHOPAPPUS. DC. prodr. 7. p. 144.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the exterior of numerous linear-
subulate mostly loose and spreading scales ; the interior of numerous erect
linear scales, in a single series, often somewhat corniculate near the apex,
their margins usually more or less united. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia
oblong, somewhat terete, 5-sulcate, minutely scabrous, muricate, or rugu-
lose ; the apex at length produced into a long beak. Pappus of copious and
very soft capillary (scarcely scabrous) bristles, either reddish or fulvous. —
Perennial ? or perhaps mostly annual or biennial nearly glabrous herbs (na-
tives of the Southern United States and Mexico, except a doubtful Cape spe-
cies); with oblong or lanceolate often pinnatifid or laciniate leaves; the
simple or branching stems naked at the summit and bearing rather large
heads. Flowers deep yellow.

1. P. Carollnianus (DC! I.e.) : stem simple or mostly branched above;
earliest radical leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, sinuate-toothed or nearly en-
tire; the others lanceolate, acute, mostly laciniate or pinnatifid; scales of
the inner involucre somewhat corniculate near the apex, slightly caulescent,
like the apex of the peduncle, with a minute furfuraceous pubescence; ache-
nia minutely rugulose transversely when mature, much shorter than the
filiform beak, which is furnished with a villous ring immediately at the base
of the fulvous or at length reddish pappus. — Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil.
soc. I. c. p. 430 {3. maximus). Leontodon Carolinianum, Walt. Car.
p. 192. Scorzonera pinnatifida, Michx. ! ji. 2. p. 89. Chondrilla Ifevisata,
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 497. Borkhausia Caroliniana, Nutt. gen. 2. f. 126 ; Ell.!
sk. 2. p. 251 ,• HooJc. ! in compan. to hot. wag. 1. p. 100. (o. S( j3.)

Fields, &c., Maryland ! and Virginia ! to Louisiana ! and Arkansas !
common. March-July. — ® or 2| ? Stem often scapifortn, with only one
or two partly clasping leaves, sometimes a little pubescent at the base.
Flowers showy. — De Candolle, describing from immature specimens, states
that the acheniuni has a short beak ; but when mature it is remarkably long,
as described by Elliott.

2. P. grancliflorits (Nutt.) : scape simple, naked, much longer than the
deeply ])innatifid and ciiiate radical leaves, bearing a single head ; involucre
slightly canescent; pappus fulvous, furnished with a villous ring at the base.
— Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I.e. P. scaposus, DC. I.e.? Bork-
hausia grandiflora, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 69.

Borders of shaded ravines, &c., Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher! May. — Root
slender, apparently annual. Earlier radical leaves runcinate-toothed or sub-
pinnatifid; the succeeding larger (4-6 inches long) deeply pinnatifid, with
the lobes linear-oblong, sparingly angulate-toothed, divaricate or spreading.
Scape a foot high, with a single small bract in the middle. Head larger
than in the preceding ; the flowers golden yellow. Achenia not seen.
Ovary with a short beak.

197. LACTUCA. Tourn. inst. t. 267 ; Linn. ; Gfertn.fr. t. 158 ; DC. I. c.

Heads several-few-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical calyculate-imbri-
cated involucre in 2-4 series ; the exterior shorter. Receptacle naked.

496 COMPOSlTiE. Lactuca.

Achenia obcompressed, flat, wingless, glabrous, abruptly produced into a
filiform beak. Pappus of copious very soft and white capillary bristles in
several series, fugacious. — Caulescent herbs (chiefly of the northeru hemis-
phere) ; with entire or pinnatifid leaves, and paniculate heads. Flowers
yellow, blue, purple, or white, often variable in the same species.

In all the following species, the heads are about 20-flowered ; and the achenia
brownish or blackish, very obscurely scabrous-rugulose, one-nerved in the middle of
each face, and sometimes with two obsolete nerves towards the margin. Nuttall
places them all in his Galathenium ; but we cannot compi-ehend how this portion
of the proposed genus is to be distinguished from Lactuca, nor the remainder from
Mulgedium ; nor why the author did not refer to it his own Mulgedium pulchellum,
which is exactly intermediate between Mulgediiun and Lactuca.

1. L. graminifolia (Michx.) : stem simple, virgate ; leaves elongated,
sessile ; the cauline narrowly linear, acute, entire ; the lowest and radical
sparingly runcinate-pinnatifid or toothed in the middle, linear and elongated
towards the base and apex ; heads in a narrow loose and leafless panicle ;
achenia elliptical, rather longer than the beak ; flowers purple, varying to
white, or yellow \— Michx. / ji. 2. p. 85 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 253 ; Hook. !
compan. to hot. mag. 1. p.XQO; DC. prodr. 1. f. ]34. L. graminea,
Spreng. syst. 3. p. 659. Galathenium graminifolium, Nutt. in trans. Amer.
phil. soc. I. c. 7. p. 443. G. salicifolium, Nutt. ! I. c. as to the spec. " Florida,

Ware," in herb. acad. Philad.

a. glabrous, or the midrib of the lower leaves often sparingly hirsute.

|8. lower leaves and base of the stem hirsute.

Dry soil. South Carolina to Alabama ! and Western Louisiana ! April-
Sept. — (J) or 2^ ? Stem 2-3 feet high, slender. Lower leaves 6-10 inches
long, 3-6 lines wide ; the radical usually with one or 2 pairs of runcinate
lobes.

2. L. elongata (Muhl.) : stem tall and stout, simple or paniculate at the
summit ; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath, the upper usually lanceolate
and entire ; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads in an elongated leafless
panicle ; achenia oval, rather longer than the beak ; flowers light yellow,
varying to purple.

a. longifolia : glabrous or nearly so ; upper leaves elongated lanceolate
and often entire ; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid, with the lobes lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, entire or slightly repand-toothed ; the terminal lobe elon-
gated; flowers mostly light yellow. — L. longifolia, Michx. ! Ji. 2. p. 85. L.
elongata, Muhl. in Willd. spec. 3. p. 1623; Pursh, ji. 2. p. 500; Ell. I
sk. 2. p. 252; Hook.! JI. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 296; Darlingt. ! Ji. Cest. p,
442; DC! prodr. 7. p. 137. L. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. p. 193 ? Gala-
thenium elongatum, Nutt. ! I. c.

(3. integrijolia : glabrous ; leaves all or nearly all undivided, lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, entire or repand-denticulate ; the lowest occasionally
])innatifid ; flowers light yellow, ochroleucous, tinged with purple, or bluish-
purple. — L. integrifoUa, Bigel. ! ji. Bast. ed. 2. p. 287 ; DC. prodr. 7. p.
137, not of Nutt. L. sagittifolia. Ell. ! sk. 2. p. 253 ; DC. I. c. Gala-
thenium integri folium, Nutt. I. c. G. salicifolium, Nutt. ! I. c, as to Pennsyl.
specira. herb. Schweinitz.

y. sanguinea : smaller; leaves all or nearly all runcinate; mostly hir-
sute-pubescent (as well as the stem) either throughout or on the midrib be-
neath ; the lobes usually shorter and broader, irregularly toothed, the terminal
one not prolonged ; flowers yellow-purple {Muhl. mss.), dark-red with a
yellowish centre {Oakes, mss.), saffron-color, or purple (branches and invo-
lucre often purplish). — L. hirsuta, Muhl. cat. ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 124.

Lactuca. COMPOSIT^E. 497

L. villosa, Muhl.Jl. Lancaslr. ined. L. sanguinea, Bigel. ! fi. Bost. ed. 2. p.
134 ; DC. I. c. Galathenium sanguineum, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc.
I. c. G. Floridanum, Nutt. ! I. c, fide herb. acad. Philad.

e. alhijlora: glabrous, " flowers white" ; otherwise as in var. y.

Rich damp soils, fields and borders of thickets, Canada ! and Saskatcha-
wan! to Georgia! and Louisiana! y. Massachusetts! and Upper Mis-
sissippi ! to Louisiana ! and Texas ! in more exposed places and sterile soil.
<5. Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! July-Aug.— (f) ? Stem 2-8 feet high,
hollow. Leaves mostly large, very variable ; all the above varieties pass-
ing into each other. — Wild Lettuce. Fire-weed.

X Doubtful species.

3. L. Ludoviciana (DC. 1. c.) : very smooth (3-5 feet high); leaves all
runcinate, retrorsely and sharply toothed ; the cauline partly clasping ; panicle
divaricate, the peduncles and involucre naked ; pappus conspicuously stipitate ;
flowers yellow, ISutt. — Sonchus Ludovicianus, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 125. Gala-
thenium Ludovicianum, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc, as to syn.

Moist places in the open plains around Fort Mandan on the Missouri, Nutt-
all. June. — This is entirely unknown to us. May it not be a state of the
polymorphous Lactuca elongata? But a specimen in the herbarium of the
Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia (New Orleans, Mr. Trudeau!)
ticketed by Mr. Nuttall ' Mulgedium Ludovicianum', is M. Floridanum,
wanting the lower leaves.

L. Canadensis (Linn. 1. c), as to the description, and especially as regards the
syn. " L. Canadensis altissima angustifolia, flore pallide luteo.'' Town. inst. p. 474,
(which is perhaps the foundation of the species) probably relates to the common
Lactuca elongata; to which, indeed, the very imperfect specimen in the Linnaean
herbarium may belong, although it is marked by Smith as a Sonchus.

198. MULGEDIUM. Cass. diet. 33 (1824), p. 296 ; Less. syn. p. 142 ; DC.
Agathyrsus, Don (1829).

Heads many-flowered. Involucre calyculate-imbricated ; that is, with the
exterior scales much shorter than the others and more or less imbricated.
Receptacle naked, foveolate. Achenia glabrous, compressed, striate with a
few nerves or ribs on each side, the summit contracted into a more or less
evident thickish beak of the same texture with the body of the achenium, which
is expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk. Pappus of copious somewhat
scabrous capillary bristles in one or more series, rather soft and deciduous,
either bright white or tawny. — Caulescent herbs (mostly of the northern he-
misphere) ; with pinnatifid or undivided leaves, and racemose or usually
paniculate heads. Flowers blue, rarely dull bluish-white or ochroleucous.

§ 1. Pajtpus bright white: corolla blue or purple. — Eumulgedium, DC.

* Achenia tapering into a slender beak : involucre imbricated.

1. M. pulchellum (Natt.): glabrous, pale or glaucescent; stem simple or

sparingly branched; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, sessile, mucronale,

entire, or lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads several, racemose-corymbose ;

the erect peduncles furnished with subulate scale-like bracteoles; scales of

vol.. II. — 63

498 COMPOSITiE. MuLGEDJUM.

the conoid-cylindraceous involucre lanceolate, imbricated in 3-4 series;
achenia minutely scabrous, lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a conspicuous
beak. — M. pulchellum & M. heterophyllum, Nutt. ! in trans. Amer. phil. soc.
(?i. ser.) 7. p. 441. Sonchus pulchellus, Pursh! fl. 2. p. 502. S. Sibiricus,
Richards. ! appx. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 30 ; Hook. Iji. Bor.-Am. \. p. 293 ;
not of Linn, (at least as to the Siberian plant.) Lactuca integrifolia, Nutt. !
gen. 2. p. 124, not of Bigel. (L. oblongifolia, Nutt.! in Fras. cat.) L.
pulchella, DC. jirodr. 7. p. 134.

a. leaves entire, or the lower occasionally 1-2-toothed towards the base,
varying from lanceolate-oblong to narrowly linear.

/?. lower and sometimes nearly all the cauline leaves runcinate-pinnatifid ;
the lobes oblong-lanceolate, entire.

Alluvial soil, &c., from the Upper Missouri and Platte, Nuttall! Mr. Ni-
collet! Lieut. Fremont! and Lake Huron (Dr. Todd), north to Fort Franklin,
in lat. 66°, Richardson! Drummond! and west to the mouth of the Oregon,
Douglas! Mr. Tolmie ! Nuttall ! July-Aug. — H A foot or more high, with,
pretty large heads (the involucre mostly tinged with purple), and showy
bright blue flowers. — This plant, in some of its forms, has very much the
aspect of M. Sibiricum; from which it is distinguished by the leaves being
neither acuminate, nor dilated at the base (except the uppermost) or clasping,
by the more imbricated involucre, and especially by the achenium, which
tapers gradually into a prominent beak, the apex of which seldom presents
the firm texture of the body of the fruit. The var. (3. is also quite as nearly
allied to M. Tartaricum; the achenium of which is unknown to us.

* * Achenia with a short mul thick or obsc^tre beak : involucre calyculate-imbricated.

2. M. acuminatum (DC. ! 1. c.) : glabrous ; stem paniculate at the sum-
mit; cauline leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate or
toothed, usually somewhat pubescent or hairy on the midrib and veiny be-
neath, contracted at the base into a winged ])etiole ; the radical rarely sinuate
or slightly runcinate ; heads in a loose panicle, on short divaricate and some-
what bracteolate peduncles ; involucre glabrous ; achenia slightly rostrate. —
Sonchus acurainatus, Willd.! spec. 3. p. 1521 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 502; Ell.!
sk. 2. p. 255 ,- Torr. ! compend. p. 279 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 446. S.
Floridanus, Michx.! fl. 2.^;. 85, in part. Lactuca villosa, Jacq. hart.
Schcenb. 3. t. 367 ; Beck. hot. p. 170.

Borders of thickets, &c. New York ! to Ohio ! Kentucky ! Georgia ! and
Alabama ! Aug.-Sept. — (f) Stem 3-6 feet high, often purplish. Leaves
3-6 inches long, thin; the radical and sometimes the lower cauline truncate at
the base. Flowers blue or purplish-blue. Heads small, nearly as in the
following species ; from which the undivided leaves chiefly distinguish it.

3. M. Florid anum [DC \ I.e.): glabrous; stem paniculate above ; leaves
lyrately or somewhat runcinately pinnately parted, with the segments sin-
uately or sharply toothed, the terminal usually triangular and acute or acumi-
nate; the lower leaves petioled, often with small segments interposed; the
uppermost sessile, lanceolate, sinuate-lobed or toothed ; heads in a loose
compound panicle, on divaricate slightly bracteolate peduncles; involucre
glabrous ; achenia with a short beak. — M. lyratum, Cass. diet. I. c. 33. p.
297. M. divaricatum, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 442. Chon-
drilla sylvestris alta, &c., Clayt. ! in Gronov. fl. Virg. p. 115. Sonchus
Floridanus, Linn.! spec. 2. p. 795 ; Willd. ! spec. 3. pi- 1520 ; Michx. ! fl.
2. j7. 85 (in part); Pursh, fl. 2. p. 501; Ell. sk. 2. p. 225. S. Lap-
ponicus, Willd. I. c. 1 (excl. syn. & habitat.) S. biennis, Mcench. S. leu-
cophaeus, Hook.! compan. to hot. mag. 1. p. 100. Lactuca Floridana,
GcErtn. fr. t. 158. Agathyrsus Floridanus, Beck, I.e. (quoad syn.) Galathe-
nium Floridanum, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c.

MuLGKDiuM. COMPOSITiE. 499

/?. leaves somewhat sessile, or the upper cordate-clasping. — M. multiflorum,
DC. I. c. Sonchus racemosus, Lam. did., ex DC. S. muliiflorus, Desf.
cat. Par. (1829). p. 145. Galathenium multifloriim, Nutt. I. c.

y. achenia very obscurely rostrate ; otherwise as in the ordinary plant.

6. lower leaves with one or two narrow and often elongated lobes on each
side ; the terminal large and triangular-hastate, rarely hastately 3-lobed.

In rather rich soil, Southern and Western States ! /?. Mountains of
the Southern States, Rafinesque ! Herb. Schweinilz ! <^'c. from Virginia !
and Ohio! to Florida, Louisiana! and Texas! y. Indiana, Dr. Clapp!
6. Ohio, Mr. Lea! North Carolina, Mr. Curtis ! Tennessee, Rajincsque !
July-Sept. — 2i or (2) ? Stem 3-6 feet high; the summit and loose
branches often purplish and a little glaucous. Lower leaves large, variable
in form ; the terminal lobe often smallest. Heads as large,- or rather larger
than in M. leucophceum. Involucre calyculate-imbricate, often tinged with
purple. Flowers blue.

§ 2. Pappus tawny : corolla light Mice, or ochroleucous. — Agalma, DC.

4. M. leucoplueum (DC! I.e.): glabrous or nearly so ; stem tall, very
leafy, paniculate at the summit; leaves irregularly subruncinate-pinnatifid
or pinnately parted, coarsely and unequally toothed, often sparsely ciliate
and hairy on the veins beneath ; the upi)ermost often undivided, lanceolate-
acuminate; heads in an ample compound panicle; peduncles racemose,
subulate-bracteolate; involucre glabrous; flowers bluish-white or ochroleu-
cous, usually changing to a pale dirty blue; achenia slightly rostrate. —
Sonchus alpinus, Linn. ! spec, as to spec. char, only; Smith! ic. pi. rar. t.
21. S. Canadensis, Linn. I. c, as to ihe habitat (the whole char, and descr.
relating to the European S. alpinus). S. spicatus, Lam. diet. 3. p. 401.
S. leucophasus, Willd. ! spec. 3. p. 1520 (excl. syn. Walt.) ; Pursh, Jl. 2.
p. 501; Desf.! cat. Par.; Hook.! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 293. S. acumi-
natus, Bigel. Ji. Bost. S. Fioridanus, Ait.! Kew. 3. p. 116; Darlingt.!
Jl. Cest. p. 445. S. pallidus, (Pursh?) Torr. ! compend. p. 279. Lactuca
Canadensis, &c., flore leucophteo, Tourn. inst. p. 474. L. Canadensis, Linn,
spec. 2. JJ. 796? Agathyrsus leucophaeus, Don; Beck, bat. p. 170. Mulge-
dium (Leucomela) leucophasum, Nutt.! in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 442.

fS. integrifolia : leaves ohovate-oblong or lanceolate, undivided, or the
lower sparingly runcinate-pinnatifid, or incised.

Low grounds, &c., Saskatchawan ! Newfoundland! Canada! Massa-
chusetts! and tliroughout the Northern and Western States! to the moun-
tains of Carolina ! Also Oregon, Dr. Scouler ! Aug.-Sept. — (!) Plant
3-12 feet high. Lower leaves often a foot long; the upper sessile, and
usually partly clasping. Heads small. Pappus dirty white or tawny-
brownish. — To the synonyms of this well-marked plant, perhaps we should
add that of Sonchus macrophyllus, of American writers.

} Of uncertain origin.

5. M. macrophyllum (DC. ! 1. c.) : stem strict, hispid at the summit ;
leaves ample, cordate at the base, somewhat lyrate, hairy beneath, the
terminal lobe very large and cordate; panicle loose, hispid; involucre
sparingly hispid. DC. — Sonchus macrophyllus, Willd.! spec. 3. ^;. 1519.
(excl. syn. Gronov.) " S. Canadensis, Frcel. in Ust. ann. 1. p. 29." S.
cordifolius, Desf. cat. Par. (1804) p. 87.

" North America. — Root tuberous. Stem 4-7 feet high. Flowers blue,
as large as in the common Succory." Willd. — This well-marked species was
founded on specimens cultivated in the Berlin Botanic Garden ; the origin of
which is no-where recorded. We have seen nothing like it in this country,

600 COMPOSITiE. MuLGEDiUM.

and are somewhat confident that it is not a native of North America. We
have no conception what plant (if any) Pursh had in view, under this name,
whicli is said to grow in shady low grounds, near springs, from Pennsylvania
to Carolina."

M. alpinum, Less., should be excluded from the North American Flora; the real
Sonchus alpinus, in fact, having never been found in Canada, nor the S. alpinus,
Smith. ic.pL t. 21, in Lapland or any part of Europe. The history of the confusion
respecting S. alpinus and S. Canadensis produced by Linnaeus, is evidently as
follows. The specimens of the European S. alpinus and of a Canadian plant
received from Kalm were transposed in the Linnsean herbarium ; where the former
(which was well described in the Lachesis Lapponica and the Hortus Cliffbrtianus
long before the latter was known to botanists) is ticketed " S. Canadensis (K)," and
the latter, (which is S. leucophseus, Willd.) " S. alpinus." Not perceiving this
mistake, Linnaeus, in the Species Plantarum, consti-ucted the specific phrase of S.
alpinus from the Canadian plant so ticketed in his herbarium (while all the synonymy
and the habitat relate to the alpine European species) ; and at the same time gave sm
excellent description of the species he had himself collected in Lapland, under the
name of S. Canadensis. Smith, on obtaining possession of the Linnsean herbarium,
not duly considering Linnajus's description in the Hortus Cliffortianus, nor his
detailed account of the Lapland plant in the then manuscript Lachesis Lapponica,
incautiously figured the American specimen as the original Sonchus alpinus ; and
took the European species (which he afterwards named S. coeruleus) to be also a
native of Canada. Hence, although the synonymy has long since been rectified,
so far as relates to the European S. alpinus, that species also has ever since been
erroneously viewed as an American plant.

199. SONCHUS. Linn. (excl. spec); Cass.; DC. prodr. 7. p. 184.

Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or
less imbricated. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed, longitudinally
ribbed or striate, not rostrate or attenuated at the apex. Pappus of copious
very while exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles, in several series. —
Chiefly caulescent weed-like herbs (scarcely any of which are natives of
this country) ; with undivided or pinnatifid leaves, and often corymbose or
umbellate heads. Flowers yellow.

* Annual herbs.

1. S. tenerrimus (Linn.): stem erect, terete, glabrous, or with glandular
hairs near the summit ; leaves auriculate-clasping, variously 1-2-pinnately
parted ; the base of the involucre tomentose when young or at length naked ;
achenia narrow, nervulate, transversely tuberculate-rugo.se. DC. — Linn,
spec. 2. p. 794 ; Sibth.fl. Greec. t. 790 ,- Boiss. ! voy. hot. p. 390. S. tener-
rimus & S. pectinatus, DC. prodr. 7. p. 186, fide Boiss. S. tenuifolius,
Nutl. ! in trans. Amer. phil. sac. l. c. p. 438.

St. Diego, California, Nutlall! — The plant of Mr. Nuttall is said to grow
in shady ravines among rocks, around St. Diego : but as the specimens wholly
accord with slender states of S. tenerrimus (with the segments of the leaves
chiefly linear; the involucre at length glabrous, or with a few glanduliferous
hairs), we suppose it was introduced from Spain, among other weeds.

2. iS. oleraceus (Linn.) : glabrous, or the branches glandular hairy near
the summit; cauline leaves runcinate-pinnatifid or rarely undivided, sub-
spinulose-toothed, cordate-clasping, the auricles acute or acuminate ; involu-
cre and umbellate-corymbose peduncles (woolly when 5'oung)at length near-
ly glabrous; achenia striate, transversely rugose! — Linn. spec. 2. p. 794,
var. laevis (a. Sf^.) ; Fl. Dan. t. 682 ; Engl. bat. t. 843 ; C^^^ sk. 2. p. 254 ?

So^cHU3. COMPOSITiE. 501

Bigel. fi. Bost. ed. 2. p. 292 ?) ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 292 (partly) ;
Koch, fi. Germ. &,- Helv. p. 433. S. ciliatus, Lam. fl. Fr. 2. p. 87 ; DC.
prodr. 7. p. 185. S. asper, Gcertn. fr. 2. t. 158; not of Vill. S. Isevis,
Viil.Delph. 3. p. 158.

Waste places, around gardens &c., introduced from Europe, and more or
less naturalized in the United States ! extending north to the Saskatchawan !
and Newfoundland. Aug.-Sept. — Leaves more commonly divided, and the
teeth less spinulose than in the following species. Flowers pale yellow.
Achenia roughish or somewhat muricately rugose. — The distinguishing char-
acters of this species not having been noticed by American writers, we are
uncertain what synonyms are to be here adduced. — Sow-Thistle.

3. S. asper (ViW.) : glabrous, or rather glandular-hairy at the summit;
cauline leaves undivided, undulate, or slightly runcinate, conspicuously spin-
ulose-toothed, cordate-clasping, with the auricles rounded ; the upper lanceo-
late or oblong; the lower oval or spatulate, with a slender tapering base or
winged petiole ; involucre and umbellate-corymbose peduncles glabrous or
slightly hairy ; achenia margined, 3-nerved on each side, margined, smooth !
(or the margins minutely serrulate-scabrous.) — Vill. Delph. I. c. ; Fuchs,
hist. ; Fl. Dan. t. 893 ; Reichenh. fl. excur. 1. p. 274 ; Koch, I. c. S. olera-
ceus, var. asper, (y. 4* ^•) Linn. I. c. ; DC. fl. Fr. ; Borrer, in Engl. hot.
suppl. t. 2765 &f 2766. S. oleraceus, var. spinulosus, Oakes ! cat. Vermont
pL, in T/iompson's gazetteer. S. spinosus. Lam. fl. Fr., not of DC.

S. fallax, Wallroth, sched. crit. p. 432 ; DC. prodr. 7. p. 185. S. Caroli-
nianus, Walt. Car. p. 192; Ell! sk. 2. p. 255; DC! I.e. S. spinulosus,
Bigel.! fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 292; Darlingt.! fl. Cest. p. 445 ; DC. I.e.

/3. achenia more distinctly margined. — S. oleraceus. Hook. Sf Am. hot.
Beechey, p. 145 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. I. c, as to Oregon plant. S. fallax?
/?. Californicus, Nutt. in trans. Amer. phil. soc. I. c. p. 438.

Fields and waste places, in rich damp soil throughout the United States!
Probably indigenous to this country, at least in the south : now found in al-
most every part of the world. /?. Oregon, Dr. Scouler! California, Nutt-
all, 8fc. Aug.-Sept., or in the Southern States, March-May. — Usually a
smaller and more rigid plant than S. oleraceus. Flowers pale yellow. —
Sow- Thistle.

* * Perennial herbs.

4. S. arvensis (Liinn.) : root creeping; stem erect, glabrous ; leaves run-
cinate-pinnatifid, spinellose-toothed, cordate-clasping at the base, the auricles
short and obtuse ; panicle umbellate-corymbose ; the pedicels and involucre
hispid; achenia somewhat tetragonal, the ribs transversely rugulose. DC. I. c.
—Fl. Dan. t. 606 ; Engl. hot. t. 674 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 501 ; Beck, hot. p.
171 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 292. S. palustris, Muhl. cat. p. 73 ?

Newfoundland, Hooker. Essex County, Massachusetts, Mr. Oakes!
Shores of Staten Island, New York, and the adjacent part of New Jersey,
where it is perfectly naturalized ! Pennsylvania, Pursh ; in cultivated
grounds and among rubbish; introduced from Europe. Aug.-Sept. — Heads
large : flowers bright yellow.

S. pallidus {WiWd. spec.) is a nominal species, wholly founded on the characters
of Lactuca Canadensis of Linnaeus and Tournefort, which afford no reason for deem-
ing the plant either a Sonchus or a Mulgedium. Willdenow does not pretend to
know the species, and it is mere pretence on the part of Pursh to speak of it as a
common plant in Canada and New England.

602 COMPOSITE. LiATRis.

ADDITIONS TO COMPOSITjE.

LIATRIS, p. 67.

7(a). L. Chapmanii: minutely cinereous-pubescent or nearly glabrous ;
stem rigid^very leafy; leaves strongly punctate, linear, rather obtuse, taper-
ing to the base; the upper very short, the lowermost elongated ; spike virgate,
dense; the nearly sessile heads closely appressed, longer than the bracts,
mostly 3-flowered ; scales of the involucre (about 8), oblong, acute or mu-
cronulate, appressed, resinous-punctate, shorter than the pappus, the outer
very short; achenia villous-canescent ; pappus rigid, plumose-barbellate
towards the base.

Sand hills of Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! Sept. — A foot or more in
height; the cauline leaves, except the lowest, seldom more than an inch
long, scarcely a line wide, broadest near the apex, usually spreading. Spike
4-io inches long. Scales of the involucre often tinged with purple, obtuse
and mucronulate, or acute, the margins very slightly if ai all scarious.
Flowers, and especially the pappus, large for the size of the heads; the latter
composed of about 30 stiff bristles, fully as long as in L. cylindracea, very
much longer than the achenia, densely barbellate towards the base, but
scarcely niore than denticulate at the apex. — This well-marked species be-
longs to the same subdivision as L. punctata, and has fully as large flowers ;
but the pappus is scarcely more plumose than in L. secunda.

10. L. graminifolia, 6. (L. dubia, Barton! I.e.) Add syn. L.propinqua,
Hook. hot. mag. t. •2829. — If admitted as a species, the anteriorname imposed
by Barton must be retained.

EUPATORIUM, p. 81.

E. variifolium, Bartl. {Ind. sem. hart. Gcett. 1840; Linn<ea, 15, suppl.
p. 93) appears to be only a state of E. cannabinum, and to have been mis-
takenly considered as of American origin. — A form of A. cannabinum was cul-
tivated in the Berlin Botanic Garden in the year 1839, under the erroneous
name of E. trifoliatum.

E. Engelmannianum, Link, proposed in Ind. sem. hort. Berol. 1840, is
founded on a plant raised from seeds sent from this country by Dr. Engel-
manu : but we have not yet seen the description.

ASTER, p. 103.

10 (a). A. eryngiifolius: stem simple, hirsute, leafy to the summit, bearing
solitary or very few heads; leaves rigid, erect, glabrous, narrowly linear-
lanceolate, pungently acute, 1-3-nerved, with cartilaginous margins, sparsely
spinulose-serrate, or rarely entire; the radical attenuate at the base; the
upper successively shorter, partly clasping; scales of the hemispherical invo-
lucre numerous, nearly equal, lanceolate, foliaceous, rigid, with mucronate
or cuspidate mostly squarrose tips; rays numerous (white!); achenia gla-
brous.— Prionopsis ? Chapmanii, of this ivork, p. 245.

As the rays of this plant prove to be white instead of yellow, we now re-
move it to its proper station next to Aster paludosus, with which it well ac-
cords in aspect, in the pappus, &c. ; and from Avhich its somewhat spinulose
leaves and white rays abundantly distinguish it.

14. A. adscendens (Lindl.) — Wind River Chain of the Rocky Mountains,
above 7000 feet, Lieut. Fremont! Var. a, and

Aster. COMPOSITE. 503

6. Fremontii: stem leafy, simple, bearing one or two heads; leaves thin;
the caiiline mostly oblong-lanceolate ; exterior herbaceous; scales of the invo-
lucre loose (either numerous or few); the inner very narrowly linear, acute;
pappus white. — A span high: perhaps a distinct species, connecting the
Amelli with the Alpigenous Asters.

38. A. ericoides, 3. villosus. Add syn. A. pauciflorus, Martens! in bull,
acad. Brux. 8 (1841), p. 67. — The A. ericoides, Schkuhr, handb. t. 245, is
a good representation of A. multiflorus.

71 (a). A. anomalus (Engelmann! mss.): more or less cinereous-pubescent;
stem simple or racemosely branched above, the branches erect-spreading ;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, acumiate ; the radical and cauline
cordate, on slender naked petioles (rarely somewhat serrate); those of the
flowering branches lanceolate, subsessile; scales of the hemispherical invo-
lucre numerous, imbricated in several series, appressed at the base, with
linear elongated and squarrose tips; achenia glabrous.

On limestone rocks, the brink of precipices, &c., in Illinois and Missouri,
not uncommon. Dr. Engebnayin! Sept.-Oct. — A most remarkable species,
with nearly the foliage of Aster Shortii ; while the heads and involucre much
resemble those of A. oblongifolius, being equally squarrose, but rather smaller,
and scarcely glandular or granular.

79. A. reticulatus (Pursh) should doubtless be stricken out, and the syno-
nym referred to Diplopappus obovatus, p. 184.

106. A. glacialis (Nutt.) — Defiles of the Wind River Chain of the
Rocky Mountains, and also just below the snow-line, Lieut. Fremont! — The
latter specimens are only about two inches high, more pubescent ; the leaves
chiefly radical, short, and spatulate ; and the involucre quite villous in a
young state. — With the above, Lieut. Fremont also collected a specimen of
A. Andinus, Nutt., A. integrifolius, Nutt., S^-c.

107. A. salsuginosus (Richards.) — Wind River Chain of the Rocky
Mountains, above 7000 feet, Lieut. Fremont ! Both var. a. Sf (S. (Leaves
varying from linear-lanceolate to spatulate-oblong : rays showy, violet-
purple), and,

y. scaposus : caespitose, dwarf; scape slightly exceeding the obovate-
oblong radical leaves, naked, or with a few bracts, bearing a single head. —
Probably gathered near the snow-line.

110. A. graminifolius (Pursh). — New Hampshire, Mr. Eddy ! in herb.
Tuckerman.

116. A. {Orthomeris) gluucus. — Wind River Chain of the Rocky Moun-
tains, at the elevation of 7000 feet or more, Lieut. Fremont! — A close con-
gener of A. elegans (of which Lieut. Fremont gathered a single specimen
near the same locality !) : rays several, small : achenia slightly hairy.

121. A. [Oxytripolium) angustus. — Saline swampy margin of the Lake
of the Woods, and of Devil's Lake, Mr. Nicollet !

SOLIDAGO, p. 105.

23. S. humilis, (3. — Abundant in the Notch of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire ! (where it was first collected by Mr. Tuckerman !) Near
the Willey house, several specimens of this ])lanf, and also of S. altissima,
were collected with greenish-white or cream-colored rays !

24. S. Virga-Aurea, y. multiradiata. — Wind River Chain of the Rocky
Mountains, from 7000 feet in elevation to near the snow-Hue, Lieut. Fre-

504 COMPOSIT.1:. SoLiDAGO.

mont ! — Two states were collected ; the one connecting this variety with var.
minuta and var. alpina ; the other larger, with a stout glabrous stem.

25. S. ihyrsoidea. — Abundant in woods from the base of the Notch to the
alpine region of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and also sparingly
found on the exposed alpine summits, far above the limit of trees I Also
Indian Pass, and sides of Mount Marcy, Northern New York, Mr. Macrae!
Plant 1-3 feet high, mostly with an elongated virgate or thyrsoid leafy ra-
ceme.— Add syn. S. Virgaurea, Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 542. (Labrador, Kohl-
meister !)

26. iS. glomerata (Michx.). — Our plant is certainly the species of Michaux,
the specimen of his herbarium having been compared with ours by Mr.
Decaisne. The state with a strict glomerate inflorescence, as described by
Michaux, has recently been collected on the ^jlack Mountain, North Caro-
lina, by Mr. Buckley. a '.

31. S. Riddellii. — Add syn. S. amplexicaulis, iWariens / in hull, acad.-
Brux. 8 (1841),^. 66.

39. iS. neglecta, is not found in N. Carolina ; the specimens received from
thence prove to have been collected in Massachusetts. It extends northward
to Montreal, Mr. Macrae !

40. S. patula. — The phrase ' leaves very scabrous above,' was acciden-
tally omitted in the specific character.

49. S. amplexicaulis. — The reference to Martens under this remarkable
species must be erased, his S. amplexicaulis being S. Riddellii, as above
noted.

SILPHIUM, p. 274.

3. S. pinnalifidum (Ell.) must be reduced to a variety (/3. pinnatifidum)
of S. terebinthinaceum ; Mr. Sullivant having noticed that they pass into
each other, as we suspected, like the varying forms of S. compositum. In
specimens from Alabama, collected by Mr. Buckley, the leaves vary from
sinuate-toothed to somewhat bipinnatifid.

IVA, p. 286.

4. /. microcephala. — Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! — Heads larger than
in the original description, 6-8-flowered. Leaves filiform-linear, often an
inch long, with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, punctate, and, like the
branches, &c. sparsely strigose with minute hairs.

HELIANTHUS, p. 318.

13. H. occidentalis (Riddell). — Add var.

y. Dowellianus : nearly smooth and glabrous ; stem often stout (2-5 feet
high) and more leafy, simple or corymbose-paniculate at the summit ; leaves
larger, varying from broadly ovate, or even slightly cordate, to oval-oblong. —
H. Dowellianus, M. A. Curtis! in Sill. jour. 44. p. 82.

Around Franklin, Macon County, North Carolina, Mr. Curtis! Mr.
Buckley ! with var. P., which connects it to the ordinary state of the species.
— Limb of the lower leaves 3-6 inches in length, 2-5 broad, rather coria-
ceous, in outline, &c., resembling those of some forms of H. atrorubens.
Heads and flowers as in the ordinary form of the species.

New York Botanical Garden Library

QK110.T6C.2V.2 gen

Torrey, John/A flora of North America: c