iiii I li ■11 Wm Immm l!ii 1 ! 11!,!!' 1! I I'l" ,. m THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ELEANOR ASHBY BANCROFT I903-I956 Graduate of the University of California with the degree of B.A. in history, 1926, and the Certificate of Librarianship, 1938. Associated with the Ban- croft Library for 36 years as student assistant, reference Ubrarian, and Assistant to the Director, Mrs. Bancroft attained wide recognition as a bibli- ographer and an authority on the history of Cali- fornia and the West. In remembrance of a warm and genial personality, and of long and devoted service to scholarship, this gift is presented by her friends. ^ # # # # # W ^1r r^^ ^^^^ "^ IP ^ -^ /.r-' ly [3 ^ ^^^^^-v^-^^ 1-L,. irvTK^ Idl,^ ^^-^^ bo u,-^. ^^---J^ a.0 a: FLORA OF NORTHWEST AMERICA. Containing RIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN INDIGENOUS AND NATURALIZED PLANTS GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION NORTH OF CALIFORNIA, WEST OF UTAH, AND SOUTH OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. BY THOMAS HOWELL. VOL. L PHANEROGAMiE. POBTLAND OREGON, A«g. 10th, 1908. Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/floraofnorthwestOOhowerich Preface. All the territory of the United States of America south of the British boundary, except Oregon Washington and Idaho, bein^ supplied with local Floras this work is intended to fill up the corner left out by other authors. As the writing of descriptions of plants at this lale date i.-, to a great extent, writing or copying what others have previously done, it is hardly right to claim originality for work d«>i e in hat field; I, therefor, wish to acknowlege that 1 have used the works of Torrey & Gray, Dr. Asa Gray, Sereno Watson. William Trelease Coulter & Rose, Edward L. Greene and others, and tor save repetition (which would otherwise occur on every page) I wish to give full credit here t" all authors, any porti n cf whose works have been copied herein. Wherever j)0ssible descriptions have been drawn from speci- mens in hand, 1 ut some I have been unable to procure and for these 1 have had no other alternative than to C' py frnm descrip- tions already published. Believing that if a plant has on^ consant character 'hat is different from any of its cogeners it is sufficient for a species; and that if a plant is sufficiently distinct from others to deserve a name it is better to have it desclib^d as a distinct si ecies than as a variety of some other species, I have therefor, raised nearly all published varieties of the region embraced in this work to spacific rank. y^;A^; fii A FLORA OF NORTHWEST AMERICA. Series I. CORMOPHYTA Endlicher. Plants consisting of root and stem growing in opposite dir- ections, composed of regular cellular tissue traversed (except in the very lowest forms) by woody fibre. Stems increasing in size either at the apex and circumference simultaneously, or at the apex only, producing buds, and usually, distinct leaves at definite points and in regular order. Propagation effected by means of flowers and seeds, or spores. PHAXEBOGAM^. Plants producing flowers and perfect seeds. CRYPTOGAMS. Plants producing spores but not flowers. SuBSERiES 1. PHANEROGAM.E. Plants bearing flowers with one or more stamens and produc- ing seeds that contain an embryo. ANGIOSPERMS. Ovule enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized through a stigma. GYMNOSPERMS. Ovule not enclosed in an ovary and fertilized by direct application of pollen. Class 1. ANGIOSPERM^. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which contains the ovule and forms the fruit, and a more or less manifest style and stigma. EXOGEN Jl. Stems with pith in the centre and the woody fibre in annual layers or rings : embryo usually with two opposite cotyledons. ENDOGENiE. Stems without pith, and the woody fibre scattered irregu- larly : embryo with a single cotyledon. Subclass 1. EXOGEN.^. Stem consisting of pith in the centre, bark on the outside, and these separated by one or more layers of fibrous or woody tissue which, when the stem lives for moie than one year, in- creases by the addition of new layers outside next to the bark. Embryo usually with two opposite cotyledons. POLYPETALiE. Petals distinct, rarely united at base or wanting. GAMOPETAL^t Petals more or less united : very rarely wanting. APETAL Jl. Petals always wanting. 2 SYNOPTICAL KEY. Division 1. POLYPETALiE. Floral envelopes consisting usually of both calyx and corolla ; the petals distinct or rarely united with each other, sometimes wanting . SYNOPTICAL KEY to the POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. § 1. Stamens hypogynous, free from the calyx and the super- ior ovary. * Carpels solitary, or distinct. ■*- Sepals and petals deciduous, rarely persistent in No. 1. Leaves alternate or all radical, rarely opposite or whorled. 1 Rannncnlaceae. Sepals 4 or more : petals as many and alternate with them or wanting : stamens usually numerous : carpels one to many : fruit achenes or follicles, or in Actisa a berry. 2 Berberidaceap. Parts of the flower in threes, in opposite ranks, distinct, (sepals and petals wanting in Achlys) : anthers opening by valves : car- pel solitary, (a berry in Berberis). Sepals 3, petals 6, stamens many, carpels several, soon distinct, becoming linear torulose several-seeded pods : Platystemon in Papaveracesp . * * Ovary compound with parietal placentae, or seeds covering the cell- walls. ^_ Capsule many-celled, indehiscent : sepals and petals persistent. 3 Nymphaeacese. Parts of the flower indefinite, mostly numerous: seeds numerous, covering the walls of the cells. Aquatic herbs with entire plain leaves and solitary flowers. 4 Sarracenlaceae. Sepals and petals 5. Acaulescent marsh perennials with odd-shaped leaves and solitary flowers. -I- -4- Valves of the capsule separating from the persistent placentae. Sepals and petals persistent. *+ Seeds albuminous. 6 Papaveraceae. Sepals 2 or 3, caducous : petals twice as many, alike : stamens numerous : capsule 2-several-valved, one- (rarely several) cell- ed. Herbs, or shrubs with mostly alternate leaves without stipules, and often colored juice. 6 FumariacesB. Flowers very irregular: sepals 2, small : petals 4, in 2 dis- similar pairs : stamens 6, diadelphous : capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, sev- eral to many-seeded. Herbs with alternate leaves without stipules. -n- -M- Seeds without albumen ; flowers regular. 7 Cruciferae. Sepals and petals 4: stamens 6, tetradynamous (rarely 4 or 2); capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-many-seeded ; rarely 1-celled and inde- hiscent. Herbs with alternate leaves without stipules. 8 Capparidaceae. Sepals and petals 4 : stamens 6 or more, nearly equal : capsule 2-valved, 1-2-celled, 1-several-seeded. Mostly herbs with alter- nate often stipulate leaves. -«--«--«- Capsule 1-celled, several-carpelled, the valves not separating from the placentae. -M- Flowers itregular. 6 Violaceae. Sepals and petals 5: anthers 5, coherent : style 1, clavate: capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. Low herbs with alternate or radical stipulate leaves. SYNOPTICAL KEY. 3 -M- -M- Flowers regular: leaves without stipules. Sepals and petals 5,: styles 3, 2-parted: capsule 3-valved, many seeded. Low herbs with the leaves all radical. DroseraceiH. Sepals and petals 5: stamens indefinite: styles 3: capsule 3-\?alved. Low herbs with oj)i)Osite leaves, Hypericum in Hypericacex. ** * Ovary of 2-several carpels and central placentae: stamens most- ly strictly hypogynous: sepals persistent. -t- Flowers very irregular , 10 PolygalaceaB. Capsule compressed, narrowly winged, 2-celled, 2-seed- ed: stamens 4-8, monadelphoviF (united into a tube that is split on the upper side), or distinct : anthers 1-celled, opening at the top. -I- ■*- Flowers regular: capsule 2-celled with free central placentae: embryo curved around central albumen. 11 Caryophyllaceae. Flowers mostly 5-meroas ; petals sometimes none : stamens 10 or fewer : styles 3-5, the capsuje opening by as many or twice as many valves : ovules numerous. Herbs, rarely woody at base, with opposite leaves mostly without stipules. 12 Portnlacaceae. Sepals 2, 4-8 in Lewisia: petals 2-5 or more: stamens few-many : style 2-cleft : ovules few or many ; capsule 2-3-valved or cir- cumscissile. ■«--«--«- Flowers regular: ovary 2-several celled, ■*■- Capsule not lobed nor winged. = Stamens distinct or nearly so, not in fascicles. Sepals and petals 5, persistent: stamens many: style 5-lobed: capsule 5- celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, Acaulescent marsh perennials with pitcher-shaped leaves and solitary flowers, Sarra-jeniacex. 13 Elatiniaceae. Sepals and petals 2-5 : styles distinct : capsule 2-5-celled, many-ovaled. Low herbs with opposite leaves, membranous stipules, and axillary flowers. = = Stamens clustered at base into fascicles, 14 Hypericaceae. Sepals and petals 5 : stamens numerous, in 3 fascicles : styles 3 : capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. Herbs with opposite entire leaves without stipules, and yellow flowers in cymes, ===== Stamens monadelphous (united into a tube) . 15 Malvaceae. Calyx valvate : petals 5, united at base : stamens numer- ous ; anthers 1-celled : carpels either in a ring 1-few-seeded and at length separating, or forming a 5-10-celled many-seeded capsule. Herbs or shrubs with alternate stipulate leaves, = = = = Stamens 5, not united. 16 Linaceae. Flowers 5-merous : styles 2-5 : capsule 2-5-valved, 4-10-cell- ed, 4-10, seeded. Low herbs with entire leaves and panicled flowers. Flowers 5-merous: petals none: styles 3: capsule 3-celled, several-seeded. Prostrate annual with entire verticillate leaves and axillary flowers, Mollugo in Ficoidece. ** -M- Fruit lobed or winged: ovules I or 2 in each cell, pendulous. = Flowers slightly irregular, 17 Geraniaceae. Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud : petals 5, mostly imbri- cated : stamens mostly 10 : styles 5, coherent to an axis at length separ- ating from it: capsule 5-celled, the cells 2-ovuled but only 1 maturing. Herbs with opposite stipulate leaves and long-beaked carpels. = = Flowers regular. 18 Limnanthaceae. Flowers 5-merous.: sepals valvate and petals - convo- lute in the bud: carpels fleshy, indehiscent, 1-ovuled, Tender annuals 4 SYNOPTICAL KEY. with alternate dissected leaves without stipules. 19 Oxalidaceae. Flowers 5-merous : sepals imbricated and petals mostly convolute in the bud : carpels combined into a 5-celled and few-many- ovuled capsule. Low herbs with sour juice and alternate or radical trifoliate leaves. = = = Flowers very irregular. 20 Balsaminaceae. Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud : petals 4, united in pairs, rarely 5 and distinct: fruit a- 5-eelledsevei*al-siSMed capsule. Coarse succulent herbs with entire leaves without stipules. * * * * Ovary compound with central placentae: stamens borne up- on a more or less perigy nous disk: flowers mostly polygamous or dioe- cious: calyx persistent or the limb deciduous: cells of the ovary 1-few- ovuled: seeds mostly erect or ascending and albuminous. 21 CelastraceaB. Flowerg perfect, 4-5-merous : capsule 2-5-celled : seeds arillate. Shrubs wdth opposite pinnately veined leaves and no stipules. 22 RhainnaceaB. Calyx valvate, the 4 or 5 lobes alternate with as many stamens, deciduous: petals often none: style often 4- or 5- lobed or cleft : fruit a berry, drupe-like, or dry, 1-4-celled. Shrubs or trees with simple leaves and small stipules. 23 Yitaceae. Flowers 4-5-merous: calyx minute : petals valvate with a stamen at the base of each : fruit a 2-celled, 2-4-seeded berry. Woody vines climbing by tendrils. 24 Aceraceae. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, often apetalous : styles 1-3: fruit, in ours, a double samara or a single'foUicle. Trees or shrubs with opposite, rarely alternate, leaves and mostly no stipules. €5 Anacardiacese. Flowers mostly 5-merous : stigmas 3 : fruit a drupelet. Shrubs with milky juice and alternate leaves without stipules. § 2, Stamens perigynous (upon the calyx) or epigynous (upon the top of the ovary}. * Ovary superior or nearly so. ^ Carpels solitary or distmct. 26 Leguminosae. Flowers mostly irregular: stamens 10, rarely fewer, mostly monadelphous (all united) or diadelphous (9 and 1) : carpel soli- tary, becoming a legume. Herbs shrabs or trees with alternate stipu- late leaves. 27 Amygdalaceae. Ca-rpel solitary or rarely 5, becoming a drupe, entirely free from the calyx ; ovules 2, pendulous : seed usually solitary. 28 Pomacese. Carpels 2-5, enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube, with 2 erect ovules in each cell. Trees or shrubs with free stipules. 29 RosacesB. Flowers regular, mostly 5-merous, or the stamens usually numerous : carpels 1-many, becoming achenes. Herbs shrubs or trees with alternate, mostly stipulate leaves. ■*- ■*- Carpels united or free : seeds mostly albuminous: leaves sim- ple; stipules none, or adnate to the base of the petiole. 80 SaxifragaceaB. Flowers 5-merous ; styles or tips of the carpels distinct and soon divergent ; fruit a 2-celled capsule. Herbs with mostly alter- nate simple leaves without distinct stipules. 81 Hydrangeaceae. Flowers 5-merous: fruit a 3-5-celled capsule. Shrubs with opposite simple leaves without stipules. 32 Ribesiaceae. Fiowers 5-merous : fruit a 1-celled berry. Shrubs with alternate simple leaves with adnate stipules or none. 38 Crassnlaceae. Flowers 3 or 5-merous: stamens nearly hypogynous: carpels 3-5, becoming 1-many-seeded follicles. SYNOPTICAL KEY. 5 34 Droseracew. Sepals and petals 5 : styles 3, 2-parted : capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. Low marsh herbs with the leaves all radical and beset with gland-tipped hairs. 35 Ceratophyllaceae. Fruit a crustaceous 1-seeded achene. Submersed aquatic herbs with finely dissected whorled leaves and minute axillary flowers. 36 Lythraceae. Flowers 4- or 6-merous : style 1 : capsule enclosed in the calyx, 2-4-celled, many-seeded. Herbs with mostly opposite leaves and axillary flowers. * * Ovary wholly inferior. ■*- Fruit with central placentae: stamens few. -n- Not tendril-bearing and flowers not in umbels: stipules none. 37 Halora^ese. Fruit indehiscent, nut-like, 1-4-celled, with a single sus- pended seed in each cell. Aquatic herbs with opposite or verticillate leaves and inconspicuous axillary flowers. 38 Onagraceae. Flowers 2- or 4-merous : calyx valvate in the bud ; style 1 ; fruit a 2- or 4-celled capsule or berry-like. ■**■ -*+ Tendril-bearing herbs with alternate leaves without stipules. 89 Cucurbitacese. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, often gamopetalous : fruit fleshy, indehiscent, 1-several-celled. -*- -»- Fruit with parietal placentae, several-many-seeded: stamens many: stipules none . 40 Loasaceae. Flowers perfect, conspicuous ; style 3-cleft : capsule 1-cell- ed; leaves rough with tenacious hairs. 41 Ficoideae Sepals mostly 5 ; petals none ; capsule 3-5-celled. 42 Cactaceae. Sepals and petals numerous : stamens many : capsule 1-celled. Leafless, usually prickly, fleshy perennials. ■*-■*-■*- Fruit indehiscent; dry, berry-like ,or drupe-like, mostly 2-celled, with a suspended seed in each cell: ovary with an epigynous disk (wanting in Garrya). -»^- Flowers in umbels. 43 Umbelliferae. Carpels and styles 2: fruit dry. 44 Araliaceae. Carpels and styles 4 or 5, becoming a berry-like fruit. *♦• f> Flowers in cymes or aments. 45 Cornaceae. Inflorescence cymose : flowers perfect, 4-merous : style 1 : fruit baccate, 2-3-celled. Herbs shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. 46 Grarryaceae. Flowers in aments, dioecious : sepals 4 : petals none : styles 2: fruit baccate, 1-celled. Shrubs with opposite, simple leaves. Flowers perfect, cymose, 5-merous; petals imbricated, united: ft-uit baccate beiTies containing 1-5 seed-like nutlets. Sambucex. Order I. :^ANUNCULACE^ Endl. Gen. 843. Sepals 3-6 or more but usually 5, distinct, h;y^ogynous, often colored and petaloid. Petals 1-several or none, hypogynous. Stamens indefinite in number, hypogynous, distinct. Ovaries usually numerous, sometimes few or solitary, distinct: ovules solitary or several. Fruit achenes or follicles or baccate. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute, near the base of horny or fleshy albumen. Herbs or rarely shrubs with colorless usually acrid juice, alternate or rarely opposite leaves without stipules, the base of the petiole generally dilated and partly clasping the stem. Tribe i. Leaves opposite. Sepals valvate in the bud, petaloid. Petals very small or none. Fruit a head of hairy-tailed achenes. 1 Clematis. Half- woody plants climbing by their petioles, or erect herbs. Tribe ii. Sepals petaloid or greenish, imbricated in the bud. Fruit a head or spike of achenes. * Achenes in a more or less globular or obloug head. Sepals not spurred at base, petaloid. Petals none. 2 Anemone. Sepals indefinite in number, leases on the stem opposite, or whorled on or below 1-tlowered peduncles. 3 Thalictrum- Flowers mostly dioecious, panicled : leaves alternate, ternately decompound. * * Achenes numerous, in a long i nd slender, or shcrt spike. Sepals spurred at base. Petals present. 4 MyosnruS' Petals slender; flowers, solitary on scapes. Tribe hi. Sepals imbricate in the bud. Pistils numerous, be- coming achenes. Ovule solitary, ascending. Leaves alternate. 5 Trantvetteria. Flowers perfect, corymbosely panicled; sepals petal- oid, soon deciduous; leaves alternate, palmately cleft. ■6- Batrachium, Flowers perfect: peduncles solitary, op jjo&ite the leaves: petals AN liite with a naked nectariferous pit near the base: achenes ti'ans- versely wrinkled on the sides. 1 Ranuucnlns. Flowers perfect: peduncles axillary or terminal: petals mostly yellow, with a nectariferous spot or pit covered by a scale on the claw: achenes not wrinkled on the sides. Tribe iv. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals small or irreg- ular or none. Fruit 1-several follicles, or a 1-celled berry. Leaves alternate. * Fruit 1- several follicles. ■*- Flowers regular; follicles 1-15. 8 Caltha. Sepals petaloid; petals none; leaves simple; carpels 5-15. ^ TroUins. Sepals 5-15, petaloid: petals 5-20, tubular at base; follicles sessile; leaves palmately parted. 10 Coptis. ^Sepals 5-6, greenish : petals 5-6 enlarged in the middle or at the summit ; carpels 5-10, stipitate : leaves compound, persistent. 11 Aqnileg'ia* Sepals 5, colored : petals 5, all spurred backwards: carpels 5, sessile : leaves ternately compound. 8 RANUNCUL ACE^. . clematis. -♦- -*- Flofwers irregular: follicles 1-5: leaves lobed or dissected. 12 Delphinium. Sepals 5, the upper one produced backwards into a spur: petals 4, the 2 upper ones produced backwards. 13 Aconitnin. Sepals 5, the uppar one arched into a hood: petals 5, the 3 lower ones minute or stamen-like. -*--«--♦- Flowers regular: carpels 1-5: leaves compound. 14 Isopyrnm. Sepals 5, petaloid: petals 5, sometimes none: low herbs. 15 Cimicifuga* Sepals 5, petaloid, caducous: petals 5 or none; tall herbs. * * Fruit a 1 -celled berry. 16 Actsea. Sepals 3-5, petaloid, caducous: petals 4-10, small, soon decidu- ous: leaves ternately compound. Tribe v. Sepals herbaceous, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals conspicuous. Carpels few, many-ovuled, becoming follicles. IT Paeonia. Herbs or shrubs with alternate compound leaves and large fleshy roots. Tribe 1. Clematideas DC. Sepals valvate in the hud. Stamens numerous, ivith adnate anthers, dirpels numerous, 1-ovuled, becom- ing indehiscent hairy-tailed achenes. Ovule suspended. Herbs or trailing woody plants with opposite leaves. 1 CLEMATIS Tourn. Inst. 255. Linn. Gen. n. 696. Erect herbs or somewhat woody plants that climb by their petioles. Sepals 5, rarely more, colored, valvate or with the edges turned inwards in the bud. Petals shorter than the sepals or wanting. Stamens numerous with extrorse anthers. Style persis- tent, becoming pliimous appendages of the compressed achenes. § 1. Flammula DC. partly. Flowers comparatively small and usually cymous-paniculate, white or whitish, in ours dioecious. Sepals petaloid, thin, widely spreading. Petals none. Anthers mostly short, blunt. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 9. Somewhat pubescent: stems. 2-30 feet long : leaves quinate to quinate-ternate : leaflets oblong, acute, mostly somewhat lanceolate-cuneate, incisely lobed and trifid, 2- 6 inches, long: flowers in paniculate corymbs: sepals thin, silky, white, 4-6 lines long, equaling the stamens : achenes pubescent, tails 1-2 inches long Along streams, from N. Cal. to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. C. brevifolia. C. Ugusticifolia var. brevifolia Nutt. T. cfe G. Fl. i, 9. Stems woody, climbing over brush and cliffs, 3-18 feet long : leaves nearly smooth, mostly 5-foliate, somewhat coriaceous ; leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate-ovate, acute or acuminate, usually 3-lobed and coarsely toothed : sepals white, thin, 4-6 lines long, equaling the stamens: achenes densely pubescent: silky-white tails 1-2 inches long. Along streams, from the Blue Mountains in Oregon to Brit. Columbia. C. Suksdorlii Robinson in Gray's Syn. Fl. i 4. Leaves quinate, glab- rous; leaflets 1-1)^ inches long: sepals widely spreading or reflexed in anthesis, velvety -pubescent on the outside : heads of fruit small and few- carpelled, not over an inch in diameter at full maturity including the curling tails : pubescence of the young achenes woolly or felt-like, the hairs crinkly, not straight nor silky as in C. ligusticifolia : mature achenes with broadly ovate nearly orbicular b6dy and filiform sparsely pubescent tails. Klickitat river Washington, collected and first recognized as distinct by W. M. Siiksdorf July 15th. 1881. CLEMATIS. RANUNCULACE.E. 9 § 2 VioRNA Spach. Flowers large, hermaphrodite, solitary and mostly nodding on rather long peduncles. Petals none. Anthers long and slender, pointed. Filaments hirsute or pubescent. Ours herbaceous perennials. C Don^lasii Hook. Fl. i, 1. t. 1. Stems simple or branched, more or less villous, woolly at the joints : leaves 2-3-pinnatifid with linear to linear- lanceolate segments : flowers nodding, on erect naked peduncles that elon- gate in fruit: sepals thick, pubescent, more or less spreading and woolly at the apex, deep purple inside, paler externally. High mountsins, E.' Ore- gon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. €• Scottii Porter Fl. Col. 1. More or less villous with soft spreading hairs ; bushy, branching from a suffrutescent base ; branches erect, 9-18 inches high ; leaves opposite, on rather long petioles, large, pinnate, with some or all of the divisions 3-5-parted or 3-5-foliate ; lobes or leaflets ob- long or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 4-5 lines broad by an inch long; some upper leaves with distinctly tortuous partial petioles: flowers axillary and terminal, nodding, on peduncles 3-6 inches long: sepals 4, ovate, with reflexed summits, nearly an inch long, dark- or brownish-pur- ple, thickish, more or less tomentose outside : achenes silky-pubescent, with densely plumose tails I7IX inches long. Beaver Canyon Idaho to southern Colorado. § 3. Atragene DC. Flowers large, hermaphrodite, solitary on naked peduncles. Sepals much exceeding the stamens and pistils, spreading from the base, thin, petaloid. Anthers short, on long pubescent filaments : usually some of the outermost filaments enlarging to small spatulate petals. Half- woody plants that climb by the petioles. C. YerticUlaris DC. iSyst. i, 166. Stems slender, somewhat woody, al- most glabrous ; leaves ternate ; leaflets petiolulate, ovate or subcordate, ab- ruptly acuminate : flowers solitary, bluish-purple, 2-3 inches across. In mountains from Idaho northward, and eastward to the Atlantic States. C. Columbiana T. & G. Fl. i. 11, Stems somewhat woody: leaves ter- nate ; leaflets petiolulate, ovate, acute, obscurely crenulate : flowers solitary 1-2 inches broad, pale blue ; sepals ovate, acuminate, nearly twice the length of the stamens. Wild Horse Plains Washington to the Rocky Mountains and Brit. Columbia. C. ochotensis Poir. Suppl. ii, 298. C, alpina var. occidentalis Gray. Stems woody, trailing : leaves biternately divided, with ovate or oblong-lan- ceolate acuminate, often 3-lobed, irregularly toothed segments : sepals 4, lance -ovate, purplish-blue : spatulate and petaloid staminodes few and usually with rudiments of anthers, or none : carpels glabrous with very finely plumose tails 1>2 inches long. Washington to the Rocky Mountains and Dakota. Tribe 2. Anemonese DC. Sepals petaloid or greenish^ imbricated in the bud. Pistils numerous, becoming achenes. Ovule suspended. Herbs with the leaves all radical, or alternate, or whorled below 1— several-flowered peduncles. 2 ANEMONE Tourn. Inst. 275. L Gen. n. 696. ed. 4 Erect perennial herbs with lobed or divided leaves which are all radical except those that form an involucre below the flower. Sepals 4-20, colored and petaloid. Petals none. Ovaries num- erous; style short; stigma lateral; ovule suspended. Achenes 10 RANUNCULACE^. anemone. compressed, pointed, or ending in long feathery tails. § 1. Preonathus, DC. Prod. i. 17 Involucre of 2 or 3 more or less petiolate and petiolulate leaves. Flowers large, solitary. Sep- als thin, widely spreading. Carpels with long filiform styles that become plumose tails to the achenes. A. occidentalis Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 121. More or less silky- villous throughout : stem stout, 6-18 inches high : radical leaves large, long-petioled, biternate and pinnate; involucral leaves similar, nearly ses sile: sepals: 6-8, 6-9 lines long, white, or purpUsh at base. On high moun- tains near perpetual snow, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. § 2. EuANEMONE Gray Syn. Fl. i, 8. Carpels with short and not plumose styles. Involucre petioled. peduncle solitary. * Style short, nearly naked, not becoming elongated. t Carpels numerous, in a close head, villous. A. Drummoiidii Watson Eot. Cal. ii, 424, Sparingly pubescent; stems slender, from tufted rootstocks, 2-15 inches high: radical leaves on long petioles, ternate; leaflets deeply o-5 lobed, the narrow segments 2-3-cleft : involucral leaves similar, nearly sessile, with a slightly narrowed base: sepals 5-7, pale blue, 4-5 lines long, silky-villous outside : style slender, glabrous: achenes densely villous. On the highest mountains near per- petual mow, Washington'and Oregon to orthern California. A. mnltiiida Poir. Suppl. i, 364. Pomewhat siiky-villous : stems 3-15 inches high : radical leaves long petioled, nearly semicircular in outline, ternate, the sessile divisions deeply lobed with cleft linear segments : invo- lucral leaves similar, shortly petioled: sepals 5-8, red or bluish or whitish, 4-6 lints long, villous outside : receptacle oblong, the head in fruit globular to oblorg; achenes densely woolly, ovate-oblong, with a straight beak. On high mountains, Oregon to Alaska and the Eastern States. A. Telenensis Porter in Britton An. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vi. 224. Nearly related to the last but lower and more sleuder : leaf-segments somewhat broad- er, ol)tu>-ish. gl ablate : flowers deep purple : achenes dorsally glabrate, Idaho Teton Eange 10,0C0 feet /. M. Coulter, and Needle Peak of Lost River Moun- tains, V. Bailey. Robinson in Gray, Syn. Fl. i, 10. +. ^_ Carpels fewer, pubescent but not villous. A. delloidea Hook Fl. i, 6, t. 3. Stem simple, slender, 6-14inche8 high, from long running root stocks : radical leaves trifoliate; leaflets rhomboid, crenate-serrate ; involucral leaves rhomboid or rhombic-ovate, on very short petioles, serrate and sometimes 3-lobed : sepals about 5, white, oval. i-% lines long, usually unequal : achenes few globose-ovoid, tipped with the short style. Common in wooded districts, N. California to Brit. Col. A. Oregana Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 308. Smoothish: stem slender, 3-12 inches high from a fleshy, very brittle, somewhat running root-stock : radical leaves trifoliate, the leaflets coarsely serrate ; involucral leaves long-petioled, trifoliate, the terminal leaflet 3-lobed, the lateral ones usually 2-lobed, all coarsely toothed and cut: sepals '4-7, oval to obovate, blue : carpels 15-20, oblong, tipped with a hooked beak. Moist shady slopes, western Oregon and Washington. A. Lyallii Britton 1. c. 227. A. quinguefolia var. Lyallii Robinson I. c. 13. Stem slender, 2 to 4 inches high: leaves trifoliate; leaflets ovate to lanceo- late, obtuse or acute, obtusely toothed : flowers small, a third to half inch in diameter, pale blue or whitish. From Vancouver Island to the Willamette valley and the Redwoods of California. ANEMONE. RANUNCULACEtE. U THALICTRUM. A. trifolia L. Sp. i, 540. Involucral leaves with rare exceptions regular- ly trifoliate; leaflets ovate- lanceolate, rather regularly sen-ate, large, in well de- veloped specimens 2 to 3 inches long, and more than an inch wide; radical leaves subsimilar, but sometimes 5-foliate: peduncle long and slender, usu- ally'more than 2 inches in length: flowers large, 15 to 16 lines in diameter: sepals white or pinkish : carpels hi a globular head. Idaho, Sandberg, to the Atlantic States and Europe . § 3. Omalocarpus DC. Style short, not plumose. Mature ach- enes smooth, orbicular, much compressed, wing-margined. Invo- lucre sessile, palmately parted or cleft. Peduncles 1-several. A. narcissiflora L. Sp. i, 542. Villous : radical leaves palmately 3-5- parted ; segments cuneiform, incisely many-cleft into linear lobes : involu- cral leaves similar, 3-5-cleft, sessile: peduncles several, umbelled, leafless: sepals white : carpels roundish-oval, much compressed. Alpine : Idaho to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. 3 THALICTRUM Tourn. Inst. 270. L. Gen. n. 597. Tall, usually smooth perennial herbs with 2- or 8-ternately compound leaves and dittciousor polygamous flowers in panicles. Sepals 4-8, white or greenish, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens several ; with linear anthers on rather long almost capillary fila- ments. Pistils few-several, becoming ribbed or veined achenes ' that are tipped with the persistent style. T. sparsiflorum Turcz. in F. & M. Ind. Sem. i, 40. Stem firm, erect, 1- 6 feet high, with ascending branches: leaves 3-temate, ample, the lowest petioled ; leaflets approximate, short-petioled, thinnish, round- or spatulate- oblong, 3-15 lines long, slightly cordate at base, divided above into 3 obtuse or short-acuminate lobes that are again incised : flowers perfect, not large, erect or soon nodding on slender pedicels in a short, branched, leafy pani- cle: sepals obovate, whitish, soon reflexed: stamens 10-25, the short ex- serted filaments widened to the pointless elliptical anthers : achenes 9-15, short-stipitate, obliquely obovate, with 4 or 5 low, often forked nerves on each side. From the mountains of California to Alaska and Colorado. T. polycarpum Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 424. Stout, 3-8 feet high, glab- rous : leaves with short petioles or the upper sessile ; leaflets variable, 3-12 lines long, 3-lobed with acute or acuminate lobes : panicle narrow : flowers dioecious ; the staminate usually crowded, on short pedicels ; anthers acute, on very slender filaments : fruit in dense heads ; achenes compressed, 3-5 lines long, on a short stipe, obovoid, turgid, tapering into a reflexed beak their thin walls with free, or anastomosing low veins : seed slender, terete, 2 lines long. Along small streams from the Columbia river to California. T. Fendleri Engelm. in Gray PI. Fendl. 5. Stems 1-3 feet high, with 3 to 5 cauline leaves, the lower ones petioled; the stalked remote leaflets often deeply cordate with three divergent lobes, the central or all of them again lobed, their divisions rounded or mucronate-pointert : flowers dicecious; stamens numerous; anthers linear, 1-2 lines long, mucronate ; akenes few 1o numerous in the heads, substipitate, 2—3 lines long, obliquely oval or with the dorsal su- tme straightish, thin- walled, flattened, with 8 to 10 prominent nearly parallel ribs the median heaviest, not tilled by the oblong or linear seed. From the Siskiyou mountains, in southern Oregon, to Arizona, New Mexico, and the Rocky Mountains. T. yenulosum Trelease Proc. Bost. Soc. xxiii, 302. Glabrous and glau- cous, the stem, petioles and sepals purple-tinted, the foliage typically pale or whitened: stem simple, erect, 7-20 inches high: stem leaves 2 or 3* , ong 12 RANUNCULACE^. thalictrum. MYOSURUS. petioled, 3-4-ternate ; leaflets approximate, petiolulate, moderately firm, rounded and lobed at the apex, rugose-veiny beneath : panicle simple, nar- row, its short erect branches few-flowered : flowers dioecious, small ; sepals ovate : stamens 10-20, on slender filaments ; anthers oblong, slender-point- ed : achenes about 8, nearly sessile, 2 lines long, ovoid, tapering into a straight beak, thick -walled, 2-edged. with 4 or 5 longitudinal grooves and rounded ridges on each side : seed ovoid, pointed at one end, filling the achene. Klickitat Co, Washington to Brit, Columbia and Wyoming'. T. oecidentale Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 372. Stem slender, 1-3 feet high; leaves 2-4-ternate, the lowermost petioled; leaflets thin, S-10 lines long, 3-9-lobed at the summit, sparingly glandular-puberulent beneath : flowers dioecious, rarely polygamous, nodding, on very slender pedicels, in an ample open panicle : filaments purplish, slender ; anthers linear, cuspi- date : achenes 1-10 in each head, lanceolate or somewhat falcate, 4-7 lines long, tapering below into a short stipe, and above .into a long one-sided curved beak, acutely 8-10 ribbed. Along streams, and moist shady places, Brit. Columbia to California, west of the Cascade Mountains. 4 MYOSURUS Dillenius Giess. 106, t. 4. L. Gen. n. 394. Little annuals with linear or linear-spatulate entire leaves, and solitary flowers on simple scapes. Sepals 5 or 6, spurred at base. Petals as many as sepals, on long claws, with a pit at the summit. Stamens 6-20. Achenes with a prominent costa terminating in an erect or more or less spreading beak, numerous on a slender or conical receptacle. Ovule suspended. ^ M. minimus L, Sp, i, 284. Leaves linear: scapes 1-4 inches high, about equaling the leaves ; receptacle in fruit an inch oj; more high : achenes quadrate with a broad back, truncate at the apex ; beak short, appressed: seed oval. In wet places, Willamette valley to California and the Atlantic States and Europe. M. apetalns Gay Hist. Chil. Bot. 1, 31, t. 1, fig. 1. Scapes 1-2 inches high, usually spreading, but little surpassing the linear leaves ; petals often wanting: spike of achenes 3-10 lines long, ovoid-oblong and more or less squarose, or cylindrical: achenes oblong, thin-walled, with narrow, prom- inently carinate back prolonged into a spreading or ascending beak : seed oblong. In alkaline places, California to Brit, Columbia east of the Cascade Mountains : also Chili. M. lepturus. M. apetalus var. Upturns, Gray, Bull. Torr. Club, xiii, 2. Scapes in fruit 3-6 inches high, erect, surpassing the linear-spatulate leaves : receptacle in fruit 8-24 lines high : achenes with broad, distinctly carinate back, and short, appressed beak : seed elongated-oblong. Common in wet places, from California to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. M. sessilis Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 362. Scapes very short or none : fruiting heads several, crowded, much shorter than the leaves : rec- eptacle short and thick, often sessile, 1-6 lines long by 1-2 lines thick at base; achenes oval, scarious-utricular, with narrow salient keel, and subu- late, erect beak : seed short-oval. A rare species, the only locality known, ))eing an alkaline flat seven miles south of Arlington Oregon. Tribe 3. Ranunculess, DC. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Pistils numerous, rarely few, 1-ovuled, becoming achenes. Ovule ascending. Herbs with alternate cauline leaves 5 TRAUTVETTERIA Fischer & Meyer Ind. Sem. 1835, 22. Herbs with palmately lobed alternate leaves, and small flowers in terminal corymbose panicles. Sepals usually 4, concave, petal- TBAUTVETTERIA. KANUNCULACEiE. 13 BATRACHIUM. oid. Petals none. Pistils numerous, capitate, becoming inflated, 4-angled membranaceous achenes. T. g-randis Nutt. in T. & G. Fl. i, 37. Stem slender, 1-3 feet high : leaves few, thin, radical long-petioled, cauline short-petioled, all deeply 5- 7-lobed with irregularly laciniate- toothed, acuminate lobes; flowers white : achenes a little more than a line long, broadly gibbous at base, rather abr- uptly beaked by the slender re volute st^le. Along streams in the Cascade Mountains from California to Brit. Columbia. 6 BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray Brit. PI. ii, 720. Aquatic herbs with the submersed leaves if any finely dissected into capillary divisions. Sepals 5, plain. Petals white with yel- low base, and a naked nectariferous spot on the claw of each. A- chenes transversely wrinkled on the sides. Peduncles solitary, opposite the leaves. B. aquatile Du Mortier Bull. Bot. Soc. Belg. ii, 207. Ranuncvlus aqu- atilis L, Glabrous: stems 6-20 inches long: floating leaves round-reniform, 5-9 lines in diameter, 3-5-lobed. the lobes coarsely crenate-toothed : pedun- cles thicker than the petioles, 8-10 lines long, spreading or recurved in fruit : sepals deciduous: flowers white, 5-10 lines in diameter: style subulate, not longer than the ovary, introrsely stigmatic: receptacle hairy: achenes reticulated, short-beaked. In ponds and shallow streams, California to Alaska, Europe and Asia, B. trichophyllum Bosch Prodr. Fl. Bat, 5. Ranunculus aquatilis var. trichophylliis Gray. Annual: stems coarsely filiform, 2-20 inches long: leaves all submersed, round-reniform in outline, cut into numerous capillary segments which are 4-10 lines long, short-petioled: peduncles 1-2 inches long, longer than the petioles : flowers 3-5 lines in diameter : style subulate, shorter than the ovary introrsely stigmatic: receptacle hairy; achenes several, in a close globular head, glabrous obliquely oblong. In ponds and ditches : Oregon and Washington and across the continent. B. Lobbii. Ranunculus Lobbii Gray. Glabrous annual : stems 6-1 2 inch- es long : leaves commonly all floating, 3-9 lines wide, truncate or cordate at base, deeply 3-lobed, middle lobe usually elliptical and entire, the later- al ones usually oblong and with a broad, notch in the apex ; submersed leaves none or rudimentary: peduncles opposite the upper leaves, thicker than the potioles 6-8 lines long : sepals a line long, persistent : petals 2 lines long, obovate -oblong : stamens 5-9: style long and filiform, with a small terminal stigma : receptacle glabrous : achenes 4-6, finely rugose, obovate, about a line long, embraced by the persistent calyx. In pools that go dry in summer, Oregon and California. 7 RANUNCULUS Tourn. Inst. 285. L. Gen. n. 699. Herbs with alternate, entire or variously lobed leaves, and sol- itary or scattered flowers. Sepals 5, plain, commonly colored and reflexed. Petals 1-15, usually broad and conspicuous, with a small pit or spot covered by a scale, on the claw inside. Achenes usually numerous, in a globose to oblong head, usually flattened, and beaked with the persistent style, not transversely rugose on the sides. Ovule ascending. § 1 Halodes Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxi, 366. Mature carpels thin-walled and utricular, compressed, striate with several simple or sparingly branched nerves. Petals yellow with a nectariferous scale near the base, deciduous with the sepals. 14 RANUNCULACE^. ranunculus. R. Cymbalaria Pursh Fl. ii, 392. "Flowering stems 3-6 inches long, 1- 7-flowered: leaves broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, coarsely crenate, cluster- ed at the base and joints of the long filiform rooting runners : petals yellow, 2 lines long, longer than the sepals : mature achenes a line long, striate- veined on the sides, apex blunt, with a short oblique beak: heads oblong, 2-6 lines long. In wet saline places ; California to Alaska and the Atlantic States. § 2 EuRANUNcuLUs Gray 1. c. Mature carpels crustaceous or firm-coriaceous, the sides nerveless. Petals usually j^ellow, with a nectariferous spot or pit and scale near the base. * Amphibious, the submersed leaves cut into numerous filiform di- visions : petals yellow, with a broad scale at the base : achenes with a broad white caruncle. R. delphinifolius Torr. in Eat. Man. ed. 4, 424. ? Glabrous: annual: stems floating, a foot or two long : submersed leaves dissected into several- times forked capillary divisions ; emersed leaves round or reniform, vari- ously lobed or cleft : peduncles stout, 2 inches or more long : petals 5-8, 4-6 lines long, much longer than the sepals ; scale % as long as its petal, inrol- led and its edges joined together for half its length : achenes strongly margined, and pointed with a stout curved beak. In ponds that are dry art of each year. Western Oregon and Washington. R. limosns Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 20. Subaquatic, soft-villous, procumbent : leaves reniform, palmately 5-cleft, the segments 2-3-toothed or somewhat lobed, the divisions blunt, short and shallow; stems 1-2-flowered : petals 3 lines long, rounded, longer than the sepals : achenes small, scarcely keel- ed, with a short, nearly straight, subulate beak. Margins of brackish lakes, plains of Idaho and Utah. * * Subaquatic, with entire or merely denticulate or crenulate, peti- . oled leaves ; petals 5 or more ; achenes in a globular head , subulate- beaked. R. reptans L. Sp. 549. R. Flamrnula var. reptans Meyer PL Lab. 96. Stems filiform, creeping and rooting at the joints, 4-12 inches long: leaves lanceolate to linear, acute at both ends, glabrous, entire: flowers 2-5 lines wide ; petals obovate : achenes barely a line long, roundish -ovate, tipped with a slender curved beak. Common in wet places, Oregon to Alaska, New York and Canada. R. microlouchns Greene Eyth. iii, 122. Perennial, the rather Iprge cluster of fleshy-fibrous roots supporting a tuft of erect lanceolate leaves and a single slender tortuous, often partly reclining, leafy and few-flowered stem : leaves all entire, acute at both ends, the radical 1-2 inches long, on slender petioles as long, narrowly lanceolate, nearly glabrous above, but rather densely appressed-pubescent beneath ; cauline few, relatively some- what broader, with short petioles or subsessile: flowers 1-several, yellow, 4 lines broad : sepals spreading : petals 5-8, obovate, obtuse ; achenes few, in a depressed-globose head, obliquely obovoid, slightly narrowed at base, tipped with a short stout blunt style, moderately compressed, marginless, smooth and glabrous. Collected by E. L. Greene in N. Idaho, Aug. 1889. R. Unalaschcensis Bess, in Ledeb. Fl. Ross, i, 32. R. Flamrnula var. intermedins Hook. Fl. i, 11. Stems decumbent and creeping, 4-12 inches long leaves all lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, 1-2 inches long, tapering below into the petiole : petals obovate, 2-3 lines long ; achenes roundish-ovate, with a short oblique beak, in small globular heads. In wet places, Idaho to Alaska. R. samolifolius Greene Pitt, iii, 13. Stems several from a perennial root, weak, somewhat flexuous and half reclining, 6-10 inches long, leafy throughout, simple and 1 -flowered or branched and several -flowered : her- RANUNCULUS. RANUNCULACE^. 15 bage light green, glabrous or nearly so, leaves all entire, obtuse, radical ones oblanceolate, long-petioled, 2-4 inches long; cauline lanceolate to obovoid or oval, the upper ones with very short dilated and thin sheath- like petioles: sepals roundish, spreading, thin: petals 5-8, broadly obovate, 2-3 lines long, golden yellow : achenes obovate, moderately compressed, obscurely margined, obliquely tipped with a short style. Very common in wet places in the Willamette valley, and from W. Washington to the Sier- ra Nevada Mountains in California. R. Oormani Greene Pitt, iii, 91. Stems several, from a fascicle of per- ennial, thick but slenderly tapering fleshy-fibrous roots, simple, prostrate at base, rooting and bearing leaves at 2-3' nodes, the terminal part naked, ascending and scapif orm , bearing a solitary small flower : leaves broadly ovate or deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely few-toothed, 6-9 lines long, glabrous, on almost filiform somewhat pilose-hairy petioles 1-3 inches long: petals 5, oblong, obtuse, twice the length of the spreading sepals : achenes small, glabrous, moderately compressed, with a slender curved beak as long as the body. Collected by Mr. M. W. Gorman on wet banks at Cathedral Springs, Crater Lake, southern Oregon, Aug. 22nd, 1896. R. alismellns Greene Fl. Fr. 237. R. alismxfolius var. alismellus Gray. Glabrous ; stems slender 2-12 inches long : radical leaves ovate or elliptical to oblong or cordate, 6-15 lines long, on long slender petioles ; cauline 1-2 or none, narrower, subsessile : flowers solitary, 4-7 lines broad, on long slender peduncles : achenes few, the mature ones unknown^ In wet mead- ows on the highest mountains, Washington to California. R. Popnlago Greene Eryth. iii, 19. R. Cusickii Jones Proc. Cal. Acad. new series r . 615. Stem solitary, from a fascicle of fibrous roots, erect, leafy, the whole plant flaccid and glabrous, 6-10 inches high : leaves tliin- membranaceous, from round-reniform to cord ate -ovate, obtu.^e, entire or obscurely crenate, long petioled; the cauline smaller, ovate and ovate-lanceo- late, sessile: peduncles many, slender, longer than the cauline leaves to which they are axillary : flowers yellow, 4 lines broad : petals 5-6, obovate- oblong: heads of rather numerous thick short-pointed ac^henes small, glo- bose or depressed-globose. Mountains of eastern Oregon and Idaho. R. Bolanderi Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad, ii, 58. Glabrous throughout or the peduncles and calyx pubescent : stem stout, erect, 1-3 feet high : leaves lanceolate, sparingly callous-denticulate, obtuse, the lower ones with blade 4-6 inches long on petioles 5-12 inches long, the cauline ones few and short-petioled or subsessile ; petals broadly obovate 3-5 lines long, twice as long as the rounded spreading sepals; scales minute: achenes smooth, moderately compressed, pointed with a slender beak, crowded in a com- pact ovoid head. In m et places, Willamette valley to northern California. * * * Terrestrial species with at least some lobed or divided leaves, and no stoloniferous rooting or creeping stems except in R. repens. H- Radical leaves few, only lobed : achenes turgid and dorsally roun- ded, in a globose head. R. glaberrimus Hook. Fl. i, 12, t. 5, Fig. A. Glabrous: stems weak, 2-6 inches long, erect or decumbent : leaves all petioled, radical broadly oval, rounded and coarsely toothed or lobed at the apex; cauline subcu- neate, trifid or entire: petals 5, obovoid, 4-6 lines long, twice the length of the oval spreading sepals : achenes plump, puberulent, slender-beaked, in large globose heads. In wet places, eastern Washington and north- ward: flowering in very early spring. R. ellipticn^ Greene Pitt, ii, 110. Very glabrous: stems several, 2-3 inches high, from a large fascicle of perennial fleshy -fibrous roots : radical leaves elliptical, entire, acutish at both ends, the petiole equaling the blade ; the cauline narrower, often cleft into 2-3 linear divisions : petals often wan- ting, sometimes 1 only, or 5, large, broadly obovate or more rounded, bright 16 EANUNCULACE^. ranunculus. yellow : achenes numerous, in a large globose head, plump, smooth, tipp- ed with a short curved beak : peduncles recurving in fruit until the heads rest on the ground. In wet places from the Blue Mountains of Oregon to eastern California and the Rocky Mountains. R, di^itatus Hook. Kew Misc. iii, 124, t. 4. Less than a span high from a cluster of short and downwardly tuberous-thickened roots; glabrous: leaves few, pfttioled, entiie and lanceolate, or digitately or somewhat pedately lobed the 3 to 5 segments narrowly lanceolate or oblong-spatulate. obtuse: flowers 2 or 3, terminal, 5 to 10 lines in diameter, with 5 to IT oblong-spatulate petals: fruit subglobose, akenes beaked with the subulate recurved style. Mountains of southern Idaho Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming, '■*- ■*- Leaves all 2-4-ternately parted or divided into numerous nar- row divisions: achenes turgid, subulate-beaked, dorsally marginless, smooth or nearly so. Low perennials with fibrous-fascicled roots. B. triternatus Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxi, 370. Stems ascending, 2-6 inches long : leaves usually triternately divided and parted ; primary divi- ions petiolulate, lobes filiform-linear to linear-spatulate, obtuse : inflores- cence secund: peduncles stout, 2 inches long, at length recurved and the heads resting on the ground: petals broadly obovate, 4-6 lines long: achenes very turgid, rounded on the back, slender-beaked, the head glo- bose with a thick globular receptacle. Klickitat Co. Washington, on the highest hills opposite the Dalles ; flowering in very early spring. R. eximius Greene Eryth. iii, 19. Radical leaves very few, often only one, on sh'>rt stout petioles 1-2 inches long, the blade of cuneate-obovate ox almost flabelliform outline deeply about 7-lobed at the broad summit, otherwise entire: upper cauline leaves sessile, broadly cuneiform, an inch long, cleft to the middle into about 5 lanceolate-'Or broadly linear lobes : periphery of the expanded large corolla quite circular by the overlapping of the numerous broadly obovate or almost obcordate yellow petals. Al- pine or subalpine, Idaho and Wyoming to the Rocky Mountains. -•- -t- -t- Leaves mostly cleft or more divided, some radical ones un- divided but at least crenate or dentate : achenes turgid or lenticular, marginless : high mountain perennials with rather large flowers. R. Snksdorfii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxi, 371. Glabrous: stems 4-10 inches high from a fascicle of fleshy-fibrous roots, 1-3-flowered ; leaves small, somewhat reniform, 3-5-cleft or parted, divisions of the radical ones 3-5- cleft or incised, of the cauline linear; petals round-obovate, refuse, 4-6 lines long, deep yellow : achenes glabrous, turgid-lenticular, acutish-edged, tipp- ed with an almost filiform long style. In damp ground on Mount Adams, Washington at 6000 to 7800 feet elevation. R. Eschscholtzli Schlecht. Animad. Ranunc. ii, 16, t, 1. Stems ascen- ding, 6-12 inches long, 1-3-flowered : leaves roundish in outline ; radical all 3-5-parted or deeply cleft, and their obovate or cuneate divisions mostly lobed or incised ; cauline similar or with oblong to spatulate or lanceolate and often entire divisions : petals 3-6 lines long : achenes glabrous, with slender-subulate and mostly straight style of more than half their length ; heads oblong. Alpine, in the Cascade Mountains to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. R. cardiophyllns Hook. Fl. i, 14, t. 5. Hirsutely pubescent: stems robust, 10-12 inches high: radical leaves round-cordate, coarsely crenate to 3-7-cleft; cauline nearly sessile, palmately many-cleft, the linear lobes incisely crenate: petals golden yellow, broadly oval, very obtuse, twice as long as the spreading sepals: achenes small, roundish, tipped with a long hooked style. On high mountains, Oregon to Alaska, Canada and the Rocky Mountains. •♦--»-•♦-■*- Slender-rooted annual, with small flowers and achenes. RANUNCULUS. RANUNCULACE^. 17 R. eremogenes Greene Eryth. iv, 121. R. sceleratiis of authors as to the western plant. Glabrous: stem erect, etout and fistulous, 6-30 inches high, sparingly leafy, simple below, loosely corymbose-paniculate above, herbage light-green ; lower leaves round-reniform, deeply 2-5-lobed, the lobes obtusely-toothed above ; upper leaves more deeply and narrowly cut : petals light yellow, surpassing the sepals: achenes numerous, smooth, flat- tened, with very short beak, crowded in a short-oblong head : the oblong- ovoid receptacle much inflated. Wet springy places, northern California to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains ; east of the Cascade Mts. H_ ^_ ^_ H_ H- Leaves variously cleft or divided : achenes compressed, usually flat, surrounded by a firm or indurated niargin : none truly alpine. -M- Radical leaves not divided into separate leaflets : petals usually only 5 : achenes smooth or barely pubescent, in globose or oblong heads. = Style long, recurving, wholly persistent in a rigid and uncinate, elongated beak. 1 Perennials with erect stems from somewhat fleshy-fibrous roots. R. occidentdlis Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 22. Pilose with spreading hairs : stems rather slender, 10-18 inches high, at length much branched : radical leaves orbicular, subcordate, more or less deeply 3-lobed, or 3-parted, and coarsely toothed, an inch or less in diameter ; cauline leaves deeply cut into 3-5 linear lobes : petals obovate-oblong, 3-7 lines long, twice as long as the reflexed sepals : achenes smooth or nearly so, flat, a line in diameter; beak nearly as long as the body; heads globose. Common in dry open places, Oregon to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains, B. Eiseni Kellogg Proc. Cal. Acad, vii, 115. Sparingly villous : stems slender, at length widely branched above, 1-2 feet high: leaves rather small, not cordate at base, palmately 3-lobed or 3-parted, the broad cunei- form lobes of the radical ones trifid : petals obovate-oblong, 3-5 lines long, twice as long as the reflexed sepals: achenes broad and rounded, compress- ed and thin, glabrous, tipped with a short recurved beak. In dry ground, mountains of southern Oregon to middle California. R. Rattani. R. occidentaHs var. Rattani Gray Proc. Am. Acad . xxi, 373. More or less villous with long white hairs: stem slender, 1-2 feet high, widely branching above : leaves palmately 3-parted or 3-lobed, not cordate at base, the broad cuneiform lobes of^the radical ones trifid : sepals 2-3 lines long, reflexed ; petals obovate-oblong, 4-6 lines long or more : achenes becoming roughish-papillose, and sparsely or thickly beset with short hairs. Dry ground, southern Oregon and northern California. R. Howellii Greene ms. R occidentalis var. Howellii Greene Pitt. Hi. 14- R. canus Howell P. C. PI. No. 1331. not Benth. Stems slender, smooth, 1-2 feet hgih, widely branched above: leaves broadly cuneate, palmately 3-5-lobed or -parted, the cuneiform segments 3-toothed or -lobed, canescent with a long appressed-silkr pubescence : sepals ovate, acute, pubescent outside, soon reflexed, 2-3 lines long : petals obovate-oblong, 4-6 lines long or more : achenes rather small, smooth, tipped with a subulate, slightly hooked to almost straight, elongated style. Dry hillsides about Ashland Oregon, extending to near the Klamath river in California. R. ciliosns. Soft-pubescent with moderately long, white, at length spreading hairs : stems 1-several from a fascicle of fleshy-fibrous perennial roots, erect or ascending ; lower leaves 3-parted, the obovate or oblanceo- late segments acutely 2-5-lobed ; the cauline 3-parted, the acute lanceolate segments entire or 2-3-lobed; the uppermost lanceolate and entire: sepals ovate, acutish, 2-3 lines long, soon reflexed ; petals broadly obovate, 4-6 lines long: young achenes roundish, ciliate on the outer edge, tipped with a long subulate hooked style: mature achenes not seen. Moist banks, in Bear Valley, Blue Mountains, Oregon. Howell. May 23, 1885. 18 EANUNCULACE^. ranunculus. R. Greenei. R. occidentalis var. LyaUii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxi^ 373. R. tenellus var. Lyallii Robinson in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 33. Hispidly hirsute with tawny hairs, or the upper parts nearly smooth : stem usually solitary, erect, 1-3 feet high, with few-several slender erect branches : leaves rather few, thin, 1-3 inches in diameter, cordate, deeply 3-cleft, the broadly-ob- ovate divisions acute, 3-5-cleft and acutely toothed: flowers small, on jslen- der pedicels, the pale yellow petals 1-3 lines long, not surpassing the spr- eading sepals achenes in rather dense globose heads, scarcely a line broad, minutely papillose and hispid, tipped with along slender-subulate curved and hooked beak. Common in open Fir forest, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and northern Idaho.' 2 Winter annuals. R. Bouglasii. R. tenellus Nutt, T. & G. Fl. i, 23. not Viviani. Stem solitary, slender or moderately stout, branching, 1-3 feet high: radical leaves long-petioled, 3-partedortrifoliolate,the divisions deeply 3-lobed and the lobes acutely 3-toothed ; cauline similar, or th« upper 3-parted with linear lobes, or reduced to a single linear-lanceolate leaf or bract, all spar- ingly pubescent with small appressed hairs : sepals greenish, pubescent • outside, oblong, obtuse, 1-2 lines long: petals broadly spatulate, a third longer than the reflexed sepals, attenuate below to a claw : achenes smooth, tipped with a short stout hooked beak. Common in moist places and river bottoms, California to Brit. Columbia. R. PARViFLORUs L. Sp. ed. 2, i, 780. Soft-pubescent with spreading hairs: stem erect, slender or stoutish, simple-much branched, 2-12 inches high; lower leaves 3-parted ; the broad segment deeply 3-7-lobed ; cauline leaves trifoliolate, the broad cunieform leaflets deeply cut yito 3-5 lanceolate acute lobes : sepals about a line long, oblong, obtuse, subpersistent : petals obo- vate, attenuate below to a claw, about as long as the sepals, subpersistent : achenes few, in a loose globose head, papillose-hispid with short hooked hairs, tipped with a very short, hooked beak. In the shade of bushes and rocks, from the Columbia river to southern Oregon. Introduced from Eu. = = Style comparatively short. R. Californicus Benth. PI. Hartw. 205. More or less pilose or hirsute: stems erect or nearly so, 6-25 inches high, from a cluster of somewhat thickened fibrous pareunia! roots : radical leaves usually pinmitely ternate, the leaflets laciniately cut into 3-7 usually linear lobes or parts : flowers 5-10 lines in diameter; petals 5-13, narrowly obovate, deep glossy yellow, longer than the reflexed sepals: achenes nearly 2 lines long, much flatten- ed and with sharp edges, tipped with the short curved beak: heads com- pact, ovate or globular. Dry or moist ground, southern Oregon near the coast, and California. -n- ** Stems erect or ascending, not stoloniferous : roots fibrous, of short duration : ovaries with the stout subulate style stigmatose for much of its length, persisting in a straight or merely oblique beak. R. Pennsylvanicus L. f. Suppl. 272. Hirsute with rough spreading hairs : stem stout, erect 1-2 feet high : leaves ternate ; the somewhat ovate acute leaflets 3-cleft, the divisions sharply cut and toothed : petals pale yellow, not longer than the spreading sepals : achenes flat, tipped with the short straight beak, crowded in an oblong head. In damp places, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States. R. Macounii Britton Trans. N. Y. Acad, xii, 3. R. Mspidus Pursh Fl. ii, 395, not Michx. Stems ascending or declined, usually hirsute with spread- ing hairs, stout, 1-2 feet long : leaves all ternately compound : segments oval, acute, laciniately toothed: flowers few, middle-sized, rather long-ped- uncled; petals obovate, about 3 lines long, surpassing the spreading or hardly reflexed soon deciduous sepals ; achenes mostly 1% lines long, smooth, tipped with a stout straight flat-subulate beak, in globular or at RANUNCULUS. RANUNCULACE^. 19 most oval heads. Washington to Brit. Columbia and Canada. R. Oreganns. R. hispidus var. Oreganus Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxi, 376. Smooth or somewhat pubescent below with scattered hairs : stem stout, X-3 feet high, usually several from the fascicle of annual roots: leaves ample, trifoUate ; the broadly-ovate leaflets deeply 3-lobed ; lobes mostly lanceolate, serrate above the middle : petals obovate, 3-4 lines long, twice as long as the reflexed sepals: achenes flat with a prominent border, 1-1)^ lines long, tipped with a short subulate beak, in a large dense oblong or oval h ad. fShady, and wet places abDut the mDuth of the Willamette river. Stems prostrate and stoloniferous. +> -M- -M- R. REP2NS L. Sp. i, 551. Pab33C3nt; stems 1-2 feet long, trailing, rooting at the lower joints: leaves ternitgly parted and often subdivided: sepals spreading: petals 5; achenes 13>^ lines long, rather sharply margined, the nearly straight beak about 1>^ lines long. Naturalized in various places from California to Brit. Columbia. R. septentrionalis Poir. Diet, vi, 125. Coarsely hirsute to glabrous : stems stout, 1-3 feet high : often stoloniferous : leaves nearly all pedately and pinnately 3-foliate; leaflets 3-parted and sharply incised: flowers large, often more than an inch broad : achenes strongly compressed, rather gradually contracted into a long flat beak; heads ovoid. Northern Idaho and eastward to New Brunswick. ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ iStyle more or less elongated and attenuate upwards, stigmatose at the tip only : petals 5-15 : roots perennial. R. orthorhynchns Hook. Fl. i. 21, t. 9. Hirsute to nearly glabrous: stems erect or ascending, 1-2 feet long, usually several from the fascicle of thick fibrous roots: leaves mostly oblong in outline, pinnate, with 5-7 usu- ally cleft or incised leaflets ; petals narrow obovate purple outside, 4-6 hues long, much surpassing the reflexed sepals : achenes not very numerous, ovate, nearly 2 lines l ng, strongly margined, tipped with a slender-subu- late, rigid and quite straight beak about the same length. In wet places, w^estern Oregon to Brit. Columbia. R. maximas Greene Bull Torr. Club, xiv, 118. R. orthorhynchns var, platyphyllus Gray I. c. 377. Pilose or hirsute with spreading hairs : stems stout, 1-4 feet high, ascending or trailing, but not rooting: radical leaves piimate, 2-8 inches long, on long petioles; leaflets deeply 3-cleft or -parted, the divisions laciniately 3-9-toothed : sepals ovate, acute, 3-4 lines long, hirsute outside, soon reflexed : petals obovate-oblong, rounded at the sum- mit, short clawed, 5-9 lines long, yellow with a dark base : achenes strong- ly margined, tipped with a rigid, subulate, straight or slightly incurved beak as long asthe body. In wet places, Oregon and Washington to Cal- ifornia arid the Wahsatch Mountains. -f- Annuals or biennials with muricate-echinate achenes. R. MURicATus L. Sp. 1, 555. Glabrous: stems rather stout, 4-8 inches high ; leaves roundish or reniform, coarsely toothed : petals pale yellow, longer than the sepals : achenes very large, flat, the sides coarsely muricate- prickly, surrounded by a wide sharp smooth margin; beak stout and straight. In wet places, Umpqua valley Oregon. Introduced from Europe. Tribe 4- Hellehorese DC. Sepals imbricated in the bud, petaloid. Petals small or irregular or none. Carpels few, becoming several- seeded follicles. * Perennial herbs. Flowers regular. Follicles 5-15. 6 CALTHA L. Gen. n. 703. Smooth marsh plants with mostly radical, cordate or reniform 20 KANUNCULACEJ^:. caltha. TROLLIUS. leaves and white or yellow flowers Sepals 5-15. petaloid. Pet- als none. Stamens numerous Pistils 5-15, several ovuled, be- coming several-seeded, flattened follicles that are dehiscent their whole length on the inner edge. C. leptosepala DC. Syst. i, 310. Stems erect, 2-8 inches high, 1-2-fiow- ered ; the lower flower subtended by a petaloid lanceolate bract : leaves roundish- to oblong-cordate, longer than wide, irregularly crenate -toothed : sepals white tinged with purple outside, lanceolate, acute, 5-8 lines long: follicles obscurely stipitate. Wet meadows, Mount Adams Washington to the Rocky Mountains and Alaska. C. biflora DC. Syst.i, 310. Stems scape-like, 5-12 inches high, 1-2-flo- wered: leaves round-reniform, with broad overlapping base, broader than long, 1-4 inches broad, obscurely crenate: sepals white, oblong to spatulate, obtuse, 6-10 lines long: follicles distinctly stipitate when mature. In cold bogs and rivulets of high mountains. California to Alaska.. C. palustris L. Sp. i, 784. Stems erect or ascending, rather thick and succulent, 6-10 inches long or more, corymbosely or dichotomously branch- ed above : lower leaves 2-4 inches broad, cordate or reniform, on petioles 3-9 inches or more long, crenately or acutely dentate, or quite entire ; cau- line leaves on shorter petioles : flowers few, pedunculate, yellow ; sepals 5- 6, broadly oval, 6-9 lines long: follicles oblong, somewhat curved, mucron- ate with the, at length, nearly straight style. In marshes, Oregon to Alaska and the Atlantic States and Canada. 8 TROLLIUS L. Gen. n. 700. Glabrous perennial herbs with palmataly lobed or dissected leaves, and few or solitary yellow or lilac flowers. Sepals 5-15, regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5-8, small, 1 -lipped, tubu- lar at base. Stamens and ovaries numerous. Follicles sessile, somewhat cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds oblong with a smooth crustaceous testa. T, laxjis Salisb. Trans. Linn. S6c. viii, 303 Stems erect, 1-2 feet high: leavespalmately divided ; the segments many-cleft : sepals 5-6, spreading, ochroleucous with a tinge of greeti beneath : petals 15-25, deep orange-yel- low. Headwaters of the Skokomish river, Olympic Mountains Washing- ton, and the eastern States. 9 COPTIS Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii, 305. Low, smooth and shining evergreen herbs with 1-3-flowered scapes and ternate or quinate leaves. Flowering in very early spring. Sepals 5-7, petaloid. Petals as many, thread-like, en- larging and cucullate near the upper end or near the middle. Stamens 10-25. Follicles 3-12, stipitate, several seeded. Seeds with shining crustaceous testa. § 1. Chryza Gray Gen. IlL i, 38. Sepals oval. Petals shorter thai! the stamens, clavate, with enlarged and thickened, hollow, nectariferous summit. Leaflets 3, rarely 5, subsessile and undi- vided. Scapes 1-flowered. C. trifolia Salisb. 1. c. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets cuneiform-obovate, mucronately toothed, obscurely 3-lobed, about an inch long : scapes slen- der, 3-5 inches high, 1-flowered: sepals 5-7, oblong, obtuse, white: pet- als shorter than the sepals, cucullate-obconic, white with yellow base, soon deciduous : follicles ovate-oblong, longer than the style, equaled by coPTis. RANUNCULACEiE. 21 AQUILEGIA. the stipe: seeds black. In marshes and low woods, northwest Wash- ington to Alaska and the Atlantic vStates, Newfoundland and northward. § 2 Chrysocoptis Gray 1. c. Sepals linear or ligulate, atten- uate, greenish- or \ellowish-white. Petals filiform or ligulate, enlarged and cucullate near 'the middle Scapes 1 3-flowered. C. occidentalis T. & G. Fl. i, 28. Leaves simply trifoliolate : leaflets long-petiolulate, roundish in outline, 2-3 inches long, 3-lobed to about the middle, lobes obtuse, slightly 3-lobed or incised and obtusely dentate: pet- als shorter than the sepals and apparently subulate from a subsessile ovate and concave base ; mature follicles longer than the stipe ; seeds oblong. In the mountains of Idaho. A little known species. C. venosa. Leaves ternate, coriaceous, smooth and shining prominent- ly veine^l; leaflets ovate with cordate base, deeply 3-cleft, the divisioDS again cleft into 3-5 cuspidate dentate lobes, the terminal one long aud the lateral ones short petiolulate: scapes at length 7-12 inches high, equaling or excee- ding the leaves: sepals petal-like, very narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate 3-4 lines long: petals a little shorter, filiform, dilated and gibbous below the middle: follicles longer than the stipe: seeds oblong, chestnut-brown, Cas- crtde mountains near the head of Elk Creek Oregon. {So far as known only collected by myself, and distributed as C. occidentalis in 1881-82. C. laciniata Gray Bot. Gaz. xii, 2^7. Leaves chartaceous, ternate, triter- nate, or ternate -quiuate; the ovate leaflets deeply 3-5 -cleft, acute and acute- ly toothed: sepals linear lanceolate, 4-5 lines long, spreading or reflexed: petals a third shorter, nearly filiform, cucullate in the middle: follicles 4-5 lines long, ex.^.eeding the stipe: seeds oval. Along streams, Coast and ^. 'as - cade mountains from Oregon to northern California. C. aspleuifolia i^alisb. 1. c. 303. Leave:3 pinnatcdy 5-foliolate; leaflets all rather long-petiolulate, mostly ovatt -oblong in outline and pinnately 5-parted or divided ; lowest pair of pinnae commonly petiolulate and ubpe'r confluent all 3-5-cleft and incised: sepals filiform, 2-3 lines long : petals filiform with a thickened and concave nectary below the middle : mature follicles shorter than the stipe. Damp woods and marshes, Alaska to Brit. Columbia. To be looked for in northern Washington. 10. AQUILEGIA Tourn. Inst. 428. L. Gen. n. 684. Perennial herbs with biternate or triternate leaves and showy terminal flowers in early summer. Sepals 5, colored and petal- oid. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals, with short spreading lips, and produced backwards into long tubular spurs. Stamens manVj the outer ones long-exserted, the inner ones reduced to thin scales. Follicles 5, sessile, pointed with the slender style. A. formosa Fischer in DC. Prod, i, 50. Sparingly pubescent with soft spreading hahs: stems branching, 2-4 feet high, from a simple or branched fleshy fusiform root: lower leaves triternate, on long petioles, the upper sessile and ternate or reduceti to simple bracts: leaflets broadly cuneate, 3-cleft, the divisions variously 3-5-lobed: flowers red, pendulous in anthesis; sepals sprea- ding or reflexed, 10-14 lines long, lanceolate, abruptly narrowed to a short claw: sf)urs little or not at all longer than the sepals : style not longer than the stamens: follicles an inch long by 2 lines wide. Common from California to Alaska Nevada and Utah. A. trnncata F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. Suppl. 8. (1843,) Glabrous: stems 1-3 feet high, with lax spreading branches : flowers 1-2 inches in diameter, red tinged with yellow : sepals widely spreading or reflexed : petals trun- cate, the limb very short ; the spurs 6-9 lines long, thick and blunt. In 22 RANUNCULACE.E. aquilegia. DELPHINIUM. shady ravines, southern Oregon near Crater Lake, Gorman y and Cahfornia. A. flayescens Watson Bot. King, 10. Smooth : stems 1-3 feet high : leaves ternate: leaflets round-cordate, 8-parted, the segments 2-3-cleft and coarsely toothed: flowers yellow, pendulous; sepals retiexed, oblong-ovate, acute, longer than the spurs: style nearly equaling the stamens, much lon- ger than the pubescent ovary. Hubalpine, eastern Oregon to Nevada, Utah and Brit. Columbia. A. leptosera Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii, 9. KStems 1-2 feet high, glabrous, few-flowered: floAvers white or slightly tinged with blue, soon becom- ing erect: sepals ovate, an inch to inch and a half long; spur straight, 2 inches long, very slender: Shaded mountain slopes, Idaho to eastern California and Utah, * * Floivers irregular. Carpels 1-5. Leaves palmately lobed or dissected. 11 DELPHINIUM Tourn. Inst. 426. L. Gen. n. 781. Erect herbs from grumous or fleshy-fibrous roots, with palmate- ly lobed cleft or divided alternate leaves and showy flowers in simple or paniculate racemes. Sepals 5, very irregular, usually- colored and petaloid, the upper one produced backwards at the base into a hollow spur the others plain. Petals 2-4, very irreg- ular, the 2 upper ones developed backwards and enclosed in the spur of the calyx. Stamens many. Pistils 1-5, many-ovuled. Style persistent. Ours all of § Delphinastrum DC. Syst. i, 351 , Petals 4. distinct, the up- per pair usually glabrous : the lateral ones unguiculate, more or less hairy on the face, in ours emarginate or 2-lobed at the apex. Follicles in ours usually. 3. * Flowers blue or white, never scarlet nor orange. D. Meiiziesii DC. ?yst. i, 355. Glabrous or pubescent with spreading hairs; 5 to 18 inches high, sparingly leafy: lower leaves round-ren if orm, irreg- ularly cut into oblong lobes: the upper finely dissected into linear lobes: flowers blue , in a few-branched panicle: sepals lanceolate, obtuse, 5-8 lines long by 2-3 lines wide, about as long as the stout spur, pubescent with spreading hairs: petals exserted, white with purple veins: follicles glabrous, 8-10 lines long with acute widely spreading tips: seeds turbinate, with a brond depressed sum- mit. Northern California to Brit. Columbia: usually in open woods. D. panperculnm Greene Pitt, i, 284. Stem solitary, simple, 2-7-leaved, 6-10 inches high ; from a small globose or ovate tuber : pubescence sparse and soft : leaves parted into broad-linear, trifid segments : flowers only 3 or 4 on ascending pedicels, deep blue, an inch broad ; spur straight, ascending. Near the coast, Washington. M. A. Knapp. D. Oreganum. Finely pubescent with short reflexed hairs : stem often slender, 1-3 feet high, from a somewhat branched flatfish tuber, sparingly leafy: leaves all dissected into acute linear lobes: flowers blue, in few to many-flowered racemes ; sepals broadly lanceolate, half inch or more long, shorter than the slender spur; lower petals blue, very obtuse or truncate, repand and ciliate at the apex, the blade only 2-3 lines long; upper ones light blue bordered with white, lanceolate, obtuse : follicles 2-4 lines long by a line broad, densely tomentose, erect and not at all spreading at the tips: seed triangular, with rounded and rugose back, and truncate summit. Open plains and hillsides of the Willamette valley. DFLPHiNiuM. KANUNCULACE^. 23 1). leucophaenm Greene Eryth. iii, 118. D. Menziesii var. ochroleucum Nv.tt. T. i& G. Fl. i, 31. Very finely pubescent with retrorsely appressed hairs, usually rather slender, 1-3 feet high from a more or less branching tuber : leaves ternate, the nearly sessile leaflets deeply cut into 3-5 lacini- ately trifid lobes : racemes virgate, 3-10 inches long : pedicels erect in fruit, the lowest 1-2 inches long, the upper 2-6 lines long, all more or less gland- ular: sepals whitish or ochroleucous outside, spur slender, 8-10 lines long, longer than the oblong lower petals, blue bordered with white, rounded at the summit, repand-dentate, rather densely bearded: follicles erect, rather densely pubescent, oblong, 5-7 lines long. Open plains, Willamette val- ley and along the AVillamette river near Oswego. D. simplex Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 25. Tall and strict, 2-3 feet high : pubescent throughout, with short and SDft spreading almost velvety down: leaves all dissected into linear divisions and lobes, racemes spiciform and virgate : pedicels shorter than the spur, erect in flower and fruit : calyx pubescent outside. Root and fruit not seen. Western Idaho. (Gray Syn. FL i, 49.) D. distichnm Geyer Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 68. Stem strict a foot or two to rarely 3 feet high from a fasciculate tuberous root, glaucescent, gla- brous or the inflorescence puberulent, rather rigid, several-leaved, simple or the larger plants having one or more lateral racemes : leaves thickish ; lower ones of rounded outline, with cuneate or narrow divisions and lobes ; upper ones short-petioled, erect, and with aproximate or little spreading linear divisions and lobes: raceme spiciform and virgate, many-flowered: pedicels shorter than the spur, erect or appressed both in flower and fruit : flowers blue or violet, approximate and conspicuously distichous in the very spiciform raceme : sepals at first canescent puberulent outside, a third to nearly a half inch long, follicles erect, seldom over a half inch long. Low prairies, etc., Oregon and Washington to Montana. D. Columbiannm Greene Eryth. ii, 193. Densely canescent: stems simple, 4-12 inches high or more, from a fascicle of thickened roots : lower leaves reniform, irregularly cut into oblong callous-tipped lobes : upper ones finely dissected into linear lobes : inflorescence tawny pubescent : flowers dark blue, rather small, in a strict secund or virgate spike: pedi- cels erect, short and stout: sepals oblong, about half as long as the slender spur, appressed canescent ; follicles densely tawny-pubescent, 5-8 lines long by a line or more wide, erect : seeds winged. In winter rivulets, east- ern Washington to Nevada and California. D. Anderson! Gray 1. c. Sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 4-18 inches high, rather stout : leaves thickish, round-reniform in outline, the lower coarsely and the upper finely dissected into obtuse linear lobes ; flowers blue, in a condensed spike : sepals broadly spatulate, 6 lines long or more, finely pubescent: petals pale blue veined with dark blue : follicles glab- rous, 8-12 lines long by 13^-2 lines wide, erect, with acute spreading tips : seeds broadly winged with a broad depressed summit. Southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California. 1>. !\nttallianum Pritz. in W^alp. Rep. ii, 744. Glabrous or barely pu- berulent : stem slender, a span to a foot high from a fasciculate-tuberous iroot; leaves small, all pedately parted into narrowly linear divisions of an onch or more in length: racemes 3-15 flowered: pedicels about the length, of the flowers ; sepals 3 lines long, oblong, little surpassing the petals much shorter than the slender spur: follicles (so far as known) oval-ob- long, erect, about 4 lines long. Eastern borders of Washington to the Rocky Mountains. 1). bicolor Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii, 10. Pubescent, a span to a foot high from fascicled, and mostly deep descending roots, rather stout : leaves thickish, the lower orbicular in outline, all deeply cleft or parted with mostly linear and obtuse segments ; racemes few to several-flowered : lower pedicels an inch or two long, ascending : sepals and spur half to 24 KANUNCULACE^. delphinium. ACOXITUM. three-fourths inch long ; upper petals pale yellow and white and copiously blue-veined: follicles glabrous, or when young puberulent, sometimes quite erect, but usually recurving above. Dry ground, mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington to Utah, Colorado and British Columbia. 1). depanperatum Nutt. 1. c. Stem very slender, simple, 1-3 leaved : leaves scarcely an inch in diameter, glabrous, the lower one fiabelliform or reniform : upper part of the stem and carpels minutely villous : raceme 1-7-flowered ; flowers deep blue, upper petals yellowish : follicles 5-6 lines long, erect. Mountains of eastern Oregon and Nevada. D. trolliifolium Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 275. Glabrous through- out or the inflorescence sparingly villous, tall and stout, 2-5 feet high : leaves large, long petioled, 5-7 lobed, the lobes laciniately cleft and toothed with acuminate segments : flowers large, in a loose raceme : sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 8-10 lines long, sparingly villous: follicles glabrous, 6-8 lines long by two lines broad: seeds turbinate with a narrow rim at the top. Common along streams from British Columbfa to Califor- nia. Known as ''Poison Larkspur," 1). occidentale Watson. Glabrous or densely pubescent above, 4-6 feet high : leaves deeply 3-5 cleft, the divisions broadly cuneate some- what o-lobed and sparingly gash-toothed, the teeth narrowing abruptly to a callous point : flowers small in a many-flowered sparingly branphed pan- icle : sepals spatulate acuminate attached by a broad base, 6 lines long or more, follicles glabrous or sometimes pubescent : seeds light colored and spongy. Subalpine in damp soil, from the Blue Mountains of Oregon to Nevada. D. scopnlorum Gray PI. Wright, ii, 9. Glabrous below or throughout : stems 1-6 feet high from a fasci«jle of thick rovUs ; leaves numerous, mostly orbicular in outline, 2-3 inches in diameter, 5-7 parted, the lower into cuneate and the upper into narrower cleft and lacmiate divisions : petio- les, except the lowest, hardly dilated at base : bracts and bractlets mainly filiform : racemes many flowered ; flowers blue varying to white or pink on short erect pedicels ; sepals about half an inch long, about equaling the spur : lower petals deeply notched and with the whitish upper ones but lit- tle shorter than the oblong sepals: follicles not over half inch long, short- oblong, erect : seeds with a loose cellular coat. Mountains of eastern AVashington (Sandhcrg No. 921) to the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico D. glancnm Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 427. Tall and stout, glabrous and more or less glaucous: leaves large, laciniately lobed and toothed, the lobes mostly acuminate, the upper leaves sparingly lobed or entire and narrowly lanceolate: flowers pale blue, numerous in a narrow raceme, upon slender and rather short pedicels, the somewhat minutely tomentose sep- als rather narrow, about 6 lines long or less, follicles glabrous. From Yakima county. Washington, to California and north to the Yukon river. D. Burkei Greene Eryth. ii. 183. Stems one or several, a foot .high or more, erect, not slender, from a manifestly woody-fibrous root, leafy at or near the base only : foliage and lower part of stem seem- ing glabrous, though somewhat puberulent under a lens ; upper part of stem and the inflorescence clot hed with a short villous-hirsute pubescence : leaves 2 inches broad, deeply parted into many linear and oblong-linear obtusish segments, the textur® rather fleshy : raceme rather long and nar- row, the pedicels being equal and quite erect : sepals deep blue, pubescent exteriorly, spur rather long, usually blunt, nearly straight and horizontal; petals conspicuously white, or perhaps ochroleucous : ovaries densely-ap- pressed-vdllous : follicles unknown. ''Snake Country" Idaho. Burke. * * Flowers scarlet. 1). nudicanle T. & G. 1. c. Smooth or slightly villous, stems a foot or two high ; leaves mostly near the base, 1-3 inches in diameter, 3-5 lobed, ACONiTUM. RANUNCULACE^. 26 ISOPYRUM, the lobes more or less deeply 3-7 toothed, with broad obtuse segments : flowers red : sepals broadly lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, 6 lines long or more, much shorter than the long stout spur. In the mountains of south- ern^OregOn and California. 12. ACONITUM Tourn. Inst. 424. L. Gen. n. 682. Tall perennial herbs wdth palmately lobed alternate leaves and showy tiowers in open racemes. Sepals 5, colored and petaloid, ver}^ irregular, the upper ones arched into a hood, the lateral ones plain. Petals 2-5, the upper 2 irregular, with long cla\v and spur-like blade which are concealed in the hood of the sepals ; the 3 lower ones small or obsolete. Follicles 3-5, sessile, many-seeded. A. Colnmbianum Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 34. Rather stout, 2-6 feet high, smooth below, some what tomentose above : leaves ample, the lower on long petioles, the upper subsessile, all deeply 3-5 cleft into broadly cuneate la- ciniately toothed acuminate lobes : hood 6-8 lines long with helmet-shaped portion higher than broad, at length much shorter than the downwardly narrowed basal portion, very strongly beaked : follicles usually 3, oblong, obtuse, 6-8 lines long, many-seeded : seeds flat, strongly keeled and trans- versely wrinkled. Along mountains steams, California to Brit. Colum- bia, east to the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico. A. bulbiterum. Stems slender, weak and viney, 2-4 feet long: smooth below, tomentose above : leaves rather small, on short petioles, or the up- per sessile bearing bulblets in their axils, all laciniately cut into acute lobes : sepals pale blue ; hood 6-8 lines long. Fruit not seen. In marshes on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains near Mount Hood, flower- ing in -September. * * * Flowers regular. Carpels 1-5. Leaves ternately compound. -i-Fruit dry. Follicles 1-20. 13. ISOPYRUM L. Gen. n. ed. 2. 533. Low perennial herbs with mostly alternate 2-3-ternately de- compound leaves and white flowers in lax terminal panicles or solitary. Sepals 5-6, petaloid, regular, deciduous. Petals 5, very- small and nectariferous or none. Stamens 10-40. Follicles 2-20, several-ovuled. Seeds with a smooth or rugulose crustace- ous testa. I. stipitatnm Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xii, 54. Glabrous; stems very slender, 2-4 inches high from a large fascicle of thickened fibrous roots, with about 2 ternate cauline leaves and a single flower ; radical leaves bi- ternate, petiolate, with cuneate often 2-3 lobed leaflets, 3-5 lines long: peduncle thickened at the summit ; sepals 4-6, oblong, 3 lines long : fila- ments enlarged in the middle: follicles 2-6, shortly stipitate, oblong,3 lines long, 3-4 seeded : seeds globular, transversely rugose. Under trees in open moist places, southern Oregon, near Oakland, to northern California. I. Hallii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 374. Stems slender, erect, 1-3 feet high, 2-leaved; leaves ample, 2-3-ternate; leaflets obovate-cuneate %-2 inches long, irregularly 3-incised at the apex : flowers in simple or once or twice forked foliaceous-bracted subumbellate corymbs: pedicels slender, an inch or two long: sepals 5, obovate, 4 lines long: filaments as long as the sepals, clavate : follicles 3-5, sessile, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 2-4 seeded : seeds rugulose. Along mountain streams both sides of the Willamette val- ley. A rare species. 26 RANUNCULACE^E. cimicifuga. ACT^A. 14 CIMICIFUGA L, Amoen. Acad, viii, 193 t. 4. Tall perennial herbs with ample ternately compound leaves and small white flowers in paniculate racemes in summer. Sep- als 4-6, falling soon after the flower opens. Petals 1-8, or none^ small, with short, claws. Stamens numerous. Follicles 1-8, many- seeded. C. data Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 36. Canescently pubescent or the pani- cle tomentose and glandular, 4-8 feet high ; leaves ample ; leaflets thin 2-4 inches in diameter, 5-7 lobed, segments acute, coarsely cuspidate- serrate : petals none : filaments equal : pistils 2-5 in the early flowers, only one in the later ones, glabrous or minutely glandu- lar; follicles sessile, 4 lines long, obtuse, 6-10 seeded: seeds terete transversely rugose. In woodlands Willamette valley to Puget Sound. C« laciniata Watson Proc. Am, Acad, xx, 352. Glabrous or the pani- cle tomentose: 3-5 feet high : leaves ample, ternate, the divisions o-parted or deeply 3-lobed, the acuminate segments coarsely laciniate-toothed : pet- als usually present: filaments unequal: pistils 2-5 pubescent; follicles stip- itate 4-5 lines long, 6-8 seeded: seeds flat linear, light brown, scaly. Lost Lake, north side of Mount Hood. Rare. _^ -*- Fruit a one-celled, many-seeded berry. 15 ACT^A L. Gen. n. 644. Tall perennial herbs with alternate, triternately decompound leaves and small white flowers in short terminal racemes. Sep- als 5-6, nearly equal, petaloid, caducous. Petals 4-10, or none, less showy than the numerous white filaments. Carpel solitary, sessile, covered with a broad and obscurely 2-lobed depressed stigma, becoming a berry filled with smooth flattened seeds packed horizontally in two rows. A. arguta Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i. 35. Stems 1-6 feet high from a fascicle of short branching roots, 1-3 leaved ; leaves ternately or quinately decom- pound: leaflets ovate to oblong, often obscurely 3-lobed, acuminate, irregu- larly incised -dentate : racemes oblong, sometimes divided toward the base, loose : pedicels longer than the flowers, fi^liform, scarcely thickened in fruit: petals oblong, obtuse, shorter than the stamens : berries red or white subglobose. Common in forests from California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. A. rnbra Wild. Enum. 561. Stems about 2 feet high: leaves ter- nately decompound; leaflets ovate, acuminate, 1-2 inches long, unequally and incisely serrate, the terminal one often 3-cleft : racemes broadly ovate or hemispherical : pedicels longer than the flowers, scarcely any thicker in fruit : sepals 4 greenish, ovate petals 3-10, rhombic-ovate, acute, shorter than the stamens : berries bright cherry-red, shining, subovate. Craig Mountains, northern Idaho (Sandberg n. 235), to the Atlantic States and Canada. Tribe 5. Pseoniex DC. Prod. i. 64. Sepals herbaceous, imbri- cated in the bud, persistent. Carpels few, many ovuled. 16 P^ONIA Tourn. Inst. 273 t. 146. L. Gen. n. 678. Herbs or low shrubs with tuberous roots, alternate, triter- nately compound or divided leaves and large solitary flowers terminating the stems or branches. Sepals 5, strongly imbri- PMosiA. BERBERIDACE^. 27 BERBERIS . cated, persistent. Petals 5-10 or more, situated with the sta- raens on the fleshy perigynous disk that is adnate to the sepals or concave receptacle. Stamens numerous. Carpels few be- coming coriaceous many-seeded follicles. Style short or none. Seeds anatropous, oval or oblong, naked at base or the very short fleshy funiculus cupulate; embryo straight or slightly arcuate. P. Browiiii Doug, in Hook. Fl. i, 27. Glabrous and glaucous, stems ascending or at length decumbent, 1-2 feet long: leaves thick, leaf- lets ternately dissected into oblong or linear lobes; sepals green, mostly- unequal: petals scarcely larger than the sepals, thick and leathery, dark dull red: follicles oblong, an inch or more long: seeds round or oblong 2 lines in diameter, black and shining. Stony hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California. Order II. . BERBERIDACEiE Endl. Gen. 851. Herbs cr shrubs with compound or divided leaves without stipules and perfect, hypogynous flowers. Bracts sepals petals and stamens 6 each (^sepals and petals wanting, and stamens 9 or more in Achlysj: x^nthers 2 celled opening by uplifted valves that are hinged at the top. Calyx and corolla imbricated in the bud, deciduous, both usually colored Pistil 1, of a single carpel. Style short or none. Seeds anatropous, with small or minute embryo in firm -fleshy or horny albumen. * Flowers complete: stamens 6, mostly short. 1 Berberis. ■*^hrubs with rigid oddpinnate leaves; flowers yellow, in clustered racemes: fruit a few-seeded berry. 2 Vancouveria. Herbs with ternately compound leaves : flowers white or yellow in a panicle: fruit a follicle. * * Flowers without sepals or petals : stamens 9 or more. 3. Achlys, Flowers spicate on a scape, without bracts, sepals or petals. Herbs with 3-parted leaves. 1 BERBERIiS, Tourn. Inst. 614, t. 385, L. Gen. n. 442. Smooth shrubs with yellow wood, pinnate leaves, yellow flow- ers in clustered bracketed racemes, and oblong or globose, acid, dark blue berries. Sepals 6, petal-like, with 6 closely appressed bractlets in 2 rows. Petals 6, opposite the sepals, usually 2-gland- ular at base. Stamens 6, opposite the petals. Stigma peltate. Fruit a 1 -celled berry, with 1-3 seeds. Ours all of § Mahonia T. & G. Fl. i, 50. Leaves evergreen, all e volute, (none reduced to spines) and 3- toseveral-foliolate ; petioles artic- ulated at the insertion of the leaflets : leaflets thick, coriaceous, spiny-toothed : filaments usually 2-toothed at the summit. * Leaflets pinnately veined. B. piimila Greene Pitt, ii, 162. A few inches to a foot high, stout and rigid, erect from the base: leaves very thick-coriaceous : leaflets 1-5, the terminal one round-ovate, the lateral ones obliquely ovate, all coarsely toothed, the teeth rigidly spinescent, conspicuously reticulate-veined on both faces, pale and glaucous beneath, deep but dull green and glauces- 28 BERBERIDACE^. berberis. VANCOUVERIA. cent above racemes short, terminal and axillary ; berries small, very- glaucous. Coast mountains of southern Oregon and northern Califor- nia. B. repens Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1176. Stems stoutish erect, branching, 1-4 feet high : leaflets few, coriaceous, light green, coarsely spinose-toothed : ra- cemes short, in terminal and axillary clusters : bud scales triangular, acute : fruit globose to oblong, dark blue . Idaho to the Rocky Mountains . B. liana Greene Pitt, iii, 98. Low, 3-15 inches high, increasing from underground runners: leaflets 3-7, rarely more, ovate to oblong, acute or obtuse, l-2}4 inches long, not shining above : racemes few, terminating the branches, 1-2 inches long ; bud-scales triangular, cuspidate 2 lines long. Brit. Columbia to California, Montana and New Mexico. B. Aquifolium Pursh Fl! i, 219 in part. Large, 2-10 feet high : leaf- lets 5-9, oblong-ovate, acute, spinulose dentate, 1-3 inches long, green and shining above: bud scales triangular, acute, 3 lines long; racemens in ter- minal and axillary clusters, 2-4 inches long: fruit globose to oblong. Western Washington to California. * * Leaflets palmately veined . B. nervosa Pursh 1. c. t. 5. Stems simple, a foot or two high, from long underground shoots : leaves 1-2 feet long, of 11-17 ovate acuminate spinulose-serrate leaflets ; bud scales long-acuminate, 10-12 lines long, per- sistent, becoming dry and rigid: racemes in terminal clusters, 6-12 inches long. In Fir forests from Brit . Columbia to California. 2 YANCOUVERIA Morr. & Decsne, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii, 315. Slender perennial herbs with 2-3-ternately compound leaves and white or yellow flowers irj open paniculate racemes upon a naked scape. Sepals 6, obovate reflexed, soon falling with the 6-9 oblong, membranaceous bracts . Petals 6, shorter than the sepals and opposite them, linear-spatulate, nectary-like re- flexed. Stigma slightly dilated. Ovules in two rows upon the ventral suture. Capsule dehiscing by a dorsal valve attached by the base, persistent. Seeds oblong, somewhat curved, with a broad attachment and prominent arillus. V. liexandra Morr. & Decsne. 1. c. More or less villous, with brown- ish hairs, 1-2 feet high, from long running rootstocks : leaves diffuse, long petioled; leaflets 1-2 inches broad, petiolulate, subcordate, obtusely 3- lobed, the lobes emarginate, the margin thickened and often undulate: scapes exceeding the leaves : pedicels an inch long or more, recurved : sep- als 2-3 lines long: carpels 4-6 lines long, gibbous-lanceolate, with a slender beak, smooth or slightly glandular; arillus 2-lobed, more than half cov- ering the seed. In Fir forests, British Columbia to California. V. chrysantha Greene Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. i, 66. Stems rusty-vil- lous pubescent: leaflets evergreen, thickish, sub-3-lobed, glabrous and reticulated above, whitened and pubescent beneath, margins only slightly crisped, revolute in places: inflorescence sub-racemose, 5-18 flowered, cov- ered with dense dark glandular pubescence : flowers golden yellow ; sepals 3-4 lines long; ovules 7-8. Eastern base of the Coast Mountains near Waldo, Josephine county, Oregon. 3 ACHYLS DC. Syst. ii, 35. Smooth perennial herbs with one radical trifolilcate leaf and small white flowers, crowden in a naked spike terminating the scape. St,^palsand petals none. Stamens 9 or more in 3 or more ACHLYS. NYMPH^ACE^. 29 BRASENIA. rows. Filaments slender, the outer ones dilated at the sum- mit. Stigma sessile dilated. Ovule solitary, erect. Fruit at first somewhat fleshy , at length dry and coriaceous lunate-in- curved, dorsally carinate, ventrally excavated each side of the fleshy salient suture or ventral appendage. Embryo minute. • A. triphylla DC. Syst. ii. 35. Kootstock creeping, clothed with ghi- maceous scales : leaves ample,long-petioled,a foot or more high from a scaly base ; leaflets broadly cuneate, 3-5 inches long, the outer margin irregu- larly and coarsely sinuate,very fragrant when drying : scape solitary, equal- ing or surpassing the leaf. In Fir forests, Brit. Columbia to California. Order III. NYMPH^ACE.'E Endl. Gen. 858. Aquatic perennial herbs with trunk-like horizontal root- stocks or tubers. Leaves peltate or deeply cordate involute from both margins in the bud. Flowers perfect, solitary on long axillary peduncles. Stamens numerous. Ovules on the back or sides of the carpels, embryo small at the base of fleshy albu- men, enclosed in a fleshy bag. 1. Braseiiia> Carpels 4-18, in a cluster, indehiscent, 2-seeded. 2. Nymphaea. Carpel only one, many-celled and many-seeded : sepals 5- 12, concave. 3. Castalia. Carpel only one, many celled and many-ovuled : sepals only 4, plain. 1. BRASENIA Schreb. Gen. 372. Aquatic perennial herbs with peltate leaves and purple flow- ers. Sepals and petals nearly alike, nearly oblong, dull dark purple hopogynous persistent, 3-4 of each. Stamens 12-18 hyp- ogynous. Filaments slender. Anthers oblong-linear. Carpels 11-18, distinct, tipped with the linear one-sided stigma. Fruit a 1-2 seeded indehiscent pod. B. Schreberi Gmel. vSyst. Veg. i, 854: B. peHata,Pursh. Fl. ii, 389. Stems ascending from a tuberous rootstock : leaves floating alternate on long slender petioles, elliptical,, centrally peltate, light green above, red and when young covered with a clear jelly-like substance beneath; flowers 6 lines long. In ponds, Bnt. Columbia to California, and east to the Atlantic. 2. NYMPH^ABoerh. Hort. Acad. Bat. 281. Herbs of shallow waters, sending up large and mostly rather leathery cordate leaves, and 1-flowered peduncles from large and creeping rootstocks in the mud beneath. Sepals 5-13. con- cave and roundish, partly colored. Petals numerous, some of the inner ones resembling sterile stamens persistent. Stam- ens numerous, short, h^^pogynous, densely crowded around the ovary, at length recurving, persistent. Anthers truncate at the apex, the two linear cells adnate introrse. Ovary oblong or ovate, 8-20 celled. Stigma sessile, peltate, many-rayed. Fruit ovoid or flask-shaped indehiscent, with a firm rind and fleshy or pulpy interior. Cells many-seeded. 30 SARRACENIACEtE. castalia. chrysamphora. If. advena Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. 226; Nuphar advena, Ait. f. Leaves floatiDg or emersed and erect, on stout and half cylindrical petioles, deeply cordate 0-8 inches in diameter : flowers two inches in diameter : sepals usu- ally 6, unequal: petals narrowly oblong, thick and fleshy, truncate shorter than the stamens: anthers longer than the filame nts: stigmal2-34-rayed, the margin entire or repand: fruit strongly furrowed, ovoid-oblong. (In SEtbalpioe ponds about Mount Hood), Oregon to Alaska thence eastward across the continent. K. polysepala Greene Bull Torr. Ciub, xv, 84. Nuphar polysepalum Angelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii, '^82. Resembling the last but larger: leaves all floating, 8-14 inches in diameter: flowers fragrant, 2-5 inches in diameter: sepals 8-12. unequal: petals 11-18, dilated and unlike the stam- ens, yellow: fruit globose, 1-2 inches long. In ponds, British Columbia to California. CASTALIA Salisb. Parad. Lond. 14. Perennial acaulesccnt lierbs with thick creeping or tuberous Tootstocks, rounded cordate leaves and snow white or pink flowers blooming all summer. Sepals 4, plain, hypogynous, her- baceous on the oater and somewhat colored on the inner face. Petals plain, those of the outermost row often greenish outside, all oblong or lanceolate, imbricated over and their bases ad- nate to the surface of the 7-35-celled ovary: innermost reduced to staminodes or imperfect stamens with petaloid filaments. True stamens with narrow filaments and linear-oblong anthers, inserted around the broad summit of the ovaiv. Ovary con- cave and umbonate, lineate with as many radiate stigmatic lines as there are carpels, the tips of the latter produced into as many incurved short processes. Surface of the spongy-bac- cate fruit bearing the basis of the decaying stamens or their scars. Seeds enclosed in cellular-membranaceous arillus. C. Leibergi Morong Bot. Gaz. xiii, 124 t. 7. Leaves oval with rather ©penbinus and acutish lobes, entire 1)^-6 inches long, two-thirds as broad: flowers white 13^2-2 inches in diameter when fully expanded: sepals an inch long, narrow, obtuse: petals in two rows, a little shorter and more obtuse than the sepals: stamens in 3-4 rows running up the ovary moie than half way: stigmatic rays 7 or 8. the projecting points very short and blunt. In smali ponds, northern Idaho. Order IV. SARKACENIACE^ Endl. Gen. 901. Bog plants with pitcher-shaped or tubular and hooded leaves, and perfect, polyandrous hypogynous flowers. The persistent sepals, petals and cells of the ovary each 5. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen. CHRYSAMPHORA Greene Pitt, ii, 191. DARLINGTONIA Torr. Smith, contrib. vi, 4. t. 12. Calyx without bracts, of 5 imbricated narrowly oblong sepals. Petals 5, ovate oblong with a small ovate tip. Stamens 12-15 in a single row. Filaments subulate. Anthers oblong of 2 unequal cjells. Ovary top-shaped, with a broad concave dilated sum- mit^ longer than the stamens, 5-celled, the cells opposite the pet- CHKYS AMPHORA. PAP AVERAGES. 31 PLATYSTRMON. als. Style short, with 5 short linear or club-shaped lobes. Capsule loculicidally o valved. Seeds very numerous[obovate- clavate, thickly beset with soft slender projections. C. Californica Greene 1. c. A smooth perennial herb of greenish yellow hue, from long creeping rootstocks, leaves tubular gradually enlarg- ing upwards to a vaulted ventricose hood which terminates in a forked de- flexed appendage, under which ib the contract<^d rounded orifice, the ven- tral edge winged: scapes 2-3 feet high bearing several membranaceous bracts; and a solitary noddinf flower; sepals dull yellow 1-2 inches long, much longer than the brown, spotted with yellow petals. In bogs, soutnwestem Oregon and noithern Cialifornia, Order V. PAPAVERACE^ Endl. Gen. 854. Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with milky or colored juice. Leaves mostly alternate, without stipules. Peduncle 1- flowered. Sepals, petals and stamens hypogynous. Sepals J2 or 3. Petals twice as many, in two sets, imbricated and usu- ally crumpled in the bud. Stamens indefinite. Capsule 1-celled with parietal placentae. Seeds anatropous, with minute embryo in copious albumen. Platystemon is exceptional in having the severa] capels distinct or at least early separting and forming as many torulose pods, and Eschscholtzia has colorless juice in the herbage. Tribe i. Annuals with opposite entire leaves. Sepals usually three, distinct. 1. Platystemon. Filaments very broad; carpels many, distinct or soon becoming so. 2. Platystigma. Filaments slightly dilated or filiform, ovary 8-ovuled. 3. Canbya. Filaments shorter than the anthers, persistent; ovary 3- valved. Tribe ti. Annual or perennial herbs. Sepals completely united into a narrow cap which falls off entire from a top-shaped receptacle. 4. Eschscholtzia. vStigma lobes 4-6, subulate, unequal; style very short: capsule linear, 2-valved. 1 PLATYSTEMON Benth. Trans. Hort. Fee. ser. 2, i, 405. Low annual with mostly opposite or whorled, entire leaves and long-peduncled yellow flowers that are nodding in the bud. Sepals 8, distinct. Petals 6, in two series. Stamens many with broad flattened filaments and linear anthers. Carpels 6-18, each several-ovuled, at first all united in a circle into a deeply, pluri- sulcate, compound ovary b}'^ as many j)arietal placentae, in fruit separating and closing into as many torulose, narrow follicles which when mature are disposed to break up transversely into a few 1 -seeded joints. P. Californica Benth. 1. c. Stems slender, branching from the base 6-12 inches high, hispid with long spreading hairs: leaves 1-4 inches long, sessile or clasping, broadly linear, obtuse: peduncles 3-8 inches long: 32 PAPAVERACE^. platystigma. CANBYA. sepals hispid: petals pale yellow shading to orange in the center, 3-6 lines long, tardily deciduous, at length loosely closing over the forming fruit; carpels aggregated into an oblong head, 5-10 lines long, beaked with the linear persistent stigmas, the one-seeded divisions a line long: seeds smooth. Southern Oregon near the sea to California. 2. PLATYSTIGMA Benth. 1. c. 406. Low and slender annuals with verticillate or opposite entire leaves and long-peduncled white or yellow flowers in spring. Sepals 2 or 3. distinct. Petals 4 or 6, in two series, deciduous. Stamens 6--12, rarely 4, with narrow filaments. Carpels 3, rarely 4, wholly combined into a somewhat 3-lobed, or angled, or nearly terete ovary, having as many stricth^ parietal placentae. Stigmas ovate to subulate. Seeds smooth and shining. P. lineare Benth. 1. c. 407. Somewhat villous with spreading hairs, 6-12 inches high, the stems usually very short and leafy: leaves all linear sessile, 1-2 inches long: petals yellow, 4-6 lines long: stamens numerous, wdth oblong-linear anthers : capsule half inch long, obovoid or clavate- ovoid, crowned with the 3 broad and obtuse spreading introrsely stigma- tose stigmas. — Valleys and low hills, Oregon to central California. P. Oregannm Watson, Bibl. Index 43. Smooth, 1-3 inches or more high with spreading branches or peduncles : leaves a quarter to at most an inch long, lower round to spatulate, on long wing-margined petioles; upper leaves spatulate to linear 2-4 lines long, verticillate or opposite : flowers on long filiform peduncles, opening at night only : petals white 1-2 lines long : stamens 4-6, with filiform filaments and oblong anthers : stigma subulate : capsule linear, 8-10 lines long, the thin valves commonly twisted in age. In open places, Hood River and the Willamette valley to the borders of California. 3. CANBYA Parry in Gray Proc. A.m. Acad, xii, 51, t. 1. Little annuals with alternate entire leaves and numerous fili- form, one-flowered scapes. Sepals 3. Petals 6, scarrious-marces- cent and persistent, closing over the capsule till the fruit is grown. Stamens 6 or 9 : filaments shorter than the oblong-linear anthers. Capsule ovoid, strictly 1-celled, 3-6-valved from above ; valves alternating witli as many nerviform placentae. Style none. Stig- mas 3 oblong-linear, opposite the 3 nerviform placentae and re- curved-appressed to them. Seeds neither crested nor carunculate. C. aiirea Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxi, 445. Stems 1-2 inches high : leaves fleshy, linear, 1-3 lines long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, all clustered at the base of the stem : scape-like peduncles few to several, half to an inch or more long : flowers bright yellow ; petals ovate, \% lines long, deciduous. On the Sage Plains southwest of Prineville, Oregon. 4. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Cham, in Nees. Horse. Phys. Berol. 73, t. 15. Smooth herbs with colorless (or of the root red,J bitter juice, finely dissected alternate petiolecl leaves, and bright yellow flow- ers i)i summer, usually only opening in bright sunshine. Sepals 2, completely united into a conical calyptra and is detached and pushed off by the expansion of the petals. Petals 4. Stamen numerous, with short filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear, strictly 1-celled, with two nerviform placentae. Style very short : ESCH8CHOLTZIA. FUMARIACEiE. 33 BICUCULLA. stigma divided into 4-6 linear unequal, divergent lobes. Capsule elongated, strongly 10-nerved, dehiscent the whole length, usual- Iv from the bottom, by two valves separating from the placental ribs : many seeded. Seeds globular, reticulated or rough tubercu- late. E. Bouglasii Benth. PI. Hartw. 296. Perennial, smooth and glaucous, 1-2 feet high, rather stout and branching : leaves ternate to triternate, fine- ly divided into oblong-linear lobes : flowers bright yellow, 2 inches in diam- eter, on pedicels 4-6 inches long : torus dilated and broadly rimmed : cap- sule 2-3 inches long, curved : seeds reticulated. Gravelly hillsides and i-iver banks, Oregon and California. E. hypecoides, Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. Ser. 2, i, 408. Annual: stems slender, paniculately branched from the base : leaves small, mostly pin- nately 5-foliolate ; leaflets finely divided into linear lobes : flowers small, not over an inch in diameter, light yellow, on peduncles 1-3 inches long ; torus but little dilated, and very narrowly rimmed : capsule 1-2 inches long by a line in diameter, tipped with filiform stigmas : seeds reticulate rugose. On open hillsides near Wolf Creek, Josephine county, Oregon, to California. Order VI. FUMARIACE^], DC, Syst. ii, 105. Tender herbs with watery and bland juice, dissected compound leaves, and perfect hypogynous flowers. Sepals 2, small and hyaline. Petals 4, one or two of them spurred. Stamens 6, diadelphous. Capsule one-ce'lled with two parietal placentae. Seeds anatropous, with minute embryo in copious albumen. 1 BicncuUa. Corolla 2-spurred: the two outer and larger petals similar. 2 Corydalis. Corolla with only one of the outer petals spurred. 1 BICUCULLA Adans. Fam. PI. ii. 23. DICENTRA Bernh. Linnsea, viii, 557, 468. Smooth perennials with tuberiferous or granuliferous subter- ranean base, or running rootstocks, ternately or pinnately com- pound leaves and racemous or paniculate flowers. Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Corolla flattened and cordate, at least at base, of two pairs of petals,, the outer pair larger, saccate or spurred at base, the tips spreading ; the inner much narrower, spoon-shaped, mostly carinate or crested on the back ; the small hollowed tips slightly united at the apex, the two forming a cavity which contains the anthers and stigma. Stamens 6, in two sets ; the filaments slightly adhering in the middle : the middle anther 2-celled ; the lateral ones 1 -celled. Style slender persistent : stig- ma 2-lobed ; each lobe sometimes 2-crested or horned. Capsule narrow, 1 -celled, with 2 filiform parietal placentae, from which the valves at maturity separate. B. formosa. Dicentra (Diclytra) formosa DC. Syst. ii, 109: Stems and gcapes from the apex of thickish and almost naked creeping rootstock, a gpan to a foot or more high : leaves twice or thrice ternately compound, the ultimate divisions narrow and incisely pinnatifid : flowers in compound i-acemes at the summit of the naked scapes: corollas ovate-cordate with i-ounded somewhat connivent spurs and anort spreading tips to the larger 34 FUMARIACE^\ bicdculla. CORYDALIS. petals: crests of the inner petals little surpassing their tips: all the petals united up to above the middle. B. CucuUaria Millsp. Bull, W. Ya. Agr. Exp. iSta. ii, S27, Leaves usually 2 to each stem, long petioled, tjiternately decompound, the prim- ary and secondary divisions petiolate, ultimate divisions laciniately pin- natifid with oblong-linear mucronulate lol>es : scapes 6-10 inches high, from a kind of scaly, fleshy bulb composed of the triangular bases of former leaves; several flowered; corolla white with yellowish tips, the spurs divergent, short and rounded, not longer than the pedicel: crest of the inner petals small, semi-oval, bladdery. Along the Columbia river from below the Cascades to Idaho, and the Eastern States. Ours differs from the eastern plant in having much shorter and rounded spurs. B. uniflora. Dicentra uniflora, Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci. iv, 14^- leaves ternately or somewhat pinnately divided, the 3-7 divisions pinnati- fid into a few spatulate lobes: scapes 3-5 inches high, from a fascicle of narrow-fusiform and i)erpendicular fleshy tubers, 2-3 bracted, and 1~2- flowered: outer petals merely gibbous-saccate at base, their spatulate- linear recurving tips much longer than the body ; inner petals with lamina dilated and hastate at base directly from the oblong-linear claw. On Mount Adams, Washington, to the Sierra Nevada in California, and Wyoming and Utah. B. pauciflora, Dicentra pauciflora Watson Bot. Cal. .ii, j29. Scapes and leaves very slender, 4-8 inches high, from running tuberiferous root- stocks: leaves small, 2~3-ternate, with narrow segments: flowers 1-3, 8—12 lines long, the short stout straight spurs not diverging : spreading or reflexed tips of the outer petals 3—4 lines long; inner petals with ligulate claw abruptly contracted at apex into a short sta4}v which abruptly dilates into the elongate-spatulate lamina. In the iSiskiyou mountains Southern Oregon, to Tulare County, California, near perpetual snow. CORYDALIS Yent. Cels. t. 19. Herbs with variously decompound alternate leaves and white, rose-colored or yellow flowers in racemes opposite the leaves or terminal. Corolla wdth only one of the petals spurred or gib- bous and nectariferous, by tortion becoming posterior, all erect and connivent up to the short tips of the outer ones. Filaments with a nectariferous spur-like process at the base. Style mostly persistent. Capule few-many-seeded. Seeds with a concave aril- liform crest. I retain Corydalis because no other name has been settled on for this genus. § 1. Perennials from thickened roots with ample leaves and many-flowered racemes. Stigma with 6 lobes or processes, one pair terminal, one medial and one basal. Capsule oval or oblong, rather few-seeded. C. Scoaleri Hook. Fl. 1, 63 t. 14. Stems simple 2-4 feet high, with 2-4 cauline leaves from a large and thickened running scaly-jointed rootstock : leaves very large, pinnately decompound ; ultimate leafllets, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire or the teminal one deeply 3-lobed : flowers rose- colored, peduncles, 1—2 inches long in a loose raceme; spurs stout, 2—3 times as long as the balance of the flower : i)edicel8 strongly curved down- wards after flowering, stigma 2-lobed at the base. C. Cttsickii Watson in Coult. Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 14. Stems 2-3 feet high, from strong perennial roots, leafy; leaves bipinnately divided, the oblong oval leaflets acute at each eud, ha.lf to an inch long: raceme term- inal, dense ; flowers white or purplish with tips of inner petals violet, an coBYDALis. CRUCIF,ER.iC. .35 inch or less long, the nearly straight spur fully twice as long as the rest of the flower ; hood of the outer i)etals emarginate by the development of broad thin margins which are recurved over the narrow and undulate dor- sal crest: capsule oblong, turgid, 6 lines long: seeds nearly smooth, with a conspicuous orbicular carunculate crest. Along alpine streams, Blue and Eagle creek Mountains, eastern Oregon to western Idaho. § 2. Biennials, mostly branched from the base, with finely dissected leaves and siliquiform capsule. C. aurea Willd. Enum. 710. Commonly low and spreading: flowers golden vellow about half an inch long, on rather slender pedicels in a short raceme': spur barely half the length of the body when dry, 10-12-seeded. seeds turgid obtuse at margin, the shining surface obscurely reticulated. Rocky banks, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Lower Canada and northern New England {Gray, Syn. Fl. i, 97). C. montana Engelm. in Gray, PI. Fend.' 8. Stems decumbent, 6-12 inches long: leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-7 parted, the divisions irregularly laciniate-toothed : flowers yellow, in short-peduncled racemes ; spur shorter than the rest of the flower: capsule 4-angled, deflexed in fruit: seeds acutely margined muricate. From the Blue Mountains of Oregon to west- ern Idaho and Mexico. Order VII. CRUCIFER.E Endl. Gen. 861. Herbs rarely suflPrutescent, with pungent watery juice, cruci- form corolla tetradynamous stamens and 2-celled pod (silicle or silique) with two parietal placentae. Flowers perfect hypogyn- ous. Sepals 4, often colored, deciduous. Petals 4, usually with narrow claws and spreading lamina, rarely wanting. Stamens (5, tAvo of them inserted lower down on the receptacle and shorter than the other 4. Ovary 2-celled by a partition which stretches across from the placentae or the partition, rarely wanting. Style undivided or none : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Ovules few or nu- merous, camplytropous. Seeds smooth, without albumen. Coty- ledons either accumbent applied edgewise to the radical or incum- bent, with the radical against the back of one of them or sometimes conduplicate, plicately folded and partly enveloping the radical. Inflorescence racemose orspicate or somewhat corymbose and (with rare exceptions) ebracteate. Series i. Pods 2-valved, dehiscent their whole length (except in Brassicajj not compressed contrary to the partition. •Tribe i. Fruit completely or incompletely 2-celled, regu- larly dehiscent, flattened parallel to a broad partition, terete, or prismatic, short or long. * Pods more or less strongly compressed parallel to the partition. 1 Parrya. Pods lanceolate, acuminate ; valves flat, with a prominent central nerv^e and reticulated: seeds in 1 row in each cell, large, not winged . 2 Cheiraiithus. Pods strongly compressed, 1-4 inches long, broadly linear, with flat l-nerved valves or narrow and quadrangular with con- vex and more or less distinctly keeled valves. * * Pods globose terete or prismatic, at least not compressed parallel to the partition. 36 CRUCIFER^. 3 Nasturtium. Pods short, turgid, little compressed, nerveless. 4 Roripa. Pods terete or nearly so, with nearly or quite nerveless, thin valves. 5 Barbarea. Pods linear, elongated, somewhat tetragonal : seeds in 1 row in each cell. 6 Arabis. Pods linear with more or less 1-nerved flat valves and thin partition : seeds in 1 row in each cell, flattened and more or less winged. * * * Pods oblong or linear, compressed parallel to the partition, sessile. 7 Streptanthus. Pods oblong to narrowly linear, compressed parallel to the partition, sessile upon the enlarged receptacle : valves flat, nerve- less, seeds flat, more or less winged : cotyledons accumbent. 8 Caulanthus. Pods narrowly linear, somewhat flattened or subterete, sessile : valves 1-nerved and often reticulate-veined : cotyledons incum- bent. 9 Bentaria. Pods linear, with nerveless flat valves and nerveless partition : seeds in 1 row in each cell wingless. 10 Cardamiue. Pod linear with thin flat nerveless valves, and wingless seeds in 1 row in each cell. Tribe ii. Pod a silicle, 2-celled, completely dehiscent, strongly compressed parallel to the broad partitioa or very turgid with broad partition and almost hemispherical valves, or didymous, or strongly obcompressed. Pubescence stellate. * Pods strongly compressed parallel to the broad partition. 11 Platyspermum. Pods suborbicular, very strongly compressed parallel to the broad partition : seeds in 2 rows in each cell, broadly winged. * * Pods turgid wdth broad partition. 12 Lesquerella. Pods subglobose: partition suborbicular: seeds flattened * * * Pods didymous wdth narrow partition. 13 Physaria. Silicle didymous or obcompressed, partition narrow -ellip- tical : cells several-seeded. * *** Fruit orbicular or nearly so, 2-celled, dehiscent, 2-several-seeded : filaments often dilated and toothed or appendaged near the base. 14 Psilouema. Capsule with valves convex, pubescence stellate. 4t * * * Fruit oblong elliptic or lanceolate, rarely linear, 2-celled, dehiscent, 2-8veral-seeded : stamens unappendaged. 15 Erophila. Flowers white: petals deeply 2-lobed or parted : pods linear to oblong, many-seeded . 1() Draba. Sepals short and broad, equal at the base : petals entire or emarginate. 17 Cochlearia. Pods (in ours) very turgid and appearing obcompressed,. with distinctly 1-nerved valves. Tribe hi. Pods longitudinally 2-celled, dehiscent, from linear to lance-oblong or elliptic, always longer than broad. 18 Sophia. Pods ascending or somewhat spreading, on slender pedicels,, oblong-linear, subterete, less than an inch long. 19 Erysimum. Pods subsessile, erect, appressed to the rachis, subulate. 20 Smelowskia. Pods lanceolate to lance-oblong, more or less obcom- pressed with sharply keeled valves. 21 Sehoenocrambe. Pods slender, terete, somewhat torulose. CRUCIFER^. 37 Tribe iv. Fruit longitudinally 2-celled, dehiscent, elongated, terete or prismatic or compressed parallel to the partition. 22 Thelypodium. Pods slender, terete or quadrangular, often torulose, on a short thick stipe: valves 1-nerved: cotyledons incumbent. 23 Stanleya. Pods terete or subterete, on a slender elongated stipe : valves 1-nerved: cotyledons incumbent. Tribe v. Pods short, scarcely longer than broad, turgid or ob- compressed. Cotyledons incumbent. 24 Braya. Pods oblong to linear-oblong with flattish or convex faintly- nerved but not keeled valves. 25 Camelina. Silicle' obovoid, 2-celled and many-seeded, with somewhat firm strongly convex valves, and thin obovate partition. 26 Subularia. Silicle turgid, subglobose, pyriform or slaort fusiform, dehiscent, several-seeded : cotyledons incumbent : aquatic herbs with subulate leaves. Tribe vi Pods long or short, dehiscent their whole length or the apex indehiscent Cotyledons longitudinally conduplicate. 27 Brassica> Pods slender and longitudinally dehiscent to near the apex. Series ii. Pods short, dehiscent their whole length. Valves more or less obcompressed, the partition usually narrow. Tribe vii. Pod a 2-celled silicle, strongly obcompressed or turofid. Pubescence wholly simple or none. 28 Bursa. Pods obcordate, reversed deltoid in outline. 2? Hutchinsia. Pods elliptical, entire at the apex. 30 Coronopns. Pods more or less distinctly didymous with thickish valves, falling off as closed or nearly closed 1-seeded nutlets : terres- trial herbs but growing in wet places. 31 Lepidinm. Pods strongly obcompressed ; with usually 1-seeded cells : cotyledons incumbent. Terrestrial herbs. 32 Thlaspi. Pods strongly obcompressed, dehiscent; cells 2 to several seeded: cotyledons accumbent. Glabrous terrestrial herbs. Series hi. Pods short, [rarely long], usually crustaceous and indurated, indehiscent, 1-2-celled, with 1-2 seeds in each cell. Tribe ix. Pods orbicular to elliptical. Ovule suspended. 33 Heterodraba. Pods short-elliptical, twisted, not margined, very tardi- ly dehiscent, by a very filmy partition 2-celled. 34 Athysaans. Pods orbicular, not margined, uncinate-hispid, indehis- cent: ovary 1-celled, 3-4-ovuled but only one maturing. 35 Thysanocarpns. Pods orbicular to obovate, wing-margined, 1-celled indehiscent: ovary 1-ovuled : pubescence simple. Series iv. Pods elongated, indehiscent, 1-celled and many- seeded, or many -celled with 1 seed in each cell. Tribe x. Pods elongated, terete or somewhat prismatic, often torose, multicellular and indehiscent. 36 Raphanus. Fruit an indehiscent multicellular or transversely divid- ed pod. 38 CRUCIFER^. parry a. ' CHEIRANTHUS . Tribe 1. Arahidese DC. Stigma when lohed prolonged over the placentae. Pods ^-celled, sometimes incompletely so, regularly dehi- scent, flattened, parallel to a broad partition or terete. Cotyledons accumbent (incumbent to convolute in Chieranthus). 1 PARRYA R. Br. in Parry Voy. App. 268. Low perennial herbs with mostly radical entire or toothed somewhat fleshy leaves, and rose-colored or purple flowers. Sep- als erect, equal or the lateral ones saccate at base. Petals spatu- late unguiculate. Anthers usually linear. Style short ; stigma lobes connate. Pods compressed, the valves plane, 1-nerved. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in the cells, large, somewhat compressed, orbicular. Cotyledons various. P. Menziesii Greene Bull. Torr. Club xiii, 143. Phcenicavlis Cheiranthoi- des Nuti. T. & G. Fl. 1, 89. Cheiranthus Menziesii Watson Bot, King, 14- Caudex stout and branching, the branches densely clothed with the persist- ent petioles of former seasons : radical leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, entire, 1-4 inches long, persistent, canescent, with a dense stellate pubesce- nce, the petioles nearly glabrous : scape-like stems several from each branch of the caudex, twice longer than the radical leaves, nearly glabrous, often leafy-bracted below: flowers large dark purple or red, to ochroleucous, in rather dense many-flow^ered racemes : pods spreading, on short, stout ped- icels, 1-2 inches long, 1-2 lines broad, not carinate, attenuate to the slen- der style, glabrous few-seeded. On stony hillsides, northern California and Nevada to Brit. Columbia east of the Cascade'Mountains. Var. lanuginosa Watson in Gray's Syn. Fl. ]52. Pubescence more loose and woolly. Eastern Washington. 2 CHEIRANTHUS L. Gen. n. 815. Cheiranthus and Erysimum of authors. Biennial or perennial herbs with narrow entire or sparingly- toothed leaves and yellow or purple flowers in simple racemes. Sepals erect, oblong to linear-oblong, equal at base or the lateral ones somewhat saccate. Petals commonly large with broad obo- vate blade and slender elongated claw. Stamens 6, free and un- appendaged. Pods strongly compressed, broadly linear with flat 1-nerved valves or narrow and quadrangular with convex and more or less distinctly keeled valves. Seeds numerous, oblong and turgid, or suborbicular and flattened or winged. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent or the radical very oblique. * Petals 2-2)^ lines long, yellow': pods subterete, 5-10 lines long: cotyledons incumbent or nearly so. C. tnrritoides Lam. Encycl. ii. 716. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Stem erect, subterete, simple or with few subterminal branches : leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, entire or remotely and obscurely denticu- late, 1-3 inches long, thin, green on both faces, sparsely and finely pubes- cent: flowers small, yellow: pods obtusely angled, 5-10 Hues long, on somewhat spreading and rather slender pedicels, glabrous, slenderly short- beaked. Along streams, eastern Oregon to Alaska and across the conti- nent. * * Petals 3-12 lines long, yellow or orange, rarely purple. Pods subterete or obviously 4-angled, not strongly compressed, 1-4 inches long ; cotyledons incumbent or rarely oblique or somewhat accumbent. CHEiRAXTHUs. CRUCIFER^E. 36 C. inconspicuus Greene Pitt. iii. 134. Erysimum parviflorum Nmt. {1838), not Pers. (1807) Cinereous and scabrous with appressed forked hairs : stems erect, 10-18 inches high : leaves narrow, oblong-hnear or lan- ceolate, mostly entire, the radical crowded, sometimes repand-dentate : sepals linear-oblong, acute, 3 lines long, little surpassed by the narrow sul- phur-yellow petals : pedicels 2-3 lines long, spreading in fruit : pods slen- der, suberect, 1-2 inches long, scarcely narrowed above, tipped with a short stout style and 2-lobed stigma. Eastern Washington to Alaska, Wyoming and Minnesota. C. elatus Greene 1. c. 135. Erysimum elatum Nutt. Scabrous and usu- ally canescent with appressed 2-parted hairs: stems erect from a biennial or short-lived perennial root, 1-6 feet high, usually simple, angled ; leaves lanceolate to entire or repand-dentate, or the lowest pinnatifid : petals yellow or orange, 6-8 lines long, with broadly obovate suborbicular, blade the very slender claw, much exceeding the oblong or linear sepals : pods 2-5 inches long by a line wide usually sharply angled, erect or spreading on spreading pedicels 2-6 lines long ; style 1-2 lines long ; stigma some- what 2-lobecl: seeds oblong, brown, often sharply wing-appendaged at the apex. Comm-m on dry hillsides, California to Brit. Columbia. * * * Flowers large or middle-sized, pods more strongly flatten- ed, 1-nerved or somewhat keeled. €. occidentalis Watson Proc. Amer. Acad, xxiii, 261. Erysimum oc- cidentale, Rob. Stems erect, simple or branching from near the base, 2-18 inches high, from an annual or biennial root, becoming stout, angular, finely pubescent with appressed forked hairs : narrowly linear to lance-lin- ear, leaves attenuate to long slender petioles entire or nearly so : racemes at first short, but becoming 4-8 inches long in fruit : pedicels stout, spread- ing 2-4 lines long: petals light yellow, 8-10 lines long, much exceeding the pale narrowly-oblong strongly saccate calyx : pods 3-4 inches long, 1% hnes broad, rather abruptly beaked; style slender, 2 lines long; stigma small: seeds oblong, rather broadly winged : cotyledons accumbent. On sandy or gravelly banks, Klickitat county, Washington to Nevada. C. arenicola Greene 1. c. 131. Erysimum arenicola Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxvi, 1^2. Cespitose perennial : stems several from the densely mul- ticipital caudex, terete, 6-8 inches high : leaves very numerous, chiefly clustered at the base, oblanceolate, repandly denticulate, including the petiole \}4, inches long, 2-3 lines broad, pubescent with white appressed 2-3 pointed hairs: racemes short, rather few-flowered: pedicels spreading, a line long : sepals 4 lines long ; petals unknown : pods very gradually nar- rowed to a point: cotyledons oblique-incumbent. Olympic Mountains Washington, 5000 feet altitude. C. V. Piper. C. capitatns Dougl. in Hook. Fl. 1, 38. Cheiranthus asper Cham. & Schlecht. in Linnxa i, 14. Finely pubescent with appressed 2-parted or on the lowest leaves somewhat stellate hairs: stem 3-24 inches high from a per- ennial root, somewhat angular, stout, simple or less frequently branched, sometimes from the base : leaves oblong to spatul^te or linear, attenuate below, entire or more or less deeply repand-dentate: flowers light yellow, in a many-flowered at first subcapitate but elongating raceme : petals 8-12 lines long, with broad rounded blade and slender claw : pods 1-4 inches long, 1-1 >"2 hnes broad; valves flattish, l-nerved: style stout, 3^-1 line long: stigma broad: seeds oblong, brown, margined. Common on the coast from Curry county, Oregon to California. 3 NASTURTIUM R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, iv, 109. Perennial herbs with lyrately compound or simple and pin- natifid or undivided leaves and white flowers. Sepals erect. Pet- als unguiculate. Pods short, turgid, little compressed, nerveless. 40 CRUCIFER^. nasturtium. RORIPA. Seeds small, rounded, somewhat flattened, impressed punctate. N. OFFICINALE R. Br. 1. c. Glabrous ; stems stoutish hollow rooting at the decumbent base, the branches %-b feet long : roots all fibrous : leaves pinnate, leaflets rounded or elongated the terminal one largest : petals white, exceeding the calyx: pods divaricately spreading, 6-10 lines long, acute at each end, equaling the spreading pedicels, style short and thick. Common in brooks and wet places. Introduced from Europe. 4 RORIPA Scop. Fl. Cam. 520. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with yellow flowers in pan- iculate racemes. Commonly referred to Nasturtium. Sepals greenish yellow, ascending or spreading. Petals short-unguicu- late and ascending. Pods terete or nearly so ; valves thin, nearly or quite nerveless. Seeds small, turgid and wingless, in 2 rows in each cell, minutely tuberculate. R. sinnata A. S. Hitchck. Spring Fl. Manh. 18. Nasturtium smuatum, Nutt. Stems decumbent to prostrate pale green glabrous or slightly scurfy- pubescent: leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, usually deep and regu- larly pinnatifid, the subequal oblong to deltoid segments entire or with 1 or 2 teeth : pedicels mostly divaricately spreading, slender, 2-5 lines long : pods oblong to linear, mostly 3-5 lines long acute at each end and beaked by a slender style, more or less curved. Eastern Oregon and Washington to the plains of the Saskatchewan. Minnesota and Arkansas. Var. pubescens. Nasturtium sinuatum var. pubescens Watson in Gray tSyn. Fl. i. 174- Pubescent throughout with wooUy^hairs : stems very slen- der, decumbent: racemes lax, 4-5 inches long: pedicels 3-6 lines long, very slender : ovary oblong-obovate, pubescent : style long and slender. On sandy ground Sauvie's Island Oregon, at the mouth of the Willamette river. But one plant was found : if not abnormal it is a good species. R. Colninbiae. Nasturtium Coluinhix Suksdorf in Herb, distr. 95S. Low and spreading, pubescent throughout : leaves rather narrow, deeply and narrowly pinnatifid: pedicels scarcely 2 lines long: pods short-oblong, 1}4 -2 lines long, densely pubescent with short and rather fine somewhat papi- lose hairs. Low gravelly banks of the Columbia and Snake rivers, which are submerged most of the year. R. palustris Bess. Enum. 27. Nasturtium palustre DC. Glabrous or rarely somewhat pubescent : stems erect from a biennial root, 6-18 inches high , branching : lower leaves lyrate ; upper more or less deeply pinnatifid or merely toothed, the lobes narrowly to broadly oblong, dentate ; pods ob- long, turgid, usually obtuse. Oregon to the Sierra Nevadas and the At- lantic states. R. Faciflca. Nasturtium terrestre var. occidentale Watson, in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 148. Glabrous or the auricles of the leaves sometimes ciliate : stems stout, 1-3 feet high from a stout annual or biennial root : more or less freely branching : leaves lanceolate, the lower ones lyrate, petioled, 2-6 inches long ; the oblong to ovate segments erose-dentate : pods oblong, tur- gid acutish at both ends or obtuse above, 4-6 lines long, equaling the spreading pedicels. On alluvial soil lower Columbia valley to Brit. Colum- bia. R. sphserocarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. club, v. 170. Nasturtium sphx- rocarpum, Gray PL Fendl. 6. More or less hispid with short spreading hairs : stems erect, 1-3 feet high from a biennial or winter annual root : branched above : lower leaves lyrate with oblong or ovate, dentate seg- ments, upper ones lanceolate, more or less pinnatifid or irregularly den- tate : pods short, mostly broadly elliptical or subglobose 1-3 lines long. Oregon and Washington . RORiPA. CRUCIFER^. 41 BARBAREA. B. cnrvisiliqua Bessey Mem. Torr. club v. 169. Nasturtium curvisili- qua, Nutt. Glabrous, usually erect, diffusely branched 3-12 inches high from an annual root : leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate pinnatifid with oblong usually toothed lobes, rarely only sinuate toothed : flowers yellow in rather dense racemes: petals a little exceeding the sepals: pods rather slender, 4-8 lines long, about equaling the pedicels, often curved. On rich, alluvial river bottoms, British Columbia to Lower California. R. ly rata Greene Man. 20. Nasturtium lyratum Nutt. Stems erect or decumbent, commonly diffusely branched from the base : leaves lyrate or pinnatifid, the segments oblong-lanceolate, inciseiy serrate or angularly toothed: pods linear, compressed, 8-10 lines long, more than twice the length of the pedicel, slightly curved, obtuse, tipped with the very short style. On muddy banks anS in w^et places, Oregon and northern Cali- ornia. . R. polymorpha. Nasturtium polymorphum Nvtt. T. & G. i, 74. Stems 6-10 inches high from an annual or biennial root: leaves rather narrow, deeply pinnatifid or almost entire, the segments entire, short, linear acute": flowers small ; the petals scarcely longer than the calyx : pods ob- long-linear compressed : stigma minute, nearly sessile. "Banks of the Ore- gon, Nutt." Moist places. Willamette and lower Columbia valleys. R. tenerrima Greene Eryth. iii, 46. Glabrous : stems weak and de- cumbent sparingly branched 6-10 inches long from an annual root : leaves few lyrately pinnatifid, the terminal lobe acutish, rachis of the few ra- ceme's almost capillary: pods subconical to ovate-laaceolate slightly curved, the apex surmounted by a considerable beak-like style : valves and partition both very thin : seeds many in 2 rows under each valve. On moist banks, eastern California and western Nevada to Washington and Wyoming. 5 BARBAREA R. Br. in Ait f. Kew. ed. 2. iv. 109. Glabrous erect branching biennial or perennial herbs with an- gled stems and entire or pinnatifid leaves. Sepals oblong, often colored : the lateral pair often saccate at base and slightly con- nate on the back near the apex. Petals spatulate or with obovate blade and slender claws. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged, dis- tinctly tetradynamous. Style short: stigma bifid. Pods linear, elongated, somewhat 4-angled. Seeds in one row in each cell. Cotyledons slightly oblique. B. vulgaris R. Br. 1. c. Stems erect, 1-3 feet high, simple or corym- bosely branched, somewhat angled : radical and lower caudate leaves usu- ally pinnately parted, the terminal lobe ovate or orbicular, rounded at the apex and varying from cuneate to cordate at base, entire or with a few rounded teeth or lobes ; lateral segments very variable usually oblong, en- tire or toothed : petioles auriculate at base : upper leaves entire or toothed, clasping at base : flowers in a short dense oblong raceme, bright yellow: petals nearly or quite twice as long as the sepals : pods ascending or sub- erect upon more or less spreading pedicels. Common along streams and in cultivated fields. Lower California to Alaska and across the continent. B. stricta Andrz. Bess. Enum. 72. Stems erect 1-2 feet high, leaves yrately pinnatifid with a large rounded terminal lobe and 1-5 pairs of lat- eral ones : flowers pale yellow, during anthesis closely aggregate and sub- corymbose : petals usually not over a third or half longer than the ca- lyx : pods mostly appresscd to the elongated rachis. Along streams etc., California to Alaska and across the continent. 42 CRUCIFER^. arabis, 6 ARABIS L. Gen. n, 818. Annual biennial or perennial herbs, rarely suflfrutescent at base Avith usually simple leaves, stellate or forked pubescence, and white or purple flowers in ebracteate racemes. Sepals equal or the lateral ones saccate, at base. Petals entire or emarginate, usually unguicuhite. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Pods linear compressed parallel to the partition, witii flat or subcon- vex, more or less prominently 1 -nerved valves and membranace- ous partition. Stigma simple or barely 2-lobed. Seeds in 1-2 rows : elliptical or orbicular, more or less margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent or oblique. § 1 SiSYMBRiNA Watson in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 159. Bienni- als or perennials with the pubescence, if any, wholly simple above,, but forked upon the lowest leaves. A. Nnttallii Robinson in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 160. A. spathulata Nutt. T. <^ G. Fl. i, 81, not DC. Stems slender simple, 6-10 inches high from a branching biennial or perennial rootstock, erect or ascending, glabrous above, more or less hirsute below : radical leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, entire, an inch or less long: cauline narrowly oblong to elliptical, sessile but not auricled : petals 2-3 lines long, white : pods short, 6-9 lines long by 3^ of a line broad, somewhat attenuate to a rather stout style : valves slightly convex, 1-nerved and faintly veined : seeds elliptical : cotyledons accumbent. On low grounds, mountains of eastern Washing- ton and western Montana. § 2 TuRRiTis Flowers whitish ; pods narrow : seeds in 2 rows in the cells. A. perfoliata Lam. Encycl. i, 219. Glaucous, stems erect, solitary, sim- ple or sparingly branched, usually stout, 1-6 feet high from a biennial root: radical leaves spatulate, 2-4 inches long, sinuate-pinnatifid or toothed, ciliate and more or less hirsute with stellate hairs ; cauline leaves entire ovate to ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the sagittate base : raceme long and strict: flowers white or stramineous: petals linear-lanceolate, 2- 3 lines long, not more than twice the length of the sepals: pods strictly erect almost terete, 3-4 inches long, less than a line wide, on short pedi- cels: style short or none, stigma 2-lobed: seeds somewhat in 2 rows nar- rowly winged or wingless: cotyledons accumbent to incumbent in the same pod. On dry ridges and stony hillsides, Brit. Columbia to Califor- nia and across the continent to New England and New Jersey. § 3 EuARABis Watson in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 160 in part. Seeds orbicular or broadly elliptical, more or less wing-margined. Coty- ledons strictly accumbent. A. hirsnta Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii, 30. More or less hirsute at least at the base with spreading simple or forked, rarely stellate hairs : stems often clustered on the crown of the biennial root or branching caudex, ()-20 inches high, simple or with slender strict branches above: radical leaves in a rosulate cluster, ovate to spatulate attenuate to a winged petiole, entire or sparsely dentate; cauline ones ovate to oblong or lanceolate sessile and partly clasping by a somewhat sagittate or cordate base: petals white, spatulate twice as long as the greenish sepals : pods strictly erect 1-2 inches long, less than a line wide on erect slender pedicels ; style very short and stout or the stigma nearly sessile : seeds suborbicular, very nar- rowly winged. In moist places. Sierra Nevadas of California through Ore- gon and Washington to northern Alaska and across the continent to the ARABis. CRUCIFER^:. 4^ mouth of the St. Lawrence and Virginia. Eu. & Asia. A. furcata Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 362. vStems several from a slender branching perennial rootstock, slender ascending, 10-18 inches high: lower leaves oblong-ovate, attenuate below to a stout petiole, few- toothed, 1-3 inches long; sparingly pubescent and cihate with coarse forked hairs; cauline oblong to linear or lanceolate, scarcely auricled: flow- ers large in a lax few -flowered raceme ; petals white broadly spatulate, 6-7 lines long, more than twice as long as the sparingly hirsute sepals ; pods 10-20 lines long, less than a line broad, attenuate to a very short style, on slender pedicels 6-10 lines long: seeds oblong-elliptical, winged at the loMer end. On bluffs of the Columbia river from the mouth of the vSandy to near Hood river. A. Suksdorfli. A. furcata Watson I. c. in part. Stems tufted from a thick perennial root, simple, 3-8 inches high, strictly erect, lower leaves oblong-obovate 1-3 inches long, sparingly pubescent and ciliate with branched hairs, entire or few-toothed; cauline few, oblong to lanceolate: flowers middle-sized, in a strict somewhat dense raceme : petals white, spatulate 3-5 lines long : pods 6-18 lines long by less than a line broad, erect on short erect pedicels. On dry alluvial ridges Mount Adams Wash- ington near the line of perpetual snow. A. purpnrascens Howell in Herb. Greene Pitt, i, 161. Usually livid- purple throughout: stems tufted, from a branching perennial root, simple, usually slender, 6-30 inches high, soft-pubescent with simple or forked hairs and a shorter, more branching pubescence beneath : leaves scattered but rather ample, thin sparsely pubescent: the lowest obovate-oblong at tenuate below to a petiole, the cauline narrowly-oblong sessile, all with, scattered coarse and salient teeth : racemes loose and few-flowered ; calyx purple 2-3 lines long: petals 6-9 lines long deep rose purple: pods slender, 2 inches long less than a line wdde. On rocky ridges and bluffs, northern base of the vSiskiyou Mountains from Ashland to AYaldo Oregon. A. atrorubens Suksdorf in Herb. Greene Eryth. i, 223. Pale and glaucescent or the herbage becoming purplish in full maturity: stems erect, a foot or more high from a branching perennial root: radical leaves spatulate-oblong, an inch long, stellate-pubescent ; cauline ones glabrous,, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile and auriculate-clasping, all rather re- motely and coarsely serrate-toothed : raceme simple, strict, few-flowered : sepals dark red, sparsely pubescent with branching hairs : petals dark red or almost black about 4 lines long: pods suberect narrowly linear, acute, 3 inches long or more: seeds flattened, narrowly winged. Edge of brush- lands on the higher part of the Klickitat hills, Klickitat county, Wash- ington. A. sparsiflora Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 81. Stems 1-3 feet high from a bi- ennial or perennial root, sparingly pubescent below with forked or simple hairs: lower leaves numerous, entire oblanceolate, on slender petioles; cauline leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire, sessile and clasping by the auricled base, acut^ : racemes rather few' -flow^ered ; flowers small ; pet- als linear-oblong, bright purple, twice as long as the often colored sepals : pods 2-3 inches long, spreading or suberect on spreading pedicels : seeds narrowly winged. On dry plains, eastern Oregon and Washington. to the Rocky Mountains and northern Nevada. A. Bolanderi Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 467. More or less pubes- cent throughout with soft stellate hairs : stem solitary, much branched, 1- 2 feet high from a biennial root : radical leaves not know-n ; cauline lanceo- late, 1-2 inches long, auriculate-clasping entire : flowers small 2-3 lines long, rose-colored : sepals and pedicels pubescent : pods mostly divaricately spreading, glabrous, straight, 6-18 lines long obtuse with a' broad sessile stigma: valves 1-nerved to the middle: seeds orbicular to elliptical, nar- rowly wingad. Yosemite Valley, Bolander; Washington, Brandegee. 44 CRUCIFER^. arabis. A. Breweri Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 123. Stems several from a branching perennial caudex 4-12 inches high, more or less villous with spreading simple or branched hairs or stellate pubescent towards the base, lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate, entire or toothed, finely stellate-pub- escent, an inch long or less, the petioles often ciliate ; upper cauline leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, sessile with a cordate base or obtusely au- riculate, somewhat villous or pubescent or nearly glabrous; flowers bright rose-color or purplish to nearly white, 3-4 lines long; the pedicels and pur- plish calyx more or less villous : pods at length spreading and more or less arcuate l>2-3 inches long by a line or more broad, acute with a sessile stigma ; valves 1-nerved, veined : seeds orbicular, narrowly winged. South- western Oregon to middle California. A. Lemmoni Watson Proc. Am. Acad xxii, 467. Stems several from a branching perennial caudex, slender, 6 inches high or less, glabrous above, hoary below with fine dense stellate pubescence : lower leaves spatulate- oblanceolate, rarely with one or two teeth, 6-9 lines long, the petioles sometimes ciliate; cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, auriculate, mostly gla- brous or nearly so : flowers 2-3 lines long, rose-colored ; sepals pubescent : pods ascending or widely spreading, on short pedicels glabrous, curved 1- 2 inches long by ^4 of a line broad, more or less attenuated to a sessile stigma or short style : seeds in one row, orbicular, narrowly winged. In the mountains from northern California to Mount Adams Washington, Nevada, Wyoming, Montana and Brit. Columbia. A. Koehleri (In honor of R. Koehler of the S. P. R. R., who has shown me many favors while botanizing in Oregon). Stems slender, 3-6 inches high from a perennial much branched w oody caudex : lower leaves densely rosulate at the ends of the branching caudex, persistent, linear-lanceolate to spatulate, narrowed below but scarcely pet- ioled, 6-12 lines long entire, canescent with stellate pubescence ; cau- line leaves only one or two, broadly subulate, auriculate : racemes few- flowered; flowers scarlet 4-6 lines long: pods 2-3 inches long, a line broad, often arcuate, erect on slender pedicels ; style very short or none: seeds small, narrowly winged. On cliffs, etc., in the Coast Mount- ains of Douglas county, Oregon and along the Umpqua river at Roseburg, flowering early. A. Lyallii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 122. Glabrous throughout or sometimes stellate-pubescent below: stems several or many from a branched perennial caudex, 2-10 inches high: lower leaves spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, usually 6-12 lines long, sometimes 2-3 inches long: the cauline narrowly lanceolate to oblong, sometimes scarcely auricled : flowers rose-color, 2-3 lines long; sepals glabrous : pods erect or ascending, straight or nearly so, 1-2 inches long by %-l line broad, narrowed to a short style or sessile stigma ; valves 1-nerved, at least to the middle, veined : seeds orbicular narrowly winged in 1 row. On the highest peaks of the Cascade Mountains from Brit. Columbia to California, Montana and Utah. A. microphylla Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 82. Stems slender, 2-6 inches high from a slender branching perennial caudex, somewhat hirsute at base with spreading hairs or nearly glabrate : lower leaves stellate pubescent, linear, acutish, 4-6 lines long; cauline leaves few, sessile linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong : racemes few -flowered : flowers pale rose-color to pink, 2-3 lines long: pods only 2-6 at the ends of the filiform branches, erect, 1-2 inches long by %-% of a line wide : seeds s"^ all, slightly winged. On rocky banks, eastern Oregon to Wyoming and Utah. A. Cusickii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 363, Villous-hirsute with scattered spreading mostly simple hairs. Stems usually several from a biennial (?) root, 6-10 inches high, simple hirsute or glabrate above: rad- ical leaves linear-oblanceolate, hirsute and ciliate, 8-12 lines long; the up- ARABis. CRUCIFER^. 45 per ones linear-oblong and clasping but not auriculate, all entire or spar- ingly toothed : petals white with purple veins, linear spatulate, about 3 lines long, twice as long as the sparingly pubescent sepals and exceeding the pedicels : pods ascending, falcate 2-3 inches long by a line, broad acuminate, stigma sessile: seeds acutely margined. On high rocky ridges, Klickitat county to Spokane county, Washington and Union county Oregon . A. platysperma Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 519. Glaucous, sometimes wholly glabrous : stems erect or ascending from a branching perennial root- stock, 2-12 inches high, simple or branched: lower leaves oblanceolate, about an inch long ; the upper oblong to linear-lanceolate, sessile : petals rose-colored or nearly white 2-3 lines long : pods erect or a little spreading^ 1-2 J4 inches long by lj^-2)4 lines wide, attenuate to a short stout style; valves distinctly veined, 1-nerved toward the base: seeds orbicular, broadly winged. From Mount Hood Oregon to the Ban Bernardino and Sierra Nevada Mountains. A. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxv, 124. Glabrous ; stems 1-4 inches high from a much-branched cespitose caudex : lower leaves glau- cous, entire, linear-oblanceolate, an inch long, often sparsely ciliate tow- ards the base ; the few cauline narrowly oblong obtusish, sessile some what clasping but not auri»3ulate at base : flowers few, pale to bright pink, 3-4 lines long : pods erect 1-2 inches long by 2 lines broad acuminate ; stigma sessile : seeds orbicular, broadly winged. On Ashland Butte, Sis- kiyou Mountains, Oregon. § 4 Pendula Flowers nodding, usually pale. Pods usually pendulous. Seeds in 1-2 rows in the -cells. A. snffrntescens Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 362. Glabrous throughout or sparingly stellate pubescent below : stems several from a branching woody perennial caudex, 8-12 inches high : lower leaves nar- rowly oblanceolate, acute, about an inch long : the cauline more oblong and sessile or shortly auricu late-clasping: racemes few-flowered; sepals purple, 3 lines long: pods l-2}4 inches long by 1)^-2 lines wide, attenuate to a short style, straight, pendant, on reflexed pedicels 4-6 lines long: seeds orbicular winged. On dry rocky ridges. Mount Adams Washington to the bluffs of Snake river in Oregon and the Siskiyou Mountains near the northern line of California. A. retrofracta Graham Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1829, 344. Stems erect from a biennial root, 1-3 feet high, simple or branching above, gla- brous and often somewhat glaucous above, minutely pubescent below with reflexed simple or forked hairs : leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower ones attenuate below to a winged petiole, rather coarsely serrate- dentate, an inch or two long, densely pubescent with stellate hairs ; the upper ones linear, sessile deeply sagittate entire 1)^-3 inches long : ra- cemes few to many-flowered ; flowers nodding on spreading tomentose ped- icels: petals spatulate, pale to bright purple, 3-4 lines long, twice as long as the pubescent calyx : pods linear, 2-3 inches long by half a line wide and with the pedicels strongly refracted: seeds obovate, narrowly winged, along streams, eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky Mountains and Brit. Columbia. A. secuiida Howell Eryth. iii, 33. Stems several from a branching woody base 10-18 inches high, stellate-pubescent : lower leaves lanceolate, about an inch long, narrowed below to a winged petiole, entire, acute; cau- line leaves linear, revolute, sessile, distinctly auricled 6-12 lines long: ra- cemes many-flowered, strictly secund : pods 1-2 inches long, less than a line wide on filiform pedicels 2-3 lines long that are all deflexed one way forming a secund spike; seeds small, narrowly wMnged, in 1 row. On dry ridges Mount Adams, Washington. 46 CRUCIFERJi'. arabis. STREPTANTHUS. A. ColumMana Macoun Cat. Canada PI. ii, 304. Winter annual : al- most smooth or pubescent below with branching hairs : lower leaves slightly toothed and tapering into a petiole ; cauline sessile and often clasp- ing : flowers white :pods exactly sickle- shaped, 3--4 inches long. Common on the lower slopes of mountains, northern Washington to Brit. Columbia. A. canescens T. & G. Fl. i, 83. Finely stellate-pubescent throughout : gtems one to several from a perennial or biennial root, 2-8 inches high; simple or branched : lower leaves linear-oblanceolate, an inch long or less ; cauline leaves linear, clasping but hardly auriculate: flowers small 2 lines or less long, pale: pods pendulous, pubescent or glab rate, 1-1 >^ inches long by less than a line broad, on pedicels 1-3 lines long; valves 1 -nerved to the middle: seeds small, orbicular, winged, in 1 or 2 rows. On dry plains, Blue Mountains and Harney valley Oregon, to the Rocky Mountains and Brit. Columbia. A, arcnata Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 187 (?). More or less stellate- pubescent or hirsute : stems erect, 6 inches to 2 feet or more high from a perennial woody caudex, simple or branched; lower leaves spatulate, entire or denticulate acute, 1-2 inches long; cauline oblong-lanceolate, sagit- tate and clasping at base 6-12 lines long or more ; racemes rather few^-flow- ered; flowers pale nodding; petals 3-4 lines long, white or purple, twice as long as the sepals : pods 1-4 inches long by a line or more broad erect and slightly curved or spreading and strongly falcate. On rocky ridges and dry plains, eastern Oregon and Washington to southwestern Oregon. A. snbpinDatilida Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 353. Canescent with a voiy fine and dense stellate pubescence : stems 1 to several from a branch- ing somewhat woody base : lower leaves crowded and persistent, linear- oblanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, 9-12 -^ines long; upper ones lanceolate, coarsely and subpinnatifidly toothed : flowers pale pink, 3-() lines long: pods strongly reflexed, on pedicels 2-5 lines long, lX-3 inches long, l-l}4 lines broad, more or less attenuate to the short style, pubes- cent, slightly curved; valves 1-nerved to the middle and veined; seeds in one row, as broad as the partition, winged. On dry rocky ridges, south- western Oregon and and adjacent California to northwestern Nevada. 7 &TREPTANTHUS Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. v, 134, t. 7 . Caulescent branching herbs with entire or toothed, or rarely pinnatifid leaves and purple white or yellowish flowers. Sepals ov'ate or oblong usually colored, equal at base (rarely one or both pair saccate J, commonly connivent. Petals often without a di- late d blade, more or less twisted or undulate ; the claw chan- meled. Stamens 6, the longer pair often connate below. Anthers more or less elongated, sagittate at base. Pods sessile upon the 'enlarged receptacle, oblong to narrowiy linear compressed to sub- torete : valves 1-nerved; partition hyaline: stigma simple. Seeds Hat, margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent. Ours all of § EuKLisiA T. & G. Fl. i, 67. Petals narrow, the blade but little if any broader than the claw, undulate crisped. Calyx closed or with spreading tips. S. orbicnlatus Greene Fl. Francis. 258. Glabrous and glacous : stems erect from an annual or biennial root, 6-18 inches high, diffusely branched from the base: lowest leaves round obovate, very qbtuse or even truncate, crenately or more remotely and repandly toothed, abruptly narrowed to a petiole ^a lorg as the blade: middle cauline obovate-spatulate, auricled and clasping ; uppermost orbicular, mostly entire, obtuse, sepals purple, STREPTANTHUS. CRUCIFER^. 47 cacla:n^thus. -3 lines long, acute but not acuminate at length petaloid-dilated undulate and whitish at the recurved tips: stamens in 3 unequal pairs, the upper part much the longest: torus dilated: pods 2 inches long, falcate, on as- cending pedicels strongly torulose ; seeds wingless, though sometimes dis- tinctly but very narrowly margined. On dry rocky ridges of the Siskiyou Mountains to the Sierra ^evadas. S. glandulosns Hook Ic. t. 40(?). Sparsely setose-pubescent help w, smooth above: stems erect from an annual root, 1-2 feet high, branching: lowest leaves broadly oval or obovate, nearly sessile, dentate ; cauline leaves ovate, clasping by a broad base, the uppermost lanceolate and acuminate, entire or denticulate : flowers pu:rple ; sepals acuminate 2-3 lines long, somewhat pubescent or glabrate ; the purple petals a half longer : one pair of filaments connate below : pods l%-2y^ inches long, less than a liiie wide, erect or ascending: seeds margined. Base of the Siski- you Mountains near Waldo, Oregon. S. Ion girostris Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxv, 127. Arahis longirostris Watson Bot. King 17, t. 2, Brewer and Watson Bat. Cal. i, 31. Glabrous and glaucous : stems erect 1-4 feet high from on annual root, branching from the base, radical leaves ovate- spatulate, entire or sparingly toothed: flowers spreading or reflexed purplish or white 2-3 lines long: sepals lin- ear, not closed over the ovary 2 lines long, the lower pair saccate at base, but little shorter than the narrow petals : pods 1-2 inches long by a line broad, straight attenuate to a slender style, pendulous on short reflexed ptdicels : seeds elliptical, winged. In alkaline or sandy localities, Wallula, Washington to Lower California and Utah. S. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 353. Glabrous and glau- cous : the stout leafy simple stem 6-30 inches high from a perennial some- what fleshy root : lower leaves obovate-spatulate, 1-6 inches long coarsely repand-dentate ; the upper ones narrowly spatulate, entire not clasping: racemes elongated: pedicels 3-10 lines long not spreading: sepals purple, ovate, acute, 3 lines long more or less saccate ; the dark purple petals but little longer : filaments all distinct: pods 2-3. inches long by 1^3-2 lines broad, erect or spreading on stout pedicels: seeds oblong, winged. South- ern Oregon near Waldo, and on Stein's mountain, southeastern Oregon. 8 CAULANTHUS Watson Bot. King, 27. Stout perennial herbs with mostly pinnatifid leaves and dull- colored flowers in long loose racemes. Sepals large, nearly equ- ally saccate at base. Petals but little longer than the sepals, undulate-crisped, the blade only a somewhat dilated rhomboidal extension of the broad claw. Anthers linear sagittate. Stigma 2-lobed or slightly emarginate. Pods sessile or with a short and thick stipe, terete, elongated ; valves convexed, more or less dis- tinctly 1 -nerved. Seeds in one row oblong flattened emarginate or scarcely margined. Cotyledons more or less incumbent. C. hastatns Watson Bot. King 28, t. 3. Glabrous, stems stout, 3-5 feet high from a perennial root : simple or somewhat branched : leaves very va- riable, radical ones lyrate or entire the terminal leaflet inuch the largest, ovate, acute, hastate or truncate at base; cauline leaves ovate-oblong, en- tire, hastate, rounded or cuneate at base: flowers greenish-yellow, in a loose virgate raceme, reflexed, sepals narrow-lanceolate, distinct : petals equaling the sepals, sublaciniately toothed laterally : pods linear, subterete, obtuse, spreading. On shaded slopes in the Blue Mountains of Oregoii to the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains of Utah. 48 CRUCIFER^. caulanthus. DENT ARIA. C. pilosns Watson Bot. King, 27. Pilosely hispid : stems 2-4 feet high from a biennial root, stout erect branched leaves petioled lyrately pinnat- ifid, the lobes sparingly angular- toothed : flowers greenish white on spread- ing pedicels, the oblong petals narrowed above, 4 lines long: pods slender 3-5 inches long by less than a line in diameter, flexuous, widely spreading or recurved. In sandy soil in "sage brush," etc., southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California. C. crassicaulis Watsori 1. c. Glabrous: stem simple, erect, 1-3 feet high, very thick, fistulous : leaves chiefly clustered at or near the base, ob- lanceolate in outline, lyrately toothed or pinnatifid, 2-5 inches long; cau- line leaves few, much reduced, linear or somewhat hastate: flowers subsessile, large: sepals oblong-lanceolate 5-6 lines long, more or less pub- escent, usually densely so, often velvety: pods ascending, slender, terete 4-5 inches long terminated by the conspicuous stigma. On dry foothills and rocky slopes Idaho to Utah and southern California . 9 DENTARIA Tourn. Inst.225, t. 110; L. Gen. No. 540. Sepals equal at base, erect or nearly so. Petals much longer with slender claw and ovate blade. Pods linear, straight with stout firm nerveless flat valves that do not separate elastically, and nerveless partition. Stigma short, capitate or rarely 2-lobed. Seeds in one row, wingless ; cotyledons often thick more or less unequal and somewhat oblique, petiolate. Low, usually gla- brous perennials with commonly simple stems, variously lobed leaves and comparatively large campanulate flowers in very early spring. D. tenella Pursh Fl. U, 439. Stems slender 3-10 inches high from an irregular branching or tuberiferous rootstock : radical leaves shallowly 3-5 lobed or coarsely toothed, 6-18 lines long, the petioles often bearing bulblets on their underground portion : cauline leaves 1-2, sessile, deeply 3- lobed or 3-foliolate with linear or linear-lanceolate entire obtuse segments, 6-12 lines long; racemes few-flowered, terminal and sometimes axillary: flowers rose-purple: pods 1-2 inches long by a line broad, attenuate to a slender style and a broad distinctly 2-lobed stigma. Very common in woods, western Oregon and Washington, flowering in very early spring. D. siuuata Greene Pitt, iii, 123. Cardnmine sirmata Greene Eryth. i, 148. Stems 6-18 inches high from tuberous roots, simple or sparingly branched : radical leaf simple from round-reniform to almost orbicular, cordate at base 2-3 inches broad, sinuately lobed, the 9-15 lobes obtuse or almost truncate, conspicuously mucronate ; cauline leaves 2 or 3, divided 3-5 more or less cuneate leaflets which are iobed or coarsely toothed at the apex: racemes lax, few-flowered: flowers large, rose-purple; pods 2-3 inches long, conspicuously rostrate. Among the "Redwoods" near Cres- cent City, California, no doubt in adjacent Oregon. D. pnlcherrima Greene 1. c. Cardamine pvlcherrima, Greene L c. Stoutish, stems 4-8 inches high from a rather slender horizontal root; herbage glabrous, somewhat succulent : radical leaf palmately 3-5-lobed- parted-or-divided, with entire lobes or divisions ; caulin6 leaves 1 or 2, when solitary situated near the inflorescence, digitately 3-5 parted into oblong-linear or lanceolate segments an inch long more or less : racemes short, few-flowered : petals 6-10 lines long, lilac-purple veined with dark purple. In shaded places, eastern Oregon and Washington near The Dalles. . D. quercetorum Greene 1. c. Cardamine (^"ercetormn, Howell, Eryth. iii, 33. Glabrous : stems slender, 6-12 inches high from a branching scaly root : radical leaf 3-5-foliolate; leaflets elliptical, coarsely dentate, 1-2 inches DENTARiA. CRUCIFERiE. 49 CARDAMIXE. long petiolulate; cauline leaves 1-4, mostly 3-5-lobed or-parted, with oblong- lanceolate acute, mostly entire divisions: racemes densely many-flowered: l^etals rose-purple, half inch long: fruit not known. Under small oaks along the creek, Silverton, Oregon. D. ^emniata. Cardamine Gemmata Greene Pitt, i, 162. Stems rather stout, 3-8 inches high from a round or oblong tuber 4-10 lines in diameter: radical leaves ternate, the leaflets broad and somewhat quadrate, coarsely- to<»thed; cauline leaves 1-3, pinnately divided into 5-7 linear-oblong mucron- ate, entire or toothed segments: racemes short, several-flowered; petals pur- ple, 5-8 lines long, In wet places, eastern base of the Coast Mountains near Waldo Oregon, flowering in very early spring; often in January to March. D. Califoriiica Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i 88. Cardamine paucisecta Benth. PI. Hartw . 297. Smooth or slightly pubescent: stems stoutish, 6-]8 inches high from small deep-seated tubers, simple or branched; lower leaves simple or trifoliolate, the leaflets pitiolulate, suborbicular, cuneate to sub- cordate at base, sinuate or coarsely toothed ; cauline leaves 2-4, mostly short-petioled, pinnately 3-5-foliolate, rarely simple or lobed; leaflets mostly petiolulate, ovate to lanceolate or linear, entire or toothed, 1-3 inches long, flowers white or rose-color: pods 1-21 inches long: seeds oblong; cotyledons thick, the radical decidedly oblique, cleft to the middle. Along streams, southwestern Oregon to southern California. 10 CARDAMINE Tourn. Inst. 224, t. 109, L. Gen. n. 812. Annual or perennial herbs of moist or wet places with simple or pinnate leaves and mostly small flowers in elongated ra- cemes. Sepals equal at base erect or more or less spreading. Petals obovate to narrowly spatulate. Pods linear, with some- what thickened margins merely beaked or pointed above. Valves flat, nerveless, opening elastically from the base. Seeds in 1 row, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent or slightly overlap- ping the radical, more or less petiolate, C bellidifolia L. KSp. ii. 654. Glabrous perennial : caudex much branched, somi^what fleshy, stems very short, tufted: lower leaves ovate or elliptical, sometimes subcordate usually obtuse, obscurely 3-lobed, or j.arely with one or two lateral teeth, 1-6 lines long, on long slender petioles: ped uncles 3-24 lines long: flowers few, white or pinkish; sepals white, oblong, a line long; petals spatulate, narrowed below to a slendei- claw, very ob- tuse or truncate above twice as long as the sepals: pods erect, 6-15 lines long, on pedicels 2-3 lines long; style very short and stout, radical cleft to tlie middle. On Mount Shasta and Lassen's Peak California to Crater Lake Oregon and Alaska. C. Lyallii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 466. Glabrous: rootstock creeping: stems erect, simple or branched o~18 inches high: leaves 4-8, peti- oled undivided, roniform to cordate, the margin sinuate, 1-3 inches broad: the upper triangular, cordate, subacuminate : racemes pedunculate; flowers white, 3-4 lines long: pods erect on spreading pedicels 10-12 lines long, rather shortly attenuate to a very short style: radical cleft to the middle. Along brooks in the Cascade and Sierra Nevaila Mountains. C. callosicrenata Piper Bot. Gaz. xxl, 488. "Perfectly glabrou throughout; stems erect, purplish below, shining above, coars«^ly striate, leaves all similar and jjinnately trifoliolate, or some of the radical rarely sim- ple; terminal leaflet orbicular, 2-5 lines long and nearly as broad, closely crenate or the uppermost lobed, the crenatious tipped with a short blunt cal- 50 CRUCIFER^. CARDAMINE. lous point; lateral leaflets ovate, entire, mostly obtuse, 10-13 lines long: ra- ceme ample: flowers white: pods 25-30 lines long, erect on widely spread- ing pedicels: style stout; seeds light brown, about 20 in each pod. In springy places, Spokane July 2nd and Sept. 27, 1896," C. V. Piper. C. Brewerii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, x, 339. Glabrous or slightly pubescent at base: stems erect or decumbent at base, a foot or more high from slender running rootstocks; radical leaves simple or with a pair of small lateral leaflets, round-cordate, entire or coarsely sinuate-toothed, the cauline with rounded and sinuate or lobed leaflets, the upper more oblong or lanceo- late: petals 2 lines long white: pods 8-15 lines long, obtuse or scarcely beaked with the short style, ascending on pedicels 2-4 lines long : radical, scarcely cleft. In the mountains and along the coast, Brit. Columbia to California and Nevada.* C. angulata Hook. Fl. i, 44. Glabrous or sparsely hirsute: stems rather slender, simple, 1-2 feet high from long running rootstocks: leaves all 3-foliolate or sometimes 5-foliolate; leaflets triangular-ovate to oblong, usually cuneate at base and coarsely 3-5 toothed or the lateral ones entire, the terminal ones not greatly larger than the lateral, about an inch long ex- ceeding the petioles: raceme short, few-flowered: petals wliite, 5-7 lines long: pods about an inch long attenuate to the stout style, spreading on divari-' cate pedicels. In damp woods, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. C. occiden talis. C. pratensis var occidentali Watson in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 158. Minutely hirsute below : stems slender, 4rlO inches high from small oblong tubers, paniculately branched: leaves mostly radical, pinnate; leaflets 3-5 pairs, obovate or oblong to linear, 1-4 lines long sparingly den- tate, the terminal one the largest: racemes short, several-flowered ; petals white, a line long, but little longer than the sepal?: pods filiform an inch long by less than half a line wide, abruptly contracted to the sessile stigma, ta length erect on spreading pedicels: seeds minute^ oblong. In open wet places about the mouth of the Willamette river. C. pratensis L. Spec, ii, 650. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent be- low: stems erect from a fibrous-rooted tuber, 10-16 inches high: leaves pin- nately 7-13 foliolate; leaflets mostly entire, often petiolulate, those of the radical leaves roundish, of the cauline oblong to linear: flowers white, usually in a broad corymb, 2-6 lines long: pods 2-15 lines long by a line wide^ tipped with a short thick style. In wet places, Willamette valley, Oregon to Alaska and the northeastern states and Labrador. C. parviflora L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10,1131. Very slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent stem su')simple, erect or nearly so, 6-18 inches nigh from a fascicle of delicate fibrous roots: leaves pinnately parted into several pairs of small leaflets, those of the lower leaves oblong to suborbicular, of the upper linear: flowers small; petals oblong-cuneiform, longer than the ovate obtuse sepals: pods about an inch long, erect upon spreading pedi(;els. In damp woods, Oregon to the New England states. C. Pennsylvanica Muhl. in Willd. Spec, iii, 486 Nearly or quite gla- brous: stems a foot or two high from a fascicle of slender fibrous roots, leafy and branching: leaves pinnately 3-15 foliolate; leaflets of the lower leaves roundish or shoi-t-obloug; of the upper oblong with rounded apex and narrowed base commonly more or less decurrent upon the rachis, usually half inoh or more long and 1-3 lines broad: petals white, a line or two long: pods suberect upon ascending pedicels. iJalifornia to Alaska and across the continent to the Atlantic states. C. oligosperma Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 85. Hirsute to nearly gla- brous: stems slender, 3-12 inches high from an annual fibrous root, leaves all pinnate; leaflets 3-5 pairs, roundish, 1-6 lines in diameter? obtusely 3-5- PLATY8PEBMUM. CRUCIFERiE. 51 LE8QUEKELLA. lobed, petiolate: petals 1-1)^ lines long, twice longer than tlie sepals: pods few, somewhat coiymbed at the end of the branches, 5-9 lines long by half a line erect: style very short. In upland forests central California to Van- couver Island west of the Cascade Mountains. Tribe II. Alyssineae, DC. Fruit short, orbicular elliptical or short-oblong, rarely more elongated lanceolate or linear, always more or less compressed parallel to the partition, 1-2-celled and 1— many-seeded . Valves flat or moderately convex. Cotyledons accumbent or very rarely incumbent. * Pods strongly compressed parallel to the broad partition. 2 PLATYSPERMUM Hook. Fl. i, 68 t. 18 %. B. Small winter annuals with simple or pinnatifid leaves and small white solitary flowers on simple scapes. Sepals broad, equal, erect. Petals obovate, entire or retuse. Pods sessile orbic- ular strongly compressed, with flat nerveless and hyaline parti- tion. Stigma sessile, simple. Seeds 4-6 in each cell, in 2 rows reticulated orbicular and broadly winged. Cotyledons accum- bent. P. scapi^erum Hook 1. c. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid with few lobes or reduced to a single rhombic or ovate toothed, or entire blade upon a slender petiole : scapes at length 3-6 inches long ascending : flowers about a line long; petals narrowly obovate to iinear-spatulate, short unguiculale, not exceeding the erect sepals: pods orbicular to oblong or obovate 3-4 lines long. Common in moist places Brit . Columbia to California, chiefly east of the Cascade Mountains. * * Pods very turgid : partition broad, nerved from the top to the middle. 12 LESQUERELLA Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxiii, 249. VESICARFA of authors as to the American plants. Low caulescent annual or perennial herbs witii stellate, often dense or white-lepidote pubescence, entire or repand -dentate leaves and mostly yellow flowers. Petals spatulate to oblong- obovate entire. Filaments filiform or rarely dilated : anthers sagittate. Stigma flat, capitate entire or lobed. Pods more or less turgid, rounded or ovate or short-oblong with nerveless valves; and a hyaline partition nerved from the apex to the mid- dle, several to many-seeded, sessile or stipitate. Seeds rounded, flat, wingless or rarely narrowly margined. Cotyledons accum- bent. L. occidentalis Watson 1. c. 251. Canescent with a dense, appressed, scurffy, obscurely stellate, silvery pubescence: stems many from a fleshy branching caudex, decumbent, 4-12 inches long or more : lower leaves ob- lanceolate, attenute at base, 1-4 inches long including the petiole, mostly coarsely sinuate-dentate; cauline leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, mostly en- tire : petals spatulate, 3-5 lines long ; style very slender about 2 lines long : pods compressed-globose, acutish, 2-4 lines long sessile upon a more or less flexuous pedicel 4-8 lines long. Sandy or stony hillsides, Washington to northern California east of the Cascade Mountains. 62 CRUCIFER^. PHvaARiA. PSILONEMA. L. Don glasli Watson 1. c 118. Canescent throughout with fine ap- pressed pubescence : stems usually simple, from a simple caudex : leaves ovate to oblanceolate or linear mostly entire : petals spatulate, 3-4 lines long: pods obovate, very obtuse, erect on spreading pedicels; cells 2- ovuled. On the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington. * * * Pods didymous with narroiD nerveless 'partition. 12 PHYiSARIA Gray Gen. 111. i, 162. Low stellately canescent perennial herbs with mostly entire leaves and yellow flowers. Petals spatulate to oblong, entire. Filaments filiform. xVnthers sagittate. Pods didymous : with a short narrow partition : cells inflated, nearly globular, mem- branaceous, nerveless, several-seeded. Seeds not winged. Coty- ledons accumbent. * Cells of the pods much inflated and longer than the partition. P. didymocarpa Gray 1. c. Very canescent, and lepidote with dense white stellate pubescence : radical leaves petiolate, with roundish toothed angled or entire blade, or oblanceolate ant! more or less sinuately-toothed below: cauline leaves mostly entire, spatulate; racemes dense : pedicels becoming 6-7 lines long spreading or ascending : sepals lanceolate, shorter than the rather pale yellow petals : pods strongly didymous, rather deeply notched above entire or more or less cordate at base, becoming 6-8 lines broad; valves subglobose, with no demarcation between the dorsal and lateral surfaces ; walls papery. Eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Nevada. * * Cells more or less compressed and but little exceeding the partition. P. Geyeri Gray 1. c. Whitish with dense stellate tomentum : radical leaves with sh<"trt, broadly ovate, entire, obtusely pointed blade narrowed below to long channeled petioles; cauline leaves small, spatulate: racemes rather dense, 1-2 inches long: pedicels spreading or curved, ascending, 3 lines long: pods small for the genus, broadly and shallowly obcordate, narrowed towards the base ; cells 2%-^ lines long at dehiscence ; partition ovate much exceeded by the persistent style. Sandy soil and volcanic ashes, upper Spokane valley, Washington. P. Oregona Watson Pr c. Am. Acad, xvii, 363. Canescent: stems several from the large woody root, 4-6 inches high : leaves oblanceolate- spatulate, the lower few-toothed below ; the upper entire : pods obcom- pressed 5-10 lines broad, round-reniform ; the narrowly linear partition 3- 4 lines long ; the flattened obtusely rounded cells 3-4 seeded : style very short. Gulches, Union county, Oregon. Cnsick. * * * * Pods orhicidar or nearly so. Filam^Mts often dilated or appendaged near the base. 14 PSILONEMA C. A. Meyer in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iii, 50. Low stellate-pubescent herbs with mostly simple leaves and rather small flowers in slender racemes. Sepals equal. Petals white or yellow, cuneate. Filaments unappendaged. Pods oval or orbicular, compressed with convex nerveless valves, 2- celled, with 2 seeds in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. P. calycinum C. A. Meyer Bull. Acad. St. Pet. vii, 132. Stellate pub- escent: stems branching from near the base, the branches mostly simple, decumbant at base 6-1 2 inches long: leaves entire, linear-spatulate 6-12 EROPHiLA. CRUCIFERyE. 53 DKABA . lines long: flowers small, in slender racemes, the white or pale yellow petals but little exceeding the short sepals: pods orbicular, with a thin margin, slightly emarginate, 1)4 lines in diameter, a little exceeding the persistent sepals, pubescent, 4-8 seeded, on spreading pedicels a hne long: style half a line long. A native of southern Europe sparingly introduced at Seattle Washington and the eastern states. ***** Pods oblong elliptical or ohlanceolate rarely linear 2-seveval-seeded. Stamens unappendaged. 16 EROPHILA DC. Syst. ii, 35(5. Stellate-pubescent scapose winter-annual with entire or coarsely toothed leaves and white flowers in very early spring. Sepals equal at dase. Petals 2-lobed or 2-parted. Style short or none. Pods oblong, compressed, with membranaceous convex 1-nerved valves. Seeds numerous in 2 rows in each cell. E. VULGARIS DC. 1. c. Draba verna L. Sp. ii, 642. Scapes naked, 1-6 inches high, filiform : leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed : pods glabrous, round-oval to oblong, 1-4 lines long, shorter than the spreading pedicels : stigma nearljr sessile. Introduced from Europe. Well established at Van- couver Washington. 17 DRABA Dill. Cat. PI. Giss. App. 122. L. Gen. n. 800. Low annual or perennial herbs with entire or toothed leaves and white or yellow flowers. Sepals short and broad, equal at the base. Petals commonly obovate, entire (rarely bifid). Fila- ments mostly flattened, without teeth a# the base. Anthers round- ed or oval. Style short, or slender and somewhat elongated. Stigma simple or very slightly lobed. Pod oval to oblong or linear, flat, dehiscent. Seeds few-many, in 2 rows, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent or rarely incumbent. § 1 Drabella, DC. Syst. ii, 332. 351. Stellate-pubescent or more or less villous short caulescent and more or less leafy-stem- med winter-annuals with ascending or spreading pedicels, entire or emarginate petals and smooth seeds. * Flowers white : pedicels clustered or approximate at the end of the stem or branches. Early spring species. 1>. Caroliuiana Walt. Fl. Car. 174. Scape-like stems very slender, often branched. 1-3 inches high, smooth; leaves obovate to oblaticeolate, ob- tuse, mostly entire, hispid with simple or branched hairs: pedicels very short: pocis clustered at the end of the stems, linear, 4-6 lines long, 20-30-seedfcd, glabrous; stigma sessile. Under "Sage-brush" Umatilla Oregon to Ontario f^ew England and Carolina. D. niicrautha Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 109. D. CaroUniana var. micran- tha Gray Man. 12. Stems leafy and hispid below, naked and smooth above: leaves cuneate-obovate, hispid, entire: pods hispid, linear, much longer than the pedicels. Open plains and rocky places, Klickitat Washington to Illinois and Texas. * * Pedicels more remotely racemose. Flowers very small, white. Stigma sessile or nearly so. D. bracliycarpa, Nutt. T.&G. Fl. i, 108. Pubeecent with minute ftppreft>)«d stellate hairs: gtems simple or branclied, 3^-3 inches high, from 54 CRUCIFER^. draba. an annual root, leafy, radical leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, petioled, 5-7 lines long; upper ones oblong-lanceolate to linear; racemes many-flowered, strict, elongated in fruit: petals obovate, very slightly emarginate: pods nar- rowly oblong, glabrous, 1-2 lines long, about the length of the pedicels ; valves marked with a median nerve and obscur«ly veined; cells 4-6 seeded. Wet places. Willamette Valley (near Coburg) Oregon , and. Missouri to Virginia, Louisiana and Georgia. * * * High mountain and northern species with entire or few- toothed leaves and small yellow flowers. Stigma sessile. D. nemorosa, L. sp. ii, 643. Pubescent with white branching hairs : stem slender, 4-8 inches high, branching from near the base, leafy: leaves ovate to lanceolate, sparsely toothed: petals emarginate small, yellow: pods narrowly oblong, h^lf the length of the spreading pedicels, minutely pubescent. On moist grassy slopes, Oregon to the Arctic Circle and the Great Lakes. 1). liitea, Gilib. Fl. Lithuana, iv, 46. D. nemorosa var. Jeiocarpa Lindb. Sparingly hirsute: stems very slender, often nearly or quite leafless: pedicels coarsely exceeding or even shorter than the glabrous pods , In moist places snd river banks, valley of the Columbia, 1). stenoloba, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 152. Stems slender, simple, or branch- ing below, villous towards the base: leaves mostly subrosulate, oblong-lan- ceolate or oblanceolate, mostly entire, usually more or less villous and ciliate : pods linear, acute, glabrous, 4-7 lines long, equaling or exceeding the spreading pedicels. Subalpine, from the Sierra Nevadas to Colorado and Oregon, and northwestward to Unalaska. § 3 DRABiEA Lindb. T^innsea xiii, 318. Perennials with bran- ching leafy-tufted caudcx, and soft flat not carinate leaves. * Scapose. Leaves entire, less than 6 lines long. Flowers yellow. 1>. Howellii, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 354. Minutely stellate-pu- bescent throughout: loosely cespitose: scapose stems about 3 inches high: leaves rosulate, broadly spatulatjC entire or rarely obtusely toothed, 3-5 lines long: petals oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-4 lines long, much exceeding the oval yellow sepals: pods pubescent, oblong, acute, 3-4 lines long, beaked with the sender style. On high rocky ridges of the Siskiyou Mountains near Preston peak, 1>. Lemmoiii Watson, Bot. Cal. ii, 430. Leaves crowded at the sum- mit of the stout branched caudex, broadly oblanceolate, obtuse or obtusish, 2 to 4 lines long with long branching hairs on the margins and loosely scat- tered over the surface: scapes and corymbed pedicels pubescent with spreading hairs: flowera nearly 3 lines long: pods ovate-lanceolale, beaked with a very short thick style, sparingly hairy, 3 lines long, rather exceeding the pedicels. Peaks of the Sierra Nevadas to the Wallowa Mountains in eastern Oregon. J), ventosa, Gray, Am. Nat. viii, 212. Cespitose, the slender branches of the caudex more or less densely leafy: leaves oblong- lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, densely stellate-pubescent or glabrate: petals 1-3 lines long, much exceeding the broad obtuse stellate-pubescent or glabrate sepals: pods ovate to oblong-lanceolate, densely pubescent or glabrate, on ascending pedicels: style short and slender. Stein Mountain southeastern Oregon to northwestern Wyoming, Utah and Nevada. * * Scapes rarely with a single leaf : leaves entire or rarely few- toothed : flowers white. D. laevipes DC. Syst. ii, 346. Caudex with numerous slender matted DRABA. CRUCIFER^. 55 COCHLEARIA. branches: leaves oblanceolafce, obtuse or acutish, entire, with a stout midnerve, canescent with short dense stellate pubescence; scapes very slender, pubes- cent; pods few, on smooth pedicels, 4-8 lines long, glabrous: style short and stout; stigma 2-lobed. On Mount Adams Washington to the Hocky Mountains and Brit, Columbia. * * * Caulescent : stem few-many-leaved ; leaves entire few-toothed : flowers yellow. 1). aureola Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 430. Rather densely stellate-pubescent throughout: caudex simple or branched: stem simple, |-4 inches high: leaves numerous, 4-6 lines long, oblanceolate, obtuse, entire; the cauline oblong: racemes short and dense: calyx glabrous: pods broadly oblong, ob- tuse, pubescent, on short spreading pedicels: style short and stout. On the high peaks of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains. § 4 Aizopsis DC. Syst. ii, 332. Leaves linear, entire, becom- ing rigid with refiexed margins, and carinate by the prominent midnerve. Densely cespitose and scapose perennials. D. glabella Adams Mem. See. Nat. Mosc. v. 108. Alpine or subalpine : leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, more or less densely stellate-pubescent, sometimes ciliate at base, pods ovate to ovate oblong, acute, usually finely pubescent, 1-4 lines long: htyle ^-J line long. In the high mountains of California and eastern Oregon to the Arctic Circle and the Rocky Mt's D. densifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl.i, 104 Densely cespitose in somewhat glo- bose tufts: leaves closely imbricated, short and rigid, strongly ciliate, glab- rous or hirsute with nearly simple hairs: scapes naked, hirsute: pods ovate, pubescent, 4-6-seeded; the valves only moderately convex: style about i the length of the pod. Alpine, Idaho to California, Nevada and Utah. D. Don^lasii Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii,328. Braya Oregqnensis Gray I. c. xvii, 199. Densely cespitose, %~2 inches high, very leafy : leaves oblan- ceolate to linear-spatulate, acute, somewhat rigid, ciliate, sessile, 4-6 lines long : peduncles scarsely exceeding the leaves : pods ovate, subterete, acute at each end, attenuate upwards to the long slender style, pubescent : ovules only 2, rarely 4, in each cell, pendent from near the apex of the cell : seeds very large. On the high hills in wet gravely places, Klickitat Co. Wash, to California. 17 COCHLEARIA Tourn. Inst. 215, t. 101, L. Gen. n. 803. Low glabrous and somewhat succulent herbs with mostly en- tire leaves and small white flowers. kSepal& short and broad, rounded at the apex : petals obovate or cuneate very short ungui- cuUte. Stamens straight, free. Style slender, sometimes very short. Stigma simple or nearly so. Pods subglobose to short oblong often somewhat obcompressed, very turgid : valves dis- tinctly 1 -nerved. Seeds 2-several, in 2 rows in each cell. Coty- ledons accumbent. C. Angiica L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1128 & spec, ed 2, ii, 903. (?) Radical leaves long-petioled, ovate or suborbicular rounded at the base or slightly and broadly cordate, subentire ; lower cauline similar, short petioled, the middle and upper ones ovate-oblong sparingly and bluntly toothed, sessile by a more or less auriculate base : pods subglobose reticulated with promi- nent veins. Shores of bogs, etc., Oregon to Alaska. Tribe III. Sisymbriese DC. Pods longitudinally dehiscent their whole length, l-celled, linear to oblong. Seeds in 1 row, not mar- 56 CRUCIFERvl^:. sophia. ERYSIMUM. (jincil . Cotyledons 'plane, incumbent . 18 SOPHIA L. Syst. ed. 1 Adams Fam. ii, 417. SISYMBRIUM of authofK as to our plants. Erect branching annuals with pinnately multifid leaves and small yellow flowers. Pubescence branched. Sepals oblong to linear, usually spreading. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Pods ascending or somewhat spreading, on slender pedicels ob- long-linear, subterete, less than an inch long. Style short or none. Stigma entire. S. pinnata Erysimum jnnnatum Walt. (1788). Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. (1818). Canescently pubescent: stems 6-30 inches high: leaves 1-2- pinnatifid, the segments toothed or pinnatifid: petals equaling the sepals, a Une long or less : pods oblong or linear-oblong, nearly or quite a line broad, 3-6 lines long, acute at each end, shorter than the slender spread- ing pedicels : seeds ovate-oblong, % hne long, in 2 rows in each cell. Eastern Oregon and Washington to southern California, Florida and Brit. Columbia. S. iiicisa Greene Pitt, iii, 95. Sisymbrium incisum Engelm. Pubes- cence short, more or less glandular : stems 1-4 feet high : leaves pinnate, the segments from linear to oblong, pinnatifid or sometimes entire : pet- als about 1}4 lines long : pods nearly linear, often 3=^ inch long, usually pointed at each end and 8-12 seeded, sometimes much shorter and few- seeded. Valley of the Snake River to Nevada and Colorado. S. Hartwegiana Greene 1. c. Sisymbrium Hartwegianum Fourn. Slender, subglabrous or finely glandular-puberulent : leaves pinnate ; leaf- lets lanceolate or narrowly oblong, obtuse and obtusely or acutely toothed : pods 1)^-3 lines long, erect on ascending or erect pedicels as long: seeds sometimes imperfectly biseriate. Eastern Oregon and Washington to Cal- ifornia, Colorado and British Columbia. S. longipedicellata. Sisymbrium longipedicellatum Fourn. Slender, 6-8 inches high, nearly or quite glabrous: lower leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, the upper pinnate with few elongated linear nearly or quite entire segments : fruiting racemes lax : pods 5-7 lines long, erect on slender spreading or ascending pedicels 6-10 lines long. Brit. Columbia to Oregon and Nevada. Not common east of the Cascades. 19 ERYSIMUM Tourn. Inst. 228 t. Ill, L. Gen. 548. Pods subsessile, erect, appressed to the rachis, subulate, taper- ing almost from base to apex. Flowers small and inconspicu- ous, yellow. Stigma slightly 2-l()bed. Pubescence of simple hairs. Leaves pinnatifid. E. OFFICINALE L. Sp. ii, 660. Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Annual or bi- ennial, erect, rigid, divaricately branching: leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, the lowest 3-6 inches long: pods subterete, half an inch long, a line wide, subsessile, closely appressed, in a long raceme. Common in waste places. Naturalized from Europe. 20 SMELOWSKIA C. A. Meyer in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iii, 165. Low cespitose perennials with pinnatifid or bipinnatifid leaves and small fllowers in terminal racemes. Pubescence simple or stellate. 8epals oblong, subequal, somewhat spreading. Petals entire, obovate or spatulate, longer than the sepak. Stamens 6, SMELowsKiA. CRUCIFERiE. 57 SCHCENOCRAMBE. unappendaged. Anthers oblong, slightly sagittate at base. Pods lanceolate or lance-oblong, more or less obcompressed, with sharply keeled valves, few-seeded. Stigma sessile. S. calyclna C. A. Meyer 1. c. 170. Densely white tomentose to nearly glabrous ; cespitose, the thick branching rootstock thickly covered with the sheathing bases of dead leaves, stems erect, 2-6 inches high : leaves mostly radical and with long slender petioles, pinnate or pinnatifid, seg- ments linear to oblong, entire or sparingly lobed : calyx villous, persistent: petals 2 lines long, a half longer than the'sepals : pods 3-6 lines long a line wide attenuate to each end and beaked with the short style and broad stigma, ascending, on spreading pedicels: seeds 2-8, a line long. Califor- nia to the Arctic coast, east to the Rocky Mountains. S. Fremonti Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 123. Pubescent with short spreading scattered hairs, the branching woody base with a few remnants of old leaves : stems 2-4 inches . high : leaves less than half an inch long, pinnate with 1-3 pairs of linear leaflets, which are strongly nerved and somewhat revolute : sepals smooth, ovate to broadly oblong, less than a line long, deciduous : the white petals twice longer: pods 2-6 lines long somewhat obcompressed, obtuse at base and scarcely attenuate above, beaked with the short thick style, valves faintly nerved : seeds small, 10 or more in each cell; cotyledons obliquely incumbent. Southeastern Ore- gon to northern California. 21 SCHCENOCRAMBE Greene Pitt, iii, 127. Glaucous perennial herbs, the stems from horizontal branch- ing rootstocks, often sparingly leafy and the whole plant of a reedy aspect. Sepals equal at base. Petals yellow, the limb small in proportion to the long and broad claw (^this much as in StreptanthusJ. Pods slender terete, somewhat torulose, the vals^es nerveless or faintly 1-nerved. Stigma entire. S. linifolia Greene 1. c. Sisymhrium Unifolium Nutt. Stems numer- ous slender, branching, erect, 1-2 feet high : lowest leaves somewhat spat- ulate, often coarsely few-toothed; cauline oblong-linear to narrowly lin- ear, obtuse, entire, 1-2 inches long: racemes rather few-flowered, lax in fruit : flowers 2-3 lines long : fruiting pedicels 4-5 lines long the slender pods about 1)^ inches long, ascending or suberect: seeds elongated, scarcely compressed. On clayey bluffs and banks, Oregon and Washington to Montana and Wyoming. Tribe IV. Stanleys, Pods longitudinally 2-celled dehiscent their whole length, terete or prismatic, home upon a more or less manifest stipe. Stigma mostly circular in outline, sessile. Coty- ledons incumbent. 22 THELYPOmUM Endl. Gen. 876. Mostly coarse and succulent biennial or annual herbs with entire or pinnatifid leaves and white purple or rarely yellow flow- ers in usually dense elongated racemes. Sepals equal or th<' lat- eral pair saccate at base, at length somewhat spreading. Petals plane, long and narrow or with a well developed blade. Stamens 6, well exserted ; filaments long and slender ; anthers narrowly linear, sagittate at base curved or coiled. Stigma usually f-mall. Pods slender, terete or quadrangular, often torulose, borne upon a short thick stipe. Speeds* in 1 row somewhat compres^d* 58 CRUCIFERyE. thelypodium. Cotyledons more or less oblique. T. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxi, 445. Glabrous and glau- cous but the base of the stem and the radical leaves villous with spreading hairs: stems erect, slender, sparingly branched or simple, 6-18 inches high from an annual or biennial root : radical leaves numerous in a rosu- late tuft, oblanceolate , obtusish, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid, narrowed at the base, an inch or two long; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate attenu- ate, sagittate, auriculate erect and usually appressed, 6-12 lines long: racemes rather short and loose, the flowers scattered and ascending on short pedicels ; sepals oblong 2-3 lines long the lower pair distinctly sac- cate at base : petals narrow, crisp twice as long as the sepals : pods ascend- ing 12-15 lines long, slender beaked. In grassy meadows Harney valley Oregon and at Camp Polk on the eastern base of the Cascade Mountains. T. encosmnm Robinson in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 175. Glabrous, stems as- cending from an annual or biennial root 6-18 inches high, freely branch- ing: lower leaves ovate, long petioled; cauline leaves oblong or lanceolate* entire spreading, 1-3 inches long: racemes very -many-flowered ; flowers deep purple usually horizontal on spreading pedicels 2-3 lines long : petals spatulate 4 lines long : pods arcuate ascending 1-2 inches long : mature fruit not known. On moist slopes of the Blue Mountains at Baker City, R. D. Nevius, and near Canyon City Oregon, Howell. T. flexnosnm Robinson 1. c. Stems slender weak and subdecumbent, flexuous, nearly naked above : radical leaves numerous lanceolate, includ- ing the slender petiole 3-6 inches long: cauline leaves distant, all or at least the upper much reduced, linear-oblong or lance-linear with narrow acutish auricles : racemes rather loose and somewhat few-flowered ; flow- ers usually horizontal on short pedicels; petal? spatulate, 3-4 lines long, usually pale : pods arcuate ascending 1-3 inches long. . In alkaline soil among "Sage brush," etc. Harney valley southeastern Oregon, Howell, to Nevada and California. T. Nuttallii Watson Bot. King, 26. Glabrous and glaucous: stems stout, branching above, 3-5 feet high: leaves all entire the radical ones ovate, petioled, often 6-8 inches long and half as broad; cauline leaves lanceolate, sagittate-clasping : flowers rather large nearly erect, on pedi- cels 3-6 lines long: petals ovate-oblong, the claw exceeding the sepals, purple 6-8 lines long: pods 2-3 inches long, nearly erect upon the spread- ing pedicels, subterete, more or less torulose acuminate with the rather long style. Eastern Washington and Oregon to Idaho, Utah, Nevada and Arizona. T. integrifolium Endl. Gen. 876. Glabrous: stout, 2-8 feet high, branching at the summit : radical leaves large oblong-elliptical, long-pet- ioled ; cauline leaves mostly narrowly lanceolate 1-2 inches long sessile not auriculate, ascending, the uppermost linear: flowers crowded and almost corymbose at the end of the branches : sepals l%-2}4. lines long : petals spa tulate-obovate, pale rose-color: fruiting racemes short and crowded: pods 6-15 lines long, somewhat torulose accuminate with the slender style, curved upwards on divaricate, commonly thickened and rigid pedi- cels 1-5 lines long. On plains, Washington to southern California, Colo- rado and Nebraska. T. laciniatum Endl. 1. c. Glabrous: stems stout erect 1-6 feet high, simple or branched ; leaves all petioled 1-6 inches or more long, lanceolate to broadly oblong, laciniately pinnatifid or coarsely and equally sinuate- toothed: racemes long and crowded: sepals narrowly lanceolate, acumi- nate 3-4 lines long, about half as long as the linear-spatulate petals: an- thers long-exserted : pods 2-3 inches long pointed with the slender style, distinctly stipitate, erect on short stout divaricately spreading pedicels. Among rocks, etc., at the base of cliffs alc»ng the Columbia river in Oregon and Washington to California and Nevada. STANLEYA. CRUCIFER.E. 59 BRAY A. T. lasiophyllum Greene Bull. Torr. club xiii, 142. Sisymbrium re- flexnm Nutt. Proc. Acad. Philad. Hi, 26, Erect annual, hispid below, often smoothish above : leaves oblanceolate or oblong in outline irregularly sin- uate-toothed or pinnatifid with spreading acute or obtuse entire or toothed segments l%-6 inches long, petioled, or the upper sessile by a narrow base : flowers small, roseate or yellowish white ; sepals oblong, little more than half as long as the spatulate-oblong petals : fruiting pedicels %-\\ lines long, curved : pods usually deflexed, slender, slightly curved, atten- uate at apex ; stigma entire. Sandy and rocky soil, eastern Washington to California and Utah. 23 STANLEYA Nutt. Gen. ii, 21. Stout biennial or perennial herbs with entire or few-toothed leaves and white to yellow flowers in elongated many-flowered racemes. Calyx long, cylindrical or clavate in bud, at length spreading. Petals long and narrow, slender-clawed ; stamens 6, free. Anthers linear, not sagittate, spreading. Stigma sessile entire. Pods terete, or subterete, borne on a slender stipe ; valves slender, 1 -nerved. Seeds oblong, in 1 row. Cotyledons incumbent. S. yirldiflora Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 98. Glabrous : stems stout, mostly simple erect or somewhat decumbent, 1-4 feet high, angulate : leaves thickish, the lower Ones ovate to oblanceolate sometimes a little angled or runcinately 1-2-toothed or even pinnatifid at the base, attenuate below into long flat mnged and often somewhat toothed petioles ; middle cauline lanceolate-hastate, acute, entire gradually reduced upwards : racemes long, usually simple ; pedicels stoutish 3-4 hnes long, spreading : buds becoming 7 lines long and scattered before opening by the rapid growth of the axis flowers greenish, pods very narrow, 3-4 inches long, on stipes 6-10 lines long. Oregon and Nevada to Wyoming and Montana. S. eonfertlflora. /S, vindiflora var. confertiflora, Rohinson in Gray Syn. FL i, 178. Glabrous : stems usually simple, terete 1-3 feet high : leaves obovate or lanceolate, usually entire, upper ones clasping and Fag- ittate: racemes densely many-flowered, buds 4-5 lines long densely packed together until they open : sepals and petals linear, white : jx)ds nar- row, 8-12 lines long, stipes more than half as long as the pods, on slender divaricate pedicels 6-S lines long. On alkaline plains at the base of Stein's Mountain, southeastern Oregon. Tribe V. Camelinex Pods short, scarcely longer than broad, or obcompressed orbicular^obovate to elliptical or linear-oblong. Cotyledons accumbent. 24 BRAYA Sternb. & Hoppe Regensb. Denkschr. i, pt. 1, 65. Perennial herbs from a usually thickish single root having a multicipital caudex, chiefly tufted, entire or merely dentate leaves and white or purplish flowers in a globular head. Sepals short, rounded at apex, equal at base. Petals exserted, entire, short-clawed. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Anthers short-ovate. Style short, persistent. Stigma more or less dis- tinctly 2-lobed. Pods oblong to linear-oblong, with flattish or convex faintly 1-nerved not keeled valves. Cotyledons incum- bent. B. humilis Robinson in Gray Syn. Fl. i, 141. Sisymbrium humile, C. A. Meyer in Ledeb. FL Alt. Hi, 137. Pubescent throughout with branched 60 CRUCIFER^. camelina. «Ur.ULARIA. hairs; root single, not strongly thickened: stems several, spreading- ascending simple or branched leafy, 2-10 inches high, terete, slender wiry : leaves linear-oblong or spatiilate, subentire to shallowly sinuate pinnatifid, chiefly basal, the cauline rather small and remote: flowers small, white or purplish : pods linear, terete, more or less torulose, erect, 5-9 lines long ; partition nerveless. Alaska to Oregon and Willoughby Mountain Vermont. 25 CAMELINA Crantz Fl, Aust. i, 17. Erect annuals with sagittate-clasping entire or dentate to pin- natifid leaves and pale yellow or white flowers. Sepals short- oblong, obtuse thin-margined, subequal at base, more or less col- ored, often villous. Petals spatulate or obovate, unguiculate. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Style slender : stigma sim- ple. Pods obovoid 2-celled, many-seeded, with a broad thin obo- void persistent partition and somewhat firm strongly convex valves. Seeds in 2 rows in the cells wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. C. SATivA Crantz 1. c. Stems simple or sparingly branched above 1-4 feet high leafy, nearly glabrous or somewhat hirsute : leaves erect en- tire or nearly so: flowers rather small, light yellow: fruiting pedicels spreading, pods obovate, becoming 3-4 lines long three-fourths as broad, glabrous, margined, finely reticulate and slightly ribbed upon the faces. An introduced weed becoming common from Seattle Washington, to Cali- ifornia and across the continent. 26 SUBULARIA L. Gen. n. 799. Dwarf stemless aquatic herbs with tufted subulate leaves and few minute white flowers. Pods small, ovoid, slightly com- pressed contrary to the partition. Style none, valves convex, 1- nerved. Seeds several in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons incumbent. S. aquatica L. Sp. ii, 642. Stems slender, 1-3 inches high, from slender running rootstocks with numerous fibrous rootlets ; leaves subu- late, usually shorter than the scape : flowers scattered, less than a line long, the petals not exserted : pods 1% lines long, about equaling the ped- icels, obtuse. Edge of ponds, etc., Vancouver Island to California, Wyo- ming, Maine, New Hampshire and Canada. Tribe VI. Brassiceie, DC. Pods elongated, terete or somewhat prismatic, often torulose, usually partially or wholly dehiscent by 2 valves, 2-celled with a longitudinal membranous partition. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in the cells. Cotyledons conduplicate. Petals well developed. 12 BRASSICA Tourn. Inst. 218 t. 106 L. Gen. n. 820. Coarse erect annual or biennial herbs of European or Asiatic origin with usually (at least the lowest) leaves lyrate and com- paratively large yellow flowers. Sepals equal, or one pair often saccate at base. Anthers long, sagittate at base. Pods linear, nearly terete or somewhat 4-sided, pointed with a conical beak not stipitate, with 1-3 nerved valves. Seeds in 1 row globose, not,, margined. BURSA. CRUCIFER^. 61 HUTCHIN8IA . B. CAiiPESTitis L. Sp. ii, GQQ, Annual or sometimes biennial, smooth, 2-H feet high : lower leaves more or less glaucous pinnately divided with a large terminal lobe, the upper leaves oblong or lanceolate with a broad clasping auriculate base: flowers 3-4 lines long; pods nearly^ terete 2 inches long or more, 2 lines wide, ascending on spreading pedicefs; the stout beak 8-10 lines long. Cultivated fields, etc., B, NIGRA Koch in Roehl. Deutschl, Fl. ed. 3, iv, 713. Glabrous or with some scattered spreading hairs, annual, branching. }4-12 feet high: leaves all petioled , the lower lyrate with the terminal segment very large and deeply lobed ; upper leaves lobed or entire : petals 3-4 lines long twice the length of the yellowish sepals: pods closely appressed, 4 angled, 6-9 lines long, sharply beaked with the long style ; seeds dark brown. In cultivated fields. Introduced from Europe. Trihe VII Lipidineoe DC. Pods short, ^-celled, strongly oh- eompressed, dehiscent. Cotyledons accumbent or incumbent. Pubes- cence wholly simple. 28 BURSA Weber in Wigg. Fl. Hols. 27, (1780). Low annual with oblong or oblanceolate leaves, small white flowers in elongated racemes, and cuneate-obcordate pods. Sep- als ovate, obtuse, thin-margined, not saccate at base. Petals small, spatulate. Stamens free and unappendaged. Style almost none. Pods obcordate, the valves carinate, strongly compress- ed contrary to the narrow, thin and nerveless partition. Coty- ledons incumbent. B. BuRSA-PASTORis AVeber 1. c. More or less hirsute at base, otherwise glabrous : stems 6-18 inches high, branching : radical leaves mostly runciu- ate-pinnatifid, 1-6 inches long ; cauline lanceolate, auricled at base, toothed or entire : pods cuneate-triangular or truncate-emarginate above, 1-2 lines long and broad: pedicels widely spreading: seeds numerous. Common everywhere. Introduced from Europe. 29 HUTCHINSIA R. Br. Hort. Kew iv, 85. Small annuals with pinnatifid leaves and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals ovate or oblong, obtuse, not saccate at base, at length spreading. Petals small. Stamens free and unappendaged. Stigma sessile. Pods ovate or elliptical. Valves membranaceous, but little compressed contrary to the parti- tion, somewhat tumid, slightly carinate, wingless : cells many- seeded. Cotyledons iiicumbent. H. procumbens Desv. Jour. Bot. iii, 168. Capsella divaricata W. Low, weak and spreading, very minutely stellate-pubescent or glabrous through- out: leaves thin, small, spatulate or lanceolate, the lower commonly with a few blunt teeth or more or less deeply pinnattfid : stems nearly filiform, flexuous: flowers minute: sepals ovate-elliptic, obtuse, thin-margined, about equaled by the narrow wdiite petals : pods elliptic-oblong 1-2 lines long: entire at the apex. In moist saline places, eastern Oregon and Washington to California, Brit. Columbia and, Wyoming. 30 CORONOPUS Ruellius. Diffuse prostrate heavy-scented annuals with pinnatifid leaves and small greenish flowers. Sepals equal at base, oval, spreading, often fugacious. Stamens free and unappendaged, all 6 present, 62 GRUCIFER^:. coronopus. LEPIDIUM. or only 4 or 2. Anthers short, somewhat didymous. Stigma sessile, nearly or quite simple. Pods more or less distinctly did- ymous, the valves thickish, often sculptured or tuberculate fall- ing off as 1 -seeded closed or nearly closed nutlets. Embrj'o fold- ed above the base of the incumbent cotyledons. 0. DiYYMUS Smith Fl, Britt. ii, 691. Annual or biennial: stems num- erous and Slender: leaves short an inch or less long pinnately parted with 7-9 lanceolate entire or sparingly toothed segments: flowers very small, greenish white : petals minute or none : pods small, 1-lK lines broad notched at both ends, thus appearing transversely 2-lobed; valves turgid and finely wrinkled. In moist soil and ditches, California to Vancouver Is- land near the coast, and along the Atlantic seaboard. Introduced from Europe. C. RuELLii All. Ped. n. 634. Annual or biennial : stems rather stout : leaves an inch or more long pinnatifid with narrow lanceolate entire or sparingly toothed segments : pods flattened 13^-2 lines broad, not notched above nor divided into 2 lobes, strongly roughened and somewhat crested by radiating prominences. Roadsides and rubbish heaps, Poriland Ore- gon, and the Atlantic States. Introduced from Europe. 31 LEPIDIUM Tourn. Inst. 215, t. 109. L. Gen. n. 801. Low herbs with small pinnatifid leaves and small w^hite or yel- low flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals short, ovate or elliptic- oblong, obtuse, equal at base, more or less spreading. Petals en- tire, rounded at the apex : sometimes abortive or none. Stamens free, unappendaged, all 6 present or by atrortion only 4 or 2 pre- sent, these representing the two larger pair. Style slender and more or less elongated, or none. Pods orbicular or ovate, emargin- ate or deeply notched at the apex, strongly compressed contrar}^ to the narrow partition. Valves acutely carinate; the cells 1 -seeded. Seeds not winged. Cotyledons incumbent or rarely accumbent. § 1 Style slender, sometimes rather short but distinctly de- veloped and persistent. Cotyledons incumbent. L. montanum Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 116. Puberulent or nearly gal- brous : stems several from a perennial, somewhat ligneous root, 8-15 inches long, decumbent and spreading in a somewhat circular manner: radical leaves more or less bipinnatifid with short-oblong acute segments ; upper- most leaves trifid or linear and entire : petals nearly twice as long as the oval oblong sepals: style conspicuous : pods a line broad elliptical, slightly emarginate, wingless or obscurely winged above, with short acutish teeth. Plains and mountain valleys, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. L. integrifolia Nutt. 1. c. Glabrous or puberulent: stems several from a single stout root, branching from the base: leaves oblong, oblan- ceolate or spatulate, acute or apiculate, thickish, 1-2 inches long, 2%-^% lines broad, entire : racemes single and terminal, or more commonly sev- eral, 1-2 inches long : pedicels spreading, 3-4 lines long: petals obovate, white, about twice the length of the broad membranaceous sepals, indis- tinctly and broadly clawed, deciduous' with the sepals : stamens 2: capsule ovate-oblong 1)^-2 lines long, barely retuse inconspicuously reticulated when quite ripe. Southeastern Washington to the Rocky Mountains. L. CAMPESTRE R. Br. in Ait. f. Kew ed. 2, iv, 88. Pubescefnt: stems erect, simple and very leafy up to the inflorescence, a foot or more high: ivEPiDiUM. CRUCIFER^. 63 leaves oblong, obtuse, denticulate, erect, the lower ones narrowed to slen der petioles ; the upper sessile by a long sagittate-clasping base : pedicel- horizontally spreading, a little shorter than the thickish, papillose caps- sule : petals white : anthers yellow : style slightly exserted from the narrow- notch. In wet places, Waldo Oregon and across the continent. Intro- duced from Europe. § 2 Stigma sessile or siibsessile. Pods emarginate or retuse at the apex. Cotyledons (in ours) incumbent. L. Menziesli DO. Syst. ii, 539. More or less pubescent: stems slender 2-12 inches high from an annual or biennial long slender perpendicular root, simple, or branched above : radical leaves pinnately parted, petiolate, pubescent or somewhat' hirsute ; segments lanceolate, acutish ; cauline leaves merely toothed, the upper linear and entire : racemes 1-several, not contracted near the summit ; pedicels slender early spreading, longer than the pods : petals 4, white, exceeding the sepals : stamens 2-4 : pods orbic- ular retuse glabrous about 13^ lines in diameter: seeds narrowly winged (n one edge. Oliffs and sandy or rocky banks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia near the coast, not common. L. occidentale Howell Eryth. iii, 32. Stems,erect 3-12 inches high from an annual root pubescent below with short simple white hairs, pub- erulent above, freely branching: leaves 1-3 inches long, the lower pinna- tifid with obovate to oblanceolate segments, gradually reduced upwards to linear bracts : petals white, obovate, narrowed below to a short claw, rounded at the apex longer than the obovate sepals : stamens 4, about equaling the petals : pods orbicular, 1}4 lines broad, on long slender divari- cate pedicels: style very short: seeds obovate, retuse below, narrowly winged on the outer edge. On rocky hillsides, Umpqua valley, Oregon and on cliffs of Cape Foulweather. Doubtless at other places along the <5past. L. medinm Greene Eryth. iii, 36. L. intermedium Gray PL Wright, not A. Richard, Glabrous or puberulent: stems erect , branched 6-18 inches high, from a rather stout annual root: lower leaves 1-2 inches long, toothed or pinnatifid ; the upper often entire or but sparingly toQthed, oblanceolate or linear: petals wanting, stamens 2 ; style very short : pods rounded 1-lK lines broad, with short and obtuse teeth : pedi- cels spreading, 3 lines long. Sandy places and hillsides, California to Brit. Columbia and Utah, east of the Cascade Mountains. L. apetalnm Willd. Sp. iii, 439. Stems erect 1-2 feet high, slender, odorless ; leaves somewhat narrow, dull green, the radical ones more or less incisely toothed or pinnatifid ; segments usually acutish : flowers closely aggregate, the pedicels remaining nearly erect in flower, but in fruit regularly and widely spreading, thus making the racemes appear as if contracted just below the summit : petals wanting : stamens 2 : pods gla- brous, orbicular, retuse on short pedicels. Eastern Oregon to Texas and the New England States. L. lasiocarpnm Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 115. Hispidly pubescent: stems decumbent branching from or near the base: lower leaves pinnately parted, segments usually rather broad, obtuse or rounded, sparingly toothed or entire : racemes several : pedicels distinctly flattened, horizon- tally spreading, 1-1)^ lines long : sepals broadly oblong usually purple, with thin white margins : petals minute or none : pods suborbicular, thin margined near the apex, hispid pubescent upon both faces, or at least upon the edge. Southern California to Texas and Colorado. Introduced upon R. R. ballast in Oregon, Henderson. L. nitidnin Nutt. 1. c. 116 Glabrous or somewhat pubescent : stems sim- ple or branched, 3-16 inches high : leaves pinnately cut into linear acumi- nate segments, the uppermost often entire: pedicels flat, 1-2 lines long: e4' CRTJCIFER^.. lepidium. petals small : pods in a loose raceme, spreading, glabrous and shining, rounded, 1-2 lines broad, acutely margined, the teeth short and obtuse : seeds often ash-color. On dry hillsides, Washington to California. * * Low annuals : pedicels flat : petals often wanting : stamens 2-4 : style none : pods reticulated, the apex produced into 2 distinct teeth. L. retlcnlatnm. Minutely hispid ; stems erect, sparingly branched, 1-2 inches high, from a slender perpendicular annual root: leaves pinnati- fid, with linear entire or toothed segments, including the dilated base of the petiole 6-12 lines long: pedicels approximate, a line long, thin-edged, erect: sepals oblong, very acute, with hyaline borders, persistent: stamens 2: pods glabrous, reticulated, elliptical, a line long, the short obtuse teeth somewhat connivent : seeds oblong-obovate, narrowly margined on the outer edge. Roadsides, southwestern Oregon. Rare. L. dictyotnm Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 329. Pubescent throughout with short spreading hairs, or the leaves glal3rous : stems 1-3 inches high, ascending, slender and branching : leaves narrowly linear, 1-2 inches long, entire or pinnatifid with a few linear lobes: sepals scarious-margined, not persistent: petals white, but little exceeding the sepals sometimes wanting stamens 4: pods rounded, a line broad, the short acutish teeth connivent, finely reticulated and pubescent, exceeding the thick erect pedicels. In sandy saline places under '\Sage brush", eastern Washington to California. L. acutideus. L. dictyotum var. acutidens Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xii, 54. Sparingly pubescent with short spreading hairs : stems 3-10 inches long, erect and nearly simple, or decumbent and much branched from the base : leaves linear, 1-3 inches long, entire or sparingly pinnatifid : pods ovate, 2 lines or more broad, deeply notched above, with,- 2 acuminate divergent teeth, equalling or shorter than the erect or outwardly curved pedicels. In alkaline soil, eastern Oregon to California. L. Oreganum Howell P. C. PI. Coll. 1887. Finely more or less hispid- ulous : stems erect, simple or with a few ascending branches, 3-8 inches high : leaves linear, entire or with a few linear attenuate segments : sepals promptly deciduous pods round-ovate, 1% lines broad, not reticulated or very faintly so, smooth, the rather prominent teeth divergent. Roadsides, southw^estern Oregon near W^oodville. L, oxycarpum T. & G. Fl. i, 116 Nearly or quite smooth : stems slen- der, branched from the base ; branches ascending, 4-6 inches long, loosely floriferous more than half their length : leaves linear, acute, subentire or pinnatifid with a few narrow acute teeth : pedicels comparatively slender, widely spreading or deflexed, 1% lines long: flowers small, apetalous; sep- als very unequal, half line long: stamens 2: pods suborbicular, glabrate, finely reticulated, 13^ lines broad, tipped with 2 very short widely diver- gent teeth. In saline soil, central California to Brit. Columbia. 32 THLASPI L. Gen. n. 802. Low glabrous herbs with simple stems entire or toothed leaves and white or pinkish flowers. Sepals short-oval, obtuse, thin- margined, erect or slightly spreading. Petals obovate or Oblan- ceolate, entire. Stamens free and unappendaged : anthers short. Style slender or sometimes none. Stigma small, entire or slight- ly emarginate. Pods cuneate-obovate or oblanceolate, compressed contrary to the partition, few-seeded : valves acutely carinate or winged. Seeds somewhat turgid, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. THLASPi. CRUCIFER^. 65 HETERODRABA. T. alpestre L. Sp. ed. 2, ii. 903 (?) Stems simple, or branched from the base, from a quite simp'e or branched perennial rootstock, 1-15 inches high: radical leaves rosulate, elliptical to spatulate, attenuate to a slender pet- iole, 6-12 lines long or more, entire or sparingly toothed ; cauline ovate to ob- long, entire, acuminate, clasping at base, 3-6 lines long: flowers 2-3 lines long, crowded in a somewhat capitate cluster; sepals purplish, thin-mar- gined; petals white, or pale purple, 3-4 lines long: peduncle at length elon- gated: pedicels spreading, in fruit, 2-4 lines long : pods obovateto cuneate- oblong, 3-4 lines long, emarginate or truncate or rounded at the apex 4-8- seeHed; style a line long. In mountainous districts, California to Brit. Col- umbia and the Rocky Mountains. Tribe VIII. Isatedese DC. Pods short, rarely elongated, inde- hiscent, inarticulate, usually crustaceous or osseous, 1-celled, 1- rarely 2-seeded. Pedicels usually slender, recurved in fruit. Coty- ledons accumbent. 33 HETERODRABA Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. i. 71. Slender annual with long horizontal and nearly prostrate branches. Sepals equal at base. Petals minute or wanting. Stig- ma sessile. Pod short-elliptical, twisted, very tardily if at all dehiscent, by a very filmy partition 2-celled : valves flat, nerve- less. Seeds 3-5 in each cell, in two rows. Cotyledons accumbent. H. unilateralis Greene I.e. 27 Draba unilateralis M. E.Jones Bull. Torr. Club, ix, 1^4- Hirsute-pubescent with branching hairs: leaves obovate, with cuneate base, 6-12 lines long, sparingly toothed towards the apex, branches from a few inches to more than a foot long, spreading horizontally : flowering and fruiting throughout their whole length : pods 2 lines long, 1}4 lines wide, with some stout straight hairs besides the stellate pubescence in maturity twisted: pedicels scarcely a line long, stout and deflexed. In open moist places, southern Oregon, near Ashland and California. 34 ATHYSANUiS Greene, 1. c, 72. Slender annual with rosulate usually toothed leaves and small white flowers in long racemes. Sepals equal at base. Petals small or none. Style very short. Pods orbicular, not margined, indehiscent, flat, nerveless, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Cotyl- dons accumbent. A. pnsillns Greene 1. c. Thysanocarpiis pusillus Hook. Inc. t. 42. Hir- sute-tomentose with stellate hairs; stems very slender, branching from near the base, the filiform branches 3-12 inches long: lower leaves broadly oblan- ceolate, entire or remotely denticulate, 3-12 lines long, short-petioled ; cau- line similar, but smaller, often entire, sessile but not claspmg: floAvers bare- ly a line broad, the late ones apetalous: pods orbicular, less than a line broad, hirsute with hooked hairs,; pedicels 1-2 lines long, at length reflex- ed. Common on dry hillsides and rocky banks, southern California to Brit, Columbia: flowering in very early spring. 35 THYiSANOCARPUS Hook. Fl. i, 69, t. 18. f. A. Slender erect sparingly branched annuals with minute white or rose-color flowers on slender pedicels in elongated racemes. Sepals equal at base. Petals minute. Stamens 6, subequal, free, unappendaged, with slender filaments and short anthers. Pods orbicular, wing-margined, much compressed, plano-convex, 66 CRUCIFER^. thysanocarpus. RAPHANUS. indehiscent, 1- celled, 1 -seeded. Seeds pendulous, somewhat flat- tened, margined. Cotyledons accumbent to oblique-incumbent. T, CHrvipes Hook 1. c. iSomewhat hirsute at base, glabrous above, 6-25 inches high: radical leaves, obi anceolate, 1-3 inches long pin natifid or sinuately toothed : upper ones lanceolate to linear, sagittate-auriculate and clasping at base, entire or sparingly toothed : pods rounded to obo- vate or ovate, densely tomentose or glabrous 2-4 lines broad including the entire or ere nate, veined and often perforated wing, emarginate at the summit and tipped by the short purple style, usually colored ; pedicels 2- 4 lines long, at length recurved. Common on dry hillsides Washington to California, Arizona and Idaho. Flowering in early spring. T. radians Benth. PL Hartw. 297. Stems 6-18 inches high simple or with a few simple, elongated ascending branches, glabrous : lowest leaves runcinately toothed or pinnatifid; the cauline ones ovate-lanceolate and auriculate-clasping : racemes long, loosely flowered : pedicels usually as- cending but nodding near the apex, 4-8 lines long: petals purple , exceed- ing the sepals; pods rounded, 4-5 lines in diameter, tomentose or quite smooth, scarcely emarginate with a broad entire translucent wing con- spicuously marked by radiating nerves : style short. Southern Oregon (Umpqua valley) to Central California. Tribe IX. Raphaw.se DC. Pods indehiscent, transversely separ- ated into 1-few-seeded joints. Seeds globose. Cotyledons condu- plicate. 36 RAPHANUS Tourn. Inst. 229 t. 114 L. Gen. n. 882. Coarse annual or biennial herbs witTi pinnatifid leaves and white or purple flowers. Sepals erect, the lateral somewhat sac- cate. Petals large, unguiculate. Stamens 6, unappendaged, attenuate to a slender or rather stout beak, indehiscent trans- versely divided by several false partitions, seeds globular, pend- ulous. R. SATivus L. Sp. ii 669. Stems stout and branching 1-4 feet high from a straight thick annual root: leaves lyrately pinnatifid, hirsute: petals white to purple 6-8 lines long : pods terete 4-6 lines in diameter, gradually narrowed to an elongated beak, usually 2-3-seeded. Escaped from culti- vation, Washington to California. Order VIII. CAPPARIDACE^ Endl. Gen. 889. Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves without stipuh^s and perfect hypogynous flowers. Sepals or lobes of the calyx 4. Petals 4, rarely 5-8 or none, usually ungu^'culate, more or less unequal. Stamens, in ours, 6-12, rarely 4. Ovary often stipi- tate, composed of two united carpels with two parietal pla- centae. Styles united into one, often filiform, sometimes short or almost none : stigma often discoid or subcapitate. Fruit one-celled, in ours a two-valved pod-shaped capsule. Seeds campylotropous, reniform, without albumen. Embryo curved. Cotyledons foliaceous, somewhat incumbent. 1 Jacksonia. Stamens 8-32 : flowers whitish or pinkish : pods elon- gated, dehiscent from the top downward. 2 Cleorae. i^tamens 6: flow^ers yellow or purplish: pods oblong or linear, dehiscent from the base upward. JACKSONIA. CAPPARIDACE^. . 67 CLEOME. 1 JACKSONIA Raf. Med. Repos. V, 352. POLANISIA Raf. Journ. de Phys. 98. (1819). Annual, ill-scented and mostly glandular herbs, with simple or 3-9 foliolate petioled leaves, and yellowish, rose-color or white flowers in leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals 4 deciduous, lanceolate, sometimes connate at base. Petals on claws or sessile, equal or unequal, torus small depressed. Stamens 8-32 inserted below the torus. Pods erect on spreading pedicels, membranaceous, very shortly stipitate, elongated, compressed or cylindrical, many- seeded, dehiscent from the top downward. Seeds round-reniform, rugose or reticulated. J. trachysperma Greene Pitt, ii, 175. Glandular-pubescent, erect 6- 24 inches high : leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets lanceolate %-2 inches long, acute, about equalling the petioles, nearly sessile : floral bracts mostly simple, ovate to lanceolate, sbortlj' petioled petals 3-5 lines long, with slender claws as long as the sepals, and an emarginate blade: stamens 12-19, filaments exserted: style 2-3 lines long: pods 1-2^ inches long, very rarely on a short slender stipe: seeds finely pitted and often warty. Oregon and Idaho to Brit. Columbia, Kansas and southward to New Mexico and Texas. 2 CLEOME L. Syst. Nat. ed. 1. Erect branching annuals; with palmately 3-8 foliolate leaves and yellow or purple flowers, in bracteate racemes. Sepals 4, sometimes united at base. Petals with claws or sessile. Sta- mens 6, upon the small torus. Pods linear to oblong, stipitate, many-seeded : style short or none. Pods pendant on spreading pedicels, dehiscent from the base upward. Seeds globose-reni- form to ovate. Ours all of § EucLEOME Gray Syn. Fl. i, 183. Torus little or not at all columnar below the stamens, but commonly thickened, and bear- ing a glandular projection behind the ovary : this in all our spe- cies raised on a slender stipe or carpophore. Cleoire EndL * Calyx 4-cleft, tardily deciduous, petals indistinctly if at all unguiculate. C. serrulata Pursh. Fl. ii, 441. C. integrifoUa T. & G. Fl. i, 122. Somewhat glaucous, 2-3 feet high, widely branching; leaves 3-foliolate; leaf- lets oblong to lanceplate, or the uppermost linear, entire, submucronate: ra- cemes sometimes nearly a foot long: flowers large, showy, reddish-purple, rarely white: sepals united to the middle, persistent; segments triangular- acuminate : petals with very short claws, stamens equal: pods oblong-lin- ear, compressed, much longer than the stipe. On wntercourses, from the Columbia river to Colorado, New Mexico and Dakota. C. lutea Hook. Fl. i, 70, t. 25. Glabrous or slightly pubescent; 1-3 feet high: leaves 5-foliolate: leaflets linear to oblong-lanceolate. 1-2 inches long acute, short-petiolulate. equalling the petioles; flowers bright yellow: sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous; petals broadly lanceolate, very short clawed, 3-4 Imes long: pod 9-15 lines long, about 2 lines broad, tonilose, equalling or longer than the stipe. On sandy banks along the Columbia liver, and from Wyoming to Colorado and Nevada. * * Sepals distinct to the base, deciduous. Petals not distinctly unguiculate. .68 . VIOLACEyE. cleome. VIOLA. C. platycarpa Torr. Bot. Wilkes 235, t. 2. Pubescent and glandular : 1-2 feet high: leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets broadly oblong to lanceolate, 6-8 lines long: flowers very showy, bright yellow: sepals linear- setaceous, vil- lous: petals broadly lanceolate, without claws: pods elliptical, 8-10 lines long, stipe about as lont^ as the pod, equalling the pedicels; style slender, about 3 lines long. Hillsides, John Day valley, Oregon to northern Cali- fornia aid western'Nevada. Order IX. VIOLA CEiE S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. ii, 667. Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in tlie bud. Petals 5, alter- nate with the petals hypogynous, on short claws, commonly unequal. Stamens 5. alternate with the petals, inserted on the torus: anthers adnate, introrse 2-celled, openiug longitudinally: filaments broad, elongated beyond the anthers, ovary 1-celled, 3-valved, with 3 parietal placentae, several ovuled. Style usually declined with an oblique cucullate stigma. Seeds ana- tropous with a straight embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Ours are low herbs with watery somewhat acid juice, alternate leaves with persistent stipules and axillary flowers. 1 VIOLA Tourn. Inst. 419, t. 236 L. Gen. n. 1007. Perennial or annual herbs with alternate stipulate leaves and mostly one-flowered axillary 2-bracteolate peduncles. Early flow- ers usually showy and often infertile, tlTe later ones often cleistog- amous and more fertile. Sepals more or less auricled at base. Petals unequal, the lower one produced at base into a nectarifer- erous sac or spur, the others of about equal length. Filaments very short or none : anthers connivent but distinct, at most lightly coherent, the two anterior each with a dorsal appendage or spur projecting into the spur or sac of the lower petal. Style often flexuous below, enlarged upward. Capsule usually ovoid, crustaceous or coriaceous : valves several-seeded. Seeds obovoid or globular, smooth. Ours are all perennial with part or all of the stipules more or less scarious, never emulating the blade of the leaf. The two upper petals turned backward, and the lateral ones turned for- ward, toward the lower one, or merely spreading. * Strictly acaulescent, the leaves and scapes directly from root- stocks: gibbous-clavate with inflexed or truncate and beardlet'S sumrriit and an introrsely beaked or short-pointed small proper stigma. ■*- Rootstock thick and comparatively short, never filiform or pro- ducing runners or stolons : spur of the corolla only saccate : cleistoga- mous flowers abundant and short peduncled. V. co^nata Greene Pitt, iii, 145. V. cucuUata of avthors as to our plants. Acaulescent; rootstocks short and thick: leaves long-petioled, smooth or more or less pubescent, slightly fleshy, cordate with a broad sinus, the earliest often reniform and the ^later acute or acuminate, cre- nately toothed: scapes 2-10 inches high, about equalling the leaves: pet- als 5-8 lines long, blue or violet, all villous at base, the three lower very strongly bo: spur only saccate: style smooth ; stigma small, beaked or VIOLA. VIOLACEiE. 69' short-pointed. In moist places, eastern Oregon and ■Washington to Brit Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. -•- +- Rootstock thickish and creeping, commonly sending off leafy and floriferous stolons or runners above ground : leaves round-cor- date and merely crenulate : lateral petals usually bearded : spur short and saccate. V. Langsdorffii Fisch. in DC. Prod, i, 296. Glabrous or nearly so : stems weak and declined or ascending 1-12 inches long from a creeping scaly rootstock: leaves reniform to cordate, crenately serrate, the lower ones on petioles that about equal the stems ; stipules lanceolate, acumi- nate, 6-10 lines long : flowers usually pale blue, 9-12 lines long with short saccate spur, lateral petals white with a small bearded spot near the base: stigma small, rounded. In marshes along the coast from Crescent City, California to Alaska. ^- -^ •<- Rootstock long and filiform extensively creeping under- ground : plants low or small : spur saccate. ■^* Corolla blue or purple. V. palnstris L. Sp. ii, 934 (?). Wholly glabrous : rootstock long and filiform, extensively creeping underground ; leaves round-cordate with a broad sinus and rounded summit, 1-2 inches in diameter, obscurely cre- nate, scapes 2-4 inches high, much longer than the leaves : flowers pale lilac to white, lateral petals sparsely if at all bearded 3-4 lines long, spur short and rounded. In marshes of the high mountains, California to Alaska and east to the New England States and Labrador, Europe and northern Asia. ++ -M- Corolla always white, mostly with purple lines on the lower petal ; stigma as if truncate and margined, and antrorsely short- pointed. = Leaves round-cordate or reniform, on slender marginless petioles. . • V. blanda Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 24. Glabrous or nearly so: stems very short or none, from slender creeping rootstocks with numerous fibrous rootlets: leaves thin, crenulate, from ovate-cordate to round-ren- iform, 6-18 lines broad, on slender petioles as long: scapes 1-3 inches high : sepals a line long, from oblong to almost ovate-lanceolate scarious- margined: petals white, oblong 3-4 lines long, usually all beardless, the low^er ones conspicuously dark-veiny ; spur short, saccate, rounded. In wet places in the mountains from California to Alaska and the Atlantic States. V. Macloskeyi F. E. Lloyd Eryth. iii, 74. Whole plant glabrous: rootstock slender, creeping, bearing three or four leaves and at length a few runners : leaves reniform with a shallow sinus ; the lamina slightly decumbent down the slender petiole, the margin obscurely crenate-serrate : stipules ovate acute : peduncles 1-3 inches long : petals white, very thin and translucent, the spur very short and saccate; lateral petals bearded. Springy places in the Cascade Mountains about Mt. Hood. = = Leaves from linear to spatulate or ovate or subcordate, the base decurrent into a margined petiole : sometimes leafy along sum- mer stolons. V. occidentalis. V. primulsefoUa var. occidentalis Gray Bot. Gaz. xi 255. Glabrous throughout : rootstock short, not creeping but propagating by long filiform runners: leaves ovate to spatulate-oblong, attenuate at base to a long slender petiole, obscurely crenate : scapes 3-6 inches high not exceeding the leaves : petals white the lower ones veined with purple, lateral ones bearded; 4-6 lines long, spur saccate, stigma truncate, mar- gined and antrorsely short-pointed. In marshes, eastern base of the Coast 70 . VIOL ACE iE. viola. Mountains near the Oregon and California line. * * Subcaulescent by leafy etolons, or caulescent with 2-3 leaved stems. Stigma terminal beardless and beakless.' ■*- leaves undivided, at most only cuneate toothed. V. sarmentosa Dougl. in Hook. Fl. i, 80. Sparingly pubescent: stems weak and decumbent; multiplying by long filiform rootstocks : leaves rounded-cordate, reniform or sometimes ovate, }4-^}4 inches broad, finely crenate, usually punctate with numerous dark dots : peduncles mostly ex- ceeding the leaves : flowers yellow, lateral petals with a bunch of long scales at the base of the blade ; spur shprt and saccate. In open forests, Brit. Columbia to California. V. orbicnlata Geyer Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi, 73. Kootstock short and thick, with few fibrous rootlets : stems at first very short with a pair of scarious acutely triangular stipules at the base of the peduncles, at length sarmentose with a few small leaves and bearing cleistogamous flow- ers : leaves mostly basal, orbicular to oblong, cordate with deep narrow sinus, crenulate, 1-2 inches broad, glabrous below, pubescent with short stout appressed scattered hairs above, sepals oblong to nearly lanceolate ; petals yellow, the lower one purple veined, spurs short and saccate : stigma beakless, bearded on the sides. In open forests, Cascade Mountains in Oregon to Idaho and Alaska. V. purpurea Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad, i, 56. More or less pubescent with more or less spreading hairs, stems clustered from branching perpen- dicular root 2-6 inches long : leaves semi-orbicular to ovate or lanceolate, cuneate or truncate at base 6-12 lines long, entire or coarsely crenate, of- ten purple-veined : peduncles but little longer than the leaves : petals 4-6 lines long, light yellow more or less tinged with"yark purple outside: cap- sule globular, pubescent. On dry open hillsides, Oregon to California. ■^ -*- Leaves 3-parted, with more or less lobed or cleft segments. V. Sheltonii Torr. Pacif. R. K. Rep. iv. 67, t. 2. Glabrous or nearly so: leaves round-reniform to cordate in outline, 3-parted, the divisions lobed and cleft into linear or oblong segments : peduncles shorter than the leaves: petals yellow veined with purple. Wooded mountains, south- western Oregon to California. * * * Subcaulescent, first flowering from the ground, from erect or ascending rootstocks, not stoloniferous or creeping: stipules partly and variably adnate : corolla mostly yellow with short saccate spur : stigma beakless, sometimes with a short lip, concave, mostly orbicu- lar, antros-termiiial or slightly oblique at the large and gibbous cla- vate summit of the style; bearded below its margin on each side hy a tuft or sometimes by nearly a ring of stiff and reflexed spreading ^bristles. -«- Leaves undivided, round ovate or subcordate to lanceolate: lat- 'eral petals either slightly bearded or beardless. T. Nuttallii Pursh Fl. i, 174. Glabrous or the leaf margins finely and densely ciliate, root thick, perpendicular ; stems scarcely any, leaves lan- oeolate, nearly entire, attenuate to a long petiole, stipules lanceo- late ; spur very short and saccate : pubescence of the depressed beakless stigma minute. Plains of the Blue Mountains of Oregon to the Rocky Mountains and Kansas. T. praemorsa Dougl. Bot. Reg. t. 1254. Canescent with short spread- ing hairs, stems short, from thick, perpendicular branching roots : leaves from nearly orbicular to lanceolate, densely pubescent below, sparingly so or quite smooth above, irregularly crenate toothed, 6-30 lines long, gradu- ally or abruptly contracted to a slender petiole : stipules scarious, lanceo- late acuminate entire : scapes longer than the leaves, pubescent: sepals linear 4-5 lines long, often minutely ciliate : petals bright yellow, obovate TioL\. VI0LACE2E. 71 6-8 lines long not bearded : stigma short-apiculate, minutely bearded : cap- sule oval, sparingly pubescent or glabrous. On open plains about Oregon City and near Vancouver Washington . -*- ■*- Leaves finely dissected, subterranean shoots commonly send- ing up their scapiform peduncles from under the ground. ** Petals beardless, essentially yellow. V. Donglasii Steud. Nom. ii, 771. V. chrysantha Hook, not Schrader.. More or less pubescent with short spreading hairs : leaves bipinnatifid with narrow oblong or linear segments ; peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves, 2-5 inches long: petals 5-9 lines long bright yellow, the upper brown-purple on the outside, the others veined : capsule acute 5 lines long.. In dry soil, southern Oregon to California. -M- ■►+ Lateral petals bearded : upper deep violet-purple or blue ; lower pale or yellow. V. Beckwithii T. & G. Pac. R. Rep. ii, 119, t. 1. Pubescent or puberulent, leaves palmately about thrice 3-parted into linear or spatulate- linear acutish or obtuse lobes, the primary divisions petiolulate : ped- uncles about equalling the leaves : upper petals deep violet purple, the others light, blue or bluish with yellow base, lateral ones short, bearded. California and Nevada to southern Oregon. V. Hallii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 377. Glabrous : leaves subpin- nately or pedately about twice parted into lanceolate or linear lobes, their tips obtuse or acutish and callous apiculate : peduncles surpassing the leaves : upper petals deep violet, the others yellow or cream-color 6-8 lines long. Gravelly prairies from Salem Oregon, to northern California. V. trinervata Howell in Gray kSyn. Fl. i, 201. Glabrous: leaves pe- dately parted, the few divisions lanceolate to almost ovate acute or ^.picu- late at maturity almost coriaceous strongly 3-nerved, the lateral nerves intermarginal, peduncles longer than the leaves : upper petals dark blue, the others pale blue to white, with a yellow base. Klickitat county, Washington. * * * * Caulescent, the few to several -leaved stems erect from short or creeping rootstocks : no stolons nor radical flowers : spur short and saccate: lateral petals commonly scantily papill ose -bearded : stigma beakless, bearded or pubescent at the sides. •4- Petals yellow ; stems usually naked at base and few-leaved above. V. lobataBenth.Pl. Hartw. 298. Finely pubescent or glabrous : stems 3- 12 inches high from an erect rootstock: leaves reniform to broadly cune- ate in outline 1-4 inches broad shortly petioled more or less deeply palm- ately cleft into 5-9 narrowly oblong to lanceolate lobes, the central lobe usually more elongated, sometimes only coarsely toothed : peduncles not longer than the leaves : petals 6-8 lines long, yellow, the upper brownish purple outside : capsule 5-6 lines long, acute. Southwestern Oregon to southern California. V. Brooksii Kell. Cal. Hort. ix, 281. V. lobata var. integrifolia Wat- son Bot. Cal. 1,57. Minutely pubescent: stems erect, 4-8 inches high, few-leaved : leaves deltoid or rhombic-ovate, often long-acuminate, cre- nate-serrate, 1-3 inches broad: stipules lanceolate, acute, minutely ciliate, entire or lacerate : flowers few, sepals linear, little if at all auricled : petals yellow 5-6 lines long. In dry open forests southwestern Oregon and California. , V. Canadensis L Sp. ii, 936. Glabrous or slightly pubescent: stems erect leafy, 6-12 inches high from branching, ascending rootstocks, leaves cordate and mostly acuminate, denticulate-serrate ; stipules small, nar- row, entire, scarious : petals usually pale violet outside, white with yel- 72 VIOLACE^, VIOLA, lowish base and some purple stripes within, the lateral ones with some papillose hairs near the base; spur short and saccate: stigma beakless, bearded on the sides: capsule ovalglabrous. Moist woods, Idaho, Sand- berg (N. 213), to the northern Atlantic States and Canada, V. glabella Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 142. Minutely pubescent or glabrous : stems slender from a short fleshy horizontal rhizoma, naked or sparingly leafy below 5-12 inches high : radical leaves on long petioles the upper shortly petioled, reniform-cordate to cordate, acute crenately toothed or crenulate 1-4 inches broad; flowers bright yellow petals 4-8 lines long: capsule ovate-oblong 3-5 lines long, abruptly beaked. In forests, Alaska to northern California. V. ocellata T. & G. Fl, i, 142. Pubescent : stems slender 6-12 inches high from somewhat creeping rootstocks: leaves on very long petioles cor- date-triangular crenately toothed, seldom acuminate : stipules lanceolate somewhat ciliate : peduncles shorter than the leaves : sepals linear : petals oblong lanceolate the upper ones violet or with a deep violet spot on the upper face; lower ones white or with some yellow and put-pie veins ; spur very short : stigma strongly bearded on each side. Southern Oregon to middle California. V. cnneata Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 290. Glabrous: stems slen- der and somewhat trailing, 3-12 inches long, from a long running root- stock ; leaves rhombic-ovate, acute attenuate into a slender petiole some- what crenately toothed above : peduncles not exceeding the leaves : upper petals deep purple, the others purple and white, 4-6 lines long. South- western Oregon and adjacent California among underbrush. ***** Caulescent, from more or less creeping rootstocks, or at first flowering nearly acaulescent, erect or spreading : leaves cordate, undivided: corolla from blue to white with projecting, oblong to cylin- drical spur: style moderately thickened upward, beardless. V. adaiica Smith in Bos. Cycl. xxxviii. F. canina var. adunca Gray. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, usually 3-11 inches high, at length send- ing out runners that bear cleistogamous flowers : leaves ovate, more or less cordate at base, y^-l^i inches long obscurely crenate : peduncles usu- ally longer than the leaves : flowers violet or purple to white : petals 6-8 lines long the lateral ones bearded, spur as long as the sepals, rather slen- der, hooked or curved. Common from Brit. Columbia to California, east to the Pocky Mountains. V. puberula. V. canina var. puberula Watson in Gray Man. ed- 6, 81. Finely puberulent throughout : low, 2 inches high : leaves shallowly or often not at all cordate, mostly small: peduncles but little exceeding the leaves, flowers small, light bliie : spurs cylindraceous, more than half the length of the petals. In moist places, Oregon and Washington to the Atlantic States. V. Howellii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 308. Stems slender, few- leaved 4-12 inches long : leaves round-reniform to broadly cordate, repand- dentate and ciliate an inch or more wide, on long slender petioles : pedun- cles equalling or surpassing the leaves : flowers large, pale blue orvoilet; spur about half as long as the sepals, straight and blunt. In forests near Portland, Oregon.. Order X. POLYGALE^^] Endl. Gen. 1077. Heibs or shrubs with entire leaves and no stipules. Sepals 5, distinct, usually persistent, very irregular, three of them exterior and smaller; the two lateral or inner ones larger and usually petal-like: imbricated in the bud. Petals hypogynous, irregular; deciduous; usually only 3; of which one is larger POLYOALA. POLYGALEiB, 73 than the rest, the others alternate with the inn^r sepals, Stamens 6-8 hypogynous: filapaents combined into a tube which is split on the upper sicjp anij more or less connate with the claws of the petals, Fruit loculicidal or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous with a crustaceous, testa. E/nbryo straight in fleshy albumen. 1 POLYGALA Tourn. L. Gen, n, 851, Sepals persistent ; the wings large and petal-like. Petals 3, Jtheir claws coherent with the staminal tube, the lowest one keeled. Ovary 2-celled, ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous. Capsule 2-celled, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, ellip- tical, obovate, or obcordate. Seeds carunculate, with copious al- bumen. Herbs shrubby at base, with simple entire leaves and racemose or spicate flowers.. P. Californica Nutt. T. & G! Fl. i, 671. P. cucullata Benth. Stems slender from a woody base, 2-8 inches high : leaves oblong-lanceolate or sometimes ovate- elHptical >^-l inch long on very short petioles : flowers rose-color on pedicels 1-3 lines long, without bracts : sepals glabrous or nearly so, the outer 2)^ lines long, rounded-saccate at base; the wings rather broadly spatulate 4-6 lines long : lateral petals linear-lanceolate, somewhat ciliate, about equalling the keel: fruit mostly from ape talous, flowers near the root; capsule glabrous, broadly ovate 2j^--3 lines long, re- tuse above, nearly jessile, narrowly margined: seeds 2 lines long some- what pubescent ; the caruncle vesicular and wrinkled, calyptra-like, half the length of the seed. Southwestern Oregon and California. Order XI. CARYOPHYLLACE^ Juss. Herbs sometimes suffrutescent at base with bland and inert juice, regular and mostly perfect flowers, persistent calyx, its parts and the petals 4 or 5 and imbricated, or the petals some- times convolute, in the bud, stamens twice as many, or as many and alternate with them or rarely fewer than the petals, ovary 1-celled with a free central placenta bearing few to several campylotropous ovules, the reniform seeds with a slender em- bryo coiled around the outside of farinaceous albumen. Stems usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves often united at the base by a transverse line, in one group with interposed scarious sti- pules^ . Petals sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly hypogynous around an annular disk, sometimes perigynous by its cohesion with the base of the calyx. Styles 2-5 mostly distinct and with the stigma running down the inner face. Fruit a capsule, opening by valves or by teeth at the summit. Flowers termi- nal, or in the forks, or in cymes. Tribe i. Sepals united into a 4- or 5-toothed or lobed calyx. Petals commonly with an appendage on the base of the blade within, narrowed below into a conspicuous claw ; these and the stamens borne on the stipe of the ovary. Styles distinct. Capsule dehiscent at' the summit by as many or twice as many teeth as styles. Flowers comparatively large, perfect, or not infrequently 74 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. polygamous. 1. Saponaria. Calyx 5-angled becoming 5-winged : its teeth short, not foliaceous : styles 2, capsule 4-5 valved. 2. Silene, Calyx commonly 9-nerved, styles 3 : capsule opening by as many or twice as many teeth. 3. Lychnis. Calyx 10-nerved, styles 4 or 5, alternate with the petals when of the same number: capsule opening by as many or twice as many teeth : perennials. 4. Agrostemma. Styles 5 opposite the petals : calyx-teeth conspicuously prolonged into foliaceous appendages. Tribe ii. Sepals free or slightly united at the very base. Pet- als unappendaged, more or less narrowed below but not to a dis- tinct claw, inserted with the stamens on the margin of the disk at the base of the sessile ovar}^ not rarely inconspicuous or none. * Stipules none, ore or less elongat< by twice as many teeth as there are carpels. 5. Cerastiuin. Capsule cylindric dehiscent with twice as many equal teeth as styles : petals emarginate or bifid ; styles 5, rarely 3 or 4. ■*- +- Capsule ovoid or oblong, relatively short, dehiscent by as many or twice as many teeth as there are styles. •^+ Styles usually fewer than the sepals, when of the same number opposite them. ^ 6. Alsine. Capsule globose to oblong, with as many valves as styles, petals bifid or 2-parted : styles 3, rarely 2, 4 or 5. 7. Arenaria. Sepals 5, petals as many, entire or emarginate rarely wanting: styles 3, 4 or 5. *> -^ Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. 8. Alsinella. Capsule globose with as many entire valves as styles : sepals 4 or 5, petals entire as many as the sepals or wanting. * * Stipules present scarious or setiform : petals undivided. -*- Petals conspicuous, styles distinct. 9. Spergnla. Styles 5, alternate with the sepals and with the entire valves of the capsule. 10. Tissa. Styles and valves of the capsuie 3, very rarely 5. Tribe I. Silenese DC. Sepals united into a 4' or 5-toothed or -lohed calyx. Petals unguicidate, often scale-bearing or appendaged at the junction of the blade and claw, inserted with the stamens on the stipe of the ovary. Stipules none. Flowers usually showy, perfect or polygamous. 1 SAPONARIA L. Gen. n. 564. Smooth branching herbs witlj entire leaves and showy pink or white flowers in terminal clusters or panicles, blooming in sum- mer. Calyx tubular or obovoid, 5-toothed, terete, with numerous faint veins or conspicuously 5-angled. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled or Imperfectly 2-4-celled ,ai base, dehiscent by 4 short teeth. Seeds laterally attached. Embryo curved. SAPOXARiA. CABYOPHYLLACE^. 75 SILENE. S. Vaccaria L. Sp. 409. Stem solitary from an annual root, erect, 1-4 feet high, widely branching above: leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, ses- sile and somewhat connate at base; flowers in a broad corymb; calyx ovoid, with 5 sharp herbaceous angles, the intervening parts white and scarious : petals rose-color, without appendages. Common in cultivated grounds. Introduced from Europe. S. OFFICINALE L. ^p. 408. Stems numerous from a perennial root, 1-2 feet high, stout: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base, 2-3 inches long, 3-ribbed: flowers clustered at the ends of the short branches, often double; calyx tubular, terete, with numerous faint nerves; petals white or pink, appendaged at the junction of the claws and obovate retuse blade. Roadsides and R. R. embankments. Introduced from Europe. 2 SILENE L. Gen. n. 567. Annual or perennial herbs with mostly linear entire opposite leaves and white or red flowers in paniculate racemes : (rarely solitary or cymose). Calyx tubular more or less inflated, cylin- dro-clavate to campanulate, 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Petals 5, with slender claws, which are usually crowned with scales at their junc- tion with the mostly 2 to many-cleft blade. Stamens 10. Style 3. Ovary stipitate. Capsule dehiscent by 6, rarely 3 short teeth. Seeds opaque, tuberculate or echinate, attached by the margin : embryo peripherical. $ Annuals, mostly introduced. +- Inflorescence simply racemose or subspicate ; pedicels solitary. S. Gallica L. iSp. 417. Stems hirsute with white jointed hairs : leaves spatulate, mucronate, hirsute-pubpscent on both sides 8-18 lines long: ra- cemes terminal one-sided, 2-4 inches long : flowers more or less pedicel- late : calyx 10-nerved, villous-hirsute, slender, subcylindric in anthesis, becoming in fruit broadly ovoid with contracted orifice and short narrow spreading teeth: petals usually little exceeding the calyx; the blade ob- oyate, somewhat bifid, toothed or entire. Along the coast from Brit. Co- lumbia to Lower California. Var. quinquevulnera, Koch. Syn. Fl. Germ. et. Helv. 100. Petals more showy, subentire, deep crimson with a white or pink border. With the typical form. H- +- Inflorescence cymose or paniculate, not distinctly racemose. f> Smooth or nearly so, a part of the upper internodes glutinous. S. antirrhina L. Sp. 419. Stems slender, 6-36 high: leaves oblong-lan- ceolate or linear, commonly acute: flowers small in a compound cyme, on long filiform pedicels: calyx oblong-cylindric, smooth, in fruit ovoid with short teeth ; petals obcordate, about equalling the calyx-teeth expanding only at night or in cloudy weather; scales minute: ovary scarcely stiped. On dry hillsides, California to Brit. Columbia and across the continent. * * Very low and densely matted subcaulescent perennials. S. acaalis L. Sp. ed. 2, 603. Closely cespitose, an inch or two high : leaves linear, crowded on the branching caudex : flowers small, 2-3 lines in diameter, subsessile or raised on naked curved peduncles : calyx narrowly campanulate glabrous, the teeth short and rounded : petals purplish or white, minutely appendaged, obcordate, exserted: flowers dioecious by abortion. Arctic America to the Cascade and Rocky Mountains. * * * Caulescent perennials. 76 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. silene. -♦- Flowers large rather few : calyx cylindrical or clavate : petals 5-7 lines long, 4-several-cleft : stems leafy: seedcoat more or less rough- ened but firm. S. Californica Durand PL Pratt. 83. Glandular-pubescent or puberu- lent: stems several from the simple root, 3^-4 feet high, lax, leafy, sim- ple, or branched above : leaves oblanceolate to ovate 1-4 inches long, acute or acuminate : flowers large, deep scarlet, few at the ends of the branches : pedicels short, the lower deflected in fruit: calyx 7-10 lines long : petals deeply parted with bifid segments, the lobes 2-3 toothed or entire ; scales oblong-lanceolate : capsule ovate 6 lines long rather shortly stipitate. Cal- ifornia, reaches the southwest corner of Oregon. S. Hookeri Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 193. White-tomentose, especially above: stems leafy 3-10 inches high, from a deep perpendicular root : leaves spatulate or lanceolate, acute, an inch or so long, attenuate below to a winged petiole: flowers large and showy, on erect pedicels 1-2 inches long; calyx oblong-clavate, 8-10 lines long: petals pale pink, twice longer than the calyx, the broad claw not auricled, the cuneate blade 1-6 parted with lanceolate or linear entire or bifid segments ; scales lanceolate, de- current upon the claw, ovary roundish, nearly sessile. Prairies and wooded hillsides, Willamette valley to California. +- ■*- Flowers smaller, 6-8 lines in diameter. ++ Flowers borne in the forks of the branches forming a leafy in- florescence. S. campanulata Watson Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341. Finely glandular pubescent : root thick, simple, caudex branching, somewhat woody : stem 6-10 inches high, simple or dichotomously branched at the summit; leaves lanceolate, 1-1)^ inches long, acute or acuminate ; flowers solitary or few, on short deflexed pedicels; calyx campanulate, 5-6 lines long, the teeth broad, obtuse or acutish, and finely net- veined ; petals pale flesh- color, 9 lines long, with pubescent scarcely auriculate claws, the limb 4- parted nearly to the base, the lobes bifid to the middle, or the lateral ones entire or notched ; appendages oblong, fleshy, entire ; filaments pubescent, exserted ; ovary suborbicular, shortly stipitate. In mountains of southern Oregon and northern California. S. Oreenii. S. campanulata var. Greenii Watson in Robinson Proc. Am. Acad, xxviii, 137. Pubescent and viscid-glandular throughout: root simple ; rootstock branching: stems slender declined or ascending: leaves ovate: calyx green, open campanulate, deeply toothed: petals rather broad, cleft into 4 or more greenish or yellow segments : capsule globular. In the mountains from the Cow Creek country to northern California. S. Menziesii Hook. Fl. i, 90 t, 30. S. stellarioides Nutt. T. & G. i, 193. Finely glandular-pubescent: stems weak, dichotomously branched above: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end: fiowers small: ca- lyx 2-4 lines long : petals 2-cleft commonly unappendaged : capsule ovate- oblong, 2 lines or less broad. Common from Vancouver Island to southern California and the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico. -«- -«- Flowers few, rather small, white or nearly so, nodding, borne in a lax naked pannicle : petals cleft into 4 or more narrowly linear almost filiform segments ; styles long exserted. S. loiigistylis Engelm. in Herb. Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxii 469. Cespitose with a slender much-branched caudex: finely pubescent through- out, with very short spreading subglandular hairs : stems slender, 6-12 inches high : leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute an inch long or less, mostly radical, the cauline only 1 or 2 pairs : calyx ovate cylindrical soon becoming ovoid, the teeth broad ovate, petals white, the narrow claw scarcely auricled and very pubescent, the blade cleft nearly to the base, 8ILEXE. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 77 into four linear or filiform segments ; appendages linear, entire : stamens and style long exserted, capsule subsessile : seeds small, dark red. Siski- you Mountains, near Ashland, Oregon, to Scott's Mountain, California. -4- -4- -•- Flowers scattered or variously paniculate : style in- cluded or somewhat exserted : capsule distinctly stipitate : calyx cylin- drical or in fruit clavate or obovate, usually distinctly contracted about the stipe of the capsule. S. Oregana Watson Proc. Am. Acad, x, 343. Viscidly pubescent: stems strict, erect, simple, few to several from a deep perpendicular root 1- 2 inches long : flowers in an open dichotomous panicle, somewhat nod- ding, upon slender pedicels 3-6 lines long: petals white, 10 lines long, the narrow limb parted to the base and the lobes deeply bifid with filiform segments, the narrow naked claw with the auricles produced upward into lanceolate teeth : scales linear entire : ovary oblong, long stipitate. Oregon andWashington in mountainous districts. S. moiitana Watson 1. c. 343. Finely pubescent: stems erect from a more or less decumbent base 4-14 inches high : linear-lanceolate or nar- rowly oblanceolate, acuminate 1-23^ inches long mostly radical ; the cau- line 3-4 pairs, inflorescence varying from subspicate to paniculate ; flowers rarely solitary : calyx 6-9 lines long : petals greenish white to ri.>se-color 2-4 lipes longer than the calyx, stamens and style about equalling the pet- als: ovary long-stipitate : capsule acutish. Near Carson City, Nevada, to Mariposa, Cal. Specimens collected in the Siskiyou Mountains near the Oregon line are doubtfully referred to this species. S. Gormani. Finely puberulent with minute crisp hairs, glandular above; stems slender, simple, 1-2 feet high: leaves lanceolate to linear, the lower ones narrowed below to a long slender petiole, acute or acuminate: flowers rather few, erect, in a strict elongated panicle, or sometimes con- tracted to a several-flowered cyme, pedicels very unequal 3-12 lines long, slender; calyx oblong-cylindrical, 6-8 lines long, tniucate at base, some- what costate with 10 green ribs, the intervening spaces scarious; the subu- late teeth very acute; petals well exserted; the blade 3-paited with deeply 2-lobed segments: stamens and styles well exsei'ted: capsule oval, abruptly contsacted below to a short stipe. In forests, Hunt's Eanch, Jackson Co. Oregon, 4400 feet elevation: Aug. 13th, 1896: if. W. Gorman. -<--*--»- f^- Calyx oblong, campanulate, or rarely obovate, rather loosely surrounding the ovary sometimes narrowed downward, but not distinctly contracted about the stipe. S. Suksdorfli Robinson Bot. Gaz. xvi 44 t. 6. Low, densely matted: stems 2-5 inches high, simple, 1-3 flowered, minutely pubescent below, glandular above: stem leaves about 2 pairs, linear 3-7 lines long, a line wide : radical leaves numerous, crowded, similar or somewhat spatulate : calyx broadly cylindrical or campanulate seldom exceeding 5 lines in length; nerves conspicuous, simple below, anastomosing above, petals white, little exceeding the calyx ; shallowly bifid, lobes entire: append- ages oblong, retnse : stipe of capsule 1% lines long. On the snowy peaks, Washingon to California. S. Lyallil Watson 1. c. xxviii, 144. Glabrous excepting the inflores- cence which is subglandular-puberulent : stems slender ascending : leaves linear-oblanceolate, 1-2 inches long, the lower attenuate to a slender pet- iole : flowers in dichotomous few-flowered cymes, the slender pedicels 3-4 lines long, not deflexed ; calyx 4 lines long, campanulate, net-veined above, the teeth obtuse, broadly triangular; petals 7 lines long, brownish purple, with an oblong shortly bifid limb, oblong entire appendages, and naked scarcely auricled claw ; anthers purple, included ; styles very short ; ovary small, narrowly oblong. Cascade Mountains lat. 49 Lyall to California. 78 CARYOPHYLLACEiL'. silene. "This doubtful species is to be distinguished from some forms of S. Doug- lasii only by its smaller flowers, more leafy habit and darker petals." Robinson Proc. Am. Acad, xxviii, 144. 8. Bonglasil Hook Fl. i, 88. Finely puberulent th:f©ilg&-8 lines long: seeds rugose roughened. Mount Rainier, PVjaer, to the Eastern States. -*^• ■♦+ Bracts more or less foliaceous. A. brachypetala. Stellaria hrachypetala Bong. S. alpestris Fries S. cor- ollina Fenzl. Glabrous : stems weak and slender, usually erect, 6-20 inches high dichotomously branched above : leaves lanceolate, attenuate, the middle cauline the largest, 1-2 inches long, 1-nerved : pedicels in the forks of the dichotomous branches, slender, spreading, 8-12 lines long: sepals lanceolate, acute, scarious margined about a line long: petals shorter than the sepals, 2-parted, the segments lanceolate, acute : capsule oblong-ovoid exceeding the sepals, seeds smooth. In wet places, Oregon \9 Alaska and the Eastern StateEl^ ALSiNE. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 83 ARENARIA. A. borealis Britten Mtm. Torr. Club v, 149. SteUaiia horeaJis Bigel- Glabrous: stems usually weak, erect or spreading, branching )^ -2 fee* high: leaves linear-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, >2-2 inches long, 1-5 lines wide, acute, flowers in dichotomous cymes : sepals ovate to lanceolate, a line long or more : petals 2-parted, shorter than the calyx, 2-5 or wanting: capsule ovate 1)0-2 lines long, on spreading or deflexed peduncles: seeds smooth. Along streams, Oregon, etc., to the Atlantic. A. hnmifnsa. Stellaria hnmifvsa Rotth. Low, densely matted, smooth : stems prostrate or ascending, angulate, shining : leaves elliptic-ovate or ob- long, acutish, 2-5 lines long, marcescent: bracts foliaceous: peduncles axil- lary, 4-7 lines long: sepals ovate-oblong acute, narrowly margined, petals somewhat exceeding the calyx: seeds smooth. A. crispa Holzinger Contr. Nat. Herb, iii, 116. SteUaria crispa Cham. & Schlecht. Glabrous: stems very slender, weak and decumbent, 6-12 inches long, simple or sparingly branched: leaves thin, ovate to oblong- ovate, acuminate, commonly crisp on the edges, 4-6 lines long : pedicels solitary, 8-10 lines long: sepals scarious-margined, lanceolate, acute, lK-2 lines long, 3-nerved : petals when present, deeply cleft, with linear acute lobes : capsule acute, longer than the calyx. A. obtnsa. SteUaria obtusa Engehn. Bot. Gaz. vii, 5. Smooth: stems weak, nearly simple, 2-6 inches long : leaves thin, ovate to broadly lan- ceolate, acute, 3-10 lines long: flowers solitary, appearing axillary : sepals ovate obtuse, hardly at all scarious on the margins: petals none: capsule 13^-13^ times as long as the calyx, obtuse: seed brown, covered with minute lighter colored oblong tubercles with fringed edges. In wet places on mountains, Blue Mountains, Oregon to British Columbia and Colorado. A. Simcoei. Pubescent throughout with spreading hairs : densely ces- pitose: stems filiform erect, simple or sparingly branched, 4-8 inches high : leaves oblong to elliptical, acute, 4-6 lines long, 1-nerved : pedicels solitary, filiform, 10-12 lines long; sepals oblong, acutish, broadly mar- gined, less than a line long : petals 2-parted ; segments oblong, about half as long as the calyx ; capsule and seeds not seen. In springs on top of the Simcoe Mountains, Washington. * * Petals retuse or shortly bifid, divided but ^-}4. the way to the base, commonly considerably exceeding the calyx. A. Jamesii Holzinger 1. c. SteUaria Jamesii Torr. Viscid above: stems strongly angled, rather stout and ascending, branched, 1-2 feet high : leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, 1-3 inches long, 2-9 lines wide, acuminate, dark green: pedicels spreading, rather short, at length deflexed: sepals oblong, acute, 2-3 lines long, the bifid petals mostly twice longer: capsule ovate shorter than the calyx: seeds smooth. Woodlands and creek bottoms, northern Califciia to Washington, Colo- rado, New Mexico and Arizona. 7 ARENARIA L. Gen. n. 569. Mostly low, often tufted annual or perennial herbs with ses- sile subulate and more or less rigid leaves without stipules and small white flowers in paniculate or capitate cymes in spring and summer. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as majiy as sepals, rarely wanting, entire or emarginate. Stamens twice as many as pet- als. Styles 8, rarely 2, 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Cap- sule glo])ose or short-oblong, dehigcent into as many 2-cleft valves as utylea, few to many-8««ded< Be«dii. laterally (^ompresMd or r«nifbrm'globo»e« 84 OABYOPHYLLACE^. arbnaru. § 1 M(EHKiNGiA Fenzl. in Endl. Gen. 968. Seeds at least when young provided with a, spongy appendage at the hilum. A. lateriflora L. Sp, 423. Minutely pubescent : stems erect, slender, 4-12 inches high, simple or branched : leaves oblong or oval obtuse, 5-6 lines long, punctate, hairy on the margin and midrib: peduncles lateral and terminal, 2-flowered, one of the pedicels bibracteolate near the mid- dle: sepals oblong-ovate obtuse, 13^ lines long: petals oblong, obtuse, twice longer than the sepals. In damp shady places, western Oregon to the Atlantic Coast. A. maorophylla Hook. Fl. i, 102 t. 37. Btems aecending 3-8 inches high, mostly simple, leafy,puberulent above : leaves 3-4 pairs, narrowly lan- ceolate, acuteateach end, 1-2 inches long, thin, bright green, the upper lar- gest : flowers few on slender pedicels ; sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate, 1%- 2% lines long, 1-nerved: petals obovate, longer or shorter than the sepals: capsule ovoid, nearly equalling the calyx: seeds rather large, smooth. Open forests, Brit. Columbia to California, east to the Rocky Mountains. § 2 Ammadenia B. & H. Gen, i, 151. Flowers axillary. Sepals united at base ; styles 3-5 : ovary more or less 3-5 celled, disk conspicuous 10-lobed and glanduliferoufe : capsule globose, some- what baccate. Seeds not appendaged. A, peploides L. Sp. 423. Glabrous perennial : stems 6-8 inches high, stout, angled : leaver, thick, ovale or obovate 1-nerved, shortly pointed, clasping at the broad lu^^e : sepals ovate lanceolate, acuminate, 33^ lines long, about equalling the petals. J^andy seashore from the Columbia river northwards and on the northern Atlantic Coast, (northern Europe and Asia). A. Sitcheusis Dietr. Syn. PL ii, 1565. A peploides var. major. Hook, 1. c. 102. Glabrous and succulent: 6-12 inches high from thick creeping rootstocks: leaves oblong to short-spa tulate, obtuse or acute, short-apicu- late, fleshy, with narrow, scs^rious, crenulate margins: flowers axillary, on short penduncles : lobes of the calyx lanceolate-ovate, acute, about a line long : petals oblong, narrowed below to a short claw about half as long as the lobes of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Salt marshes, coast of Oregon to Alaska. § 8 Merckia B. & H. Gen. i, 151. Styles 3-5. Ovary 3-5- celled : capsule large, depressed-globose, somewhat inflated : many-seeded, seeds not appendaged. A. physodes Fisch. in DC. Prod, i, 413. Cespitose perennial: stems weak, decumbent, 3-6 inches long : leaves ovate, cuspidately pointed 4-6 lines long : flowers solitary at the summit of the stem or becoming lateral : sepals lance-oblong, acute, 3 lines long equalling or slightly exceeding the petals : capsule 4 lines in diameter. Brit. Columbia to northern Alaska, perhaps northern Washington. § 4 EuARENARiA Robinson 1. c. 219. Styles normally 3, capsule ovoid, dehiscent by 3 2-toothed or parted valves : seeds not appendaged. * Leaves ovate elliptic or linear, not acerose. A. SERPYLLiFOLiA L. Sp. 423. Diffusc, 3-10 inches high, retrorsely pu- bescent: leaves ovate, acute, minutely ciliate: sepals lanceolate, acumi- nate hairy 3-5 nerved, nearly twice the length of the petals: capsule ovate, as long as the sepals. Fields and roadsides, western Oregon and Washington, also in the Atlantic States. Var. tenuior Koch. Synop. 117. More delicate, leaves reduced: flowers ARENABiA. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 85 smaller, in a nearly naked racemoFe panicle, capsule more oblong. Port- land, Oregon and vicinity, (Europe). * * Leaves very narrowly linear commonly acerose, often rigid and pungent. -•- Sepals broadly ovate obtusish, sometimes apiculate : flowers not densely aggregate. A. capillaris Poir. in Lam . Encycl. vi. H80.. Leaves chiefly grouped at the base in fascicles upon a multicipital caudex, 3^-2)4 inches long, somewhat pungent, little spreading ; the cauline few pairs, much reduced : stems 4-8 inches in height: petals obovate, considerably exceeding the short obtuse sepals. Idaho to the Rocky Mountains. A. formosa Fisch, in DC. Prcdr. i, 402. More or less glandular-pu- bescent above, erect, 3-12 inches high : leaves linear subulate, half to two inches long, pungent: the cauline few, short and erect: flowers few in an open cyme ; bracts small, lanceolate : sepals ovate, acute, 1-2 lines long, 3- nerved, membranously margined : petals half longer: capsule somewhat ex- ceeding the calyx. In the higher mountains from Brit. Columbia to California. A. acnleata Watson Bot. King 40. Leaves fascicled at the ends of nu- merous barren shoots, glaucous j rigid, subulate and aculeate: stems nearly naked, somewhat scabrous above: flowers few, on long slender erect pedicels : sepals ovate acute: capsule becoming twice longer than the calyx, splitting into 3 2-toothed valves: seeds smooth. High hills, south- east Oregon to Nevada. -•- -*- fe'epals ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate, shorter than the petals. A. con^esta T. & G. Fl. i, 178. KSmooth, glaucous, 4-12 inches high : leaves very narrowly subulate, scabrous on the margin, often pungent, the lower 1-3 inches long ; cauline 6-12 lines long : flowers in 1-3 dense subum- bellate fascicles, with large dilated membranaceous bracts : sepals ovate- oblong, strongly concave with scarious margins, 1-3 lines long, acute : pet- als narrowly oblong, nearly twice as long as the calyx: capsule equalling the calyx. In the mountains from Washington to California, Nevada and Colorado. •*--«--«- Sepals lanceolate to lance-linear attenuate, equalling or exceeding the petals. ■Ht- Flowers cymose, not densely aggregated. A. BHrkei. A. Fendleri var. subcongesta Watson Bot. King 40. Stems several from a more or less ligneous caudex, smooth or glandular, 4-6 inches high, many-leaved at base: leaves setaceous, somewhat flattened, glabrous : flowers more or less clustered upon short pedicels or the lateral ones sessile : bracts broad and scarious : petals but little exceeding the ovate acuminate scarious sepals. On bleak hilltops, eastern Oregon and Nevada to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. A. Fendleri Gray PI. Fendl. 13. Stems simple, 6-15 inches high gla- brous below, more or less glandular-pubescent above, imbricately many- leaved at base, leaves long, erect setaceous somewhat flattened scarious-ser- rulate glabrous: cymes strict, few-flowered: pedicels slender: sepals glandular pubescent, ovate- lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, green with a broad scarious margin, nearly equalling the white obovate petals: capsule about equalling the calyx. New Mexico, etc., to eastern Oregon. ■^* •** Flowers densely fascicled at the end ef the stem. A. Fraiikllnii Dougl. in Hook. Fl. i, 101 t. 35. A span or less in height : branches erect, fastigiate, numerous fragile: leaves smooth subulate-setaceous, very puugeut> au inob loug: flowers fascieled; sepals subulate scaiious, 86 CARYOPHYLLACE^. arenaria. broadly 1 -nerved, about equalling the oblong obtuse petals: flowers on short pedicels in dense fascicles, crowded with bracts similar to the leaves. On sandy banks along the Columbia river. § 5. Alsine Wahl. (as genus, not Linn J. Capsule ovoid, 3- valved ; valves entire ; seeds not strophiolate : matted perennials or delicate annnals, usually with narrow linear subulate or ace- rose leaves. * Palustrine perennial with weak elongated stems, narrow linear or lance-linear leaves and axillary long-peduncled flowers. A. paludicola Robinson 1. c. 298. Glabrous, flaccid : stems several, subsimple, procumbent, rooting at the lower joint, sulcate, shining, leafy throughout: leaves uniform, flat, 1-nerved, acute, spreading, %-\y» inches long, 1-3 lines in breadth, often punctate, somewhat connate, slightly scabrous upon the margins : peduncles solitary in the axils, 1^2 inches long, spreading or somewhat deflexed : sepals nerveless not at all indur- ated, acutish, about half the length of the obovate petals. In swamps along the Coast, 8an Francisco to Seattle, Washington. * * Terrestrial annuals: sepals neither indurated nor very strongly nerved. = Seeds much flattened, and margined. A. Donglasii T. &. G. Fl. i, 074. Sparingly pubescent with spreading hairs or glabrous, slender, much branched, 3-10 inches high: leaves filiform, half to an in<;li or more long: flowers rather large on long filiform pedicels: sepals oblong-ovate obtusish or acute, obscurely 3-nerved, 1\ lines long: pet- als obovate, 2-2| lines long: capsule globose, eqjialling the calyx: seeds large, flat, smooth, acutely margined. . Dry hillsides, southwestern Oregon and California. H- H- Sevids not flattened nor winged. A. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 354. Glandular hispid but the internodes usually glabrous: widely branching, 6-12 inches high: leaves thick, narrowly lanceolate or linear, with base 6-9 lines long, bluntj spread- ing: flowers small on slender pedicels: sepals a line long, nerveless: petals twice longer, narrowly oblong: capsule ovate, a little exceeding the sepals: seeds black, tui-gid, Mdth several rows of. minute tubercles along the rounded margins. On dry foothills, eastern base of the Coast Mountains in Josephine county, Oregon. A. Californica Brewer in Bol. Cat. 6, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. i, 69. Glabrous, very slender, 2-6 inches high: leaves lanceolate, 1-2 lines long, obtusish: flowers small on slender pedicels: sepals oblong-ovate, acute, 3- nerved, 1-2 lines long; petals spatulate, 2-3 lines long: capsule oblong: seeds small, sharply muriculate. Moist places, southwestern Oregon and California. A. pusilla Watson 1. c. xvii, 367. Very slender, an inch or two high ; glabrous: leaves lanceolate, thick and bluntish, a line or two long: sepals lanceolate, acute, obscurely 1-nerved: petals very small or wanting: capsule o')long-ovate, not exceeding the sepals: seeds turgid and smooth. Neai- The Dalles, eastern Oregon and Washington, in dry prairies: also on the plains about Yreka, northern California. * * Annuals or loosely matted perennials: sepals lanceolate, acumi- nate or attenuate, strongly 3-5 nerved . A. tenella Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 179. Slender, 2-4 inches high, smooth, leaves filiform-subulate, acute: peduncles minutely glandular: sepals ovate- lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved 1)^3 lines long: petals oblong, 2-2)^ lines long: ARENARiA. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 87 ALSINELLA. capsule but little longer than the sepals: seeds turgid minutely mgose tuber- oulate. On rocks, Columbia river below the Cascades. A. stricta Michx. Fl. i, 274. Diffusely cespitose, glabrous, branching from the base: stems 3-15 implies high: leaves subulate-setaceous. 1-3-neiTed, many, fascicled in the axils : petals oblong-obovate twice the length of the rigid, ovate, very acute 3-ribbed sepals: -^.apsule about as long as the calyx. On rocks and sandy ridges, Columbia river below the Cascades: also on the Atlantic coast. * * * Closely tufted perennials: sepals acuminate but riot strongly nerved, except in A. propinqua. A. propinqua Richardson in Franklin Journ. 738. A verna rar. hirta Watson Bot. King 41. Closely tufted: stems, peduncles and calyx finely glandular- pubescent: leaves nearly or quite smooth: stems tufted, numer- ous, slender, ascending or erect, 1-5 iiiches high, 1 -several -flowered; leaves linear-subulate, flat, obtuse, 3-nerved, usually erect, not squarrose: pedun- cles filiform: sepals ovate- oblong, acutish to acuminate, 1,^/3-2 lines long ex- ceeding the obovate or oblanceolate petals: capsule surpassing the sepals, On the highest mountains, Oregon to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. A, Nuttallii Pax in Engler, Jahresb. xviii. 30. A. pungens Nutt in T. & G. Fl. i, 179 (not of Clem.). Pubescent throughout: extensively cespitose stems numerous 2-4 inches high, leaves linear-subulate, half to two inches long, pungent, crowded: flowers in an open cym.e, leafy braeted: sepals lan- ceolate, acuminate, pungent 1-3 lines long 3-nerved: petals about equalling the calyx: the capsule shorter: seeds very few, smooth. In moimtainous dis- tricts, California and Nevada to Oregon and Colorado . * * * * Densely cespitose perennials with acicular or subulate leaves and oblong or linear-oblont', very obtuse sepals . +- Petals oblong or narrowly obovate. A. Sajaneiisis Willd. in Schlecht. Berl. Mag. Natf. (1816) 200. Gla- brous, or the inflorescence glandular: stems simple, usually 1-flowered: leaves linear subulate, obtuse thickish, 3-nerved: petals obtuse, about half longer than the oblong sepals. Alpine, Mounts Hood, and Adams to the Rocky Mountains and Alaska. ■*- +- Petals broadly obovate, much exceeding the calyx, A. arctica Stev. in D. C. Prodr. i. 404. Stems 1-3 inches high, often scarcely exceeding the leaves: leaves linear-subulate, obtuse fleshy, minutely ciliate; peduncles glandular-pubescent 1-rarely 2 or 3 flowered; petals about twice longer than the very obtuse 1-nerved srpals. Arctic Coast, perhaps o n our northern border. 8 ALSINELLA Dill. SAGINA L. Gen. n. 176. Low herbs with subulate or filiform leaves without stipules, and small terminal usually long-peduncled flowers. Sepals 4-5, Petals as many as sepals, entire or slightly emarginate, often minute or wanting. Stamens as many as petals, rarely twice as many or fewer. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled. Styles as many as sepals and alternate with them. Capsule dehiscent to the base by as many entire valves as sepals and alternate with them. A. occidentalis Greene Fl. Francis. 125. Sagina occidentaUs Watson. Annual: glabrous or nearly so: diffusely branched from the base : stems very slender, 1-6 inches long, decumbent at base or ascending: well developed, 88 CARYOPHYLLACE^. alsixVella. SPERGULA. several -flowered: the lowest flowers distinctly axillary: leaves not fascicled, 3-6 lines long, pungent flowers 5-merous on long pedicels that are erect in fruit: sepals a line long: petals nearly as long: stamens 10: capsule ex- ceeding the calyx. Moist places and along the Coast, California to Alaska. A. saginoides Greene 1. c. SaginaLinnsei Presl. Bieanml or perennial, glabrous, densely matted and decumbent, 1-3 inches long, rooting and often forming lateral rosettes: leaves somewhat fascicled, 3-7 lines long, pungent: flowers on long pedicels, at length nodding: sepals a line long, obtuse, exceeding the petals: stamens 10: capsule at length nearly twice longer than the calyx. In wet places on high mountains, Arctic America to California. A. crassicaulis Greene 1. c. Sagina crassicaulis Watson. Smooth per- ennial stems several to many, branching 1-5 inches long : leaves linear, pun- gent thickish, 2-7 lines long or more, the basal forming a rosette which may persist or not; the cauline connate by broad scarious membranes: pedi- cels numerous, straight : flowers 5-parted, petals and sepals subequal 1}>^ lines long : capsule K~K longer. Near the sea, mouth of the Columbia river to Monterey, Cal. 9 SPERGULA L. Gen. n. 586. Dichotomously or fasciculately branched annuals with subu- late fascicled or apparently whorled leaves with small scarious stipules and small white flowers on slender pedicels in dichoto- mous cymes. Sepals 5, entire. Stamens 10, rarely 5. Ovary 1- celled, many-ovuled ; styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Cap- sule 5-valved, the entire valves opposite Jio the sepals. Seeds laterally compressed, acutely margined or winged : embryo spiral. S. ARVENSis L. Sp. 440. Smooth: stems several, a foot or two high: leaves filiform, numerous in apparent whorls, 1-2 inches long; stipules small : pedicels at length reflexed: sepals oblong to ovate 2 or 3 lines long, equalling the petals, a little shorter than the broadly ovoid capsule: seeds rough, acutely margined. Sandy fields, especially near the Coast, Wash- ington to California; naturalized from Europe, 10 TISSA Adanson Fam. des PL ii, 507. Low, more or less succulent herbs, usually depressed, with se- taceous or linear fascicled leaves with scarious stipules and small white or pink flowers in subracemose cymes, ttepals 5. Petals 5, rarely few or wanting. Stamens commonly 10. Styles 3, very rarely 5. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule with as many valves as styles, when 5, alternate with the sepals. Seeds often margined. * Perennials with fusiform fleshy roots. T. macrothecnm Brit. Bull. Torr. Club xvi, 129. Lepigonum macrothe- cum F. & M Perennial, rather stout, 4-12 inches high : decumbent at base, sparingly pubescent, at least above : leaves linear, fleshy, 1-2 inches long; with large ovate stipules : flowers large, subracemose ; pedicels 4-12 lines long becoming reflexed: sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 nerved, more or less tomentose, 3 lines long or more, equalling or exceeding the petals : capsule ovoid, about equalling the calyx. In salt mai'shes, Washington to Southern California. * * Annuals: flowers axillary. T. saliua Britton 1. c. 128. Lepigonum marinum Wahl. spergnla sa- Una PreaU More ©r l«8s pubeseen* er olt«n nearly glabrous j much TissA. ILLECEBRACE^. 89 PENTAC.ENA. , . Ibranclied, 3-9 inches bigh; leaves linear, fleshy, 3^-1 inch long or more; sti- pules short: pedicels 1-9 lines long, reflexed: calyx 1-2 lines long: capsule a ittle longer than the cal}x. Along tLe Coast, Pugtt Som d lo Caliiomia, and the Atlantic Coast. • * * * Procumbent or decumbent winter annuals, scarcely at all fleshy; flowers small or of medium size; stipules conspicuous. T. rubra Britton 1. c. 127. Spvrgularia rubra Presl. Stems spread ing: wiry, 1-10 inches long, smoolhish telow, fine glandular-pubescent above: leaves flat above, narrowly linear, cuspidate 4-9 lines long ^-h line broad; stipules white, attenuate 2-3 lines long: inflorescence racemi- form: pedicels filiform, exceeding the bratts and about twice as long as the oblong-lanceolate scarious-margined acutish glandular-pubescent sepals: flowers magenta, Ij^ lines in dinmeter, petals scarcely equalling the calyx: capsule equalling the calyx: seeds minutely crested but not winged. Road- sides and sandy places, Washington to California and the Atlantic States (Eui-ope). * * * * Slender spreading or erect annuals scarcely flesby; stipules short, deltoid. T. diaiidra Britton 1. c. 128. Spergularia diandria Boiss. Viscid pu- bescent to nearly glabrous; leaves not fascicled, linear-filif oitq : pedicels slender, about two lines long, spreading or deflexed: sepals in fruit 1}4 lines long but little exceeding the capsule: stamens usually only 2 oj* 3. Sandy places from the Columbia valley to Texas. Order XII. ILLECEBRACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 127. Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent branching plants with op- posite or fascicled entire mostly sessile leaves and scarious sti- pules, closely related to Amarantacege. Sepals 5, persistent: petals reduced to mere filaments alternate with the sepals or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, fixed by the middle introse. Ovary l-celled by the oblitera- tion of the dissepiments. Style 2-cleft. Fruit an utricle with a solitary or geminate ovule borne on slender funiculi rising from the base of the cell. Seeds campylotropous. Embryo more or less curved around the outside of mealy albumen. 1 PENTAC^NA Bartling. Low densely tufted perennial, with the subulate leaves densely crowded on the branches, dry and silvery stipules and axillary clusters of sessile flowers. Sepal-* 5, nearly distinct, hooded, unequal, terminating in a short divergent spine, the inner more shortly awned. Petals minute, scale-like. Stamens 3-5, inserted at the base of the sepals : style very short, bifid. Utricle included in the rigid connivent cah^x. P. ramosissima Hook. & Arn. Bot. Misc. iii, 338. Prostrate and mat- ted, 2-18 inches long, somewhat woolly: leaves 3-5 lines long, pungently awned, at length recurved : stipules lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the leaves, 1-nerved : calyx tube a line long, the divergent outer lobes nearly twice longet* : stamens usually 5 : stisrmas snVjSessil© t utricle apicu- ate. On the eeashoi'ej Oregon to southern Californiai 90 PORTULACACE^. portulaca. Order XIII. PORTULACACE^ Reichb. Consp. 161. More or less succulent herbs with simple entire leaves and regular perfect flowers. Sepals only 2 (sometimes more in Lewisia). Petals 5 and definite or indefinite, imbricated in aes- tivation. Stamens opposite the petals when of the same num- ber or fewer; filaments all fertile, distinct; anthers fixed by the middle, versatile or introse. Ovary 1-celled by the obliter- ation of the dissepiments, with few or many campylotropous or amphitropous ovules on a free central placenta, in fruit be- coming a capsule with transverse or loculicidal dehiscence. Embryo curved or coiled on the outside of mealy albumen. Flowers axillary or terminal, mostly ephemeral. * Capsule dehiscing transversely near the middle : sepals united to ne^r the middle, and in ours adnate to the ovary, the upper portion at length deciduous. 1. Portulaca. Petals 4-6 periginous : stamens 9-20. * * Capsule dehiscing transversely at the very base : sepals per- sistent. *^. Lewisia. Sepals 6-8; marcescent-persistent : petals 10-16: scapes 1- flowered, jointed and bracteolate near the middle. 3. Oreobroma. Sepals 2 : petals 3-10, usually 7 ; stems scape-like with a pair of (at least when young) opposite bracts below the inflorescence, 1-many-flowered . * * * Capsule loculicidally 3-valved : sepals 2, ovary several- ovuled : petals 3-several. 4. Calandrinia. Sepals 2, persistent : petals 3-7 : stamens 3-10, seldom of the same number as the petals. 5. Taliuum. Sepals 2, deciduous : petals 5. * * * * Capsule loculicidally 3-valved : sepals 2, persistent : petals 5. (>. Claytonia. Capsule several-seeded : stamens lOj inserted on the claw of the free and equal petals. 7. Montia. Petals 5, more or less distinctly united at the base, un- equal : stamens mostly 3, inserted on the- claws of the 3 smaller petals. * * * -:f * Capsule 2- valved: sepals 2, broad, more or less scarious, persistent. 8. Hpra^uea. Sepals emarginate at base and apex: petals 4: stamens 3, exserted, opposite the 3 larger petals. , 9. Calyptridium. Sepals mostly unequal, petals 2-4; stamens 1, 2 or 3, shorter than the petals and alternate with them. § 1 Capsule circumscissile. ] PORTULACA Tourn. Inst. 236. Low succulent diffuse or Mscending herbs with alternate or op- posite leaves scarious or setaceous stipules and axillary or ter- minal ephermal yellow or rose-color flowers in summer. Sepals 2, coherent at base into a tube and adnate to the base of the ovary, the free upper portion at length deciduous. Petals 4-6. Stamens 4-20, perigynous with the petals. Style 1, deeply 3-8- cleft. Capsule circumscissile near the middle, many-seeded. LEwisiA. PORTULACACE^. 91 OREOBKOMA. P. oleracea L. Sp. 445. Glabrous and usually purplish : stems pros- trate, 2-20 inches long: leaves flat, fleshy, obovate to spatulate, rounded at the summit: stipules minute : sepals acute, carinate ; petals yellow, 1-2 lines long: stigmas 5: capsule 3-5 lines long: seeds dull, black, finely tu- berculate : flowers sessile, axillary. Cultivated grounds and waste places throughout North America, Europe, etc. 2 LEWIBIA Pursh. Fl. 368. Low acaulescent succulent perennials with thick fleshy roots, short 1 -flowered scapes that are joined and bracteolate near the middle, and large usually pink flowers. Sepals 6-8 distinct, mar- cescent-persistent. Petals 8-1 6j large and showy. Stamens nu- merous. Style 5-8 parted nearly to the base. Capsule circum- scissile at the very base then bursting irregularly, many-seeded. Seeds black and shining. Cotyledons accumbent. L. redi viva Pursh. 1. c. Leaves densely clustered at the crown of the thick caudex, linear-oblong, subterete 1-2 inches long, smooth and glau- cous : scapes but little longer than the leaves, sepals broadly ovate, un- equal, partly scarious 6-9 lines long, petals narrowly oblong 9-16 lines \ong, pink or rose-color to w^hite : capsule broadly ovate, 3 lines long. On ^op of the highest hills and mountains east of the Cascade Mountains from California to P»riti8h Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. 3 OREOBROMA Howell Eryth. i, 31. Low acaulescent perennials with fleshy roots with or without a multicipital caudex bearing tufted leaves and scapose stems which are jointed at the base and 2-bracteolate below the inflor- escence. Sepals 2, rarely apparently 4, persistent. Petals 3-10 or more. Stamens 5-20 or more usually not of the same num- ber as the petals. Style deeply 2-7-cleft. Capsule membran- aceous, circumscissile at the base, thence splitting upwards irreg- ularly, many seeded. Cotyledons incumbent. * Root branching, the caiidex at the surface of the ground : nerves of bracts and sepals excurrent and gland-tipped : stems terminating in open paniculate many- flowered bracted racemes. 0. Leana Howell 1. c. Cdlandrinia Leana Porter Bot. Gaz. i, 43. Leaves numerous, terete or some of the other ones subspatulate, acute, 1- 2 inches long, smooth and glaucous : scapose stems, 3-6 inches high ; sepals rotmded a line long by 1% lines broad : petals 6-8, obovate, bare retuse or entire 3 lines long, red to white with darker veins. In beds of talc on high exposed ridges of the Siskiyou Mountains. 0. Columbiana Howell 1. c. 32. Calandrinia Columbiana Howell Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 211 . Leaves numerous, linear-spatulate flat \%-i inches long, not glaucous : scapose stems 5-12 inches high : sepals rounded or truncate, a line long \%-2 lines broad: petals 4-7, oblong, more or less truncate, deeply emarginate to entire, rarely several-toothed at apex, 5-6 lines long, white or pink with dark red veing. On bare exposed basaltic rock along the Columbia river below the Cascades. Cascade Mountains lat . 49, Lyall. 0. Cotyledon Howell 1. c. 32. Calandrinia Cotyledon Watson Proc. Am. Acad. x.r, 355. Leaves flat, spatulate or oblanceolate 1-2 inches long by 6- 12 lines broad, imbricated in a dense rosulate tuft: stems rather stout, 6- 12 inches high, sometimes with 2 pairs of bracts below the short cymose panicle: sepals 1)^-2 lines long ovate or orbicular; petals 5-10, 6-8 lines 92 PORTULACACEJ^. oreobroma. long oblanceolate, deei) rose-color with orange stripe in the centre : stam- ens about 7, filaments dilated below, coherent in a tube around the 2-4- parted style capsule obscurely 2-4 valved, 12-20 ovuled. On high exposed i)eaks of syenitic rock near Preston's peak, KSiskiyou Mountains. 0. Ho wellii Howell 1. c. Calandrinia Howellii Watson l. c. .rxiii, 262. Leaves flat, oblong to ovate, attenuate to a margined petiole, 5-7 lines wide, with narrow hyaline crisped margins : stems 4-6 inches high with one or two pairs of bracts below the short racemose cymes : sepals 13^-2 lines long, orbicular to broadly ovate : petals 7-10, oblong-oblanceolate, emarginate or entire, 6-8 lines long, deep rose-color, stamens 7. On high exposed ridges, Josephine county, southwestern Oregon. * * Long thick root branching below : the 2-3-divided caudex not reaching the surface of the ground : nerves of the calyx excurrent, but not gland-tipped : stems terminating in a few-flowered umbel. 0. oppositifolia Howell I.e. Calandrinia oppositifolia Watson. Radical leaves linear-oblanceolate, attenuate to the scarious-margined subterra- nean base 13^-3 inches long : the lower caulirie 1-3 pairs, opposite and similar with occasionally scattered entire bracts above : stems 5-10 inches high bearing a terminal 1-5 flowered umbel: flowers white or pale pink on elongated pedicels 1-3 inches long : sepals orbicular, 2-3 lines long: petals 10,6-10 lines Irng: stamens 8-12 or more : style deeply 3- cleft: capsule oblong, 3 lines long, 5-10-seeded. On wet hillsides about Waldo, Josephine county, Oregon, flowering in April and May. 0. Tweedyi Howell 1. c. Calandrinia Tweedyi Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 277. Caudex and root very thick : leaves obovate fleshy 2-4 inches long, an inch or two wide, scapes a little longer J,han the leaves 1-3 flow- ered: sepals and bracts entire, the former orbicular: petals an inch long: stamens 10-11 : capsule 20-30 -seeded : seeds with a large and loose orbicu- lar arillus. Wenatchee Mountains, Washington, alpine. * * * Root fusiform or conical ; wholly underground : scapes 1-3- flowered, not surpassing the radical leaves. 0. pygmaea Howell 1. c. 33. Talinum pygmxum Gray Sillim. Journ. xx.riii, 407. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear 1-2 inches long, wdth broad scarious margined underground petioles : bracts scarious glandular- ciliate: sepals orbicular, glandular-dentate 2 lines long: petals red, about twice the length of the sepals: capsule obtuse, nearly equalling the calyx, 16-20-8eeded. On Mount Adams, Washington to the Rocky Mount- atins, Nevada and California. 0. Ifevadensis Howell 1. c. Calandrinia Nevadensis Gray Leaves linear 2-4 inches long by a line or two wide, the underground "portion di- lated, scapes 1-3 inches high with a pair of foliaceous linear bracts near the middle 1-3 flowered: sepals ovoid, more or less apiculate entire, 3-4 lines long: petals 8-10, white, twice as long as the sepals: capsule ellip- tical, a little longer than the calyx: ovules 3-50. Wet alpine meadows and rivulets, Washington to California and Nevada. * * * * Root glandular, comparatively deep-seated : radical leaves few or none : scape-like stems with a pair (or sometimes 3 or 4 in a whorl) of opposite fleshy hnear leaves near the middle: several- flowered. 0. triphylla Howell 1. c. Claytonia triphylfa Watson L c. x, 345. KStems 1-3 inches high : radical leaves, when present, narrowly lanceolate to linear 6-12 lines long ; cauline 1-4 in a whorl narrowly lanceolate at- tenuate below : 1-2 inches long, inflorescence a several-flowered bracteate umbel : bracts minute : petals oblong, 2 lines long exceeding the rounded- sepals. In wet places on high mountains, California to Brit. Columbia/ CALAXDRixiA. PORTULACACEiE. 93 TAUXDM. § ^. Capsule 3-valved, S-several-seeded. Sepals ^, green herb- aceous, becoming more or less colored. 4 CALANDRINIA HBK. Nov. Gen. vi, 77 in part. Succulent herbs with alternate leaves and ephemeral flowers in bracted racemes. Sepals 2, subequal, persistent. Petals 3-7. Stamens 3-10, seldom of the same number as the petals, appar- ently always hypogynous. Capsule 3-valved from the sunmiit, persistent, several-seeded. Seeds black, minutely tuberculate. Our species annuals. C, caulescens HBK. I. c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent ; stems dif- fusely branching from the base, decumbent, 3-8 inches long: leaves lin- ear to lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, the lower slender petioled: racemes simple : peduncles erect or ascending : buds 4-angled : sepals ovate acute, strongly carinate, the keel ciliate : petals broadly obovate, 2-6 lines long : capsule ovate, acute or acuminate, the valves becoming somewhat in- durated, about equalling the sepals. Roadsides and moist places, Brit. Columbia to South America. C. micraiitha Schl. Linnaea xiii, Lit. Ber. 97. Diffusely branched from the base ; stems slender, decumbent or ascending, 2-6 inches long : leaves linear, ciliate on the margins and midrib: racemes simple: pedicels ascending: sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 1^-2 lines long; petals 3-7, about a line long: capsule ovate, acute, equalling the sepals. Moist sandy places along the Columbia river. 5 TALINUM Adanson Fam. des PI. ii, 145. Low glabrous herbs, rarely suffrutescent at base with mostly linear leaves without stipules and usually white or red flowers in paniculate racemes. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 5, sessile, hyp- ogynous, stamens 10-30, adherent to the base of the petals. Style trifid. Capsule globose, 3-valved from the top, many- seeded. Seeds smooth. T. spinescens Torr. Bot. Wilkes xvii, 250. Caudex short, succulent, beset with small subulate spines which are the indurated and persistent, midribs of former leaves : leaves terete, 6 lines long : scapiform, peduncles slender, surpassing the leaves : flowers in terminal paniculate naked cymes : petals rose-red : stamens 20-30. AVenatchee Mountains, Wash- ington. 6 CLAYTONIA L. in Gronov. Fl. Virg. 25. Low glabrous acaulescent succulent perennial herbs with sea- pose stems from a fleshy tuber or roots bearing a pair of, at least when young, opposite leaf-like bracts subtending the loose ter- minal naked racemes or umbels of delicate white or rose-color flowers that open for more than one day. Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Ovary free, several-ovuled. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds compressed, shining. * Stems and leaves from a deep-seated corm. C. lanceolata Pursh. Fl. 175. Scapose stems 3-6 inches high : leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, usual Iv wanting on flowering speci- mens) ; involucral leaves sessile, from narrowly lanceolate to oblong, 1 or 2 inches long: racemes few-flowered and cyniose with a single scarious bract at 94 PORTULACACE^. claytonia. MONTIA. the base of the lowest pedicel : sepals ovate, acntidi rr obtr.se, 1-13^ lines long : petals 3-4 lines long, pale rose color with darker veins : roots glo- bose. Eastern "Washington and Oregon to the Eocky Mountains, Nevada and California, in mountainous districts. C. nmbellata Watson Bot. King 4:5, t. 6. Scapose stems an inch or two high : radical leaves orbicular to oblong or ovate on long slender pet- ioles (often wanting on flowering specimens) : involucral leaves orbicular to ovate or rhomboidal, on slender petioles : flowers 3-5 in a subseesile um- bel, subtended bj' a broad scarious bract: petals ?>-4 lines long, a little longer than the rounded, obtuse, somewhat scarious sepals: root of vari- ous shape, usually oblong or fusiform, }4-2 inches long. In gravelly ground, Btein's Mountain, southeastern Oregon to Nevada. * * Ptems and leaves from the crown of a fleshy root. C. Me§rarrhiza Parry Watson Bib. Tnd. 118. Leaves numerous, cuneate with rounded apex, attenuate below to a margined petiole with scarious dilated base 1-6 inches long. 2-18 lines wide; scapose stems not exceeding the leaves : involucral leaves lanceolate or linear sessile : raceme secund, subsessile, with comparatively large acutish scarious bract at base; sepals oblong 2-3 lines long, petals obovate subemargin- ate, a third longer than the sepals. High alpine, growing in crevices of rocks, its large purple tap-root penetrating to a great depth. Blue Mount- ains of eastern Oregon to the Rocky Mountains. 7 MONTIA Micheli Nova Plantarum Gen. 17 t, 13. Low glabrous and succulent herbs with delicate pale or white flowers in loose axillary or terminal simple or compound ra- cemes. Sepals 2, rarely 3, persistent. Petals usually 5, rarely 3 or wanting ; more or less united at base, usually unequal, 3 of them a little smaller than the other 2. Stamens 3-5, inserted on the base of the corolla, opposite its lobes. Ovary 3-ovuled : cap- sule 3-valved, 3- seeded. * Leafy-stemmed annuals : petals unequal. +- At least the lower leaves opposite. ' M. minor Gmelin Fl. Bad. i, 301, (?), Stems weak and filiform, form- ing dense mats 2-10 inches iu diameter rooting at the lower nodes : leaves spatulate or obovate to narrowly oblanceolate, 3-9 lines long : flowers a line long or less: petals conspicuous a little longer than the calyx: seeds dull black, tuberculate. In wet places and ditches, Washington to north- ern California. •*- Leaves all alternate. •♦* Stamens 2 or 3 : opposite the 3 smaller petals. M. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 191. Stems slender, dif- fusely branched 3^-3 inches long, procumbent and rooting at the nodes : leaves narrowly spatulate 2-4 lines long with a dilated scarious clasping base, rarely opposite, usually opposite to a triangular scarious clasping bract which subtends a few-flowered raceme : pedicels shorter than the leaves, reflexed in fruit: flowers very small: sepals less than a line long: petals 2, rarely 3-5 or wanting; the 2 larger a little exserted : seeds black, smooth and shining. Willamette valley : flowers in very early spring. M. dichotoma Howell 1. c. 36. Claytonia dichotoma Nutt. T. & G. Fh 202. Erect, 1-3 inches high, branching from the base and compact leaves all linear 6-12 lines long: flowers in dense terminal- racemes ; sepals broadly elliptical, about a line long, usually colored i petals but little longer', diitiuctly united tat baie: seeds thick-lenticulftf minutely tuber*^ MONTiA. PORTURACACE.E. 95 culate, small, dull black. In wet places, Columbia river valley from The Dalles westward. M. linearis Greene Fl. Francis. 181. Claytonia linearis Dougl. Stems erect or spreading 2-6 inches long, branching from the base : leaves lin- ear, sessile by a clasping base, 1-3 inches long, flowers in lax terminal often secund racemes : stamens 3, (rarely 2 or 5) : sepals broadly elliptical, 2 lines long, often partly scarious and colored ; petals a little longer : seeds black and lustrous, a line broad, the largest in the genus, flat and sharply margined. In moist or wet places, Vancouver Island to northern California. ** +* Stamens 5, seeds closely striate and transversely lineolate. M. diffusa Greene 1. c. Annual, stems procumbent diffusely branched: 2 inches to a span long: leaves broadly ovate or deltoid, abruptly attenuate into a petiole, )^-l inch broad: racemes very numerous, terminal and lateral, subcorymbose; pedicels slender, at length recurved, the lowest one and often several of the upper ones bracteate : petals emarginat^, 2 lines long, a little longer than the calyx. In forests and shady or rocky places near the mouth of the Willamette river to northern California. * * Leafy-stemmed perennials, stoloniferous or bulbiferous ; ra- cemes terminal and axillary, not involucrate-braeted : petals 5, scarcely unequal: stamens 5. -«- Stems filiform : leaves alternate ; racemes terminal. M. parvifolia Greene 1. c. Stems filiform 2-10 inches long: leaves fleshy, lower clustered, oblanceolate or spatulate, 5-18 lines long; cauline much smaller, usually with leafy bulblets in their axiles: racemes ter- minal few-flowered : some or all of the pedicels subtended by scarious bracts: sepals broadly ovate obtuse, a line long: petals oblanceolate, emar- ginate About springs and wet places, California to Alaska +- -«- Leaves opposite : racemes axillary. M. Chamissoiiis Greene I. c. 180. Stems weak and slender, erect or decumbent, a foot or less high, stoloniferous and rooting at the joints: leaves oblanceolate or spatulate }4~\% inches long ; often with bulblets in their axiles : racemes few- flowered with a scarious bract at base ; flowers on slender pedicels: sepals orbicular 1% lines wide: petals white, 3 or 4 lines long. In wet places, Alaska to California, east to the Rocky Mountains. M. Hallii Greene 1. c. A span high, destitute of stolons or bulblets: leaves only 2 or 3 pairs: pedicels in fruit ascending : calyx barely a line long : seeds muriculate. Wet ground, Willamette valley. * * * Leaves all radical : stems scapiform : racemes involucrate, petals and stamens 5 each. ■*- Involucral bracts more or less united into a disk, other and smaller bracts above them : annuals, apparently confluent in a series. M. perfoliata Howell 1. c. 38. Claytonia perfoliata Bonn Willd. Sp. ii, 1186. Scapose stems 6-12 inches high : leaves long petioled, ovate to del- toid usually acute 3^-3 inches broad : light green : involucral bracts com- pletely joined together forming a perfoliate shallow-funnelform disk: flowers in short or long peduncled interrupted elongated racemes : sepals ovate 1-1)^ lines long; petals a half longer: seeds rather small, black and lustrous, lenticular. Common in shady moist places, Vancouver Island to California and the Rocky Mountains, also Mexico and Chile. M. parviflora Howell 1. c. Claytonia parviflora Dougl. Leaves light green, spatulate to filiform, including the petiole 2-6 inches long: scapose stems 2-8 inches long, involucral bracts joined together on one or both sides into a perfoliate or clftiping or ehallow diik j flowers in sesiile or ihort-pedufi^kd raotmei } upalf oy»t«, a line long ; p«t»lf but liitlf long «r ( 96 PORTULACACEiE. montia, seeds Email lenticular, black and shining. Common in moist shady places, Washington to California. M. rnbra Howell 1. c. Whole plant usually livid red, spreading: leaves deltoid or rhomboid, abruptly narrowed to a margined petiole 1-3 inches long: scapes 1-3 inches long, more or less depressed; involuci-al bracts completely united (or slightly open on one side) into an orbicular perfoliate disk : flowers in ghort sessile racemes ; sepals orbicular, less than a line long, about half the length of the petals. Jn dry open woods Washington to northren California. M. spathnlata Howell 1. c. Claytcnia spathvJata Dtjagl. Succulent and glaucous or pale, scapose j-.tems 1-8 inches long, spreading or erect : leaves slender, terete or some of the outer ones becoming spatulate and flattish : involucral bracts either wholly united and the disk shorter on one side, or joined together on one side only and that thrcughout or only in part: ra- cemes short, nearly or quite sessile ; the slender and mostly alternate pedi- cels 3-4 lines long; fepals ovate, a line or more long, about half the length of the white or rose color petals: seeds minutely tuberculate. In wet sa- line soil, southern Oregon and California. M. hnuiifusa. Depressed and spreading in a circular manner, form- ing a rosette 1-4 inches in diameter, pale green or yellowish : leaves rather few, thin, orbicular or rhombic to oblong or broadly spatulate the blade 2-t) lines long, abruptly or gradually contracted below to a slender petiole, 3>^-2 inches long : scapose stems numerous, 3^-2 inches long: involucral bracts large, completely united on one edge and little or not at all on the other, forming a broad somewhat angular reniform sessile leaf : flowers glomerate in the axils of the involucre and not surpassing it; pedicels about a line long : calyx orbicular to broadly oBovate, a line long, petals not seen : seeds small, very black and lustrous, turgid, with a distinct white appendage at the hilum. In moist places, valley of the Walla Walla river near Milton, May 18, 1886, i/ou'<^ZL This may be Claytonia parvi- flora var. depressa Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 181. M. tennifolia Howell 1. c. Claytonia termifolm T. <& G. FL i, Wl. Stems numeroi\s, filiform: leaves narrowly linear or filiform %-2 inches long, insensibly decumbent into long petioles : involucral bracts linear, somewhat dilated at base and then slightly connate on one side, much longer than the sessile 1-bracteate subumbellate raceme : petals oblong, longer than than the calyx, rose-color. In damp places about cliffs, etc., southern Oregon and California. M. arenicola. Claytonia arenicola Henderson BvlL Torr. Club xxii, 49. "Annual with delicate fibrous roots, 2-6 inches high : radical leaves linear-spatulate, the broadest not over 2)4 lines wide (generally about a line wide) 1-2 inches long, tapering from near the obtuse apex into a deli- cate petiole: cauline leaves a single pair, similar to the radical but shorter, opposite and distinct: racemes numerous and prolifically flowered, the flowers on pedicels >2-^ inch long; petals pink-white, 3 lines long, emar- ginate ; seeds J-^ line long shining and resembling those of 0. Fiberica, but only half as large. Dry sandy banks along streams as well as dry pine woods, Idaho and eastern Washington." -, -•- •*- Involucral bracts distinct; petals subeqUal. •»+ Perennial with creeping rootstocks: racemes without bractlets. M. asarifolia Howell 1. c. Claytonia asarifolia Bong. Veg. Sitch. 137 (?) C. cor di folia Watson Froc. Am. Acad, xrii, 365. Scapose stems 4-12 inches high from a creeping caudex : radical leaves sulcordate or some- what reniform to rhombic-ovate, on long slender pedicels : involucrate leavo's ovate acute, I'^-l^ inches long : flowers few upon slender pedicels in a long pedunculate naked (or with a single scarious bract) raceme: petals 3- 4 lines long, thrice longer than the rounded sepals. Alpine and alpestrin from Alaska to California, east to the northern Rocky Mountains. 8PRAGUEA. PORTULACACE^. 97 CALYPTRIDIUM. ♦+ +* Perennials with a thickened crown and fibrous roots. M. Slbirica Howell 1. c. 38. Claytonia Sibirica L. Sp. B04 (fj. Sea- pose stems 6-15 inches high from a thickened crown with fibrous roots : radical leaves rhombic-ovate or nearly orbicular to lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, )^2-2 inches wide : involucral leaves ovate or spatulate-ovate to lan- ceolate' 3^-2 inches long : flowers on slender pedicels in elongated bracted geminate racemes ; sepals ovate, acute, 1-13^ lines long; petals oblong, nar- rowed to a short claw below, somewhat truncate and notched at the upper end, 3-6 lines long. Common in moist ground, Alaska to California, west of the Cascade Mountains. M. bulbifera Howell 1. c. Claytonia hnlMfera Gray I. c. xii, 54. Stems rather slender, 4-12 inches higli, erect or ascending from a cluster of bulblets that are the fleshy persistent bases of fomber leaves: leaves orbic- ular or rhombic to lanceolate, 'j-IS lines long, narrowed below to a slender petiole 2-4 inches long : involucral leaves orbicular fo obovate or elliptical, sessile but not connate : raceme solivary and tenrrtnal, rarely with a second one in the axil of a bract below the terminal one ; bracts foliaceous ; pedi- cels filiform, 1-2 inches long: sepals cordate, 1-2 lines long, about as broad, acutish ; petals oblong, emarginate to 2-lobed, 4-6 lines long, white with red or purple veins; stamens about half as long as the petals: cap- sule globose: seeds moderately compressed , ovate, with a conspicuous white appendage at the hilum. Along streams and damp places in forests, southwestern Oregon and adjacent California. § IV. Sepals S , broad , more or less scarious^ persistent: cap- sule 2'Valved. • 9. SPRAGUEA Torr. PI. Frem. 4 t. 1. Herbs with rosulate tufts of fleshy leaves from the crow^n of a Heshy root, or on densely-leafy s':ems, and ephemeral flowers in dense scorpioid spikes umbellate-clustered on a scape-like pedunc- le. Sepals 2, orbicular, emarginate at both ends, scarious-hyaline, persistent. Petals 4, somewhat unequal. Stamens 3, opposite the 3 larger petals, exserted. Ovary 8-10-ovuled ; style long, bifid at the apex. Capsule 2-valved, membranaceous. Seeds black and shining. S. umbellata Torr. 1. c. Stems neveral from a thickened biennial root, simple, erect or ascending 2-12 inches high : radical leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, on thick petioles 1-4 inches long; the cauline similar but smaller, frequently scarious-stipulate, often reduced to a few bracts; invo- lucre of broader scarious bracts subtending the dense capitate umbel of nearly sessile spikes : sepals very conspicuous, 2-4 lines in diameter, about equalling the oblong-ovate petals : stamens and style conspicuously ex- serted. In damp sandy places from the Siskiyou to the Sierra Nevada Mountains. S. multiceps Howell Eryth. i, 39. Depressed freely branching per- ennial: stems 1-6 inches long with densely leafy branches: leaves 3-6 lines long or on young plants 2 or 3 inches long: peduncle solitary, terminating the short lateral bractlets, usually with 1 or 2 scarious bracts below the involucre : flowers in dense capitate clusters : sepals scarious, 2-4 lines in diameter, about equalling the oblong-ovate petals : stamens and style conspicuously exserted. In volcanic sand, etc., on the snowy peaks of the Cascade Mountains. 9 CALYPTRIDIUM Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 198. Smooth depressed annuals with alternate fleshy leaves and small ephemeral flowers in dense axillaiy ;ind terminal clusters 98 EIATINACE.E. elatine. BEROIA. or compound seorpioid spikes. Sepals 2, mostly unequal, ovate or orbicular, more or less scarious. Petals 2-4. Stamens 1-8, shorter than the petals and alternate with them. Capsule mem- branaceous 2-valved, G-12-seeded. Seeds black and shining, cir- cinate, compressed, on filiform funiculi of unequal length, rising from the base of the cell C. roseum Watson Bot. King 44 t. 6. figs. 6-8. Diffusely branched : stems decumbent, 1-3 inclies long: leaves oblong-spatulate, attenuate at the base: sepals very unequal, nearly orbicular, 1-8 lines broad: petals minute, rounded-oblong: capsule obfong-ovate, shorter than the calyxs style very short. Southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California. Order XIII. eIaTINACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 88. Low annuals wkh opposite dotless me/nbranous stipulate leaves, regular and symmetrical flowers with hypogynous pet- als and stamens and distinct styles bearing capitate stigmas. Sepals 2-5 distinct, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. ' Ovary 2-5-celled . Capsule 2-5-valved, crowned wdth the persistent styles or stigmas: placentae in the axis. Seeds anatropous cylindrical with ciustaceous coat and little or no albumen. 1. Elatiiie. Parts of the flowers each 2-4, sep'als obtuse. 2. Bergia. Parts of the flowers each 5, sepals acute. 1 ELATINE L. Gen. n. 502. Small prostrate glabrous annuals, growing in water or wet places with entire leaves and solitary flowers. Sepals 2-4, mem- branaceous, obtuse, nerveless. Petals as many as sepals. Stam- ens as many or twice as many as petals. Styles 2, 3 or 4. Ovary globose, with the placentae in the axis, many-ovuled. Capsule membranaceous 2-4-celled, the partitions remaining attached to the axis or evanescent. E. Americana Arnott Edinb. Journ. Pci. i, 430. Low and tlepressed, 1-6 inches in diameter, rooting at the nodes : leaves obovate, yery obtuse : flowers sessile, purplish: seeds cylindrical, slightly curved, about one- third of a line long, very minutely pitted in 9 or 10 longitudinal lines. Lower Columbia river bottoms ; also in the Eastern States. E. Californica Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. ?>(]] . Floating: leaves obo- vate, attenute at base, the lower with a petiole not longer than the blade : flowers shortly pedicellate, with 3 or 4 sepals and petals and twice as many stamens : seeds circinate-incurved nearly one-third of a line long, minutely pitted in 10 or 12 lines. In Sierra valley, California; KSpokane Falls, Washington. 2 BERGI A L. Mant. n. 1309. Branching and often pubescent nearly eiect annuals with en- tire or serrate leaves and fascicled or solitary flowers. Sepals 5, with a strong midnerve or herbaceous in the middle, acute. Ovary ovoid. Capsule subcrustaceous, 5-valved, more or less of the partitions in dehiscence remaining with the axis. HYPERICUM. HYPERICACE^.. 99 B. Texaiia Seubert in Walp. Rep. i, 285. Glandular pubescent, branching from the base, 2-10 inches high: leaves oblanceolate, acute, ser- rate, }^-l}/2 "iches long, attenuate to a short petiole: flowers fascicled, shortly pecficelled : sepals carinate, IV, lines long exceeding the petals and stamens : capsule globose : seeds smooth and shining. .Moist or very wet places along rivers and ditches, Columbia river to Nevada, California and Texas Order XIV. HYPP^RICACE^: Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 77. Herbs or shrubs with opposite entire leaves, punctate with immersed pelhicid lesinous glands and often sprinkled with black glandular dots or lines, without stipules. Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals as many, convolute in the bud, deciduous or withering, usually glandu- lar-punctate. Filaments mostly in 8 sets or bundles. Styles 2-5, usually distiiict or becoming so. Stigmas terminal. Ovary and capsule with 2 5 parietal placentae, or 2-5- celled by their union in the axis. Seeds anatropous, with a somewhat crustaceous coat, filled by the straight cylindraceous embryo. Only one genus in our range. 1 HYPERICUM L. Gen. n. 902. Herbs or shrubs witli .simple entire opposite leaves without sti- pules and yellow flowers in cymes. Sepals 5, rarely 4, similar. Petals as many, oblique. Stamens numerous, sometimes few, in 3-5 clusters : filaments united at base into 8-8 phalanges or dis- tinct. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentae or 8-5-celled with placentie in the axis. Styles 8-5 distinct or united : stigma often capitate : capsule conical to globose. * fStamens numerous, distinct or united into sets : styles 3, long and distinct: capsule ovate, 3-celled, more or less glandular: tall per- ennials with opposite leaves. H. PERFORATUM L. Much branched, 1-4 feet high: leaves linear to ob- long, obtuse, mostly tapering at base, 6-12 lines long, 1-5 wide : flowers numerous in loose cymes, about an inch in diameter : sepals narrowly lan- ceolate, very acute or acuminate : petals bright yellow, black dotted along the margin : capsule conical-ovate 2-3 lines long. Very common in fields and along roadsides. Introduced from Europe. H. Scowlerl Hook. Fl. 1,111. Simple or sparingly branched above, often with numerous small branchlets from running rootstocks, 1-2 feet high : leaves thin, shorter than the internodes, about an inch long mostly obtuFe, more or less clasping, usually black dotted along the margin on the under side : flowers 6-12 lines in diameter, in more or less panicled cymes : sepals oval or oblong, obtuse, 2 lines long, or less: petals 6 lines long, obovate : stamens numerous in 3 fascicles, 3-celled. In wet meadows and by streams throughout the Pacific (states and Territories, flowering in summer. * * Stamens 15-20, mostly in 3 clusters ; styles 3 or 2, short and distinct, stigmas capitate : small slender annuals with small flowers: petals shorter than the sepals. H. ana^alloides Cham. & Schlect. Linnaea iii, 127. Procumbent, dif- fusely branching, often forming dense mats: stems 1-12 inches long: leaves oblong to broadly ovate, obtuse, 5-7 nerved at base, 2-6 lines long, almost as broad : flowers 3 or 4 lines in diameter, in few-flowered naked or XOO MALVACEiE. Hypericum. MALVA. leafy cymes: sepals follaceous, unequal, lanceolate to broadly ovate, 1-3 lines long, longer than the ovate 1-celled capsule : stamens 15-20. In wet places, Brit- Columbia to California., H. Canadense var. major Gray Man. 80. Stems rather stout and strict, almost simple, 12-18 inches high": leaves lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, 4-() lines broad, more or less clasping, often very acute, glandular dotted be- neath : flowers in somewhat crowded cymes : sepals linear-lanceolate long- pointed; stamens 5-10: capsule very acutely conical, 3-4 lines long: seeds yellow, more or less striate and pitted. Green Lake, King county, Wash- ington and the Eastern States. Order XVI. MALVACE^ Neck. Act. Ac. Theod. Palat. 2, 488. Herbs or shrubs with alternate stipulate mostly palmately veined leaves and usually showy flowers. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or rarely dioecious or polygamous. Sepals 5, rarely 3 or 4, valvate in the bud, more or less united at base, often having an external calyx or involucre, Petals hypogyn- ous, equal in number to the sepals, twisted in the bud. Stamens hypogynons, commonly indefinite in number, rarely as few as the petals, united below into a monadelphous tube or ring: anthers 1-celled, reniform, bursting transversely. Ovary form- ed of several (carpels around a common axis, either distinct or cohering. Styles as many as carpels, united or distinct Fruit capsular or rarely baccate : carpels 1 to many-seeded sometimes closely united, sometimes separate or separable. Seeds cam- pylotropous or heterotropous with little or no albumen. Em- bryo curved: cotyledons foliaceous, twisted and doubled up. * Styles stigmatic on the inner face : carpels indehiscent : ovules solitary, ascending. 1. Malva. Bractlects 1-3, distinct: axis broad, shorter than the numer- ous carpels, filaments in 1 series. 2. Sidalcea. Bractlets none. Filaments in 2 series; those of the outer series united into 5 clusters : carpels 5-10, covering the axis. * * Stigmas capitate : carpels mostly dehiscent, at least at the apex. 3» Sphaeralcea. Bractlets 1-3, ovules 2, the lower ascending, the up- per pendulous. 4. 8ida. Bractlets usually none : ovule solitary. 5. Abutiloii. Bractlets none : ovuled 3-4 in each cell. 1 MALVA L. Gen. n. 841. Hirsute or glabrate herbs with angularly lobed or dissected leaves and mostly showy flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves or rarely in terniinid i-acemes. Calyx 5-cleft, with an in- volucre of usually 3 oblong or setaceous bractlets or rarely none. Petals 5, obcordate. Staminal column divided above into numer- ous filaments. Styles filiform, stigmatic on the inner side. Car- pels numerous with a single ascending ovule in each. Fruit de- pressed, the numerous free carpels separating from the broad and not projecting axis, indehiscent, beakless. M. BOREALis Wall, in Liljebl. Sv. Fl. ed. 2, 218. Annual, erector some- SIDALCEA :MALVACE^. 101 what (lecumhent, luiiry or nearly e!aV)rous: leaves round-cordate, crenate, more or less strongly 5-7 lol)etl ; p-duncles axillary, solitary or clnster-2-l line long, con- nivent. Carpels minutely pubescent; beak 2 inches long. Edge of woods and open places throughout the Willamette valley. 2 ERODIUM L'Her. Geran. t. 1-6. Herby, rarely shrubby with pinnately parted or palmately veined stipulate leaves and 1-3-fiowered peduncles usually in the axils of the upper leaves. Sepals 5, equal, regular. Petals 5, mostly equal. Stamens 10, the 5 opposite the petals short and sterile, or reduced to scales, the 5 alternate with the petals longer and perfect, with nectariferous glands at the base of the fila- ments. Styles persistent, bearded on the inner side, at length spirally twisted below. Leaves often pinnate and bipinnately parted or lobed, when opposite more or less unequal in size : peduncles terminal or lateral (opposite the leaves or in the axil of the smaller one), umbellately 2-several-flowered with a 4- bracted involucre at the base of the pedicels. Carpels very sharp- pointed below, covered with obliquely ascending appressed hairs, tardily if at all dehiscent. Seeds obconical or oblong, not sculptured. * Leaves mostly opposite, pinnate or pinnatifid, the divisions lobed or toothed : pedicels at length deflexed, the fruit remaining erect. E. cicuTARiUM L'Her. Ait. Hort. Kew. ii, 414. Hairy, much branched from the base, an inch to 2 feet long: leaves opposite, pinnate, the leaflets laciniately pinnatifid with narrow acute lobes : peduncles exceeding the leaves bearing a 4-8-fiowered umbel : sepals 1-3 lines long,Jacute : petals bright rose-color, a little lojiger : tail of the carpels 1-2 inches long. Com- mon throughout the Pacific States and Territories. Flowers in very early spring. E. MoscHATUM Willd. Sp, iii, 631. More or less glandular pubescent: stems a few inches to a foot long: leaves pinnate, the oblong-ovate leaflets unequally and doubly serrate: flowers pale on short pedicels : sepals 3-4 lines long: whole plant exhaling a musky odor. Roadsides, southwestern Oregon and California. Leaves mostly radical, round-ovate : pedicels erect in fruit. »phyllniii H. & A. Bot. Beechy 327 (?). Somewh ;5hort spreading hairs that are often gland-tipped E. macrophylluiii H. & A. Bot. Beechy 327 (?). Somewhat canes- cent with short spreading hairs that are often gland-tipped : subcau- lescent, with a straight perpendicular annual root : leaves round reniform to triangular ovate with a broad shallow sinus, cre- nately dentate, 6-18 lines broad, on petioles 1-3 inches long: ped- uncles stout, 1-6 inches long 1-several-flowered : involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2 lines long: sepals broadly lanceolate shortly acuminate scarious margined, prominently 5-nerved : petals white, ob- ovate, entire. 2-3 lines iDng exceeding the calyx : stamens 5, subtended by a broad appendage that is attached to them half way up or more : style shorter than the stamens, 5-lobed : carpels densely hispid 5-7 lines long, prominently keeled, acuminate beloW ; seed oblong, smooth, 3 lines longi On clayey soil near Ashland, Oregon* 108 LIMNANTHACE.E. limnanthes. Order XVIII. LIMNANTH ACE.E Liiidl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 14?. Glabrous annual herbs with pungent juice , pinnately dis- sected alternate leaves without stipules and pale flowers. Sep- als 3-5, valvatein the bud, united at base, persistent. Petals 3-5, withering-persistent. Stamens twice as many as petals and inserted with them upon a somewhat perigynous disk, all antherif erous , filaments distinct, those opposite the sepals hav- ing a small gland at the base on the outside : those opposite the petals usually shorter: anthers roundish introrse. Ovary con- sisting of 2- 5 distinct 1-ovuled carpels opposite the sepals, the styles rising from the centre of each carpel and united into one nearly to the top : stigmas simple. Carpels becoming semi- drupaceous tuberculate nutlets. Seeds erect, anatropous. with- out albumen. Embryo with very large cotyledons and very short radicle. 1, Limiiaiithes. Sepals, petals and carpels normally 5 : stamens 10. 2. Floerkea. Sepals, petals and carpels normally 3: stamens 0. 1 LIMNANTHES R. Br. Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1833 ii, 70. Low annuals with estipulate pinnatifid leaves and showy white, yellowish or rose-color flowers, solitary on lateral and terminal peduncles : growing in water or wet places. Calyx deeply 5- parted. Petals 5, persistent. Glajuds Or'alternating with the pet- als. Stamens 10. Style 5-cleft at the apex. Ovary with solitaiy ascending ovules. Carpels distinct, subglobose, at first fleshy, at length hard and indehisoent, separating from the axis. L. Donglasii R. Br. 1. c. Glabrous throughout, diffusely branched from the base: the succulent stems 6-8 inches long: leaves pinnate, the leaflets incisely lobed or parted into linear acute lobes : peduncles at length 2-4 inches long: sepals lanceolate acute, 3 or 4 lines long: petals obovate, cmarginate, 6-8 lines long, white, with yellow base : style very slender 3-4 lines long : seeds densely covered with coarse obtusish tubercles. Umpqua valley, Oregon. L. gracilis. Glabrous throughout, branching from the base, the slen- der stems 6-18 inches long : leaves pinnate, the ovate to ovate-lanceo- late or linear acute, leaflets entire or 3-parted: sepals lanceolate, acumi- nate, 3 lines long: petals oblanceolate, truncate or emarginate 6-7 lines long, white with yellowish base: fruit smooth or sparsely tuberculate. On wet rocks, Rogue River Valley and southward. L. rosea Hart, in Benth. PI. Hartw. 301. Glabrous, petals obovate and emarginate or obcordate, light rose-color or purplish below, villous within near the base: frnit strongly tuberculate. California, to be looked for on our southwest border. L. puniila. Glabrous, simple or sparingly branched near the base, 2-4 inches high : leaves commonly bipinnate with trifoliolate pinnae ; pinnies lanceolate to oblanceolate acute : sepals lanceolate acuminate 3-4 lines long: petals white, oblong entire, little if at 'all longer than the sepals : stamens about half the length of the petals: carpels ovoid, rugose below, crowned M'ith short-conic processes. On top of Table Rock, Jackson County, Oregon. L. floccosa. rioccose-villous, stems simple or sparingly branched PL(EHKiA. OXALIDACEiE. 109 OXALIS. near the base, 1-3 inches high, recurving; leaves pinnate with linear or lanceolate pinnae : flowers white on short slender penduncles fascicled at the end of the stem or branches : sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate densely villous within : petals oblong, 3-4 lines long not exceeding the sepals: stamens not more than % the length of the petals: carpels obovoid the upper half beset with white acuminate processes. On gravelly plains, Jackson county, Oregon to northern California. 2 FLOiRKEA Willd. Neue Schr. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. iii, 448. Low smooth annual herbs with alternate dissected leaves with- out stipules and small flowers on axillary peduncles. Calyx deeply 8-parted. persistent. Petals 3, alternate with as many glands, open in the bud, w^ithering-persistent. Stamens G, styles 3, united to near the apex. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, 1- ovuled, distinct, fleshy, becoming indehiscent 1 -seeded nutlets, separating from the axis. F. proserpinacoides Willd. Act. Berol. iii, 448. Glabrous : stems weak, 4-10 inches high sparingly branched from the base : leaves pinnate, the lowest trifoliolate with lanceolate leaflets : the upper with more numerous linear filiform, leaflets; sepals ovate-acute, about a line long, a little longer than the white petals : carpels globose, densely tuberculate. Under Ash trees in moist places about the mouth of the Willamette river, Oregon to California, Illinois, Canada and the New England States. Odrer XIX. OXALIDACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 140. Herbs, rarely shrubby, with acid juice, trifoliolate or pin- nate leaves and variously disposed regular flowers. Sepals 5, equal distinct or nearly so, persistent ^ imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, livpogynous, equal, unguiculate deciduous, spirally twdsted in the bud. Stamens 10, hypogynous, more or less mon- adelphous : filaments subulate, those opposite the petals longer than tlie others: anthers short, attached by the middle, in- trorse, often reflexed and appearing extrorse, Ovary of 5 united carpels with distinct styles and capitate or penicillate or sometimes 2-lobed stigmas. Capsule usually membranace- ous, l-lobed and 5-celled, the capsule at length mostly separa- ble to the axis, opening by the dorsal suture, 1-12-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with a loose fleshy testa which bursts elastic - ally when the seeds are ripe. Embryo straight, as long as the firm fleshy albumen with a rather long radicle. Cotyledons bread and foliaceous. 1 OXALIS L. Gen. n. 582. Herbs, rarely shrubby, with trifoliolate or pinnate leaves with- out stipules and perfect, regular flowers. Sepals 5, distinct or united at the very base, imbricate in the bud. Petals b, convo- lute and twisted in the bud. Stamens 10, the filaments some- what dilated and united below in 2 sets of unequal length, all antheriferous. Capsule columnar or ovoid, beaked with the 5 styles. 5-celled, dehiscing loculicidally, the valves remaining at- tached by the partitions to the axis. Seeds 2-several in each cell, pendulous the outer fleshy aril-like coat at length split- no BALSAMINACE^. oxalis. IMPATIENS. ting and elasticall_y recurved upon the raphe. Low acaulescent herbs with a" sour watery juice : leaves alternate, mostly digitate- trifoliate, rarely stipulate :. peduncles unibellately or cymosely 1-many- flowered. Ours all perennials with trifoliolate leaves. * Acaulescent : leaves and scapes from the end of a slender peren- nial scaly rootstock: flowers white or pinkish, somewhat yellow at base and mostly red-veined : leaves palmately trifoliolate. 0. Oregaiia. Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 211. Villous with spreading rusty hairs : leaves and scapes clustered at the end of the short lateral scaly branch lets of long creeping rootstocks : petioles 2-0 inches high : leaf- lets broadly obcordate 1-2 inches wide, smooth above: scapes not longer than the petioles, 2-bracted above the middle, 1-flowered: sepals oblong, rounded at the apex: petals oblong-obovate entire or emarginate, 8-12 lines long, white with purple veins : capsule globose, 2 or 3 lines in diam- eter, its cells 1-2-seeded. In moist places and along streams in dense for- ests, Piiget Sound to California. 0. trilliifolia Hook. Fl. i, 118. Glabrous or the underside of the leaf- lets and inflorescence minutely pubescent: scapes and few leaves from the end of a short, branching, fleshy-scaly rhizome: petioles 4-12 inches high : leaflets broadly obcordate, }£-2 inches broad: scapes longer than the pet- ioles, terminating in a few-flowered umbel of white flowers on short pedi- cels: sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long: petals broadly oblan- ceolate, deeply emarginate, 6 lines long : capsule linear, <>-8 lines long with an acuminate beak half its length: carpels about 6-seeded. Along mount- ain streams in dense forests : Paget Sound to California. * * Caulescent perennials, with trifoliolate leaves and yellow flowers. "'. 0. Suksdoriii Trelease Mem. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. iv, 89. More or less villous throughout: stems erect, slender, 4-12 inches high : leaflets deeply obcordate with unequal lobes : peduncles scarcely longer than the petioles ; 1-3-flowered : sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, densely villous at the apex : petals yellow, 6-8 lines long, thrice as long as the sepals, attached to each other near the base : wavy-margined, not emarginate : styles shorter than the inner stamens: capsule nearly smooth, about twice the length of^the sepals. On dry wooded hillsides, Oregon and Washington. Order XX. BALSAMINACE^ Dumort. Anal. Fam. 46. Succulent herbaceous planLs with bland colorless juice, sim- ple opposite or alternate leaves without stipules and irj egular axillary flowers. Sepals 5, imbricate in the bud, deciduous, the tAvo upper usually connate, the lowest spurred ro gibbous. Petals hypogynous, usually 4, and unitedby pairs, rarely 5 and distinct. Stamens 5, hypogynous; with subulate filaments and 2-velled anthers. Ovary 5-celled with the placentae in the axis, ovules few to many in eg^ch cell, suspended. Stigmas 5. sessile, distinct or more or less united. Capsule 5 celled, the dissepiments usually disappeariiig, 5-valved, with several ana- tropous seeds in each cell. Seeds Avithout albumen. Embryo straight: cotyledons plano-convex. 1 IMPATIENS L. Gen. n. 1008. Ours glabrous annuals Avith alternate leaA'es and transparent stems. Sepals apparently only 4 from the union of the tAvo up- I I IMPAtlEN9. CELaSTRACE^. Ill EDONYMUS. per ones. Petals 4, apparently only 2 from the union of each of the lower to each of the lateral ones. Filaments 5, more or less united at the apex. Cells of the ovary formed by membranous projections of the placentae which occupy the axis of the ovar}^ and are connected with its apex by 5 slender threads. Capsule often 1-celled by the disappearance of the dissepiments. I. pallida Nutt. Gen. i, 146. ^Sterns 2-5 feet high, much branched: leaves oval or ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate with mucroiiate teeth : peduncles 2-4-flowered : lower sepal obtusely conic, dilated, shorter than the petals, broader than long with a' very short recurved spur: flowers pale yellow sparingly punctate. Near the Coast from the Columbia river northward and east to the Atlantic States. I. fulva Nutt. 1. c. Smaller, with smaller flowers: leaves rhombic- ovate coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucronate : peduncle 2-4 flow- ered: lower sepals acutely conic, longer than the petals, (longer than broad) with a rather long resupinate spur: flowers deep orange with numerous reddish-brown spots. Same range as the preceding. Order XXI. CELASTRACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 119. Shrubs or trees with simple or undivided leaves with small or no stipules and small, usually perfect regular flow^ers. Sep- als 4-5, united at base imbricate in the bud, usually persist- ent. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with them, inserted by a broad base under the margin of the disk, imbri- cate in the bud. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them inserted on the margin or upper surface of the flat, fleshy disk. Ovary more or less immersed in and adhering io the disk, 2-5 celled w^ith 1-seveial erect or ascending ovules in each cell. Styles and stigmas 2-5, distinct or combined into one. Seeds anatropous, often arilled. 1. Euoiiyiiious. Flowers rather conspicuous. Ovary 3-5-celled : fruit colored : seeds in a bright red arill : deciduous shrubs. 2. Pachystiina. Flowers very small : ovary 2-celled : fruit small, not colored. Evergreen undershrubs. 1 EUONYMUS Tourn. Inst. t. 388 L. Gen. n. 271. Shrubs with 4-anfrled branches, (jpposit:^ leaves with small, de- ciduous stipules and small flowers in axillary 1 -many-flowered cymes. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, widely spreading. Stamens as many, very short, on a broad angular disk. Style short or none. Capsule 2-6-lobed and 8-5-valved. loculicidal, coriaceous, col- ored, often warty. Seeds 1-4 in each cell, covered with a fleshy red arill. E. occideiitalis Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 258. A sim oth straggling shrub 7-15 feet high, with slender greenish branches: leaves smooth, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, 2-4 inches loi g, on short petioles: peduncles slender 1-4-flowered: flowers dark brown, 4 6 lines in diameter, the parts in fives : fruit smooth, deeply lobed. Along m )untain streams, Puget Sound to California. 112 RHAMNACEiE. pachystima. RHAMNUS. 2 PACHYSTIMA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 1818. Low evergreen shrubs with opposite leaves, and small flowers in 1 -few-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx with a short obconical tube and four rounded lobes. Petals 4. Stameng 4, inserted at the edge of the broad disk which lines the calyx-tube. Ovary free, 2-celled : style very short: capsule 2-val^''ed, 1-2-seeded. Seeds enclosed in a white, many-cleft membranous aril. P. Myrsinites Raf. 1. c. Densely branched to nearly simple, 1-3 feet high: leaves smooth, ovate to oblong or lanceolate, cuneate at base, the upper half serrate or serrulate, 3^-1 in-lo feet high with strongly angled branches: leaves lanceolate, finely dentate, 1-2 inches long, on short petioles, deciduou? flowers blue, m dense subcompound racemes, tenninating thrusualfv neTr^Se coast. '''''''''^'^* ^^^^^ peduncle. Puget Sound to California! H- +- Erect shrubs, the branches usually rigid and -spinose- leaves rather small: flowers in simple racemes or clusters. C. divaricatus Nutt. T. ik G. Fl. i, 266. A stragfflinir shrub with erete often pruinose branches: leaves oblong ovatf to ovate 4^15 lines long, rounded at base, lucid, somewhat obtuse, minutelv and glandularly serrulate, pubescent l^neath, somewhat coriaceous, on petioles about 2 lines long, persistent: flowers blue to white in sub simple often elongated racemes 3-4 inches long. Southern Idaho to CEANOTHUS. VITACE.E. 115 southern California. C. cordulatus Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad, ii, 124, fig. 39. A densely ces- pitose erect shrub with intricate branches and spinose branchlets, 4—6 feet high, hirsutely pubescent with short erect or spreading hairs and cinereous: leaves oval to elliptical or oblong, 6—12 lines long, rounded or subcordate at base, finely glandular-serrulate, dei^ely tomentose beneath, somewhat coriaceous on slender petioles 3—6 lines long, de- ciduous: flowers white, in racemes or fascicles: styles united to near the summit, shorter than the stamens. In the mountains of southern Oregon and California. § 2 Cerastes Watson 1. c. Leaves mostly opposite, l-ribbod, with numerous straight parallel veins, very thick and coriace- ous, spinosely toothed or entire. Flowers in sessile or short-ped- uncled axillary clusters. Fruit large, with 3 horn-like or warty processes below the summit. C. cuneatns Nutt. 1. c. An erect shrub 2—12 feet high with rigid intricate branches: the young branches white with a villous tomen- tum, at length smooth and whitish: leaves cuneate-obovate or ob- long, rounded or retuse above, entii-e or rarely few-toothed, minutely tomentose beneath, on short rather slender petioles: flowers white or rarely light blue, in rather loose axillaiy fascicles. On dry hillsides, from the lower Willamette (the original locality,) to Lower California. C. pumilis Greene Eryth. i, 149. A rigid depressed mucn branched under shrub: branches 6—18 inches long, rooting at the nodes and forming mat§ 1—3 feet in diameter: leaves cuneate-oblong to obo- vate, 2—6 lines long, entire to spinose-dentate, but mostly 3-toothed at the apex, very minutely white-tomentose between the veins beneath, very short petioled: flowers bright blue to white, fascicled at the ends of short lateral branches; pedicels filiform, 6 — 8 lines long; sepals ovate, spreading, nearly a Ime long; styles united to the top, shorter than the stamens. On dry hillsides, about Waldo, Josephine Co., Ore- gon. C. prostrattss Benth. PI. Hartw. 302. (Mahala Mats). Glabrous, prostrate, the branches rooting and repeatedly subdivided, the whole forming a close mat 2—8 feet in diameter: leaves 3—12 lines long, oh- ovate or oblong-ciTueiform, obtuse or truncate, with 2 or 3 pairs of coarse spinose teeth above the middle, on short slender petioles: flow- ers dark blue to white, clustered at the ends of short stout peduncles: fruit large, with erect horns. In open pine forests, Washington to Cal- iforrip.. Order XXIII VIT.VCEyE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 30. Mostly climbing shrubs with simple or compound leaves, the upper ones opposite the racemes or thyrsoid panicles of small flowers, or tendrils. Calyx minute, nearly entire or 5- toothed. Petals 4 or 5, inserted upon the outside of an annu- lar disk, inflexed, valvate in the bud, caducous. Stamens as many as petals and opposite them, inserted on the surface of the disk. Ovary 2 celled, with two collateral ovules in each cell. Style short or none: stigma simple. Fruit a globose, mostly pulpy berry, often by abortion 1-celled. Seeds anatro- pous, erect, with a hard testa. Embryo much shorter than the horny or fleshy albumen : radicle slender. Cotyledons lanceo- late or suloulate. 110 ACERACE.E. vitis. ACER. 1 VITIS Tourn. Inst 613. L. Gen. n. 234. (Grape.) Woody vines, climbing by tendrils that are opposite to leaves, with acid juice, mostly simple opposite leaves and small greenish flowers in compound racemes or panicles that are opposite the upper leaves. , Calyx very small, entire or 4-5-toothed or -lobed, the tube filled with a fleshy annular disk which bears the 4 or 5 thick caducous petals' and the distinct stamens. Fruit a more or less pulpy berry. V. Calif ornica Benth. Bot. Snip. 10. Stems often 1—2 inclies in diameter l)elow, climbing trees to the lieiglit of 2t)— 30 feet: leaves round-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus, 2—3 inches long, nearly as broad, obtuse, rather coarsely serrate and often somewhat 3-lobed, tomentose or canescent, especially beneath: fniit 4 lines in diameter, in rather large clusters, pui^ple, covcicd with bloom: seeds broad. Along streams:, from the Umpqua N'allcy. Oregon, to southeni Califor- nia. Omdvai XXiV A-'JKIJACE.E J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. ii, 15. Trees or shrubs with opposite pahnately lobed or pinnately 3-5-foliolate ('rarely alternate and entire) leaves without stip- ules and small flowers in lateral or terminal racemes or fasci- cles that are often by a bortion polygamous or dioecious. Sepals 6, rarely 4-9, more or less united, imbricate in the bud. Pet- als as many as sepals and alternate A\ith them,, inserted around a commonly lobed hypogynous disk, sometimes w^anting. Sta- mens usually 8, sometimes 3-12, distinct inserted on the disk: anthers introrse or versatile. Ovary 2- lobed, composed of 2 united carpels each containing 2 collateral ovules, or a single 2o vuled carpel. Styles more or less combined, stigmatose on the inside or the stigma almost sessile. Fruit composed of 2, rarely 3 cr 4, indohiscent samarioid carpels, finally separable from the filiform axis the wdng thickened at the low^er margin, . or a cartilaginous follicle. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, with little or no albumen. Embryo curved or nearly straight, with foliaceous cotyledons variously folded upon each other. 1 Acer. L3aves opposite, palmately lobsd or rarely divided : flowers in racemes or fascicles, polyg.^mous. 2 Forsellesia. Leaves alternate, simple and entire: flowers solitary ter- minating short axillary branches or spar-like fascicles, perfect. 1 ACER Tourn. Inst. 615, L. Gen. 1155. (Maple.) Trees or shrubs with opposite mostly palmately lobed leave.* and small flowers in terminal racemes, umbel-like corymbs or fascicles. Calyx colored, usually r-lobed. Petals 5, sometimes wanting. Stamens 3-12, usually 8, inserted with the petals up- on a lobed hypogynous disk. Styles 2, elongated. Ovary 2- lobed, rarely 3- or 4-lobed, and as many celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell, becoming in fruit a double, rarely triple or quadruple, samara that is separable at maturity into 1 -seeded indehiscent winged nutlets. ACER. ACERACE.E. Il7 FORSELLESIA. * Flowers in racemes: body of the fruit hispid. A. luacrophyllum Piirsli VI. 2<>7. (Large leaved Maplf ). A tree 50—90 feet liigh, 1—3 feet in diameter: leaves 6—12 inches louj^, nearly as broad, cordate with a deep sinus, deeply 3— 5-cleft, the segments cleft into 3—5 sinuate, acute lobes, pubescent beneath when young: flowers yellow, fragrant, in crowded pendent racemes 3—6 inches long, appearing after the leaves: calyx petaloid, campanulate, the broad obovate segments 2—3 lines long: petals obovate, about equalling the sepals: stamens 8 — 12 exserted, filaments hirsute at base style longer than the stamens, deeply 2-lobed: fruit densely hispid, the glabrous wing IV^— 2 inches long. In mountain ravines and river bottoms, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho. * * Flowers in loose- umbel-lil^e corymbs or fascicles: fruit smooth. A. glabrum Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 172. (^^■M00TH Maple-). A shrub or small tree G— 30 feet high, 2—8 inches in diameter, glabrous through- out except the bud scales w^hich are densely villous inside: leaves round-cordate with shallow sinus, 2—4 inches broad, nearly as long, more or less deeply 3-lobed or parted, the ovate acuminate lobes doubly serrate with acuminate teeth, conspicuously veined and reticulated: flowers few, greenish-yellow, somewhat corymbose, on short 2-leaved branchlets, appearing after the leaves: calyx campanulate, deeply 5- cleft, the spatulate segments about 2 lines long: stameHS 8, shorter than the spatulate petals: fruit very smooth, with slightly spreading wings, about an inch long. Along streams and on the highest moun- tains, Vancouver Island to California and the Rocky Mountains. A. circiuatnm Pursh Fl. 206. ( Vine MapleO- A large shrub 10—30 feet high, usually declined and somewhat viny: leaves round-cordate with a narrow shallow sinus, 3—5 inches long nearly as broad, 7—9 lobed nearly ^o the middle, the acute lobes doubly and sharply serrate, villous beueath and on the veins above when young, becoming glab- rate: flowers in loose 10— 20-flowered terminalcorj-mbs; calyx dark red, deeply 5-lobed or parted, the ovate acute sepals 2—3 lines long, spreading: petals greenish white, about half as long as the sepals, ovate, acute, erect: stamens 8, exserted: style short; ovary villous: fruit 10—16 lines long, the wings spreading at right angles tothe pedi- cels. In forests and along sreams. Alaska to California, west of the Cascade Mountains. 2 FORSELLESIA Greene Ei-yth. 1, 206. (iLOSSOPETALON Gray PL Wright. H, 39, t. le. not Schreber. Low and rigid shrubs with slender spinescent branches, and small alternate simple entire leaevs, which separate in ajre by an indistinct articulation from a 'lilated scale-like minutely 2-stip- ulate base; the setaceous-subulate stipules adnate to the scales, and small solitary flowers, terminating short axillary branchlets, or spur-like fascicles. Calyx deeply 4 — 5-cleft, persistent, its flat l)ase within filled by an 8-10-lobed perigynous disk ; ])etals 4 or 5, inserted on the margin or under the edge of the disk, some- what withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10 inserted at the sin- uses of the disk^ shorter than the calyx ; filaments subulate, l)ersistent : anthers didymous. Ovary 1-celled, of a single ovoid carpel, with style extremely short or none, and a depressed en- tire or obscurely 2-lobed stigma. Ovules 2, collateral or nearly so inserted on the ventral suture barely above the base of the 118 ANACARDIACE^C. rhus. cell, ascending, anatropous. Fruit a firm-c;)riaceous follicle opening clown tiie ventral suture, 1-2-seeded. r. spinescens Greene 1. c. -^Glossopetalon spinescens Gray I. c. A smooth rigidly branched shrub 2—3 feet high: leaves oblong to spatu- late, narrowed below on slender pedicels 2—4 lines long, acute or ob- tuse: flowers on slender pedicels 2—4 lines long: lobes of the calyx oblong, a line or more long: petals white, 4—5 lines long, spatulate, attenuate below to a short slender claw: stigma nearly sessile, 2- lobed; ovary acute; fruit not seen. Bluffs of Snake river (Cusick). Order XXV. ANACARDIACE^. Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 1. Shrubs or trees Tvith resinous or milky juice, simple or com- pound leaves without stipules, and small flowers in axillary or terminal panicles. Flowers usually regular, perfect, dioecious or polygamous. Sepals usually 5, distinct or more or less uni- ted, mostly persistent. Petals of the same number as the sep- als, or wanting, inserted into the disk which lines the bottom of the calyx . Stamens as many as sepals, or twdce as /nany, or more, sometimes part of them sterile; filnments distinct, some- times alternately shorter, inserted wath the petals. Ovary sol- itary, free ,* 9r rarely adhering to the calyx, 1-celled, or with 1 ■or 'J abortive cells ;ovule solitary, on a funiculus which rises from the base of the cell. Styles 3, rarely 4, distinct or com- bined. Fruit a 1-seeded indehiscent drupelet. Seed erect or suspended, anatropous, without album-on. A large order, represented here only by the genus RHUS L. Gen. n. 361. Shrubs or sniiill trees with alternate leaves and small poly- gamous or polygamo-diiL'cious flowers in axillary and terminal bractcatc racemes or panicles. Calyx small, 4-6-parted, persist- ent, imbricated in the bud. Petals 4-6, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many as petals, with subulate fila- ments, inserted under the edge of the disk. Fruit a dry drupe- let. Seed pendulous upon a slender seed-stalk arising from the base of the cell. * Flowers polygamous or dioecious; panicled, developed with or after the leaves. R. glabra L. Sp. i, 265. (Sumach). An erect shrub 4—12 feet high, smooth and glaucous when young: leaves oddpinnate; leaflets 13—31, petiolulate, oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate 1—3 inches long: inflorescence terminal, thyrsoid, hirsute: sepals broadly subu- late, about a line long: petals oblong, a little longer than the sepals: drupelets clothed with crimson acid hairs: seeds smooth, about a line long. In ravines and along streams, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the south Atlantic States. R. toxicodendron L. Sp. 266. Stems erect, 1—3 feet high; leaves trifoliolate, pubescent; leaflets rhomboid, acuminate, entire or toothed. the lateral ones more or less oblique: panicles axillarj^; racemes sub- sessile; flowers mostly dioecious: fruit white, subglobose, smooth, persistent. Along small streams, eastern Oregon to the Atlantic States. LEG U MINOS ^:. 119 R. diversiloba T. & G. Fl. i, 218. (Poison Oak). Stems erect and shrubby or climbing by rootlets attached to the bark of trees; 2—20 feet high, usually somewhat pubescent: leaves usually 3-foliolate rarely 5-foliolate; leaflets ovate, obovate or elliptical, 1—3 inches long, obtuse or acutish, 3-lobed or coarsely toothed, (rarely entire), the lobes and teeth rounded: panicles iDeduncled: flowers dioecious: fruit white, 2—3 lines in diameter, falling soon after maturing. In forests and rocky hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California. * * I owers polygamo-dioecious, in short scaly-bracted spikes preceding the leaves. R. trilobata Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 219. A shrub 2—5 feet high, dif- fusely branched, more or less pubescent, at length nearly glabrous: leaves trifoliolate: leaflets sessile, cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal, 1—2 inches long, coarsely toothed above and often 3-lobed, the segments obtuse: spikes of small yellowish flowers 4—6 lines long, approximate at the ends of the branchlets: fruit somewhat viscid, 2—3 lines in diameter, globose, bright red; nut smooth. On gravelly plains and hillsides, along streams, southern Oregon to California and the Rocky Mountains. Order XXVI. LEGUMINOS^ Boerh. Hor. Acad. ii. 22. Herbs slimbs or trees wdth alternate usually compound stipulate leaves, and usually showy flowers in axillary or termiii- al racemes or spikes, rarely solitary or capitate. Sepals united into a 5-cleft or 5-tootlied calvx, the lobes often unequal or variously combined, the odd one inferior. Petals 5, sometimes by abortion fewer or wanting, perigynous or hypogynous, ir- regular and unequal, or sometimes regular, distinct or various- ly cohering, the odd one superior. Stamens mostly 10, diadel- phous (9 and 1) or monadelphous, sometimes distinct or num- erous, inserted wdth the petals. Ovaiy simple, solitary, very rarely two or more, free from the cah^, the style proLruding from the upper or ventral suture: stigma simple. Fruit a 1- celled 2-valved pod (^legume^), or sometimes a drupe. Seeds solitary or several, heterotropous or anatiopous, sometimes with an aril or large caruncle: albumen none. Embryo straight or with the radicle bent back along the edge of the cotyledons. Cotyledons thin and somewhat foliaceous, or thick and fleshy. Ours are all of Suborder Papiltonace.^-: L. Sepals imbricate or rarely somewhat valvate in the bud. Corolla papilionaceous or other- wise more or less irregular, rarely wanting Stamens 10, rarely fewer, inserted with the petals into the bottom of the calyx, or perigynous. Radicle bent back upon the edge of the cotyledons, or straight. Leaves simple or simply compound. Flowers usu- ally perfect. Tribe i. Podalyrie^. Herbaceous or suff'rutescent plants with palmate, or pinnate or simple leaves and papilionaceous flowers. Stamens 10, distinct; anthers uniform. Embryo incurved or inflexed, or often straight. 1. Thermopsis. Herbs with conspicuous stipules, digitately trifoliolate 120 LEGUMINOB.E. leaves and yellow flowers in racemes. Tribe it. Geniste.^. Herbs or shrubs ,vith palmately com- pound or simple leaves and various colored tiowers in racemes or solitary. Stamens 10, monadelphous : anthers of two forms. Radical, incurved or inflexed. 2. Lupinus. Herbs, rarely shrubby, with various colored flowers in racemes: leaves digitate, mostly of more than 3 leaflets: calyx deeply bilabiate: upper petal with recurved sides; keel falcate: pods large, straight. 5. Ulex. Spinescent shrubs with inconspicuous simple leaves and yel- low axillary flowers. 4. Cytisus. Shrubs with green, often angular branches, palmately or pinnately trifoliolate leaves and solitary or racemose yellow flowers. Tribe hi. Trifolie^.. Mostly low herbs with palmately or pinnately trifoliolate, rarely 5-7-foliolate leaves and axillary or terminal, racemose, spicate, capitate or umbellate inflorescence. Corolla papilionaceous. Calvx -"i-lobed. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). 5. Medicago. Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants with palmately tri- foliolate leaves and axillary peduncles: petals free from the stamens, deciduous: pods 1— several-seeded, falcate-incurved, or coiled into a spiral. 6. Melilotns. Erect herbs with pinnately trifoliolate leaves and small fragrant flowers in slender axillaiy racemes: petals free from the stamens, deciduous: pods ovoid, sm-all, scarcely dehiscent, 1—2 sseeded. 7. Trifolium. Herbs with palmately or pinnately trifoliolate, rai-ely 5— 7-foliolate leaves and mostly very many flowers on axillary or terminal peduncles: corolla persistent: the banner and wings com- monly coherent with the staminal tube: pods concealed within or but little exserted from the calyx, 1— 6-seeded. Tribe iv. Lote.e. Herbs or shrubs with pinnately 1-many- foliolate leaves and various colored flowers capitate or umbellate on axillary peduncles, rarely solitarv. 8. Lotus. Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants with pinnate, usually 3— many-foliolate leaves and solitary or numerous flowers on axil- lary peduncles witli or Avithout a 1— 3-foliolate bract at summit: corolla deciduous, the banner often remote from the other petals: pods oblong to linear, terete, turgid or plain, few or many-seeded. Tribe v. Galege^. Erect herbs, or shrubs with unequally pinnate, seldom stipellate leaves and axillary or terminal, race- mose or spicate inflorescence. Corolla papilionaceous or otlier- wise irregular. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), or sometimes monadelphous. Pods continuous, 1-celled, several-seeded, de- hiscent ; or 1-2-seeded and indehiscent. Radicle incurved or in- flexed. 9. Psoralea. Herbs with trifoliolate leaves and axillary spikes of rather small flowers; herbage glandular-dotted: stamens mona- delphous or diadelphous: pods indehiscent, 1-seeded. 10. Fetalo&temon. Herbs with gland-dotted herbage unequally pinnate THEKMOPSId. LEGUMINOS^. 121 leaves and small flowers in pedunculate dense terminal spikes or heads; petals 5, on filiform claws that are united to the stamen-tube the upper one free, all deciduous: stamens 5, monadelphous: ovary with two collateral ovules: pods 1-seeded. Tribe vi. Astragale.^. Erect or decumbent herbaceous, rare- ly suffrutescent, plants with unequally pinnate leaves and axil- lary or radical, racemose or^picate inflorescence. Stamens diadel- phous (9 and 1). Pods 1 -celled or often spuriously 2-celle;l by the introflexion of one or both sutures, dehiscent, several-seeded or rarely 1-2-seeded. Radicle incurved. 11. x^stragalns. Unarmed herbs with unequally pinnate leaves without tendrils and axillary spikes or racemes of comparatively small flow- ers: herbage neither glandular nor dotted: pods various, often coriaceous and turgid, or thin and bladderly-inflated, or thin and flat, more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture: keel obtuse. 12. Oxytropis. Unarmed herbs or sometimes suffruticose plants, with unequally pinnate leaves: the flowers spicate on axillary or radi- cal peduncles: pods partly 2-celled by the introflexion of the pla- cental suture: keel Avith a subulate point. 13. Glycyrrtiza. Glandular-viscid perennials with unequally pinnate leaves and flowers in peduncled axillary spikes: pods short, com* pressed, prickly, indehiscent, few-seeded. Tribe vii. Hedysare.e. Herbs or shrubs with pinnate .or simple leaves, the flowers in axillary or terminal spikes, racemes or umbels. Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Pods usuall}' transversely divided into 1-seeded indehiscent joints. 14. Hedysarnin. Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, the flowers in axillary or terminal racemes: keel obliquely truncate, longer than the wings: stamens diadelphous: pods of several 1-seeded joints connected by their middle. Tribe viii. Vicie^. Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole not articulated with the stem, produced at the apex into a bristle or tendril, the flowers in axillary racemes. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Pods not jointed, dehiscent. Cotyle- dons remaining under ground and unchanged in germination. Radicle inflexed. 15. Vicia. Weak herbs with stems climbing by tendrils which termin- ate the pinnate leaves, and 1— several-flowered axillary peduncles. Style bent upward at the apex and villous under the stigma on the under or outer side. 16. I^athyrns. Herbs clinging by tendrils which terminate the pinnate leaves and few— several-floMered axillary peduncles: style bent at right angles to the ovary and villous in a line on the inside. Tribe 1 Podalyriese Benih. B. & H. Gen. i, 4r37. Mostly hn-hs with simple or digitately trifoliolate . rarely many-foliolate] leaves, and papilionaeeons flowers. Stamens 10, free, or slightly united at J)ns('. Pod dehiscent. Radicle incurved or inflexed. 1 THERMOPSIS R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. e. 2, iii, 3. Stout perennial herbs with erect stems, digitately trifoliolate 122 LEGUMINOS^. thermopsis. leaves, foliaceous free stipules, petioliilate entire leaflets, and moderately large yellow flowers in terminal bracteate racemes. Bracts herbaceous, persistent. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-cleft to the middle, the lobes equal or the two upper ones united. Upper petal roundish, shorter than the oblong lateral ones, the sides re- flexed, keel nearly sraight, obtuse, equalling the wings. Stam- ens 10, distinct. Style slightly curved ; stigma minute. Pods narrow, compressed, few to many-seeded. T. montana Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 388. Glabrous below, somewhat silky- villous above: stipules ovate to lanceolate, 1—2 inches long: leaflets oblong-ovate to oblong, 1—3 inches long, obtuse or acute, spar- nigly villous beneath, smooth above: bracts mostly lanceolate: lobes of the calyx triangular one and a half lines long: pods silky-villous, 2 inches long or more, nearly straight, erect, short stipitate, linear, 10— 15-seeded. Along, streams, Brit. Columbia to Califoraia and the Rocky Mountains. T. gracilis Howell Eryth. 1, 109. Sparingly strigose-pubescent throughout: stems slender, erect, 1—3 feet high, sparsely branched above the branches spreading: stipules broadly ovate to lanceolate, usually acute: leaflets oblanceolate, acute at base, petiolulate, 1—3 inches long by 8—12 lines broad: racemes short, loosely flowered: bracts ovate, acute, mostly shorter than the pedicels: lower teeth of the calyx triangular, acute, the upper truncate or barely 2-toothed: ovary about 12-ovuled: pods appressed-silky, 2 inches long or more by 2 lines broad, on a veiy short stipe, usually spreading and often falcate. In the mountains of southern Oregon from the" sources of the Willam- ette river to northern California. T. robusta Howell 1. c. Densely tomentose throughout: stems stout, 4—6 feet high: stipules large, broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, acute at both ends, 2—3 inches long: racemes long, densely many-flowered: bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the pedicels: teeth of the calyx acuminate, the upper 2- toothed: fruit not seen. In open forests on top of the Coast Mountains on the old Crescent City Wagon road, collected in June, 1884, not since reported. T. argentata Greene Eryth. iii, 18. Rather slender, a foot or two in height: all the growing parts, and when young the whole plant silvery-canescent throughout with a very dense and minute silky pu- bescence, the mature part also not indistinctly silky and pale: stipules 6—18 lines long, from broadly to narrowly lanceolate and often slight- ly falcate: leaflets of the lowest leaves obtusish and of narrowly cuneate-obovate outline, of the upper from oblanceolate to rhombic- obovate and very acute: raceme short and rather few-flowered: calyx- teeth triangular-subulate and about as long as the campanulate tube: petals of the wings and keel notably longer than the banner: pods long, spreading, silky-tomentulose. Modoc County, California, perhaps in southeastern Oregon. Tribe ^. Genistese DC. Prodr. ii, 115. Herbs or shrub.^ with simple or compound estipellate leaves, and papilionaceous flowers. Stamens 10, monadelphous; anthers of two forms. Pod continuous^ 1-celled, sometimes intercepted internally, but not jointed. Radicle incurved or inflexed. 2 LUPINUS Toum. L. Gen. n. 865. Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants with palmately 5-15-folio- LUPiNus. LEGUMINOSJ^. 123 late, rarely 1-foliolate, leaves, small stipules and mostly showy flowers interminal racemes or spikes. Calyx deeply bilabiate, often 2-bracteolate ; the upper lip 2-cleft or -toothed, or rarely entire, the lower entire or 8 -toothed. Upper petal with the sides reflexed, the lateral ones foveolate-plicate toward the base, united at the summit, keel fiilcate, acuminate. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire ; alternate filaments longer ; the 5 anthers op- posite the sepals oblong, maturing early, those opposite the pet- als roundish or reniform, maturing later. Stigma bearded : Pod coriaceous, somewhat oblong, more or less compressed, often torulose or intercepted with cellular partitions. Cotyledons fleshy. § 1 Lupixus PROPER. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sides of the upper petal strongly reflexed. Ovary 5-12-ovuled. Cotyle- dons petioled after germination. * Perennial, shrubby, at least at base, tall, branched and leafy: pu- bescence silky, mostly' appressed : leaflets 5-7 : petioles rarely much exceeding the leaves; bracts deciduous; flowers large; lips of the calyx nearly equal : ovules 8-12. L. holosericens Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 380. Frutescent, silvery-canes- cent: stems 12—20 inches high, leafy, branching, ascending: leaflets 5—9, lanceolate, obtuse or acute, mucronulate, narrowed at base, often arcuate, denselj' silky-canescent and silveiy on both sides, mostly shorter than the petiole or the upper ones as long or longer than the petiole: stipules subulate: flowers verticillate or somewhat scattered, approximate, on short pedicels: bracts lanceolate, shorter than the flowers: calyx bracteolate the upper lip slightly 2-cleft, the lower near- ly as long ana entire: petals oright blue, 6 lines long or more, the lateral ones broadly oblong. Islands and gravelly banks of the Wil- lamette river, to California. Ju. propinqnus Greene Eryth. i, 12G. Shrubby, much branched and bushy, usuallj^ 2—4 feet high, all the herbage except the glabrous up- per surface of the leaves puberulent; racemes short and short-ped- uncled, the flowers indistinctly whorled: bracts squarrose spreading, very caducous: lobes of the calyx subequal, the upper notched, often deeply so : petals 5 lines long, subequal, violet, the upper one redden- ing in age; keel strongly ciliate. In damp woods along the coast from Santa Barbara to Crescent City, California; no doubt on the coast of southern Oregon. * * Perennials : stems wholly herbaceous, more or less elongated. -•- Leaflets glabrous above or nearly so, oblong or oblanceolate an inch or more long ; stems mostly succulent and fistulous : flowers sub- verticillate : bracts deciduous : lips of the calyx usually but slightly toothed : ovules 8 or mure. L. Nootkatensis Donn Cat. Cant. Sims Bot. Mag. t. 1311. Stems often stout, 1—2 feet long, more or less decumbent, leafy: pubescence densely villous, spreading or subappressed: stipules elongated, setace- ous-acuminate: leaflets 6—8, cuneate-oblong, obtuse or acutish, mu- cronate, 1—2 inches long, about equalling the petiole: racemes elon- gated, nearly sessile: bracts linear-lanceolate, equalling the calyx:* flowers blue or purplish, verticillate or scattered; pedicels 2—6 inches long; caiyx large, w ith long setaceous bractlets, the upper lip rather deeply bifid and the lobes often erosely truncate, the lower one usual- ly strongly 3-toothed: petals 8—9 lines long, the keel a little shorter and usually naked: ovules 9—12: pods 18 lines long. Near the sea. 124 LEGUMINOS.^. lupixXUs. northern Washington to the Aleutian Islands. li. polyphyllus Lindl. Bot. Reg. xiii, t, 1096. Stems stout erect, 2— G feet high, sparingly villous: the bracts calyx and youngest leaves silky-pubescent: stipules triangular to subulate: leaves distant, long- petioled; leaflets 10—16, in the upper leaves often but 8—10, glabrous above, 2—6 inches long by 6—12 lines broad: racemes often 1—2 feet long; bracts oblong-lanceolate, equalling or shorter than the calyx: flowers mostly scattered, blue, purple or white: pedicels 8—6 lines long: lips of the calj^x subsequal, entire; bractlets very caducous; petals equal, 6—7 lines long, keel naked: ovules 8—10: pods an inch long or more. Common from Brit. Columbia to California, west of the the Cascade Mountains. L. Wyethli Watson Proc. Am. Acad. 525. Stems ascending, stout, 6—-^ inches high, sparingly leafy: pubescence villous, spreading: stipules setaceous: leaflets 8—12, oblong to oblanceolate. 1—3 inches long, acute, glabrous above; the lower petioles much elongated: racemes 4—10 inches long, often long-peduncled: bracts subulate-set- aceous, exceeding the calyx: flowers blue or pink, scattered or sub- verticillate: pedicels slender, 8-^ lines long: calyx villous, with short setaceous bractlets, upper lip 2-toothed, the lower one longer, suben- tire: petals equal, 6 — 7 lines long, keel naked: ovules 7—8. Flathead river (Wye.-O Clearwater, Idaho (Spalding). li. longipes Greene Fl. Francis. 41. Stems more or less clustered, erect, stoutish, not at all succulent, sparingly branched above, 2—4 feet high, striate, glabrous or loosely hairy: leaves mostly basal, on petioles 12 — 18 inches long; stipules setaceous-subulate: leaflets 7—11, broad- ly lanceolate, acute, setaceously mucronulate, 2—4 inches long, glab- rous, the margin often more or less ciliate: raceme peduncled, elon- gated, not d^nse: flowers subverticillate, lon^^pedicelled, blue to white, keel ciliate in the middle: pod an inch long or more, densely hirsute, about 7-seeded: seeds compressed, oval, brown with a dark diagonal line. Along streams and in wet meadows, from the Columbia river to California. li. latifolius Agh. Syn. Lup. 18. Stems erect, 2 — 4 feet high, smooth, with numerous slender branches, flowering throughout the season: stipules small, linear-lanceolate: leaflets 7—9, light or yellowish green, oblanceolate or spatulate, narrowed below, mostly shorter than the petioles, 1—4 inches long by 8—12 lines broad, obtuse, with a slender niucro a line long at the apex, smooth above, rather sparsely pubes- cent with minute appressed hairs beneath: racemes 4—12 inches long, short peduncled; flowers subverticillate or scattered, pale blue or pinkish; bracts setaceous, about equalling the calyx, caducous; ])edi- cels slender, 4—6 lines long; calyx appressed-pubescent, upper lip ovate-lanceolate. 2-toothed, shorter than the linear entire lower one: petals 6 lines long, light blue and white, the keel naked: ovary densely pubescent with brownish hairs, 7— 8-ovuled: seeds light-colored, very smooth. In open places and among shrubs. Washington to California, west of the Cascade Mountains. L. Burkei Watson Proc. Am. Acad. viii. ~^2~^. Stems 2—8 feet high, nearly glabrous: stipules lanceolate; lower leaves long-yietioled: leaf- lots 7—10, 1—5 inches long, oblanceolate, acute or the lower ones obtuse, iiiabrous above: racemes short and dense, with the pedicels mostly ])Ut 1—2 lines long: flowers blue: bracts villous, somewhat persistent: pubescence of the calj'x somewhat villous, spreading: pods 8-.seeded. From [Mount Adams, Washington, to the falls of the Yellowstone. Idaho and Nevada. Tt. ligculatus Greene Pitt, i, 215. Stems clustered, simple, erect. stout and somewhat fistulous, 2—4 feet high, glabrous, a little glaucous: other parts of the plant except the upper surface of the leaves more or LUPixirs. LEGUMINOSi*:. 125 H- -t- Leaflets pubescent both sides, less hirsute: stipules an inch long,adnate for something less than half their length, the elongated-linear acuminate free part strongly villous- hirsute: petioles 3—5 inches long; leaflets about 9, oblanceolate, acute. 1—2 inches long: racemes short-peduncled, 0—10 inches long: bracts villous-ciliate: ^flowers rather distinctly verticillate, nearly 6 lines long; keel densely ciliate in the middle: ovary very villous, on Crooked Creek, southern Oregon. Ti. Uttoralis Dougl. Bot. Reg. xiv, t. 1198. Stems slender, decum- bent or ascending, 1—2 feet long often not succulent, leafy: pubescence silky, rather thin: stipules linear; leaflets 5—8, oblanceolate or cun- eate-oblong, 0—12 lines long, the petioles sometimes twice longer: racemes short; bracts setaceous, exceeding the calyx: flowers blue or violet, verticillate or scattered on ix'dicels 2—3 lines long: calyx large with small bractlets, upper lip 2-toothed; petals equal, 6 lines long; keel ciliate: 'ovules and seeds 10—12: pods narrow, 15 lines long. On sand dunes along the coast, Washington to California. H_ ^ H_ Rather sparingly leafy, the lower petioles at least twice as long as the leaflets: racemes loose; bracts mostly deciduous; flowers large, not yellow: ovules G— 7, rarely fewer: leaflets glab- rous above. L. areticus V\'atson 1. c. 520. "Villous or subgiabrous: stems rather stout, one foot high or less, erect or ascending, simple: stipules con- spicuous, acuminate: leaflets 0—8, cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, 1 — 2 inches long, acute or obtuse, the i^etioles much elongated: racemes 2—4 inches long; bracts linear about equalling the calyx, de- ciduous or subpersistent: flowers subverticillate or scattered, on slender pedicels 2—3 lines long: bractlets wanting or caducous: calyx-lips short, the upper entire or slightly toothed, the lower a little longer; petals 7—8 lines long, the upper one shorter: keel naked: ovary slightly haii-j', 5— 7-ovuled. Near the coast, Washington to the Polar Sea." li. mucronnlatus Howell Eryth. i, 109. Pubescence short and ap- pressed: stems slender, decumbent, 2—6 inches long, 2—3 leaved: stipules subulate: leaflets 0—10, obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, mucronulate. 1—2 inches long, sparingly pubescent on both sides or glabrous above: peduncles equalling the leaves: racemes 2 — 3 inches long, rather dense; bracts setaceous; flowers subverti- ciliate, purple or ochroleucous: upper lip of the calyx acute, entire, the lower longer, narrow, subentire: petals 4—5 lines long, equal, keel ciliate above the middle. On diy hillsides, eastern base of the Coast Mountains in Josephine County, Oregon. -4- -t- -*- -«- Leafy and branching : the petioles not longer than the leaflets : flowers large : subverticillate: bracts deciduous : ovules 6-8. L. Sabinii Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 160. Stems erect, 2 feet high: pubes- cence short, appressed, silky: stipules long, setaceous; leaflets 8—11 oblanceolate, 12—18 lines long, acute, silky both sides, racemes 0—10 inches long, rather dense and long-peduncled: bracts linear-setaceous; pedicels 3—4 lines long; calyx minutely bracteolate, upper lip shortly toothed, the lower longer and entire; petals yellow, equal, 7—8 lines long, the upper one emarginate, naked, keel ciliate: ovules 7. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon. L. albicaulis Dougl. 1. c. 105. Pubescence short, more or less villous and spreading or appresssed: cespitose; stems slender, erect, 1—3 feet high, branched, whitish: stipides linear-setaceous: racemes 4 — 12 inches long, short-peduncled: bracts subulate; pedicels 2—3 lines long: calyx large, u-- lips nearly equal, upper one narrow, shortlv 2-toothed, 126 LEGUMINOS.E. htpinus. lower one subentire: petals equal, 5—7 lines long, blue, violet or whit- ish, the upper one acute, naked, keel strongly falcate, naked: ovules 5—7: pods 1—2 inches long, 4—5 lines wide, 3—6 seeded. From the Co- lumbia to the Sacramento Valley. L. ornatns Dougl. Bot. Reg. xiv, t, 1216. Stems decumbent or as- cending: pubescence short, more or less silky, mostly appressed: stipules setaceous: leaflets 5—7, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong, &— 24 lines lohg, acute or acutish: racemes 3—8 inches long, usually short- peduncled: bracts short, subulate or ovate; pedicles 2—3 lines long: calyx-lips nearly equal, the upper rather shortly toothed or bifid, the lower subentire; petals blue, equal, 5—7 lines long, the upper one acutish, subsilky on the back; keel ciliate: ovules 5—8. pods 15 lines long, 3—4 lines broad. From the Columbia river to California. •<--«--«--•-+- Leaves distant lower petioles elongated; leaflets not smooth above: racemes mostly dense. L. sulphurens Dougl. _^ook. Fl. i, 166. Stems erect slender, sul- cate, silky: leaflets 13—15, narrow^ly lanceolate, densely sericeous on both sides, shorter than the petiole, whitish: stipules subulate, short: flowers somewhat verticillate, in a dense thick raceme: calyx ebrac- teolate, very silky: flowers small, pale sulphur-color, keel glabrous. On the Blue Mountains of Oregon. L. sericeus Pursh Fl. 468. Rather stout, suberect, 1—2 feet high: pubescence more or less coarsely villous or subsilky, spreading: stipules usually long-setaceous: leaflets 5—8, rarely 10, narrowly oblanceolate, 1—3 inches long, acute; racemes short-peduncled; bracts deciduous, sub- ulate-setaceous often much exceeaing the calyx; flowers subverticillate or scattered, on short pedicels blue, pink oi^ white; calyx strongly gibbous, minutely bracteolate, densely silky-villous, the lips nearly equal, 6 lines long, keel ciliate: ovules 4—6: pods densely hairy, an inch long. Common from Washington to northern California and Nevada. li. saxosus Howell Eryth. i, 110. Stems simple, decumbent or as- cending, 4—10 inches long, soft-pubescent with spreading hairs: stipules subulate: leaflets 8—12, densely appressed-silky beneath, sparsely so above, 6—12 lines long, acute or obtusish: racemes dense, 2 — 3 inches long, short-peduncled: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, caducous: flow- ers subverticillate, on short slender pedicels: upper lip of the calyx bifid, the lower a little longer, trifid: petals equal, 6 lines long, bright blue, the upper one obtuse, smooth, keel ciliate: ovules 4—5: pods villous. On high stony ridges in the John Day Valley, eastern Oregon, and the Klickitat hills, Washington. li. lencophyllus Dougl. Bot. Reg. xiii, t, 1124. Stout. 2—3 feet high, branching, leafy, densely white-silky throughout: stipules long-setace- ous or subulate: leaflets 7-10, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong. 1—3 inches long, acute, the petioles about equalling the leaflets or the lower ones twice longer: racemes sessile or nearly so, very dense, 6—12 inches long: bracts subulate or linear, subpersistent or deciduous, longer than tue buds: flowers scattered or subverticillate, nearly sessile: calyx minutely bracteolate, upper lip rather broad, more or less villous, keel ciliate. On damp hillsides, Brit. Columbia to Califor- nia and iNew Mexico. Flowering from May until heavy frosts in au- tumn. L. canescens Howell, 1. c. Rather stout, strict, 2—3 feet high, at length branching, silky-canescent or the inflorescence hirsute: leaflets 8—12, lanceolate, acuminate, 1—3 inches long, densely appressed-villous on both sides: racemes short-peduncled, dense, 8—10 inches long: LUPiNUS. LEGCMINOS^. 127 bracts somewhat persistent, subulate, about equalling the calyx: flow- ers subverticillate, on stout pedicels a line long or moi-e: upper lip of the calj'x bifid, the lower subentire: petals 4 lines long, equal, the upper one rather broad, pubescent outside, keel cilate. By small streams, western base of Buck Mountain, eastern Oregon. L. lepidns Dougl. Hot. Reg. xiv, t, 1149. Stems slender, 6—24 inches high, leafy at base, densely appressed silky: stipules setaceous: leaf- lets 7—9, narrowly oblanceolate, 9 — 18 lines long, acute, petioles much elongated: racemes 2—8 inches long, many-flowered: bracts not ex- ceeding the calyx, caducous: flowers in near verticils or scattered: pedicels 1—2 lines long: upper lip of the calyx 2-toothed or deeply cleft, the lower 3-toothed or subentire: petals violet, equal, 5 lines long, the keel ciliate: ovules 4—6: pods an inch long. In prairies and plains, Puget Sound to the Klamath Lakes. -t- •*- -t- -^ -^ -t- Stems leafy : petioles short : racemes short-pedunc- led : bracts deciduous, mostly short : flowers usually small, not yellow : ovules 3 — 5. li. flezuosns Lind. in Agh. Syn. Lup. 34. Stems ascending or decum- bent, 18 inches high, branching pubescence short, silky, appressed, or subvillous on the leaves: stipules linear-setaceous: leaflets 6—8, ob- lanceolate, 12—18 lines long, acute, silky on both sides: racemes 3—6 inches long or more; bracts lanceolate-setaceous, equalling or much exceeding the calyx; flowers subverticillate, on pedicels 2—3 lines long: lips of the calyx uearlj^ equal, the upper slightly toothed, the lower subentire; bractlets short, setaceous; petals blue or flesh-color, equal, 5 lines long, the upper one verj' hairy, keel strongly ciliate: ovules 4r-5; pods an inch long. Columbia valley to the Rocky Moun- tains. L. parviflorus Nutt. H. & A. Bot. Beech. 338. Stems strict, usually solitaiy, slender, erect 2—3 feet high, at length branching: pubescence scanty, short, appressed, the calyx and i)edicels silky: stipules setace- ous: leaves rather distant; leaflets 5—11, oblanceolate to obovate, 1—2 inches long, acute or obtuse, mucronulate, glabrous above, the lower ones shorter than the i^etioles:. racemes 6—12 inches long, slen- der; bracts linear-subulate, equalling the calyx; flowers subverticillate or scattered, the slender pedicels 1—2 lines long: lips of the calyx nearly equal, the upper bifid: petals light blue, equal, 3-4 lines long, keel ciliate or naked: pods 9—10 lines long, 2—4 seeded, pubesceut. In the mountains, from the Columbia river to northern Utah and the Yosemite Valley, California. L. laxiflorns Dougl. Bot. Reg. xiv,t. 1140. [stems cespitose, erect orws- cending, 1—2 feet high, slender, at length much branched: pubescence minute, silky, appressed: stipules setaceous, mostly very small: leaf- lets 6—8, narrowly oblanceolate, canaliculate, arcuate, 1—2 inches long, acute, appressed-silky both sides or nearly smooth above, at least hatf as long as the petioles: racemes rather loose, 3—6 inches long: bracts subulate, deciduous: flowers subverticillate or scattered, on slender pc^iCels 2—4 lines long; calyx narrowed and moi-e or less spurred at base, minutely bracteolate, the upper lip broad, shortly 2-toothed lower one a little longer, almost oblong or broadly lanceolate, subentire- pet- als blue to white or yellowish, 3-5 lines long, equal, the upper one sub- pubescent, keel villous ciliate in the middle; ovules 4—5- pods silkv- pubescent. Common from Vancouver Island to northern California Utah and Montana. Var. montanns -Howell Eryth. iii. 33. Leaflets silky both sides rather shorter than the type: calyx dense -silkv. prominentlv spurred' the upper lip more distinctly toothed. On Mount Hood, near the line of perpetual snow. 128 LEGUMlNOSiE. j.upinls. li. argenteus Pursh Fl. 468. Silvery canescent : stems erect or ascend- ing, cespitose,!— 2 feet liigh, slender and branching: pubescence minute, silky, appressed: stipules small: leaflets 5—8, linear-lanceolate, 1—2 inches long, acute, smooth above or nearly so, about equalling the pet- ioles: racemes 2—0 inches long, nearly sessile: flowers subverticillate or scattered; pedicels 1—2 lines long; calyx campanulate, gibbous but not spurred at base, upper lip broad, 2-toothed, the lower subentire; slightly longer; petals blue or cream-color, equal. 3—4 lines long, the upper one very broad, naked or subpubescent, keel naked or subciliate; ovuies 3—5. I'lains of the Columbia and Snake rivers. * * * Dwarf, short stemmed, mostly cespitose : racemes mostly short and deilse: bracts subpersistent; flowers subverticillate, short- peduncled : calyx with tlie upper lip deeply cleft, the lower 3- toothed, keel ciliate : ovuies 3 — 6: pods hairy, 1 — 4-seeded. li. cespitosus Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 376. Stems very shor. and cespi- tose: pubescence dense, villous, appressed: leaflets 5—7, oblanceolate, 6—12 lines long, acute, the petioles thrice longer: racemes sessile, shorter than the leaves: bracts setaceous, exceeding the calyx; petals pale blue, equal, 3—4 lines long, the upper one narrow, 2 lines broad: pods 6 lines long. Eastern Oregon to Colorado. li. aridns Dougl. Bot. Reg. xv, t. 124. Stems cespitose, 2—3 inches long, with rather long internodes: pubescence silky-hirsute, fulvous, appressed: leaflets 5—7, oblanceolate, acute, 9—12 lines long, the pet- ioles 3 — 4 times longer: racemes dense, 2—3 inches long, the peduncles shorter than the leaves: bracts nearly equalling the calyx: upper lip of the calyx shortly toothed, the lower subentire petals purple, 5 lines long, nearly twice longer than the calyx, the elliptical upper one usual- ly shorter: pods 5 lines long, very hairy. In ^eandy or gravelly places, Washington to California, li. liobbii Gray in Herb. Watson 1. c. 533. L. (^ridvs var. Lohhii Wat,- son. Stems cespitose, 1—3 inches long, leafy: pubescence silky, ap- pressed: leaflets 5—7, oblanceolate to obovate, 6—8 lines long, the pet- ioles 2—3 times longer: raceme^ dense, 1—2 inches long, peduncles shorter than the leaves: bracts nearly equalling the calyx: upper lip of the calyx deeply bifid, the lower slightly trifid; petals purple, the upper one orbicular. In alluvial prairies and hillsides, Washington to California. li. minimus Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 163. Appressed silky-villous, 3—6 inches high: leaflets 5—9, obovate or lanceolate, 3—8 lines long, mostly acutish, the petioles 3 — 4 times longer: pedicels equalling or exceeding the leaves: bracts short, deciduous: calyx half the length of the petals, upper lip deeply bifid; petals purple,4— 5 lines long, equal, the upper one orbicular. Eastern Oregon and Washington. li. Cusickii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 469. Canescent through- out with soft appressed hairs: stems 2—4 inches high, much branched from the biennial or perennial root: leaflets 5 — 8 oblanceolate, slightly less villous above, 3—9 lines long, the petioles usually elongated: ped- uncles mostly very short, the loosely few-flowered racemes shorter than the leaves: flowers purple, 3^4 lines long: calyx narrowly lobed 1—3 lines long; upper petal glabrous, keel ciliate: pods villous with short appressed hairs, 2—3 seeded, 4—5 lines long. On sterile hillsides, Union County, Oregon. li. Breweri Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 334. Stems 2—6 inches long, from a spreading branched woody caudex, very leafy: pubescence dense, villous, appressed: leaflets 7—10 obovate, obtuse, 4—6 lines long, the petioles 1—2 times longer: racemes very short; peduncles equall- ing the leaves: bracts short; lips of the calyx nearly equal, the upper LUi'i.vLS LEGUMINOS.'E. 129 one deeply bifid, the loAver one shortly and equally toothed; petals blue, equal, 3 — 4 lines long, the upi^er one orbicular. Alpine, on the Sis- kiyou and Sierra Nevada Mountains. li. Lyallii Gray 1. c. Canescent with dense appressed villous pubes- cence: stems leafy, 2—0 inches long, from a spreading woody caudex: leatiets 5—7, obovate, 3—4 lines long, acutish, the slender petioles 3 — 4 times longer: rac*emes very short, the pedicels exceeding the leaves: bracts short: lips of the calyx nearly equal; petals purple or blue, 5 lines long, nearly eciual, the upper one elliptical: pods sillvy, 4—6 lines long. Common on the hiuliest points of the Cascade and Sierra Ne- vada Mountains from Washington to California. * * * ♦ Erect annuals: leaflets mostly 5—7: upper lip of the calyx 2-parted or bitid: keel mostly ciliate. li. carnosulus Greene Bull. Cal. Acad, ii, 144. Erect annual, 1—2 feet high, simple or branched, stout and succulent: pubescence ap-. pressed, minute; leaflets pubescent both sides, oblanceolate. 0 — 12 lines long, obtuse but Avith a small recurved mucronation: the petioles 1—3 times longer; racemes loose, distinctly verticillate; bracts most- ly exceeding the calyx; upper lip of the calyx deeply cleft, the lower entire; petals barely exceeding the calyx, 2 lines long, the upper one entire; ix^tals 8 — 6 lines Ions?, deep blue, ket'I villous in the mi- 18 lines long, on petioles twice longer: racemes peduncled; flowers more or less dis- tinctly verticillate; bracts shorter than the calyx; pedicles 1—3 lines long; upper lip of the calyx with divergent lobes, lower lip longer, entire; petals barely exceeding the calyx, 2 lines long, the upper one short, orbicuiar, mucronulate, blue with white dots in the centre. lateral ones narrow, appressed. dark blue, keel wooly-ciliate toward the apex: pods an incli long, .3—4 lines broad. appressed-pu])escent. 5— 7-seeded: seeds grayish Avith a dark diagonal line near the liilum. In open places along streams, Washington to California. Ii. bicolor Lindl. Bot. lieg. xiii. 1. 1109. Stems stoutish. G— 10 inches high, erect, diffusely branched, sometimes simple, silky-pilose: stipules linear-lanceolate: leaflets ,5—8. unequal. narrowl.V oblanceolate. obtuse or acutish. (►— 10 lines long, appressed-silky both sides, the petioles 3 — i times longer: racemes long-peduncled ; bracts setaceous, shorter than the calyx, deciduous; floAvers in 2 — 4 verticils, on stout pedicels a line or more long; upper lip of the calyx deeply cleft, the lower a little longer and slightly 3-cleft; petals 3 — i lines long, the upper one orbicular, blue Avith a Avhite dotted Avith blue stripe down the center, lateral ones broadly oboA'ate, dark blue, keel ciliate: pods an inch long by 3 lines broad, densely appressed-silky. 4 — G seeded: seeds light broAvn. In open places, Washington to California. Ii. trif idus Torr. in Watson Proe. Am. Acad. viii. 535. Stems slender, G— 10 inches high, branched from the base, pubescent throughout Avith rather coarse more or less spreading Avhitish hairs: stipules linear- lanceolate, adnate for half their length: leaflets 5—8. unequal, linear- oblanceolate, obtuse, not half as long as the petioles: bracts deciduous, linear-lanceolate. 2—3 lines long; upper lip of the calyx deepl.v cleft, the segments diA'^ergent. loAver lip a little longer, trifid: flOAvers verti- cillate. on pedicels a line long; petals nearly 3 lines long, the upper one orbicular, blue and Avhite. the lateral ones dark blue, keel ciliate above the middle. On dry hillsides, southern Oregon to California. 130 LEGUMINOt^.E. jatpinus. r LEX . § 2 pLATYcARPOsWat.sonProc. Am. Aciid. viii, oSS. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sides of the upper i)etai strongly retiexed. Ovary 2-ovuled. Cotyledons brojid and clasping after germina- tion, usually long-persistent. Annuals with cuneate-oblong or obovate leaflets and persistent bracts ; i)ods ovate. I.. Inteolus Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad, v, 38. Stout, 1—2 feet high, usual- ly much branched: pubescenee short, appressed, rather silky: stipules setaceous, villous: leaflets usually 7, cuneate-oblong, an inch long or more, the petioles but little longer: i-acemes short, dense; peduncles ex- ceeding the leaves; bracts linear-setaceous, villous; flowers yellow, 6 lines long; upper lip of the calyx narrow, about a line long, lower lip 4 lines long, upper petal oblong, shorter than the others: pods villous: seeds 2 lines long, black, rough. Southern Oregon to California. Jj. microcarpus Sims Bot. Mag. t, 2413. Erect and branching, 3—18 inches high, vITious with long spreading hairs: stipules long-setjiceous: leaves mostly approximate upon the stem, on elongated petioles; leaf- lets 7—11, usually 9. cuneate-oblong, 1—2 inches long, obtuse and mu- cronulate or emarginate, smooth above: flowers in close verticils, on pedicels 1—2 lines long; bracts subulate-setaceous, equalling the calyx or shorter; calyx dense villous, lower lip large 3-toothed, the middle tooth small; upper lip very short, sub-scarious, 2-toothed; petals purple to white or cream-color, 6 — 7 lines long, the keel slightly ciliate: pods villous, 8 lines long. On moist sloi)es, from the C«jlumt)ia river to southern California. li. pusillus Pursh Fl. 4G8. Rather stout, 3—10 inches high, diffusely branched from the base, hirsute with long spreading hairs; leaflets usually 5, cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, 0—15 lines long, a<*ute or obtuse, nearly glabrous above, alxHit half as long as the petioles: racemes short-peduncled or sessile, not exceeding the leaves, 2—3 inches long: pedicels 2—3 lines long; upper lip of tlie calyx 2-cleft, the lower subentire; petals purple or rose-color, 4 lines long, equal: seeds nearly 2 lines broad. On sanuy plains, eastern AVashington to the Missouri river :nid New ^Mexico. L. Lrevicaulis Watson Bot. King 53, t, 7. Steins short or nearly wanting: leaves 1—4 inches high, pubescent with spreading hairs; leaflets mostly 7, euneate-obovate, 5 — 7 lines long, rounded at the apex: racemes dense, 1—2 inches long, the peduncles nearly equalling the leaves: upper lip of tlie calyx very short or truncate, scarious, the low- er one subentire: petals blue, 3—5 lines long, equal. Southeastern Ore- gon to Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico. 3 LJ^EX L. Gen. n. 881. (Furze.) Compact th(»rny shrubs with simple prickle-pointed leaf like organs without stipules, and scattered yellow dowers. Calyx of two nearly or (juite distinct yellowish •sei)als. Petals short, un- guiculate, subequal the up])er one not reflexed. Stamens 10, monadelphous ; anthers in two sets, the outer ones she, it and versatile, the inner long and basifixed. Ovary sessile, many- ovuled ; style smooth, incurved ; stigma capitate. U. Europaeus L. Sp. 741. A dense shrub 3—0 feet high, the numerous short branches villous, ending in a short spine: lower leaves some- times lanceolate, more commonly reduced to spines. 6 lines long: flow- ers G lines long, yellow, solitary in the axil of a spinescent leaf, often crowded on the short braiichlets: calyx villous; upper petal ovate, obtuse, hardly erect: pods fi'W-seeded, but little longer than the calyx. cYTisrs. LEGUMINOS.E. 131 MEDlCACiO. On sandy plains about the mouth of the Columbia river. Introduced from Europe. 4 CYTI S US L. Geii. n. 877. Slirulis witli green, more or less leafy angular l)ranches, palm- ately or jannately trifoliolate leaves, minute or ineonspieuous stipules and solitnry or raeemous, yellow or white flowers. Calyx with campanulate tube and bilabiate limb. Petals broad, ungui- ciilate, free, the keel obtuse. Stamens 10, monadelithous ; anth- ers in two sets, the outer ones short and versatile, the alternate ones long and basitixed. Ovary mostly sessile, many-ovuled; style glabrous, incurved; stigma terminal, capitate or obli(pie. Pod compressed, several-seeded. C. scopARius Link. Enum. ii, 241. (^ScoTCH Broom). A much ]»ranclie})er petal free, longer tlian the lateral ones, keel petals completely united cohering with the lateral ones, all free from tlie stamens. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform. Pods coriaceous, globose or ovoid, longer tlian the calyx, scarcely deliiscent, one to few- seeded. M. IxoicA All. Fl. Ped. i, 30;}. M. parvijiora Desv. Steins erect or hh- cendiiig, with spreading branches, 1-3 feet high, from an annual root : leaflets of the lower leaves obovate aad often nearly entire, of the upx^er ones cuneate-oblong or linear, truncate or emarginate, serrate ; stipules linear-setaceous ; racemes at first dense, at length ratlier loose ; flowers yellow, small; teeth of the calyx broad, nearly equal, half the length of the corolla ; petals nearly equal : pods globose-ovate, wrinkled, 2-8eeded. In low grounds and along rivers. Introduced. M. ALBA. Lam. Encycl, iv, 63. Stems erect, branching, 3-6 feet high, from a biennial root : leaflets ovate-oblong, truncate at the apex, mucro- nate, remotely serrate; stipules setaceous: racemes elongated, panicled, loose; teeth of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube; corolla white, 2-3 lines long, more than twice the length of the calyx, the upper petal longer than the others : pods ovate, Mrinkled, two-seeded. Along streams and river bottoms. Introduced. 7 TRIFOLIUM Tourn. Inst. t. 228. L. Gen. n. 896. (Clover). Herbs with palmately orpinnately trifoliolate, rarely o-T-folio- late, leaves with adnate stipules, and usually numerous flowers in capitate racemes, spikes or umbels, on axillary or ai)parently terminal peduncles. Calyx o-cleft or -parted, with nearly ecpial teeth, persistent. Petals persistent, unguiculate, the claws all more or less adnate to the staminal tube, or the upper one free : keel sbort, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Pods concealed with- in or little exserted from the calyx, 1-6-seeded, dehiscent or in- dehiscent. § 1. Lupin ASTEK ^lonch. DC. Prodr. ii, 208. Heads not in- volucrate, dense : leaflets 5-7, rarely only 8 ; flowers sessile : teeth of the calyx nearly equal, filiform, plumose : perennials. T. megacephahiin Nutt. Gen. ii, 105 (?). Stems stout, 4-8 inches long, from a stout perennial root, decumbent or ascending, villous, 1-2- leaved below, and a pair of opposite ones at the summit ; stipules folia- ceous, the lower ones lanceolate to oblong, irregularly incised with acumi- nate lobes, to almost entire, the j^air subtending the peduncle obliquely ovate, 6-8 lines long by 4-6 lines l)road, laciniately lobed and tpothed "; leaflets 5-7, obovate to oblanceolate, 4-10 lines long, spinulose-dentate, apiculate, obtuse or emarginate, strongly veined: peduncle stout, appar- ently terminal, longer than the leaves; flowers many, in dense capitate spikes, very shortly pediceled, an inch or more long, ochroleucous and pur- ple : tube of the calyx 1-2 lines long, the setaceous plumose teeth 5-0 times longer; upper petal broad, free, longer than, and enfolding the oth- ers, wings and keel unguiculate, the claws adnate to the staminal tulx' : pods sessile, ciliate near the apex, otherwise smooth, 4-6-ovuled, usually 2-seeded. In wet gravelly places. Eastern Oregon and Washington. T. Plummerae Watson Bot. Cal.ii, 440 (?). Stems cespitose, 1-3 indies high, clustered at the crown of a thick perpendicular root, canescent witli TRIFOLIIM. LEGUMINOS.E. 133 appressed hoary pubescence throughout: leaflets 3-5, obovate to oblanceo- late, coarsely serrate, 8-6 lines long: stipules mostly scarious and inflated ; l>eduncles shorter than the leaves ; flowers few, 3-4 lines long, on short IMidicels : teeth of the calyx linear, but little longer than the tube, a third fihorter than the petals :ovary densely villous, 2-ovuled. In open forests, Blue Mountains of Oregon. g 2. EuTHiKOLii '^r. Heads not involucrate: peduncles termi- nal or apparently so : flowers sessih? or nearly so. * More or less puT)escent: teeth of the calyx longer than the tube, very narrow : stipules linear or lanceolate, acuminate. ■*- Teeth of the calyx plumose or haii;j' . ■»*- Flowers never reflexed. T. albopiirpureuin T. & G. Fl. i, 313. T. Macnri ve the middle, 2-6 lines long: flowers in dense, ovate slender-peduncled heads, sessile, dark purple; calyx very villous, the straight filiform plumose teeth as long as the petals, somewhat spreading: petals scarcely connected : ovary pul)escent : pods 1 -seeded. On dry hill- sides, western Washington to California. T. PRATKNSE L. v^p. 1082. (RedClover). Perennial: stems ascending, somewhat hairy, 1-3 feet long; stipules broadly lanceolate, membrana- ceous, nerved, setaceously acunr>inate: leaflets olx'iordate or oblong-ovate, often emarginato, nearly entire, glabrous alx)ve, 1-2 inches long: heads of flowers ovate, dense, nearly sessile, bracteate; teeth of the calyx setaceous, hairy, the lower one much longer than the other four, which are equal and about half as long as the corolla ; petals purplish-red, all united into a tube at the base. Roadsides and culthated flelds, common. T. loii^ipes Xutt. T. & G. Fl.i, 314. Glabrous or nearly so: stems erect or ascending from spreading perennial roots, 6-20 inches high, stout : stipules mostly narrow, entire <)r eparsely toothed, apiculate: leaves long- petioled ; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, entire or minutely denticulate, 1-2 inches long, acute or obtuse, apiculate, strongly veined: flowers white, in dense ovate long-peduncled heads, sessile or nearly so ; tube of the calyx sparingly villous, a line long, the setaceous teeth minutely plumose ; 5-7 lines long, nearly equalling the corolla; upjxir ix^tal free, the others united with the stamiual tube : ovary pul>escent at the apex, shortly stipitate, 2-4-ovuled. In wet places and about springs, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. Var. latifolinm Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi, 209. Often low: leaflets l)road : flowers pedicillate, in loose heads. From the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. -> -n- Flowers at length reflexed. T. erioceplialniii Nutt. I. c. 313. Villous with spreading hairs, stems erect, 6-10 inches high or more, from a stout perennial root: stipules linear to lanceolate, entire or repand; 12-18 lines long: leaflets oblong to lanceo- late, 1-2 inches long, acutely and minutely serrulate: flowers in dense nvate spikes, yellowish or white, 4-8 lines long; tube of the calyx very short, its filiform plumose teeth aljruptly narrow^ed from a broad base, nearly equalling the petals ; claws of the petals united to the staminal tube; ovary hairy, 2-4-ovuled. Common in open places, western Wash- ington and Oregon to northern California. T. plnmosum Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 13 ^ t. 49, l^ilky-pubescent : stems 134 LEGUMIXOS/E. tkifoliim. Hlender, 8-16 inches higli, from a stout perennial root, erect or ascending: Btipiiles linear-lanceolate, acaminate, adnate to above the middle: leaflets narrowly oblong to linear, 1-2 inches long, acuminate, denticulate: flowers white, in dense oblong or ovate spikes, 6 lines long, rertexed: tube of the calyx very villous, a line or less long, the subulate-setaceous teeth about half as long as the petals, silky-plumose: ovary 4-ovuled, In open places that are wet in spring, Oregon to California. T. Harneyeiisis Howell P. C. PL Coll. of 1887. Glal)rous or nearly so ; steins erect ; H-18 inches high, from a cre^^ping perennial root : stipules linear to lanceolate, entire or dentate, an inch or more long; leaflets linear to ob- lanceolate, irreo:ularly dentate, 1-3 inches long, appressed pubescent be- neath ; flowers in dense oblong heads, on rather long pedicels, at length reflexed: tube of 4he calyx appressed-pubescent, less than a line long, the subulate teeth 2-3 lines long, less than half as long as the petals : ovary densely tomentose. In alluvial prairies, Harney valley southeastern Oregon. T. Ore^anum Howell Eryth. i, 110. Perennial; stems decumbent or ascending, 6-8 inches long; herbage glabrous or the petioles and peduncles oppressed-silky; stipules linear or the upper ones lanceolate, acute, entire or serrate a])ove the middle ; leaflets linear-oblong to lanceolate, entire or denticulate, 6-12 lines long; flowers pinkish or light red in loose subumbel- late heads, the short pedicels reflexed in age; tul)e of the calyx minutely vilfous, a line long, the subulate-setaceous teeth twice longer: ovary smooth, stipitate, 3-4-ovuled. In moist places, eastern base of the Coast Mou'itains, near Waldo, Josephine Co., Oregon. * * GLibrous perennials: teeth of the calyx subulate, rigid, con- torted, twice longer than the tube : flowers sessile, not reflexed : sti- pules lanceolate, acuminate. •; T. aUissiiiinm Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 130, t, AS. Erect, stout, a foot or more high: stipules very long, toothed; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate, very acute, 2 inches long, strongly veined, the veins excurrent: flowers in dense oblong or ovate spikes, 6-8 lines long ; lower tooth of the calyx straight, the others curved or twisted : petals red: ovary smooth, 2-ovuled. Eastern Oregon and AVashington to Idaho. * * * Glabrous throughout: teeth of the calyx straight, scarcely longer than the tube : stipules lanceolate to ovate : flowers on very short pedicels, at length reflexed: perennials. T. Beckwltliii Brewer Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 128. Stout: leaflets <)l)long to oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, 1-2 inches long, coarsely veined and toothed : flowers 7-9 lines long, in dense globose heads ; teeth of the calyx linear-subulate : ovary 2-6-ovuled. Southern Idaho to northern California. T. Kiu^ii Watson Bot. King, 59. Slender, 6-8 inches high : stipules lanceolate to ovate, entire or the upper ones dentate ; lower leaflets round- ovate to oblong, obtuse, upper ones linear-ol)long to lanceolate, acute, all "serr.ite: flowers in oblong spikes, the rachis often produced above the liead with a few spinescent bracts; teeth of the calyx thin, subulate, a line long, but little if any longer than the tube, about one-third the length of the i)urplish corolla. In moist places, eastern base of the Cas- cade Mountains at Camp Polk, Oregon, to California, Utah and Montana. T. Howellii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxiii, 262. Stems stout, erect, 1-3 feet high : stipules of the lower leaves narrowly lanceolate, of the upper ones ovate, all entire: petioles short; leaflets mostly cuneate-oblanceolate, 1-3 inches long irregularly-toothed peduncles axillar}', longer than the leaves; flowers white, in rather dense ovate or oblong heads, 4-6 lines long; teeth of the calyx sulnilate, about as long as the tube; upper j)etal oblong, (:-7 lines long* much longer than the others, free; ovary 2-ovuled; TRiFOLiuM. LEGUMINOS^. 135 pods l-2-seede(l, a little longer than the calyx, dehiscent. Along streams and ditches, Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and northern California. * * * * Peduncles axillary : flowers on slender pedicels, soon re- flexed: ovules 2-4: spreading perennials. T. Breweri Watson 1. c. xi, 131. Somewhat pubescent throughout, stems procumbent, very slender, 4-12 inches long, from a rather thick perennial root: stipules lanceolate, short; leaflets obovate to oblong, mostly retuse, toothed or serrulate, 3-9 lines long: flowers white or pink- ish, on slender pedicels, in loose glolx)se heads: calyx very narrow, the slender teeth much shorter than the corolla. In moist jplaces, south- western Oregon and northern California. T. REPExs L. Sp. 1080. (White Clover). Glabrous perennial; stems slender, creeping, rooting at all the nodes, 4-20 inches long: leaves long- petioled ; stipules narrowly lanceolate, scarious ; leaflets olx;ordate, den- ticulate, 4-10 lines long: flowers white or pinkish, in loose depressed-glo- bose l(Mig-peduncled heads, soonreflexed; teeth of the calyx unequal, lanceolate-subulate, shorter than the tube: pods 4-seeded. Common in cultivated flelds and roadsides. Introduced from Europe. ***** Peduncles axillary: flowers on short pedicels, in small heads, at length reflexed : teeth of the calyx subulate, mostly glabrous : slender annuals. T. ciliolatum Benth. PI. Plartw. 304. T. ciliatum Nutt. not Clark. ale at Che tip: pods somewhat stipitate, 3-6-seeded. In salt meadowj? along the coast, near the mouth of the Cohimbia river. T. obtttsifloruiu Hook. Ic. PI. t. 218. Sjmrsely short-hairy or glabrous, often more or less resinous-glandular : stems stout, a few inches to 3 feet l^ and river banks, Brit. Columbia to California. T. oligauthum Steiid. Nom. i, 707. T, paucijiorutn Nutt. not d'Ur- ville. Cxlabroui^ annual : stems slender, erect, much branched from the base and sometimes sparingly so above, about a foot high : stipules lacini- ate, acuminate : lower leaflets on long petioles, cuneate-oblong, obtuse «>r emarginate, upper ones on short petioles, lanceolate-linear, acuminate, 8-10 lines long by 1 -2 lines broad, distinctly and minutely spinulose-ser- wiiate;-Jnvoluere 12-J<»-parted, about one-third the length of the flowers: heads 5-7-flowered, on long flliform peduncles ; teeth of the calyx simple, broadly subulate, pungent, scarcely longer than the tube, shorter than the petals; lower part of the corolla dull purple, upper part whitish : pods 2- seeded. Wet places on the higher plains of the Columbia and Willamette valleys. T. varie^atam Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i,317. Glabrous winter annual; stems weak and decumbent, H-12 inches long, branching from the base and spar- ingly above : upper stipules roundish, laciniately dentate with subulate- setaceous teeth : leaflets obovate tooblong or somewhat obcordate, ndnutely spinulose-serrate, 3-G lines long, |>eduncles filiform, longer than the leaves ; involucre oixiu-campanulate or at length spreading, laciniately many-cleft, shorter than the flowers ; heads about 6 linesJ in diameter ; teeth of the glabrous calyx equal, lanceolate-suV)ulate with setaceous points, longer than the tube, shorter than the corolla: petals purple with white tips: pods small, 2-seeded. Common in wet places throughout the Willamette valley. * * Involucre membranaceous, at least at base, less deeply lobed, the lobes entire or toothed : corolla not becoming inflated: annuals. T. microcephalaiii Pursh Fl. 478. Villous with soft hairs: stems .slender, erect or decumbent, 6-20 inches long, diffusely branched from the base: stipules lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, mostly entire: leaflets ob- lanceolate to obcordate or obovate, denticulate: aA) lines long: heads small, densely many-flowered; involucre about 9-1 obed, the lobes acumi- nate, 3-nerved, entire; calyx hairy, its subulate teeth scariously nungined, sometimes toothed at base, attenuate to a long spinulose |)oint, equalling the corolla : ovules 2; i^ods glabrous, 1 -seeded. Common in o}>en places, Brit. Columbia to California. T. iiiicrodoii H. ct. A. Bot. Beech, 330, t. 79. Komewhat villous: stems slender, erect or ascending, diffusely branched l)elow, 0-12 inches high: stipules lanceolate to ovate, spinulose-acuminate, entire; leaflets obcordate, serrate, 4-8 lines long, nearly as broad: heads small, long- peduncled ; involucre conspicuously cup-shaped, as long as the flowers, y-12-lobed, the oblong lobes laciniately toothed: calyx glabrous, campanu- late, 10-nerved, the short t^jeth triangular-subulate, spinose ; jxHals rose- color: pinu lose- dentate, nearly as long as the flowers: calyx smooth, the tube somewhat inflated, prominently 5-nerved, the nerves excurrent into branching seta- ceous tips which equal the small white corolla: pods oblong, 2-8eeded. About springs and on wet rocks, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. * * * Involucre membranac-eous : the upper petal becoming eon ! spicuously inflated and enclosing the lower ones. 138 LEGUMINOS.!-:. trifolum. LOTUS. T. fiicatum Liiidl. 1. c. t. 1883. Usually stout and fistulous, the de- cumbent brandies 1-2 feet long: herbage light green, glabrous and some- what succulent: stipules large, membranaceous nearly or quite entire : leaflets 6-18 lines long, broadly obovate, obtuse or retuse, dentate or spinu- lose-denticulate ; peduncles stout, far exceeding the leaves ; bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-margined, connate at base; heads hemispherical, 1-2 inches l)road : calyx thin, campanulate, the short teeth entire, unequal : corolla 0-12 lines long, ochroleucous, fading with a red tinge: pods stipitate, o-8-seeded : seeds roundish, nearly a line broad, minutely granulate. Along the coast, Oregon- and California. T. depauperatum Desv. Journ. Bot. iv, 69, t. 32. Smooth, low and slender, decumbent or ascending: stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; leaflets obcordate to linear, obtuse, 6 lines long or less : heads 3-10- flovvered ; inv^olucre reduced to a very sm^ll toothed or truncate, often minute and scarious ring : calyx short, the narrowly subulate teeth but little longer than the tube; upper petal much inflated and enclosing the others, pods 1-2-seeded, seeds little broader than long, rather angular; tuberculate-rugose. In wet phices top of Table Rock, Southern Oregon to California and South America. Tribe 4. Lotece B &> JI. Gen. 442 Herbs rarely shrubby^ with one to viany-foliolate leaves., entire leaflet:,, foliaceous. scarious or gland-like sHpules, and capitate, umbellate or solitary inflorescence. Petals jree from the stamens. Stamens 70^ diadelphous. Pod con- tinuous., one-celled but often with spongy partitions between the seeds. 8 LOTUS Tourn. HOSACKIA Benth. and Americaiviiuthors . Herlmceous or suffrutescent ])lants with pinnately one to sev- eral-foliolate leaves with gland-like, rarely scarious or foliaceous, stipules and one to several-Howered axillary peduncles, the flower often subtended by a 1-5-foliolate bract. Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft, the teeth nearly equal, usually longer than tlie tube. Petals free from the stamens, nearly equal, the upper one ovate or roundish, lateral ones obovate or oblong,, keel somewhat in- curved, obtuse or acutely beaked. Stamens diadelphous ; the alternate filaments dilated or thickened under the anthers. Pods linear, compressed or terete, straiglit or arcuate, sessile, dehis- cent or indehiscent, 1 -several-seeded, with spongy partitions be- tween the seeds. Seeds variously rounded or elongated, some- times (juadrate. smooth, tuberculate or rugose. § 1 AcMispox Raf. New Fl. 53, as genus. Annuals with 1-5- foliolate nearly sessile leaves with small gland-like stipules and small flowers on axillary peduncles. Petals but little exceeding the calyx the claws equally approximate to each other^ keel nar- rowed above into a rather short, acute, incurved beak, equalling or exceeding the wings : pods linear, straight or nearl)^ so, some- what compressed, readily dehiscent, several-seeded. L. Americaiins Bisch. Hort. Heidelb. Hosackia Purshiana Benth. More or less villous or glabrous : stems erect or assurgent, 6-18 inches high, simple to diffusely branched: leaves nearly sessile or short-petioled ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate or oblong, 3-9 lines long often only the terminal one present, the others when present scattered on a short slightly dilated LOTUS. LEGUMIXOS.E. 139 rachis: peduncles usually exceeding the leaves, with a single unifoiiolate bract at the summit ; flowers solitary, 2-8 lines long; teeth of the calyx linear, much longer than the tube, almost equalling the corolla; petals salmon-color, the upper one orbicular : pods narrow, S(jme\vhat compressed, alx)ut an inch long, 5-7-seeded, with very sv>ongy partitions l>etween the oblong black or mottled seeds. Common on bars and gravelly banks of streams. Brit. C(>lumbia to Calif-12 lines long, 5-7-seeded, often contracted be- tween the seeds. Common on dry or gravelly plains and hillsides, Van- couver Island to California. § 3 8vRMATruM Vogel as (ienus. Mostly perennials with pinnately 8-7-foliohite leaves, and gland-like sti[»ules. Pedun- cles umbelhitely one to several-flowered; claw of the upper petal 140 LEGUMINOH.E. lotis. remote from the others; keel broad jind o1)tiise above. The ma- ture calyx deciduous witli tlie indehiscent, usually small, arcuate, slender-pointed, few-seeded pod. L. Donglasii Greene 1. v. 149. UxHackia decamhenn Beiith. Yillous- pubescent and somewhat tomentose : stems slender, ascending or diffnsely procumbent, 0-18 inches long, from a thick very tough perennial root : leatiets 5-7, cuneate-obovate to oblong, mostly acute, 3-0 lines long: um- bels of j'ellow flowers on short peduncles, subtended by a 1-8-foliolate bract: calyx silky, its slender teeth often as long as the campanulate tube: pods pubescent, falcate, the beak longer than the seed-bearing portion, about 2-seeded . Open plains and hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California. g 4. HosAcKiA Benth. l^ot. Ivea. xv, under t. 1257, as Genus. Perennial herbs with ])innate leaves, true stipules, the leaflets evenly distributed upon a lineai- rachis. Peduncles um- bellately many-flowered, the flowers usually subtended by a bract. Claw of the upper petal remote from the others, the lat- eral ones partially cohering with the broad and mostly veiT ob- tuse keel and spreading away from the claw of the upper one. Pods acute above, linear, straight or nearly so, o-20 seeded, gla- brous, terete or somewhat compressed, tardily dehiscent. * Glabrous throughout or becoming so: bracts petioled or wanting: stipules scarious : leaflets 5-15: flowers rather large. L. crassifolius Greene 1. c. 147. Jfomekia croHaifolia Benth, .Stout, erect, often 2-4 feet high, widely brandling: leaflets 9-15. minutely pubes- cent or somewhat villous but soon glabrate, thickjsh obovate or oblong, usually obtuse and mucronulate, 0-12 lines long, peduncles nearly equal- ling the leaves, usually many-flowered : bract usually some distance be- low- the umbel, 1-3-foliolate: flowers on slender ]>edicels, 2-4 lines long: tube of the calyx campanulate, 3 lines long, truncate, the yery short tri- angular teeth distant from each other; petals mucli longer than the calyx, dull dark purple: pods thick, about 2 inches l«)ng by 3 lines in diameter: seeds nearlj orbicular. In rich allvivial soil, foothills of the Cascade Mountains, Washington to California. L. piiiiialns Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2913. llomckia hicolor Dougl, Glab- rous throughout : stems numerous, from a thick perennial root, erect, branched above, 1-2 feet high: leaflets 5-9 obovate or oblong, obtuse or acutish, <)-12 lines long; stipules rather large, triangular, acuminate: ped- uncles mostly longer than the leaves, 3-10-flowered, naked, oi- sometimes with a small scarious or 1-3-foliolate bract at the summit: flowers nearly sessile, H-10 lines long; calyx campanulate, oblique, its triangular teeth but half as long as the tube; upper i^etal bright yello\y, the lateri^l ones usually white : pods nearly terete, 2 inches long, but little more than a line in diameter : seeds numerous, oblong. In springs and ditches, Brit. (\)lumbia to California. L. toriiiosissiiiiiis; Greene 1. c. Hoyackia gracilU Benth. Low and slen'der, the weak stems 0-12 inches long: leaflets 5-7, broadly «jbovate to obovate-oblong, obtuse, the lowest truncate or retuse ; stipules thin, ovate: pedicels equalling or shorter than the leaves; bract petioled, 1-3-foliolate: teeth of the calyx unequal, triangular, acute or acuminate, shorter tlian tbe campanulate tulx? ; petals 7 lines long, the upper one yellow\ the wide spreading lateral ones and much shorter keel rose-color: pods short. In moist ground along the seaboard, Oregon to Cahfornia. * * Pul^escent or puberulent ; bracts lu'arly sessile, at the top of the ptnluncles. psoRALEA. LEGUMINO»S.K. 141 L. Torreyi Greene 1. c. 146. Hosackia Torreiji Gray. Minutely pubes- cent : Htems rather slender, numerous, from a stout perennial root, 1-2 feet high, mostly simple: stipules triangular, a line «»r more long; leaflets 5-1), obovate to narrowly oblanceolate or linear, densely pul)escent be- neath, mostly obtuse, 0-12 lines long: peduncles exceeding the leaves; bracts usually trifoliolate : umbels 5-7-ttowered : teeth of the pu]>escent calyx subulate, about as long as the short campanulate tube ; petals 6 lines long, the upper one bright yellow, the lateral ones and very obtuse keel white or reddish : pods linear, 1-2 inches long, with an acuminate hooked beak. In springs and ditches, southwestern Oregon to California. Tribe 5. Gnlegetr. Bronn. (partly) T. tC" G. FL i\ 292. Erect herbs, shrubs, or trees with vsually unequally 'pinnate, seldom stipellate leares and axillary or terminal, racemose or spi- cate inflorescence. Corolla papilionaceous, or otherwise irregu- lar. Stamens diadelphous or sometimes monadelphous. Pods continuous, rarely with transverse celbdar partitions between the seeds, but never separating into joints, 1-celled. several-seeded, de- hiscent, or 1-2-seeded and indehiscent. Radicl incurred or in- ffexed. 9 P80RALEA Royen L. Gen. ed. 2, 358. Our species perennial herbs, the herbage punctate with dark glandular dots with digitately or pinnately 8-5-tbliohite leaves with entire leaflets and free stipules, and white or purple flowers in axillary pedunculate spikes or racemes, mostly with mem- branaceous deciduous bracts. Calyx campanulate, i)ersistent, 5- cleft, its teeth nearly equal, or the lower one longest, tlie two upper ones often connate. Petals free from the stamens ; keel broad and obtuse above, united with the wings. Stamens usually diadelphous, the upper one sometimes united with the others at the base ; anthers uniform, often only 5 perfect. Pods ovate, about as long as the calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent, thick, often wrinkled. * Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, rarely 7-foliolate. P. lanceolata Pursh. Fl. 475. Aromatic-glandular throughout : stems slender, 12-30 inches high, erect or assurgent, branched, glabrous or witli a few scattered hairs: stipules linear-lanceolate to setaceous, 3-0 lines long: petioles 1-2 inches long; leaves trifoliolate; leaflets 1-2 inches long, linear- lanceolate to obovate, acute or obtuse, mucronate, glabrous or with a few hairs: peduncles longer than the leaves; inflorescence capitate, small ; bracts minute ; flowers nearly white ; calyx minutely hairy, the lobes nearly equal, obtuse: pods globose, 3 lines long, light with conspicu- ous large raised brown glands, nearly glabrous, beak small and erect : , seeds globose, brown. On sandy plains, Oregon and Washington to Iowa and Arizona. P. Purshii Yail Bull . Torr. Club, xxi, 94. Glandular throughout; stems assurgent 6-20 inches high or more, from a long slender rootstock, glabrous or somewhat hirsute at base ; scales ovate, scarious: leaves 3- foliocte; stipules lanceolate, 3-4 lines long; leaflets 1-2 inches long, oIk>- vate cuneate or elliptical, or the uppermost nearly lanceolate and often much narrower, varying greatly in size and shape, refuse or mucronulate, glandular, glabrous or with a few scattered white hairs: peduncles vary- ing in length, rarely longer than the leaves: flowers scattered in slender spikes or crowded in nearh' capitate heads; bracts minute; lobes of the 142 LEGUMINOS.K. psoralea. pktalostp:mex. calyx about equal, sparingly hirsute : pods glabrous, 4 lines long, with a short erect beak, light Mith scattered brown glands and more or less •densely villous with white hairs : seeds globose, 3 lines long, light brown. On sand banks along the Columbia river, to Idaho and Nevada. * * Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. P. physodes Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 136. Glabrous or with a few weak, mostly })lack hairs: stems slender, assurgent, 1-2 feet high, simple: leaves 3-foliolate; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, reflexed ; leaflets broadly rhoniV>o id-ovate, mostly acute, mucronate an inch long, glandular; pedun- cles equalling or exceeding the leaves; flowers in capitate racemes; bracts small, elliptical; calyx more or less villous with usually dark-colored hairs, 4-5 lines long, becoming much inflated, lobes nearly equal, triangu- lar, the margins ciliate with dark hairs; petals 5-6 lines long, white or purplish, pods memV>ranaceous, rounded, somewhat compressed, 3 lines long; seeds grayish. In open woods and rocky hillsides, ^Vancouver Is- lam l to California. P. melilotoides Michx. Fl. ii, 58. Hedysamm pedunculattnn Mill, (iardn. Diet, No. 17. tSiems erect, 1-2 feet high, from a long rootstock, simple or branching from the base: stipules 2-3 lines long, setaceous: peti- oles shorter than the leaflets; leaves remote, 3-foliolate, rarely 4-5-folio- late; leaflets 2 inches long, lanceolate, acute, rarely ovate and obtuse, gla- brous except the veins and margins which are very sparingly hirsute ; X)eduncles much exceeding the leaves ; flowers in loose spikes : bracts glandular, broadly ovate, much imbricated, the cuspidate apex longer than the flowers; lobes of the calyx acute, glandular, the lower one the long- est: pods orbicular, compressed, transversely wrinkled, beak minute, re- curved: seed orbicular, flat, brown, f^eattle, Washington (Piper) and the Atlantic States. 10 PETALOf^TEMON Michx. Fl. ii, 48, t. 37. Herbaceous, mostly perennial glandular dotted plants witli unequally pinnate leaves with minute setaceous stipules, and small flowers in dense terminal spikes or heads. Calyx often glandular, o-toothed, the teeth connivent, nearly equal. Petals 5, on filiform claws; 4 of them nearly similar, their claws united to the stamen-tube (juite to the sunnnit, alternate witli the stam- (Mjs, deciduous by an articulation, the upper one free, inserted at the bottom of the calyx, the limb cordate or ohlong, condupli- cate. Stamens o, monadelphous, the tuhe cleft. Ovary with 2 collateral ovules. Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehi scent, 1 -seeded. P. ornatus Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 138. Perennial; stems simple, 1-2 feet high, glandular-dotted : leaflets 5-9, obovate to narrowly oblong, 5-6 lines long, flowers in dense, long-i)eduncled terminal spikes, sessile, bright purple ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the flowers : calyx 'densely silky-villous ; upper tooth as long as the tube, the others shorter : ovary pubescent. Hillsides and old river banks, Eastern Oregon. Tride 5. Asfragalece. Adans. Erect or decumbent^ herbaceous^ rarely suffrutescent, plants with unegually pinnate leaves and axillary or radical, racemose or spicate inflorescence. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens monadelphous Pod continuous , turgid or inflated., rarely flattened, often spuriously 2-celled or partly 2-celled by the intro- flexion of one or both of the sutures, dehiscent^ several-seeded^ rarely i-2-seeded. Radical incurved. ASTRAGALIS. LEGUMINOSiE. 143 11 ASTRAGALUS Toiirii. (Rattle weed, Loco-WEEn). Eroct or decumbent herbs with uneciually pinnate leaves with- out tendrils, persistent stipules and axillary spikes or racemes of rather small, narrow flowers. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with slender claws-, the keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Stigma terminal, minute. Pod very various, commonly turgid or in-. Hated, one or both sutures often projecting inward more or less, the dorsal one frequently so mueh as to divide the cell into two, rarely flat. Seeds few or many, on slender stalks, generally small for the size of the pod. Series I. Astragalus L. gen. n. S92 as genus. Pod com- pletely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal su- ture, the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply intruded. § 1 DiPHYsr Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, lijo. Pods ovnte or globose, membranaceous or coriaceous, inflated, glaluous oi- nearly so, sessile, complete!}^ 2-celled and more or less didvmous by the intrusion of both sutures, several -seeded : pultescencc short or wanting; flowers rather small, white to purple or vel- lowish, spicate or subspicate. A. araiieosus Sheld. Bull. Minn. Nat. Hist. Surv. No. 9, 170. Gla- brous throughout or slightly pubescent when young : stems decumbent or assurgent, 6-18 inches long, very linely striate, simple, few to many from a thick perennial I'oot : leaves 4-6 inches long, the rachis slightly winged, not channeled or but slightly so: stipules deltoid-acuminate, semi-sheath- ing below, reflexed; leatiets 6-8 pairs, 5-6 lines long, somewliat fleshy, or- bicular or obcordate, obtuse, retuse or emarginate ; peduncles equalling the leaves, striate, capitately or sub?^picately 10-12 flowered; calyx short'^ cylindrical, with a few scattered, blackish hairs, the linear spreading teeth >3->-8 lines long: peduncles about equalling the leaves: flowers re flexed, in a short raceme; calyx campanulate, dark-imbescent. 3 lines long, the teeth nearly equalling the tube; corolla yellowish, the narrow erect ban- ner 0-7 lines long. Pod white-pubescent, on a stipe as long as the calyx,, oblong-ovate, subsulcate on the back, the ventral suture somewhat promi- nent, straight, reflexed, 4-5 lines long. On open hillsides, southwestern Oregon . A. Faciiicus Sheld. Bull. iNIinn. Nat. Hist. Surv. 9, 174. A. llender- soiii Watsun, not Baker. Thinly pubescent throughout with soft wcK)lly hairs, the numerous stems erect or ascending from a stout perennial root- stock, 1-2 feet high : leaflets 6-10 pairs, narrowly oblong, obtuse or refuse, 6-9 lines long ; stipules lanceolate : pedunculate racemes exceeding the leaves, few-flowered : calyx tubular-campanulate, dark-villous, 3-4 lines long, the narrow teeth nearly equalhng the tube: pods reflexed, 2- celled, very fleshy-coriaceous, upon a stipe twice longer than the calyx, turgid, oblong to oblong-obovate, with a stout prominent ventral suture, the dorsal less prominent, very abruptly mucronate, glabrous, rugose, 8-11 lines long by 4 thick. Open hillsides, Jackson 0<»., Oregon and ad- jacent California. ^ 2 Ch.etodontes Gray 1. c. 194. Pods ovate, small, sessile, coriaceous, turgid or at times subcompressc'fel, more or less sulcate on the back, 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, cells o-4-ovuled. ]\[any-stemmecl perennials. A. Spaldiii^ii Gray 1. c. 524. Yillous-pubescent : stems a foot in height : leaflets 21-25, lanceolate to oblong-linear, 3-6 lines long : peduncles ex- ceeding the leaves : spikes oblong, dense, or rather loose at base ; flowers nearly 5 lines long : bracts setaceous ; calyx very villous ; pods 2-3 lines long, villous scarcely sulcate, 2-4-seeded. Plains of eastern AVashington and Idaho. A. Lyallii Gray I.e. 195. White-silky: stems a foot high, leaflets 19-25, 3-6 lines long, lanceolate to oblong-linear : peduncles not exceeding the leaves; spikes long and loose ; calyx villous, the tube equalling the teeth : pods hoary, sulcate. Valley of the Yakima, Wash., near the Brit. Columbia boundary. § 8. Ulkjinosi Gray 1. c. 19(). Pod coriaceous, turgid, ob- long, terete, scarcely sulcate and oiily on the l)ack, nearly straight, sessile, septum perfect. Tall perennials with a|)pressed gray-])ubescence or glabrate. A. Mortoiii Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii, 19. Minutely appressed- pubescent, greenish : stems erect 18-24 inches high : stipules broad and membranaceous; leaflets 11-17, oblong, obtuse, 6-12 lines long: x>eduncles as long as the leaves; flowers sessile or nearly so, in dense racemose spikes, reflexed as they open, the fruit erect; calyx villous, its teeth triang- ular-lanceolate, shorter than the tulie : pods 6 lines long, minutely pubes- cent, elongated-oblong, grooved at the dorsal suture, the ventral suture externally prominent : seeds numerous. Dry plains, eastern Oregon and Washington to Montana, Utah and Nevada. § 4. OxoBHYC HIDES Gra}' 1. c. 196. Pods coria'ceou-, oblong ASTRAGALUS. LEGUMINOS^. 145 or ovate, straight, usually more or less compressed or obcom- pressed-triangular, dorsally sulcate 2-celL'>l, pubescent, many- ovuled, erect : stipules more or less sheathing : flowers in dense spikes or small heads : perennials. A. adsurgens Pall. Astrag. 40. Cinereous with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate : stems rather stout, :4-18 inches high, ascending or decumbent: leaflets J3-19, narrowly to linear -oblong, 10-12 lines long, ob- tuse, pale green : peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers erect, in ob- long to subglobose spikes ; tube of the calyx long-campanulate, twice as long as the setaceous teeth, subvillous with partly black hairs ; petals bright purple, the upper one about one-third longer than the others : pods coria- ceous, erect, sessile, ovate-oblong, 4-5 lines long, straight, usually tri- angular compressed, dorsally sulcate, pubescent with appressed hairs, many-ovuled. Plains of eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and western Kansas. A. hypoglottis L. Mant. ii, 274. Somewhat hirsute : stems 6-24 inches long, slender, diffusely procumbent or ascending: leaflets 15-21, oblong or obovate to elliptical, obtuse or retuse ; stipules lanceolate, more or less co- hering: peduncles longer than the leaves; bracts longer than the calj'x, lanceolate : calyx blackish -pilose, its subulate teeth as long as the tube petals bright purple : pods ovate, triangular, compressed, silky- villous, very shortly stipitate, 6-8-seeded. Alluvial plains, southeastern Oregon and Washington to Colorado and Hudson Bay. § 5. DiDYMOCARPi Gray 1. c. 188. Pods thin-coriaceous, ob- compressed-didymous with a narrow perfect septum, transversely ridged or reticulated, at length separating into two 1-2-seeded divisions, mostly deflexed ; ovary short-stipitate : caulescent an- nuals. A. Catalinensis Nutt. PL Gamb. 152. A. nigrescens Nutt. not Pall. Cin- ereous with a short appressed pubescence : stem annual, 2-6 inches high, branching from the base : stipules scarious, triangular-ovate, acuminate, distinct, nearly free ; leaflets 7-11, cuneate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, a line long, pubescent beneath, sometimes smooth above; peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers 4-8, in a subcapitate raceme, on very short spreading pedicels, soon deflexed, a line long; calyx campanulate, pubescent with dark colored hairs, the broadly subulate teeth twice longer than the tube : pods broadly ovate, obcompressed, pubescent, 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, the ventral suture obtuse, several-ovuled. On dry hill- sides and banks, both sides of the Siskiyou Mountains near Ashland, Oregon. § 6. MicRANTHi Gray 1. c. Pod coriaceous, oblong, lanceo- late, or linear, straight or curved, sessile, dorsally sulcate, the ventral suture rather prominent, 2-cellod, many-ovuled. A. drepanolobus Gray 1. c. xix, 75. Perennial : strigose-pubescent throughout; the numerous stems ascending or decumbent, diffusely branched, 6-12 inches long: leaflets 9-11, obovate, usually emarginate, 4-6 lines long : peduncles exceeding the leaves, rather loosely-flowered; calyx short-campanulate, its subulate teeth shorter than the tube : pod linear-oblong, compressed, very falcate, 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, many-ovuled. On gravelly bars of the John Day river near its junction with the Columbia. A. umbraticns Sheld. 1. c. A. sylvaticus Watson, not Willd. Gla- brous : stems numerous from a stout perennial root, ascending or erect, 12-18 inches high, branching: leaflets 17-21, oblong, retuse, 4-9 lines long: peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; racemes close, rather few- 146 LEGUMINOS^. astragalus. flowered ; calyx slightly pubescent, campanulate, its acuminate teeth about equalling the tube ; petals 8-10 lines long, yellowish or whitish; pod deflexed, chartaceous, linear, more or less curved, compressed, 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, the ventral suture acute, 6-10 lines long by 3^ line broad, black when mature. In forests at Glendale, south- western Oregon. A. malacus Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 336. Villous-hirsute with long spreading hairs: stems rather stout, from a perennial root: leaflets 11-17, obovate, retuse, 4-8 lines long : peduncles exceeding the leaves, bearing a rather loose spike of several to many flowers; calyx cylindrical, pubescent, with dark-colored hairs, the slender teeth much shorter than the tube, but little shorter than the corolla : pods pendulous or spreading, lunate-lanceo- late, an inch long, 3-4 lines broad, densely long-hairy, turgid and sulcate on the back, sharp-edged ventrally, many-seeded. On alkaline plains, southeastern Oregon to Nevada and Colorado. A. arrectus Gray 1. c. viii, 280. Somewhat cinereous-pubeScent or nearly glabrous : stems 1-2 feet high from a perennial root, erect, sulcate, simple or branched : stipules distinct, scarious; leaflets 19-25, ovate or narrowly oblong, obtuse or retuse, 6-8 lines long: racemes on long pedun- cles, loosely rather few- flowered; flowers ochroleucous, 7 lines long; calyx tubular-campanulate, pubescent with blacii hairs, its teeth short and slen- der: pods erect upon spreading or somewhat deflexed pedicels, coriaceous, subglabrous, oblong, 8-12 lines long, nearly straight, cuspidate, abruptly narrowed at base into a stipe as long as the calyx, with a deep dorsal sul- cus and somewhat carinate ventral edge, 2-celled, many-seeded. Eastern Washington to Idaho and Nevada. A. obscurus Watson Bot. King. 69. Somewhat canescent, with a minute appressed pubescence : stems 6-12 inches high, numerous, slender, ascending, from a perennial root : stipules small, triangular, somewhat ad- nate to the petiole ; leaflets 5 -i5, linear to oblong, 2-5 lines long, obtuse or acute : peduncles exceeding the leaves : racemes 5-15-flowered, loose or capitate, calyx pubescent with black hairs, the campanulate tube twice longer than the acute teeth, petals 6 lines long, ochroleucous or tinged with violet, the upper one orbicular, longer than the entire lateral ones and arched keel ; pods terete, with a narrow dorsal sulcus, sessile, charta- ceous, erect, 10-15-ovuled. Eastern Oregon to Nevada. § 7. SuccuMBENTEs Gray 1. c. vi, 200. Pod. chartaceous- coriaceous, sessile, strongly compressed, falcate upward, bicari- nate and deeply sulcate on the back, the ventral suture promi- nent and acute. A. snccnmbens Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 151. Hirsute throughout: stems numerous, from the crown of a perennial root, decumbent, branching, 8-15 inches long: stipules small, oblong, acuminate, free and distinct; leaflets 11-15, obovate to oblong, 6 lines long or less ; peduncles stout, shorter than the leaves; racemes short, dense, many-flowered; calyx cylindrical, loosely hirsute, its triangular acuminate teeth shorter than the tube ; petals 8-10 lines long, nearly equal: pods glabrous, linear-lanceolate, falcate, 2 inches long, erect on spreading pedicels, bicarinate and deeply sulcate on the back, the ventral suture prominent, acute, strongly compressed, many- ovuled. On rocky or sandy hillsides along the Columbia river above The Dalles. § 8. Galegiformes Gray 1. c. Pod exsert-stipitate, pendent, coriaceous or cartilaginous-chartaceous, straight, narrow, more or less triangular, very deeply sulcate dorsally, the suture intruded to the middle or beyond. ASTRAGALUS. . LEGUMINOS.E. 147 A. HowelUi Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xv, 46. Cinereous-pubescent throughout: stems erect, slender, 1-2 feet high, sparsely leafy ; stipules linear-lanceolate, partly adnate, 2 lines long ; leaflets 11-31, oblong to lin- ear, obtuse to retuse, 4-8 lines long : peduncles exceeding the leaves ; flowers white, on short spreading pedicels, soon deflexed, in a loose raceme ; calyx campanulate, subgibbous at base, its subulate-setaceous teeth about equalling the tube : pods straight, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate at base to a stipe, twice longer than the calyx, 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, the ventral suture prominently keeled, canescent, several-ovuled. Dry hillsides and plains. Eastern Oregon near The Dalles. A. niiselliis Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxi, 449. Canescent with a short appressed pubescence : stems numerous from a thick perennial root, de- cumbent or ascending, 4-6 inches long : stipules triangular to broad-subu- late, slightly connate ; leaflets 17-21, oblong to linear, 2-3 lines long, pu- bescent beneath, soon glabrate above : peduncles about equalling or much exceeding the leaves, few-flowered; flowers spreading or reflexed,on very short pedicels : calyx campanulate, its teeth nearly equalling the tube : pod linear, somewhat curved, attenuate below to a stipe a little longer than the calyx, compressed, 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, the ventral suture rounded or acute, reflexed, finely pubescent, 8-10 lines long. On sterile hillsides in the John Day valley at Mitchell Oregon. A, racemosus Pursh Fl. 740. Appressed pubescent or glabrate: stems 1-2 feet high, rather stout, somewhat sulcate, very leafy: leaflets about 21, elliptical, oblong or oval, obtuse, mucronate, smooth above, 6-8 lines long : peduncles about the length of the leaves, loosely many-flowered; flowers nodding and somewhat secund, calyx whitish-pubescent, strongly gibbous at base, the setaceous teeth slightly shorter than the tube, equalling the stipe : pods lance-oblong, an inch long, triangular, not 2-celled, very smooth. Plains of Idaho to Kansas and the Northwest Territory. § 9. Argophylli Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 209. Pods mostly thick-coriaceous and obcompressed, the intruded dorsal suture more or less approaching the ventral, not 2-celled, pubescent. A. iodanthus Watson Bot. King 70. Canescent with an appressed hairy pubescence, or nearly glabrous with scattered hairs upon the petioles and margins of the leaves; stems decumbent, 6-10 inches long, from a peren- nial root : stipules ovate-lanceolate, free or somewhat adnate to the petiole ; leaflets 13-21, 2-5 lines long, obovate or orbicular, obtuse: peduncles equalling the leaves; spikes short, dense; flowers on short pedicels, deep violet-purple or ochroleucous tinged with purple, the lateral and upper petals 6-8 lines long, exceeding the obtuse keel, the somewhat nigrescent campanulate calyx-tube twice longer than the subulate teeth : pods 18 lines long, 3 lines broad, linear-oblong, acuminate, strongly arcuate or hamate, sessile, nearly glabrous with a very sparse pubescence, mottled, chartaceous, irregularly folded but usually with a deep dorsal sulcus ap- proximating the suture to the prominent ventral one, many-seeded. East- ern Oregon to California, Nevada, Colorado and Montana. A. Becknithii T. & G. Pac. R. Rep. ii, 120. Glabrous or nearly so: stems 1-2 feet long, from perennial roots, diffusely spreading: stipules ovate-lanceolate, adnate to the petiole : leaflets 13-25, 6 lines long, broadly oval : flowers 5-8, in a short loose raceme, orchroleucous, 9 lines long ; calyx nearly glabrous, its subulate teeth scarcely shorter than or exceeding the campanulate tube : pods 1 inch long, glabrous, transversely rugulose, coria- ceous, short stipitate, somewhat obcompressed, flattened dorsally with the sutures slightly intruded, bisulcate ventrally with the prominent su- ture acutely margined, many-seeded. Brit. Columbia to Southern Idaho, Utah, Nevada and California. A. glareosus Dougl. Hook. Fl.vi, 152. Silky-villous withincum bent 148 LEG U MINOS J^:. astragalus. hairs: stems short, depressed: stipules oblong, acuminate, appressed, membranaceous: leaflets 13-15, linear-oblong: peduncles as long as the leaves or shorter, 3-4-flowered ; bracts linear, as long as the cylindrical elongated blackish-hairy calyx; teeth of the calyx one-third as long as the tube: pods oblong-ovate, attenuate above, fncurved, silky-pubescent. Southern Idaho and Wyoming. Series II. Phaca L. Gen. n. 891, as genus. Pod 1 -celled, neither suture being inflexed, nor the ventral more intruded than the dorsal. § 9. Eriocarpi Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 212. Pod very woolly, short turgid, coriaceous, more or less incurved, acumi- nate or pointed, sessile. Stems prostrate, from a stout perennial root. A. inflexus Dougl. in G. Don. Gen. Syst. ii, 256. Soft-woolly throughout: stems 1-2 feet long, prostrate, branching: stipules subulate or acuminate from a rather broad base, 6-8 lines long : leaflets 21-25, oblong or oblanceolate, about 6 lines long, densely silky peduncles not exceeding the leaves ; flowers purple, rather numerous, in short capitate spikes : bracts setaceous, 6-8 lines long; calyx about equalling the lateral petals, its subulate teeth about as long as the tube ; upper petal longer than the lateral ones, pubescent on the back: pods ovate, acuminate, densely silky- villous, at length strongly incurved, 1-celIed but at maturity the dorsal suture becomes inflexed so as to nearly meet the ventral, but not forming a partition. On sandy banks and plains, along the Columbia river above The Dalles. A. dorycnioides Dougl. in G. Don Gen. "Syst. ii, 258 (?). Appressed- silky with while hairs, stems short, depressed, several from the crown of a stout perennial root 1-3 inches long: stipules subulate, setaceous-acumi- nate, 6-9 lines long : leaves numerous ; leaflets usually 13, 6-10 lines long by 2 lines broad, oblong to oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, densely silky both sides; peduncles shorter than the leaves; capitately few -flowered; calyx tubular, 4-5 lines long, its subulate teeth about half as long as the tube; corolla 8-10 lines long, persistent, bright purple : pods ovate, acumi- nate, at length strongly incurved, densely villous, 10-12 lines long, 1-celled, the dorsal suture at maturity strongly intruded, the ventral rounded. On rocky hillsides, eastern Oregon and Washington. A. leucoeystis Greene Eryth. iii, 76. {A, lanocarpus Sheld. 1. c. 144). Woolly-pubescent with long white hairs : stems cespitose, very short, from a thick perennial root, branching and forming a close mat 4-8 inches in diameter : leaves numerous, 3-6 inches long, the rachis channelled ; leaf- lets 7-11, usually absent from the lower half of the rachis, narrowly obo- vate to oblong, acute or obtuse, 3-6 lines long, stipules triaagular- ovate, acuminate, sheathing peduncles equalling the leaves, 3-5-flowered ; calyx narrowly cylindrical, with unequal teeth, one-fifth as long as the tube ; corolla ochroleucous tipped with purple, 10-12 lines long: pods 8-10 lines long, coriaceous, white-pubescent with long stiff hairs, sessile, oblong, slightly arcuate, 1-celled, but with the ventral suture somewhat intruded, lined within with cobwebby hairs which traverse the cavity, few to many- seeded. On dry hillsides and plains, eastern Oregon and Washington. A. Pnrshii Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 152. Very hirsute, stems short, diffuse: leaflets 13-17, oblong ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate: peduncles half as long as the leaves ; flowers in loose heads, spreading ; bracts linear-lanceo- late, twice as long as the pedicels; calyx elongated, membranaceous, its subulate teeth half as long as the tube, equal ; corolla yellow, 18 lines long, upper petal obovate, equalling the narrow lateral ones, keel purple- tipped; ovary subsessile, linear, very hirsute* Brit. Columbia to Califor- nia and Utah. ASTRAGALUS. LEGUMINOS.E. 149 A. Utahensis T. & G. Pac. R. Rep. ii, 120. Canescent with a long and dense soft-woolly appressed pubescence: subcaulescent, the short stems 2-6 inches long, prostrate: leaflets 11-17, suborbicular, 2-4 lines in diameter: flowers violet; pods oblong, obcompressed, densely woolly, moderately in- curved, slightly sulcate. Union Co. Oregon to Salt Lake Utah. A. allanaris Sheld. 1. c. 141. Pubescent throughout with white loose hairs : cespitose, nearly acaulesceiit or with very short erect, simple hidden stems, from the crow^n of a stout perennial root : leaves 2-5 inches long, erect, pubescent with sparse spreading hairs, the rachis slightly channelled, but nearly terete ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, usually closely imbricated ; leaflets 7-11, 4-6 lines long, elliptical to lanceolate, acute, pubescent both sides ; peduncles 1-2 inches long, 2-flowered ; flowers nar- row, each subtended by a black-bordered bract ; calyx tubular-cylindrical, oblique at base, spreading-pubescent, striate, the lanceolate teeth nigre- scent-margined, much shorter than the tube: corolla purplish, tinged with green: pods 6-7 lines long, ovate-arcuate, acute or shortly acuminate pointed, incurved, coriaceous, sessile, white-pubescent, 1-celled the dorsal suture slightly impressed, few-seeded, Eastern Washington. § 10. Inflati Gray 1. c. 213. Pod membranaceous, inflated, globose, egg-shaped or semi-ovate, usually large, finely reticulated, glabrous or glabrate, neither suture inflexed or rarely the ventral only and slightly. * Perennial ; pod not mottled. Caulescent, rather tall, leafy: ra- cemes or spikes usually many-flowered. A. Snksdorfli Howell Eryth. i. 111. Cinereously pubescent through- out ; stems many from a stout perennial root, slender, ascending, 8-12 inches long: stipules foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, about a line long: leaflets 9-11 cuneate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, 3-4 lines long : peduncles very slender, shorter than the leaves ; flowers in compact clusters white or yellowinh, on slender pedicels; bracts lanceolate, about half as long as the pedicels ; calyx campanulate, its subulate teeth about equalling the tube ; upper petal far exceeding the lateral ones and twice the length of the keel, entire: pods of firm texture, sessile, obliquely ovate, acuminate, 6 lines long or less, finely appressed-pubescent. In loose volcanic soil near the base of Mount Adams, Washington. (Suksdorf). A. dinriins Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxi, 450. Minutely appressed- pubescent throughout : stems numerous from a thick perennial root spar- ingly branched below^ or simple, 4-10 inches high, slender, ascending or erect: leaves about 2 inches long; leaflets 7-11, obovate, obtuse or retuBe. glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 1-3 lines long : peduncles shorter than the leaves, slender, few-flowered; bracts about equalling the pedicels, subulate : flowers spreading or reflexed, pale yellow or lined with purple, 3 lines long; calyx turbinate-campanulate, the slender teeth as long as the tube : pods inflated, membranaceous, sessile, obliquely oblong-ovate to ob- long, the ventral edge nearly straight, or somewhat incurved, somewhat compressed, finely-pubescent, 6-iO lines long. On gravelly bars of the John Day river at Dayville, eastern Oregon. * * Root perennial ; pod mottled, short-stipitate, the stipe equal- ling the calyx : flowers few, rather small, light-colored, keel with the inflexed apex somewhat produced. A. Hookeriauns Gray 1. c. 215. Canescently pubescent: stems much branched from the base, ascending, 5-6 inches high, from a per- ennial root: stipules lanceolate, membranaceous; leaflets 15-19, oblong or linear-oblong, slightly petiolulate, rather rigid : peduncles scarcely as long as the leaves ; bracts setaceous, about as long as the very short pedicels ; calyx pubescent with whitish and black hairs intermixed, its subulate 150 LEGUMINOSiE. astragalus. teeth shorter than the tube: ovary canescent; pods very large, inflated, obovoid, obtuse, tapering into a very short stipe, glabrous, thin and membranaceous, whitish and beautifully mottled with purple, nearly 2 inches long. Oregon to California and Nevada. A. ceramicus Sheld. 1. c. 19. A. pictus Gray, not Steud. Hoary with a loose silky pubescence : stems erect, slender, branching, from filiiorm roots, ascending, 10-12 inches high : lower petioles short, pinnately 3-5- foliolate, with narrowly linear leaflets, the upper ones elongated and filiform, mostly leafless; stipules lanceolate-subulate, the lowermost united, the upper ones distinct : racemes on filiform peduncles shorter than the leaves, 7-10-flowered : pods 6-18 lines long, ovoid, scarcely pointed, membranaceous and much inflated, stipitate, pendent. Idaho to Nebraska and New Mexico. A. Cusickii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, iii, 370. Many-stemmed from a thick perennial root, strict, smooth or nearly so : stipules scarious, tri- angular, acuminate, slightly connate; leaflets 13-17, remote, linear, 5-7 lines long: peduncles exceeding the leaves, bearing few to several white or yellowish flowers in a loose raceme; calyx cylindrical, more or less dark-pubescent, the short triangular teeth not ^ as long as the tube : pods oblong, with a short incurved acute beak, an inch long or less, contracted at base to a short stipe about equalling the calyx, glabrous. Powder river valley ^eastern Oregon. * * * Annual : pod sessile, not mottled ; flowers small, ochroleucous or purplish. Low ; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, grey with strigu- lose hairs. A. Geyeri Gray 1. c. 214. Subcanescent with an appressed hairy pu- bescence: stem somewhat simple, 3-6 inches Ijigh , annual : leaflets linear or oblong, obtuse, glabrous above : peduncles shorter than the leaves, 3-5- flowered; calyx campanulate, its subulate teeth about equalling the tube; corolla 3 lines long, ochroleucous ; pods 8-9 lines long, membranaceous, in- flated, ovate-lunate with an incurved acumination, sessile, not mottled, finely reticulated, glabrous, 1-celled. Montana and southern Idaho to Nevada and California. § 11. MicROCYSTEi (Tray 1. c. 219. Pod membranaceous or chartaceous; small, globose or ovate, inflated, sessile, neither su- ture intruded. Diffuse or procumbent perennials, mostly small and slender ; flowers small and usually few. A. microcystis Gray 1. c. 220. Cinereous-pubescent: stems slender, procumbent, from a woody root, much branched : stipules scarious, con- nate or the uppermost nearly distinct; leaflets 9-13, oblong or oblong-lan- ceolate, obtuse : racemes slender, 5-12-flowered ; calyx hairy, the setaceous- subulate teeth about as long as the short-campanulate tuV)e ; corolla violet or whitish, the deeply emarginate upper petal slightly exceeding the lat- eral ones, twice as long as the incurved keel: pods globose'ovate, 3 lines long, thin- membranaceous, gray-pubescent. Brit. Columbia to Washing- ington, Idaho, Wyoming and Montana. § 12. ScYTocARPi Gra}^ 1. c. 222. Pod coriaceous, ovate or oblong, rarely cylindrical, turgid, not sulcate and neither suture intruded. A. Chamaeleuce Gray Ives Rep. 10. Perennial ; silvery-canescent with a dense silky pubescence : stems numerous, 1-6 inches long, prostrate, or nearly acaulescent: stipules ovate, membranaceous, free: leaflets 3-7, 2-4 Unes long, oblong, obovate or oval : peduncles shorter than the leaves, slender, 3-8-flowered ; calyx cylindrical, its subulate teeth much shorter than the tube : corolla light violet, 9 lines long : pods 6-12 lines long ASTRAGALUS. LEGUMINOSit. 151 thick-coriaceous, sessile, ovate-oblong, acuminate, somewhat arcuate, terete or somewhat obcompressed and frequently sulcate ventrally, ru- gosely reticulated and subpubescent, 1-celled, many-seeded. Idaho to New Mexico and Arizona. A. reventus Gray 1. c. xv, 46. Stems short, numerous, from a thick perennial root, much branched from the base, glabrate : stipules scarious, connate lanceolate, 2-3 lines long ; leaves numerous, 4-6 inches long or more, leaflets 21-23, linear-oblong to oblong, emarginate, pubescent be- neath, smooth above, 5-6 lines long: peduncles at length exceeding the leaves ; flowers whitish, in a dense short-oblong raceme, erect in bud but soon reflexed; bracts scarious, triangular, a line long or more, a little longer than the pedicels; calyx campanulate, pubescent with blackish hairs, its subulate teeth not more than half as long as the tube : pods ses- sile or nearly so, erect on stout pedicels, cartilaginous, reticulated, 8-10 lines long, glabrous, ovate-oblong, turgid, acuminate, obcompressed but the sutures prominent, several-seeded. Open plains and hillsides, eastern Oregon and Washington. A. conjunctns Watson Proc. A.m. Acad, xvii, 371. KStems short, nu- merous, from a stout perennial root, erect or assurgent, sparingly ap- pressed-pubescent : leaves 6-12 inches long; leaflets 11-21, on an elongated rachis, linear, 4-6 lines long : peduncles elongated, 6-12 inches long, but little or not at all surpassing the leaves, bearing an open few-flowered ra- ceme ; bracts subulate, about equalling the very short pedicels ; calyx narrowly tubular, 3-4 lines long, pubescent with dark-colored hairs, the narrow teeth not half as long as the tube ; petals purple, 6-8 lines long ; pods erect, sessile, coriaceous, rugose narrowly oblong, nearly straight, acuminate, 1-celled, the dorsal suture impressed, 9-12 lines long. On dry rocky ridges, John Day valley, Eastern Oregon. A. Hoodianns Howell Eryth. i. 111. Canescent with a short ap- pressed pubescence : stems strictly erect, 4-6 inches high, from a stout perennial root : leaves 6-8 inches long ; leaflets 21-29, linear to narrowly lanceolate, very shortly petiolulate, 6-8 lines long; stipules subulate, 3-4 lines long; peduncles very stout, 10-16 inches long; flowers whitish, in a rather short raceme, 8-10 lines long; bracts setaceous, twice as long as the stout pedicels; calyx cylindrical, 4-5 lines long, pubescent with white ap- pressed hairs, its setaceous teeth nearly as long as the tube: mature pods pubescent, oblong, shortly acuminate, sessile, 8^10 lines long, erect. Open woods and plains, Oregon and Washington, near The Dalles. A. Falouseiisis Piper Bot. Gaz. xxi, 489. Perennial, from a stout woody caudex: 16-24 inches high, simple, or branched above, striate, sparingly pubescent with short appressed hairs, these white below and blackish above : leaves 4-8 inches long ; stipules deltoid-acuminate ; leaf- lets 25-31, elliptical or lanceolate, obtuse or truncate, appressed-pubescent beneath, glabrous above, 6-10 lines long, nearly sessile ; petioles sparsely hirsute; racemes elongated. 3-7 inches long, flowers 20-25, erect on short pedicels, 8 lines long ; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the calyx : calyx obliquely campanulate, the slender teeth nearly as long as the tube, pu- bescent with short appressed black hairs : corolla pale yellowish, with or without a black spot on the lateral petals : pods 10 lines long, crustaceous, narowly oblong, tipped with a slender short beak, its surface transversely reticulated and sparsely pubescent with short white hairs, on a stipe as long as the calyx tube or shorter. Common on rich loess hillsides about Pullman, Washington. § 13. PoDO-scLEROCARPi Gray 1. c. 225. Pod thick-cartilagi- nous or coriaceous, exsertly stipitate, compressed or turgid, in- curved ; sutures not intruded, sometimes thickened and separat- ing from the valves. Perennial, branched, ashy-puberulent ; sti- pules small, distinct. 152 LEGUMINOS^-. asiragalus. A. sclerocarpus Gray 1. c. Cinereous with a very short appressed pubescence, much branched : leaflets 13-19, linear, 4-6 lines long : pedun- cles exceeding the leaves, loosely rather few-flowered; calyx cylindrical, pubescent with black hairs, 3 lines long, its short triangular teeth not half as long as the tube: pods canescent-puberulent, lanceolate, acuminate, falcate c nearly hamate, an inch or more long, attenuate at base to a stipe an inch or more long. On sandy banks and plains, along the Columbia river above The Dalles. A. speirocarpus Gray 1. c. Stems slender, decumbent or ascending, 10-12 inches long, cinereous : stipules very small, triangular, obtuse ; leaflets 9-13, oblong or cuneate, obtuse or retuse, 1-4 lines long, pubescent both sides : peduncles about equalling the leaves, loosely rather many- flowered ; flowers yellowish -white, on very short pedicels, soon deflexed; calyx cylindrical, 3-4 lines long, pubescent with black hairs, its short tri- angular teeth not half as long as the tube: pods linear, acuminate, pubes- cent, coiled into a short spiral, attenuate at base to a stipe a little longer than the calyx. Along the Columbia river above The Dalles. Var. falciformis Gray Hot. Cal. i, 152. Stipe filiform, 6-9 lines long, nearly the length of the thinner-walled and less turgid falcate or merely hooked pod. Brit. Columbia to Washington, Nevada and California. A. Gibbsii Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad, ii, 161. Cinereous-pubescent: stems many from a thi« k j)erenniai root, rather stout, 10-12 inches high : leaflets 11-15, oblong with a cuneate base, truncate or retuse, 6-8 lines long: pe- duncles exceeding the leaves ; flowers numerous, in a rather dense raceme, reflexed on short spreading pedicels ; calyx cylindrical, gibbous at base, 5-6 lines long, the triangular teeth not more than 3^ as long as the tube : pods linear, about an inch long, curved or annular, veiy acute, finely pu- bescent, attenuate at base into a stipe twice as Jong as the calyx. Plains and hillsides, eastern Oregon and Idaho to Nevada. § 14. HoMALOBi Gray 1. c. Pod flattened or compressed, straight, margined by the nerve-hke sutures, coriaceous or char- taceous, sometimes stipitate. A. coUinxis Dougl. in G. Don. Gen. Syst. ii, 256. Stems erect or dif- fuse, 6-12 inches long, numerous, from a stout perennial root, grayish- pubescent: leaflets 19-23, linear or oblong-linear, obtuse, attenuate at base, 6-12 lines long; stipules very small, oblong, acuminate ; peduncles twice the length of the leaves ; flowers whitish, in dense oblong racemes refracted on suberect pedicels ; calyx tubular, densely hirsute ; 4-6 lines long, its triangular teeth about half as long as the tube : pods pubescent, linear- oblong, attenuate at base to a stipe, somewhat turgid, an inch long with the stipe reflexed. In rocky gulches and hillsides of the Blue Mountains of Oregon. A. Californicns Greene Bull. Cal. Acad, i, n. 3, 157. Stems numerous, from a stout perennial root, rather slender, 8-12 inches high, usually sim- ple, minutely pubescent : leaves 2-4 inches long : stipules triangular, 2 lines long, nearly as broad ; leaflets 11-19, cuneate-oblong to linear, obtuse, pubescent both sides with white hairs, 4-6 lines long by 1-3 broad, peti- olulate: peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers ochroleu^ous, 6-8 lines long, pendent, on erect pedicels in dense oblong racemes : bracts lanceolate longer than the pedicels ; calyx tubular, 3-5 lines long, pubescent with minute brow^nish hairs, its short triangular teeth about a line long: pods 1-2 inches long by 2 lines broad, acute, attenuate below to a slender stipe as long as the calyx, strongly reticulated and very minutely pubescent, compressed or somewhat turgid. In rich alluvial soil, valley of the Klam- ath river near Yreka, California, no doubt in adjacent Oregon. A. Tweedy! Canby Bot. Gaz. xi, 150. Stems erect, 12-18 inches high. ASTRAGALUS. LEGUMINOSiE. 153 from a perennial root, branching, sparsely cinereous-pubescent: stipules subulate, acuminate, 2-3 lines long; leaflets 13-17, linear to linear-spatu- late,6-8 lines long: peduncles much exceeding the leaves; racemes many- flowered, dense ; flowers yellowish-white, spreading, on very short erect pedicels: calyx cylindrical, subgibbous at base, 3-4 lines long, white-pu- bescent, the short teeth triangular : pods oblong, turgid, acute at both ends, slightly curved, 6-8 lines long, erect on a long slender stipe. On alluvial hillsides along the Columbia river and its tributaries above The Dalles. A. fllipes Torr. Bot. Wilkes 278. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high : stipules triangular, a line long, acute: leaves 3-6 inches long, the slender rachis channelled; leaflets 7-15, remote, linear, 4-8 lines long, less than a line broad, finely pubescent : peduncles much longer than the leaves ; flowers numerous, in an elongated narrow raceme, yellowish to nearly white, erect or spreading on slender pedicels ; bracts subulate, not as long as the pedicels ; calyx cylindrical, 2 lines long, pubescent with minute black hairs, the narrow teeth about 3^ as long as the tube : pods elongated- oblong, 9-15 lines long by 2 lines or more broad, abruptly acute at both ends, straight, on a slender stipe 6-8 lines long, glabrous and shining, finely reticulated, flat, spreading or pendent. Plains and hillsides, eastern Oregon and Washington to Nevada. A. Bourgovii Gray 1. c. 227. Stems short, numerous, from a thick perennial root, thinly strigose-pubescent : leaflets 11-13, lanceolate, pubes- cent beneath, smooth above, 1-2 lines long: peduncles much longer than the leaves, loosely 3-7 -flowered ; calyx cylindrical, 2-3 lines long, pu- bescent, the subulate teeth half as tong as the tube : pods oblong, some- what obcompressed, curved downward, mottled, pubescent, obliquely rounded at summit, 6-8 lines long, on a stipe shorter than the calyx. On rocky hillsides, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia. A. mnltiflorus Gray 1. c. 226. Perennial, somewhat glabrous : stems a foot high, numerous, ascending, slender, branched: stipules dark-col- ored, the lower ones sheathing; leaflets 13-21, 3-6 lines long, linear or narrowly oblong, acute or obtuse : peduncles not exceeding the leaves, loosely few-flowered; flowers ochroleucous, small, 2-3 lines long; calyx campanulate, the teeth shorter than the tube: pods 4-6 lines long, charta- ceous, flat, glabrous, oblong on a stipe about as long as the calyx-tube, re- flexed, 6-ovuled, 2-4-seeded. Eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Minne- sota, Colorado and California. A. te^etarins Watson Bot. King 76. Canescent with a silky pubes- cence: stems cespitose, 2-6 inches long, numerous, branched, from a much branched perennial caudex, procumbent : stipules membranaceous, mostly acuminate, sheathing ; leaflets 7-9, 2-3 lines long, linear, acute : peduncles slender, about equalling the leaves, 1-3-flowered : flowers small, 2-3 lines long, ochroleucous, the keel purplish ; calyx-teeth as long as the campan- ulate tube: pods 2-3 lines long, chartaceous, sessile, compressed, pubes- cent, ovate-oblong, straight, erect, 1-celled, 6-ovuled, 1-2-seeded. On high mountains, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho and Nevada. A. miser Dougl. Hook Fl. i, 153. Cinereous-pubescent: stems diffuse, 8-10 inches long, slender, loosely leaved : stipules rather large, the upper ones connate to the middle ; leaflets broadly-linear to oblong, mostly ob- tuse: peduncles much exceeding the leaves, loosely 5-7-flowered : young pods ovate-oblong, canescent. In the Spokane country, Washington. A. serotinus Gray Pac. R. Rep. xii, 51. Cinereous with a minute strigulose pubescence : stems branching from the perennial root, ascend- ing, slender, often flexuous, 8-15 inches high: stipules triangular, acumi- nate; leaflets 9-21, linear to oblanceolate, mucronate, not rigid, glabrous or nearly so above : peduncles exceeding the leaves ; racemes virgate ; calyx campanulate, miinutel^ pubescent, its teeth very short : pods sessile, linear, acute, glabrous or mmutely pubescent, 8-10-seeded. Northeastern Washington. 154 LEGUMINOS^: oxytropis. QLYCYRRHIZA. 12 OXYTKOPIS DC. Astragal. 24 t, 2-6. Perennial, very rarely annual, herbaceous, or sometimes suf- frutescent, often acaulescent plants with unequally pinnate leaves and axillary or radical pedunculate spikes of various col- ored flowers. Calyy 5-tooihed. Keel with a subulate point. Pods partly 2-celled by the introflexion of the upper or placen- tal suture. 0. viscida Nutt, T. ^i:. G. Fl. i, 341. "Stemless, cespitose, hairy and viscid; leaflets numerous (16-29 pairs), oblong-lanceolate, somewhat acute; peduncles longer than the leaves, about 14 inches high ; stipules pilose, membranaceous, with a long acumination : spikes subcylindrical ; bracts as long as the calyx ; teeth of the calyx subulate, about the length of the tube; legumes short, terete, pubescent, acuminate." Eastern Oregon to • the Rocky Mountains. 18 QLYCYRRHIZA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 882. (Liquorice). Erect perennial herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, decidu- ous stipules, the flowers in dense axillary pedunculate spikes with caducous bracts. Calyx tubular, gibbous at base, 5-cleft, the two upper segments partly united. U pper petal ovate-lanceo- late, straight, the lateral ones acute, united at the tip, keel not pointed. Stamens diadelphous. Pod ovate or oblong, com- pressed, often echinate, 1-celled, few-seeded, scarcely dehiscent, sessile. Rootstock rather large, sweet. G. lepidota Nutt. Gen. ii, 106. Tall and sfbut, 2-5 feet high, some- what glandular-puberulent or the younger leaves slightly silky : leaflets punctate, 6-8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, often acuminate, usual- ly 1-2 inches long; stipules linear-subulate : peduncles about equalling the leaves; spikes short; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; flowers ochrolea- cous, nearly 6 lines long ; calyx half as long, the slender teeth much longer than the tube : pod thickly beset with hooked prickles, oblong, 6 lines long, 2-6-seeded. On sandy plains and river banks, Brit. Columbia to California, Missouri and Arkansas. Cr. glutinosa Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 298. Stems rather stout, from long running rootstocks, 2-4 feet high; glandular-pubescent leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, strigose with scaly glands : peduncles much shorter than the leaves, very glandular: spikes short: bracts lanceolate with a long acuminate point; calyx very glandular, the teeth nearly equal: pods densely beset with hooked bristles, 2-6-seeded. On sandy river banks,, Brit. Columbia to California. Tribe 7. Hedysareas, DC. Prodr. ii, 307. Herbs or shrubs with l—many-foliolate or simple usually stipellate leaves and, racemose, spicate or umbellate axillary or terminal inflorescence. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Pods usually transversely divided into 1-seeded indehiscent joints. Coty- ledons plain, foliaceous after germination. Radicle incurved. 14 HEDYSARUM Jeaum in Desv. Journ. Bot. iii, 61, L. gen. n. 887. Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, scarious stipules, entire usually pellucid-punctate exstipellate leaflets and purple, white or yellow flowers in axillary pedunculate racemes with scarious or feCtaceous bracts. Calyx 5-toothed or -parted, the linear-sub-. HEDYSARUM. LEGUMfNOS^. 165 VICIA. ulate lobes subequal. Corolla with the upper petal ample, free from the stamens, keel oblique, truncate, longer than the wings. Stamens diadelphous. Pod flattened, tranversely articulated in- to several equal -sided roundish 1 -seeded indehiscent joints that are connected in the middle. H. Mackenzii Richard Frankl. Journ. 17. Stems suberect, simple or branched, 1-2 feet high, minutely pubescent: stipules broadly subulate, the lower ones connate : leaflets 5-8 pairs, canescently pubescent, oblong or lanceolate, nearly glabrous above, 3-12 lines long : peduncles longer than the leaves; loosely 7-30-flowered ; bracts subulate, longer than the pedicels; flowers 6-9 lines long, light purple; teeth of the calyx subulate, about as long as the tube ; pods 3-4-jointed, minutely pubescent. Wash- ington to the Rocky Mountains and far northward. H, flavescens Coult. & Fish. Bot. Gaz. xviii, 300. Stems slender, a foot or more high, puberulent: stipules lanceolate, acuminate, the lower ones connate ; leaflets 9-15, oblong to lanceolate, 8-12 lines long : pedun- . cles longer than the leaves, loosely many-flowered; calyx campanulate, 2' lines long, the somewhat unequal teeth about as long as the tube; flowers cream-color, 8 lines long, the broad keel conspicuously longer than the wings and banner, on slender pedicels: joints of the pods 2-3 lines broad, usually only 2 maturing, the lowest one aborting and serving as a stipe . Idaho to Montana and Wyoming. Tribe 8. Vicieae, Bronn. Diss. 133. Herbs with abruptly pin nate leaves, the common petiole not articulated with the stem, pro- duced at the apex into a tendril or bristle. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous. Pod continuous, not articulated, dehiscent Radicle inflexed. Cotyledons thick, farinaceous, remaining under- ground and unchanged in germination. 15 VICIA Tourn. Inst. t. 221. L. Gen. n. 873. (Vetch, Tares.) Weak herbs with angled stems, more or less climbing by branched tendrils that terminate the leaves, pinnate leaves, semi- sagitate usually foliaceous stipules, and numerous, rarely few or solitary, flou-ers in loose peduncled axillar}^ racemes. Calyx 5-cleft or toothed, usually unequal. Wings of the corolla ad- herent to the middle of the short keel, the banner obovate or oblong, free. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so, the mouth of the sheath oblique; anthers uniform. Ovary two to many- ovuled ; style filiform, bent at right angles to the ovary, the apex surrounded by hairs or hairy on the outside. Pod flat, two- valved, short-stipitate or sessile, not jointed. Seeds globular, the stalk expanded above to cover the linear hilum. * Perennials : flowers in pedunculate secund racemes. V. gigantea Hook. Fl. i, 157. Stout and tall, climbing several feet high, somewhat pubescent or puberulent : leaves 6 inches long or more ; stipules narrow, deeply and sharply toothed in the middle : leaflets 10-15 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, 1-2 inches long, entire: peduncles shorter than the lerves, 5-18-flowered ; flowers ochroleucous, re- flexed on short pedicels, 6 lines long; upper calyx-teeth very short, tri- angular, the lower longer, subulate : pods broadly oblong, 16-18 lines long, glabrous, 3-4-seeded, black when mature. Common in woods and moist places, California to Alaska, near the coast. 156 LEGUMINOS^. vicia. V. semicincta Greene Eryth. iii, 17. Stoutish, very leafy, probably several feet high, the stem very prominently striate-angled and puberu- lent: leaflets 20-24, approximate, about 1 inch long, oblong-linear, mu- cronate, glabrous above, beneath sllky-puberulent : peduncles far surpass- ing the leaves, the flowers probably in a short and dense raceme : pods obliquely oblong-linear, less than 9 lines long, glaucescent, not blackening in maturity, few-seeded: seeds globose, 1>^ lines thick, dull black, nearly half encircled by the hilum. On Crane Creek, southeastern Oregon. (Mrs. R. M. Austin, 1893.) - V. Americana Muhl. Willd. Sp. ni, 1096. Glabrous throughout: stems 1-4 feet high, from creeping jointed rootstocks: leaflets 4-8 pairs, variable, usually oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate, mu- cronate, entire, somew^hat coriaceous, prominently veined and reticulated, 6-12 lines long : peduncles shorter than the leaves, 4-8-flowered ; flowers purple. 6-9 lines long; calyx tubular, the 2 upper teeth very short or ob- solete, the lateral ones broadly subulate, the. lower one narrow, not half as long as the corolla ; style very villous at the top : pods oblong, glabrous, an inch or more long, 8-6-seeded : seeds dark purple, 1}4 lines in diameter. Common in copses, Oregon and Washington to the Atlantic kStates and Canada . T, trnncata Nutt.T. & G. Fl. i, 270. Somewhat pubescent: stems 1-2 feet high, weak: leaflets 5-6 pairs, oblong-linear, usually truncate, serrate or tridentate at the apex, 10-12 lines long by 1-4 lines broad, the lowest ones often simply acute and apiculate; stipules lunate, iuiiisely serrate: peduncles 4-7-flowered, rather shorter than the leaves; lower teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, the upper ones very short, tri- angular ; style very villous at the apex : pods oblong, an inch long, 1-8- seeded : seeds globular, 1)4 lines in diameter. Common in copses, Brit. Columbia to California. V. Californica Greene Fl. Fr. 3. Villous-pubescent : stems erect or decumbent, 6-12 inches high, scarcely climbing, the tendrils usually short and stifRsh, not branching: leaflets 8-14, delicately feather-veined, cune- ate oblong to oblong or orbicular, truncate, or retuse, mucronate, 2-7 lines long, more or less dentate toward the apex : peduncles 3-5-flowered ; up- per teeth of the calyx triangular, the lower ones subulate ; corolla 6-9 lines long, deep purple : pods oblong, pubescent, 2-10-seeded. In copses, southern Oregon to California. * * Few-flowered annuals. V. exigua Nutt. T. ^-2 inches long by 3 lines broad : hilum short. On dry mountain slopes, eastern Oregon and Washington. L. Xevadensis Watson 1. c. xi, 133. Slender, usually 8-10 inches high, finely pubescent or nearly glabrous : stipules semisagittate, the lobes nar- rowly acuminate; leaflets thin, 2-4 pairs, ovate to ovate-oblong, 1-2 inches long, obtuse or acute; flowers large, 7-12 lines long, purple; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube, pods linear, 1)^-2 inches long by 2-3 lines broad, obliquely acute, attenuate at base to a short stipe. On dry wooded hill- sides, AVashington to California and Nevada. L. rigidus White 1. c. 455. L. albas Watson not Kittle. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous : stems numerous, from a thick perennial root- stock, erect, a foot or less high: stipules semisagittate, lanceolate, 6-8 lines long by 2-3 broad, the lower lobe small and subulate : leaflets 3-5 pairs, linear to oblong, acute at each end, cuspidate, 7-10 lines long: pe- duncles about equalling the leaves, 2-3-flowered ; flowers white, 8-9 lines long; upper teeth of the calyx deltoid, the lower one setaceous, all nearly equal and shorter than the tube : pods 18-20 lines long by 4 lines broad, attenuate below to a short stipe; seeds olive-yellow, 2 lines in diameter or more, with very small somewhat sunken hilum. On open hillsides of the Blue Mountains of Oregon. L. decaphyllus Pursh Fl. 471. L. polymorphus Nutt. Mostly glab- rous: stems erect, a little woody at the base, much branched, short; branches quadrangular : leaflets 2-5 pairs, elliptical-lanceolate or linear- oblong, somewhat glaucous, rigid and very strongly veined, 1-2)^' inches long, mostly obtuse at each end; stipules lanceolate, subfalcate, minutely semisagittate at base, very variable in size, acute, sometimes almost sub- ulate: peduncles a little longer than the leaves, 3-5-flowered; flowers an inch long or more, very showy, purple; teeth of the calyx lanceolate-subu- late, somewhat unequal, nearly as long as the tube: pods large, glabrous. Grassy alluvial plains, Idaho to the Missouri river, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico. L. Oregonensis White 1. c. 456. Sparingly pubescent throughout: stems erect, 8-16 inches high, flexuous, terete or quadrangular, wingless, rigid : stipules narrowly semisagittate or semihastate, acuminate at each end, entire, the lower lobe often quite short, 3^-3^ the length of the adja- cent leaf; leaflets mostly 4-7 pairs, opposite, lanceolate, obtuse, 8-20 lines long, by 2-4 broad, coriaceous, sparingly pubescent on both sides: pedun- cles shorter than the leaves, 3-8-flowered; flowers purple, veined, 6-8 lines long; calyx-teeth subequal, the upper slightly shorter, all shorter than the dilat?d pubescent tube : pods compressed, abruptly terminated at the ICO LEGUMINOS^. lathyrus. AMYGDALACE^>. apex, short-stipitate, brown, 13^2~2 inches long, J^ as broad, 4-6-seeded; seeds brown, orbicular. In the mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon . ii, biju^atns White 1. c. 457. Stems slender, wingless, round or quad- rangular, slightly flexuous, erect or slightly decumbent, 1-2 inches high, glabrous throughout : stipules minute, linear-subulate, semisagittate; leaf- lets 2 pairs, sometimes only ] pair, elliptical to obovate, obtuse, thin, paler green beneath, 1-2 inches long, 1-5 — l-3as oroad : peduncles about as long as the rachis of the leaves, 2-flowered; flowers purplish, about 2 lines long, calyx-teeth very short, triangular, subequal, much shorter than the tube: pods brown, compressed, about 6-seeded. Northern Idaho and ad- jacent Washington. L. Sandbergi, L. bijugaius Sandbergi White 1. c. Glabrous through- out: stems very slender, flexuous, 2-3 inches high, wingless: stipules se- taceous, 2-4 lines long, semisagittate, the lower lobe minute; leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, linear to linear-lanceolate or -spatulate, 2-3}4 inches long by )^-l line broad: peduncles filiform, an inch long, 2-3 times longer than the rachis of the subtending leaf, 2-flowered; calyx attenuate at base, the triangular teeth much shorter than the tube: fruit not seen. Northern Idaho. L, Torreyi Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 337. Minutely villous through- out: stems very slender, 6-18 inches high, from slender creeping root- stocks, branching : stipules lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6 lines long by 1-2 broad, semisagittate, the lower lobe small; leaflets thin, 4-6 pairs, ovate to oblong or lanceolate; 3-6 lines long by 2-6 broad : peduncles filiform, 6-12 lines long, much shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered; calyx campanulate, the two upper teeth triangular, acuminate, about as long as the tube, about half as long as the subulate lower ones ; upper petal purple, the others yellowish -white; pods linear-oblong, pubescent, 3-5-seeded. In open forests, Washington to California west of the Cascade Mountains. * * Rachis of the leaves not tendril-bearing: pod broad, shortly stipitate. L. littoralis Endl. in Walp. Hep. i, 722. Densely silky-villous through- out : stems numerous, from creeping perennial rootstocks, stout 3^-2 feet high, decumbent to assurgent, diffusely branched : stipules ovate to oblong or lanceolate, 6-12 lines long; leaflets 1-5 pairs with a small linear termi- nal one, cuneate-oblong, 4-12 lines long : peduncles stout, much longer than the leaves, 4-10-flowered ; calyx truncate at base, the triangular-sub- ulate teeth nearly equal, longer than the tube ; upper petal bright purple, 6-8 lines long, exceeding the paler wings and keel ; style flattened for most of its length : pods 10-18 lines long by 6-8 broad, nearly semicircular in , outline, villous, 3-5-seeded; seeds nearly 3 lines broad. On sand-hills and -banks along the coast. Washington to California. Order XXVII. AMYGDALACEiE Reichb. "Consp. 177. Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves, small caducous stipules and usually perfect, regular flowers. Calyx tubular or campanulate, free from the ovary, the tube lined with a disk, deciduous, the limb 5-lobed, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, perigynous. Stamens about 20, inserted into the disk of the nalyx-tube. Pistil 1, rarely 5; style simple. Ovary 1-celled, usually with two collateral ovules, becoming a mostly 1-seeded drupe. Seed pendulous, without albumen. Cotyledons large, thick, fleshy, containing hydrocyanic acid. pRUNus. AMYGt)ALACE^. 161 CERASUS. 1. Prunus. Flowers perfect: carpel solitary: leaves convolute in the bud. 2. Cerasus. Flowers perfect : carpel solitary: leaves conduplicate in the bud. 3. Osmaronia. Flowers polygamo-dioecious: carpels 5, becoming 5 drupes, or by abortion fewer or none. 1 PRUNUS Juss. Gen. 341. (Plum. Pkune). Leaves convolute in the bud. Flowers in umbellate clusters from lateral buds, appearing before or with the leaves. Drupe ovoid, glabrous and glaucous ; the thick sarcocarp pulpy. Put- amen (stone) bony, hmooth, compressed, acutely edged on one margin, grooved on the other. P. snbcordata Bentb. PI. Hartw. 308 (?). A much branched shrub, 3- 12 feet high, with ashy-gray bark : young branches and leaves finely pu- bescent, becoming glabrous: stipules narrowly-lanceolate, laciniate-den- tate, 1-2 lines long; leaves elliptical to ovate, cordate to cuneate at base, obtuse or acute, sharply and finely serrulate, about an inch long, short- petioled: umbel 2-4-flowered; pedicels 3-6 lines long; calyx campanulate, the oblong obtuse minutely dentate lobes about as long as the tube; petals white, obovate, rounded at the apex, 4--5 lines long by 2-3 lines broad: fruit 8-10 lines long, oblong, subacid. On dry rocky hills and open w^oods, Umpqua valley, Oregon, to California. P. Oregaiia Greene Pitt, iii, 21. ''Evidently allied to P. snbcord- ata, but leaves little more than an inch long, subcoriaceous, pubescent on both faces, in outline oval or broadly elliptic, never subcordate, commonly acutish at both ends, serrulate : flowers unknown : fruits in pairs or threes, on pedicels 6 lines long or more, densely tomentose when very young, more thinly so, yet distinctly tomentulose when half-grown. Known only from specimens collected on the Yainax Indian reservation in southeastern Oregon, by Mrs. Austin, in 1893. * * * " 2 CERASUS Juss. gen. 340. (Cherry.) Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves that are condupli- cate in the bud and corymbose or racemose flowers from lateral buds, appearing before or with the leaves. Calyx campanulate, deciduous, the limb 5-parted, regular. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary solitary, 1 -celled, with tw^o collateral pendulous ovules. Drupe globose, fleshy, destitute of bloom ; stone mostly globose, smooth, not prominently margined. § 1. EucERASus T. & G. Fl. i, 409. Flowers from lateral leaf- less buds, appearing before or with the leaves ; pedicels umbel- late-fascicled, corymbose, or racemose. C. emarginata Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 169. Prunus emarginata WaJp. Shrub 3-12 feet high, diffusely branched from the base and clothed through- out with a smooth shining bark : leaves oblong- obovate to oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, rarely emarginate, crenately serrulate, 1-3 inches long, with a single or a pair of glands at or above the junction of the petiole and blade, pubescent beneath, nearly smooth or puberulent above: inflor- escence pubescent; racemes few-flowered: calyx campanulate, the oblong obtuse lobes soon reflexed, scarcely equalling the tube, about a line long; petals orbicular-ovate, 2 lines long, minutely pubescent outside : drupe 3-4 lines in diameter, dark-red, intensely bitter and astringent. Common in mountainous districts, Brit. Columbia to California, east of the Cascade Mountains. 162 AMYGDALACE^. cerasus. OSMARONIA. C. mollis Dougl. 1. c. Prunus emarginata var. mollis Brew. A smaH straight graceful tree 20-50 feet high by 2-20 inches in diameter, with red- dish, characteristic cherry bark and slender ashy-gray or reddish branch- lets: young branches and inflorescence soft-pubescent : stipules lanceolate, pectinate, 1-2 lines long; leaves obovate to oblong or oblanceolate, mostly acutish, crenately serrulate, 1-3 inches long, narrowed below to a short petiole, pubescent beneath, nearly smooth above: corymbs 5-10-flowered; calyx turbinate, the oblong, obtuse, entire lobes soon reflexed, not more than half as long as th6 tubs; petals obovate, on short claws, 2 lines long: fruit bright red, about 3-4 lines long, intensely bitter: etone wrinkled, carinate on one edge, rounded or barely acute on the other. Common in forests, Brit. Columbia to California. § 2. Padus T. (fe G. 1. c. 410. Flowers in racemes terminat- ing leafy branches, appearing after the evolution of the leaves : leaves deciduous. C. demissa Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 411. Prunus demissa Walp. An erect slender shrub 2-20 feet high: leaves obovate or oblong- ovate, usually broadest above the middle, abruptly acuminate, mostly rounded or some- what cordate at base, sharply serrate with straight slender teeth, more or less pubescent beneath, 2-4 inches long, the petiole usually biglandular just belovv its summit: racemes 3.-4 inches long, many-flowered, longer than the leaves, usually nodding ; calyx hemispherical, the lobes short and ob- tuse, glandularly ciliate, much shorter than the tube; petals white, orbic- ular to elliptical, 2-3 lines long: fruit globose, purplish-black or red^ sweet and edible but astringent: stone globose. On rocky hills and river banks, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. 3 OSMARONIA Greene Pitt, ii, 189. NVTTALLIA T. &0. H. & A. Bot. Beech. Supp. 336 L82. Shrubs with simple alternate deciduous leaves without sti- pules and polygamo-dioecious white flowers in loose nodding bracted racemes which appear with the branchlets from the same buds. Calyx 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 5, alternate with the lobes of the calyx. Stamens 15, in two rows, 10 inserted with the petals and 5 lower down upon the disk that lines the calyx- tube, those of the fertile flowers all with abortive anthers. Car- pels 5, inserted upon the persistent base of the calyx, free ; styles lateral, jointed at base ; ovules two in each carpel, pendu- lous. Fruit 1-5, 1-seeded drupes with thin pulp and smooth bony stone. Cotyledons convolute in the bud. 0. cerasiformis Greene 1. c. 191. Nuttallia cerasiformis T, <& Q. Shrubs with clustered stems 2-15 feet high, dark brown bark and rather slender glabrous branches : leaves broadly oblanceolate, acute or acutish, attenuate to a short slender petiole, entire, smooth above, soft-pubescent beneath, 2-4 inches long: racemes short-peduncled, shorter than the leaves; bracts spatulate, equalling the calyx-tube; deciduous; pedicels 6-7 lines long, with a pair of linear, acuminate bractlets near the base of the calyx; calyx campanulate, the short triangular lobes about half as long as the tube: petals spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes, those of the fertile flowers smaller : drupes blue-black with a bloom when fully mature, 5-8 lines long, oblong, with a slight furrow on the inner side; stone smooth, somewhat compressed. Common in wooded districts, Brit. Colum- bia to California. Flowering in very early spring. CRAT^.(4UB. TOMACEiE. 163 Order XXVIII. POMACE^E Loiseleur-Deslongchamps Man. PL Us. i, 211. Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple or unequally pinnate leaves, caducous free or nearly free stipules and perfect, regu- lar white or reddish flowers in racemes or corymbosely clus- tered. Calyx-tube urceolate or campanulate, more or less co- herent with the ovary, the usuallv short, free portion lined with an annular or laminar disk, the limb 5-lobed, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, perigynous. Stamens mostly 20, in- serted on the disk of the calyx. Ovary compound, composed of 2-5 carpels with two collateral ascending ovules in each, becoming a pome; styles as many as the carpels. Seeds usu- ally two in each cell, without albumen. * Carpels 1-celled, not divided by a partition from the back. 1. Crataegus. Fruit drupaceous: ovary 2-5-celled,'^ becoming 2-5 1- seeded nutlets, either separable or united into one. 2. Sorbus. Shrubs or small trees with unequally pinnate leaves : fruit a proper pome, with coriaceous undivided 1-seeded cells. 3. Malas. Trees or shrubs with simple leaves : fruit a proper~pome with chartaceous 2-seeded undivided cells. * * Carpels more or less spuriously 2-celled by a partition from the back of each carpel. 4. Amelanchier. Shrubs or small trees with simple^^leaves : fruit a proper pome, 5-carpeled or by abortion 3 or 4-carpeled : carpels coherent, incompletely 2-celled by a partition from the back. 5. Peraphyllum. Small shrubs with simple leaves : fruit a ' proper pome; 2- rarely 3-carpeled; carpels nearly distinct, 2-celled by a par- tition from the back. 1 CRAT^GUS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 622. Thorny shrubs or small trees with simple toothed or lobed leaves, and mostly white, heavy-scented flowers in terminal corymbs. Calyx-tube urceolate, the limb 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5-20. Carpels 2-5, becoming bony 1- seeded nutlets, contiguous or united : styles distinct. Fruit drupe-like, globose or ovoid, crowned with the calyx-teeth. C. Douglasii Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1810. C. rivvlaris Nutt. (.?). A stout shrub or small tree, 20-40 feet high : spines stout, 6-12 lines long: leaves elliptical to obovate, usually cuneate at base, irregularly serrate, those of the young shoots often incisely lobed, 1-3 inche? long, somewhat pubes- cent on both sides : inflorescence tomentose ; lobes of the calyx entire, a line long, about half as long as the tube, pubescent inside; petals orbicu- lar, 3-4 lines long : fruit black, 4-5 lines in diameter, often only 3-carpeled; carpels distinct. Along water courses, Brit. Columbia to California, west of the Cascade Mountains. C. Columbiana. A much branched shrub or small tree, 6-15 feet high : spines stout. 1-2 inches long: leaves cuneate-obovate, 1-2 inches long, incisely 5-9-lobed above the middle, acute, serrate, the teeth often viand- tipped, especially below, sparingly pubescent or glabrate, attenuate below to a short petiole : corymbs rather many-flowered, sparingly pubescent or 164 POMACE .E. sorbus. MALUS. glabrate; lobes of the calyx triangular, acute, often serrate, about as long as the tube, dark red, petals orbicular, 3-4 lines long: fruit scarlet, obovoid, 4-6 lines long; carpels distinct. Common along the Columbia river and its tributaries east of the Cascade Mountains. 2 SORBUS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 623. Shrubs or small trees with unequally pinnate deciduous leaves and small flowers in terminal compound cymes. Calyx urceolate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, alternate with the lobes of the calyx. Stamens 20. Styles 3-5, distinct. Carpels 3-5, coria- ceous, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. Fruit small, globose or py- riform. S. sambncifolia Roem. Syn. Monogr. iii, 39. Pyrus samhucifolia Cham. & Schlecht. A shrub, 4-12 feet high with coarse ascending branches : nearly glabrous, the leaf-buds and inflorescence usually spar- ingly villous : leaflets 4-8 pairs, oblong to lanceolate, acute; sharply ser- rate from near the base, 1-2 inches long : cymes flattish, often 4 to 6 inches in diameter and many-flowered ; lobes of the calyx broadly subulate, 1-2 lines long; petals white, orbicular, attenuate below to a short claw, 2-3 lines long, fruit globose, about three lines in diameter, coral-red, bitter. On high mountains, Oregon to Alaska. S. occidentalis Greene Fl. Fr. 54. Pyrus occidentaUs Watson Proc. Am» Acad, xiiii, 263. A shrub 2-6 feet high with rather coarse erect branches ; glabrous throughout or the inflorescence partly hairy : leaflets 3-5 pairs, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, dentate usu- all}' only toward the apex, rarely below the middle, sometimes entire, 6-20 lines long : cymes small, usually rather Sew-flowered ; calyx glabrous, with short triangular lobes ; petals white, 1-2 lines long, orbicular, ab- ruptly narrowed below to a short claw ; styles villous at base ; fruit pyri- form, red, 4 lines long. On high mountains near perpetual snow, Wash- ington to California and the Rocky Mountains. 3 MALUS Tourn. (apple). Small deciduous trees with simple more or less serrate leaves and reddish or white flowers in simple corymbose cymes at the ends of short lateral branchlets. Calyx tube urceolate, the limb 5-lobed, petals 5, usually rather large. Stamens 20. Styles 5, more or less united at base. Carpels 5, chartaceous in fruit, 2-seeded, 1-celled, wholly covered by the adnate calyx-tube. Fruit globose to oblong, depressed at both ends, the flesh con- taining malic acid and destitute of grit-cells. M. rivularis Roem. Syn. Monog. ih, 215. Pyrus rirularis Dongl. A small tree 15-30 feet high : leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, some- times obscurely 3-lobed, more or less woolly-pubescent, 1-3 inches long ; stipules setaceous : cymes shortly racemose, leafy at base; pedicels slen- der, 1-2 inches long, pubescent; calyx pubescent, the limb at length de- ciduous, the lanceolate acuminate lobes as long as the tube ; petals orbicu- lar, abruptly contracted below to a short claw, 4-6 lines long, white; styles 2-5, united at base : fruit oblong, 4-6 lines in diameter. Common in swales and along streams, northern California to Alaska. 4 AMELANCHIER Lobelius ; Lindl. Linn. Trans, xiii, 100. (Service-Berry). Shrubs or small trees with simple alternate deciduous leaves, small racemes of white flowers and black or purplish edible fruit. AMELANCHIER. POMACES. 165 PERAPHYLLUM. Calyx campanulate, the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 20, much shorter than the petals. Styles 3-5, coales- cent at base or distinct Carpels 3-5, becoming membranaceous, incompletely 2-celled by a partition from the back, 1-seeded. Wholly covered by the adnate calyx-tube. Fruit small, berry- like, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, the pulp sweet. Seeds small, with a thin black testa. A. alnifolia Nutt. Journ. Philad. Acad, vii, 22. Stem slender, 3-30 feet high, with slender erect flexuous branches: leaves thin, elliptical to obovate, obtuse at each end or often cordate, serrate toward the apex, entire below, 1-2 inches long, more or less densely tomentose beneath, smooth, or nearly so above : racemes many-flowered ; bracts setaceous, long-woolly, longer than the pedicels, caducous : calyx densely tomentose, the triangular-lanceolate lobes closely reflexed. about as long as the broadly turbinate tube ; petals spatulate, 6 12 lines long hy 2 lines broad, obtuse; stamens very short: fruit globose, 3-4 lines in diameter. Com- mon along streams and swales, Brit. Columbia to California t^nd the Rocky Mountains. A. florida Lindl. Bot. Reg. xix, t. 1589. Stems stoutish, erect cespi- tose, 2-10 feet high with erect somewhat cinereous branchlets : leaves thickish, orbicular to elliptical or ovate. 12-14 lines long, rounded to acute at the apex, coarsely serrate above the middle, entire and rounded or cordate at base, glabrous, or sparingly tomentose on the midrib and veins beneath : stipules subulate, setaceously acuminate: racemes rather loosely several-flowered ; bracts setaceous, ciliate with long straight hairs ; calyx somewhat tomentose, the subulate lobes longer than the tube, re- flexed, densely tomentose inside; petals oblong, 6-7 lines long by 2-4 lines broad, rounded at the summit; stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx: fruit globose, 3-4 lines in diameter. In wooded districts, Wash- ington and Oregon east of the Cascade Mountains. A. pallida Greene Fl. Fr. 53. Stems clustered and bushy, 3-6 feet high, with an ashy bark, rigid and somewhat intricately branched : leaves rather thick, oblong-lanceolate to oblong or elliptical obtuse or retuse, sparingly dentate towards the apex, entire and usually rounded below, often entire and cuspidate, 6-10 lines long, somewhat tomentose : racemes short and somewhat corymbose, the lower pedicels elongated ; calyx more or less tomentose, the lobes triangular, acute, erect; petals obovate or obo- vate-oblong, slightly concave, 3-6 lines long: stamens shorter than the calyx. Common on dry hillsides, southern Oregon and northern Cali- fornia. 5 PERAPHYLLUM Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 474. Low much branched shrubs with decivluous leaves crowded at the ends of the branchlets, and 2-4-flowered corymbs of white flowers. Calyx-tube urceolate, the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, obo- vate, unguiculate. Stamens about 20, exserted. Styles 2, rarely 3, coherent below. Fruit a small pome containing 2, rarely 3 al- most distinct carpels, each 2-celled by a spurious partition, the cells 1-seeded. Seeds angular, compressed, with a cartilaginous testa, erect, with the radicle at the base. P. ramoslssimum Nutt. 1. c. A shrub 4-6 feet high with hard white wood and grayish bark: branches slender, recurved and more or less tor- tuous, spreadmg widely : leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 1-2 inches long, entire or obsoletely serrulate, smooth and shining above, very minutely pubescent beneath : calyx urceolate, the tube wholly adnate to* the ovary, m ROSACEiE. the triangular lobes shorter than the tube, reflexed, pubescent within; petals broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, 4-6 lines long, white; stam- ens about equalling the calyx- lobes, persistent; styles filiform, thickened toward the summit, longer than the stamens, united and pubescent be- low ; fruit globose, 4-5 lines in diameter, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. On dry hillsides, eastern Oregon to California. Order XXIX. ROSACEiE Juss. Hort. Trian., Endl. Gen. 1240. Herbs or shrubs with alternate simple or compound leaves, mostly foliaceous commonly adnate stipules and perfect or uni- sexual flowers in cymes, corymbs, panicles or solitarj^ Calyx free from the ovary, 4-5-clefii, the segments mostly valvaie in the bud, cominonly persistent. Petals perigynous, as many as the lobes of the calyx and alternate with them, or none. Sta- mens five to many, perigynous, rarely hypogynous. Pistils onti to many; ovary usually one-celled and one-valved, sometimes jnany-ovuled ; ovules pendulous or ascending. Styles as many as the ovaries, inserted terminally or laterally, persistent or deciduous. Fruit achenes drupelets or follicular. Seeds mostly anatropoils, with little or no albumen. Tribe t. Kose^e. Carpels many, l)ecoming bony achenes, en- closed and concealed in ihe globose or urn-yhaped fleshy calyx- tube which resembles a pome. 1. Rosa. Erect, usually prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves and large flowers. Tribe n. SANouisoRBEiE. Carpels 1-3, becoming achenes, completely enclosed in the dry and firm calyx-tube, the throat of which is constricted or sometimes nearly closed : ovule sus- pended, solitary. Ours are herbs with compound or lobed leaves. ^. Sanguisorba. Calyx-lobes petaloid, deciduous ; the tube 4-angled, naked; petals wanting: carpels 1-2: herbs with compound leaves and red or white flowers in dense spikes. 3. Agrimoiiia. Calyx turbinate, surrounded by a margin of hooked prickles: stamens 5-15: carpels 2: perennial herbs with pinnate leaves and yellow flowers in spicate racemes. 4. Alchemilla. Calyx urceolate, naked, minutely bracteolate: petals wanting: stamens 1-4: small annuals with minute flowers in axillary clusters. Tribe hi. Dryade^. Carpels numerous, several or solitary, 1-ovuled, becoming dry achenes : calyx not enclosing or at least not constricted over the fruit : seeds erect or ascending. * Shrubs: carpel solitary : style not elongated in fruit; stigma decnrrent: calyx imbricated, without bractlets: radicle inferior. 5. Knnzia. Diffusely branched shrubs with mostly fascicled leaves and solitary yellow flowers, terminal on the short branchlets. * * Trees or shrubs : carpels solitary : style elongated and plumose in fruit : calyx imbricated, without bractlets : seeds erect. €. Ce r coca r pus. Small trees or shrubs with simple leaves and axillary ROSACE.E. 167 solitary cr somewhat fascicled flowers : calyx-tube long-cylindrical, the limb deciduous ; petals wanting : carpel usually solitary. * * * Herbs : carpels few-many : calyx valvate in the bud, with a set of bractlets alternating with the lobes. -4- Seeds erect from the base of the cell : style termi.ial, often geni culate in the middle. 7. Geum. Carpels numerous, on a dry receptacle: the elongated style in fruit mostly geniculate and articulated near the middle or plumose. ■*- -4- geed suspended or ascending: radicle superior: style small, naked, not geniculate. 8. Fragaria. Petals broad and conspicuous, sessile : carpels numerous, scattered on a largfe fleshy, becoming pulpy, receptacle; style lateral: leaves trifoliolate. 9. Comarnm. Carpels very numerous, on a large fleshy or spongy convex receptacle : style inserted below the apex of the ovary : leaves pinnate: coarse marsh perennials. 10. Slbbaldia. Petals narrow and minute, sessile: stamens 5; filaments very short, filiform: carpels 5-10, on a dry receptacle: leaves trifolio- late. 11. Potentilla. Petals usually conspicuous, sessile : stamens usually 20 or more ; filaments narrow or filiform : carpels mostly numerous, on a dry receptacle : leaves pinnate or digitate; leafiets not confluent. 12. Horkelia. Petals conspicuous, with claws : stamens 10 or more ; fil- aments more or less dilated or subulate: carpels usually many, on a dry nearly naked receptacle : leaves pinnate; leafiets many, the upper ones often confiuent. 13. Ivesia. Petals with claws: stamens 5-20; filaments filiform: car- pels 1-15, on a dry villous receptacle : leaves pinnate ; leaflets cleft or parted, often small and very numerous, closely imbricated. Tribe iv. Rube^. Calyx open, without bractlets : stamens numerous: carpels several or numerous, on a spongy receptacle, becoming pulpy-coated achenes in fruit : ovules 2, pendulous, but one maturing. 14. Bnbns. Carpels 2-many, crowded on an elevated receptacle, ripen- ing into a coherent body of small drupes. Tribe v. Spir^e^. Calyx campanulate, imbricate or some- times valvate in the bud : carpels few, mostly 5, rarely solitary, becoming follicles or dehiscent 2-valved pods : styles terminal : seeds 1-10 in each carpel, pendulous or ascending. § 1 Carpels becoming 1 -seeded achenes. 15. Holodiscus. Carpels membranaceous, woolly, 1-seeded: shrubs with simple lobed leaves without stipules. § 2 Carpels becoming follicles or 2-valved capsules, usually several- seeded. * vSeeds in ours not known : carpels distinct : ovules 2, one above the other, pendulous • herbs with pinnately divided stipulate leaves. 16. Filipendula. Carpels membranaceous, 1-celled, distinct: leaves pinnate, the terminal leaflet large and lobed. 168 ROSACE^E. rosa. * * Seeds with shining stony testa : albumen very distinct : stipules membranaceous, caducous. 17. Opulaster. Carpels membranaceous, inflated, 2-valved, distinct, often stipitate : flowers perfect, corymbose : leaves lobed. * * * Seeds with membranous testa and no albumen : stipules none. -«- Calyx persistent : stamens perigynous : carpels several-seeded. 18. Spiraea. Carpels cartilaginous, follicular, distinct : flowers perfect, rarely polygamous : shrubs with simnle serrate or incised leaves. 19. Luetkea. Carpels membranaceous, 2-valved, distinct : low herbs with biternately parted leaves and perfect flowers. -1- -t- Calyx marcescent : stamens hypogynous.: carpels few-seeded. 20. Arnncns. Carpels cartilaginous, 1-valved, distinct : tall herbs with ternately compound leaves and dioecious flowers. Tribe 1. Roseas Jiiss. Carpels many, with two suspended ovules, one above the other, becoming cnistaceous, indehiscent, one- seeded achenes, inserted on the whole inner surface of the thickened torus or disk which lines the tube of the calyx. 1 ROSA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 631. (Rose). Prickly shrubs with unequally pinnate leaves, adnate stipules and large flowers in corymbs or solitary. Calyx urceolate, the tube contracted at the mouth, at length fleshy or baccate, en- closing the numerous distinct ovaries. Ovaries one-celled, with two suspended ovules, one above the other, becoming one-seeded indehiscent crustaceous or bony achenes, inserted on the whole inner surface of the thickened disk that lines the tube of the calyx, style terminal or nearly so, somewhat exserted, distinct or connate above. * Sepals connivent after flowering and persistent. R. Xutkaiia Presl. Epimel. Bot. 203. Stems stout, 1-10 feet high, armed with stout straight or recurved spines, the branches sometimes un- armed and the young shoots usually prickly : stipules rather broad, gland- ular-ciliate ; leaflets 5-9, broadly elliptical to ovate or oblong or lanceolate, usually rounded at base, serrate above the middle, }4-2 inches long, finely pubescent and more or less resinous beneath : flowers solitary or 2-3 to- gether; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate and tipped with a lanceolate entire foliaceous appendage, the whole 12-18 lines long, densely tomentose inside, smooth or more or less glandular outside : petals broadly obovate or obcordate, 12-16 lines long, nearly as broad : fruit globose, 6 lines long or more, not contracted above into a neck. Common from Brit. Columbia to California, Montana and Utah. R. blanda Ait. Hort. Kew. ii, 202. Stems 1-2 feet high, wholly un- armed, or usually with a few slender straight scattered prickles, sometimes more densely prickly : stipules dilated, naked and entire, or slightly gland- ular toothed above; leaflets 5-7, usually oblong-oblanceolate, mostly cune- ate at base and shortly petiolulate, coarsely and simply toothed, glabrous above, paler and glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, not resinous or very rarely slightly so, usually large, the terminal one %-2,% inches long; rachis pubescent, sometimes sparingly prickly : flowers large, corym- bose or often solitary : sepals entire, shortly hispid or sometimes naked : fruit globose or with more or less of a necJi below the calyx, sometimes EOSA. ROSACEA. 16d oblong-obovate by a more gradual attenuation of the base, 4-6 lines long. On rocky ridges and canyons, Idaho to the Eastern Htates and Canada. R. spithaiiiSBa Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 444. Stems slender, 2-12 inches high, sparingly branched: stipules narrow, acuminate, glandular-ciliate: rachis of the leaves glandular and more or less prickly; leaflets 5-9, ellip- tical or oblong, smooth, rather coarsely and doubly serrate, 6-18 lines long : flowers 12-18 lines broad, in few-flowered corymbs, pedicels receptacle and calyx usually densely glandular-hispid ; sepals lanceolate, with or without a foliaceous serrate appendage, 6-10 lines long ; j)etals broadly obovate, 8-12 lines long; fruit not seen. Common on wooded hillsides, southwest- ern Oregon and northern California. R. pisocarpa Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 382. Stems slender, armed with straight, stout or slender, ascending or spreading spines, sometimes naked, not prickly: leaflets 5-9, oblong to oblong-ovate, shortly acuminate to obtuse, rounded or subcuneate at base, sessile or nearly so, smooth above, paler and pubescent beneath, simply toothed, 4-12 lines long: flowers small, corymbose or often solitary, on short branches; pedicels slender, smooth or rarely sparingly hispid : sepals more or less glandular- hispid, triangular acuminate, with entire lanceolate appendages ; p tals obcordate, 6-» lines long: fruit globose, 3-5 lines in diameter, contiacted above to a very short neck. Common in low places, Brit. Columbia to Oregon. R. Californica Cham. & Schlecht. Linnsea ii, 35. Stems often tall, with usually stout more or less recurved or sometimes straight spines, frequently scattered or wanting, often prickly : stipules mostly narrow, usually naked, sometimes glandular-ciliate : rachis of the leaves pubescent or prickly; leaflets 3-7, round or broadly elliptical to oblong-ovate, usually sessile, slightly pubescent or glabrous above, villous or tomentose be- neath, simply toothed, 6-18 lines long : flowers corymbose or sometimes solitary, on slender usually short and naked pedicels; sepals and recepta- cle glabrous or villous or rarely hispid; petals 5-6 lines loTig: fruit ovate- globose, with a usually prominent neck, about 6 lines long by 4 broad. Brit. Columbia to California. R. Fendleri Crepin Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. xv, 452. Stems often tall, with mostly rather slender straight or recurved spines, often scattered or wanting: stipules mostly narrow, usually naked; rachis pubescent or prickly ; leafl^s 5-9, oblong or oblong-obovate, more or less cuneate at base often petiolulate, usually glaucous, very finely pubescent beneath or glabrous or somewhat resinous, serrate with usualy simple teeth, 6-18 lines long: flowers small, often solitary: the short pedicels receptacle and sepals glabrous ; sepals lanceolate, with linear-lanceolate entire ap- pendages: fruit globose or broadly ovate, with little or no neck. From the Columbia river to New Mexico and Texas, and north to beyond the British boundary. * * Styles few, distinct, deciduous with the entire calyx from the very contracted top of the neck of the receptacle : sepals short and entire. R. gymiiocarpa Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 461. Stems slender and rather weak, 2-10 feet high, with straight slender infrastipular and scattered spines and more or less prickly : stipules usually narrow, glandular cili- ate: rachis prickly and more or less glandular; leaflets 5-9, usually 7, from round elliptical and obtuse to narrowly oblong and acute, glab ous, rarely somewhat tomentose or resinous, doubly glandular-serrate, sessile or nearly so, usually small, 4-12 lines long: flowers in 1-few-flowered corymbs, on hispid or sometimes glabrous pedicels ; sepals usually 3-4 lines long, lanceolate, the outer ones often glandular-ciliate all aristate and usually smooth; petals broadly obcordate, 6-8 lines long: fruit smouth ; oblong-obovate to globose, few-seeded. Common in forests and wooded districts, Brit. Columbia to California and Montana. 170 ROSACEA ROSA. SAXGL'ISOKBA. * * * Naturalized species. K, RDBJ81NOFA L. Mant. 564. (sweet bkier). Stems stout, armed with stout, recurved spines, without prickles, 4-6 feet high: stipules ofteii dilated: leaflets 5-7, elliptical or oblong-ovate, densely resinous beneath and aromatic, doubly serrate: flowers small, on short hispid pedicels ; se- pals pinnatifid, hispid: fruit large, subglobose to oblong ovate, 6-8 lines long. Becoming common throughout western Washington and Oregon. Tribe II. Sanguisorhese Juss. Calyx-tube mostly indurated and contracted at the mouth; the segments valvate or rarely imbri- cate in the bud. Petals often wanting. Stamens 1-15, rarely more. Carpels 1-2, rarely 3-4, dry: style terminal or lateral: stigma often plumose. Seed suspended very rarely ascending. Radicle superior. 2 {SANGUISORBA L. Gen. n. 146. Herbs v»'itb pinnate leaves petiolulate leaflets adnate stipules and polygamous or perfect flowers in dense long-ped uncled spikes. Calyx-tube turbinate, contracted at the throat, persist- ent, 2-3-bracleolate, the limb 4-partcd, petaloid, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4-12 or none. Carpels 1-r, free from tbe calyx ; styles terminal ; stigma tufted, ovule solitary, suspended. Achenes dry included in the indurated 4-winged calyx-tube. S. officinalis L. Sp. 169. Stem simple, usually glabrous, 1-2 feet high, much longer than the leaves, from a stout perennial root : leaflets about 4 pairs, ovate or oblong, cordate at base, coarsely' serrate, %-2 inches long, on petioles 2-6 lines long: flowers deep purple or red, polygamous, in ob- long spikes 6-12 lines long or more ; bracts often pubescent; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, often acute, 1 line long; stamens but little if any longer than the sepals : filaments filiform : fruit a line long. Common in cold mountain marshes, Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains. Also Europe. S. media L. Sp. ed. 2, 169. Stems slender, simple, but little longer than the leaves, glabrous, 1-3 feet high, from a stout perennial root: leaf- lets elliptical to ovate or oblong, cordate with a deep narrow sinus, coarsely serrate with rounded gland ular-apiculate teeth, 1-3 inches long, on stout petioles 1-2 inches long, the lowest ones smallest: flowers dark purple, in a dense oblong head ; stamens longer than the sepals ; filaments flat. In marshes, Alaska and Brit. Columbia, perhaps northern Washington. S. Sitchensis C. A. Meyer Trautv. & Meyer Fl. Ochot. 34. Stem stout, 2-4 feet high, from a stout perennial root, pan iculately branched above: leaves ample, 1-3 feet long; leaflets 13-21, oblong to ovate, 1-3 inches long, coarsely and often doubly serrate with acute gland-tipped teeth, on pedicels 6-12 lines long: flowers white or slightly tinged with purple, in a dense cylindrical spike 2-6 inches long; stamens 3-4 times longer than the sepals, filaments flat. In salt-marshes along the coast and islands of Alaska, to be looked for in northern Washington. S. annua Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i 429. Poterium annuum Nutt. Glabrous; stems blender, branching, 6-15 inches high from an annual root : leaflets 8-6 pairs, ovate to oblong, deeply pectinate-pinnatifid, 4-8 lines long, ses- sile or nearly so : flowers perfect, greenish-white, in dense ovoid or oblong heads 3-12 lines long: bracts scarious, ovate, a line long, persistent; sta- mens 2-4, much shorter than the calyx, fruit shorter than the bracts. In dry open places, Washington to California, Indian Ter. and the upper Missouri valley. AGRIMONIA. ROSACEA. 171 ALCHEMILLA. 8 AGRIMONIA Tourn. Inst. t. 155. (Agrimony.) Tall perennial herbs with oddpinnate leaves and long slender terminal racemes of small yellow flowers. Calyx-tube turbin- ate, persistent, somewhat contracted at the throat and surround- ed by a dense border of hooked prickles, or rarely o-bracteolate the limb 5-lobed, at length connivent. Petals 5, yellow. Stam- ens 5-15 in one row. Carpels 2, free and distinct; styles termi- nal, stigma dilated, 2-lobed ; ovule pendulous. Achenes 1 or 2, enclosed in the indurated calyx-tube. A. Eapatoria L. Sp. i, 448. Hirsute: stems 2-4 feet high, sparingly branched above : leaflets 5-7, usually 2-4 inches long with smaller one's intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed, acute at each end; stipules large, semicordate, incised: calyx 2 lines long, becoming 3-4 lines long, the tube at length 10-sulcate above: petals longer than the lobes of the calyx: achenes solitary, subglobose, 1 line in diameter. Washington to Caiitornia and across the continent. Europe. 4 ALCHEMILLA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 165. Low herbs with palmately lobed or compound leaves, adnate stipules and small flowers in axillary corymbs. Calyx-tube ob- conic, contracted at the throat by an annular disk, the limb 4-5- parted, with as many bractlets. Petals in ours none. Stamens 1-4 ; filaments short. Carpels 1-4, stipitate or sessile in the bot- tom of the calyx-tube ; style attached near the base of the ovary, filiform ; stigma mostly capitate. Seed fixed near the base of the carpel, ascending, almost orthotropous. Radicle superior. A. arvensis Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2, i, 115. Annual; somewhat strigose- pubescent: stems weak, 3-8 inches long, diffusely branched from the base : leaves rounded, cuneate at base, on short petioles, 2-6 lines long by 2-4 broad, deeply 3-lobed, segments 2-4 cleft; stipules large, 2-5 cleft; flowers fascicled in the axils of the leaves, % of a line long, on slender pedicels or nearly sessile : bractlets very small : stamens 1-2 : achene solitary, com- j)ressed. Common in meadows and open places, Vancouver Island to California: Europe. Tribe 3. Dryadex Vent. Tahl. Hi, 3^9. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, or rather Hat, valvate in the bud; stamens numerous: carpels numerous^ rarely Jew and definite, dry; ovule erect: radicle inferior. 5 KUNZIA Spreng. Anleit. ed. 2, ii, 869. PUESHIA DC, not Rif. nor Spreng, Diffusely branched shrubs with mostly fascicled leaves, small triangular stipules and subsessile yellow flowers at the ends of short lateral leafy branchlets. Calyx persistent, funnel-form, 5- lobed, without bractlets. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens about 25, in one row, inserted with the petals into the throat of the calyx. Carpels 1 or 2, free, slightly stipitate attenuate into the subulate style, 1-ovuled ; stigma lateral, extending nearly the whole length of the style. Seed obovate, with membranaceous testa, separated from the inner coat by a layer of purple resin- like intensely bitter granulated matter; albumen none. Cotyle- dons broadly oval, flat. 172 ROSACEA. cuNziA. CERCOCARPDS. K» tridentata Spreng. 1. c. Purshia tridentata DC. A shrub or small tree 2-10 feet high, vith brown or grayish bark, the young branches and branchlets pubescent: stipules connate at base, setaceous; leaves cuneate- obovate, 3-12 lines long, 3-lobed at the apex, attenuate at base to a thick petiole, white-tomentose beneath, green above: flowers nearly sessile; calyx 2-4 lines long, densely canescent-tomentose, with or without some glandular hairs below, the oblong obtuse lobes shorter than the tube ; petals spatulate-obovate, unguiculate, 8-5 lines long, exceeding the calyx- lobes : carpels oblong, densely pubescent, striate, attenuate at each end, 4-6 lines long, exserted. Common on rocky hillsides and gravelly or sandy plains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. 6 CERCOCARPUS H. B. K. Nov. Gen. vi, 223 t. 556. Small trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, small wholly ad- nate stipules and axillary or terminal inflorescence. Tube of the calyx cylindrical, long and pedicel-like, more or less persis- tent, the limb short, campanulate, 5-lobed, without bractlets, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 15-25, inserted in 2-3 rows on the limb of the calyx ; filaments short ; anthers oval or rounded deeply emarginate or cleft at each end. Ovary solitary, free, with a single erect ovule : style terminal, villous : stigma capitate. Carpel linear-oblong, caudate with the long persistent plumose style which is more or less enclosed in the slender per- sistent tube of the calyx. Seed with a membranous testa and no albumen. Cotyledons long and linear. * Leaves persistent, small, entire, thick-coriaceous with revolute margins, 1-nerved. C. ledifolius Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 427. A small tree or shrub 6-15 feet high with moderately straight rigid branches : leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, glandular apiculate, dark green and usually glabrous above, tomen- tose beneath, attenuate below to a thick petiole, 6-18 lines long, mid- nerve prominent: flowers sessile, 3 lines in diameter, tomentose; limb of the calyx 2 lines long, the oblong-obtuse lobes longer than the throat, tube becoming 3-5 lines long: tails of the achenes at length 2-3 inches long. In mountainous districts, eastern Oregon to California and the Rocky Mountains. C. iiitrieatus AVatson Proc. Am. Acad, x, 346. A rigidly and intri- cately much branched shrub, 1-6 feet high with ashy-gray bark : leaves lanceolate or apparently linear by the involution of the margins, silky- pubescent both sides or glabrate above, acute, apiculate, sessile, 5-10 lines long: flowers sessile; tomentose; limb of the calyx 2 lines in diameter, 1-2 lines long, the short triangular lobes not half as long as the throat, the persistent tube becoming 2 lines long: tails of the achenes 1-2 inches long. On dry hillsides along streams, John Day valley eastern Oregon to Nevada and California. * * Leaves deciduous, rather large, the margins not involute, pin- nately veined. C. betulaefolius Hook. 1. c. t. 322. C.parvifolius of recent authors not Nutt. A shrub or small tree 2-15 feet high with gray thin flaky bark and long slender spreading or recurved branches : leaves obovate or oblong, with cuneate base, obtuse, coarsely serrate above the middle, green but finely pubescent above, densely white tomentose beneath, 1-2 inches long on short petioles, conspicuously veined : flowers on rather slender pedicels, tomentose, limb of the calyx 3-4 lines in diameter, the triangular obtuse lobes about equal Hng the throat; the tube becoming 4-6 lines long, ob- GEUM. ROSACEA. 173 liquely open on one side. On dry hillsides, southwestern Oregon to Cali- fornia. 7 GEUM L. Gen. n. 636. Perennial herbs with mostly radical lyrate or pinnate leaves, adnate stipules and solitary or corymbose flowers. Calyx ob- conic at base, deeply 5-cleft, usuall}^ with 5 bracteoles alternat- ing with the lobes. Petals 5, obtuse or emarginate. Stamens numerous, inserted into the disk that lines the base of the calyx; filanunts somewhat persistent. Carpels numerous, 1-ovuled, on a dry, conical or clavate receptacle, becoming achenes ; styles terminal, at least the base persistent, straight, or geniculate near the middle : stigma simple. Seed erect ; radicle inferior. § 1 EuGEUM T. & G. Fl. i, 420. Flowers erect: segments of the calyx reflexed : head of carpels sessile : styles articulated and geniculate above the middle, the lower portion glabrous, hooked at the apex, persistent after the deflexed and mostly hairy terminal portion falls away. (x. macrophyllum Willd. Enum. i, 537. Hirsute throughout with spreading yellowish hairs : stems mostly solitary, 1-3 feet high, usually simple : stipules foliaceous, ovate, lacerate serrate, adnate to the petiole below the middle, acuminate above; radical leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate, 6-12 inches long or more the terminal leaflet very large, round-cordate, irregularly lobed and toothed, the others very unequal, often very small ; cauline leaves similar but with a short rachis or reduced to the terminal leaflet only : flowers yellow, 6-9 lines broad, in an open panicle ; bractlets small, often wanting; lobes of the calyx ovate, long acuminate, puberulent or nearly smooth reflexed, about equalling the obovate or oblong patals : style three lines long, at length reflexed; achenes hispid, upon a nearly naked oblong receptacle. In moist meadows and along streams. Alaska to California and across the continent. €r. strictuin Ait. Hort. Kew ii, 218. Stems and petioles hirsute or hispid, with spreading hairs: stems stout, 2-3 feet high, simple, dichoto- mous at the summit : radical leaves interrupted and somewhat lyrately pinnate; leaflets cuneiform-obovate, incisely lobed and serrate; cauline leaves 3-5-foliolate; the leaflets rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute, sharply toothed and incised; appressed-pubescent; stipules large, incised: flowers rather large, numerous; bractlets shorter than the calyx-lobes; petals yellow, roundish-oval, longer than the calyx: carpels hispid at the apex; style glabrous, the upper joint hairy : receptacle densely pubescent. In ficjlds and moist places, Idaho to the New England States and Canada. ^ 2. SiEVERSiA Willd. Berl. Ma^. v, 398 as genus. Flowers rather large, erect ; segments of the calyx erect or spreading : head of carpels sessile : style wholly persistent. Cr. triflornni Pursh Fl. 736. Villous a;id hirsute: stems clustered, from stout branching rootstocks, 6-15 inches high, simple, nearly naked: radical leaves pinnate, with numerous cuneate-oblong irregularly incised leaflets : the cauline reduced to a few small linear-lobed leaves or bracts : flowers few, usually 3, on long peduncles ; calyx often purplish, the linear bractlets 4-9 lines long usually exceeding the calyx-lobes and equalling the oblong purplish erect petals: tails of the small achenes plumose, at length 2-3 inches long: receptacle small, hemispherical. On bleak hill- tops, from Arctic America to California and the Rocky Mountains. 174 KOISACE^. FRAG ARIA. COM ARUM. 8 FRAGARIA Tourn. L. Gen. n 633. (strawbepky). Acaulescent stoloniferous perennials with trifoliolate, coarsely toothed leaves and white flowers in few-flowered cymes upon erect scapes in early spring. Calyx conca.ve, persistent, the limb 5-lobed with 5 alternate bractlets, valvate m the bud. Petals 5, Stamens many, in one row. Carpels numerous, smooth; style lateral, very short; ovule solitary, ascending. Receptacle large, fleshy, becolning conical and pulpy, bearing the small turgid crustaceous achenes upon its surface, at length separat- ing from the conical central portion of the torus. F. cuneifolia Xutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 448. Usually low; petioles and scapes villous with spreading hairs: leaves 1-6 inches high; leaflets cune- ate-oblong, very obtuse and coarsely toothed at the summit, smooth above, appressed silky beneath : scapes shorter than the petioles, 1-few-flowered, decumbent or ascending ; bractlets oblanceolate, entire, shorter than the lanceolate' acuminate calyx-lobes : receptacle sparingly villous, in fruit semi-hemispherical to oblong 3-9 lines in diameter: achenes deeply im- bedded in the receptacle. Very common in prairies and open places, Alaska to California. F. Califoriiica Cham &Schlecht. Linn, ii, 20. Comparatively tall, 2- 12 inches high : pubescence of the petioles and scapes usually appressed, sometimes spreading and appressed on the same plant : leaflets obovate to oblong, more or less cuneate at base, coarsely toothed above the middle, appressed -silky beneath, sparingly villous above, 6-18 lines long : scapes equalling or surpassing the leaves, erect; bractlets linear-oblanceolate, en- tire or sparingly toothed, about equalling the trfangular acuminate calyx- lobes : receptacle very sparingly if at all hairy; fruit oblong to obovoid, 3-6 lines in diameter : achenes slightly imbedded in the receptacle. Common throughout the Pacific States, always in wooded districts. 9 COMARUM L. Gen. n. 638. Perennial herbs with pinnate leaves, mostly scarious wholly adnate stipules and purple flowers. Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, rarely 6-7 beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds horizontal. TELLiMA. SAXIFRAGACE^. 199 LITHOPHRAGMA. * Stamens 10. T. Grrandiflora R. Br, 1 c. 759. Hispid-pubescent throughout, glan- dular above: stems chistered, 1-2 feet high, from stout short tufted root- stocks : leaves round-cordate, 2-4 inches in diameter, 3-9-lobed, the lobes coarsely toothed, prominently reticulate-veined, on long petioles with scarcely dilated base, the few cauline ones smaller and nearly sessile : flowers not fragrant, on short reflexed pedicels: calyx 4 lines long, thick- cylindraceous, with turbinate tube and short triangular erect lobes, in- flated, coherent with the ovary only at the base; petals lanceolate in out- line, laciniately cut into long filiform segments, abruptly narrowed below to a short claw, soon bent at the lower third, the upper part closely re- flexed, bright red; styles short, persistent, with broad flat stigmas', ap- proximate : capsule ovate, open at the top, the indurated styles divergent in fruit: seeds oblong, tuberculate. Common in moist woods, Brit. Col- umbia to California. T. odorata. Coarsely pilose below, glandular-pubescent above: stems rather slender, clustered, 1-2 feet high, from a multicepital caudex : leaves broadly cordate, acute, obscurely lobed and crenately toothed, 1-3 inches long, on long petioles with dilated scarious base, the few cauline ones smaller and nearly sessile: flowers fragrant, numerous, on short pedicels in a long terminal raceme ; calyx campanulate, the inflated tube 3-4 lines long, coherent with the lower half of the ovary, the oblong erect lobes about half as long as the tube: petals red, lanceolate in outline, lacini- ately cut into long filiform segments, narrowed below to a long claw, bent at the middle, the upper half spreading or at length loosely reflexed; styles short, with broad capitate stigmas : capsule elliptical, the A^ery short styles divergent in fruit : seeds oblong, rough tuberculate. In wet places and springs, along the Columbia river near the Casca les to ^outhe^n Oregon. * Stamens 5. T. raceiiiosa Greene Eryth. iii, 55. Heuchera racemosa Watson. "Glandular-hispid, leaves reniform-cordate, crenately lobed and t«)othed, 1 or 2 inches broad : flowering stems 4-10 inches high, bearing 2 or 3 peti- olate leaves and a loose few (6-15) flowered raceme; pedicels short (a line long or less) : calyx very broadly campanulate, 2 (becoming 3) lines long, acutely lobed ; petals glandular, linear, entire and acuminate or more or less laciniately toothed toward the top, a little exceeding the calyx-lobes: stamens 5, very short, opposite to the calyx-lobes : styles very short; cap- sule sub-globose, very shortly beaked : seeds very numerous, brownish, with wrinkled testa, not muricate." On cliffs of Mount Adams Wasiiing- ton at 7-SOOO feet altitude. Suksdorf. 11 LITHOPHRAGMA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila vii, 26. Small and slender herbs with fibrous at length grumous roots, 3-5-parted or lobed leaves on petioles with stipuliform base and rather large flowers in simple few-flowered racemes. Calyx cyathiform or campaiiulate, coherent with or free from the lower part of the ovary: the limb short, 5-cleft, valvate in the bud. Petals 5, inserted in the sinuses of the calyx just below the margin, cuneiform, unguiculate, much exserted, 3-cleft, or rarely entire, deciduous. Stamens 10, inserted in the throat of the calyx: anthers cordate, 2-celled. Styles 2-3, short; stigmas obtuse or somewhat dilated. Capsule 1 -celled with 2-8 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-3 valved at the apex. Seeds horizon- tal, ovate, with a distinct raphe; the testa smooth and membran- aceous. 200 SAXIFRAGACE.E. lithophragma. MITELLA. L. cainpaiiulata. Minutely pubescent below, glanular above: stem slender, 12-2J inches high: radical leaves round-cordate, 3-lobed, the lobes coarsely 3-5-toothed, 8-12 lines in diameter, on long, slender petioles with a bulblet in the axil of each ; cauline usually only one, similar or more deeply lobed : flowers few, very remote, on short pedicels : calyx campanu- late, 3-4 lines long, wiih rounded base and short, triangular, acute teeth; petals incisely 3-5-lobed, white to pink, broadly ovate, 6 lines long, nar- rowed below to a filiform claw: capsule conical, divided nearly to the middle. On high open ridges of the tiiskiyou mountains near the Oregon boundary. L. parviflora Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 584. Tellima parviflora Hook, Roughish hirsute or scabrous-pubescent: stems slender, 8-20 inches high: radical leaves roun with a cluster of more or less united gland-tipped fila- ments at the base of each. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals : anthers 2-celled. Ovary entire, 1-celled with 3-4 parietal pla- centa: stigmas as many, closely sessile, very obtuse. Capsule 3-4-valved from the apex, the valves bearing the many-seeded placentae on their middle. Seeds with a loose thickish some- what winged testa. P. Californica Greene Pitt, ii, 102. Leaves ovate to broadly oval, 6-18 lines long, narrowed below to a slender petiole : stems slender, flex- uous, 1-2 feet high, with a small sessile bract borne above the middle; calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, 4 lines long; petals white, broadly ovate to elliptical, 8-10 lines long by 6 lines broad, bristles of the appendages 20- 24, almost capillary, united below into a broad cuneiform base ; filaments subulate, about half as long as the petals. In marshes at the eastern base of the Coast Mountains southern Oregon and adjacent California. P. flmbriata Banks Sims 7 Keen. Ann. Bot. i, ;-)91. Leaves cordate to reni form, 6-12 lines long, on long slender petioles : stem?j slender, 6-18 inches high, with a comparatively large leaf-like bract above the middle: sepals oblong, acutish ; petals spatulate, 4-6 lines long, conspicuously fim- briolate ciliate at base ; bristles of the appendages 5-9, often short or re- duced to mere teeth on the cuneiform base; filaments filiform, about half as long as the petals. In high mountain marshes, Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains. Order XXXI. HYDRANGEAC^ Dumort Anal. Fam. 36, 38. Shrubs with opposite leaves without stipules, the flowers in terminal or axillary panicles or cymes. Calyx 4- S-cleft, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with them , convolute in the bud. Stamens few or numerous in- serted wdth the petals into the throat of the clyx: anthers in- trorse. Ovary either free from oi- coherent with the tube of the calyx, of 3-5 or more carpels with as many cells as carpels and the placentae in the axis. FiTiit capsular, with septicidal or loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds anatropous, small and nu- merous or solitary. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 1. Philadelphns. Calyx-tube coherent with the 4— 5-celled ovary: stamens 20 or more : seeds numerous. 2. Whipplea. Calyx nearly free from the 3-5-celled ovary: stamens 8-12; ovules and seeds solitary in the cells. 1 PHILADELPHUS L. Gen. n. 614. Rather large shrubs with opposite simple leaves without sti- pules, and large showy flowers in paniculate cvmes or sometimes solitary in the axils. Calyx with turbinate tube coherent wdth 206 RIBESACE^. philladelphus. WHIPPLKA. the ovary nearly or quite to the summit, the limb 4-5-parted, valvate in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, large, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40, shorter than ths petals. Styles 3-5, usually 4, united sometimes nearly to the summit : stigmas ob- long or linear. Capsule mostly 4-celled. free at the summit ; 4- valved, loculicidal, the placentae projecting into the cells, many- seeded. Seeds pendulous and densely imbricated downward on the thickened placentae, with a loose coat, usually prolonged at both ends or fimbriate at the hilum. P. Lewisii Pursh Fl. 329. Shrub 3-12 feet high : leaves broadly lance- olate, entire or serrate, acute, more or less pubescent both sides: flowers in small cymes at the ends of the branchlets; lobes of the calyx acute, twice the length of the tube: petals white, oblong-ovate, 6-10 lines long; filaments unequal the longer ones about half as long as the petals ; styles about equalling the shorter stamens, deeply 2-4-cleft. Common in open woods and rocky hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California. 2 WHIPPLE 1 Torr. Pac. P. Rep. iv, 90, t. 7. Small diffuse shrubs with opposite simple leaves and small white flowers in cymous clusters on terminal naked peduncle?. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the ovary, the lobes thin and petal-like. Petals 5. Stamens 10, rarely more or less ; anthers short, 2 -celled. Ovary 3-5-celled with a single suspended ovule in each cell; styles distinct ; stigmas introrse. Capsule septicidally dehiscent into S-S- cartilaginous 1 -seeded closed valves which open down the ventral suture only. Seeds oblong with a closed coat, W. iiiodesta Torr. 1. c. Stems slender, spreading or trailing, rooting at the nodes, 1-2 feet long or more : leaves ovate or oval, obtusely few- toothed or entire, somewhat 3-ribbed, 8-12 lines long, tapering below to a short petiole, acute or acutish, pubescent both sides: flowers white, few', in in a close cyme at the end of a rather long slender peduncle hardly 2 lines broad; calyx campanulate, the white oblong lobes longer than the tube; petals white, with a lanceolate blade and broad claw, longer than the calyx-lobes : capsule globose : styles at length deciduous: seeds oblong. In open woods, from near the Columbia river to California. Order XXXII. REBESACE^. Spiny or smooth shrubs with alternate often fascicled pal- mately vt^ined leaves without stipules, and few to numerous, mosfly perfect, flowers in racemes, either produced from the bud with the leaves and terminating the very short axillary branchlets, or sometimes leafless buds. Calyx campanulate or tubular, colored, the tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4-5- cleft, with mostly equal segments, marcescent, imbricate in the bud. Petals distinct, equal in number to the segments of the calyx and alternate with them, inserte I in the throat of the calyx. Stamens as many as jietals and inserted alternately with them: anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled with two parietal placentae: ovules nume)Ous, or sometimes few; styles 2, lorely EiBES. - RIBESACE.E. 207 3-4. Fruit a berry, crowned with the remains of the flower, 1-celled, usually many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, the raphe at length distinct from the gelatinous testa : the inner integument somewhat crustaceous, adhering firmly to the fleshy albumen. Embryo minute excentric. 1 RIBES Juss. Gen. 28 L. L. Gen. n. 281. Shrubs with alternate palmately veined and lobed leaves, the flowers in few to many-flowered racemes. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-cleft with mostly equal marcesceiit lobes. Petals distinct as many as the lobes of the calyx and alternate with them. Stamens as many as petals, inserted alternately with them into the throat of the calyx. Ovary 1-celled, closely adnate to the tube of the calyx, with 2 parietal mostly many-ovuled placentae. Fruit a berry. § 1 SiPHOCALYX Berlandier Mem. Soc. Gnev. iii, t. 2 as genus. Stems neither prickly nor thorny: leaves convolute in the bud: racemes many-tiowered: bracts foliaceous : flowers yellow; calyx long and tubular : berries smooth. R. anrenui Parsh Fl. 16-t. A smooth shrub 4-8 feet high : leaves o-lobed, often broader than long, the lobes usually divaricate, few-toothed at the apex, ciliate when young, otherwise very glabrous: racemes H»-30- flowered, leafy at base; bracts lanceolate, more or less acuminate, 2-6 lines long or more, about equalling the pedicels: calyx yellow, tubular, the nar- row tube 6-8 lines long, about twice as long as the oblong merely spreading lobes ; petals cuneiform, truncate and erose-dentate at the apex, little more than a line long: herries yellow or black, 2-3 lines in diameter. On rocky banks along streams, eastern Oregon and Washington to Missouri and Arkansas. R. teuaiflornm Lindl. Hort Trans, vii, 242. A slender shrub 6-12 feet high, glabrous or the young branches and leaves pubescent with spreading hairs: leaves round-cordate, 3-iobed, the lobes often again 2-3- lobed, crenate at the apex, 1-3 inches in diameter: racemes usually about 9-flowered, leafy at base : bracts foliaceous, broadly lanceolate, 6-9 lines long, usually longer than the pedicels; calyx-tube 7-8 lines long, by a line in diameter, the unequal lobes about 3 lines long by less than a line broad; petals about a line long, narrowly o long, narrowed below to a broad claw : berries 2-3 lines in diameter."^ Along streams, southern Oregon and adjacent California. § 2 EiBEsiA Berlandier (Currant). Stems neither prickly nor spiny : leaves plicate in the bud: racemes several-flowered : calyx campanulate or cylindrical: ovules numerous, in 2 or more rows. * Calyx produced into a campanulate or cylindrical tube : fruit and foliage more or less glandular : bracts conspicuous : stamens not produced beyond the petals. -*- Flowers dull white or light-colored; racemes corymb-like and few- flowered. R. viscosissimnm Pursh Fl. 163. A shrub 3-5 feet high with reddish shredy bark and stiffish branches : young branches, leaves and inflores- cence viscid-pubescent: leaves round-cordate, shallowly 3-lobed, incisely crenate, 1-2 inches in diameter: racemes short; bracts spatulate, 6-8 lines ong, about equalling the glandular pedicels; calyx-tube cylindrical, 5-6 208 RIBESACE^. ribks. lines long, abruptly inflated adove its union with the ovary, twice as long as the oblong lobes : petals oblong, rounded at the summit, about half as long as the lobes of the calyx ; styles smooth. 2-cleft at the apex about equalling the short included stamens : fruit ovoid, black, viscid-pubescent. On mountains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. K, cereuin Dougl. Hort. Trans* vii, 312. A low shrub 2-3 feet high with rather stiff branches and whitish bark : leaves roundish-cordate, usu- ally broader than long, incisely 3-5-lobed and doubly crenate-toothed 6-9 lines in diameter, more or less viscid-pubescent and dotted with white waxy glands on one or both sides : racemes nodding, 1-5-flowered ; bracts ovate to lanceolate, often toothed, appressed to the ovary, 3-4 lines long, longer than the very short pedicels ; calyx tubular, 6 lines long, viscid- glandular, the ovate spreading lobes less than a line long; petals minute, broadly cuneiform ; stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx and included in it; style minutely pubescent above, 2-lobed: fruit bright red, minutely glandular. On- dry Tocky 'ridges, -Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. •+- +- Flowers bright red varying to white ; racemes drooping, many- flowered. R. san^ninenm Pursh 1 c. 164. A stout shrub 3-12 feet high with erect branches: young branches and petioles glandular-pubescent: leaves cordate, 3-5 lobed, deeply serrate, glabrous above, canescent-pubescent beneath, 1-3 inches in diameter: racemes 1-4 inches long, pubescent and glandular, rather loosely many-flowered; bracts spatulate to obovate, en- tire or erose dentate, 6'lines long, about equalling the slender pedicels; calyx-tube cylindrical, 4 lines long, about equalled by the ample obovate or broadly lanceolate red lobes ; petals oblong, obtuse, narrowed below to a broad claw, 2 lines long; style smooth, minutely 2-c1eft: fruit subglobose, sparingly glandular-hirsute,' black with a dense white bloom. Very com- mon in wooded districts, Brit. Columbia to California. * * Calyx with very short or no tube and rotate or saucer-shaped limb. R. ciliosum. Stems prostrate,2-4 feet long: leaves broadly cordate, 1-2 inches in diameter, acutely 3-5-lobed acutely f^errate and ciliolate, minutely pubescent on the veins beneath smooth above, on petioles about as long as the blade with dilated cilia te base: racemes 6-10-flowered ; bracts small, ovate, about half as long as the smooth pedicels; calyx dark red, saucer-shaped, with broad rounded lobes and very short tube ; petals broadly obovate^ K line long; anthers broader than long, sessile or nearly so; style very short, entire: fruit red, about the size of the common red currant and much like it in flavor. Jn marshy ground about the base of Mount Hood on the south side. R. laxiflorum Pursh Fl. 731. R. acerifoUum ffowell: R. Howellii Greene. Stems cespitose, erect to ascending, 3-9 feet long: leaves triangu- lar, 2-3 inches in diameter, truncate or more or less cordate at base, deeply 5-lobed, the acute lobes laciniately doubly serrate, smooth above, often resinous-dotted beneath ; petiole as long or longer than the blade, rather abruptly dilated and ciliate at base : racemes finely pubescent, 5-12-flow- ered; bracts usually linear-lanceolate, 1-2 lines long, about equalling the slender pedicels; calyx rotate, with broad spatulate lobes; petals red, narrowly spatulate, a line long; anthers broader than long, on flat pedi- cels a line or more long; style deeply 2-lob'ed: fruit purple or black, with a whitish bloom, 2-3 lines in diameter. A hout springs and ' wet places along the coast and in the highest mountains, Alaska to Oregon. R. erythrocarpum Covill & T^iberg Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash, x, 132. Stems trailing, rooting and giving rise to ascending branches 4-8 inches high : leaves round-cordate, 6-18 lines in diameter deeply 3-lobed, the RiBEs. KIBESACE^. 209 lobes coarsely crenate and the crenature uneven; apiculate-dentate, gland- ular-ciliate, m(jre or less glandular: racemes erect, usually 10-20-flowered : bracts herbaceous, lanceolate to obovate, 1-3 lines long, equalling or shorter t an the slend3r pedicels; calyx saucer-shaped, the oblong lobes spreading, yellow dotted with red, 1% lines long; petals broadly spatulate, glabrous; }4-}4 ^s long as the calyx-lobes; filaments glabrous, equalling the petals, style glabrous, 2-parted: fruit scarlet, 4-5 lines long, subpyritorm to spherical, glandular. Common on Mount Mazama around Crater Lake, Oregon. R. bracteosnm Dougl. Hook. Fl i, 233. Stems a=?cending, 2-8 feet long: leaves iong-petioled, cordate, 7-S inches in diameter, deeply 5-7- lobed, the lobes acuminate, coarsely and doubly serrate or incised, resinous dotted beneath : pedicels 6-12 inches long, loosely many flowered; bracts foliaceous, lanceolate to linear, the lower ones broad and petioled the upper reduced and sessile, all as long or longer than the pedicels; calyx rotate, the purplish oblong lobes nearly 2 lines long: petals broadlv cuneiform, rounded at the apex, less than a line long; style shorter than the petals, deeply cleft; fruit black, resinous dotted. Common along mountain streams in deep shade, Alaska to California. B. Hudsonianum Richard. Franklin Journ 2 ed. 6. Stems erect, 4- 6 feet high ; leaves round-cordate in outline, 2-4 inches in diameter, smooth above, resinous dotted beneath, 3-5-lobed, the k'bes acute, coarsely and doubly serrate : racemes erect, with or without a few small leaves at base, 2-4 inches long, many-flowered ; bracts setaceous, much shorter than the pedicels; calyx campanulate deeply 5-parted, the oblong obtuse lobes more than a line long; petals oblong, minute; style glabrous, deeply cleft: fruit globose, resinous dotted. Along mountain streams, Brit. Columbia to Eastern Washington. § 8. Grossularia Tourn. as genus. (Gooseberry). Stems usually armed with subaxillary spines and often prickly : leaves plicate in the bud: peduncles (except in the first) 1-4-flowered : calyx more or less campanulate : ovules very numerous, in sev- eral rows: bei-ries often prickly. * Calyx-tube saucer shaped, spreading immediately above the ovary : peduncles racemously several-flowered : anthers very short, pointless berries small and currant-like, sparingly bristly-glandular. R. lacnstre Poir. f^uppl ii, 856. Stems prostrate or ascending, 3-4 feet long, very prickly when young; subaxillary spines several, weak and scarcely differing from the prickles : leaves cordate, 3-5-parted, the lobes deeply incised and toothed, the teeth bristly apiculate, 6-18 lines long; petioles slender, 12 inches long ciliate with long brownish bristles: racemes 5-9-flo\vered; calyx rotate; stamens about the length of the petals; styles short glabrous, 2-cleft; ovary glandular-hispid; fruit small, black. In cold mountain marshes and along streams, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States and Canada. R. molle R. lacustre var moVe Gray Bot. Cal. i, 206. Stems 1-4 feet high, intricately much branched : young shoots often prickly : subaxillary spines triple or multiple, rigid: leaves round-cordate in outline, 6-12 line's in diameter, 3-5-parted, the divisions 3-lobed and incisely toothed, soft- pubescent and sparingly glandular both sides : racemes 1-9 flowered short- peduncled; bracts ovate, acute, as long as the pedicels; flowers greenish- white, the open calyx three lines in diameter, its short lobes rounded; petals small; stamens ve»y short: berries light red, not larger than peas.. On rocky ridges in the mountains of Southeastern Oregon to California. 210 RIBESACE^. ribes. * * Calyx-tube campanulate to cylindrical: peduncles 1-4-flowered. ■*- Anthers oval or didymous, very obtuse and pointless. *+ Tube of the calyx above the ovary very short. R. Yelntinnm Greene Bull. Cal. Acad, i, 85. Stout and rigid, 2-6 feet high, with strongly recurved branches, these not prickly ; subaxillary spines solitary: leaves orbicular, palmately 3-5-cleft, the lobes crenately 3-toothed, 6-8 lines in diameter, densely velvety-tomentose to nearly glabrous: racemes short, 2-3-flowered, tbe orbicular bracts not half as long as the pedicels; calyx cylindrical, its lanceolate lobes twice longer than the tube; petals oblong, shorter than the calyx-lobes : stamens shorter than the petals ; styles glabrous, equalling the stamens ; ovary and fruit velvety-pubescent. On dry hillsides at the southern base of the Siskiyou Mountains. R. montaunm. Stems slender, creeping, 3-4 feet long: subaxillary spines 3, unequal : leaves round to oblong, less than an inch in diameter, slightly cordate or truncate, deeplv 3-lobed, the lobes doubly toothed, pu- bescent but not glandular : peduncles usually one-flowered, bracts con- spicuous, longer than the pedicels : calyx pubescent, its linear-oblong lobes 2 lines long, longer than the cylindraceous tube; petals narrowly oblong, a line long: stamens longer than the petals, anthers broadly ob- long ; style glabrous, entire or nearly so ; ovary and fruit spinose. In the forests of the Siskiyou Mountains near the summit. R. ambiguum Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 193. Stems erect or ascending, 4-6 feet high : leaves roundish, 1-2 inches in diameter, villous and glandular, 5-lobed, the lobes crenately toothed, peduncle 1-3-flowered, calyx 6 lines long, more or less villous, the ligulate lobes several times longer than the tube, ciliate equalling the linear petals; anthers small elliptical, ovary and fruit densely spinose. Mt. Adams, Washington, to Northern California at high altitudes. •*+ ■** Calyx-tube longer than the limb. K. cognatum Greene Pitt, iii, 115. Slender shrub 3-10 feet high: younger branches stiffly and densely setose-hispid, the 1-3 subaxillary spines short, not very stout: leaves and the long and slender petioles vil- lous pubescent : flowers 3-5, at the ends of long and slender pendulous peduncles: calyx salver-form, the long cylindric tube villous-pubescent, twice the length of the oblong segments, the whole white or pale flesh- color : petals spatulate-obovate, truncate or retuse, not equalling the calyx- lobes: ovaries glabrous, fruit not , seen. Along the Umatilla river, near Pendleton, Oregon. •♦4- +> +^. Flowers small, dull-colored, fruit smooth. R. gracile Michx. Fl. i. 111. Branches slender: subaxillary spines 1-3, leaves roundish, obtusely 3-lobed, crenately incised, entire at base, glab- rous : peduncles elongated, 1-3-flowered ; lobes of the calyx ligulate, twice or thrice longer than the short tube ; stamens long exserted hairy, longer than the hairy style : fruit black smooth. Brit Columbia to Ore- gon and the S. E. States. R. oxyacanthoides L. Sp. 201. Stems sometimes clothed with bristly prickles : subaxillary spines 1-3, often united at the base : leaves roundish, subcordate 5-lobed, pubescent or nearly glabrous, the lobes deeply toothed or crenate: peduncles very short 2-3-flowered; calyx tube cylindraceous, pubescent at the base within, the segments spreading, rather longer than the stamens, about twice the length of the obovate petals ; style cleft to the middle, hairy at base a little exceeding the sta- mens. Along streams, eastern Oregon to California and N. E. States. R. divaricatnm Dougl. Trans. Hort. Soc. vii, 515. Stems £-12 feet RiBES. CRASSULACE^. 211 high, variously branched: subaxillary spines 1-3, usually stout and de- flexed, leaves roundish, more or less cordate, 3-5-lobed, the lobes crenately incised ; peduncles slender, usually .S-flowered : bracts broad, scarious : lobes of the calyx ligulate about twice the length of the campanulate tube : stamens exserted ; anthers small, oval ; style about equalling the stamens and calyx, 2-parted, hairy below; fruit small black. Brit. Columbia to California. ^^ ^ ^ +i. Flowers large and showy. E. Lobl)ii Gray Am. Nat. x, 274. Stems 2-6 feet high, much branched, subaxillary spines 3, usually unequal: leaves roundish, truncate or slightly cordate at base, more or less pubescent and glandular : peduncle almost filiform, 1-3-flowered; bracts broad about equalling the short pedicels : calyx campanulate, pubescent, the dark red ligulate lobes about equalling the tube, twice as long as the white truncate cuneate petals, strongly re- flexed; stamens long exserted,. slightly unequal; anthers nearly orbicular: style about equalling the longest stamens : fruit 6-8 lines in diameter densely glandular hispid. Washington to California, west of the Cascade Range. R. Marshallii Greene Pitt, i, 31 (?). Stems 2-4 feet high; subaxillary spines 3; roundish, 3-5-lobed, crenately toothed, an inch or less in diam- eter, smooth not glandular; peduncles short, uiually 1-flowered : bracts broadly lanceolate: calyx dark red, campanulate, 8-12 lines long, the lanceolate acute lobes much longer than the tube : petals oblong, rounded at the summit, 2-3 lines long, yellow : stamens and style exserted but shorter than the calyx-lobes; anthers oblong, obtuse at both ends, fruit large an inch long or more, covered with fleshy spines but not glandular. In forests in the Siskiyou Mountains. +- -^ Anthers sagittate, mucron ate- tipped. ++ Bracts presistent. R. Menziesii Pursh. Fl. 732. Stems 5-10 feet high, branches strongly hispid or varying to glabrous : leaves deeply 3-cleft, the lobes coarsely in- cised, usually soft-pubescent beneath: pedicels slender, 1-2-flowered; bracts broadly ovate, acute; calyx 6-10 lines long, the lanceolate obtuse lobes twice as long as the campanulate tube : petals broadly cuneate, rounded at the summit; stamens equalling the calyx, anthers lanceolate, a line long, style longer than the stamens; ovary densely glandular hispid. In the coast ranges, Southern Oregon to California. ■»* -H- Bracts deciduous. R. amictnm Greene 1. c. 69. Stems 2-4 feet high, intricately branched : subaxillary spines 1-3, slender: leaves orbicular to oblong, less than an inch long, 3-5-lobed, the lobes crenately toothed: peduncle short, usually one-flowered; bract broadly ovate, longer than the very short pedicel, clasping the ovary when young : calyx 6-10 lines long, the lanceolate acute lobes but little longer than the narrow tube : fruit densely spinose. On dry rocky ridges, southwestern Oregon and adjacent California. Order XXXIII. CRASSULACE^ D. C. Fl. France, iv, 382. Succulent or fleshy herbs with simple leavt^s without stipules and usually cymose inflorescence. Sepals 4-5, rai ely 3-20, imbricate in the bud, more or less united at base, persistent. Petals as many as sepals and alternate with them, not unguicu- late, imbr icate in the bud, inserted on the base of the calyx, sometimes united at base. Stamens as many as petals and 212 CRASSULACE^. till.ea. SEDUM. alternate with tliem or twicers many, inserted with the petals or adnate to their base: filaments subulate or linear filiform: anthers introrse. Ovaries always equal in number to the petals and opposite to them with numerous, or rarely few, ovules in two rows: carpels follicular in fruit, subulate with the persist- ent style, usually many-seeded, opening by the inner suture. Seeds anatropous, with a membranaceous often loose testa. Embiyo straight in the axil of thin flesh}^ albumen. 1. Tillaea. Parts of the flowers 3-5. Small annuals with opposite leaves and minute axillary flowers. 2. Sedum. Parts of the flowers 4-7: stamens twice as many: petals dis- tinct. : 3. Cotyledon. Parts of the flower in five, stamens ten. Petals somewhat united. 1 TILLiEA Micheli Gen. t, 20. Small and slender somewhat succulent glabrous annual with opposite entire leaves and minute axillary flowers. Sepals and petals 3-4, distinct or united at base. Stamens as many ; carpels distinct : style short-subulate : ovules one to many. Seeds longi- tudinally striate. * TilltEA propkr. Flow^ers clustered: petals acuminate, hypog- ynous; scale minute or none : carpels 1-2-seeded. T. minima Miers Trav. Chil. ii, 530. Diffusely branched, 1-3 inches high, erect or ascending: leaves ovate to oblong, connate at base, acute, about a line long: flowers in short leafy axillary panicles, nearly sessile or on pedicels a line or two long: sepals 4 scarcely half a line long, oblong- ovate, acute, a little exceeding the linear-lanceolate acuminate petals: carpels not longer, acute: seed usually solitary. On wet rocks etc., South- ern Oregon to California and Chile. * * Baltardia DC. Flowers solitary ; petals oval or oblong, hy- pogynous: scale linear: cafpels, several-seeded. T. angustifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 558. Branching from the base, 1-2 inches high, rooting; leaves linear, acute connate: flowers axillaris usually solitary, on very short pedicels; segments of the calyx 4, ovate about half the length of the ovate obtuse-petals, carpels broad o'>tuse many-seeded, styles none, seeds linear-oblong. On muddy flats, Washing- ton to California. 2 SEDUM L. Gen. n. 579. Herbs or rarely sufFrutescent plants with alternate or scat- tered (rarely opposite or verticillate) leaves and flowers in cymes. Sepals usually 5, rarely 4 or 6-7, more or less united at base, usually turgid. Petals distinct, mostly spreading. Sta- mens twice the number of the petals. Carpels as many as the sepals, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each. * Flowers mostly dioecious in a regular compact compound cyme, deep piirple or becoming so, leaves flat, serrate. S. Rhodiola DC. Fl. Franc, ed. 3, iv, 386. Stems simple, nearly erect, rem a thick perennial root 1-10 inches high, leafy: leaves alternate, oblong- SEDUM. CRASSULACE^. 213 oblanceolate, acute rarely entire : 6-18 lines long : cyme sessile often an inch or two in diameter : flowers on short naked pedicels, usually 4-merous sepals short, oblong : petals 1-2 lines long linear-oblong : carpels becoming 3 lines long shortly beaked. In the high mountains Alaska to California. * * Flowers perfect, decandrous; secund upon the branches of a forked cyme, mostly yellow : style filiform : leaves entire, very fleshy.- ■*- Leaves broad and obtuse, narrowed toward the base: perennials. S. spathulifolium Hook Fl. i, 227. Glabrous and sometimes mealy; stems ascending from a branched rooting caudex, 4-8 inches high, simple : leaves obovate or spatulate, 6-10 lines long: branches of the cyme approxi- mate : flowers on short pedicels or sessile, 6 lines long: petals yellow, lance- olate, acute, twice longer than the ovate acute sepals and scarcely exceed- ing the stamens and style. On rocks, etc., Brit Columbia to California. Flowering in May. S. Oreganum Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 559. Glabrous, not glaucous, leaves all scattered, cuneate, rounded at the summit: stems erect simple ; from a creeping branched caudex : cymes compound ; the flowers on very short pedicels, petals yellow linear- lanceolate, acuminate 3-4 times the length of the ovate-lanceolate acuminate sepals and about twice the length of the stamens. On rocky banks along the Columbia river near the Cascades. S. divergeiis Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 372. Stems rather stout, 2-t inches high from a creeping-branched caudex: leaves broadly ovate or obovate, sessile, 3-4 lines long : inflorescence close with short branches, flow- ers yellow, the lanceolate petals thrice longer than the triangular-ovate sepals and equalling the stamens : carpels united at base, widely divergent a' (A'e. Eastern slopes of the Cascade Mts. S. debile Watson Bot. King v, 102. Stems weak, 2-4 inches high, from very slender running root stocks : leaves rounded or obovate, 1-3 lines long: flowers on rather long pedicels in small cymes, 3 lines long, yellow: petals lanceolate, acuminate, twice the length of the acute sepals and little exceeding the stamens and styles. Southeastern Oregon to Nevada and Utah S. divaricatum Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 372 Cespitose with slender branching rootstock: the lower rosulate leaves oblanceolate or acutish, roughish on the margin, 6 lines long or less, flowering stems 2-8 inches high, l>ranches of the cymes once forked: flowers nearly sessile, bright yellow, with short lanceolate sepals and narrowly lanceolate, acumi- nate petals: carpels united at base strongly divergent above. Eastern Lregon and Washington. -*- ■*- Leaves lanceolate to subulate, mostly acute. *> Perennials. S. Douglasii Hook. Fl. i, 228. "ranching at base from a stout prolif- erous root-stock : the rather stout stems 6-10 inches high : leaves lanceolate or the lowest linear-subulate 6-12 lines long, smooth on the margins, flat above, carinate beneath: flowers yellow, sessile, in an open cyme : petals 2-3 lines long, acuminate-lanceolate, twice the length of the ovate acumi- nate sepals and exceeding the stamens : carpels united at base, strongly divergent. Brit Columbia to Oregon west of the Cascade Range. S. nniflorum Stems rather slender, branching at the base, from a short proliferous caudex, 4-S inches higjh, leaves lanceolatf^; acuminate, flat above, carinate beneath, 4-8 lines long: stems earing numerous propagula and terminated by a single flower; petals lanceolate; sepals a little longer than the stamens. On rocks along the Willamette and Columbia rivers near Portland. 214 CRASSULACE^. cotyledon. S. ciliosam. Stems branching from a short proliferous root-stock, 2r4 inches high : leaves lanceolate from a broad base, long acuminate, 6-10 lines long, ciliate on the margin or the cauline smooth : flowers yellow in small compact cymes, sessile : petals lanceolate, acuminate, a little longer than the stamens, twice as long as the ovate long-acuminate sepals: carpels divergent a ove. On rocks in the Coast mountains near Roseburg, Oregon. S. stenopetalnm Pursh. Fl. 324. Cespitose: stems erect from a decumbent base, 2-4 inches high : leaves lanceolate, closely sessile, 2-4 lines long, granular-puberulent: flowers yellow, crowded in close compound cymes, on short pedicels : petals lanceolate • acute equalling or a little ex- ceeding the stamens, twice as long as the ovate sepals : carpels erect, tipped by the long divergent styles. On the higher ridges of Eastern Washington and Oregon to the Rocky Mountains. •*- •*- Annuals. S. pnmilnm Benth. PL Hartw. 310. Slender, branching or single, 1-3 inches high: leaves ovate-oblong, a line or two long: flowers sessile, in sparingly branched cymes, yellow: calyx-lobes very small, triangular, acute ; petals linear, acute, 1-2 lines long, exceeding the stamens and style : follicles short, 1-seeded, the seed erect, filling the cavity. On grav- elly soil Or^on Nutlall to California. COTYLEDON L. Gen. n. 578. Herbs or soft-wood plants with thick fleshy entire leaves and often showy, mostly scarlet and yellow flowers in scorpioid cymes or long racemes. Calyx 5-parted, petals united into a 5-lobed pitcher-shaped or cylindrical corolla. Stamens 10 inserted on the corolla-tube : carpels distinct or rarely united at base, many- seeded beaked by th3 subulate style. C. Ore^onensis Watson Proc Am. Acad, xvii, 373. Stems ascending from a stout branched rooting caudex 6-8 inches high, the rosulate basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, 8-15 lines long, the cauline oblong-spatulate, 6 lines long or less : peduncles axillary along the upper part of the stem 6-12 lines long, bearing short simple or compound few-flowered racemes, pedi- cels 1-2 lines long, with small bractlets; sepals deltoid, a line long: petals pale yellow, united below the middle. 4 lines long ; stamens slightly shorter, carpels oblong, rounded at the top, apiculate with the slender style. East- ern base of the Cascade Mts. near Mt. Hood. C farinosa Baker Refug. Bot i, t. 71. Caulescent: more or less mealy-pulverulent: rosulate leaves rather flaccid, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, the larger ones 2-4 inches long, very acute : flowering branches a span high or less with scattered broadly ovate to lanceolate clasping leaves : flowers in a rather close short compound cyme ; bracts ovate-lanceo- late, rather large ; pedicels stout, 1-3 lines long : sepals broadly lanceolate, about 3 lines long; petals yellow, oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, 4-6 lines long; carpels ovate-oblong about three lines long. At the mouth of the Chetco River, Oregon and Southward along the Coast. Order XXXIV. DROSERACEiE S. F. Gray Arr. Brit. PL ii, 664. Herbs or larely suifrutescent plants with alternate or crowded entire, usually viscid-glandular leaves w^ithout stipules and perfect flowers. Se- als 5, persistent, equal, sometimes united at base; imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals, marcescent, stamens distinct, usually as many as petals DROSEKA. CERATOPHYLLACE^. 215 CERATOPHVLLUM. and alternate with them, rarely 2 or 3 times as many, marces- cent; anthers extrorse or innate, the cells distinct or somewhat connivent above, opening down the sides or rarely by a termi- nal pore. OvSLYj composed of 2-5 united carpels: placenta parietal or filling the base of the cell. Styles 2-5, distinct or nnited at base, each 2-parted, or multifid and pencil-shaped, sometimes all united into one. Capsule loculicidally 2-5-valYed or indehiscent mostly many-seeded. Seeds anatropous; the testa sometimes arilliform. Embryo short, at the base of car- tilaginous or fleshy albumen. ♦ 1 DROSERA L. Gen. n. 391 (^uldew). Small herbs growing in sphagnous or sandy marshes, with the leaves all radical and furnished with numerous long glandular hairs, and small flowers on simple scapes. Stamens 5, styles 3-5, 2-parted with the divisions somewhat thickened toward the apex, or multifid. Capsule subglobose or ovoid, usually 3-valved at the top; the valves placentiferous to the top. Seeds numer- ous, in 2-5 rows on each placenta. D. rotnndifolia L. Sp. i, 281. Leaves spreading, orbicular, ab- ruptly attenuate to a long hairy petiole: scapes 2-6 inches high, 5-10-flo\v- ered : petals oblong, 2 lines Ion- , .i little exceeding the oblong sepals : styles short, 2-parted : capsule included in the calyx : seeds linear with a loose coat, in cold marshes Alaska to California, the Atlantic States and Europe. D. Ao^lica Hudson Fl. Angl. 135. Leaves ascending, oblong, attenuate into the slender naked petioles : scapes 3-10 inches high, sometimes forked at the top, few-flowered : petals linear-oblanceolate 3-4 lines long nearly twice longer than the oblong sepals : capsule exceeding the calyx : seeds linear with a loose coat. In cold marshes Alaska to California, iSiberia and northern Europe. Order XXXV. CERATOPHYLLACE^. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 41. Perennial submerged aquatic herbs with cylindrical jointed stems and branches, verticillate, sessile, filliformly 2-3-choto- mous leaves without stipules, and sessile axillary-flowers. Flowers monoecious without perianth but surrounded by a persistent 8- 12-cleft involucre; anthers numerous sessile , fleshy, 2-3-cuspidate at top, oxary solitary, 1-celled, with a pendulous orthotropous ovule; achene beaked by the slender persistent style,seecls with membranous transparent testa and no albumen; radicle inferior very short; the cotyledons thick and oval, the highly developed plumule consisting of several nodes and 1 CERATOPHYLLUM L. Gsertn Fr. t. 44. Characters as of the order. €. demersum L. Sp. 1409. Stems very slender, a foot or two long, 2H> LYIHKACK^E. ammannia. smooth or nearly so: leaves in numerous whorls of 6-8, the filiform or linear segments acute, more or less aculeate-dentate. 34 to one inch long: achene 2 lines long or more, elliptical, somewhat compressed, shortly stipi- tate, with a short spine or tubercle on each side near the base, not mar- gined : style as long as the achenes. Washington to California, the East- ern States and Europe. Order XXXVI. LYTHRACEiE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 184. Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, with usually 4-sided branches- opposite, rarely a ternate, entire leaves without stipules and flowers in the axils or in terminal racemes. Sepals combined into a 4 -7-toothed or lobed caiyx ; the lobes valvate or distant in the bud ; the sinuses sometimes produced into accessory lobes or processes. Petals alternate with the proper lobes of the calyx and inserted on its throat, deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens inserted into the tube of the calyx below the petals, equal to them in number, or 2-4 times as many, rarely fewer: anthers short, introrse. Ovary enclosed in but free from the calyx, 2-4-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell ; the placentae in the axis : style filiform, sometimes short or almost none : stigma usually capitate Capsule mem- branaceous, surrounded by the calyx, often one-celled by the obliteration of the partitions, dehiscent either longitudinally or irregularly. Seeds numerous and small, rarely few and large, anatropous, without albumen. Cotelydon^ flat and foliaceous. 1. Ammannia. Calyx barely 4-angled, short : stamens 4 or 8 : capsule globular. 2. Lythrum. Calyx striate, cylindrical: petals usually 6: stamens as many or twice as many: capsule oblong or cylindrical. AMMANNIA Houst. L. Gen. n. 155. Herbs with square stems, opposite entire leaves and axillary bracteolate flowers. Calyx more or less campanulate, 4-5-toothed or lobed, the sinuses usually expanding into spreading accessor}^ teeth or horns. Petals as many as lobes of the calyx or want- ing. Stamens as many or twice as many as lobes of the calyx: Ovary 2-4-celled: style short or rather long: stigma capitate, cap- sule globose or ovoid, included in the calyx, either bursting trans- versely or opening by valves. Seeds numerous, attached to thick central placentae. A. latifolia L. Sp. 115. Stems erect, branching, 6-24 inches high: leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, dilated and obtusely cordate-auriculate at base, closely sessile, 2-:^ inches long: flowers 1-5 in each axil, somewhat pedunculate, at least when solitary : calyx 4-angled or pleate Leaves rather broad; flowers large, rose-purple; style shorter than the petals. E. rigidnm Hausskn. Bot. Zeitschr. xxix, 51. Stems decumbent, 4-8 inches long, glabrous and rather glossy at base, glandular-pubescent above : leaves 8-16 lines long, the apper more or less attenuate, lanceolate to nearly obovate, acute, entire, cuneately narrowed into short winged petioles, glabrous and very glaucous, firm with mostly inconspicuous lateral veins: flowers rather few in the axils of the reduced upper leaves which are often adnate to the base of the peduncles; ovary more or less densely white pubescent; calyx cleft nearly to the base; petals 7-10 lines long; stigma very large, its surface pilose-papillate; seed smooth. Eastern base of the Coast range, Josephine Co., Oregon. Var. canescens. Trel. Sp. Epilob.83. Densely velvety-canescent through- out. With the type. -M- ++ Leaves relatively narrow, flowers rather small; cream-colored, style exserted; seeds nearly obconical, closely low- papillate. E. snflfruticosum Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 488. Stems woody and intricately much branched at base, a span high, minutely canescent throughout or at length glabrate below : leaves numerous, less than 10 lines long, mainly opposite, broadly lanceolate, acutish, entire, narrowed below but hardly petioled, thick, with inconspicuous veins : flowers rather few, in the axils of the scarcely reduced upper leaves ; calyx-tube broadly funnel-form ; petals 3-4 lines long ; capsule an inch long, short-stalked : seeds a line or more long; coma long and very dingy. Oregon to northwest Montana and the Yellowstone Park. * * Stigma more or less 4-cleft in the larger flowers, usually sub- entire in the smaller; capsule prominently ribbed, rather short and few-seeded ; seeds beakless, very broad and blunt, usually abruptly contracted above the base, areolate or low-papillate ; coma pale, fall- ing easily : mostly slender annuals with terete stems, more or less glandular-pubescent above, and rather firm veinless leaves. E. paniculatnin Nutt. 1. c. 490. Stems rather slender, 1-4 feet high, loosely dichotomously branched, mostly white glabrate below : leaves 1-2 inches long, chiefiy alternate and fascicled in the axils, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, often folded along the midrib, acute, rather sparingly denticulate, tapering to a slender winged petiole, gradually passing into the smaller bracts above: flowers rather remote towards the ends of the ascending branches, erect: the bracts often carried up on the peduncle ; 224 ONAGRACEtE. epilobium. calyx-tube very narrowly funnel-form, 1-2 lines long; petals about 4 lines long, violet; capsule fusiform, falcate, ascending about LO lines long; seeds a line long, low-papillate. Brit. 'Columbia to California, and the Rocky Mts. E. jucnudani Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xii, 57. Stems erect, 2-4 feet high, diffusely paniculately branched: leaves linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sparingly denticulate: 1-2 inches long, narrowed below to a distinct petiole: flowers somewhat fasciculate at the end of the branches; tube of the calyx linear, dilated at the top, 6 lines long; petals obcordate 6 lines long or more; capsule somewhat clavate. Dry prairies, eastern Washington to northern California. E. Hamiiiondi. Stems slender and flexuous,l-3 feet high, paniculately branched above, glabraie and whitish below : leaves linear, i-2 inches long : flowers larger, borne towards the ends of the branches, erect: calyx tube 6-8 lines long, almost filiform below ; petals obcordate, 6 lines long or more, bright purple : capsule lanceolate to somewhat clavate about an inch long, ascending. On dry rocky slopes, Southwestern Oregon, blooming in August and September. E. minntnm Lindl. Hook. Fl. I. 207. Stems slender, a span or two high, simple or mostly with ascending branches throughout, crisp-pubes- cent below: leaves 6-10 lines long, usually alternate, narrowly to broadly lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, acutish, undulate, cuneately narrowed to a slender winged petiole; flowers rather numerous, erect; calyx tube broadly funnel-form, short; petals 1-2 lines long; capsules about one inch long, narrowed to the base, on short pedicles; seeds less than a line long, reticulated or low papillate. Brit Columbia to California. * «■ * Stigma clavate, entire or slightly' notched: coma of seeds mostly persistent. Plants of various habit; perennial by rhizomes, stolons, turions, etc. (Exceptions are E. exaltatum and E. Oreganum, both of which have conspicuously 4-lobed stigmas.) -*- Spreading by filiform remotely scaly subterranean shoots which end in ovoid winter bulblets with fleshy scales: capsule many-seeded: seeds more or less papillate mostly fusiform with conspicuous trans- lucent beak at insertion of coma. E. palustre L Sp. 348, Quite canescent above, with incurved hairs; loaves 1-2 inches long, narrowly oblong or rarely lanceolate, obtuse or almost truncate, gradually narrowed to a sessile base : fruiting peduncle often long and slender; flowers few, mostly nodding at first; seed fusiform with prominent scarcely narrowed translucent point. Swamps and wet places, Alaska to Oregon and the N. E. states. -t- -I- Producing at base of stem in late summer and autumn ro- - settes of foliage; leaves not revolute, more or less toothed: seeds papillate. -^+ Habit of E. palustre : stems terete or with occasional low decur- rent lines : seeds fusiform, prominently beaked. E. Davnricnm Fischer. A span or two high, mostly simple, the very slender stems sparingly incurved-pubescent, otherwise glabrous ; roots densely fascicled : leaves less than 8 lines long, somewhat crowded at base, alternate and remote above, linear or oblong, obtuse, remotely denticu- late, sessile, 1-nerved : flowers pale, not very numerous, nodding: capsule erect, 20 lines long, on long slender peduncles ; seeds less than a line long ; coma white. Bogs Alaska to VVashington and east to the Selkirk range. I-*- -ff Coarser branched plants of the habit of E. coloratum: stems with rather prominent ridges decurrent from some of the leaves : i EPiLOBiuM. • ONAGRACEiE. 225 leaves usually ample, commonly toothed, with evident lateral veins; capsule 20-25 lines long ; seeds mostly broadly obovoid, short-beaked, sharply papillate in rather distinct longitudinal lines. = Lai-ge flowered for the group, with rather deep violet petals 3-5 lines long, hairs within calyx-tube well developed: leaves mainly op- posite ; 1-2 inches long. ' . E. Franciscanam Barbsy. Bot. Cal. i, 220 A span to mostly a foot or two high, the larger forms much branched; subcanescent or more or less pilose above; leaves elliptical-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; obtuse, with rather numerous and prominent serrations; rounded to the very short and broad petioles : flowers at first crowded scarcely exceeding the somewhat reduced leaves, clustered at the end of branches ; seeds broad, very hyaline-papillate. Oregon to California and Nevada. = = Petals 2-3 lines long, pale to mostly rather deep rose-colored ; leaves for the most part attenuate, rather broad often purple in autumn. E. coloratum Muhl. Glabrate below, the rather numerous panicled branches canescent with incurved hairs, at least along the decurrent lines and more or less glandular towards the end: leaves 2-<} inches long, lanceo- late to oblong-lanceolate, acute, deeply and irregularly serrulate, mostly gradually narrowed to conspicuous slender petioles, glabrous except the uppermost, rugose veiny: flowers very numerous more or less nodding; petals 1-2 lines long, rosy : fruiting peduncles slender mostly short : seeds beakless, strongly papillate ; coma at length cinnamon-colored, at least at base. Oregon and Eastern States. E. adenocaulon Hausskn.l.c. 119. Habit of the preceding ; inflorescence and capsule very glandular- pubescent, with few if any incurved hairs ; leaves 2 inches long or more ; frequently erect, elliptical to mostly ovate-lanceo- late, obtuse, only slightly serrulate or denticulate, abruptly rounded to short winged petioles, rather pale green and glossy, glabrous except the uppermost which are gradually reduced and seldom as rugose as in E. coloratum ; flowers very numerous, more or less nodding, two lines long, rosy ; seeds obovoid, abruptly short-beaked ; coma white. Oregon to New Brunswick, Pennsylvania, Utah and California. Var. occidentale Trel. I.e. 95 Remotely leafy, especially the mostly strict glandular branches; leaves more triangular-lanceolate ; 2 inches long on the main stem, prominently denticulate. Brit. Columbia to Central California. Var.(?) perplexans Trel. I.e. 96. Slender, subsimple or with few ascend- ing remotely leafy branches ; less glandular, the inflorescence sometimes canescent with incurved hairs : leaves scarcely 2 inches long, divergent, lanceolate, rather obtuse, the upper acutely tapering to slender sometimes elongated petioles. Yellowstone Park to Oregon and California. -*- -fr- -«- Producing globose or ovoid sessile or sub-sessile subter- ranean winter bulblets with fleshy scales : seeds papillate and more or less beaked. -•• Leaves mostly broad and ample or of medium size and with evi- dent lateral veins; stems with more or less prominent lines decurrent from some of the nodes. E. delicatuni Trel. 1. c. 98. Slender stemmed, glabrous except for the crisp-hail^ lines above and slightly crisp-hairy or glandular inflorescence : leaves as much as 38 lines long, mostly very divergent, chiefly ovate-lance- olate and obtuse, undulately low-denticulate, rounded to the very short narrow base or cuneate and somewhat petioled, thin and pale : flowera 226 ONAGRACE^. epilobium. few, nodding ; petals 2-4 lines long, violet; capsules 20-30 lines long, their slen- der peduncles about half as long: seeds finely papillate; coma dingy. Union county, Oregon (Cusick). E. glandulosum Lehm. Hook. Fl. i, 206. Tall and rather thick stemmed, the largest specimens branched ; commonly somewhat loosely crisp-pubescent above or with very flexuous glandular hair- : leaves crowded near the summit, frequently exceeding the inflorescence; 3-5 inches long, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the upper acute or sub- acuminate, prominently serrulate, mostly abruptly rounded to the base, drying dark: flowers erect, near the end of the stem: petals 2-3 lines long, more or less purple ; capsules about 80 lines long, short-stalked ; seeds coarsely hyaline-papillate or with the papillae often entirely collapsed, very blunt above; coma dingy. Alaska and Brit. Columbia, perhaps Washington. E. brevistylum Barbey. Bot. Cal. i, 220. Slender pubescent, leaves scarcely 2 inches long, ovate or elliptical, loosely and uniformly distrib- uted along the stem, the uppermost reduced and surpassed by the nearly glabrous capsule ; seeds slightly tapering upwards, coarsely hyaline-papil- late. Springs etc , Washington to California. E. nrsinnm S. R. Parish. A span to a foot high, slender: both leaves and stems below pilose with rather remote and spreading long white hairs; the infloresence minutely glandular-pubescent: leaves an inch long or less, rather uniformly and in larger plants remotely distrib- uted, ovate, broadly lanceolate, the upper subacute and serrate, the lower blunter and finely denticulate or nearly entire, very abruptly rounded to the sessile base, flowers few, erect or somewhat nodding; petals white or lavender, 2-3 lines long: capsules ascending 15 lines long on very slender peduncles of more than half their length, soon glabrous ; seeds often very rough, short beaked: coma rather scant, white. iSan Bernardino county, California to Washington. Var. subfalcatum Trel. I.e. 101. Lower but often branched below, almost without decurrent lines, densely tomentose or pilose to the glandular shorter inflorescence ; leaves narrower sometimes falcate, entire or remotely and inconspicuously denticulate, mostly jobtuse, more cuneateat base, more tomentose with inconspicuous lateral veins; capsule at first very short stalked. California to Southern Oregon. E. Halleanum Hausskn. Monog Epilob. 261 Tall and slender, glan- dular-puberulent throughout or soon glabrous below, leaves remote, mostly ascending 10-15 lines long ovate to oblong-lanceolate, the lower obtuse, decidedly undulate-serrulate, abruptly sessile or some of them clasping, decurrent by the broad base: flowers and capsules ultimately rather remote in the upper axils; petals 2-3 lines long, pale to mostly rather deep violet; capsule almost 2 inches long on slender peduncles of nearly equal length, exceeding the subtending leaves : seeds sometimes smooth, usually very finely papillate, fusiform, blunt at base, with gradually nar- rowed pale apex and hyaline beak ; coma scarcely dingy. Vancouver Island to Oregon. *t Leaves rather small with less conspicuous lateral veins evidently petioled; stems terete but sometimes pubescent in lines. Much- branched small plants, with the rather spreading leaves therefore mainlv attenuate. E. leptocarpum Hausskn. I.e. 258. A span or less high, glabrous except ior some incurved pubescence on the stem : leaves less than 10 lines long broadly lanceolate, sparingly low-toothed, tapering from near the middle to the obtuse or subacute apex and winged petiole ; flowers abundant EPiLOBiuM. ONAGRACEiE. 227 for the size of the plant; calj'x-tube narrow; petals about 2 lines long, rosy capsules 10 lines long, on very slender peduncles of nearly equal length; seeds nearly ellipsoidal shortly hyaline-beaked ; coma at length cinnamon- colored. Oregon (Hall No. 188.) Var.C?) MacouniiTrel.l c. 105 Less branched, crisp-pubescent in lines, the same pubescence more or less abundant also on the flowers and capsules ; leaves more ovate ; seeds longer; coma paler. Washington to Athabasca. ^_ ^_ +. ^_ Producing subterranean scaly branches which ulti- mately turn upwards and usually develop at once into leafy shoots. 4* GlaVous and glaucous; stems terete slender rather tall except in the variety usually somewhat cespitose^ leaves mostly simple and oppo- site, subsessile with, faint lateral veins; flowers erect or suberect; seeds obovoid; scarcely beaked, coarsely papillate. E. fflaberrimum Barbey. Bot. Cal. i, 220. About a foot high, simple or nearly so; leaves erect or ascending, often remote, an inch long, all but the lowest lanceolate, rather obtuse, entire to slightly repand. narrowed to the sometimes subpetioled base: petals purple to nearly white, 2-4 lines long: capsule 3 inches long, linear, falcate; seeds very rough with blunt papillae, abruptly rounded to the short insertion of the barely dingy coma. In high mountains Washington to California. Var. latifolium Barbey 1. c. Rather firmer stemmed and more branched; sometimes dwarf; leaves more divergent scarcely an inch long; broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly subcordately contracted to the very short base. Oregon to California and the mountains of Utah. ++ ■>* Puberr.lent at least in lines; seeds more fusiform, usually somewhat beaked above. = '^eeds papillate. E. Oregannm Greene Pitt, i, 225. Two to four feet high, stout sim- ple or sparingly branched with ascending branches, glabrate and glaucous below, glandular-puberulent above: leaves ascending 2-3 inches long, lanceolate obtuse, closely denticulate, cuneately subsessile or abruptly rounded to short winged petioles: flowers rather numerous, erect in the axils of the reduced uppar leaves; calyx-tube 1-2 lines long, narrowly funnel-form, petals violet 4-6 lines long, pubescent near the apex and on the outside of the four divergent stigmatic lobes; capsule nearly erect 20 lines long, usually subsessile; seeds oblong, fusiform, obliquely pointed at base and very shortly pellncid-baaked; coma white. In running water Spring Hill, Grant's Pass, Oregon. E. Horiiemanni Reichenb Incon. Cirt ii, 73. Mostly a span or two high ; ascending, simple, somewhat crisp-hairy in the inflorescence and along the decurrent lines or slightly grandular at top, otherwise glabrate : leaves about an inch long, elliptical ovate, mostly very obtuse, nearly entire to remotely serrulate, the lower cuneately narrowed, the upper usually abruptly rounded to the short petioles : flowers rather few, nearly erect: petals 2-4 lines long, lilac to deep violet; capsule an inch long, slender, erect on slender peduncles, about equalling the gradually reduced sub- tending leaves; seeds rather abruptly short appendaged; coma somewhat dingy. Mountains, Brit Columbia to California, . Colorado, Utah and Europe = = Seeds smooth or merely areolate. E. Bougardi Hausskn Oesterr Bot Zeitschr xxix 89. A foot or less high, erect, simple with crisp hairy lines, apex at first nodding: leaves 1-2 inches long, crowded above, very broadly lanceolate, the upper acute, 228 ONAGRACE^. epilobium. sharply but remotely denticulate, usually crisp-ciliate, gradually narrowed to the conspicuous cuneately winged base ; inflorescence sparingly glandu- lar; flowers rather few, somewhat nodding: petals about 4-lines long pale or rosy ; capsule rather slender, 20 lines long, on slender peduncles much shorter than the leaves: seeds nearly beakless; coma dingy. Alaska and the adjacent islands, perhaps Washington. ■*--¥-■*-■*-■*- Often more or less cespitose by leafy stolons, other- wise simple or nearly soj sometimes apparently annual. f* Seeds smooth or at most undulate-areolate except in forms re- ferred to Oregonense. = Leaves rather ample. E. alpinnm L. Sp. 348, in Part. Mostly a span or two high, simple, inflorescence and decurrent lines nearly glabrous ; leaves thin and delicate, pale green, 20 lines long, sub-elliptical, rather obtuse, subentire to some- what sharply serrulate, gradually narrowed to slender petioles: flowers few, suberect. in the upper axils; petals a line or more long, white or rosy- tipped ; capsule very slender, erect or ascending, about 2 incles long, their peduncles rather slender and about equalling the subtending leaves or stouter and as long as the capsules : seeds smooth gradually attenuated at apex, with veiny beak. In the high mountain swamps, Brit Columbia to California and Eastern States. = = Leaves narrow, subentire. E. Oregonense Hausskn Monogr. Epilob. 270. A span high with few sterile shoots at base, erect even as to the apex, glabrous except for very sparing glandular hairs in the inflorescence; leaves 6-b> lines long crowded 1^ elow, remote and very small above, narrowly oblong-ovate or the uppermost linear very obtuse, remotely denticulate, somewhat cuneately narrowed at base but sessile: flowers few, strictly erect; petals deep violet, 4 lines long; capsules about 2 inches long slender strict, much surpassing the summit of the stem, their very slender peduncles of nearly equal length, far exceeding the subtending leaves; seeds smooth, blunt. Bogs, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. Var. (0 gracillimum Trel. ?p Epilob. 105. A span to nearly a foot high, cespitose, very slender; quickly erect and hardly bent at top, glab- rous except the very minutely and sparingly glandular inflorescence: leaves shorter than the internodes, narrow, entire keeled, on the midrib ; flowers few, nearly erect; petals white or pale, H lines long; seeds evi- dently papillate, the beak scarcely hyaline Bogs, Washington to Cali- fornia. E. anagallidifolinm Lam. Diet ii, 376. About a span high, at length rather densely cespitose, otherwise unbranched, stems very slender, strongly nodding at apex, somewhat crisp-hairy at least in lines; leaves 5-10 lines long, all but the lowermost very narrowly ovate or oblong, rather obtuse, entire or remotely denticulate ; flowers few, crowded at apex somewhat nodding; petals lilac to violet, 2 lines long; capsule one inch long, slender, surpassing the end of the stem, their rather slender pedun- cles shorter than the leaves or when only one or two are present equalling the capsules; seeds short-beaked; coma somewhat dingy. Arctic America to California, also in the Old World. ^^* *> Feeds often coarsely papillate, nearly one-half longer than in the preceding group E. clayalum Trel. 1 c. 111. A span high, mostly densely cespitose, the slender stems ascending, glabrate to sparingly glandular throughout ; leaves 8-10 lines long, broadly ovate, very obtuse, mostly rounded to evident peti- GAYOPHYTCM. ONAGRACEiE. 229 oles : flowers rather few, suberect, petals rose- colored, 2 lines long, capsules s.n inch long, siibclavate, arcuately divergent the lowest often not reach- ing the apex of the stem, their slender peduncles equalling the subtending leaves: seeds fusiform, tapering into a pale beak. Oregon to Brit. Colum- lf>ia, Wyoming and Utah. 3 GAYOPHYIUM. A. Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat. xxv, 18, PI. 4. Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary : the 4-parted decid- uous limb reflexed. Petals 4, white or rose-colored, very small, obovate or oval with a very short claw. Stamens 8; anthers broad or rounded, attached by the middle, those opposite to the petals on shorter filaments and usually sterile. Ovary 2- celled: style short: stigma capitate or clavate. Capsule membranaceous, clavate, 2-celled, 4-valved. Seeds few to many, in one row in each cell, small, smooth, oblong, naked, ascending. Very slender branching ainiuals, of Western North America and Chili, with linear entire leaves and axillary flowers. The following are the only North American species known : Cr. lasiospermnm Greene Pitt, ii, 164. Stems 10-12 inches high, loosely dichotomous with filiform branches: the upper leaves and inflor- escence more or less canescent with appressed or spreading short hairs : leaves ascending; flowers small, the petals about a line long: shorter stamens with small anthers: stigma globose, about 2 lines in diameter : capsule erect, about equalling the subtending leaves, narrowly linear or slightly clavate, scarcely torulose, on slender pedicels about 2 lines long : seeds mostly numerous, erect, not papillate, finely appressed pubescent. Jn the high mountains, Washington to Southern California. G. diffusum T. & G Fl. i, 513. Minutely pubescent above especially when young, stems very slender, 6-18 inches high diffusely much hranched above ; leaves linear-spatulate to linear, the lower obtus^e, the upper acute or acuminate; flowers 2 lines in diameter, petals ovate a line or less long; stamens all fertile; stigma small clavate; pod linear-subu- late, minutely canescent, attenuate below to a slender pedicel ; the cells 4-8-seeded Brit Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. G. erlosperinum Coville Bot Death Valley Exp. 103. Stems 12-20 inches high, glabrous, widely branching: leaves narrowly linear, acute, Attenuate at base, the largest 2 inches long and 3 lines broad: pedicels 4-8 lines long, erect: ovary appressed-pubescent : calyx-lobes 2 lines long, sparingly appressed-hairy : petals 3-4 lines long, obovate, rose-colored in age: capsule erect, about 5 lines long, torulose, commonly 8-1 0-seeded: .seeds a Une long, narrowly obovate, densely pubescent. In the mountains of Southeastern Oregon to u.iddle California. G. ramosissmnm T. & G. Fl. i, 513. Glabrous or the inflorescence sornetimes puberulent, diffusely much branched 6-18 inches high; leaves an inch long or less: flowers half a line long, mostly near the ends of the branches; capsule oblong, two or three lines long, on pedicels about the same length or shorter, often deflexed ; 3-5-seeded. Eastern Oregon to Mariposa county, California. G. racemosnni T. & G. 1. c. Glabrous or more or les3 canescent with short appressed hairs ; 6-18 inches high"; the elongated branches mostly simple ; flowers half a line long, axillary the whole length of the branches; capsules linear, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, 8-lU lines long, usually many-seeded. Brit. Columbia to California. 230 ONAGRACE^. onagra. ANOGRA. €r. pnmilam AVatson Proc. Am. Acad. Filiform stems 2-6 inches high, somewhat strict, sparingly branched above: flowers less than a line broad; capsule erect, very shortly pedlcelled, 0 lines long by half aline broad or more; the numerous seeds oblique in the cells. Marshy place* in the high mountains, from Washington to California. 4 ONAGRA Adns. Fam. PI. ii, 85. Caulescent annual or biennial herbs with alternate leaves and yellow nocturnal flowers,.that are erect before opening. Calyx- tube more or less prolonged above the ovary, deciduous, segments 4, reflexed. Petals 4, equal obcordate to obovate sessile, yellow changing to pink in age. Stamens 8, equal in. length. Stigma deeply 4-cleft, its segments linear. Ovules and seeds horizontal, inserted in two rows, rarely in several rows, prismatic -angled. 0. Hookeri. Fmiall Bull. Torr. Club xxiii, 17i. (JEnothera Hookeri T. (Sc G. Fl. i, 49S. (IE, hiennis of authors as to plants of our range, stems erect, usually stout and mostly simple, 1-5 feet high, canescently pubescent and more or less hirsute or strigose : root often persisting for three or more years: leaves lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate, 2-5 inches long, acute or acuminate, repandly denticulate, the lowest petioled : rtowers sessile, in a leafy spike; calyx villous, the tube twice the length of the ovary, rather shorter than the slightly acuminate segments : petals obcordate, 6-12 lines long, stigma linear; somewhat thickened : capsule \i-l'2. lines long, more or less pubescent or hirsute. Common along rivers, etc. \N ashington to California and the Rocky Mountains. • 6 AXOGRA Spach. Ann. Sci. Nat. (II; iv, 16-i. Annual or perennial caulescent herbs with alternate leaves and axillary white, becoming rose-color, diurnal flowers that are nodding in the bud. Calyx tube prolonged above the ovary, deciduous. Stamens 8, equal. Style filiform ; stigma 4-lobed. Capsule coriaceous or somewhat woody, dehiscing loculicidally, 4-valved. Ovules and seeds in 2 rows in each cell ascending, not angled. A. trichocalyx. Small 1. c (Enothera trichocalyx Nntt. Stems mostly stout, 6-12 inches long, erect or decumbent at base, white and shming, from a perennial base : leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate or rhomboidal, 2-4 inches long, acute or acuminate, attenuate to a long petiole, repandly denticulate or sinuate-pinnatifid with irregular marginal segments or the lowest entire : calyx very villous, the bud obtuse: tube slender, 6-18 lines long, naked : petals about equalling the calyx:tube, very broad, entire or deeply sinuous: capsule linear, tapering upward, 1-2 inches long : seeds linear not punctate, subangled. Southeastern Oregon to California and the Rocky Mountains. A. pallida Britton Mem. Torr Club v. CEnothera alhicaulis of authors as to the plants in our range. Stems ratiier stout, 6-24 inches high, simple or branched, white and often shreddy, from a perennial running root- stock: leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, l-S inches long, entire or repand- denticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid towards the base : calyx with the tips of the segments free, the tube rather slender, y-12 lines long, throat naked; petals equalling or somewhat shorter than the tube, suborbicular, entire or emarginate; capsule linear, tapering upward, 1-2 inches long; seeds hinceo-lineaf, smooth, subangled. On sandy plains, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and Minnesota. ' TARAXTA. ONAGHaCE^. 231 7 TARAXIl Nutt. Raimann in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pfl. Fam. Ill, 216.. Acaulescent plant with pinnatifid or entire leaves and yellow or white axillary flowers. Calyx 4-parted, the tube filiform, longer than the ovary, marcescent or tardily deciduous, Petals 4, deciduous. Stamens 8, erect ; anthers oval or oblong and fixed near the base or linear and fixed near the middle. Style usually adherent to the calyx-tube : stigma capi- tate, entire or rarely 4-.toothed Capsule sessile. Seeds some- what ascending, in a double series with a crustaceous testa. T. graciliflora Raimann. 1. c. (Enothera grncilijiora H. & A. Small villous annual : leaves linear. 18-30 lines long acuminate or obtuse attenu- ate or more frequently broad at base, entire or obscurely repand-dentate, ciliate calyx-tube 6-18 lines long; petals 8-5 lines long, yellow changing to greenish in age : capsule compressed-ovate 4-6 lines long coriaceous, tet- ragonal below and 4- winged above the middle, the wings obliquely truncate and hairy : seeds horizontal, smooth. On barren plains and gravelly bars, {southern Oregon and California. T. heterantha Small 1. c. CEnothera heterantha Nutt. Glabrous per- ennial : leaves oblong-lanceolate tapering into a slender petiole, acute or acuminate, entire or repand, 2-4 inches long: tube of the calyx much shorter than the leaves, the segments linear-lanceolate; about the length of the broadly obovate retuse petals, anthers oblong, fixed near the base, capsule 9 lines long, obovoid-oblong, tetragonal, attenuate above into the persistent calyx-tube, the sides nearlv flat, ribbed, subreticulated : seeds numerous, minutely pitted. On dry plains, Eastern Oregon and Idaho to Utah and JSevada. T. ovata Small 1 c. (E.ovataNatt. Subpubescent perennial leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, ciliate. acute, erosely or repandly denticulate, or serrulate, 2-8 inches long: calyx-tube 1-4 inches long: petals yellow, 3-10 lines long: capsule 6 lines long, strongly torulose: seeds few, in one or two rows, erect, oval a line long. Jn moist piaces, Southern Oregon to Cali- fornia. T. longiflora Nutt. in Herb. (Enothera Nuttallii T. & G. Densely pubescent perennial : leaves lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, petioled, acumi- nate, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, the numerous very unequal segments often roundish or obtuse : tube of the calyx 12-18 lines long; petals 5-7 lines long usually white : capsule 6-10 lines long, terete, attenuate above into the persistent calyx-tube: seeds numerous, conspicuously pitted. Along streams, eastern Washington to California and Nevada. 8 SPH/EROSTIGMA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii, 49. Annual or perennial caulescent herbs with entire or pinnatifid leaves and yellow white or rose-color flowers in bracted or leafy spikes. Tube of the calyx obconic or shortly funnel form, much shorter than the ovary ; the limb 4-parted. Petals 4, entire or emarginate. Stamens 8, somewhat unequal, the oblong anthers attached near the middle. Stigma capitate, entire. Capsule linear, sessile, terete or tetragonal, attenuate at the apex, more or less contorted, completely 4-celled. Seeds ascending, in a single row in each cell, ovate to linear-oblong, smooth or nearly so. 232 ONAGRACE^. bph^rostigma. * Flowers white or rose color, in a nodding spike : tube of the calyx funnel form : capsule narrowly linear, terete, much contorted : seeds linear acute at each end. S. alyssoides Walp. Rep. ii, 78. CEnothera alyssoides H. & A. Can- escently pubescent annual: stems 1-32 inches high, branching from the base: leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, attenuate into a slender petiole, .entire or repand-denticulate ; the bracts much smaller but similar: spikes many-flowered, elongating in age; tube of the calyx 2-3 lines long, equalling the orbicular entire white petals: capsule puberulent, 8-12 lines long, very slender : seeds nearly white, very minutely pitted. On sandy plains Southeastern Oregon to Nevada, Idaho and Utah. S. Hoothii Walp I.e. ,.77. Very viscidly pubescent annual; branch- ing from the base, 2-4 inches high ; leaves ovate, 6-12 lines long, acute or ac- cuminate; denticulate shortly petioled; tube of the calyx 1-3 lines long; petals rose-color, 2-3 lines long; capsule linear-fusiform, 6-9 Imes long, viscid- glandular, much contorted ; seeds brownish, angled, very minutely tuber- culate. Oft dry hillsides, Eastern Oregon and Washington to California .and Nevada. * * Flowers yellow becoming greenish or bluish in age : calyx- tube obconic: capsule linear, tetragonal, more or less contorted: stems leafy throughout. "S. spirale Walp. Rep. ii, 77. (Enothera cheiranthifolia Hornein. Btems decumbent, spreading, often 2 feet long or more, canescently pubescent: leaves thick, 6-.,(i lines long, broadly ovate to oblong or lanceo- late, the radical and lower cauline often spatulate or oblanceolate and slender petioled, mostly entire: calyx canescent, its tube 1-2 lines lonw; petals 3-4 lines long, yellow becoming bluish : capsule 4-S lines long, sub- hairy, contorted : seed ovate oblong, acute at base, smooth. Along the coast, Southern Oregon and California. * * * Flowers small, yellow usually turning red, calyx-tube very short; capsule elongated, very narrowly linear slightly curved. S. coiitorta Walp. 1. c. 78. (Enothera strijalosa T. tC: G. Nearly glabrous; the ovary and calyx usually somewhat appressed-pubescent : stems slender, ascending or erect, usually divaricately branched, 2-12 inches high: leaves linear or lanceolate, 3-9 lines long, attenuate at base, entire or sparingly denticulate, flowers very small: petals 1-2 lines long, usually turning red in age : capsule 8-13 lines long, sessile or attenuate into a very short pedicel, scarcely attenuate above, more or less curved or contorted: seeds smooth. On dry sandy plains Eastern Washington to California, Nevada and Arizona. Var, pubeiis vSmall 1. c 189. Pubescence hirsute and spreading es- pecially below, often subglandular above, sometimes very smooth. Van- couver Island to Nevada; Arizona and (Southern California. Viir. Greenei Small 1. c strictly erect with ascending somewhat vir- gate branches : pubescence neither white nor appressed. but spreading and hirsute : pods longer and slender. Oregon to California. * * * * Low, flowers minute : capsule fusiform, short. S. Hilgardi Small 1. c 188. ("Enothera Hilgardi Greene. Canescently pubescent ; stems 3-6 inches high, divaricately much branched: leaves linear-spatulate, entire including the petiole 1-2 inches long: branches corymbose in flower, densely spicate in fruit, the spikes leafy; petals 1-2 lincH long, obovate. entire: capsule 6 lines long, straight, sharply angled, attenuate upward; seeds obovate pale, smooth and shining. In moist places Eastern Washington and Oregon. CHYLisMA. ONAGRACE.E. 233 PACHYLOPHUS. S. andinum Walp 1. c. 7P. (Enothera andina Nutt. Canescently pubescent throughout: stems slender, 1-3 inches high, becoming diffiusely branched : leaves linear-spatulate 6-12 lines long, attenuate into a slender petiole : spikes mostly dense, many-flowered : flowers yellow, barely a line long : capsule 3-6 lines long, attenuate upward from near the base : seeds linear-oblong, nearly smooth. On alkaline plains, easte;*n Washington to Nevada, Montana and Utah. 9 CHYLISMA Nutt. Raimann, Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. iii,217. Caulescent annuals with pinnate or simple leaves and yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx-tube funnel-form or obconic, the limb 4-parted. Petals 4, entire. Stamens 8, unequal; anthers oblong, attached near the middle. Stigma capitate, entire. Cap- sule linear, subcylindrical or subclavate, obtuse, membranaceous, not sessile, seeds ascending, in a single row in each cell. C. scapoidea Small 1 c 193. (Enothera scapoidea Nutt. Puberulent or subglabrous : stems erect, 4-18 inches high, usually branching from near the base: leaves mostly subradical, long-petioled. lyrately pinnatifid, or so^^etimes undivided, the terminal segment much the longest, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, cuneate to cordate at base, irregularly serrate, the prominent veins often dark colore*!, the lateral leaflets few to many or none, very irregular in size and shape: racemes at first nodding, the bracts very small or wanting; calyx-tube funnel form with a narrow base, 1-2 lines long, the bud closed and abruptly acute; petals yellow, 1-2 lines long: cuDsule glabrous, 4-12 lines long, attenuate into a pedicel 2-8 lines long, ascending or divaricate. Idaho and Wyoming to Utah and Southern Cali- fornia. C. crnciformis. (Enothera crucifi>imis Kll- (11. sc poidea Vor. pur- purascens Watson. Stems erect, 6-18 inches high, stoutish usually branch- ing from near the base : leaves mostly subradical, long-petioled, lyrately pinnate, the terminal leaflets much the largest ; lateral few to several or none, very irregular in size and shape, racemes at first nodding, the bracts very small or wanting, calyx-tube funnelform with a narrow base, 2-3 lines long ; the bud abruptly acuminate, petals white or pinkish, rarely yellowish, 0-4 lines long: capsule glabrous, 4-12 lines long, somewhat clavate, on pedicels 2-10 lines long On alkaline plains, Southeastern Oregon to Nevada and Southern California. 10 PACHYLOPHUS Spach. Hist. Veg.iv, 365. Acaul3scent or very short caulescent perennials with entire or pinnatifid leaves and large white or rose-color flowers that open only at night or in cloudy weather. Calyx-tube elongated, some- what dilated at the throat, the limb 4-parted, erect in the bud. Petals 4, sessile white, changing to red in age. Stamens 8, un- equal : anthers oblong attached near the base. Capsule ovate or ovate-oblong, large and rigid, obtusely tetragonal or sharply angled, mostly sessile. Ovules horizontal, sessile few, in one or two rows. Seeds large, with a deep furrow along the raphe. P. Nuttallia Spach. Hist. Veg. iv, 365. CEnothera cxspitosa Nutt. Gla» rous or more or less villous with spreading subscabrous hairs: leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate 2-12 inches long attenuate to a long petiole acute or acuminate, sometimes spatulate, irregularly sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid or repand-denticulate : tube of the calyx 2-7 inches long, 3-6 lines wide at the throat, segments not free in the bud: petals broadly ob_ 234 ONAGRACE^. pachylophus. GODETIA. cordate, 9-20 lines long : capsule oblong l-2>^ inches long by 3-6 lines in diameter, subattenuate at each end, sessile or short-pedicefed, strongly ribbed at the sides and often with a double crest along the sutures : seeds in two rows in each cell, oval oblong, not angled, very minutely and densely tubercled upon the back, with a thin flattened process and a longi- tudinal furrow on the ventral side. Oregon and Idaho to California, Da- kota and New Mexico. ■ 11 GODETIA Spach. I.e. Simple or branched erect annuals with alternate leaves and showy flowers in racemes or spikes. Calyx-tube above the ovary obconic or shortly fiinnelform, deciduous. Petals 4, broad and sessile, entire or emarginate or very rarely 2-lobed,, lilac-purple or rose-color. Stamens 8> unequal, the filaments op- posite the petals shorter : anthers all perfect, oblong attached at the base and erect or arcuate. Ova'y 4-celled, many-ovuled. Style filiform : stigma-lobes short, linear or roundish. Capsule ovate to linear, 4-sided, somewhat coriaceous, loculicidally de- hiscent. Seeds ascending or horizontal, in one or two rows in each cell, obliquely angled, the upper surface with a thin tuber- culate margin. * Capsule ovate to oblong, sessile, stems erect, leafy, usually stout and strict; the flowers in a strict compact spike erect in the bud. Gr. purpurea Watson Bot. Cal. i, 220. Mostly very leafy, 1-2 feet high, canescently-puberulent, the ovary hirsutely villous; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, obtuse or acute, entire, sessile with an obtuse or attenuate base; flowers mostly in a leafy terminal cluster; calyx- tube 2-3 lines long, the tips not free ; petals 4-6 lines long, deep purple; style shorter than the stamens, the stigma-lobes very short, purple; cap- sule ovate to linear-o' long, 6-9 lines long, acute, not attenuate at base, hairy, the sides nearly flat, ribbed. From the valley of the Columbia to California. G. lepida Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxii, t. 1849. Erect, 6-24 inches high, can- escentW-puberulent, the stem usually white and shining ; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-2 inches long, usually obtuse, sessile and scarcely attenuate at base, sparingly denticulate ; flowers in a short simple spike; calyx-tube 2-3 lines long, the lips very slightly free; petals 9-12 lines long, rose-color with a darker spot near the apex; stigmas very short, purple; capsule 5-8 lines long, 2 lines broad and attenuate to the apex, hairy, the sides tricostate, at least alternately. Willamette valley to California. (x. decunibeiis Spach. Monog. Onogr. 68. Stems slender, erect or ascending, 3 inches to 3 feet high ; leaves linear to oblong, 6-12 lines long; calyx- tube 2 lines long; petals 3-8 lines long, purple to rose-color; capsule shortly pubescent, 4-6 lines long. Columbia River to California. G. Arnottii Walp. Rep. ii, 88. G. lepula vcir. Arnottii Watson. Nearly glabrous or subcanescently pnberulent: leaves linear to lanceolate, 12-18 lines long, acute, entire or sparingly denticulate; petals 4-8 lines long; capsules glabrous or nearly so. Southern Oregon to California. G. albescens Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27. Simple or branching from the base, erect, 1-2 feet high, canescently pubenlent, leaves linear to oblong- lanceolate an inch long, acutish, sparingly denticulate; flowers small in numerous short lateral spikelets, mostly crowded into a compact spike ; calyx-tube 2 lines long; petals 3-5 lines long, purplish-blue; stigmas GODETiA. ONAGRACE^. 2S5 BOISDUVALIA. greenish to purple ; capsule oblong 3-6 lines long, shortly hirsute or pubes- cent, at least the alternate sides tricostate. Oregon to California. * * Capsule linear ; flowers loosely scattered in a slender spike or raceme, nodding in the bud. +- Capsules sessile. G. quadrlvnlnera Spach. 1. c. Usually very slender, erect, or ascend- ing 1-2 ft. high, puberulent; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, sessile or attenuate to a short petiole; calyx-tube obconic, 2-3 lines long, the tips slightly free; petals 3-6 lines long, deep purple or purplish stigma lobes very short, yellow; ovary and capsule hairy, capsule linear 5-10 lines long, mostly short, attenuate at the apex, the sides nearly flat or channelled by the prominence of the sutures. On dry plains, Brit. Colum- bia to California. (x. tenella Watson 1. c. Erect, 6-18 in. high, puberulent: leaves linear, 6-24 lines long, acute or obtuse, more or less attenuate, mostly entire: calyx-tube shortly obconic, 1-3 lines long, the tips closed or slightly free ; petals 3-5 lijies long, deep purple; stigma lobes purple or purplish, the style shorter than the stamens; capsules puberulent, 8-12 lines long, attenuate above but not at base, the sides nearly flat. Washington to California. a, yimiuea Spach. Monog. Onogr. 60. Usually stout, 1-3 ft. high, branched; leaves linear to linear lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, narrowed at the base, entire ; calyx-tube 2-4 lines long, the tips slightly free; petals 9-12 lilies long, deep purple or purplish ; capsule 9 lines long, 8-costate, smooth- ish. Washingion to California. +- H- Capsule pedicellcd not costate; stigmas mostly yellow; calyx tips not free in the Lud.' G. amoena Lilja in Lindblom Bot. Notes 1833, 53. Usually slender, erect, 1-2 feet high, minutely puberulent; leaves linear to narrowly oblanceo- late,or sometimes lanceolate, 1-3 in. long, petioled, entire or nearly so; ca- Ivx-tube obconic, 2-4 lines long; petals 8-15 lines long, frequently rather villous, as also the purple anthers, varying from nearly white to rose-color, with more or less of purple ; filaments rather stout; stigma-lobes linear, 1-2 lines long, yellow; capsules 12-18 lines long attenuate to a slender beak above and into the pedicel below which is 2-6 lines long Brit, Columbia to California. G. epilobioides Watson Bot. Cal. i. 231. -Erect, 1-3 ft high tomen- tosely puberulent; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, petioled, entire or sparingly denticulate; calyx-tube 1-2 lines long; petals 3-6 lines long, light pnrpleor rose-color; stigma lobes short; capsule 6-14 lines long, acuminate, attenuate to a short pedicel, or rarely nearly sessile. Brit. Columbia to California and Nevada. G hispidula Watson 1. c 633. Erect, 6-12 in. high, mostly simple and often but i-flowered, hispidly puberulent, especially above; leaves very narrowly linear. 1-2 in. long: calyx-tube 2-3 lines long; petals 6-12 lines long, purple; filaments rather slender; style elongated and stigma- lobes linear; capsule 4-9 lines long, attenuate at the apex, abruptly con- tracted into a pedicel 2-4 lines long Brit. Columbia to California. 12 BOIKDUVALIA Spach. Hist Veg. iv, 383. Erect leafy annuals with alternate simple sessile leaves and small flowers in leafy simple or compound spikes. Calyx-tube funnelform above the ovary, deciduous, the lobes erect. Petals 4, sessile, 2-lobed, purple to white. Stamens 8, those opposite the 236 ONAGRACE^. boisduvalia. CLARKIA. petals shorter; filaments very slender, naked at base; anthers all perfect, oblong, attached near the base. Ovary 4-celled several ovuled : style filiform : stigma-lobes short somewhat cuneate. Capsule membranaceous, ovate-oblong to linear, nearly terete, acute sessile dehiscent to the base. Seeds ascending few in one row in each cell, ovate-oblong, somewhat angled, smooth. B. Torreyi Watson Bot Cal. i, 233. Villous throughout with short stifRsh spreading hairs; stems rather slender, 4-18 inches high : leaves linear to lanceolate, usually narrowed at base, entire or somewhat denticu- late, 4-9 lines long; the floVal leaves similar and scarcely smaller ; flowers in a loose simple spike, 1-2 lines lohg, purplish : capsule linear acuminate, 4-6 lines long, cellb 6-8 seeded, the partitions adherent to the valves ; seeds ovate half a line long or less. Washington to California. B. Douglasii Spach. Hist. Yeg. 223. B densiflora Watson. Canes- cently pubescent and more or less villous, often stout, 1-3 feet high; leaves lanceolate to linear lanceolate, acuminate, mostly denticulate, 1-3 inches long the floral leaves usually much shorter and broader ; flowers usually in a close terminal spike or numerous lateral spikelets; calyx 1-3 lines long, about half the length of "the petals; capsule ovate-oblong, smooth or slightly villous, 2-4 lines long, cell H-6 seeded, the partitions wholly separating from the valves and adherent to the placenta ; seeds nearly or quite a line long. In M'et places, Brit Columbia to California. B. glabella Walp. 1. c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent: slender, 8-16 inches high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, 6-12 lines long, the floral bracts scarcely smaller: flowers in a simple spike, shorter than the leaves, petals deep purple, less than a line long; capsule ovate- oblong, 2-4 lines long, the partitions adherent ta the valves, seeds 4-6 in each cell, linear-lanceolate, a line long. J n ditches and wet places, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and Nevada. 13 CLARKIA Pursh. Fl i, 260, t, 11. Annuals with erect brittle stems, alternate leaves and showy flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx-tube obconical above the ovary, deciduous : the 4-cleft limb reflexed. Petals 4, with daws lobed or entire, purple or violet. Stamens 8, those oppo- site to the petals often sterile or rudimentary; anthers oblong or linear, attached by the bas6. Ovary 4-celled : style elongated ; stigma with 4 broad lobes, sometimes unequal, at length spread- ing. Capsule linear, attenuate above, coriaceous, erect, some- what 4-angled, 4-celled and 4-valved to the middle. Seeds num- erous, angled or margined, C. pnlchella Pursh. 1. c. Stem 6-20 inches high, simple or branched, inflorescence puberulent: leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, 1-3 inches long, nearly glabrous, entire petals 6-9 lines long, 3-lobed, attenuate to a long claw, which has a spreading tooth on each side; perfect stamens with a linear scale on each side at base, the alternate stamens rudimentary and filiform : stigma-lobes equal, dilated : capsule 8-12 lines long, H-angled, on a spreading pedicel, 2-3 lines long; seeds obliquely cubical, minutely tuberculate. Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. C. rhomboidea Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 214. Stem slender, 1-2 feet high, simple or sparingly branched above, puberulent or nearly glabrous: Ir-aves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, the upper narrower, all on slender peti- oles, entire; petals entire, rhomboidal, with a short broad claw which is GAURA. ONAGRACE.E. 237 HETEROGAURA. often broadly toothed ; anthers all perfect; filaments with hairy scales at the base : stigma-lobes short : capsule 8-12 lines long, 4-angled, nearly glabrous, on pedicels about a line long ; seeds obliquely cubical, sparingly hispid. Washington to California. 14 GAURA L. Gen. n. 470. Herbs with mostly sessile alternate leaves and numerous white or rose-color flowers in spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the obconic or clavate ovary ; the4-parted limb deciduous. Petals 4 with claws. Stamens 8, nearly equal ; filaments fur- nished with a scale-like appendage on the inside next the base ; anthers oval, versatile. Ovary 4 celled: ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous: style filiform, hairy below : stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by an obscure ring or indusium. Fruit nut-like, indehiscent or splitting at the apex, obtusely 4-angled and ridged upon the sides. Gr. parviflora Dough Hook Fl. i, 208. Stems erect, 2-5 ft. high, sparingly branched softly white-pubescent and minutely glandular ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, repand-denticulate, velvety pubescent on both sides, 1-3 inches long, the "uppermost smaller; spikes virgate strict, very many flowered, much elongated in fruit, bracts lanceolate, subulate; petals spatulate, oblong, shorter than the calyx, segments, rose- color ; fruit sessile, oblong-clavate, 4-nerved, 4-angled at the apex, about 2-seeded. Washington to California and east to Arkansas. 15 HETEROGAURA Rothrock Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 354. Annual herbs with alternate leaves and small flowers in termi- nal racemes. Calyx-tube with a short obconic prolongation above the small ovary ; limb 4-cleft, spreading, deciduous. Pet- als 4, entire, with claws. Stamens 8; filaments naked; anthers ovate-cordate, attached by the base and not versatile ; those op- posite to the petals on shorter filaments, lanceolate, acute, ster- ile. Ovary 4-celled, with a solitary pedulous ovule in each cell: style long : stigma discoid, entire. Fruit nut-like, indehiscent, obovoid, 2-4-celled, 1-2-seeded. H. Californica Rothr. 1 c. Smooth or sparingly puberulent, 12-18 inches high, leaves lanceolate, entire, 1-2 inches long, tapering to a slen- der petiole: petals purple, narrowly spatulate, 2 lines long: anthers very small: fruit 2 lines lona:, obovate, '4-angled, l}i lines long, smooth, on a short spreading pedicel. [Southern l regon (Evans L reek, Jos Howell to California. 16 CIRC.EA L. Gen. n. 24. Low perennial herbs with thin opposite petioled leaves aiid small white flowers in terminal and lateral racemes, the fruit on slender spreading or deflexed pedicels. Tube of the calyx slightly produced beyond the ovary ; the free portion nearly filled with a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ; the limb 2-parted. Pet- als 2, obcordate. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals: filaments filiform: anthers short. Style filiform: stigma somewhat capi- tate mavginate. Capsule obovate, 1-2-celled, at length 2- 238 CUOURBITAC^. circ^a. valved, with a single erect seed in each cell, hispid with hooke.l hair&. C. Paciflca Asch.&Mag. Mostly glabrous, stems usually simple, 6-12 inches high, from a small tuber; leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at base, acute or acuminate, repandly-denticulate, 1-3 inches long; the slen- der petiole about as long; racemes without bracts; flowers half a line long; calyx white with a ver}'- short tube; fruit a line long, rather loosely covered with soft hairs curved above, 1-celled, 1-seeded. In damp woods, Brit. Columbia to California. C. alpina L. Sp. 9. Glabrous, stems weat, 3-8 inches high, often branching above: leaves cordate, shining, rather coarsely toothed, 1-6 inches long, on slender petioles nearly as long as the blade : pedicels sub- tended by minute setaceous bracts : flowers reddish, especially before opening: fruit pubescent hut scarcely hispid. In damp woods, Alaska to Washington and the Northeastern States and Canada. Order XXXIX. CUCURBIT ACE^ B. Juss.Hort.Trian.(1759.) Tendril-bearing herbs with alternate palmatelj veined leaves and axillary monoecious or dioecious, rarely perfect flowers. Calyx 5-6-toothed, the limb sometimes obsolete. Petals 5-6, distinct or more or less united" wdth each other and coherent with the calyx. Stamens 5, sometimes distinct, commonly imited in three parcels ftwo, and two and one separate j so as to appear like three stamens only, rarely 3 and diadelphous, fila- ments of each set sometimes connate; anthers usually long and sinuous, or variously contorted or folded, 2-celled, adnate, ex- trorse, commonly more or less connate. Ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx, usually of 3, rarely of 2 or 4, united carpels, sometimes 1-celled by the obliteration of the partitions, more often with each caipel spuriously 2-celled. Fruit fleshy or juicy, rarely membranous. Seeds a-iatropous, compressed, often enveloped by a juicy or dry and membranous arillus; the testa coriaceous, albumen none. MAR AH Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad, i, 38. MEGARRHIZA {Torr.) Watson. Flowers monoecious : the sterile in racemes or panicles ; the fertile solitary, from the same axils. Calyx-tube broadly cam- panulate: teeth obsolete or very small. Corolla rotate, deeply .5-7-lobed, with oblong papillose segments. Sterile floAvers with the stamens at the base: filaments short and connate: anthers ' free or somewhat adherent ; the cells somewhat horizontal, flex- nous. Pistillate flowers pedicelled : with or without abortive Ftamens: ovary oblong to globose, usually more or less echinate, 2-celled or more: cells 1-several-ovuled : ovules ascending, hori- zontal, or pendulous, the attachment mostly parietal: style short : stigma 2-3 lobed or parted. Fruit mostly echinate, more or less fibrous within, becoming dry, at length bursting regu- MENTZELIA. LOASACE^. 239 larly. (?) Seed large, tinged, ovoid or subglobose, smooth, not margined; liilum linear, acute: cotyledons thick, remaining under ground in germination. Stems elongated and climbing, from large fusiform perennial roots ; leaves cordate, palmately 5-7-lobed or angled; tendrils 2-5-cleft; flowers small, white. M. Oregana Megarrhirza Oregana Torr. Watson. Stems 10-30 feet long; scabrous or nearly smooth ; leaves cordate or reniform 3-6 inches broad, deeply 5-7 lobed, lobes broad-triangular, abruptly acute, mucron- ate, sterile flowers 10-20 in slender racemes 4-0 in. long, on slender pedi- ■cels; corolla 3-4 lines broad; fertile flowers without abortive stamens; ovary globose, densely echinate, 2-4-celled, the cells \-'i ovuled, fruit glo- bose to oblong, 1-2 in. in diameter covered with stout fleshy spines, 1-sev- €ral-seeded, seeds orbicular 6-10 lines in diameter. In alluvial soil, Oregon and Wai^hington to Idaho and Montana. Order XL. LOASACE^. Reichb. Consp. 161. Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves without stipules and usually showy flowers, the herbage often clothed with bristly liairs. Sepals united into an equally 5-lobed calyx, persistent. Petals 5 sometimes 10 (the inner series mostly dissimilar) insert- ed in the throat of the calyx. Stamens numerous, rarely few or definite, insei ted with the petals, some of the outer filaments often dilated or petaloid and mostly sterile, the others com- monly disposed in fascicles opposite the petals and slightly united. Ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx, 1-celled v/ith mostly 3 parietal placentae; ovules numerous. or sometimes few rarely solitary, styles usually united into' one. Fruit mostly capsular or succulent, crowned with the ' limb of the calyx. Seeds anatropous, usually with more or less fleshy albumen. 1 MENTZELIA L. Gen. n. 670. Annual or biennial herbs with alternate mostly coarsely toothed or pinnatifid leaves and mostly showy flowers. Calyx- tu^e cylindrical to ovoid or turbinate; the limb 5-lobed, per- sistent. Petals 5 or 10. Stamens numerous, inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx and not adnate to them : fila- ments free or in clusters opposite the petals, filiform, or the outer more or less dilated or sometimes petaloid and barren. Ovary truncate at the summit, 1-celled: style 3-cleft, the lobes often twisted : ovules pendulous or horizontal, few to many in one or two rows on the three linear parietal placentae. Capsule short-oblong to cylindrical, few to many-seeded, opening by valves or usually irregularly at the truncate apex. Seeds flat or angled. § 1. Trachyphytum T. & O. Fl. i, 5^'-3. Seeds pendulous, few to rather many, small, in 1-3 rows, irregularly angled or somewhat cubical, not winged, opaque, minutely tuberculate: flowers in terminal cymes, mostly small: calyx-limb o-parted: 240 LOASACE^. mentzelia. petals 5: filaments all filiform or the 5 outer more or less di- lated : capsule linear : leaves sessile, flat, sinuately toothed or pinnatifid : annuals. M. alMcanlis Dougl. Don Mill, iii, 61 . Slender, 3-12 inches higli or more : leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes, the upper leaves broader and often lobed or toothed at base only : flowers mostly approximate near the ends of the branches: calyx-lobes lK-2 lines long, a little shorter than the spatulate or obovate petals: filaments not dilated : capsule linear-clavate, 6-9 lines long: seeds numerous, rather strongly tuberculate, irregularly angled with obtuse margins less than .half a line long. On sandy plains, Brit. Columia to California. M. dlspersa Wat. Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 115 & 137. Stems slender annual, 4-12 in. high, leaves narrowly lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or sometimes entire, the uppermost often ovate ; flowers small mostly clustered near the ends of the branches ; calyx lobes a line long, little shorter than the 5 spatulate or obovate petals; capsule narrowly linear-clavate, 6-9 lines long ; seeds often in a single row, angular and somewhat rhombohedral, more or less grooved upon the angles, very nearly smooth, half a line long. East- ern Oregon to California. M. gracilenta T. & G. Fl. i, 534. Stems pubescent 12-18 inches high : leaves narrowly lanceolate muricate-scabrous, pinnatifid, the lobes short, obtuse: flowers usually clustered at the summit; calyx-lobes 2-5 lines long; petals obovate to oblanceolate, 4-8 lines long, capsule linear clavate 6-12 lines long; seeds in three rows irregularly angled, minutely tuberculate. Idaho to California. M. congesta T. & G. 1. c. Slender, a foot high ; leaves linear-lanceo- late, pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes, the upper leaves broa er and often lobed or toothed at base only : flowers clustered at the ends of the branches, conspicuously bracted with broad toothed bracts, which are membranaceous at base : calyx-lobes 1)^-2 lines long: petals bright orange, 3-6 lines long: filaments all filiform : capsule clavate, half an inch long: seeds irregularly angled, minutely tuberculate, nearly a line long. Inter- ior of Oregon to California and Nevada. § 2. Bartonia T. & G. Fl. i, 535. Seeds numerous in double rows upon the 3 broad placentae, horizontal, flattened, suborbicLilar-winged, minutely tuberculate or nearly smooth : flower& often large and showy: calyx-limb 5-cleft nearly to the base: petals 5 or 10: filaments numerous, the outer often more or less dilated or petaloid : capsule broad, oblong : leaves sessile, sinuately toothed or pinnatifid: biennials. M. laBvicaulis T. & G. 1. c. 535. Stout 2-3 ft. high, branching: leaves lanceolate, 2-8 inches long: flowers sessile on short branches, very large, light yellow, opening in sunshine : calyx-tube naked, the lobes 12-15 lines long: petals acute at each end, 2-2}4 inches long, the filaments and slender style a little shorter: capsule '15 lines long, 3-4 lines in diameter: seeds very minutely tuberculate. On gravelly bars, Brit. Columbia to Cali- fornia. M. Brande^ei Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 367. Stem branching, a foot high: leaves linear, pinnatifid with narrow lobes, 1-3 inches long; the bracts on the short pedicels mostly entire, very narrow : flowers in open cor- ymbs : calyx-lobes 6-8 lines long, the 5 narrowly oblanceolate petals an inch long or more : stamens about 30, a little shorter, none petaloid : capsule narrowly oblong, 7-9 lines long by nearly 3 lines wide : seeds horizontal, flattened, with somewhat angular or rugose sides and narrow scarcely winged margin. Yakima County, Washington. MOLLUGO. FICOIDEiE. 241 M. pamila Nutt. T. ^ G. Fl. i, 535. Stems 8-10 in. high, roilgh with a minute barbed pubescence, whitish branching towards the summit ; leaves lanceolate, sinuate toothed or pinnatifid, the lower ones somewhat petioled, the upper sessile ; flowers solitary or three together, terminating the loose flowering branches, slightly pedicilate, withl or 2 linear-setaceous bracts at the base; petals 10, lanceolate, acute, spreading, longer than the lanceolate-subulate calyx-lobes, the inner ones smaller; stamens very numerous, the outer filaments flat and somewhat dilated; capsule clavate- cylindrical, 3-valved; seeds numerous winged. Colorado, perhaps Idaho. Order XLL FICOIDE^ Juss. Succulent herbs or shrubs with plain triquetrous, or terete, leaves without stipules. Calyx-tube coherent to the ovary, the lobes usually 5, unequal , Petals very many and linear, or none. Stamens 5-many, with slender filaments, inserted on the calyx- tube. Styles 4-20. Fruit 4-2()-celled, dehiscent stellately across the summit or circumscissile or indehiscent. Seeds usually numerous and minute with mealy albumen. 1 MOLLUGO L. Sp. 89. Low and much branched glabrous annuals, with linear to obo- vate-spatulate entire opposite and apparently verticillate leaves and axillary flowers. Calyx 5-cleft nearly to the base, lobes herbaceous, membranaceously margined. Petals none. Stamens 3 or 5, rarely twice as many> hypogynous. Styles 3. Capsule free, thin, membranaceous 3-5-celled, loculicidally 3-5-valved ; the partitions breaking away fro ni the persistent central placenta. Seeds several in each cell, longitudinally sulcate on the back. M. verticillata L. 1. c. Prostrate slender stems 1-6 inches long; leaves spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, an inch long or less; pedicels um- bellately fascicled at the nodes; slender, 2-3 lines long; sepals. and ob- long-ovoid capsule about a line and a half long; seeds reniform, shining. Brit. Columbia to California and across the continent. Order XLII. CACTACE^. Lin IL Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 53, . Succulent spiny plants with usually angular or 2-edged leaf- like stems without leaves, or these represented by fleshy pro- cesses or spines and sessile flowers. Sepals numerous usually indefinite and confounded with the petals, imbricated either coherent with and crowning the ovary or covering its whole surface. Petals numerous, usually indefinite in several series, arising from the orifice of the calyx. Stamens indefinite cohering more or less with the petals and sepals; filaments long filiform; anthers ovate, versatile. Ovary fleshy coherent with the calyx 1 -celled with numerous parietal placentae: ovules indefinite, styles united into a long tube or column; stigmas as many as the placenta3. Fruit succulent, 1-celled, many seeded. Seeds ovate or obovate anatropous without albumen. 242 CACTACEJ5. cactus OPUNTIA. 1, Cactus. Globose or oval.plants without proper leaves, covered with spine-bearing tubercles ; spines never barbed : flowers sessile, solitary, from between the tubercles. 2, Opuntia. Branching or jointed spiny plants with subulate [early deciduous leaves : spines always barbed : flowers from the same areola as the spines. 1 CACTUS L. Sp. PI. 466. in part. MA^fALARIA Haw. Roundish or somewhat cylindrical plants, destitute of woody axis, often with a somewhat milky juice, covered with conical or mammaeform crowded spirally disposed tubercles which bear deciduous spines and tomentum at their extremity. Flowers sessile among the tubercles usually in a transverse zone. Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary, the lobes 5-6 crowning the young fruit colored ; petals 5-6 scarcely distinct from the calyx, longer than the sepals and imited with them into a tube. Sta- mens filiform, in several series. Styles filiform ; stigma 5-7- cleft^ radiate. Fruit smooth, C. viviparus Nutt. Eraser's Catalogue. Cespitose, the glomerules subglobose: tubercles cylindric-ovate, bearded, marked above with a pro- liferous groove; flowers bright red, large, exserted, exterior segments of the calyx ciliate; fruit filiform, greenish. On summits of gravelly hills,. Eastern Oregon to British Columbia, east to Missouri. 2 OPUNTIA Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 6. Shrubby plants with articulate branches, the joints mostly compressed and dilated, bearing fascicles of prickles or bristles arranged in a quincuncial or spiral order; flowers arising from the clusters of prickles or along the margin of the joints. Sepal& and petals numerous, adnate to the ovary, not produced into a tube, the interior petaloid. Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals. Style cylindrical constricted at the base, stigmas numerous, thick, erect. Fruit umbilicate at the apex, tuber-cu- late, often prickly. 0. polyacantha Haw. Suppl. Succ. 82. 0. Missouriensis DC. Pros- trate, forming large spreading masses: joints light-green, orbicular, tuber- culate, 4-8 inches long: leaves minute, 2-3 lines long: pulvina 6-8 lines apart, with reddish-brown bristles, all armed : spines 8-15, the 5-10 ex- terior radiant, setiform, whitish or reddish variegated; the 3-5 interior ones stout, reddish-brown, 1-2 inches long, 2-4 of them deflexed, the other one spreading or suberect and very stout : flowers yellow or sometimes purple ; stigmas 5-8 ; fruit ovate, dry and spiny, with shallow flat umbilicus, 1-2 inches long: seeds irregular, large. Plains and mountains. Eastern Wash-^ ington to beyond the Rocky Mountains. Var. platycarpa Coulter Rev. Cact. 436. Joints elongated-obovate [to obovate-orbicular, 3-5 inches long: pulvina 6-9 lines apart, with few straw-colored bristles, the lower ones unarmed or upper ones with few spines, or with exterior spines as in the species and mostly 1 stout spread- ing or deflexed reddish-brown interior one : fruit depressed-globose with a remarkably large and flat umbilicus, 4-9 lines long. Idaho to the Upper Missouri. IJMBELLIFER^. 243 Var. borealis Coulter 1. c. Joints elongated obovate to orbicular, 2-8 inches long : pulvina 6-9 lines apart, with few straw-colored bristles, and mostly one stout spreading or deflexed reddish-brown interior spine: fruit ovate, with depressed umbilicus, shortly spiny; seeds 2 lines broad, with narrow and acute margin. On sandy plains, Brit. Columbia to Eastern Oregon and Dakota. Order XLIII. UMBELLIFER^ Juss. Gen. Herbs or rarely suffrutescent plants with alternate (rarely opposite) usually pinnatifid or temately divided leaves, the petioles usually dilated and sheathing at base, and small flowers in simple or compound umbels, usually subtended by an involucre, and often by involucels. Calyx adherent to the ovary, its limb very small, 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5, in- serted on the outside of the epigynous disk, usually inflexed at the point, the inflexed portion cohering with the lamina. Stamens 5 alternate with the petals, inflexed in the bud : an- thers ovate, introrse. Ovary composed of two united carpels invested with the coherent calyx, 2-celled, with a solitary sus- pended ovule in each cell : styles 2, their bases dilated and thickened into a fleshy body (called stylopodium) which cov- ers the top of the ovary; stigmas simple. Fruit consisting of two dry carpels \Nhich adhere by their faces (called comis- sures) to a common axis (called carpophore) at length sep- arating from each other and suspended from the summit of the carpophore, each carpel indehiscent, marked with 5 longitudi- nal primary ribs, one opposite each petal and each stamen, and often with 5 secondary ones: in the substance of the peri- carp are usually several longitudinal tubes (called vittaea), filled with a colored aromatic oil, which are commonly lodged in the spaces (intervalves) between the ribs but sometimes opposite them. Seeds anatropous, usually coherent with the carpel rarely loose. Embryo minute at the base of the copious horny albumen. § I. Fruit ^^ ith secondary ribs the most prominent or the only ones : oil-tubes solitary beneath the secondary ribs or wanting : stylopodium con- ical (except in I^aucus). * Fruit bristly primary ribs filiform, secondary ribs winged, um- bels compound; leaves pinnately decompound. 1. Dancus. Stylopodium depressed or wanting. 2, Caucalis. Stylopodium conical. 3 CoBiANDRUM Calyx-tccth evident: fruit globose, with broad commissurCi § II. Fruit with primary ribs only. * Fruit strongly flattened dorsally with prominently winged ribs, -t- Caulescent branching plants with solitary oil-tubes (except some species of Angelica) depressed stylopodium, filiform to winged dorsal and intermediate ribs and white flowers. 2U UMBELLlFERiE. 4. Angelica. Carpels with etrone: ribs, laterals forming a distinct dou- ble-winged margin to the fruit, oil-tubes one to several in the inter- vals, 2-10 on the commissure. 5. Selinnm. Carpels with prominent winged ribs, the lateral ones usually the broadest; oil-tubes conspicuous, 2-4on the commissure; seed sulcate beneath the oil-tubes. +- ■*- ^ Caulescent branching plants, with solitary oil-tubes, conical stylopodium, filiform or stronger dorsal and intermediate ribs and white flowers. 1J. Heracleum. Carpels with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform ; the broad lateral wings contiguous to those of the other carpel, strongly nerved towards the outer margin. ■+--«--«- Short caulescent or acaulescent with solitary or numer- ous oil-tubes, no stylopodium, filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs. -n- Lateral wings coherent till maturity. 7.. Pastixaca Calyx-teeth obsolete: fruit f>val, very much flattened, glabrous. 8. Coloptera. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or winged and approxiaiate : lateral wings broad, very thick and corky : oil -tubes small, 4-8 in the intervals, 8-14 on the commissure D . Leptotsenia. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or obsolete, the lateral wings with thick corky margin that is coherent with the margin of the opposite one till maturity : oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commisure. (Sometimes obsolete.) 10. Peucedaiium. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform approximate, lateral wings broad and thin: oil-tubes 1-8 in the inter- vals, 2-10 on the commissure. '^*- -^*- Carpel -i not coherent. 11. Pseudocjinopteras. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs promi- nent and acute; lateral wings rather broad and thickish, oil-tubes 1-4 in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissure. * * Fruit but slightly if at all flattened either way. 't- Fruit with all the ribs conspicuously winged, stylopodium de- pressed or wanting. 1*2. Cymopterus. Carpel somewhat flattened dorsally, with mostly 5 broad thin equal wings, the lateral wings distinct. 13. Phellopterus. Carpel somewhat flattened dorsally with 5 equal broad and corky-thickened wings, the wings distinct. 14. Tliaspinm. Carpels with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged : sty- lopodium wanting. .' -4- -t- Fruit with all the ribs prominent and equal acute or slightly winged stylopodium, conical oil-tubes numerous. 15. Ligusticum. Oil-tubes 2-6 in the intervals, 6-10 on the commis^gure. •4- -*-- -^ Fruit with broad and equal corky ribs, stylopodium de- pressed, oil-tubes solitary. 16. Coelopleuram. Carpel with very thick and prominent corky riha. UMBELLIFER^. 245 -*-•*-■*-■*- Fruit with very thick and corky lateral ribs, filiform dorsal and intermediate ones, stylopodium depressed, oil-tubes soli- tary. 17. Orogenia. Carpel flattened dorsally, lateral wings very corky thick- ened, oil-tubes very small 3 in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure. 18. Crantzia. Seed terete, carpel with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs lateral wing^ very thick and corky next the commissure ; oil- tubes 2 on the commissure. 19. (Euanthe. Carpel with broad obtuse corky ribs the lateral ones largest, oil-tubes 2 on the commissure; seed semi-terete, sulcate be- neath each oil-tube. * * * Fruit flattened laterally. +- Fruit prickly or with tuberculate scales, the ribs obsolete. 20. Eryngium. Calyx-lobes very prominent, rigid, often spinose, per- sistent. 21. Saiiicnla. Calyx-lobes somewhat foliaceous fruit sub-globose densely covered with hooked prickles, or tuberculate. -I- -•- Fruit neither prickly nor scaly. ■M- Carpels flattened dorsally. = Fruit with plane seed-face, numerous oil-tubes, depressed stylo- podium and filiform ribs 22. Pimpinella. Calyx-teeth obsolete, carpel with equal slender ribs. = = Fruit with concave seed face, numerous oil-tubes and fili- form ribs. 23. Mnseniam. Calyx-teeth prominent, stylopodium depressed; oil-tubes usually 3 in the intervals, unequal, 2-4 on the commissure. 24r. Enlophus. Calyx-teeth prominent, stylopodium conical ; oil-tubes 1-5 in the intervals, 4-8 on the commissure. 25. Bnplenrum. Calyx teeth obsolete: fruit ublong, with rather bread commissure. +> -M. Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally, = Fruit linear-oblong, with concave seed-face and conical stylopo- dium. 26. Leibergia. Fruit flattened laterally, linear, beaked stylopodium wanting. 27. Osmorhiza. Calyx-tube obsolete, fruit acute at both ends, oil-tubes obsolete in mature fruit. 28. Glycosma. Calyx-teeth obsolete : fruit linear to linear-oblong, not attenuate at base. = = Fruit with concave seed-face depressed stylopodium, and numerous oil-tubes. 29. Yalsea. Carpel somewhat flattened laterally with prominent equal filiform ribs. = = = Fruit with plane seed-face and depressed stylopodium. a. Oil-tubes numerous, ribs broad and corky. 246 UMBELLIFER^. daucus. 30. Siam. Calyx-lobes minute carpels with prominent corky nearly equal ribs ; seed subangular. b. Oil-tubes solitary in all the intervals. 31. Apium. Calyx-lobes obsolete; fruit ovate or broader than long: oil- tubes 2 on the commissure. c. Ribs filiform. , 32. Zizia. Calyx-lobes prominent; stylopodium wanting; seed terete sulcate beneath the oil-tubes. == = = = Fruit with plane seed-face conical stylopodium and solitary oil-tubes. 38. Carum. Calyx-lobes small, carpels with filiform or inconspicuous ribs seeds dorsally flattened. 34. Taeniopleurum. Calyx-lobes prominent carpel with broad salient ribs. 35. Cicnta. Calyx-lobes rather prominent carpels with strong flattish corky ribs, the lateral ones the largest. = = = = = Fruit with plane seed -face conical stylopodium and numerous oil-tubes. 36. Berula Calyx-lobes minute; carpel nearly globose with very slender ribs thick corky pericarp and terete seeds. -M- -M. +* Carpels strongly flattened laterally stylopodium de- pressed. 37. Hydroeotyle. Ca.ylx-lobes minute or none carpel with 5 primary ribs and filiform intermediate ones. /. Fruit with secondary ribs the most prominent or the only ones: oil tubes beneath the secondary ribs or wanting. 1 DAUCUS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 333. Bristly annual or biennial herbs with pinnately decompound leaves foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, entire or toothed involucels and white flowers in concave umbels. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit oblong flattened dorsally. Carpel with 5 slen- der bristly primary ribs and 4 winged secondary ones, each bearing a single row of prominent barbed i^rickles. Stylopodi- um depressed or wanting. Oil-tube solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Seed-face concave or almost plane. D. pusillus Michx. Fl. i, 164. Stems retrorsely papillate-hispid, from an inch to 2 feet high : leaves finely dissected into narrowly linear- segments : umbels unequally few to many-rayed; rays 6-18 lines long; pedicels very unequal. 1-8 lines long. On dry rocky or sterile ground. Brit. Columbia to California and across the continent. D. Carota L. 'the CULTIVATED CARROT.) Stcms bristly 1-4 feet high; leaves rather coarsely divided, the ultimate segments lanceolate and cus- pidate, umbels with numerous elongated rays and prominent involucels. Escaped from gardens and extensively naturalized. CAUCALis. UMBELLIFERJ^. 247 CORIANDKUM. 2 CAUCALIS L. Gen. n. 331. Mostly hispid annual herbs with pinnately dissected leaves and white flowers. Calyx-lobes prominent Fruit ovate or ob- long flattened laterally. Carpel with 5 filiform bristly primary ribs, and 4 prominent winged secondary ones with barbed or hooked prickles. Stylopodium thick-conical. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals (that is under the secondary ribs), 2 on the com- missure. Seed face deeply sulcate. C. microcarpa Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 348. Stem slender, erect, 3-15 inches high, nearly glabrous: leaves much dissected; slightly hispid: umbels at the ends of the stems and branches, very unequally 3-6 rayed involucre foliaceous the bracts divided : involucels of entire or somewhat divided bractlets : rays slender, 3 inches long or less, pedicels very unequal : fruit oblong, 2-3 lines long armed with rows of hooked prickles, the pri- mary lateral ribs near and pushed around upon the commissural face while the adjoining secondary ones become marginal. . Eastern Washing- ton and Oregon to California and Arizona. 3 CORIANDRUM L. Gen. n. 356. Slender branching glabrous annuals with pinnately compound leaves, no involucre, involucels of several small narrow bractlets, and white flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit globose, with broad commissure carpels with inconspicuous secondary ribs Stylopodium conical. Oil-tubes beneath the secondary ribs, and obscure, the commissural pair larger. Seeds dorsally flat- tened with somewhat concave face. C. SATivL'M L the common coriander has epcaped from gardens and is seen along roadsides in places. //. Fruit with primary ribs only. 4 ANGELICA L. Gen. n. 347. Stout perennial branching herbs with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, scanty involucre or none, involucels of small bractlets or none and large terminal umbels of usually white flowers. Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Fruit ovate or oblong, with prominent crenulate disk. Carpels with strong ribs, the lateral ones broadly winged, the wings distinct from those of the opposite carpel, thus forming a double-winged margin to the fruit. Stylopodium depressed or sometimes slightly conical. Oil-tubes 1-several in the intervals, 2-10 on the commissure. * Oil-tub3S solitary iu all the intervals. A. ^eiinflexa Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 620. Stems stout 2-6 feet high, glabrous except the rough -pubescent inflorescence; leaves once or twice ternate, the divisions often deflexed; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, more or less acuminate, irregularly and sharply serrate: umbel equally many- rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of numerous linear bractlets, rays an inch or more long; fruiting pedicels 4-i> lines long; fruit nearly round, emarginate at base and apex, glabrous; lateral wings broader than the body : oil-tubes 2 on the commissure : seed-face plane. In wet places ; Oregon to Alaska, west of the Cascades. 248 UMBELLIFER.E. angelica. . SELINUM. A. Lyallii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 374. Stout, 4-5 feet high, glabrous; leaves once or twice ternate then quinate, the uppermost re- duced to large inflated petioles; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute or acutish, unequally dentate ; umbel unequally many-rayed with neither involucre nor involucels : rays )^-4 inches long; fruiting pedicels thick, a line or less long: fruit oblong to obovate, glabrous 2-3 lines long; lateral wings as broad or broader than the body, oil-tubes 2 on the commissure: seed-face broadly concave. In the mountains, Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Montana and Idaho. A. argnta Nutt. 1. c. Stout 2-4 feet high, glabrous or the inflores- cence sometimes minutely puberulent: leaves ternate then pinnate or bipinnate; leaflets mostly small, ovate to lanceolate, rather acute, serrate: um':)el rather equally many-rayed with neither involucre nor involucels : rays 1-3 inches long ; pedicels 3-5 lines long, fruit oblong-elliptical, glab- rous 3-4 lines long, dorsal and intermediate ribs thick and slightly elevat- ed ; lateral wings very corky, thick and broad as the much flattened body or broader, oil-tubes 2 on thecommissure (sometimes 4 in 2 distinct pairs) : seed sulcate beneath the oil-tubes with plane face. Along high mountain streams, Oregon and Washington. A. Hendersoiii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 80. Very stout densely tomen- tose throughout, especially the inflorescence and whitened lower surface of the leaves : leaves quinate then pinnate; leaflets thicJi, broadly ovate, 2-4 inches long by 2-3 broad, obtuse, serrate : umbel equally many rayed with no involucre and involucels of numerous linear-acuminate bractlets : rays 1-2 inches long: pedicels a line or less long : fruit oblong more or less pu- bescent, 3 lines long : dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent ; lateral wings thick and corky, as broad as the f ody : oil-tubes 2 on the commissure, seed deeply sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, with plane face. Bluffs moistened by the sea spray Washington and Oregon * * Oil-tubes in pairs in some of the intervals. A. Canbyi C. & R. Rev. TJmb. 40. Rather stout, 2-3 feet high, gla- brous except the pu^>erulent inflorescence : leaves bipinnate : leaflets lanceo- late to ovate-lanceolate 1-2 inches long acute or acuminate, laciniately toothed : umbel rather equally lO-20-rayed, with neither involucre nor involucels; rays 1-2 inches long : pedicels slender 3-4 lines long : flowers pinkish : stylopodium conical : fruit oblong, glabrous at maturity; dorsal and intermediate ribs thin and very prominent somewhat winged ; lateral wings rather thin half as broad as the body; oil-tubes solitary in the dorsal intervals in pairs in the lateral ones, 4 on the commissure; seed-face plane. Eastern Washington to Southern Oregon. 5 SELINUM L. Gen. n. 337. Tall stout branching perennials with pinnately decompound leaves, few-leaved involucre, involucels of numerous bractlets and white flowers. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit oblong to obo- vate with more or less prominent disk. Carpels with prominent winged ribs, the laterals usually broader.Oi 1-tubes conspicuous, 2-4 on the commissure. Seed sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, with plane face. S. capitellatnm Watson, Bot. King, 126. Very stout, 1-5 feet high, smooth except the tomentose infloresence; leaves large with much dilated petioles bipinnate, the few leaflets oblong to linear-lanceolate, an inch or two long, coarsely laciniately toothed or lobed: umbel equally 6-12 rayed^ with globose umbellets of sessile pubescent flowers having involucels of a SETiNUM. UM BELLI FRvE. 249" HERACLEU3I. few deciduous bractlets: rays 1-2 inches long.: fruit sessife aaid. dilated ; re- ceptacle, hirsute, cuneate-obovate, 8 lines long: lateral wings broader than the dorsal and intermediate ones. Along stream banks eastern Oregon to- Nevada and California. S. Kingii Watson, Bot. King, 126. Smooth, 1-2 feet high -.lower leaves^ bipinnate the upper nearly simply pinnate with dilated petioles ; leatiets- ovate or linear lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, coarsely and unequally serrate; umbel 5-10 rayed, with no involucels ;^ pedicels 2-3 lines long, fruit broadly" ovate, hispid, 2-3 lines long; lateral wings broader than the narrow dorsal and intermediate ones. Aquatic in mountain swamps Eastern Washington to Nevada and California. S. Dawsoni C. & R. Bot. Gaz,, xiii, 144. A foot or so high glabrous :• leaves ternate then pinnate, the small ovate acute segments laciniately toothed to entire: umbel with involucels of linear-oblong scarious bractlets longer than the pedicels and abruptly ending in a longer attenuation : ped- icels 1-2 lines long, fruit oblong, smooth about 2 lines long, with promi- nent wings, the lateral ones but little broader. At Pelly Banks Yukon river, lat 61 deg., perhaps Northern Washington. S. Benthami Watson. Bibl. Ind. 432. Glabrous throughout: leaves ternate then pinnate the oblong to linear-oblong acute segments 6-9 lines long, laciniately toothed or lobed to entire; umbels on stout peduncles, 10-15 rayed, with an involucre of a few linear setaceous bracts, and- involucels of several elongated linear entire bractlets equalling, the flowers or longer; rays about an inch long; pedicels 2-3 lines long: fruit ovate, 2 lines long, often with a single prominent calyx -tooth. Arctic shores and mountains to Queen Charlotte Islands, perhaps Northern Washington. S. Hookeri Watson C. & R. Rev. Umb. 45. Conioselinum Fisheri of Anthers in part, ^tout, 2-3 feet high, gla rous except the somewhat pu- berulent intiorescence : leaves large with much dilated petioles bipinnatifid,. the narrowly ovate to linear-oblong acute segments an inch or less long, laciniately toothed or lobed to entire: umbel 10-25 rayed, with involucre of few deciduous linear-setaceous bracts, and involucels oi narrowly linear- more or less elongated bractlets ; rays about an inch long; pedicels 2-3 lines long: fruit oblong, glabrous, 2-3 lines long, with prominent but scarcely winged dorsal and intermediate ribs and rather broadly winged' thickish lateral ribs. Ocean bluff mouth of the Columbia to Alaska. 6 HERACLEUM L. Gen. n. 345. Tall stout perennial herbs with large ternately compound leaves, deciduous involucres, involucels of numerous bractlets and large many-rayed umbels of white flowers with obcordate petals. Calyx- lobes small or obsolete. Fruit broadly ovate,. very much flattene.l, somewhat pubescent. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform ; the broad lateral wings con- tiguous to those of the other carpel, strongly nerved towards the outer margin. Stylopodium thick conical. Oil-tubes about half as long as the carpel 2-4 on the commissure. Seed very much flattened dorsally. H. lanatum Michx Fl. i, 166. Very stout, 4-8 feet high, pubescent or woolly above : petioles much dilated; leaflets petiolulate round-cordate 4-10 inches broad irregularly cut-toothed: rays 2-6 inches long: fruit 4-6" lines long, somewhat pubescent. Wet grounds, Alaska to California and across the continent. 250 UMBELLIFER^. pastivaca. COL PTERA. 7 PASTINACA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 362. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit oval, v-ery much flattened, glab- rous. Carpel with broad lateral wings continuous to those of the opposite carpel, and strongly nerved towards the outer margin. Stylopodium depressed but prominent. Oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure. Seed very much flat- tened dorsally. Tall stout biennial herbs with pinnately com- pound leaves and yellow flowers. P. SATiVA L the common parsnip is introduced almost everywhere. The leaflets are ovate to oblong and cut-toothed. 8 COLOPTERA C. & R. Rev. Umbelif . 49. Dw^arf sandy ground plants with small leaves, no involucre involucels of foliaceous more or less united bractlets and yellow flowers. Calyx-lobes obsolete or evident. Fruit ovate, glabrous. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or winged and approximate ; lateral wings broad very thick and corky, coherent till maturity with those of the other carpel forming a broad corky margin to the fruit usually thicker than the fruit proper. Oil-tubes very small, 4-8 in the intervals, 8-14 on the commis- sure. Seed very flat with plane or slightly concave face. C. Parryl C. & R. 1. c 50. Acauleseent, 2-6 inches high: leaves small^ ovate in outline, bipinnate with very small oblong segments: in- volucels of slightly united bractlets : fruit with prominent corky and undulate dorsal and intermediate wings. N. W. Wyoming, to be looked for in Idaho. 9 LEPTOT.ENI A. Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 629. Stout glabrous short-caulescent perennial herbs with thick often very large fusiform roots, usually pinnately decompound leaves, involucre of few bracts or none, involucels of numerous small bractlets and yellow or purple flowers. Calyx-lobes obso- lete or evident. Fruit oblong-elliptical, glabrous. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or obscure and ap- proximate ; lateral wings broad very thick and corky, coherent until maturity with those of the other carpel, commissural face with a prominent central longitudinal ridge left after separation from the carpophore. Oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals 4-6 on the commissure, mostly small, sometimes obsolete. Seed very flat, with plane or slightly concave face. * Oil-tubes obsolete or very obscure. L. dissecta Nutt. 1. c 630. Ferula dissoluta Watson Bot Cal. i, 271. Stems stout, 1-3 feet high, leafy at base : leaves broad, a foot or so long, ternate and thrice pinnate: segments ovate or oblong 6-12 lines long pin- natifidly laciniate-lobed and toothed, puberulent on the veins and margms; umbel 8-20 rayed, with an involucre of few linear bracts, involucels of ieeveral linear bractlets ; rays 2-5 inches long : flowers yellow or purplish : fruit sessile or nearly so 5-9 lines long, about 3 lines broad : seed-face plane. Brit. Colum'ia to California. LEPTOT^.NiA, UMBELLIFERiE. 251 PEUCEDANDM. L. maltiflda Nutt. 1. c. Ferula multifida Gray. Stems 1-2 feet high, somewhat spreading, leaves ternate and pinnate : umbels mostly without involucre, pedicels of the fruit 3-12 lines long: fruit 4-6 lines long: seed- face concave. Brit. Columbia to California, Utah and Montana. * * Fruit with oil-tubes and pedicels. L. Watsoni C. & R. 1. c. 52. Low, a foot high or less, rather stout, fiomewhat branching: leaves few and small, at or near the base, ternate- pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments very small, ovate and cus- pidate : umbel with 5-10 variously elongated divaricate rays,- no involucre and in vol ucels of few setaceous bractlets: rays 2-4 inches long: fruiting pedicels about 6 lines long and divaricate; fruit 6 lines long : oil-tubes 3 in the intervals: seed face concave. In the Wenatchee region, Washington. L. minor Rose in Herb. Stems about a foot high, glabrous : leaves very much dissected, the alternate segments linear or filiform : umbel 8-20- rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of several linear accuminate bractlets ; rays 3-4 inches long; flowers purple: fruit 6-9 lines long as long as the pedicels 4-6 lines broad ; wings' very corky margined : oil-tube prominent, 3 in the intervals of the distinct dorsal and intermediate ribs, 4 on the commissure. On stony hillsides in the John Day country, Oregon. L. purpurea C. & R. 1. c. Ft-rula purpurea Watson Stout many- stemmed from a large thick root ; stems 2-4 feet high, whole plant glau- cous with a white bloom: leaves ample very finely dissected, ultimate segments linear or filiform umbel many rayed witl/ no involucre and in- volucels of several bractlets rays 3-4 inches long ; flowers purple : fruit 9-12 lines long as long as the pedicels; 5-6 lines broad with very promi- nent corky margins to the Avings : oil-tubes prominent. 3 in the intervals of the distinct dorsal and intermediate ribs, 4 on the commissure.* On Tocky hillsides along the Columbia river, near the mouth of the Klickitat. L. Califoruica Nutt. 1. c. 630. Ferula Califomica Gray. Rather stout, 1-3 feet high, with 1 or 2 stem leaves: leaves ternate and pinnate or twice ternate; leaflets cuneate-obovate 1-2 inches long, usually 3-lobed, coarsely toothed above: umbel 15-20 rayed, with involucre of 1-2 narrow bracts or none and no involucels ; rays 2-4 inches long, y^edicels 2-4 lines long ; fruit 5-7 lines long, 3-4 lines broad, with a thinner margin than any other species ; dorsal and intermediate ribs distinct : oil-tubes 3-4 in the intervals 6 on the commissure. On dry hillsides. Southern Oregon to CJalifornia. 10 PEUCEDANUM Koch Umb, f. 28 and 29, L. Gen. n. 339. Short caulescent or acaulescent perennial or biennial herbs with fusiform or tuberous roots, ternate or pinnate to dissected leaves, no involucre, involucels usually present, and yellow, white or pinkish flowers. Calyx-lobes obsolete or evident. Fruit oblong to suborbicular. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs fili- form and approximate ; lateral wings broad and thin, coherent till maturity wdth those of the other carpel, forming a broad, membranous wing to the fruit ; commissural face without a prominent longitudinal ridge alter separation from the carpo- phore. Oil-tubes 1-8 in the intervals, 2-10 on the commissure. Seed flat with plane or slightly concave face. § I. Mostly low., froBi globose tubers : leaves small more or less dis- sected, with short segments: wings oi the fruit narrow: oil-tubes 252 UMBELLIFER^. peucedanum. mostly solitary in the intervals, or with accessory ones in some species. * Always acaulescent, mostly glabrous. -f- Flowers white. P. Hendersoni C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 2^10. Scapes 4-6 inches long, decumbent from a shallow constricted tuber 6-12 lines in diameter; leaves-- ternate then bipinnate, ultimate segments short and obtuse : umbel eqiially 2-5-rayed, with involucels of linear acuminate scarious bractlets ; rays 6 lines long; pedicels 1-2 lines long; fruit ovate very glabrous 2% lines long by 2 lines broad, with thickish narrow wings more or less involute and a rather prominent ridge on the commissural face : oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure: seed face plane. On high hill-tops, Johrii Day Valley, Eastern Oregon. P. Canbyi C. & R. 1 c 78. Scapes er6ct, 3-8 inches high, with a short underground stem from a thick more or less elongated root which ends in a globose tuber 6-15 lines in diameter: leaves ternate pinnate or bipinnate, ultimate segments small with 3-5 linear-oblong lobes : umbel equally 5-10-rayed, with involucel of narrowly linear scarious-margined bractlets: rays 1-2 inches long: pedicels 4-6 lines long; fruit oblong-ovate, glabrous, 4 lines long, with wings about half as broad as the body : oil- tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 or 4 on the commissure. High ridges, Eastern Oregon and Washington. P. Greyeri Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xIt, 293. Low, glabrous; root moniliform with 2 or 3 small globose tubers : leaves ternate-quinate, with linear leaflets 4-9 lines long: umbel small with unequal rays : involucel of several linear acuminate bractlets; mature fruit unknown. Collected by Geyer Spalding and Lyall, not since reported. P. farinosum Geyer Hook Lond. Journ. Bot. vi, 235. Somewhat caulescent : stems slender from a rather deep-seated small round tuber 4-6 lines in diameter with numerous clusters of fine rootlets on its sur- face : leaves 2-3-ternate, with segments more or less lobed, ultimate di- visions all linear : umbel 1-8 rayed, with involucels of few small linear bractlets: rays 1-2 inches long, fruit almost sessile, oblong-elliptical, glabrous, 3-4 lines long, 2 lines broad, with wings half as broad as the body : oil-tubes small, 2-4 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissure : seed- face plane. From Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho. P. Gormaiii P Watsord C. & R in Rart. Stems 2-3 inches higb from a shallow globular tuber an inch or less in diameter with fascicles of rootlets on its surface: leaves bipinnate, the ultimate divisions oblong or linear, umbel unequally 1-5 rayed with involucels of a few setaceous bractlets or none : fruit sessile or nearly so; ovate, rough-puberulent 3 lines- long with wing more than half as wide as the body and conspicuous dor- sal and intermediate ribs : oil-tubes one in each rib, 2-6 on the commis- sure, seed-face plane. High hills opposite The Dalles. P. evittatum C.&R. Eight to eighteen inches high from a deep-seated small tuber, glabrous : leaves once or twice ternate then more or less pinnate into linear, callous-tipped segments 6-12 lines long: umbel some- what unequal 8-18-rayed with involucels of numerous purplish lanceolate- acuminate gamophyllus bractlets; rays 1-2 inches long, pedicels short: fruit oblong glabrous 4-6 lines long 2>^ lines broad, with very thin wings more than half as broad as the body: oil-tubes none. Ellensburg, Wash- ington. {G. R. Vasey, 1889 ) +-■ ■*- Flowers yellow. P. Watsoni C. & R. Bot» Gaz.. xiii,. 209 in Part. Low, 2-3 inches PEUCEDANCM. UMBELLIFER^. 253 high with a short subterranean stem from a deep-seated fusiform root : leaves bipinnate, the ultimate divisions short and linear-oblong ; umbel unequally 1-5-rayed, with involucels of more or less united, often toothed bractlets': fruit sessile or nearly so, ovate rough puberulent, 3 lines long, with narrow wings, oil-tubes obscure, seed face plane. vSimcoe Mountains, Washington. P. Cous Watson 1. c. xxi, 453. Glabrous or slightly puberulent, with roughish scapes 2-6 inches high from a nearly globose tuber 6-12 lines in diameter: leaves pinnate: leaflets 3-7 parted or cleft or even entire; ulti- mate divisions linear-oblong: umbel unequally 3-10-rayed, with involu- cels of short oblong-ovate scarious-margined bractlets, rays from nearly wanting to 2 inches long; pedicels short : fruit oblong, more or less puber- ulent, 2-4 lines long, 1-2 lines broad, with wings about half as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes large, filling the intervals : 4-6 on the commissure : seed-face plane with central longitudinal ridge. On high gravelly ridges, John Day Valley, Oregon. P. ambigniim Nutt. T. &(t.F1 i, 626. From low acaulescent to a foot high and caulescent ; glabrous : root tuberous, usually moniliform: pet- ioles much dilated at base: leaves 1-2-pinnate with more or less elongated linear leaflets, the upper often more dissecte ' : umbel unequally 8-1 8- rayed with mostly no involucels : rays 1-4 inches long; pedicels 2-3 lines long : fruit naiTowl)'^ winged : oil-tubes 2 on the commissure. Oregon to Brit Columbia, Idaho and Montana. Var. leptocarpnm C. & R. Kev! Umb. 59. Fruit sessile or nearly so making a close somewhat divaricate cluster: rays few and very unequal. Oregon. P. circumdatuin Watson 1. c. xxii, 478. Stem solitary from a deep- seated constricted tuber, glabrous or puberulent a foot or less high: leaves ternate-quinate. the ultimate divisions linear 1-4 lines long : umbel un- eqjually 6-12-rayed, with involucels of conspicuous broadly oblanceolate bractlets becoming scarious; rays y^-?>% inches long; pedicels very short: fruit oblong elliptical, glabrous, 3-4 lines long 1)^ lines broad, with nar- row wings and very prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs : oil-tubes 4 on the commissure : seed-face concave with a prominent central ridge. Oregon and Washington to Dakota. § II. Stout, glabrous only in P. Grayi. from large roots : leaves mostly large and very finely dissected, the ultimate segments filiform or narrowly liuear: fruit wings more than half as broad as the body : oil- tubes 1-3 in the intervals, (solitary in V. Grayi and P. macrocarpum). * Flowers yellow : fruit glabrous : short caulescent. P. Grayi C. & R. Bot Gaz. xiii, 209. P. miUefoUum Watson. Gla- brous, peduncles 2-20 inches long numerous from a thick perennial root: leaves teruate-pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments linear, elongated or short cuspidate, very numerous : umbel rather equally 6-16- rayed, with involucels of distinct linear-subulate bractlets; rays 1-3* inches long; pedicels 5-8 lines long : fruit oblong 4-8 lines long, 2-5 lines broad, with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil-tubes usually solitary in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure. Common on dry rocky banks Ore- gon and Washington to Utah. * * Flowers white. P. earycurpnm C. & R. Rev. Umb. 61. Somewhat caulescent 6-12 inches high more or less pubescent from a long biennial caudex terminat- ing below in a fusiform tuber: leaves bipinnate, segments pinnately in- scised, ultimate divisions ovate or shortly linear: umbel somewhat 264 UMBELLlFERiE. peucedanum. equally 6-8-rayed, with involucels of conspicuous and somewhat folia- ceous lanceolate or linear gamophyllus bractlets : rays 1-3 inches long : pedicels 2-5 lines long, calyx-lobes evident : fruit narrowly oblong, glabrous 4-12 lines long 2-3 lines broad, with wings about half as wide as the body, and filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs : oil-tubes solitary in the inter- vals, 2 or 4 on the commissure : seed face with a slight central longitudi- nal ridge. On dry rocky ridges and plains Brit. Columbia to California. P. macrocarpam Nutt. 1. c. 627. Caulescent, branching a foot or two high, more or less pubescent: leaves ternate-pinnately decompound, with small linear cuspidate segments; umbel 3-12-rayed with involucels of lanceolate acuminate often united bractlets rays from 3^-4 inches long : fruit broadly elliptical glabrous 5-9 lines long: 3-4 lines broad with wings as broad as the body, on pedicels 1-5 lines long : oil-tubes large, solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Brit. Columbia to California. § III. Low and rather slender, from elongated comparatively slen- der roots leaves rather small, more or less pinnately compound. With short segments fruit-wings never broader than the body : oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals. * Flowers white, fruit-wings more than half as wide as the body. P. Nevadeuse Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 143. Glaucous- puberulent, shortly caulescent peduncle 3-15 inches high : leaves pinnately decom- pound with small segments : umbel equally 5-10-rayed, with involucels of scarious-margined linear lanceolate bractlets : rays often 1-2 inches long ; pedicels 2-5 lines long : fruit rounded to ovate, somewhat pubescent, 3-5 lines long, 2-4 lines broad, with wings almost as broad as the body and evi- dent dorsal and intermediate ribs : oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 4 or 6 on the commissure. From Morthern Cal. to S. E. Oregon, Utah and Ne- vada. * * Flowers yellow, fruit wings narrower. P. Oregaiinni C. & R. Rev. Umb. 64. Acaulescent and cespitose from a multicipital caudex, with very slender peduncles 1-2 inches high bearing a very small single umbel or sometimes two nearly sessile umbellets and one to few matured puberulent fruits about 2 lines long ultimate leaf segments very small, linear-oblong not cuspidate. Alpine rocks Blue and Eagle Creek Mountains, Oregon. (Cusick ) P. villosnm Nutt. Watson Bot. King 131. Acaulescent more or less densely pubescent 3-8 inches high : leaves finely dissected, with very nu- merous narrow crowded segments : umbel somewhat equally 4-5 rayed, with involucels of ovate to linear usually very tomentose bractlets ; rays about an inch long; pedicels 1-3 lines long : fruit oval, somewhat pubes- cent with wings half as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal and in- termediate ribs : oil- tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals 4 on the commissure, seed-face plane. Northern California and Nevada to the Yukon river. P. Donnellil 0. & R. Bot. Gaz., xiii, 143. Shortly caulescent or acaulescent 6-12 inches high, glabrous from a fusiform root; leaves ter- nate then pinnately decompound leaves with segments cleft into short oblong or linear lobes : umbel somewhat unequally 6-12-rayed, with in- volucels of linear acuminate bractlets : rays 1-4 inches long ; pedicels 2-8 lines long: fruit ovate to broadly oblong, glabrous, 3-4 lines long, 2-3 lines broad, with wings less than half as broad as the body and promi- nent dorsal and intermediate ribs : oil-tubes small, 4-6 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissure. In wet places, John Day Valley, Oregon. P; Saiidbergii C'&R. 1. c. 79. Caulescent, branching at base, an inch or two to a foot high, from an elongated comparatively slender root PEUC£DANUM. UMBELLIFERiE, 255 rough pubescent petioles wholly inflated, with a very conspicuous white scarious margin ; leaves ternately or pinnately dissected, the ultimate seg- ments very short, linear : umbel very unequally 6-15-rayed, with involu- cels of distinct linear-lanceolate bractlets ; rays 1-4 inches long ; pedicels a line or two long ; flowers bright yellow : fruit ovate puberulent 2-2>^ lines long with very narrow wings, and filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs oil-tubes 4-5 in the intervals 6 on the commissure : seed-face plane. Bare mountain tops, Northern Idaho and Montana to Brit. Columbia. P. microcarpum Howell P. C. PI. Coll. 1887. Caulescent, branching from the base 6-16 inches high, glabrous: leaves pinnately-decompound the ultimate segments oblong- to linear-lanceolate : minutely cuspidate : umbel somewhat equally lu-18-rayed with involucels of several linear- lanceolate bractlets 1-3 lines long : pedicels 2 lines long, flowers dark yellow : fruit oblong 3 lines long 2 lines broad with narrow wings : oil-tubes 4 on the commissure. On dry cliffs, Umpqua Valley. § IV. Shortly caulescent, slender from elongated comparatively slender roots ; glabrous ; leaves small, lanceolate or oblong in outline, pinnate or bipinnate with ovate toothed segments. * Fruit wings half as broad as the body. P. Hallii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 141. Peduncles elongated (>-15- inches high: leaves pinnate oblong in outline, the ovate segments 3^-inch long, deeply toothed or pinnatifid : umbel equally 3-6-rayed, with small involucels; rays about an inch long; pedicels 3— I lines long: flowers yel- low : fruit broadly elliptical 3 lines long, 2 lines broad with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs, oil-tubes 3 in the intervals 4-6 on the commissure. Northern Oregon and Washington. * * Fruit wings much broader than the body. P. Martindalei C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 142. Caulescent and branching, with elongated peduncles 4-12 inches high : leaves pinnate, or bipinnate with toothed or pinnatifid segment: fruit 4-7 lines long, 3-4 lines broad, with wings as broad or broader than the body, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure, seed-face somewhat concave with central longitudinal ridge. On bluffs of the Columbia river, near the Cascades. Var. aiigastatnni C. & R. 1. c. 143. Usually more caulescent and sometimes taller with more dissected leaves, and wings of the fruit but half a line wide making a fruit 2 lines wide. On high mountains, Brit, Columbia to California. § V. Caulescent; from elongated comparatively slender roots: leaves decompound with narrow linear more or less elongated segments and usually wholly dilated petioles: bractlets of the involucels scarious - margined more or les3 conspicuous. * Wings of the fruit nearly as broad as the body, thin : oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals : dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent. P. ntricnlatnin Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 628. Caulescent to nearly acaul- escent, 4-12 inches high from a more or less tuberous root, puberulent or glabrous : petioles very broadly dilated ; leaves ternately or pinnately de- compound, with ultimate segments narrowly linear, 6 lines long or less : umbel unequally 5-20-rayed with involucels of much dilated mostly obo- vate of ten toothed petiolulate bractlets;. rays about 2 inches long, pedicels 2-5 lines long ; flowers yellow; fruit broadly elliptical, glabrous, 2-5 lines long, 1-3 lines broad: oil-tabes 4-6 on the commissure : seed face some- 'M5 UMBELLIFER^. peucedanum. what concave. On open places; Brit. Columbia to California, west of the Cascade Mountains. * * AVings of the fruit narrow and thickish oil-tubes obsolete or very indistinct and numerous in the intervals: doisal and intermedi- ate ribs obsolete or nearly so. P. bicolor Watson But King, 129. Caulescent or scarcely so, 4-18 inches iiigh, glabrous or slightly puberulent : petioles wholly dilated; leaves ter- nate-pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments very numerous and linear: umbel very unequally 2-12-rayed, with involucels of 1-8 linear- subulate bractlets; rays 1-5 inches long; pedicels short; fruit oblong .glabrous, 5-6 lines long, l-2}4 lines broad. Eastern Oregon to Nevada ^nd Utah. § YI. Mostly tall and often stout, from long fleshy roots : leaves with usually broad or elongated segments : bractlets of the involucel small or none. * Leaves with narrowly linear more or less elongated leaflets. -f- Low : flowers w^hite P. Cusickii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxi, 453. Caulescent, 2-5 inches high, from a thick elongated root : leaves 1-2-ternate, the segments with 3-5 linear acute lobes, 3-12 lines long: umbel with 1-3 short fertile rays and involucels of narrow acuminate bractlets which are distinct or more or less imited pedicels very &hort : fiuit c.blcng-elliitical, 4-5 lines long the thin wings as broad as the body or narrower: oil-tubes 1-3 in the in- tervals, 4 or 6 on the commissure: seed-face concave. On. the highest summits of Eagle Creek Mountains, Union county, Oregon. ■+- ■*- Taller: flowers yellow. P. simplex Nutt. Watson Bot King. 129. Caulescent, 6-18 inches high, puberulent: leaves ternate or biternate; leaflets from almost filiform to linear-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long: umbel unequally 3-15-rayed, with involucels of lanceolate or setaceous bractlets; rays 3^-3 inches long: ped- icels 1-3 lines long : fruit broadly oblong to nearly orbicular, sometimes emarginate at each end, 3-6 lines long, 2-5 lines broad, with wings broader than the body and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs : oil- tubes large and solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure : seed-face slightly con- cave. Eastern Washington to California, Idaho and Montana. P. trlteriiatum Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 626. Caulescent 1-3 feet high, from a deep-seated elongated fusiform root : leaves biternate or triternate : leaflets from narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long : umbel unequally 5-18-rayed, with involucels of lanceolate or setaceous bractlets; rays )^-3 inches long; pedicels a line or more long : fruit narrowly oblong, glabrous 3-6 lines long 1)^-2 lines broad with narrow^ wings, and some- what prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs : oil-tubes very large and broad, solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Brit Columbia to California, very variable. Var. macrocarpum C. & R. Rev. Umb, 70 A more robust form with broader leaflets, longer rays and fruit 6-8 lines long. About Hood River, Oregon. Var. brevifollum C. & R. 1. c. Stout 6-18 inches high, rough-puber- ulent with more compact leaves, stout inflated petioles, and shorter and broader often toothed leaflets. On the high hillg opposite Hie Dalles. Var. alatum C. & R. L e. Leaves with very narrowly linear and -elongated segments fruit 5-6 lilies long with broader wings. Eastern Oregon to California. PEUCEDANUM. UMBELUFERiE. 257 P. Iseyigatnm Nutt 1. c. 627. Caulescent or acaulescent, 6-15 inches high, glabrous, from shallow seated long roots: leaves triternate,; leaflets linear 3-12 lines long by half a line wide : umbel unequally 10-14-rayed, with involucels obsolete or rarely 1-3 small triangular bractlets : pedicels 4-5 lines long : fruit 4-5 lines long 1)^^-2 lines broad, with narrow wings and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs : oil-tubes 2 on the commis- sure : seed-face more or less concave with central longitudinal ridge. On bluffs of the Columbia River, near Celilo. * * Leaves with lanceolate or orbicular segments. P. leiocarpum Nutt 1. c 626. Acaulescent, glabrous, 1-2 feet high, from a very long fleshy root : leaves biternate or triternate or ternate- quinate, sometimes simply ternate; leaflets thickish, from ovate to nar- rowly lanceolate 1-2 inches long, petiolulate, entire, or toothed at the apex : umbel very unequally 6-15-rayed without involucels ; peduncles and rays dilated at summit: rays 1-8 inches long: pedicels variable 1-9 lines long : flowers yellow : fruit narrowly oblong 5-7 lines long 1)^-2)^' lines broad narrowly winged : oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals, 4 on the commissure : seed-face somewhat concave. Brit. Columbia to Cali- fornia and Idaho. P. Xuttallii Watson Bot. King. 128. Acaulescent, glabrous, 6-12 inches high : leaves once or twice ternate with ovate to orbicular leaflets with cuneate or cordate base ; fruit ovate to oblong, 4 lines long, 3 lines broad, very narrowly winged: oil-tubes small, 3 in the intervals, 4 or 6 on the commissure : seed-face almost plane. Eastern Oregon to N. Nevada and Idaho. P. Brande^ei C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 210. Short caulescent, glab- rous, 6-12 inches high from a thick elongated root; leaves ter- nately decompound the ultimate segments lanceolate, 6-12 lines long, cuspidate : umbel 6-12-rayed, with involucels of few linear or seta- ceous bractlets : rays 3-6 lines long ; pedicels not more than a line long, both reflexed at maturity : flowers yellow : calyx-teeth evident : fruit (im- mature) oblong, about 4 lines long, 2 lines broad, with wings about half as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs : oil- tubes 2-4 in the intervals 4 or 6 on the commissure. JNear Walla Walla, Washington. {Brandegee.) * * * Very stout and tall with large decompound leaves and linear oblong segments. P. Suksdorfli Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 369. Caulescent, 2-4 feet high : leaf-segments 1-2 inches long, entire or 2-3-cleft at the top : umbel somewhat equally 6-12-rayed with involucels of linear acuminate bractlets; rays 1-5 inches long ; pedicels 3-9 lines long : flowers yellow : fruit nar- rowly oblong, 9-14 lines long 3-6 lines w^ide with wings narrower than the body, and very prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs : oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, very large, 2 on the commissure: seed-face somewhat concave. Dry rocky mountain sides, Klickitat county, Washington. § VII. Low shortly caulescent or acaulescent, from a thick elong- ated root, glabrous : leaves ternate or pinnate with broad oblong or round coarsely cuspidate-toothed leaflets, flowers yellow : fruit-wings very broad, often several times broader than the body : oil-tubes 3-4 or solitary in the intervals. P. Howellii Watson 1. c. Short caulescent, peduncles 12-15 inches high : leaves biternate to biquinate : leaflets cuneate-orbicular to round- cordate, acutely dentate, often 3-lobed, 6-12 lines long : umbel with elong- ated and divaricate fertile rays with involucels of acuminate lanceolate 268 UMBELLIFER^. pskudooymopterds. CYMOPTERUS. bractlets; pedicels 4 lines long: fruit glabrous, broadly elliptical or nearly orbicular, emarginate, with wings broader than the body, 4 lines long, oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals 4-10 on the commissure. On dry hill- sides, near Waldo, Josephine county, Oregon. 11 PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS C. & R. Rev. Umb. 74. Mostly low glabro.us perennials from a thick elongated root, with bipinnate leaves, no involucre and involucels of narrow bractlets mostly longer than the flowers. Calyx-lobes evident. Fruit ovate or oblong. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs very prominent and acute : lateral wings rather broad and thick- ish, distinct from those of the other carpel. Oil-tubes 1-4 in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissure. P. anisatns 0. & R. 1. c. 75. Acaulescent, cespitose from a much branched caudex which is more or less covered with the remains of old leaves: leaves on long petioles, narrow, somewhat rigid, pinnate and the leaflets pinnately-parted into linear pungently acute segments : peduncles 6-12 inches long exceeding the leaves: umbel unequally 5-12-niyed, with involucels of linear-subulate bractlets exceeding the white or yellow flowers: rays 3^-3 inches long: pedicels 1-3 lines long: fruit about 2 lines long, the carpel irregularly 2-5-winged; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals, 2 or 4 on the commissure : seed-face plane. Oregon to Wyoming, Utah and Colorado. * * Fruit not flattened either way or but slightly so. ■*- Fruit with all the ribs conspicuously winged ; stylopodium de- pressed or wanting. 12 CYMOPTERUS Raf. Journ. Phys. 1819, 100. Mostly low perennials from thick elongated roots with more or less pinnately compound leaves, mostly no involucre, promi- nent involucels and white, yellow or purple flowers. Calyx- lobes more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, somewhat flattened laterally if at all. Carpel somewhat flattened dorsally with mostly 5 broad thin equal wings, lateral wings distinct from those of the other carpel. Stylopodium depressed. Oil- tubes 1-several in the intervals, 2-8 on the commissure. C. terebinthinns T. & G. Fl. i, 624. Shortly caulescent, decumbent, 6-18 inches long, leafy at base: leaves rather rigid, thrice pinnate; leaflets a line long or less, linear or linear oblong, entire or toothed, mucronate: umbel with 4-15 fertile rays, mostly no involucre, and involucels of short linear or lanceolate bractlets; rays >^-2 inches long; pedicels 1-5 lines long: flowers yellow : fruit 3-4 lines long, the 5 carpel- wings broad and thin: oil-tubes 2-5 in the intervals, 5-10 on the commissure. Brit. Colum- bia to California, Wyoming and Colorado. C glaucus Nutt. Journ. Philad. Acad, vii, 28. Leaves and peduncles clustered at the summit of a short caudex, more or less scabrous-puberu- lent: leaves tripinnate the ultimate segments crowded, linear-oblong, with revolute margins : peduncles at first short, elongated in fruit and exceeding the leaves : umbels 5-15-rayed, with an involucre of setaceous bracts or none and involucels of linear acute bractlets ; rays 4-12 lines long; pedicels 2-3 lines long; flowers white: fruit 2-3)4 lines long, the 2-5 PHELLOPTERUS. UMBELLIFERvE. 259 LIGUSTICUM. carpel-wings rather narrow : oil-tuljes 3-5 in the broad intervals 6-8 on the commissure : seed-face deeply sulcate or involute. Nevada to Idaha and Montana. 13 PHELLOPTERUS Benth. B. & H. Gen. Plant, i, 905. A low tomentose seashore herb with once or twice ternate or ternate-pinnate thick leaves ovate to roundish more or less con- fluent leaflets that are densely white-tomentose beneath, involu- cre and involucels of subulate bracts and glomerate white flowers. Calyx-lobes small. Fruit globose, glabrous. Carpel somewhat flattened dorsally, with 5 equal broad and corky-thickened wings ; lateral wings distinct from those of the other carpel. Stylopodi- um depressed. Oil-tubes 2-3 in the intervals, 4-6 on the com- missure. Seed-face slightly concave. P. littoralis Schmidt. Fl. >achel in Mem. Acad Petrop. 7, xii, 138. Subacaulescent : petioles elongated ; leaflets callous-serrate to dentate, with impressed veinlets above, 1-2 inches long: umbel shorter than the leaves, 10-12-rayed; rays 6-12 lines long; umbellets capitate : fruit 4-5 lines in diameter the wings 1)4 lines broad. On shifting sands of the seashore, Vancouver Island to ^Southern Oregon. 14 THASPIUM Nutt. Gen. i, 196. Perennial herbs with ternately divided leaves with broad ser- rate or toothed leaflets, mostly no involucre, involucels of small bractlets mostly yellow flowers and all the fruits pedicelled. Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flat- tened dorsally if at all, mostly glabrous. Carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged. Stylopodium wanting; styles long. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure : Seed sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, almost terete or somewhat dorsally flattened with plane face. T. aureum Nutt. 1. c. Glabrous : radical leaves mostly cordate, ser- rate : stem leaves simply ternate : leaflets ovate to lanceolate, rounded or tapering at base, serrate : umbel 8-12-rayed; rays 6-12 lines long; pedicels about a line long, flowers deep yellow: fruit globose-ovoid, about 2 lines long, all the ribs equally winged. Thickets and woodlands through the Eastern States. Var. trifoliatam C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xii, 136. Leaves or leaflets cre- nately-toothed. Ohio and Illinois to Oregon and Brit. Columbia. Var. inyolncratnm C. & R. 1. c. Radical leaves twice or thrice ter- nate; leaflets as in the species : umbel with conspicuous involucre of ser- rate bracts and involucels of numerous toothed bractlets often as long as the pedicels which are 2-3 lines long. Kootenai county, Idaho (Leiherg.) * * Fruit with all the ribs prominent and equal ; stylopodium con- ical : oil-tubes numerous. 15 LIGUSTICUM Linn. Gen. n. 346. Smooth perennials from large aromatic roots ; with large ter- nate-pinnately compound leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels of narrow bractlets and white flowers in large manj^-rayed um- 260 UMBELLIFER^ liglsticum. bels. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at all, glabrous. Oil-tubes 2-6 in the intervals 6-10 on the commissure. Seed with round or angled back and plane to deeply concave face. * Leaves ternately decompound the broad leaflets simplv toothed or serrate: seed-face plane. L. Scoticum L. Sp. 250. Stems simple, 1-2 feet high, somewhat leafy, with glabrous inflorescence: leaves biternate; leaflets ovate, 1-2 inches long, coarsely toothed : umbel 8-15-rayed, with involucels of several hnear bractlets; rays at length 1-3 inches long : fruit narrowly oblong, 4-5 lines long, with prominent somewhat winged ribs: oil-tubes small 2 or 3 in the intervals, 6 on the commissure: seed flattened dorsally with rounded back Alaska to Brit. Columbia, perhaps Washington, also on the N. Eastern coast. * * Leaves ternate-pinnately compound with leaflets laciniately toothed or pinnatifid. L. scopulorum Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 347. Stout, 2-3 feet high, more or less leafy, with puberulent inflorescence : lower leaves often very large, twice or thrice ternate. then once or twice pinnate ; segments ovate, laciniately pinnatifid; upper leaves often ternate-pinnate or sirbply pin- nately compound: umbel of numerous rays witii involucels of several narrowly linear elongated bractlets: rays at length 2-3 inches long; pedi- cels 6 lines long : fruit oblong, about 3 lines long, with somewhat promi- nent conical stylopodium, and prominent somewhat winged ribs : oil- tubes 3-5 in the in^rvals, 6-8 on the commissure: seed somewhat dor- sally flattened, with angled or sulcate back and face with a broad shallow cavity and central longitudinal ridge. In the coast nsKHintains of Southern •Oregon, Sierra county, California, and the mountain* of Colorado L. tenuifoliuin Watson Proc. Am. Acad xiv, 2^3 Stem slender, 1-2 feet high, naked above the base or with a single leaf, bearing 1-3 glabrous umbels: leaves small, ternate then pinnately decompound, finely dis- sected with laciniately divided leaflets the ultimate segments linear and short : umbel few-rayed, with involucels of 1 or 2 narrowly linear bract- lets; rays about an inch long ; pedicels 2-3 lines long: fruit oblong 1>^ -2 lines long, w4th narrow ribs : oil-tubes 3-5 in the intervals, 6-8 on the commissure. Union county, Oregon, to Colorado. L apiifolium Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 345. Stems 2-i feet high, few-leaved or almost naked; inflorescence puberulent: leaves mostly radi- cal, ternate or biternate then once or twice pinnate; the segments ovate, laciniately pinnatifid : umbel of numerous rays, with involucels of several narrowly linear elongated bractlets ; rays at length about 2 inches long; pedicels 2-4 lines long: fruit oval 1)^-2 lines long, with short conical stylo- podium and narrow acute ribs : oil-tubes 3-5 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissure : seed with round back and more or less deeply concave face, and a prominent central longitudinal ridge. In the mountains of Oregon and Washington. L. Grayi C & R. Rev. Umb. 88 Stems 1-2 feet high, with leaves all nearly radical, and glabrous inflorescence: leaves ternate then pinnate; the segments ovate, laciniately pinnatifid : umbel of numerous rays with involucels of several narrowly linear elongated bractlets : rays 1-2 inches long ;pedicels 2-4 lines long :fruit narrowly oblong, 2-2X lines long, with short -conical stylopodia and narrow prominent almost winged ribs : oil-tubes, 3-5 in the intervals, 8 on the commissure : seed strongly flattened dorsally, with angled back and face but slightly concave, with no central ridge. ccELOPLEURDM. UMBELLIFER^>. 261 OROGENIA. Common from Washington to California. L. verticillatnm C. & R. Cont. Nat. Herb, iii, 320, t. 12. Angelica verticillata Hook. I have neither specimens nor description of this spe- cies, and the plate cited is not sufficient to draw one from : it is found on "shady grassy borders of pine woods of the high plains of the Nez Perces," Idaho. 16 CCELOPLEURUM Ledeb. Fl. Ross, ii, 361. Stout glabrous sea-coast perennials with 2-3-ternajte leaves on very large inflated petioles, few-leaved involucre, involucel of numerous small bractlets and greenish-white flowers in many- rayed umbels. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit globose to oblong, slightly flattened laterally if at all, glabrous. Carpel with very thick and prominent corky ribs. Oil-tubes small, one in the interval and 1 or 2 under each rib, 2-4 on the commissure, all adhering to the seed which is loose in the pericarp. C. Gmelini Ledeb. I.e. Stems stout, 1-3 feet high: leaflets ovate, acute irregularly cut-serrate 2-3 inches long. l-l}4 inches broad : rays 1-lK inches long : pedicels 3-4 lines long : fruit globose to oblong 2-Z}4 lines long, with ribs all'nearly equal and seed-face plane. Alaska to the coast of Washington, also on the Northern AJtlantic coast. C. maritimnm C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 145. Stems 2-3 feet high: leaf- lets broad, often round, usually with cordate base, very obtuse, dentate or crenate-denate, 2)^-3 inches long, 2>2 inches broad : rays 2-S inches long ; pedicels 6-7 lines long : fruit oblong 3-3)^ lines long, with lateral ribs broader than the others, and seed-face plane. Wet ocean bluffs near the mouth of the Columbia and southward. 17 OROi^ENIA Watson Bot. King. 120, t. 15. Dwarf glabrous nearly acaulescent plants from tuberous or fusiform roots with ternate leaves and linear segments, no in- volucre, involucels of few linear bractlets, and white flowers in subcompound umbels with very unequal rays. Calyx-lobes minute. Fruit oblong, very slightly flattened laterally, glabrous. Carpel much flattened dorsally with filiform dorsal and interme- diate ribs : laterals excessively corky-thickened, involute (that is, extended towards the other carpel leaving between the com- missural faces a cavity which is divided longitudinally by a thick corky projection from the middle of each face). Oil-tubes very small, 3 in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure. 0. linearifolia Watson 1. c. Stems slender, 1-2 inches high, from a deep-seated tuber : leaves 2 or 3, once or twice ternate, upon slender peti- oles; leaflets entire 1-2 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, obtuse: umbels l-4- rayed, with nearly sespile flowers : fruit 1)^-2 lines long; lateral ribs and commissural projection strongly developed. Oregon and Washington to Utah. 0. fnsiformis Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 474. Rather stout 3-6 inches high, from a long fusiform root: leaves 2-3-ternate, with terminal leaflets often 3- parted; leaflets an inch or less long: umbels 6-10 rayed: fruit about 3 lines long, 1% lines broad, lateral ribs and commissural pro- 2^2^ XJMBELLIFER^. crantzia. ERYNGroM. jection smaller. California and Nevada. Tar. Leibergi C. & R. Rev. Umb. 92. Tall and slender, a foot or more high, with petioles correspondingly elongated. Sand hills in the Bitterroot Mts., Idaho. 18 CRANTZIA Nutt. Gen. i, 178. Small glabrous perennial herbs, creeping and rooting in the mud, with leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped petioles, jointed by transverse partitions, minute involucral bracts, and simple few-flowered umbels of white flowers. Calyx- lobes small. Fruit globose, slightly flattened laterally, glabrous. Carpel with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs; laterals very thick and corky next the commissure. Oil-tubes 2 on the com- missure. Seed terete. C. liniata Nutt. 1. c. Leaves very obtuse, 1-3 inches long, 1-2 lines broad: fruit a line long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin. In salt marshes, Vancouver Island to Oregon and the Atlantic Coast. 19 (ENANTHE L. Gen. n. 352. Mostly aquatic glabrous herbs, with succulent- stems, pinnate or decompound leaves, and usually involucrate umbels of white flowers. Calyx-lobes rather prominent. Fruit globose, slightly flattened laterally if at all, glabrous. Carpel with broad obtuse corky ribs ; laterals the largest. Stylopodium very short-coni- cal. Oil-tubes 2 on the commissure. Seed sulcate beneath each oil-tube. (E. sarmentosa Presl. D C. Prod, iv, 138 Stems 2-5 feet high, leaves ternate and bipinnate; leaflets ovate, acuminate, toothed often lobed at base, 6-12 lines long : umbels many-rayed, with involucre of few linear bracts or none, and involucels of similar more numerous bractlets: rays an inch long or less; pedicels short: fruit about 2 lines long, with commis- sural face and ribs very corky. In marshes, Alaska to California. * * * Fruit flattened laterally. -+ Prickly, or with tuberculate scales. 20 ERYNGIUlVf Tourn. L. Gen. n. 324. Glabrous perennials with mostly rigid, coriaceous^ spinosely toothed or divided leaves and white or blue flowers, in dense ses- sile bracteate heads, the outer bracts form the involucre, the inner ones, bractless, intermixed with the flowers represent the in- volucels. Calyx-lobes very prominent, rigid and persistent. Fruit ovoid, crowded with hyaline scales or tubercles. Carpel with ribs obsolete. Stylopodium wanting : styles short or long, often rigid. Oil-tubes mostly H on the back and 2 on the com- missure. Seed-face plane. E. Taseyi C. & R. Bot. Gaz xiii, 142. Stems from a few inches to a foot high, several from a common root and branching above : leaves ob lanceolate, unequally spinulose-serrate, attenuate below : involucre of nar- row thick and rigid spinose and spiny-toothed bracts, much longer than 8ANICDLA. UMBELLIFERiE. 263 the heads ; bractlets the same : fruit with lanceolate acuminate-cuspidate calyx-lobes longer than the short styles. Wet grounds, Southern Oregon to California. E. articulatvm Hook. Fl. i, 259. Erect, a foot or so high, more or less branching throughout : radical and lower stem leaves reduced to very long jointed petioles, with or without small lanceolate blades; upper stem leaves sessile: involucre of linear cuspidate-tipped and spiny-toothed bracts much longer than the heads ; bractlets tricuspidate, the middle one much the largest, scarcely longer than the flowers : fruit with lanceolate cuspidate-acuminate calyx-lobes hardly longer than the styles. Swamps and wet meadows, Brit. Columbia to California. E. Harknessii Curran Bull. Cal. Acad, iii, 153. Erect, slender, 2-4 feet high, dichotomously branched above: radical and lower leaves con- sisting only of the jointed fistulous petiole, often very long : stem leaves lanceolate entire, sparingly ciliate-toothed, on jointed petioles of equal length , laciniate-f ringed near the base ; upper reduced to sessile laciniate bracts: heads oblong, 6-9 lines in diameter, blue involucre of 8-10 nar- row bracts, exceeding the head, calyx-lobes subulate, equalling the styles. In wet places, Washington to California and Idaho, 21 SANICULA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 326. Smooth herbs with almost naked or few-leaved stems palmate or pinnate leaves with more or less pinnatifid or incised lobes, and greenish yellow or purple flowers in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels. Calyx-lobes somewhat foliaceous, persistent. Fruit sub-globose, densely covered with hooked prickles or tu- berculate. Carpel without ribs. Stylopodium depressed. Oil- tubes mostly large, 3 on the back and 2 on the commissure, or 3-19 irregularly distributed. * Oil-tubes irregular in number and in distribution. +- Mature fruit pedicelled : leaves palmately divided. S. arctopoides Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 141. Stems very short, from thickened rootstocks, bearing a tuft of leaves and several divergent scape-like branches 2-8 inches long, each bearing an umbel of 1-3 elong- ated rays: leaves deeply palmately 3-lobed, the cuneate divisions once or twice laciniately cleft or dissected with lanceolate acute spreading seg- ments : involucre of 1-2 similar leaf-like bracts ; umbellets large 3-6 lines in diameter, with conspicuous involucels of 8-12 narrowly oblanceolate mostly entire bractlets: flowers yellow: fruit short pedicellate 13^ lines long naked at base with strong prickles above; seed-face almost plane. On plains and hillsides, Sacramento Valley, California, also Vancouver Island, Brit. Columbia, to be looked for in our range. S. Howellii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 81 Stems coarse, a foot or less high, often bearing tufts of stout elongated peduncles and leaves ; leaves broad and palmately 3-5-lobed, the upper inclined to be pinnately lobed, the divisions rather sharply cut and toothed, the teeth mucronate-tipped : umbel unequally few-rayed, with involucre of few leaf-like bracts and in- volucels of very prominent bractlets sometimes much exceeding the large globose head of fruit ; flowers yellow : fruit short pedicellate, prickly all over 13^-2 lines long, seed-face concave. Sandy seashore, Columbia river to Southern Oregon. S. Menaiesii Hook. & Arn. 1. c. 142. Stem solitary, erect, from a long, thickiah perpendicular root, 1-5 feet high, branching: leaves round- 2C4 UMBELLIFER^. sanicula. PIMPINELLA. cordate 2-4 inches broad, very deeply 3-5-lobed, the broad segments sharply toothed or somewhat cleft, the teeth bristle-tipped ; upper leaves more narrowly lobed and laciniately toothed : umbel with 3-4 slender rays, involucre of 2-3 small leaf -like bracts, and involucels of 6-8 small entire bractlets ; flowers yellow, the sterile ones nearly sessile : fruit be- coming distinctly pedicellate and divergent, obovate 1-2 lines long, covered with strong prickles : seed-face plane. Brit. Columbia to California. ■f- ■*- Mature fruit sessile. f<- Leaves pinnate ly divided. S. laciniata Hook & Arn. 1. c. 147 Stems more or less branching, 6-18 inches high ; from a thickened root-stock: leaves mostly palmately 3-5-parted, the divisions 1-2 pinnatifid, segments laciniately toothed, the teeth spinosely pointed : umbel 3-5 rayed, with involucre of leaf -like bracts, and involucels of lanceolate spinosely pointed bractlets; flowers yellow, the sterile ones on long pedicels : fruit somewhat naked below, more prickly above 1)^ lines long: seed-face deeply sulcate some- what involute. California to the Willamette Valley, Oregon. S. Nevadensis Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 139. Stem slender some- times very short, simple or branching near the base, a foot or less high : leaves ternate, the divisions oblong-ovate, 3-5 lobed ; the segments lobed or toothed : umbel with about 5 rays, which are sometimes branched and become 6-18 lines long in fruit ; involucre of pinnatifid leaf-like bracts ; in- volucels of small oblong acute bractlets : flowers yellow, the sterile ones pediceled: fruit prickly all over 1}4 lines long: seed-face plane. Dry open woods, Brit. Columbia to California and ^'evada. ■^^ -n- Leaves more or less pinnately divided. S. Wpinnatiflda Dougl. Hook. Fl. i, 258. Stems a foot or more high from a thickened rootstock : with usually a pair of opposite leaves at base and 1-3 leaves above ; leaves pinnatsly 3-7 parted, the divisions incisely toothed or lobed, decurrent on the toothed rhachis, teeth acute or slightly pointed ; umbel with .3-4 elongated rays : involucre of leaf-like bracts, and involucels of small narrow merely acute bractlets ; flowers purple, in dense heads, the sterile ones on long pedicels : fruit prickly all over. Seed-face broadly concave with a prominent central longitudinal ridge. Common in open places Brit. Columbia to California. S. bipinuata Hook. & Arn. 1. c. 347. A foot or more high from a slender fusiform root : leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with divisions not at all decurrent, cuneate-oblong to ovate, incisely and mucronately toothed : umbel S-4 rayed, with involucre of leaf -like bracts and involucels of a few small bractlets more or less united : flowers yellow: fruit tuberculate at base, prickly above: seed-face deeply sulcate, more or less involute, with a central longitudinal ridge. California to the southern boundary of Ore- gon. * * Fruit neither prickly nor scaly. 22 PIMPINELLA L. Gen. n. 366. Glabrous perennials with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, involucre and involucels scanty or none, and white or yellow flowers. Calyx-lobes obsolete : fruit oblong to ovate, glabrous, carpel with equal slender ribs : stylopodium depressed or cushion-like. Oil-tubes 2-6 in the intervals, 4-8 on the com- missure : seed somewhat dorsally flattened. P. apiodora Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 345. Smooth, rather stout. MUSENiuM. UMBELLIFER^. 265r BUPLEURUM. 2-3 feet high: leaves mostly radical, 2-3-ternate, the cuneate-ovate leaflets laciniately pinnatifid and toothed, an inch long : umbel long-peduncled, 6-15-rayed ; rays 1-2 inches long, hispidly puberulent : flowers white or pinkish : fruit broadly ovate : oil-tubes numerous in the intervals, 8 or more on the commissure. From San Francisco to Eastern Nevada. Var. nndicanlis Gray 1. c. viii, 385. Small; stem scapiform, almost leafless, scarcely a foot high. Oregon Hall 1871, not since found. 23 MUSENIUM, Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 642. Dwarf resinous dry ground perennials, from thick elongated roots, with pinnate decompound leaves, no involucre and invol- ucels of a few narrow bracts. Calyx-lobes prominent. Fruit ovate or ovate oblong^ carpel with equal filiform ribs, and thin pericarp : stylopodium depressed. Oil-tubes usually 3 in th& intervals, the middle one the largest, 2-4 on the commissure. Seed-face broadly concave. M. divaricatnm Nutt. 1. c. Decumbent, glabrous : stem short, dicho- tomously branching from the base: leaves bipinnatifid, with winged, rhachis; segments 3,-5:toothed: peduncles 2-5 inches long: umbel 10-25 rayed ; rays 3-9 lines long, pedicels short : fruit smooth or nearly so, about 2 lines long; oil-tubes 3 in the interval-, with accessory ones beneath the ribs, 4 on the commissure: Seed terete, with rather deeply concave face. From the plains of the upper Missouri to Oregon and Brit. Columbia. 24 EULOPHUS Nutt. DC. Prodr. iv, 248. Glabrous perennials from deep-seated fascicled tubers, 1-5 feet high, with pinnately or ternately compound leaves, narrowly- linear to oblong-linear mostly entire leaflets, the terminal one elongated, involucre and involucels of several lanceolate acumi- nate usually scabrous bractlets an^-4 inches long, entire or with a few teeth or linear lobes : rays of the umbel 3-10, very slender, often spreading, 1-6 inches long ; umbellets with few fl >wers and fruits : involucre none ;involucels of few small bracts that are somewhat united at base : fruit 4 lines long, flattened laterally but terete at base, terete and somewhat beaked at apex. Along small streams, Coeur d'Alene Mountains Idaho, Spokane Co., Washington. 27 OSMORHIZA Jour. Phys. Ixxxix. Perennials from thick aromatic roots, with ternately decom- pound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets, involucre and in- volucels few-leaved or wanting and white flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited umbels. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, caudate, attenuate at base, acute above, very bristly on the ribs. Carpel slightly flattened dorsally or not at all, nearly pentagonal in section, with equal ribs and thin peri- carp. Oil-tubes obsolete in mature fruit. 0. nuda Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. iv, 93. Stems rather slender, 1-3 feet high, divaricately branched, somewhat pubescent or glabrous: leaves twice ternate ; leaflets 6-24 lines long, toothed and cleft : umbel long ped- uncled, 3-6-rayed, mostly naked; rays slender, spreading 2-4 inches long: pedicels 2-12 lines long : fruit with not very prominent ribs : stylopodium and style very short, seed-face concave. Very common in wooded dis- tricts. Alaska to California and the Rocky mountains. 28 GLYCOSMA Nutt. T. & G. Fl. i, 639. Mostly tall perennials from thick aromatic roots with ter- nately decompound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets, mostly without involucre or involucels, and white flowers in few- rayed umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear to linear-ob- long, not attenuate at base, acute above, glabrous or somewhat VEL.EA. UMBELLIFER^. 267 bristly on the ribs. Carpels slightly flattened dorsally or not at all, with 5 acutely carinate equal ribs. Stylopodium mostly de- pressed. Oil-tubes obsolete in mature fruit. Seed-face concave. G. occidentalis Nutt. 1. c. Rather stout, puberulent or pubescent : leaves 2-3-ternate ; leaflets 1-4 inches long, acute, coarsely serrate, rarely dncised : umbel 5-12-rayed, naked or with 1 or 2 involucral bracts ; rays 1-5 inches long, mostly erect: pedicels 1-3 lines long: fruit 7-12 lines long obtuse at base, glabrous, with prominent acute ribs : stylopodium half to a line long ; seed-face concave. In the higher mountains, Brit. Columbia to California, Montana and the Wahsatch. G. ambignnm Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 386. Glabrous or hairy near the nodes: leaves 2-3 ternate: leaflets 1-2 inches long, acute, shortly toothed or cleft: umbel 4-8-rayed, naked ; rays about 2 inches long, some- what spreading ; pedicels 1-3 lines long: fruit 6-7 lines long acutieh at base, sometimes bristly, with prominent ribs : styles half a line long : seed- face concave. Western Washington and Oregon to California. 29 VELiEA DC. Prodr. iv, 230. DEWEYA T. & G. Perennial herbs from thick elongated roots with mostly radical pinnate or ternate leaves, conspicuous involucels and yellow flowers. Calyx-lobes obsolete or prominent. Fruit oblong to orbicular, glabrous or pubescent. Carpel somewhat flattened laterally, with prominent and equal filiform ribs (the intermedi- ates somewhat distant from the laterals) and a thin pericarp. Oil-tubes conspicuous, 3-6 in the intervals, 4-10 on the commis- sure. Seed terete, the face strongly involute, enclosing a central cavity. V. glauca C. & R. Contrib. Nat. Herb, iii, 321. Shortly caulescent slender, 8-18 inches high, erect or somewhat spreading, glabrous and somewhat glaucous : radical leaves small, bi- or tri-ternate ; stem leaves of- ten simply ternate ; leaflets small, 4-8 lines long, mostly cordate or truncate at base, often 3-lol)ed or 3-parted, irregularly toothed: umnel 7-15-rayed, with no involucre and involucels of small linear bracts : rays 1-3 inches long ; pedicels a line long or less : fruit orbicular, a line in diameter ; carpo- phore parted below the middle, flowers yellow. On dry hillsides in open wood 3, Southwestern Oregon. V. Kello^gii C. & R. Rev. Umb. 121. Deweya Kelloggii Gray. Acaulescent or nearly so, mostly puberulent; 2-3 feet high: leaves tri- ternate; leaflets ovate, half to less than an inch long, mostly ;^-lobed : umbel 8-16-rayed, mostly with no involucre, and involucels of small linear bractlets; rays 2-3 inches long : fruit 1-2 lines long, almost as broad, some- what notched at base, with filiform ribs : oil-tubes 3 in the dorsal inter- vals, 5-6 in the lateral ones, 8-18 on the commissure. Southern Oregon to Southern California. V. Howellii C. & R. I. c. 122. Glabrous throughout, short-caulescent; 2-4 inches high: leaves 1-3, thickish about 18 lines long, with ovate out- line, pinnatifid, the oblong segments irregularly cuspidate-toothed and lobed, with revolute margins ; umbel 3-6-rayed, with no involucre and involucels exceedingly prominent, being exactly like the leaves and form- ling the principal part of the foliage of the plant; rays 6-8 lines long; pedi- ^eS UMBELLIFER^. sium. CARUM. eels about a line long, «alyx-lobes prominent: fruit (immature) oblong,, glabrous : oil-tubes several in the intervals. In the Siskiyou mountains at high elevations, southwest of Ashland, Oregon. 30 SIUM L. Gen. n 348. Smooth perennials, growing in water or wet places, with pinnate leaves, serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and in- volucelsof numerous narrow bracts, and numerous white flowers. Calyx-lobes minute. Fruit ovate to oblong,, glabrous. Carpels- with prominent corky nearly equal ribs, Stylopodium de- pressed. Style short. Oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissure. Seed subangular with plane face. S. cicutae folium Gmelin. Syst. ii, 482. Stout, 2-6 feet high : leaflets 3-8 pairs, linear to lanceolate, shai'ply serrate; mostly acuminate, 2-5' inches long, submerged leaves when present finely dissected : umbel many-rayed; rays 12-18 lines long; pedicels 1-3 lines long : oil-tubes 2-& on the commissure. Apparently throughout North America. 31 ZIZIA Koch Umbel. 129. Smooth perennial herbs with mostly simple or ternate leaves, no involucre, involucels of small bractlets and yellow flowers; the central fruit of each umbellet sessile, calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit oblong, glabrous. Stylopodium wanting. Styles long. Oil-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, 20 on the commissure and a small one in each rib. Seed terete, sulcate. Z« cordata Koch 1. c. Radical leaves mostly long-petioled, cordate or even rounder, crenately toothed, very rarely lobed or divided; stem leaves simply ternate or quinate, the leaflets ovate to lanceolate, serrate incised, or even parted: fruit ovate. Throughout Canada and the Atlantic States and Oregon. 32 CARUM Linn. Smooth erect slender herbs with tuberous or fusiform fascicled roots, pinnate leaves with few linear leaflets, involucre and in- volucels of few to many bracts and white flowers. Calyx-lobes small. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, carpel with filiform or inconspicuous ribs. Oil-tubes 2-6 on the commissure. Seed dorsally flattened, more or less sulcate beneath the oil-tubes. C. Oairdneri Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 344. Stems 1-4 feet high, from fascicled-tuberous or fusiform roots : leaves few usually simply pin- nate, with 3-7 linear leaflets 2-6 inches long; upper leaves usually simple: umbels 6-15-rayed with involucre of several bracts or none and involucels of linear acuminate bractlets : rays about 18 lines long : fruit ovate, small, with long styles : seed terete. From Erit. Columbia and Montana to Utah and California. C. Oregana Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 368. "Closely resembling the preceding, but the lower leaves more divided, with shorter linear lobes; fruit oblong, larger with long styles : seed flattened dorsally, sulcate be- neath the oil-tubes and slightly concave on the face, with central longitudi^ nal ridge." Brit. Columbia to California and Nevada. T.«NioPLEURDM. UMBELLIFER^. i60 HYDROCOTYLE. 33 T.ENIOPLEURUM C. & R. Bot. Gaz. Nov. 1889. Smooth erect herbs, from a fascicle of thickened fibers, with ternate-pinnate leaves, toothed leaflets, involucre and involucels of numerous conspicuous bracts and white flowers. Calyx-lobes prominent. Fruit oblong, glabrous flattened latterly. Carpel with broad, salient ribs. Stylopodium prominent and conical. Oil- tubes solitary in the intervals, very large, two on the commis- sure. Seeds dorsally flattened, sulcate beneath the oil-tubes, becoming loose in the pericarp, and invested by a layer of secret- ing cells. T. Howellii C & R. 1. c. Sterna rather stout, 3-4 feet high, leaves few, ternate then once or twice pinnate; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, ■strongly toothed or lobed; umbels manj'^-rayed, with involucre of long nar- rowly oblanceolate bracts and involucels of prominent lanceolate scarious-- margined bractlets ; ray 1-3 inches long; psdicels 3-5 lines long. Wet places Grants Pass, Oregon. 34 CICUTA L. Gen. n. 354. Tall branching glabrous perennial herbs with pinnately or ternately compound leaves, involucre small or wanting, involu- cels of several small bractlets and many-rayed umbels of small flowers. Calyx-lobes rather prominent. Fruit oblong to nearly orbicular, glabrous. Stylopodium conical. Carpels with strong flattish corky ribs, the laterals the largest. Seed nearly terete, or somewhat dorsally flattened, with plane face. Oil-tubes soli- tary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. €. occidentalis Greene Pitt, ii, 7. Stem stout, 3-6 feet high, green, scarcely glaucous, paniculate from toward the base : leaves bipinnate; leaf- lets 2-3 inches long, narrowly lanceolate,' coarsely serrate: umbel many- rayed; involucre usually wanting; involucels of few narrow lanceolate bractlets : rays 1-4 inches long ; pedicels 2-4 lines long : fruit broadly ovate to oval, the lateral ribs much larger than the others : oil-tubes broad and conspicuous, the commissural pair contiguous. In marshes and wet places. Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains. C. purpnrata Greene 1. c. 8. Stems 3-4 feet high, purple glaucous, con- spicuously striate, paniculate from the middle: leaves bipinnate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long closely and often deeply serrate, the teeth a little falcate ; umbels many, long peduncied : involucre and involucels wanting or deciduous : flowers dull and inconspicuous : fruit orbicular, ribs of the carpels broad and low: oil-tubes small. Springy and boggy places near Cle Elum, Washington. C. yagans Greene 1. c. Stem branching from the very base, the branches diffuse or reclining, 3-5 feet long, abundantly floriferous : herbage purplish or glaucous : radical leaves 2 feet long bi- or tri-pinnate ; leaflets 2 inches long, lanceolate, somewhat cuneate below and entire, but from below the middle bearing rather remote short but salient serrate teeth : flowers dull, fruit orbicular ; the ribs very broad and low; oil-tube small, cross-section of seed nearly reniform. Borders of Lake Pend d'Oreille, Idaho. 35 HYDROCOTYLE Tourn. Low perennial hsrbs growing in water or wet places with slen- 270 ARALIACE^. aralia. der creeping stems, orbicular-peltate or reniform leaves and small white flowers in simple or proliferous umbels. Calyx teeth mi- nute or obsolete. Fruit more or less orbicular. Carpels withi 5 primary ribs, the dorsal marginal, broad or filiform; inter- mediate filiform, usually curved ; laterals filiform or broad, dis- tinct from those of the other carpel or confluent : a prominent oil-bearing layer beneath the epidermis occasionally containing small oil-tubes. H. ranuncluoides L. f. Suppl.177. Stems rather slender 6-12 inches long : leaves thickish, round-reniform,6-18 lines in diameter, 3-7-cleft, with crenate lobes: peduncles 1-3 inches long, reflexed in fruit : umbel capi- tate, 5-10-flowered : fruit with rather obscure ribs, strongly flattened lat- erally: stylopodium depressed. In ponds, Oregon to California and across the continent. Order XLIV. ARALIACE.E Vent. Tabl. iii, 2. Shrubs, trees or perennial herbs with compound or simple leaves without stipules, the petioles thickened and dilated at base, aiad umbellate paniculate, or racemose infloresence. Calyx adherent to the ovary, the limb usually very small, en- tire or toothed. Petals 5-10, valvate in the bud, very larely none. Stamens as many as petals and alternate with them: filaments short: anthers intiorse. Ovary crowned with an epigynous disk, 2-15-celled, with a solitary suspended ovule in each cell: styles erect and connivent or spreading: stigma sim- ple. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, sometimes nearly dry, but the carpels not separating. Seed solitary in each cell, anatro- pous. Embryo short, at th^ base of copious fleshy albumen. 1. Aralia. Petals imbricate in the bud, drupes 5-celled: pedicels not jointed. 2. Echinopanax. Petals valvate in the bud, drupes 2-3-celled, pedicels not jointed. 1 ARALIA Vaillant. Perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate digitate or com- pound leaves and small flowers in racemed umbels. Calyx 5- toothed or entire. Petals 5, ovate, slightly imbricate. Sta- mens 5. Disk depressed or rarely conical. Ovary 2-5-celled; styles few or connate at base, at length divaricate; stigmas terminal. Fruit laterally compressed, becoming S-o-angled, fleshy externally, endocarp chartaceous. A. Californica Watson. Herbaceous, unarmed and nearly glabrous, 8-10 feet high from a large thick root: leaves bipinnate, or the upper pin- nate with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets, which are cordate-ovate, 4-8 inches long or more, shortly acuminate, simply or doubly serrate with short acute teeth, uppermost leaves ovate-lanceolate: umbels in loose terminal and axilary compound or simple racemose panicles, which are a foot or two long and more or less glandular -tomentose ; rays numerous, 4-6 lines long ; involucres of several linear bractlets ; flowers 1)^-2 lines long; disk and ECHINOPANAX. CORNACE^. 271 CORNU8. stylopodium obsolete; styles united to the middle. Shaded mountain ra- vines California. Var. acnminata Watson in Herb. Leaflets long acuminate, pedicels 10-14 lines loiig. Mountain streams Southern Oregon. 2 ECHINOPANAX Decaisne & Planch, in Rev. Hortic, 1854, 105. Densely prickly shrubs with large palmately lobed leaves- and greenish-white flowers in dense paniculate umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals 5, valvate in the bud. Stamens^ 5, alternate with the petals: filaments filiform; anthers ovate to oblong. Ovary 2-3-celled : styles 2, filiform : stigma termi- nal. Fruit laterally compressed, drupaceous; endocarp indur^ ated. E. horridnin Decaisne & Planch. 1. c. Very prickly throughout: stems erect from a decumbent base, 4-12 feet high, leafy at the top: leaver roundish-cordate, prickly both sides, palmately lobed, aculeate-dentate, more or less pubescent beneath, 6-24 inches long: inflorescence terminal, densely tomentose : rays subtended by a scarious laciniately cut bract : petals ovate, with a broad base: styles united to the middle. In moun- tain swamps, Oregon to the arctic regions. Order XLV. CORNACE^E Link. Handb. ii, 2. Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs with opposite mostly entire pinnately veined leaves without stipules and. cymose or capi- tate infloresence, with or without an involucre. Calyx adher- ent to the ovary, the limb 4-5-toothed or lobed, valvate in the bud. Petals distinct, as many as the calyx-lobes and alter- nate with them, inserted on the margin of the epigynous disk, valvate in fche bud : stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals and alternate with them : anthers introrse, mostly cordate. Ovary one-celled with a single pendulous ovule. Style single. Fruit drupelets covered with the remains of the calyx. Seed ana- tropous. Embryo nearly as long as the fleshy albumen. 1 CORNUS Tourn. (Dogwood) Trees, shrubs or herbs with opposite entire leaves and small perfect flowers in dichotomous cymes or involucrate heads. Limb of the calyx 4-toothed, minute. Petals oblong, spread- ing. Filaments filiform. Style subclavate; stigma obtuse or capitate. Drupelets not connate. * Flowers greenish or purple, in a close head, surrounded by a con- spicuous involucre of white petal-like bracts : fruit bright red. -*- Low and herbaceous, from slender, creeping root-stocks. C. Canadeusis L, Sp. i, 118. Stems simple, 4-8 inches high ; leaves scarcely petioled, mostly in an apparent whorl of 4 or 6 near the summit, oval to obovate pointed at both ends, somewhat appressed -pubescent on both sides 2-3 inches long, near the middle of the stem; a pair of smaller leaves and scale-like bracts below; peduncles 1-3 inches long : involacral -272 CORNACE^. cornus. bracts 4, white or cream-color, ovate, 3-8 lines long : fruit globular: stone smooth, not flattened, a little higher than broad. In the higher moun- tains and along the coast, across the continent as far north as forests grow, south to California and New Jersey. C. Suecica L. 1. c. Stems sometimes branching above, 5-20 inches high : leaves sessile, all opposite, becoming smaller downwards, ovate or oval, acute, nerves all arising at or near the base, appressed-pubescent on both sides, uppermost leaves 1-3 inches long : peduncle 1-3 inches long : involucral bracts 4, white or cream-color, ovate 3-6 lines long : flowers dark purple: fruit globular: stone flattened, mostly with a shallow furrow on -each face, acute, as broad as high. Alaska and across the continent: per- haps N. Washington. +- ■*- Shrubs or trees. i\ Nuttallii Audubon Birds 467, T. & G. Fl. i, 652. A tree 20-75 feet high : leaves mostly obovate, on petioles 3-12 lines long, usually wooly- pubescent beneath, with intermixed appressed hairs: involucral bracts 4-6 or more, narrowly oblong to obovate or even round, obtuse, 1)^-2 inches long : heads of flowers 6-12 lines in diameter : fruit crowded among the abortive ovaries, crowned with the broad persistent calyx: stone 4-5 lines high, 3-4 lines broad. Brit. Columbia to California west of the ^Cascade Mountains. * * Flowers yellowish, in sessile umbels, appearing before the leaves, involucrate with 4 small deciduous bracts. C. sessilis Torr Durand PI. Pratt 89. Shrub 10-15 feet high with ■greenish bark : leaves short-petioled, approximate, ovate, short acuminate, nearly smooth above^ pale beneath, with appressed and silky pubescence: umbels terminal but becoming lateral by the development of the shoot : involucral bracts 3-4 lines long, about as long as the slender silky pedicels : fruit oblong, 6-7 lines long, 3-5 lines wide : stone oblong somewhat pointed and longitudinally rigid, 4-5 lines long, 2-23^ lines broad. Northern Cali- fornia, perhaps reaches our limits. * * * Flowers white or cream-colored, cymose, not involucrate: fruit white, lead-colored or blue: leaves opposite. €. putoescens Nutt Sylv. iii, 54. Shrub 6-20 feet high with smooth red or purplish slender branches branchlets and inflorescence more or less hirsute : petioles 3-12 lines long; leaves from narrowly to broadly ovate or oval, acute or somewhat accuminate mostly acute at base; ap- pressed-pubescent or glabrous above, whitish silky-pubescent beneath flowers in more or less compact cymes; calyx-teeth minute : fruit white; stone somewhat compressed, mostly oblique, with a more or less prominently furrowed edge about 2 lines long bj' 2}4 lines broad, the sides apt to have more or less prominent ridges In alluvial places, Brit. Columbia to California west of the Cascade Mountains. C. Baileyi C. & E .Bot. Gaz. xv. 89. Erect shrub with reddish -brown mostly smooth branches : branchlets and inflorescence pubescent to woolly : petiole 6-12 lines 1 mg; leaves from lanceolate to ovate, acute or short- acuminate, acute or obtuse at base, appressed-pubescent to glabrous above, white beneath and with woolly hairs variously intermingled with appressed ones : flowers in small rather compact cymes : calyx-teeth from small to prominent ; fruit white or bluish : stone decidedly compressed, flat-topped rarely oblique, with a very prominently furrowed edge, much broader than high. About the Great Lakes and westward to the Cascades .of the Columbia. C. stolonifera Michx. FL i, 92. Shrub 3-9 feet high, erect or ros- GARRY A GARRY AC£^ 273 trate, stoloniferoue, with branches usually bright red-purple and smooth : branch lets and inflorescence appresaed-pubescent : petioles 8-18 lines long: leaves from lanceolate to broadly ovate or oblong, short- or long-acuminate or only acute, mostly obtuse at base, minutely appressed-pnbestent above, more or less white and appressed pubescent beneath with straight rigid hairs: flowers mostly in small cymes: calyx-teeth minute: fruit white or lead-color: Ptones very variable, from -wateand pointed scarcely flattened, higher than broad, to more or less flattened, broader than high, these extremes completely connected by intermediate shapes and diniensions, all with more or less furrowed edge. From New Brunswick to the district ol Columbia and westward to the C ascade Mountains and tJrit Columbia, New Mexico and Arizona. €. glabrata H.nth. Bot. Milpb. 18. A shrub 4-12 feet hiijh, with ereci ansed, not furrowed, broader than high, .\long streams, southwest Oregon to California. Order LXVI GARRVACEiE I.indl. Bot. Re^'. xx. t. 168G Shrubs or small trees with opposite persistent entire leaves and dioecious flowers in aments or catkins. Calyx adnate to the ovary, the limb 4:-tooihed valvate in the bud. Petals none. Stamens 4. inserted on the epigynous disk. Ovary 1-celled, with 'Z pendulous o vules. Fruit baccate, downed with the remains of the calyx, seeds anati opous. Embryo neaily as long as the ileshy albumen. 1 <..\HKY.\ Dongl. Lindl 1. c. Evergreen f^hrubs wiih .L'rreni.-h bark, ojiposite entire coiiacf^- ous leaves ;ind ilioecious Hower.^ in axiibiry ])endul<)iis mneiits, solitary or in threes between the dt'CU.-saioiy connate bract.-;. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-|jJMted. witii linenr valvMtp setjment-. Stanjens 4: fil.iirjents distinct: disk and rudimentary ovary none. Calyx of the fertile flowers wiili a sli«trily "J-lobed or ob solete limb: disk and rudinientaiy stamens none. Ovjiry 1 celled with 2 pendulous ovules, .*^tyles li, siigmatic on the innei- side, persistent. Berry 1-2-seeded. 4i). Frementli Torr. Pac. U. Hep. iv. 13 ?. A shrub 4-12 feet high, becoming glabrous: petioles 3-9 line-^ long: leaves ovate to oblong or elliptical, mostly acute at en«'h end. usually soni»-what mucronate, entire, smooth or nearly soon l>oth ^ides: fertile anienis 23^-5 inchew long : bnicts prominent, connate to above the middle, anite. somt-what silky : fruit globose, beconnng glal»n>us, short- pedicellate, 2-3 hnes in diameter. On dry hillsides, Oregon to California. • 0. elliptica Dougl. Lindl. 1. c. \ stout shrub or small tree o-l<> feet high: petioles 3-0 line long: leave? elliptical, rounded at I)a8e, roiiml or acute and mucronate at the apex, undulate on the margins, smooth al>ove, densely tomentose ^Kjneath, 2-5 inches long: sterile aments 3-15 inches 274 GARRYACE^. GARRY a long, the bract« truncate to acute, silky : fertile amentB stouter, l>^-4 inches long, with acute or acuminate bracts : fruit globose, densely silky- tomentose sessile, 3-5 lines in diameter. Along the coast of Oregon and California. G. buxifolia Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 349. A small shrub 2-4 feet high : leaves ol)long-elliptical, 12-18 lines long, 4-8 lines broad, acute at each end, glabrous above, densely white-silky beneath: petioles 1-3 lines long: fertile aments 1-3 inches long, the short bracts acute, more or less silky: fruit glabrous, globose, subsessile, 2)^-3 lines in diameter. On dry hillsides, southwestern Oregon to Mendocino County California. Division IT. GAMOPETAL.E, Floral envelopes consisting usually of both ealyx and corolla, the petals usually more or less united into a gamopetalous corolla. Synoptical Key to the Gamopetalous Orders. a. Ovary inferior, * Filaments and anthers distinct, leaves! opposite*^ 47. Viburnacese. Shrubs with simple or pinnate leaves and no stipules. Stamens 4 or 5: styles 1 or none. Fruit a 1-5-celled, 1-few-seeded berry or capsule. Seeds albuminous. 48. nbiaceap. Herbs or shrubs with opposite, stipulate or verticellate leaves. Flowers regular, 4 -S-merous. Style 1, entire or cleft. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 2-4-celled, 2-4-seeded. creeds albuminous. 49. Valerianaceae. Herbs with simple or pinnate opposite leaves, with- out stipules. Flowers irregular. Stamens 1-4; fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 3-celled, becoming a 1-celled, 1-seeded achene- like fruit. Seeds without albumen. 50. Bipsacaceae. Herbs with opposite or verticellate leaves, without stipules and capitate involucrate inflorescence Stamens 2-4; as many as or fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Ovary simple, 1-celled,. with a single suspended ovule. Seeds albuminous. * * Stamens 5 ; anthers or filaments united into a tube around the 2-cleft or entire style. Leaves various, without stipules. 51. Conipositae. Herbs, shrubs or trees with opposite or alternate leaves without stipules and l-numerous flowers in a capitate cluster^ surrounded by an involucre. Calyx reduced to a pappus or obsolete. Filaments mostly distinct. Fruit an achene. Seeds without albu- men. 52. Lobeliaceae, Herbs with alternate, simple leaves and irregular scattered or racemose flowers. Filaments united: anthers sometimes distinct. Fruit a 1-2-celled, many-seeded capsule; more or less infe- rior. Seeds with fleshy albumen * * * Stamens distinct. Leaves alternate. 53. Campanulacese. Herbs with simple leaves, without stipules. Flow- ers regular, 5-merous. ^ tyle one, 2-5 lobed. Fruit a 2-5-celled, many- seeded capsule with placentse in the axis. Seed with fleshy albumen. b. Ovary superior or nearly so, compound. * Corolla regular. Stamens not didynamous. •4- Fruit 5-many-celled. 64. Vaeciniaeese. Shrubs with simple leaves without stipules. Flow- ers regular, 4-5-merou8. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Style one. Fruit a 4-10-celled many-seeded berry. 55. Ericaceae. Shrubs with simple, mostly alternate leaves without stipules. Flowers 4-5-merous. Styles one. Anther-cells opening by 276 SYI^Of>tlCAL KJlf. a terminal pore or chink. Fruit a 4-10-ceUed, ^-tttany-seerfed capsule with centra] (rarely parietal) placentae. 56. Monotropaceae. Scalj'-bracted herbs without green foliage. Flow- ers regular, 4-5-merous; style 1, anther cells openiiig by a chink. Fruit a 1-5-celled, many-seeded loculicidal capsule. ■♦- +- Fruit 1 -celled, with a central basal placenta, 57. A.rmeriace9e. Maritime acaulescent herbs with entire loaves. Flowers 5-merous ; petals nearly distinct. Fruit a Iseeded utricle, enclosed in the scarious calyx. 58. Priiiiulaceae. Herbs with mostly entire alternate leaves F'low- er.^ mostly 5-merous. Stamens opposite the lobes 'of the corolla, which is wanting in Glau.r. Style, one. Fruit a 5-valved,few to many-seeded capsule with basal placentae. -59. Oleacese. Shrubs or trees with opposite pinnate or simple leaves. Flowers 4-merou«, perfect or dioecious. Petals often wanting Sta- mens usually 2. Style one. Fruit a simple samara, usually 1-celled and l-seeded, or a 2-celled capsule or drupe. *60. Apocynaceae. Perennial herbs with milky juice, opposite, entire leaves and 5-merous flowers (^orolla convolute in the bud. Anthers nearly free Pollen powdery. Fruit 2 carpels united by their styles or stigmas, becoming distinct follicles with numerous comose seeds. ^l. Asclepladacesp* Perennial herbs with milky juice; opposite, entire leaves and 5-merous flowers. Corolla and calyx nearly valvate in the bud Anthers attached to the stigma. I'ollen in waxy masses. F'ruit 2 carpels, united by their styles or stigmas; becoming distinct follicles with numerous seeds. S2. Gentianaceie. Glabrous lierbs with simple and opposite or 3-folio- late anrl alternate leaves and not scorpioid inflorescence Flowers 4 or 5-merou3. Styles one or none. Stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit a 1-celled, sep- ticidal few-many-seeded capsule with 2 parietal placentse. (>3. Polemoniaceae. Herbs, rarely shrubby, with opposite or alternate, simple or compound leaves. Flowers 5-merous. styles 3-cleft Fruit a 3-celled, 3-many-s eded loculicidal capsule with central placentpe. 64 HydrolpaceaB. Herbs rarely shrubby, with alternate, rarely oppo site, often compound leaves and scorpioid inflorescence. Flowers 5- merous Styles 2, usually more or less distinct. Fruit a i-celled locu- licidal few-many-seeded capsule. 65. EhretiacesB. Herbs, mostly rough-hairy, with alternate or the lower opposite, entire leaves, and scorpioid inflorescence. Flowers 5-merous Styles single. Ovary 4-celted and mostly 4-lobed, with central placentae Frnit 1-4 l-seeded nutlets. 66. Convolvulaceae. Herbs mostly twining, with alternate leaves or par- asitic and without green herbage. Klowers mostly 5-merotis. Styles 1 or 2. Fruit a 2-celled, l-4-8eeded 2-valved or circumacissile capsule. 67. Solanaceae. Herbs or shrubs with alternate, simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers 5-merou8 Style simple. Corolla valvate or plaited in the bud Fruit a 2-celled many-seeded capsule or berry. Herbs with alternate leaves and racemose flowers. Flowers 5-merous. Style single : corolla irregular, imbricate in the bud. Fruit a 2-celled » many-seeded capsule. Verbascum in Rhinanthacese . * * Flowers irregular. Fertile stamens 2 or 4 and didynamous. +- Fruit capsular, 1-2-celled. Style single. SYNOPTICAL KEY. 277 **■ Seeds albuminous. 68. RhiiianthaceaB. Herbs or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves. Corolla imbricate in the bud. Capsule 2-celled, with central pla- centae, few-many-seeded. 69. Orobanchaceae. Parasitic herbs, without green herbage : scales al- ternate; capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, with 2-4 parietal placentae. -►<■ ** Seeds without albumen. 70. Piiigniculaceae. Herbs with capillary dissected or entire leaves. Stamens 2; anthers 1-celled. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, with central placentae. ■4- -t- Fruit of 2 or 4 distinct or united 1-seeded nutlets. 71. Labiatae. Mostly aromatic herbs or shrubs with square stems and opposite, simple leaves. Stamens 4 or 2. Ovary 4-lobed around the 2-cleft style, forming as many distinct nutlets. 72. Verbenaceae. Herbs or shrubs with opposite or whorled leaves. Stamens 4. Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled at maturity, splitting into 4 1-seeded nutlets. +-■*-■*- Fruit a 2-celled, circumscissile capsule. 73. Plauta^luaceae. Acaulescent herbs Flowers 4-merou8; corolla scarious. Stamens 2 or 4. Style 1. Fruit a 2-celled, 2-few-seeded capsule. Order XL VII. VIBURNACEiE, Dumort. Coum. Bot. 56. CAPRIFOLIACEjE, Vent. Tahl. ii, 593. Shrubs or herbs with opposite leaves normally without sti- pules and regular or irregular hermaphrodite flowers. Calyx- tube adnate to the 2-5-celled ovary. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla (in Linnaea one fewer) and alternate with them , inserted on its tube or base. Embryo small, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Corolla-lobes generally imbricated in the bud. Ovules anatropous, when solitary, suspended and resup- inate; the rhaphe dorsal; seed-coat adherent to the albumen. Tribe i. Corolla rotate or open campanulate, regular style short and 2-5-parted, or as many sessile stigmas. 1. Viburnum. Shrubs with simple or merely lobed leaves : nutlet of the berry-like drupe only 1, flattened. 2. Sambucus. Shrubs or shrubby trees with pinnate leaves: nutlets of the berry-like fruit, 2-5. Tribe ii. Corolla from campanulate |;o tubular ; often irreg- ular; styles elongated; stigma capitate. 3. Linnsea. Creeping undershrubs with simple leaves: corolla c^pi- panulate, 5-lobed, obscurely irregular: stamens 4, unequal; ovary 3- 278 VIBURNACEvE. vibdrnlm. celled, two of the cells containing several imperfect ovules, the third a solitary fertile ovule; fruit dry ; 1-seeded. i. Symphoricarpos. Shrubs with simple or merely lobed leaves : corolla campanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-5-lobed : stamens as many as lobes of the corolla: ovary 4-celled, but the berry-like fruit only 2-seeded. 5. Lonicera. Climbing or erect herbs with simple leaves : corolla tub- ular, more or less irregular, commonly 2-lipped : stamens 5: ovary and berry-like fruit 2-3-celled, several-seeded. Tribe 1. Samhucese H. B. K. Corolla regular^ short, rotate or open-campanulate, 5 lobed. Styles short, or hardly any: stigmas 3-5; ovary 1-5-celled: ovules solitary. Fruit baccate-drupaceous y with 1-5 seed-like nutlets; inflorescence terminal and cymose. 1 VIBURNUM Tourn. Shrubs or small trees with petioled, undivided or lobed stipu- late or pseudostipulate leaves and mostly white flowers in ter- minal cymes, the marginal ones sometimes sterile and radiant. Linlb of the calyx o-toothed. Corolla rotate, sometimes some- what tubular or campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5: ovary 1-5- celled. one of the cells containing a single suspended ovule, the other abortive : stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit drupaceous, with a thin pulp, 2-seeded. Embryo minute, at the extremity of the fleshy albumen. § 1. Cyme never radiant: drupes blue or dark purple or black. V. elliplicuiii Hook. Fl. i, 280. An erect shrub 2-10 feet high ; win- ter buds scaly : leaves from orbicular-oval to eUiptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, dentate above the middle, not lobed, at length rather coriace- ous, 3-5-nerved from the base, the nerves ascending or parallel, pubescent with simple hairs or glabrate above; on slender petioles; stipules subu- late to setaceous : cymes pedunculate, with 5-7 primary rays. Corolla 4-5 lines in diameter: filaments equalling the corolla: stone of the fruit deeply and broadly sulcate on both faces, the furrow of one face divided by a median ridge. On rocky ridges, Washington to California. § 2. Opulus Tourn. Cymes radiant or not radiant : drupes light red, acid, edible, globose. V. Opulus L. Sp. 268. Usually nearly or quite glabrous: stems 4-10 feet high: winter buds scaly: leaves dilated, 3 lobed, with accuminate lobes, incisely dentate or the upper ones entire, rounded or broadly cune- ate at base, palmately or pedately 3-5-ribbed, on slender petioles bearing 2 or more glands at or near the summit and usually setaceous stipules near the base: cymes rather ample, terminating several -leaved branchlets, radiant: anthers exserted: fruit nearly a half inch long, red, juicy, glo- bose; stone flat, orbicular, even In swamps and along mountain streams, Oregon to British Columbia, Pennsylvania. V. pauciflorum Pylaie in Herb. T. & G. Fl. ii, 17. A straggling shrub 2-10 feet high with rather slender branches : leaves roundish or broadly oval in outline, unequally dentate, many of them obscurely or distinctly 3-lobed , about 5-nerved at base, loosely veined, glabrous or sparsely pubescent ; 1-4 inches long: cymes small, terminating short and »AMBUOus. '?. VIBTTRXACE.E. 279 merely 2-leaved branchlets, iuvolucrate with slender, subulate caducous bracts, destitute of neutral, radiant flowers : stamens very short : berries light red, 4-6 lines in diameter, globose to oblong; stone flat, orbicular, not furrowed on the sides. In swamps and marshes along mountain fstreams, Oregon to Alaska, the Rocky Mountains, New Hampshire and Labrador. 2. SAMBUCUS Tourn. (klder). Small trees or shrubs with warty bark, pinnately compound leaves and compound thyrsoid or fastigiate cymes of small white or reddisli flowers. Limb of the calyx small, 5-cleft. at len^rth obsolete. Corolla rotate, or nearly so. Stamens 5. Ovary 8-5-celled, forming small, baccate drupelets, with 3-5 cartilagi- nous nutlets. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen. * Cymes compound, thyrsoid-paniculate; the axis continued and sending off 3-4 pairs of lateral primary branches, these mostly trifid and again bifid or trifid : early flowering and fruiting. S. arboresceiis Nutt Mss. S. pnhens var. arhorescens T. d- G. Fl. ii, 13. A large shrub or small tree, 10-80 feet high with spreading branches: leav^es ample; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, scarcely acuminate, closely er- rate with strong, lanceolate teeth; 1-6 inches long: thyrsoid cyme ovate to serni-orbicular ; flowers white to yellowish, usually drying brownish; fruit small, scarlet. On rich, alluvial lands along rivers, etc. Oregon to British Columbia. S. pubens Michx Fl. i, 180 Stems 2-12 feet high with spreading branches ;• leaves from pubescent to nearly gla rous : leaflets 5-7, ovate- oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate: thyrsi- form cyme ovate or oblong: flowers dull while, drying brownish: fruit scarlet, oily: nutlet- minutely punctate-rugulose Rocky banks and open woods, Oreg 'n to Alaska and across the continent. S leiosperma Leiberg Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash, xi, 40. Shrub'-y, 4- 7 feet nigh, forming with its spreading stems loose, open clumps: pith of two-year old shoots yellowish-brown : leaflets 5-7, oblong to lanceolate, 2- 4 inches long, 6-lH lines broad, acute or acuminate, subsessile or shortly petioled, sharply serrate, the apices of the teeth usually inflexed, smooth or with a scattered, short pubescence, especially on the petioles and the lower surface of the leave along the midrib; stipules present on the flow- ering shoots, subulate, about lines long: cyme oblong, somewhat flat- tened in fruit, scabrous-puberulent, the branches membranaceously mar- gined at the fo ks : flowers yellowish-white: berry scarlet, containing 3-5 seed-like, very smooth nutlets \-\% lines long. In the Cascade Mount- ains from Orate Lake, Oregon to Alaska. . S melaiiocarpa Gray Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 76. Stems 2-8 feet high : glabrous or the young leaves slightly pubescent: leaflets 5-7, rarely 9: cyme convex, as broad as high : flowers white : fruit black, witnout bloom. In the mountains of eastern Oregon to California and the Rocky Mountains. * * Cymes compound, depressed or fastigiate, 5rayed; 4 external rays once to thrice 5-rayed, » ut the rays unequal, the 2 outer ones stronger, or in ultimate divisions reduced to these; central rays smaller and at length reduced to 3-flowered cyn»elets or to single flowers : berries never red ; nutlets punctate-rugulose. S. ^lanca Nutt. T. & G. Fl. ii. 13. A large shrub or small tree 12- 30 feet high and 2-12 inches in diameter covered with a daVk. close, very distinctly and rather finely fissured bark; glabrous throughout: leaflets 280 VIBURNACE^. linnjsa. SYMPHORICARPOS. lanceolate to narrowlv oblong, thickish, sharply serrulate, the lower ones rarely 3-parted; cymes very large, flat; fruit blue with a den5?e bloom. Common from British Columbia to California. Tribe 2. Lonicerese R. Br. Corolla elongated or at least cam- panulate, commonly more or less irregular. Styles elongated. Stigma mostly capitate. Stipules or stipular appendages seldom seen. 3 LINN^A Gronov. L. Gen ed. i, 118. (Twin-Flower.) Creeping or trailing evergreen herbs with broadly oval, spar ingly crenate leaves and showy, drooping flowers, on 2-flowered peduncles. Calyx with the limb 5-parted into subulate -lanceo- late lobes constricted above, the globular tube, deciduous from the fruit. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, not gibbous, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 long and 2 shorter. Ovary 3- celled, 2 of the cells containing several abortive ovules ; the other with a solitary, suspended, perfect ovule, forming the single seed in the dry and indehiscent coriaceous 3-celled small fruit. Style exserted : stigmas capitate. L. borealis Gronov. L. Fl. Lap. t. 12 f. 4. Somewhat pubescent; branches filiform, leaven round to obovate, 6-12 lines long, crenately few- toothed ; somew^hat rugose-veiny, tapering into a short petiole: peduncles filiform, terminating, ascending, short leafy branches, beariuir at summit a pair of small, leafy bracts and from the axil of each a filiform, 1-flow- ered pedicel, rarely the axis prolonged and bearing another pair of flow- ers : pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit and a pair of larger ovate, glandular-hairy inner bractlets subtending the ovary, soon connivent over it or enclosing and even adnate to the akene-like fruit : flowers nodding : corolla purplish to rose- color or almost white, a half inch or less long In forests, California to Alaska and across the con inent L. longiflora. L. borealis var. longijiora Torr. Stems filiform, 1-4 feet long, trailing and sending up numerous erect, filiform branches : leaves round to obovate, crenate-toothed above.. 4-12 lines long, narrow^ed below to a short petiole: peduncles filiform, 2-4 inches long, terminating the erect branches, 2-bracteate at the summit, 2-flowered ; pedicels filiform, 2-bracteolate and the flowers subtended by an involucel of two ovate, hairy bracts: corolla pink or rose-color, to nearly white, funnelform, 6-8 lines long. In forests, Washington to California. 4 SYMPHORICARPOS Dill. Elth. 371, t. 278. (Snowberry.^ Low, branching shrubs with entire or lobed leaves on short petioles, scaly leaf-buds and 2-bracteolate small flowers, usually crowded in axillary or terminal spikes or clusters, rarely soli- tary. Calyx with a globular tube and 4-5-toothed, persistent limb. Corolla regular, not gibbous, from short-campanulate to salverform, 4-5 lobed. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla, inserted on its throat. Ovary 4-celled ; 2 cells containing a few sterile ovules, the alternate cells containing a single, suspended ovule. Fruit a globose, berry-like drupe containing 2 small and seed-like, bony, smooth nutlets, each filled by a seed. SYMPHORiCARPOs. VIBURNACEiE. 281 XYLOSTEON. § 1. Corolla urceolate or open-campanulate, only 2-3 lines long. S. occidentalis Hook. Fl. i, 285. Glabrous or strictly pubescent : ro- bust; leaves oval or oblong, thickish, 2 inches long; axillary flower clus- ters not rarely pedunculate, sometimes becoming spicate, 4-12 lines long : corolla 3 lines long, 5-cleft to below the middle ; densely villous-hirsute with long hairs within : stamens and style more or less exserted ; style glabrous; fruit white. Rocky grounds, eastern Oregon to Michigan and north to lat. 64 degrees. S. racemosas Michx. Fl. i, 107. An erect shrub, 2-10 feet high, with slender branches: leaves round-oval to oblong, 6-18 lines long, entire, or those of young and vigorous shoots sometimes irregularly lobed or toothed, smooth above , more or less pubescent beneath : flowers in short and sev- eral-flowered axillary clusters or spikes ; corolla 2-3 lines long, o-lobed above the middle, villous-bearded within; narrowed at base: stamens not exserted; style glabrous, not exceeding the stamens: fruit white, 3-8 lines in diameter. Common, California to Alaska and across the con- tinent. S. paucifloras *S'. raccmosus var. pauciflorm Robbins, at least in part. A prostrate shrub with slender stems 1-3 feet long : leaves oval to oblong, 6-18 lines long ; the lower ones and those of vigorous shoots variously lobed or toothed : flowers in small, 1-few-flowered, loose spikes; corolla small, 5-lobed above the middle, villous within: stamens not exserted; style glabrous, not longer than the corolla: fruit white when mature, de- pressed globose, 3-6 lines in diameter. In forests, Oregon and Washing- ton, west of the Cascade Mountains. . S. acutas S. mollis var. acntm Gray Syn Fl. i, U- Low, diffuse or decumbent, soft-pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong, acute at both ends or acuminate, sometimes irregularly and acutely dentate, very soft-tomentulose : flowers solitary or in short clusters ; corolla open-cam- panulate, with a broad base, 5-lobed above the middle, barely pubescent within; stamens and style included. Washington to California, east of the Cascade Mountains. § 2. Corolla from oblong-campanulate to salverform, 5-lobed only at the summit: flowers mostly axillary. S.. rotniidifolius Gray PL Wright i'i 66. Tomentulose or glabrate: stems rigid, much-branched, 1-3 feet high : leaves from orbicular to ob- long-elliptical, thickish, 6-vt lines long; entire or coarsely lobed : corolla elongated-campanulate, 3-4 lines long, its tube pubescent within below the stamens, twice or thrice the length of the broad lobes : stamens and style included: fruit white, globular or oblong; nutlets oval, equally broad and obtuse at both ends. On rocky ridges in mountainous districts, Washing- ton to California and New Mexico. S. oreophilus Gray Journ Linn. Soc. xiv, 12 Glabrous or some- times with soft pubescence: leaves oblong to broadly oval, thickish, 6-|-l0 lines long: corolla tubular, 4-6 lines long, its tube almost glabrous within, 4 or 5 times as long as the broad lobes : nutlets of the white drup2 oblong, flattened attenuate and pointed at base. Mountains of eastern Oregon to California and Arizona. 5 XYLOSTEON Tourn. LONICERA k XYLOSTEON DC. Prmlr. iv, 333. Erect or merely trailing shrubs with membranaceous leaves that are all distinct, and rather small flowers on usually 2-tlow- 282 VIBURNACE^. xylosteox. CAPRIFOLIUM. ered axillary peduncles. Tube of the cal3^x ovoid or glandular, the limb 5«toothed or obsolete. Corolla from campanulate to tubular, more or less gibbous at base, the limb somewhat irregu- lar and more or less bilabiate. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style slender: stigma capitate. Ovar\^ 2-;-;-celled, with several pendulous ovules in each cell, becoming a few- seeded berry. X. yillosaiu Michx Fl. i, 106. Lonicera cxrulea of American au- thors. Low, 1-2 feet high, pubescent or glabrate: leaves thin, pale or glaucesc:int, ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, an inch or more long: pedun- cles shorter than the flowers: corolla ochroleucous, gibbous at base, nar- rowly funnelform, scarcely at all bilabiate: bracts subulate or linear, commonly larger than the ovaries: ovaries completely united formng a roundish or ov'oid black but glaucous berry. In moist grounds, California to Alaska and across the continent. X. coiij ugialis io?i?c^ra conjugi'ilii< Kell. Shrub 3-5 feet high, fully branching and bushy: leaves thickish, bright green, pubescent when young ovate or oval, acute or acuminate, 1-2^2 inches long, short peti- oled : peduncles slender, 3-5 times the length ot the dark, narrow flowera: bracts subulate, caducous ; corolla 4-5 lines long, gibbous-campanulate, the upper lip crenately 5-lobed, throat and lower part of filaments and style very hirsute : berries dark red, almost wholly connate. On the high mountains at 6,0)0-10,000 feet altitude, Washington to California. X. Utahensis Lonicera Utahenaix Watson. Stems erect, 3-5 feet high with loose, slender spreading branches: leaves oblong, subcordate at base, obtuse glabrous. 2 inches long by one inch broad, on petioles 1-2 lines long : peduncles axillary : bracts shorter than the ovaries : corolla 5 lines long, obtusely saccate at base, bilabiate, the lobes half shorter than the broad tube; style included: berries red, nearly distinct, globular, 2-3 lines in diameter, 2-4-seeded, on short peduncles. On high mountains, Oregon to British Columbia, Montana and Utah. X. iiivolucratuiu Richard A pp. Frankl. Journ. 6. Lonicera invohi- crata Banks. An erect shrub 2-10 feet high with slender erect branches: leaves ovate-elliptical to lanceolate, acutish to acuminate, 2-3 inches long, petioled: peduncles 1-2 inches long: corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, 6-8 lines long, tubular funnelform, with 5 short, scarcely unequal lobes; bractlets 2, viscid-pubescent at first, short, bovate or obcordate, in fruit enlarging and looseh^ enclosing or surrounding the fruit : berries distinct, black. On high mountains, « »regon to British Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. X* LeHehonrii Lonicera Lcdehourii Esch. Stems stout, 5-20 feet long, often with the long vine-like branches reclining on or half climbing ov^er other shrubs or small trees: leaves ovate to lanceolate acute or acumi- nate, ishort-petiolate 2-3 inches long, pubescent on the veins beneath and on the margins: pedunc'es short: the flowers subtended by a pair of large, ovate foliaceous bracts, calyx-limb obsolete: corolla strongly gib- bous at base, strictly salverform above the gibbosity, the short rounded lobes spreading abruptly ; l)erries distinct, black. Tide lands and river bottoms, California to Alaska. 6. CAPHIFOLIUM Juss. LONICERA § CAPRTFOLUM DC I. c. (F^oxeysuckle) Me of the calyx ovoid or globular, the limb 5-toothed or truncate. Corolla tubular, more or less gib- bous at base, the limb mostly bilabiate. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2 celled with several pendulous ovules in each cell becoming a few-several-seeded berry. C. ciliosum Pursh. Fl. 160. Lonicera ciliosa Pair Stems twining or depressed and almost prosti-ate, 2-20 feet long, slender, leaves ovate oi oval, glaucous beneath, usually ciliate, otherwise glabrous 2-3 inches long, uppermost 1 or 2 pairs connate into an oval or orbicular disk : whorls of flowers single and terminal or rarely 2 or 3 and occasionally from the axils of the penultimate pair of leaves. Corolla glabrous or spar- ingly pilose-pubescent, yellow or crimson-scarlet, the limb slightly bilab- iate, very much shorter than the elongated lube; stamens and style but little exserted. Common in wooded districts, California to British Col- umbia and Montana C. hispiduluni Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1761, Lonicera hispiduJa DoikjI. ►Stems slender, twining or trailing, 2-10 feet long, hirsute or pilose-hispid when young: leaves rather rigid, ovate or cordate, obtuse, 6-12 lines long, glaucous and villous-hirsute beneath, glabrous above, the lower ones peti- oled, the upper one or two pairs connate-perfoliate : whorls of flowers on slender peduncles; flowers small, rose-color, 6-10 lines long, strongly bilabiate, the linear, loMer lip nearly as long as the gibbous tube; fila- ments slightly hairy below, exserted: ovaries glabrous. Common on rocky places, western Oregon and Washington. C. CaliforiiU'Uiii Lonicera Californica T. d- d. Stems slender, twin- ing or trailing 6-10 feet or more long; branches glabrous: leaves some- what coriaceous; ovate-oblong, 1-2 inches long, glabrous, glaucous be- neath, not ciliate, uppermost usually connate-perfoliate: flowers in rather distinct whorls, the peduncle and rachis clothed with glandular and his- pid hairs intermixed; corolla 6-s lines long, yellowish, bilabiate, the short tubes conspicuously gibbous, lower lip linear, the upper with four very short, rounded lobes : ovaries glandular On dry rocky hillsides. Southern Oregon to California Okder XLVllI. KChlACE.E H. Juss. Hort. Train 175U. Trees shrubs or herbs with opposite or whorled entire leaves and regular flowers. Tube of tlie calyx adherent to the ovary, the limb mostly 4-5-parted or toothed. Corolla inserted upon the summit of the calyx tube, composed of as many united petals as there are lobes of the calyx, mostlv valvate in the bud Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla, equal in number and alternate with its lobes : anthers introrse. Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each cell, or 8-several-celled with 1-several ovules in each cell. Style single, sometimes with 2 or more lobes or stigmas. Seeds a^jiatropous or am- phitropous, solitary, few or numerous in each cell. Embryo straight or slightly curved, in the axis or at the extremity of copious, densely fleshy or horny albumen. 1. Galium. Herbs with whorled leaves and no apparent stipules: fruit 2 lobed and 2 seeded t. Kello^j^ia. Herbs with opposite leaves and stipules between the petioles; flowers in cymes; fruit 2 lobed and 2-seeded. 284 RUBIACE^. Galium. 1 GALIUM Tourn. (Bedstraw. Cleavers). Herbaceous or rarely sufFrutescent plants with square stems, opposite or verticillate loaves and perfect or rarely polygamous small flowers in axillary or terminal simple or paniculate cy- mules or solitary. Calyx-tube ovate globose or oblong; the limb obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, rarely 8-parted: stamens as many as lobes of the corolla, short. Styles 2, more or less united at base: stigma globose. Fruit 2-lobed, dry or baccate, separa- ble at maturity into 2 indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels, § Fruit dry. * Annuals ; fruit more or less hispidulous or hirsute, without hooked bristles: flowers hermaphrodite, white or whitish. G. Aparine L. Sp. i, 108. Stems coarse, reclining, 1-8 feet long; in- trorsely Jiispid on the angles; leaves 6-8 in the whorls, oblanceolate to al- most linear, 1-2 inches long, cuspidate acuminate, retrorsely hispid on the margin and midrib: peduncles rather long, 1-3 in the upper axils or ter- minal, bearing 1-8 pedicellate flowers : corolla 1-2 hnes in diameter, white- ish: fruit not pendulous rather large, granulate-tuberculate, the tuber- cles tipped with uncinate bristles. In rich lands along streams, etc., Cal- ifornia to Alaska and across the continent. • (Europe). G. spurium L. Sp. i, 106? G. Aparine var. minor Hook. Stems slen- der, branching from the l:)ase, diffuse, 1-2 feet long, retrorsely hispid on the angles: leaves 6-8 in the whorl, linear-oblanceolate, cuspidate, 6-15 lines long, retrorsely scabrous on the veins and margin, the axillary um- bellate cymes 3-9-flowered : corolla about 1 line in diameter, white or greenish: fruit large, more or less fine-tuberculate and uncinate-hispid. On stony hillsides, California to British Columbia and the Rocky Mount- ains, east of the Cascade Mountains. Cr bifolinm Watson Bot King 184, t. 14. Smooth and glabrous: stems slender, 2-12 inches high, mostly erect, sparingly branched: leaves 2-4 in the whorl, lanceolate, 4-8 lines long, when 4 the alternate pair much smaller; peduncles solitary, lateral and terminal, naked, l-flowered, when in fruit about equalling the leaves, spreading: corolla minute, white ; fruit small, minutely hispid, recurved at the end of the peduncle. In open places on the high mountains, Washington to California, Nevada and Utah. ** Wholly herbaceous perennials : flowers not dioecious: bristlef* on the fruit short and uncinate or none. ■*- Leaves in fours throughout or fewer. 0. Oreganam Britton Bull. Torr. Club xxi, 31. G. KatnUchaticum of authors as to the Pacific Coast plant. Stems slender, numerous and radi- ately spreading from the crown of a rather thick root, 6-18 inches long : leaves oblong to ovate, acute or acutish or the lowest obtuse 6-18 lines long, 4-6 lines broad, distinctly 3 nerved, ciliate on the margins and usu- ally also on the upper side of the nerves : cymes mostly terminal, rather few-flowered; flowers dull cream color, on short diverging pedicels; fruit hispid. In the Cascade and Coast mountains, Oregon to Alaska. G. boreale L -p i, 108. stems erect, 1-2 feet high, mostly glabrous: very leafy : leaves from linear to broadly-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, ob- tuse, distinctly 3-nerved, often with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils : the uppermost reduced to pairs of oblong or oval bracts : flowers in numer- ous close cymules collected in a terminal and ample thyrsi form panicle, GALIUM. RUSIACE^. 285 bright white, fragrant : fruit small, hispidulous when young, often soon glabrous. Rocky banks of streams, Oregon to Alaska and across the con- tinent -♦- -*- Pointless leaves in fours, fives or sixes; small, 1-nerved. G. trifldum L. Sp. i, 105. Stems almost filiform ; erect ; branching, 6-20 inches high, smooth, except the retrorsely hispid angles; leaves lin- ear to oblanceolate, obtuse, 4-8 lines long; the midrib beneath and the margin sparsely hispidulous: peduncles scattered, 1-several-flowered ; flowers white, sometimes 3-merous: fruit small, smooth. In wet places, California to Alaska and across the continent. •*--«-•«- Leaves in sixes, sometimes fives or on the branchlets fours, cuspidately mucronate or acuminate. G. asperrimnm Gray PI. Fendl. 60 and Bot. Cal. i, 281. stems erect or diffusely ascending, but weak, 1-2 feet long; leaves lanceolate, 6-12 lines long : cymes twice or thrice dichotomous, with filiform peduncles and pedicels : corolla white or turning purplish : ovary merely puberu- lent or scabrous : fruit granulate-scabrous and sometimes minutely his- pidulous. .Shady places in mountains, eastern Oregon to California and New Mexico. G. triflornra Michx. Fl. i, 80. Stems slender, diffusely procumbent, smoothish, 1-8 feet long: leaves elliptical-lanceolate to narrowly oblong? 1-2 inches long : cymes once or twice I^-rayed : pedicels soon divaricate ; corolla yellowish-white to greenish, its lobes hardly surpassing the bristles of the ovary : fruit uncinate-hispid. In forests, California to/^laskaand across the continent. * * * Perennials with somewhat woody base: leaves 4, in the whorls, without any roughness ; fruit hirsute with long and straight bristles. 0. multiflorum Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad, ii, 97. Suffrutescent at base: nainutely scabrous topruinoseor glabrous: stems erect, tufted, 2-12 inches high: leaves in fours or the uppermost ones in twos, sessile, ovate to ob- long-lanceolate, mucronate-apiculate or abruptly acuminate, 4-8 lines long, with 2 or sometimes 4 lateral nerves from the base: flowers yellow- ish or greenish, dioecious mondecious or perfect, solitary or somewhat cymose or thyrsoid-paniculate: fruit usually covered with long white bristles. In dry or rocky gulches, southern Oregon to California, Nevada and Utah. Var. Watsoiii (^ray 8yn. FI. i, pt. 2, 40. Mostly glabrous and smooth : leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate; commonly about 6 lines long by 2 lines broad, with lateral nerves either distinct or obsolete. In dry gulches, southeastern Oregon to .Arizona and Idaho. § 2 Genus Kelbunium Eridl. Leaves 4 in the whorls, one- nerved. Fruit baccate. G. Nnitallii Gray PI. Wright i, 80. Suffrutescent, tall and climbing, often 3-4 feet high, mostly glabrous except the minutely aculeolate-his- pidulous angles of the stems and margins of the leaves, these also some- times naked: leaves small, oval to linear-oblong, mucronate, mucronu- late, or obtuse: fruit smooth and glabrous. In thickets and open woods, Southern Oregon and California. G. Bolanderi Gray Proc Am Acad vii, 350. Herbaceous from a woody root, diffuse, a foot or two high, glabrous, sometimes pubescent: angles of the stem not at all or hardly scabrous : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, rather acute, about 6 lines long, thickish, with margins and midrib either smooth and naked or sparsely hispidulous, those of the 286 VALE R [AN AC E^. kelloggia. branches not rarely opposite: corolla dull purple; fruit white, smooth juicy, drying black. Dry grounds, southern Oregon and western Cali- fornia. G. Andrewsii Gray Proc. Amer. Acad vi, 538. Depressed: cespitose, and with slender creeping rootstocks : glabrous or nearly so : the matted tufts 8-10 inches high: leaves very crowded, ace rose-subulate, usually shining, naked or sparsely spinuloseciliate, 2-6 lines I ng: flowers dice- cious, staminate slender-pedicelled, in few-flowered terminal cymes; pis- tillate solitary, subtended by a whorl of leaves that are longer than the at length deflexed peduncle: fruit dark-colored, smooth. Dry hills, south- ern Oregon and California 2 KELLOG( JIA Torr. Bot. Wilkes 332, t. 6. Herbs with opposite leaves and loosely cymose-panicledj small flowers. Flowers commonly 4-merous ; calyx-tube obovoid, somewhat flattened laterally ; teeth 4, subulate pei'sistent. Co- rolla funiielform, the lobes naked, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as lobes of the «*.orolla, and inserted on its tube, more or less exserted : filaments flattened ; anthers oblong-linear, attached above the base. Styles filiform, exserted : stigmas 2. Ovar\" 2- celled, ovules erect from the base, anatropous. Fruit dry and coriaceous, separating at maturity into 2 closed carpels which are conformed an.l adherent to the seed, somewhat reniform in cross section. Embryo comparatively large in fleshy albumen K. galioides Torr. Bot. Wilkes 332 t 6. Glabrous or minutely pubes- cent; stems slender, 4-12 inches high : leaves lanceolate, sessile, 1-2 inches long, the stipules small and scarious : flowers small, in a loose dichotomous cyme, the long pedicels thickened above and articulated with the flower; corolla funnelform, white or pinkish, 3-5 lines long, pubescent on the outside: fruit small, oblong, coriaceous, uncinate-hispid. In shady places. Washington to California. Order XLIX. VALERIANACE^ Batsck Tab. Aftin. 227. Herbs, rarely shrubby, with opposite, simple or divided leaves without stipules and usually small flowers in dichoto- mous cymes that are often glomerate when young, frequently corymbose or paniculate. Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary: the limb various, sometimes forming a plumous pappus, occasionally obsolete. Corolla tubular furjnelform or obcon- ical, often gibbose antejiorly or spurred, the limb mostly 5- lobed and more or less irregular, imbricate in bud. Stamens distinct, inserted into the corolla; anthers iatrorse. Ovary mostly 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty , the other containing a single suspended ovule: style filiform stigmas 2-3, or united into one. Fruit membranaceous or coriaceous, indehiscwnt; 1-celled or frequently 3 celled with 2 of the cells empty, some- times 2-celled by the confluence of the empty cells, 1-seeded. Seeds anatropous with a membranaceous testa and no albumen. * Limb of the calyx inrolled and concealed in flower, evolute and pappus-like in fruit. VALE M ANA. VALERIANACE.i^. 287 1, Valeriana. Mostly tall perennial herbs with simple or sparingly branched stems; corolla salverform, the limb not spurred. * * Limb of the calyx obsolete. 2. Plectritis. Stems often simple, at least not dichotomous: cymes thyrsoidly congested at the summit of the stem or branches : corolla gibbous or spurred at base : fruit usually winged laterally. 8. Valerianella. f^tems dichotomously branched, the branchlets ter- minated by cymules of small flowers : fruit not winged. 1 VALERIANA Tour^ Perennial herbs with strong-scented mostly thickened root- stocks or roots, simple or pinnate leaves and white or flesh col- ored perfect or polygamo-dictcious; flowers in terminal often panicled cymes. Limb of the calyx involute and concealed in the flowering state, evolute in fruit, lormed of several plumose bris- tles, deciduous. Corolla with more or less cylindrical or obcon- ical tube, which is often gibbous but not spurred at base, the limb about equally 5-lobed. Stamens 3 ; abortive cells of the ovary small or obscure, obliterated in the achene-like fruit. V. edulis Nutt. T & G. Fl. ii, 48. Glabrous or glabrate; the nas- cent herbage tomentulose-puberulent sometimes remaining so on the leaf margins, stems erect, from a large fusiform perpendicular stock that branches below into thickened roots, 1-3 feet high *. leaves thickish, ner- vously veined, the radical oblanceolate to spatulate, tapering into a mar- gined petiole, entire or some sparingly laciniate-pinnatitid : cauline rarely none, commonly 1-3 pairs, sessile, pinnately parted into 3-7 linear or lan- ceolate divisions : flowers polygamo-dioecious, yellow^ish white, sessile in the cymules which form an elongated thyrsiform naked panicle, fruit ovate, puberulent or glabrous. Wet plains' and prairies, eastern Oregon to British Columbia, east to the Rocky Mountains and Ohio. V. sylvatica Banks Richard App. Frankl. Journ. ed 2, 2. Stems erect from creeping rootstocks 8-10 inches high : radical leaves mostly simple, ovate to oblong, sometimes some of them 3-5-foliolate : cauline more or less petioled, 3-11-foliolate or parted, the divisions entire or rarely few- toothed : flowers more or less dimorphous ; corolla light rose-color, 2-3 lines long or more, the tube short: stigma nearly entire : fruiting cyme open, at length thyrsoid-paniculate. Wet mountain valleys, California to British Columbia and across the continent. V. Sitchensis Bong. Veg. Sitch. 145. Stems rather stout, 1-5 feet high, often branching: radical leaves mostly 3-5-foliolate, the terminal one always much the largest: cauline short petioled, 3-5-foliolate, the divisions orbicular to oblong-ovate or of the upper ones ovate-lanceolate, not rarely dentate or repand: cymes contracted; corolla f unnelform ; 3-4 lines long; white or more commonly pinkish : stigma entire. In moist woods and wet places, ».)regon to Alaska and the northern Rocky Mountains. V Columbiana Piper Bot. dnz xxi, 485. Stems erect from a rather slender caudex 10 inches high, minutely puberulent, especially below: radical leaves ovate, entire obtuse at ap x an inch long glabrous, their petioles 2-3 times as long, narrowly m ir^jinel, puberulent; cauline 2 pairs, 3-divided: the basal sesrtnent'^ ovate- Ian coo I ate, obtuse, entire, the teruii- nal segment 3-cleft into ovate-acutish lobes ; petioles as long as the blade or shorter, nearly glabrous: inflorescence loosely cymose, the whitish flowers sessile in the cymules: peduncles puberulent: corolla seven lines 288 VALERIANACE^. plkctritis. long, the tube twice the length of the limb, hairy at base within : sta- mens glabrous : stigma minutely 3-lobed : bracts linear-subulate, as long as the glabrous fruit. Wena tehee Washington. 2 PLECTRITIS Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1095. Low smooth annuals with opposite mostly entire leaves and small flowers in terminal heads or spikes. Calyx-limb truncate, entire or obsolete ; tube of the corolla gibbous anteriorly, spurred at base ; the limb 5-cleft, more or less bilabiate. Stamens 3. Stigma capitate. Fruit with a coriaceous, somewhat triangular, fertile cell, the two empty ones often open their full length, each forming an involute wing ; in one species almost wingless. * Fruit somewhat meniscoidal, only obtusely angled dorsally : cotyl- edons incumbent, that is parallel to the ventral face and expanded wings. P. macrocera T. & G Fl. ii, 50. stems slender, 2-10 inches high, simple or sparingly branched : flowers small, usually in 2-4 somewhat dis- tant and spicately disposed verticillastrate clusters: corolla narrow, white or pinkish, 1-2 lines long with a spur usually as long as the tube : limb somewhat equally spreading, hardly bilabiate, or equally 4-Iobed and the f>osterior lobe emarginate-bifid : fruit glabrous or puberulent, obtuse or ightly lineate-sulcate on the dorsal angle, the broad wing circumscribing the ventral face of the achene, spreading or incurved. On dry hillsides, British Columbia to California, Nevada and Arizona. * * Fruit strongly carinate-angled dorsally : cotyledons transverse to the ventral face, accumbent. ■*- Wings conspicuous, more or less introrse, in the last species email. P. cougesta DC Prodr iv, 631. Stems often rather stout, 4-20 inches high, simple or sparingly branched: flowers 1-4 lines long in a capituliform or oblong simple or interrupted thyrsus, or sparingly verticil- lastrate below: corolla rose or flesh color with obviously bilabiate limb and spur half or less the length of the very gibbous throat : fruit broadly winged and with prominent but rather obtuse keel, glabrous or puberu- lent to short villous. On moist, usually shady slopes, British Columbia to California. P. auomala Suksdorf Valerianella anomala Gray Stems stoutish, 8- 20 inches high, freely branching: flowers small, in several approximate verticillastrate clusters; corolla white, a line long, wholly destitute of spur, at most a small mammseform gibbosity near the base of the short and broadly funnelform throat; limb small, obscurely bilabiate, usually 4-lobed and posterior lobe emurginate or 2-cleft: fruit 1}4 lines long, acutely angled, with sharp edge on the back, with broad wings usually in- flexed at base and expanding above. In moist meadows and woodlands along the lower Columbia River P. aplianoptera Suksdorf Valerianella apham,optera Gray. Stems slender and weak, 1-2 feet high, branching: flowers small, in 2-4 verticel- lastrate clusters : corolla only a line long, white, with obviously bilabiate limb and short basal spur ; fruit puberulent or glabrate, trigonous ; dorsal angle salient but rather obtuse, lateral angles with distinct but narrow in- curved wings. Along streams, Southern Oregon. -»- •*- Wings wholly wanting to the triquetrous fruit, the lateral angle of which resembles the dorsal. VALERIANELLA. DIPSACACE.E. 289 DIPSACDS. P. samollfolia Hceck in Engler, Jahrb iii, 37. A span to a foot high : verticillastrate clusters 2-4, small: corolla a line or so in length, ob- scurely bilabiate, with short conical-saccate spur; achene-like fruit of the shape of buckwheat, glabrous or a little pubescent, about a line long. Low grounds along the Columbia River and coast of California. 3 VALERIANELLA Tourn. (Corn salad). Low glabrous annuals with opposite leaves and small flowers in terminal, capitate clusters. Calyx-limb none or a mere toothed or oblique border. Corolla with nearly regular 4-parted limb, fu unciform or more open throat, with or without a small saccate gibbosity at its base anteriorly, and a short, proper tube. Sta- mens 8 ; fruit 3-celled, two of them empty and manifest, or often enlarged and closed, sometimes at length confluent into one. Y. oLiTORiA Poll. Hist. PI. Palat i. 30. Plants 4-10 inches high, dichotoraous, pubescent on the angles ; upper leaves sparingly toothed at the base, ciliate; the radical petioled : flowers pale blue in small glomer- ules : stigma of 3 very small linear-oblong lobes : fruit compressed, ob- lique, at length broader than long, glabrous, the partition between the empty cells often imperfect. In fields and waste places near Portland. Oregon. Introduced from Europe. Order L. DIPSACACEiE LindL Veg. King 699. Herbs or suffrutesceut plants (none of them native of Amer- ica) with opposite or verticillate sessile leaves without sti- pules : the jflowers aggregated in a dense involucrate head upon a common receptacle, eich usually subtended by a chaff-like bract and surrounded at the base by a very short closely ap- pressed m«)nophyllous involucel. Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary or sometimes free except at the summit the limb various, sometimes forming a hairy or plumose pappus. Co- rolla tubular : the limb 5-cleft or 4-cleft by the union of the two upper lobes. Stamens 4, inserted into the corolla towards the base, distinct, or rarely with the filaments united in pairs : anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule. Fruit membranaceous or acheneiform, indehiscent, crowned with the limb of the calyx. Seed anatropous with a very thin testa. Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy albumen. 1 DIPSACUS Tourn. (teasel). Stout, erect hairy or prickly herbs with opposite leaves and large, oblong or roundish head of small flowers : the expansion of the flowers commencing about the middle and proceeding in opposite directions. Involucre of rigid, spreading unequal bracts. Bracts of the receptacle rigid, acuminate. Involucel ses- sile, 4-angled, 8-ribbed, 4-toothed. Calyx-limb cup-shaped, 4- lobed. Corolla funnelform, 4-cleft. 290 COMPOSITE. TUBULIFLOR^. D. SYLVESTRis Mill. Dlct. stems stout, 2-5 feet high prickly : lanceo- late-oblong, connate at base, 4-6 inches long: involucre as long as the heads : bracts of the receptacle tipped with a long and straight flexible av\Ti; corolla flesh-color. In waste places and old fields. Naturalized from Europe. Order LI. COMPOSITJ^] Vaill. Act. Acad. Paris 143. Herbs, shrubs or small trees with various leaves and small flowers in dense, closely involucrate heads on a simple recepta- cle, the heads often resembling a single flower. Flowers 5- merous or sometimes 4-merous. Tube of the calyx wholly ad- nate to the ovary, its limb none or obsolete or developed into' a cup or teeth scales awns or capillary bristles. Corolla epigy- nous, valvate in the bud. Stamens as many as lobes of the co- rolla and alternate with them, inserted on the corolla- tube: anthers united by their edges into a tube . commonly with ster- ile tips or appendages, the cells introrse, discharging the pollen within the tube, this forced out by the lengthening of the style. Style in all fertile flowers 2- cleft or lobed at sum- mit and bearing introrse-marginal stigmas; ovary 1- celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule erect from the base. Fruit an achene. Seed with a straight embryo and no albumen. Herbs are said to be homogavious when all its flowers are alike in sex; helerogamous when unlike (generally marginal flowers pistillate or neutral, and central hermaphrodite or by abortion only staminate) : androgynov.s when of pistillate and staminate flowers : monoecious or dioecious when the flowers of different sexes are in different heads either on the same or different plants: ra- diate when there are enlarged ligulate flowers in the' margin : ligulate when all the flowers have ligulate corollas: discoid when there are no enlarged marginal corollas. Suborder I. TUBULIFLOR.E. Herbs or shrubs with watery or resinous, rarely somewhat milky juice. Corollas tubular and regular in all the hermapljro- dite flowers. * Heads homogamous and discoid flowers all hermaphrodite, never yellow; anthers not caudate at base. I. Enpatoriacese. Style-branches elongated, more or less clavate-thick- ened upward and obtuse, minutely papillose-puberulent, stigmatic only below the middle. * * Heads homogamous or heterogamous; flowers not rarely yellow: style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with stigmatic lines mostly prominulous and extending either to the naked summit or to a more or less distinct pubescent or hispidulous tip or appendage. II. Asteroldeae. Anthers not cordate at base; style-branches in her- maphrodite flowers flattened and with a distinct terminal appendage : disk corollas generally yellow : rays of same or different color. COMPOSIT.E. 291 EUPATORIUM. HI. luuloldeae. Anthers caudate : style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers slender, destitute of any terminal appendage, the stigmatic lines extending to or vanishing near the naked obtuse or truncate summit. IV. HelianthoideaB. Anthers not caudate: style-branches with truncate or variously appendicnlate pubescent or hispid tips : involucre not sca- rious: receptacle with chaffy bracts subtending at least the outer disk flowers: pappus none or various : never of fine capillary bristles. V Helenioidese. Anthers not caudate: style-branches truncate or variously appendiciilate : involucre not scarious : receptacle without any bracts subtending the flowers: pappus from setiform to paleaceous or none. VI Antheiiildeae. Anthers not caudate: style-branches mostly truncate: involucre of dry and scarious bracts, receptacle without or sometimes with bracts subtending the flowers: pappus coroniforni -r of short paleie or none. VII. Seuecioiiideae. Anthers not caudate; style-branches of hermaph- rodite flowers mostly obtuse or truncate, with or without short append- ages: involucre of mostly equal not scarious bracts: receptacle without bracts subtending the flowers: pappus of 3oft-capillary bristles VIII. Cardnineae. Anthers conspicuously caudate, and with elongated, mostly connate cartilaginous appendages at tip: style branches short or united, without appendage, stigmatic quite to the obtuse summit^ smooth and naked, but sometimes a pubescent or hispidulous ring or node below : involucre much imbricated : receptacle densely setose or fimbrillate or favose: pappus usually of many plumose bristles : heads never truly radiate. Suborder II. LIGI'LIFLOR^. Herbs with milky juice. Corollas all ligulate and flowers all herma[)hrodite. IX. CichoriaceaB. Anthers not caudate : style-branches filiform, nakt^d, stigmatic only toward the base: receptacle naked or paleaceous. Tribe I . EUPATORIE.E DC. Prodr. r, I04. Heads homoga- iiunis. 'h'scoid: Flowers hermaphrodite, with tiihvlar and regular roroUax; receptacle in a few genera paleaceous, in most naked. An- thers without tails at base. Style-branches elongated, more or less davate or fhirl-ened upward, minutely papillose or puberulous, or (/labrous; the >^tigmatic lines only near the base and inconspicuous. Flowers necer yellow. i. Eupatorinni. Involucre of more than 4 bracts: achenes 5-angled, destitute of intervening ribs: pappus of wholly capillary scabrous bristles 2. Coleosaiithns. Bracts of the involucre not herbaceous striate- nerved :. achenes l(l-costate or striate : pappus a single series of capillary bristles. 1 KlIPATORLUM Tourn. Inst. t. 259. Perennial herbs or somewhat shrubby plants with opposite (rarely alternate or verticillate) mostly entire leaves that aie often connate at base, and mostly corymbose heads of purple blue or white flowers. Heads 3-many-flowered. Involucre cyl- 292 COMPOSITES. coleosanthds. indrical or campamilate ; the scales imbricated in 2-3 or more series or sometimes nearly equal in a single series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla tubular-infundibuliform or often with a campanulate limb, 5-toothed. Anthers included. Branches of the style mostly exserted and elongated cylindraceous or some- what flattened, obtuse. Achenes 5-angled, without intermediate striae. Pappus a single series of very slender capillary bristles. E. oceideiitale Hook Fl. i, 303 Nearly glabrous: stems slender, 8-12 inches high, somewhat woregon west of the Cascade Mts Flowering - in summer. G Henderson! Greene Pitt ii, 18. Flowering sterns erect, a foot high, sparsely hirsute: leaves (on sterile basal branches) 6-8 inches long, blade oblanceolate, closely dentate or serrate, tapering to a 296 COMPOSIT^E grindelia. CHKYSOPSIS winged petiole of its own length, heads large, the involucral bracts squarrose and very glutinous, achenes neither angled nor striate, the ter- minal border low and entire ; awns of the pappus 2 or 3, flattened and cor- neous, barbellate along the edges. Dry rocky banks of Lummi Island southern shore of the iiulf of Georgia Henderson. G. Oregana Gray .8yn ii. 1, Pt. 11, 118. Stems rather stout and tall, branched above, leaves thickish not rigid, sparsely denticulate or entire, mostly obtuse, oblong, spatulate or ligulate, or the upper lanceolate, the larger 4 inches long by an inch wide, whole herbage glabrous : heads large, bracts of the involucre with erect or spreading slender linear-sub- ulate tips ; achenes squarely truncate and even at the summit, not bor- dered nor toothed, minutely striate; awns ot the pappus 1-3. In dry soil, Oregon to Idaho G. nana Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Sac. viii, 314 >tems rather slender, 6-30 inches high, the larger plants corymbosely and fully branched above, herbage wholly glabrous: leaves ihinnish, lanceolate to linear or the lower spatulate, entire or spinulose serrate heads 5-6 lines high: bracts of the involucre with slender and squarrose soon revolute tips; achenes narrow, exciselv truncate or biden I ate, at summit: awns of the pappus mostly 2. On dry hillsides. Washington to California. G discoidea Nutt. 1. c. 315 Whole herbage glabrous stems slender, several from the same root, fastigiately branched, leaves oblong-linear, tapering to the base, sessile, somewhat spinulose serrulate above : heads 5-7 lines high almost globose: -caies of the involucre with short subulate squarrose recurved tips: rays none, achenes auriculate bordered at the summit; pappus of 2 bristles. On dry banks of the Columbia river east of the ( ascades. 4 CHRYSOPSIS Elliot Sk. 11 333. Mosth' perennial herbs with oblong or linear usually entire sessile leaves and middle-sized heads of yellow flowers terminat- ing the stem and branches. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Scales of the involucre linear imbricated : receptacle somewhat alveolate, flat. Corolla of the ray flowers ligulate, pistillate, in a. single series disk corollas tubular, 5-toothed, perfect : Style branches mostly terminated by linear or linear-subulate his- pid tips, often longer than the flat stigmatic poi-tion. Achenes obovate or linear-oblong, compressed. Pappus of the disk and ray similar; double, the outer short squamellate-setose or somewhat chafly, the inner of numerous scabrous capillary bristles. C. villosa Nutt Hook Fl. ii 22. Stems 1-2 feet high, villous-pul)escent and sparsely hirsute, erect, simple or corymbosely branched, very leafy: leaves one inch or more long, 1 nerved slightly veiny, canescently stri- gose on both sides, mucronate, entire or rarely with a few sharp scattered teeth, hispidly ciliate toward the base, the upper linear-oblong, the lower oblong-spatulate : heads solitary or somewhat corymbose at the ends of the branches, on short peduncles: scales of the roadly campanulate invol- ucre linear-subulate, strigosely pubescent; achenes obovate, villous; exter- ior pappus setose squamellate. Dry plains and river bars, Oregon to 111. aiid the vSaskatchewan. C. hirsnta Greene, Pitt. ill. 293. "Low, slender, the tufte I and leafy steins only 6 or S inches high, very leafy and the leaves ascjn ling a:jmodia. COMPOSITJa 297 ERIOCARPUM. PYHROCOM V . spatulately oblanceolate, acute, green and granular-glandular beneath a sparse rather stiffly hirsute pubescence, the leafy bracts subtending the 2 or 3 subsessile lieads hirsute-ciliate, as are also the small outer bracts of the tui inate involucre, the others merely granular viscidulous: rays very few (about 5 to 8), deep yellow: pappus with an outer series of short very narrow palese Banks of Hangman Creek, near Spokane, Washington. C. V Piper." 5. AMM »D1A Nutt. Trans. Am. Khii. Soc. n. Ser. vii 321. Somewhat viscid and pubescent perennials with entire leaves and middle-sized, heads of yellow flowers terminating the stem and branches. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular. Scales of the companulate involucre scarious— membranaceous, 1-nerved, imbricated in few series,the outermost shortest. Receptacle flat, alveolate-toothed. Branches of the style subulate-filiform, the appendages longer than the stigmatic portion. Achenes fusiform or somewhat compressed, pubescent. Pappus of copious minutely scabrous capillary bristles. A. oreg'ana Nutt. 1. c. Chrysopsis Oregana Gmy. Stems a foot high, many from the same root, paniculately branched. leaves alternate, oblong, entire, veiny, sessile: peduncles some- what glandular; heads irregularly paniculate corymbose: scales of the involucre linear or lanceolate, 1-nerved, the inne most as long as the flowers, the outermost short and appressed : corollas all similar, slender, slightly dilated upwards, 5-toothed, pale yellow nearly hid in the copious white pappus. On gravelly bars along streams, Washington to California. 6 ERIOCARPUM Nutt Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 321. Perennial or annual herbs with spinulose-dentate leaves and (in ours) ray less heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flower- ed: involucre hemispherical, its bracts rigid appressed-imbricate with the outer successively shorter, all with abrupt and more or less spreading herbaceous tips. Disk corollas narrow merely .5— toothed. Achenes densely silky, mostly short and turbinate. Pappus white, of very unequal usually short and somewhat flat- tened awn like barbollate bristles. . E. griudelioides Nutt. 1. c. Aplopappus Nutiallii T. ife G. Cinereous- tomentose, becoming glabrate in age : stems 6-12 inches long, numerous from a woody caudex : leaves from spatulate oblong to almost lanceolate, rather sparsely pectinately dentate: heads few, terminating the branches, 8-10 lines high: involucre hemispherical, its bracts rather few ranked, and with slightly spreading greenish tips: style appendages oblong-laneeolate. Idaho to the Saskatchewan, New Mexico and vrizona. 7 PYkROCOMA Hook. Fl. 1, 30t>. Perennial rigid herbs with simple stems, coriaceous alternate leaves and showy heads of yellow flowers terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Bracts of the hemispherical or campanuiate involucre rigid, si^mevhat foli- aceous, nerveless, oblong with more or less squarrose or herbace- ous tips, lieceptacle flat, alveolate -toothed. Ray-flowers num- 298 COMPOSir^ PYRROCOMA erous, pistillate, sometimes infertile or inconspicuous : disk-flow- ers cylindrical, slightly dilated upward, with short erect teeth. Style-branches of the ray-flowers often unequal, or one of them abortive, glabrous: those of the disk-flowers subulate-linear, elon j;ated, the hispid appendages much longer than the stigraatic portion. Achenes linear, elongated, somewhat Bungled and striate glabrous or rarely hairy. Pfippus reddish-brown or ful- vous, of coi)ious and uniform slender rigid bristles * Heads large and discoid the sterile rays being hardly apparent or very small for the size of the head : achenes glabrous and smooth, slender but flattish, 4costate or nerved often finely striate P. curthamoides. Hook- Fl. i, ;<06. t. 107. Stens rigid several from the same rout, H-12 inches lu^h, leafy, -cabro puberuler egon and Idaho. P. radiata Vutt Trans. \m. i'hil. Soc n. ser, vii 8.S3. Whole plant glabrous: stem stout, 12-18 inches high: leaves thick, the radical and lower canline oVjovate-oblong.ihe lowest 3-H inches lon-J by 2 inches broad, petio- led tin- upper cauline ovate-lanceolate or ol)long: heads usually several and somewhat corymbose, an inch high and broad, bracts of the invo- lucre numerous, broad or broadish : rays very narrow, exserted but incon- spicuous: achenes 4 lines long, about the length of the rigid expanding pappus, the bristles of which are barbellate-scabrous I -ry plains near Walla Walla, Washington P. ' asickii Greene Eryth. h, r)9 Aplop'tppiu earth 'rnoides Var. Cu>t- ickii Gray Stems 6-18 inches high ascending few-leaved: leaves mostly spatulate-lanceoiate ; heads comparatively smali and few-flowered, termi- nal and subterminal : bracts of the involucre rather few, lanceolate, most- ly acute or acuminate. Union County, Oregon Cusick. * * Heads middle-sized to small, evidently radiats; the exserted rays often infertile but styliferous P. raceiiiosa ' . & G. Fl ii, lM4, Stems glabrous, 12-18 inches high, bearing o-7 racemose heads at the summit : leaves glabrous, lanceolate, slightly spinulose-serrate, the upper acute, oblong-lanceolate, partly clasp- ing, the lower tapering to the base, somewhat petioled : heads hemispher- ical, less than an inch in diameter: involucre imbricated, in 3 series its ovate oblong scales pubescent ; ray-flowers conspicuous and fertile; disk corollas shorter than the pappus: achenes sparsely hirsute. Plains of the ' olumbia. * * Heads obovoid, sessile and often clustered : involucre as long as the disk, the scales linear-oblong, with short distinct herbaceous tips imbricated in several series: achenes glabrous. P. panicnlata T & (i 1 c. Glabrous. >tems a foot high, branched at the summit: leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, obscurely and remotely PYRROCOMA, COMP- >SIT^ 29ft serrulate, the cauline partly clasping : heads numerous, 6-8 lines high, sessile and somewhat clustered along the branches: bracts of the involu- cre oblong, obtuse, mucronate: rays 10-12, slender: achenes slightly hairy toward* the summit. Plains of the Columbia near Walla Walla, Washing- ton P< ar^nta T &G 1 c Glabrous. Stems 10-12 inches high: leaves spatulate-lanceolate, somewhat acuminate, sharply serrate, the cauline partly clasping: heads axillary and terminal, clustered, sessile, bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute : rays 10-12, usually infertile. Plains of the Columbia near ^N alia W^alla, Washington. P glonierata T & G I.e. Glabrous, "^tem simple or branched : leaves obi ng lanceolate or the lower spatulate-lanceolate; very acute, mostly entire, the cauline partly cla«ping : heads 6 lines long, nearly as broad, clustered and disposed in an interrupted spike: rays 8-10, usually fertile. Plains of the Columbia near Walla W^alla, ^\ ashington. P. congesta Greene Pitt, iii; 2 ! Glabrous tliroughout except a scanty pubescence about the inflorescence: stems rather slender, 1 '-80 in- ches high, several from the thick ligneous root, ascending, simple, leafy below, floriferous from below the miodle: radical leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, en tire, the blade 8-4 inches long, on a slender petiole as long; cauline smaller, tapering to a small winged petiole. Heads clustered in the axils of all the re luced cauline leaves : involucre campanulate, 4-o lines high, its bracts rigid oblong. 8-nerved. with acute green tips : pappus tawny, of coarse very unequal bristles: only the outer disk flowers fertile, the achenes of these oblong, appressed pilose : abortive achenes of ray and inner disk densely silky-pubescent. ' n inches high from creeping root- stocks, leafy : leaves soft, narrowly spatulate or the upper linear, the sparse uppermost almost filiform, 1-2 inches long: heads solitary, termin- al, radiate, many-flowered: involucre 6 lines high ; its bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate thin, nearly equal in 2 series, outer barely greenish: style appendages elongated-subulate : achenes sericeous-canescent Al- pine in the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington to Montana S Braiidegei. Aplopappus Br andegeA Gray. Stems 8-1" inches high from a tufted caudex, cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, and the involucre lanuginose- tomentose: radica leaves obovate or spatulate or roundish, 6-8 lines long, contracted into a slender petiole ; cauline few and sparse, small, ; lines long, oblong or lanceolate : involucre 3-4 lines high, its lanceolate bracts loose, neaily equal: style appendages triantrular-subu- late : young achenes hirsute-pubescent : pappus rather scanty Moun- tains of Washington in the Yakima district. MACKONEMA. COMPOS IT.E 301 S. acaulis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 334. ApJopnppas acaulU Gray. Depressed-cespitose from a multicipital lignescent caudex : leavea rigid and persistent, crowded on the crown of the caudex and a few on the scapiform flowering stems, from spatulate to oblanceo- lateor linear, |-3 inches long mucronate more or less 3-nerved commonly- scabrous : scapiform flowering stems 1-10 inches high : heads mostly soli- tary, many-flowered, radiate: bracts of the involucre from ovate to ovate- lanceolate, mucronately acute or acuminate, destitute of greenish tips the outer a little shortest : style appendages subulate : achenes canescent- ly villous. Dry rocks on the mountains at6000-800o feet, eastern Oregon to California and >askatchewan. S. steuophyllus Greene Eryth. ii, 72. Aplopappas stewjphyUus Gray. Hirtellous-scabrous ; suffruticulose spreading : stems numerous 1-3 inches long : leaves very narrow, linear-spatulate to filiform, 6-12 lines long 1- nerved persistent : scapiform peduncles 1-2 inches long : heads solitary, radiate: involucre 6 lines high, its bracts linear, equal, in 1 or 2 series glandular puberulent: style appendages subulate rachenes canescently vil- lous. On rocky ridges, eastern Washington to northeastern California and Idaho 9 MACRONEMA Nutt, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 322. Low and viscidly -pubescent much branched shrubby plants, the fasti gi ate leafy branches terminated by solitary lather large heads, with entire sessile leaves and yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered, the rays (3-8, ligulate, pistillate, or none : disk- flowers tubular, perfect. Bracts of the involcre few, loose, some- what in two series, nearly equal, linear-lanceolate, l-nerved, the exterior mostly with foliaceous spreading tips, commonly with one or more foliaceous bracts at the base resembling the upper leaves. Receptacle flat, areolate. Branches of the style much exserted, the appendages elongated, subulate, hirsute, much longer than the flat stigmatic partion. Achenes large, much compressed. Pappus of copious somewhat unequal scab- rous capillary bristles. nn. salTraticosa Nutt. 1 c Aplopoppas s"ffr"tico8us Gray. Stems 6-8 inches long from a low woody base, leafy to the summit: leaves oblong- linear to lanceolate, acute, somewhat narrowed- toward the base, 12-18 lines long by about 2 lines broad: heads mostly solitary, teminating the branches: involucre simple and loose, 8-l»> lines high, its bracts mo^^tly with foliaceous tips : ray-flowers -J-S linear-oblong, pistillate : actienes ob- long or slightly obovate. flat, i-3-nerved o each side: pappus ferruginous. In the mountains of eastern • Oregon to California and Wyoming , M. molle Greene Kryth ii, 73. Aplopappus Greenei rar in/OllU Gray. Cinereous pubescent to canescent-tomentose, even to the inv«jlcure: branches about a foot high from a shrubby base: leaves somewhat lance- olate, 6-12 lines long, 2-3 lines broad : heads solitary or few and crowded, 6 lines high bracts of the involucre in about three series, lanceolate, all more or less foliaceous : ravs 2-7, 3-4 lines long; disk flowers 1(V-16. In the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington. M. Qreeiiei Greene 1. c. ApJopappus Greenei Gray, 'ilabrous or •al'ove very obscurely viscid-puberulent, about a foot high, branching from a shrubby base: leraves spatulate-oblong to somewhat lanceolate, 6-12 lines long, 2-8 lines broad, obtuse or m.ucronate: ^ heads solitary or few and crowded, half inch high : bracts of the involuiVe in about 3 series, lance 302 COMPOSirvE CftRYSOTHAMNUS. olate to linear, all bat the innermost with conspicuous and spreading mostly elongated-subulate foliaceous tips: rays 2-7, 3 or 4 lines long: disk- flowers 10-16. Achenes soft-pubescent. In the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington to California. 10 CHRYSOTHAMN US Nutt. Trans Am hil. viii, 323. Perennial herbs or suff'Uticose plants with linear or oblong sessile alternate leaves and rather small corymbose heads of yellow flowers. Heads 5-flowered, rarely 6- or T-flowered in- volucre campanulate> its bracts imbricated mostly concave or carinate, dry and chartaceous, destitute of green tips. Recep- tacle flat, alveolate-toothed, the teeth fleshy or somewhat lacer- ate. Cooll'S narrow. S'yle branches with exs^rt d s-ubul-ite or setaceous-filiform appendages. Achenes slender somewhat compressed, silky villous. Pappus simple, of copious capillary bristles. i\ pumilus Nutt Trans. Phil. >'^oc. vii, 323. Bigelovia Donglasii rar pumila ''vy. Branches erect, numerous, 6-10 inches high, glabrous, very leafy: leaves an inch long or more, glabrous slightly glutinous, nar- rowly linear, very acute, 3-nerved, often involute or occasionally some- what twisted : involucre 2-3 lines high the bracts not very distinctly 4- ranked. the outer short, ovate-lanceolate, the inner oblong-linear, not acute, faintlv carinate Drv plains eastern Washington to Montana and Utah. C. puberulus (ireeneEryth iii, 93. Bigelovia Dou/ldsH '-ai- vahernla (yray. Puberulent to almost hispidulous throughout: branches numer- ous, i)-10 inches high, very leafy : leaves narrowly linear very acute 10-15 lines long, 3-nerved : involucre 2-:» lines high, the br cts 4-rank:ed, the outer ovate-lanceolate, the inner oblong-linear On desert plains, Idaho to Utah and Nevada. C. viscidiflorus Nutt. I. c 324, Bigelovia Donglasi' '^ray ^hrub 2-(j feet high, fastigiately branched : leav s 2 inches long, nar owly linear, very acute, rather firm, 3 nerved, their margins more or less distinctly serrulate scabrous: heads numerous, in an ample fastigiate terminal cor- ymb, 3-4 lines high : bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, abruptly acute, 2-4 in each vertical rank. Plains of the ' olumbia. C. speciosus Nutt. I. c. Bigelovia graveolens Gray in part. Shrub 2-4 feet high with rather slender stems terminated by an ample rather open cymous corymb of yellow flowers: leaves very narrowly linear and branches of the inflorescence minutely white-tomentose: bracts of the in- volucre firm acutish, not ciliate tomentose on the back, at least near the tip, in 3-4 vertical ranks: tube of the corolla slender, almost glabrous, the limb rather deeply 5-lobed. Dry plains Washington to California and Idaho. yar alMcanlis Nutt. I.e. Stems and branches densely lanate- tomentose: tu e of the corolla clothed with long villous or somewhat arachnoid hairs. Idaho. C. naims Aplopapi'us nanus Eaton. A low branching heath-like shrub 0-8 inches high, glabrous and somewhat glutinous : leaves crowded, 3-6 lines long, linear-spatulate. rigid channelled, acute and with minute leaves fascicled in their axils : heads small, cor. mbed ; involucre turbinate,, of numerous lanceolate carinate chartaceous bracts with scarious margins, very acute the outer ones small and passing into the leaves : rays 4-6, disk- soLiDAGO * COMPOSURE 303 flowers 8-9 as long as the rays; branches of the style linear-subulate, the hirsute appendages much longer than the stigniatic portion. Plains of the higher mountains, Washington to Nevada, Idaho and Utah. C. Bloonieri Greene Eryth, iii, 115 Av'opapmis B oomeri Griy. A shrub 1-2 feet high with numerous slender virgate branciies, glabrous, more or less glutinous, leafy to the top : leaves narrowly linear with taper- ing base, vr spatulate-linear, mucronate, scarcely punctate, 1-2 inches long: heads narrowly panicled or corymbed, leafy-bracted, 8-10 lines high J 0-25-flowered : bracts of the oblong cylindraceous nvolucre imbri- cated in 3 or 4 ranks, chartaceo-coriaceoas itli a greenish midrib and scarious margins, the inner linear-oblong, thinner and villous-ciliate, ob- tuse, a little shorter than the disk ; the outer shorter and abruptly tipped with a subulate foliaceous appendage : rays 1-4 or none, oblong, conspicu ously exserted: style-appendages subulate-filiform, much exserted : achenes linear, finely pubescent. Diy ridges of the higher mountains of British Columbia to » alifornia and Nevada. C. resiuosus Ericameria resinosus Natl, ^hrubby, rt-8 inches high, very much branched, glabrous, becoming very glutinous, leafy : leaves filiform -linear, about an inch long, acute, tapering to the base, mostly with sf me very short ones fascicled in their axils: heads loosely corym- bose, 5 lines high. 8-12 flowered : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute: achenes hirsute when young. Un shelving rocks in the Blue Mountains of Oregon. 11 SOLIDaGO Vaillant. (goldkn rod) Peivunial herbs with mostly simple strict or virgate stems,ses- sile alternate cauline leaves and sm;ill yell >w fi wers in ample terminal panicles. Heads few to many-ilowered, mostly radiate ; disk-flowers tubular, perfect Biacts of the involucre imbri- cated, appiessed, destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips. Receptacle narrow mostly alveolate, xlppendages of the Ftyle lanceolate, xlchenes somewhat teret', many-ribbed. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous capillary bristles.' S. coufertiflora DC . Prodr. v. 339. ^tems simple, leafy to the thyr- sus, 1-3 feet high, glabrous, angular above: leaves oval-lanceolate, or ob- long-lanceolat . serrate at the apex, entire below, the lower 3-4 inches long by 0 lines broad, the radical attenuated into long petioles: upper part of the stem and infloresence resinous: heads numerous, in an elpngated com onnd thyrsus, 8-15-flowered : bracts of the involucre linear, erect: rays few and small On gravelly plains British Columbia to Oregon. S. hesperius *S'. humilU var naw (^roy. tStems erect. 2-10 inches high, leafy to the inflorescence; leaves spatulate toobovate, 1-2 inches long: heads few in a close glomerule or more numerous in a spiciform thyjsus: bracts of the involucrw oblong-linear : achenes pubescent. On the highest peaks of the Cascade and Rocky mountains. S. Tolmieaua Gray Syn. Fl. i pt. ii 151. Low, a foot or less high, leafy up to the short and rather broad inflorescence of spiciform some- what corymbosely disposed clusters: leaves thickish and veins very in- conspicuous, linear or lanceolate (2 or three inches long), entire, rarely ■with some minute serratures, the margins usually scabrous-ciliate, glab- rous and smooth: heads al)out i lines high crowded in thyrsoid infloresceine, not secund : involucral bracts lanceolate acutish, thin : rays rather small 8-15: achenes pubescent. Oregon and ^\ ashington to Idaho. 304 COMPOSITE • EUTHAMIA S. Missourieiisis Isutt- Joiirn. Acad Philad. vii, 32. Smooth and glabrous : steins a foot or more high, simple or sometimes fastigiately branched at the summit: leaves rigid, crowded, often fascicled in the upper axils, linear-lanceolate, acute, with very scabrous margins, the lower tap- ering to the base, sharply and sparsely serrulate toward the apex: the radical oblong-spatulate, petioled, 3-5-nerved, reticulated, the uppermost entire and scarcely if at all nerved: racemes rather dense, slender at length recurved- spreading, forming a short and crowded pyramidal panicle: bracts imbricated : rays 6-10, rather short, ache_ne8 slightly pubescent Dry prairies, Idaho to the Assiniboine and the southeastern states S. serotiiia Ait. Hort. Kew. iii. 211. Stems stout, 2-8 feet high very smooth and glabrous up to or near the ample secund panicle : leaves lanceolote or broader, 3-10 inches long, sharply and saliently serrate, glabrous both sides: heads very numerous, crowded: rather large and full, 3 lines high : bracts of the involucre broadly linear-oblong or linear: rays 7_1 4^ conspicuous achenes more or less pubescent. In rich alluvial lands, Oregon to British Columbia and eastward S. elongata Nutt Trans. Am Phil. Soc. xii, 327. Stems rather slender, 2-4 feet high, smooth or minutely pubescent, strict: leaves lanceo- late, acute or acuminate at both ends, spai-ingiy serrate, nearly glabrous, obscurely 3-nerved: panicle elongated, virgate or narrowly pyramidal, 6-l0 inches long, the racemes at length somewhat spreading: bracts of the in- volucre linear subulate: rays small and slender: achenes pubescent Com- mon in dry grounds, british Columbia to California. S. Californica Nutt. 1. c. Stems rather ptout, 2-4 feet high canescent- ly peberulent or pubescent: leaves oblong or the upper oblong-lanceolate and the lower obovate, obtuse or apiculate, entire or the lower with some small teeth, canescentlypuberulent or beneath more pubescent: panicle virgat*", 4-12 inches long, dense, the racemiform clusters erect or barely spreading in age, when elongated mostly secund and even with the apex at length recurved, heads 3-4 lines long: bracts of the involucre lanceolate oblong or oblong-linear, mostly obtuse, externally somewhat ^^uberulent: rays 7-12 fewer than the di sk-fl owners : achenes minutely pubescent Dry grounds, southern Oregon to California, the borders of Nevada and Mexico. 12 EUTHAMIA Cass Diet, xxxvii, 471. Erec't scabrous perennials with nairow alternate leaves and numerous small heads of yellow flowers in terminal corymbose panicles. Heads many-flowered, the ray flowers more numer- ous ^lian those of the disk, and never surpassing them in height. Receptacle fimbrillate or the alv oli pilose. Achenes villous pubescent, short and tui-binate. E. occidentalis Nutt Trans. Am. Phil, '^oc vii, 32B. Stems numer- ous from extensively creeping roots tocks, 2-H feet high, loosely branched, the bran (-hes terminated by small clusters of mostly pedicellate heads: leaves numerous, linear, entire, smooth, usually 3-nerved, the margins ob- scurely scabrous : bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute: rays 16- 20; disk flowers 8-14; alveoli of the receptacle pilose. Snhtrihe ii. Heterochromese Gray. Syn. Fi. i p'. ^ 54- Rf^y Jinvi- r.-i hliif reri or 'imriJ- fn irhi'e r^r lu 'ellnw or wn't-iing in cer uiiit. siipcies Duk of herwophodife f>tid meetly ffrtih floirfs. thc.ir BELLis. COM POSIT .^. 305 BOLT NIA. irnroUa yellow or rarely cream-color^ i^oinctmies changing to purple. .Refpp'ncJe naked. 13 BELLIS I ourn (daisy) Ours low perennial herbs with spatulate leaves and solitary heads of various colored flowers t- rminating simple scapes. Heads many-flowered, the ray-flowers pist llate, in a single series, those of the disk tubular and perfect. Involucre cam- pannlate, its bracts somewhat in a double series, foliac^^ous, herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous, eijual. The receptacle conical, slightly alveolate. Branches oi the style tipped with a short triangular appendage. Achenes obovate, compressed, sliglitly hairy or hispid. Pappus none. B. PERENNis L. Rp. 1248. Leaves all ladical: spatuJate-ohovate, crenately dentate, obscurely :-!-nerved, 1-2 inches long. Leads large termin- ating simple scapes : b) acts of the involucre oblonr. obtuse, somewhat foliaceous, equal : ray-flowers narrow, twice as long as tlie involucre. Es- caped from gardens and becoming naturalized along the coast. 14 BOLIOMA L'Her. .^ert. Angl. 27. Glabrous perennial herbs with striate-angled stems, sessile entire leaves and rather showy heads of white, purple or violet flowers. Heads many-flowered^ the ray-flowers numerous, pis- tillate, in a single series; disk-flowers tubular perfect Scales of the hemispherical involcure imbricated, somewhat ifi 2 series, app rested, scarcely as long as the disk, with somewhat mem- braiKKM'ous margins. Receptacle heini spherical or conical, ob- scurely alveolate. Branches of the style linear-oblong, with very short appendages. Achenes compressed, ojpovate, margin*ed with a callous wing, in the ray often Swinged. Pappus of sev- eral setose bristles and frequently with 2-4 more or less elongat- vd subulate awns. B. occideiitalis B In tisq"« ma var accident" Us Gray. Stems 2-6 feet high, cymose -panic 11 late at summit: leaves broadly lanceolate or the upper linear-lanceolate: heads shoi-t-peduncled : bracts of the involucre ob- long, obtuse : ray flowers w^hite, 4-5 lines long: awns of the pappus pres- ent and conspicuous, the setulose squamellse small. River-bottoms of Un- ion county, Oregon. 15 TOWNSENDI.\. Hook. Fl. ii, 16 1. 119. Depressed or low many-stemmed herbs with from linear to ^palulate entire leaves and comparatively large heads, of from violet or rose purple to white ray-flowers. Involucie broa»1, many-flowered, imbricate: the bracts lanceolate, with scarious margins and tips, outer usually shortei- and inner more mem- branaceous. Keceptacle lu'oad, merely areolate, flat. Style-a|>- pendages lanceolate. Achenes olxjvate or oblong much com- pressed and with thickish or mostly callous njargins, those of 306 COMPOvSITiE . townsendia SERICOCARPUS the ray >ometimes trinnijular. Pappus a single series of long awns oi- of coarse and rigid biistles or in the ray reduced to S(iuamclhe or palea^ T. i arryi Eaton Am \at. viii, 212. Stems erect, stout, naked and peduneuliform a ove, 2-B inches high, the taller forms sometimes branch- ing: lefires mostly spatulate : bracts of the very broad involucre lanceolatv:j, thinnish, v\ith rather soft attenuate tips or llie outer barely acuminate: achenes narrowly obovate canestently pubescent the liairs simple or many of them 2-dentate at tip. i appus of ray-flowers phirisetose, like that of the disk. Idaho to V\ yoming and Montana T. florifer GrayProc. Am. Acad xvi, 84. (Inereous-hirsute : stems rather slender, 4-10 inches long, leafy: leaves linear or the lowest lanceo- late-spatulate, acute, mostly apiculate-acuminate: heads rather large, pe- dunculate : bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate not prominently acum- inate nearly equal : achenes oblong-obovate, pubescent: pappus of numer- ous setose barhelhilate bristles. On sandy banks and arid plains of th^* Columbia. 16 8ER CoCARPUSNt-es Ast. 148. Perennial lieibs with alternate commonly entire and set-sile leaves, and small heads of white Howers usually fascicled in a terminal compact cyme. ; eads l^-lo-dowered, the rays ab)Ut 5, distant. Bracts of the obovate-oblong or turbinate-cylindri- cai involucre closely imbricated in several series, nerveless or obscurely 1-nerved, the lower portion cartilaginous, appreSsed, the apex herbaceous, often spreading. Keceptacle small, alveo- late, the alv ola toothed or lacerate ciliate. Apendages of the style lanceolate-subulate, minutely hispid, longer than the stig- matic portion. Achenes ubpyramidal, short, densely silky. Pappus simple, composed of rather numerous and rigid unequal scabrous bristles, some of them thickened U])ward. S rigidns l.indl, Hook. Kl. ii, 14. Minutely scabrous: stems slender, 1-2 feet high, mostly simple, leafy: leaves rigid, oblong spatulate obtuse, often mucronate, entire, somewhat 3-nerved, the margins ciliate-scabrous 10-12 lines long: heads about 15 flowered, clustered in small compact c< ry. mbs: uracts of the turbinate involucre narrowly oblong or linear, l-nerved, the inner ones about equalling the disk, somewhat ^carious; the outer shorter and with somewhat squarrofce greenish tips: raj-s but little if at all exserted achenes when mature about half as long as the white pappus, slender, not very densely silky. On c.ry ridges Oregon and Washington to the k^ierra JSevadasin California. S. OregonensiR ^'utt. Trans. Am. Khil. Soc. vii, 802 Nearly glab- rous: stems rather stout, 2-0 feet high, corymbosely branched above: leaves broadly lanceolate, acutish entire 1-nerved, scabrous 1-2 inches long by 6 lines broad, thickish, narrowed below: beads about In-flowered, clustered in small compact corymbs : bracts of the tm'binate in volucr<' ob- long-linear 1-nerved: rays conspicuously exserted: achenes slender, fully half as long as the white pappus, slender, not very densely silky. On dry or gravelly plains western Oregon and Washington. ASTEE COMPOSITE 307 17, ASTER Tourn. Inst. 174. L. Gen. n. 954. Perennial, or rarely annual herbs with alternate entire or ser- rate leaves and racemose paniculate or corymbose heads of flowers with white, purple or blue ray, and yellow, often chang- ing to purple, disk corollas. Heads many flowered; the ray- flowers in a single series, not very numerous, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Bracts of the involucre more or less im- bricated, usually with herbaceous or foliaceous tips . Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Appendages of the style (in the disk- flowers) lanceolate or subulate, acute, rarely triangular. Pappus simple; of numerous, often unequal, scabrous capillary bristles. Achenes usually compressed. * Involucre well imbricated: the bracts appressed and coriaceous with short and abrupt mostly obtuse herbaceous or foliaceous, spread- ing tips: achenea narrow, 5-10-nerved : raj' s showy, blue or violet: leaves of firm texture, more or less scabrous. A. radulinns Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 38S. Rough-pubescent throughout : stems rather stout, 6-20 inches high, branching above and bearing an open corymb of middle sized heads: leaves rigid and coriaceous, oblong or the lower obovate-spatulate, sharply serrate above, tapering be- low into a narrow entire base, prominently reticulate-veiny, scabrous both sides, the midrib very prominent beneath : peduncles short: involucre ob- conical, 4-5 lines long, its bracts rigid, appressed, lanceolote or oblong, ob- tuse to abruptly pointed or mucronate, more or less glandular-pubescent, the tips mostly green : rays 15-18, white to purple : achenes minutely pub- escent. Dry open ground, British Columbia to California and Idaho. A. conspicuous Lindl. Hook. FI. ii, 7. Scabrous: stems 1-3 feet high, stout, rigid, bearing several or numerous corymbosely cyn^ose heads, leaves rigid, ovate, oblong, or the lower obovate, acute, ample, often 4-6 inches long, by 1-4 inches broad, acutely serrate, reticulate-venulose as well as veiny: involucre broadly campanulate, about equalling the disk, 5-6 lines high, its bracts in several series, minutely glandular-puberulent or viscidu- lous, lanceolate, acute ; the greenish tips a little spreading : rays half inch long, violet : achenes minutely pubescent. In the mountains of Eastern Washington and Idaho, to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan. * * Involucreand usually branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandular, either well imbricated or loose : rays showy, violet to purple : achenes mostly several-nerved and narrow : pubescence not sericeous : leaves all entire or the lower with few and rare teeth, cauline all sessile or partly clasping. A. integrifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. s.vii, 291. Stems stout, simple 6-12 inches high or more, villous-pubescent, the summit and the simple corymb glandular and viscid : leaves of firm texture, oblong or spat- ulate, or the upper ones lanceolate, the larger ones 4-7 inches long, some- times obsoletely repand-serrulate, apiculate, traversed by a strong midrib- venulose-reticulated, glabrate, half-clasping: lowest tapering into a long stout wing-margined petiole with clasping base : heads fully half inch high, hemispherical: involucre and brancblets viscid-glandular: its' bracts few-ranked, linear, ascending, not squarrose ; the outer sometimes short and rather close, commonly larger and more foliaceous, nearly equalling the inner; these equalling the disk: rays 15-25, bluish-purple, half-inch long: achenes compressed-fusiform, S-nerved, and sometimes with inter- mediate nerves, feparsely pubegcettt : pappus decidedly rigid. Open and moiet 808 COMPOSITE ASTER Bubalpine woods and meadows in the Cascade mountains, Washington to California and Montana. A campestris Nutt. 1. e. 293 Priiinose-puberulent and viscidulous; stems 10-15 inches high, branching : leaves linear, about an inch long by 2-4 lines broad or the lower lingulate-spatulate, mostly glabriate, same ob- scuiely 3-nerved: involucre 3-4 lines high hemispherical, of rather few- ranked and little unequal linear, acute bracts pruinose-glandular : rays 3-4 lines long, light violet or purple. Low grounds and plains British Columbia to California, Idaho and Montana. A. modestns Lincl. Hook. Fl. ii, 8. Merely pubescent or glabrate: stems rather slender, 2-3 feet high, simple, very leafy: leaves thinnish, lanceolate or broader, 1-4 inches lonjr, sparringly and acutely serrate or denticulate, very acute, mostly narrowed to a sessile or partly clasping, but not auriculate base : heads hemispherical, numerous and usually thyrsoidly or cymosely congested at the summit of the stem : bracts of the involucre loose and more or less herbaceous almost from the base, linear, attenuate, all equalling the disk: rays numerous and narrow, pale blue to violet: style appendages lanceolate : acbenes hirsute. Along mountain streams, Brit- ish Columbia to Oregon. Saskatchewan and Pembina. * * Heads and infloresence, various, radical leaves all acute or at- tenuate at base, not glandular nor viscid nor eilky-canescent : achenes compressed, few nerved. A. Geyeri. A. Isevia Var. Gey eri Gray. Whole p 'ant very smooth and glabrous : stem stout, a foot or two high, rigid : leaves from ovate or ob- long to lanceolate, 4 or 5 inches long, decreasing upward to subulate bracts ; radical and lowest cauline contracted below into a winged petiole; upy er all with auriculate or subcordate partly claepfng base : heads sparse- ly thyrsoid-paniculate, on short and rigid branchlets : involucre campanu- late, the whitish subcoriaceous bracts mostly attenuate-acnte, with ob- scure green tips: rays 20-30, broadish, sky-blue to violet: achenes glabrous or nearly so, 4-6 ribbed. Valleys of Idaho to the Rocky mountains. A. commntatus Gray Syn. Fl. i, Pt. 2, 185. Stems rather slendi^r, 1-2 feet high, with divergent branches, cinereous or green : leaves small, all linear and entire scarcely narrowed at the abrupt, closely sessile or partly clasping base, uppermost of the branchlets passing into involucral ijracts, thee mostly with obtuse tips: heads numerous, racemosely dis- posed, 3-4 lines high and broad : involucre of equarrose or at least spread- ing herbaceous obtuse or merely pointed tips : rays 20-30, white : achenes canescent-hirsute. On plains and river banks Eastern Oregon and Wash- ington to Utah and Dakota. A. . chammlssonls Gray Bot. Wilkes 341. Glabrous or above Fomewhat hirsute : stems 2-5 feet high paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute entire or the larger obscurely serrate, 2-5 inches long, scabrous with sparse appressed pubescence, or glabrous, those of the flowering branchlets be- coming small or minute and squarrose-spreading: heads loosely panicled, 5-6 lines high : involucre broadly campanulate or somewhat obconical ; its bracts numerous and imbricated in several ranks,thickish,linear-spatulate, with short and rounded green tips, the outer successively shorter : rays 20-25 purple or violet, nearly halt inch long: achenes sparsely and mi- nutely pubescent. In moist thickets of Southern Oregon to California. A, menziesii Lindl. Hook. Fl. ii, 12. Minutely hoary with a fine pubescence, or glabrate below; 1-2 feet high : stems and branches virgate, rigid: leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, entire, or the lower obtusely ser- rate, rather rigid, 1-2 inches long by 2-4 lines broad : heads racemo'ie err panicled, 4-5 lines high : involucre campannlatej its bracts nmnerous and imbricated iu several ranks, thickishi lineaf , with Short usually .somewhat ASTER UOMPOSltiE 309 dilated and obtuse green tips, appreseed, the outer successively shorter: rays about 20, purple or violet, nearW half-inch long : achenes compressed minutely pubescent . In Southern Oregon to California. A. Hallll Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 388. Stems slender, strict, 1-2 feet high, leafy to the top, bearing numerous, short racem msely disposed flowering branches, these minutely pubescent ; leaves, 1-2 inches long by 1-2 lines broad, entire, scabrous-ciliate, othei'wise smooth and glabrous, neither dilated nor contracted at base: heads numerous, 3-4 lines high, somewhat racemosely paniculate and crowded: involucre carapanulate, glabrous ; the bracts subspatulate-linear, with oval or oblong green tips, rather close and erect : rays white or whitish, 2-3 lines long. Along ditches and embankments, Willamette Valley, Oregon. A. Fremonti Gra^ Syn.Fl. 1, Pt. 2, 191. Stems plender, erect,l-2 feet highjglabrous or the upper parts soft-pubescent: leaves thinnish, the mar- gins either quite naked and smooth or obscurely ciliolate- scabrous, radi- cal and lowest cauline oblong or oblanceolate, or somewhat obovate, 1-3 inches long, tax)ering into a slender margined petiole ; cauline from ob- long lanceolate to linear, commonljr half-clasping at base: heads solitary in tbe smaller specimens, several m the larger, 4-6 lines high, somewhat naked-peduncled : bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, obtuse or acut- ish, or the inner acute, some of the outer shorter, all loose and similiar: ravs numerous, 4-6 lines long. In wet mountain meadows. Cascade moun- tains near Mt. Hood to the Rocky mountains. A. occidentalis. Nutt. T. & G. Fl. ii, 164. Smooth and glabrous, or minutely pubescent below the heads, slender, 1-2 feet high; small plants simple, bearing several to numerous corymbose or paniculate heads: leaves mainly linear and narrow ; cauline 1-3 inches long by 1-3 lines broad, rarely lanceolate and larger; radical, sometimes lanceolate-spatu- late, with long tapering base : heads 4- 6 lines high : involucral bracts nar- rowly- or Bubulate-linear acute or acutish, thinnish, loose, obviously im- bricated of two or three lengths : rays light violet, 4-5 lines long. In moist meadows in Eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky mountains. Var. intermedins Gray Syn. Fl. i, Pt. 2, 192. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high rather rigid; somewhat sparingly leafy, with paniculate flower- ing branches : radical and sometimes cauline leaves lanceolate : short outer bracts of the involucre often (juite obtuse. On edge of wet mountain meadows of Washington to California. A Oreganns Nutt. T. & G. Fl. ii, 164. Nearl)^ glabrous : stem rather slender, 2 feet high, paniculate branched at summit or bearing several to many, paniculate heads : leaves hnear-lanceolate, entire : heads about 3 lines high; bracts of the involucre loose, the outer ones herbaceous, lanceo- late, acute, not longer than the thin and narrow inner ones: rays about 2 lines long white or purplish. On wet banks of streams, Oregon and Washington to Idaho. A. Uouglasii Lindl. DC. Prodr. v, 239. Glabrous or nearly so: stems 2-6 feet high with erect or ascending branches, bearing several or numerous paniculate heads: leaves, lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, tapering to both ends, more or less petioled, commonly serrate along the middle by acute and appressed or erect teeth : heads numerous, 5-6 lines high : bracts of the involucre linear, acute, loosely imbricated, the small green tips commonly spreading outer foliaceous ones few and not dilated, often want- ing: rays 20-30, violet to purple, 6-8 lines long: achenes smooth. Com- mon along streams and river bottoms of Northern California to British Columbia. A. foliaceas Lindl. DC. Prodr. v, 228. Smooth and glabrous or the upper part of stem tomentulose or pubescent : leaves from broadly 310 QOMPOSIT^ ASTER lanceolate to oblong ofr the lowet spatulate, eatJre or nearly so, 2-6 inches long : hoads ^6 lines high, often solitary : bracts of the involucre lanceolate to linear., nearly equal, the outer conspicuously foliaceous and spreading or sometimes more imWicated and squarrose: rays violet to purple, 6-10 lines long. Along streams and in wet mountain meadows, Alaska to California and the Rocky mountains. The following varieties are perhaps good species but material is not now at hand for a thorough study of their character. Var. frondeus Gray Syn. Fl. i,Pt. 2, 193. Stems simple or with spar- ing erect flowering branches, sparsely leaved: leaves comparatively am- ple, 4-5 inches long, the lower tapering into winged petioles, upper often with clasping base: heads solitary or few, naked-pedunculate, broad: in- volucral bracts linear-lanceolate, loose and not imbricate, all equalling the disk occasionally the outermost broader and leaf-like. Subalpine in the Cascade and Rocky mountains. Var. apricus Gray, 1. c. Stems clustered, ascending from tufted root- stalks, 10-18 inches high, bearing solitary or 2-3 broad heads: leaves thickish; involucral bracts all alike, somewhat spatulate-linear, obtuse or acutish : rays deep blue-violet. On dry ridges, of Mount Adams, "Washing- ton, at 6000 feet. A. Barkei A. feliaceous var. Burkei, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, rather stout, simple or branched above, leafy to the top : leaves thickish, very smooth, ample; upper cauline mostly oblong, and with broadly half- clasping usually auriculate base : heads solitary or several very broad : in- volucre of oblong or spatulate and obtuse, loosely imbricated bracts, the outei commonly shorter, or outermost sometimes more foliaceous and equaling the disk. On Simcoe mountains, Washington, to the Rocky mountains and New Mexico. A. Eatoni. A foliaceous var. Eatoni GrayA c. Rather tall, 2-3 feet high, branching : heads numerous, ratner small, paniculate or glomerate: leaves rather narrow lanceolate: involucre loosely imbricate, outer and sometimes inner bracts foliaceous, erect or squarrose-spreading. In open j?round or woods and along streams of British Columbia to California, Montana and Nevada. A. militarins Greene. Minutely tomentose, at least on the underside of the leaves and the inflorescer ce : stems rather slender, 1-2 feet high: leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-6 inches long, acute, narrowed below to a broad petiole, those of the branchlets small and passing into bracts : heads numerous, in close panicles, about 6 lines high, its linear-lanceolate or almost subulate bracts in several ranks, the outer successively shorter and passing into the ordinary bracts of the branchlets, all acute, the inner with distinct white margins: Rays 6-8 lines long, purple: achenes sparsely hirsute : pappus rather copious, sorded. Along ditches and small streams. Rogue River Valley, Oregon. A. Cnsickii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xvi, 99 Soft-pubescent through- out or sometimes approaching to glabrous: stems 1-2 feet high, simple or corymbosely branched, leafy to the summit: leaves thin, nearly entire, oblong-lanceolate or oblong; upper ones moderately contracted above the deeply cordate clasping base; lower ones with naore elongated narrow lower portion or winged petiole, with dilated but smaller auriculate clasp- ing insertion : heads large and broad, ter-minating the stem or short leafy branches: involucre very foliose-tubtended and loose, the larger and broader lanceolate outer bracts fully equalling the inner : rays numerous, narrowly linear,nearly half-inch long,pale violet : achenes glabrous. Along subalpine streams of Eastern Oregon and Idaho. Var. Lyalli Gray Syn. Fl. 195. Villous with soft pubescence: atema AStER COMPOStT^ Sll BUCEPHALUS over 2 feet high, rather stout-, cauline leaves mostly liarrowed" below iddS iTith mor6 or lees aariculate half-clasping base : the lower 5 inches long tiy an inch broad, not petiolar-contracted : heads terminating, simple leafy branches : rays 8-9 lines long. Between Kootenay and Pend Orielle, Wash- ington. A. Henderson! Fernald. Stems rather slender, loosely tomentoae above, branching near the top, leafy : upper leaves lanceolate, more or leas acuminate, entire, one-nerved, glabrous except the midrib, auriculate, clasping by a broad base, 2-4 inches long : heads numerous, in an ample panicle: bracts of the involucre linear, acute, green or the inner wi h whi- tish base, all of nearly equal length, equalling or surpassing the disk, 4-5 lines long: rays numerous, 8-10 lines long by a line broad, bright purple. Eastern Washington to Idaho. 18 BUCEPHALUS Nutt. trans. Am. Phil, Soc. vii, 298. Perennial leafy-stemmed herbs without radical leaves and solitary or panic led heads of purple, blue or white ray-flowers in a single series, not very numerous, pistillate: disk flowers tubular and perfect. Bracts of the turbinate campanulate in- volucre regularl}^ imbricated in 3-4 series, dry and chartaceous, ovate, concave, somewhat carinate, the innermost about the length of the disk, the outer successively shorter but similar. Al- veola of the receptacle lacerate. Appendages of the style lanceo- late, acute. Achenes oblong, compressed. Pappus copious, rather longer than the corolla: the bristles unequal; the longest ones sometimes thickened upwards. Stems very leafy, the lower leaves being reduced to bract-like scales, or bristles. E. elegans Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 298. Aster eUgans T. & G. Stems slender, 1-3 feet high, mostly scabro puberu- lent, leaves thickisn, lancec>l?te, 1-2 inches long, erect, closely sessile, the upper apiculate-mucronate : heads several at the summit of simple stems or branches, 4-5 lines high: bracts of the involuce a'l close and conspicu- ously woolly-ciliate, barely acute, outer ovate, none with pointed tips : rays rather few, about 4 lines long: style appendages linear- subulate, hardly acute, equaling the stigma ic portion : achenes flat, hirsute, becom- ing glabrate at maturity. On mountains of Eastern Oregon and Wash- ington to Montana, Wyoming and Nevada. E. Engelmannii Greene Pitt, iii, 54. Aster Engelmanii Gray Commonly, rather tall and robust, green, slightly puberulent to glabrous : leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2-4 inches long, loosely veined, the larger sometimes with a fe«e small acute teeth, the upper commonly tapering at apex into a slender or cuspidate acnmination: heads fully half inch high, hemispherical, either racemosely disposed on slender axillary peduncles or somewhat thyrsoid- cymose : bracts of the involucre mostly acute or acuminate : some outer ones loose, narrow and partly herbaceous, or with loose pointed tips; in- ner ones purp ish rays about 6 lines long : style, appendages attenuate-sub- ulate : achenes obovate-oblong with narrowish summit. In the higher mountains of Oregon and Washington to the Rocky mountains. E. serrnlatns Greene 1. c. 55. ''Stoutish and rather tall, vivid green and scabrous, the leaf margins even serrulate- scabrous under a lens : leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 incties long, acute, marked by a very strong and conspicuous white mid-vein and some reticulation of the surface : heads few, large as in the preceeding, but bracts very different, being narrow 312 COMPOSlTilC BUCEPHALUS OREASTBUM and almost woolly herbaeeons and taper pointed tHe marginB serrulate- scabrous, not woolly ox ciliate. Mt. Adams, Washington. Siiksdorf No. IS63.** E. ledophyllus Greene 1. c. Aster Engelmannii var. ledophyllus Gray, Stems 1-2 feet high, rather strict: leaves lanceolate, mucrona'e-apiculate. entire or lower, with a few apiculate teeth toward the apex 1-2 inches long, cotton V torn entulose beneath, at least when young, the lower often obtuse: heads solitary^ or few in a simple paniculate cyme: bracts of the involucre lanceolate to linear, very acute or acuminate, the outer succes- sively shorter but similar: rays purple, 10--12 lines long: achenes hirsute at the summit. On the highest parts of the Cascade mountains. E. tomentellus Greene 1. c. Sericocarpus tomentellua Greene Pitt, i, 2S3. Strict, erect 2-3 feet h?gh, paniculately branched above, leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute or acutish barely apiculate, entire, 1-2 inches long, to- mentulose beneath, smooth above: heads small and narrow: involucral bracts, strict with loose tomentose tips, in several ranks, the outer succes- sively shorter and passing into ordinary leaves: rays usually wanting rarely 1 or 2: achenes minutely appressed-hirsute. On dry ridges eastern base of the Coast mountains near Waldo, Oregon. E. glabratus Greene, Pitt, iii, 56. Stems strict, 1-2 feet high : glab- rate throughout: leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute 8-18 lines long, entire, conspicuously reticulate veiny : heads rather few, small and nar- row: bracts of the involucre linear, abruptly acute, in several ranks, the outer successively shorter and mor,e lanceolate : rays none : achenes hirsu- tulous. On dry ridges of the Siskiyou mountains. E. glancescens Greene 1. c. Aster Engelmanni var. glancescens Gray Herbage, pale green and smooth throughout : stems mostly slender, 1-3 feet high: leaves somewhat glaucous, lanceolate, often acuminate, 2-3 inches long, 2-7 lin s broad, entire: heads lartje, one to several in an open terminal cyme : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, often acuminate in few ranks, the outer successively shorter : rays 15-20, 8-12 lines long : achenes appressed-pubescent. On Mt. Adams, Washington and vicinity. E. paucicapitatns "Greene 1. e.Aster pducicapitatu» Robinson. Sim- ple, monacephalous : stems decumbent at base, 6-18 inches high: herbage glandular-puberulent even somewhat scabrously so, only the margins of the oblong-lanceolate obtuse thinnish leaves minutely woolly-ciliate : bracts of the broad involucre not very unequal or much imbricated, lanceolate and herbaceous though with a distinct carinate mid-vein : rays few, their color doubtful: pappus rather copious and fine, the bristle in no degree di- lated upwards: achenes sparsely appressed-pubescent. Olympic moun- tains, Washington. Piper. ^* E. Covillei Greene Pitt, iii, 162. "Tufted stems more than a foot high, somewhat flexuous, racemous-corymbose from near the middle, these and the lower face of the leaves sparingly tomentulose : leaves oblong-lance- late, acute,entire : bracts of the narrowly campanulate involucre granular- puberulent, well imbricated, herbaceous and scarcely carinate, lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate: rays few (5-7), long and narrow, deep violet. Near Crater Lake, Oregon. Coville.** 19 OREASTRUM Greene Pitt, iii, 146. Acaulescent perennials with narrow sub-coriaceous entire leaves and scapiform monacephalous branches from a stout some- what fusiform and not freely branching taproot. Bracts of the involucre narrow, Bub-equal in about 2 series. Rays rather nu- merous, elongated, purple. Disk carollas tubular-funnel form, OREASTRUM jojj.cTig COMPOSIT.E 313 MACH^RANTHRA 5 toothed and the teeth erect. Style -branches filiform to subu- late-linear, strongly hirsutulous. Achenes subterete, distinctly 5-8costate. Pappus a single series of brownish barbellate-scab- rous and rather fragile or deciduous bristles. 0. alpigenum Greene 1. c. 147. Aster alpigenus Gray Aster pulchel- lus Eaton f . Scapiform stems spreading and as urgent, 2-4 inches long to- mentose at the summit : radical leaves from lingulate-spatulate to narrowly linear, glabrous, obtuse, nerveless, 1-8 inches long, 3-4 lines wide near the apex : heads broad, fully 6 Tin es high and broad: bracts of the involucre not very unequal, usually pubescent, lineir, acute: rays purple, 6-8 lines long, style appendages linear-subulate : achenes linear, striate plabrate be- low, hirsute near the top. On the highest peaks of the Cascade moun- tains, 0. Andersoni Greene 1. c. Aster Andersoni Gray. Scapiform steins erect, 8-14 inches high : radical leaves Ungulate-linear or slightly broader upward, grass-like, mostly acute, 2-10 inches long, 2-3 lines broad ,nervo6e when dry glabrous ; upper cauline reduced to scattered subulate bracts : heads broad, fully half inch high and wide: bracts of the involucre linear, acutish, rather loose, often tomentulose wh»'n young : style appendages fili- form: rays rather numerous, purple or violet: achenes oblong-linear, soft villous. In wet mountain meadows. Coast mountains, near Waldo, Ore- gon, and along the whole length of the Sierra Nevadas. 19 a lONACTIS Greene Pitt, iii, 245. Low tufted perennials, often lignescent at base, never stolonif- erous, or with radical leaves. Stems clothed equally with nar- row, rigid, one nerved and veinless leaves and terminating in one or more showy heads with violet rays. In volucre of well imbri- cated bracts of coriaceous texture without herbaceous tips, ap- pressed even to the tips. Achenes narrow, villous. Pappus double the more copious inner series bristly, the outer short and setulose. 1. alpina Greene 1. c. Aster Scopulorum Gray. Stems several from a suffrutescent base, simple tomentose-pubescent, naked at the summit 3-4 inches high: leaves crowded, erect, linear-oblong, mucronulate, rather rigid scabrous, 1-nerved, flat, with cartilaginous minutely serrulate-scab- rious margins, about 5 lines long, by 1-2 lines broad : heads solitary, 4-6 lines high ; bracts of the hemispherical involucre linear, acute, 1-nerved, with scabrious margins, pubescent, imbricated in about 3 series : rays vio- let, 12-15 : exterior pappus of rather numerous setaceous bristles. Style appendages subulate-linear as long as the stigmatic portion : ach«^nes com- pressed, silky-villous. On high rocky ridges of Southeastern Oregon to the Rocky mountains. I. stenomeres Greene 1. c. Aster stenomeres Gray. "More slender, 6-10 inches high, green, minutely scabrous: solitary, naked Deduncnlnte head larger: leaves all linear, (half to lull inch long, a line wide), acutely mu- cronate, hardly margined : involucre broad ; its bracts barely in two mod- erately unequal series, linear, acute or acuminate, thinnish, often pubes- cent: rays pale violet, over half inch long; outer pappus setulose. style-ap- pendages elongated, subulate-linear or narr^vTcr: aahenes flat, with strong marginal nerves. On Rocky mountains of Montana and Idaho " 20 MACH^RANTHRANees. Ast. 224. Annual bii^nnial) oi' p'erennial divaricately branched herbs with 314 COMPOSITiE MACHiEBANTHRA BRACHYACTIS pinnatifid or rarely entire leaves and solitary or corymbosely or racemosely disposed heads of purple-rayed flowers. Heads many flowered, the rays numerous, in a single series, pistillate; those of the disk tubular and perfect, with 5 short erect teeth. Bracts or the obovoid or turbinate involucre closely imbricated for the most part in several series, linear rigid, somewhat carinate, un- equal, with herbaceous squarrose-spreading or recurved tips : re- ceptacle flat, somewhat alveolate ; the alveoli toothed or lacerate. Style-appendages filiform subulate or linear-lanceolate, minutely hirsute. Achenes turbinate or t3uneiform, often compressed, pubescent or silky. Pappus of numerous scabrous and rather rigid very unequal bristles. M. Shastensis Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 539. Aster Shastensis Gray. Canescmt with a close scurfy tomentam : st^^ms slender, 4-8 inches high from a perennial root, paniculately branched : leaves linear-spatulate to linear, 1-2 inches long with a few teeth near the middle : heads rather nu- merous, scattered, 5-6 lines high: bracts of the involucre linear, acute: the outer ones shorter and often with spreading tips : rays 12-20, violet 3-6 lijies long: style appendages tlender-subulate: pappus simple and soft: achenes narrow, hardly at all compressed, silky-pubescent. {Southeastern Oregon (Camp Polk) to Northeastern Caliiornia. M. eradiata Aster Shastensis var. erndiatus Gray. Whole plant some- what glaucous and canescently puberulent : stems stoutish, 6-10 inches high from a stout perennial root: leaves oblanceolate 1-2 inches long, 2-6 lines broad, attenuate below to a margined petiole, obtuse oracutish min- utely apiculate, entire or sparsely serrate : head? rather numerous, 4-5 lines high: bracts of the involucre linear, acute, in 3-4 ranks, the outer successively shorter and more subulate: rays wanting: achenes sparsely pubescent. On high rocfey ridge of the Siskiyou and Scott's mountains. M. attenuata. Whole plant cinereous : stems stoutish, 1-2 feet high from a large perennial root : cauline leaves linear, reduced above to sub- ulate bracts, all acute and apiculate : heads numerous terminating in the branchlets : involucre hemispherical, its linear bracts well imbricated in several series, the outer successively shorter and passing into the ordinary bracts of the branchlets, the inner ones attenuate above to a slender bris- tle: rays dark purple, numerous 5-6 lines long: style appendages slender* subulate: pappus simple, of soft capillary bristles: young achenes silky- canescent. On sandy plains and banks near The Dalles, Oregon. 20 d BEACH YAGTIS Ledeb. Fl. Ross, ii, 495. Annual or perennial low herbs with mostly entire leaves and solitary or racemose-paniculate heads of inconspicuous flowers. Heads many-flowered heterogamous ; the rays very numerous and occu])ying more tlian one series, fertile. Involucre loosely im])ricated, in few series of lierbacoous bracts or the innermost somewhat scabrous. Receptacle flat, naked. Style appendages lanceolate. Aphenes more or less compressed. Pappus simple of copious fine and soft capiHary bristles. B. froudosa Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 647. AMfrfroiidnsus G. t% T. Glabrous or nearly so: stems 3-12 inches high or more from an annual t^DOi brsttiching from the base : leaves spatulate linear, 1-2 inches lone, the tipf)ermc)St passing into the involuei'al bracts, th^ IbWef attenuate bel6w fiBACHVACTlS COMPOSITE 315 EBIQERON into winged petioles, often ciliate: heads numerous, hemiepherical, 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, herbaceous: rays a line long, pinkish-purple exceeding the involucre but shorter than the pappus ; achenes narrow, appressed -pubescent. Muddy saline flats and margins of ponde, Washington to California, New Mexico and the Rocky mountains. 21 ERIGERON L. Gen. n, 951. Herbs or rarely suiFrutescent plants with entire, toothed or lobed leaves and solitary, corymbose or paniculate heads of vari- ous colored ray-flowers. Heads mostly hemispherical, many flowered : the ray flowers very numerous and usually in more than one series (sometimes wanting), pistillate those of the disk tubular, perfect, or some of the exterior filiform-tubular and trun- cate, pistillate. Bracts of the involucre mostly equal, narrow, in a single oi* somewhat double series. Receptacle flat, naked, punctate or scrobiculate. Appendages of the style very short and obtuse. Achenes compressed, usually pubescent, commonly with 2 lateral nerves. Pappus a single series of capillary scab- rous bristles, rather few in number, often with minute setae inter- mixed or forming an indistinct outer series, or sometimes with a distinct and short squamellate-subulate or setaceous exterior pappas, the inner rarely wanting in the ray. § 1 EuERiGERON DC. Gray Syn. Fl. Pt. 2, 207. Rays elongated and conspicuous, or in a few species uniformly want- ing, in one or two occasionally abortive : no rayless pistillate flowers between the proper ray and disk. * Perennials, commonly dwarf, from a multicipital caudex, alpine or alpestrine with comparatively large and mostly solitary heads : invol- ucre loose or spreading, and copiously lanate with long multiseptate hairs. E. nniflorns L. Fl. Lapp. t. 9, f. 3. Stems 1^2 inches high or more strictly monocephalous, few- leaved, often naked and pedpnculiform at summit : radical leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, 1-2 inches long : cauline lanceolate to linear: involucre usually hirsute as well as lanate occasion- ally becoming naked, the linear acute bracts rather close, or merely the short tips spreading: rays purple or sometimes white, 2-4 lines long. In Labrador to the Arctic coast and Unalaska, south to the Sierra Nevadas, California and the Rocky mountains. E. lanatas Hook. Fl. ii, 17, t. 121. Stems 8-10 inches high from a mul- ticipital caudex, scapiform or few-leaved, monocephalous: radical leaves spatulate to obovate, about half-inch long tapering into a narrowed base or into a slender margined petiole ; some primary ones occasionally pal- mately 3-lobed ; cauline one or two small andlaner, or hardly any: involu- cre densely soft-lanate : the linear acute bracts rather close or merely the short tips spreading: rays 3 lines long, white^ In the Cascade mountains of Washington to the northern Rocky mountains. E. grandiflorns Hook. Fl. ii, 18, t. 123. Stems 8-20 inches high, rather stout, usually several-leaved and monacephalous : radical leaves ob- ovate-spatulate* 1-3 inches long; cauline oblong to lanceolate, 4-6 lines long: involucre half inch high, very woolly, its linear and attenuate-acumi- nate bracts squarroses-sprejuling or the tips recurved : rays violet or pur- ple, 4-6 lines long. Rocky mountains from British Columbia to Colorado. 316 COMPOSITE ERiGEiioN * * Submari time perennial: heads full one inch in diameter: involu- cre rather loose, villous with long multiseptate hairs : rays about 100, rather broad, aster like: pappus simple: leaves obovate or spatulate, ample, mostly entire. E. glaucns Ker. Bot. Reg. t. 10. A span to a foot high, viscidulous and m ,re or less pubescent, produc ng a tuft of radical leaves from a rather fleshy crown and some ascending monocephaloua or occasionally branch- ing stems; leaves glaucescent or pale green but hardly glaucous, somewhat succulent ; larger radical 3-4 inches long by an inch wide, rarely 2-3-toothed ; upper cauline few, spatulate-oblong, obtuse, sessile, 10-18 lines long: rays halt-inch long, bright violet: achenes 4-nerved. Ou banks or bluffs of the Pacific coast within the influence of salt water, Oregon to southtrn Califor- nia. * * * True perennials from rootstocks or a caudex, neither stolon- iferous surculose nor flagelliferous : involucre from hisp'^ or villous t } glabrous but not lanate, in the first species loose and spreading. +- Comparatively tall and large, a foot or more high, except in al- pine or depauperate forms, leafy-stemmed, glabrous to soft-hirsute : leaves ratuer ample, entire or sometimes few-toothed: heads pretty large with usually very numerous rays. -f+ Aster-like; the rays comparatively broad: heads solitary or on larger plants few and corymbosely disposed : pappus simple. E. salsuglnosus Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xvi, 93. Rootstocks short and thickish : stems 7-20 inches high, the summit or peduncles lanate-pubes- ceni or puberulent: no bristly or hirsute hairs: leaves very smooth and glabrous or glabrate, thickish ; radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate to nearly obovate, with base attenuate into a margined petiole, 1-3 inches long ; upper cauline ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, mucronate or apic- nlate-acuminate; uppermost small and bract-like: bracts of the involucre loose or 6 \ en spreading, linear-subnlate, or attenuate, viscidulous or pu- berulous (or at some northern stations sometimes pubescent) : disk over half-inch in diameter: rays 50-70, purple or violet, half-inch or more long. Wet ground, Kotzebue Sound and Unalaska and along the higher mountains to California and the Racky mountains. E. peregrinus Greene Pitt, in, 166 Aster peregrinus Pursh, Tomentose- pu Descent and glabrate: stems slender, erect, usually solitary, 1-2 feet high, leafy: rootstock slender, creeping: lower cauline and radical leaves oblong-lanceolate, attenuate below to a margined petiole, 2-3 inches long, upper cauline lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or shapely denticulate : head solitary, or rarely 2, half -inch or more high, terminating the simple stem: bracts of the involucre linear, acuminate, 5-7 lines long, tomentose- pubescent or villous, not at all viscid or glandular: rays 20-30, 6-8 lines long, pale to dark purple or violet. Wet meadows, Arctic coast and Alaskan Islands to the mountains of Northern Washington and Idaho. E. Howellii Gray Syn. FH. Pt. 2, 209. Rootstocks slender: stem 12-20 inches high, leafy: leaves membranaceous, glabrous and smooth; radica^ slender, petioled, with oval or obovate blade; cauiine mostly ovate with b oad half clasping base, 1-2 inches long by an inch broad ; mucronate- acuminae: peduncle puberulent: heads solitary, 8-10 lines broad: bracts of the involucre subulate, the inner ones acuminate : rays only 30-35, 8-10 lines long, often 2 lines wide, white. Moist rocky banks along the Coluria- bia river near the Cascades. E. cervinns Greene Pitt, iii, 163. Stems slender, 8-12 inches high, from s'out ascending rootstocks, leafy at base, the whole herbage glabrous, only the peduncles and involucre glandular and slightly puberulent: ERIGERON COMPOSITE 317 leaves thin, the lowest with obovate to oblanceolate blade, less than an inch long and slender petiole 2 inches or more long; cauline leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, 1-2 inches long, sessile: Heads solitarv or 2-8, slender-peduncled : involucre about 3 lines high and 3-4 broad, the bracts equal, broad-subulate, attenuate-acuminate : rays 25-30, 5-6 I'nes long, white to pale purple. Wet banks, at the head of Cheney Creek, Josephine Co-, Oregon. E spatulifolius. Stems numerous from a thick multisepital caudex, slender, leafy, somewhat hirsute toward the top, monocephalous, 4-8 inches long, erect or ascending: radical leaves spatulate, attenuate below to a broad -winged petiole, rounded at the summit, entire, or sparingly dentate toward the apex, 1-3 inches long, glabrous both sides; cauline leaves several, rather crowded, oblong to ovate, sessile by a broad somewhat clasping base: heads half-inch high and broad: bracts of the involucre linear, acute: rays 30-40, purple: pappus nearly simple of rat^)er few bristles : achenes smooth. On rocky banks Pansy Camp, Cascade moun- tains, Oregon. -^ E. AliceaB Rootstock slender, stem 18-30 inches high, erect, sparingly branched near the top: whole herbage pubescent with soft spreading hairs : radical and lower cauline leaves lanceolate, entire, the blade" 2-3 inches long, 4-8 lines broad, on slender petioles as long or longer than the blade: upper cauline lanceolate, sessile, often attenuate-acuminate : heads solitary, terminating the slender branches, 6-7 lines broad: bracts of >he involucre subulate acuminate, nearly equal, tomentose with rather long white wool : rays 50-60, purple or violet. In open damp woods, Siskiyou mountains near the Oregon line. Distributed in 1887 as E. CouUeri. E. amplifolins. Stems erect, 20-30 inches high from a somewhat surculose rootstock, leafy, glabrous or sparingly pubescent toward the top: lower leaves ovate-lanceolate 8-15 lines broad, attenuate below to a long slender petiole: upper ones lanceolate or oblong and sessile: heads one lo several, large, hemispherical: bracts of the involucre linear, acute or acuminate, rather numerous, imbricated in 2 or 3 ranks: rays 50-60, rather broad, blue or violet, 10-12 lines long: pappus simple or nearly so: achenes obovate, 2-nerved, sparingly pubescent. On oi-en hillsides near Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon. •f^- •^^- Less Aster-like: rays 100 or more and narrow: involucre closer : pappus more or less double, but the exterior minute, setulose or subulate -squamellate: stems chiefly erect, tufted, generally leafy to the summit and bearing few or several heads : leaves entire. E. speciosns DC. Prodr. v, 284. Sparingly and loosely hirsate or with a few scattering hair: stems 20-30 inches high, very leafy to the top; leaves lanceolate, acute 3-8 lines wide, sparsely ciliate; lowest more or less spatu- late: involucre hirsute-pubescent, or sometimes almost glabrous: rays half-inch to almost an inch long, violet. Dry ridges and edges of prai ies. British Columbia to western Oregon. -*- ■*- Low, rarely a foot high, conspicuously hispid o' hirsute with spreading bristly hairs: leaves entire, narrow, involucre close :ra^\ s numerous occasionally wanting: pappus conspicuouhly double. f*- Sparingly branched, stems several or numerous from the cr wn of a tap root, more or less leafy : heads middle-sized : disk a third to half inch in diameter: involucre hispid: rays 50-80 long and narrow, soon deflexed occasionally wanting. E. concinnus T. & G. Fl. ii, 174. Very hirsute throughout with long spreading white haifs: stems several from the same root or caudex, 6-10 inches high, slender, leafy, branching, above, the branches terminated by 318 COMPOSITE EBIGERON single heads : leaves narrowly linear, elongated, entire, attenuate at the base, the lowermost tapering into a slender petiole: heads 5-6 lines in diameter: bracts of the involucre linear, ver^ acute, densely hirsute: rays numerous, 6 lines long, white to purple. Arid plains between the Cascade and Rocky mountains, British Columbia to California and New Mexico. ■M. *♦. Tufted, stems very short and densely leafy, bearing simple and monocephalous scapiform or few-leaved flowering stems : leaves narrowly spatulate-linear : heads large: rays 25-50 not very narrow, 3-4 lines long. E. Poliospermns Gray Syn. Fl. i, Pt. 2, 210. Soft-hispid throughout with white hairs : stems numerous, from a branched rootstock, an inch or le«s long, very leafy: leaves spatulate to lanceolate, 2-6 lines long, on slender petioles 1-2 inches long : scapose peduncle 2-4 inches long : heads half-inch or more in diameter : bracts of the involucre eeiaceous, densely hispidulous: rays 20-30, blue- violet to almost white: achenes densely white-villous : outer pappus slender-squammellate, fully as long as the breadth of the achene covered by the copious white silky hairs of the achene. On dry rocky ridges along the Columbia rivcr from The Dalles eastward. E. Chrysopsidis Gray 1. c. Chrysop&ig hirtella DC» Hirsute with white spreading hairs, stems scape-like, leafy at the base, 2-4 inches high : leaves spatu ate, mostly obtuse, including the petiole 1-3 inches long, usually about a line wide at the summit: heads solitary, terminal: in- volucre open -companul ate, its bracts narrow, numerous 3-5 lines long, hirsute: rays, 4J-50, golden yellow, 6-8 lines long: achenes barely pubes- cent or birsutulous : outer pappus merely setulose. On high stony ridges, Eastern Oregon in the John I)?y country. ^ ^- -V- Dwarf, cespitose from a multicipital candex, with monocephalous flowering stems, often scapose : radical leaves dissected : pappus simple. E. compositus Pu^sh Fl. ii, 535. Herbage hirsute to glabrate and more or less viscidulous : stems very short, from a somewhat woody creep- ing base, densely leafy : leaves fan-shaped in outline, usually 1-3'ternately parted into linear or short and narrow spatulate lobes, 2-6 lines long, on iong slender hispid-ciliate petio'es; the few on the erect flowing stems 3- lobed, or entire and linear : involucre 3-4 lines high, sparsely hirsute : rays 40-60 not very narrow, white purple or violet mostly 3-4 lines long. On cliffs, Artie seacoast, Greenland, and Spitzbergen to the higher moun- tains of Washington, Oregon and California and the Rocky mountains. Var. dlscoidens Gray. Am. Jour Sci. Ser. 2, xxxi'i, 237. Rays want- ing or abortive : head^ commonly smaller. Some range as the radiate form, often growing with it, ^ ^ +- +. Dwarf or low species, alpine or alpestine, entire- leaved, cespitose from multicipital caudex, no fine or cinereous pubescence, monocephalous : leaves few on the simple stem at least the radical broader than linear : rays rather numerous and not very narrow : pappus simple or nearly so, ■M. Involucre hirsute or pubescent, greenish : herbage not etrigulose nor cinereous. E. radicatas Hook. Fl. ii, 17. "A span high or less, densely tufted: leavea all spattilate-linear or somewhat wider (broadest only a line or two wide), hirsute or hireiitely ciUate, or sometimes almost naked, then glabrbuB ; Ho glandular roughness : involucre mtore or less villous-pubes- cent (barely 3 lines high) : rays white or purplish, 2 or 3 lines long." Al- ERIGERON COMPOSITE 319 pioe or subalpine in the Blue mountains of Oregon to the Rocky mountains and northward. E. paciflcus Hirsute with white hairs, s'ems seveal from a simple or more or less multicipital somewhat woody perennial root, ascending, 2-4 inches long, leafy monocephalous: lower leaves narrowly lanceolate to al- most linear, 1-2 inches long ; cauline leaves similar but smaller: heads 4-5 lines high ; bracts ol the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acumin- ate, hirsute: rays 30HK>, blue to purple, 6 lines long: pappus of ray- flowers manifestly double, the outer very short or a mere crown, the inner about equalling the disk-flowers, soon deciduous: achenes minutely pubescent. On grassy slopes of the Cascade mountains near Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon. ^- •*-+■•*- -t- Various species with entire leaves, none truly alpine, none hispidly hirsute except very rarely some spreading bristly hairs fringing the base of the leaves : involucre close, disposed to be somewhat imbricated and rigid: rays not very nume.ous, in several species uniformly wanting. **• Either low or comparatively tall, leafy- stemmed or subscapose: achenes compressed, 2-nerved, rarely 3-nerved. = Heads radiate : leaves all narrowly linear to filiform, the broad- est not over a line wide: pubescence either cinerous or obscure. a. Involucre only 2-3 lines high of unequal and somewhat imbricated bracts . E. fllifolins Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil Soc.vii, 328. Canescent or cinereous throughout with very fine close pubescence, no loose hairs : stems slender, 10-20 inches biah from a lignescent slender base or branched rootstock leafy, usually panioulat^ly branched and bearing several or rather numer- ous heads: leaves linear-filiform or quite filiform, some lower ones some- times dilated upward and flat : involucre canescent : rays 30-50, rarely over 80, purple, violet or white, 3-4 lines long : achenes slightly pubescent or glabrate: pappus simple, of fragile and indistinctly scabrous bristles. Rocky or dry sandy ground. Eastern Oregon to British Columbia and Idaho. E. peucephyllus Gray Syn. Fl. i, Pt. 2, 213. Hoary with a minute appressed pubescence : stenas slender, 4-12 inches high, usually sparingly branched : leaves narrowly linear, 1-2 inches long by half of a line wide, flat: involucre 3-4 lines high; its narrowly lanceolate bracts unequal, hirsute : rays 20-30, 4-6 lines long, bright yellow : pappus double, the outer squamellate : achenes smooth or nearly so : Dry hills Eastern Oregon and Washington near the Cascade mountains. Dr. Gray evidently had two or three species mixed in his description of E. peucephylluSf the above des- cription is for the yellow-flowered one only. b. Involucre 3-4 lines high, of equal bracts : rays of equal length. E. ochrolencns Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 309. Cinereous- pubescent to glabrate: stems 10-18 inches high, somewhat cespitose, usually simple, naked above and monocephalous, occasionally with one or two additional heads : leaves rather rigid, narrowly linear, the radical 2-3 inches long, often a line wide at the upper part, not rarely sparsely hirsute-ciliate below : involucre tomentose or hirsute pubescent : rays 40-60, ochroleucous, white or purplish: outer pappus setulose. Gravelly hills and plains, Idaho to Montana and Wyoming. = = Heads ray l^ss; leaves filiform lo narrowly spatulate-linear, chiefly from the multifnipital caudex : stems more or less scapiform and monocephalous. E. Bloomeri Gray Proc. Am; Aicad. vi; 40. Densely cespitose, cinereous- 320 COMPOSITE EEIGERON puberulent to glabrate: stems 2-6 inches high: radical leaves 1-3 inches long, the larger dilated upward, sometimes to a line or more wide; cauline few and nearly filiform: heads almost half inch high: bracts of the involucre linear lanceolate, equal, soft-villous or canescent: rays wanting: achenes glabrate, cblong-linear, flat: pappus whitish , simple. Stony ground Idaho to Eastern Oregon and California. E. nndatns Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 297. Glabrous throughout or the involucral bracts sparingly puberulent, cespitose: stems scapiform, 2-6 inches high, monocephalous: leaves linear-spatulate to almost filiform, 1-2 inches long, rarely a line wide : involucre nearly half-inch high, of thick- ish and green lanceolate bracts: achenes obovate-oblong, sparsely pubes- cent: pappus whitish, simple. Rocky hillsides about Waldo, Josephine Co., Oregon. = = = Heads radiate : leaves from narrowly linear to oblong : stems leafy and disposed to branch but sometimes monocephalous: pubescence cinereous : outer pappus setulose, sometimes rather mani- fest, sometimes obscure or none. E. corymbosns Nutt. 1. c. Stenis erect from a creeping rootstock often afoot or two high, soft-cinereous or sometimes hispidulous with mosth' spreading short pubescence : radical leaves narrow-lanceolate or spatulate- lanceolate, largest 3-4 inches long, 3-4 lines wide, 3 nerved ; cauline linear and narrow : heads sometimes solitary, usually several and corymbosely disposed on short slender peduncles*: involucre 3 lines high, canescently pubescent: rays 30-50, mostly narrow and 3-5 lines long, blue or violet, ap- parently sometimes white. Mountains of eastern Oregon and Washing- ton to Montana. E. conflnus Howell Eryth. iii, 35. Stems simple, one to several from a woody perennial root, 4-8 inches high, very leafy: leaves narrowly spatulate-linear, an inch long or more: heads usually solitary at the ends of the stem , but often several together : involucre hemispherical, its linear acuminate bracts in few ranks nearly equal, 3-4 lines long : rays numer- ous, rather broad, 6-10 lines long, purplish; pappus a single series of barbel late-scabrous bristles : achenes sparingly pubescent. On high rocky ridges of the Siskiyou mountains. E. decumbens Nu^t. 1. c, 309. Strigulose-pubescent or puberulent or glabrate: stems slender, commonly low or spreading, 6-18 inches high, leafy, branched above: leaves linear or sometimes linear-spatulate; radical 2-6 inches long by 1-3 lines broad: involu re minutely hirsute or pubescent: rays 20-40, white purplish or violet tinged. From the Willamette Valley, Oregon, to Montana and Utah. = = == = Heads wholly rayless: stems leafy to the summit: pappus simple. E. inornatus Gray. Proc. Am. Acad, xvi, 88. Commonly glabrous throughout and smooth. Or with some spase hirsute pubescence: stem 10-20 inches high, erect: leaves from bn.adly to narrowly linear, 1-2 inches long by 1-2 lines wide : heads usually seve>al and crymosely disposed at the summit of the stem, short-pedunc!ed, 3 lines high: involucre cam- panulate, its bracts somewhat imbricated, very glabrous unequal. _ Com- mon in dry open woods from Mount Adams Washington to California. * * * * Perennials with membranaceous commonly serrate or dentate leaves and middle-sized or small heads with glabrate in- Tolucre : rays numerous : pappus quite simple. f Rays not very narrow, not more than 60 or 70. E. Oreganns Gray. Proc, Am. Acad, xix, 2. Pubescent throughout: BRiGERON COMPOSITE 321 stems numerous in a ro^ulate tuft, from a thick perennial root, prostrate, 9-12 inches long, leafy to the top, bearing solitary or few rather small heads : leaves spatulate or the radical cuneate-obovate, these 1-3 inches long, 6-8 lines wide, cr.arseJy 3-5-toothed or incised; cauline more entire, 1-2 inches long : involucre 4-6 lines high its bracts somewhat unequal, attenuate-acuminate, the outer often passing into leaves: rays 60-70, pale purplish or pink, 4-6 lines long: pappus rather scanty, shorter than the corolla: achenes terete or nearly so, sparsely pubescent. Under over- lianging cliffs along the Columbia river near the Cascades. +- +- Rays very narrow, 100 or more, disk only 3-4 lines broad: stems erect, either from a biennial root or from a biennial or winter annual offset. E. Philadelphicus L. Sp. ii, 863. Soft-pubescent, or sometimes near- ly glabrous : stems rather slender, strict, mostly branched above, 1-3 feet iiigh: lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, dentate, 1-3 inches long, narrowed into short petioles; upper cauline leaves clasping and often cordate at base, obtuse or acute, dentate or entire: heads several or numerous corymbose-paniculate, 5-12 lines broad, slender-peduncled : peduncles thickened at the summit : involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bi^acts linear, usually scarious margined : rays 100-150, 2-6 lines long, rose- purple or pink : achenes puberulent, Along streams and moist meadows throughout North America. ***** Annuals or sometimes biennials, leafy-stemmed and branching : heads conspicuously radiate. ■*- Rays of the small or barely middle-sized heads very numerous, narrow, with pappus like the disk-flowers; the inner of rather scanty bristles ; the outer of short subulate squamellse : leaves from entire to sparingly lobed. E. divergens T. & G. Fl. ii, 175. Cinereous -pubescent or hirsute: stems diffusely branched and spreading, 10-20 inches high : leaves linear- spatulate, or the upper hnear and the lowest broader, 1-2 inches long : heads slender-peduncled, 6-8 lines broad, usually numerous: involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute or canescent: rays about 100, purplish or violet, to nearly white, 2-6 lines long, pappus double, the short outer row of bristles subulate ; achenes narrow, little compressed, with a broad and whitish truncate apex. Low plains and river-banke, British Columbia to California, Texas and Nebraska. H- +- Rays of the small heads not very numerons nor very narrow ; the bristles of their pappus commonly wanting or very few ; outer pappus a short crown of distinct or partly united slender squamellae, persistent after the fragile inner pappus has fallen : leafy-stemmed annuals or biennials. E. annnns Pers. Syn. ii, 431. Annual; sparingly pubescent with spreading hairs: stems erect, corymbosely branched, 1-4 feet high: leaves thin, the radical and lower cauline ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, petioled, usually coarsely dentate, 2-6 inches long by 1-2 inches wide; upper cauline lanceolate, oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, mostly dentate in the middle, sessile or short-petioled ; those of the branches narrower and often entire : Heads rather numerous, 5-7 lines broad, mostly short pedunclea : bracts of the hemispheric involucre somew hat hispid : rays 40-70 white, or commonly tinged with purple, 2-4 lines long. In fields and open ridges, Oregon to the Atlantic states. E. ramosus. B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 27. E. Strigosus Muhl, Pubescence appressed, either sparse and strigose or close and minute: stem 1-2 feet high : leaves lanceolate, the upper entire ; the lower from 322 COMPOSITE fiftiGBfiOK BACCHAR[i spatulate-Unceolate to oblong, often sparingly iefrate: heads ratber numerous, small, involucre with few or no bristley hairs. Dry open grounds, British Columbia to California and across the continent. § 2 Trimorph^:a, Gray Sy. Fl. i, Pt. 2, 219. Rays incon- spicuous or slender, numerous, sometimes not exceeding the disk : within them a series of ray less filiform pistillate flowers : leaves entire or nearly so . E. acris L. Spc. ii, 863. More or less hirsute-pubescent : stems 10-14 inches high from a biennial or perennial root, the larger plants branching and bearing seieral or numerous somewhat janiculately d sposed heads: leaves pubescent or glabrate, entire the radical and lower cauline spatula te, mostly obtuse, 1-3 inches long, petioled: upper cauline, mostly oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, ses-sile: involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, hirsute; rays numerous, purple equalling or exceeding the brownish pappus: tubular pistillate flowers filiform, nuriierous: pappus simple or nearly so, copious. Alaska to Oregon, the Rocky mountains and Labrador. Var. Drcebachensis Blytt. Norg. Fl. 561. Somewhat glabrous or even quite so, involucre green, at most hirsute only at base, often minute- ly viscidulous : rays slender somewhat slightly exserted sometimes minute and filiform and shorter than the pappus. Katzebue Sound to Oregon and New Brunswick, Var. debllis Gray Syn. Fl. 1, Pt. 2, 220. Sparsely pilose : Ftems 3-12 inches high from an apparency perennial root, slender: leaves bright green ; radical obovate or oblong; cauline spatulate to lanceolate, short: heads 1-3 in a terminal cluster, 4-5 lines high: brae's Of the involucre sparsely hirsute below, the smooth attenuate tips spreading : rays in flower rather conspicuously supassing the disk. On moist Cliffs, higher parts of the Casciade mountains to Hudson's Bay and Labrador., § 3. CjENOtus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 148. Rays of the small and narrow semingly discoid heads inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk or pappus ; the narrow ligule always shorter than its tube : disk-flowers sometimes few, with usually 4-toothed corollas: pappus simple. E. canadensis L. Sp. ii, 863. From sparsely hispid to almost glabrous: stems strict, 1-10 feet high, with numerous narrowly paniculate heads, or in depauperate plants' only a few inches high and with few scattered heads : leaves linear, entire or the lower spatulate and incised or few-toothed, commonly more or less hispid-ciliate : heads usually very numerous about 2 lines wide: rays whie usually a little exerted and sur- paesing the style branches. Common in waste places and fields through- out North A.merica. 22 BACCHARIS L. Gen. n. 949. Dioecious shrubs with alternate leaves and small paniculate or corymbose heads of tubular flowers. Involucre regularly imbri- cated, of squamaceous bracts. Receptacle mostly flat and naked, rarely chafly. Flowers of the staminate heads with tubular- funnelform 5-cleft carollas, subulate style -branches with the stigmatic portion obsolete and overy abortive ; corolla of the pistillate flowers reduced to a slender truncate or minutely toothed tube, shorter than the filiform style. Achenes 5-10- striate. Pappus of the satminate flowers of a series of scabrous COMPOSITiE 323 and often tortuose and more or less clavellate bristles: of the pistillate of usually more numerous and fine bristles. Trib. Hi, Inuloideas Cass. An. Sci. Nat. 1829, 20. Heads Jieterogamous, radiate or discoid with fertile flowers filiform or Ugulate; or sometimes homogamous and tuhuliflorous. Anthers sagittate^ and the base of the lobes produced into more or less of a tail (caudate) or other appendage. Style-branches of the herma- phrodite flowers filiform or fiattish not appendaged: the stigmatic lines running to or vanishing near the roundish or truncate tip, which is at most papillose or somewhat penicillate. Style of stam- inate-sterile flowers commonly entire. Pappus usually capillary or none. Involucre commonly dry or scarious, rarely foliaceous. SUBTRIBE I FiLAGiNEiE. Bracts of the involucre mostly thin and scarious. Receptacle with scales of various texture, enclos- ing or subtending the fertile flowers or achenes : pistillate flowers with filiform truncate or 2-3-toothed corollas. * Achenes gibbous and compressed : corolla and style lateral ; pap- pus none. 25 Micropns Fertile flowers few and in a single series on the short recep- tacle, included in the laterally compressed very gibbous scale of the receptacle which strictly encloses the achene. * * Achenes straight or slightly oblique : corolla and style terminal. •*- Chaff loosely enclosing the aehene : central flowers sterile 86 Stylocline Fertile flowers 5-10 or more, in two or more series on a cylindrical or columnar receptacle, their chaff thin, saccate or boat- shaped: pappus of few caducous bristles to the sterile flowers or none. 27 Psilocarphus Fertile flowers numerous, in several series, on a globu- lar receptacle, each in an obovate turgid membranaceous and reticu- lated chaff : pappus none. +- +- Chaff more open, hardly enclosing: the achenes : fertile flowers in more than one series ; central flowers sometimes fertile. 28 Hesperevax Receptacle villous, its centre elongated into a narrow column : achenes pear-shaped, flattened parallel to the subtending chaff : pappus none. SUBTRIBE II GNAPHALiE^. Bracts of the involucre all thin and scarious, often pearly, persistent. Receptacle naked. Floccose- woolly herbs. 29 Antennaria Heads completely dioecious, the staminate with undivi- ded style, and bristles of the pappus thickened or barbellate at the apex : pappus of the pistillate flowers slenvier and united at the base. 80 Anaphalis Heads incompletely dioecious: staminate heads with a few hermaphrodite but sterile flowers in the centre: bristles of the pappus all separate, those ot the sterile flowers little thickened upward. 81 Gnax)haliiim Heads all heterogamous : pistillate flowers very numer- ous, in more than one series ; hermaphrodite fertile ones fewer, in the centre : bristles of the pappus slender, not thickened upward. SUBTRIBE III EUiNULE^ Outer bracts of the involucre herba- 324 COMPOSITE mickopus ceous. Receptacle naked. Tall herbs. 82 INULA Heads heterogamous, radiate, with all the flowers fertile : pap- pus of capillary bristles. SUBTRIBE IV ADENOCAULE^ Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, few, in a single series. Receptacle not chaffy. Heads few-flowered : both pistillate and hermaphrodite sterile flowers with similar di- lated tubular corollas, the former rather fewer and with enlarged exsertsd achenes 3S Adenocanlon Achenes club-shaped and several times longer than the involucre, beset with some stipitate glands : pappus none. SUBTRIBE V DiMERESE^ Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, few, in a single series. Receptacle not chaffy. Flowers few, her- maphrodite, fertile. Pappus of rather few bristles. 34 Bimeresia Heads 2- flowered : involucre of 2 slightly united bracts, each almost enclosing a flower : pappus of 20 slightly united bristles that are early deciduous. Suhtrihe 1 Filaginese Fenzl Fl. ii 729. Heads hHerogamous^ mostly androgynous^ discoid. Involucre of few srarious or firmer bracts Receptacle chaffy, a chaff or involucral bract enclosing or sudtending each pistillate flower or achene. Corolla of the pistillate Howers a filiform tube, shorter than the style; of the hermaphrodite commonly sterile flowers regularly 4'toothed; their anthers sometimes only acutely sagittate or auriculate at base, and the short style-bran- ches or undivided stvU not truncate. Achenes mostly smooth and even, small and seed-like^ the very thin pericarp destitute of nerves X)r other markings. 2b MICROPUS Gaertn. Fr. t. 164. Low floccose-woolly annuals with entire leaves and small heads of inconspicuous flowers in sessile clusters. Heads discoid, several- flowered ; the pistillate flowers with filiform corolla forming a single series, each wholly enclosed in a conduplicate infolded and laterally compressed very gibbous chaff or scale, which be- comes firm-coriaceous or cartilaginous in fruit, and falls at ma- turity with the completely enclosed achene, inclined at length to dehisce into two valves; the hermaphrodite but sterile flowers with 4-5-toothed tubular corolla few and naked in the centre. Involucre of few scarious bracts. Receptacle small and short. Achenes obovate and gibbous laterally compressed, smooth, its apex lateral. Pappus wanting. M. Californicns F. & M. Ind. sem. Petrop 1835, 42. Stems slender, 4-16 inches high, loit^ely white-woolly, simple or sparingly branched above, leafy to the top: leaves linear -oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire, 6-8 lines long, densely tomentose with a fine somewhat silky white wool, the largest near the centre of the stem : heads in lateral and terminal clusters which are inclined to be spicate : fructiferous scales very woolly, under the wool smooth, half-obcordate, with a suberect beak terminating in a somewhat dilated scarious apex. Common on dry open hillsides, southwestern Ore- STYLOCLINB COMPOSITE 325 PSILOCARPHUS gon and California. 23 STYLOCLIXE Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. viii, 338. Low floccose-woolly annuals with entire alternate leaves and small heads of inconspicuous flowers in glomerate clusters. Heads many-flowered ; the pistillate flowers with filiform corolla, several or many, in two or many series on the columnar receptacle^ each with the ovary and achene loosely enclosed in the base or body of an ovate broadly boat-shaped chaff" or scale of the recepta- cle, of scarious or firmer membranaceous texture : the hermaphro- dite but sterile flowers few in the centre, on the narrow summit of the receptacle, involucrate but not enclosed by the 4or 5 merely concave scales of the receptacle, their tubular corollas 4-5-toothed. Bracts of the involucre hyaline and inconspicuous or hardly any. Achenes obovate or oblong with a narrow ba^e, slightly oblique or straight, the areola terminal. Pappus none to the achenes, commonly a few caducous scabrous bristles around the sterile flowers. Ours of § ANciSTROCARPHUS Gray. Fertile flowers 5-10, their chaffy scales in not more than two series, boat-shaped and invol- ving the achene, of firm-membranaceous texture, and with a hyaline tip; the 5 uppermost scales sterile and larger, forming an involucre around the sterile flowers, open, tapering into a rigid incurved hooked cusp, persistent, and at length stellately spreading. S. fllaginea Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 652 Canescent with a fine and appres>ed wool : stems slender, 1-10 inches higti, erect, or diffuse and and branching from the base : leaves narrowly linear or somewhat dilated upward, 6-8 lines long : involucre outside of the woolly fructiferous scales obscure or none : pappus to sterile flowers none, On dry stony hillsides, southwestern Oregon and California. 27 PSILOCARPHUS Nutt. 1. c. Low floccose-woolly annuals with entire mostly opposite leaves and small heads of inconspicuous flowers in terminal capitate clusters and in the forks of the branching stems, involucrate by the upper leaves. Heads discoid, many-flowered ; the pistillate flowers with filiform corolla, numerous, in several series on the depressed-globose receptacle, each loosely enclosed in an obovate or semicordate hooded-saccate visiccular or inflated chaff or scale of membranaceous texture clothed with soft wool, its apex in- trorse and more or less beaked with a hyaline scale ; the her* maphrodite but sterile flowers few and naked in the centre, with tubular 4-5-toothed corolla. Bracts of the involucre few, small, scarious- Achenes oblong or cylindraceous and moderately com- pressed, straight, small and loose in the sack of the scale, which, is more or less open down the inner face. Pappus none. * Leaves all tapering below ; the midrib not prominent? canescent with close wool throughout: fructiferous bracts not over a line long. ^26 COMPOSITiE psil ocabphus HESPEREVAX T. tenellns Nutt. 1. c. Canescently tomentose throughout with fine oppressed wool which soon detaches from the stem : stems at length much inch or two high : the thickish rootstocks creeping: stems 1-2 inches high,, very leafy : leaves spatulate, attenuate below to a petiole, 6-12 lines long whitish-tomentose both sides : heads solitary, 3-4 lines high : bracts of the involucre well imbricated, the outer successively shorter and obtuse, the- inner acute or acuminate ; of the fertile heads narrow with hyaline acum- inate tips: achenes oblong, pubescent: pappus of the fertile flowers copi- ous, of soft and very slender bristles that are not at ail thickened upwards Common on dry plains east of the Cascade mountains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. A. flagellaris Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 212 Silky-lanate : stem sol-- itary, 6-20 lines high, from a slender rootstock : lower leaves subulate- from a very broad and somewhat clasping base, producing from their axils slender wiry stolons 2-6 inches long, with a tuft of leaves and a bud at their apices which root and form new piants : cauline It^aves linear, 10-14 lines long, not at all narrowed at base : heads solitary, 3-4 lines high : bracts of the involucre in few ranks, but little unequal, acute or the inner ones shortly acuminate. On barren rocky ridges m the mountains of eas- tern Oregon and Washington. A, stenophylla Gray 1. c. "Stems erect from a subten anean caudex, slender, 4-6 inches high, without stolons, leafy, terminated by a capituli- form glomerule of 2-4 heads : leaves very narrowly linear or almost filiform, attenuate to both ends (the larger 3 inclies long), silvery- woolly : heads barely 3 lines long : involucral bracts in both sexes broadish and obtuse, dark brown, or in the male the inner ones with white tips : achenes (two thirds of a line long), minutely hirtellous-scabrous : female pappus scanty, only a line long : * *. High hills Union Co. eastern Oregon Cusick. " § 2 Bristles of the staminate pappus stout, with clavate or scarious-dilated tips. * Not surculose by stolons, 6-12 inches high : pistillate heads nar- row, cylindraceous or clavate : achenes glandular. A. Geyeri Gray PI. Fendl. 107. Pubescence appressed eilky-canescentr stems numerous from a lignescent branched base, 3-8 inches high : leaves 328 COMPOSITE antennaria spatulate or oblanceolate, 3-12 lines long, mostly acute : heads numerous, 3-4 lines high, cylindraceous, or the staminate campanulate, in terminal spicately or cymosely disposed glomerules: involucre very woolly at base; of the pistillate heads commonly 4 lines long, of the staminate shorter, the inner in both with ronspicuous rose-purple or ivory- white tips which in the latter are obtuse, in the former narrower and acute. In dry open woods, eastern Washington to California, not common. * * Not surculose-stoloniferous : stems simple from the subterranean branching caudex, rather strict, leafy, naked at the summit, and bearing a mostly cymose-compound cluster of heads : inner bracts of the staminate involucre all wi'h conspicuous ivory-white obtuse tips; those of the pistillate hwit hardly any tips: herbage silvery-lanate: larger lower leaves 3-nerved. A. luzuloides T. & G. Fl. ii, 430. "Closely silky-woolly : stems slender 8-12 inches high : leaves all narrowly linear or some of the lowest narrowly lanceolate-spatiilate, small, uppermost linear-subulate: heads small (2 lines or the pistillate baTcly 3 lines long), several or numerous: involucre glabrous nearly or quite to the base ; its inner bracts in the pistillate heads obtuse : achenes glandular ; the spatulate and a«it were petaloid tips of the staminate pappus obtuse." Brit. Columbia to Oregon and Wyoming, east of the Cascade mountains. A. argentea Benih. PL Hartw. 319. Silvery lanate with a very fine and Eomewhat strigose pubescence: stems slender, 10-20 inches high, leafy, leaves linear-lanceolate or broader to linear, 1- 4 inches long, atten- uate below to a margined petiole with a dilated and somewhat clasping base, more or less prominently 3-nerved: heads small numerous, panicl- ed: involucre glabrous, 1-2 lines high, its bracts obtuse or acutish : tips of the staminate pappus dilated. Dry grounds, Washington to California. A. laiiata Greene Pitt, iii 288. A. Carpathica R. Br. as to the Ameri- can plant. Densely white-woolly: stems simple, 8-12 inches high : lower leaves spatulate-lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, attenuate below to a slender petiole, the upper linear, with conspicuous scarious tips : heads several to many, in a close capitate terminal cluster: involucre 2-3 lines high, dense- ly woolly at base, the inner bracts with conspicuous white tips; of the sta- minate flowers broad and obtuse, of the pistillate linear and acute : achenes glabrous: pappus of the staminate flower •• of moderately dilated bristles. On high mountains, Brit. Columbia to eastern Oregon. * * * Surculose-proliferous by either subterranean or humifuse and leafy shoots or stolons. -<- Involucre woolly at base. A. media Greene 1. c. 286. A. alpina of authors as to the American plant. Somewhat cespitose: radical shoots not very numerous, short: densely silky- woolly : flowering stems 1-6 inches high : radical leaves broad- ly spatulate to obovate, 4-10 lines long; cauline linear-spatulate to linear: heads few to several; the pistillate sessile in a close capitate cluster, with brown narrow lanceolate acute involucral bracts ; the staminate heads oft- en somewhat panicled, with oblong mostly obtuse bracts with scarious white tips: pappus but little if at all thickened upward. On the highest mountains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. A. rosea Greene 1. c. 281 ; A. dioica var. rosea Eaton. Loosely surculose: silvery-canescent and floccose: stems stoutish, 2-12 inches high, leafy: leaves of the sterile shoots oblanceolate to spatulate, an inch or more long ; of the flowering stems linear-lanceolate to linear, 1-13^ inches long : heads usually numerous, in a close panicle : bracts of the involucre rose- color to red^ about 2 lines long, lanceolate, mostly obtuse : staminate plant not seen. On the highest mountains, from Brit. Columbia to California. ANTENNARIA COMPOSITiE 329 A. pedicellata Greene 1. o. 175 " Slender, more than a foot high, the stems with scattered spreading and rather conspicuous leaves instead of upright bracts : lowest leaves on short ascending branches hardly to be called stolons or surciili, small, oblaiiceolate, acute, nerveless, prominently tomentose on both ace* and thin: heads on slender pedicels of 3^-1 inch in length, thus forming a lax subcorymbose cyme: involucres short and subaampanulate, tlieir bracts in only about 3 series, the tips of the inner narrow, acutisli or obtuse: achenes obscurely 5 angled as well as very imnutely and sparingly glandular. Blue mountains of Oregon, CusicJc.''* A. umbrinella Rydberg. Canescent with a very short silky wool which becomes floccose upon the stem and upper leaves : flowering stems slender, 4-10 inches high from a shrubby branching base : leaves of the short sterile branches cuneate to spatulate, without any distinction of blade and petiole, 4-6 lines long 1-3 lines broad at the summit, permanently canescent on both sides, persistent for several years ; leaves of the flowerinar stems oblong or narrower, erect, 3-8 lines long : heads few, sessile in a small cap- itate cluster : involucre campanulate, 2-3 lines high, its bracts broad and obtuse, the inner with conspicaous white tips: staminate plant not seen. On dry foothills of the Cascade mountains on the east side. Distributed by the author as A. dioica in 1881. A. suflfrutescens Greene 1. c. 277. Low evergreen nndershrub, the rig- id procumbent branches leafy throughout, 1-3 inches long : leaves of the branchlets cuneate to spatulate, 2-6 lines long, obtuse and often emargin- ate, densely white-tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above; flower- ing stems slendi^r, 3-6 inches long, with linear to subulate leaves and 1-5 comparatively large heads at the summit : involucre campanulate, 4-5 lines high : bracts of the pistillate involucre narrowly lanceolate, the inner with white acuminate hyaline tips those of the staminate more ample, with ob- tuse or emarginate to acute white tips : bristles of the pappus in the stam- inate flowers with evident though narrow and surrulate dilated tips. On rocky slopes of the Coast mountains in Josephine Co. Oregon. A. Howellii Greene 1. c. 174. A. plantaginifoHa of authors as to the Pacific Coast plant. Freely surculose by slender stolons, the offsets bien- nial: flowering f-tems slender, 6-18 inches high, loosely woolly, bearing linear or lanceolate leaves and a cluster of several heads : radical leaves broadly spatulate to oblanceolate, acute or acutish and apiculate, attenu- ate below to a short petiole, 1-2 inches long, somewhat fleshy, canescent beneath, green and glabrate above: involucre campanulate, about 4 lines long, its bracts linear-lanceolate, the inner with very acute almost hyaline white tips : achenes oblong, pappillose-granular. Common in dry open grounds, western Oregon to Brit. Columbia. -«- +- Heads loosely paniculate : involucre almost glabrous. A. racemosa Hook. Fl. i, 329. Freely surculose by long and slender, sparsely leafy stolons, lightly woolly, becoming glabrate: flowering stems 6-20 inches high, slender sparsely leafy, bearing few or numerous, racem- ously or paniculately disposed heads, nearly all slender-peduncled : leaves thin, the radical broadly oval, acute at each end, slender-petioled, includ- ing the petiole 1-3 inches long, obscurely 3nerved at basft, rather veiny, densely tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above: cauline leaves sim- ilar but smaller and sessile, lanceolate : involucre campanulate, about 3 lines high; its bracts green or brownish; of the staminate heads obtuse, the inner obscurely white-tipped ; of the pistillate heads narrow and most- lyacute, with scarious white tips: Moist woods and rocky banks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky mountains. 3S0 COMPOSITE ANAPHALIS GNAPHALIUM 30 ANAPHALTS DC. Prodr. vi, 241. While-tomentose woolly perrenial herbs with leafy erect stems entire leaves and numerous small discoid heads ofyeJlowdisk flowers. Heads dioecious but usually with a few hermaphrodite flowers in the centre of the pistillate heads. Bristles of the pap- pus of the staminate flowers but little if at all thickened at the apex; of the pistillate flowers not united at base but falling sep- arately. A, margaritacea B. & H. Gen. ii, 303. Stems stout, 1-2 feet high, tuHed, very leafy, the white fioccope wool rarely becoming tawny : leaves from rather broadly to linear lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, wliite-woolly be- neath, soon glabrate and green above, the broadei ones indistinctly 3- nerved: heads numerous, corj'mbosely cymose: involucre globnlar, its numerous bracts almost wholly pearly-whie: acheoes oblong. Common on dry ridges in forests, Alaska to California and across the continent. 30 GNAPHALIUM L. Gen. n. 943. Cudweed. Floccose-woolly herbs with sessile, and sometimes decurrent leaves and commonly numerous heads of s mall fiowers in cym- ose clusters or glomerules. Heads heterogamous, discoid, fertile throughout, of few or many series of pistillate flowers surround- ing a smaller number of hermaphrodite ones. Involucre pluri- serial, imbricated, the scarious and commonly partly woolly bracts with or without colored papery tips or appendages. Style of hermaphrodite flowers 2-cleft. Pappus of numerous merely scabrous capillary bristles in a single series. Achenes terete or flattish, mostly nearly nerveless. § 1 EuGNAPHALiUM DC. Prodr. vi, 122. Bristles of the pap- pus not at all united at base, falling separately. * Involucre woolly only at base, mainly scarious : heads paniculately or corymbosely cymose, or glomerate at the fcu mm it of the leafy gem and branches. Gr. microcephalnm Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 404 Densely white-woolly throughout: stems slender, 1-2 feet high, from a biennial or more enduring root : leaves linear or the lower spatulate-lanceolate, with slenderly decurrent base, persistently white-woolly, 1-2 inches long : heads small, in small paniculate glomerules : involucre from turbinate to cam- panulate, 1-2 lines high, woolly at base, its ovate-lanceolate bracts mostly unequal, acute, pearly-white. On dry bars and bluffs along water-courses, Brit. Columbia to California. G. Sprengelii H.&A. Bot. Beech. 150. Stems stout and strict, 1-3 feet high from a biennial root : leaves lanceolate or linear or the lowest narrow- ly spatulate, densely white-w oolly or sometimes more thinly floccose, the short decurrent base or adnate auricles rather broad : heads numerous, in single to numerous glomerules, terminating the stem or few branches: in- volucre hemispherical, 3 lines high, white or yellowish, becoming slightly rusty in age, its bracts thin, oval and oblong, obtuse. Common on moist river-banks, Brit Columbia to California. G. decnrrens Ives Am. Journ, Sci. i, 380, t. 1. Stems strict, 2-3 feet high, corymbosely branched at the top and bearing cymulosely disposed GNAPHALIDM COMPOSITE 331 glomerules of rather broad heads : leaves very numerous, lanceolate or the upper linear, white- woolly beneath or rarely glabra! e: involucre broadly campanulate, white, usually becotning rusty tinged, the thin scarious bracts ovate and oblong, acutish, only the innermost linear-lanceolate and acute. Rather open and dry grounds , Brit. Columbia to Washington. * * Involucre less imbricated, more woolly, the scarious tips of the nearly equal bracts not very conspicuous, dull-colored : heads glomerate and leafy-bracteate, only a line or so high : low branching annuals. G. palustre Nutt. 1. c. 403. Loosely floccose with long wool : stems erect or diffusely branching from the base, 2-8 inches high : leaves spatulate to lanceolate or linear. (5-12 lines long: heads very numerous, in small glom- erules terminating the stem or branches '.involucre campanulate, its bracts linear with glabrous white acute tips. Edges of ponds and damp places^ Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky mountains. G. ULiGiNosuM L. Fl. Dan. 859. Appressed-woolly : stems 2-6 inches high, soon diffusely branched, leafy: leaves spatulate-linear or the lower spatu'ate-oblanceolate, 6-12 lines long: heads numerous, in racemosely disposed glomerules: involucre narrow, 1-2 lines long, its linear-lanceolate or subulate bracts brown or soon becoming so. On moist banks and flats^ Brit. Columbia to California and the eastern States: introduced from Eu. § 2 Gamoch^ta Webb Chlor. And. i, 151, as genus Bristles of the pappus united at base into a ring and deciduous together from the achene. Heads spicately or capitalely glomerate, the lower glomerules leafy-bracteate. Involucre brownish, purple or sorded. 0. purpureum L. Pp. is 854. Canescent with close and dense silvery wool: stems simple, stoutish, 5-12 inches high, from a perennial root: leaves spatulate, 1-2 inches long, often becoming green and glabrate above; heads numerous, in an oblong or cylindraceous or spiciform inflorescence : involucre campanulate, about 2 lines long, its ovate or lanceolate bracts brownish or purplish. Common in fields and open places, throughout North America. Sublrihe Hi, Euinula DC- Prodr v, 463. Heads lielerogam- ous,wWi the pislillale flowers all ligulale and radiate, and the disk-flowers all hermaphrodiU and fertile. Receptacle naked. Slyle-hranehes of the hermaphrodite flowers linear, rounded at the apex. :^chenes mostly coriaceous. 32 INULA L. Gen. n. 956. Tomentose or woolly perennial herbs with alternate leaves and large heads of yellow flowers. Heads radiate, many- flowered. Involucre imbricated, the outer bracts herbaceous. Receptacle flat or nearly so, not chaffy. Achenes more or less 4-costate. Pappus of scabrous capillary bristles. 1. HELENiuM L. Sp. 881. (elecampane.) Stcms tufted from |large thick roots, simple, or rarely somewhat branched, 2-6 feet high, densely pubes- cent above : leaves large, broadly oblong, rough above, densely pubescent beneath, denticulate, the radical ones acute at each end long-petioled, 10-20 inches long by 4-8 broad ; cauline sessile or cordate-clasping at the base, acute at the apex, smaller: heads solitary or few, terminal, stout-peduncl- ed, 2-4 inches broad : involucre hemispherical, nearly 1 inch high, its stout bracts ovate, foliaceous, pubescent : rays numerous, linear : aclienes 332 COMPOSITJE adenocaulon DIMERESIA glabrous, 4-8ided. iloadsides and wast places : introduced from Europe. SuMrihe iv MenocauUce Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt 2, 59. Heads liehrogamous, discoid; holh pisiillaie and herviaphro- diU flowers wilh iuhular viort or less ampliale 4-5-ioolhed or 'lohed corolla: involucre not scarious: receptacle naked: iichenes elongated, striate or nerved: pappus none, 33 ADENOCAULON Hook. Bot. Mlse. i, 119, t. 15. Perennial herbs with slender stems alternate and dilated leaves on long margined petioles, and very small heads of whitish flow- ers. Heads several to many-flowered ; the marginal ones pistil- late only; the more numerous central ones hermaphrodite-sterile. Involucre of few thin herbaceous bracts. Receptacle flat, naked. Corollas all somewhat alike ; of the sterile flowers broadly fun- nelform and deeply 4-5 -cleft ; of the fertile ones less ampliate, either regularly 4-lobed. or bilabiate with the outer lip 3-lobed. Style of the sterile flowers undivided ; of the fertile ones with short and broad stigmatic branches. Anthers sagittate, the au- ricles minutely but evidently caudate, connate. Achenes obovate- oblong or clavate, very obtuse, very much exceeding the involu- cre, the upper part beset with stout stipitate glandsi A. blcolor Hook. 1. c. Stems 1-3 feet high, leafy below: leaves dilated- cordate, 1-3 inches long by nearly as broad, coarsely sinuate-dentate or repand or slightly lobed, early glabrate and green above, white with thin cottony wool beneath : bracts of the involucre 4-5, in a single series, ovate, reflexed in fruit : fertile corollas regularly 4-lobed : achenes club-shaped, 2-3 lines long. Common in forests and woods, Alaska to California and east to Lake Superior. Suhtrihe v. Dimeresese. Heads homogamous, flowers all herma- qhrodite and fertile. Corollas tubular and regular, 5-toothed. 34 DIMERESIA Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2, Supp. 448. Low annuals with opposite leaves and 2-flowered heads in dense terminal glomerules. Heads discoid, homogamous, the flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. Involucre of 2 herbaceous oblong concave bracts, a little united at base, each subtending and almost enclosing a flower. Corolla tubular, regular, 5-tooth- ed. Anthers sagittate at base, the narrow auricles but little ex- tended. Style -branches narrowly linear, obtuse, not appendaged, the bordering stigmatic lines extending to and around the naked apex. Achenes clavate-pyriform, glabrous, many-striate, with small epigynous areola, bearing a pappus of stout plumose bristles in a single series which are united at base in a ring and early deciduous together. ^ B. Howellii Gray 1. c. 449. Stems stoutish, minutely floccose-woolly, simple or branched, 6-18 lines long, from a long annual taproot : leaves ob- ovate or oval, including the broad petiole 10-14 lines long, thiuly white- woolly beneath, soon glabrate and green above : heads numerous, subses- sile, in dense terminal glomerules : corollas purplish or flesh-color : pappus COMPOSITE 333 of 20 long-plumose bristles. On high stony hills, near Stein mountain southeastern Oreg' n. Tribe iv Helianthoidese B. & H. Gen. ii, 166. Heads heterog- amous and the pistillate flowers ligulate and radiate, or rarely with corolla wanting, and then sometimes monoecious: or sometimes homo- gamous by the absence of the ray-flowers: disk-flowers all with regular 4-5-toothed tubular corolla. Receptacle usually with paleae or chaff subtending either all the flowers or the marginal ones only. Anthers at most sagittate, not caudate at base. Style-branches of the herma- phrodite or sterile flowers truncate or continued into a hairy conical to subulate appendage. Pappus various or none: never of truly cap- illary bristles. SuBTRiBE I IvE^. Heads androgynous, having few fertile flowers at the margin. 35 Iva Fertile flowers 1-5, with or without the tube or cup representing a corolla SuBTRiBE II, Ambrosie^. Heads homogamous, monoecious : the fertile ones with 1-4 apetalous flowers in a closed bur-like or achene-like pointed involucre ; the sterile with numerous flowers in an open involucre. * Involucre to the staminate flowers 5-12 lobed or almost truncate 36 Ambrosia Fertile involucres 1-flowercd, achene-like, bearing no more than one row of tubercles or short spines. 37 Oaertneria Fertile involucres 1-4-flowercd, 1-4-celled, armed with more than one row of tubercles or prickles. * * Involucre of the staminate heads of a few distinct scales 38 Xanthiuin Fertile involucres bur-like, 2-celled, 2-flowered, beset with with numerous hooked prickles. Subtribe III Verbesine^ Heads radiate with either neutral or pistillate ray flowers or rayless : the disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Receptacle chaffy. Achenes thick and 3-4-angled or those of the disk laterally compressed. * Receptacle elongated, becoming columnar. 39 Rndbeckia Rays neutral or rarely wanting : achenes quadrangular and compressed. * * Receptacle flat , concave or rarely conical; +- Rays pistillate and fertile. 40 Balsamorhiza Pappus none : achenes of the ray obcompressed ; of the disk prismatic-quadrangular or somewhat compressed. 41 Wyethia Pappus a chaffy-coriaceous crown or cup, continuous with the broad summit of the achene . ■*- ■*- Rays neutral, rarely wanting. 42 Heliauthella Achenes flat, the thin edges more or less wing-like : pappus a pair of persistent awns or chaffy teeth and a crown of inter- mediate chaffy rcales. 334 COMPOSITE 43 Helianthus Achenes thick, quadrangular-compressed or with the sides convex and the angles obtuse: pappus a pair of caducous chaffy scales or awns. SuBTRiBE IV, BiDENTiAE^ Heads radiate, the rays neutral or pistillate. Receptacle chaffy with flat or barely concave decidu- ous chaff. Achenes all obcompressed Pappus of 2-4 teeth or awns from the angles, or none. 44 Coreopsis Achenes never rostrate-attenuate nor with retrorsely barb- ed awns. 45 Bidens Achenes neither winged nor beaked, 2-5 -awn ed with retrorse- ly barbed persistent awns. SuBTRiBE V, Galinsoge^ Heads heterogamous with the ray- flowers, when present, fertile ; disk- flowers either perfect and fertile or sterile, Achenes neither compressed nor obcompressed. Pappus in both ray- and disk-flowers few to numerous chaffy scales. 46 Blepharipappus Heads radiate ; the rays pistillate : pappus of 12-2(> thin scales with a stout midrib. SuBTRiBE VI, Madie^ Hcads hetcrogamous; ray-flower8, when present, fertile ; disk-flowers either perfect and fertile, or sterile. Involucre a series of bracts, each subtending and more or less en- closing a ray-achene. Receptacle chaffy only at the margin, the chafl f )rming a sort of inner involucre or else subtending some or all of the disk flowers * Achenes all laterally compressed ; those ef the ray wholly enclosed in the carinate strongly infolded bracts of the involucre. 47 Anisocarpns Rays conspicuous and mostly numerous, fertile; disk- flowers numerous, sterile or tne exterior ones fertile ; with pubescent corolla and a pappus composed of fimbriate or plumose -lacerate scales. 48 Madaria Rays numerous and conspicuous : disk-flowers without pap- pus, either all or only the central ones sterile. 49 Madia Rays 1-12 or none, short and more or less inconspicuous : disk- flowers numerous or few, all fertile, destitute of pappus. 50 Harpsecarpus Rays 4-8, very short and inconspicuous ; disk-flower solitary, fertile, enclosed in a 3-5-toothed herbaeeous cup : pappus none. * * Achenes of the ray-flowers turgid, more or less oblique or incurv- ed, never laterally compressed but mostly so (newhat obcompressed; bracts of the involucre each investing an achene, rounded on the back. 51 Hemizonella Involucre stronglg 4-5-sulcate by the complete enwrap- ing of the 4 or 5 achenes : disk-flower solitary in a son of inner invo- lucre : pappus none. 52 Hemizonia Achenes of the ray-flowers obovate-triangular, with de- pressed terminal areola; disk -flowers numerous, with abortive achenes : pappus none. 53 Calycadenia Achenes of the ray-flowers obovoid, the terminal areola little if at all oblique, triangular; of the numerous disk-flowers well formed, and sometimes truly fertile, surrounded by a circle of herba- ceou bracts ; paj pus of conspicuous chaffy scales. iVA COMPOSITtE 335 54 Centromadia Achenes of theray-flowers very oblique, the srr all ter- minal areola from the summit of the inner angle or face, on a narrow beak : receptacle convex or co ideal, chaffy throughout, the chaff distinct. * * * Bay-achenes obcompressed or clavate, completely enclosed in the involucral bracts which are flattish on the back at base and their thin margins abruptly infolded. 55 Lagophylla Heads few-flowered : ray achenes about 5, obovate, much obcompressed, smooth: disk-flowers sterile: pappus none. 66 Layia Heads many-flowered: rays 8-20, with obovate or somewhat clavate smooth ach2aes; disk-flowers mostly fertile, their similar or narrower achenes often pubescent: pappus composed of bristles or sub- ulate pointed scales or none. 57 Achyrachaena Heads many-f owe red ; the flowers all fertile : achenes linear-cuneate or clavate, 10-ribbed, some or all of the ribs tuberculate- scab» ous ; those of the disk with a pappus of blunt, silvery-scarious scales in 2 series. Suhtribe i Ivese Heads androgynous^ hearing few pistillate flowers at the margin; the more numerous staminate ones all or most of them subtended by slender chaffy bracts. Anther-tips short and obtuse, rarely pointed. Involucre open. Achenes usually large for the size of tne head J free. 35 IVA L. Gen. n. 1059. Herbs or shrubs with entire or dentate or dissected leaves, at least the lowest ones opposite, and small spicately or racemosely or paniculately disposed or scattered and commonly nodding heads of inconspicuous flowers. Fertile and sterile flowers in the same heads: the former 1-5. marginal, with a small tubular corolla; the latter 7-20 (rarely only 2 or SJj with tubular-campanulate or fun- nelform 5-toothed corolla. Bracts of the campanulate or hemi- spherical involucre 3-5, in a single series and more or less united into a cup. Receptacle chaffy with linear or spatulate scales sub- tending the sterile flowers. Anthers nearly distinct. Style in the fertile flowers deeply 2-cleft: of the sterile ones undivided. Achenes obovate, thick, often granulate without a disk at the apex. Pappus wanting. I. axillaris Pursh Fl. 743- Herbaceous from somewhat woody creep- ing rootstocks; the stems or branches nearly simple, ascending, 10-20 inches high: leaves obovate or oblong to nearly linear, obtuse, entire, ses* sile, rarely over an inch long, even the uppermost usually much surpassing the mostly solitary heads in their axiles: bracts of the hemispherical involucre connate into a 4-5-lobed or sometimes parted and sometimes merely crenate cup : bracts of the receptacle reduced to filiform chaff. In saline or sandy places, Brit. Columbia to California New Max. and the Saskatchewan. I. xauthifolia Nutt. Gen. ii, 185 " Tall and coarse ( 3-5 feet high), pu- bescent, at least when young: leaves mainly opposite, long-petioled, broad- ly ovate, ample coarsely or incisely serrate, acuminate, 3-ribbed at base, pubescently scabrous above and when young canescent beneath : heads nearly sessile, crowded in narrow spiciform clusters which are aggregated in axillary and terminal panicles : involucre depressed-hemispheric, biser- ial, the outer of 5 broadly ovate herbaceous bracts; inner of as many mem- 336 COMPOSITE ambrosia G-ERTNEKIA branaceous dilated-obovate or truncate ones which are strongly concave at maturity and half embrace the obovate-pyriform and glabrate akenes." Idaho and eastward. Subtribe ii, Ambrosiese DC. Prodr, Vy 522, Heads unisexual, monoecious; the Jertile with solitary or 2-4 completely apetalous or nearly apetalous pistillate flowers in a closed nut-like or bur-like invo- lucre, only the style-branches ever exserted: the sterile of numerous staminate greenish or yellowish flowers with obconical corollas in an open involucre, the heads in a raceme or spike of centripetal evolu^ tion. Achenes turgid-obovoid or ovoid. Pappus wholly wanting. * Involucral bracts of the staminate head united. Receptacle low. 36 AMBROSIA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 1057. Coarse branching monoecious or rarely dioecious herbs with mostly lobed or dissected opposite and alternate leaves and small heads of greenish flowers the staminate heads racemose or spicate without subtending bracts, the pistillate below, commonly in small clusters in the axils of leaves or bracts. Involucre of the pistillate heads globose-ovoid or top-shaped, closed, 1-flowered, usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines : corolla none. Stamens none: style -branches filiform : of the staminate heads mostly hemispheric or saucer-shaped, 5-12-lobed, open, many-flow^ered. Receptacle nearly flat, naked or with filiform chaff. Corolla funnelform, 5-toothed. Style undivided, penicillate at the apex. A. artemisiaefolla L. Sp. 987. Pubescent, puberulent or hirsnte pan- iculately branched annual, 1-6 feet high : leaves thin, bipinnatifid or pin- nately parted with the divisions irregularly pinnatifid, or sometimes nearly entire, on the flowering branches often undivided ; racemes of sterile heads very numerous, 1-6 inches long, the involucres hemispheric, crenate, the receptacle chaffy : fertile heads obovoid or subgloboae, mostly clustered, 1-2 lines long, short-beaked, 4-6-spined near the summit, sparingly pubes- cent. Dry plains and fields, eastern Washington to Brit. Columbia and the eastern States. 37 G^RTNERIA Medicus Act. Pal. iii, 244. FRANSERIA Cav. Herbs or woody plants with chiefly alternate, lobed or divided leaves and small, monoecious rayless heads of greenish flowers : the staminate numerous, in terminal spikes or racemes : the pistillate solitary or clustered in the axils of the upper lea-ves. Involucre of the pistillate heads ovoid or globose, closed, 1-4-celled, 1-4- beaked, armed with several rows of spines and forming a bur in fruit : corolla none or rudimentary ; style deeply bifid, its branch- es exserted ; stamens none ; achenes obovoid, thick, solitary in the cells : pappus none. Staminate heads sessile or short-peduncled, their involucres broadly hemispheric, open, 5-12-lobed ; recepta- cle chaffy: corolla regular, the tube short, the limb 5-lobed: style undivided : anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate tipped. G. acanthocarpa Brit. Mem. Torr. Club v, 332. Franseria Hookeriana GJ5RTNERIA COMPOSITjE 337 XANTHIDM Nutt. Stems 1-3 feet high, from an annual or biennial root, diffusely branched from the base, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, sometimes canescent with strigose-sericeous pubescence when young: leaves of ova'e or round- ish outline, 1-3 inches broad bipinnatifid or the upper oblong and only pinna' ifid: staminate racemes solitary or paniculate: pistillate involucres armed with flat and thin lanceolate-subulate smoo h and glabrous long and straight spines, 3-4 lines long, commonl^^ 1-flowered. On sandy plains and river-banks, Brit. Columbia to California and Nevada. G. bipinnatiflda O. Ktz. Rev. Gen. i, 339. Franseria hipinnatifida NntL Herbaceous perennial with stout procumbent stems 2-3 feet long, some- what hirsute : leaves ovate in outline, 1-2 inches long, 2-3-pinnately parted into oblong-linear divisions and sma'l oblong lobes, canescent with soft tomentum or fine hirsute-sericeous pubes ence: stammate heads rather large, in dense spikes or ra3emes; pistillate heads ovate-faeiform, armed wi'h rather short and thick but flattish tubercle-like spines, their acute tips sometimes incurving. On sandy beaches along the coast, Brit. Colum- bia to California. €r. Chamissonis O. Ktz. 1. c. Franseria Chamissonis Less. Stems pro- cumbent, 2-3 feet long, from a perennial root : leaves cuneate-obovate or oblong-ovate with a cuneate base, 3-5-nerved at base, obtusely serrate, the lower often iaciniate-incised : staminate spikes or racemes dense, of rather large heads ; pistillate heads ovate, armed with rather short and t^ick but flattish canalicu'ate tubercule-like spines. Sandy sea-beaches, Brit- Co- lumb a to California. Not common. * * Involucre of the staminate heads of few distinct bracts Re- ceqtacle cy'indraceous. XA.NTHIUM Tourn. L. Gen. n. 1056- (cockle-bur) Coarse annuals with branching stems, alternate and usually lobed or toothed leaves, and mostly clustered heads of greenish or yellowish flowers, in terminal or larger axillary clusters of both sexes, the staminate uppermost. Involucre of the globu- lar sterile heads 1-2 series of small narrow bracts. Receptacle distinctly paleaceous, a cuneate or linear-spatulate chaffy bract partly enclosing each sterile flower. Filaments monadelphous. Anthers distinct but connivent, the inflexed apical appendage mucronate. Sterile style unappendaged. Fertile head a closed and ovoid bur-like 2-celled and 2-flowered involucre, 1-2-beak- ed at the apex, the surface clothed with uncinate-tipped prickles : each flower a single pistil, maturing a thick ovoid achene, the two permanently enclosed in the indurated prickly involucre. * Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-ribbed from the base, with dentate margins, and often incised or lobed, on long petioles : axiles unarmed : fruiting involucre with 2 prominent beaks. X# STRUMARiuM L. Sp. 987. Rough : stems 1-6 feet high : leaves slender- petioled, broadly ovate to orbicular, 3-ribbed and moie or less cordate at base, the lower often 10 inches broad, irregularly dentate and more or less 2-5- lobed: fruiting involucre 6-9 lines long, glabrous or pubernlent; the beaks straight and rarely at all hooked at maturity. In waste places. Naturalized from Europe. X, Canadense Mill. Diet. ed. 8, No 2. Stems stout, 1-2 feet high, often punctate with bro-nn spots : leaves ample, broadly ovate, coarsely and irreg- 338 COMPOSITE xanthium RUDBECKIA ularly serrate: fruiting involucre about an inch long, densely beset with rather long prickles, the stout beaks at maturity usually hooked at the tip or incurved, the surface and base of the prickles more or less hispid, some- times glabrate. Sandy shores and waste places Brit. Columbia to Califor- nia and the eastern State?. * * Leaves attenuate at both ends, short^petioled ; their axils triply spinescent. X. spiNOSDM L sp. 987. Stems stout. 1-2 feet high, much branched: leaves ovate-lanceolate with cuneate base, the larger 3-lobed or incisely pinnatifid, green and glabrate above, white-tomentose beneath, with long and slender 3-parted yellow spines in the axils : fruiting involucre solitary or few, in upper axils, cylindraceous, half -inch Idng, obtuse, armed with short weak prickles, inconspicuously 1-2 beaked or pointless Subtribe iiij Verbesineas Less. Rays ligulate and either fertile or neutral, not rarely wanting, the ligule not becoming papery and persistent on the fruit, but sometimes marcescent. Disk-flowers her- maphrodite and fertile or often some of the inner ones sterile, sub- tended and sometimes enwraped by the chaff of the receptacle. An- thers often blackish. Achenes various but those of the disk never obcompressed. Pappus cupulate or coroniform, or of teeth or awns from the principal angles^ or of some squamellae, or of a few stout bristles, or none. 39 RUDBECKIA L. Gen. n. 980. P Mostly perennial herbs with alternate leaves and rather large ^nd showy heads terminating the stem or branches. Heads many-flowerd; the ray-flowers neutral, in a single series, those of the disk tubular and perfect. Bracts of the involucre folia- ceous, in about two series, spreading. Receptacle conical or often more or less elongated and spiciform. Disk-corollas with a, short but usually manifest proper tube and erect or spreading teeth. Style-branches tipped with an acute or obtuse hispid appendage. Achenes 4-angled, prismatic, in som^e species quadrangular-compressed. Pappus a coriaceous or firm-scari- ous and often 4-toothed crown, sometimes deep and cupulif orm . sometimes obsolete, or none. R. Californica Gray Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 357. Stem simple, 2-6 feet high 3-5-leaved, the long and naked peduncle-like summit bearing a single large head: leaves finely soft-pubescent, 3-10 inches long, ovite to oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, pinnately veined somewhat toothed; the middle ones sometimes with a pair of lateral lanceolate lobes at base, uppermost ■sessile, lower tapering into a slender petiole : bracts of the involucre linear : rays 2-3 inches long, narrowyl oblong, yellow : disk columnar 1-2 inches long, disky brown: achenes compressed-prismatic, 2 lines long, crowned with a pappus of 4 irregular thickish chaffy teeth, more or less united at base into acup. Wet meadows and cold spring runs, soutliwestern Oregon to California. R. occidentalls Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. soc. vii, 355. Nearly glabrous and smooth, or somewhat scabrous-puberulent : stems stout, 2-8 feet high, nearly simple : leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or irreg- ularly and sparingly dentate, 4-8 inches long, upper ones sessile by a rounded or eubcord?te base, lower ones abruptly contracted into a short BAMAM0BRHI2A COMPOSIT:^ '339 winged petiole : heads few, on long peduncles ; rays wholly wanting ; disk brownish, ovoid to oblong, becoming 1-2 inches long; its chaffy bracts puberulent at tip : achenes 2 lines long, with conspicuous coroniform sca- rious pappus. Woods along streams, Oregon to California and the Rocky Mountains. 40 BALSAMORRHIZA Hook. Fl. i, 310 (under Heliopm). Low perennial herbs with scape-like stems from thick tere- binthine roots., mostly radical leaves and rather large mostly solitary heads of yellow flowers, Heads many-flowered, hete- rogamous, with fertile ray- and perfect disk-flowers. Involucre hemispherical or broader, ol more or less imbricated bracts, the outer loose and herbaceous, or often foliaceous. Receptacle flat or barely convex, with linear-lanceolate chaff subtending and partly embracing the achenes. Bays oblong or lanceolate, with short tube; disk-corollas cylindrical. Siyle-branches of perfect flowers slender, hispid, at least on the filiform appen- dages. Achenes of the ray flattened parallel with the bracts, oblong; of the disk prismatic-quadrangular or more or less compressed. Pappus none. § Kalliactis Gray PI. Fendl. 81. Ligules becoming thin- papery, and persistent on or very tardily deciduous from the canescently pubescent achenes. B. Careyana Gray 1. c. " Cinereous-pubescent, slightly scabrous: flowering stems a foot high, bearing 3 or 4 small lanceolate leaves and 2 to 7 racemosely disposed heads: leaves subcoriaceous, entire, re'iculated; the radical cordate-lanceolate, a span or more in length : involucre half-inch or more high : ligules oval, hardly inch long, abruptly contracted into a very short but distinct tube: style-branches of the disk-flowers subulate and very hispid throughout, bandy plains on the Clearwater Idaho, and on the Wallawalla Washington. § 2 Artorhiza Nutt. 1. c. 350 Ligules deciduous. Achenes glabrous. Heads 1-3. Leaves entire or merely serrate, the principal ones cordate or with cordate base and long petioled. B. sagittata Nutt. Proc. Am. Phil. Hoc. vii, 350. Silvery-tomeatulose or canescent, and the involucre white- woolly : stems numerous from the crown of the thick root, 6-20 inches high, erect or ascending, with a pair of small linear to spatulate leaves near the middle: radical leaves from cor- date oblong to hastate, entire or nearly so, 4-10 inches long, the base 2-6 inches wide, on longer petioles : rays 1 to nearly 2 inches long. British Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains; B. deltoidea Nutt. 1. c. More or less pubescent or glabrate: stems numerous from the crown of the thick root, erect or ascending, 5-20 inches high, with a pair of small lanceolate leaves near the centre: radical leaves broadly cordate to cordately ovatQrlanceolate, sometimes nearly deltoid, from irregularly serrate to entire, 5-10 inches long acute or shortly acu- minate, very long petioled: involucre woolly or tomentose at base; the bracts in 2 series, longer than the disk, linear-lanceolate, the outer lar- gest, foliaceous, spreading : rays 12-20. 1-2 inches long. Open ridges, Wil- lamette Valley to California. 340 COMPO/SITiE balsamoerhiza - WYETHIA § 3 EuBALSAMORRHizA Nutt. 1. c. Ligules deciduous. Ach- enes glabrous. Stems monocephalous . Leaves varying from laciniately dentate to pinnatelyor bipinnately divided. B. terebinthacea Nutt. 1. c. 349. Slightly and minutely if at all can- escent: stems several froaa the crown of the rather small thick root, at length 10-12 inches long and prostrate, usually with a pair of small opposite linear leaves below the middle : leaves from green and glabrate to minutely h'spidulous-scabrous, at length rigid and reticulate-veiny, oblong-lanceolate with cuneate or truncate base, 4-8 inches long, spinulosely dentate or some-times crenate-dentate or laciniate-incised or even pinnatifid : invo- lucre lanate-tomentose, about an inch high, of numerous narrow linear- lanceolate and attenuate loose and nearly equal herbaceous bracts On high stony ridges, eastern Washington and Oregon to Idaho. B. Hookerl Nutt. 1. c. Canescent with fine sericeous or more tomen- tose pubescence, but not at all hirsute : stems 4 inches to at length a foot long : leaves lanceolate or elongated-oblong in outline, pinnately or bipin- nately parted into lanceolate or linear divisions, or lobes, or some of them only pinnatifid or incised, nearly equalling the stems: involucre from canescently puberulent to lanate; its bracts from linear- to oblong-lan- ceolate, either unequal and well imbricated or some of the outermost ones foliaceous and loose. On stony ridges, Washington to California and Nevada. B. incana Nutt. 1. c. 350. Densely white-tomentose throughout : stems 4-8 inches high: leaves oblong- or deltoid-lanceolate in outline, pinnately < r bipinnately parted or lobed, the divisions oval or oblong : bracts of the involucre lanceolate to linear, 8-10 lines long, imbricated in 2 or 3 series : rays 12-14, more than an inch long: chaff of the receptacle much shorter than the flowers. On high rocky ridges, eastern Washington to California and the Eocky Mountains. B. hirsuta Nutt- 1. c. Roughish-hirsute or hispidulous, not tomentose nor canescent : stems 10-16 inches high, with a pair of opposite leaves below the middle : leaves lanceolate in outline, 4-8 inches long, short-petioled, pinnately parted or divided, the divisions incisely toothed or again pinnat- ifid, soon rigid: involucre 8-12 lines high, its bracts with ovate base and long attenuate tip or linear-lanceolate, hirsute-ciliate. Dry plains British Columbia to California, east of the Cascade Mountains. 41 WYETHIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii, 30. Coarse perennial herbs with usually simple stems, alternate mostly entire leaves and large heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered. Bracts of the campanulate involucre loosely im- bricated in two or three series, nearly equal, foliaceous. the inner- most smaller and resembling the chaff. Receptacle slightly con- vex; the chaff lanceolate, carinate, acute, as long as the flowers and embracing them. Rays large, pistillate, sometimes with ster- ile filaments. Disk-corollas cylindrical, elongated, with a short proper tube^ 5-toothed. Style-branches in the ray-flowers glab- rous: in the disk elongated, filiform, revolute, strongly hispid on the inner faces. Achenes stout, elongated, 4-5-angled, terminated with a coroniform 5-10-toothed or laciniate pappus, one or more of the teeth usually prolonged into a rigid persistent awn. V W. helianthoides Nutt. 1. c. Stems leafy, 6-18 inches high, simple and WYETHtA COMPOSITiE 341 HELIANTHELLA bearing a single large head or rarely 3 or 4: leaves from oval to broadly lanceolate, denticulate or entire, mostly narrowed at base to a short margined petiole, 4-8 inches long: bracts of the involucre numerous, narrowly lanceo- late, hispid-ciliate, usually with more or leas colored tips: rays pale yellow to white, nearly 2 inches long: achenes 4 lines long, either prismatic-quad- rangular or flattish, 12-nei"ved: pappus shorter than the width of the achene, sometimes minute, chaffy-coroniform and cleft into few or several t-eeth. W. amplexicaulis Nutt. 1. c. Glabrous and smooth throughout, balsamic - viscid: stems stout, 1-2 feet high, simple: leaves mostly lanceolate-oblong, entire or denticulate; radical 7-15 inches long by 3^ broad, contracted be- low to a short winged petiole; upper cauline 2-6 inches long, partly clasping by a rounded or subcordate base: heads solitaiy or several, short-peduncled: involucre campanulate, about an inch high: its bi-acts broadly lanceolate, acute or obtuse often some of the outer ones larger and foliaceous: rays 5-20, 1-2 inches long, dark yellow; achenes 3-5 lines long: pappus unequally 3-8- toothed. one or twD of the teeth often prolonged into awns, Common in wet places, British Columbia to Nevada ajid the Rocky Mountains. W. lanceolata. Smooth and glabrous throughout: st^ms assurgent, 6-12 inches long, bearing a single large head: leaves lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, entire or obscurely dentate, all on short petioles or the uppermost barely- sessile: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, 10-12 lines long, acute, or the in- nei-most acuminate; rays bright yellow, 1^-2 inches long, pappus a cup or crown with very in-egular laciniately cut teeth. In damp ground , Blue Mountains of Oregon. W. robusta Nutt. 1, c. W. angustifolia of authors as to the Oregon plant. More or less villous hirsute: stems stomtish, 1-3 feet high mostly erect, leafy, liearing a single large head: radical le§.ves narrow-lanceolate, 6-20 inches long, petioled, often spai'ingly sinuate-toothed; cauline lanceolate, acute, enth-e, tapering to the base, the lowest petioled: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, very hirsute, especially on the margins: pappus of 5-10 irregular stout teeth and mostly 1-4 stout awns. Common in damp soil, western Oregon and Washington. 42 HELIANTHELLA T. & G. Fl. ii, 333. Perennial herbs with mostly simple stems, entire scattered and sessile leaves and solitary heads with yellow ray and yellow or purplish-brown disk-flowers. Heads many-fiowered, the ray- flowers neutral : those of the disk perfect. Bracts of the involucre in about two series, loose, somewhat foliaceous. Chaff of the re- ceptacle persistent, embracing the achenes. Corolla of the disk cylindrical, elongated, 5-toothed, with a very short proper tube. Branches of the style very hispid, more or less obtuse. Ovaries compressed, with one or both margins slightly winged and pro- duced at the summit into a short auriculate and lacerate per- sistent appendages or into an awn, sometimes with intermediate squamella?. H. uniflora T. & G. 1. c. ''Minutely pubescont or somewhat scabrous or glabrate, 1-2 feet high: leaves more commmonly opposite, sometimes all at- teinate, oblong-oblanceolate, 2-6 inches long; fower short-petioled : involu- cre pubescent or slightly hirsute : rays a full inch long: achenes more or less cilia te : pappus a pair of long awns and rather conspicuous squameUi^. EftS' tern Oregon to the Bocky Mountains,'* 342 COMPOSITiB hemanthcs H. Dou^lasii T. & G. 1. c. Stems hirsute with spreading hairs, at least above, 1-4 feet high, striate-angl«d, leafy: leaves oblong-lanceolate, a^utish, nearly sessile, triple-nerved, rough-pubescent, 2-4 inches long: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate to subulate, 6-9 lines long : rays an inch long: disk neai'ly an inch broad: achenes obovate, more or less ciliate, fringed: pap- pus a pair of elongated awns with more or less chaffy dilated base, or some- times reduced to this base, and with mostly conspicuous squamellae. Dry gi-ounds eastern Oregon to British Columbia. 43 HELIANTHUS L. Gen. n. 979. (sunflower.) Erect annual or perennial herbs with simple leaves and large heads of yellow flowers, or those of the disk sometimes brown or purple. Involucre hemispherical or depressed; its bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat to conic, chaffy: the chaff subtending and more or less embracing the achenes. Ray-flowers neutral : those of the disk perfect and fertile , with short proper tube and 5-toothed limb. Anthers entire or min- utely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with hir- sute appendages. Achenes thick, oblong or obovate, compress- or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus of 2 scales or awns, or some- times with 2-4 additional ones, deciduous. § 1 Annuals. Involucre spreading, its bracts attenuate to a point. Disk-flowers brownish or dark purple. Receptacle flat or nearly so. Leaves petioled, 3-ribbed from or near the base, all but the lower usually alternate. H. annnns L. Sp. ii, 904. Stems hispid or scabrous, stout, branched above, 2-6 feet high, or in cultivated forms sometimes 15 feet high : leaves all but the lowest alternate, broadly ovate, petioled, 3-nerved , dentate or den- ticulate, acute at the apex, rough on both sides, sometimes pubescent beneath cordate at base, 2-12 inches long: bracts of the involucre hispid and hispid- ciliate, the outer ovate and abruptly attenuate to a stout bristle; the inner lanceolate and attenuate : rays lanceolate, 1-2 inches long : disk an inch or more or in cultivated plants 4-10 inches in diameter : chaff of the receptacle 3-cleft: achenes obovate-oblong, appressed-pubescent to nearly glabrous. On sandy banks and plains, Brit. Columbia to California and Minnesota. H. petiolaris Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. ii, 115. Stem strigose-hispid or hirsute. 1-3 feet high, simple or branched: leaves all but the lowest alternate, petioled, oblong or ovate to lanceolate, rough on both sides, usually paler beneath, 1-3 inches Jong, entire or denticulate, mostly narrowed at the base to a long and slender petiole: bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong-lan- ceolate, with acute and mucronate or sometimes more attenuate tips, seldom at all ciliate; rays oblong, 12-18 lines long: disk 6-10 lines in diameter : chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed, not longer than the corollas: achenes villous- pu- bescent. On dry praiiies, Washington to Ai'izona Minnesota and the North- west Territory. H. exilis Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 545, More or less hirsute: stems slender, 1-2 feet high, branching: leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, obscurely 3-nerved at base, tapering into a short petiole : head* imall, on slender sometimes leafy-bracted peduncles: involucre loosely hirsute, its bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate: rays 5-8: chaff of the receptacle produced into an awn-like cusp which equals or surpasses the foliaceous, often much exceeding the ovate-lance- olate scarious-margined inner ones : rays none, or rudimentary and incon- spicuous: achenes flat, oval or obovate, ciliate, with 2 slender downwardly barbed awns. Moist places mostly along streams, Oregon to Brit. Colum- bia and across the Continent. B, cernua L. Sp. 832. Annual : stems glabrous or setulose-hispid, 1-3 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and irregularly sharply ser- rate, 3-6 inches long, sessile and commonly somewhat connate- perfoliate fit base: heads numerous, 6-8 lines broad, nodding after or during flower- ihg: rays 6-12, 3-8 lines long, or more: involucre depressed-hemispheric, its outer bracts commonlv ciliate, often large and foliaceous and ranch e±ceeding the broad yellowish -margined membranaceous inner ones: achenes flat, cuneiform^ usually 4-awned the margins and awns retrorsely barbed. In wet places, California to Brit. Colunbia and across the Con't. B» Beckii Torr. in Spreng. Neue Entdeck. ii, 135. Aquatic perennial; submersed stems much elongated in deep water, simple or little branched : submersed leaves sessile, 1-2 inches long, repeatedly divided into numer- ous capillary segments ; emersed ones few, sessile, opposite or sometimes in 3*8, lanceolate or olDlong, acute, serrate or laciniate, 6-18 lines long : hieads solitary or few, short-peduncled : involucre hemispheric, its bracts oval or oblong, obtusish, glabrous, the outer somewhat shorter than the inner : rays 6-10, obovate or oblong, obtuse, golden yellow : achenes nearly terete, truncate at both ends, half- inch long: pappus of 3-6 rigid persistent aWiis which are smooth below, the upper part downwardly barbed. In pOnds and slow flowing streames, Canada to New Jersey and Missouri : re- {iOrted from Green Lake King Co. Washington by Mr. C. V .Piper, perhaps introduced. Suhtrihe r, Madieas J)C» Bay-flowers ligulatc and fertile (rarely BLEPHARIPAPl»tJS COMPOSITiE 345 wanting), each subtended hy a bract of the usually uniserial involu- lucre which partly or completely encloses its achene. Disk-flowers hermaphrodite y but mostly some or all of them sterile. Receptacle chaffy throughout or of only a more or less united ring between the ray- and disk-flowers. * Scales of the receptacle distinct, chaffy-membranaceous or scari- ouSj mostly deciduous with the fruit. Bracts of the involucre merely concave. 46 BLEPHARIPAPPUS Hook. Fl. i, 316 in Part. Low corymbosely or paniculately branched annuals with nar- row alternate leaves and rather small heads of white or purplish flowers. Heads heterogamous, with 3-6 pistillate broad-cuneiform 3-lobed ray- and 6-12 perfect 5-toothed disk-flowers, or some of the central ones sterile. Bracts of the involucre nearly in a sin- gle series, nearly flat and almost equal. Receptacle convex, chaffy throughout, the chaff" thin and membranaceous, deciduous with the fruit. Style in the disk-flowers long, thickened upward, hairy, 2-cleft [only at the apex ; the branches obtuse and not ap- pendaged, or in the central sterile ones nearly entire. Achenes turbinate, silky-villous. Pappus of 10-12 linear or aristiform palese with hyaline margins which are mostly lacerate-fimbriate so as to appear plumose. B. scaber Hook. 1. c. Puberulent and scabrous, and with some hispid hairs above: stems stoutish, 4-12 inches high, loosely branched: leaves linear, sessile. 3^-2 inches long with entire revolute or involute margins : heads short-peduncled, terminating the paniculate branches : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute, 4-5 lines long, more or less hirsute: rays much exceeding the involucre, deeply 3-lobed, always inrolling and becomipg inconspicuous when the sun shines on them : anthers brownish-purple. Dry plains and mountains, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho, east of the Cascade Mountains. B. laevis Gray Bot. Gaz. xiii, 73. Stems slender, 6-12 inches high, smooth, branched : leaves linear, 2-10 lines long, sessile, the lower ones spreading, those of the branches closely appressed : heads small» termina- ting the filiform branchlets : bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 2-3 lines long, scabrous : rays 3-4 lines long, not closing in sunshine, deeply 3-lobed, often with dark-purple veins. On dry plains aud hill-sides, southern Oregon to California. * * Scales of the receptacle always present between the ray- and disk-flowers, usually more or less united into a cup. Bracts of the involucre conduplicate-infolded and embracing the laterally com- pressed achenes. 47 ANISOCARPHUS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vii, 388. Villous-hirsute perennial herbs with linear to lanceolate entire or denticulate sessile leaves and numerous paniculate or corym- bose heads of flowers with yellow rays that do not close in sun- shine. Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers abont 12, ligulate, pistillate, those of the disk tubular, staminate and pistillate but il^HlSOCARPHUS "WH^iMffjIE ^6 MADABIA gterile. Bracts of the subglobose involucre as many as the rays, carinate-complicate and enclosing the achenes. Keceptacle some what convex, naked and smooth except the margin which is furnished with a single series of more or less united chaffy scales between the ray- and disk-flowers. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers subulate, very acute, minutely hispid. Achenes of the ray oblong, obcom pressed, somewhat incurved, glabrous, with- out lateral nerves or angles, crowned with a small sessile disk, destitute of pappus; of the disk obovate, with a pappus of 5-8 small fimbriate-lacerate membranaceous scales. A. madioides Nutt 1. c. Madia NuttallU Gray. Stems slender, 1-3 feet high, pubescent with white spreading hairs, glandular and paniculate- ly branched above: leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-8 inches long, remotely ser- rate, all but the lowest opposite: heads not very numerous, slender-pedun- cled, about 4 Unes high: bracts of the involucre 8-12, with short incon- spicuous tips, densely glandular and hispid : rays 8-12, fan-shaped, deeply 3-lobed, 4-6 lines long : achenes obovate-falcate, much compressed, with their sides many-striate. Common on dry ridges in forests, Brit Columbia to California. 48 MAD ARIA. DC. Mem. Soc. Genev. vii, 280. 'Erect aitinuals with mostly opposite leaves and rather large heads of showy yellow-rayed vespertine flowers. Heads many- flowered: the ray-flowers 10-20, ligu late, pistillate, in a single series: those of the disk tubular, perfect but sterile by the abortion of the ovary. Bracts of the subglobose involucre as many as the rays, complicate and enclosing their achenes, flattish on the back and with long somewhat spreading tips. Receptacle somewhat convex, fimbriate-hirsute except the margin which is furnished with 1 or 2 series of chaffy scales between the ray- and disk-flow- ers. Corollas pubescent or hairy at base, the rays very conspicu- ous but closing in sunshine. Achenes of the rays oblong-obovate, nearly straight, compressed, glabrous, without pappus. ' M. elegans DC. 1. c. Madia elegmns Don. Stems stout, 1-6 feet high, pubescent with almost pilose spreading hairs, glandular above: leaves linear-lanceolate 2-4 inches long, usually more or less serrate, sessile, by a broad base, the lower crowded in a somewhat rosulate tuft, the others op- posite or scattered and becoming smaller upward : heads numerous, in an open cyme: bracts of the involucre hirsute, the linear tips nearly as long as the body : rays 12-20, 8-10 lines long, sharply 3-lobed, yellow, often with . a red oi* brown spot near the base : achenes rather thin and fiat. On dry hillsides, western Oregon to California. M, corymbosa DC. 1. c. Stems slender, 6-18 inches high, simple up to the inflorescence, pubescent with soft spreading hairs ^ glandular above: leaves linear, mostly opposite, remotely serrate, 1-4 inches long : heads rather few, in an opnen corjrmb ; bracts of the involucre somewhat pilose and glandular, the linear tips not as long as the body. On dry hills and ptdines, southern Oregon to California. Blooming early. 49 MADIA Molina Chil. ; Cav. Ic. iii, 50, t. 298. ^ Medium-sized viscid and heavy-scented annuals with oblong or linear entire or denticulate sessile leaves and sessile or short^pe MADIA COMPOSITiE 347 duncled|heads of yellow vespertine flowers. Heads few- to many- flowered ; the ray-flowers 1-12, rarely none, ligulate, pistillate, in a single series ; disk-flowers tubular and perfect. Bracts of the involucre in a single series, carinate and conduplicate, each en- closing an achene, their free herbaceous tips erect or involute. Receptacle flat, with a single series of scales between the ray- and disk-flowers, which are usually more or less united into a cup, otherwise naked. Achenes linear-oblong or clavate, compressed, nearly straight, glabrous. Pappus none. M. satira Molina Chili ed. i, 136. Commonly robust, 1-3 feet high, pubescent with slender somewhat viscid hairs and beset with pedicillate glands : leaves from broadly lanceolate to linear : heads commonly short- peduncled, 5-6 lines high : rays 5-12, 2-4 lines long : disk-achenes cuneate- oblong, quadrangular, prominently 1-nerved on the faces, about 2 lines long ; those of the ray somewhat falcate, obovate, 1-nerved on the sides. Oregon and California to Chili. M. racemosa T. & G. Fl ii, 405. Stems rather slender, 1-4 feet high, pubescent but not glandular, except toward the top, paniculately branch- ed above : leaves lanceolate to linear, 1-^ inches long : heads short -pedun- cled or sessile, somewhat racemosely disposed, 3-5 lines high : rays 2-10, 2-3 lines long : disk-achenes flattish, not prominently nerved on the sides ; those of the ray somewhat falcate, not at all nerved on the sides. Com- mon on plains and hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho. M« capitata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 387. M. sativa var. con,' gesta T. &0. Stems stout, 2-4 feet high, simple, or branched above, pu- bescent with soft-hispid spreading hairs arid glands : leaves linear-lanceo- late to linear, 1-6 incnes long, pubescent and hispid-ciliate : inflorescence very viscid-glandular : heads sessile, in close capitate clusters, 6-8 lines high : rays 6-12, 2-3 lines long : achenes of the disk almost Hnear, some- what quadrangular; of the rays oblique-pyriform. In fields and waste places western Oregon to California. M. dissitiflora T. & G. Fl. 405. '* A slender twiggy plant 6-15 inches high : stems as well as the lanceolate-linear leaves hirsute-pubescent; the branches g'andular : heads scattered few-flowered, scarcely 3 lines in diam- eter, with inconspicuous rays : bracts of the involucre 5-8, very glandular : disk-flowers 3-6 : achenes all flat and scarcely or not at all angled on the sides. Blue Mountains and plains of Oregon. '* M. glomerata Hook. Fl. ii, 24. Stems rather slender, 1-2 feet high, simple, or branched near the top, pubepcent with coarse somewhat spread- ing hairs, glandular only near the top : leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, 1-3 inches long, often sparingly denticulate, ciliate near the base, pubescent both sides with fine appressed hairs : heads small, inclose glomerules, very viscid-glandular; rays 1-5 or sometimes none, not surpassing the 3-5 disk- flowers : achenes narrow, 2 lines long or more ; those of the disk 4-5-angled ; of the ray flat somewhat curved and 1-nerved on each face. Common from Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. M. citriodora Greene Bull. Torr. Club ix, 63. Hemizonia citriodora Gray, Stems simple, with short-pedunculate corymbosely panicled heads or loosely branched and the heads more scattered, cinereously villous-hir- sute and above with small glands interspersed: leaves narrow, mostly en- tire : rays 8-9 exserted, greenish-yellow : scales of the receptacle lightly united into a cup : achenes rounded on the back and with a ventral angle. From Hood River Oregon to northern California. 348 COMPOSITE harp^xjabpus HEMIZONELLA 50 HARP^CARPUS Nutt. 1. c. Small annuals with entire narrow leaves and numerous small heads of inconspicuous flowers. Heads few-flowered ; ray-flow- ers 3-8., pistillate, in a single series, each enclosed in one of the carinate-com plicate and lunate bracts of the involucre ; disk- flower solitary, tubular, perfect and fertile, surrounded by a 5- angled and 5-toothed cup formed of the united scales of the rece- ptacle. Corollas glabrous ; of the ray scarcely exceeding the in- volucre, tubular below, cleft anteriorly ; of the disk funnelform, 5-toothed. Branches of the style in the disk-flower short, lan- ceolate-oblong with barbellate-hispid margins. Acbenes glabrous much compressed, without pappus; of the rays obo vat e-lunate, gibbous, the incurved summit produced into a short ascending beak, when mature falling with the bracts of the involucre that enclose them; that of the disk semiobovate, straight, with a trun- cate terminal areola, enclosed by the united chaff. H. madarioides Nutt. 1. c. Madia filipes Gray. Stems slender, 4-12 inches high, hirsute, glandular above, paniculately branched : leaves alter- nate, narrowly linear, 1-2 inches long: heads numerous, 1-2 lines high, on long filiform peduncles : bracts of the involucre 4-8, lunate and strongly carinate in fruit, almost destitute of free tips, hispid and glandular: bracts of the receptacle united into a 3-5-toothed cup. Common in open woods, Brit. Columbia to California. 51 HEMIZONELLA Gray Proc. Am. Acad, ix, 189. Little annuals with mostly opposite leaves and numerous small heads of inconspicuous flowers. Heads few-flowered, heterogam- ous ; the rays 4-5, pistillate ; the disk-flower solitary, or rarely 2 or 3, perfect and fertile. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, as many as ray-flowers, each infolded and completely enclosing its achene but rounded on the back and usually flattish on the inner face. Chaff" of the receptacle an herbaceous 3-5-toothed cup en- closing the disk-flowers. Corollas glabrous or merely glandular : rays very short. Achenes obovate or fusiform, more or less ob- compressed and thoS3 of the rays incurved, the small terminal areola oblique, either sessile or raised on a short beak. Pappus wanting. H. Durandii Gray 1. c. Hirsute with white hairs and glandular above: stems 1-6 inches high, diffusely much branched : leaves linear, about 6 lines long: earliest heads usually in the forks of the branches, slender-pedunc- led ; the later ones racemose, 2-bracted at base, short-peduncled : achenes slightly hairy; those of the ray obovate-oblong and obcompressed, tipped with a short inflexedbeak. On dry hills and gravelly bars, Oregon to Cali- fornia and Nevada. 52 HEMIZONIA DC. Prodr. v, 692. Low annuals with alternate often crowded leaves and middle- sized heads of yellow or white ray-flowers. Heads several to many-flowered: rays 5-20, ligulate, 2-3-lobed, pistillate : those of the disk tubular, perfect but sterile, 5-toothed, the teeth mostly HEMioNZAT COMPOS ITiE 849 CALYCADSNIA glandular-bearded. Bracts of the involucre in a single series, ob- long or lanceolate, concave or convolute and partly enclosing the ray-achenes. Receptacle flat, chaffy throughout, the scales of the outer series united. Style-appendages of the disk-flowers linear or subulate, acute, very hispid. Achenes glabrous : those of the ray obovoid, gibbous or slightly obcompressed, convex on the back, slightly stipitate, the apex mostly oblique and terminated with a small often papillose exserted or beaked areola; of the disk sterile or abortive, oblong, 5-7-nerved. Pappus none. H. luzulse folia BO. I. c. Tomentose-canescent: stems erect, 6-18 inches high, corymbosely branched above, the branches and involucre hir- sute and somewhat viscid : leaves linear-lanceolate, silky-villous, not glandular, 1-5 inches long by 2-4 linea broad, the lower elongated, tapering to the base, denticulate, 3-5-nerved, sometimes opposite : heads numerous, 3-4 lines broad, many-flowered: involucre hemispherical, its bracts rather shorter than the disk, with short and broadish herbaceous tips : rays 5-10, rather large, white to pinkish : scales of the receptacle united into a cup. Open grounds and fields, southern Oregon and California. H. Clevelaudi Greene Bull. Torr Club ix, 109. Stems stoutish, 10-20 inches high, branching from near the base, villous with long spreading hairs, glandular above: leaves norrowly linear, 1-nerved, silky beneath : heads racemosely or spicately disposed along the slender branches : rays white. In fields and open places, southern Oregon and California. 53 CALYCADENIA DC, Prodr. v, 695. Slender annuals with rigid chiefly alternate narrowly linear or subulate 1-nerved leaves with revolute margins, the upper ones usually terminated by a large saucer-shaped gland. Heads many-flow^ered ; the ray-flowers 3-5, pistillate, 3-lobed or 3-parted, with slender tube ; disk- flowers tubular, perfect but mostly inter- tile. Involucre leafy-bracteate at base, its bracts in a single series, concave, partly enclosing the ray-achenes. Receptacle small, flat, with a single series of distinct or united chaff between the ray- TJnd disk-flowers. Disk-flowers funnelform, 5-toothed, their style- branches with long filiform hirsute appendages. Achenes some- what hairy: those of the ray obo void-triangular, without pappus : of the disk quadrangular, tapering to the base, infertile, with a pappus of 5-10 chaffy and mostly awned scales. C. tmijcata DC. 1. c. Hemizonia truncata Gray. Very smooth and glabrous : stems 1-2 feet high, simple or spa ing!y branched adove : leaves linear, 1-3 inches long, the lower ones opposite: heads campanulate; 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of the involucre ovate oblong, boat-shaped: ray-flowers 5-8, 3 lobed, the middle lobe smallest : chaff of the receptacle 7-9, lightly united at the top into a truncate cup, at lengtli separable: disk- flowers 10- 20, with a pappus of 7-10 oblong and somewhat erose fimbriate pointless palese much shorter ihan the achene,'s metiraes obsolete. On dry plains, southern Oregon to California. C. ninltiglaudulosa DC. 1. c. Stem simple or diffusely much branch- ed, 1-2 feet high, strigose hirsute: leaves mostly scattered, linear, mostly with resolute margins, hirsutely ciliate; sessile : heads numerous, terminal on short lateral branchlets, campanulate, 4 lines high: bracts of the invo- lucre linear, bristly-ciliate, with numerous tack-ehaped glands on their 350 COMPOSITE CENTROMADIA LAGOPHTLLA backs : rays white, fan- shaped 3-lobed, their achenes glabrous or glabrate short : j appus of the disk-flowers shorter than the achenes, of 10-12 unequ, al palese, 5 of them oblong to lanceolate. On dry plains, southern Oregon- to California. 54 CENTROMADIA Greene Man. 196. Rigid branching annuals with some of the loT7er leaves pin- natifid and the uppermost clustered around the sessile heads. Upper leaves or their lobes pungently pointed. Heads many- flowered; ray-flowers pistillate, numerous and in more than one series ; disk-flowers perfect but mostly sterile. Bracts of the in- volucre rounded on the back, concave and partly enclosing the ray-achenes, acuminate and pungently pointed. Receptacle coni- cal or convex, chafly. all the disk-flowers being subtended by narrow and mostly quite distinct chaffy scales. Ray-achenes turgid, obovate-triangular, very oblique, the terminal areola from the summit of the inner angle or face, and by gibbosity common- ly intraapical, raised on a little apiculation* C. Fitchil Greene 1. c. Villous hirsute, somewhat viscid, above hesei with small scattered tack-shaped glands: stems stoutish, 6-20 inches high, branching: leaves linear or subulate, 2-3 inches long, acute and pungently pointed, some of the lower ones once or twice pinnately parted : heads numerous, terminating the branches : bracts of the involucre subulate : rays yellow, narrow, their achenes obovate- triquetrous : chaff of the convex receptacle soft and pointless, villous : disk-achenes sterile, with a pappus of 8-12 linear palese fringed or bearded at tip, somewhat united at base. Dry plains, southern Oregon to California. 55 LAGOPHYLLA Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 390 Slender much branched annuals with narrow leaves and mid- dle-sized heads with yellow, white or pink ray-flowers. Heads jew-flowered; rays about 5, pistillate; disk-flowers 5 or 6, perfect but sterile. Bracts of the involucre as many as ray-flowers, her- baceous the margins infolded and enclosing their achenes. Re- ceptacle flat, fimbrillate-hirsute in the centre, chaffy at the mar- gin between the ray- and disk-flowers, the chaffy scales 5-6, in a single series, distinct. Achenes smooth, without pappus: of the rays oblong-cuneiform, obcompressed, straight, nearly flat and obscurely angled on the back. L. ramosissima Nutt. 1. c. Stem slender, paniculately much branched, 6-30 inches high : leaves entire, canescent with soft silky pubescence ; rad- ical and lowest cauline obovate-spatulate ; upper lanceolate or linear,ob- tuse! the short ones subtending the crowded heads linear-oblong, densely ciliate with very soft, villous hairs: heads 3 lines high, crowded in small and at length rather scattered irregular clusters : bracts of the involucre 3-4 lines long, comose-ciliate : rays yellow, closing in sunshine : achenes ob- oyate-oblong, carinate down the inner face. Common on dry plains and hill-sides, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho. 56 LAYIA H. & A. Bot. Beech, 148. Low annual or biennial herbs with mostly opposite leaves and middle-sized heads of yellow or white flowers,. Heads many- flowered : the ray-flowers 10-15, pistillate : those of the disk tubu- LAYiA COMPOSITE 351 ACHYBACHiENA lar, perfect. Bracts of the involucre equal, in a single series, the base convolute and enclosing the ray-achene, foliaceous above, Receptacle flat, pubescent, with a row of chaffy scales between the ray- and disk-flowers. Style-branches of the disk-flowers filiform, very acute, hairy above, at length exserted and recurved. Achenes of the ray glabrous, linear-oblong, more or less obcompressed, somewhat incurved, crowned with a small protuberant areola, des- titute of pappus: of the disk linear-clavate, angled, appressed- pubescent or villous, with a pappus of 10-20 equal bristly or subulate awns which are naked and scabrous-serrulate above aiid plumose or villous with long weak hairs toward the base. L. glandulosa H. & A. 1. c. 358. Stems 4-12 inches high, diffusely branched, hispid or hirsute and with dark stipitate glands above: leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, the lower ones often more or less pinnati- fid : heads solitary at the end of the branches, campanulate, 6 lines high ; its bracts linear-oblong : rays 8-14, bright white, 6-8 lines long, 3-lobed : chaff ot the receptacle lanceolate, equalling or exceeding the disk-flowers : pappus 10-20 stout bristles, copiouly villous. Sandy-banks and barren grounds, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho, east of the Cascade Mts. L. Douglasii H. & A. 1. c. " Low, sparsely hirsute or hispid, a few small stipitate glands on the upper leaves and involucre : radical leaves pin- natifid-dentate ; upper linear and entire : rays rather short, broad, 3-cleft ; lobes of disk-corola hirsute outside : akenes narrow, those of the disk vill- ous-pubescent : pappus of about 10 minutely scabrous linear-subulate flat paleae, nearly equalling disk-coroUas ; their margins toward the base scan- tily beset with long and straight villous hairs. Gravelly banks, between the Dalles and Great Falls of the Columbia River, Douglas. " 57 ACHYRACH^NA Schauer. Del. Sem. Hort. Vratsil 1838. A low annual with chiefly alternate leaves and middlesized heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. Heads many- flowered; the ray-flowers 6-10. with 3-cleft ligule much shorter than its filiform tube, little surpassing the disk; disk-corollas slender, 5-toothed. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of lanceolate thin-herbaceous bracts : chaff* of the receptacle similar but thin- ner, only between the disk- and ray-flowers, distinct. Achenes all clavate, with attenuate base, symmetrical, 10-costate ; those of theray slightly obcompressed. rounded at apex and with slightly protuberant areola; those of the disk mostly fertile, the truncate apex bearing a large pappus of 10 elongated-oblong obtuse silvery- scarious paleae, the 5 inner as long as the corolla and achene, the alternate outer ones shorter. A. mollis Shaurer 1. c. Villous- pubescent and slightly glandular-viscid : stems erect, 6-18 inches high branching: leaves alternate, or the lowest opposite, narrowly linear, 2-4 inches long, sessile, entire, or the lower la- ciniate: heads solitary, long-ped uncled, terminating the stem and fastigiate branches, an inch or lees long : pappus 3 lines long, in fruit when dry spreading and forming a globular silvery-chaffy head. In fields and open places, southern Oregon and western California. Tribe V HELENIOIDEJE B. & H. Gen. ii, 167. Heads hete^ rogamous and the ligulate ray-flowers mostly fertile, or homogamous/ 352 COMPOSITtE the disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, rarely some infertile, with regular 4-^' toothed tubular corolla. Receptadle naked, orfimhrillate. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or membranaceous, not scarious. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers with either truncate or appendiculate tips. Pappus paleaceous or aristiform, or sometimes plurisetose, but the bristles when capillary always more or less rig'id. SuBTRiBE I Jaumie^ Involucre of broad bracts, imbricated in two or more series. 58 Jaumea Involucre campanulate: leaves opposite, connate at base, narrow, fleshy. SuBTRiBE II Helenie^e Iiivolucre hardly at all imbricated : its bracts when broad nearly equal or in a single series. * Achenes linear or linear-cuneate, 4-angIed or compressed, but not with cartilaginous margins. •*- Receptacle conical or convex, rarely flat: involucre of fewr or sev- eral erect appressed or united herbaceous bracts. •M- Rays few, very short and included, rarely conspicuous, or none. 59 Lasthenia Receptacle conical: bracts of the involucre united into a IO-15-toothed cup : pappus none. -»*• ■«■ R^ys exserted and spreading. . 60 Baeria Receptacle high-conical, minutely muricate : bracts of the in- volucre distinct, flat, in a single series. 61 Eriophyllum Receptacle flat to conical : involucre many-flowered, its bracts strictly erect, not membranaceous, more or less carinate- concave in fruit and partly embracing the subtending achene : pappus of nerve- less and mostly pointless palese. 62 Bahia Receptacle small, mostly flat; involucre 12-20-flowered, its bracts not colored nor scarious-tipped, plain or merely concave, not embracing achenes : pappus of several scarious palese with callous- thickened opaque base. 63 Hymenopappus Receptacle flat : Involucre many-flowered; its bracts mostly appressed, with scarious-membranaceous and usually colored tips : pappus of 10-20 mostly hyaline obtuse palese. •*- ■*- Receptacle flat: bracts of the involucre narrow, chiefly linear •"• Heads with regular ligulate and pistillate rays 64 Bigiopappus Involucre campanulate, rather many-flowered: rays short and inconspicuous : pappus of 4-5 rigid paleaceous awns. ++ ♦+ Rays wanting but the marginal corollas sometimes enlarged 65 Cheemactis Involucre campanulate or hemispherical : pappus of blunt hyaline scales, rarely wanting. ■M- -M- ++ Ray-flowers ligulate and pistillate, mostly conspicuous. 66 Hulsea Involucre hemispherical, very many-flowered, of very num- ■ ■ erous linear bracts : pappus of 4 short hyaline blunt and nerveless palese. * * Achenes turbinate or obpyramidal : disk-flowers all fertile. +- Involucre bracts erect or appressed : achenes hirsute or villous. jAtJMEA COMPOSITiE 353 LASTHENIA 67 Actinella Rays 8-12, pistillate : involucre of numerous bracts : recep- tacle conical or convex : pappus of 5-1 2 hyaline entire palese. ■*- ■*- Bracts of the involucre or their tips spreading or reflexed : rays cuneate, 3-5-lobed : pappus of hyaline usually awn-pointed palese, 68 Helenium Rays commonly fertile : receptacle wholly naked. 69 Gaillardia Rays neutral : receptacle with some rigid awns among the flowers : achenes involucrate with villous hairs. Subtrihe i Jaumiex. Involucre of broad bracts imbricated in two or more series. lAgules not persistent, achenes 5-angled or terete, several-nerved. Many-flowered heads in ours radiate and the rays fertile. 58 JAI3MEA Pers. Syn. PI. ii, 367. Herbs or sufFruticose plants with opposite entire leaves and terminal pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre cam- panulate, its bracts fleshy or membranaceous, the outer shortest. Corollas glabrous. Receptacle naked. Style-branches pappillose or hairy, lanceolate or short-conical at tip. Achenes all alike, linear, 10-nerved, more or less angled. Pappus in exotic species narrow pointed or awned 1-nerved paleae, in ours none. J. carnosa Gray Bot. Wilkes 360. Glabrous perennial : stems procum- bent or ascending, herbaceous, leafy 6-18 inches long : leaves spatulate- linear, almost terete, very f eshy, about an inch long, sessile and connate at base : heads erect, on short peduncles, 6 lines high : rays 6-10, linear, not surpassing the disk: receptacle conical, smooth and fleshy: achenes glabious, destitute of pappus. In salt marshes along the coast, Brit. Co- lumbia to California. Subtribe ii, Helenieas. Cass. Involucre hardly at all imbricated; its bracts when broad nearly equal, or in a single series. Ligules not persistent. Disk*Jlowers numerous, with 5 or rarely 4 teeth or lobes. Achenes few-nerved or angled, or more numerously striate-angled only when turbinate or pyriform. * Receptacle conical beset after the achenes have fallen by project- ing points. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, in one or rarely two series, commonly broad, sometimes cupulate -connate. Achenes nar- row, from oblong to linear, usually tapering to the base, few -nerved and angled or nerveless, not callous- margined. 59 LASTHENIA Cass. Glabrous and smooth annuals with opposite entire sessile leaves and rather small heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. Heads radiate, or discoid by diminution of the ligules; disk-flowers all fertile. Involucre a single series of herbaceous bracts united by their edges into a 5-15-toothed cup. Disk-corollas 4-5-lobed, with rather slender tube and dilated k throat. Achenes linear or narrowly oblong, compressed, slight- ly 2-3-nerved or nerveless, nearly marginless. Pappus of 5-10 subulate firm paleae, or none. 354 COMPOSITE baeria ERIOPHYLLUM L. glaberrima DC. Prodr. v, 664. Somewhat fleshy : stems ascending, 6-12 inches long : leaves elongated-linear : heads on long peduncles which are enlarged at the summit, nodding in flower : involucre about 15-toothed : corollas all shorter than the minutely puberulent oblong-linear achenes : pappus of 5-10 rigid palese, two or three of them with subulate or short- awned points, the others erose or laciniate. In salt marshes along the coast of Oregon and California. 60 BAERIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. t. 7. Low plants with opposite sessile leaves, and slender-peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Heads mostly many -flowered, with 5-15 conspicuous rays. Bracts of the campanulate or hemispherical involucre as many as rays, plain or becoming somewhat carinate, at least below. Receptacle subulate to conical. Tips of the style truncate-capitate, with or without a central apiculation, to ovate, sometimes with a cuspidate appendage. Disk-corollas with slen- der tube as long or longer than the campanulate 5-lobed limb. Achenes clavate-linear to linear-cuneate. Pappus a few paleae or paleaceous awns or both, often wanting. B. aristosa. B. gracilis var. aristosa Gray. Slender annual 3-10 inches high, strigose-pubescent : leaves linear, entire, mostly opposite: involucre 3-4 lines high, of 8-10 broadly lanceolate to ovate acute bracts : rays as many as bracts, ligulate, lanceolate obtuse: achenes linear-oblong, with pappus of 4-5 small palese with awns gradually and slightly widened down- ward and as long ?s the achene. dry open places, southern Oregon and California. * * Receptacle flat or convex. Achenes from linear to ohpyra- midal, rarely 5-angled. Flowers {with few exceptions'), all fertile, 61 ERIOPHYLLUM Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 28. Floccose-tomentose or rarely glabrate herbs (rarely suffr • ti- cose), with alternate or partly opposite leaves, peduncled or sometimes sessile heads of mostly yellow flowers. Involucre many-flowered, from hemispherical to oblong, commonly equl ailing the disk, of one or sometimes two series of oblong or narrower firm-herbaceous or coriaceous permanently erect bracts, distinct or sometimes partially united into a cup: at least in fruit concave in the centre and partially enclosing the subtending achenes. Eay-flowers usually with broad ligules, very rarely none. Disk-corollas with distinct and sometimes slender proper tube. Style-tips truncate, obtuse or obscurely capitellate -conical. Achenes narrow, from clavate-linear to cuneate-oblong, mostly 4:-angled. Pappus of nerveless and mostly pointless palese. E. stsBchadifolium Lag. 1. c, Canescent with close-pressed pannose tomentum, at length partly denudate, 1 to 4 feet highfiom a woody base : leaves once or twice pinnately parted into oblong or linear divisions, or the upper ones sometimes entire, about an inch long, soon glabrate and green above : heads 3-4 lines high, in rather loose paniculate clusters ; involucre cvlindraceous -campanulate, of 8-10 linear-spatulate to narrowly-oblong thinnish bracts : rays 6-8, only a line or so long, roundish-oval : receptacle ERIOPHYLLUM COMPOSITE 355 BAHIA convex, alveolate-toothed : pappas of 8-12 oblong-linear palese much shorter than the linear smooth achene. Along the coast from Chetco Oregon to southern California. E. caespitosnm Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1167. Floccosely white- wool- ly herbaceous perennial ; many -stemmed from spreading rootstocks, 6-24 inches high : leaves from spatulate to cuneate or roundish in outline, from incisely 3-5-lobed to pinnately parted, or the upper verging to linear and entire, upper face often glabrate in age: involucral bracts 8-12, oblong or oval, often more or less united : rays 6-12, 6-8 liiies long: tube of the disk- corollas mostly hirsute-glandular and longer than the oblong scales of the pappus. Common from Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains. E. achillaeoides Greene Man. 207. E. csespitosum var achillspoides Gray. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high : leaves pinnately parted or cleft into 3-5 nar- row laciniately incised or pinnatifid divisions : heads somewhat corymbose- ly collected and rather short-pednncled : involucre hemispherical, 3-4 lines high, of 9-13 narrow bracts : rays 9-13, 6-8 lines long, usually narrow : achenes sparsely pubescent or glabrate. Southern Oregon to California. E. leacophyllnm Bahia leucophyllum DC. Lanuginose-toraentose throughout : stems 6-12 inches high, branching from the base, naked above : leaves oblanceo'ate or oblong-spatulate, 3-cleft or lobed at the apex, or somewhat pinnately incised or the upper linear and entire: heads solitary, long-ped uncled ; involucre campanulate, 4-5 lines high, of about 8 oblong brai ts ; rays oblong : achenes glabrous : pappus of 4 oblong or lanceolate acutish scales and as many alternate smaller ones. Dry plains, Alaska to California. E. lanceolatum. Surculose-stoloniferoue: stems slender, 8-12 inches high, simple, bearing a single large head or few-flowered cyme, floccose- wooUy : leaves lanceolate and entire, or the lower ones spatulate and spar- ingly dentate toward the apex, 6-12 lines long, densely white-tomentose when young: involucre 5-6 lines high, very densely white-tomentose, of 10-15 lanceolate bracts : paleae of the pappus acute, fimbriate-laciniate. In marshy place?, Siskiyou Mountains near Ashland Oregon. E. integrifolinm Greene Fl. Fr. 444 Bahia integrifolia DC. Low, often dwarf, cespitose, 3-10 inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate and en- tire to more dilated and 3-lobed, floccosely hoary; heads rather long-pedun- cled; involucre cylindrical, of 6-8 narrowly oblong bracts: achenes glabr- ous, rarely somewhat glandular-atomiferous near the summit : paleae of the pappus mostly of the same length, about equalling the very g'andular but not hirsute corolla-tube. Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains : usually only on the highest mountains. E. gracile Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 25. Loosely floccose-woolly : stems slener, 9-15 inches high : leaves narrowly linear and entire : heads on long slender peduncles : involucre nearly 4 lines high, campanulate, of about 10 oblong bracts : rays about 8 : receptacle nearly flat, alveolate-den- tate : achenes slender, glandular, 2 lines long : paleae of the pappus oblong or quadrate. Southern Idaho on Snake river. 62 BAHIA Lag. Nov. Gen & Spec. 30. SufFruticose or herbaceous plants with opposite or alternate, and small or middlesized heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. Involucre hemispherical or obovate, lax or open in fruit, many flowered : the plain wholly herbaceous bracts distinct, in a single, or rarely double series. Keceptacle small, mostly flat. Lobes or teeth of the corolla short. Style- tips truncate or obtuse. 356 COMPOSITE hymenopappus RIGIOPAPPDS Achenes narrow, quadrangular. Pappus of several scarious scales with callous- thickened opaque base, rarely wanting. B. oppositifolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl ii, 376. Herbaceous perennial ; stems densely cinereous, much branched, 4-12 inches high, very leafy : leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 6-18 lines long, palmately 2-5-parted into linear obtuse or obtusisb , entire segments, finely cinereous on both Bides : heads short-peduncled : involucre campanulate, or becoming hemi- spheric, its bracts oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose: rays 5-7, short: achenes linear-oblong, glandular-pubescent: pappus of 4-8 spatulate to lanceolate palese with thickened bases. Dry plains, eastern Oregon to Nebraska and New Mexico. B# nndicaulis Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 27. " Cinereous-puberiilent and glabrate, upper part of the scapiform stem and involucre minutely glandular, a span or two high : leaves nearly all radical, oval or spatulate- oblong, (an inch or more long), tapering into a slender petiole : heads soli- tary, or few and somewhat corymbosely paniculate, nearly half-inch high : involucre hemispherical, of about 10 oblong bracts : rays 6-9, oblong : pap- pus fully half the length of the cuneate linear sparsely hairy achene; the thin margins of the palese of the pappus erose and the short-excurrent awn barbellate-hispidulous. Wind River Mountains N. W. Wyoming. ,, To be looked for in Idaho. 63 HYMENOPAPPUS L'Her. Michx. Fl. ii, 103. Perennial or biennial herbs with sulcate-angled erect stems, alternate mostly once or twice pinnatifid or parted leaves, and corymbosely cymose or solitary pedunculate heads of yellow or white flowers. Involucre campanulate, many-flowered, of 6-12 mostly appressed bracts with scarious-membranaceous usually colored tips. Rays none. Disk-corollas numerous, all alike, with narrow tube, abruptly dilated throat and reflexed or widely spreading lobes. Style- branches with short and thick conical appendages Achenes obpyramidal, 4-5-angled, with attenuate base, the faces 1-3-nerved. Pappus of 10-20 thin-scarious and mostly hyaline obtuse scales ; sometimes very short or obsolete. H, fllifolins Hook. Fl. i, .S17. Perennial from a deep woody root : stems usually tufted, 10-24 inches high, woolly when young, densely leafy toward the base, usually naked and sparingly branched above ; leaves rather rjgid once or twice or the radical thrice pinnatifid into very narrowly linear or filiform divisions their margins soon revolute : heads few or solitary, 4-6 lines high ; bracts of the involucre oblong, usually densely woolly, with whitish or purplish tips : corollas white to yellow, its reflexed lobes very much shorter than the throat : achenes densely villous : palese of the pappus short. Brit. Columbia to California New Mexico and Nebraska, east of the Cascade Mountains. 64 RIGI0PAPPU8 Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 548. Small slender annual with opposite leaves and small heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. Heads inconspicuously radiate. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, of numerous narrowly linear rather rigid herbaceous bracts which are somewhat invo- lute at maturity ; many-flowered. Receptacle flat. Ray-flowers 5-15, the corolla with slender tube and oblong entire or 2-tooth- CH^NACTis COMPOSITiE 357 HDLSEA ligule, not surpassing the disk. Disk-flowers more numerous, their corollas small, with short proper tube, elongated narrow throat and 3-5 short erect teeth. Anthers included. Style- branches with short and linear glabrous stigmatic portion, and larger slender-subulate hispidulous appendage. Pappus nearly similar in ray and disk, of 3-5 rigid and wholly opaque paleace- ous naked awns, rarely obsolete R. leptocladvs Gray 1. c Stem slender, 6-12 inches high, paniculately or subcorymbosely branched: branches commonly filiform, elongated and leafless below, smooth, bearing solitary heads : leaves all alternate very narrowly linear, sessile, erect, entire, those of the branches near the heads, small and subulate : involucre 3 lines high : flowers yellow but often chang- ing to purple or whitish : palese of the pappus two-thirds the length of the achene, 3-5, rarely only 2 or 1 or none. Dry plains east of the Cascade Mountains, Brit. Columbia to California. 65 CH^NACTIS DC. Prodr. v, 659. Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants with alternate most- ly pinnately dissected leaves and pedunculate solitary or some- times cymosely disposed heads of yellow white or flesh-colored flowers. Head discoid, but the marginal flowers commonly with enlarged limb to the corolla. Involucre many-flowered, cam- panulate or hemispherical, its bracts linear, erect, equal, herba- ceous to the tip. Receptacle flat. Corollas with short tube, long and narrow throat, and short teeth ; or in the marginal ones of some species with larger lobes or even imperfect palmate ligules forming a kind of ray. Anthers mostly partly exserted. Style- branches pubescent nearly throughout, filiform or with attenu- ate-subulate tips. Ppappus of hyaline nerveless paleae or none. C. Nevii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 30. Slender winter annual 4-10 inches high, puberulent throughout: leaves 6-12 lines long, once or twice pinnately parted into linear-oblong divisions : heads rather short-peduncled: involucre campanulate, 4-6 lines high, of 12-20 lanceolate acute or acum- inate herbaceoug bracts : corollas yellow, the marginal ones but little larger than the others : achenes terete, clavate, surmounted by a short and thick obscurely denticulate crown, which is an epi^nous disk rather than pap- pus. Near Muddy Station, John Day valley Oregon. C. Cusickii Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2, Supp. 452, Very low, diffusely branched, floccose-tomentose, soon glabrate : leaves rather fleshy, all entire, spatulate-linear : peduncles short : bracts of the involucre broadly linear, midrib obscure : flowers white, the marginal ones enlarged : pappus of 10 Unear-oblong nearly equal palese about the length of the tube of the corolla. Sandy hills of the Malheur valley. Baker Co, Oregon. C. stevioides H. & A. Bot. Beech. 353, Floccose-tomentose. glabrate in age, seldom a foot high, freely and loosely branched} bearing numerous somewhat cymosely disposed heads of white flowers on short slender ped- uncles : leaves once or twice pinnately parted into short linear lobes, the uppermost rarely entire ) bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, obtuse, with obscure midrib : marginal corollas with moderately enlarged unequal- ly 5-lobed limb, not surpassing the disk : palese of the pappus scarcely thickened at base, those of the inner flowers oblong-lanceolate and shorter than the corolla, of the outer ones ovate or oblong, often unequal, some- times much shorter. Southern Idaho to Nevada and Utah. m COMPOSITE HUL8EA ACTINELLA C. Bonglasii H. & A. 1. c. 354. Pabescent with a fine somewhat floc- cose or pannose tomentum, or sometimes early glabrate : stems stout, 6-18 inches high, paniculately branched: leaves mostly of broad outline, and bipinnately parted into crowded short obtuse divisions and lobes : heads 6-9 lines high, in large plants numerous and corymbosely cymose, : bracts of the involucre linear or spatulate, obtuse : marginal corollas not distinctly larger nor different from the others : palese of the pappus from linear-ligu- late to narrowly oblong, 4-6 lines long. Rocky hillsides and dry plains, Brit. Columbia to California Montana and New Mexico. Var. alpina Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2, 341. '' Dwarf, 3-5 inches high, consisting of a rosette or thick tuft of leaves with very close divisions, and naked or scapiform stems, bearing mos*iy solitary heads surmounting the subterranean branches of a multicipital perennial caudex or root stock. Alpine region of the Rocky and Cascade Mountains. " 66 HULSEA T. & G. Bot. Mex. Bound. 98. Viscid-pubescent and balsamic-scented herbs with alternate mostly sessile leaves and solitary or scattered large heads of yel- low flowers, or the rays sometimes purple. Involucre many- flowered, hemispherical, its thin herbaceous bracts in 2-3 series. Receptacle flat. Rays numerous, ligulate but sometimes short and inconspicuous; disk-corollas with proper tube slender, but shorter than the cylindraceous throat. Style-branches short and with thickened obtuse tips. Achenes linear-cuneate, compressed or somewhat tetragonal, soft- villous. Pappus of mostly 4 truncate wholly hyaline scales. H. nana Gray Pacif. R. Rep. vi, 76, t 13. Villous-hirsute when young: stems stoutish, bearing a single large head, 2-8 inches high, from a long branching rootstock: leaves mostly radical, 1-2 inches long, oblong-spatu- late, pinnatifid or incised, mostly tapering below to a margined petiole : involucre 6-8 lines high, of lanceolate acute bracts: rays about 30, broadly linear, 6-8 lines long : scales of the pappus usually longer than the breadth of the achene, incisely or fimbriately lacerate. In valcanic ashes and scoriae. Mount Adams Washington to Mount Shasta California. 67 ACTINELLA Pers. Syn. ii, 469. Mostly low herbs with alternate narrow or narrowly lobed leaves and slender-peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Heads (in ours), radiate. Involucre many-flowered, campanulate or hemispherical, its bracts in two or more series, somewhat herbaceous or coriace- ous, often rigid, the outer ones sometimes united. Receptacle from conical to convex, naked. Rays fertile. Style-branches of disk-flowers dilated, truncate and somewhat penicillate at tip. Pappus of 5-12 thin and mostly hyaline scales with more or less manifest costa, or none. A. Richardson! Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 379. Stems tufted from a multicipital perennial caudex, 8-12 inches high, obscurely puberu- lent or nearly glabrous, woolly in the axils of the radi< al leaves : upper leaves mostly once and the lower twice ternately parted into long and sim- ple filiform-linear rather rigid lobes : involucre campanulate, 2-3 hues high, 6-9-angled, the 6-9 outer bracts strongly carinate, united below : ra^rs cu- neate, 2-4 lines long : scales of the pappus attenuate-acuminate. Plains of eaatern Oregon to Nevada Utah and the Saskatchewan. HBLENIUM COMPOSITE 359 GAILLAKDIA 68 HELEKIUM L. Sp. 886. Erect herbs with alternate simple leaves and pedunculate heads of usually yellow, flowers. Heads many-flowered. Bracts of the involucre subulate or linear, herbaceous, spreading or soon reflex- ed, usually some inconspicuous short scarious interior ones. Re- ceptacle more or less elevated, naked. Disk-corollas usually with short or almost obsolete proper tube and 4-5-toothed limb : the teeth obtuse, glandular-pubescent. Achenes turbinate, 8-10-cos- tate. Pappus of usually 4-6 thin scarious scales. § 1. OxYLEPis Gray Proc. Am. Acad ix, 205. Rays fertile, numerous, long and narrow. Disk-corollas with moderately long proper tube. Bracts of the involucre numerous, in 2 series. H. Uoopsii Gray Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 95. Slightly tomentoee or pubescent when young, soon glabrate : stem stout, 1-3 feet high, fr m a strong perennial root, leafy bearing several or sometimes solitary large heads : leaves thickish, entire, oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate with long tapering base, somewhat nervose : rays beeomine inch long, tardily reflexed : disk half to three-fourths inch high, hemispherical : recep- tacle in fruit ovoid-hemispherical : scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolHte, long attenuate acuminate, a little shorter than the corolla. Eastern Ore- gon to California and the Rocky Mountains. § 2 EuHELENiUM Gray Proc. Am. Acad, ix, 205. Involucre comparatively simple and small, of slender linear or subulate of- ten unequal bracts, soon reflexed. Rays fertile, rarely sterile or wanting, soon drooping. Disk-corollas with proper tube very short or reduced to a mere ring. H. antumnale L. Sp. ii, 866. Nearly glabrous or minutely pubescent : stems rather stout, 2-6 feet high, corymbosely branched above, narrowly winged by the decurrent bases of the leaves : leaves lanceolate to ovate-ob- longs acute or acuminate, 2-5 inches long, dentate, narrowed below to the sessile base : heads numerous, on long peduncles : bracts of the involucre densely canescent : rays 10-18, drooping, as long or longer than the globose yellow disk, fertile, 3-cleft : achenes pubescent on the angles : pappus-scales ovate, acuminate or aristate, often lacerate or toothed. Wet grounds and meadows, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the eastern States. Var. grandiflornm Heads larger : rays 8-12 lines long: scales of the pappus narrower and longer awned. Common in wet meadows, Washing- ton to California, west of the Cascade Mountains. H. Bigelovii Gray'Pacif. R. Rep. iv, 107. Almost glabrous: stems simple or loosely branched, 2-3 feet high, conspicuously winged: leaves from narrowly- to oblong- lanceolate, entire, 2-6 inches long ; the radical oblong-spatulate, long-petioled: heads solitary, on very long peduncles ; rays 10-15, 8-10 lines long, spreading, longer than the depressed globose yellow disk : scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate or subulate, awn-pointed, shorter than the corolla. In marshes, southwestern Oregon to California. 69 GAILLARDIA Fougeroux Mem. Acad. Sci. Par. 1786, 5, t. 1. Erect herbs with alternate leaves and long-peduncled heads of showy flowers. Involucre broad, the bracts in 2 or 3 series, all but the inner series largely foliaceous or herbaceous and lax. Rays neutral, rarely styliferous and fertile or none. Disk-corollas 360 COMPOSITiE gaillabdia with short narrow tube, enlarged cylindraceous throat and 5 ovate- triangular to subulate teeth or lobes which are beset with jointed hairs, tttyle-branches with a penicillate tuft at the summit of the stigmatic portion, thence produced into a filiform or shorter appendage. Receptacle convex to globose, beset with setiform or subulate or rarely small dentiform timbrillse among the flowers. Achenes turbinate, 5-costate, covered with long villous hairs which usually rise only from its base. Pappus conspicuous, lon- ger than the achene, of 5-10 hyaline-scarious scales, with a costa mostly excurrent into an awn. G. aristata Pursh Fl. ii, 573. Pubescent with jointed hairs : stems 1-2 feet high, few to many from the crown of a thick perennial root : leaves of firm texture, lanceolate or broader, or the lower spatulate, from entfre to laciniate-dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid mostly obtuse, 2-5 inches long: bracts of the involucre lanceolate or narrower, callous at base, more or less hirsute; rays all yellow, in the larger heads 18 lines long, neutral; disk- corollas brown, the subulate acute lobes t pped with a seta or cusp, extern- ally beset with long hairs; scales of the pappus slender-awned: fimbrillae of the receptacle setiform, surpass ng the villous achenes. Stream-banks and plains, Brit. Columbia to California and Minnesota. Tribe vi. ANTHEMIDE^ Cass. Opusc, m, 161. Heads homo- gamous with the flowers all tubular and hermaphrodite or more commonly heterogamous with the pistillate flowers ligulate and radiate or sometimes with corolla reduced to a tube, or obsolete. Receptacle either naked or with some chaffy bracts. Bracts of the involucre im- bricated, wholly or partly dry and scarious or scale-likCj not foliace- ous, seldom herbaceous. Anthers without tails at base. Style-bran- ches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, and sometimes with obscure conical tips. Achenes usually small and Bhort, with no pappus, or a paleaceous crown, or a circle of squamellae. * Receptacle with chaffy bracts subtending some or all of the disk- flowers: heads radiate or the rays wanting in certain species : involucre of comparatively small imbricated bracts, the outer successively shor- ter : receptacle convex to oblong : style-branches truncate-penicillate 70 Anthemis Involucre broad : rays large : achenes 4-5- angled or 8-10- ribbed, 71 Achillea Involucre narrow: rays small: achencG ohcompressd. * * Receptacle without chaff or bracts among the flowers. +- Heads comparatively large, radiate, or rarely discoid, pedunculate and solitary at the summit of tlie branches. 72 Matricaria Flowers in our species all alike and perfect : receptacle high-conical : achenes angled, truncate at the apex. 73 Chrysanthemum Rays numerous and conspicuous : receptacle flat or convex : achenes several ribbed or angled. +- ■*- Heads sessile, discoid, heterogamous ; pistillate flowers most numerous, apetaloas, their achenes pointed with an indurated persis- tent style. 74 SoLivA Rays none: receptacle flat: achenes obcompressed, with ANTHEMI8 COMPOSITiE 961 ACHILLEA. rigid wings or callous margins, sessile. •4- -♦- +- Heads slender-peduncled, discoid, heterogamous : pistillate flowers apetalous : style deciduous. 76 CoTULA Rays wanting : receptacle flat or convex : achenes raised on pedicels. +--«-+-+- Heads discoid, heterogamous, the few pistillate flowers with tubular 2-3-toothed or lobed corolla, or sometimes homogamoua: style deciduous. 76 Tanacetuni Heads corymbosely cymose or glomerate^ many-flowered : achenes 5-ribbed or 3-5 angled, with broad truncate summit : anther- tips broad and mostly obtuse. • 77 Artemisia Heads paniculately disposed, small : achenes obovate or oblong, mostly with a small epigynous disk : anther-tips pointed. 70 ANTHEMIS L. Sp. 893. Annual or perennial herbs with pinnatifid or dissected alter- nate leaves and usually large heads of both tubular and ligulate flowers on peducles terminating the branches. Involucre hem- ispherical, many-flowered, of comparatively small imbricated bracts the outer successively shorter. Receptacle convex to ob- long, chaffy at least toward the summit . Rays pistillate and fertile or neutral. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, yellow, their corollas with 5-cleft limb. Anthers obtuse and entire at base. Achenes terete, 4-10-angled or ribbed, glabrous, the truncate summit naked, or with a very short coroniform or dentiform pappus. A. CoTULA L. Sp. 894. Unpleasant-scented annual, 1-2 feet high, diffu- sely branched : leaves finely tri-pinnately dissected : receptacle conical, with bristly bracts only near the centre : rays mostly neutral, white : achenes 10-ribbed, rugose or tuberculate* Common along roadsides and waste places. Naturalized from Europe. A ARVENSis L. Sp. 894. Annual or sometimes biennial, not fetid: stems usually much branched, about a foot high, the branches decumbent at base : leaves once or twice p nnately parted into linear-lanceolate acute lobes: heads rather long-peduncled : bracts of the involucre obtuse, whitish-scari- ous: receptacle conical, its bracts acuminate-lanceolate: rays white: achenes oblong, obtusely 4-angled : pappus a mere crown. In fields and waste places. Naturalized from Europe. 71 ACHILLEA L. Sp. 898, Perennial herbs with erect leafy stems, alternate leaves and small radiate heads corymbose at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre campanulate or obovoid, of small imbri- cated bracts, the outer shortest. Receptacle conical to oblopg; chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, short and broad. Style- branches truncate. Anthers obtuse and entire at base Achenes oblong or obovate, obcompressed, callous-margined, glabrous. Pappus none. A. Millefoliam L. Sp. 899. From villous-lanate to glabrate: stems simple or corymbosely branched above, 1-2 feet high : leaves narrowly 362 COMPOSITiE matricarca CHRYSANTHEMUM oblong or lanceolate in outline. 2-10 inches long, bipinnately dissected into numerous small linear to setaceous-subulate divisions: heads numerous, crowded in a fastigiate cyme ; involucre oblong, its bracts pale or some- simes fuscous-margined ^r wholly brownish : rays 4-6, 2-3 lines long and broad, white to rose-color : receptacle at length elevated. Very variable, perhaps as here defined includes several species. Common from Alaska to California and across the Continent. 72 MATRICARIA L. Sp. 890. Herbs with finely once to thrice dissected alternate leaves and pedunculate heads ol yellow flowers with white rays when present. Heads small to rather large, radiate, or discoid and nomogamous by the absence of ligulate pistillate flowers. Re- ceptacle conical or ovoid, rarely lower when young, without bracts among the flowers. Achenes glabrous. 3-5-ribbed or nerved on the face or sides, rounded on the back. Pappus none, or a mere coroniform border. M. discoidea DC. Prodr. vi, 50, Glabrous annual: stems 4-18 inches high diffusely branched, very leafy : leaves 2-3-pinnately di§ed into short linear acu'e lobes: heads numerous, all short- peduncled : bracts of the involucre oval, witti broad white scarious margins and green centre, much shorter than the disk: receptacle high -conical : achenes oblong, somewhat angled, with an obscure coroniform margin at the summit. In yards and waste places Alaska to California and the Eastern States. 73 CHRYSANTHEMUM L. Sp. 888. Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate dentate incised or dissected leaves and large heads of both tubular and ligulate flowers. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, its bracts ap- pressed, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Re- ceptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked. Rays pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas with terete or 2- winged tubes and 4:-5-cleft limb. Achenes 5-10-ribbed, or nerved, terete, or of the ray 3-angled. Pappus none or a scaly cup. C. Leucanthemdm L. Sp 888. Glabrous or sparingly puberulent : stems 1-3 feet high, from a creeping perennial rootstock, simple or sparingly branched : radical leaves ovate to spatulate, coarsely dentate or incised, narrowed below to long slender petioles; cauline spatulate, the upper grad- ually narrower, becoming small and linear, pinnately dentate or incised, partly clasping at base : heads long-peduncled, broad and flat : rays white, an inch long : pappus none. Becoming common in meadows and waste places. Naturalized from Europe. 74 SOLIVA Ruiz. & Pav. Prodr. 113, t. 24. Small depressed herbs with mainly alternate petioled pinnate- ly dissected leaves and small heads of greenish flowers sessile in the axils or forks of the branches. Heads discoid, hetero- gamous; the apetalous pistillate flowers most numerous; a few hermaphrodite but mostly sterile ones with a short and thick 2-6-loDed corolla in tha centre. Involucre of 5-12 nearly soLiVA COMPOSITE 363 COTDLA equal bracts in not more than 2 series. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes obcompressed, with rigid wings or callous margins which are commonly spinulose -pointed at summit and the apex armed by the spiniform persistfut style. Pappus none. S. sessilis Ruiz & Pav. 1. c. Villous or the leaves glabrate : stems slender, 2-4 inches high, branched : leaves thrice divided, primary divisi- ons 2-5, petiolate, parted into 3-5 narrow lanceolate lobes : heads depressed . achenes broadly obovate, Ihin-winged, spinulose-pointed at the summit, in some the wings reduced to an acute margin: style persistent, long and stout. Moist ground near the coast, Chetco Oregon to California and Chili. 75 CJTULA L. Gen. n. 968. Low herbs with alternate lobed or dissected leaves and slender- peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered, dis- coid, heterogamous. Bracts of the involucre greenish, in about 2 ranks. Pistillate flowers in 1-2 rows, apetalous, with deciduous style; disk-flowe»s with 4-toothed corollas. Achenes raised on pedicels at matui'ity, obcompressed, commonly thick-margined or narrowly winged, in our species nearly or quite destitute of pappus. C. coRONOPiFOLiA L. Sp. 892. Somewhat succulent, nearly glabrous: stems ascending, 4-12 inches long : leaves lingulate-linear, laciniate-pin- natifid, or the uppermost entire, with clasping or sheathing base: heads much depressed, 4-6 lines broad: pistillate flowers a single row, on flatten- ed pedicels their achenes bordered with a thick spongy wing, notched at both ends ; disk-achenes with win2;s reduced to a thickened border. Wet grounds near the coast, Oregon and California. Naturalized from Australia, C. AUSTRALis Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 128. Somewhat pubescent: stems slender, diffusely branched : leaves bipinnately dissected into linear lobes: heads small; pistillate flowers in 2-3jows, their achenes distinctly pedicel- ed ; those of the disk less so. Coast of California and Oregon. Naturalized from Australia. 76 TANACETUM Toutn. L. Gen. n. 944. Herbs or suffruticose plants with altei-nate variously dissected leaves and solitary or corymbose heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered, discoid, the flowers all tubular and perfect, with 3-5-toothed corolla, or the marginal ones pistillate with more or less oblique or imperfectly ligulate corolla. Bracts of the invo- lucre imbricated, in few or several ranks. Styles deciduous. Achenes 5-ribbed or 3-5-angled, with broad truncate summit, bearing a coroniform pappus or none. § 1 Robust erect perennials, leafy to the top. Leaves. 2-3- pinnately dissected into very numerous divisions and lobes often with interposed small ones on the main rhachis. Receptacle flat, quite naked. Pappus coroniform-dentate. T. vuLGARE L. Sp 844. (Tansy) Glabrous or somewhat pubescent: stems 1-3 feet high, usually simy le up to the inflorescence: leaves 4-12 inches long, pinnately divided into linear-oblong pinnatifid or incised seg- ments, the lobes acute, usually serfate: heads numerous, crowdeJ in a 364 COMPOSITE TANACETUM ARTEMISIA corymbiform cyme, 2-4 lines broad, depressed-hemispheric: marginal corollas inconspicuous, terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb. Roadsides and waste places. Escaped from gardens, T. Huronense Nutt. Gen. ii, 141. Villous when young, sometimes glabrate : stems 1-2 feet high, from long running rootstocks : leaves lanceo- late in outline, 2-8 inches long, twice or thrice pinnately divided into lin- ear or oblong divisions: heads large, the disk convex, 4-6 lines broad; marginal corollas with flattish tube and 3-5-lobed limb, which often ex- pands into a cuneate ligule. On sand banks along the coast, Alaska to California, the great Lakes and the coast of Maine to Hudson Bay. § 2 Low perennials. Stems, slender, more naked above, bear- ing rather small globular heads. Leaves less dissected, or entire. Receptacle convex or conical. Achenes usually utricular, with- out pappus. T. potentilloides Gray Proc. Am. Acad, ix, 204. Silvery-sericeous: stems decumbent or ascending, 4-12 inches long, herbaceous to the ground , the naked summit bearing a few slender-peduncled heads : radical leaves numerous, petioled, 1-3 inches long, Idpinnately or tripinnately parted into rather few mostly linear lobes ; cauline leaves few, sessile, more sim- ple : heads 3-4 lines in diameter, in small paniculate corymbs ; bracts of the involucre roundish -ovate or obovate: receptacle densely fimbrillate- hirsute. Alkaline plains southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California T. canum Eaton Bot. King 179, t. 19 f. 8-14. Silvery with minute close tomentum : stems erect from a shrubby base, 6-12 inches high, leafy to the top : leaves sessile, 6-12 lines long, spatulate and entire, or some of them cuneate and 2-3-lobed : heads 2 lines in diameter, congested in small ter- minal clusters : involucre cup-shaped, of about 12 ovate scarious-margined concave bracts in 2 rows : receptacle conical, not hirsute. On cliffs and rocky hills, southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California. 77 ARTEMISIA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 945. Bitter aromatic herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and small paniculately disposed commonly nodding heads of yellow or whitish flowers. Heads few to many-flowered, small, wholly dis- coid; heterogamous the pistillate flowers with small and slender tubular corolla, and the hermaphrodite either sterile or fertile ; or honaogamous with the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile. Involucre imbricated in few or several rows. Anthers commonly tipped with subulate-acuminate appendages. Achenes obovate or oblong, mostly with small epigynous disk and no pappus. § 1 Dracunculus Besser Bull, Soc. Nat. Mosc. viii, 97. Heads heterogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite but sterile, their styles mostly entire and peltate-penicillate at tip. Receptacle not hairy. * Achenes and flowers beset with long cobweby crisp hairs ; spines- cent undershrub. A. spinescens Eaton Bot. King, 180, t. 19, f. 15-21. Stems stout and densely branched, rigid 4-18 inches high, white- tomentose : leaves 2-4 lines long, pedately 3-5-parted, the divisions 3-lobed: heads globose, racemosely glomerate on short and leafy branchlete which become slender persistent spines : bracts of the involucre 5-6, broadly obovate, obtuse : pistillate flow- ARTEMISIA COMPOSITiE 365 ers 1-4, with truncate corolla; the hermaphrodite sterile flowers 4-8, their corollas ventricose-campanulate from a narrow base, 5-toothed : achenes oblong-obovate. On alkaline plains, southeastern Oregon to California Wyoming and Idaho. * * Perennial herbs without spines : heads many-flowered ; recepta- cle hemispherical or ovate: achenes nearly glabrous. A. Canadensis Michx. Fl. ii, 129. Glabrous, or mostly with at least the radical and sometimes all the leaves either sparsely or canescently silky- pubescent : stems 1-2 feet high from a perennial root : leaves mostly bipin- nately divided into linear or almost filiform divisions: heads very numer- ous, 1-2 lines long, in a compound oblong or pyramidal virgate panicle : involucre greenish, glabrous, or rarely pubescent. On rocky banks and plains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States. A. Groenlandica Wormsk. Fl. Dan. t. 1585. Ste-ns simple, 10-16 inches high from a stout perennial caudex : leaves silky -pubescent, radical and lower cauline 1-2-ternately or pinnately divided into linear lobes ; upper- most linear and entire or3-parted: heads numerous, in a somewhat loose narrow thyrsus: involucre pilose or glabrate, pale fuBcous or brownish. On wet banks, Washington to Alaska and Hudson Bay. A. pedatifida Nutt Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 399. Canescent through- out with a fine and close pubescence: cespitose with stout lignescent cau- dftx, very dwarf : leaves chiefly crowded in radical tufts and on the base of the rather naked flowering stems, once or twice 3-parted into narrowly- spatulate or nearly linear obtuse entire divisions : heads few, loosely spicate or racemosely disposed, canescently pubescent, 12-15 flowered; the herma- phrodite sterile flowers with style barely 2-lobed at summit and no ovary. Arid grounds, Idaho and Wyoming to the Rocky Mountains. A. dracancaloides Pursh Fl. ii, 742. Glabrous; stems 2-4 feet high from a perennial root, virgately or paniculately branched : leaves mostly entire, some of the lower ones 3-cleft or more divided, linear, 1-4 inches long : heads very numerous, in a compound and crowded or open and diff- use panicle : involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts ovate or oblong, green, scarious-margined : receptacle hemispheric, naked. Dry plains, British Columbia to California Texas and Nebraska. § 2 EuARTEMisiA Gray Syn, FL i, pt. 2, 369. Heads heterogam- ous ; the disk-flowers hBrmaphrodite and fertile, with 2-cleft style. * Achenes obovoid or oblong, wholly destitute of pappus: receptacle beset with long woolly hairs. A. frigida Willd. Sp. iii, 1838. Silky-canescent and silvery : herbace- ous from a suffrutescent base, about a foot high; simple or branchine, numerous racemously disposed heads in an open panicle : leaves mainly twice ternately or quinately divided or parted into linear crowded lobes, and usually a pair of simple or 3-parted stipuliform divisions at the base of the petiole : heads globular, barely 2 lines in diameter ; involucre pale, canescent, its bracts narrow and herbaceous : corollas glabrous. Idaho to Nevada Texas Minnesota and the Saskatchewan. * * Achenes oboveid or oblong, with small epigynous disk, wholly destitute of pappus : receptacle not villous. A. biennis Willd. Phytogr. 1794, 11. Annual or biennial : wholly glab- rous and inodorous: stems strict 1-4 feet high, with nearly erect branches, very leafy, bearing close glomerules of small heads in the axils from near the base of the somewhat naked and spiciform summit: leaves 1-3 inches long, 1-2-pinnately parted into lanceolate or broadly linear laciniate or incisely toothed lobes ; or the uppermost small, sparingly pinnatifid and 366 COMPOSITE ARTEMISIA less toothed : heasis COMPOSITE 369 LUINA Common along mountain streams, California to Alaska Newfoundland Massachusetts New York and Wisconsin. P. nivalis Greene Pitt, ii, 18. "Rootsfocks slender, matted, scarcely subterranean : leaves 6-10 inches high ; lamina 3 to 6 inches long, of round- reniform or broadly cordate-ovate outline, 5-parted, the sinuses oblong and closed, the segments of broadly cuneate-obovate circumscription, deeply 3- to 5-lobed, the lobes >nith a few coarse angular mucronate spreading teeth ; lower face of leaves pilky-tomentose, upper glabrous, deep green : scapes about a foot high ; heads a dozen or more, racemosely arranged and long-peduncled." Along streamlets, Mount Rainier Washington. 79 CACALIOPSIS Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix^ 50. Perennial herbs with palmately lobed leaves and rather large heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered, discoid, of wholly hermaphrodite and fertile flowers. Involucre hardly herbaceous, simple, of carinately 1 -nerved bracts. Corollas rather deeply 5-cleft, the cylindraceous throat rather longer than the slender tube. Anthers much exserted, with lanceolate tips and entire base. Style puberulent for somp distance below the slightly flattish branches. Achenes linear, glabrous, 10-striate. Pappus very co- pious, soft and white, equalling the corolla. C. Jfardosmia Gray 1. c. Floccose-woolly, at length glabrate: stems stout; 2-4 feet high, 2-3-leaved and bearing several loosely paniculate heads : leaves alternate, long-petioled, round-cordate to fan-shaped, 5-9-cleft, or rarely parted, the lobes or divisions rather broad, incisely dentate or lobed : heads an inch high, discoid; bracts of the campauul?te involucre 12-30, lanceolate-linear, acuminate, a little shorter than the disk : corollas yellow. Open Pine woods, Washington to California. 80 LUINA Benth. Hook. In. PI. t. 1139, Low herbs with simple stems, alternate entire leaves and small heads of yellow flowers. Heads about 10-flowered, homogamous, of wholly hermaphrodite and fertile flowers. Involucre of 10-12 dry and rather rigid 1 -nerved equal bracts. Corollas with slen- der tube and funnelform 5-lobed limb. Anthers much exserted, sagittate at base. Style glabrous, its flattened and linear branch- es obscurely pappillose on the back, very obtuse. Achenes ob- securely 10-striate, glabrous. Pappus of numerous soft white bristles equalling the corolla. L. hypolenca Benth. 1. c* Stems simple, few or many from a stout woody rootstock, white with appressed tomentum, 6-12 inches high, leafy up to the corjTnbiform cyme of several small heads: leaves ovate or oval, sessile, entire, an inch or less long, rather coraiceous, the upper face green and glabrate, the lower densely white -tomentose: involucre 4 lines high, nearly equalling the light yellow coi'ollas. On cliffs and rocky places in the mountains, Brit. Co- lumbia to California. 81 RAINIERIA Greene Pitt, iii, 291. " Stoutish upright milky -juiced perennial, with the aspect and inflorescence of a Nabalis, but more nearly the characters of Mes- adenua. Heads racemose, 2 or 3 in the axil of each small bract. Involucre simple, cylindric, of 4 to 6 firm erect bracts, Recepta- 370 COMPOSITE CROCiDiuM TETRADYMIA cle flatj naked, bearing 4 to 6 tubular flowers; these with narrow cylindric proper tube rather longer than the combined narrow throat and long linear segments. Achenes prismatic, glabrous, surmounted by a rather coarse pappus of firm sorded or brt)wn- ish bristles which are smooth except at the slightly thickened and scabrous apex. '"' ^. stricta Greene V. c. Prenanthes stricta Greene. Luina Piperi Robinson. " Perennial, 2 feet high from simple or branching horizontal rootstocks, glabrous, bright green, not glaucous: radical leaves 6-10 inches long, oblong- lanceolate, tapering to a winged petiole, abruptly acuminate, coarsely and repandly dentate; cauline similar but smaller, rather numerous : inflorescence a strict and dense simple raceme 6 inches long; heads erect, their short ped- icels single or in pairs; scales; of the cylindrical involucre about 8, pm'plish and with some white tomentose pubescence, calyculate bracts oljscure or none : achenes equally and obtusely 15-ribbed; pappus pale-fuscous. Dry north- ward slopes, in rocky soil at the limit of trees on Mount Rainier Wash. " * * Style -branches of hermaphrodite flowers either truncate or capitellate at tip, which is either naked or penicUlate or hirsute and not rarely hearing a short conical or flattened appendage. -*- Involucre lax, usually of much overlapping or unequal bracts. 82 CROCIDIUM Hook. Fl. i, 335, t. 118. Small winter annual herbs with alternate leaves and yellow flowers on scape-like stems in early spring. Heads heterogamous, radiate, the flowers all fertile. Involucre hemispherical or more open, of 8-12 nearly equal thin-herbaceous bracts. Receptacle conical. Ray-flowers about 12, oblong, with short filiform tube ; disk-flowers with slender tube and campanulate 5-toothed limb Anthers with deltoid-ovate acute tips. Branches of the style short and broad, term inated by large deltoid appendages. Achenes fusi- form-oblong, obscurely 3-5-costate, beset with hyaline oblong pa- pillae, which detaching when wetted throw out a pair of spiral threads. Pappus a single series of equal white barbellate bristles which are very deciduous, commonly wanting in the ray-flowers. C. mnlticaule Hook. 1. c. Flocculent woolly when young, soon most- ly glabrate, producing many simple stems 2-10 inches long irom the tuft of obovate or spatulate few-toothed sessile or short-petioled radical leaves ; cauline leaves small, lanceolate to linear: heads solitary, slender-peduncl- ed rather small but showy ; bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate. Moist places, Brit, Columbia to California and Idaho. -*- -^ Involucre of 4-6 firm and concave close and strongly over- lapping bracts, 4-9 flowered. Shrubs with alternate leaves. 83 TETRADYMIA DC. Prodr. vi. 440. Low and rigid shrubs with alternate or fascicled narrow entire leaves and rather large cymose or clustered heads of 3'ellow flow- ers. Heads homogamous, the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre cylindrical to oblong Receptacle flat. Corollas with elongated tube and lanceolate or linear spreading lobes longer > TETBADYMIA COMPOSITE 371 RAILLARDELLA than the short campanulate throat. Anthers wholly exserted, acutely and even caudately sagittate at base ; the tips triangular- lanceolate. Style-branches flattish, the truncate and minutely penicillate tips terminated by a very short and low obtuse cone. Achenes terete, short, obscurely 5-nerved. Pappus of fine and soft minutely scabrous capillary white or whitish long bristles. § 1 EUTETRADYMiA T. & G. Fl. ii, 447. Involucrc 4-flowered, of 4-5 bracts. Pappus extremely copious. Achenes either very villous, glabrate or glabrous, varying even in the same species T. canescens DC Prodr. vi, 540. A lioary sb'- jb 1-2 feet high, perm- anently canescent with a dense and close tomeni.um, unarmed, fastigiately branched : leaves from narrowly linear to spatulate-lanceolate, an inch or less long: heads 6-9 lines high, most of them short-pedunculate. Dry hills and plains, Brit. Columbia to California and New Mex. east of the Cascade Mountains. T. glabrata Gray Pacif. R. Rep. ii, 122, t. 5. Shrub 1-4 feet high with slender spreading branches; whitened with loose at length deciduous tomentum : leaves at length nake 1 and green, primary ones slender-subu- late, cuspidate, on young shoots appressed, 6 lines long; those of the fasci- cles in their axils spatulate-linear, fleshy, pointless: heads mostly short- pedunculate; involucre often glabrate: achenes, so far as known, very villous. Southeastern Oregon to Eastern California and Utah. T. Xuttallli T. &G. Fl. ii, 447 Shrub 2-3 feet high, much branched, woolly when young, canescent : primary leaves mostly converted into sub- ulate soines; the others densely fascicled in their axils thickish, linear- spatulate, obtuse, half imh long, about equalling the spines: heads fasci- cled and in corymbose clusters on very short peduncles. Southern Idaho and Utah. § 2 Lagothamnus T. & G. 1. c. 448. Involucre 5-9-flowered, of 5 or 6 broader bracts. Proper pappus reduced nearly or quite to a single series of bristles which are covered by a false pappus of extremely long very soft and white woolly hairs which dense- 1}^ clothe the achenes. T. spinosa H & A.. Bot. Beech. 360. Slirub 2-4 feet high; at least the branches densely white-tomentose ; branches divaricate, rigid, bearing rigid straivsht or recurved spines in place of primary leaves; secondary leaves fascicled in their axils, sma'l, fleshy, linear-clavate, glabrous or glabrate: heads scattered, peduncu ate, fully 6 lines high: pappus of com- paratively rigid capillary bristles surpassing the wool of the achene. Dry plains, eastern Oregon and Idaho to Utah California and Arizona. -*- ■*— +- Involucre of several connivent-erect herbaceous equal bracts, many -rflow ere d. Ours herbs with the flowers all fertile. 84 RAILLARDELLA Gray Proc Am. Acad, vi, 550, Acaulfcscent herbs with stout creeping rootstocks, bearing tufts of entire radical leaves and a simple naked scape terminated by a t- ingle large head of yellow flowers. Head several- to many- flowered, homogamous ; the flowers all fertile. Involucre naked at base ; of 6-14 linear equal bracts in a single series, lightly united into a cup to or above the middle, Receptacle naked, flat 3?2 COMPOSITE SAiLLARDELLA ARNICA or barely convex, Ray-flowers with irregular and cuneate deeply 3-4-cleft fertile ligules : disk corollas with rather short proper tube, elongated and narrow-funnelform throat and 5-toothed limb. Style-branches elongated, hispidulous, and produced be3^ond the stigmatic lines into acuminate tips. Achenes linear, flattish, stri- ate-nerved. Pappus a single series of rather stout aristiform plumose bristles. R. argentea Gray 1. c. Rootstock extensively creeping, somewhat lig- nescent: leaves silvery with silky tomentum, 1-2 inches long: scapes 2-4 inches high : head narrow, in depauperate specimens 7-8-flowered, but usually about 15-flowered : rays none. From Crater Lake Oregon to the San Bernardino Mountains in California. R. Pringlei Greene Bull. Torr. Club ix, 17. Scapes 12-18 inches high from a branching rootstock or prostrate short leafy branches: leaves al- most linear, some of them remotely serrate-toothed, glabrous, 3-4 inches long: involucre campanulate, about 40-flowered, its numerous bracts but slightly united near the base: flowers orange-yellow, 6-10 of them conspic- uously radiate: pappus-bristles 15-18. Subalpine. in the mountains of northern California, to be looked for in southern Oregon. -»-+ Involucre of several connivent erect herbaceous equal bracts, many-flowered. Ours herbs with the flowers all perfect. 85 ARNICA L. Gen. n. 958. Perennial herbs with erect stems, mostly opposite leaves and comparatively large heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flower- ed, conspicuously radiate, or the rays rarely wanting Involucre campanulate, of several thin-herbaceous oblong-lanceolate to linear equal bracts in a single or somewhat double series. Recep- tacle flat, sometimes fimbrillate or villous. Corollas of the disk- flowers with a commonly elongated hirsute tube and fun- nelform or cylindraceous 5-lobed limb. Achenes linear, more or less 5-lO-costate or angled. Pappus a single series of numer- ous rather rigid capillary bristles, from scabrous to barbellate. * Radical leaves mostly cordate at base, on slender sometimes winged petioles : rootstocks slender and creeping. ■*- Rays wanting, or rarely some rudiments : cauline leaves some- times by disjunction alternate, usually some of them petioled, irregu- larly dentate : heads several, paniculate. A. parviflora Gray Prop. Am. Acai. vii, 363. " A foot high, slender, pubescent, even the peduncles but slightly glandular: leaves narrowly deltoid or oblong, truncate or abrupt at base, an inch or two long : involu- cre 4 or 5 lines high, about 20-flowered ; its linear bracts sparsely pubes- cent: achenes not pubescent, minutely glandular." From Crater Lake Oregon to Humboldt Co. California A. discoidea Benth. PI. Hartw. 319. More or less villous and viscid : stems 10-18 inches high, rather stout : radical and lower cauline leaves from ovate with truncate or abruptly cuneate base to cordate, not rarely wing-petioled 2-4 inches long : involucre 6 lines high, 30-50-fiowered, usu- ally very villous and glandular; its bracts lanceolate to linear : corollas all tubular: achenes pubescent. Wooded hills in the Coast ranges, Washing- ton to California. AKNiOA COMPOSITE 373 A. spatlinlata Greene Pitt. iii. 103. "A foot high or more, stoutish, somewhat vi'cidly hirsute and tomentulose, very leafy below and florif- erous from about midway of the stem : lowest leaves 3 to 5 inches long, broadly lanceolate-spatulate, doubly toothed, the two or more pairs of lower cauline more narrowly spatulate but dilated just above the inser- tion : peduncles 6 to 10, the lowest with a pair of ovate-acuminate eessile bracts in the middle : heads campanulate, % inch high ; involucre densely woolly-hirsute and viscidulous ; rays none; disk-corollaa orchroleucous, the tube hirsute, the teeth with a luft of pilose hairs at tip : achenes glabrous, minutely resinous-dotted; pappus white, barbellulate-scabrous. Oregon." ♦* *♦ Rays conspicuous and elongated, rarely wanting: cauline leaves all opposite, in 1-3 pairs, broad and usually membranaceous, dentate or denticulate. A. cordifolia Hook. Fl. i, 331. Pubescent or the stems hirsute and the peduncles villous : stems 1-2 feet h'gh, or in alpine forms 4-8 inches high : lower cauline and radical leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate, or sometimes onlv ovate; upper cauline small, sessile: heads few, in smaller plants solitary : involucre 8 lines high, pubescent or villous : rays usually an inch long: achenes more or less hirsute. Woods and high mountains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. rar. eradiata Gray Syn. FL i, pt. 2, 381. Heads smaller, without rays: leaves oblong-ovate, at most subcordate. Eastern Oregon to Mont. A. latifolia Bong. Veg. Sitch. 147. Glabrous or minutely pubescent: stems rather slender, 6-18 inches high: radical leaves cordate or subcor- date and petioled, cauline 2-3 pairs equal ovate, or oval, usually sharplv dentate, closely sessile by a broad base, or lowest with contracted base : heads one to several, on slender peduncles in the axils of the upper leaves ; bracts of the involucre oblanceolate with a broad base and long accumi- nate apex ; achenes usually glabrate or glabrous. In mountainous districts Alaska to Oregon and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado A. cernuua Howell Glabrous or minutely pubescent; ^tems slender, usually solitary, 4-12 inches high, bearing a single head on a curved pe- duncle : leaves all more or less petioled, entire or coarsely dentate, ovate and subcordate, or the upper lanceolate with a broad cuneate base, usu- ally not more than 15 lines long : involucre 8-10 lines long, of lanceolate but not acuminate bracts : achenes short-pubescent. On the serpentine formation of the Coast range, near Waldo, Oregon * * No cordate leaves : radical leaves petioled tapering or some- times abrupt at base : root-stock usually creeping and slender •*- Leafy to the top : cauline leaves very seldom less than 4 pairs and the upper not conspicuously diminished : heads several or few, in small plants solitary. A. amplexicanlis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 480. Glabrous or sometimes pubescent: 1-2 feet high: many-stemmed from matted root stocks, rather stout, leaves fronn ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acute or acu- minate, all the cauline sessile by half-clasping base, saliently and very acutely dentate ; achenes hirsute-pubescent. Along small^treams and on waterfalls never where it becomes dry. Oregon to Brit. Columbia. A. Chamissonis Less, in Linn, vi, 238. Few-stemmed from short running rootstocks; from tomentulose or villous pubescent to nearly glab- rous, 1-2 feet high, rather slender: leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, lowest tapering into a marginal petiole, upper broad at base and somewhat clasping: achenes hirsute-pubescent. In the high mountains, Alaska to California, Utah, Colorado, Lake Superior and Washington. 374 COMPOS IT JE arnica SENECIO A. longifolia Eaton Bot. Kiug 186. Minutely scabrous-puberulent : stems 14-24 incites high, many from a scaly caudex: leaves in 5-6 pairs, elon- gated-lanceolate, acuminate, 7-10 lines broad, entire or denticulate, the very lowest reduced to ochreate scales, the upper pairs sessile and slightly conna- t;e-amplexicaul, the lower with sheathing connate petioles: heads 1-8, com- monly 5, not large; hivolucral bracts lanceolate, acute: achenes minutely glandular but not hispid. In dense clumps among rocks, Powder Biver Mountains Oregon to the Clover Mountains Nevada and in the Uintas above Bear Eiver Canyon; 10,000 feet altitude. A. foliosa Nutt. 1. c. Tomentose-pubescent, strict, leaves lanceolate, denticulate, nervose; upper pai'tly clasping by narrowish base; lower with tapering base, connate: heads short-peduncled, rarely solitary; achenes hir- sute-pubescent or glabrate . Wet meadows and mountain sides, western Cali- fornia to eastern Washington the Saskatchewan and the Rocky Mountains. -*- -^ Heads rayless stems leafy even on the flowering branches A. Yiscosa Gray. Proc. Am. Acad, xiii, 374. "A foot or less high, fas- tigiately branching, very viscid-pubescent: leaves small (inch or less long), ovate-oblong, entire, closely sessile but not connate at base: involucre 4 lines high, considerably shorter than the 25 or 30 flowers: corollas pale yellow: ach- enes glandular-hirsute. On Mt. Shasta California", perhaps in Oregon. -t- -»- Less leafy: cauline leaves 1 or 2 rarely 3 pairs, the upper mostly small. ■»* Heads rayless, mostly 3-5 and rather short-peduncled at the naked summit of the stem. A. Parryi Gray Am. Nat. viii, 213. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent and above glandular,8lender, fiimple,l-2 feet high : leaves membranaceous, commonly denticulate, radical oval or ovate-oblong, 1-3 inches long, ab- ruptly or cuneately contracted at base into a short margined petiole; cau- line remote : involucre hirsute and glandular, 6 lines or less hijrh, occas- ionally some outermost corollas ampliate : achenes glabrous or with a few sparse hairs. Eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky Mountains. ■»+ -^ Heads conspicuously radiate, solitary or very few, mostly long-peduncled. A. alpina Olin. Pubescent, hirsute or at summit villous: stems 18 inches high, strict, simple, usually monocephalous : leaves thickish.from narrowly oblong to lanceolate or the radi al oblong-spatulate and small, uppermost linear entire, or denticulate, 3-Derved; base of the cauline bare- ly at all connate : achenes hirsute-pubescent, rarely glabrate. Oregon and Washington to the Aleutian Isl&nds, the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Moun- tains Labrador and the Arctic coast +-*■+-*■ Pappus of soft-capillary and merely scabrous very nu- merous bristles. Style-branches narrow^ truncate or capitellate and often bearing a bearded ring at tip which sometimes is produced into a short central cusp or obscure cone. Leaves all alternate. 86 SENECIO Tourn. L. Gen. n. 954. Perennial herbs ; with mostly simple stems from creeping root- stocks, bearing solitary or few usually long-peduncled and rather large heads of yellow flowers. Head many-flowered, with pistillate rays ; or sometimes homogamous by the absence of the rays; the flowers all fertile. Involucre usually broadly campanulate na- SENECio COMPOSITE 375 ked at base: the scales thin-herbaceous, lanceolate or linear, equal, in one or two series. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays elon- gated : disk-corollas with distinct and usually elongated tube and funnelform or cylindraceous 5-lobed limb. Style-appendnges obtuse, pubescent. Achenes linear, 5-anglcd or 5-10-ribbed, somewhat hirsute or nearly glabrous. Pappus a single series of rather rigid strongly scabrous or barbellate capillary bristles. § 1 Ours perennials with tomentose and usually floccose pu- bescence or none, never viscid nor obviously hirsute. * Heads more than half-inch high, very many-flowered: disk corollas merely 5-toothed : heads radiate. S. megacephalus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vli, 410. Ahout a foot high, loosely floccose-woolly, tardi'y glabrate, leafy: leaves entire, lanceo- late and tapering into a petiole, uppermost cauline attenuate, thickish : heads 1-3, short-peduncled, 8-12 lines high: involucre calycnlate by some very loose and setaceous-subulate elongated accessory bracts: rays over half inch long. Mountains of Idaho. * * Heads middle-sized or small, erect, mostly radiate. ■*- Stems herbaceous, numerously and equally leafy to the top: leaves pinnately veined, not conspicuously reticulate, from entire to laciniate-dentate or dissected, not narrowly linear,glabrous or very early glabrate and smooth. ** Low, alpine : beads few or solitary. S. hesperis Greene. Pitt, ii, 166. Stems 4-10 inches high from short, spreading rootstocks, leafy only at the decumbent base ; sparingly floccose- tomentose when young, in age nearly glabrous : leaves thickish and some- what fleshy, from round-oval to oblong and oblong-lanceolate, 6-12 lines long, tapering or abruptly contracted to a short or long petiole, almost en- tire or repandly or crenately few-toothed: head solitary half-inch high, with the expanded rays 1 inch broad: involucre campanulate, the bracts linear, outer calyculate ones few or none: rays 10-12 deep yellow, style tips slightly penicillate. On the serpentine formation of the Coast range of southern Oregon. S. Fremontli T. & G. Fl. ii, 445. Many-stemmed from a thickish cau- dex, 6-12 inches high, leafy to the top: leaves thickish, from rounded-ob- oyate or spatulate to oblong, obtuse, obtusely or acutely dentate, some- times even pinnatifid-dentate ; lower abruptly contracted into a winged petiole ; uppermost sessile by a broadish base : head half-inch high, short- peduncled, subtended by a few short loose bractlets : rays 3-5 lines long. Alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains to Lassen Peak California and the Blue Mountains of Oregon. S. occidentalis Greene Pitt, iv, 122. S. Fremontii Var occidsntalis Gray. Stems many from running rootstocks, 4-12 inches high, rather slender: leaves from round-obovate to spatulate, 6-12 lines long those in the middle of the stem largest and the lowest smallest, coarsely dentate: heads 1-several, about 6 lines high: bracts of the involucre linear, 1- nerved, scarious -margined, the small accessary ones setaceous to lanceo- late, rays 4-6 lines long. On the higher mountains, Oregon to California and the Rocky mountains. S. streptanthifolins Greene Eryth. iii, 28. "Only a foot high, or even less, from clustered leafy perennial rootstocks, glabrous throughout, some- what fleshy-coriaceous and glaucous : leaves 1 to 1}4 inches long, orbicular 376 . COMPORITiE senecio to obovate and oblong-obovate, rather long-peduncled, the margin from merely repand-denticulate to more conspicuously though sparingly toothed: heads less than % inch high, in a loose unequally-branched corymb terminating the remotely bracted stem : both disk and ray flowers very light yellow. On dry wooded banks in Beaver Canon, Idaho," S. Gibbonsii Greene Pitt, ii, 20. Stems stout, simple, 3 feet high or more, leafy throughout : leaves rather fleshy, short- petioled, 3 inches long deltoid-lanceolate, acute, entire or with a few irregular teeth near the base : *heads radiate, 6 lines high, disposed in a lax somewhat dichomotous cyme : involucre campanulate, calyculate-bracted at base. Salt-marshes at the mouth of the Columbia river." •«- ++ Tall with corymbosely cymous and radiate heads : involucre setaceously few-bracteolate, campanulate or narrower : leaves nearly membranaceous. S. triangularis Hook. Fl. i, 332. Rather stout, glabrate, stem sim- ple, 2-5 feet high bearing several or somewhat numerous heads in a corym- biform open cyme: leaves all more or less petioled and thickly dentate, deltoid-lanceolate or the lower triangular hastate or deltoid-cordate and the uppermost lanceolate with cuneate base: beads about half-inch high, involucre campanulate, mostly 25-30-flowered, the oblong-linear, rays 6- 12. In w€t ground on the high mountains, British Columbia to Califor- nia and the Rocky Mountains. S. subvestitns Howell Eryth. iii, 35. Densely floccose-woolly through- out: stem simple, 1-2 feet high, from short spreading rootstocks, leafy to the top : leaves lanceolate, obscurely hastate, the lowest subcordate, all petiolate, 1-2 inches long, strongly denticulate : heads several in a close cyme, radiate, half-inch high, involucre campanulate, many- flowered with or without calyculate setaceous bracts at base. In wet meadows,top of the Siskiyou mountains near Waldo, Oregon. S. serra Hook I.e. Strict, 2-4 feet high, very leafy, sometimes sim- ple and bearing rather few, somewhat large heads, commonly branching at summit, then bearing numerous corymbosely paniculate smaller heads : leaves 4-6 inches long, all lanceolate and tapering to both ends, sessile by a narrow base, or the lowest short petioled, usually with the whole mar- gin thickly serrate or serrulate with very acute salient teeth : involucre oblong-campanulate,20-30 flowered : rays5-8,oblong linear. Along streams, eastern Oregon to Idaho, Wyoming and Colorado Var. integrinscnlus Gray Syn. Fl. i, Pt. 2, 386. Heads smaller, (3 or 4 lines high) and narrower, fewer-flowered : leaves minutely serrate or den- ticulate or the upper entire, sometimes all entire or nearly so generally shorter and smaller or broader and not acuminate. Common from Eastern Oregon to California and Wyoming. +- -^ Stems either few-leaved or with the upper leaves reduced in size; the infloresence therefore naked : none with linear leaves. •M- Tall and simple-stemmed, from a coarsely fibrous cluster of roots : leaves fleshy-coriaceous, all entire or barely denticulate. S. hydropliyllns Nutt. 1. c. Very glabrous and smooth sometimes glaucous: stems robust, 2-4 feet high, strict: leaves lanceolate with strong midrib and obsolete veins ; radical oblanceolate and stout-petioled, some- times a foot long and nearly 2 inches wide; upper cauline sessile or partly clasping: heads numerous in a branching corymbiform cyme, 5 lines high, short pedicelled: involucre narrowly campanulate, slightly bracteolate, its bracts 8-12 : rays 3-6, small, sometimes none. In water or wet places, British Columbia to California, Along the Columbia river above the Dalles. SENECio COMPOSIT^> 377 ■M- -^ Plants mostly in clumps or tufts, or from tufted or creeping rootstocks : stems commonly robust, 1-5 feet high, hearing mostly numerous heads in a cyme: leaves from entire to dentate, none really cordate, nor with permanent tomentum : usually more or less woolly- pubescent when } oung, often quite glabrate and green at flowering time : heads many-flowered : rays 8-12, conspicuous. S. Colnmbianns Greene Pitt, iii, 170. S. lugens in part of authors, not of Richardson. Floccose-wcolly when young, at length glabrate : stems stout, 2-4 feet high, from a fascicle of coarse fibrous looti: leaves thick, very variable, from oblong to lanceolate, variously dentate to serrulate ; the lower petioled; the upper sessile by a broad base: heads numerous, in an ample cymose panicle: involucre campanulate, 6-8 lines high; its num- erous bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, with or \\iihout black tips: rays yellow, 6-8 lines long, ohlong to oblanceolate. Common on plains and hills, Brit. Columbia io California and Nebraska. S. exaltatus Nutt Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 410. Sparingly villous when young, at length glabrous : stems stout, 2-3 feet high, simple, naked above: leaves thick, equally crenate-denticulate; the radical and lower cau- line broadly lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, on lon^ petioles ; the upper lanceo- late, acute, partly clasping, serrate : heads small, numerous, in a compound fastigiate cyme: bracts of the involucre linear, with pubescent purplish or black tips : rays 6-8. oblong, short: achenes glabrous. Plains of the Columbia. Oregon and Washington. S. lugens var. ochroleucus Gray ap- pears to be a nearly white-flowered form of this. S. cordatns Nutt. 1. c. More or less pubescent, especially toward the base of the stem : stem solitary. 2-6 feet h'gh, from ^ fascicle of fibrous roots, sulcate angled : lower leaves cordate-ovate, repandly serrulate or nearly entire, obtuse, on long petioles ; the upper lanceolate, clasping, ser- rate : heads numerous, in a nearly simple corymb : bracts of the involucre about 15, linear, with pubescent bla( k tips :*rays 5-6, oblong. On sandy hills Sauvie Island near the mouth of the Willamette River S. Orcganus. Glabrous throughout: stems rather slender, 2-3 feet high, from a somewhat woody caudex : leaves from spatulate to linear, usually narrowly lanceolate, narrowed below to a slender petiole with a dilated base, acutish to acuminate, more or less remotely denticulate; the lowest ones, including the pet ole, 4-8 inches long; the upper ones reduced to sessile subulate or setaceous bracts: heads 8-20, in a close umbel the rays of which elongate forming a loose cymose panicle in fruit : bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate or linear, acuminate, with black tips : rays yellow, spatulate, 4-6 lines long : achenes about 2 lines long, glabrous. In marshes bordering Lake Labish, Marion Co. Oregon. S. fcetidus. Glabrous: stems stout, 2-3 feet high, from a short hard caudex, bearing an ample umbellate cyme of middlesized heads: leaves thin, lanceolate, finely denticulate; the lowest 4-8 inches long including the petiole, acute, tapering below to a short petiole; upper ones sessile by a broad base, reduced upward to small bracts : involucre 6 lines high, its very numerous linear bracts very acute, green or yellowish, often spar- ingly hispidulous : rays 8-12, yellow : achenes short, glabrous. In swales, Klickitat Valley Washington. This plant has a very unpleasant odor, and my specimens that have been in my herbarium 20 years have not lost it. ■»+ -t- •♦+ Leaves crowded on the matted rootstock nearly veinless : achenes glabrous. S. valerianella Greene Pitt, iv, 109. Glabrous: stems slender, de- cumbent at base, 4-6 inches long, from slender densely tufted rootstocks: leaves from round-obovoid to almost orbicular, about 8 lines in diameter, 378 COMPOSITE 8£NEC[0 slender-petioled, thin and delicate, lightly but rather evenly crenate; cau- line bracts very variable, from somewhat lyrate to lanceolate or subu- late: heads usually solitary: involucre subcampanulate, 3-4 lines high, of numerous broad thin bracts and one or more rather broad and her- baceous bractlets at base: rays 10 or more, broad and short, golden-yellow. CcBur d'Alene Mountains Idaho. ^^ ^^. ^ *> Stems 6-30 inches high, bearing some leaves and corym- bosely cymose heads : involucre sparingly calyculate or nearly naked at base. = Leaves all entire, rarely sparingly denticulate or toothed. S. fastigiatns Nutt. 1. c. Cinereous with a fine and close pannose to- mentum, or glabrate: stems strict, simple, 1-2 feet high, terminated by a fastigiate cyme of several heads, or sometimes with branches terminated with single and rather large heads: leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceo- late, obtuse, about 2 inches long, entire or sparingly dentate; upper often linear; lower cauline, and the sometimes oblong, radical tapering into slender petioles : heads 4-6 lines high : rays conspicuous: achene* glab- rous. Plains of Oregon and Washington to Idaho and British Columbia. = = Leaves from entire or serrate to pinnatifid in the same species, none pinnately divided. S. Purshianus Nutt. 1. c. S. Howellii Greene. Densely white tomen- tose when young, tardily deciduous above : stems 4-10 inches high leafy : leaves thickish the lower ones lanceolate, from nearly entire to coarsely dentate or pinnatifid, slender-petioled; upper leaves pinnately lobed or parted into oblong divisions, all petioled or the uppern.ost Eessile : Heads few to numerous, in a rather close fastigiate cyme, 6 lines high or more; involucre campanulate its numerous bracts lanceolate acute or acumi- nate, green with white margins, minutely puberulent, the tips pubescent: rays 6-12, elongated oblong, 6 lines long or more: achenes glabrous, light colored prominently striate, Rocky banks Eastern Oregon and Washing- ton to the Rocky mountains. S. aureus L. Sp. 870. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through- out; stems rather slender, solitary or tufted, 12-30 inches high: basal leaves cordate-orbicular or reniform, crenate-dentate, very obtuse and rounded, often purplish, 1-6 inches long, with long slender petioles ; lower stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong, usually laciniate, pinnatifid or lyrate, the uppermost small, sessile, somewhat auriculate and clasping: heads several, 8-10 lines broad, 4-5 lines high, slender-peduncled, in an open corymb ; rays 8-12, golden-yellow ; achenes glabrous ; pappus white. In wet places in the high mountains, Alaska to California and across the con- tinent S. balsamitse Muhl, Wild. Sp. 1999. Stems slender, 10-20 inches high, woolly at the base and in the axils of the lower leaves: radical leaves slender- petioled, oblong, rarely slightly spatulate, veiy obtuse, narrow at the base, mostly thick, crenate, often pui-plish, 1-3 inches long, 8-6 lines wide, their petioles and sometimes their lower surfaces persistently tomentose or woolly, or glabrous throughout; lower stem leaves petioled, lanceolate or pinnatifid, the upper sessile very small : heads few or several, slender peduncled, 6-10 lines broad, 3-4 lines high: rays 8-12: achenes usually hispidulous: on the angles. Dry soil, British Columbia to Washington, Texas, Nebraska and Nova Scotia. S. subnudns DC. Prodi*, vi^ 428. Very glabrous throughout: stems often decumbent at base, simple, slender, 6-10 inches high, nearly leafless above and usually bearing a single head: radical leaves obovate, slender- petioled, coarsely dentate; cauline very few, sessile, oblong to linear, incised 8BNECIO COMPOSITE 379 or somewhat pinnatifid: involucre open-campanulate, 4-5 lines high, of linear acute bracts: rays 8-12, elongated oblong : achenes glabrous, striate. In mai-sby grounds, Cascade and Rooky Mountains. S. elongatns Pursh Fl ii, 529. S. aureus var. borealis T & G. Stems 10-20 inches high: leaves thickish; the radical from roundish with abrupt or even truncate base to cuneat«-obovate and cuneate spatulate, 6-12 lines long, slender-petioled: cauline seldom much pinnatifid; heads numerous or few, not rarely rayless: achenes glabrous. In the high mountains Brit. Columbia to California and thcj Rocky Mountains. S. Adamsi. Floccose- woolly below, glabrous above except the axils of the leaves: stems 4-12 inches high: radical leaves oborate or oblong to al- most orbicular, crenately toothed, the blade 6-18 lines long, on slender pet- ioles as long or longer; caulme leaves lanceolate to linear in outline, pinnate- ly lobed or parted into oblong or linear lobes or divisions, sessile by a some- what clasping base: heads 1-12, in a close or at length open cyme: involucre hemispherical, of numerous linear- lanceolate acute bracts, 4-5 lines long: rays 12-15, elongated oblong: achenes glabrous, about a line long. By the base of cliffs, Mount Adams Washington. = = = Leaves moitly once pinnately divided or pai-ted and again lobed or incised . S. Bolanderi Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 362. Glabrous or early glabrate : stems weak and slender, 6-30 inches high from slender creeping rootstocks : leaves thin and membraneous, mostly petioled : early radical orbicular, subcordate, palmately 5-9 lobed or crenate-incised; others pin- nately divided into 5-9 distinct leaflets or the upper lobes confluent with rounded terminal one, all obtusely incised : heads several, loosely cymose 4 or 5 lines high, rays 5-8, rather long. Common along streams and bluffs Washington to Northern California west of the Cascade mountains. *********** Stems leafy, numerously or somewhat equably so up to the top S. condensatus Greene Pitt, iii, 298 " Stems soHtaiy, stout and low, very leafj-, 4 to 6 inches or rarely almost a foot high: herbage somewhat suc- culent, sparsely flooculent when young: lower leaves almost as long as the stem, spatulate-obovate; the upper oblanceolate, all obtu8e,[orenately or more sharply dentate: heads 3 to 6, more than % inch high, closely sessile in a large cluster among the upper leaves: bracts of the decidedly flocculent in- volucre lanceolate, acuminate: rays either wanting or few and deep yellow. High ridges of the Blue Mountains Walla Walla Co. Washington, Piper. § 2 Annuals or biennials. S. VULGARIS L. Engl. Bot. t., 748. (Groundsel). Rather stout, branch- ing and leafy to the top glabrate 4-16 inches high from an annual root: leaves incisely pinnatifid the long or roundish lobes and the sinuses sharply toothed : heads 4-5 lines high : tips of the involucral bracts and the short calyculate ones at base blackish : rays none : achenes canes- cently puberulent, common in cultivated fields and moist places, flower- ing most of the winter months. (Nat. from Eu.) Tribe via. CYNAROIDEjE B. & H. Gen. ii, 211. Heads hom- ogamous tubiflorous, the flowers all hermaphrodite with equally or sometimes unequally 5-cleft corollas, the lobes long and narrow, or sometimes radiatiform and heterogamous by enlargenunt of the limb of marginal flowers which are commouly neutral. Involucre much im- 380 COMPOS ITiE cynaroide^ hricnted: recfptacle mostly flat orconvexed, often fimbrillate or densely setose. Anthers with tails at base and commonly with elongated and connate cartilaginous apical appendages, their tips distinct. Style- branches destitute of appendage, short, sometimes distinct or partly so, more commonly united up to the simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or hispid, but sometimes an hispidulous or pubescent ring or node below. Achenes thickish and hard. Pappus se'ose or rarely paleaceous. Leaves alternate the teeth or margins often prickly . SuBTRiBE I cARDUiNE^iE Achenes attached by their very base. Flowers all perfect ,( except one thistle ). * Filaments distinct. +- Leavee never prickly: style slender, its branches partly distinct: filaments glabrous. 87 Saussnrea Involucre obovoid to oblong; its bracts appressed and without spinose or hooked tips pappus double, the inner series united at base and falling together, the outer distinct and falling separately. 88 Arctium Involucre globular; its bracts spreading above the appressed base and hooked at tip. ■♦- •«- Leaves more or less prickly: style-branches united to or near the tip: pappus simple, its bristles united at base and falling together; filaments bearded or papillose-pubescent: involuci-e globose or obovoid, of numerous usually prickly-tipped much imbricated bracts. 89 Cardnus Bristles of the pappus long and soft-plumose: receptacle densely villous-setose. * * Filaments united below, glabrous. 90 Silybum Involucre depressed-globose, its bracts prickl^ along the mar- gins and tapering into a widely spreading spine; briatles of the pap- puai^in more than one series. SuBTRiBE II CENTAURiNEiE Achencs obliquely attached by one side of the base or more laterally. Involucre globose or ovoid, its bracts appressed and variously appendaged. 91 Centanrea Achenes more or less compressed or quadrangular: pappus of indefinite bristles or narrow palese. 92 Cnicus Aehenes terete: pappus double, each of 10 aristifoi-m bristles. Subtribe i, Carduineae Less. DC. Prodr. vi, 617. Heads discoid, homogamous, many-flowered; the flowers all similar, perfect or di- oecious. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several series, often spinose at the apex. Corollas usually curved outward, the exterior often deeper cleft than the others. Anthers slightly or not at all caudate. Achenes attached by their very base, glabrous, with a ter- minal areola. 87 SAUSSUREA DC. Ann. Mus. Par. xvi, 107, t. 10-13. Tall herbs with alternate not prickly leaves and middlesized heads of purple or dark violet flowers. Heads many-flowered, the flowers all tubular, similar and perfect. Bracts of the invo- 8AUS8DBEA COMPOSITiE 381 ARCTIUM lucre imbricated in several series, mostly not appendaged. Re- ceptacle flat, fimbrillate or with persistent chaff. Corollas with slender tube, inflated throat and 5-cleft limb. Anthers with se- tiform ciliate or villous tails. Pappus double, the outer of a few- short denticulate rigid distinct bristles; the inner of a series of stout plumose bristles which are united at base. S. Americana Eaton Bot. Gaz. vi, 283. Stems rather stout, 2-6 feet high, leafy to the top, lightly arachnoid when young, soon glabrate, bearing numerous oorymbosely cymose heads: leaves membranaceous, ovate and ob- long-ovate, acute, or acuminate, denticulate or dentate: radical and lower cauline subcordate, on slender margined petioles, 4 inches long or more; upper sessile, with acute base; uppemiost lanceolate: heads 6-10 lines high: involucre somewhat turbinate, pubescent; its bracts thin-coriaceous: in 4-9 ranks all pointless and obtuse, the outer successively shoi-ter: corollas blue or purple : receptacle naked, or bearing more or less copious setiform chaff among the flowers. In moist places in the high mountains, Oregon and Washington. ^ 88 ARCTIUM L. Gen. n. 923. (Burdock). K Coarse biennial herbs with broad alternate petioled leaves and B rather large heads of purple or white tubular perfect flowers, ra- ^^^emose, corymbose or paniculate at the ends of the stems or Hpranches. Involucre globular ; its bracts slender-subulate or aristiform and spreading above the broader appressed base, hooked at tip, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, densely setose. Anthers sagittate at base. Filaments glabrous. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed and 3-angled, truncate. Pappus of numerous short and rigid or chaff'y bristles, separately deciduous. A. Lappa L. Sp. 816. Stem stout, 2-9 feet high much branched, rough: leaves thin, broadly ovate, pale and tomentose beneath, obtuse, entire re- pand or dentate, mostly cordate, the lower often 18 inches long: petioles solid, deeply fuiTOwed: heads clustered or corymbose, sometimes long-pe- duncled, 6-12 lines in diameter: bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly 80, their spines spreading, the inner ones equalling the flowers. Common in waste places. Naturalized from Europe. 89 CARDUU8L. Gen. n. 925. (Thistle) Stout herbs with alternate usually prickly leaves and large or middle-sized heads of purple, red, white or pale yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and fertile, with tubular corollas with deeply, often more or less unequally, 5- cleft narrow lobes. Involucre globular, ovoid, or at matur- ity sometimes campanulate, the mostly narrow bracts lubricated in many series, more' commonly tipped with a spine or cuspidate point. Receptacle flat, fleshy, densely clothed with bristles. Filaments commonly papillose-hairy, distinct. Anthers sagit- tate at base, the auricles frequently extended with tails. Style filiform, sometimes thickened, or with a ring or node at the base of stigmatic portion. Achenes glabrous, thick-walled, obovate or 382 COMPOSITE carducs oblong, more or less compressed, attached by their very base. Pappus of copious and rather rigid, long and plumous bristles in a single series, connected at the very base into a ring, so that they remain united after detaching. § Perennials with camparatively small dioecious heads. C. ARVENSis Robs. Brit. Fl. 1Q^. (Canada Thistle.) Stems 1-6 feet high from creeping perennial rootstocks, coryrabosely branching, usually glabrate and green : leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid and toothed, furnished with abundant weak prickles : heads loosely cymose, less than an inch high, dioecious, in staminate plants ovate-globular with the flowers well exserted; the pistillate oblong-campanulate, the flowers less exserted : bracts of the involucre appressed, short, with very small weak prickly points. A troublsome weed introduced from Europe: becoming too com- mon in the Willamette Valley § 2 Biennials with the flowers all perfect. * Bracts of the involucre more or less unequal, all but the innermost terminating in subulate, spinose spreading appendages. C. LANCEOLATUS L. Sp. 821. (C0.MMON Thistle) Stcms stout, 2-4 feet high, much branched: more or less villous-hirsute: leaves lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid wth lanceolate lobes, rigidly prickly, upper face strigose- setulose; the base decurrenton the stem into interrupted prickly wings: heads obovoid, 1-2 inches high, terminating the stems and branches: bracts of the involucre arachnoid-woolly, lanceolate and mostly attenuate into slender spreading spines : corollas rose-purple. Pastures and waste places throughout the northern United States. Naturalized from Europe. * * Bracts of the ovoid or hemispherical involucre appressed-imbri- cate, the outer succcessively shorter, all with loose and dilated fimbri- ate or lacerate white-ecarious tips. C. Americanns Greene Proc. Philar^. Acad. Stems rather slender, 2-4 feet high, branching above, the branches bearing solitary or scattered naked heads leaves white- tom en rose beneath, lanceolate or broader, sin- uately pinnatifid or some nearly dentate, others pinnately parted, weakly prickly: heads erect, one inch high; principal bracts of the involucre naked-edged or merely fimbriate-ciliate below, and the dilated scarious apex as broad as long, fimbriate-lacerate, tipped with barely exserted cusp or mucro; inne>"most with lanceolate nearly entire scarious tips : flowers ochroleucous : stronger pappus-bristles dilated-clavellate at tip. Willam- ette Valley Oregon to Colorado and New Mexico. * * * Bracts of the involucre mostly loose, not appressed-imbricate nor rigid, tapering gradually from a narrow base to a slender prickly muticose apex ; outer not very much shorter than the inner, wholly destitute of dorsal glandular ridge or spot. ■*- Some bracts of the involucre with acarioua or fringed tip or mar- gin8,5at least the innermost slightly or not at all prickly-pointed: leaves not decurrent on the stem, moderately prickly. C. remotifolins Hook. Fl. i, 302. Loosely arachnoid -woolly when young: stems 2-8 feet high: leaves from sinuately to deeply pinnatifid, more or less whitened by the loose tomentum beneath even in age: heads 12-18 lines high, pedunculate, scattered, naked or nearly so at base: invo- lucre lightly arachnoid and glabrate; the bracts attenuate, the outer into a weak small prickle; the inner or some of them with a scarious entire or sparingly lacerate tip : corollas ochroleucous, their lobes much shorter than the throat: pappus of coarse bristles, the strongest with conspicuously CARDurs COMPOSITE 383 clavellate tips. Common on prairies Brit. Columbia to California. ■«- ■*- None of the involucral bracts with fimbriate or scarious-dila- ted tips, but tapering into an almost innocuous weak and short prickle or soft point : leaves green both sides, mostly membranaceous, not decurrent on the stem. C. edulis Greene Proc. Philad. Acad. 1892, 368. Stems robust and somewhat succulent, 3-10 feet high, pubescent, leafy to the top: leaves ob- long or narrower, from slightly to deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly prick- ly-ciliate: heads an inch h gh, scattered, or few m a cluster, usual lybracte- ose at base : involucre conspicuously arachnoid-woolly when young, partly glabrate in age : corollas purple or whitish the lobes much shorter than the the throat, filiform in the dried state and capitellate-callous at the apex. Edge o' timbered lands, Alaska to California west of the Cascade Mountains. C. Hallii. Cnicus Hallii Gray. Glabrate and green : stems slender, 2-3 feet high leafy cleaves pinnatifid; the lobes an'l teeth rather strongly prick- ly: heads solitary and pedunculate or 2-3 in a small terminal cluster, more or less bracteose leafy at base: involucre sparingly arachnoid when young, soon glabrate, the attenuate tips of all but the outermost without rigid spines : corollas rose-purple to white; the lobes linear, plane, obtuise. Oregon to southern California and Utah. ♦ * * * * Bracts of the involucre moderately unequal, or the lower not rarely about equalling the upper, most of them with more or less herbaceous spinescent-tipped spreading upper portion and no glandu- lar dorsal ridge. C. occidentalis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 418. Mostly stout, 2-12 feet high, very white with a thick coat of cottony wool : leave;^ from sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid, not very prickly : involucral bracts some- times narrow and herbaceous acerose from a little-dilated base, sometimes with broader more coriaceous base, or the outer with lanceolate-subulate tips : corollas bright red or crimson : style destitute of node. Dry hillsides, southwestern Oregon to California. * * * * * Bracts of the involucre regularly and chiefly appressed- imbricated in numerous ranks ; the outer successively shorter ; not herbaceous-tipped or appendaged. ■*- Heads oblong or cylindraceou^, showy: not at all glandular on the back ; inner ones all erect and purplish-tinged. C. Anderson! Greene 1. c. Slender, rather lightly and loosely woolly : leaves lightly prickly, sinuate-pinnatifid, rather sparse: heads naked-pe- dunculate: involucral bracts comparatively loose and erect, all gradually attenuate from a narrow base : outermost tipped with small weak prickles : corollas bright pink-red, their slender lobes about equalling their throat: style prolonged above the very obscure node. Dry hills, southwestern Idaho to eastern California. -^ ■*- Heads broad, mostly large : involucre glabrous or earl v glab- rate, the light arachnoid wool caducous, its bracts rather large, char- taceous or coriaceous, not at all glandular on the back : anthdr-tips narrow, very acute. C. Drnmmondii Coville Contr. Nat. Herb, iv, 142. Green and some- what villous-pubescent, or when young lightly arachnoid-woolly: either stemless and bearing sessile heads in a cluster on the crown, or caulescent and even 2-3 feet high, with solitary or several loosely disposed heads: leaves from sinuate or almost entire to pinnately parted, moderately pricklv : larger heads fully half-inch high : bracts of the involucre thin- coriaceous or chartaceous, mostly acuminate, weak-prickly, pointed or 384 . COMPOSITE carduus innocuous with more ecarious and sometimes obviously dilated and erose- fimbriate tips : corollas white to rose-purple, with lobes usually shorter than the throat. From the Arctic sea-shore to California and the Rocky Mountains. C. foliosas Hook. Fl. i, 303. Stems erect, robust, striate, somewhat woolly, leafy to the cluster of a few sessile heads, 12-18 inches high : leaves commonly elongated, linear-lanceolate, laciniately dentate, with rather rigid prickles, arachnoid-tomentose beneath : heads broad, inch and a half high leafy-bracteose : involucral bracts thin-coriaceous : corollas pale or white, with lobes equalling or longer than the throat. Idaho to the Rocky Mountains. •4- -»- +- Heads large or comparatively small : involucral bracts closely appressed, coriaceous or thickish, commonly with a glandular or viscid ridge, short line, or broad spot on the back near the summit. C. undulatus Nutt. Gen. ii, 130. Persistently white-tomentose, 1-4 feet high : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or decurrent, or the lowest petioled, undulate, lobed or pinnatifid the lobes dentate, trian- gular, often very prickly : heads about 2 inches broad, nearly as high, soli- tary at the ends of the branches : principal bracts of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broad glandular-viscid ridge, comparatively narrow, tipped with short spreading prickles : corollas rose color or pale purple to white, with lobes equalling or longer than their throats. Dry prairies, Brit. Columbia to Oregon, New Mexico and Lake Huron. Var. megacephallis Greene 1. c. Stouter, usually broader-leaved; with broad heads 2 inches or more high. Idaho to Minnesota and Texas. C. Brewcri Greene 1. c. 363. Usually white-tomentose, 4-10 feet high : leaves mostly elongated lanceolate, conspicuously prickly : heads j>anicu- late, sometimes very numerous, subsessile, an inch or more high : bracts of the globular involucre much appressed, firm coriaceous, with an o»^long or oval greenish viscid -glandular spot near the tip; outer ones ovate to oblong, abruptly tipped with a rather slender spreading prickle : (Jorollas pale purple or whitish, the lobes shorter than the throat. Moist places, southern and eastern Oregon to California and Nevada. 90 SILYBUM Gaertn. Fr. ii, 308. (Milk Thistle) Annual or biennial herbs with large alternate clasping sinuate- lobed or pinnatifid white-blotched leaves, and large discoid heads of purple tubular flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches, involucre broad, subglobose; its bracts rigid, imbricated in many- series, the lower ones fimbriate-spinulose at the broad triangular summit, the middle ones similar but armed with stout spreading or recurved spines ; the inner ones lanceolate. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Corollas with slender tube and deeply 5-c'eft limb. Filaments united below, glabrous. Anthers sagittatB at base. Style nearly entire. Achenes obovate-oblong, compressed, glabrous, surmounted by a papillose ring. Pappus-bristles in several series, flattish, barbellate or scabrous. S. Mariandm Gsertn. 1. c. 378. 8tout, 2-4 feet high, little branched, glabrate or glabrous: leaves oblong-lanceolate, prickly, sinuate or pinnati- fid, the lower often a foot long, green blotched with white along the veins : heads about 2)4. inches broad : corollas rose-purple, deeply cleft : pappus- bristles white, barbellate. Waste places and road-sides, Brit. Columbia to California. Naturalized from Europe. CBNTAUREA COMPOSITE 385 Subtrihe ii, Centauries DC. Prodr. vi. 557. Achenes more or less compressed or quadrangular. Heads globular or ovoid. Pap- pus of in definite f few or many, bristles or narrow palese. 91 OENTAUREA L. Gen. n. 984. Perennial or annual herbs with alternate leaves and large or middlesized heads of tubular and various colored flowers. Invo- lucre ovoid or globose, its bracts imbricated in many series, ap- pressed, fimbrillate, or dentate. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Marginal flowers usually neutral and larger than the central per- fect and fertile ones, or flowers all perfect in some species. Co- rolla-tube slender, the limb regular or oblique, 5-cleft or 5-lobed, the segments sometimes appearing like rays. Anthers sagittate at base. Style-branches short, somewhat connate, obtuse. Achenes compressed or obtusely 4-angled, usually smooth and shining, obliquely or laterally attached to the receptacle, sur- mounted by a disk with an elevated margin. Pappus of several series of bristles or scales, rarely none. * At least some of the involucral bracts armed with a rigid spine or prickle and also splnulose along its sides or base : cartilaginous ap- pendages of the anthers commonly elongated and connate. C. CALGiTRAPA L. Sp. 917. (Star Thistle). Low, much branched, diffusely spreading, green, glabrate or hairy : leaves narrow, laciniate-pin- natifid ;' uppermost somewhat iuvolucrate-crowded at the base of the sessile heads: principal bracts of the involucre armed with a widely spreading very long and rigid spine which bears 2 or 3 spinules on each side at base : corollas purple or pinkish : pappus none. Vancouver Island to California. Sparingly introduced from Europe. C. Mkhtknsis L. 1. r. Stems erect, 1-4 feet high, paniculately bran- ched, cinereous-pubescent, somewhat woolly when young: radical leaves lyrate pinnatifid ; cauline lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, narrowly decurrent on the branches : heads sessile or 1- or 2-leaved at base, prin- cipal bracts of the involucre bearing a slender spreading spine of about their own length, which is pectinately spinulose toward the base; inner- most with simply spinescent tips; outermost usually with the central spine reduced and the spinules palmate: corollas yellow: achenes lightly costate : pappus of very unequal rigid bristles or squamellae. Rather com- mon in fields and waste places British Columbia to California and Arizona. Naturalized from Europe. +- •*- Bracts of the involucre unarmed, most of them terminated by a scarious discolored fimbriate-ciliate or lacerate appendage. C. Cyanus L Sp. 911. ("French Pink, Blue Bottle.) Slender branch- ing annual: stems 1-6 feet high, whitened when young with fioccose wool: leaves linear, entire, or the lower toothed or pinnatifid: heads na- ked on slender peduncles : involucral bracts rather narrow, furnished with short scarious teeth : marginal flowers neutral, with much enlarged radiform blue or white varying to pink purple or brown corollas : pappus of unequal bristles about the length of the achene. Very common in fields Brit. Columbia to California. Introduced from Europe. 92 CNICUS L. Sp. 826. (Blessed Thistle.) Annual herbs with alternate sinuate or pinnatifid prickly leaves, and large sessile heads of yellow tubular flowers solitary at the 386 COMPOSITE cnicus ends of the branches subtended by the upper leaves. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several series, the outer ovate, the inner lanceolate, tipped by a pinnately branched spine. Recep- tacle bristly. Achenes terete, striate, laterally attached, the horny margin 10-toothed at the summit. Pappus of 2 series of awns, the inner fimbriate, the outer longer, naked. C. BENEDiCTUs L. Sp. 826. Hirsute or pubescent : stems low and bran- ching: leaves prominently reticulated, sinuate-pinnatifid or laciniate-den- tate, the teeth or margins prickly ; lower attenuate at base ; upper narrowly oblong, partly clasping by a broad base: heads sessile, inch and a half high, equalled by the upper leaves: bracts of the involucre thin-coriaceous, in few ranks, all or most of them abruptly tipped with a spinescent and pectinately prickly spreading appendage : receptacle densely setose with long and soft capillary bristles : corollas light yellow. In fields pouthern Oregon to California and the Eastern States. Naturalized from Europe. Suborder II LIGULIFLOR^E DC. Prodr. vii 74. Flowers all ligulate and perfect, in a homogamous radiati- form head. Tribe ix, CICHORACEjE Juss. Gen. 168. Herbs {or rarely trees) almost always with milky bitter or acrid juice, alternate or all radical leaves and yellow pink blue or white flrwers in involucr- ate heads. Heads homogamous. the flowers all hermaphrodite and with ligulate corolla. Receptacle flat or flattish. Ligules usually 5-toofhed at the truncate apex. Anthers sagittate-auriculate at base, not caudate: pollen-grains scabrous, dodecahedral. Style-branches filiform, minutely papillose, not appendaged but stigmatic lines ev- ident only toward the base. § 1 Pappus none. Receptacle naked. * Achenes with rounded or somewhat contracted apex and small areola. 98 Lapsana Heads paniculate: involucre erect: achenes obscurely striate. § 2 Pappus paleaceous or partly so ; or aristiform, or plumose. * Caulescent herbs with small or reduced leaves on the rigid stems or branches : receptacle not chaffy : flowers never yellow : achenes usually short with truncate summit, not rostrate. 94 Cichoriuin Flowers blue : pappus of numerous very short and blunt palese in 2 or more series. 96 Ptiloria Flowers pink or rose-color: pappus a series of plumose bristles or rarely chaffy awns. * * Receptacle naked : achenes long-rostrate : pappus a series of long-plumose bristles or awns. 96 Tra^opogon. Flowers yellow or purple: pappus a series of stout bristles somewhat united at base into a ring. * * * Involucre sparingly imbricated: receptacle with soft slender chaff among the flowers : achenes either truncate or the inner ones rostrate. ciCHORiACE^ COMPOSITE 387 97 Hypochoeris Flowers yellow : pappus a series of fine plumose bristles with or without some naked and shorter outer ones. -*-■*--*--*- Receptacle not chaffy : achenes either truncate at sum- mit or upwardly attenuate, yet with no distinct or prolonged beak : pappus of awned or pointed scarious palese, or of awns or bristles with paleaceous base, or plumose. 98 Ptilocalais Perennial herbs with biennial fusiform and more or less branching and leafy stems : pappus of 15-20 white and soft plumose bristles with paleaceous base. 99 Microseris Annual or j erennial herbs with branching leafy stems : pappus of 4-10, usually 5 paleae tapering into scabrous awns. 100 Scorzonella Glabrous perennials with leafy stems from fusiform roots : pappus of 5-10 bristles with small paleaceous base. 101 Uropappns Acaulescent or su bcaulescent annuals: pappus of 5 scarious bidentate awn-tipped paleae. 102 Xothocalais Acaulescent perennials: pappus of 20-25 linear-lan- ceolate silvery-white palese in 2 or more series. § 3 Pappus of capillary bristles scabrous, rarely barbellate, never plumous nor rose-tinted : except in Rafinesquia. * Receptacle with or without some capillary bristles among the flowers. 103 Malacothrix Achenes terete: pappus soft and white, promptly de- ciduous, mostly together. * * Receptacle naked. ■*- Achenes not flattened : pappus persistent, or the bristles tardily falling quite separately. ^ Beak of the achene none, or a mere attenuation. 104 Apargidium Heads solitary, terminating simple brai tless scapes : achenes columnar, truncate, not tapering at either end: pappus brownish, of soft and rather fragile capillary bristles. 105 Hieracium Achenes oblong or columnar, mostly 10- ribbed or striate : pappus tawny, of rather rigid scabrous fragile bristles in a single series. 106 Crepis Achenes from columnar to fusiform, 10-20-costate : pappus white and soft, in 2 or more series. . 107 Nabalus Achenes terete or 4-5-angled, linear-oblong or cylindrical : pappus of copious rather rigid capillary bristles. 108 Lygodesmia Achenes terete, linear or slender-fusiform : pappus of copious and usually unequal capillary bristles. f* f+ Beak of the achene distinct, usually slender : heads always erect. 109 Agoseris Involucre more or less imbricated in more than 1 series : achenes 10-costate or 10-nerved. 110 Taraxacum Involucre of a single series : achenes 4- or 5-costate or angled and usually with some intervening nerves. 111 Raflnesqnia Achenes terete, obscurely few-ribbed: pappus of 10-15 slender softly long-plumose bristles. •*- •*- Leafy-stemmed plants with more or less paniculate heads: achenes flattened : pappus of copious fine and soft capillary bristles. 388 COMPOSITiE lapsana CICHORIDM 112 Lactnca Achenes with a beak or narrowed summit: pappus- bristles falling separately. 113 Sonchus Achenes without beak or neck: pappus of very soft and fine bristles which fall more or less in connection, and commonly one or two stouter ones that fall separately. 9.S LAPSANA L. Gen. n. 919 Erect paniculately branching annual herbs with alternate leaves and small heads of yellow flowers. Involucre nearly cy- lindric, its principal bracts nearly equal, and with a few exterior small ones at base : Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate 5- toothed at the apex. Anther sagittate at base. Style-branches slender. Achenes 20-30-nerved, somewhat flattened, with rounded apex and small areola. Pappus none. L. COMMUNIS L. Sp. 811. Stems 1-4 feet high, paniculately brarjched, glabrous above more or less hispid-pubescent below: lower leaves ovate, repand-dentate, obtuse, thm, pubescent or glabrate, petioled, 2-4 inches long, often with 2-6 lobes on the petiole; the uppermost oblong or lanceo- late, sessile, acute, much smaller, mostly entire: heads very numerous, 3- 6 lines broad, loosely paniculate : involucre oblong-cylindric, 2-3 lines high of about 8 linear glaucous connate principal bracts and several very small outer ones Along road ^ides and moist places, Oregon and the Eastern States. Naturalized from Europe. 94 CICHORIUM TOURN. L. Gen. n. 921. Erect branching herbs with alternate and radical leaves and large heads of blue, purple, pink or white flowers panicled or in sessile clusters along the stem. Heads several to many-flowered Involucre of 2 series of herbaceous bracts with coriaceous or in- durated base ; the outer somewhat spreading; the inner sub- tending and partly enclosing the outer achenes. Receptacle flat, naked or slightly fimbrillate. Anthers sagittate at base. Style- branches slender, obtusish. Achenes somewhat angled ; the broad summit bordered with a crown-like pappus of numerous short and blunt palese in 2 or more series. C. iNTYBUS L. Sp. 813 (chicory) Perennial from a long deep tap- root: stems 1-3 feet high, with stout, rigid branches, more or less hirsute, at least below : radical leaves spatulate in outline, runcinate-pinnatifid, 3-6 inches long, narrowed into long petioles ; cauline oblong or lanceolate, com- monly dentate, those of the flowering branches mostly reduced and scale- like, subtending solitary or clustered sessile heads, or some heads raised on fistulous peduncles : flowers sky-blue, varying to purple or white, open only at night or in cloudy weather. Roadsides and waste places. 96 PTILORIA Raf. Atl. Journ. 145, 1832. STEPHANOMERIA Nutt. Smooth and glabrous herbs with branching or virgate often rigid or rush-like -stems, small or scale-like leaves on the flower- ing branches, and usually paniculate small or middle-sized heads of white to pink flowers that open only at night or on cloudy days. Heads 3-20-flowered. Involucre cylindraceous or oblong, of sev- eral appressed and 'equal plain bracts and some short calyculate MiLORiA COMPOSITE 389 TRAGOPOGON oaes, not rarely with two or three of intermediate length. Recep- tacle quite naked. Achenes 5-angled or ribbed, sometimes with intermediate ribs. Pappus a series of plumose bristles or rarely chaffy awns, not rarely naked toward the base. P tenuifolia Raf. Atl. Journ. 145, 1832. Stephanomeria minoi Natl. Perennial, 1-2 feet high, stems slender, branches ascending hearing nu- merous small heads of pink flowers in long loose racemes : radical leaves runcinate pinnatifid, those of the stem linear or filiform, entire, or some- times runcinate-dentate, the uppermost reduced to small scales : involucres narrow, usually 5-flowered with about the same number of linear-lanceo- late scarious-margined bracts: pappus white, very plumose to the base. Plains and mountains from British Columbia to California, Texas and Ne- braska, P yirgata Greene Pitt, ii, 130. Stephanomeria virgata Benth. Stems rigid, 1-4 feet high Irom an annual root: lower leaver oblong or spatulate, often sinuate or pinnatifid ; upper leaves linear, small and en- tire : heads 3-4 lines long, mostly subsessile or short-peduncled, spicately Or thyrsoidly dispot^ed along the naked upper part of the virgate stem or smaller branches, sometimes more loosely paniculate on open branchlets: involucre 4-8 flowered: achenes subclavate or oblong, rugose-tuberculate between the narrow ribs: pappus moderately plumose to the base, white, not paleaceous-dilated. Oregon and California. P. pauiculata Greene 1. c. 132. Stephanomeria paniculata Null. Stems erect from an annual root: a foot or two high, bearing numerous narrow 3-5 flowered heads in an elongated, narrow or more open panicle, or else more strictly disposed or virgate branches : leaves linear or the lower lanceolate : achenes subclavate or oblong, rugose tuberculate or ob- long, rugose-tuberculate between the narrow ribs: pappus grayish or fus- cous,its bristles short-plumose nearly or quite to the more or less paleaceous or squamelliferous base. Plains of Eastern Oregon and Idaho. P. exigua Greene 1. c Stephanomeria exigua Nutt, Stems panicu- lately and often divergently branched with slender branches and branch- lets, 1-2 feet high: radical and lower cauline leaves pinnatifid or bipinna- tifid, those of the branches mainly reduced to short scales: heads scattered: involucre 4-5 lines high, usually 5-flowered : achenes thick-ribbed and tuber- culate-rugoge when mature: bristles of the pappus 8-18, their more or less dilated and paleaceous or thickened base commonly a little connate into 4 or 5 phalanges and often 1-2-setose on each side. Idaho to eastern Cali- fornia and Texas. 96 TRAGOPOGON L Gen. n. 905. Biennial or perennial somewhat succulent herbs with alternate, sessile and clasping leaves, and long-peduncled large heads of yel- low or purple flowers opening in the early morning, usually closed by noon. Involucre cylindric or narrowly campanulate, its bracts in one series, nearly equal, united at base. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at base. Style- branches slender. Achenes linear, terete or 5-angled 5-10- ribbed, terminated by slender beaks, or the outermost beakless. Pappus-bristles in one series, plumose, connate at the base, the plume-branches interwebbed. T. poBRiFOLius L. Sp. 780. (Oyster Plant. Salsifv.) Stems erect, 2-7 feet high from a long fleshv tap-root : leaves entire, linear- lanceolate, long- SdO COMI^OSIT^ HYPocacEKis PTILOOALAIS acuminate : peduncles very much thickened and hollow for 1-3 inches be- low the heads : Heads 2-4 inchei* broad, very showy : bracts of the in- volucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate usually much longer than the purple rays : achenes sometimes 2 inches long, the outer ones covered with scale- like tubercles especially on the ribs below. Escaped from cultivation. 97 HYPOGHCERIS. L- Gen. n. 918. Mostly perennial herbs with scape-like often branching stems, chiefly radical leaves and large heads of yellow flowers. In- volucre campanulate of somewhat herbaceous marginless bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle paleaceous with soft, narrow and scarious scales among the flowers. Anthers sagit- tate. Style -branches slender, obtusish. Achenes oblong or fusi- form, tapering upward at least the inner ones into a beak. Pap- pus a series of fine plumose bristles, with or without some naked and shorter outer ones. H« radicata L Sp 811. 8tems several together from a perennial root, slender,l-2 feet high, branched or rarely simple, bearing a tew scales, leaves oblanceolate to obovate in outline, pinnatitid-lobed to dentate, 2-6 inches long, hirsute on both sides : involucre oblong-cylindric, about an inch high its bracts glabrous, or sparingly pubescent: achenes rough, all with very slender beaks longer than the body. In waste places. Western Washington to California. Naturalized from Europe. 98 PTILOOALAIS Greene Bull. Cal. Acad, ii, 59. MIC ROSE RIS § PTILOPHORA Gray. Glabrous herbs from fusiform biennial roots laciniately. cut leaves and middlesized to large heads of yellow flowers. Heads nodding in bud. Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbri- cated in several series, the inner long-acuminate the outer succes- sively shorter and acute. Receptacle flat, foveolate. Achenes linear-columnar, of the same diameter from base to summit. Pappus bright white, soft, of 15-20 truncate or emarginate paleae terminating in a long, soft-plumose capillary bristle or awn and often with one or more short external merely scabrous bristle. P. nutans Greene 1. c. Microseris nutans Gray. Stem slender, 6-18 inches high : roots either fascicled or solitary : leaves from entire and spatulate-obovate to pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes : heads 8-20 flowered, slender-peduncled : involucre cylindraceous, of 8-10 linear-lanceo- late gradually acuminate principal bracts and a few short calyculate ones below, bristles of the pappus several times longer than the oblong paleae. In open pine woods, British Columbia to California and Montana. P. major Greene 1. c. Microseris major Gray, Stout, often more than 2 feet high : leaves oblong lanceolate, entire or sparingly laciniate involucre sometimes an inch high; its lanceolate bracts imbricated in 3 lengths. Idaho to Utah. 99 MICROSERIS Don Phil. Mag. xi. 388. Acaulescent glabrous annuals with entire or laciniately lobed or pinnatifid leaves and rather small nodding heads of yellow flowers on slender peduncles. Involucre oblong-cylindraceous to MicRosERis COMPOSIT^> 391 SCORZONELLA hemispkerical, inner bracts in one or two series, equal, thin,with membraneous margins outer, very short. Receptacle flat.Achenes terete, 8-10 costate, with a broad basal callosity which is hollowed at the insertion and produced upward into a sharp denticulate scabrous collar-like rim. Palese of the pappus 4-10, usually 5, mostly short and tapering into a long or short scabrous awn. M. Donglasii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, ix 210. Stems slender, 3-24 inches high: leaves chiefly clustered at the base of the stem, linear to spattilate, entire or sprarinlgy laciniate, 1-3 inches long: involucre oblong of 4-10 oblong, obtuse principal bracts and 3-5 very short erose dentate calyculate ones at base: achenes oblong-turbinate, contracted under the summit, 3 lines long : palese of the pappus, ovate, 2 lines long, tapering abruptly into an awn. Southwestern Oregon to California. M. Bigelovii Gray 1. c. Stems slender, 4-12 inches high: leaves lan- ceolate to linear in outline, entire to laciniately toothed or pinnately part- ed into linear lobes : involucre campanulate, of 8-10 lanceolate acute or acuminate principal bracts and several smaller obtuse or barely acute ones at their base : achenes oblong-turbinate, not contracted under the truncate summit, 2 lines long, outermost sometimes villous : palese of the pappus 5, oblong to lanceolate, gradually tapering to an awn twice or thrice their length. Along the coast, Oregon and California. 100 SCORZONELLA Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 426. MICROSERIS § SCORZONFLLA Gray. Glabrous perennial herbs with fusiform biennial roots, lacini- ately cut leaves and long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers that are nodding in bud. Involucre campanulate, its bracts herba- ceous, imbricated in several series, the inner long acuminate, the other shorter and acute. Receptacle flat or convex, foveolate or alveolate. Achenes linear or somewhat turbinate, 8-10-costate or striate, truncate at summit, the basal callosity acute and not ex- panded, areola lateral. Pappus 5 or 10 ovate or lanceolate palese tipped with a generally much longer, straight scabrous or barbel- lulate bristle or awn. S. procera Greene Bull. Cal. Acad, ii, 50. MicroserwproceraGray. Stems robust, 2-3 feet high : leaves chiefly oblong apiculate-acuminate, dentate or entire, rarely iaciniate-lobed; larger cauline 6-8- inches long, radical larger : involucre an inch or more high and broad, its bracts in 2 or 3 series, the outer ones ovate, the inner ones ovate-lanceolate, all acumi- nate: achenes nearly columnar 3 lines long, pappus of 10 brownish lanceo- late palese with long barbellate awns. Rather common in open places, Washington to California. S. pratensis Greene 1. c. 51. Leafy at base only, the scapose pe- duncles 1-2 feet high : leaves linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, entire, 6-12 inches long : heads an inch high and nearly as broad, bracts of the involucre in 3 series, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate : pappus of 10 white or sorded narrowly lanceolate palese with long minutely plumose awns. Moist meadow lands near Ashland, Oregon, and Yreka, California S. laciniata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil Soc. vii, 426. Microseris laciniata Gray Glaucescent : stems rather stout, leafy and branching, 2-3 feet high : leaves laciniate pinnatifid into attenuate lobes, or sometimes entire; radi- cal 4-10 inches long: involucre an inch or less high, its bracts nearly all with dilated base and more or less abrupt acumination. Achenes columnar. 392 COMPOSITE scorzonella UROPAPPUS 2 lines long : paleae of the pappus deltoid or triangular-ovate, abruptly tipped witn an awn or bristle 8 or 9 times longer. Alluvial grounds, Brit- ish Columbia to Northern California. S. leptosepala Nutt. 1. c. Microseris leptosepala Gray Stems slen- der, a foot or so high : leaves from linear to lanceolate and from entire to att«nuate-pinnatifid, all attenuate: heads comparatively small and few- flowered; involucre 6-10 lines high, of 6-12 lanceolate acuminate principal bracts and a few small, ovate, abruptly acuminate ones at their base: achenes slender-columnar : paleae of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, or nar- rower, tapering gradually from the base : into an awn or 4 or 5 times as long. Moist ground, Brit'sh Columbia to California. S. Bolanderi Greene 1. c Microseris Bolanderi Gray. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high : leaves from narrowly linear- lanceolate to somewhat spatu- late, entire or with a few small salient linear lobes. 6-12 inches long: in- volucre 6-9 lines high, its bracts all gradually lanceolate-attenuate from a broadish base, or some small outermost abruptly acuminate: paleae of the pappus little exceeding the breadth of the'achene, broadly ovate, mostly obtuse, tipped by the long slender awn. In swamps near the coast, Washington to Cali ornia. S. Howelli Greene 1. c. Microsesis Howellii Gray. A foot or mote high from a fusiform root slender bearing solitary or 2 or 3 heads : leaves elongated-linear and attenuate, some bearing a few attenuate refiexed lobes: involucre half-inch high, narrow, 15-20 flowered, its bracts all acu minate; the inner oblong-lanceolate, aud all nearly equal; the outer much shorter and mostly ovate achenes 3 Hues long, narrower at base : pappus of 8 or 10 conspicuous and firm lanceolate paleae 2-3 lines long, tipped with a denticulate-scabrous awn of hardly greater length. Hillsides about Waldo, southeastern Oregon. 101 UROPAPPUS Nutt. 1. c. 425. MICROSERIS § CALAIS Gray. Stibcaulescent annuals with laciniately lobed or pinnatifid leaves and erect heads of yellow flowers on long scape-like strict and erect peduncles which are thickened above. Involucre cam- panulate, its numerous bracts imbricated in 2 or more series, the outer successively shprter, all thin and scarious margined. Re- ceptacle tiat, more or less alveolate-chaffy in the centre. Achenes terete, 8-lO-costate, glabrous with scabrous costa, the basal call- osity not angled. Paleae of the pappus 5, elongated, fiat, hispid and short-awned at the apex. U. linearifolins Nutt. 1. c. Microseris linearifolia Gray. Scapes or peduncles 6-24 inches high: leaves linear, coarsely few-toothed or pinnati- fid, 2-6 inches long, more or less villous-pubescent when young: achenes black, slender, tapering above almost to a beak. 6-8 lines long: paleae of the pappus silvery-white, linear oblong 4-8 lines long, deeply notched above and bearing slender awns barely half their length. Dry hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California and New Mexico. U. macrochsetus Greene Pitt, iii, 137. Microseris macrochsnta Gray, *' Scapes or peduncles sometimes 2 feet high : involucre narrow, 8-10 lines h gh, its bracts attenuate-acuminate : paleae of the pappus thin, small, cleft quite to the middle from the first, bearing a long and weak awn. South- west Idaho to California. " NOTHOCALAIS COMPOSITE 393 MALACXDTHBIX 102 NOTHOCALAIS Greene Bull. Cal. Acad, ii, 54. MICROSERIS § NOTHOCALAIS Gray, Acaulescent perennial herbs with linear leaves and middle- sized erect heads of yellow flowers. Involucre oblong-campanu- late ; its bracts in two series, narrowly lanceolate, membranace- ous with somewhat thinner h3^aline margins, nearly equal. Re- ceptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes fusiform, stipitate, contracted or rostrate-attenuate at summit, 10-costate. Pappus very white and soft, of 10-40 scabrous-margined narrow unequal palese with or without some capillary bristles. N. Suksdorfli Greene 1. c. More or less pubescent: scapes 4-10 inches high : leaves linear, attenuate nearly equalling the flowering scapes, all from the crown of a thick perennial root : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, long-attenuate, 6-12 lines long: achenes slender, 5-6 lines long, only half filled by the seed: palese of the pappus 10-12 narrow and nearly equal. Plains of Klickitat Co. Washington and adjacent Oregon. N. troximoides Greene 1 c. Microseris troximoides Gray. Scapose stems 6-12 inches high : leaves tufted on the crown of a thick perennial root, rather fleshy, narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or undulate, 4-6 inches long: achenes fusiform, scarcely 4 lines long, its summit merely contracted, nearly filled bv the seed: palese of the pappus 20-24, lanceolate below, very unequal half -inch long. Plains and hillsides eastern Oregon and Washington to California and Idaho. X. cnspidata Greene 1. c. Troximon cuspidatum Pursh. Scapes stout, shorter than or equalling the leaves: leaves linear, long-acuminate, thick, pubescent or glabrate, 4-8 inches long, 2-5 lines wide, somewhat condupli- cate, their margins white-tomentose and crisp, or entire : involucre usually qu'te glabrous, nearly 1 inch high : achenes slightly contracted at the sum- mit, about 3 lines long : pappus of 40-50 unequal palese and bristles. Dry soil, Idaho to lUin' is. 103 MALACOTHRIX DC. Prodr. vii, 192. Leafy-stemmed or sometimes scapose herbs with alternate or all radical leaves and long-peduncled, panicled or solitary, heads of yellow or white flowers that are usually nodding in the bud. Involucre many-flowered, its bracts either imbricated or only calyculate. Receptacle with or without delicate capillary brist- les among the flowers. Achenes not flattened, short-oblong or columnar, glabrous, terete and striately 5-15-costate, or 4-5-an- gled by the prominence of the stronger ribs, slightly if at all narrowed either way with broad truncate apex having an entire or denticulate border or sharp edge. Pappus a series of soft and scabrous, or near the base barbellulate, bristles which are decid- uous more or less in connection, and commonl}^ 1-8 outer and stouter ones which are more persistent and smoother. M. ^labrata Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt 2, 422. Subcaulescent annual : erect or with ascending branches from the base, these leafy, often again branch- ing and bearing a few lateral as well as terminal long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers : leaves once or twice laciniately pinnatifid into narrow linear or almost filiform lobes: involucre fully half-inch high, glabrous, or the outer bracts sometimes canescent when young: achenes narrow, lightly 394 COMPOSITE apargididm HIERACIUM restate : outer pappus of 2 persistent bristles and between them some min- ute pointed teeth. Eastern Oregon to California and Arizona. M. Torreyi Gray Proc. Am. Acad, ix, 213. Stems 1-12 inches high froui an annual root, branching from the base: lower lea ^res oblong, rather short, pinnatifid with short and dentate lobes, teeth and lobes callous- mucronate: heads seldom less than half-inch high, broadish-campanulate, short peduncled on the leafy branches : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate: achenes" linear-oblong, 5-angled by as many salient often almost wing-like ribs, a much less prominent pair in each interval : outer pappus of 2-8 stout persistent bristles, between the thickish bases of which are minute teeth. Southeastern Oregon to Nevada and Utah. 104 APARGIDIUM T. & G. Fl. ii, 474. Low herbs with fusiform biennial roots, all radical leaves, and rather small heads of yellow flowers on slender scapes. Heads many-flowered, nodding in bud. Involucre narrow-campanulate ; its bracts strongly 1-nerved, in 2-3 series. Receptacle naked. Achenes columnar, truncate, smooth. Pappus brownish, of copi- ous rather rigid and fragile barbellate-denticulate capillary bris- tles, with some outer and smaller ones nearly smooth. A, boreale T. & G. 1. c Scape solitary, slender, 6-12 inches high, bearing a single head: leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-6 inches long, attenuate at both ends, entire, or obscurely undulate: involucre 6-9 lines high; of 10-15 lanceolate acuminate principal bracts and about as many similar but smaller outer ones. Wet meadows in the high mountains, Alaska to California. 105 HIERACIUM Tourn. L. Gen. n. 913. Perennial herbs with alternate or all radical leaves and small to large erect heads of yellow, rarely white or red flowers in pan- icles or corymbs, or solitary. Involucre several- to many-flower- ed of narrow equal bracts and some short calyculate ones, or sometimes imbricated, not thickened at base nor with thickened midrib. Achenes oblong or columnar, smooth and glabrous, mostly 10-ribbed or striate, either terete or 4 or 5-angled, slightly contracted at the very base, commonly of the same thickness to the truncate summit. Pappus of rather rigid scabrous fragile bristles, brown or brownish, rarely white and soft. § 1 Archieracium Fries. Heads corymbosely paniculate. Involucre of the comparatively large heads irregularly more or less imbricated. Achenes columnar. Pappus of numerous un- equal bristles, H. Cauadense Michx. Fl. ii, 86. Stems robust, 4-6 feet high : leaves from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, sparsely and acutely dentate, or even laciniate, at least the upper partly clasping and broad or broadish at base : involucre usually pubescent when young, occasionally glandular, the narrow outermost bracts loose : pappus sorded. Dry open woods, Oregon and northward to Pennsylvania and Canada. § 2 Stenotheca T. & G. Fl. ii. 476. Involucre a series of equal bracts and a few short calycula'e ones, usually narrow fliERAcruM COMPOSITE 395 and few- to many-flowered. Achenes in a few species slender or tapering to the summit. Pappus of more or less scanty equal bristles. * Crinite-hirsute with long and whitish or yellowish shaggy hairs, especially on both sides of the entire leaves : flowers yellow : achenes columnar and short, not at all narrowed upward. H. longiberbe. Whole plant sparsely covered with long Foft hairs : stems usually slender and ascending or suberect, 6-18 inches long: leaves lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate. 3-6 inches long: heads rather few, in an irregular panicle: involucre rampanulate, 6 lines high, of 10-20 lan- ceolate acuminate principal bracts with smaller calyculate ones at their base, all densely clothed with long spreading hairs, not glandular. On cliffs along the Columbia river near the Cascades. H. Scouleri Hok. Fl. i, 198. Sparingly pubescent with long crisp hairs, pale and more or less glaucescent: stems 1-2 feet high, very leafy: leaves lanceolate, sessi e or the lowest short-petioled, 2-6 inches long : heads rather few, in a loose irregular panicle: involucre 6 lines high; its bracts linear-lanceolate, often acuminate, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer successively shorter, all beset with long bristly hairs, and more or lees glandular : pappus whitish. Brit. Columbia to Oregon and Montana. * * Crinitely long -villous with soft-woolly and blackish smooth hairs above, wanting below : without stellate or glandular pubescence : flowers yellow: pappus fuscous. H. triste Cham, in herb. Willd. Stems simple, 4-12 inches high, few-leaved, bearing solitary or 2-4 racemosely disposed small heads: radical leaves obovate to spatulate, entire, green and glabrate, or with sparse pale hairs ; cauline oblong, upper ones and stem more or less vill- ous-lanate: heads half-inch high, livid: involucre and peduncle densely clothed with long dark-brown or partly grayish soft wool. Aleutian Is- lands to northern Washington. * * * Dark -hirsute and somewhat glandular on the involucre: leaves and lower part of stems glabrous, or at most pubescent : flowers yellow. H. gracile Hook. Fl. i, 298. Pale green and more or less pubescent : stems tufted, slender, 2-18 inches high : leaves mostly in radical cluster, obovate to oblong-spatulate, 1-3 inches long, attenuate below to petioles, entire or repand-dentate : hoids few to several, racemously disposed, the lower linear-bracteate : involucre about 4 lines high, its numerous linear bracts all nearly equal, beset with short black somewhat hispid hairs and also tomentose and glandular: achenes short-columnar: pappus al- most white. In open places on the highest peaks; Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains. * * * * Not crinite but at least the radical leaves and base of the stem sparsely or even thickly setose-hirsute with spreading hairs. +- Flowers white : stems leafy, and in large plants loosely branching H. albiflornm Hook. 1. c. Stems slender, 1-3 feet high, bearing few to numerous small heads in an open, simple or compound paniculate cyme: leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate, thin, 1-4 inches long; the upper sessile by a broad base, the lower tapering into slender petioles: involucre campanulate, 4-5 lines high, of several linear-lanceolate acute bracts, imbricated in 2 or 3 ranks, the outer successively shorter, glabrous or nearly so, not rarely with a few bristly hairs: achenes black, a line long. Common in dry wooded districts, A.laska to California and the Rocky Mountains, 396 COMPOSITE HffiRACruM -*- -*- Stems more or less leafy: involucre 15-30-flowered, oblong- campanulate, of rather numerous narrow and acute or acutish bracts : flowers yellow: achenes not narrowed upward: pappus from sorded to dull white. H. cjnoglossoides Arvet. Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 68. More or less pubescent with somewhat hispid haiis, and the inflorescence glandu- lar: stems 1-2 feet high, numerous from the crown of a perennial root, leafy: leaves lanceolate, mostly acute, 2-6 inches long; the upper sessile by a narrow base ; the lower narrowed to a winged petiole : heads few to several in an open corymbose cyme: involucre 6-8 lines high : its linear acute bracts and short peduncles rather densely hirsute with short black hairs as well as glandular : achenes rather short. In open woods British Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. H. amplum Greene Eryth. iii, 101. "Stoutish 2 or 3 feet high, amply leafy up to the rather broad corymbose panicle, but no radical tuft of foli- age: leaves oblong-spa tulate, acutish, entire, 4-6 inches long hirsute along the margins, and with scattered appressed hairs on both faces : upper cau- line leaves and branches of the inflorescence pale and glaucescent, seem- ingly glabrous, but somewhat tomentose-puberulent under a lens: involu- cres about 5 lines high, loosely calyculate the subequal bracts dark with black setulose stout bairs otherwise glabrous : ligules yellow : achenes col- umnar or eyen slightly widening to the summit : pappus white. On hill- sides at 6000-7000 feet altitude Mount Adams, Washington, Suksdorf," H. barbigerum Greene Pitt, iii, 228. Stems slender, tufted, from deep seated somewhat running rootstocks, 4-10 inches high, leafy only near the base : leaves somewhat crowded but not rosulate, lanceolate to spatalate, short petioles and leaf -margins hirsute with long spreading hairs which extend more sparsely to both sides of the leaves and stem, the lower faces of the leaves also tomentulose with branched hairs : heads 1-5, in a loose cyme: involucre campanulate. about 6 lines high its linear bracts hirsute and tomentulose like the leaves with also a few dark setulose hairs : pap- pus nearly white. On grassy elopes of Ashland Butte, Oregon, to Lassen county, California. H. cinereum. Cinereous with a minute white scurfy tomentum: stems rather stout, 6-10 inches high, from stout creeping rootstocks form- ing large patches leafy only toward the base : leaves lanceolate or narrow- er, acute or acuminate, 3-4 inches long, sparsely denticulate narrowed be- low to broad winged petioles ; -sparsely hirsute with crisp hairs : heads sev- eral to numerous in a close corymbose paniculate-cyme : involucre 5-6 lines high, its linear principal bracts with broad scarious margins, the outer and shorter ones subulate all sparsely or not at all hirsute : pappus sor- ded. In open places near Table Rock, Clackamas county, Oregon. *+ -M- +> Leaves all at the base of the loosely branching scape-like stem : flowers yellow only 5-15 in the narrow and diffusely paniculate heads : achenes slightly if at all tapering to the summit. H. Bolanderi Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 265. Stem slender, 6-18 inches high, commonly solitary, glabrous: leaves nearly all in a radical tuft, ovate to broadly lanceolate mostly obtuse, sparingly denticulate or entire 2-3 inches long, tapering below to a winged petiole, pale and glau- cous below, green and beset with bristles above : heads few to several in a loose paniculate cyme : involucre narrow, 5-lines high, glabrous of 5-10 linear-lanceolate, very acute principal bracts and a few smaller ones at their base : achenes fully as long as the pappus. H. Howellii Gray Bot. Gaz. xiii, 73. Stems 1-2 feet high, hoary with close stellular pubescence, hirsute below : leaves spatulate to oblanceolate entire or some of them sparingly dentate, 3-4 inches long, obtuse, tapering CRBPis COMPOSITvE 397 below to short petioles, or the cauline sessile, villous-crinite and tomen- tose-canescent both sides : heads rather numerous, in an open panicle few- flowered : inv(»lucr0 about 5 lines high cylindrical of 6-8 linear-lanceolate obtuse principal bracts and a few shorter ones at their base, all hoary with close stellular pubescence, without any setose bristles : pappus white when young. Open Rocky ridges, Mooney Mountain, Josephine county, Oregon. 106 CREPIS L. Gen. n. 9. 14, Perennial or annual herbs with alternate or all radical mostly- toothed or pinnatifid leaves and small or middle-sized heads of yellow flowers. Involucre few- to many-flowered, cylindric, cam- panulate, or swollen at base, its principal bracts in one series, equal, with a number of exterior smaller ones. Receptacle mostly- flat, naked or short-fimbrillate. Achenes from columnar to fusi- form, 10-20-ribbed or nerved, not transversely rugose, narrowed at the base and apex. Pappus of copious white and usually soft capillary bristles. * Bracts of the involucre thickening and becoming more or less rigid at base in age : achenes beakless or nearly so. C. viRENs L. Sp. ed. 2, 1134. Glabrous annual; stems leafy 1-2 feet high corymbosely branched above : radical leaves spatulate to lanceolate, from dentate to laciniate pinnatifid, 2-8 inches long, narrowed below to petioles : cauline smaller and narrower, clasping by a sagittate base the upper usually very small and entire : heads numerous, slender-peduncled : involucre 4-5 lines high, oblong, more or less pubescent or glandular, its principal bracts lanceolate, the outer mostly appressed achenes oblong, 10-striate, smooth slightly contracted at both ends. In fields and waste places, British Columbia to California. Naturalized from Europe. * * Perennials: achenes beakless or short-beaked. C. nana Richards, App. Franklin Journ. ed. 2, 62. Glaucescent and wholly glabrous : low and depressed, forming tufts and bearing numerous clustered and narrow short peduncled heads: leaves chiefly radical, ob- ovate to spatulate, entire, repand-dentate or lyrate, commonly equalling the clustered scapes or stems : involucre cylindrical 8-14 flowered, of 8-10 smooth and narrowly linear obtuse bracts in a single series and 3 or 4 short calyculate ones at base: achenes linear, unec^ually costate, obscurely con- tracted under the moderately dilated pappiferous disk. Alaska to the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon and to California. C. runcinata T. tfe G. Fl. ii, 438. Slightly if at all glaucous: stems scape-like, 1-3 feet high, paniculately branched above: radical leaves ob- ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-Q inches long, from repand-dentate to runc-nate-pinnatifid, with short lobes or teeth; cauline none or small and narrow at the forks : involucre half- inch high or less, pubescent, often hir- sute, sometimes glandular-hispidulous : achenes narrowly oblong, moder- ately narrowed upward, somewhat evenly 10-costate. In moist soil, south- eastern Oregon to Manitoba and Iowa. Var. hispidalosa. whole plant hispidulous and glandular. Moist places, southeastern Oregon. C. Anderson! Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 436. " Not glaucous, a foot or more high : leaves laciniately pinnatifid or dentate, but not runcinate : involucre half to three-fourths inch high, cinereous-pubescent, of broader and firmer bracts, more imbricated, outermost oblong- to ovate-lanceolate: achenes fusiform, usually 8-10- costate, tapering into a short but manifest beak. " Eastern Oregon to Nevada and eastern California. 398 COMPOSITE CREPis C. platyphylla Greene Pitt, iii, 27. ** Related to C. runcinata, simi- larly acaulescent, the corymbosely panicled stout scape 12 to 18 inches high, rather strongly hispid and somewhat glandular : leaves depressed or as- cending, oval and oblong to spatulate-oblong, subsessile or pho-t petioled, mostly 4 to 6 inches long, often Sin breadth, obtuse, coarsely and remotely, often somewhat runcinately toothed, green and glabrous above : involucre 4 or 5 lines high, veiy hispid, slightly glandular: achenes dark brown, ob- long-fusiform, slightly contracted toward the summit, sharply 10-ribbed. Moist mountain meadows of southern Idaho and northern Utah." C. subcarnosa Greene 1. c. 107. " Stout and low, more or less pubes- cent, slightly succulent, the scape about a foot high, bearing at summit few and long-peduncled heads : leaves of spatulate- oblanceolate outline, obtuse or acutish, saliently but not runcinately toothed: peduncles and involucre glandular-hispid : slender-fusiform achenes tapering ; pappus fine fragile. Meadows along the Humboldt River at Deeth and elsewhere in eastern Nevada, thence northward to southern Idaho." C. acuminata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. soc. vii, 437. Minutely cinere- ous-pubescent below, but green: stems slender, 1-3 feet high, 1-3-leaved, bearing a fastigiate or corymbiform cyme of numerous small heads : leaves elongated, slender-petioled, oblong-lanceolate in outline, laciniate-pinnati- fid, tapering to both ends, the apex usually into a lanceolate or linear pro- longation : involucre narrow-cylindraceous, 4-6 lines long, rarely more than 6-flowered, of 5-8 principal bracts, glabrous, or the few minute bractlets tomentulose : mature achenes fusiform, considerably longer than the pap- pus, lightly striate-costate moderately attenuate at summit. Dry ground, eastern Oregon to California, Utah and Montana. C. intermedia Gray Syn. Fl. i pt 2, 432. Cinereous puberulent : stems 1-2 feet high, 1-3-leaved, terminating in a rather few-flowered corymb or paniculate cyme : leaves elongated, slender-petioled, oblong-lanceolate in outline, laciniate-pinnatifid, tapering to loth ends, involucre half-inch or more high, canescently puberulent ; its bracts in age carinate by thickening of the midrib : achenes acutely 10-costate when mature, oblong-fusiform, slightly attenuate upward, longer than or equalling the pappus. Eastern Washington and Brit. Columbia to California and the Roiky Mauntains. C. occidentalis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phi lad. vii, 29. Canescent with a close scurfy tomentum ; stems usually 4-18 inches high, solitary or 2 or 3 from a single caudex, corymbosely branched above, rarely from near the base, often with glandular bristly hairs above: leaves from runcinately toothed to deeply pinnatifid, or somewhat bipinnatifid; the lower and rad- ical 4-10 inches long, narrowed into petioles; the upper sessile and slightly clasping: heads few to several, corymbosely panicled: involucre 6-8 lines high, cylindraceous, its principal bracts linear and acute, with several . small ovate to subulate calyculate ones at their base, all canescent with close minute tomentum, and often with a few short bristles : achenes fusi- form, truncate at the apex, 10-18-costate. On dry plains and hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California and Colorado. East of the Cascade Mountains. C. monticola Coville Cont. Nat. Herb, iii, 562. Crinitely pubescent with long brownish glanduliferous hairs: stems stout, usually solitary, freely branching, 6-12 inches high: leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate in outline, 2-4 inches long, acute, narrowed below to short petioles or narrow sessile base ; sometimes with merely dentate margins, sometimes deeply pinnatifid with toothed or even pinnatifid lobes : involucre 8-10 lines high, narrow-campanulate ; its principal bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, nearly or quite equalling the ligules. Dry hillsides, southern Oregon to California. C. scopniorum Coville 1. c. 563. Scantily tomentose, usually glabrate CBEPis COMPOSITE 399 NABALUS in age, and bearing toward the base scattered eglandulose bristles: stems rather slender, 10-20 inches high, solita»'y or rarely 2 from the same cau- dex, bearing 1-5 heads leaves broadly lanceolate in outline, 4-8 inches long, pinnately or bipinnately divided into linear-lanceolate lobes : peduncles slender, usually 'hickened just below the h'^ads: involucre 6-8 lines high ; its bracts linear-lanceolate and barely acute, or the shorter ones acuminate : achenes 4-6 lines long, fusiform, truncate at the apex, not costate, but sometimes obscurely striate. Dry hillsides, eastern Oregon and Washing- ton to Montana, Utah and Nevada. C. rostrata Coville 1. c. 564. Sparingly hirsute with glan lless hairs, and more or less tomentose : stems 4-15 inches high, 1-3 from each caudex, striate-angled, bearing 1-3 heads : leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate in outline, 4-6 inches long, pinnately parted into linear-lanceolate entire or toothed lobes : involucre 6-8 lines high, more or less densely clothed with long glandless white haira : achenes 4-5 lines long, not costate the upper part contracted into a distinct beak 1-2 lines long. Rocky hillsides, eas- tern Oregon and Washington to Brit. Columbia. C. barbi^era Leiberg, Coville 1. c. 565. Slightly tomentose with a minute somewhat flocculent tomentum, not at all hirsute: stems several from the crown of a thick perennial root, 1-2 feet high, sparingly leafy and bearing an ample corymbose cyme of rather small heads : leaves broadly lanceolate in outline, 4-10 inches long, runcinately toothed or deeply cut into linear-lanceolate lobes : involucre 5-7 lines high, of linear, mostly ob- tuse principal bracts and a few very small ovate or lanceolate acute ones at base, all canescent-tomentose and more or less bristly with setaceous white bristles. Dry ridges and rocky banks, eastern Oregon and Washington. 107 NABALUS Ca8S. Diet. Nat. xxxiv, 94. Leafy-stemmed perennial, herbs with alternate dentate or pin- natifid leaves, and usually numerous small mostly nodding heads of white yellowish or purplish flowers. Involucre 5-30-flowered, cylindric, usually narrow, unchanged in age, of 1 or 2 series of equal bracts and a few calyculate ones at their base. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes terete or 4-5-angled, usually striate, some- times striately pluricostate, truncate at summit. Pappus of copious rather rigid capillary bristles. X. alatns Hook. Fl. i, 294, t. 102. Prenanthes alata Gray. Glabrous or nearly so: stems 1-2 feet high, the larger plants branching: leaves hastate-deltoid, a(;ute or acuminate, sharply and irregularly dentate, ab- ruptly contracted or some of the upper cuneately decurrent into a winged petiole, or small uppermost narrow and sessile by a tapering liase : heads loosely and somewhat corymbosely panicled: involucre campanulate-ob- long, of 8-10 often livid bracts, nearly or quite destitute of scarious mar- gins, imperfectlv calyculate by 2 or 3 loose linear accessory ones, 5-15- flowered: corollas purp ish : achenes slender, 3-4 lines long, at least sometimes with tapering summit. On moist cliffs, Alaska to Oregon. 108 LYGODESMIA Don Edinb. Phil. Journ. vi, 305. Smooth herbs with usually rush-like rigid or tough stems, linear or scale-like leaves and terminal or scattered erect heads of pink or rose-colored flowers. Heads 3-12-flowered. Involucre cylindric, its principal bracts 5-8, linear, scarious-margined, equal, slightly united at the base, with several very short outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes terete, obscurely striate 400 COMPOSIT M lygodesmia AGOSERIS Or angled, usually linear or slender-fusiform. Pappus of copious and usually unequal soft or somewhat rigid bristles, from white to brownish. L. juncea Don I.e. Perennial by a thick woody root: stems stiff, much branched, 8-18 inches high, striate-angled, not spinescent: lower leaves lanceolate, rigid, entire, acute or acuminate, 3^-2 inches long; the upper similar but smaller, or reduced to subulate scales : heads mostly 5-flowered, solitary at the ends of the branches : involucre about half-inch high, its bracts usually gland-tipped : achenes narrowly columnar or shortly tapering to the summit : pappus light brown. Dry plains, eastern Idaho to Nevada and Minnesota. L. spinosa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 444. Sterna slender- and rigid, low, much branched from an indurated and matted-wpolly peren- nial base, otherwise glabrous: branchlets divergent, spinescent, bearing minute scales in place of leaves, and lateral very short-peduncled heads : lower cauline leaves linear, entire, thickish, above soon reduced to scales : involucre 3-5-flowered ; its principal bracts not more numerous, rather loose, lanceolate ; the unequal and more imbricated calyculate ones com- paratively broad and large: achenes much shorter than the pappus, not at all narrowed upward, 4-5-costate: pappus white, of unequal bristles. Gravelly hills and plains, eastern Oregon to California, Nevada and Idaho. 109 AGOSERIS Raf. Fl. Loudv. 58. TROXIMON Nuttall, not of Gartner. Acaulescent perennial or annual herbs with clustered radical leaves and mostly large heads of yellow flowers on simple scapes. InvDlucre campanulate or cylindraceous, the bracts mostly lan- ceolate, imbricated in few series, the outer loose and often some- what foliaceous. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes oblong or linear, terete, 10-ribbed, the apex contracted into a neck or pro- longed into a beak, the broad base or basal callus to a narrow base more or less hollowed at the insertion. Pappus of copious white or whitish merely scabrous capillary bristles, which are either persistent on or separately deciduous from the dilated terminal areola. § 1 Achenes more or less linear, beakless, or tapering gradually into a beak on which the nerves or ribs of the body are produced to the apex: acaulescent perennials. * No beak to the achene, its moderately short continued summit of the same texture as the body and equally 10-costate: involucral bracts somewhat equal, all tapering to a slender acumination: the outer from an oblong or ovate-lanceolate base, glabrous: pappus rigidulous. A. alpestris Greene Pitt, ii, 177. Troximon alpentre Gray. Glabrous: rootstock or caudex elongated; leaves narrowly spatulate or lanceolate, pin- nately lobed or incised, or parted into narrow linear divisions; scapes 2-3 inches high, weak: involucre campanulate, 7-8 lines high, the bracts in about 2 series: achenes 2-3 lines long, equalled by the slender pappus- bristles. In the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington. * * Achenes with apex tapering gradually into a rather stout and nerved beak which is shorter than the body A. barbellulata Greene 1. c. Troximon barbellulatum Greene. Not AGOSERis COMPOSlTiE ' 401 glaucous: scapes slender, 1-3 inches high: linear-lanceolate, laciniate-pin- natifid into a few short and narrow lobes, or some entire: involucre narrow, over half -inch high, rather few-flowered; its 10 or 12 bracts nearly equal, lan- ceolately acuminate, glabrous: flowers yellow: achenes 3 lin^s long, about the length of the soft distinctly barbellulate pappus. Grassy slopes, high moun- tains of southern Oregon and northern California. A. tomentosa. More or less tomentose up to the involucre: scapes rather stout, 4-10 inches high: leaves lanceolate to linear in outline, irregu- larly and often retrorsely lobed or toothed, or some of the inner ones entire, acute, or acuminate, attenuate below to a short winged petiole, nearly as long as the scapes: involucre campanulate, 8-9 lines high, of rather numerous imbricated, lanceolate acuminate scarious- margined mostly glabrous bracts: achenes fusiform, short-beaked, much shorter than the brownish pappus. On grassy slopes. Stein Mountain southeastern Oregon. A. parviflora Greene 1. c. Troximon parviflorum Nutt. Glabrous throughout: scapes slender, much longer than the leaves 5-15 inches high: leaves narrowly linear, acuminate, entire, 3-8 inches long: 1-3 lines wide: heads an inch broad or less: involucre oblong-ovoid, becoming nearly hemi- spheric in fruit, 6-8 lines high; its bracts lanceolate and acuminate: achenes conspicuously beaked, about 4 lines long: pappus of numerous unequal very slender bristles. Plains, Idaho to Manitoba, Nebraska and New Mexico. § 2 Achenes with a slender and mostly filiform nerveless beak and soft pappus: acaulescent perennials. * Achenes acute or tapering at summit into a beak but little if at all longer than the cylindraceous or narrowly fusiform body. A. aurantiaca Greene 1 c. Troximon aurantiacum Hook. Nearly glabrous, deep green and not at all glaucous : leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, naiTowed to a slender petiole: involucre 7-9 lines high; its bracts from broadly to narrowly lanceolate, acute, or the outer and looser ones ob- long and obtuse: flowers orange, drying brownish or purple achenes thickish, tapering gradually to a short stout beak. High mountain prairies, Oregon to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. A. purpurea Greene 1. c. Sparsely lanate when young, in age glab- rate, more or less glaucous: scapes 6-20 inches high, enlarged and tomentose at the summit: leaves from linear to lanceolate saliently or often runcinately toothed or lobed: bracts of the involucre moderately well imbricated, 4-12 lines long, lanceolate and long-acuminate, or the outer ones oblong and ob- tuse: corollas deep saffron-color, drying purple: achenes black, fusiform, with a slender beak about as long as the body: pappus white. Mountain meadows, Oregon and Washington to the Rocky Mountains. A. gracilenta Greene 1. c. Troximon gracilens Gray Scapes slender, 10-18 inches high: leaves mostly entire, from lanceolate to nearly linear, or some narrowly spatulate: involucral bracts narrow: corollas deep orange: achenes fusiform-linear, 3-4 lines long; the very slender beak as long or longer : pappus soft but not flaccid. In the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington to Wyoming. A. elata Greene 1. c, Troximon Nuttallii Gray. Robust; scapes 6-20 inches high: leaves thickish, from lanceolate to spatulate, and from spar- ingly dentate to pinnatifid, 6-12 inches long, glaucous: heads an inch or more high and broad: involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, more or less pubescent: corollas yellow: achene thickish, 3 lines long, with a beak as long or longer. Moist ground, eastern Oregon to California and Utah. 402 COMPORITiE agoseris A. apargioides Greene 1. c. Troximon apargioides Less. Low and tufted from a multicipital caudex, glabrate : leaves spatulate, obtuse. 2-3 inches long, narrowed below to a slender petiole, entire or with a few salient teeth or lobes, or pinnatifid with sparse linear divisions: scapes 6-12 inches high: heads half -inch high: involucre campanulate; the inner bracts linear-lanceolate, the outer oblong, acute, more or less tomentose: achenes and beak each about 2 lines long: pappus soft, dull-white. Sandy soil along the coast of Oregon and California. * * Achenes oblong or short- fusiform, with a filiform or almost capillary beak 2-4 times as long : pappus soft and fine: flowers all yellow. -*- Pappus about as long as the beak, A. hirsuta Greene 1. c, Troximon humile Gray. Scapes 8-20 inches high, slender: leaves hirsutely pubescent, from lanceolate to spatulate in out- line, and from repand-dentate or lyrate-pinnatifid to pinnately parted into linear lobes; involucre permanently villous: flowers exserted: filiform beak only about twice as long as the whitish achene. Near the coast. Washington to California. -•- H- Pappus white, much shorter than the almost filiform beak. A. laciniata Greene 1. c. Troximon laciniatum Gray. Smooth and glabrous or with sparse soft pubescence: scapes 1-2 feet high: leaves elonga- ted-lanceolate, laciniate-dentate or commonly deeply pinnatifid with linear lobes: involucre glabrous or glabrate, or the base of the outer of the lanceo- late bracts tomentose : achenes 2, and beak 5-7 lines long. In low ground, Vancouver Island to California, A. grandiflora Greene 1. c. 178. Troximon grandiflorum Gray. Scapes stout, 1-2 feet high: leaves hirsutely or cinereous-pubescent, or glabr- ate: spatulate to lanceolate, sinuate-dentate to laciniate-pmnatifid or even pinnately parted: involucre broad, usually well imbricated: its bracts lanate or tomentose when young, often glabrate in age: heads in fruit 1-1 >^ inch high: achenes 2, and capillary beak 6-8 lines long. Plains and moist hill- sides, Washington to California. A. retrorsa Greene 1. c. Troximon retrorsum Gray. Villous-tomen- tose when young: scapes stout, 12-18 inches high: leaves pinnatelj- parted into liaear-lanceolate usually retrorse lobes, the tenninal lobe long and nar- row; all callous-tipped: involucre narrowly oblong, 13^-2 inches high when mature: its linear-lanceolate bracts hardly surpassed by the soft white pap- pus: ligules short: achenes 3 lines long: abruptly contracted at summit; their filiform beaks 10-12 lines long. Open pine woods, southern Oregon to California and southern Idaho. § 3 Achenes fusiform, with filiform nerveless beak and soft pappus: subcaulescent annuals with yellow flowers. A, heterophylla Greene 1. c. Troximon heterophyllum Greene. Some- what villous, or hirsutely pubescent or glabrate: scape-like peduncle 3-12 inches high : leaves from spatulate to linear-lanceolate, denticulate to pin- natifid: involucre oblong-campanula te, 6-9 lines high; its bracts erect, lan- ceolate or norrower; the outer decidedly shorter than the glabrous inner ones, more or less pubescent but not villous: achenes various, but at most only 2 lines long, usually fusiform ; • beak 3-4 lines long, mostly longer than the white or whitish pappus. Open places, Brit. Columbia to California. Var. glabra. Glabrous throughout and more or less glaucous : small, 2-4 inches high. Hillsides near the Columbia river, eastern Oregon and Washington. TARAXACUM COMPOSITE 403 LACTUCA 110 TARAXACUM Haller Stirp. Helv. i, 23. Acaulescent perennial herbs with rosulate leaves, naked scapes that elongate in fruit, and mostly large heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered, usually solitary at the summit of the sim- ple hollow scapes. Involucre a single series of nearly equal narrow bracts that are slightly united at base, and several or numerous calyculate ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes oblong-ovate or fusiform, 4-5-costate or angled, and usually with some inter- vening nerves, muricate or spinuldse, at least near the summit which is abruptly contracted into a filiform beak. Pappus soft and capillary, dull white. T. OFFICINALE Webber Prim. PI. Hoist. 56. Scapes and leaves from the crown of a thick vertical root : leaves from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate in outline, and from irregularly dentate to runcinate pinnatifid, 3-10 inches long: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, not glaucous, the outer re- flexed, all acute : achenes greenish-brown, fusiform^ squamulose toward the summit, abruptly contracted into a conical apex which is prolonged into a filiform beak 2 or 3 times as long as the achene. Common in fields and waste places. Naturalized from Europe, 111 RAFINESQUIA Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. See. vii, 429. Leafy-stemmed annuals with pinnatifid leaves and rather large heads of white or flesh-colored flowers terminating the paniculate branches. Heads 15-30 flowered. Involucre conical or cylind- raceous, of 7-15 equal linear attenuate principal bracts and some loose calyculate ones. Receptacle flat and naked Achenes terete, somewhat fusiform, obscurely few-ribbed, attenuate into a slender beak, the broad base hollowed but not callous-thickened at the insertion. Pappus of 10-15 capillary bristles, softly long-plum- ose from the base to near the tip. R. Californica Nutt. 1. c. Glabrous throughout : stem stout, much branched, 2-3 feet high : leaves oblong; the lower 4-6 inches long; the up- per gradually reduced to small bracts : involucre becoming thick at base and more or less conical; its rather numerous calyculate bracts subulate and spreading: ligules short, white: achenes tapering into a very slender beak as long as the body : pappus dull white, the bristles fine and soft. Shady ground, eastern Oregon to California. 112 LACTUCA Tourn. Inst. t. 267. L. Gen. n. 909. Tall herbs with alternate leav3S and small panicled heads of yellow white or blue flowers. Involucre cylindric, several to many-flowered^ either calyculate or more regularly imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes flat, 3-5-ribbed on each face, narrowed above, or contracted into a narrow beak, which is more or less expanded at the summit into a small disk that bears the copious white or brownish pappus bristles which fall separately. § 1 ScARiOLA DC. Prodr. vii, 133. Achenes very flat, orbic- ular to oblong, abruptly produced into a filiform beak which bears the soft white pappus on its dilated apex. 404 COMPOSITiE lactuca f ONCHUS L, scAEiOLA L. Sp. ed. 2 1119. Biennial : glabrous throughout or hir- sute at the base ; green and glaucous : stem stout, 2-7 feet high, leafy, usu- ally paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate to oblong, with spinulose- denticulate margins, sometimes sinuate.toothed or pinnatifid, sessile or auriculate-clasping, midrib below beset with weak prickles: heads small, 6-12 flowered, very numerous, in an open panicle: corollas pale yellow: achenes obovate-oblong, several-nerved, margined, about as long as the filiform beak. Becoming common in fields and waste places. Introduced from Europe. L. SATivA The common Lettuce is common along the Rail Road in the southern part of Oregon but is hardly naturalized. L. Canadensis L. Sp. ii, 796. Biennial or annual: glabrous and glaucescent : stem strict, 4-12 feet high, very leafy up to the elongated narrow panicle : leaves mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, 6-12 inches long, with margins entire or sparingly dentate, and midrib naked or rarely some sparse bristles, most of the cauline partly clasping by a sagittate or auricu- late base: involucre half-inch or less high, 12-20-fiowered : flowers yellow, achenes blackish, obscurely scabrous-rugulose, lightly 1-nerved on the middle of each face, broadly oval, with distinct thin margins, rather long- er than the beak : pappus white. Moist woods, Oregon and Washington to the Eastern States. L. sagittifolia Ell. Bot S. C. & Ga ii, 253. Glabrous; 3-6 feet high, leafy nearly to the usually loosely paniculate inflorescence : leaves oblong to lanceolate, 3-10 inches long, acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate, the lower sometimes pinnatifid, whitish beneath, midrib naked : involucre 5-7 lines high : flowers pale yellow or purplish : achenes oval, thin-margined longer than the beak. Open ground, Idaho to the Eastern States. § 2 Lactucastrum Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt, 2, 443. Root perennial. Involucre well imbricated. Achenes lanceolate-oblong, flat, not margined, tapering into a beak not longer than the breadth of the body. L. pnlchella DC. Prodr. vii, 134. Very glabrous: stems 1-5 feet high, leafy up to the open corymbiform panicle : leaves from linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, entire or runcinate-deutate, or some lower ones pinnati- fid ; cauline sessile but not auriculate at base : branches of the loose panicle scaly : involucre 8 lines high, 12-15-flowered, its outer bracts ovate-lanceo- late : flowers bright blue or violet-purple : achenes barely 2 lines long, striate-nerved, the tip of the short beak soft and usually whitish. Alluvial ground, Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Hudson Bay and Michigan. § 3 MuLGEDiUM Gray 1. c. Biennial or perennial herbs with usually bluish flowers, Achenes thickish, oblong, with some strong ribs and nerves : contracted at summit into a short stout beak, or into a mere neck under the dilated apex. L. spicata Hitchc. L. leucophsea Oray. Stem usually stout, 3-12 feet high, leafy up to the panicle : leaves 3-12 inches long by 2-6 broad, sinuately or runcinately pinnatifid, coarsely and irregularly or doubly den- tate ; upper cauline sessile by a mostly narrow but auriculate or partly clasping base : heads in a pyramidal crowded panicle : involucre oblong, 5 lines high : flowers bluish : achenes narrowed at summit to a short but manifest neck. Moist ground, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the E. States. 113 SONCHUS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 908. Succulent herbs with leafy stems, alternate spinulosely or cili- SONCHU8 LOBELIACE^ 405 ately dentate leaves and middle-sized heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, in age usually broadened and tleshy- thickened at base, becoming conical. Achenes obcompressed, without beak or neck or dilated disk. Pappus of very soft and fine flaccid bristles, which fall more or less in connection, and commonly one or more stronger ones which fall separately. S. OLEKAGEUS L. Sp. 794. Fibrous-rooted annual : stem nearly eimple, 1-10 feet high : lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid, 5-10 inches long, the terminal segment commonly large and triangular, the margins dentic- ulate with mucronate or scarcely spiny teeth; upper pinnatifid, clasping by an auriclate or sagittate base, the auricles acute : involucre 6-8 lines high : achenes flat, longitudinally ribbed and transversely rugose. Common in fields and waste places. Naturalized from Europe. S. ASPER All. Fl. Fed. i, 222. Stem often stout. 1-6 feet high, from an annual root: leaves undivided, lobed or pinnatifid, spinulose-dentate ; the lower spatulate to lanceolate, more or less distinctly petioled ; the up- per clasping by an auricalate base, the auricles rounded : involucre glab- rous, about 6 lines high : achenes smooth, 3-nerved on each side. Common in fields and waste places. Naturalized from Europe. Order LII, LOBELIACE^ Juss. Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with usually milky acrid juice, alter- nate leaves without stipules, racemose inflorescence and perfect 5-merous flowers. Calyx adnate to the whole or the lower hall of the ovary, the limb cleft to the ovaiy into 5 lobes. Corolla inserted just where the calyx becomes free from the ovary, its lobes valvate or induplicate in the bud, commonly deeper cleft or completely split down between two of the lobes, the cleft mostly on the upper side in the open flower but becoming so by a twist; in the early bud the split looks toward the bract; the lobes sometimies disposed to separate from below upward and the limb to be bilabiately irregular. Stamens inserted with the corolla and mostly free ; anthers 2-celled. introrsely dehis- cent, firmly united around the top of the style into a ring or short tube. Ovary 2-celled, with placentae projecting from the axis, sometimes 1-celled with two parietal placentae. Style entire : stigma usually 2-lobed, girt with a rim of hairs. Ovules and seeds mostly indefinitely numerous, small, anatropous. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. * Corolla cleft to the base on one side : capsule free at the apex. 1 Lobelia Calyx-tube short : capsule many-seeded, 2-valved at the top. * * Corolla with a closed tube : capsule wholly inferior. 2 Howellia Calyx-tube linear-clavate : capsule 1-celled, few-seeded. 3 Laurentia Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong, corolla with tube as long as the limb : capsule short, 2-valved at summit. 4 Bolelia Calyx-tube very long : corolla tube very short : capsule very long, opening by 1-3 long fissures. 406 LOBELIACE^ lobelia HOWELLIA LOBELIA L. Gen. n. 1099. Herbs, or rarely shrubs with alternate leaves, and red ,yellow, blue or white flowers. Calyx-tube turbinate, hemispheric or ovoid, adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube divided to the base on one side ; the limb bilabiate, the lobe on each side of the cleft turning away from the other three, which are somewhat united. Stamens free from the corolla-tube, monadelphous, at least above, 2 or all of the 5 anthers with a tuft of hairs at their tips, 3 of them usually larger than the other 2. Ovary 2-celled, the 2 placentae many-ovuled. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved. L. Dortmanna L. Sp. 929. Aquatic perennial : glabrous throughout : stem slender, simple, erect, hollow, naked except a few fleshy bracts, 6-18 inches high : leaves all submersed and tufted at the base of the stem, terete, obtuse, 1-2 inches long, hollow and longitudinally divided by a partition : flowers blue, in a loose terminal raceme, 6-8 lines long, on fili- form pedicels : calyx-lobes subulate : larger lip of the corolla glabrous or nearly so. Borders of ponds, northwestern Washington to subarctic Amer- ica and the Northeastern States. 2 HOWELLTA Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xv, 43. Aquatic or semiaquatic herbs with alternate leaves, at least below, and small white flowers. Flowers of 2 forms ; the emersed with conspicuous corolla, the submersed with corolla undeveloped. Calyx with slender tube, adnate for its whole length to the ovary, and a limb of 5 nearly equal narrow lobes. Corolla not surpass- ing the calyx, its very short tube split nearly to the base on one side ; its 5 lobes almost equal. Stamen-tube nearly free, and with the included style slightly incurved. Anthers oval, the two smaller trisetulose; the three larger naked. Ovary strictly 1-cell- ed, with two filiform parietal placentae, each 3-5-ovulate, upper ovules ascending, the lower pendulous. Capsule membranaceous, at maturity bursting irregularly on one side, seeds few, large, smooth, callous-apiculate at the chalaza. H. aqnatilis Gray 1. c. Aquatic annual : stem weak, 6-18 inches high, branching: submersed leaves linear-setaceous, 2-6 inches long, entire; emersed leaves linear to oblong, sometimes sparingly toothed : flowers ax- illary, short-peduncled ; calyx-lobes subulate or filiform, 2-4 lines long ; corolla white, its lobes oblong: capsule half-inch long, linear-clavate, bear- ing a few soft white seeds. In ponds, in the vicinity of Portland, Oregon. 3 LAURENTIA Neck. Elem. i, 131. Small and diffuse or creeping herbs with alternate leaves and axillary blue flowers. Calyx-tube and adnate ovary turbinate or oblong, the 5 lobes narrow. Corolla with tube as long as the limb, and not split ; its larger lip 3-cleft and widely spreading; the smaller of two more erect or diverging divisions. Filaments and anthers completely united ; two of the latter minutely bristle- tufted at the apex, nearly included. Capsule 2-valved across the projecting free apex, 2-celled. Seeds oblong or almost fusiform. L. carnosula Benth. Glabrous somewhat succulent annual : stemu 1-5 LAURENTiA LOBELIACE^ 407 BOLELIA inches long, rooting at the nodes : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile, 3-6 lines long: flowers axillary and above corymbose or racemose, long-pedicelled : calyx-lobes somewhat foliaceous, linear, obtuse, equalling the oblong-obconical or clavate tube : larger lip of the corolla 3-cleft into round ish-obovate lobes, blue with the 2-ridged palate yellow or whitish ; the smaller lip of 2 lanceolate lobes : seeds smooth. Low and muddy pla- ces, southeastern Oregon to Wyoming and California. 4 BOLELIA Raf. Atl. Journ 120, 1832. DOWNINGIA Torrey. Glabrous annual herbs with sessile narrow leaves, the upper ones reduced to bracts, and axillary sessile flowers. Calyx-tube and adnate ovary very long and slender, 3-sided, usually twisted, its limb divided down to the ovary into five foliaceous lobes. Corolla with very short but entire tube and bilabiate limb ; the smaller lip of two narrow recurved or spreading divisions, the other very broad and 3-lobed. Filaments and anthers both uni- ted into a somewhat curved tube ; two of the latter bristle-tipped. Capsule very long and slender, early becoming 1- celled, with two filiform parietal placentae, remaining closed at the tip but the sides dehiscing by 1-3 long fissures. B. elegans Greene Pitt, ii, 126. Downing ia elegans Torrey. Stem simple or diffusely branched, 4-12 inches high : leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute, 3-15 lines long : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, 6-9 lines long : larger lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acutish the other lobes lanceo- late: capsule often two inches or more long: seeds short-oblong. In wet ground, Brit. Columbia to southern Oregon and Idaho. B. pulchella Greene 1 c. Downingia pulchella Torrey, "Mostly low- er or weaker- stemmed: leaves more linear and obtuse: large lip of the corolla deeply 3-lobed; the other two lobes oblong-ovate : seeds elongated- oblong. Wet banks, Oregon to California and Nevada " Order LIII, CAMPANULACE^ Juss. Gen. 163. Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, with bland milky juice, alter- nate simple leaves without stipules, regular 5-merous flowers, and 2-5-celled many seeded capsules or berries. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; its 5-lobed persistent limb usually divided down to the ovary. Corolla valvate, induplicate or rarely im- bricate in the bud, inserted on the calyx just where it becomes free from the ovary. Stamens inserted with the corolla and free or adnate at base : anthers with two parallel cells. Style one, almost always pubescent or puberulent for some distance below the 2-5 introrse stigmas. Ovules anatropous, on pla- centae projecting from the axis. Seeds small, usually smooth. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen . * Ovary and capsule long and narrow, or at least oblong 1 Githopsis Capsule opening at the top by a hole left by the falling away of the base of the style between the long calyx-lobes. 2 Legouzia Capsule opening on the sides by 2 or 3 little valves which leave small round perforations. 408 CAMPANULACE^ githopsib LEGOUZIA * Ovary and capsule short and broad. 3 Heterocodon Calyx-lobes very broad : capsule thin-walled, not dehis- cent but bursting indefinitely between the ribs. 4 Campanula Calj^x-lobes narrow : capsule opening on the side by 3-5 small valves leaving definite round perforations. 1 GITHOPSIS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc viii. 258. Annual herbs with alternate leaves and blue flowers. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Tube of the calyx club-shaped, stron- gly 10-ribbed, adnate up to the summit of the ovary : the limb of five long and narrow foliaceous lobes. Corolla tubular-cam- panulate. 5-lobed, Filaments short, dilated at the base: anthers linear. Ovary 3-celled. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule clavate, cori- aceous, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes, strongly striate-rib- bed, many seeded, opening where the base of the style falls away by a narrow hole. Seeds very numerous, smooth. H. specalarioides Nutt. 1. c. Stem rigid, 2-10 .nches high: leaves small, linear-oblong, coarsely toothed, sessile: flowers solitary terminating the stem or branches, or becoming lateral, strictly erect : corolla blue : rigid capsule tapering into a very short and stout peduncle. Open places, western Washington to California. 2 LEGOUZIA Durand FI. Bourg, ii, 26. (1782.) SPECULARIA Hiester. Annual herbs with alternate leaves and axillary blue flowers. Flowers often dimorphous, the earlier ones smaller and with undeveloped corolla, and cross-fertilized in bud. Calyx-lobes in the early flowers 3 or 4, in the later ones 5, narrow. Calyx-tube narrow, more or less elongated. Corolla short and broad, rotate or nearly so when expanded, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Anthers linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3-4. Capsule obconical or cylin- draceous, opening by one or more small valvular openings on the side, either near the summit or near the middle. L. perfoliata Britton Mem. Torr, Club, v, 309. Specularia perfoliata A. DC. Stem 6-20 inches high, very leafy throughout, simple or branched from the base, hirsute or hispid on the angles : leaves round cordate and clasping, mostly crenate, veiny, 6-12 lines broad : flowers sessile, single or clustered in the axils : calyx-lobes of the early flowers o-4 and short, of the corolliferous ones as long as the ovary : capsule oblong or somewhat coni- cal, the 2 or 3 valvular openings at or below the middle : seeds lenticular. Open grounds and fields, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States. 3 HETEROCODON Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. viii, 255. Slender annual herbs with alternate sessile leaves and blue flowers of two forms. The lower and earlier flowers with merely rudimentary corolla. Calyx with short tube and large foliaceous lobes. Corolla 5-lobed. Capsule obovoid, 3-angled, 3-celled, many-seeded, very thin and membranaceous, the delicate walls bursting indefinitely on the sides. HETEROCODON CAMPANULACE^ 409 CAMPANULA H rariflornm Nutt. 1. c. Sparingly hirsute: stems filiform, leafy, diffusely spreading, 4-12 inches long : leaves orbicular, with cordate partly clasping base coarsely many-toothed, 4-8 lines long : flowers solitary, axil- ary and terminal : calyx with short ovoid or inversely pyramidal tube and foliaceous broadly ovate sparingly toothed veiny lobes : only the later flowers with developed pale blue corolla which barely equals the lobes of the calyx : seeds oblong, obscurely triangular. In wet places and fields, Brit. Colum- bia to California, and Idaho. 4 CAMPANULA L. Gen. n. 218. Perennial or annual herbs with alternate leaves and usually showy blue or white flowers. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. -€alyx with short and broad tube and 5-lobed limb. Corolla campanulate or nearly rotate, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Filaments dilated at base: anthers oblong or linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3-5. Capsule mostly short, opening on the sides or near the base by 3-5 small uplifted valves or perforations. * Root perennial : style not longer than the corolla, straight. •*- Openings of the capsule toward its summit. C. Piperl, Glabious: stems numerous from a multicipital caudex, 1- 4 inches high, very leafy to the top, bearing one to several bright blue flowers : leaves cuneate to spatulate, narrowed below to broad petioles, coarsely and sharply serrate, or irregularly dentate, ( -18 lines long, those of the shoots withering and persistent for several yeari : calyx-tube short, obconic, the subulate or linear-lanceolate lobes 6-8 lines long, about equal- ling the open-campanulate corolla anthers linear: stigmas usually 3, strongly recurved: capsule almost globular. On cliffs, Mount Steele, Olympic Mountains, Washington. Distributed by Mr. Piper as C. aurita. C. scabrella Engelm. Bot. Gaz. vi, 237. Cinereous- puberulent or minutely scabrous to nearly glabrous : numerous stems from a mul- ticipital caudex, 2-5 inches high, 1-4-flowered: leaves thickish; radical spatulate ; upper cauline linear : lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate as long as its campanulate tube capsules oblong-turbinate, not narrowed at summit. Grassy slopes. Mount Adams Washington to the highest moun- tains of California ■*- *- Openings of the capsule near the base. C. rotundifolia L Sp. 163. Stems slender, erect or diffuse, 6-30 inches long, one to several-flowered : lowest leaves orbicular or ovate to cordate, slender-petioled; cauline leaves all linear and sessile : flo\ier-buds erect on the slender pedicels ; flowers drooping or spreading ; calyx-lobes subulate, spreading, longer than the short-turbinate tube ; corolla blue, campanulate, 7-12 lines long: capsule obconic or ovoid nodding, opening by short clefts near the base. Common on rocky banks and creek- bottoms, Alaska to California and across the Continent Europe and Asia. A varia- ble species, perhaps as here defined includes more than one species. * * Jloot perennial : leaves sharply or laciniately serrate : inflores- cence Qentrifugal and racemiform: style filiform and straight, exceed- ing the narrow-campanulate corolla : capsule hemispherical or short- turbinate, the openings near the middle or near the base. C. Scouleri Hook. Fl. ii, t. 125. Glabrous or a little pubescent : stems slender, 6-13 inches long, often branched : leaves from ovate to lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, acute and acutely serrate, mostly tapering at base to a margined petiole : flowers more or less panicled, drooping, on long filiform pedicels, pale blue, the terminal one opening first: calyx with oblong tube 410 VACCINIACE^ vaccinium and setaieous-subulate lobes: corolla 6-8 lines long, its lanceolate acute lobes longer than the tube : capsule 3-4 lines long, strongly angled. Com- mon in coniferous woods, Vancouver Island to California. C. prenanthoides Durand Jour. Acad Philad. n. ser. ii, 93 Glabr- ous or roughish-puberulent : stem erect, 1-3 feet high: leaves numerous, 6-18 lines lonjr, from ovate-o'^'long to lanceolate, the cauline mainly sessile : flowers racemose, scattered or clustered, generally numerous, bright blue, on short pedicels : corolla slender-cylindrical in bud, twice the length of the slender calyx-lobes, almost 5-parted, its lobes narrowly lanceolate, 2-4 times as long as the tube : capsule thin-walled and with broad and retuse base. Coniferous woods and open places, southern Oregon to California. Order LIV, VACCINIACEiE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 757. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate simple leaves, and small pink or white perfect flowers in clusters, or solitary. Calyx- tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Co- rolla gamopetalous, 4-5-lobed, or rarely divided into separate petals, deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, epigynous, or inserted on the base of the corolla; fila- ments usually flattened, anthers dorsally attached, 2-celled, the connective entire or 2-awned. Ovary inferior, 2-10-celled, with placentae in the axis, with one to several anatropous ovules in each cell, crowned by the epigynous disk. Style fil- iform : stigma simple, or minutely 4-5-lobed. Fruit a berry or drupe in our genera. Seeds compressed. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen. 1 Vaccinium Corolla urceolate, subglobose, cylindric, or campanulate. 2 Oxycoccus Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-divided, the lobes reflexed. 1 VACCINIUM L. Sp. 349. Branching shrubs or small trees with alternate often coriace- ous leaves and small white pink or red flowers. Calyx-tube glo- bose, hemispheric or turbinate, not angled, adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5-toothed or lobed, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped, campanulate, cylindric, or subglobose, its limb 4-5-toothed or lobed. Stamen^ as many or twice as many as lobes of the corolla Anthers awned or awnless, upwardly prolonged into tubes, open- ing by a terminal hole or slit of the tubular apex of each cell. Ovary 4-5-celled, or 8-10 celled by false partitions ; ovules several or numerous in each cell. § 1 Eu VACCINIUM Gray. Leaves deciduous. Flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or 2-4 together, developing with or soon after the leaves. Corolla from ovate to globular, and more or less urn-shaped, 4-5-toothed. Filaments glabrous : anthers 2-awned on the back, included. Ovary and berry 4-5-celled, with no false partitions. * Leaves quite entire and usually almost sessile : flowers 1-4 in a fascicle from a distinct scaly bud, more commonly 4-merou8 and 8-and- rous : limb of the calyx deeply 4-5-parted. VACCiNiuM VACCINIACEJE 411 V» nliginosum L. Sp. 350. Glabrous or minutely puberulent : stem stiff, much branched, 6- 24 inches high : leaves thickish, mostly pale or glancescent, obovate oval or oblong-cuneate, obtuse or retuse, reticulate- veiny especially beneath, 5-12 lines long: corolla urn-shaped, globular or ovate, solitary or 2-4 together: berries dark blue with a bloom, 3-4 lines in diameter, sweet. Summits of the high mountains of Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Var. mucronatnm Herder. Depressed-cespitose : leaves small, bright green both sides, conspicuously reticulated, usually roundish, abruptly mucronate or cuspidate. Along the coast, southern Oregon to Alaska. V. occidentale Gray Bot. Cal. i, 451. Glabrous shrub, 1-3 feet high: leaves rather thin, glaucescent, obscurely veiny, from oval to obovate-ob- long or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 6-9 lines long: flowers mostly soli- tary: corolla oblong-ovate: berries email, 2-3 lines in diameter. In high- mountain marshes, Washington to California and Nevada. * * Flowers, solitary in the earliest axils, usually 5-merous and 10-androus : calyx less deeply or very slightly lobed. •*- Dwarf and cespitose : branchlets not angled. V, csespitosum Michx. Fl. i, 234. Glabrous or nearly so 3-7 inches high : leaves from obovate to cuneate-oblong, obtuse or rarely acutish thick- ly serrulate, bright green both sides, reticulate-veiny; corolla ovate or ovoid-oblong : berries large, blue with a bloom, sweet. On the highest Mountains, Washington to Alaska and across the Continent. Var. cuneifolinm Nutt. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, viii, 262. Stem 8-12 inches high, bushy: leaves spatulate-cuneate with rounded apex to spatu- late-lanceolate and acute, the earliest not rarely entire. Mountains of Brit. Columbia to California, Colorado, Utah and Lake Superior. V. arbuscula. V. csespitosum var. arhuscula Gray. Stem erect, 6-18 inches high, much branched: leaves obovate, 5-7 lines long, thickish, pale green : corolla oblong-ovoid : berries 2-3 lines in diameter, dark blue with a bloom, sweet. In open pine forests, Alaska to California. ■*- ■*- Low : branches sharply angled and green : leaves small. V. Myrtillus L. Sp. i, 349. "A foot or less high, glabrous: leaves ovate or oval, thiri, shining, serrate, conspicuously reticulated-veiny, and with a prominent narrow midrib ( in ours half to two-thirds inch long ) : limb of calyx almost entire : corolla globular-ovate : berries black, nodding. Alaska to Idaho and the Rocky Mountains. Eu., Asia. " V. microphylluin* V. Myrtillus var. microphyllum Hook. Stem erect, with numerous slender strict green branches and branchlets, 3-18 inches high : leaves ovate or oval, J-4 lines long, bright green : corolla ovate, a line long : berries 1-2 lines in diameter, bright red, sweet. On the high- est mountains, Washington to CaUfornia and the Rocky Mountains. ^ ^ ^ Mostly tall with spreading branches. V. membranaceum Dougl. Hook. Fl. ii, 32. F. myrtilloides Hook, not of Michx* Glabrous or glabrate, 1-5 feet high, with erect slightly an- gled branchlets : leaves ovate or oval to oblong, sharply serrulate, mem- branaceous, green both sides but not shining, loosely reticulate-veiny, 1-2 inches long, the larger and later ones mostly acute or acuminate : limb of the calyx entire : corolla depressed-globular or semi-globose-urceolate : ped- icels erect in fruit: berries 3-4 lines in diameter, purplish-black, sweet. On the high mountains, Alaska to California, and east to Lake Superior. Var. risridam Hook. Branchlets slightly pubescent and more com- TZ VAeCINIACE^ ' vaocinium OXYCOCCUS pact: leaves rigid. In the mountains of Brit. Columbia and Washington V. OTalifolium Smith in Rees's Cycl. No. 2. Glabrous and glaucescent, 4-12 feet high, straggling : branchlets more or less angled : leaves thin, oval to oblong, mostly obtuse or rounded at both ends, merely mucronulate, entire, or with a few irregular serratures, 1-2 inches long, pale and glau-^ cescent: limb of the calyx minutely 10-toothed: corolla ovoid-urceolate- pedicels recurved in fruit: berries depressed-globose, 3-5 lines in diameter: blue with a bloom, acid but very good. Moist woods, Oregon to Alaska, Quebec and Michigan. V. Alaskaensis, Stem erect, 2-12 feet high, with erect branches and spreading sharply angled branchlets: leaves thickish, 1-3 inches long when mature, mostly ovate or oblong, not rarely acute at both ends, mucronu- late, on very short petioles, dark green above, paler beneath : limb of the calyx obscurely 10-toothed : corolla globular, 2 lines long : pedicels nodding in flower, erect in fruit : berries black, globular 4-6 lines in diameter, acid but fine for table use. In the Cascade Mountains of Oregon to Alaska. V. parvlfolium Smith 1. c. 8. Stem 3-12 feet high, with straggling angled green branches and branchlets : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or rounded at both ends, 3-8 lines long, entire, pale green, dull beneath, often sparse : limb of the calyx 5-lobed : corolla globular : pedicels nodding in fruit : berries bright red, acid, but fine for table use. Common in damp forests west of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon to Alaska. § 2 Vitis-Id^a Koch. Leaves coriaceous and persistent. Flowers in short racemes or clusters from separate buds, bracte- ate and 2-bracteolate. Stamens with hairy filaments and awnless anthers. Y. Vitis-Idaea L, Fl. Dan. t. 40. Almost glabrous : branches tufted, 4-10 inches high from creeping stems : leaves crowded, obovate or oval, emarginate, shining above, pale and bristly dark-dotted beneath, 3-6 lines long, the margins revolute, entire or obscurely serrulate : flowers crowded in a short terminal secund and nodding bracteate raceme, 4-merou8 and Sandrous : bracts reddish, nearly persistent: limb of the calyx deeply 4- lobed : corolla white or rose-color, oj)en-campanulate, rather deeply 4-lobed : berries dark red, acid and bitterish, edible when cooked. In marshes, northern Washington to Alaska and across the continent. V. ovatum Pursh Fl i, 290. Stems erect or ascending, 2-8 feet high, with rather rigid branches ; branchlets pubescent : leaves thick and firm, srery numerous, trom ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely and acute- ly serrate, glabrous or nearly so, bright green both sides, 6-12 lines iong : flowers in short and close axillary clusters : bracts and bractlets deciduous, usually red : corolla campanulate 2 lines long, rose-color or nearly white, barely thrice the length of the acute red calyx-lobes: berries black, acid. In moist woods near the coast, Brit. Columbia to California. 2 OXYCOCCUS Hill British Herbal, 324. (Cbanberry.) Low trailing or erect shrubs with alternate leaves, and axillary or terminal nodding flowers on long filiform pedicels. Calyx- tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4-5 -cleft, persistent. Corolla 4-5-parted, with long narrow rettexed segments. Stamens 8-10, the distinct filaments puberulent at base. Anthers connivent into a cone, awnless, upwardly prolonged into hollow tubes and opening by oblique pores at the top. Ovary 4-5-celled, destitute of false partitions. Fruit a many-seeded juicy berry. oxYCoccDS ERICACEiE 413 0. palustris Pera. Syn. i, 419. Vaccinium oxycoccus L. Stems very slender, creeping, rooting at the nodes, 6-18 inches long; branches erect or ascending, 2-6 inches high, vjery leafy : leaves thick, evergreen, ovate, acute at the apex, rounded or cordate at base 2-5 lines long, green above, white beneath, the margins revolute, entire : flowers 1-5 in a fasicle from terminal thin-scaly buds, nodding on erect long filiform 2-bracteolate pedi- cels : corolla pink, about 4 lines broad, cleft nearly to the base; filaments fully half as long as the anthers: berries globose, 3-5 lines in diameter, often spotted when young. In cold bogs, Oregon to and around (he 8ub- Arctic Zone. Var. iiitermediam. Vaccinium Oxycoccus var. intermedium Gray. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse,' 3-6 lines long : flowers strictly umbellate from the scaly bud, but this not rarely proliferous into a leafy shoot : berries 3-5 lines in diameter. Cold bogs in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. Order LV. ERICACE^ DC. PL Franc, iii, 675. Shrubs trees or herbs with simple leaves without stipules, and mostly perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, free from the ovary, 4-5-parted or 4-5-cleft, mostly persistent. Corolla regular, or rarely somewhat irregular, usually 4:-5-toothed or 4-5-lobed. Stamens hypogynous, usually as many or twice as many as lobes or divisions of the corolla : filaments mostly separate and free or nearly free from the corolla : anthers 2-celled, the cells often prolonged upwardly into tubes, opening by terminal pores or chinks, or longitudinally, often awned : the pollen composed of 4 united grains. Ovary 2-5-celled with placentae in the axis, the ovules usually numerous, sometimes solitary, anatro- pous: style single: stigma peltate or capitate. Fruit a capsule berry or drupe. Embryo small or minute, in fleshy albumen. Tribe i, Arbute^e Fruit a berry or berry-like drupe. Corolla 4-5-toothed. deciduous. 1 Arbutus Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled: fruit a many-seeded berry. 2 Arctostaphylos Ovary 5-10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell : fruit a 5-10-8eeded drupe, or by abortion 3-9-seeded. Tribe ii, ANDROMEDEiE Fruit a loculicidal, chiefly 5-celled and many-seeded capsule. Corolla usually 5-toothed, deciduous. * Calyx becoming fleshy and berry-like in fruit, enclosing the small capsule. 3 Gaultheria Corolla campanulate and 5-lobed, or urceolate, 5-toothed. * * Calyx remaining dry under the naked capsule. 4 Andromeda Low shrubs with moderately broad leaves : calyx valvate or open in bud : corolla from globular-urceolate to cylindraceous : cap- sule 5-celled. 5 Cassiope Small fruticulose plants with small thick or acerose mostly imbricated leaves : calyx of ovate imbricated sepals : corolla open-cam- panulate, 4-5-lobed or parted : capsule 4-5-valved, the valves 2-lobed. Tribe iii, Rhodore^. Fruit a septicidal capsule, the valves in dehiscence separating frcwu the persistent placentiferous col- 414 ERICACE^. ARBUTUS umella. Corolla deciduous,its lobes or petals imbricated in bud. * Anthers opening by a pore or chink at the apex of each cell. +- Corolla gamopetalous : seal)- leaf-buds none : flowers from the axils of mostly coriaceo-foliaceous persistent bracts : capsule globular, 4-5-valved from above. 6 Phyllodoce Leaves narrow and imbricated : corolla ovoid. 7 Bryaiithus Leavs narrow, alternate but crowded : corolla open-cam- panulate, 5-lobed or parted. 8 Kalmia Leaves comparatively broad and ample, persistent : corolla saucer-shaped, 5-lobed and 10-saccate below the limb. •♦- +- Flower-buds scaly-strobilaceous, the thin or scarious scales caducous or deciduous : corolla gamopetalous : capsule 4-5-valved from apex to base. 9 Menziesia Shrubs with deciduous leaves: corolla from globular- urceolate to cylindraceous, 4-toothed or lobed : stamens not exserted. 10 Azaleastrnm Shrubs with deciduous leaves: corolla subcampanulate, regular, 5-lobed : stamens not exserted. 11 Azalea Shrubs with deciduous leaves : corolla funnelform, slightly irregular : stamens exserted. 12 Rhododendron Shrubs with evergreen leaves : corolla campanulate, slightly irregular. •<-+--«- Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so. 13 Lednm Shrubs with evergreen leaves : flowers umbellate from sepa- rate scaly buds: capsule 5-valved from the base. * * Anthers opening from the apex nearly or quite to the base of the cell : corolla of distinct petals or deeply 5-cleft : capsule 2-5-valved from above. 14 Cladothamnns Erect shrubs with deciduous leaves : flowers from leafy shoots of the season, solitary : capsule 5-6-celled. Tribe 1 Arhuteas DC. vii 581, Trees or shrubs with scaly buds and alternate evergreen leaves. Corolla urn- shaped or globular, 5-tooihed or rarely 4'loothed, deciduous. Stamens twice as many as lobes of the corolla, included. Fruit fleshy, either a berry or drupe. 1 ARBUTUS L. Gen. n. 552. (madrono). Low trees or shrubs with thick evergreen leaves and small pink or white flowers in panicles that terminate the branchlets. Calyx small, 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla ovate, globular, or urn-shaped, 5-toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included : anthers flattened, furnished with a pair of reflexed awns on the back be- low the summit; the cells opening by terminal pores. Ovary raised on a hypogynous disk, 5-celled : ovules numerous on a fleshy placentae projecting from the inner angle of each cell. Style rather long : stigma obtuse. Berries with a rough or gran- ular surface, maturing several seeds in each cell. A, Menziesii Pursh. Hook. Fl. ii, 36. A tree 20-100 feet high, and AtotOSTAPHYLO 8 ERCICE^ 415 a trunk 6-30 inches in diameter : bark close and smooth by exfoliation, on large trees becoming rough near the base, turning brownish-red : leaves oval or oblong, entire or serrulate, green with more or less red veins above, pale and finely reticulated beneath, 3-5 inches long by 1-3 inches broad, firm-coriaceous: branches of the panicle minutely pubescent: calyx-lobes broadly ovate, about a line long: corolla globular, 3-5 lines long: berries somewhat drupaceous, reddish-orange, 3-5 lines in diameter On dry hill- sides, Vancouver Island to southern California : west of the Cascade Mts. 2 ARCTOSTAPYLOS Adans. Fam. PL ii, 165. (Manz4nita.) Shrubs or small trees with alternate broad coriaceous evergreen leaves which are usually vertical by a twist of the petiole, and small white to light red flowers in terminal, usually pendulous, racemes or panicles. Pedicels bracteate and bracteolate. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla urn-shaped, with 4 or 5 recurved lobes. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments dilated and hairy at base; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back, the cells opening by a hole at the top. Ovary 4-10-celled, with a single pendulous ovule in each cell, in fruit becoming a 4-10-celled, and by abortion, 1-7- seeded stone or patumen, or the cells distinct or more or less co- alescent at the ventral edge. Seeds with a slender erect radical and small cotyledons in fleshy albumen. * Depressed and trailing or creeping, green, glabrous or minutely pubescent, no bristly hairs : flowers rather few in simple small clusters : ' ovary and fruit glabrous: nutlets 1-nerved on the l»ack. A. Uva-ursi Spreng. Syat. ii, 287. ( Kinnikinic. ) Diffusely much branched and rooting at the nodes, forming depressed patches several feet in diameter from a single main root: leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse or re- tuse, an inch or less long, tapering into a short petiole, bracts ovate, acute, somewhat foliaceous: flowers few, in short racemes, white; corolla ovoid, constricted at the throat, about 2 lines long : drupe globose, red, glabrous, 3-5 lines in diameter, containing 5 coalescent nutlets. In open woods, California to the Arctic Circle and across the Continent. A. intermedia Greene Pitt, ii, 171. Diffusely branching, the main divisions of the stem procumbent, a foot or two long ; leafy branches as- cending or erect, less than a foot high : leaves obovate-cuneiform, about an inch long, obtuse, puberulent beneath: racemes terminal, subsessile, few- flowered : fruit globoBe, slightly depressed, 3-4 lines in diameter ; nutlets 5-7, firmly consolidated. On dry gravelly ground. Mason Co. Washington. A. Nevadensis Gray Syn. Fl. ii, 27. Stems loosely branching from the base, the branches decumbent, 1-2 feet long: leaves ovate or oval to lanceolate-spatulate, cuspidate-mucronate, abruptly petioled, 6-12 lines long : racemes few-flowered : corolla white, oblong, 2-4 lines long : drupes dull red, 3-4 lines in diameter: nutlets mostly separate. On the high mountains, Washington to California. * * Erect low shrubs : leaves at most an inch long : flowers on short, mostly clustered, racemes or spikes, only a line or two long. A. hispidula. Stems 4-6 feet high, with very dark colored bark, rather strictly branched ; branchlets glandular-hispidulous, very leafy : leaves oblong or oblong-ovate or some oblong-lanceolate, with indistinct cartilaginous margins acute at both ends, cuspidate, green and glabrous, with round pubescent petioles: bracts glabrous, triangular with a very broad base, acuminate, not foliaceous : pedicels glabrous, longer than the 416 EKIOACEuE arctostaphylos bracts: corolla rose-color, 2-3 lines long: filaments sparingly hairy»: ovary glabrous : fruit not seen. On bottom lands along Smith river at GaSque Del Norte Co. California: no doubt in adjacent Oregon. , A. intricata. Stem erect, 3-6 feet high with very dark-colored bark, irregularly and intricately branched, th6 branchlets tbmentose and gliand- ular : leaves oblong to ovatei acute and cuspidate, usually abruptly con- tracted below to a short glandular-hispid petiole, bright green, minutely tomentose, the margins ciliate: bracts acuminate-ovate with a broad base, hispid-ciliate, somewhat foliaceous: pedicels very short, glandular: corolla bright rose-color, about 3 lines long : filaments loosely hairy : ovary dense- ly tomentose: fruit not seen. On otony hillsides near Smith river west of Gasque, Del Norte Co. California; no doubt in adjacent Oregon. A. cinerea. Erect, 3-6 feet high, densely branched from the base, with rather light-colored bark and cinereous branchlets: leaves oblong or obovate, obtuse or acutisli to acute, cuspidate, whitish-green, tapering below to a stout flat cinereous petiole, smooth : bracts not foliaceous, acu- minate-lan(!eolate with a broad base, minutely cinereous ; pedicels longer than the bracts, minutely tomentose: corolla dark rose-color to nearly white : filaments densely hairy : ovary hairy at the top : fruit globose, flat- ened at each end: some of the nutlets coalescent. Rocky liillsides along the eastern base of the Coast Mountains near Waldo, Oregon. * * * Erect shrubs or low trees: leaves 1-3 inches long: flowers 3-4 lines long, on short clustered racemes: drupes obcompressed-globose : some of the nutlets coalescent. A. oblongifolia. Densely branching from the base, with reddish- brown bark and cinereous branchlets, 4-6 feet high : leaves oblong or the lowest obovate, obtuse, cuspidate, usually abruptly contracted below to a rather long round petiole, whitish-green, smooth : bracts somewhat folia- ceous, acuminate-lanceolate with a broad base, minutely pubescent: pedi- cels longer than the bracts, minutely pubescent and sparingly glandular : corolla white tinged with red : filaments very sparingly if at all hairy : ovary pubescent at the top. Rocky hillsides, eastern base of the Coast Mountains near Waldo, Oregon. A. parvifolia. Stems branching from the base, with light reddish bark and minutely white-tomentbse branchlets: leaves small, oblong or cuneate-oblong, obtuse or acutish, minutely cuspidate, whitish-green, on flattish petioles : bracts triangular, short-acuminate, minutely pubescent : pedicels not longer than the lower bracts, minutely pubescent: filatnents sparingly hairy: ovary glabrous. On the high hills near Andersons, Jose- phine Co. Oregon. A. pulchella. Arborescent, 6-12 feet high, branching from the base, with dark -colored bark and minutely pubescent branchlets : leaves ob- ovate to oblong, obtuse, obscurely mucronate, smooth, cinereous-green : bracts acuminate-ovate with a very broad base, minutely pubescent : ped- icels much longer than the bracts, sparingly glandular: filaments slightly hairy : ovary glabrous. On the mountains of Josephine Co. Oregon. A. viscida Parry Proc. Cal. Acad, ii, 496. Arborescent, intricately branched from the base, with dark colored bark and glabrous branchlets: leaves orbicular to ovate or oblong, acutish to rounded at the aqex, with or without a small cusp, ashy-green and glabrous :, bracts broadly triangu- lar, shortly acuminate: pedicels much longer than the bracts, densely viscid-glandular: filaments densely hairy: ovary glabrous. Common in Josephine and Jackson Counties Oregon and adjacent California. A. Manzanita Parry 1. c. ?. Arborescent, 6-10 feet high, with reddish brown bark and the young branchlets black-glandular: leaves ovate to ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ERICACE^ 417 GAULTHERIA obovate, obtuse or acutish, usually abruptly contracted below to a slender petiole, not at all cuspidate, glabrou8,'dark green both sides : bracts acu- minate-lanceolate, green and glandular: pedicels shorter than the bracts, glabrous: filaments tomentose: ovary glabrous. Top of the Siskiyou Mountains and southward. A. bracteata. Strictly branched from the base, 4-6 feet>igh, with tomentose branchlets : leaves oblong, obtuse, obscurely cuspidjrte, minutely tomentose, contracted below to a flattish petiole : bracts foliaceous, Janceo- late : pedicels pubescent, shorter than the bracts : filaments and ovary densely hairy. Near Waldo, Josephine Co. Oregon. A, strigosa. Erect and loosely branching, 8-10 feet high, with dense- ly white-tomentose branchlets : leaves oblong or ovate, obscurely cuspidate, usually rounded at the apex, minutely white-tomentose, light green, ab- ruptly contracted below to a round petiole : bracts foliaceous, lanceolate, strigose pubescent: pedicels shorter than the bracts, pubescent: filaments sparingly hairy : ovary densely pubescent. In the mountains of Josephine Co. Oregon. A» toineutosa Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1791. Erect, 2-10 feet high with tomentose and setose-hispid branchlets : leaves oblong-ovate or oblong, acute and cuspidate, densely tomentose, contracted below to a short setose- hispid and tomentose petiole : bracts foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, to- mentose and ciliate : pedicels shorter than the bracts, tomentose : filaments sparingly hairy : ovary densely tomentose. Rocky and sandy places, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and perhaps farther south. Tribe ii, Andromedeae DC. Prodr. vii, 588. Shrubs with chiefly alternate evergreen leaves. Corolla gamopetatous, deciduous. Sta- mens twice as many as lobes of the corolla ^ more or less included. Anthers opening at the top. Fruit a loculicidal chiefly 5 -celled and many-seeded capsule, the valves usually bearing the partitions, which separate from the persistent placentiferons axis or columella. 3 GAULTHERIA L. Gen. n. 551. Shrubs or undershrubs with broad evergreen leaves, and small nodding flowers either solitary in the axils, or in axillary racemes. Calyx 5-cleft or lobed, persistent. Corolla urn-shaped to cam- panulate. Stamens 10 : filaments dilated toward the base: anther- cells usually 2-pointed or 2-awned, and opening by a pore at the top. Capsule 5-celled, depressed and umbilicate, many-seeded, enclosed at maturity in the calyx, which enlarges and becomes fleshy and berry like after the corolla falls. * Corolla short-campanulate, 5-lobed : filaments glabrous : apex of the anthers obscurely 4-pointed. G. Myrsinites Hook. Fl. ii, 35, t. 129. Cespitose-procumbent or de- pressed, glabrous, the flowering branches 1-5 inches long : leaves oval or rounded, mostly only half-inch long: pedicels solitary in the axiles, very short, 3-5-bracteolate : corolla depressed-campanulate, little surpassing the calyx : fruit scarlet, 2-3 lines in diameter. In forests on the high moun- tain?, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. G. ovatifolia Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 84. Depressed-trailing with ascending branches, with some at length rusty hairs, at least on the calyx : leaves broadly ovate, or even subcordate, the largest an inch and a half long, serrulate, dark green and shinmg ; corolla campanulate, twice the 418 ERICACEAE andromeda CASSIOPE length of the calyx-lobes : pedicels solitary in the axils, usually 4-bracteo- late : fruit scarlet. Cascade Mountains, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. * * Corolla ovate or urceolate, 5-toothed : filaments hairy : anthers 4-awned at the summit. G. Shallon Pursh Fl. i, 284, t. 12. (salal) Shrubby, 1-6 feet high, with rather stout spreading stems : branches, pedicels and even the corollas glandular-hairy or pubescent: leaves ovate to cordate, often acuminate, strongly serrulate, 1-4 inches long : flowers in open bracteate many-flowered secund ra'jemes, from axillary and terminal chartaceous-acaly buds : ped- icels 2-bracteolate below the middle : corolla urn-shaped, 3-5 lines long, 5-toothed, viscid : fruit black, 3-6 lines in diameter, edible. Very common in forests, Alaska to California. 4 ANDROMEDA L. Sp. 393. Low shrubs with coriaceous, linear or oblong evergreen leaves, and small white to flesh-colored flowers in terminal umbels. Calyx deeply. 5- parted, persistent but not becoming fleshy in fruit. Corolla globose-urceolate, 5-toothed, the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included ; filaments hairy; anthers attached to the filaments at about the middle, ovate, obtuse, the cells opening by large ter- minal pores, each with a recurved awn. Ovary 5-celled. Cap- sule subglobose, 5-angled, the top intruded, loculicidally 5-valved, many-seeded. Placenta borne near the top of the columella, the seeds spreading in all directions. A. polifolia L. 1. c. Stem 6-18 inches high, simple or branched: leaves tirm-coriaceous, glabrous and glaucous, linear to lanceolate-oblong, with strongly revolute margins, white beneath : flowers in a small termin- al umbel : pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts, ijaked : calyx small, deeply 5-parted, early open; corolla globose-urceolate, 3-4 lines long: anthers short, each cell surmounted by a slender ascending awn: seeds smooth and shining. Wet bogs, northern Washington to Alaska and across the Continent. 5 CASSIOPE D. Don Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xvii, 157. Fruticulose evergreens with small or minute imbricated or crowded, entire and veinless, often opposite or whorled leaves and solitary flowers nodding on the summits of erect naked pedi- cels.. Calyx ebracteolate, of 4 or 5 imbricated sepals that are thickened at base. Corolla open-campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed or parted. Anthers short, attached nearly by their summits, the cells each opening by a large terminal pore, and tipped by a slender recurved awn. Style thickened at base, or conical Pla- centae many-ovuled, pendulous from the summit of the short columella. Capsule globose or ovoid, dry, loculicidally 4- or 5- valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds minute, with a thin close coat. C. Stelleriana DC. Prodr. vii, 610. Diffusely spreading : leaves ob- long-linear, obtuse, widely spreading, flattish, obscurely serrulate, 2-3 lines long: peduncle terminal, very short: corolla 4- or 5-parted : style conical. Washington to Alaska. C. lycopodioides Don 1. c. Stems filiform, very low and creeping: leaves barely a line long, roundish on the back, not ciliate, closely imbri- PHYLLODOCE ERICACEAE 419 BRYANTHDS cated in 4 ranks : pedicels filiform: corolla 5-lobed: style slender, slightly thickened downward. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon to the Aleutian Islands and Siberia. C« Mertensiana Don 1. c. Rather stout, with rigid ascending stems and fastigiate branches, a foot or less high : leaves 1-2 lines long, glabrous, carinate and not furrowed on the back, imbricated in four ranks : pedicels '■ather short : corolla 5-lobed : style slender, slightly thickened downward. On the highest mountains, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. C. tetragona Don 1. c. Stems erct or ascending 4-12 inches high, with fastigiate branches : leaves 1-2 lines long, thick and with a deep fur- row on the back, imbricated in four ranks, often pubescent when young: flowers sometimes four-merous : peduncles 5-12 lines long : style slender, slightly thickfened below. Higher parts of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon to the Arctic regions and across the Continent. Tribe 3, Rhodoreae Don. Corolla deciduous^ its lobes or petals imbricated in the bud. Anthers without awns or appendages. Stig- ma not rarely surrounded by a ring or border. Fruit a septicidal capsule: the valves {in ours) in dehiscence separating from the per- sistent placentiferous columella. * Anthers opening by a pore or chink at the apex of each cell, -*-■ Flowers from the axils of coriaceo-foliaceous persistent bracts^ or rarely from those of ordinary leaves. Corolla gamopetalous. Filaments and style filiform. Capsule globular, 4- or 5-valved from above. 6 PHYLLODOCE Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 36. Low branching more or less glandular shrubs with small linear evergreen leaves and white to purple or blue flowers in terminal umbels. Pedicels brae ted at the base. Calyx 5- parted, persist- ent. Corolla ovoid, contracted at the throat, 5-toothed, Stam- ens 10, included: filaments filiform; anthers attached by their backs, oblong, obtuse, the cells opening by terminal oblique chinks. Ovary 5-celled ; ovules numerous ; style filiform, included ; stigma obscurely 5-lobed or capitate. Capsule subglobose or globose- oblong, 5-valved to about the middle. Seeds minute, the testa coriaceous. P. glanduliflora. BryanthuH glanduUflorus Gray. Stems rather rig- id, fastigiately branched, 3-12 inches high : leaves numerous and crowded but somewhat spreading, linear- oblong, obtuse, 3-6 lines long, thick, with a white line through the centre below and a deep furrow above, narrowed at base to a short petiole, the margins thick and scabrous : pedicels 6-12 lines long, glandular-hirsute : sepals lanceolate, acutish to acuminate 2 lines long, glandular -hirsute: corolla yellowish, ovoid, 3-4 lines long, the short lobes glabrous. On rocky banks and cliffs near perpetual snow, Oregon to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. 7 BRYANTHUS Gmel. Fl. Siber. iv, 132. Small evergreen shrubs with much crowded, linear alternate leaves and showy rose-color to purple flowers umbellate or racem- ose-crowded at the ends of the branches. Calyx 4-6-toothed or 420 ERICACEAE ; kalmia MBNZIESIA parted, persistent Corolla campanulate, 4--6-lobed, the lobes short, recurved, simply imbricated in bud. Stamens 8-12 : fil- aments filiform : anthers oblong, opening by oblique chinks at the top. Capsule subglobose, 4-6-celled. Seeds small, with a firm coat. B. empetriformis Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 377. Densely much branched from the base, 1-2 feet high, often forming clumps 1-3 feet in diameter: leaves 3-7 lines long, with strongly revolute thickened and rough margins: pedicels several, somewhat umbellate, subtended by foliaceous and rigid bracts: corolla rose-color, 2-4 lines long, campanulate, barely 5-lobed, the lobes much shorter than the tube: stamens included. On the highest mountains, northern California to Vancouver Island and the Rocky Mountains. 8 KALMIA L. Gen. n. 545. Shrubs with entire evergreen coriaceous leaves and umbellate clustered or rarely scattered showy flowers. Calyx 5 -parted or of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla saucer-shaped, with a short narrow tube, 5-lobed and 10-saccate below the limb, which is strongly 10-carinate in the bud from the pouches upward, the salient keels running to the summit of the lobes and sinuses, the limb imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10 ; the short anthers free and on erect filaments in the early bud, in the full grown bud received in the pouches of the corolla and the filaments bent over as the corolla enlarges and still more when it expands, straight- ening elastically and incurving when disengaged, thereby throw- ing out the pollen. Anther-cells opening by a large pore; some- times extending into a chink. Stigma depressed. Capsule glob- ular, 5-celled, tardily septicidal. Placentae pendulous or porrect from the upper part of the small columella. Seeds with a thin and mostly close coat. K. glauca Ait. Hort. Kew. ii, 64, t. 8. Shrub 6-18 inches high: glabrous throughout and mostly glaucous : leaves all oi)posite, or rarely in threes, almost sessile, ovate to linear-oblong, or appearing narrower by the usually strong revolution of the margins, dark green above, glaucous white beneath, 6-20 lines long: flowers in terminal fascicles, lilac-purple, 6-8 lines in diameter ; bracts large ; sepals ovate, scarious-margined, much im- bricated, persistent. In marshes near the coast, Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent. Var, microphylla Hook. Fl. ii, 41. Stems 6-1 2 inches high: leaves oval barely half-inch long: flowers only 2-6 in the clusters, smaller. High mountain marshes, California to Brit. Columbia. -*- -«- Buds scaly-strobilaceous; the thin or scarious scales cadu- cous or deciduous. Calyx often much reduced or obsolete. Corolla gamopetalous. Capsule 4- or 5-valved from apex to base. Seeds mostly scobiform^ having the loose coat produced or appendaged at both ends. 9 MENZIESIA Smith Incon. Ined. iii. t.'36, Shrubs with alternate deciduous leaves and small, mostly dull- MENZIE8IA ERICACEAE 421 AZALEASTRUM colored flowers on nodding pedicels, developed at the same time as the leaves from separate strobilaceous buds that terminate the branches of the preceding year. Cal3^x bristly-hirsute, usually 4-lobed. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylindraceous, 4-tooth- ed or lobed. Stamens not exserted, usually 8: filaments subulate : anthers mostly linear-sagittate, the cells opening by an oblique pore or short chink. Style not exserted : stigma truncate. Cap- sule short. Placentae attached to the whole length of the short columella. M. ferrnginea Smith 1. c. Erect straggling shrub 6-8 feet high with strigose chaffy ferruginous scales on the young parts: leaves oblong or lance- olate-obovate, acute or acutish at both ends, prominently glandular, mu- cronate, ciliate with glandular bristles, rusty strigose-hirsute above, merely pale beneath: pedicels bristly-glandular: corolla oblong-ovate, becoming cyl- indraceous: filaments glabrous: capsule ovate: seeds merely apiculate, or very short tai ed. In the high mountains and along the coast; Oregon to Alaka. , M. glabella Gray Syn. Fl. ii, 39. Erect shrub 6-8 feet high, without strigose chaffy scales, or very few on the young petioles and midrib beneath: leaves obovate, mostly obtuse, barely mucronate-tipped, glaucescent and glabrous or nearly so beneath, sprinkled with some small appressed hairs above, an inch long, the obscm-ely serrulate margins minutely ciliolate: pedi- cels naked or somewhat glandular: corolla ovoid-campanulate: filaments more or less ciliate below: capsule oblong or ovoid, erect, smooth and naked or nearly so: seeds with appendages at each end as long as the nucleus. In damp forests, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and east to Lake Superior, 10 AZALEASTRUM RHODODENDRON § AZALEASTRUM Maxim. Shrubs with thin deciduous leaves, and rather large white or light-colored flowers. Inflorescence lateral, the flowers from separate 1-3-flowered lateral buds below the leaves. Bud-scales caducous. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions more or less foliaceous, persistent. Corolla almost rotate, regular. 5-lobed. Stamens 10, not declined: filaments filiform : anthers erect, opening by a hole at the apex of each cell. Style filiform: stigma capitate. Capsule 5-valved from the summit. Seeds numerous and small, with a loose chaff'-like coat. ' A. albiflornm. Rhododendron alhiflorum HooJc. Stems erect, 2-6 feet high with slender branches, pubescent with slender straight or silky and pome short glandular hairs when young, nearly glabrous in age : leaves mem- branaceous, oblong or narrower, obscurely undulate, 1-2 inches long, pale green: flowers 1-3 in the fascicles, nodding on short pedicels; sepals oblong, obtuse, 3-4 lines long, somewhat foliaceous : corolla open-campanulate, 8-10 lines long, 5-lobed, bright white: filaments bearded at base: stigma peltate, 5-lobed : capsule ovoid, 3-4 lines long. On the highest mountains of northern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. 11 AZALEA L. Gen. n. 212. Erect branching shrubs with alternate thin deciduous leaves, and large flowers in terminal umbels developed from scaly buds that terminate the growth of the previous year and surrounded at 422 ERICACEAE azalea RHODODENDRON the base by lateral and smaller leaf-buds. Bud-scales and bracts caducous or early deciduous. Calyx small or minute, 5-parted. Corolla funnelform, glandular- viscid outside, with narrow tube and 5-lobed, often more or less 2-lipped limb. Stamens 5, rarely 10, exserted, usually declined: anthers attached tq the filaments by their backs, the cells opening by terminal pores. Style slen- der, declined exserted. Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled. Capsule oblong or narrower, 5-valved from the summit. Seeds minute, with a loose chaff-like coat. A. occidentalis T. *& G. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116. Rhododendron occi- dentale Gray. Stems erect, 2-10 feet high, much branched : leaves obovate- oblong, nearly or quite glabrous at maturity but minutely ciliate, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, 1-2 inches long, tapering below to a short petiole, tipped with a short red gland: calyx 5-lobed, the oblong or ovate lobes glandular and ciliate, about a line long, corolla cream-white with orange stripes, 2 inches long, with conspicuous funnelform tube, slightly irregular limb and acute lobes, glandular- viscid outside: stamens 5, exserted and declined: filaments hairy below; style long-exserted, curved upward; capsule oblong, 8-12 lines long. About springs and along streams, south- western Oregon and California. 12 RHODODENDRON L, Gen. n. 548. Shrubs or small trees with alternate evergreen coriaceous leaves and mostly large showy white to rose-colored or purple flowers in terminal umbels or corymbs from scaly buds, the thin scales de- ciduous when the flowers open. Calyx small or minute, 5-lobed or 5-parted, persistent. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens usually 10, little exserted declined or equally spreading : anthers erect, attached by their backs, the cells open- ing by terminal pores. Capsule short or elongated, mostly woody, 5-20-valved from the summit. Seeds very numerous and small, with a loose chaff-like coat. R. Califoraicum Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4863. Stems 3-12 feet high, with stout erect 'branches, glabrous: leaves broadly oblong, 3-6 inches long, dark green and shming above: flowers very numerous in the fascicles: calyx minute, slightly 5-lobed: corollas large and showy, rose-color, a little iiTegu- lar, broadly campanulate more than an inch in diameter, the 5 broad lobes undulate: stamens 10, not exserted, ovary rusty-hirsute: capsule 10-18 lines long. On mountains and along the coast, California to Brit. Columbia. R. macrophyllnm Don Syst. iii, 843. *' Shrub 10 to 15 feet high: leaves oblong, acute at both ends, 5 to 8 inches in length, thinnish: corolla white, less than an inch long: its lobes oblong: ovary bristly hirsute. Woods, Puget Sound Washington to Brit. Columbia." -«- -^ -^ Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so. Filaments fili- form. Placentse home on the summit of the persistent columella. Seed scohiform or linear. 13 LEDUM L. Gen. n. 546. Low shrubs with alternate persistent, more or less resinous- dotted slightly fragrant leaves, and fascicles of white flowers de- LBDUM ERIGACEiE 423 CLADOTHAMNUS veloped from separate mostly terminal buds with well imbricated caducous scales and bracts. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, widely spreading. Stamens 4-10 : filaments filiform : cells of the anthers opening by terminal pores. Style filiform, persistent. Pedicels recurved in fruit. Capsule oval or oblong, septicidally 5-valved from the has 3 upward : placentae pendulous. Seeds slender, with a loose coat. * I^eaves densely tomentose beneath, the wool soon ferruginous and the margins strongly re volute: inflorescence all terminal. L, Oroenlandicnm CEder Fl. Dan. t. 567. L. latifolium Ait. Stems erect or ascending, 1-4 feet high, the branchlets rusty-tomentose: leaves ob- long, ofctuse, 1-2 inches long, green and slightly rugose above: flowers 4-5 lines broad, umbellate or short-corymbose, numerous: pedicels brown-canes- cent, 10-12 lines long, recurved in fruit: stamens 5-7,: capsule oblong, canes- cent, 3-4 lines long. In cold marshes, northwest Washington to Alaska and across the Continent. * * Leaves glabrous both sides: inflorescence terminal or sometimes lateral. L. glandnlosum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. viii. 270. Stout, 2-6 feet high: leaves oblong or oval, 1-2 inches long, green above, white and resinous atomiferous beneath: inflorescence often compound and crowded: flowers numerous, white, 3-4 lines in diameter: calyx 5-parted: capsule oval, retuse. In wet places, California to Brit, Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. * * Leaves entire. No thin-scaly strohilaceous huds. Corolla of distinct petals or 5-cleft. Anthers opening longitudinally from the apex nearly or quite to the base of the cells, or by terminal pores. Capsule 2-5-valved from above. 14 CLADOTHAMNUS Bong. Veg. Sitk. 37, t. 1. Erect branching shrubs with alternate deciduous leaves and solitary terminal or axillary reddish flowers from leafy shoots of the season. Sepals 5, somewhat foliaceous, as long as the five spreading petals, persistent. Stamens 10 :*filaments dilated below: anthers oblong, opening longitudinally from the apex nearly or quite to the base of the cells. Style long, declined and incurved, thickened at the apex, and annulate around the discoid stigma. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-6-celled ; septicidally 5-valved from above, many-seeded. Seeds oval, with a loose cellular coat. C. campanulatus Greene Eryth. iii, 65. " Shrub 4 to 5 feet high, with few and stoutish ascending branches: leaves lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, tapering to a short petiole which, together with the veins beneath, is more or less strigose-hirsute with red hdrs: flowers solitary or in pairs or in threes, from lateral buds, on pedicels 3^ inch long, these setose-hispid with red hairs: sepals ovate-oblong, densely ciliate with short gland-tipped haii's: corolla Jight salmon-color, oampanulate, the petals joined together at base into a short tube; anthers opening only by a pair of large round terminal pores. High mountains of Washington and British Columbia; hitherto coufused with the typical species, which belongs to Alaska." Order LV a. PYROLACE^ Agardh CI. PI. 18. Low mostly evergreen perennials with petioled leaves, and 424 PfKOLACE^ pyrola white pink or red. perfect and nearly regular flowers solitary or in racemes or corymbs. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla very deeply 4- or 5-parted, or of 5 petals. Stamens twice as many as the divisions of the corolla. Anthers introrse in the bud, inverted when mature, opening by pores or short slits. Pol- len of 4 united grains. Ovary superior, 4- or 5-celled. Style short or slender, often declined. Ovules very numerous, anat- ropous. Fruit a loculicidally dehiscent capsule. Seeds min- ute, with a loose cellular coat much larger than the nucleus. 1 Pyrola Flowers several or numerous, racemose on a scape-like pedun- cle: style long and usually declined. 2 Moneses Flower solitary, on a scape : style long and straight. 3 Chimaphila Flowers few to numerous, in a corymb or umbel on a leafy stem. 1 PYROLA L. Gen. n. 554. Acaulescent or subcaulescent perennials with all radical ever- green leaves and rather small white, greenish, or red flowers in racemes on simple scaly-bracted scapes. Calyx 5-parted, persis- tent. Petals 5, concave, or incurved and more or less converging, sessile and deciduous. Stamens 10, declined, or straight and connivent : filaments subulate, glabrous: anthers erect in the bud, emarginate or 2-beaked at the base, mostly reversed at maturity, each cell opening by a basal but apparently apical pore. Style straight or declined: stigma annulate, 5-lobed or 5-toothed Cap- sule subglobose, the apex and base intruded, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved from the base, the valves woolly on the margins when opening. P. minor L. Sp. 396. Scapes 6-10 inches high, 7-16 flowered: leaves orbicular to oval, rather thin, obscurely serrulate or crenulate, 9-18 lines long, rounded or slightly narrowed or subcordate at base: pedicels returved, rather crowded: flowers white or pinkish, 3-4 lines broad: calyx-lobes mostly triangulai* -ovate and acute: petals orbicular, naked at the base, globose- connivent: stamens equally connivent around the pistil: anthers not narrow- ed below the openings: style straight,much shorter than the ovary, included: stigma large, peltate, obscurely 5-lobed . In the Cascade mountains of Ore- gon to Alaska and across the Continent . P. secnnda L. Sp. 396. Somewhat caulescent from a branching base: scape-like peduncles slender, 4-10 inches high: leaves ovate to oval, mostly thin, acute, or rarely obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base: crenulate-serrate, 1-2 inches long; flowers numerous, in a secund raceme: pedicels at first merely spreading, in fruit recurved: petals greenish, with a pair of glands at the base of each, campanulate- connivent: stamens equally connivent around the pistil; anthers not narrowed below the openidgs: style straight, as long or longer than the petals; stigma peltate, 4-lobed, the lobes at length radiately projecting beyond the border. In mountainous districts, California to Alaska and across the Continent. Europe and Japan. P. chlorantha Swartz Act. Holm. 1810, 190, t. 5. Scapes 6-12 inches high, 3-10-flowered: leaves small, 6-12 lines in diameter, orbicular or nearly so, coriaceous, not shining, shorter than their petioles: flowers nodding, 6-7 PYROLA PYROLACE^ 425 MONESEB lines broad; calyx-lobes short, ovate, or triangular-ovate, acute or obtuse: pet- als very obtuse, gi-eenish-white: stamens declined ; anthers distinctly contract- ed below the openings, with distinctly beaked tips: style declined, and toward the apex curved upward, longer than the petals. In dry woods, Idaho to Brit. Columbia and the northern States. P. elliptica Nutt. Gen. i, 273. Scapes 6-10 inches high, loosely 7-16- flowered : leaves elliptic to oval, 1-2 inches long, acute or merely roundish at base, plicate-crenulate with very low teeth, membranaceous, dark green, longer than their petioles: calyx-lobes ovate-triangular, acute or acuminate, about one fourtli as long as the greeoish-white, obtuse petals: stamens declin- ed: anther-tips hardly if at all beaked : style declined, and toward the apex cui-ved upward, exserted. In rich, mostly dry woods, Idaho to Brit, Colum- bia and the eastern States. P. rotundifolla L. Sp. 396. Scapes 6-20 inches high, several to many-flowered, scaly-bracteate: leaves orbicular or broadly oval, 1-2 inches long, obscm-ely crenulate or entire, shining above, coriaceous, mostly shorter than the petioles: bracts lanceolate ot ovate-lanceolate: calyx-lobes lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, lax or with spreading tips, usually half as long as the white or flesh-colored obtuse petals: stamens declined; anthers with long cells, contracted into a very short neck under the openings, the mucro at base very short or obsolete: style declined and exserted. In dry woods, California to Alaska and the eastern States. Var. inearnata DC. Prodr. vii. 773. ** A rather small form: flowers from flesh-color to rose-purple: calyx-lobes triangulai'-lanceolate. " Bogs, Idaho to Alaska and northern New England. P. bracteata Hook. Fl. ii 49. Scapes 10-16 inches high, usually many-flowered, scaly-bracteate: leaves oval to ov^te or oblong, acutish, not shining above, often variegated with whitish bands, 1-3 inches long, on slender petioles: bracts broadly lanceolate, acuminate, large and con- spicuous: calyx-lobes acuminate-lanceolate, more than half as long as the red petals : stamens declined ; anthers with long cells contracted under the openings into a short neck : style declined, exserted. In wet places in the mountains, California to Brit. Columbia. P. picta Smith Rees Cycl. xxix. Scapes 6-12 inches high, 7-16-flow- ered: leaves firm-coriaceous, dull-colored or whitish, commonly veined or blotched with white above, pale or sometimes purplish beneath, 1-3 inches .ong, from broadly ovate to spatulate or narrowly oblong, the blades all longer t ban their petioles : rootstock rigid and often branched or clustered : bracts few and short : calyx-lobes ovate, not half the length of the greenish- white petals : stamens little if at all declined : anthers with a distinct neck under the orifice: style strongly declined. Under Pine trees in sparsely wooded districts, Nootka Sound to California, Idaho, Wyoming and Utah. P. aphylla Smith 1. c. Scapes 8-12 inches high, strictly erect, reddish or lurid, from deep scaly-toothed branched rootstocks, usually leafless, several to many-flowered: bracts subulate: calyx-lobes ovate, acute, very much shorter than the obovate whitish petals : stamens but slightly if at all declined : anthers tubular-beaked under the orifice : style almost straight, strongly declined. In coniferous woods, Alaska to California. Var. pauclfolia. With or without one or two small orbicular leaves at base : bracts larger, broadly lanceolate. In dense forests of the Cascade Mountains. 2 MONESES Salisb. in S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. ii, 403. A low perennial with opposite or verticillate evergreen leaves and a solitary drooping white or pink flower at the summit of a 426 PYROLACE^ moneses CHIMAPHILA slender scape. Calyx 4-5-parted, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, widely spreading, sessile. Stamens 8 or 10, glabrous : anthers 2-beaked at the base, reversed when mature, each cell opening by a basal but apparently apical pore. Style straight : stigma pel- tate, large, with 4 or 5 narrow lobes. Capsule subglobose, 4-5- lobed, 4-5-celled, loculicidally 4-5-valved from the summit; the valves glabrous on the margins. Seeds numerous, minute, the testa reticulated, produced at both ends. M. uniliora Gray Man. 273. Stem very short and decumbent, leafy : leaves orbicular to ovate, petioled, serrulate, 6-20 lines long : scape 2-6 inches high : flower white to rose-color, 6-10 lines broad : calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, about one-fifth the length of the broadly ovate or orbicular petals : capsule erect, 3-4 lines in diameter. In forests, Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent. Europe and Asia. 3 CHIMAPHILA Pursh Fl. i, 279. Low perennials with opposite or verticillate evergreen leaves and spreading or nodding white or purplish flowers in terminal corymbs. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, con- cave, sessile, spreading or recurved. Stamens 10; filaments short, dilated, and mostly hairy in the middle ; cells of the anthers oblong, with a short narrow neck. Style very short, * obconic, immersed in the umbilicate summit of the globose ovary : stigma orbicular-peltate, barely 5-crenate. Capsule erect, globose, 5-lob- ed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5- valved from the top, the valves not woolly on the margins. Seeds very numerous, the testa reticu- lated, produced at both ends. C. umbel lata Nutt. Gen. i, 274. Stem stout, 4-12 inches high, very leafy, often branched: leaves cuneate-oblanceolate with tapering base, sharply serrate, not spotted, bright green and shining, 1-3 inches long: flowers several, umbellate or subcorymbose, white or pinkish : bracts nar- row, deciduous : filaments hairy on the margins only. In dry woods, California to Alaska and across the Continent. C. Meiiziesii Spreng. Syst. ii, 317. Slender, 3-10 inches high, spar- ingly branched from the base : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, small, sharply serrate, the upper surface often mottled with white: peduncle 1-3-flowered: bracts ovate or roundish : filaments slender, with a round dilated portion in the middle villous : flowers about half-inch in diameter; petals dull white. In forests, California to Brit. Col. Order LVI. MONOTROPACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 219' Leafless fleshy herbs with the flowers in spikes, racemes, capitate, or solitary. Flowers regular and perfect. Calyx of 2-6 erect lobes or segments or imbricated sepals, free from the ovary. Corolla 4-5-lobed, or of 3-6 petals, rarely wanting, imbricated. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous: filaments equal, dis- tinct, or connate at base : anthers 2-celled, or confluently 1- celled, attached to the filaments by the back or base, opening by longitudinal slits: pollen grains simple. Style short or longated: stigma capitate or peltate. Ovary superior, 4-6- ALLOTROPA MONOTROPACEtE 427 PTEROSPORA lobed, 1-6-celled; with the placentae projecting from a central columella, or parietal and 2-lamellate : ovules numerous, anatro- pous. Fruit a loculicidally 4-6-valved many- seeded capsule. Seeds minute, the testa reticulated. Tribe i. Ovary 4-5-celled, with the placentae on a thick central columella. 1 Allotropa Calyx of 5 roundish marcescent sepals, corolla wanting. 2 Pterospora Calyx deeply 5-parted: corolla globular-urceolate. 3 Sarcodes Calyx of 5 erect persistent sepals : corolla cylindraceous- campanulate. 4 Monotropa Calyx of 2-4 deciduous sepals : petals 5-6, not saccate at base, tardily deciduous. 5 Hypopitys Sepals 8-5, commonly as many as petals: petals saccate at base. Tribe ii. Ovary 1-celled or spuriously 4-5-celled ; the 4 or 5 placentae parietal and 2-lamellate. 6 Pleuricospora Calyx complete, of 4 or 5 scale-like fimbriate-laciniate sepals : corolla of 4 or 5 plain petals : ovary strictly 1-celled. 6 Newberrya Calyx incomplete, of 2 bract-like entire sepals : corolla tubular-urceolate 4-5-lobed, marcescent: ovary spuriously 5 celled. Tribe I Eumonotropese Gray Syn. Fl. ii, 18. Ovary 5-celled, or so- metimes 4-celled, the placentas projecting from a thick central columella. 1 ALLOTROPA T. & G. Bot. Wilkes 385. Scapose red or whitish scaly-bracted herbs with numerous small flowers in a virgate spike. Calyx of 5 rounded sepals, marces- cent under the capsule. Corolla none. Stamens 10 : anthers didymous on long and slender filaments, extrorse in the bud, be- coming introrsely pendulous ; cells opening by a chink from the apparent apex to the middle. Style short ; stigma peltate-capitate. Capsule globose, very many-seeded. Seeds minute, scobiform, the loose coat produced at both ends A single known species. A. Yirg'ata T. & G. 1. c. Stems several from a deep-seated perennial rootstock, 6-12 inches high or more, deep red or yellowish, tldck and den- sely scaly at base, more sparingly scaly above; lower scales ovate, acumin- ate, the upper lanceolate passing into the linear bracts of the virgate many-flowered spike: pedicels erect or spreading, 2-bracteolate : calyx erosely dentate, shorter than the filaments. On dry wooded ridges of the Cascade Mountains, Washington to California. PTEROSPORA Nut». Gen. i, 269. Tall scapose scaly-bracted plants with red or yellowish flowers in a long raceme. Calyx deeply 5 parted, persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, globular-urceolate, with 5 short recurved lobes, persistent, stamens 10, not exserted : filaments subulate- filiform: anthers ovate-didymous, introrse, erect or in the bud horizontal- inflexed, attached near the base, there dorsally 2-awned, the 428 MONOTROPACE^ barcodes MONOTROPA slender awns deflexed, the cells opening lengthwise. Style short : stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, the thin walls persistent after dehiscence, being attached by the partitions to the columella. Seeds very numerous, the nucleus ovoid, with a close thin coat, apiculate at both ends, the upper apiculation bearing a broad thin wing. A single known species. P. Andromedea Nutt. 1. c. Stems several from a shallow seated per- ennial root, 1-3 feet high or more, light brown or purplish, glandular and viscid-pubescent throughout, bearing numerous lanceolate or linear scales, and many flowers in a long raceme : pedicels slender, spreading, soon re- curved, 3-10 lines long: sepals oblong, 1-2 lines long: corolla white, 3 lines long, viscid. Under Pines, California to Brit. Columbia and the eastern States. 3 SARCODES Torr. Smithson. Contrib. iii, 17, t.lO. Low fleshy plants with numerous scale-like bracts and many red flowers in a short terminal raceme. Sepals 5. erect, persist- ent. Corolla cylindraceous-campanulate, with 5 barely spreading lobes. Stamens 10, shorter than the corolla ; anthers linear-ob- long, erect attached above the base, the 2 cells confluent through- out, the whole apex opening by a large introrsely oblique termin- al pore. Ovary low-conical, 5-lobed. Style columnar, rather long : stigma capitate, somewhat 5-lobed. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed. Seeds very numerous, oval, the coat reticulated, closely fitted to the nucleus except a small conical protuberance at the apex. A single known species S. sauguinea Torr. 1. c. Whole plant bright red: stem stout, 6-12 inches high, thickly clothed with, when young, well imbricated, firm fleshy scales; lower scales ovate; upper narrower and more scattered, and above passing into the linear bracts of the thick raceme which subtend the red flowers, all ciliate : pedicels erect, the upper ones very short : sepals oblong, 6-8 lines long, ciliate, a little shorter than the glabrous corolla. On the high mountains, of southern Oregon, California and Nevada. 4 MONOTROPA L. Gen. n. 536, in part. Low fleshy plants with many scattered scale-like bracts and a solitary nodding white flower. Calyx of 2-4 irregular sepals, or perhaps bracts, the lower ones rather distant from the flower, de- ciduous. Petals 5, rarely 6. erect, not saccate at base, tardily deciduous. Stamens twice as many as petals: filaments filiform- subulate : anthers somewhat reniform, opening at first by two transverse chinks, at length 2-valved, the valves almost equal, and equally spreading. Style short and thick: stigma funnel- form, with naked edge. Capsule ovoid, erect in fruit. Seeds small, very numerous, scobiform, the nucleus minute in the loose-cellu- lar elongated coat. A single species. M. uniflora'L. Sp. 387. Bright white and glabrous throughout : stems clustered, 6-12 inches high, rising from a thick and matted mass of fibrous rootlets, 1-flowered, scaly : scales broadly lanceolate, entire: petals 4-6, puberuleut within, 6-10 fines long : filaments pubescent. In damp woods, throughout North America. Japan and India. HTPOPiTYS MONOTROPACEiE 429 PLEUROCOSPORA 5 HYPOPITYS Adans. Fam. PI. ii, 443. Low fleshy scaly-bracted plants with red or yellow flowers in a loose terminal raceme. Sepals 3-5, nearly equal, erect, decidu- ous. Petals 4-5, longer than the sepals, saccate at base, erect with spreading tips, deciduous. Stamens 6-10; filaments filiform- subulate ; anthers reniform, the cells completely confluent into one, which opens by very unequal valves, the larger broad and spreading, the other remaining erect and contracted. Style col- umnar: stigma funnelform, glandular or hairy on the margin. Capsule ovoid, the columella thick and fleshy. Seeds very num- erous, small, scobiform ; the nucleus minute in the loose-cellular coat. Only the following species known. H. lutea Dill. Monotropa Hypopitys L. Red yellowish or white stems 6-12 inches high: bracts ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly erose, densely imbricated at the base, scattered above : flowers 3-20, in a loose drooping at length erect raceme, 5-7 lines lonsj, the terminal one 5-merou8, the others usually 3-4-merous. In forests, Brit. Columbia to California and the eastern States. Europe and Asia. H. fimbriata. Monotropa fimhriata Gray. Stems 6-12 inches high, red or yellowish, somewhat hairy : upper scales and bracts obovate to cu- neate, erosely or laciniately fimbriate: lateral flowers often 3-petalous and 6-androus : sepals spatulate, laciniate. In forests of the Cascade and Coast Mountains of Oregon. Tribe 2 Pleuricosporeae Gray Syn. Fl. ii, 18. Ovary ^-celled or spuriously 4-5-celled: the 4 or 5 placentae parietal and 2-lamellate. JXsi none or obscure. Anthers linear or oblong , erect, introrse, at- tached by the base to the long and slender filaments, opening longi- tudinally 6 PLEURICOSPORA Gray Proc. Am. Acad vii, 369. Low fleshy white or yellowish herbs with fimbriate scales and petals, and white flowers in a short terminal raceme. Calyx complete, of 4 or 5 scale-like sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 plain pet- als resembling the sepals. Stamens twice as many as petals : filaments ligulate-filiform : anthers linear, apiculate, the cells opening from base to apex into two equal valves. Ovary strictly one-celled. Style columnar : stigma depressed-capitate, or some- what funnelform. Seeds ovate, with a smooth or polished coat. P. flmbriolata Gray 1. c. Stout and erect, 3-10 inches high, glabrous or nearly so, clothed with imbricated scales ; lowest scales ovate, firm, entire; upper passing into the narrower and lanceolate scarious margined and lacerate fringed bracts of the dense and erect cylindraceous raceme : sepals and petals white, oblong or oblong-lanceolate fimbriate-lacerate, not exceeding the bracts. In the Cascade and Coast Mountains of Oregon and th« Sierra Nevadas of California P. lou^ipetala. Stem rather slender, 4-6 inches high : scales well imbricated, lanceolate, more or less acuminate, laciniately toothed : flowers white or yellowish, numerous, in a dense oblong raceme: sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sparingly laciniate-toothed, about equalling the bracts : 430 ARMERIACE^ newberrya ARMERIA petals narrowly spatulate, 6 lines long, much longer than the sepals, the obtuse apex laciniately fimbriolate In dense forests of the Cascade Mountains near the hot springs in Clackamas Co. Oregon. Rare. 7 NEWBERRYA Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii, 55. Low fleshy erect plants with red or brownish flowers in a ter- minal cluster. Calyx incomplete, of two bract-like entire sepals. Corolla tubular-urceolate, 4- or 5-lobed, persistent. Stamens twice as many as lobes of the corolla; filaments filiform, long-hair}^ above the middle; anthers oblong, the cells opening from apex to base into two unequal valves. Ovary ovate, contracted at the apex into a long style ; stigma depressed-capitate, umbilicate. Placentae 4, with broad divergent lamellae which meet adjacent edges, ovuliferous both sides, giving the appearance of 4 exterior cells surrounding a central larger one. N. congesta Torr. 1. c. Whole plant brownish, glabrous, 4-8 inches high : scales crowded or loosely imbricated, obtuse, thinnish, with obscurely erose margins ; the upper forming similar bracts of the densely crowded glomerule of flowers : lobes of the corolla ovate, one third the length of the cylindraceous or slightly urceolate tube : filaments equalling the slender style: anthers narrowly oblong, the line of dehiscence close to the connec- tive. In the high mountains of Washington to California. Order LVII ARMERIACE.E Somewhat woody plants with alternate leaves and regular symmetrical 5-merous perlect flowers : chiefly of saline soils. Calyx costate at the sinuses, persistent. Corolla with claws to the nearly distinct petals, or these united into a tube, convolute or rarely imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as divisions of the corolla and opposite to them : the filaments adnate only to their base, or completely hypogynous: anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Disk none. Ovary free, one-celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule pendulous on a slender funic- ulus which rises from the base of the cell. Styles 5, distinct or united. Fruit dry, utricular or acbene-like, somewhat dehis- cent by a lid, or by valves. Seed with a straight embryo, and with or without mealy albumen. 1 ARMERIA WiUd. Enum. Hort. Berol 333. Acaulescent perennials with narrow persistent leaves in close tufts and naked scapes with a reversed sheath under the compact head of red flowers which are surrounded and subtended by scarious bracts and bractlets. Calyx funnelform, regularly 10- costate at base, the limb scarious. Corolla of 5 nearly distinct long-clawed petals, each with a stamen attached to its base. Styles * 5, filiform, united only at the very base, stigmatose above along the inner side. Utricle at length bursting irregularly at the base. A. vulgaris Willd 1. c. Scapes 8-12 inches high: leaves narrowly linear, flat or flattish, 1-3 inches long: bracts very obtuse: calyx at base simply decurrent on the pedicel ; the tube 10-nerved, hairy at least on the PRIMULACE^ 431 stronger nerves or angles ; the lobes blunt or cuspidate. Along the coast, California to the Arctic regions and the Atlantic coast. Europe and Asia. Order LVIII PRIMULACE.E Vent. Tabl. ii, 285. Herbs with simple leaves and symmetrical flowers. Calyx 4- 8-lobed or 4-8-parted, free, or rarely adnate to the base of the ovary, imbricated in the bud, usually persistent. Corolla hypogynous, except in Samolus in which it coheres below with the base of the ovary, 4-8-lobed or 4-8-parted, rarely none. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite to them, inserted on the tube or base of the corolla, rarely peri- gynous : anthers introrse. Ovary one-celled, with a free central placenta. Fruit capsular. Seeds with small straight embryo and copious albumen. Tribe i. Ovary wholly free: ovules amphitropous or half- anatropous. * Scapose or tufted : flowers chiefly 5-mero is, umbellate or solitary : capsule dehiscent by valves, at least at the apex. ■*- Stamens connivent in a cone around the pistil, monadelphous. 1 Bodecatheon Corolla 5-parted, its division reflexed : filaments shorter than the anthers. ■*- +- Corolla salverform or funnelform: stamens distinct, included, with short filaments and short and blunt anthers. 2 Primula Corolla with tube surpassing or at least equalling the calyx, and spreading, mostly obcordate or emarginate lobes : capsule many- seeded. 3 Boaglasia Corolla with tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, and entire lobes : ovary 5-ovuled : capsule 1-3-seeded. 4 Androsace Corolla short, its tube shorter than the calyx : ovules and seeds numerous or few. * * Leafy stemmed : corolla rotate or somewhat so and the divisions convolute or sometimes involute in the bud, wanting in Glaux. ■*- Capsules mostly globose, dehiscent vertically by valves, or irregularly. 5 Trientalls Leaves clustered at the summit of a simple stem : flowers mostly 7-merous : corolla completely rotate, without a tube, deeply parted : filaments long and filiform, united at base into a ring. 6 Steironeina Leaves opposite, without dots : flowers 5 merous on slen- der drooping peduncles : corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply parted ; the divisions each w^rapped aroun 1 a stamen. 7 Nanmbur^ia Stems leafy throughout, the herbage glandular-dotted : flowers 5-7-merou8. on stout axillary peduncles: corolla without prop- er tube, the lobes not wrapped around the stamens. 8 Grlanx Stems leafy throughout : flowers solitary in the axils of the op- posite leaves, 5-merous ; corolla none : stamens inserted on the base of the calyx. ■*- ■*- Capsule globose, the top falling off as a lid : seeds numerous. 432 PRIMULACEiE dodecatheon 9 Anagallis Corolla completely rotate, 5-parted. 10 Ceiitunculus Corolla with a globular tube and 4-5-lobed limb, short- er than the calyx. Tribe ii. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx. 11 Sainolus Leaves alternate : flowers 5-merous: corolla nearly cam- panulate : capsule 5-valved at the apex. Tribe 1 Primulese Endl. Gen. 730. Ovary wholly free: ovules fixed by the middle amphitropous or half anatrnpous. § Scapigerous or tufted. Flowers chiefly 5-merous^ umbellate or solitary: lobes of the corolla imbricated in bud. Capsule dehiscent by valves sometimes obscurely so. ^ Stamens connivent in a cone around the style, monadelphous 1 DODECATHEON L. Gen. n, 200. Low acaulescent perennial herbs with entire leaves and few or numerous flowers in an umbel terminating a naked scape. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, the lobes reflexed in flower, erect in fruit. , Corolla 5-parted, with very short tube and dilated thickened throat, the long and narrow divisions reflexed. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla: filaments short and flat, monadelphous, but separable in age. Style filiform, exserted: stigma small. Pla- centa columnar, many-ovuled. * Filaments distinct. D. dentatnm Hook. Fl. ii, 119. Glabrous throughout : leaves ovate, the blade 2-4 inches long by 1-2 inches broad, irregularly dentate, usually abruptly contracted below to a margined petiole nearly as long as the blade : scapes 4-8 incl;ies long, few-flowered: invohicral bracts linear, acuminate: calyx lobes triangular, acuminate, a line or more long: lobes of the corolla white with two purple spots at the base of each, linear-oblong, obtuse. 4-6 lines long: filaments very short; anthers linear-lanceolate, 2-toothed at the apex, brownish-red : capsule but little longer than the calyx, early opening from the apex by valves : seeds flat. In wet places on the bluffs of the Columbia river, and in Idaho. 1). campestrum. Glabrous throughout: leaves oblong, obtuse or acu- tish, 1-2 inches long, tapering below to a broad petiole: scapes 3-6 inches high, 1-3-flowered: involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 1-3 lines long: pedicels 4-6 lines long: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long: lobes of the corolla narrowly oblong, abruptly narrowed near the apex, 6-7 lines long, a line or more broad, pink above, with blue centre and white base: filaments very short, : anthers linear-oblong, obtuse, pink with dark pur- ple base : capsule oblong, opening by persistent valves. In prairies on the Klickitat hills, Klickitat Co. Washington. * * Filaments more or less joined together into a tube : ■*- Capsule opening by an operculate tip. D. vivlparum Greene Eryth. iii, 38. " Rootstock stout, horizontal or ascending short, simple or with a few branches, bearing coarse white fibrous roots beneath, and rather large bulblets above : leaves 6-10 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a winged petiole, acute or obtuse at apex, the whole margin coarsely and regularly but not. deeply crenate. J DODECATHEON PKIMULACE^ 433 with a callous point in each sinus, or the crenation reduced to the callous point only : scapes 10-20 inches high, stout, bearing a many- flowered um- bel : the stoutish pedicels aud deeply parted calyx somewhat glandular- pubescent: flowers deep purple throughout: stamens distinct to the very base : capsule ovate-oblong, coriaceous, circumscissile near the apex, after- wards parting into 10 valves whose tips are closely recurved. At and a little below the limit of trees on Mount Rainier Washington. '* D. tetraiidrnm Suksdorf, Greene 1. c. 40. Glabrous, or the inflores- cence minutely glandular: leaves spatulate to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-12 inches long by 1-2 inches broad, tapering below to a winged petiole: scapes stout, 6-20 inches high : umbel few to many-flowered : involucral bracts setaceous: pedicels 1-3 inches long, enlarging at the summit: flow- ers mostly 4-merous : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 3 lines long: corolla purplish with a yellow ring near the base, its lobes lanceolate, acute, 6-8 lines long: staminal tube very short ; anthers linear-oblong, obtuse, dark purple : capsule surpassing the calyx, circumscissile very near the apex, then splitting into ID short recurving valves: seeds oblong, flat, with a marginal wing all around. In wet places in the Cascade Mountains. D. Jeffrey! Moore in Van Houtte Fl. des Serres xvi, 99, t. 1662. Glabrous except the hirsute and glandular inflorescence: leaves oblanceo- late, erect, 5-10 inches long, entire, acutish, mucronate : scapes 12-18 inches high: umbel many-flowered: segments of the corolla ample, deep red-purple : stamens dark purple, usually only 4 ; anthers emarginate : style very distinctly hispidulous : capsule not surpassing the calyx, opening by valves froiii the very apex. In wet places in the mountains of eastern Oregon and California. D. alpinum Greene 1. c. D. meadia var. alpina Gray. Glabrous throughout: leaves oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, obtuse, 1-3 inches long, tapering below to a short petiole: scape 4-10 inches high 1 to several- flowered: involucral bracts lanceolate,, acute, 1-2 lines long: lobes of the calyx about as long as the tube, narrowly lanceolate : corolla-lobes narrowly oblong abruptly contracted near the apex, 6-8 lines long, purple with brownish-yellow base : staminal tube very dark, a line long : anthers ob- long, often apiculate. On wet banks and margin of lakes, Washington to California. 1). coujngens Greene Eryth. iii, 40. '* Short crown with a dense fascicle of fleshy fibrous roots that are deciduous from it after the flower- ing: whole plant glabrous : leaves obovoid and elliptic, 2 to 5 inches long including the dist'nct petiole, obtuse, entire : scape stoutish 3 to 8 inches high : umbel few-flowered; flowers large, 4-merous, rarely 6-merous: corolla deep purple, varying to rose red and to white: anthers distinct, obtnse, the connective lanceolate, acuminate to a linear point, delicately rugulose throughout all but the linear tip: fruit unknown. Dry hills, southeastern Oregon and Montana. 1). Hendersoui Gray Bot. Gaz. xi, 233. Glabrous throughout or the inflorescence minutely glandular : leaves elliptical to obovate, 1 inch or more long narrowed below to a short petiole : scape 4-16 inches high, rather few- flowered : involucral bracts triangular, acuminate : calyx-lobes triangular, acuminate, twice ae long as the short tube : corolla-lobes dark purple with yellowish base: staminal tube a line long, dark purple: anthers oblong, obtuse, short-apiculate : capsule ovoid, much longer than the calyx, open- ing by a flat operculum and splitting downward into 10 valves : seeds glob- ular, minutely tuberculate. Common throughout the Willamette Valley and into California. ■*- ■*- Capsule dehiscing by valves from the apex. D. pauciflornm Greene Pitt, ii, 72. Glabrous throughout: leaves 434 PRIMULACE^ dodecathe n PKIMULA 1^-3/3 as long as the scape : involucral bracts lanceolate : segments of the corolla rich lilac-purple the undivided part yellow, with a scolloped ring of deep purple midway between the base of the segments and the stamen tube : stamen-tube of ten nearly as long as the anthers, yellow: anthers purple: capsule crustaceous, 6 lines long, nearly cylindrical, acute, open- ing by 5 short teeth. At middle elevations, eastern Oregon to the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico. 1). Cnsickii Greene 1. c. More or less pubescent and glandular: leaves broadly to narrowly lanceolate, entire, or dentate toward the apex, usually obtuse, 1-2 inches long, narrowed below to a winged petiole : scapes 3-4 inches high, few-flowered: bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 lines long: lobes of the calyx lanceolate, acute, but little longer than the tube: corolla- lobes dark purple with yellow base and a dark purple line at the mouth of the tube : stamen tube less than a line long, almost black : anthers yellow with a black stripe through the centre : capsule ovoid, acute, scarcely surpassing the calyx, 5-valved from the apex. Dry hillsides, eas- tern Oregon and Brit. Columbia. * * Corolla salverform or funnelform: stamens included, distincti with short filaments and short blunt anthers. 2 PRIMULA L. Gen. n. 197. Perennial scapose herbs with all radical leaves and large or small flowers umbellate or in involucrate or bracted racemose whorls at the summit of a scape. Calyx tubular, funnelform or cam pan- late, persistent, often angled, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Co- rolla funnelform or salverform, the tube longer than or at least equalling the calyx. Stamens 5, distinct, inserted on the tube or at the throat of the corolla. Style filiform : stigma capitate. Cap- sule 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded. Seeds peltate: the testa punctate. P. BroadheadaB Jones Zoe iii, 306 " 2 to 4 inches high; 1 to 4 flow- ered; scape 2 to 4 inches long ; leaves 1 to 4 inches long, narrowly elliptical rounded at apex, glabrous, rather thick, smooth, entire, narrowed at base to a winged petiole an inch or less long ; flowers purple, about 5 lines wide, lobes orbicular or nearly so, notched, with a very short claw 2 lines long, tube exceeding the calyx by 2 lines ; funnelform above the calyx ; calyx- lobes 13^ lines long and subulate lanceolate, barely acute, equalling the tube of the calyx ;|pod nearly spherical; pedicels of the lateral flowers about a line long the terminal one 2 to 6 lines long; bracts oblong to ovate lan- ceolate, entire or toothed at apex, 1 to 6 lines long; base of plant covered witli the dead s^:eaths of former leaves. Marshy places at Ketehum Idaho. " Var. minor Jones 1. c. " Leaves an inch long or less, elliptical ob- lanceolate and acute, thin : lobes of the corolla as large as the type, but obovate ; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube ; flowers 1 to 2 on the scape; bracts long; plant 2 inches high. Bayhorse Idaho. P. Casickiana Gray Syn. Fl. Supp. 399. Leaves oblong-spatulate or narrower, 2 inches long, entire, or rarely denticulate : scapes 2-6 inches high, 1-4-flowered: involucre of 2 or 3 conspicuous unequal bracts: calyx green with a whitish line down from the sinuses of the campanulate tube; its lobes from lanceolate to subulate, about the length of the tube and nearly equalling the tube of the corolla : lobes of the corolla retuse. On rocky hillsides. Union Co. Oregon. DOUGLAsrA PRIMULAGE^ 435 ANDROSAGE .3 ; DOUGLASIA Lindl. in Brande. Jourii Sci. 1827. Depressed and tufted little herbs Avith suffr dtescent or at least pere»istent stems, imbricated or crowded leav».s and Solitary or sommvhat umbellate small flowers. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. persistent. Corolla tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, some- what inflated ^bove; tlie throat more or less contracted and 5- fornicate beneath the sinuses. Stamens included, distinct, with short' filaments and blunt anthers. Ovary 5^oyuled:st}'le filiform. Capsule turbinate, 1 or 2-seeded. • ^ ;• . ' ,. 'D. deiitata '^atfeon Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 375. Canescent with a firm niostly dense pubescence: rather, stout, branching : leaves rosulate at the nodes, oblong, ^;:Tc }>ersistent; its tube adnate to the ovary below. Corolla perigynous, nearly campanulate ; the rounded lobes imbri- cated in the bud. Fertile stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; with short filaments and cordate anthers: staminoidea 5, in the sinuses o-f the corolla, or wanting. Style short or slender: stigma obtuse or capitate. Capsule ovate or globular, 5-valvedat the top, many seeded. Seeds minute. SV floribinidus H.' B. K. Xov; Gen. ii, 224. Stems erect or ascending,. G-18 inches high, diffusely branched, leafy up to the racemes: leaves al)- ovat6 to spatuiate, 1-3 inches long, tapering to a short petiole: flowefs usually numerous, less than a line broad, in loose paniculate racemes-: pedicels filiform, spreading, 4-12 lines long,^ bracteolate near themiddle* calyx adherent to the mi'ddl'e of the ovary and capsule, the lobes ovate, half, as long: as the short-eampanulate corolla : sterile filaments in the sinu- ses reflexed. lii wet places, California to Brit. Columbia, Canada, Florida and Texas. Order LIX OLEACE^^] Lindl. Nat. Syst. Trees or shrubs, rarely almost herbaceous, with colorless bland juice, opposite, rarely alternate, leaves without stipnies and perfect or dioecious regular flowers. Fl6w^ers ganiopetal- ous, 2-^-petalous, apetalous or even achlamydeotis. Stamens 2, spiTietimes 4; fewer than the parts of the corolla, distinct. Ovary two-celled, -with one or two pairs of anatropous ovules in each cell. Style one or nonev Fruit a capsule , samara , berr j- or drape. Seeds with a rather large embryo in firm fleshy ak FRAXINU8 APOCYNAOE^ 430 ' IniiBen, or exalbumenous; Cotyl edohs fl^t, or plan'a-conrex : 1 FBAXINUS Tourn. L. Gen. n. 1160. Trees with rather light tough wood , chiefly opposite aird odd- pinnate leaves, and small flowers in panicles, appearing with or before the leaves from separate buds. Flowers dioecious or poly- gamous, sometimes perfect. Calyx very small, 4-cleft or irregu- larly^ teethed or entire or wanting. Petals^ when present; 4, induplicate-valvate in the bud, either separate or united 'in pairs at the very»base, often wanting. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4. Ovary 2-ceHed, with a pair of ovules at the summit of each ceil. Stigma 24obed. Fruit an entire dry indehiscent samara, with the wing mainly terminal, and suspended seeds. K Wegana Nutt. Sylv. iii, 59, t. 99. (Oregoi^ Asii.) A tree 20-1 00 feet high' and 1^ feetin diameter: leaves and young branchletsvilldus- pubeacent; leaflets 5-7, lanceolate-oblong to oval, usually acuminata, entire or neariy tio, 2^4 inches long, veiny, the upper surface soon glabrous : flowers dicecious; all with a minute calyx and no petals; staminate panicles dense, with oblong anthers; pistillate in ample, at length rather loofee panicles : fruit with nearly clayate and slightly compressed body,- the mar- gined edges gradually, widened upward into the oblanceolate, wing, an inch or more long. By streams and swales, California t6 Brit. Columbia. Order LX APOCYXACE^ LindL Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 299. . Perennial Kerbs, shrubs or trees with mostly; acrid milky, juice, opposite, verticillate, or alternate entire leaves witHbut' stipules, and perfect regular 5-merous flowers. Calyx free, or in ours adherent to the very base of the ovaries. Corolla coiitTolute and often twisted ' in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on thW corolla and alternate with its lobes : anthers 2-celIM,' dis- posed* to cohere with the stigma: pollen-grains simple, often gltttinmiis. Ovary of 2 distinct' carpels with the styles 'or stig mas united, or l-cell6d with 2 parietal placenta, or 2-celled. Ovules few to numerous, anatfopous or ampin tropOus. Seeds often bearing a coma. Embryo large, in sparing albumen. 1 APOGYNUM- Tourh. L. Gen. n. 305 Perennial herbs with branching stems, opposite mucronate tipped leaves and small white or rose-colored flowers in terminal and axillary small cymes. Calyx 5-parted, its short tube co- herent by the disk with the base of the ovaries. Coi'olla cam- panulate, 5-cleft, toward the base bearing; a i^riangular scale-like appendage opposite each lobe. Stamens borne on the base of ' the corolla: filaments very abort : anthers of firm texture, sagit- tate^ conniving around the solid stigma, to a ring of which the broad summit of the connective adheres. Proper style none-- Ovaries two, ovoid, in fruit becoming a pair of long slender folli- cles. Glands 5, around the' base' of the ovaries. A» andrOssemlfoIi uni L. Sp; 213, S^Arp erect with' divergent brahcii- 440 ASCLEPIADACE/E apocynum ASCLKPIA3 ea, 6-18 inches high, from deep-seated perennial roots: leaves ovate or roundish, 1-4 inches long, abruptly ana setaceously callous-mucronate, conspicuously petioled, pale and more or less pubescent beneath : flowers very fragrant, m open cymes : pedicels 2-3 lines long, subulate-bracted at the' base; corolla open-campanulate, about 4 lines broad, its tube much longer than the ovate acute lobes of the calyx, its short lobes recurved ; mature follicles 3-5 inches long. In dry open woods, California to Alaska and the eastern States. Var. pumilnm Gray Syn. Fl. ii, 82. Low: leaves roundish. Brit. Columbia to California; A. cannabinnm L. Sp 213. Stems erect or ascending, 1-6 feet high, with ascending branches, glabrous, or sometimes soft-pubescent, leafy to the top: leaves from oval to oblong or even lanceolate, with rounded or subcordate base, ^hort petioled or sessile 2-6 inches long: cymes erect, densely flowered: corolla greenish- white or slightly fleeh-colored its lobes almost erect, the tube not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes: follicles slender, ^-3 inches long. Moist meadows, California to Brit. Columbia and the eastern States. Order LXI ASCLEPIADACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 302. Mostly herfcs with milky juice, usually opposite leaves with- out stipules, and regular perfect flowers in terminal or pseudo- axillary or sometimes axillary cymes ; often umbellif orm. Calyx free from the ovary or nearly so, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-merous , convolute, or often nearly valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the tube of the corolla ansd alternate with its lobes : anthers surrounding the stigma. Pollen in 1 or 2 waxy mass- es, in ours all the pollen in each cell in one mass and attached to the stigmatic disk by the glands thatalternate with the anthers. A crown of 5 parts or lobes usually present between the corolla and the mostly monadelphous stamens, and adnate either to the one or the other. Ovary of 2 cells that become follicles, or by abortion, one several to many-seeded follicle. Seeds almost always bearing a long and soft coma. Embryo nearly as long as the seed, in mostly thin, cartilaginous albumen. Flowers wi»h a hooded appendage behind each anther. 1 Asclepias An incurved horn or projecting crest from the cavity of each hooded appendage. 2 Gomphocarpns Hooded appendages without horns or crests. 1 ASCLEP^S L. Gen. n. 306. Herbs with erect or merely spreading stems from deep and thickened perennial roots, opposite or sometimes verticillate or alternate leaves and terminal and lateral umbellate inflorescence. Calyx 5-parted, commonly bearing some minute processes at the base within. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, dextrorsely valvate-con- volute in the bud. Crown consisting of 5 distinct cucullate or hollowed nectariferous appendages, opposite the anthers, that are involute or complicate and bearing a horn or crest-like process from the back or toward the base within, either sessile or elevat- A8CLEPIAS ASCLEPIADACE^ 441 GOMPHOCARPUS ed on a column which is shorter than the anthers. Anthers tip- ped with an inflexed or sometimes erect membrane; the pollinifer- ous cells lower than the stigma. Pollen masses suspended, attached in pairs to the glands of the stigmatic ring. A. speciosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii, 218. Finely canescent-tomen- tose, rarely glabnms with age : stem stout, 2-6 feet high : leaves from sub- cordateoval to oblong, thickish transversely veined, 3-8 inches long, short petioled : peduncles shorter than the leaves : calyx- lobes densely tomentose, lanceolate, 2 lines long, closely reflexed : lobes of the corolla oblong, more than twice as long as the calyx, reflexed: hoods 4-6 lines long, spreading, the dilated body and its short inflexed horn not surpassing the anthers, but the centre of its truncate summit abruptly produced into a lanceolate- ligulate thrice longer termination : staminal column hardly any: wings of the anthers notched and obscurely corniculate at base : follicles echinate with soft spinose processes, densely tomentose, 2-4 inches long. Along ■treams, California to Washington, Nebraska and Arkansas. A, cryptoceras Watson Bot. King 283 t. 28. Glabrous : stem decum- bent, 6-10 inches long, simple : leaves 3-4 pairs, rounded-ovate, 1-2 inches long, on very short petioles : umbel solitary and terminal, sessile, few- flowered : corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, spreading, greenish-yellow, 5 lines long: hoods of the crown 3 lines long, equalling the disk, purple, ovate, abruptly pointed with 2 short recurved beaks ; horns short, incurved, not at all exserted : follicles 1-2 inches long. Eastern Oregon to Utah and Nev. A. Mexicana Cav. Ic. i, 42, t. 58. Glabrous: stems erect, 3-5 feet high : leaves in whorls of 2-6, sometimes also in axillary fascicles, petioled, linear or narrowly lanceolate, 3-6 inches long by 2-6 lines broad: umbels densely flowered: pedicels and flowers softly puberulent: calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, reflexed : corolla-lobes oblong, 2 lines long : hoods broadly ovate, entire, shorter than the angers, exceeded by the stout subulate horn: follicles smooth, narrow, 2-3 inches long. Along streams, Wash- ington to California, Arizona and Nevada. 2 GOMPHOCARPUS R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. i, 37. Our species herbs with erect stems, opposite leaves and num- erous flowers in terminal and axillary umbels. Differing from Asclepias only in not having horns nor crests to the hoods. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions soon reflexed. Corolla rotate, o- parted, dextrorsely valvate-convolute in the bud, soon reflexed. Crown consisting of 5 distinct cucullate appendages, destitute of crest or horn and more or less elevated on a column. Body of the stigma 5-angled. G. cordlfolins Gray Bot. Cal. i, 477. Glabrous : stems rather stout, 2-3 feet high : leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with cordate clasping base, acute, 2-5 inches long : umbels loosely many-flowered : slender pedicels long and filiform, equalling or shorter than the peduncle: calyx villous- Eubescent : corolla dark red-purple, the lobes oval or oblong, 3-4 lines long : oods e''ect on the summit of the short column, purplish, thin, ventricose, with dorsally truncate summit, produced at the margins into subulate slender ascending cusps, equalling the anthers, a narrow fissure down the ventral side : follicles ovate-lanceolate, smooth and glabrous, erect on the deflexed pedicel- On dry hillsides, southern Oregon and California. 442 vGENTIANAGE^ mighogala >Obier )LXII GENTIANACEJi: Dumort. Anal. Earn. .20. vSmooth hef bs witli • bitter colorless juiee, opposite, rarely alternate or verticillate, leaves without stipules, and j^erfect regular flowers. ' Oalyx mostly 4-*12-lobed or ^toothed, often marcescent. Corolla gamopetalous, ^-I'-^-lobed or -toothed, convolute or imbricated and usually twisted in'the bud, often marcescent. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla,, aite^r- nate ^with tli^m, 'inserted, on its tube; "th^,.i2-q.elled ^nth§^^ pfipning jQiigitWuin|illy.l^>^ 2-eeUeH) jivith , two' parietal pla'cenlaijcqiT -the whole parieti^ t>vulifemufei. B'tjle •si'lotgle, with;u^u:all^ ;lwo-lobed ■Vr'^Jwo-la^ellato stigma. Gapsule iiQhiseent through the plaeentse. Seeds *Wiadeiini^e]y numerous, v-rarely few. commonly small, anatropoiis, witli 'la miiiute embryo, in fleshy albumen. SuBOKDER I G^NTiANEiE .Leaves . alway>s simple' and in the . bud. : ' * St;^le' filiform, usually deciduous from the capsiile. 1 'Microeala Calyx 4-tiootlied aud 4-angled: anthers cordate-ovate and unchanged in Age. 2 tKrythrwa ' Calyx v5rparted, or sometimes 4-pal-ted : anthers oMoo^fi;'©^ linear, twisting spirally in 1 or 2 turns in age. I * '* Style Short or subulate and persistent, or none. -^ -Cwolla witiiiout nectariferous pits *yr iarge glands. /. \ 3 'G-enUaaia .Corolla funn-^lform, campanulate or.salv^rform : seeds v^y numerous and small. - ''• -*- -<- CoroUa with. 1 or 2, Hecfeariterous pits or s-pot§, or . an .ladnat^e ' scale to each lobe. 4 Swertia Corolla rotate, usually 5-parted: capsule ovate: seeds com- paratively large. 5 Frasera Corolla rotate, 4-parted : seeds comparatively few and lai;ge. SuBORDKK II MENYANTHEji: Leaves often crcnate or trifolio- late, all alternate and petioled. Corolla induplicate-,valvateun the bud. 6 almost filling the cell, globular, nearly smooth and even; the caruncle evanescent. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon. Tribe 2 Phacelieas B. & H. Gen. ii, 826. Calyx naked at the sinuses, deeply 5-parted. Corolla imbricated in the hud. Style, from 2-parted to entire: the branches at the apex or the stigmas ob- scurely if at all thickened. Ovary mostly hispid or pubescent, at least at the apex, either strictly 1-celled or 2- celled by the meeting of the linear or lanceolate placentas in the axis: these separating in- the loculicidal dehiscence and borne on the middle of the semiseptif- i EHACELiA HYDROPHYLLACE^ 467 erous valves, or sometimes falling away. 2 PHACELIA Juss. Gen. 127. Annual or perennial herbs with alternate simple or compound leaves, and more or less scorpioid cymes, or so called spikes or racemes, of blue purple or white flowers Calyx-lobes all similar or nearly so, more or less enlarging in fruit, deciduous, at least thrown off by the enlarging capsule, except in P. sericea; the tube with or sometimes without appendages within: these when present generally in the form of 10 vertical folds or lamellar projections in pairs either adnate to or free from and alternate with the base of the slender filaments. Stamens equally inserted low down on the corolla. Ovules and seeds when reduced to a pair collateral and nearly as long as the cell. Seed-coat reticulated or pitted. § EuPHACELiA B. & H. Gen. ii, 818. Lobes of the campanu- late corolla entire ; the tube with 10 laminate appendages in pairs at the base of the stamens. Ovules a pair to each placenta. Seeds as many as ovules, or by abortion fewer, areolate-reticulate or favose. * Lower leaves and all the branches opposite : spikes or branches of the cyme hardly at all scorpioid : pedicels shorter than the calyx. P. Fringlei Gray Pre. Am. Acad xvii, 223. Stem slender, 2-6 inches high from an annual root, glandular and pubescent : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, tapering at base, obpcurely petioled, only the uppermost alternate: calyx-lobes linear, 3 lines long, about half as long as the very open-cam- panulate blue corolla, longer than the globose capsule : seeds angled and not hollowed ventrally. On the mountains of southern Oregon and north- ern California. * Pubescence or some of it hispid or hirsute : spikes or branches of the cyme scorpioid and dense : pedicels short or hardly any : appen- dages of the corolla broad and salient, usually more or less united at the base of the filaments. -»- Leaves all simple and entire, or some of the lower pinnately 3-5-parted or divided ; the segments or leaflets entire : capsule ovate, acute: peeds densely alveolate-punctate, the upper end acutish. P. nemoralis Greene Pitt, i, 141. Perennial, often flowering the first year from seed, 2-6 feet high stout, loosely branching; hispid throughout and destitute of canescent pubescence: leaves simple and entire or the lower ones more or less lobed or parted at the base, ovate-oblong, 2-6 inches long, petiolate, rugose and without conspicuous parallel veins ; ra- cemes geminate, short and spreading, slender but not loose : corolla small, greenish-yellow : stamens exserted : fruiting calyx round-ovate or nearly globose; the oblanceolate calyx-lobes spreading away from the capsule be- low, connivent over it above : seeds 2, (the other 2 ovules always abortive,) ovate, acutisl), deeply pitted, dark brown. In rich alluvial soil, Washing- ton to California. P. matabilis Greene Erythea iv, 55. " Biennial, erect, slender, 10 to 18 inches high, not much branched, sparingly leafy, the radical leaves few and ascending, not forming a depressed tuft, sparsely hirsute through- out, and with a short somewhat villous pubescence beneath the h irsute : leaves of thin texture, mostly entire and simple, elliptic, acute, some of the radical with a pair of pinnae at the summit of tie slender petiole : ra- 468 HYDROPHYLLACE^ phacelia cemes several, terminal and subterminal: corolla near!}' cylindrical, either deep purple or ochroleucous : mature calyx-segments narrowly oblanceo- late, or some of them more dilated at summit, hispid with spreading hairs, without finer pubescence : capsule small, ovate, acuminate mostly 4-seeded. In rich moist soil, southeastern Oregon and adjacent California. P. heterophylla Pursh Fl 140. P. circinata. Jacq. f Hispid and the foliage caneecent: stem stout, 6-24 inches high from a perennial root: leaves from lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and obliquely striate- veined, the lower tapering into a petiole and commonly some of them with 1 or 2 pairs of small lateral leaflets: inflorescence hispid; the dense spikes thyreoid congested : corolla bluish, longer than the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes: filaments much exserted, sparingly bearded. Dry grounds and rocky ridges, Brit. Columbia to California. P. virgata Greene Erythea iv, 54. Hispid and the foliage strigose: stem usually solitary, erect and strict, simple, 1-2 feet t igh from an annual or biennial root : leaves pinnate or the upper ones simple and entire, leaflets lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 6-12 lines long, strongly pinnae- veined : flowers in dense glomerules in a long virgate spike or thyrsus ; in- florescence hispid; sepals oblong-lanceolate, corolla white or yellovsish, little exceeding the calyx; filaments long exserted, often curved or twisted, pubescent. Dry ground, southwestern Oregon. P. leucophylla Torr. Frem. Rep. 95. Perennial by a stout roof stock, pale, densely silky-pubescent, the hairs appressed or ascending : stems sim- ple or branched, 12-18 inches high: leaves lanceolate to oblong, entire; pinnately veined, 2-4 inches long, 4-12 lines wide, the lower long-petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so; spike-like bran« hes of the scorpioid cymes very dense, nearly straight and 1-3 inches long when expanded : flowers sessile, very numerous, about 4 lines high : calyx-lobes hi8pifij hori- zontally divergent in pairs or radiate: the margins pectinately and uncinately setiferous. 3 PECTOOARfA DC. in Meisn. Gen. 279. Small annuals with imperfectly opposite leaves and small flow- ers scattered along the whole length of the stem. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla-appen- dagf s with strong fornicate processes, almost closing the throat. Stamens short, included. Style short: with capitate stigma. Nutlets flat and thin, attached at the inner end underneath to the small depressed gynobase, either winged, laciniate-bordered or pectinately setose around the thin margins ; the bristles or prickles simply uncinate at tip. 478 BORAGINACE^ pectocarya CYNOGLOSSUM P. penicillata A. DC. Prodr. x, 120. Strigose-pubesceiit with minute white hairs : very diffuse or depressed ; branches almost filiform, 2-6 ^ncbea long: leaves linear or filiform, an inch or less long: calyx-lobes linear, min- utely hispid : nutlets geminately divergent, the oblong body surrounided by a merely undulate or pandurate wing that is incurved in age, its rounded apex thickly and the sides rarely or not at all beset with slender uncinate bristles : cotyledons oblong- ovate. Dry plains and hillsides Brit. Columbia to California and western Nevada. P. setosa Gray Proc. Am, Acad, xii, 81. Hispid as well as minutely strigose-pubescent : stem rather stout, 2-6 inches high, paniculately bran- ched: leaves linear : calyx-lobes linear, armed with stout white straight and divergent bristles: nutlets obovate, equally divergent, bordered bv a broad thin scarious wing, the faces and margins beset with slender uncin- ate-tipped bristles : cotyledons broadly obovate. Eastern Washington to southeastern California. P. pusilla Gray 1. c. Strigulose-canescent : stem slender, diffusely branched from the base, 4-8 inches high : lower leaves opposite, linear- spatulate, 4-8 lines long, upper ones alternate and reduced to small lanceo- late bracts. 1-2 lines long: calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer than the nutlets, beset with small uncinate-tipped bristles : nutlets equally divergent, cune- ate-obovate, wingless and with a carinate midnerve on the upper face, the acute margins beset with a row of slender uncinate-tipped bristles : cotyle- dons broadly obovate. Eastern Washington to California. * * Nutlets thicker^ with ventral or introrse-basal attachment. -»- Corolla short, with fornicate appendages in the throat. Calyx spreading or reflexed. Nutlets glochidiately armed. 4 CYNOGLOSSUM Tourn. L. Gen. n. 183. Coarse herbs with broad leaves and rather small flowers in panicled mostly bractless racemes. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, open in fruit. Corolla short sal verform or funnelform, with con- spicuous arching crests at the throat. Stamens and style includ- ed. Nutlets 4, turgid, wingless, clothed all over the back with short and stout glochidiate-tipped prickles, equally divergent, horizontal or obliquely ascending -on a depressed or pyramidal gynobase, at maturity separating and carrying away an exterior portion of the indurated style from below upward, by which they are for a time suspended. C. graude Dougl. Hook. Fl. ii, 82. Soft-villous, hardly hirsute be- low, becoming glabrate in age : stem stout, from a thick perennial root, 1-3 feet high : lower leaves ovate or subcordate-oblong and acute or acumin- ate, the blade 4-8 inches long, on margined petioles of about the same length, the upper smaller, from ovate to lanceolate, abruptly contracted into a short winged petiole : corolla bright blue, its tube slightly exceeding the ovate calyx-lobes and hardly longer than the limb : style slender, thick- ened toward the base : nutlets ovoid, 4 lines in diameter, very rough-mu- ricate and covered with short glochidiate-tipped spines. In open woods, Brit. Columbia to California. C. occidentale Gray Proc. Am, Acad. x. 58. Hirsute-pubescent or in age almost hispid: stems rather stout, 10-18 inches high, from a thick perennial root : lower leaves spatulate, tapering gradually into winged petioles ; the upper from lanceolate to ovate, sessile or partly clasping : LAPPULA BORAGINACE.E 479 tube of the blue corolla longer than the lanceolate lobes of the calyx and twice or thrice as long as its own roundish lobes : style wholly filiform : nutlets almost globular, 4 Imes long. In the mountains of southern Ore- gon and northern California. 5 LAPPULA Moench Meth. 416 ECHINOSPERMUM Sw, Lehm. Pubescent or hispid herbs with narrow and entire alternate leaves and blue or white flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx 5- parted, persistent, spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla short- salverform and with conspicuous arching crests in the throat. Filaments short. Style short, with minute capitate stigma, nutlets laterally attached to a more or less elevated gynobase, armed either along a distinct margin or more or less over the whole back with glochidiate prickles, forming burs. L. floribunda Greene Pitt, ii, 182. Echinospermum Jloribundum Lehm. Herbage soft- pubescent or the stem soft-hirsute: stems rather strict, 2-5 feet high, from a biennial or perennial root: leaves from oblong to linear, 2-4 inches long, sessile or the lower tapering into margined petioles ; ra- cemes numerous, erect or nearly so, densely flowered: pedicels mostly shorter than the fruit, at length reflexed : corolla short-funnelform, blue or white, the limb 3-5 lines in diameter: nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat subulate prickles. Eastern Washington to Brit. Columbia Minnesota and Ontario. L. diffusa Greene Pitt, ii, 182 Echinospermum diffusum Lehm. Soft- pubescent or at most soft-hirsute : stems erect, 1-3 feet high, from a per- ennial root : leaves usually lanceolate, the lower ones tapering below to a margined petiole, the upper sessile and passing into small bracts: racemes panicled, erect or merely ppreading: pedicels longer than the fruit: corolla from blue to nearly white or pinkish, rotate, its tube shorter than the calyx and the lobes, the limb 4-6 lines in diameter : dorsal disk of the nutlets triangular-ovate, obscurely caiinate, rough-tuberculate, and with a few short glochidiate prickles, the marginal prickles flat-subulate, as long as the width of the disk. Rocky places and base of cliffs, Brit. Columbia to California and Utah. L. hispida Greene 1. c. Echinospermum hispidum Gray. Hispid with spreading papillose-based hairs: stems usually erect, 1-3 feet high, from a perennial root : leaves lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, the lowest long-petioled, the upper sessile and gradually reduced upward to bracts ; racemes lax, 10- 15-flowered : corolla rotate, greenish white 2-3 lines in diameter : marginal prickles of the obcompressed nutlets small and narrow, much shorter than the width of the oval or ovate and either sparsely or copiously glochidiate dorsal disk, their bases confluent into a thin margin or distinct wing which is sometimes reflexed or cup-shaped ; inner face smooth and lucid, with scar almost central. Rocky hillsides, eastern Oregon to Idaho. L, ciliata Greene 1. c. Cynoglossum ciliatum Dougl. Cinereous with a much appressed pubescence, and bristly-hirsute, especially along the margins of the linear or lanceolate leaves : stem strict, a foot or more high : corolla rather large, blue or violet : fruit unknown. Banks of the Spokane river Washington to Idaho. L, MYOsoTis Moench Meth. 417. Hispid or appressed-pubescent: stem leafy, branching, 1-2 feet high, from an annual root: leaves linear to ob- long or spatulate, sessile or the lower ones narrowed into petioles, erect or ascending, obtuse or obtusieh at the apex, 9-18 lines long: racemes leafy. 480 BORAGINACEiE lappula ERITRICHIUM bracted: pedicels very short, stout, not deflexed in fruit: calyx-lobes lan- ceolate, becoming unequal and spreading : corolla blue, about a line broad : nutlets rough-granulate or tuberculate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender and distinct prickles or these irregularly over most of the back. In waste places, Idaho and eastward. Naturalized from Eu. L. Texana Britton Mem. Torr. Club v, 275. Echinospermum Re- dowskii var. cupulatum Gray. Hispid-hirsute annual : stem 2 inches to 2 feet high, diffusely branching from the base : leaves linear or linear-oblong, mostly obtuse, the lower narrowed into petioles: racemes loosely flowered, leafy -bracted; pedicels stout, a line long, not deflexed in fruit : corolla nar- row-funnelform with rounded lobes, about a line broad, but little longer than the linear-lanceolate sepals: nutlets with acuminate ovate papillose- tuberculate disk, the marginal prickles broadened and thickened below and usually united into a wing or border which indurates and enlarges for- ming a cup with the margin more or less incurved]|at maturity, sometimes only the tips ot'.the prickles free. Eastern Oregon and Washington to Nevada, Texas, Nebraska and Brit. Columbia. L. Fremontii, Echinospermum Fremontii Torr. P. R. R. Rep. xii, 46, E. Redowskii var. occidentale Watson. Soft-pubescent with white hairs : stem erect, 6-18 inches high, from an annual root, at length diffusely much branched : leaves linear to spatulate or lanceolate; those of the stem grad- ually reduced to subulate bracts of the open panicle: pedicels a line long, erect in fruit ; sepals linear, longer than the nutlets : corolla inconspicuous, but little if at all exceeding the calyx : disk of the nutlets acuminate-ovate, beset with sharp white processes ; prickles of the margin long and slender, not rarely confluent at their flat bases and more or less cupulate ; scar long and narrow, occupying most of the ventral angle. Common throughout the dry interior from Brit. Columbia to California. 6 ERITRICHIUM Schrad. Diss. Asperif. Low perennial or annual herbs with petioled radical leaves and small white or blue flowers. Calyx 5- parted or merely 5-lobed, open and but little enlarged in fruit. Corolla with a short tube and subrotate limb, the fornicate appendages almost closing the throat. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and in- cluded in its throat. Ovary 4-lobed : style short. Nutlets ob- liquely ascending, or depressed and nearly horizontal, with trun- cate-camplanate back, bordered by an acute winged or at length revolute entire, dentate or spinulose border. E. Howard! Rydb. Cynoglossum Howardi Gray. Silky -canescent and silvery: depressed cespitose: lower leaves linear- spatulate, 6-10 lines long ; those of the short flowering stems linear : flowers few in the sparsely bracted cymes : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : corolla bright blue, 4-5 lines in diameter : nutlets very smooth, obliquely truncate on the back, wingless but the margin of the ovate acutish and flat or slightly depressed dorsal disk with a sharp edge, and its face either smooth or'minutely papillose and pubescent. On the highest parts of the Cascade Mountains of Wash- ington and the Rocky Mountains of Montana. E. aretioldes DC. Prodr. x, 125.; Silky-sericeous' with longj^white hairs: densely cespitose in depressed pulvinate tufts, 1-2 inches high: leaves from lanceolate to ovate, 4-6 lines long, mostly acute: flowers ter- minating short densely leafy stems, short -pedicelled : lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, about a line long, equalling the tube of the corolla : limb of the corolla bright blue, 2-3 lines in diameter ; nutlets with a crest-like ALLOCARYA BORAGINACE^ 481 or wing-like border that is usually cut into slender teeth or lobes. On the highest mountains, eastern Oregon to the Rocky Mountains. 7 ALLOCARYA Greene Pitt, i, 12. Low, mostly annual, herbs with entire leaves, the lowest al- ways opposite, and rather small flowers in scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5-parted to the base ; the segments spreading and some- what enlarging in fruit. Corolla salverform, with a short tube, yellow throat and white limb. Pedicels turbinate thickened and more or less distinctly 5-angled under the calyx, persistent, more or less indurated in age. Nutlets ovate to lanceolate, crustaceous, opaque or vitreous-shining, smooth or variously tuberculate and rugose-muriculate, or even glochidiate, often carinate on one or both sides, attached by an inframedial or basal concave but sometimes raised and stipitate scar to a low gynobase. * Small flowered annuals, usually diffuse, with corolla only a line or two broad and but little surpassing the calyx. A. echinoglochin Greene Pitt, i, 15. Echinospermum Greenei Gray : Strigose-pubescent with whitish hairs : diffusely branched from the base, the branches 4-10 inches long, depressed : leaves linear, the lower 1-2 inches long, obtuse: racemes simple or forked, rather loose, leafy or bract- eate at base, and sometimes above: calyx-segments oblong- linear, obtuse, open but not reflexed in fruit, silky-hirsute with fulvous-yellow hairs : corolla about equalling the calyx, its dilated limb about 2 lines broad nutlets shorter than the calyx, ovate-trigonous, obscurely carinate on the back, acutely so ventrally down to the low ovate scar, minutely tuberculate, scabrous throughout and with small terete barbed prickles interspersed. In wet places, southwestern Oregon and adjacent California. A, plebia Greene 1. c. 16. Eritrichium Californicum var. plebium Gray. Sparsely and minutely hirsute or glabrate : branches depressed, 6-10 inches long : leaves lax, the larger 2 inches long, linear-oblong : flowers scattered : pedicels shorter than the calyx : segments of the calyx enlarged and open in fruit: nutlets ovate-trigonoua, a line long, glabrous, coarsely rugose- reticulated, sharply carinate ventrally down to the large ovate scar and dorsally only along the narrowish apex. Aleutian Islands Alaska, it has been reported from Humboldt Bay California. A. hispidnla Greene 1. c. 17. Canescent with short setose-hispid pu- bescence : diffusely branched from the base, the branches more or less ascending, 2-6 inches long: racemes single or geminate, naked, or leafy- bracted below: pedicels about a line long: segments of the calyx linear, longer than the nutlets, very hispid, erect, not enlarged in fruit: nutlets ovate, opaque, 1^ of a line long, carinate on both sides, the back very lightly so and beset with minute muriculations, the transverse rugula few and not prominent: scar almost basal, ovate-oblong. In moist meadows, Washington and Oregon to California. A. Cusickii Greene 1. c. 17. Pubescence appressed : diffusely branch- ed from the base, the branches 4-8 inches long : racemes open and leafy- bracted : nutlets vitreous-shining, ovate-oblong, carinate ventrally only, the back with crowded depressed rugae and few tuberculations : scar almost basal, narrowly linear and sharp-edged. Union Co. Oregon. A. bracteata. Appressed-hirsute with minute setose hairs : diffusely branching from the base and depressed, the branches slender, 2-8 inches long : leaves linear, an inch or less long : racemes sparsely flowered and 482 BORAGINACE^ allocarta leafy-bracted : pedicels at length about a line long : calyx-segments linear- lanceolate, erect and not enlarged in fruit, longer than the nutlets : corolla 1-2 lines in diameter: nutlets ovate, carinate ventrally dowa to the ovate nearly basal scar and obscurely so dorsally, dorsal surface transversely ru- gose with sharp rugse and obscurely tuberculate. In wet places, Umpqua Valley Oregon. A, Californica Greene 1. c. 20. Eritrichium Califomicum DC. Spar- ingly appressed-pubescent with setose hairs : stem slender, often diffusely branched, the branches 2-15 inches long, weak and reclining or depressed': leaves linear: racemes rather lax, with a few bracts at the base: pedicels a line or less long, erect: calyx-segments linear, longer than the nutlets, spreading but not enlarged in fruit, hirsute with ferruginous hairs when young : corolla 1-2 lines in diameter; the appendages in its throat not con- spicuous: nutlets ovate-oblong, slightly carinate ventrally, transversely rugose; the scar roundish-triangular, almost basal. In wet meadows, western Oregon and California. * * Larger-flowered annuals, erect or diffuse: limb of the rotate corolla 3-5 lines in diameter: nutlets rugulose. A. Chorisiana Greene Pitt. i. 13. Pubescence sparse and appressed except on the calyx : stem 1-2 feet high, freely branching, the branches at length recurving : larger leaves 2-4 inches long : racemes elongated, loose and leafy below: pedicels filiform, 4-8 lines long: calyx little accrescent, the campanulate segments about a line long : corolla 3-5 lines broad : nut- lets ovate, little more than half of a line long, carinate ventrally only, the keel and scar closely approached but not covered by the lateral angles, the obtuse rugse of the back running into more or less favose meshes among minute granulations. On Vancouver Island B. C. and at San Francisco Bay California, perhaps at intermediate stations. A, hirta Greene 1. c. 161. Setose-hispid throughout with spreading or somewhat deflexed hairs and no appressed pubescence: stem erect and stoutish, 10-16 inches high, simple below with several pairs of connate- sheathing linear leaves, loosely racemose above: racemes in pairs, bract- le&s : pedicels slender, a line long : calyx 2 lines long, not enlarging in fruit, its segments erect in fruit, very hirsute : corolla 3 lines broad : nutlets ovate, dark-colored, scarcely carinate except ventrally, the dorsal face granulate and obscurely rugulose. In wet places, Umpqua Valley Oregon. A. Sconleri Greene 1. c. 18. Eritrichium Scouleri A. DC. Sparsely appressed-hirsute : stem 6-18 inches high, usually diffusely branching from the base with slender ascending branches and few pairs of connate-clasp- ing linear leaves : flowers in geminate, or sometimes paniculate slender racemes, most of them bractless, very fragrant : pedicels erect or ascending, at most a line long : calyx erect and not enlarged in fruit : corolla 3-4 lines broad, the appendages in the throat conspicuous, yellow, puberulent: nut- lets ovate, }^ line long, carinate on both sides at the apex and ventrally down to the linear-oblong scar, dorsal surface obviously granulate and in- distinctly rugulose. Common in wet places, western Oregon and Wash. A. Henderson! A. Nelson Eryth. vii, 69. Sparsely and rather softly strigose-pubescent throughout : stem simple at the base, sparingly branch- ed above, erect, slender, 8-16 inches high : leaves bro^idly linear, 2-3 inches long, acutish : racemes naked, at length long and slender, the uppermost gendnate with a flower in the fork : pedicels short : calyx-segments linear, in fruit about 2}4 lines long, strigose-hispid : corolla 2)^-3 lines in diame- ter, the throat nearly closed by the conspicuous emarginate appendages : nutlets ovate, subacute, 1-1}4 lines long, very closely and finely muriculate, with a few small rounded papillae interspersed, moderately carinate on the ventral side. Eastern Washington and adjacent Idaho. PIPTOCALYX BORAGINAOEiE 483 ERBMOCARYA * * * Perennial by creeping and rooting stems: flowers middle-sized. A. mollis Greene 1. c. 20. Krynitzkia mollis Gray. Copiously soft- villous, even to the calyx : stems rather stout, spreading or ascending, at length a foot or more long: leaves linear-Ungulate, 2-3 inches long ])y 3-4 lines broad, obtuse: racemes at length elongated, bractless: limb of the corolla 3-4 lines broad: nutlets trigonous ovate, slightly obcompressed, hardly at all carinate on the back, coarsely rugose-areolate, attached bv a quarter or a third of their length to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase, the scar ovate-lanceolate. Borders of alkaline ponds, southeastern Oregon to California. 8 PIPTOCALYX Torrey Bot. Wilkes 414, t. 12. Small dichotomously branched annuals with narrow leaves and small dowers sessile in the forks or in the axils of leaves or bracts. The root giving a deep purple stain. Calyx early cir- cumscissile, the 5-cleft upper portion falling away, leaving the membranaceous base persistent around the fruit. Pedicels ver}^ short, persistent. Corolla with naked and open throat, the tube not surpassing the calyx. Anthers mucronate, included. Fruit of 4 rather distinctly margined nutlets. P. circamscissns Torrey 1. c. Krynitzkia circvmscissa Gray Hispid- canescent throughout: stem 1-4 inches high, densely branched from the base: leaves linear or the lowest spatulate, 3-6 lines long, crowded on the upper part of the branches : calyx hispid, its linear lobes foliaceous, about a line long: limb of the white corolla about a line broad: nutlets oblontf- ovate, not carinate, smooth or minutely tuberculate, attached for nearly their whole length to the pyramidal-subulate gynobase, the ventral groove narrow and divaricately forked at the base. On dry sandy plains, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, California and Arizona. 9 EREMOCARYA Greene Pitt, i, 58. Hirsute-canescent small annual herbs with chiefly radical leaves in rosulate tufts and small white flowers on persistent ped- icels in dense leafy-bracted geminate racemes: the root giving a deep purple stain. Calyx 5-parted to the base, in fruit campanu- ulate, persistent : the segments nerveless and not bristly-hispid. Style enlarged in fruit and persistent. Nutlets neither margined nor carinate, erect, attached for their whole length to a slender columnar gynobase by a groove that does not fork nor enlarge at base, smooth or papillose-scabrous. E. micrantha Greene 1. c. Krynitzkia micrantha Gray. Hirsute- canescent : stem slender, 2-5 inches high, at length diffusely branched, the numerous racemous branches repeatedly dichotomous and copiously leafy- bracted : leaves linear, 2-4 lines long: racemes mostly geminate with a flower in the fork, 4-6 lines long, densely flowered : corolla barely a line high, and its lobes H-%o( a line long, obscurely appendajjed in the throat : style becoming thicker than the gynobase, or even pyramidal ; nutlets oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, smooth and shining or dull and punc- ticulate. Dry plains, southeastern Oregon to California, Utah and Arizona- 10 PLAGIOBOTHRYS Fischer & Meyer Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. 49. Usually rather slender soft-pubescent annuals with most of their leaves in a close radical tuft, and rather small white flowers 484 BORAGINACE^ plaqiobothrys on short persistent pedicels in elongating circinate racemes. Ca- lyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, closed or campanulate or even spreading and more or less enlarged in fruit, persistent or irregularly cir- cumscissal near the base. Corolla short, with more or less con- spicuous appendages in its throat. Nutlets broadly ovate-trigon- ous, incurved, carinate on both sides toward the apex, the back irregularly transversely rugose, attached by the middle of the concave or seemingly hollowed ventral lace to a globular or short- conical gynobase, tardily detached, leaving a kind of caruncle at the insertion and corresponding depressed cavities on the gyno- base, often only 1 or 2 maturing. * Nutlets crustaceous or nearly so, usually only 1 or 2 maturing and then horizontally incumbent at maturity on the subglobose or merely convex gynobase: the caruncle short and broad, not atipiform, leaving orbicular depressions on the gynobase. +- Caruncle annular, merely bordering a deep circular pit. P. campestris Greene Pitt ii, 282. P. rufescens Gray, not F. & M. Pubescent with soft white hairs : stem slender, erect, 10-30 inches high, simple up to the 1-3 racemes : radical leaves numerous, 1-2 inches long, oblanceolate, usually withering at flowering time; cauline leaves smaller, linear-obiotig to lanceolate, sessile, with a broad somewhat clasping base: racemes usually 3, the lower one smallest, the others geminate with a flower in the fork, sparsely flowered: calyx of linear-lanceolate nearly dis- tinct sepals 3 lines long, rusty-hirsute when young : corolla but little longer thah the calyx, the limb 2-S lines broad : nutlets a line long, little incurved, nearly orbicular, abruptly short-beaked, sharply carinate on the back and the sides sharply angled and reticulate-rugose. On dry hillsides, southern Oregon and California. +- -«- Caruncle forming a wen- shaped or tongue-shaped process that fits into a corresponding cavity in the merely convex gynobase. ■•* Calyx persistent, not circumscissile near the base : mature nutlets abruptly contracted at base and apex so as to become cruciately 4-lobed vitreous shining or enameled. P. lenellus Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 283. Pubescent with rather soft hairs : stem slender erect or ascending, 6-10 inches high, usually branching from the base : radical leaves numerous, in a dense rosulate taf t, broadly linear to lanceolate, 6-12 lines long ; cauline leaves few, lanceolate to near- ly ovate, sessile by a broad somewhat clasping base : racemes usually gem- inate without a flower in the fork, rather densely flowered : calyx 2 lines long, fulvous-hirsute, cleft to below the middle, the lobes acuminate-trian- gular : corolla about a line broad : nutlets vitreous-shining, sharply carinate on the back, transversely rugose and sharply tuberculate. Common in open places, Brit. Columbia to California. P. asper Greene Pitt, iii, 262. " Of the P. fm^ZZws group, but larger than the others and rather diffusely branched or many-stemmed from the rosulate tuft of basal leaves, the branches hispid, floriferous almost throu- ghout, many of the calyces subtended by a leafy bract; leaves rather roughly hirsute or almost hispid: calyx large and nutlets % line long, vit- reous and shining, lineately rugose transversely and with or without murications. " " Frequent from northern California to Washington. Easily distinguish- ed at sight by its large size, its many stems, and its stiff harsh pubescence." PLAGI0B0THRY8 BORAGINACE^ 485 OREOGARYA -^ ** Calyx persistent, not circumscissile near the base: nutlets broadly ovate and not at all cruciform. P. Shastensis Greene. Gray 1. c. 284. Canescently silky-tomentose : stem very slender, 4-10 inches high, not branching from the base, simple up to the 1-3 racemes : radical leaves linear to linear-spatulate, 4-8 lines long, appressed-silky above, hispid-ciliate; cauline leaves few linear-lanceo- late, smaller :racemes few-flowered; calyx cylindraceous,4 lines long eilky- lanate both sides, cleft to near the middle; the lobes lingular and acute, nutlets shining, strongly incurved, carinate on the back, obscurely trans- versely rugose but not muricate. On a gravelly plain near Grant's Pass Oregon, and Shasta Valley California. P. colorans Greene Pitt, iii, 262. Canescently tomentose or the leaves and calyces appressed-silky: stem 2-8 inches high, erect, not branching from the base : radical leaves linear, an inch or more long, in a loose rosu- late tuft; cauline leaves numerous, linear to lanceolate: racemes long and slender, few- to many-flowered often leafy-bracted below: calyx almost globular, 2-3 lines in diameter, cleft to below the middle, the acuminate- triangular lobes connivent over the fruit, sparingly hispid : nutlets broadly orbicular, abruptly stout- beaked, strongly carinate on the back, strongly transverse rugose, obscurely muricate on the ridge-^. On gravel-bars along the creek at Hornbrook California; so near the state line that it may be looked for in adjacent Oregon. ^* ++ ^> Calyx at maturity more or less promptly deciduous circumscissilly near the base. P. canescens Benth. PI. Hartw. 326. Villous-pubescent and some- what cinereous or canescent especially the calyx, which when young may be fulvous or even somewhat rufescent: stem diffusely branched from the base, 10-12 inches high : leaves linear : calyx 2-3 lines long, in fruit loosely erect or sometimes more open and accrescent, rarely disposed to be cir- cumscissile at base : nutlets opaque, not vitreous, slightly carinate on the back, rugose with sparse and somewhat reticulated obtuse wrinkles. Co- lumbia Valley to California. P. nothofalYUS Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 285. Soft-hirsute through- out: stems erect, 1-2 feet high, branching from the base: radical leaves oblong or lanceolate to linear, 1-2 inches long, numerous in a dense rosu- late tuft ; cauline leaves lanceolate to linear, sometimes 1 or 2 pairs opposite : racemes usually geminate or in threes with a flower in the fork, at length long and slender and loosely- flowered : calyx cleft only to the middle, silky- villous, rufescent only when young, soon fulvous or whitish, 1-i lines long, the acuminate lobes connivent over the nutlets, soon circumscissile, leav- ing a persistent base which surrounds the lower half of the nutlets : corolla 2-3 lines broad : nutlets abruptly stout-beaked, carinate on the back, trans- versely rugose and minutely granulate. Common on open hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California west of the Cascade Mountains. * * Coarse and rough-hispid much branched low annuals with ob- long or lanceolate leaves, the upper subtending and equalling or ex ceeding the flower-clusters : nutlets inserted by a scar above the mid- file, ventrally carinate only above the round scar, which is attached to the depressed gynobase by a small and soft false caruncle. P. hispidus Gray 1. c. 286. Rough-hispid throughout: stem stout, 4-8 inches high, profusely branched : lower leaves linear-spatulate ; upper leaves oblong, 6 lines long : calyx 5-parted, open in fruit, not circumscissile : nutlets turgid, ovoid, obliquely incumbent, acute at the apex, obscurely carinate on the back, opaque, papillose-granulate, the scar hardly above the middle. Southeastern Oregon to eastern California. 486 BORAGINACEiE obeocabya CRYPTANTHE 11 OREOCARYA Greene Pitt, i, 57. KRYNITZKIA § Pseudokrynitzkia Gray. Coarse perennial or biennial herbs with alternate leaves and mostly white flowers on persistent pedicels, in glomerate or pan- iculate, bracted racemes. Calyx 5-parted to the base, more or less spreading in fruit, not circumscissile nor deciduous. Corolla with prominent folds in the throat, and at base within 10-squamellate or annulate-glandular. Nutlets not carinate on the back, triangu- lar or triquetrous, with acute but not winged lateral angles, at- tached for most of their length to a commonly subulate gynobase, the scar very slender and usually with transversely dilated base. * Tube of the corolla not longer than the calyx and little if any longer than its lobes; with a ring of 10 small scales or glands near the base within : anthers oval or oblong : style rather short. 0. srlomerata Greene Pitt, i, 58. Cynoglossum glomeratum Pursh. Krynitzkia glomerata Gray. Grayish-hirsute and hispid: stems stout, erect, 6-20 inches high, from the crown of a biennial or short-lived peren- nial root : leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate, 1-2 inches long : inflorescence thyrsiform, and usually dense the short and often forked lateral spikes at length commonly exceeding the subtending leaves : sepals very setose-his- pid, linear, 2-3 lines long: limb of the corolla 3-5 lines in diameter, the crests in the throat truicate : nutlets formine an ovoid fruit, each triangu- lar-ovate, sparsely more or less tubercu late-rugose on the back, with sharp lateral edges, the sulcate ventral angle extending into a broad basal scar. On dry hillsides, eastern Washington to New Mexico, Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 0. sericea Greene 1. c. Krynitzkia sericea Gray. Canescent with a dense silky pubescence and bristly-hirsute : stems stout, simple, 4-8 inches high, from a somewhat woody perennial caudex, leafy : leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, obtusej>t|.the apex, narrowed below to a broad petiole, in- cluding the petiole 1-2 inches long : flowers numerous, in a short thyrsus : calyx cleft nearly to the base, the linear or lanceolate segments about equ- alling the tube of the corolla, bristly-hirsute : limb of the corolla 3-5 lines broad, the ovate lobes 2 lines long : nutlets oblong-ovate, obtuse, somewhat rugose-tuberculate on the back. Dry hillsides, eastern Washington and Oregon to Utah and Colorado. * * Tube of the salver form corolla longer than the calyx and twice or thrice the length of the lobes ; the ring within at the base of the tube inconspicuous and truncate: crests of the throat large, often elon- gated: anthers linear-oblong: style long and filiform. 0. leucophsea Greene 1. c. Myosotis leucophaea Dougl. Krynitzkia leucophaea Gray. Silky-strigose and silvery-canescent : stems many or few from the lignescent base or root, 6-12 inches high : leaves lanceolate to linear, acute, 2-4 inches long: inflorescence glomerate-spicate hispid with whitish or yellowish hairs and slender bristles : calyx 5-cleft nearly to the base, the linear segments 3-4 lines long*, corolla yellow:, with tube longer than the calyx: nutlets ovate triquetrous, very smooth and polished, ivory-like, 1,^-2 lines long; gynobase very slender. On sandy plains, Brit, Columbia to California and Utah. East of the Cascade Mountains. 12 CRYPTANTHE Lehm. Sem. Hort. Hamburg. 1832. KRYNITZKIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. vii, 52. 18U. Low setose or hispid branching annuals with narrow alternate CBYPTANTHE BORAGINAOEiE 487 leaves and small, mostly white, flowers on very short pedicels in scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments erect, usually closely embracing the fruit and deciduous, falling with the mature nutlets. Corolla rotate, its tube not surpassing the calyx; usually with 5 scales closing the throat. Stamens includ- ed. Style short. Nutlets attached by the ventral angle or groove from the base up at least one third or one half way, or for the whole length to an elevated gynobase, the back convex and not carinate nor transversely rugose. § Fruiting calyx closed over the nutlets and falling with them. * Sepals lanceolate or linear, traversed by a rigid and stout mid- rib: nutlets thick-walled, opaque or dull. C. Fendleri Greene Pitt, i, 120 Rough-hispid : stem erect, 10-12 inches high, paniculately branched, rigid: leaves linear, an inch or more long : segments of the mature calyx 2 lines long, linear, hispid with pungent bristles: nutlets usually all four maturing and alike, smooth, ovate-acum- inate, hardly a line long, attached for nearly their whole length to the nariow subulate gynobase. Eastern Washington to the Saskatchewan and New Mexico. * * Midrib of the narrow setose-hispid sepals not conspicuously if at all thickened : nutlets very smooth and mostly shining, acute or acuminate, with rounded sides and rather thin or brittle pericarp. +- Nutlets conspicuously acuminate, only 1 or very rarely 2 matur- ing, attached for not more than the lower third to the short and nar- row gynobase which it very much surpasses. C. flaccida Greene Pitt, i, 115. Myoaotis Jlaccida Lehm. Cinereous with short appressed pubescence: stem slender, 4-12 inches high, strict, paniculately branched : leaves numerous, linear-spatulate to almost fili- form, erect, c»ften appressed: spikes usually in pairs or 3 together, almost filiform, many-flowered: calyx in fruit erect appressed to the peduncle, 2 lines long or more ; sepals filiform-linear, thickish below, their bases very hispid with deflexed and strong but not pungent Jbristles : nutlets subterete, ovate-lanceolate and rostellate-acuminate, the groove of the attachment enlarged at base but not furcate. Common on the dry interior plains, Brit, Columbia to California. €• multicaule. Densely hirsute with short erect but not appressed white hairs : stems several from the crown of a rather stout root, strictly erect, 4-10 inches high,- simple up to the short somewhat paniculate inflor- escence: lower leaves numerous, linear-spatulate, 1-2 inches long; upper leaves almost filiform, erect, 12-18 lines long : spikes short and rather stout, hispid hirsute with spreading hairs, an inch or less long, densely-flowered : segments of the calyx acuminate-lanceolate, barely 2 lines long, their bases hispid with spreading white hairs : nutlets subterete, rostellate-ovate, light brown, the groove of the attachment not perceptibly enlarged at the base. Along the Des Chutes river at Sherar'tf Bridge Oregon. C. rostellata Greene Pitt, i, 116. Canescent with a rather sparse ap- Eressed pubescence: stem slender, erect, paniculately branched, 4-8 inches igh : leaves linear-spatulate to linear-lanceolate, less than an inch long^ the lower ones opposite with more or less connate-clasping base, the upper ones smaller and alternate: spikes solitary or geminate, slender, 1-2 inchcg long : calyx erect but not appressed to the rachis, about 2 lines long : sepalg filiform-linear, hispid with short spreading but not reflexed somewhaj. pungent white bristles: nutlets triangular-ovate, flattish, rostellate-acum_ 488 BORAGINACEiE cryptanthe inate, a line long, the groove of the attachment divaricately forked and somewhat open at the base. On dry hillsides, southern Oregan and adja- cent California. -^ •*- Nutlets usually all 4 maturing and all alike, either flattish or angied ventrally, ovate in outline and acute or short acuminate, at- tached for half or nearly their whole length to the subulate gynobase, the slender groove not dilated at base into an open areola or scar. C. lelocarpa Greene 1. c. 17, Krynitzkia leiocarpa F. & M. Strigose pubescent: stem 6-18 inches high, diffusely branching: spikes single or sometimes in pairs, often leafy at base, bractless above : leaves spatulate or linear 1-1)^ inches long : calyx erect, a line long, densely strigose-hirsute and with some coarser spreading bristles: nutlets flattish, the slender ventral groove continuous to the very base of the nutlet and not at all furcate, attached nearly their whole length to the subulate gynobase. Near the coast, Washington to California. C. affinis Greene 1. c. 119. K. affinis Gray Rough-pubescent: stem slender, 6-12 inches high, diffusely branched: leaves spatulate, 1-2 inches long: spikes solitary, or sometimes in pairs, often leafy at base: sepals linear lanceolate much longer than the nutlets, strigose-hirsute with a few stout pungent spreading bristles: nutlets somewhat turgid, the groove simple and continuous to the very base, attached only up to the middle to the slender pyramidal gynobase, the free apical portion a little diverging. Among pines on the edge of forests, eastern Washington to C&lifornia and Idaho. C. Torreyana Greene 1. :;. 118. K, Torreyana Gray. Hispid-hirsute: stem rather stout, 9-12 inches high, paniculately branched from the base: leaves linear-oblong, 1-2 inches long : spikes solitary or often in pairs, 1-4 inches long: sepals lanceolate, in fruit attenuate upward, twice as long as the nutlets, setose-hispid with stout spreading bristles: nutlets ovate, acute, attached barely to the middle to the subulate-pyramidal gynobase, the ventral groove divergently forked at base but without an open areola. Oregon to California and Idaho. * * * Nutlets muriculate or rough-papillose, all 4 alike, sometimes only 1 or 2 maturing, ovate-trigonous, attached from the base to or nearly to the apex : the ventral groove with or without an areola. C. barblgera Greene 1. c. 114. Eritrichium barbigerum Gray. His- pid and hirsute: stem 4-12 inches hign. freely branching; leaves linear, an inch or less long: spikes solitary or paniculate : sepals narrowly linear, 3-5 lines long thickly beset with long shaggy bristles, loose above: nutlets acumirjate-ovate, very rough-muricate, ashy-gray, the open groove a little dilated at base. On dry plains, southeastern Oregon to California and Arizona. C. ambigua Greene 1. c. 113. K. ambigua Gray. Rough-hirsute and the stem strigose-pubescent also: stem stoutish, 1-2 feet high, paniculately branched; leaves oblong to linear ^r linear-lanceolate, 6-20 lines long; spikes usually in pairs with a flower in the fork, naked, slender, sparsely to rather densely flowered : sepals lanceolate, but little more than a line long, somewhat connivent over the fruit, setose-hispid: nutlets ovate-tri- gonous, barely convex on the back, minutely papillose-scabrous, the vent- ral groove closed above but moderately or barely open at the basal bifur- cation. On dry stony hillsides, Oregon and Washington to California. C. mnricnlata Greene I. c. 113. K. muriculata Gray. Hispid-hir- sute with spreading hairs : stem stoutish, 6- 12 inches high : leaves spatulate or the upper ones linear, about an inch long : spikes ofteii in pairs or col- lected in a 3-5-radiate paniculate cyme: sepals in fruit 2 lines long,lanceo- CRYPTANTHE BORAGINACE^ 489 AMSINCKIA late, hispid, somewhat connivent over the fruit: nutlets deltoid-ovate in outline, half the length of the sepals, sharply muricate over the back, which is hardly convex except by a slight dorsal ridge, and with distinct and thickisb but acutish lateral angles these muricate-papillose like the back, attached for % of their length to the subulate gynobase, the ventral groove open and abruptly dilated at the bifurcate base. On dry hillsides, eastern Washington to California and Arizona. k k ^ Fruiting calyx persistent, open and discharging the fruit : nut- lets all 4 or all but 1 scarious-winged at the margins, attached by the whole length of the ventral groove. C. pterocarya Greene 1. c 120. K. plerocarya Qray. Papillose-hir- sute: stem slender, rather strictly branching, 6-12 inches high: leaves linear or the lowest spatulate, 6-12 lines long: spikes usually in pairs, bractless: sepals in fruit 2 lines long, ovate, rusty-hirsute and the midrib setose-hispid: nutlets oblong-ovate, rough or granulate-tuberculate on the rounded back, attached for nearly the whole length to the filiform-sub- ulate gynobase by a narrow groove which widens gradually to the base, one of them commonly wingless and roundei at the sides, the others with lateral angles extended into a broad radiately striate wing with crenulate or toothed or even pectinate margins. Dry sandy plains, eastern Washington to California, New Mexico and Arizona. 13 AMSINCKIA Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1831: 7. Coarse hispid annuals with alternate oblong-ovate to linear leaves and small yellow flowers in at length loose spikes or ra- cemes without bracts except sometimes to the lowest. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salverform or at the throat some- what fannelform, more or less plaited in bud at the sinuses, with tube exceeding the calyx and rounded lobes, the throat naked, or with minute hairy tufts opposite the lobes. Filaments short. Style filiform; with capitate 2-lobed stigma. Nutlets ovate-tri- angular or triquetrous, coriaceous or crustaceous, attached above the middle to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase, the scar ovate or oblong. Cotyledons each 2-parted thus api-arently four. A. intermedia F. & M. Ind Sem. Petrop. 26. Rough-hispid through - ont : stem erect, usually 1-2 feet high and sparingly branched above; the bristles even of the calyx white or merely yellowish : leaves^linear or the lower ones lanceolate, 1-4 inches long: spikes solitary or in pairs: sepals narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, at length % inch long: corolla bright yellow, 3-5 lines long, its tube equalling the calyx, the limb with very short rounded lobes and no appendages in the throat : nutlets not half as long as the sepals, trigonous, carinate on the back and strongly muriculate, attached near the base to the short conical gynobase. Dry plains, Brit. Columbia to California. A. lycopsoides Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1831, 7. Bather, spaiingly setose-hispid with pungent bristles: stem rather w^ak, 1 -4 feet;high with numerous loose straggling branches: leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1-4 nches long, acute at the apex, hispid- ciliate: spikes usually in pairs, at length oug and sparsely-flowered: sepals lineai*- lanceolate, at length spreading and 3 or 4 times longer than the nutlets, papillose-hispid: corolla almost 2 lines in diameter, somewhat funnelform, the tube but little longer than the calyx: nutlets oblong-ovate, about a line long, very rough muricate. In rich alluvial ground, western Oregon and Washington to California. 490 BORAGINACE^ mertensia Var, bracteosa Gray Syn- Fl. ii, 198. Smaller-flowered and more decumbent, with most of the flowers subtended by a foliaceous bract. Near the Coast, Puget Sound to California. 14 MERTENSIA Roth Catal. Bot. i, 34: 1797. Perennial herbs with alternate leaves and rather large blue purple or white flowers in panicles, cymes, or racemes. Calyx 4-parted, herbaceous, the lobes lanceolate or linear, little enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular funnelform, crested or unappendaged in the throat, its lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, included or scarcely exserted. Filaments flattened or filiform. Anthers oblong or linear, obtuse. Style filiform with entire stigma. Nutlets erect, coriaceous, wrinkled when mature, attached by a small or short scar just above their bases to a flat strongly convex gynobase. M. oblongifolia Don Syst. iv, 320. Stem slender, 4-8 inches high, usually solitary from the short and thick corm-like root: leaves oblong to spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, 6-20 lines long, the lowest ones small, the largest ones in the middle, smooth or the upper face scabrous with minute stiff hairs: flowers rather numerous, in a somewhat close terminal cluster: lobes of the calyx lanceolate little more tlian a line long, minutely ciliate: corolla funnelform, with a broad purple tube, 6 lines or more long, and ample blue limb, the throat rather abruptly dilated and open with pubescent crests at its base on a line with the stamens: filaments as broad and not longer than the anthers: style long and capillary, not exsei-ted: nutlets dull and with obtuse angles. In moist places. Blue Mountains of Oregon to Nevada, Utah and the borders of Brit. Columbia. M. longiflora Greene Pitt, iii, 261. Glabrous except the setulose-scab- rous upper face of the leaves: lowest leaves elliptic-lanceolate, on long and slender, petioles, the upper ones obovate oval or OTate, rounded or even cor- date at base and closely sessile, all very obtuse, the largest 2 inches long by an inch broad: floral bracts acutish: flowers in a rather dense strictly termin- al and subcorymbose panicle: calyx rather large, cleft to near the base, the lobes lanceolate: corolla about an inch long, with long slender tube and short erect narrow-campanulate limb: the almost capillary style nearly equalling the corolla. Eastern Washington. Perhaps only a form of M. oblongifolia. M. Sibirica Don Syst. iv, 320. Glabrous and smooth or nearly so; pale and glaucescent : stems erect 1-3 feet high from a thick branching root, very leafy: leaves oblong to lanceolete and acute, or the lowest ones some- times obovate and obtuse, hirsute-ciliate, all petioled, 1-4 inches long: racemes short, somewhat panicled; floral bracts like the leaves, 9-10 lines long: lobes of the ealyx lanceolate, about 2 lines long, commonly ciliate: corolla blue, funnelform, 8-10 lines long, the broad tube neaiMy twice as long as the calyx, shorter than the ample limb, sparingly pubescent within: filaments as broad and much shorter than the anthers: style slightly exserted. Along mountain streams: Calif oraia to the Arctic regions and the Rocky Mountains. M. panicnlata Don Syst. iv, 318. Roughish-pubescent: stem erect, 1-3 feet high, branched above: leaves thin, pinnately veined, the lower ones ovate, rounded or cordate at base, 2-5 inches long, long-petioled, upper ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base into mostly slender petioles: racemes several-flowered, in loose terminal panicles: flowers purple-blue, 6-8 lines long, on filiform pedicels 4-10 lines long: calyx- lobes lanceolate, acute, about 2 lines long: corolla funnelform, crested in MERTEN8IA BORAGINACE^ ^1 PNEDMABIA the throat, the tube about twice as long as the calyx, and longer than the limb: filaments flattened, slightly longer than the anthers: style filiform, usu- ally somewhat exserted: nutlets rounded. In damp woods, California to Alaska, and Hudson Bay to Michigan, Nebraska and the Kocky Mountains. M. platyphylla Heller Bull. Torr. Bot. Clnb xxvi, 548. Stems weak, 16-80 inches high, branched above, the branches slender and spreading: leaves all thin, light green, papillately roughened above; radical leaves usually about a foot long including the petiole, of about 8 inches, which is rough on the margins; blade broadly ovate, 3-4 inches broad, abruptly acuminate, usu- ally cordate at base; lower stem-leaves broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, on petioles about an inch long; upper ones ovate-lanceolate, gradually acu- minate, sessile or nearly so, contracted at base: flowers in loose teiminal pan- icles: pedicels slender, 3-7 lines long, pubescent with short appressed haii's: sepals linear-lanceolate, 3-4 lines long, ciliate: corolla bright blue, or turning rose-color 6-8 lines long, broad funnelform, the tube about 2 lines long, the acutish lobes with broad sinuses at base: anthers oblong: style slightly exserted. In rich moist ground, western Washington and Oregon, M. uutans. Stems simpje, 1-8 fi-om the crown of a thick branching root, 3-10 inches high, veiy leafy to the top: leaves oblong to lanceolate or the 1 west sometimes spatulate, the largest ones in the middle of the stem 1-3 inches long, mostly sessile by a broad base or the lowest sometimes petioled, all papillose-granulate above, not at all pubescent: flowers in a dense terminal drooping panicle, sessile or on short pedicels: sepals lanceolate, barely 2 lines long, obscurely ciliate: corolla 6-8 lines long, funnelform, with a broad purple or pinkish tube twice or thrice as long as the calyx: filaments as oroad as and fully as long as the anthers: style slender, often slightly exserted. On the north side of high ridges, eastern Oregon and Washington. 15 PNEUMARIA Hill Veg. Syst. vii, 40, t. 36. Glabrous fleshy perennials with alternate leaves and small blue pinkish or white flowers in loose terminal leafy-bracted racemes. Calyx-lobes somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular-campanu- late, crested in the throat, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, slightly spreading. Filaments scarcely exserted. Ovary 4-divid- ed ; style slender. Nutlets erect, fleshy, attached just above their bases to the somewhat elevated gynobase, smooth and shining, acutish-margined, becoming utricular-like when mature. P. maritima Hill 1. c. 40, t. 37, fig. 3. Very smooth, pale and glau- cous, much branched and spreading; leaves fleshy, ovate, obovate, or spat- ulate-oblong, an inch or two long, upper surface becoming pustulate : flowers small, 3 or 4 lines long, on long and slender pedicels : tube of the blue or whitish corolla hardly as long as the limb and shorter than the ovate-tri- angular lobes of the calyx, the crests in the throat evident : filaments rather narrower and much longer than the panthers : nutlets acute, fleshy -herba- ceous, in a.^e becoming utricular, the scar small. Along the Coast, Puget Sound to Alaska, and Hudson_Bay|to.New England also Europe. 16 MYOSOTIS. L. Gen. n.".180. Low annual biennial or perennial herbs with alternate leaves and small blue pink or white flowers in^so called spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft. Corolla salverform or rotate, the tube rarely surpassing the calyx, the throat with small and blunt crests at the base of the small and rounded lobes : these convolute in the 492 BORAGINACE^ myosotis LITHOSPERMUM bud. Stamens included, inserted on the tube of the corolla, with filiform filaments and obtuse anthers. Style filiform, included. Nutlets smooth, somewhat compressed, thin-crustaceous in tex- ture, attached to the flat gynobase at the very base, the scar minute. M. PALUSTRis Lam. Fl. Fr. ii. 283. Appressed-pubescent : stems slen - der, soon decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 6-18 inches long: leaves oblong to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 1-3 inches long, the lower ones petioled, the others sessile : racemes loosely many-flowered: pedicels longer than the calyx: calyx-lobes triangular, shorter than the tube, spreading in fruit, beset with fine and short appres- sed hairs, none of them hooked or gl and- tipped : corolla blue with yellow throat, 3-4 lines in diameter: nutlets somewhat angled or carinate on the ventral face. In wet places, western Oregon. Escaped from gardens. M. alpestris Schmidt Fl. Bohem. Cent iii, Nr. 225. Stems tufted, erect, 3-9 inches high, from a perennial root: leaves oblong, linear, or lan- ceolate: flowers in rather dense racemes : pedicels short, and thick, ascend- ing, seldom longer than the calyx: calyx almost 5-parted, hirsute with erect hairs, mixed near the base with some more spreading and hooked ones, erect in fruit: corolla blue, the flat limb 3-4 lines in diameter: nutlets more or less margined and carinate ventrally at the apex. In the moun- tains of Oregon to Kotzebue Sound and the northern Rocky Mountains. M. macrosperma Engelm. Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi, 98. Roughish-hirsute or hispid: stem erect, 3-12 inches high from an annual or biennial root, simple or branched : leaves from spatulate-oblong to oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse, 3-12 lines long, the largest ones in the middle : racemes strictly erect : pedicels erect or appressed to the rachis below but spreading above, less than a line long: calyx unequally 6-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acute, longer than the tube, sometimes the lower ones twice as long as the upper: corolla white, the limb 2-3 lines broad nutlets convex on the back, carinate and margined on the ventral face. In prairies, Brit Columbia to Oregon, Idaho, Texas and Florida. 17 LITHOSPERMUM Tourn. L. Gen. n, 181. Annual or perennial pubescent or hairy herbs with sessile alter- nate leaves and small or rather large white, yellow or blue flowers axillary or subaxillary in leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft the lobes or sepals narrow. Corolla salverform or fun- nelform ; its lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud ; the throat pubescent or crested. Filaments short, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style slender: stigma capitate, 2-lobed or sometimes truncate. Ovary of 4 distinct lobes. Nutlets 4 or by abortion fewer, ovate, usually white and smooth, erect, attached by the base to the flat gynobase ; the scar flat and rather small. L. Califoriiicum Gray Proc. Am. Acad, x, 51. Canescently pubes- cent and papillose-hispid throughout : stems ascending, 4-14 inches long, several from the crown of a thick perennial root, very leafy, simple, or sparingly branched above : leaves bract-like below, gradually enlarged up- ward, the largest ones in the middle, linear to broadly lanceolate, or the upper ones not rarely ovate, sessile or nearly so 1-3 inches long : peduncles 1-2 lines long: sepals linear, 4-8 lines long: corolla bright yellow, hardly an inch long, narrow-funnel form, its proper tube about equalling the calyx, its ample throat much longer than the very short lobes, pubescent outside, almost destitute of crests, the glandular ring at the base of the tube naked : LrmospERMUM CONVOLVULACE^ 4^3 anthera oblong, sessile : style 2-lobed at the apex : nutlets white, smooth and polished, the inner face rather conspicuously carinate. On dry rocky hillsides, southwestern Oregon to California. L. pilosum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad, vii, 43. Soft-hirsute and pu- bescent, pale or canescent stems numerous from the crown of a thick per- ennial root, 6-18 inches high, mostly simple, very leafy : leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long, mostly tapering from near the base to apex, often small and bract-like below : flowers densely crowded in a leafy thyrsus : sepals linear 3-4 lines long, hispid : corolla campanulate-f unnel- form, about twice the length of the calyx, silky outside, dull greenish-yellow, the lobes equalling the throat, nearly naked at the throat but obscurely puberulent and thickened under each lobe : style slender : nutlets broadly ovate, acute, smooth and polished. 2-3 lines long white and bony. Common on dry hillsides and plains, Brit. Columbia to California, and Nebraska. Order LXVI CONVOLVULACE.E Vent. Tabl. ii, 394. Herbs, or some tropical species shmbs or trees, with generally twining or trailing stems, usually milky juice, alternate leaves without stipules, or leafless, truly axillary regular 5-merous, or rarely ^4:-merous flowers, except as to the pistil which is almost always 2-carpellary. Calyx mostly of distinct and imbricated sepals , persistent. Corolla either plicate and the pleats convolute or induplicate-valvate or sometimes imbricate in the bud, the limb either lobed or entire. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, usually inserted low down on the tube of the corolla; hypogynous disk usually annular and manifest. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled, with a pair of anatropous ovules in each cell, or spuriously 4- or 6-celled, each cell being more or less divided into a pair of 1-ovuled half -cells by a false partition , or rarely 2- or 4-parted from above around the style, Style single or once or twice divided : stigma terminal or introrse. Fruit capsular or sometimes fleshy. Seeds comparatively large, filled by a crumpled or pleated em- bryo involving or partly surrounding a little mucilaginous or fleshy albumen, its cotyledons ample and foliaceous, or in Cus- cuta a spiral embryo without cotyledons. Tribe 1 Plants with ordinary foliage, not parasitic. Ovary entire. 1 Convolvulus Corolla plicate at the sinuses pleats twisted in the bud : style undivided or cleft only at the apex. Tribe ii Leafless parasitic twining herbs without green color. Tribe 1 Convolvuleae Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix, 335 Plants with mostly twining or trailing stems, mostly milky juice and ordinary foliage, not parasitic. Ovary entire. 2 Cuscuta Corolla with mostly spreading lobes, between convolute and imbricate in the bud. 1 CONVOLVULUS L. Gen. n. 215. Herbs with trailing twining or erect stems, broad leaves and 494 CONVOLVULACJEiE convolvdldb large flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves. Sepals nearly equal or the outer largest, bractless or with a pair of bracts at their base. Corolla campanulate, or short and open funnelform, with more or less 5-angulate or obscurely 5-lobed border, deeply plaited down the sinuses in the bud, the plants convolute, com- monly straight, sometimes twisted. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, included. Style filiform: stigmas two, subulate or flat, and from narrowly Hnear to oval. Capsule globose, 2-celled, the cells 2-ovuled and commonly 2-seeded. Embryo with broad and foliaceous cotyledons folded and crumpled in the seed. * A pair of thin membranaceo-foliaceous bracts close to the calyx, and enveloping or partly enveloping it : stigmas from ovate to oval or oblong : flower8(in ours) solitary. C. Soldanella L. Sp. ]59. Glabrous, fleshy: stems low and mostly short, creeping or trailing : leaves reniform, entire or obscurely angukte, often emarginate, an inch or two wide, long-petioled : bracts roundish, obscurely cordate, not longer than the sepals: corolla pink-purple, 1-2 inches long, short-funnel form : stigmas ovate. Sandy sea-shores, Puget Sound to California. Europe &c. €• seplum L. Sp. 153. Glabrous or more or less pubescent, freely twin- ing: leaves slender-petioled, deltoid-hastate and triangular-sagittate, 2-6 inches long, acute or acuminate; the basal lobes or auricles either entire or angulate-2-3-lobed : peduncles mostly elongated : bracts cordate-ovate or somewhat sagittate, commonly acute: corolla broadly funnelform, 2 inches long, white or tinged with rose-color: stigma from ovate to oblong. Along streams, Brit. Columbia to California and across the Continent. * * Stigmas linear or oblong-linea C. occidentalis Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 89. Glabrous or minutely pubescent: stems freely twining or prostrate: leaves alender-petioled, from angulate cordate to sagittate or the upper hastate: peduncles elongated, surpassing the leaf : bracts large and covering the calyx or variously small- er and shorter to lanceolate or linear and more or less foliaceous in texture : corolla campanulate-funnelform white or pinkish to cream-color, 12-18 liaes long : stigmas linear. Dry hills, Oregon and Washington toCalifornia. C. nyctaglneus Greene Pitt, iii, 327. C. Calif ornicus of Authors as to the Oregon plant. Stems slender, 2-10 inches long, herbaceous to the ground: leaves roundish-ovate or semicircular in outline, rounded or abruptly acute at the apex, with or without a small hastate lobe on each side near the abruptly contracted and somewhat cuneately tapering base, the blade 1-2 inches long by about as broad, all on slender petioles 4-6, inches long : flowers few, all in the axils of the lowest leaves : peduncles about an inch long: bracts oval, obtuse or almost truncate, barely equalling the obtuse ai\d muncronate sepals: corolla about 2 inches long by 1)J broad, white: stigma oblong-obovate, nearly 2 lines long: fruiting charac- ters not observed. Rather common throughout the Willamette Valley and southward to the border of California. C. polymorphas Greene Pitt, iii, 331. Herbage pale and puberulent : stems slender, 2-4 feet long, twining, herbaceous to the base : leaves from reniform-hastate to subsagittate, rather prominently and sharply mucron- ate, the blade 10-18 lines long, short-petioled : peduncles short, 1-flowered: bracts narrowly elliptic, situated a short distance below the calyx and their tips just reaching its base or longer and partly embracing it : sepals very unequal, the outer often broadly oval and truncate and only half the length CONVOLVULUS CON.VOLVULACEiK 495 CUSCUTA of the narrower inner ones : corolla 12-18 lines broaij, yellowish : stigmas oblong. On dry prairies, southern Oregon to California. * * * Stigma filiform or narrowly linear: no bracts at or near the base of the calyx. C. AEVENSis L. Sp. 153. Glabrous or nearly so ; stems trailing or de- cumbent, very slender, 1-23^ feet long, simple or branched : leaves slender- petioled, ovate or oblong, entire, obtusish and mucronulate or acutish at the apex, sagittate or somewhat hastate at the base, 1-2 lines long, the basal lobes spreading, acute: peduncles 1-4-flowered (commonly 2-flower- ed), shorter than the leaves, 1-S-bracted at the summit, usually with an- other bract on one of the pedicels : sepals oblong, obtuse, 1% lines long : corolla pink to white, 8-12 lines broad. In fields and waste places. Nat- uralized from Europe. Tribe 2 Cuscuteas B & H. Gen. ii, 881 Leafless parasitic red or yellow twining herbs without foliage or green color. Corolla imbri- cated in the bud, appendaged below the stamens. Ovary entire. 2 CUSCUTA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 170. Parasitic herbs, destitute of all green color and of foliage, except scale-like bracts, and small whitish flowers in cymose clusters. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted or cleft. Corolla from campanulate or somewhat urceolate to short-tubular, with the mostly spreading lobes between convolute and imbricate in the bud, not plicate, marcescent persistent, either at the base or summit of the capsule. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla above as many scale- like lacerate appendages (these rarely absent). Ovary globular, 2-celled and 4 ovuled. Styles distinct or rarely united, persistent: stigmas globose, or in foreign species filiform. Capsule 1-4-seeded, circumscissile or transversely bursting, or indehiscent. Seeds large, globular, or angled by mutual pressure. Embryo filiform, spirally coiled in firm-fleshy albumen, wholly destitute of co- tyledons, but the apex ol the plumule often beariug a few alternate scales. Seeds germinating in the ground but not rooting in it, developing into filiform branching stems which twine dextrorsely upon herbs or shrubs and becoming parasitic by means of suckers which penetrate the bark in contact, the base soon dying. C. aryensis Beyrich. Stems pale yellow, slender, low: flowers barely a line long, nearly sessile, in small dense clusters : calyx gamosepalous, with obtuse mostly broad lobes : corolla nearly campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, as long as the tube ; its scales large, ovate, as long as or longer than the tube, densely fringed all around with short ir- regular processes: style shorter than the ovary: stigmas capitate: capsule depressed-globose, indehiscent, the withering corolla and usually the sta- mens persistent at its base. On various low plants, Brit. Columbia to California and across the Continent.. C. Cephalanthi Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. xxxxiii, 336. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing: flowers a line or less long, on short thick pedicels,, often 4-merous: calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube : corolla cylindric-campanulate, its lobes ovate, ob- tuse and rounded, spreading, shorter than the tube : scales shorter than the tube, fringed: style slender, as long or longer than the ovary: capsule 496 SOLANACE^ cuscuta depressed-globose, capped with the marcescent corolla. On shrubs and tall herbs, eastern Oregon to the Eastern States. C. Callfornica Choisy Cusc. 183. Stems capillary, low : flowers rath- er small and delicate, in loose cymes: lobes of the calyx acute: corolla gamopetalous, campanulate its lanceolate-subulate lobes as long as the campanulate tube or longer : scales none, or rudimentary : styles slender, longer than the ovary : capsule depressed-globose. On Eriogonum etc. southern Oregon to California. C. salina Engelm. Bot. Cal. i, 536. Stems slender, low: flowers white delicate, short- pedicelled or clustered: calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the shallow-campanulate tube of the corolla : lobes of the corolla ovate, acute, denticulate; scales fringed, mostly shorter than the tube, sometimes incomplete : filaments about as long as the oval anthers : style equalling or shorter than the ovary: capsule pointed, mostly 1 -seeded, surrounded by the marcescent corolla. In saline or brackish marshes along the coast, Brit. Columbia to California. Order LXVII SOLANACE^ Pers. Syst. i, 214. Herbs shrubs or even trees with alternate or rarely opposite leaves without stipules, watery juice and perfect regular or nearly regular 4-5-merous flowers in variously modified cymes; the pedicels either not accompanied by bracts, or not in their axils. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous. Corolla rotate, campan- late, funnelform, salverform or tubular, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, dehiscent at the apex or longitudinally. Ovary entire, normally 2-celled, with the placentae in the axis, many-ovuled, surmounted by an undivided style: stigmas entire or sometimes bilamellar. Ovules anatro- pous. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds numerous, the testa sometimes roughened. Embiro terete, spirally curved or nearly straight, in fleshy albumen, the cotyledons rarely much broad- er than the radicle. Tribe i Corolla mostly short, with the limb plicate or valvate in the bud. Stamens all perfect. Fruit berry-like, at least not dehiscent, sometimes nearly dry. 1 Solannm Calyx little or not at all enlarged in fruit : anthers longer than their filaments, connivent into a cone, or slightly connate; the cells opening at the apex, or sometimes longitudinally. 2 Fhysalis Calyx usually much enlarged in fruit : anthers unconnected and not connivent. Tribe ii Corolla mostly long with the limb either plicate or imbricate in the bud. Stamens all perfect. Fruit a capsule. 8 Datura Calyx prismatic or tubular, 5-tootbed, in ours at length cir- cumacissile near the base: fruit a 4-valved mostly prickly capsule. Tribe hi Corolla usually long, with the limb induplicate-im- bricate in the bud. Stamens all perfect. Fruit in ours capsular. I 80LANUM SOL AN ACE ^ 497 4 Nicotiana Calyx persistent and more or less investing the capsule: fruit a2-celled spuriously 4-valved capsule. Tribe I Solanex Endl. Gen, 664- Corolla with the regular limb plicate or valvate in the bud, usually both; that is the sinuses or what answers to them plicate and the edges of the lobes induplicate. Stamens normally 5, all perfect. Fruit berry-like or at least indehis- cent, sometimes nearly dry, seeds flattened: embryo curved or coiledf slender; the semiterete cotyledons not broader than the radicle. 1 SOLANUM Tourn. L. Gen. n- 251. Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and white blue purple or yellow flowers in cymes panicles or racemes. Calyx campanulate or rotate, mostly 5'toothed or 5-cleft, not inflated in fruit. Co- rolla rotate, the limb 5-angled or 5-lobed, the tube very short. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla : anthers longer than their filaments connate or connivent into a cone, opening at the apex by a pore or short slit, and sometimes also longitudinally even to the base. Ovary usually 2-celled. Fruit mostly globose, the calyx either persistent at its base or enclosing it. S. NIGRUM L. Sp. 186 (Nightshade) Green and almost glabrous or tlie younger parts pubescent : stem erect, freely branching, 1-2 feet high from an annual root : leaves mostly ovate, petioled, 1-3 inches long, en- tire, repand or sinuate- toothed, acutish to acuminate at the apex, cuneate to rounded at base: peduncles lateral, unbellately 3-10-flowered, 6-18 lines long : flowers white, on pedicels 3-7 lines long : calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, spreading, much shorter than the corolla, 4-10 lines in diameter, the spre- ading or reflexed lobes acute : filaments more or less hairy inside : anthers oblontr, obtuse, loosely connivent : style slightly exserted : berries globose, smooth and glabrous, black when ripe, 4-5 lines in diameter, on nodding pedicels. Waste places and cultivated fields. Widely distributed in near- ly all countries as a weed, perhaps indigenous. S. viLLOsuM Lam. Enclycl. Meth. iv, 286. Loosely villous : stem erect, freely branching from the base, 1-2 feet high from ati annual root : leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate the blade 1-2 inches long, coarsely sinuate- toothed, narrowed below to a more or less winged slender petiole : pedunc- les lateral 3-8- flowered, 1-2 inches long : flowers white, on pedicels 3-6 lines long : calyx-lobes triangular-ovate half as long as the corolla enlarging at length and embracing the fruit : corolla 4-5 lines in diameter the merely spreading lobes acute : filaments glabrous to the base : anthers oblong ob- tuse : berries globular, 3-4 lines in diameter, yellow when ripe. In fields and waste places, southern Oregon and western California. Introduced from southern Europe. S. triflorum Nutt. Gen. i, 128. Slightly hairy or nearly glabrous: stem branching, 1-3 feet high from an annual root : leaves oblong, 2-4 inches long, pinnatifid, with entire or dentate oblong to lanceolate lobes and broad rounded sinuses : peduncles lateral, 1-3-flowered, 6-12 lines long : calyx-lobes oblong to lanceolate, shorter than the corolla, persistent at the base of the berry : corolla white, 4-5 lines in diameter: anthers oblong, ob- tuse : berries globose, green and about 5 lines in diameter when mature. In fields, and waste places, Idaho to Ontario, Nebraska and Arizona. S. nmbellifernm Esch. Mem. Acad. Petrop. x, 281. Tomentose-pu- bescent and cinereous with short many-branched hairs, sometimes glab- rate : stems erect or declined, woody below, 1-2 feet long from a perennial 498 SOLANAOEvE solanum PHYSALIS root: flowering branches mostly short and leafy: leaves commonly oblong to obovate, obtuse, rarely ovate and acute, entire, half inch to 2 inches long, more or less acute or narrowed at base, or the lower and larger ones rounded, on short petioles ; flowers in short-peduncled few-several -flowered umbels : calyx-lobes about 2 lines long in flower, ovate, obtuse : corolla 8-lQ lines broad, blue to white, angulately 5-lobed, widely rotate: anthers ob- tuse, the cells opening by a short vertical slit at the apex, which extends downward to the base : berries purple, the base covered by the appressed moderately enlarged calyx. On stony hillsides, southern Oregon to Calif. S. siSYMBRiFOLiUM Lam. Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii, 49. Villous-pu - bescent with simple more or less glandular and viscid hairs, mixed on the leaves with some few-rayed stellate ones ; much armed even to the calyx with long subulate straight prickles: stem stout, 2-3 feet high, branching: leaves deeply pinnatifid and the oblong lobes sinuate or even again some- what pinnatifid : flowers several or numerous, in terminal or soon lateral pedunculate racemes; lobes of the 5-parted calyx lanceolate, becoming ovate-lanceolate and at length loosely and completely or incompletely cov- ering the globose red berry : corolla light blue or white, 1-2 inches broad, 5-lobed: anthers lanceolate. On ballast grounds at Portland Oregon. 2 PHYSALIS L. Gen. n. 250. (ground cherry) Annual or perennial herbs with entire or sinuately- toothed leaves and yellow or white flowers on axillary and solitary ped- uncles. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit enlarged and bladderlj^-inflated, membranaceous, 5-angled, or prominently 10- ribbed and reticulated, wholly inclosing the pulpy berry, its teeth mostly connivent. Corolla rotate or rotate-campanulate, plicate in the bud, 5-angulate or obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla : anthers oblong, longer than their filaments, not connivent, opening by a longitudinal slit. Style slender, some- what bent ; stigma 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flat- tened, with a thin edge, finely pitted. P. ixocarpa Brot. Hornem. Hofn. Supp. 26. A little hairy or pu- bescent when young : stem erect, much branched, 1-2 feet high from an annual root : leaves ovate or oblong, repand or sinuate-toothed or entire, 1-2 inches long or rarely longer, on long and slender petioles : pedicels only 1-3 lines long : calyx-lobes short, broadly triangular, shorter than the tube : corolla bright yellow with purple throat; 6-12 lines broad : fruiting calyx rounded-ovoid, obscurely 10-angled, often purple-veined, at last often filled with the berry which sometimes bursts it. Native of Mexico : escaped from cultivation in eastern Washington. P. prninosns L. Sp. 184. Villous or pubescent with simple viscid hairs : stem stout, from an annual root, 1-2 feet high, with at length wide- ly spreading branches, obtusely angled: leaves firm, 2-5 inches long, ovate- cordate, generally very oblique at the base and deeply sinuate-toothed with broad and often obtuse teeth : peduncles 1-2 lines long, in fruit about 6 lines long: calyx villous or viscid, the lobes as long as the tube, narrow- but not subulate-tipped: corolla 2-5 lines broad, dull yellow with purplish- brown eye : anthers yellow or violet : fruiting calyx 12-18 lines long, ovoid, cordate at base, reticulated ; berry yellow or green. Eastern Washington. Probably introduced from the Southern States. P. lauceolata Michx. Fl. i, 149. Sparingly hirsute with flat hairs : stems at first erect, later spreading or diffuse, only slightly angled, about 18 inches long from a slender creeping perennial rootstock : leaves broadly oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering into the petiole, acute or obtuse, nearly DATURA SOLANACEiE 499 NICOTIAN A alwaya entire, rarely wavy but never sinuately toothed, thickiah : pedun- cles 5-10 lines long, reflexed in fruit : calyx strigose-villous, rarely glabrous, its lobes triangular-lanceolate : corolla dull yellow with a brownish centre, about 8 lines broad : fruiting calyx rounded ovoid, not sunken at the base, indistinctly 10-angled : berry yellow or greenish. On dry piairies, Idaho and eastward to Illinois and the Carolinas. Tribe 2 Hyoscyamese Endl. Gen. 664. Corolla with the limb either plicate or imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5, all perfect. Fruit a 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled capsule. Seeds flattened. Embryo curved: the semiterete cotyledons not broader than the radicle, 3 DATURA L. Gen. n. 246. Herbs shrubs or trees with alternate leaves and large white purple or violet flowers solitary in the forks of the stem or branch- es. Calyx elongated-tubular or prismatic, its apex 5-cleft or spathe-like in our species circumscissile near the base. Corolla funnelform the limb plaited, 5-lobed. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube, included or but little exsert- ed: filaments filiform. Ovary 2-celled or falsely 4-celled: style fili- form : stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved from the top or bursting irregularly. D. STRAMONIUM L. Sp. 179. Glabrous or the young parts sparingly pubescent : stem stout, 1-5 feet high from an annual root, freely branching : leaves thin ovate in outline, acute or acuminate at the. apex, mostly nar- rowed at the base, 3-8 inches long, irregularly sinuate-lobed, the lobes acute, on petioles 1-4 inches long : calyx prismatic, less than half the length of the corolla, circumscissile near the base : corolla white 3-4 inches high, the limb l>^-2 inches broad : capsule erect, thickly armed with short stout prickles, the lowest ones mostly shortest. In fields and waste places, Brit. Columbia to California and across the Continent. Introduced from Asia. Tribe 3 Cestrinese Corolla with regular limb induplica.te-valvate or induplicate-imbricate in the bud. Stamens all perfect. Fruit either baccate or capsular: seeds little or not at all flattened. Embryo either straight or only slightly curved, the cotyledons usually broader than the radicle. 4 NICOTIANA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 248. Annual or perennial herbs with large alternate leaves and rath- er large white, yellow, greenish or purplish flowers in terminal, often bracted racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate or ovoid, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla funnelform or salverform, plicate and somewhat imbricate in the bud, filaments filiform, mostly included, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers ovate or oblong often explanate after dehiscence. Ovary normally 2- celled, with long and thick placentae bearing very numerous ovules and seeds. Style slender: stigma depressed-capitate and often 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, more or less invested by the calyx, septicidal and also usually loculicidal at summit, the valves or teeth thus becoming twice as many as cells. Seeds very small, with granulate or rugose-foveolate testa. Cotyledons little broader than the radicle. Ours all annuals with white or greenish flowers. 500 SOLANACE^ nicotiana SCROPH UL ARI AC E Ji: N. attenuata Torr. Watson Bot. King 276, t. 27 fig. 1-2, More or less viscid-pubescent: stem rather slender, 1-3 feet high, usually strict and simple up to the paniculate inflorescence: lower leaves ovate or oblong, 2-4 inches long; the upper from oblong-lanceolate and acuminate- attenuate to linear; all on slender petioles: inflorescence loosely paniculate, naked above: pedicels short: calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate or subulate, with thin edges, almost equal, much shorter than the tube, not over if^ lines long and not surpassing the capsule: corolla dull white or greenish, glab- rous, slender-salverform, the tube 13^-2 inches long, the obscurely 5-lobed or angulate limb 4-6 lines in diameter, opening only at night and usually closing before noon, or under sunshine, filaments slender, equally inserted low down on the tube of the corolla : capsule 2-5 lines long, ovate, acute, 2-valved, the valves bifid. Along streams, Brit. Columbia to California and Nevada, east of the Cascade Mountains. N. Bigelovil Watson Bot. King 276, t. 27 fig. 3-4. Soft-pubescent and more or less viscid : stem stoutish, erect, i-3 feet high : lower leaves broadly lanceolate, sessile or on short and broad petioles, 5-7 inches long, obtuse or acutish, the upper ones generally reduced upward, lanceolate and more or less attenuate to linear, sessile and with more or less clasping base: inflorescence loose-racemiform, with all the upper flowers bractless: pedicels short and rather stout : calyx- teeth unequal, linear- subulate, about equalling the tube, surpassing the capsule: tube of the corolla 1-2 inches long, narrow, with a gradually expanded throat; the limb 12-18 lines in diameter, 5-lobed, the lobes acute, expanding only at night or in cloudy weather : filaments more or less unequally inserted in the upper part of the tube of the corolla : capsule thin-walled, obtuse, 4-6 lines long, 2-celIed, and 4-valved at the apex. Dry grounds, Umpqua Valley Oregon to California and Nevada. N, qnadrivalvis Pursh Sims Bot. Mag. t. 1778. Viscid-pubescent: stem stout, 1-2 feet high, branching from near the base: leaves oblong or the lowermost ovate-lanceolate and the uppermost lanceolate or linear, acute at both ends, sessile or slender-petioled, 4-6 inches long including the petiole: flowers rather few, on short slender pedicels: calyx-teeth linear, about equalling the 4-celled or rarely 3-ceIled globular capsule: tube of the corolla barely an inch long, the 5'-lobed limb IK inches in di- ameter, its lobes ovate and obtusish, veiny: filaments unequally inserted in the upper part of the tube of the corolla. Along streams, Oregon and Washington. Was cultivated by the Indians, Var. multivalvis Gray Bot. Cal. i, 546. Stouter and with the calyx corolla and stamens 5-8merous and capsule several-celled, sometimes an inch in diameter. Oregon. Probably an abnormal form from cultivation by the Indians. Order LXVIII SCROPHULARIACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. 288. RHINANTHACEJi: Herbs shrubs or trees with alternate or opposite leaves with- out stipules and perfect mostly complete and irregular flowers. Calyx inferior, persistent 4-5-toothed or4-5-cleft. or sometimes split on one or both sides, the lobes or segments valvate-imbri- cate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous the limb 2- lipped or nearly regular, wanting in one species of 83^1 thy ris. Stamens 2. 4, or 5, didynamous or nearly equal, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes : anthers 2- celled, the cells equal or unequal or sometimes confluently one-celled* Pistil SCROPHULARIACEJE 501 one, entire or 2-lobed : ovary 2-celled or rarely 1-celled, with the few-many-ovuled placenta3 in the axis: ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Style simple, with entire, 2-lobed or 2-lam- ellate stigma. Fruit mostly capsular and septicidally or loculi- cidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous with small and straight or only slightly curved embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons little if at all broader than the radicle. I Inflorescence simply centripetal. Corolla hardly if at all bilabiate the two posterior lobes external in the bud. ' Tribe i Corolla rotate, with hardly any tube. Anthers con- fluently 1 celled, (^Introduced weeds). 1 Vkrbascdm Leaves alternate : Stamens 5, all with anthers II Leaves mostly opposite, at least the lower ones. Inflor- escence when simple centripetal, when compound the peduncles cymosely few-several-flowered. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud. Tribe ii Corolla bilabiate and more or less tubular: the base of the tube gibbous or saccate or spurred on the lower side. 2 Linaria Corolla with a spur at the base : 3 Antirrhinum Corolla merely saccate or gibbous at base. Tribe hi Corolla more or less bilabiate and tubular, not sac- cate or otherwise produced at base on the lower side. Antherif- erous stamens 4 and rudiment of the fifth commonl}^ present. * Corolla gibbous or saccate on the upper side of the tube : ovules and seeds few or solitary in the cells. 4 Collinsia Corolla declined, deeply bilabiate. 5 Tonella Corolla little declined, obscurely bilabiate. * * Corolla-tube not gibbous above : ovules and seeds indefinitely numerous. ■^ Sterile filament represented by a scale on the upper side of the throat of the corolla. • Scrophalaria Corolla short ; the tube ventricose and globular or oblong. ■*- ■*- Sterile filament conspicuous and elongated. 7 Chelone Corolla elongated-tubular : seeds surrounded by a broad membranous wing. 8 Pentstemon Corolla elongated-tubular : seeds angulate, not winged. * * * Corolla-tube not gibbous : ovules and seeds rather numerous : inflorescence simply spicate. 9 Chionophila Corolla tubular, with slightly dilated throat : seeds with a loose and arilliform outer coat Tribe iv Corolla from bilabiate to almost regular, not saccate or otherwise produced at base. Antheriferous stamens 2 or 4 : no rudiment of the fifth. ' 502 SCROPHULARIACE^ * Calyx prismatic and barely 5-toothed, or rarely campanulate and hardly 5-cleft: corolla more or less bilabiate: stamens four. 10 Dlplacus Shrubby perennials : capsule firm-coriaceous, narrow and closely invested by the calyx, tardily dehiscent down the upper suture. 11 Ennanns Low annuals : capsule from almost bony and indehiscent to membranaceous . 12 Mimnlus Annual or perennial herbs, capsule membranceous tardily separating from the central placentiferous column. * * Calyx 5-parted or deeply 4-5-lobed : antheriferous stamens only 2, the posterior pair, the anterior pair sterile rudiments or wanting. 18 Gratiola Sterile filaments none, or short and entire, 14 Ilysanthes Sterile filaments present, slender and forked. * * * Calyx and corolla both 5 lobed and nearly regular : antherif- erous stamens 4, nearly equal. 16 Limosella Small plants with the flowers on scapes. Ill Leaves various. Lower lip or lateral lobes of the co- rolla external in the bud. Tribe v Corolla usually little if at all bilabiate, the lobes all plain, the lateral or one of them external in the bud. * Stamens 2, distinct, exserted ; filaments straight, inserted at or below the sinuses between the two lateral and the posterior lobe.of the corolla. 10 Synthyris Corolla from oblong to short-campanulate. 17 Veronica Corolla from rotate with very short tube to salverform, * * Stamens 4, distinct, not exserted, inserted on the upper side of the tube of the corolla 18 Digitalis Corolla tubular-funnelform, somewhat irregular. Tribe vi Corolla manifestly bilabiate, the upper lip erect and concave or galeate, entire or emarginate, rarely 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft, exterior in the bud. * Ovules and usually the seeds numerous. ■*- Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar, the outer one^'affixed by its middle, the other pendulous from Its upper end, mostly smaller, some- times sterile. 19 Castilleia Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the very short and 3-toothed lower one. 20 Orthocarpus Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer and usually narrower than the inflated l-S-saccate lower one. 2 1 Adenostegia Upper lip of the corolla not longer nor much if any narrower than the 3-crenulate or entire lower one. -*- -•- Anther-cells equal, parallel and alike in all 4 stamens. 22 Pedlcnlaris Calyx split anteriorly, not inflated in fruit. 23 Rhinanthus Calyx 4-toothed, inflated in fruit. * * Ovules only two in each cell, one sessile and ascending, the other laterally attached. VEBBASCtJM SCROPHULARIACE^ 503 24 Melainpyrnm Annual branching herbs with opposite leaves. Series i Pseud«)30Lane^ B. &, H. Gen. ii, 915. Leaves all alternate. Inflorescence centripetal. Corolla hardly if at all bi- labiate ; the two posterior lobes external in the bud. All five stamens sometimes present and perfect. Tribe 1 Verbascei^ Benth. in DC. Prodr. a;, 188. Corolla rotate with hardly any tube. Anthers by confluence one-celled. 1 VERBASCUM L. Sp. 177. 1753. Biennial, or rarely perennial, mostly tall and erect herbs with alternate leaves and rather large flowers in terminal spikes, ra- cemes or panicles. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla ro- tate, 5-lobed, the lobes a little unequal, the upper exterior at least in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, une- qual, all antheriferous : cells of the anthers confluent into one. Ovules numerous. Style dilated and flattened at the summit. Capsule globose to o^^^long, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded, the valves usually 2-cleft at the apex Seeds not winged. V. Thapsus L. Pp. 177. (Great Mullien). Densely wooUv through- out with branched hairs: stem stout, erect, simple or with a few erect branches, 2-10 feet high: leaves thick, oblong acute, narrowed at the base, dentate or denticulate, 4-12 inches long, the radical ones on margined pet- ioles, the cauline sessile with decurrent base causing the stf-m to appear wing angled : flowers yellow, 8-12 lines broad, sessile, very numerous in dense terminal spikes: stamens unequal, the 3 upper shorter with white- hairy filaments and short anthers, the 2 lower glabrous or nearly so, with larger. anthers : capsule 3 4 lines high slightly longer than the calyx, many- seeded. Roadsides and waste places, througiiout Nort^ America. Intro- duced from Europe. V. Blattaria L. Sp. 178 (Moth Mullien). Glabrous or sparingly glandular-pubescent: stem strictly erect, simple, slender, terete, 2-tj feet high: leaves oblong or ovate to lanceolate, dentate, laciniate or pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, the lower and radical ones sessile or somewhat petiol- ed4-12 inches long, seldom present at flowering time, the upper ones >^-2 inches long sessile by a truncate or cordate-clasping base: flowers in long loose racemes : pedicels spreading 8-12 lines long, bracted at the base : corol- la yellow or white with brownish marks on the back, 10-12 lines broad: filaments all pilose with violet hairs : capsule depressed globose 3 lines in diameter, longer than the calyx. In fields and waste places throughout the United States and Canada. Naturalized from Europe. II Antirrhinide^ Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 188. Leaves mostly opposite, at least the lower ones. Inflorescence when sim- ple centripetal, when compounnd the peduncle cymosely few to several-flowered. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud, with a few and irregular exceptions. Fertile stamens very seldom more than four. Tribe 2 Antirrhineae Bhav. Monog. Antirrh. 1833. Inflores- cence simple and racemous, or thp. flowers solitary and axillary. Co- rolla bilabiate and more or less tubular: the bnse af the t%be gibbous or saccate or spurred on the lower side, and the lower lip often with 504 SCROPHULARIACE^ linaria ANTIRRHINUM a 'palate at the throat. Capsule opening by irregular perforations or lacerate chinks not by normal valves. 2 LINARIA Tourn. Jusa. Gen. 120 (Toad- flax.) Herbs, or some exotic species shrubby, with alternate, or the lower and those of sterile shoots opposite, leaves and yellow white blue or purple flowers in terminal raceme? or spikes. Caylx 5- parted, the segments imbricated in the bud. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, outside of the lower one in the bud, the tube spurred at the base, or the spur rarely wanting ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate often nearly closing the throat. Stamens 4 didynamous, not exserted. Cap- sule ovoid or globose, opening by one or more mostly 3-toothed pores or slits below the summit. Seeds numerous. Ours are perennials by short rootstocks. L. VULGARIS Mill, Gard. Diet. ed. 8, No. 1. Pale green and slightly glaucous: stems slender erect, very leafy, 1-3 feet high from short perenni- al rootstock, glabrous or Hparingly glandular-pubescent above: leaves linear, sessile, entire, acute at both ends, mostly alternate 6-18 lines long; flowers densely racemose, light yellow, 12-16 lines long, the spur of the erect corolla somewhat darker ; the palet orange-colored : pedicels 2-4 lines long nearly erect: calyx-segments oblong, acutish, about Ij^ lines long : spur subulate, nearly as long as the body of the corolla; middle lobe of the lower lip shorter than the other 2: capsule ovoid : eeeds rugose, winged. In waste places. Introduced from Europe. L. Canadensis Dumont Bot. Cult. ii. 96. Glabrous : flowering stems erect or ascending very slender simple or branched 4-30 inches high ; the sterile shoots spreading or procumbent, very leafy : leaves linear-oblong, 4- 15 lines long, 3^2~1 li^© wide, entire, sessile; those of the sterile shoots often opposite : flowers blue, 3-4 lines long, in long slender racemes : pedicels 3-4 lines long, erect, in fruit appressed to the rachis, minutely bracted at the base ; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about as long as the capEule: spur of the corolla filiform, curved, as long as the tube or longer : palate a white convex 2-ridged projection : capsule opening by 2 apical holes, each becoming 3-toothed : seeds angled, wingless. On rocky banks, Oregon to California and across the continent. 3 ANTIRRHINUM Tourn. L. Sp. 612. Annual or perennial herbs with all or all but the lower leaves alternate, and rather large flowers in terminal racemes or solitary in the axils of the upper leaves or bracts.. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated in the bud. Corolla irregular, gibbous or saccate, but not spurred at the base, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate nearly or quite closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynam- ous, included ; filaments filiform, or dilated at the summit. Style filiform. Capsule ovoid or globose, opening by chinks or pores below the summit. Seeds numerous, not winged. A, leptalenm Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 373. Viscid-villous : stem erect 1-2 feet high from an annual root simple or branched : leaves linear- lanceolate to linear, 6-18 lines long, entire, the lower ones on slender petioles, the uppermost ones smaller and sessile : flowers on short pedicels ANTiBRHiNUM SOROPHULARIACEiE 505 COLLINSIA in the axils of all but the lowest : calyx -lobes subulate, 1-2 lines long : cor- olla 4-6 lines long, dull purplish, the lips nearly as long as the tube, the prominent palate nearly closing the throat : filaments dilated at their apex : style rather shorter than the capsule, thickened below, bent forward, indu- rated and persistent: capsule about equalling the calyx, somewhat oblique, the cells opening by 1 or 2 holes: seeds rugose-pitted. On bare hillsides, Cow Creek Mountains Oregon to the Sierra Nevadas in California. A. Eingii Watson Bot. King 215 t. 21. Nearly glabrous throughout or puberulent or even woolly at base: stem slender, 6-18 inches high, from an annual root, simple or branched, often bearing prehensile branchlets above : leaves from oblong to lanceolate or linear, attenuate to a short peti- ole, 6-12 lines long, alternate or the lower ones often opposite: pedicels 1-3 lines long: calyx-segments unequal, the posterior one oblong, obtuse, nearly equalling the corolla, the rest oblong, acute, a half shorter: corolla dull white, 3-4 lines long the upper lip 2- lobed : capsule globose, 1-2 lines in diameter, somewhat oblique, terminated by the short straight and very slender style : seeds deeply reticulated. Eastern Oregon to Nevada and Utah. Trihe 3 Chelonex Benth, in DC. Prodr. x. 188. Herbs with at least the lower leaves opposite and normally compound inflorescence. Corolla more or less bilabiate and tubular, not saccate or otherwise produced xit base anteriorly. Antheriferous stamens 4y (ind rudi- ment of the fifth commonly present. Capsule dehiscent by valves. 4 COLLINSIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil, i, 190 t. 9. 1817. Low annual herbs with opposite or verticillate, leaves and blue pink or variegated flowers verticillate or solitary on ebracteate simple pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx campan- ulate, 5-cleft. Corolla irregular, gibbous or saccate on the upper side: the tube short and the limb deeply bilabiate: the upper lip 2-cleft, the lobes erect or recurved ; lower lip larger, 3-lobed the lateral lobes spreading or drooping, the middle one condu plicate into a keel-like sack and enclosing the 4, declined stamens and filiform style. Filaments filiform, the lower pair inserted higher on the corolla than the others, the fifth represented by a gland at the base ofthe corolla on the upper side. Anthers round- re niform the 2 cells confluent into one at the apex. Ovules few in the cells. Capsule ovate or globose, at first septicidal ; the valves soon cleft in the middle. Seeds amphitropous and peltate, concave ventrally. * Peduncles deflexed in fruit : seeds terete or nearly so, not margined. C. grandiflora Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1107. Glabrate or minu- tely pubescent : stem rather weak, 6-12 inches long sparingly branched from the base : lower leaves orbicular to obovate or oblong, on slender petioles, the blade 4-6 lines long, often coarsely toothed ; upper ones spatulate or oblong to lanceolate or linear, 10-18 lines long, sessile or short-petioled, sparingly and obscurely dentate, usually 3 or 4 in a whorl: peduncles slen- der, in fruit an inch or more long and refiexed, usually only 2 or 4, ofteh only one and opposite a branch : calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, about two lines long, longer than the campanulate tube, very acute: corolla about 6 lines long, strongly declined, the throat a little longer than the lobes, sac- cate, nearly white, as broad as long ; upper lip light blue, middle lobe of 506 SCROPHULAKIACEtE colunsia the lower lip purple, the others dark blue : gland very small, slightly stip- itate : seeds not wing-marg ned. On gravelly banks and open places along the Columbia and Willamette rivers in Oregon and Washington. C. parviflora Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1802. Glabrous or minutely puberulent: stem slender and weak 2-20 inches long, branching from near the base; the branches weak and straggling: leaves oblong to lanceolate, 6-12 lines long the lower ones opposite and rather long petioled ; the upper ones in whorls of 3-5 and sessile or nearly so, all entire or sparsely toothed : peduncles solitary, or above 3-5 in the whorls, 6-18 lines long reflexed in fruit: calyx-lobes triangular-subulate, very acute, a line or more long: co- rolla blue and white, 3-4 lines long, the throat about as long as the lips, not very strongly saccate : gland small, capitate, short-stipitate : capsule globose, a little shorter than the calyx : seeds thickish, not margined. Common in moist places, Brit. Columbia to California, Arizona and Michigan. C. Torreyi Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 378. Viscid-glandular: stem slender, 2-4 inches high, divergently branched: leaves thickish, the lower ones orbicular to oblong, the blade 4-6 lines long, on petioles as long as the blade : upper ones oblong to linear, 8-12 lines long, short-petioled ; the uppermost ones reduced to subulate bracts: flowers numerous, on slender peduncles 6-8 lines long: calyx about 2 lines long, cleft to the middle, the lobes broadlv subulate and acute: corolla blue and white; the lips as long as the tube and strongly saccate throat: peduncles reflexed in fruit: cap- sule ovoid, about equalling the calyx: seeds oblong, nearly terete. In open places in the higher parts of the Siskiyou and Sierra Nevada Mountains. * * Peduncles erect in fruit: seeds meniscoidal, acute-margined. C. mnltiflora. Scurfy-puberulent : stem erect, with rather numerous ascending or spreading branches, 6-12 inches high : lower leaves obovate to spatulate, petioled; those of the middle of the stem and branches linear- oblong, sessile, 12-18 lines long; the uppermost ones reduced to small linear- lanceolate or almost filiform bracts : flowers only in the upper axils, very numerous, in dense whorls: peduncles filiform, 4-10 lines long, erect in frnit: calyx-lobes triangular subulate, very acute, about 2 lines long, nearly thrice as long as the campanulate tube: corolla about 6 lines long, the throat saccate at base, light blue; the lips blue and white, In damp places, Willamette Valley, Oregon. C. pnsilla. C. grandiflora var. pusilla Gray. Stem 2-6 inches high, sparingly branched below : lower leaves orbicular to obovate or spatnlate, petioled, entire or coarsely toothed ; upper ones oblong, 6-12 lines long, sessile : flowers numerous, in t^>e upper axils only; peduncles 4-6 lines long : calyx-lobes acuminate-triangular, longer than the tube : corolla 3-4 lines long, blue and violet, the throat saccate and as broad as long. In open places, Brit. Columbia to California, west of the Cascade Mountains. C. sparsiflora F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petrop. ii, 33, 1835. Glabrous throughout : stem slender, simple or sparingly branched from the base, 4-10 inches high : lower leaves orbicular to oblong, petioled ; upper ones oblong to lanceolate, sessile, 4-8 lines long, all opposite and more or less toothed or entire: peduncles usually solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves, 6-12 lines long, erect in fruit: calyx-lobes linear, acute, slightly unequal, longer than the capsule: corolla 4-6 lines loi'g, violet, the saccate throat very oblique but not transverse; lower lip but little if any longer than the up- per: filaments hirsute below: gland sessile, elongated-subulate: seeds acute-margined or narrowly winged. In moist or wet rocky places, Ore- gon to California* C. glandnlosa. Glandular-puberulent above ; somewhat cinereous be- low: stem stoutish, erect, j-paringly branched above, 6-10 inches high: lowest pair of leaves spatulate, 6-8 lines long, short petioled; upper onee coLLiNsiA SCROPHULARIAOE^ 507 TONELLA linear or narrower, 1-2 inches long, coarsely toothed or subpinnatifid to entire, only the uppermost in whorls of 3-4 : peduncles 6-8 lines long, erect, usually solitary: calyx about 3 lines long, cleft to the middle; the lobes triangular, obtusish: corolla 4-5 lines long, violet; the lips about 2 lines long: capsule ovoid, hardly as long as the calyx: seeds narrowly winged. In wet places about Cold Camp, eastern Oregon. C. Rattani Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 50. Somewhat cinereous with a very minute pubescence below, glandular above : stem slender, strictly erect, 6-18 inches high, sparingly branched above : lower leaves spatulate, the blade 4-6 lines long, slender" petioled ; upper ones linear to almost fili- form , sessile by a broad base, entire, opposite or in whorls of 3-6, 1-2 inches long : pedicels about 6 lines long, erect, solitary or 3-6 in the upper whorls ; calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate rather obtuse, about as long as the tube : corolla 3-4 lines long, violet and white, but little declined ; the lips only a line or two long, the upper one with a double callosity: gland subulate; ovules only 2 in each cell : capsule globular, equalling the calyx ; seeds meniscoidal, slightly wing-margined. On dry open hillsides, Washington to California. C. linearis Gray 1. c. Minutely puberulent : stem slender, 6-12 inches high,paniculately branched above: leaves all linear, 1-3 inches long, those of the inflorescence reduced to filiform bracts; all entire or the lowest ones obscurely dentate : pedicels slender, erect, 4-6 lines long : calyx less than 3 lines long, cleft to below the middle, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute : corolla much declined, gibbous- saccate, 6-8 lines long, the light blue and white lips longer than the tube and throat ; upper lip with a 2-lobed callus : gland filiform-subulate : ovules 3 in each cell : seeds very slightly margined. In dry open places, southern Oregon to California. 5 TONELLA Nutt. Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 378. Small annual herbs with opposite leaves and small flowers on filiform axillary naked peduncles. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla little declined, obscurely bilabiate, the 5 more or less unequal lobes somewhat rotately spreading, the lower not enclosing the soon ascending stamens : the tube slightly gibbous posteriorly. Filaments filiform the lower pair inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. Capsule sub- globose, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds ovate, convex on the back; the ventral face concave. T. collinsioides Nutt. Mss. T. tenella Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 293. Nearly glabrous : stem weak and filiform, diffusely branched from the base, 6-12 inches long : lower leaves round or reniform in outline more^or less deeply 3-5-lobed or trifoliolate, on slender petioles longer than the blade, the others short-petioled or sessile, ovate to lanceolate, coarsely toothed to entire, many of them 3-parted or else quite divided into oblong or lan- ceolate divisions or leaflets; the uppermost in whorls of three, simple'and shorter than the long filiform pedicles : corolla blue, a line long, its 5 lobes of equal length, the lower one transversly oval or roundish very much larger than the oblong lateral and upper ones and separated from them^by deeper sinuses : ovules solitary in the cells : capsule globose, longer than the calyx. Common in shady places, Krit. Columbia to California. T. floribunda Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 378. Glabrous through- out : stem stout erect, 3-20 inches high, paniculately branched : lower leaves ovate mostly simple, on slender petioles ; most of the cauline 3-5-foliolate, the leaflets lanceolate to linear, 1-2 inches long: whorls numerous, in loose elongated racemes each of 3-10 flowers : calyx 2 lines long its subulate 508 SCROPHULARIACE^ scrophularia CHELONE lobes longer than the tube, acute, minutely serrulate : corolla rotate, 3-4 lines broad, much exceeding the calyx, blue and white, the three lobes of the lower lip obovate and nearly alike, smaller than those of the 2- cleft upper lip: ovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. In copses, eastern Wash- ington to Idaho and Oregon. 6 SCROPHULARIA Tourn. L. Sp. 619. Coarse perennial herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with most- ly opposite leaves and small purple, greenish or yellow flowers in terminal panicled cj'mes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the lobes mostly obtuse, imbricated in the bud. Corolla irregular, the tube globose to oblong, not gibbous nor spurred at the base ; the limb 5-lobed, four of them erect, the fifth or anterior one shortest and reflexed or spreading: the upper pair largest and external in the bud. Anthers 5, four of them antheriferous and declined, mostly included: cells of the anthers confluent at the apex into one :Ithe fifth stamen reduced to a scale on the upper side of the corolla-tube. Style filiform, with capitate or truncate stigma. Capsule ovoid septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, rugose, not winged. S. Californica Cham. Linn, ii, 585. Minutely puberulent and the inflorescence glandular : stems stout, 2-4 feet high simple : leaves oblong- ovate with truncate or cordate base and acute or acuminate apex, or the upper narrowly deltoid, coarsely doubly serrate, or sometimes laciniate- incised, 2-4 inches long, the lower ones smaller and sometimes with a pair of detached lobelets near the summit of the petiole : thyrsus very loose and often few-flowered, mainly naked : pedicels slender, 8-20 lines long : calyx cleft nearly to the base, the ovate lobes 1-2 lines long, corolla greenish- purple, its ovoid tube 3-4 lines long, the limb short : rudiment of the fifth stamen spatulate or cuneiform either roundish or acutish at base : capsule ovoid 3-4 lines in diameter. Moist grounds. Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon to California and Nevada S. occidentalis Bicknell Bull. Torr. Bot Club xxiii, 315. S. nodosa var. occidentalis Rydh. More or less soft-pubescent and glandular : stems stout, 3-5 feet high: leaves ovate or slightly cordate at base, acute or acu- minate, 2-8 inches long, doubly and sharply serrate or incised, often with fascicles of smaller leaves in their axils: thyrsus with short branches: flowers numerous : calyx-segments rounded-elliptical, obtuse, slightly mar- gined: sterile filament very broad, reniform, stipitate. In alluvial soil, Oregon and Washington to Dakota. S. Marylandica L. Sp. 619 ?. Glabrous below, somewhat glandular- puberulent above: stems slender, erect, 3-10 feet high, usually with widely spreading branches: leaves membranaceous, slender-petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, narrowed trun- cate or subcordate at base, 3-12 inches long: flowers greenish-purple, 3-4 lines long, very numerous in the nearly leafless thyrsus : pedicels slender, ascending, 4-12 lines long: calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about the length of the tube : corolla green and dull outside, brownish-purple and shining within, little contracted at the throat, the 2 lateral lobes slightly spreading; the upper lip erect, its lobes short and rounded : sterile filament dull purple : capsule subglobose with a slender tip. In woods and thickets, Oregon and Washington to the Eastern States. 7 CHELONE L. Sp. 611. (1753.) Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and large white red or CHELONE SCROPHTJLARIACE^ 60d PENTSTEMON purple flowers in dense terminal and axillary spikes or thyrsoid panicles. Calyx 5-parted, bracted at the base, the segments ovate or lanceolate.. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, enlarged above, the limb bilabiate : upper lip concave, emargin ate or entire, exterior in the bud : lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 5, included, 4 of them antheriferous, didynamous, the fifth sterile and smaller: filaments slender: anthers cordate, woolly. Style filiform: stigma small, capitate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally de- hiscent. Seeds numerous, compressed, winged. C. neniorosa Dougl. Lindl Bot. Reg. t. 1211. Glabrous except the inflorescence which is glandular-pubescent: stems 1-4 feet high, usually simple : leaves ovate to lanceolate, 2-4 inches long, irregularly serrate, acute or acuminate, often subcordate, on very short petioles : flowers pedi- celled, in a loose terminal panicle: bracts and sepals pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate, the latter 3-4 lines long : no bractlets under the calyx : corolla violet-purple, 12-16 lines long, with wide open mouth, very short 2-cleft and not at all fornicate upper lip and 3-lobed spreading lower one, the lobes broad and rounded, the ample throat glabrous: antheriferous fila- ments glabrous, the sterile one slender-subulate and bearded on the upper side near the apex : anthers densely woolly : capsule ovoid, half inch long or more. On rocky banks along mountain streams, Brit. Columbia to California. 8 PENTSTEMON Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. iii, 511. (1789.) Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and purple, blue white, red or yellow flowers in terminal thyrses panicles or racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, with ample throat, not gibbous anteriorly, and bilabiate limb: the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower one 3-lobed. Stamens 5, not exsert- ed, 4 of them antheriferous and didynamous, the other sterile and as long as or shorter than the others. Anther-cells either united or confluent at the apex. Style filiform, with small entire stigma. Seeds numerous, angled but not winged. § 1 EuPENTSTEMON Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 57. Anther- cells soon divaricate or divergent, united and often confluent at the apex, dehiscent for nearly or quite their whole length. * Low and suffruticose with coriaceous leaves : anthers densely woolly with long soft hairs, at length peltately explanate. P. LewMi Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 321. (1846.) P. Menziesii Gray in part, Oerardia fruticosa Pursh. Fl. 423 (1814.) Glabrous or more or less cinereous : a tufted shrub 1-2 feet high with lateral leafy branches, the central ones bearing peduncled racemes : leaves thick, ovate or obovate to oblong, 6-12 lines long, serrate, the lower short-petioled : inflorescence ra- cemes; the peduncles almost all 1-flowered : sepals lanceolate, of ten -acu- minate: corolla lilac-purple, an inch or more long, tubular- funnelform and moderately bilabiate : stamens rather deeply included : sterile fllament long and glabrous. Arid mountain tops, eastern Washington to Brit. Columbia and Montana. P. Menziesii Hook. Fl. ii, 98. Glabrous or more or less pubescent: a low densely matted prostrate shrub with lateral leafy branches, part of which bear erect flowering shoots 2-6 inches high : leaves thick, 3-10 lines 510 SCROPHULARIACE^ pentstemon long, obovate, more or less dentate, most of them petioled : flowering stems 1-6 inches long, bearing several pairs of orbicular or oblong leaf-like bracts : pedicels slender: sepals lanceolate, acute, about 4 lines long : corolla purple, tubular-funnelform, an inch or more long, moderately bilalnate; the lower lip bearded within : stamens included : sterile filament densely bearded. On rocks and volcanic sands, Brit, Columbia to California. P. Davidsonii Greene Pitt, ii, 241 A low semiherbaceous under- shrub, the proper stems horizontal and rooting at the joints, usually intri- cately branched : flowerinng, and ascending sterile stems 1-3 inches long, very leafy : leaves fleshy, from oblong or obovate to orbicular, entire, 3-6 lines long, short-petioled, glabrous both sides; peduncles leafy -bracted, glandular-hairy, 1-4-flowered : sepals ovate to lanceolate, often acuminate, 3-4 lines long : corolla an inch long, lilac-purple, ventricose from the tips of the sepals, the lobes rather short and not very unequal; the lower lip woolly within : sterile filament less than half as long as the others, strongly bearded at and near the apex. On the highest peaks of the Cascade and and Sierra Nevada Mountains. V, LyalUi Gray Syn. Fl. Supp. 440. Puberulent or nearly glabrous up to the racemiform inflorescence : flowering stems 2 feet high, herbace- ous (the base unknown) : leaves elongated-linear or linear-lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, sparingly serrulate : sepals linear-lanceolate and attenuate-ac uminate : corolla purple, inch and a half long : sterile filament glabrous. On cliffs of Lake Pend d'Oreille Idaho to Montana and Brit. Columbia. P. mpicola. P. Newberryi var. rupicola Piper Bull. Torr. Club xxvii, S97. A much branched densely cespitose decumbent shrub, 3-4 inches high : pilose-puberulent below, the inflorescence glandular-viscid : leaves ovate or orbicular, more or less dentate, glaucous with a persistent bloom, thick, not turning black in drying, 3-5 lines long : flowers 3-6, in a rather close corymb: sepals ovate, acute, ciliate-glandular, about 3 lines long : corolla about inch and a half long, bright rose-crimson, naked in the throat, decidedly ventricose, somewhat bilabiate, the lobes oblong, obtuse : sterile filament short and glabrous. Dry cliffs. Mount Rainier Washington. P. Bouglasii Hook. Fl. ii, 98. Stems woody and much branched at base, 4-8 inches long, leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 6-18 lines long, entire: inflorescence glandular- pubescent, racemose, the pedicels al- most all 1-flowered, usually 1-2-bracteolate : sepals ovate-lanceolate, atten- uate-acuminate: corolla lilac-purple with pink base, an inch or more long, tubular-funnelform and moderately bilabiate : sterile filament short and slender. On rocks, interior of Oregon and Washington. P. Scouleri Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1377, Stems woody and much ^branched at base, 6-12 inches long : leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute, 1-3 inches long, sparingly and acutely serrulate: inflorescence viscid-pubescent, racemose, the pedicels almost always all 1-flowered : sepals ovate-lanceolate or narrower, attenuate-acuminate, corolla one and a naif inches long, violet-purple, tubular-funnelform and moderately bilabiate: sterile filament short and slender. On rocks and mountain tops, interior of Oregon and Washington. P. Cardwellii. Glabrous throughout or the inflorescence minutely fmberulent : stems woody at base, declined or ascending, 6-10 inches long : eaves thick, not shining, lanceolate to ovate, 6-12 lines long, incisely ser- rate, all narrowed at base : peduncles mostly 1-flowered and 2-bracteolate : sepals narrow- lanceolate, 4-5 lines long, longer than the tube of the corolla, obtuse : corolla purple, 1-1)4 inches long, tubular-funnelform, with short tube, ample throat and moderately bilabiate limb; the throat woolly with- in on the lower side ; upper lip of 2 rounded lobes, the lower of 3 oblong PENTSTEMON SOROPHULARIACEiE 511 ones, the middle one longest: sterile filament short and slender, sparingly bearded. On dry gravelly plains in the Cascade Mountains near the base of Mount Hood Oregon. P. Adamsianas. Glabrous except the inflorescence : stems shrubby and much branched at base, 4-10 inches high, the numerous short branch- es densely leafy : leaves thick, dark green, very smooth and ghining, oblong or lanceolate to obovate, 6-18 lines long, entire or sparsely and sharply serrate above the middle, attenuate below to a short and broad petiole, or those of the flowering stems sessile : inflorescence racemose, glandular with small stipitate glands : peduncles mostly 1-flowered, 2-6 lines long : sepali broadly ovate, acuminate, about 2 lines long : corolla less than an inch long, dark purple, tubular-funnelform, with broad tube longer than the calyx, ample throat nearly as broad as long, and strongly bilabiate limb, the lower lip woolly at base: sterile filament shorter than the others, bearded ou the upper side nearly its whole length. On dry ridges of Mount Adams Washington. P. BarrettsB Gray Syn. Fl. Supp. 440. Glabrous throughout and very glaucous : stems stout and shrubby, about a foot high densely branch- ed below : leaves ovate to oblong or lanceolate, 1-3 inches long very thick and leathery flowering branches or peduncles short, leafy up to the inflor- escence : peduncles short.often 2- flowered: sepals oblong,more or less abrup- tly acuminate, 2 lines long, scarious-coriaceous : corolla lilac- purple, 1}4 inc- hes long, tubular-funnelform, with broad tube longer than the calyx, com- paratively narrow throat and sttongly bilabiate limb, woolly on the lower side within : sterile filament as long as the others, not bearded. On a bare rocky ridge above Hood River Oregon. * * Herbs with simple stems and closely sessile mostly very glab- rous entire cauline leaves : inflorescence never glandular- pubescent or viscid : flowers showy : corolla blue or violet, ventricose-ampliate above : the lobes of the moderately or slightly bilabiate roundish and equally spreading: anthers with the diverging or divaricate and distinct cells dehiscent from the base nearly or quite to but not confluently through the apex, not peltately explanate after dehiscence, either glabrous, pilose or long-pilose. P. glaber Pursh Fl. 728. Glabrous and glaucous or glaucescent: stem stout, 1-2 feet high: leaves obovate tospatulate, narrowed below into petioles, including the petiole 2-4 inches long; upper ones lanceolate to oblong or linear : thyrsus narrow, more or less secund, densely many-flow- ered; peduncles and pedicels short, commonly very short: sepals from orbicular-ovate and merely acute to ovate-lanceolate or strongly acuminate from a broad base, commonly with erose edges ; corolla 1-1)^ inches long, bright blue to violet-purple, rather abruptly expanded above the calyx : anthers from glabrous to sparsely hirsute, ' the cells'dehiscent to or very near the apex : sterile filament shorter than the others and more or leas bearded. On dry ridges, eastern Washington to California, S. Dakota and Arizona. * * * Herbs, sometimes suffrutescent at base, with simple stems and mostly sessile cauline leaves: anthers glabrous, dehiscent from base to apex and through the junction of the 2 cells, open after dehis- cence commonly completely 1-celled. P. Dayanus. Glabrous below, pubescent above : stems rather slender, 6-18 inches high : lower leaves obovate to lanceolate or linear, laciniately toothed or entire, narrowed below to slender petioles as long or longer than the blades, including the petioles 2-4 inches long; cauline linear-lanceolate to linear, gradually reduced upward to email bracts, all but the lowermost sessile and more or less clasping by a broad base, lanceolate oi broader, 512 SCROPHULARIACE^ pentstemov mostly entire: thyrsus interrupted, leafy below, the clusters several-flower- ed: peduncles and peHicels short: sepals lanceolate, gradually acuminate, very acute, about 3 lines long, conspicuously ciliale: corolla blue or purple, 8-10 lines long, funnelform, with a broad tube longer than the calyx, and abruptly enlarged throat, the lower lip bearded at base : sterile filament as long as' the others, bearded with yellowish hairs. Hillsides and plains. Muddy Station. John Day Valley Oregon. P. acuminatns Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1285. Glabrous and more or less glaucous: stems stout, 6- 20 inches high: leaves coriaceous, some- what cartilaginous-margined, entire; radical and lowest cauline obovate or oblong, petioled ; middle cauline lanceolate, 2-3 inches long; those sub- tending the flowers long-acuminate from a broadly ovate cordate-clasping base: thyrsus strict, leafy below, the clusters several-flowered: peduncles and pedicels mostly very short: sepals ovate and acute to lanceolate and acuminate, 3-5 lines long : corolla lilac or violet, 8-10 lines long, funnelform, the throat very gradually enlarged from the broad tube : sterile filament usually bearded at the enlarged apex : capsule firm-coriaceous, acute, lon- ger than the calyx. Sandy plains, Brit. Columbia to eastern Oregon, Ne- vada, Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. P. miser Gray Syn. Fl. Supp. 441. Pruinose-pubescent and the in- florescence glandular-viscid but not villous : stems 10-18 inches high : radi- cal leaves spatulate or obovate ; cauline lanceolate, an inch or less long : sepals lanceolate, merely acute: corolla violet or bluish, only half inch long, rather tubular than funnelform, the throat little dilated: spreading lobes short ; base of the lower lip moderately villous ; sterile filament with dilated and curved tip hardly projecting from the throat densely yellow-bearded down one side. Along the Malheur river eastern Oregon. P. pruinosns Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1280. Pruinose pubescent: stems about a foot high : leaves from ovate to oblong, glaucescent, an inch or two long; the radical and lowest cauline and also uppermost cauline commonly entire ; the others acutely and rigidly dentate or denticulate : thyrsus virgate, interrupted : peduncles and pedicels short, these and the lanceolate attenuate-acuminate sepals viscidly villous : lower lip of the deep blue corolla slightly hairy within. Interior of Oregon and Washing- ton. Little known. P. OYatus Dougl, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2903, puberulent or pubescent i stems stout, 2-4 feet high : leaves ovate, the radical and lowest cauline slender-petioled, the others sessile, all with more or less cordate base and coarsely toothed, the blade 2-4 inclies long, bright green: thyrsus panicu- late, the lower peduncles often longer than the clusters : pedicels short, glandular: sepals ovate to Ijinceolate, acute or acuminate, about 2 lines long, more or less glandular: corolla bright blue, 8-10 lines long, tubular- funnelform, minutely hairy outside, moderately bilabiate, the lower lip bearded at the base : sterile filament as long as the others and bearded at the apex: capsule ovoid, acuminate, longer than the calyx. On the banks of the Willamette river near Portland Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Idaho. P. Whitedii Piper Bot. Gaz. xxi 490. puberulent below and glandu- lar pubescent above : stems several from a lignescent base 8-12inche8 high : radical leaves glabrous or sparingly puberulent, narrowly spatu late-lanceo- late, acute, saliently dentate with large obtuse teeth, or rarely entire or nearly so, 2-4 inches long: cauline about 4 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly dentate, clasping at base : thyrsus virgate, interrupted : pfeduncles and pedicels short : sepals broadly lanceolate, acute, 3-4 lines long: corolla bright blue, bilabiate 7-10 lines long, glandular-pubescent out- side, the lobes puberulent within, throat sparsely bearded : sterile filament bearded on one side nearly its whole length with yellow hairs. On rocky •oil, near Wenatche, eastern Washington. FENT8TEMON SCROPHULARIACEiE 513 P. attennatns Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1295. Stems strict, 1-2 feet high; the summit and inflorescence pubescent and viscid: lower leaves narrowly oblong or ovate to lanceolate, the blade 6-18 lines long, on peti- oles as long or longer; the upper linear to ovate-lanceolate, sessile: thyrsus spiciform, interrupted, the peduncles and pedicels short: sepals ovate or oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2-3 lines long, narrowly scarious- margined: corolla narrowly funnelform, 8-11 lines long, blue, ochroleucous or yellow: sterile filament bearded at the ape^. Interior of Oregon to Idaho. ¥. confertns Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1260. Glabrous throughout or the inflorescence sometimes pubescent or puberulent: stems slender, 6-20 inches high : lower leaves narrow-lanceolate, attenuate below to nar- row petioles, including the petiole 1-2 inches long, mostly entire; the middle cauline largest, lanceolate, sessile by a broad base : thyrsus spici- form, interrupted, of 2-5 verticilastriform dense many-flowered clusters: pedicels very short : sepals from oblong-lanceolate to broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, with broad scarious margins commonly erose or lacerate : corolla very narrow, 4-6 lines long, yellow, lower lip conspicuously bearded within : sterile filament shorter than the others, dilated at the summit : capsule acuminate-ovoid, longer than the calyx. Prairies of eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. Var. globosus Piper Bull. Torr. Club xxvii, 397. Inflorescence a dense head-like panicle of many short-pedicelled flowers, rarely with a second verticillate cluster below : corolla intense blue, nearly an inch long. Wallowa Mountains, eastern Oregon. P. procerus Dougl. ex Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1829. P. confertus var. cceruleo-purpureus Gray. Glabrous throughout : stems slen- der, 2-12 inches high : leaves lanceolate, the lower ones petioled, 1-2 inches long, those of the middle of the stem largest, all usually entire : flowers in about 2 dense verticillate clusters: sepals oblong or spatulate, with broad scarious erose margins, abruptly acuminate or 3-toothed at the apex, about 2 lines long: corolla bright blue and violet, about 8 lines long, tubular- funnelform, the lower lip bearded within : sterile filament as long as the others and bearded at the apex. On high mountains and plains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. P. pnlchellus Greene Pitt, iii, 310. Green and glabrous through|,out :; ? flowerinjj btems slender, from a much branched woody base with numer- ous short sterile branches, 2-6 inches high : leaves coriaceous, entire, the lowest from ovate to oblanceolate, 6-12 lines long including the slender petiole; those of the stem 2-3 pairs, oblong or lanceolate- oblong, sessilera thyrsus short and interrupted : flowers numerous, on very short pedice.s: -^^ sepals obovate, abruptly acute, with scarious more or less erose margins: corolla bright blue to parple, about 6 lines long, with narrow throat and abruptly spreading limb, the throat sparsely hairy inside. On alpine summits of the Cascade and Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. P. paniculatus. Glabrous throughout: stems stout, very numerous, shrubby below, forming loose bushy clumps, 1-2 feet high: leaves linear- lanceolate, entire or sparsely dentate, all nearly alike, 1-2 inches long, 2-6 lines wide, only the uppermost ones sessile : flowers very numerous, in open thyrsoid leafy panicles : pedicels short : sepals ovate or oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, with narrow scarious margins, 3-4 lines long : corolla ochroleucous, 5-6 lines long, tubular, the limb scarcely spread- ing, puberulent outside, the lower lip bearded within: sterile filament longer than the others, bearded at the apex. On the high ridge between the Klickitat Valley and the Columbia river, opposite The Dalles Oregon. P. humilis Nutt. Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 69. Minutely puberulent 514 i?OROPHULARIACEiE pentstemon below, the inflorescence more or lesp viscid-pubescent: stems numerous from the woody base, 3-10 inches high, very leafy : leaves about an inch long, the lower ones spatulate or oblanceolate, short-petioled, somewhat glaucescent, the upper ones oblong or linear-oblong, sessile and some- what clasping, all entire or sometimes somewhat serrulate : thyrsus strict and virgate, ^-4 inches long: peduncles short 1-5-flowered: sepals, ovate or lanceolate and acuminate lax, about 3 lines long: corolla deep blue or partly white, 6-8 lines long, tubular-funnelform, bilabiate, the lower lip somewhat hairy within : sterile filament bearded with yellow hairs : On Dry ridges, eastern Oregon toNevada and the Rocky Mountains. P. stenosepalns* P. glaucus var. stenosepalus Gray. Glabrous or more or less rough-pubescent below, the inflorscence villous-pubescent and viscid : stems %to2 feet high : lower leaves ovate or oblanceolate to linear spatulate, mostly dentate, including the petiole 1-4 inches long: upper ones lanceolate with broad clasping base: thyrsus small and glomer- ate: sepals attenuate-lanceolate, 3-4 lines long: corolla dull whitish to lurid purple or blue, 10-12 lines long, campanulate-ventricose above the ver)' short proper tube, the mouth widely spreading, the broad lower lip sparsely bearded within : sterile filament bearded near the apex. Plains of eastern Oregon to Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. P. Battani Gray Syn. Fl. Supp. 441. Glabrous: stems 1-3 feet high: leaves membranaceous, broadly lajiceolate, 3-8 inches long finely dentate, radical and lowest cauline attenuate at base into margined petioles, the others half clasping by subcordate base : inflorescence glandular- pubescent, cymes from the lower axils long-peduncled, upper short-peduncled or sub- sessile: pedicels short or hardly any: sepals oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, soft-membranaceous, loose, 4 lines long : corolla pale purple, an inch long, funnelform, with short tube and campanulate throat, distinctly bilabiate, lower lip villous-bearded within : sterile filament at length exserted, beard- ed at the apex. In open forest, Siskiyou mountains of Oregon and Cali- fornia : also reported from Idaho. Var. minor Gray 1. c. slender, with oblong leaves only an inch or two long, obscurely denticulate : thyrsus simple : flowers one-half smaller : sepals attenuate : corolla 6-7 lines long. With the type. P. denstus Dougl. Lindl. Bot, Reg. t. 1318, Completely glabrous, the calyx at most glandular : stems slender, 1-2 feet high, numerous from a woody base, strict : leaves thickish, from ovate to oblong-linear or lanceo- late, 1-2 inches long, regularly and rigidly dentate or acutely serrate or some of them entire; the upper cauline closely sessile : thyrsus virgate or more paniculate, mostly many-flowered : pedicels short : sepals from ovate to lanceolate or subulate, nearly marginless, acute, 2-3 lines long : corolla ochroleucous or dull white, sometimes partly blue, minutely pubescent, 4-8 lines long, either narrowly or rather broadly funnelform, the short lobes widely spreading: sterile filament glabrous, or rarely exserted and sparsely bearded. On gravelly banks in the dry interior region, Brit. Co- lumbia to California, Nevada and Montana. P. (jiairdneri Hook. Fl. ii, 99. Cinereous^puberulent : stems rigid, 2-10 inches high, tufted on the stout shrubby base : leaves linear or the lower more or less spatulate, 6-12 lines long, all usually sessile, the upper ones mostly alternate : thyrsus short : peduncles short and mostly alternate, usually 1-flowered: sepals oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3-4 lines long: corolla 6-10 lines long, dark blue or purple, narrow funnel- form, sterile filament bearded on one side. On high rocky ridges eastern Washington and Oregon to Nevada. Var. hiaus Piper Bull. Torr. Club xxvii, 396, Sepals larger : corolla larger and more spreading. Northwestern Washington. PBNTSTKMON SCROPHULARIACEiE 515 P. Oreganus. P. Gairdneri var. Oreganus Gray. Cinereous-puber- ulent and the inflorescence glandular: stems numerous from a much branched woody base, very slender, 4-8 inches high: leaves linear or the lowest ones linear-spa tulate, about an inch long by a line or less wide, all opposite : thyrsus very narrow and loose ; the peduncles mostly l-flowered : sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, about 2 lines lontj: corolla tubular or but little funnelform, 8-10 lines long, obscurely bilabiate and the lips but little spreading: sterile filament bearded on the upper side. On drj' ridges, southeastern Oregon. P. laricifolius H. & A. Bot. Beech. 376. Glabrous: stems tufted, 2-5 inches high : lignescent caudex not rising above the soil : leaves very slen- der, when dry filiform, the larger a fourth of a line wide, and with the margins revolut'e, an inch or less long, much crowded in subradical tufts and scattered on the filiform flowering stems: flowers few, loosely racemose, slender- pedicelled: sepals ovate-lanceolate: corolla tubular-f'unnelform, 6 lines long, the small purple limb obscurely bilabiate : sterile filament bearded on the upper side. Interior of Oregon to Wyoming. § 2 Saccanthera Benth. Bot. Mag. t. 3391. Herbaceous perennials, some woolly at base, mostly with ample and showy flow- ers. Anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped: the cells confluent at the apex, and there dehiscent by a continuous cleft, which extends down both sides only to the middle: the base remaining closed and saccate : sometimes hirsute never lanate. P. glandalosas Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1262. Soft-pubescent and viscid : stems rather stout 2-3 feet high : leaves broad and thinnish, the lower ones from ovate to oblong, 6-8 inches long, dentate : upper ones from ovate- lanceolate and acuminate, to cordate-clasping, usually denticulate : thyrsus contracted and interrupted, leafy below : cymes short-pedunculate, few-sev- eral flowered: sepals attenuate-lanceolate, lax, 6-8 lines long: corolla 1-1>^ inches long, with funnelform inflate 1 throat and broad spreading lips: sterile filament glabrous. On moist prairies eastern Oregon to Washington and Idaho. P. yenustus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1309. Very glabrous: stems rather strict and simple, 1-2 feet high, leafy : leaves thickish in texture, oblong -lanceolate or the upf)er ovate-lanceolate, closely and subulately serrate, about 2 inches long: thyrsus naked, mostly narrow: peduncles 1-3-flowered: sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, only a line or 2 long, much shorter than the narrow proper tube of the corolla : upper part of the fer- tile filaments and of the sterile one (as also usually anthers and lobes of the corolla within), sparingly pilose. Eastern Oregon to Idaho. P. diffasus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1132. Glabrous or merely pu- berulent: stems numerous, diffuse, 10-18 inches high: leaves thin, from oyate to oblonglanceolateorthe upper subcordate, sharply and unequally, sometimes laciniately, serrate, 1-4 inches long: thyrsus commonly inter- rupted and leafy : pedicels mostly shorter than the ovate or lanceolate and acuminate, sometimes laciniate- toothed sepals : corolla 8-12 lines long, violet, funnelform, the lips widely spreading : anthers and inside of corolla glabrous : sterile filament more or less hairy above. On wooded rocky banks of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon to Brit. Columbia. P. Richardsoni Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1121. Glabrous through- out: stems very diffuse or decumbent, 6-18 inches long, simple or panicu- lately branched above : leaves from ovate to narrowly lanceolate in outline, and from entire or incisely toothed to laciniate-pinnatifid, 1-3 inches long, often alternate: thyrsus loosely panicled, the peduncles 2-flowered: sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 2 lines long : corolla bright red to 516 SCROPHULARIACEvE pentstbmon purple, an inch long, funnelform, with rather long tube and ample throat: stamens and inside of corolla glabrous, the sterile filament sometimes bearded at the apex: capsule ovoid, about twice as long as the calyx. On cliffs and rocky banks, Oregon and Washington. P. triphyllus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1245. Stems slender about a foot high, usually simple: cauline leaves lanceolate or linear, an inch or more Ion t^:, rigid, from denticulate to irregularly pinuatifid-laciniate: the up- per sometimes ternately verticillate, sometimes alternate: thyrsus narrow, loosely paniculate: sepals lanceolate, acuminate: corolla comparatively small and narrow, 6-9 lines long: sterile filament densely bearded at the apex. Rocky banks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. P. gracilentus Gray Pac. R. Rep. vi, 83. Glabrous: stems slender, from a lignescent base, a foot or more high, r aher few-leaved, naked above, terminating in loose and rather simple paniijulate thyrsus: leaves glabrous and green, entire, lanceolate or the upper linear and the lower sometimes oblong, all narrowed at base: peduncles viscid-puberulent, 12-5-flowered, the lower elongated: pedicels shoit: corolla blue or violet, halfinch long, slender-funnelform, moderately bilabiate, its lobes only 2 lines long, mode- rately spreading: sterile filament slightly bearded. Mountains of southern Oregon and adjacent California. P. Roezli Regel Act. Hort. Petrop, ii, 326. Smooth below, the inflor- escence more or less pubescent and glandular : stems 10-18 inches high from a woody base: leaves all lanceolate or linear, or the lower oblanceolate, en- tire, 1-3 inches long; thyrsus either narrow, or more diffuse and paniculate with divergent branches: sepals ovate to lanceolate, about 2 lines long: corolla blue, 8-10 lines long, funnelform, with rather long tube and campanulate throat, sterile filament glabrous. On gravelly banks of streams, southern Oregon and^northern California. P. Cusickii Gray Proc, Am. Acad, xvi, 106. Pale and very minutely pruinose-puberulent: stems a foot or less high, many from a barely lignescent candex, strict, equably leafy up to the racemiform loose thyrsus: leaves veiy narrowly linear, an inch or two long by a line or more wide, or some of the lower broader and spatulate: peduncles 1-2-flowered: sepals ovate, acuminate, glabrous, not glandular: corolla barely 9 lines long, bright blue with purple tube, a moderately enlarged throat and short lobes: sterile filament spatulate- dilated at the very tip: very glabrous. On the slopes of Eagle Creek Moun- tains, northeastern Oregon. P» Kingii Watson Bot, King 2'53 Pruinose or glandular-pubescent, at least below, stems numerous from! a shrubby base, ascending, 4-8 inches high: leaves oblanceolate, mostly acute, entire, sessile with a narrowad base, the lowermost somewhat spatulate and short-petioled, 1-2 inches long by 2-4 lines wide: thyrsus secund, short and rather leafy at base: peduncles 1-4-flow- ered: sepals ovate or oblong-lanceolate, more or less acuminate: corolla 8 lines long, purple, dilated upward, somewhat bilabiate : sterile filament flattened toward the apex, glabrous. In the mountains of eastern Oregon to Nevada. P. azureus Benth. PI. Hartw. 327. Glabrous and glaucous, rarely pruinose-puberulent: stems erect or ascending from a woody base, 1-3 feet high: leaves from narrowly- to ovate-lanceolate or even broader, the upper ones wider at base, the lowest more or less petioled, 1-2 inches long: thyrsus virgate, loose, usually elongated : sepals ovate or oblong, scarious-margined, with or without a conspicuous acumination, about 2 lines long: corolla 1-1 3^2 inches long, azure-blue verging or changing to violet, the base sometimes red. disk, broadly funnelform, the expanded limb sometimes an inch in diameter: PENTSTEMOM SCROPHULARIACEiE 517 CHIONOPHILA Sterile filament glabrous. In open places in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon and California. P. heterophyllus Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1899. Glabrous or pruinose- puberulent, scarcely glaucous: stems 1-2 feet high from a woody base, slen- der, often diffusely branched : leaves lanceolate or linear «>r only the lowest oblong-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base, 1-4 inches long: corolla an inch or sometimes more long, with narrow tube rose-purple or pink, sometimes changing to violet, sterile filament glabrous. On rocky tops of the Siskiyou Mountains in Oregon to Nevada. 9 CHIONOPHILA Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 351. Dwarf perennial herbs with thickish opposite leaves and tubular flowers in simple spikes or racemes. Calyx funnelform, thin-me- branaceous, becoming scarious, merely and obtusely 5-loVed. Co- rolla tubular, with slightly dilated throat and bilabiate limb : up- per lip erect and slightly concave, barely 2-lobed, the sides some- what recurved : lower with convex densely bearded base forming a palate, and 3-lobed, the short lobes, recurving. Antheriferous stamens 4, didynamous: anther-cells divaricate and confluent. Ste- rile filament small and short or even minute, naked. Style filiform : stigma minute entire. Capsule oblong enclosed in the marcescent calyx and corolla, loculicidally 2-valved the valves soon 2-parted: placental dissepiment flat. Seeds rather large, with a very loose and arilliform cellular-reticulated outer coat. C. Tweedyi Henderson Bull. Torr. Club xxvii, 352, Dwarf peren- nial: glabrous or nearly so: leaves thickish, entire, mostly in a radical tuftt spatulate or lanceolate, tapering beloAV into a scarious-mai'gined base: those of the 1-3 inches high flowering stems 1 or 2 pairs, or sometimes alternate, linear: flowers in a few-flowered raceme: calyx short and deeply lobed: corolla saccate at base dorsally, the lower lip strongly papillate. In the Mountains of Idaho and adjacent Washington. Tribe 4 Gratiolede Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 189. Leaves oppo- site or verticillate only the upper ones alternate. Inflorescence simple and centripetal: the peduncles solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves and ebracteolate. Corolla from bilabiate to almost regular, not saccate or otherwise produced at base. Antheriferous stamens 2 or 4 t^o rudi- ments of the fifth. 10 DIPLACUS Nutt. in Taylor's Ann. Nat. Hist, i, 137. Shrubs with opposite leaves and large yellow red or orange ax- illary flowers on solitary peduncles. Calyx tubular, 5-angled or 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla tubular, bilabiate, the upper lip 2- lobed, the lower 3-lobed, the lobes emarginate or variously toothed or cleft. Fertile stamens 4. Style slender with bilamellate stigma. Capsule linear-oblong, closely invested by the calyx and wholly inclosed in it ; firm-coriaceous, with a woody tubercular enlarg- ment at the apex, incompletely dehiscent, opening by the upper suture onl}^, from the base to near the apex, the valves spreading into a boat-shaped open pod. Placentae distinct, borne on the middle of the valves. Seeds small, very numerous. 518 SCROPHULARIACE^ diplacus EUNANUS D. glutinosus Nutt. in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3655. Shrub 2-6 feet high , nearly glabrous but the young parts glutinous : leaves from narrowly ob- long to linear, entire or more or less denticulate, 1-4 inches long, at length with revolute margins, glabrous above, pubescent beneath with branched hairs: flowers 13^-2 inches long, short-peduncled : calyx an inch long, 5-toothed, the teeth somewhat unequal, the upper tooth largest: corolla buff-colored, obscurely bilabiate, the spreading lobes laciniately toothed or notched. Along streams near the coast, from the south line of Oregon southward. 11 EUNANUS Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 374. Dwarf annual herbs with opposite leaves and large or small flowers on solitary peduncles in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla funnel- form, with included or rarely long-exserted tube, or sometimes nearly salverform: the limb usually 5-lobed, strongly bilabiate or nearly regular. Stamens 4, didynamous. Style filiform: stigma bilamellar with the lobes unequally or equally petaloid-dilated, or more or less peltate-funnelform by the union of the 2 lamelse at their edges. Capsule cartilaginous, coriaceous, chartaceous, or even membranaceous, gibbous at base, obtuse and shorter than the calyx or acute and surpassing it. Placentae borne on the middle of the valves, not united in the axis. Seeds numerous, often muriculate. E. Bonglasii Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 374. Mimulus Douglasii Gray. Glandular- or viscid-pubescent : stems 6-18 lines high : leaves ovate or ob- long, obscurely dentate, 3-nerved at base and contracted into a petiole, including the petiole 3-10 lines long, the upper pair connate-clasping: calyx tubular, 6 lines long, the teeth obtuse : corolla red and purple, nearly 1% inches long, with very long filiform tube and funnelform throat, the lower lip very short, the upper large and 3-lobed : capsule linear or linear- oblong, terete, 4-8ulcate, gibbous or somewhat inflexed at the very base : seeds small, apiculate at both ends. On dry gravelly banks, Umpqua Valley Oregon to California. E, Bigelovii Gray Pac. R. Rep. iv, 122. Mimulus Bigelovii Gray, Viscid and more or less glandular- villous: stem 1-8 inches high, paniculatefy branched: leaves oblong or the upper ovate and acute, 5-10 lines long, con- tracted at base but scarcely petioled, entire or with a few coarse teeth: calyx 4-5 lines long, hardly at all oblique, the teeth very acutely subulate from a broad base, 2 lines long or less, the tube broadly campanulate: corolla crim- son, 8-10 lines long, with cylindraceous throat and broad rotate limb, the narrow tube little if any longer than the calyx: capsule oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish, little exceeding the calyx, the valves membranaceous: seeds oblong-linear, minutely and irregularly reticulated. On dry plains, south- eastern Oregon to California and Utah. E. Casickii Greene Pitt, i, o6. Mimulus Bigelovii var .ovatus Gray. Stem 8-12 inches nigh, simple, or branched from the base: leaves broadly ovate, very acute, entii-e, sessile, an inch or more long and nearly as broad: calyx-teeth very unequal, triangular- subulate, the very acute tips somewhat recurved: corolla red- purple, with slender tube and quite regularly lobed rotate limb 6-10 lines in diameter. On moist banks, southeastern Oregon. £• Tolmiei Benth. 1. c. Mimulus nanus H, <& A. Glandular or viscid : EUNANus SCROPHULARIACEiE 519 MIMULUS stem stoutish, }4 "^ inches high, simple, or branched from tlie base : leaves oblong or ovate to lanceolate, entire or obscurely toothed, contracted at base ; the lower ones petioled ; including the petiole 4-12 lines long : calyx- teeth broadly lanceolate, acute, a line long, about ^ as long as the tube; corolla rose-purple with yellow and dark purple in the throat; the limb 4-6 lines broad, obviously bilabiate: capsule acuminate, surpassing the calyx ; the valves chartaceous. On bare hills, eastern Washington to Ne- vada and California. E. Brewerl Greene Bull. Calif. Acad. No, 3, 101. Viscid-pubescent with spreading gland-tipped hairs: stem slender, 1-10 inches high, simple or much branched: leaves linear, entire, an inch long, sessile: peduncles slender, equalling the calyx: teeth of the calyx short-triangular, equal: corolla red, with short tube and spreading limb, 4-5 lines long, little longer than the calyx : capsule acute, not longer than the calyx, chartaceous, dehiscent by the upper suture, the lower parting at the apex only : the placentae united below. In moist places, Brit. Columbia to California, east of the Cascade Mountains. MIMULUS L. Sp. 634. 1753, Annual or perennial herbs with opposite leaves and mostly showy yellow blue or pink flowers on solitary peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves, or racemose by the redaction of the leaves to small bracts. Calyx tubular, persistent, 5-angled or 5- ribbed, 5-toothed, the upper tooth usually largest. Corolla irregu- lar, its tube cylindric with a pair of ridges on the lower side with- in: its limb bilabiate; the upper lip erect or reflexed, 2-lobed, the lower one spreading and 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, in- serted on the corolla-tube: anthers globose, the cells divergent or sometimes confluent at the apex. Style filiform: stigma bilamel- lar, the lobes equal, ovate or orbicular. Capsule obtuse, not sur- passing the calyx, the valves membranaceous, tardily separating from the central columnar united placentae. M. cardinalis Dougl. Lindl. Hort. Trans, ii, 70. t. 3. Villous-pubes- cent, viscid above : root perennial : stems stout, 2-4 feet high : leaves ovate or the lowest ovate-lanceolate; the upper connate ; all erose-dentate, 2-4 inches long, several-nerved from the base : peduncles 3-4 inches long,: calyx oblong-prismatic, an inch or more long, its short teeth nearly equal : corol- la scarlet and yellow, 1-2 inches long, with very oblique limb, the upper lip erect with the lobes turned backward, the lower reflexed, the throat cylindrical: stamens exserted: capsule oblong, sessile: seeds with a dull and loose coat, longitudinally wrinkled. In springy places along streams, western Oregon to California and Arizona. M. Lewisil Pursh Fl, 427 t. 20. Pubescent and more or less viscid ^ stems numerous from a perennial root, 1-2 feet high, simple : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, denticulate, mostly acute or acuminate, 1-3 inches long : peduncles longer than the leaves : calyx prismatic-campanu- late, 8-10 lines long, its triangular teeth short-acuminate and very acute, 2-3 lines long: corolla rose-red or purplish, about \% inches long, with broad throat and bilabiate limb, lobes of the upper lip obcordate, flat, of the lower lip obovate and sparingly bearded in the throat : stamens not exserted : stigmas oblong : capsule oblong : seeds with a dull and loose coat, longitudinally wrinkled. Along mountain streams, Brit. Columbia to California and Montana. M. dentattts Nutt. in Herb. Hook. Pubescent with stout pilose hairs : 520 SCROPHULARIACE.E MiMOLua stems slender, 6-12 inches long, usually decumbent or ascending : leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, coargelv serrate-toothed, 1-3 inches long, short- petioled: peduncles about equalling the leaves: calyx-teeth triangular- subulate, half the length of the tube, nearly equal: corolla golden yellow, an inch or more long, the ample throat purple-dotted and strongly bearded to the base in two lines inside, the bilabiate limb an inch broad, its lobea entire and ciliate : seeds ovate, acute, scrobiculate, reddish-brown. Along streams in the Coast Mountains, Oregon to California. M. hirsutns. Herbage dark green, glabrous below, the inflorescence hirsute, stems stoutish, 1-2 feet high very numerous and cespitose : root perennial by short basal stolons : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, denticulate, 1-3 inches long, the lower ones short- petioled and often laciniately lobed or lyrate : peduncles stout, often more than an inch long : calyx campanu- late in flower, the teeth unequal, the upper one largest, the tube becoming inflated in fruit, often purple-dotted or almost red, the 2 lower teeth incurving and closing the orifice : corolla bright yellow, an inch long, fun- nelform; lobes of the upper lip oblong, narrowed at the apex, recurved; the middle lobe of the lower lip 5-6 lines broad, as broad or broader than I'^ng, emarginate ; the throat spotted with dark red on the lower side, the pubescent lines reaching its base: stamens not exserted: stigmas fan- shaped, erose-dentate and apiculate: capsule oblong, short stipitate. On wet rocks in the Tualatin and Willamette rivers Oregon : beginning to flow- er about the first of July. M. grandiflorus. Herbage pale green and glabrous up to the inflores- cence which is sparsely hairy: stems often stout, 1-4 feet higli, usually solitary or 2-4 together : root perennial by basal stolons: leaves oblong to ovate, most of them petioled, 1-5 inches long, coarsely toothed and denticu- late, the lower ones sublyrate : peduncles 1-1)^ inches long : calyx campanu- late, about 8 lines long, its triangular acute teeth unequal, 2-3 lines long, the tube slightly inflated in fruit and more or less spotted with red, the 2 lower teeth incurved and closing the orifice : corolla often nearly 2 inches long, bright yellow, lobes of the upper lip oblong, rounded at the apex, erect and slightly recurved, lateral lobes of the lower lip almost square, the middle one broadly cuneate, as long or longer than broad, emarginate; the throat spotted with dark red or brown, the pubescent lines extending to its base: stamens not exserted; stigmas fan-shaped, erose-dentate and apiculate : capsule oblong, stipitate. Growing in wet places along streams, western Oregon and Washington : beginning to flower early in May. M. Langsdorfii Sims.? Herbage light green, often marked with dark brown: glabrous or the inflorescence minutely pubescent: stems terete, 6-20 inches high, usually paniculately branched, erect or the base often horizontal and rooting for a few inches, thus perennial : leaves orbicular or ovate, the blade 6-20 lines long, dentate or denticulate, usually sublyrate, purple beneath, ail petioled: floral bracts 2-6 lines long, connate-clasping: pedicels slender, about an inch long: calyx campanulate, in flower about 4 lines long, often mottled with dark purple, at length much inflated, the 4 lower teeth incurved and closing the orifice: corolla yellow, 10-12 lines long funnelform ; lobes of the upper lip erect, oblong, 4-6 lines long : the middle lobe of the lower lip broadly cordate, pendulous : the throat usually spotted with dark red. the pubescent lines running to the base : capsule oblong, 3-4 lines long, on a stipe about aline long: seeds oblong. Jn wet places, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains: flowering from early spring until August. M. Scouleri Hook. Fl. ii, 100. Glabrous throughout: stems erect, from a stoloniferous base, 1-2 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, obtuse or acutish, evenly callous-dentate, the lower tapering into petioles : peduncles 1-2 inches long, much longer than the bracts : MiMULDS SCROPHULARIACE^ 521 calyx campanulate, in flower about 4 lines long, the short broadly-triangu- lar teeth subequal; the tube at length becoming inflated and the 4 lower teeth incurved over the orifice: corolla bright yellow, a«i inch or more long, strongly bilabiate, the upper lip erect, its oblong lobes reflexed ; the lower one ample; the pubescent lines deep yellow : capsule obovate, short-stipi- tate: seeds obovoid, smooth, dark brown. On the banks of the Columbia river at Tongue Point near Astoria Oregon. M. nasutns Greene Bull. Calif. Acad. No. 3, 112. Usually nearly glabrouu: stems rather stout, 6-24 inches long, *branching and flowering ifrom the base, distinctly quadrangular and winged : root annual, or per- ennial by stolons : leaves mostly subradical, ovate to reniform-cordate, coarsely toothed or lobed, purple beneath, the lower on broad petioles, an inch long, the floral reduced to short bracts : peduncles short, or long and filiform, ascending or spreading : calyx tubular lo campanulate, in fruit much inflated, the teeth acute, very unequal, the upper one 3 times as long as the others, the lower pair in fruit bent upward lying at right angles across and closely enfolding the other 3 : corolla yellow, 4-8 lines long, little surpassing the calyx: capsule oval, obcompressed, almost sessile: seeds minute, oblong. On wet shady banks, Oregon to California. M. microphyilus Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 371. Pubescent, or in the smaller forms glabrous : stems terete, slender, usually simple, 2-12 inches high, racemose above, or in depauperate states with a single terminal flower: leaves few, ovate to orbicular, often cordate at base sometimes lyrate, denticulate or coarsely toothed, purple beneath : peduncles slender : calyx 2-3 lines long, often dotted with purple, oblique at the orifice, the teeth obscure or prominent : corolla 3-9 lines long. In moist places, Wash- ington to California and the Rocky Mountains. M. alsinoides Doiigl. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 371. Glabrous or more or less puberulent and musky-scented : stem slender, at length diffuse and branching from the base, 3-12 inches long, terete : root annual : leaves broadly ovate or subcordate to ohlong, the lower 8-12 lines long, coarsely toothed, all petioled: peduncles filiform, 1-2 inches long : calyx tubular, Z-S lines long, not inflated in fruit, the orifice oblique ; the teeth small and subequal : corolla 4-6 lines long, stronely bilabiate, yellow with a bright crimson spot in the centre of the lower lip : capsule oblong, acumin- ate, filling the calyx : seeds oblong, light-colored. On wet rocks, western Oregon to Brit. Columbia : flowering in very early Spring. M. breviflorus Piper Bull. Torr. Club xxviii, 45. A glabrous to pu- berulent annual : stem 1-10 inches high, erect simple or freely branching from the base : leaves ovate to lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, 3-5- nerved from the base, 6-12 lines long,, sessile by a broad base, or tapering to a short petiole: peduncles slender, about equalling the leaves in flower, in fruit becoming much longer: calyx oval, in fruit 3-4 lines long, its teeth nearly equal, short-triangular, acute : corolla pale yellow, tubular, 2-3 lines long; the lobes short and rounded : stigma scarcely exceeding the calyx : capsule ovoid, acutish. On moist banks, eastern Washington and Oregon. M . rnlslferae Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 98. From obscurely to dis- tinctly viscidulous-puberulent : stem erect, 4-10 inches high, loosely bran- ching from the base : leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong, sparsely denticulate to entire, 6-10 lines long, the lower ones on short margined petioles: peduncles about equalling or at length longer than the leaves: calyx cylindraceous-campanulate, in fruit about 4 lines long, with short triangular acute or acuminate equal teeth: corolla light yellow, 5-6 lines long : style longer than the calyx : capsule oblong, acute, nearly as long as the calyx. On bars along streams, Washington to California. M, pednncularis Dougl. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 49. A small erect vis- 522 SCROPHULAEIACE^ mimulus cid-puberulent or pubescent annual : stem slender, 6-18 inches high : leaves ovate to lanceolate, the blade 4-6 lines long, usnally acute, abruptly con- tracted into rather broad petioles, purple beneath and prominently 3-5- yeined from the base : peduncles slender, 1-2 inches long, erect or ascend- ing : calyx tubular-campanulate, about 4 lines long, truncate at the apex, the short acute teeth equal : corolla yellow, 5-10 lines long, the pubescent lines extending to the base of the throat: capsule oblanceolate, very short- stipitate, obcompressed : seeds globular. In moist shady places, eastern Oregon and Washington. M. Hnksdorfli Gray Syn. Fl Supp. 450. A small annual 1-3 inches high; whole herbage often reddish-hued; obscurely puberulent-viscidulous : leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, 3-6 lines long, thickish, entire, narrowed below but scarcely petioled: peduncles filiform, usually shorter than the leaves: calyx tubular-campanulate, in fruit 3-4 lines long, truncate at the apex, the short and broad teeth all equal : corolla yellow or reddish, about 3 lines long, little exserted from the calyx the limb less than 2 lines wide all 5 lobes obcordate-emarginate ; throat beardless or nearly so. Bare places on mountains, eastern Washington to California and Utah. M. rubellus Gray Bot Mex. Bound. 116. Small annual 1-6 inches high : very minutely and rather sparingly glandular-puberulent but not viscid : leaves narrowly oblong, entire or with a few prominent teeth, nar- rowed at base but sessile, 6-10 lines long, : peduncles very slender, exceed- ing the leaves : calyx cylindraceous, the teeth oblong, obtuse, ciliolate, equal : corolla rose-color to yellow, 3-4 lines long, the unequal lobes scarcely spreading. In moist places, eastern Washington to California, Colorado and New Mexico. M. floribundns Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1225. Villous with spread- ing white hairs and viscid : &tem rather slender, 2-20 inches long, at first erect, but soon decumbent and diffusely spreading, flowering from the lowest axils : root annual : leaves ovate, or the lower subcordate, the blade 6-12 lines long rather coarsely toothed, all petioled : peduncles spreading, about an inch long, exceeding the leaves : calyx campanulate, about 3 lines long, the short triangular acute teeth nearly equal ; corolla about 6 lines long, light yellow, f unnelform : capsule globose-ovoid, obtuse, sessile : seeds almost globular, light-colored. On wet banks and shady places, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. M. moschatus Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1118. Conspicuously villous and viscid throughout: stems slender, weak and declined or ascending, 6-18 inches long : leaves broadly ovate 1-2 inches long, all petioled : spar- ingly dentate : peduncles slender, an inch long, shorter than the leaves : calyx tubular, 6 lines long, the subulate teeth subequal, half as long as the tube: corolla yellow, the narrow throat about % longer than the calyx the lobes nearly equal and rotately spreading ; the throat striate and spotted with maroon, the pubescent lines not extended to the base : stamens not exserted: capsule lanceolate, acute: seeds globular. In springy places, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and the Rocky Mountains. M. primnloides Benth. Scroph. Ind. 29. Stems K-3 inches high, glabrous or pilose-pubescent with white hairs : perennial by stolons : leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, entire or more or less dentate, narrowed below but sessile, 6-12 lines long, glabrous both sides: peduncles filiform, 2-4 inches long, erect, usually only one to each stem: calyx tubular-campan- ulate, 3-4 lines long, the broad acute teeth all equal : corolla yellow, about 8 lines long, funnelform ; lobes of the almost regular limb deeply emargin- ate orobcordate. In mountain marshes, eastern Washington to California. M, pllosellns Greene Eryth; iv, 22. Very small and depressed : stems 2-6 lines high : perennial by stolons : leaves obovate to oblong, 2-6 lines MIMDLU8 SCROPHULARIACE^ §23 GRATIOLA long, entire or sparingly toothed toward the apex, glabrous below, pilose above with long white jointed hairs: peduncles filiform, erect, 1-2 inches long, usually only one to each plant : calyx tubular-campanulate, about 3 lines long, its triangular acute teeth nearly equal : corolla golden yellow, 3-4 lines long, its nearly equal lobes barely emarginate. In mountain marshes, southern Oregon to California. M. pilosns Watson Bot. King 226. Herpestis pilosa Benth. Pilose- pubescent throughout with soft white hairs : stem terete, 3-12 inches high, paniculately branched from the base : root annual : leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, sessile, entire, 1-3 inches long: peduncles slender, 1-2 inches long: calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, the tube not prismatic nor angled, almost nerveless, becoming enlarged in fruit, the 5 lobes almost subulate, very acute, pomewhat unequal : corolla bright yellow, 3-4 lines long, rather obscurely bilabiate, usually with a pair of brown spots on the 16wer lip: capsule oblong-ovate, acute. On sandy bars along streams, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. 13 GRATIOLA L. Sp. 17. (1753.) Erect or diffuse herbs with opposite entire or dentate leaves, and yellow or whitish flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, slightly unequal. Corolla irregular, with cylindric tube and more or less bilabiate limb: upper lip entire, emarginate or 2-cleft ; lower one 3-lobed. Antheriferous stamens 2, the posterior pair, the anterior pair rep- resented by rudiments or wanting : filaments filiform : anther-cells distinct, transverse and separated by a broad connective, or par- allel and contiguous. Style filiform, with dilated slightly 2-lobed stigma. Capsule loculicidally and septicidally dehiscent, ovoid or globose, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, longitudinally and trans- versely striate. G. Yirginiana L. So. 17.. Puberulent and somewhat glandular, or JDelow glabrous : stem erect, at length widely branching from the base, 3-10 inches high, from an annual root : leaves commonly glabrous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, narrowed at both ends, denticulate, 1-2 inches long: peduncles slender, glandular, shorter than or equalling the leaves, 2-bracteolate under the calyx; bractlets as long as the calyx or longer: sepals lanceolate, acute, about 3 lines long : corolla 4-5 lines long, with yellowish tube barely t>\ice the length of the calyx, and whitish lobes; the 2 upper emarginate: sterile filaments minute or none: anther-cells transverse, separated by a broad connective : capsule ovate, about equalling the calyx. In wet or muddy places, California to Brit. Columbia and across the Continent. G. ebracteata Benth. DC. Prodr. x. 595. Nearly glabrous and ob- scurely glandular : stem stout, 1-6 inches high, branching and flowering from the base : leaves lanceolate, entire or sometimes sparingly and sharp- ly denticulate, sessile by a rather broad base : peduncles slender, as long as or shorter than the leaves, ebracteate : sepals foliaceous, lanceolate, at length 4-6 lines long, equalling the yellowish corolla : capsule globose, somewhat 4-angled, much shorter than the calyx. On the margin of pools, California to Brit. Columbia. 14 ILYSANTHES Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. (1820.) Glabrous annual or biennial herbs with opposite sessile leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx 5-parted, the segments linear, not subtended by bractlets. 524 SOROPHULAKIACE^ ilysanthes LIMOSKLLA Corolla irregular, the tube somewhat expanded above, the limb bilabiate: upper lip.2-cleft; the lower larger and 3-lobed, spread- ing. Fertile stamens 2, included, their anther-cells divergent: sterile filaments 2, two-lobed, one of the lobes capitate-glandular, the other glabrous and shorter. Capsule oblong or ovoid, septi- cidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, wrinkled. I. gratioloides Benth. DC. Prodr. x, 419. Stem slender usually erect at length diffusely branched, 3-8 inches high : leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or the lowest obovate, sessile or slightly clasping at base, remotely dentic- ulate or entire, thickish, 3-7-nerved, 6-12 lines long; the uppermost ones commonly much smaller: peduncles slender, 2-3 times as long as the. sub- tending leaves : sepals linear-lanceolate, about 2 lines long, acute : corolla violet to purple, about 3 lines long : capsule narrowly ovoid-oblong, 2-3 lines long, longer than the calj'x : seeds a line long, reddish, usually truncate at the ends. In wet or muddy places, California to Brit. Columbia and across the, Continent. 15 LIMOSELLA L. Sp. 631. (1753.) Low stemless glabrous succulent annual (or perennial by sto- lons) herbs with rosulate leaves and small flowers on scape-like one-flowered peduncles. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla nearly regular, open- campanulate, with a short, tube and 5-cleft limb. Stamens 4, mserted on the tube of the corolla, scarcely exserted : filaments short; anthers confluently one-celled. Style short : stigma capitate. Ovary two-celled at the base, one-celled above. Capsule two- eel led only at the base ; the large central placenta many-seeded. Seeds ovoid, rugulose. L. aquatica L. Sp. 631. Stoloniferous stems slender, 1-3 inches long: leaves lanceolate to oblong or spatulate, the blade 4-6 lines long, on fili- form petioles 3-4 times as long: peduncles shorter than the leaves, arising with the petioles from the base of the plant, or from nodes of the stolons : calyx-lobes ovate, acute or acutish, about the length of the tube: corolla white or|pink, about a line broad, scarcely longer than the calyx : stamens high up on the corolla-tube : filaments slightly longer than the anthers : capsule.'globose or oblong-globose, obtuse, 1%. lines high, longer than the calyx. On muddy banks and in brooks, Washington to California and across'the Continent : Europe, Asia and S. America. Series^iii Rhinanthide^ Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 189. Leaves various. Inflorescence simply centripetal. Lower lip or lateral lobes of the corolla external in the bud. Stamens very rarely more than four. Tribe' 5 Digitaleas Benth. I. c. Herhs or shrubs, none parasitic Corolla little if at all bilabiate; the lobes all plain: the lateral or one of them external in the bud. Anther-cells contiguous at the apex, and often confluent. 16 SYNTHYRIS Benth. in DC. Prodr. X, 545. Perennial herbsjwith simple stems, mainly radical leaves and rather small purple blue or pink flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. * Calyx 4-parted : the segments oblong. Corolla fiom oblong to short campanulate, 4-cleft, more or less irregular, rare SYNTHYRis SCROPHtJLARIACEitJ 5^5 ly wanting. Stamens 2. rarely 4, inserted on the corolla, or on the outside of the hypogynous disk, exserted: filaments slender: anther-cells parallel or somewhat divergent below, not confluent at the apex. Style filiform, with small capitate stigma. Capsule compressed, obtuse or emarginate. Placentae short, chiefly at the centre of the valves. Seeds discoidal, orbicular or oval, with very close and strictly conformed smooth coat. § 1 Acaulescent with naked scapes. Ovules and seeds only a pair in each oell, on a short partition. Capsule divaricately two- lobed, the cells transversely oblong. Seeds with thickened mar- gins incurved at maturity. S. rotuudifolia Gray Syn. Fl ii, 285. Rootstock short and creeping, bearing a tuft of cordate-orbicular long-petioled persistent leaves and sim- ple scapes: leaf-blades 1-2 inches in dianaeter, doubly crenate or crenate- incised, slightly pubescent, especially on the veins beneath : petioles and scapes pubescent with brownish hairs : scapes 4-6 inches high, about equ- alling the leaves, naked except the ovate- lanceolate floral bracts: flowers iew, in a terminal raceme : pedicels slender, 4-6 lines long, each subtended by a small bract : calyx-lobes ovate, acute, ciliate, 3 lines long : corolla blue or purple, about 4 lines long. In open woods on rocky soil, western Washington to California: flowering very early, often in January. § 2 Ovules and usually seeds several or numerous in each cell. Capsule merely emarginate, Seeds plain, or meniscoidal, thin- edged. S. reiiiformis Benth. 1. c. Rootstock short and branching: herbage glabrous: radical leaves persistent, orbicular- reniform, crenately incised and the small lobes sharply toothed, 1-3 inches in diameter, on stout petioles 3-6 inches long: flowering stems 6-10 inches high, bearing several small bract-like fan-shaped alternate, or the lowest opposite, leaves and numerous flowers in a dense terminal raceme : pedicels slender, shorter than the subtending cuneate or lanceolate bracts : calyx-lobes lanceolate, about 2 lineg long: corolla blue changing to purple, 3-4 lines in diameter; capsule truncate, emarginate. On rocky banks of the Columbia river and in the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington : flowering in early spring. S. major Heller. S. reniformis var. major Hook. Glabrous: leaves persistent, orbicular-reniform, 1-4 inches in diameter, somewhat coriaceous, with multilobulate margins, on petioles 2-4 inches long: flowering stems longer than the leaves, bearing several fan-shaped bract-like leaves below, and a dense spike-like terminal raceme of purple flowers : pedicels slender, shorter than the subtending bracts: calyx-lobes lanceolate, about 2 lines long : corolla purple, 3-4 lines broad : capsule strongly emarginate. Fertile northerly slope of high mountains, Idaho. S. pinnatiflda Watson Bot. King. 227, t. 22. Somewhat villous : rad- ical leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate in outline, pinnately divided, the lowest of the 3 or 4 pairs of lobes nearly distinct, the upper confluent, all laciniately pinnatifid and the segments laciniately toothed: flowering stems 3-8 inches high, usually exceeding the leaves, naked below : raceme 1-2 inches long, densely flowered above : pedicels shorter than the subtend- ing ovate or oblong toothed or entire bracts: calyx-lobes oblong, mostly obtuse: corolla whitish, nearly twice longer than the calyx, the lower lip deeply 3-lobed, the upper one entire: capsule elliptical, tuVgid. On rocky ridges in the high mbuntains, Idaho to TJtah. 526 SCROPHULAtllACE^ atNTHVRis VEROMOA S. rubra Benth. 1. c. 425. Lanate with soft white wool: herbage more or less reddish-hued : leafy : radical leaves orbicular or ovate to oblong or lanceolate, crenulate, narrowed, truncate or cordate at base, the blade 1-2 inches long, on petioles as long or longer ; cauline ovate to lanceolate, 6-12 lines long, sessile or nearly so : pedicels only 1-2 lines long : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate or oblong : corolla none : stamens inserted on the outside of the by pogy nous disk:. capsule turgid, emarginate, slightly longer than the calyx. On high open ridges, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Nebraska. 17 VERONICA L. Sp. 9. (1753.) Annual or perennial herbs (some exotic species shrubs or trees) with mostly opposite, rarely verticillate or alternate, leaves and usually small blue, pink or white flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or spikes, or rarely solitary. Calyx mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5-parted, the segments oblong or ovate. Corolla rotate, its tube very short, the limb deeply and more or less unequal- ly 4-lobed, rarely 5-lobed, the lower lobe commonly smallest. Stamens 2, divergent, inserted on either side at the base of the upper lobe of the corolla: anthers obtuse, their cells confluent at the apex. Ovary two-celled: style slender; stigma capitate: ovules few or many in each cell. Capsule more or less compressed, sometimes very flat, emarginate, obcordate or two-lobed, loculi- cidally dehiscent. Seeds smooth or rough, flat, plano-convex or excavated on the inner face. * Perennial by stolons, or creeping base : racemes in the axils of opposite leaves. V. Americana Schwein. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 468. .Glabrous throughout : stems decumbent, usually branched, rooting at the lower nodcfs, 6-30 inches long : leaves oblong to ovate or broadly lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, sharply serrate, truncate, rounded or subcordate at base, all distinctly petiolea : racemes peduncled, loose, elongated, 2-6 inches long : bractlets linear, 2-6 lines long : pedicels slender, 6 lines or more long: sep- als oblong, about a line long : corolla blue or nearly white, usually striped with purple, about 2 lines broad : capsule nearly orbicular, compressed but not very flat, emarginate, 1}4 lines high : seeds flat. Common in moist or wet places, Alaska to California and across the Continent. V. scutellata L. Sp. 12. Glabrous or very sparingly hairy: stems slender, ascending from a stoloniferous base, 1-2 feet long": leaves sessile, linear or linear- lanceolate, acute, remotely denticulate, 2-3 inches long: flowers scattered on filiform elongated and widely spreading pedicels : corolla blue or purple, 2-3 lines broad : capsule broader than high, v.)ry flat, deeply emarginate at the summit, slightly so at base : seeds flat. In ponds and wet places, Brit. Columbia to California and across the Continent. * * Low perennials with ascending or erect flowering stems termin- ated by a single raceme : cauline leaves above passing into bracts : seeds numerous, much compressed or meniscoidal. V. Cnslckil Gray Syn. Fl. ii. 288. Glabrous: stems 3-6 inches high, erect, simple,^ from creeping rootstocks : leaves ovate to oblong, sessile or nearly so, entire, 6-10 lines long, the pairs crowded up to the naked ped- uncle of the 3-9-flowered raceme : pedicels slender, often as long as the flower and longer than the oblong-linear bracts : sepals lanceolate, about 2 lines long : corolla blue or violet, 4-6 lines in diameter, with ample VERONICA SCROPH ULARIACEtE 527 rounded lobes: filaments filiform, exserted: style filiform, three times as long as the calyx : capsule elliptical, merely emarginate. Alpine regions of the Blue Mountains of Oregon. V. Alleni Greenman Bot. Gaz. xxv, 263. Nearly glabrous below, pu- bescent above: stems 3-4 inches high : lower leaves much reduced, upper sessile, thickish, oblong or oblong-ovate, 5-7 lines long, obtuse: inflores- cence glandular-pubescent: pedicels 1-3 lines long, often exceeding the bracts : calyx-lobes unequal, oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse or rounded at the apex covered on the outer surface and along th margins with lone: glandular hairs : corolla 3-4 lines in diameter, white or with a slightly purplish throat, the upper lobe subrhombic, emarginate, the lateral ones ovate or ovate-rhombic, somewhat larger than the lower one : stamens exserted : ovary closely covered above with short glandular hairs : style exserted : fruit not seen. Along Paradise river, Mount Rainier Wash. V. Wormskioldii Roem. & Sch. Syst. i, 101. V. alpina of American authors' not of L. Hirsute- pubescent or glabrate : stems slender, simple, 3-12 inches high, from slender creeping rootstocks: leaves mostly shorter than the internodes, ovate to oblong, obscurely crenulate, 6-12 lines long, rounded, truncate or subcordate at base, sessile or nearly so : racemes spiciform or subspicate, dense, or interrupted below: pedicels erect, shorter than the calyx, much shorter than the lanceolate bracts: corolla violet, its limb 2-3 lines in diameter, surpassing the stamens and short style: capsule elliptical-obovate, emarginate. In wet places in alpine regions, Alaska to California and across the Continent. V. serpyllifolia L. Sp. 12. Pubescent or glabrous: stems creeping and branching at base, the branches at length ascending, 2-^10 inches long : leaves all opposite and petioled, or the upper ones sessile, oblong to oval or ovate, 3-10 lines long, crenulate to entire : flowers in short spicate racemes at the ends of the stems or branches : pedicels equalling or longer than the calyx, usually shorter than the lanceolate or oblong bracts : corolla pale blue with darker stripes, to almost white, about 2 lines in diameter: sta- mens and style exserted: capsule broader than high, obcordate, about a line high, equalling the calyx: seeds flat. In wet places Alaska to Cali- fornia and across the Continent: also in Europe, Asia and South America. * * * Low annuals : flowers in the axils of ordinary or of the upper more or Isss reduced and commonly alternate leaves : corolla mostly shorter than the leaves. V. peregrina L. Sp. 14. Glabrous, or glandular-puberulent : stem erect, 2-6 inches high, usually branched from the base: leaves thickish, 4-12 lines long, the lower petioled and oblong or oval, dentate; the others sessile, from oblong to linear-spatulate, mostly attenuate; uppermost more bract-like and entire : pedicels a line long, much shorter than the bracts : corolla whitish, about a line in diameter, shorter than the calyx: stamens not exserted :Jcapsule nearly orbicular, obcordate usually a little shorter than the calyx, 1-1>2 lines high, many-seeded: seeds flat. Comraon in moist or wet places Brit. Columbia to California and across the Continent. V. ARVENSis L. Sp. 13. Pubescent annual: stem slender, at flrst sim- ple and erect, at length much branched and diffuse, 2-10 inches long: lower leaves ovate or oval, opposite, obtuse at both ends, crenate or crenu- late, 2-6 lines long, the lowest petioled; upper leaves sessile, alternate, ovate or lanceolate, acute or acutish, commonly entire : pedicels very short: corolla blue or white, about a line in diameter, shorter than the calyx : capsule broadly ovate, obcordate, a line high. Common in waste places and pastures, Brit. Columbia to California and across the Continent : naturalized from Europe. 528 SCROPHULARIACE^ digitalis CASTILLKIA DIGITALIS L. 6p. 621. (1753) Tall biennial or perennial herbs with alternate leaves and large showy red, white or purple tiowers in long terminal usually one- sided racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated Coi*olla declined, somewhat irregular, the tube contracted above the ovary, then rather abruptly expanded, longer than the 4- or 5-lo^ed slightly bilabiate limb : upper lip broadly emarginate or 2-cleft ; lower one 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest, the lateral ones exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, mostly included ; anthers approximate in pairs. Style slender, with 2-lobed stigma. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, rugose. B. PURPUREA L. Sp. 621. Pubescent: stems stout, 1-5 feet high : radi- cal and lower cauline leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6-10 inches long, slender-petioled, acute at the apex, narrowed at base, dentate: upper leaves similar but smaller, sessile: racemes a foot long or more, dense, one-sided: flowers various-colored, drooping: upper lobe of the calyx nar- rower than the 4 other foliaceous ones: corolla 1^-2 inches long, s|3!otted within. Common in rich alluvial soil, especially along the coast, western Oregon to Brit. Columbia : Naturalized from Europe. Tribe vi Ewphrasiem Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 189. Corolla manifestly bilabiate: theupper lip erect and concave or galeate, entire or emarginate, rarely 2'Cleft; the lower 34obed, mostly spreading^ external in the bud. Stamens 4 and didynamous or rarely '3, as- cending under the upper lip: 2inther-cells distinct, sometimes one abortive or wanting. Style mostly filiform, with entire or 2-lobed stigma. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. § Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar, the outer one affixed by its middle, the other pendulous from its upper end, mostly smaller, some- times sterile or deficient. Seeds with a loose reticulated coat. 19 CASTILLEIA Mutis. L. f. Supp. 47. (1781) Herbs with alternate leaves and red, yellow, purple or white flowers in dense terminal leaf y-brac ted spikes, the bracts often brightly colored and much larger than the flowers. Calyx tubu- lar, laterally flattened, more or less cleft before or behind, or both, the lobes entire 2-cleft. Corolla tubular, very irregular, its tube not longer than the calyx, its limb bilabiate ; upper lip (galea) arched, elongated, concave or keeled, laterally compressed, entire, enclosing the didynamous stamens: lower lip short, often very small, 3-toothed, 3-carinate or somewhat saccate below the short teeth. * Annuals with fibrous roots : at least the upper part of the bracts and sometimes the calyx petaloid. C. minor Gray Bot. Cal. i, 573. Villous-pubescent : stem slender, strict, simple or with 1 or 2 erect branches, l-2}4 feet high : leaves all linear- lanceolate and entire, sessile, acuminate, 2-3 inches long : bracts similar to the leaves but smaller, red or red-tipped, very narrow, equalling or longer than the short-pedicelled flowers : calyx green, cleft on both sides to about the middle, the lobes lanceolate, acute, entire or 2-toothed : CASTfLWciA SCkOPHULARIACEvti 529 corolla yellow, 6-10 lines long, its upper lip much longer thai;i the small lower one: capsule oblong, acute, 6-8 lines long. In moist soil, eastern Oregon to Nevada, New Mexico and Nebraska. * * Perennials. ■*- Calyx deeper cleft before than behind, tubular- cylindraceous mostly colored red, as are a part of the bracts : corolla large, an inch or two long, well exserted from the lower side of the spathaceous calyx and at lentjth somewhat arcuate or falcate exposing the protuberant and very short callous lower lip, its galea about equalling the tube. C. linearifolia Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 259. Glabrous below, the in- florescence somewhat pubescent or villous : stems strict, 2-5 feet high: leaves linear, entire or some of the upper sparingly laciniate, and the up- permost and bracts 3-parted, 3-nervea: calyx narrowly cylindrical, over an inch long, mostly red or crimson, sometimes pale, the anterior fissure very much deeper than the posterior : the long upper lip acutely 4-toothed or 2-cleft ana the lobes 2-toothed : corolla l>^-2 inches long; its narrow fal- cate and much exserted galea as long as the tube. In the mountain s of eastern Oregon to California, Colorado and Arizona. ■*- -•- Floral leaves or bracts more or less dilated and colored : calyx about equally cleft before and behind. C. oreopola Greenman Bot. Gaz. xxv, 264. Glabrous or nearly so oelow, soft-pubescent above : stems erect, 6-12 inches high, somewhat fur- rowed by the inconspicuous decurrence of the leaves: leaves sessile, ob- long-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long by 3-5 lines wide, with 1 or 2 pairs of divaricately spreading linear lobes, glabrous or the upper ones pubescent with long soft spreading hairs; the lower ones much reduced, usually entire : bracts 3-cleft to the middle, their lobes as well as the calyx deep rose-pur- ple, (sometimes crimson or white) : cal)'x 6 lines long, about equally cleft to the middle, the lobes oblong-linear, obtusish : corolla an inch long, the narrow exserted galea green on the back : lower lip included, rather deeply and subequally 3-lobed : capsule glabrous, about 6 lines long. On the snowy peaks of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington. Var, subintegra Fernald Eryth. vi, 45. Stems much clustered: upper leaves mostly entire. Common in mountain bogs, eastern Oregon and Washington. C. rnpicola Piper. Fernald 1, c. Herbage often dark purple, pubes- cent-hirsute to villous, especially above : stems tufted, usually numerous, from a multicipital caudex, 4-8 inches high : leaves lanceolate in outline, deeply cleft into 3-7 linear rather obtuse lobes, or the lowest rarely entire, all sparsely short hirsute, 3^-2 inches long: bracts similar to the leaves, but with rather broader lobes, more or less scarlet-tinged : flowers 5-15, in a short raceme, deep scarlet, the lower with short pedicels: calyx 9-12 lines long, the tube shorter than the equal 2-lobed to entire lobes : corolla 15-18 lines long, the straight or curved galea much longer than the calyx ; the minute saccately 3-lobed lower lip included: anthers white, exserted: capsule oblong, 6 lines long: seeds numerous, deeply favose-pitted. On cliffs. Paradise valley Mount Rainier Washington. C. angustifolia (Nutt.) Don Syst. iv, 616. C. parviflora Gray in part, not Bong. Pubescence of two kinds, the shorter tine and appressed, the longer, pilose hippid: stems more or less clustered, from a woody caudex, simple, or sparingly branched above, 4-12 inches high : lower leaves linear, entire or subentire; the upper cleft to near or Ijelow the middle into S-5 linear or linear-lanceolate long-attenuate lobes, the lateral ones rather strongly divaricate : bracts similar to the leaves, rather broader and more deeply cleft into linear obtuse segments, strongly pilose toward the base, the scarlet or rarely yellowish tips velutinous and sometimeis glandular: 530 SOROPHIJLARIACE.^ (jasTilleia calyx 7-8 lines long, with lanceolate or lance-ovate segments : corolla 1-lK inches long, the slightly exserted galea hardly as long as the tube and much longer than the short 3-lobed lower lip. Brit. Columbia to Califor- nia and the Rocky Mountains. Var. Whitedii Piper Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 399. Stems clus- tered on a woody caudex, erect, 8-12 inches high : leaves all entire, lanceo- late, 1-3 inches long : bracts broader than the leaves, the uppermost 3-lob- ed : otherwise like the type. Wenatchee Washington. C. hispida Benth. in Hook. Fl. ii, 105. C parviflora Gray in part not Bong. Pilose, especially above, with long hairs, becoming less so with age: stems stout, 16-20 inches high, simple or sparingly branched : leaves 2-4 inches long, rather rigid, the lower ones attenuate-lanceolate, entire ; upper ones becoming oblong or even obovate, cleft above the middle into 3 lobes the middle lobe lanceolate, the lateral ones shorter and narrower, ascending or slightly spreading: bracts rather broader and shorter than the upper leaves, with softer pubescence, mostly 5-cleft, the tips variously shaded with yellow and red : calyx 13<-1X inches long, the reddish or yellowish segments acute to obtuse : corolla 1)^-2 inches long, the galea a little more than half the length of the tube, and much exceeding the short lower lip with its unequal ovate-oblong involute lobes. On rocky hillsides, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. C. Bradburii Don Syst. iv, 616. C. parviflora Gray in part, not Bong, Pilose or glabrate : stems 8-16 inches high, simple or often loosely branch- ed: leaves 1-3 inches long,, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the upper sometimes obovate, subcuneate at base, nearly all cleft above the middle into 3 or 5 lobes, the middle one oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse ; the lateral ones linear-lanceolate, short mostly ascending : calyx .12-18 lines long, red- or nearly yellow-tipped, about equalling the bracts : corolla 14-24 lines long, the galea hardly as long as the tube. Brit. Qolumbia to California and the Rocky Mountains, C. • Applegatei Fernald Eryth. vi, 48. Stems few from an elongated perennial root, decumbent at base, densely glandular and with long spread- mg hairs: leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, the lowest entire, the others 3- or 5-cleft, mostly to below the middle, into lanceolate or linear ascending lobes, all densely covered with glands and with some spreading soft hairs, especially on the margins : racemes dense, becoming 4-5 inches long: bracts similar in outline to the leaves, scarlet: calyx scarlet, 8-10 lines long, the linear segments acutish : the upper ^ of the slender green-backed galea exserted ; the greenish lower lip about a line long, deeply cleft into 3 subequal linear incurved lobes : capsule glab- rous, oblong, short-beaked. On Mount Scott, Klamath Co. Oregon. C. pinetoram Fernald 1. c. 50. Stems slender, erect, 12-16 inches high, glandular, and pubescent with short scarcely spreading hairs : leaves oblong-linear, 1-2 inches long, minutely pilose and glandular, entire or nearly so : lower bracts like the leaves, the upper becoming cleft into 3 or 5 linear roseate or bright red segments: inflorescence narrow, the bracts and flowers at first much appressed and ascending: calyx 8^9 lines long, with attenuate-lanceolate acute segments : corolla about 14 lines long, the narrow galea about as long as the tube ; lower lip less than a line long, the narrowly deltoid lateral lobes twice as long as the middle one. In pine woods, Swan Lake Valley Klamath Co. Oregon. C. prninosa Fernald 1. c. Whole plant cinereous with fine often stel- late pubescence: stems simple or slightly branched above, slender, 8-16 inches high : leaves 12-18 lines long, the lowest linear, entire, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subentire or slightly and irregularly lobed : bracts 3-lobed above the middle, scarlet above , exceeding the calyx, spread- CAstiLLBliA SCUOPHtJLAtllACfiiE 5Sl ingat maturity: calyx narrowly flask-shaped, 6-12 lines long, equally cleft before and behind, the lobes divided into broadly lanceolate acutish seg- ments : corolla 12-14 lines long, the galea barely as long as the tube ; lower lip very short, the 2 broadly deltoid lateral lobes longer than the middle one. On rocky ridges. Swan Lake Valley, Klamath Co. Oregon. C. Elmerl Fernald 1 c. Viscid-pilose throughout: stems simple, sol- itary or in small clusters, 8-12 inches high: leaves 1-2 inches long, rather crowded, ascending, the lowest linear-acuminate, the upper lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, the broader ones indistinctly 3-nerved: bracts oblong or obovate-oblong, entire or slightly lobed at the tip, 12-15 lines long, the lowest green, the uppermost crimson or rose-purple, calyx 8-10 lines long, a little deeper cleft before than behind, the lobes entire or cleft into lacini- ate segments: corolla 12-15 lines long, the green-backed galea half as long as the tube ; the lower lip included or slightly exserted, with 3 incurved lobes about )^ as long as the galea. On Wenatchee Mountain, Washington^ C. Coyilleana Henderson Bull. Torr. Club xxvii, 353. Glandular as well as villous throughout with long crisp hairs: stems numerous from a subvertical rootstock about 8 inches high : leaves narrow, 3-parted above into linear more or less circinate lobes, 12-18 lines long: bracts broader than the leaves, 3-parted and the central segment 2-3-cleft, about equalling the flowers : calyx equalling or slightly surpassed by the corolla, much deeper cleft behind than before, the divisions shortly cleft into lanceolate acute lobes: corolla slightly villous, conspicuously glandular above, with tube twice the length of the lower lip which is somewhat saccate with 3 deeply infolded narrow plicae slightly longer than the 3 erect bright-color- ed subcon volute lobes. Among rocks, Soldier Mountain, Idaho. C. miniata Dougl. Hook. Fi. ii, 106. Glabrous or nearly so except the inflorescence : stems numerous and tufted on a short rootstock, mostly simple and strict, 1-2 feet high : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or rarely lacinialely 3-cleft : bracts from lanceolate to oval, mostly bright red. rarely whitish, seldom lobed: spikes short and dense : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft : corolla over an inch long, the galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube, the very short lower lip protuberant and callous, as deep as long, with short ovate invo- lute teeth. In damp soil, Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains. C. Suksdorfli Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 311. Sparsely villous throughout: stems slender, 1-2 feet high, from slender underground creep- ing rootstocks, simple, or sometimes with a few branches above, lower leaves narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, entire, 1-3 inches long, upper ones commonly laciniately 3-lobed, the lateral lobes linear and erect: bracts broadly cuneate in outline, about an inch long, deeply 3-lobed, the lobes often again cleft or toothed, bright red : spikes short : calyx about equalling the bracts, its oblong, lobes acutely cleft at the apex: corolla over an inch long, the galea exserted, longer than the tube, the very short lower lip exserted, 3-lobed. In wet or marshy places in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington. C. Intea Heller Bull. Torr. Club xxv, 268. Lanate-pubescent throu- ghout: stems clustered, 10-16 inches high : lower leaves narrow lanceolate, the upper ones mostly 3-lobed, the lobes all lanceolate but the lateral ones narrow and acuminate, the middle one usually again 3-lobed with its lateral lobes narrower: bracts pale yellow, or their tips somewhat purple-tinged, more unequally lobed or toothed than the leaves, their middle lobes broad and rounded, the others narrowly lanceolate : calyx oblong, about 18 lines long, equally cleft before and behind to the middle, the lobes obtuse, slight- ly dilated and notched at the apex: corolla barelj^ exserted, the galea as long or a little shorter tiian the tube. Grassy hillsides, mouth of the Potlatch river Idaho. 532 SCROPHULARIACE^ cabtilleia C. lutescens Rydb. C. pallida var. lutescens Greenman Bat, Gaz. XXV, 265. Stems several from a somewhat woody persistent base, 12-20 inches high, more or less pubescent, usually branched above : lower leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, entire, upper ones somewhat broader, 2-5- lobed, all somewhat scabrous, especially on the upper surface: bracts ob- long, about an inch long, laciniately cut into 3-5 lobes, the lateral ones linear to subulate, the middle one broad and rounded at the summit, green or yellowish with whitish tips : spikes dense and many-flowered : calyx 8-10 lines long, pubescent, its oblong lobes deeply 2-toothed : corolla but little longer than the calyx, the galea about )^ as long as the tube, 3-4 times as long as the lower lip. On prairies, eastern Washington. C. caiiiporum. C pallida var. cainporum Greenman I. c. Stems usually several, rising from a perennial base; 6-12 inches high, more or less covered with a spreading pilose pubescence : leaves narrowly oblong-lance- olate, the lower mostly entire, the upper irregularly laciniately 3-7-lobed with narrow ascending lobes, pubescent both sides: inflorescence greenish- vellow or tinged with red, at length becoming much elongated : calyx 6-15 lines long, the lobes again shortly 2-lobed and obtuse or even rounded at the summit : lower lip %-% as long as the galea. On prairies eastern Washington. C. pallescens Greenman I. c. Orthocarpus pallescens Gray. Cinere- ons-puberulent: stems 6-12 inches high, usually several from a woody perennial base, simple or sparingly branched above: leaves 3-parted into linear lobes, or the lower entire : bracts similar to the leaves, with dilated base or the upper with shorter obscurely whitish or yellowish lobes : calyx deeply 2-cleft, its broad lobes merely 2-cleft at the summit: corolla over 6 lines long, galea broadish, obtuse, the lower lip nearly half as long as the galea, obscurely saccate. Eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky Mountains. C. pilosa Rydb. Orthocarpus pilosus Watson. From soft villous to hirsute-pubescent: stems tufted at the crown of a somewhat woody root- stock, 2-10 inches high: leaves 2-3 inches long, lanceolate, 3-nerved, divaricately 3-lobed, the middle lobe broadest, dilated and rounded at the apex, the lateral ones linear: bracts shorter and broader than the leaves, usually 5-lobed, the lateral lobes linear, the middle one broad, rounded at the summit, all tipped with pale yellow: calyx about an inch long, the ob- long lobes about as long as the tube, emarginate to deeply 2-lobed, the lobes rounded: corolla barely surpassing the calyx, the straight and broad galea about half as long as the tube; the lower lip 3-lobed, obscurely saccate, more than half as long as the galea. On high dry plains, eastern Oregon to Nevada and Brit. Columbia. C. Cusickii Greenman 1. c. 267. Stems several from a procumbent base, 16-18 inches high, simple, or branched above, covered with a short spreading cinereous pubescence : lower leaves linear to linear lanceolate, acute, 1-2 inches long, upper ones somewhat larger, usually laciniately lobed with 1 or 2 pairs of slender spreading lobes : bracts oblong, obtuse or rounded at the summit, usually eiitire strongly ciliate toward the base, distinctly 3-nerved and rather strongly reticulate-veined-, 10-14 lines long: racemes rather dense, 2-5 inches long : calyx 10-12 lines long, pubescent outside equally cleft before and behind, its lobes linear-oblong, bidentate or shallowly 2-lobed at the apex : corolla 12-16 lines long, the galea scarcely twice as long as the 3-lobed lower lip: capsule oblong, about 6 lines long, glabrous. In Sumpter valley, eastern Oregon. C. levisecta (iieenman I. c. Stems many from a perennial base, 6-12 inches high, usually simple, covered with a more or less spreading unequal pilose pubescence: leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 inches lonjg, 3-5-nerved, pubescent both sides, often bearing long pilose hairs on the veins beneath. CASTiLLEiA SCROPHULARIACE^ 533 ORTHOCABPUS the lower somewhat narrower and sometimes entire, the upper iaciniately cut into narrow lobes : bracts yellow, an inch or more long, oblong, sub- digitately lobed at the summit : calyx 8-10 lines long, pubescent outside, the oblong lobes again rather deeply 2-lobed, obtuse or rounded at the summit: corolla an inch or more long, the galea 4-6 lines long, 2 or 3 times longer than the shortly and obtusely 31obed lower lip. On dry plains, western Washington. C. rnstica Piper Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 398. Minutely white- pubescent throughout and somewhat glandular above : stems erect, simple or more commonly with bome erect branches: leaves narrowly lanceolate, rather few, mostly entire : bracts 3-5-cleft, only the lower longer than the flowers, greenish : spike dense, 1-4 inches long: calyx 6 lines long; short- villous, equHlly cleft before and behind, the segments slightly shorter than the tube, each divided to the middle into similar triangular acuminate teeth : corolla greenish-yellow, about 8 lines long, the obtuse galea more than half as long as the tube : lower lip one-fourth as long as the galea, saccately 3-lobed, the free portions acute. Rocks of the Wallowa river, eastern Oregon. C, rnbida Piper 1. c. Pubescent with short white crisp hairs and also minutely glandular: stems numerous, simple, decumbent, 1-6 inches long, from a stout woody caudex : leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or more commonly 3-cleft, 6-12 lines long: bracts 3-7-cleft, mostly tinged with dull purple: spikes short and dense: calyx more or less villous, 6 lines long, equally cleft before and behind, the lobes half as long as the tube, each again deeply cleft so that the 4 triangular acuminate teeth are subequal : corolla 8 lines long, the blunt galea only one third as long as the tube, slightly longer than the saccately 3-lobed lower lip, the free portions ol which are oblong and obtuse. 8ubalpine on the Wallowa Mountains, northeastern Oregan. 29 ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. Gen. ii, 56. (1818.) Annual herbs with alternate leaves and yellow, white or purple flowers in bracted spikes, the bracts often bright-colored Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft. Corolla very irregular, the tube slender, the limb bilabiate; upper lip little if any longer than the 3-lobed 1-3-saccate lower one. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip. Anther-cells dissimilar, the outer one affixed by its middle, the other pendulous from its upper end, commonly small, sometimes wanting. Style filiform, with entire stigma. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many- seeded. Seeds reticulated. § 1 Castilleioides Gray Bot. Cal. ii, 575. Corolla with the lower lip simply or somewhat triply saccate and with conspicu- ous mostly erect lobes, the upper lip either broadish or narrow. Anthers all 2-celled. Seeds with a very loose and arilliform cellular-favose coat. * Upper lip narrow and nearly straight, lanceolate-triangular or broadly subulate, naked : lower lip moderately ventricose and some- what plicate-trisaccate for its whole length, the teeth or lobes conspicu- ons, erect : filaments glabrous : capsule oblong or oval. 0. attennatns Gray Pacif. R. Rep. iv, 121. Minutely hirsute-pubes- cent: stem slender, erect, 6-18 inches high, simple, or branched from the base : leaves linear and attenuate, often with a pair of filiform lobes, 3-ner- 534 SCROPHULARIAGE^ orthocarpus ved from the base, 2-3 inches long : bracts broader than the leaves, 4-6 lines long, with 1 or 2 pairs of filiform white-tipped lobes: spikes virgate, elongated : calyx longer than the bracts, with 4 filiform white-tipped teeth about as long as the tube: corolla white, exceeding the calyx, narrow throughout, the narrow lobes of the purple-spotted lower lip nearly equal- ling the upper one : capsule oblong, about 3 lines long: seeds white. Jn moist open places, Puget Sound to California west of the Cascade Mts. 0. castilleoides Benth. Scroph. Ind. 13. Minutely pubescent or glab- rate below: stem 5-12 inches high, simple or at length diffuse and corym- bosely branched : leaves from lanceolate to oblong, usually laciniately lobed, the upper ones and bracts cuneate- dilated and incisely cleft, herba- ceous, or the obtuse tips whitish or yellowish : spikes dense, short and thick : calyx 8-10 lines long, the 4 oblong lobes as long as the tube, the obtuse tips whitish : corolla nearly an inch long, dull white, or purplish-tipped, upx)er lip narrow and straight, the lower ventricose-dilated : capsule oblong, 5-6 lines long, obtuse or emarginate : seeds oblong or longer, dark brown. In salt-marshes along the coast, Puget Sound to California. * t Upper lip attenuate upward, densely bearded on the back, uncinate or incurved at the obtuse tip, rather longer and very much narrower than the open-saccate lower lip : filaments pubescentl 0. purpurascens Benth. 1. c. Hirsute throughout : stem erect, rather stout, at length much branched from the base, 6-12 inches high : leaves with lanceolate base or body and laciniately 1-2-pinnately linear or filiform lobes, or the upper palmately cleft, 1-2 inches long : bracts about an inch long, crimson to purple, somewhat dilated, laciniately cleft into linear ob- tuse lobes : calyx 8-10 lines long, the 4 linear lobes nearly as long as the tube : corolla crimson to purple, about an inch long, narrow, the ventricose- dilated lower lip shorter than the narrow upper one : stigma large, depress- ed-capitate: capsule ovate, acute, 5-6 lines long: seeds orbicular to ovate, white, somewhat winged. Along the coast southern Oregon to California. § 2 EuoRTHOCARPUS Corolla with simply saccate lower lip inconspicuously or obsoletely 3-lobed, and moderately smaller ovate-triangular galea with small usually somewhat uncinate or indexed tip or mucro. Anthers all 2-celled. Stigma small, en- tire. Seed-coat very loose, costate-reticulated. * Bracts conspicuously different from the leaves, much dilated, entire, or with narrow lateral lobes, more or less colored, imbricated in the dense spike: corolla mostly rose-color. 0. cuspidatus Greene Pitt, iv, 101. Minutely pubescent and the leaves more or less ciliate : stem slender and usualljr simple, 6-20 inches high : leaves 2-3 inches long, linear-lanceolate, entire or laciniately cut into 3 linear or almost filiform lobes: bracts purple, chartaceous, ovate- lanceolate to oval, 6-8 lines long by 4-5 broad, with or without a pair of short subhastate lobes at base, rounded and cuspidate, or abruptly short- acuminate at the apex, ciliate at base : spikes dense, 2-4 inches long : calyx 4-6 lines long, sparingly bristly, the 4 subulate very acute teeth about as long as the tube: corolla about an inch long, tubular-f unnelform , the nar- row, at length strongly curved, galea pubescent on the back, much longer than the inflated 3-toothed lower lip and two thirds as long as the tube : capsule ovate, obtuse. On high ridges of the Siskiyou Mountains and foothills near Ashland Oregon. 0. tenuifolins Benth. Scroph. Ind. 12. Pubescent and more or less hispid: stem rather slender, 4-10 inches high, paniculately branched to simple: leaves linear-attenuate, 3- or 5-lobed, with filiform lobes, 6-15 hues long : bracts oblong, 6-8 lines long, rounded and minutely or not at ORTHOCABPUS SCROPfiULARIACEifc 5.16 all cuspidate at the apex, ciliate below and with 1 or 2 pairs of subulate divaricate lobes, chartaceous and more or less colored with red or purple : calyx sparsely hispid, 4-6 lines long, its attenuate-subulate lobes almost as long as the tube: corolla narrow, 6-8 lines long, puberulent, purplish, the tube little surpassing the calyx, the inflexed tip of the galea minute : an- ther-cells oblong, sparsely pubescent. Dry ground, eastern Washington to California, Montana and Brit. Columbia' 0. imbricatns Torr. in Herb. Watson Bot. King 458. Stem slender, erect, simple or sparingly branched. 2-10 inches high, minutely pubescent : leaves 1-2 inches long, linear to lanceolate, attenuate, the upper ones broad- est and sessile by a broad base, all entire : bracts chartaceous, dull red, oval to oblong, rounded at both ends, usually with a pair of small subulate teeth near the base, otherwise entire, glabrous, 4-5 lines long : calvx 2 lines long, 2-lobed to below the middle, the lobes acutely 2-toothed, ciliate : co- rolla purplish, 4-8 lines long, nearly glabrous, the uncinate-tipped galea a little longer than the slightly dilated 3-plicate lower lip : capsule obovoid, 2 lines long : seeds obovoid, black. On grassy plains of the Cascade Moun- tains of Oregon. * * Bracts herbaceous, little if at all colored, less or little different from the leaves, all 3-cleft and with acute lobes. 0. bracteosns Benth. I. c. Hirsute-pubescent: stem strict, simple or brjmched above, 6-18 inches high : leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 -2 inches long, all 3-lobed to near the base with narrow lanceolate or filiform attenuate lobes: bracts of the thickish and dense spike cuneate-dilated, shorter than the flowers, 3-lobed, the divergent lobes broadly lanceolate, acute : calyx pubescent, about 3 lines long, the 4 filiform teeth about as long as the tube: corolla narrow funnelform, rose-purple, 6-8 lines long, the short galea but little longer than the much dilated 3-saccate lower lip: capsule ovoid, 2-3 lines long: seeds oblong, dark-colored. On dry plains, Brit. Columbia to California, 0. Intens Nutt. Gen. ii. 57. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes vis- cid: stem strict, 8-12 inches high, simple, or branched above: leaves erect or ascending, linear or lanceolate, entire or sometimes 3-cleft, long-acumin- ate, 12-18 lines long: bracts of the dense spike lanceolate, broader and shorter than the leaves, entire or 3-cleft, acute, green, mostly longer than the flowers: calyx-teeth acute, shorter than the tube: corolla yellow, 5-6 lines long, pubescent outside, its galea ovate, obtuse, about as long as the saccate 3-toothed lower lip : capsule about as long as the calyx-tube. On dry plains, eastern Washington and Brit. Columbia to California and Ariz. 0. Tolmiei H. & A. Bot. Beech. 379, Pubescent : stem 8-15 inches high, loosely branching : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, entire or rarely incised : bracts divaricately 3-cleft, the segments acumin- ate : spikes short, rather dense : calyx 2-3 lines long, the tube twice as long as the ovate lanceolate teeth : corolla 4-6 lines long, bright yellow, glab- rous, the galea uncinate, little exceeding the narrowly saccate 3plicat€ lowtT lip, slightly hairy on the margins, the teeth very short: capsule oblong, 2 lines long, retuse. compressed : seeds 4-6, oblong. In the mountains of southern Idaho to the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah. § 3 Triphysaria Benth. Corolla with conspicuous trisaccate lower lip, very much longer than the slender straight galea, its teeth minute or small: tube filiform or slender: stigma capitate, sometimes 2-lobed. * Lower lip of the corolla saccately three-lobed from the end : anthers one-celled: seed-cpat close, conformed to the nucleus, apiculate at one or both ends. 536 SCROPHULARIACEvE orthocarpus • 0. pusillus Bentb. Scroph. Ind I'i. Whole plant reddish-brown, hir- sute with short hairs; stem slender, 1-4 inches high, diffusely branching and flowering from the base: leaves lanceolate, an inch or more long, once or twice pinnatifid with filiform lobes: bracts shorter than the leaves, broadly cuneate in outline, 3-5-parted into filiform divisions: calyx pubescent, the 4 filiform lobes about as long as the tube: corolla purplish, shoiier than the bracts, 2-3 lines long, the tube not • surpassing the calyx, the lower lip moderately 3-lobed, beardless: capsule globose, two lines long: seeds minute, dark-colored. In low open places, Brit. Columbia to California. 0. eriauthns Benth. Scroph. Ind, 12. Minutely pubescent to nearly glabrous: stem 6 inches to a foot high, fastigiately or paniculately much branched: leaves two to three inches long, pinnately parted above the entire base into setaceous or filiform divisions: bracts but little longer than the calyx, with lanceolate body and filiform lobes: calyx 5-6 lines long, the lance- olate teeth about one third as long as the tube: corolla nearly an inch long, yellow, lower lip of three globular-inflated sacs, not more than one fourth as long as the filiform pubescent tube, the two folds separating the sacs within villous-bearded, galea subulate, brownish-purple, but little exceeding the lower lip. Low ground near the coast, southern Oregon and California * * Anthers two-celled: seed-coat loose and arilliform, coarsely reticulated 0. lithospermoides Benth. 1. c. Copiously hirsute above, pubescent below: stem 6-18 inches high, strict, simple, or with some erect branches, very leafy: leaves lanceolate or somewhat linear, 2-5-cleft, or the lowermost simple: bracts of the dense many-flowered spike cuneate-dilated and 3-5-cleft, about equalling the flowers: calyx two lines long, the short subulate teeth about as long as the tube: corolla about an inch long, cream-color, or often turning pale rose-color: sacs of the lower lip three lines deep, the teeth short and inconspicuous: capsule ovate. In open places, southern Oregon and California. 0. lacerus Benth, PI. Hartw. 329. Rather soft hirsute and above vis- cid: stem strict, simple, or branched above, 6-14 inches high: leaves pinnately and bracts palmately 3-7- cleft or parted, with linear attenuate lobes: corolla yellow, 6-8 lines long: galea straight, subulate, glabrous or merely puberulent: low^er lip ample, the sacs nearly as deep as long, shorter than the galea. On dry ground, eastern Oregon to California. 0. hispidus Benth. Scroph. Ind. 12, Soft-hirsute: stem slender, strict and erect, 4-12 inches high, simple, or with a few erect branches neai' the top: leaves lanceolate, 6-18 lines long, deeply 3-lobed, with linear attenuate- lanceolate lobes: bracts similar to the leaves but smaller: spikes very dense, 2-3 inches long: calyx about 4 lines long, pubescent, the subulate teeth shorter than the tube: corolla white, 6-8 lines long, the lower lip w^ith mode- rately ample sacs longer than deep, surpassed by the subulate galea: capsule ovoid, obtuse, longer than the tube of the calyx: seeds obovoid, dark grey. In damp open places, western Oregon to California, 21 ADENOSTEGIA Benth. in Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445. CORDYLANTHUS Nutt. Branching annual herbs with narrow alternate leaves and in- conspicuous flowers in leafy-bracted fascicles or spikes at the end of the branches. Calyx spathe-like, diphyllous, or by the absence of the anterior division monophyllous. Coralla tubular, slightly dilated upward, bilabiate, the lips short, rarely unequal in length. ADENOSTEGIA SCROPHULARIACE^ 537 the lower round and 3-crenulate or entire, the galea narrow. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or sometimes the shorter pair want- ing. Anther-cells either pilose-cilia te or with the base and apex minutel}^ bearded. Style usually with an uncinately inflexed apex, thickened under the entire stigma. Ovules several, ascend- ing. Capsule compressed, loculicidal. Seeds few. A. ramosa Greene Pitt, ii, 180. Cordylanthas ramosus Null. Canes- cent with a minute s6abrous pubescence: stem erect, 0-10 inches high, bran- ching: leaves piunately 3-5-parted with filiform segments; the floral ones with 5-7 equal filiform lobes, scarcely dilated at the apex: bracts entire or 2-3-lobed: flowers capitate: calyx leaves 5-7 lines long, ovate or oblong, ob- tuse, 4-6-nerved, the upper one emarginate: corolla yellow, 6-8 linen long: stamens 4; filaments more or less villous; anthers 2-celled: capsule 4-5 lines long, linear-oblong, 20-seeded. Eastern Oregon to Nevada and Wyoming. A. capitata Greene 1. c. Cordylanthus capitatus Nutt. Rlose-pubes- cent: stem erect, 6-20 inches high, branched above: lower leaves and those of the branches linear, one to two inches long, mostly entire, upper ones three- lobed, the lobes linear or filUforai: floral leaves three-cleft or subpinnatifid: flowers in small capitate fascicles, sessile, usually- with a single obtuse bract: calyx two-leaved, the lower leaf three to five-nerved, the upper two -nerved and two-toothed at the apex: corolla six to eight lines long, purplish, but little exceeding the calyx: stamens two; filaments flattened, almost glabrous: anthers one-celled: capsule oblong, eight-seeded: seeds minutely favose. In open woods, eastern Washington to Nevada and Idaho, A. viscida. Minutely pilose and copiously viscid -glandular: stem erect, one to three feet high, divaricately much branched: leaves linear-lan- ceolate, one to three inclies long, mostly entire, those subtending the branches with a pair of linear lobes near the base; floral leaves deeply three-lobed, the lobes linear- spatulate, not callous-tipped: flowers in small fascicles or solitaiy : calyx two-leaved, nearly an inch long, the lower leaf linear-oblong, obtuse, five-nerved, the upper linear-lanceolate, acuminate, faintly five-nerved: corolla purplish, barely equalling the calyx: antheriferous stamens two, with vill- ous filaments and two-celled anthers: sterile filaments conspicuous: fruit not seen. On dry slopes, eastern base of the Coast Mountains near Waldo, southern Oregon. 22 PEDICULARIS L. Sp. 603. Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and yellow, purple, red or white flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx tubular, cleft on the lower side or sometimes also on the upper side, or 2-5- toothed. Corolla strongly bilabiate, the tube cylindric; the galea laterally compressed, concave or conduplicate, sometimes beaked ; lower lip erect or ascending, 3-lobed, the lobes spreading or re- flexed, the middle one smallest. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascend- ing within the upper lip of the corolla : anthers transverse, ap- proximate in pairs, their cells equal, parallel, obtuse or rarely, mucronate at base. Capsule compressed, oblique or curved, beaked, many-seeded loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds reticulated pitted, striate or ribbed. * Cauline leaves and flowers veiiicillate or nearly so, P. Menziesii Benth. in DC. Prodr. x, 563. Nearly glabrous: stems 63M SCROPHULA.RIACE^ pedicularis about ten inches high, simple: leaves deeply pinnatifid or pinuately parted into oblong incise ly toothed divisions: lower whorls of the spike rather dis- tant: calyx inflated-globose its teeth phort, ciliate, somewhat crested: tube of the corolla exceeding the calyx: galea straightish, slightly if at all beaked, shoi-ter than the depending lower lip. Northwest Coast Menzie». * * Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite. P. Groenlandica Retz Fl. Scand. ed. 2, 145. Glabrous perennial: stems simple, erect, twelve to eighteen inches high: leaves alternate, lanceo- late in outline, acute or acuminate, pinnately parted or the lower pinnately divided into lanceolate acute crenulate or incised segments, the lower slender- petioled, the upper sessile, two to six inches long: spikes one to six inches long, very dense: calyx Ave toothed, nearly as long as the tube of the corolla, the teeth short, acutish: corolla red or purple, the galea produced into a filiform beak 6-8 lines long, which is decumbent upon the lower lip and upwardly recurved beyond it: capsule obliquely ovate, about three lines long. In mountain marshes, Alaska to California and across the Continent, P. contorta Benth. in Hook. Fl. ii, 108, Glabrous perennial: stems eight to twelve inches high, simple, erect: leaves mostly radical and petioled, two to three inches long, pinnately parted into linear entire or incisely serrate alternate lobes, the upper similar but smaller and sessile: spikes cylindrical, two to four inches long, many-flowered: calyx four to five lines long, cleft to below the middle into two triangular acute lobes which are sharply two-toothed at the apex: corolla yellow or whitish, the galea produc- ed into a slender elongated-subulate circinate incurved beak equalling or longer than the broad lower lip: capsule six lines long, exceeding the calyx, ovoid, obliquely acute: seeds oblong, callus apiculate at both ends. In open meadows in the Cascade Mountains to Idaho. P. raceiiiosa Dougl. Hook, Fl. ii, 108. Glabrous perennial: stems rather slender, one to two feet high, simple, or sometimes branched, leafy to the top: leaves all cauline, one to two inches long, lanceolate, undivided, finely serrulate or incisely crenate and the crenations finely crenulate, the teeth mostly white-tipped, all petioled: flowers rather few, in a short leafy raceme: calyx somewhat oblique, deeper cleft before than behind, the lobes abruptly acuminate, three lines long: corolla dull white or yellowish, six to eight lines loni,% the galea produced into a slender elongated -subulate circinate incurved beak nearly as long as the broad lower lip, hamate- deflexed. Subalpine regions, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eocky Mountains. P. Howellii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 107. Glabrous perennial: stem stout, six to eighteen inches high, naked, or with some small scales below, above densely leafy up to the short and dense cylindraceous spike: leaves all cauline, one to two inches long, oblong, some simple and undulate- serrate or entire on margined petioles, others pinnately three to seven-parted or upper lobes more confluent : bracts foliaceous, ovate, mostly acuminate, more or Ifess lanate-ciliate, shorter than the flowers: calyx campanulate, sparsely villous, five-toothed, the teeth ovate, nearly entire, the posterior and lateral more connate: corolla white or yellowish, with exserted tube and a rather long much incurved somewhat rose-colored galea much longer than and smrounding the short obscurely three- lobed lower lip. On damp shady slopes, top of the Siskiyou Mountains near Waldo Oregon. P. ornithorhyncha Benth. in Hook. 1. c. Smooth perennial : stems scapiform, or sometimes bearing a pair of leaves, 6-8 inches high, simple : leaves pinnately parted and the oblong or lanceolate divisions incisely pinnatifid, the lobes small, dentate : spikes interrupted: calyx ovate-inflated, PEt)iouLARi8 SCROPHULARlACEit: 539 RHINANTHDS the teeth nearly entire : corolla about half-inch long, galea falcate, with a narrow beak longer than its width, lower lip much smaller. Mount Rainier, Washington. F. parviflora J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop. 1814. (xlabrous: sterna about a foot high, branching, from a biennial or perhaps perennial root: leaves all pinnately parted ; the small segments oblong, incisely crenate : calyx two-cleft, its lo))es incisely cristate: corolla narrow, 6 lines long, purplish, its lips much shorter than the tube; galea not at all beaked, nearly straight, the anterior face curvilinear and slender-bidentate at the lower part of Ihe apex, and a pair of minute aaditional denticulations at the throat. Alpine or 8ul)alpine, Oregon to Alaska and Hudson l>ay. P. bracteosa Benth. 1. c, (Habrous perennial: stem stout, 1-3 feet high, erect and simple, leafy only near the middle: leaves linear to ovate in outline, the radical few', petioled, pinnate, the oblong leaflets ^-1 inch long and pinnately parted, the segments incisely dentate, the teeth often tipped with white: cauline broader in outline, 2-4 inches long, pinnate or pinnately parted, the segments narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, coarsely serrate: bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers: spikes cylindrical, in flower very dense: calyx sparsely pilose, 9 lines long, its teeth sul)ulate from a broad base: corolla about an inch long, ochroleucoue, the tube about equalling the calyx; galea much longer and larger than the lower lip, its cucullate summit slightly produced at the entire edentulate orifice, but not l)eaked. In open forests of high moun- tains, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Saskatchewan. P. densiflora Benth. Hook. Fl. ii, 110. Pubescent or glabrate per- ennial: stem stout, 6-20 inches high, leafy, simple: leaves ample, 4-12 inches long, of oblong outline, bipinnatifid, or pinnately parted and the lobes laciniate-dentate, the irregular salient teeth cuspidate-tipped: lower bracts leaf-like, uppermost almost entire and equalling or shorter than the flowers : spikes at first very dense, oblong, 2-.S inches long, in age looser and sometimes a foot long: calyx campanulate, about 6 lines long by 4-5 broad. 5- toothed, the triangular acute teeth about half as long as the tube: corolla 12-18 lines long, scarlet; galea completely straight and anteriorly rectilinear, very much longer and larger than the very small 3-lobed lower lip : filaments glabrous. On dry hillsides, southern Oregon and California. 23 RHINANTHUS L. Sp. 603. Erect annual herbs with opposite leaves and yellow, blue or variegated flowers in terminal secund leafy-bracted spikes, or sol- itary in the upper axils. Calyx compressed, 4-toothed, much inflated, membranaceous and veiny in fruit. Corolla very irreg- ular or bilabiate, the upper lip compressed, arched, minutely 2-toothed below the entire apex, the lower lip shorter, 3-lobed, the lobes spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the galea. Anthers pilose, the cells obtuse at base, transverse, distinct. Capsule orbicular, flat, loculicidally dehiscent, several- seeded. Seeds nearly orbicular, winged. R. Crista-Oalli L. Sp. 603. Glabrous, or pubescent above: stem slender, usually branched, Jo-2 feet high: leaves lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, sessile, coarsely serrate detita e: bracts broader, ovate to ovate-lan- ceolate, incised-dentate, the teeth ucuminae, or subulate-t'pped : flowers yellow, 6-8 lines long: coroUa-tu e longer than the calyx, commonly with a purple spot on one or both lips: fruiting calyx ovate-orbicular, 4-8 line^ 540 SCROPHULARIACE^ melampyrum in diameter : capsule orbicular or broader, nearly as broad as the calyx, very flat, not oblique. In fields and waste places, Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent: Europe and Asia. 24 MELAMPYRUM L. Sp, 606. Annual branching herbs with opposite leaves and small flowers solitary in the upper axils, or in terminal spikes. Calyx 4-tooth- ed, the 2 upper teeth somewhat longest. Corolla bilabiate, the tube narrow, gradually enlarged above, the upper lip compressed, obtuse or emarginate, with a groove behind the margins, or these recurved, or with a tooth on each side, lower lip spreading or as- cending, 3-toothed, 2-grooved beneath. Stamens 4, ascending under the galea. Anther-cells distinct, parallel, obtuse or mu- cronulate at base. Capsule flat, oblique, loculicidally dehiscent, 2-4-seeded. Seeds smooth, strophiolate. M. lineare Lam. Encycl. iv, 22. Pubescent : stem slender, obscurely 4-sided above, at length widely branched, 6-18 inches high: leaves lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, &hort-petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed, obtuse or the upper truncate at base, 1-23^ inches long, the lower all entire, the upper floral ones ovate or lanceolate with 2-6 bristle- pointed teeth near the base: flowers short-peduncled, 4-6 lines long: calyx about one-third the length of the corolla, its subulate teeth longer than its tube: corolla white or whitish, puberulent, the lower lip yellow: capsule 4-5 lines long, about 2 lines broad,- twice as long as the calyx. In dry woods, Idaho to Brit. Columbia and ea8t to the Atlantic. Order LXIX. OROBANCHACEiE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed 2, 287. Erect, siniple or branched, brown yellowish purplish or nearly white, root-parasitic herbs with the leaves reduced to al- ternate appressed scales and perfect irregular flowers in ter- minal bracted spikes, or sometimes solitary or fascicled and peduncled in the axils of the scales. Calyx inferior, gamosep- alous, 4-5-toothed or 4-5-cleft, or split nearly or quite to the base on one or both sides. Corolla gamopetalous. more or less oblique, the tube cylindric, or expanded above, the limb bi- labiate and 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, a fifth rudi- mentary one sometimes present. Anthers two-celled, the cells parallel and equal. Ovary one-celled, with apparently four parietal placentae and numerous, anatropous, ovules. Style slender, with two-lobed or four-lobed discoid stigma. Capsule one-celled, two-valved. Seeds numerous, reticulated, wrinkled or striate. Cotyledons scarcely differentiated. * Anther-cells deeply separated from below, mucronate or aristu- late at base. 1 Orobanche Flowers spicate and sessile or subsessile. 2 Thalesia Flowers pedunculate, without bracts on the peduncle or calyx. * * Anther-cells parallel and muticose at base. B Boschniakia Flowers sessile in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike. OROBANCHE OROBANCHACE^ 541 THALES[A 1 OROBANCHE L. Sp. 632. (1753.) Glandular-pubescent reddish yellowish violet or nearly white herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered scales and spicate or racemose bracted and sometimes bracteolate flowers. Calyx split both above and below nearly or quite to the base, the divisions 2-cleft or rarely entire, or more or less unequally 2-5- toothed. Corolla oblique, strongly bilabiate: upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed: lower lip spreading, o-lobed. Stamens not exserted : anther-cells mostly mucronate at the base. Pla- centae equidistant or approximate in pairs. Style slender, usually persistent until after the dehiscence of the capsule : stigma pel- tate to funnelform, entire or laterally 2-lamellate. 0. comosa Hook. Fl. 11, 93. Aphyllon comosum Gray. Puberulent: stems stout, 2-4 inches high, branching close to the ground: scales rather few, oblong-ovate to lanceolate: flowers corymbose or paniculate-racemose, on stout pedicels 4-8 lines long : bractlets one or two, on the pedicels or sometimes at the base of the flower: calyx deeply 5-parted; lobes subulate- linear and attenuate, 6-10 lines long: corolla pink or pale purple, an inch or more long; upper lip barely spreading, obtuse; lower lip acutely 3-too- thed, spreading: anthers woolly: capsule oblong, obtuse, 6 lines long: seeds very numerous, yellowish. On dry hills, eastern Washington to California. 0. Califorulca Cham. & Schlect. Linn, iii, 134. Aphyllon Calif orni- cum Gray Pubescent with short hairs and viscid : fetems stout, 8-10 inches high: flowers crowned in an oblong dense raceme or thyrsus: pedicels shorter than the calyx : bractlets close to the calyx, linear-lanceo- late : calyx deeply 5-parted, the subulatelinear lobes 6-10 lines long : corolla yellowish or purplish, but little longer than the calyx its short oblong lobes barely spreading: anthers glabrous or slightly hairy. Sandy places, Oregon to California and Nevada. 0. pinetoruin Geyer. Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii, 297. Aphyllon pineiorum Gray. Pubescent with short whitish hairs : stems rather slen- der above the thickened tuber-like base, 6-12 inches high : flowers subsessile or short pedicelled, in a long and rather loose panicle: calyx 2-bracteolate at base, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes subulate from a broad base, not longer than the tube:' corolla yellowish, 6 lines long: anthers glabrous : capsule oblong, obtuse, 4 lines long, exceeding the calyx. On the roots of conifer- ous trees, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. 2 THALESIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. ii, 267. (1818.) APHYLLON Gray Man. 290. {18^48.) Glandular or viscid-pubescent herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered scales, and long-peduncled yellow- ish white or violet complete and perfect bractless flowers. Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acuminate. Corolla ob- lique: the tube elongated, curved: the limb slightl}^ bilabiate, the upper lip erect-spreading, 2-lobed: the lower lip spreading, 3-lob- ed, the lobes all nearly equal. Stamens included : anther-cells mucronate at the base. Ovary ovoid: placentae equidistant or contiguous in pairs. Style slender, deciduous : stigma peltate, or transversely bilamellate. 642 OROBANCHACE^ thalisia BOSCHNIAKIA T. uniflora Britton Mem. Torr. Club v, 298. AphyUon unifora Gray. Stern usually legs than an inch long, nearly subterranean, bearing several ovate-oblong scaleb and 1-4 slender erect scape-like glandular-puberulent naked 1-flowered peduncles 3-8 inches high : calyx campanulate. pubescent and glandular. 4-5 lines high, its lanceolate-acuminate lobes as long as the tube or longer: corolla violet or white, puberulent outside, 8-12 lines long, the curved tube about 3 times as long as the limV), the short lobes oval or obovate, obtuse : capsule ovoid; longer than the calyx. In woods and thickets, California to Brit. Columbia and across the Continent. T. purpurea Heller Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxiv, 313. Rootstock stout, fascicled or sparingly branched, 2-3 inches long mostly subterranean, bearing a few broad acute prominently veined glabrous scales, and few to several stout glandular-pubescent channeled scape like peduncles 4-6 inch- es high : calyx glandular-pubescent, equally 5-lobed, the lobes prominently 3-nerved, the lateral nerves close to the margin, twice the length of the tube, long-acuminate from a triangular base : corolla deep violet-purple, 16-18 lines long, glandular-pubescent ; lobes broadly oblong or obovate, usually notched or sometimes merely rounded, fringed with short glandu- lar hairs, marked with 3 yellowish veins : stamens smooth ; the anthers obovate, short-acuminate at base : ovary glabrous. Mouth of the Potlatch Idaho. T. fasciculate Britton 1. c. Glandular- pubescent throughout : stemH erect, 2-4 inches high, bearing several oblong to lanceolate scales and 3-20 naked 1-flowered peduncles 1-4 inches long : calyx broadly campanulate, 3-5 lines high; its lobes triangular-lanceolate or triangular-ovate, acute, equalling or shorter than the tube: corolla nearly an inch long, yellowish, often tinged with purple, the curved tube 3 times as long as the limb, the lobes oblong, obtuse: capsule ovoid to globose. On sandy banks, Brit. Columbia to California and Indiana. 3 BOSCHNIAKIA C. A. Meyer Bong. Veg. Sitcha. 159. P^rect simple brown or reddish densely scaly glabrous herbs, parasitic on JCricaceous shrubs or trees, with numerous flowers in a simple dense scaly-bracted cone-like spike. Flowers all alike and fertile, sessile, or short-pedicelled. Calyx short, cupuliform, posteriorly truncate or obliquely shorter, and with o distant teeth in front. Corolla ventricose: upper lip erect or fornicate, entire ; lower 3-parted. Stamens slightly exserted : anther-cells closely parallel and muticose at base. Stigma dilated and bilamellar or 4-lobed. Seeds with a thin reticulated or favose coat. B. strobilacea Gray Pacif R. Rep. iv, 118. Stems clustered, 4-12 inches high stout and thick, brownish-red : scales ovate or the upper ones more or less cuneate below, much imbricated : flowering from near the ground : pedicels stout, a line or two long: calyx with a pair of setaceous bractlets at base, irregularly 2-5-toothed, the teeth subulate from a broad base, 3-4 lines long, about as long as the tube: corolla bilabiate, 8-10 lines long, upper lip entire, its margins involute, lower lip 2-lobed, naked : sta- mens densely woolly at base, shorter than the upper lip, anthers woolly: style a little longer than the stamens; stigma irregularly 3-5-lobed: capsule globose, 4-valved, 1-celled: seeds globose, a line long, light-colored, with a spongy coat. In open woods, southern Oregon to California. B. Hookeri Walp. Rep. iii, 479. ? Stem comparatively slender, 3-6 inches high: scales oblong to broadly ovate, lax or densely imbricated: flowers sessile: calvx ebracteolate, 4-toothed, the triangular acute teeth a line or two long, about as long as the tube; corolla 6-8 lines long, upper UTRicuLABiA LENTIBULARIACE^ 543 lip entire, a little longer than the 3-toothed lower one, all more or leas ciliate: filaments woolly at base: anthers white, ciliate on the sutures: style shorter than the stamens, with irregularly 2-5-lobed stigma. On sandy plains near the sea, Oregon. Order LXX.LENTIBULARIACEiE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 686, PINGUICULACE^ Aquatic herbs, or terrestrial in wet plaecs, with the leaves all radical, or when floating opposite or verticillate, and mostly showy flowers solitary or racemose on scapes or scape -like pe- duncles. Calyx inferior, 2-5-parted. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip usually erect, concave, or the sides plicate, entire or 2-lobed . lower lip lai*ger, spreading or reflexed, 3-lobed, with a palate projecting into the throat and a nectariferous spur beneath. Stamens two : anther-cells confluent into one. Ovary ovoid or globose, one-celled ovules numerous. Style short or none: stigma bilamellate. Fruit a capsule, irregularly bursting or dehiscent by valves. Seeds anatropous, rugose, reticulated, or bristle-bearing. 1 Utricularia Aquatic or bog plants : foliage often dissected and bladder bearing. 2 Finguicnla Terrestrial herbs : leaves all radical, in a rosulate tuft,entire. 1 UTRICULARIA L. Sp. 18. Herbs floating free in water, or rooting in mud, the aquatic species with stems usually bearing finely dissected leaves and minute bladders : marsh species with a few bladder-bearing leaves or rootlets under ground. Flowers racemose or solitary at the summits of slender scapes, the pedicels two-bracteolate. Calyx deeply two-lobed, the lobes equal or nearly so. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip usually erect and entire ; the lower larger. 3-lobed, spurred at the base and with a prominent palate, commonly bearded in the throat. Capsule many- seeded. U. vulgaris L. Sp, 18. Stem long and rather stout, densely leafy: leaves 2-3-pinnately divided into filiform segments, very bladdery : blad- ders about 2 lines long: scapes a foot or less long, 5-16 flowered : corolla yellow, half inch or more broad, with sides of lips reflexed ; upper lip nearly entire, hardly longer than the prominent palate ; tiie lower one slightly 3-lobed and longer than the conic, blunt or acutish somewhat curved spur. Slow streams and ponds, Brit. Columbia to California and across the Continent : Europe and Asia. U. occidentalis Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 95. Stems filiform, 8-10 inches long: leaves scattered, repeatedly dichotomously divided, the small setaceous segments a line or two long: scapes 6-10 inches high, 3-5-flower- ed : corolla yellow, 4-6 lines long : upper lip a little longer than the broad rounded palate; spur broadly conical, acutish, 2 lines long, ascending. In shallow water on boggy meadows near the base of Mount Adams, Washington. U. minor L. Sp. 18. Stems slender, floating, short: leaves much scattered dichotomously divided, the divisions few and setaceous : bladders borne among the leaves, few, often none, the largest not over a line long : 544 LENTIBULARIACEif^: utricularia PINGUICULA scapes slender 2-7 inches high, racemosely 1-10-flowered : corolla pale 3'ellow, 2-3 lines broad, jingent, the upper lip smaller than the lower; spur usually reduced to a broad blunt protuberance, shorter than the lips. In shallow ponds and bogs, Brit. Columbia to California and across the Continent : also Europe. IT. intermedia Hayne in Schrad. Journ. Bot. i, 18. Stems floating 2-6 inches long: leaves 3-6 lines long, more or less scattered, 2-ranked> repeatedly dichotomous, the segments linear, flat, the margins bristly- ciliate : bladders with rare exceptions borne on leafless branches : scapes capillary, 2-10 inches high, rjaked, or with a few scales, 1-5-flowered : corolla 6 lines broad, its lower lip broad with a large palate and exceeding the upper one : spur conic, subacute, nearly as long as the lip, to which it is appressed. In shallow water, Brit. Columbia to California and across the continent : also in Europe. 2 PINGUICULA L. Sp. 17. Acaulescf^nt herbs with fibrous roots, entire rosulate-tufted leaves, the upper surface covered with a viscid secretion to which insects adhere and are captured by the involution of the sensitive margins, and naked one-tjowered scapes. Calyx 4-5-parted, or bilabiate, the upper lip 2-parted, the lower 3-parted. Corolla bi- labiate, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft ; the base produced into a nectariferous spur. Capsule 2-valved, or 4-valved. Seeds oblong, wrinkled or reticulg-ted. P. ynlgaris L. Sp. 17. Scapes glabrous or minutely puberulent, 2-6 inches high, recurved at the apex and bearing a single large blue flower: leaJves 3-7 in a rosette at the base of the scape, greasy to the touch on the upper side, ovate to lanceolate, obtuse, 1-2 inches long, short-petioled or sessile: corolla 3-5 lines broad when expanded, bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, larger, the tube gradually contracted into an acute or obtuse nearly straight spur 2-4 lines long: capsule globose-ovoid, longer than the calyx. On wet rocks, southern Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent : also Europe and Asia. Order LXXI LABIATE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. Herbs shrubs or rarely trees, mostly aromatic, usually with square stems, simple opposite leaves without stipules and rather small perfect flowers usually clustered in the axils of the upper leaves or bracts. Calyx 3-5-cleft, 3-5-toothed or bilabiate, persistent. Corolla bilabiate; upper lip 2-lobed or entire, the lower 3-cleft or 3-parted, or rarely as if 4 lobes in the upper and one in the lower lip. Stamens mostly 4 and didynamous, rarely equal, sometimes only two with or without staminoidea ; filaments distinct, mostly slender, alternate wifh the lobes of the corolla. Anthers introrse, 2-celled or confluently 1-celled, or sometimes of a single cell. Ovary 4-lobed or 4-parted, su- perior, each lobe or division with 1, mostly anatropous, ovule. Style arising from the centre of the lobed or parted ovary, filiform, 2-cleft at the apex, often unequally so; or one of the cells obsolete : stigma minute, usually 2-lobed. Fruit of 4 one- aeeded nutlets. Seeds erect from the base of the nutlet, mostly LABIATE 545 without albumen. Embryo mostly straight: radicle short, inferior. I Ovary merely 4-lobed, or not deeply 4-parted. Tribe i Stamens mostly exserted from the upper side of the corolla, 4 in all our genera. 1 Trichosteiiia Limb of the corolla merely or hardly oblique, of 5 some- what equal and similar lobes. 2 Tencrium Limb of the corolla irregular, seemingly bilabiate the upper lip either split down or very short. II Ovary deeply 4-parted. Tribe ii Stamens not declined, the posterior pair shorter or wanting. * Flowers capitate-glomerate : corolla about equally 4-lobed, small and short, hardly irregular, but the upper lobe often broader than the others and emarginate: anther-cells parallel, without any thickish connective. 3 Mentha Stamens 4, similar and nearly equal. 4 Lycopus Stamens only 2 with anthers, the upper pair sterile rudi- ments or wanting. * * Calyx striate-nerved or costate, not much changed in fruit : corolla more or less evi Clayt. Gronov. Fl. Virg. 88. LOPHANTHUS Benth. Tall. erect perennial herbs with serrate mainly ovate petiole AGA8TACHE LABI AT JE 553 NEPETA leaves and yellowish purplish or hlue flowers verticillate- clustered in dense or interrupted bracted terminal spikes. Calyx narrowly campanulate, somewhat oblique, slightly bilabiate, 5-toothed. Corolla strongly bilabiate, the tube as long as the calyx : upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower one spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe broader than the lateral ones and crenulate. Stamens all antheriferous, the upper pair longest: anthers 2-celled, their cells nearly parallel. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. A. urticifolia Kydberg. Lophanthus uriicifoUus Benth. Glabrous: stems erect and simple, 2-4 feet high : leaves thin, triangular-ovate, obtuse to acute at the apex, truncate to cordate at base, 1-3 inches long, coarsely and irregularly dentate, glabrous' both sides, on petioles an inch or less long: spikes dense, 1-3 inches long, an inch or less thick, sessile: bracts linear-lanceolate, entire, or some of the lower ones ovate and more or less toothed: calyx narrow-campanulate, 4-5 lines long, its lanceolate acumin- ate-subulate teeth subequal, nearly as long as the tube, white or tinged with purple : corolla light violet or purplish to white, 6-7 lines long. In wet places in the mountains, Oregon to California and the Rocky Mts. A. occidentalis Heller. Vleckia occidentalis Piper. Glabrous below, puberulent above : stems strict, simple, 2-4 feet hi^h : leaves triangular- ovate, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, cordate at base coarsely serrate-dentate, green and glabrous above, canescent beneath, 1-2 inches long, on petioles 6-12 lines long: spikes thick and dense, 1-4 inches long an inch or more thick: calyx puberulent, narrow-campanulate, 4-5 lines long, its triangular-subulate very acute teeth not as long as the tube, tinged with violet : corolla light violet, 5-6 lines long. Wet places in the high mountains of Washington. 12 NEPETA L. Sp. 570. Erect herbs with dentate or incised leaves and rather small flowers in verticillate clusters usually crowded in terminal spikes or axillary and cymose. Calyx tubular, somewhat oblique at the mouth, 15-nerved, usually incurved, 5-toothed, scarcely bilabiate but the upper teeth usually longer than the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, the limb strongly bilabiate: upper lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed: lower lip 3-lobed, the middle one larger than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, all antheriferous, ascending under the upper lip : anthers 2-celled, the cells divaricate. Nut- lets compressed-ovoid, smooth. N. Cataria L. Sp. 570. (Catnip) Densely tomentulose-canescent pale green perennial: stems stout, much branched, 2-3 feet high, the branches straight, ascending : leaves ovate to oblong, acute at the apex, coarsely crenate-dentate, mostly cordate at base, 1-3 inches long, greener above than below, all petioled : flowers in dense verticillastrate spikes at the ends of the branches and stems : bracts small, foliaceous : bractlets subulate: calyx densely pubescent, its teeth subulate the upper about one-half the length of the tube : corolla nearly white or pale purple, dark-dotted, pubes- cent outside, 5-6 lines long, it's tube a little longer than the calyx, the broad middle lobe of the lower lip crenulate. In waste places, naturalized from Europe. 13 GLECHOMA L. Sp. 578. Low diff'ase creeping herbs with long-petioled crenate leaves 554 LABlATiE GLECttoMA DRACOCEPHALUM and comparatively large violet or blue flowers in small verticillate axillary clusters. Calyx oblong-tubular, 15-nerved, oblique at tliC orifice, unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube exserted, enlarged above, the limb bilabiate : upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate, the lower spreading, li lobed. Stamens 4, all antheriferous, not exserted : anthers 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. (t. hederacea L. Sp 57S. (Grodnd Ivy.) Pubescent perennial : stems creeping, 6-18 inches long, the branches ascending : leaves nearlv orbicular or reniforni, cordate at base, 6-18 lines in diameter, green both sides, coarsely crenate: clusters few-flowered: bractlets shorter than the calyx, subulate : calyx puberulent, its teeth acute or lanceolate-acuminate, about one-third as long as the tube: corolla tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx : upper pair of stamens much longer than the lower pair. In waste places, escaped from gardens. 14 DRACOCEPHALUM L, Sp. 594. Herbs'witb dentate incised or entire leaves and blue or purple flowers in axillary and terminal bracted clusters. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, straight or incurved, 5-toothed, the upper teeth much longer than the others, or bilabiate with the 3 upper teeth more or less united. Corolla expanded above, its limb bilabiate: upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest and sometimes 2-cleft. Stamens 4, all antheriferous, the upper pair longest: anthers 2-celled, the cells divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. D. parviflorum Nutt. Gen. ii, 35. A somewhat pubescent annual or biennial : stem rather stout, usually branched, 6-24 inches high : leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong, serrate or the lower incised, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at bape, thin, 1-3 inches long, all slender- petioled : flowers numerous, in dense terminal spikes, and sometimes also in the upper axils : bracts ovate to oblong, pectinate with awn-pointed teeth, shorter than or equalling the calyx: pedicels 1-2 lines long: upper teeth of the calyx ovate- oblong, longer than the narrow lower and lateral ones, all acuminate: corolla light blue, scarcely longer than the calyx. In dry rocky or gravelly soil, Alaska to Idaho and New York. Tribe 5 Scutellariem Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii, 407. Herbage bitterish, little or not at all aromatic. Calyx bilabiate, closed in fruit; the lips entire. Corolla bilabiate; but with the small lateral lobes more conyiected with the galeate upper lip: lower lip therefore of a single lobe. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel: both pairs fertile; the lower or ovter pair longer and with anthers mostly 1-celled by abortion: those of the upper pair ^-celled. Upper fork of the style ■ v.ry short or none. Nutlets depressed or globular. 15 SCUTELLARIA L. Sp. 598. Annual or perenninl herbs, rarely shrubby, with blue or violet flowers in terminal or .-ixiliary bracted mostly secund spike-like racemes, or 1-.") in tlie axils. Calyx campanuhite', bilabiate; the lips entire, the upper one with a, crest or protuberance upon its back and often deciduous in fruit; the lower one persistent. SCUTELLARIA LABIAT^ 555 Corolla ^nuch exserted, recurved-ascending, dilated above, glab- rons within, the limb bilabiate: upper lip arched, entire or emar- ginate : the lower lip spreading or deflexed, its lateral lobes small and somewhat connected with the upper, the middle lobe broad and sometimes emarginate, the margins mostl}^ recurved. Sta- mens 4, all antheriferous. Nutlets borne on a short or elongated gynobase, S. lateriflora L. Sp. 598. Perennial by stolons: glabrous throughout or pubescent above: stems slender, erect or ascending, usually branched, 1-2 feet high, leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, acute or acuminate at the apex, coarsely dentate-serrate, obtuse narrowed or subcordate at base, 1-3 inches long, all on slender petioles an inch or more long: flowers in narrow, secund, axillary and often also terminal racems, leafy-bracted below, several- to many-flowered: calyx about a line long: corolla blue to nearly white, 3-5 lines long, its lips about equal, one-fifth as long as the tube: nutlets borne on a very short gynobase. In wet places, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and across the Continent, S. nana Gray Proc. Am. Acad, ii, 100. Minutely puberulent: stems 1-2 inches high, from thick subterranean shoots, much branched from near the base : leaves crowded, from obovate to spatulate, entire, 6-12 lines long, thickish, tapering below to a short petiole: flowers solitary and op- posite in the axils of the upper leaves, calyx about 2 lines long, : corolla white or yellowish, 6-8 lines long, with rather broad dilated throat, the lips about equal in length, In claye soil, southeastern Oregon to Nevada. S. tuberosa Benth. Lab. 441. Soft-villous or pubescent: perennial by tubers that terminate filiform underground stolons : stems 2-5 inches high, branching from the base, denselv leafy : leaves thin, from ovate or oblong to broadly lanceolate, obtuse, at the apex, subcordate to tapering at base, the blade 3-6 lines long, coarsely few-toothed, all petioled: flowers solitary and opposite in the axils of the leaves : calyx about 2 lines long, soft- villous, enlarged in fruit: corolla blue or violet, 7-9 lines long: nutlets strongly muricate. In loose soil on dry wooded hillsides, southern Oregon to California. S. an^ustifolia Pursh Fl. ii, 412. Minutely pubescent or almost glab- rous: stems erect or ascending, 6-12 inches high, often branched, perennial by woody and fibrous roots: leaves from linear lo narrowly oblong, entire, tapering at base, the blade G-15 lines long, short-petioled, or the uppe?- imes sessile, the radical leaves often roundish or even cordate, and some- times toothed: flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves: calyx in flower but little more than a line long, becoming much enlarged in fruit, split to the base : corolla blue or violet, 10-12 lines long, with slender tube nearly straight at base and moderately enlarged throat, the broad lower lip villous within : nutlets minutely granulate. In dry places in tYve m nu - tains, Brit. Columbia to California. S. siphocampyloides Vatke Bot. Zeit. xxx, 717. Tomentulose-canes- cent: stems erect, 6-12 inches high, branching, perennial by wood y and fibrous roots : leaves from linear to narrowly oblong, entire, 6-15 lines long, short-petioled, or the upper sessile: flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves: calyx about a line long in flower, enlarged in fruit: corolla blue to violet, 10-12 lines long, the slender tube recurved at base, and above this erect or thrown somewhat backward, the throat moderately en- larged upward. In canyons, southern Oregon to western California. S. antirrhinoides Benth. Bot. Reg. xviii, under 1493. Glabrous or minutely puberulent: stems somawhat cespitose at the ends of white fleshy underground shoots, 7-8 inches high : leaves oblong or somewhat lane eolate 556 LABIATiE Scutellaria BRUNELLA or the lower obovate, 8-12 lines long, all abruptly contracted -Jtt base to short or moderately long petioles, obtuse to acute at the apex, entire : flowers solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves : peduncles 1-3 lines long . calyx hardly 2 lines long in flower, becoming moderately enlarged in fruit, minutely puberulent : corolla blue, 10-12 lines long, puberulent, with short tube and broad throat, the broad lower lip puberulent within. In moist soil along streams, Washington to California and Nevada. S. galericulata L. 8p. 599. Puberulent or pubescent : stems solitary at the ends of underground perennial shoots, erect, usually branched, 1-3 feet high : leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute at the apex, dentate with low teeth, or the upper entire, 1-1 3>^ inches long, rounded or subcordate at base, the uppermost much smaller and sessile or nearly so, the lower ones petioled: flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, short-peduncled : calyx puberulent, a line long, split to the base, enlarged in fruit: corolla blue, puberulent, 8-12 lines long, with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat : nutlets densely muriculate-scabrous. In low wet places, Brit. Columbia to Oregon, Arizona and the Atlantic States. Tribe 6 Stachydese Benth. in DO. Prodr. xii, 407. Herbage bitter -aromatic or scarcely aromatic. Calyx 5-lO-nerved or veiny. Stamens 4, all with anthers, 'parallel and mostly ascending nnder the concave and commonly galeate upper lip of the bilabiate corolla, the lower or ovter pair longest, except in Phlomis. Anthers 2- celled or confluently somewhat 1- celled. 16 BRUNELLA L. Sp. 600. Perennial herbs with petioled leaves and purple or white flow^- ers in dense bracted terminal and axillary spikes or heads. Calyx oblong, reticulate-veined, about 10-nerved, deeply bilabiate, closed ii\ fruit: upper lip nearly truncate, or Avith 3 short teeth : lower lip 2-cleft, its teeth lanceolate. Corolla-tube inflated, slightly nar- rowed at the mouth, its limb strongly bilabiate: upper lip entire, arched: lower lip spreading, 8-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile, the lower pair longest: filaments of the longer stamens 2-toothed at the summit, one of the teeth bearing the anther, the other sterile. Anthers 2-celled, the cells divergent or divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. B. vulgaris L. Sp. 600. Pubescent to nearly glabrous: stems numer- ous, slender, erect to procumbent, 2-24 inches long, usually simple : leaves thin, ovate or oblong to oblong-lanceolate, usually narrowed at base, entire or crenate, 2-4 inches long, the lowest commonly shorter, and sometimes subcordate, all petioled : spikes usually sessile, 1-2 inches long dense, ter- minal : bracts broadly ovate-orbicular, strongly nerved, more or less hirsute and ciliate : calyx cylindraceous, about 4 lines long, more or less hirsute, the teeth all cuspidate and ciliate: corolla blue or viojet to nearly )Kllite, 1-8 lines long. Common in open places, 'Alask'STtoTTalifornia and across the Continent: also in Asia. 17 PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. Lab. 504 a834) Erect perennial herbs with serrate, dentate or entire leaves and middle-sized bilabiate flowers in terminal bracted spikes or ra- cemes. Calyx campanulate or oblong, membranaceous, enlarged and remaining open in fruit, lO-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Co- rolla much longer than the calyx, its tube gradually much en- PHYSOSTEGiA LABIATE 567 MARKUBIUM larged upward; upper lip concave, rounded, entire ; the lower one spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe commonly emarginate. Sta- mens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the lower pair the lonofest; filaments pubescent; anthers all alike, 2-celled, the cells nearly parallel, the margins of their valves commonly spinulose or denticulate. Nutlets ovoid-triquetrous, smooth. ^ P. parviflora Nutt. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii, 437 as synonym. Glabrous: stems rather stout, 1-3 feet high, simple, or branched above: leaves mostly lanceolate, acute, or the lower ones obtuse, at the apex, sharply serrate, somewhat narrowed at base, all sessile or the lowest petioled, 3-4 inches long, 3-10 lines wide : spikes several many-flowered, 1-4 inches long: bracts ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute, shorter than the calyx: calyx in flower campanulate, 2 lines long, its teeth ovate, obtuse or acutish, becoming globose-oblong in fruit: corolla purple, 6 lines long. In moist meadows, northwestern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Minnesota. 18 MARRUBIUM L. Sp. 582. Perennial herbs with petioled dentate leaves and small flowers in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, regularly 5-10-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, or the alternate ones short- er, acute or acutish, spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate, the lower spreading, 2-cleft, its broader middle lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, included, the posterior pair the shorter. Anthers 2- celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. M. vuLGARE L. Sp. 583. (White Hoarhound.) Stems erect, stout, 1-3 feet high, white-woolly, much branched, the branches ascending : leaves oval or broadly ovate to nearly orbicular, rugose-veined, obtuse at the apex, crenate-dentate, rounded, narrowed or subcordate at base, 1-2 inches long, rough, whitish above, woolly beneath, on petioles 6-12 lines long: flowers in dense many-flowered axillary clusters : calyx-teeth usually 10, glabrous above, woolly below subulate, more or less recurved : corolla white, 3-4 lines long. In waste places : naturalized from Europe. 19 LEONURUS L. Sp. 584. Tall perennial herbs with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves and small white or pink flowers in dense verticillate axil- lary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-nerved, nearly reg- ular and equally 5-toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate or aristate. Corolla bilabiate : upper lip erect, concave or nearly flat, entire: lower lip spreading, or deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate. Stnmens 4, the anterior pair longest: anthers 2-celled, the cells mostly parallel. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. L. Cardiaca L. Sp. 584. Puberulent perennial : stems rather stout, strict, commonly branched, 2-5 feet high, the branches straight and as- cending: leaves membranaceous, the lower nearly orbicular, palmately 3-5- cleft, 2-4 inches broad, the lobes acuminate, incised or dentate, upper narrowly oblong-lanceolate or rhombic, .^-cleftor the upper merely 3-tooth- ed, all -slender-petioled, canescently puberulent beneath, green above: flowers in dense glomerate clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, shorter than the petioles : calyx glabrous, about 3 lines long, its teeth lanceolate- subulate, somewhat spreading, nearly as long as the tube : corolla pink, purple or white, 3-5 lines long, its tube with an oblique ring of hairs with- 558 LABIAT^E lamium STACHYS in, its upper lip slightly concave, densely white-woolly outside. In sandy places: naturalized from Europe. 20 LAMIUM L. Sp. 579. Annual or perennial herbs with crenate dentate or incised usually cordate leaves and small flowers verticillate in axillary and terminal clusters. Cah^x tubular-campanulate, about 5- nerved, o-toothed, the teeth equal, or the upper ones larger. Tube of the corolla commonly longer than the calyx, its limb bilabiate upper lip concave, erect, usually entire, narrowed at the base : lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe emarginate, contracted at base, the lateral ones sometimes each with a tooth- like appendage. Stamens 4, the anterior pair longest. Anthers 2-celled, the cells divaricate, often hirsute on the back. Nutlets smooth or tuberculate. L. AMMExiCAuiE L. Sp. 579. Sparingly pubescent annual or biennial: stems slender, weak, branched from the base and often from the lower axils also ^ lines long: bracts spatulate, foliaceous: calyx yellow 3 lines high, top-shaped, very villous, the segments obovate: stamens and style-branches exserted achenes constricted'at the middle, 2 lines long, villous at the summit the angles undulate, the faces swollen, Dry plains eastern Washington to Arizona and Nebraska. E. Piperi Greene. " Densely tufted on a stout woody caudex: stems erect, leafless tomentose, 5-10 inches tall: leaves all basal, lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, densely hairy beneath, green and less hairy above, 1-2 inches long, attenuate into a usually shorter petiole : umbels several-rayed, simple, or contracted into a dense cluster: bracts 3-8, oblan- ceolate, 1-1)^ inches long: involucre short-toothed, villous: flowers yellow , 2-3 lines long. Summit of Cedar Mountain, Washington. Hardly distinct from;iE.*flavumtNutt.^" Piper & Kent in Palouse Flora, 50. E.'fandrosaceum'" Benth. Dwarf/^perennial: tomentose throughout or smoother above: caudex branching: leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, white- woolly beneath, glabrate above: scapeSj2-3 inches high, simple: umbel simple or subcapitate, 4-7- rayed r^rays 'short|and slender: teeth of the involucre short, erect or nearly so:flowers sparingly villous, yellow, 2-3 lines long, short attenuate. On the high mountains of eastern Washington to Brit. Columbia . ERiOGONUM POLYGON ACEiE 569 E. pyrolaefoliuiii Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v, 395, t. 10. Caudex short and thick, sparingly branched: leaves thick, glabrous, round-obovate to oblong, 3-9 lines broad, mostly abruptly attenuate into a short petiole, broad and villous at base: scapes smooth, 2-3 inches high, bearing a 2-bracteate umbel of 1-4 very shortly pedicellate sinuately-toothed nd villous involucres; flowers yellow, slightly villous at base, short-attenuate. On the high mountains Washington to California. Var. coryphaBum T. & G. More tomentose, with narrower leaves and smaller flowers. On the high peaks of the Cascade Mountains. E. thymoides Benth. A much branched undershrub 3-10 inches high: leaves linear to spatulate with revolute margins, 2-5 lines long, white- woolly: peduncles slender, 1-2 inches high, bearing a whorl of linear bracts below the middle and a solitary, several-flowered involucre at the summit: involucre 3-4 lines high deeply cleft, the lobes spreading or recurved at the tip : calyx attenuate and densely retrorse villous at base, 2-3 lines long, the segments glabrous above, pink to pui*plish, broad and rounded at the apex. In sterile rocky places on top of high hills, eastern Oregon and Washington. E. caespitosnm Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii, 50, t. 8. A densely branehed undershiub: stems 2-4 inches long depressed or ascending, the branches usually crowded with leaves: leaves ovate -spatulate to oblong, 2-^ lines long, densely white-woolly, crowded on the short branchlets: peduncles scape-like 1-3 inches long, slender naked: bearing a single several-flowered involucre: lobes of the involucre linear-oblong, as long as the turbinate tube, becoming reflexed: flowers yellow, often tinged with pm'ple, pubescent, 1K~2 lines long, the base stipe-like, the lobes oblong-oval. On dry ridges, south- eastern Oregon to Nevada. E. Bouglasii Benth. in DC. Prodr. xiv, 9. Shrubby and rather loose- ly branched at base; 4-10 inches high: leaves spatulate to linear-lanceolate alternate below to a petiole white-tomentose below, pubescent above, 6-14 lines long; peduncles rather stout, 2-6 inches long, with a whorl of oblance- olate leaves in the middle and a single many-flowered involucre: flowei-sjyel- low pubescent outside, about 3 lines long. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon to California. E, sphaBroeeplialum Dougl. Benth. 1. c. Shrubby and loosely bran- ched below, 6-10 inches high; leaves lanceolate to spatulate 6-14 lines long tapering below to a distinct petiole, olten with revolute mai'gins, densely white-woolly below, pubescent but green above; j^eduncles 2-6 inches long with a whorl of lanceolate leaves usually above the middle and a single many- flowered involucre; outer flowers reflexed, thus forming a dense round head, yellow or tinged;.^with red or purple, pubescent outside, abo^t 3 lines long the oblong lobes longer than the stipe-like base. On barren idges, eastern Washington to California. E. tenne Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxv. 41. Stems loosely bran- ching, 3-5 inches long, slender, shrubby at base: leave? crowded at the ends of the branches, linear or nearly so, 6-12 lines long, the margins rev- olute, thinly tomentose: peduncles erect, 3-5 inches high, bearing a whorl of leaves in the middle and a single terminal involucre : lobes of the involucre linear oblanceolate, obtuse, shorter than the turbinate tube, spreading or reflexed : flowers pale^iyellow, glabrous, about S lines long narrowed below to a stipe-like base, its segments unequal, the outer ones oblong-obovate, notched at the apex, the inner ones spatulate, erose at the apex. In dry sterile^ rocky places lalong the Columbia river, eastern Oregon and Washington. E. umbellatnm Torr. Ann Lye. N. Y. 241 Stems depressed and 570 POLYGON ACE^ eriogonum shrubVjy below, much branched: leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, 1-2 inches long, on slender petioles, white-tomentose below, green and glab- rate above: peduncles 6-15 inches high, naked, bearing a simple utnbel of 3-10 naked rays subtended by a whorl of leaves : involucres deeply lobed, the lobes shorter than the turbinate tube : flowers yellow or yellowish, 2-3 lines long, glabrous. Dry ridges, Oregon to California and the Rocky Mountains. E. Tolmieanum Hook. Fl. 134. E. umheUatum var. rmmocephalum T. & G. Branches short and depressed, shrubby below, den«ly cespitose : leaves ovate, 3 lines long, narrowed to short petioles, glabrate above: peduncles 2-4 inches high, bearing a whorl of leaves above the middle and a single large globose head of one or more small involucres : flowers yellow, the base abruptly narrowed and stipiform. High mountains, Washington to California. E. moutannin. Stems depressed and diffusely much branching, 6-10 inches long shrubby and rooting at the nodes : leaves obovate to oblong, often acute, short-petioled, 3-6 lines long, whiter tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above : peduncles 1-3 inches long, naked bearing a simple um- bel of 3-10 short naked"rays subtended by a whorl of leaves : involucres loosely woolly the linear lobes longer than the turbinate tube : flowers yellow, about 2 lines long, gradually attenuate to a stipe-like base, glabrous. On the highest peaks of the Cascade Mountains. E. croceum Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxv, 43. Shrubby and spreading below 4-12 inches long, the branches often tufted leaves cluster ed at the ends of the shoots, oval or orbicular- oval, 6-9 lines long obtuse tomentose or glabrate above, abruptly narrowed to a stout petiole shorter or longer than the blade: peduncles erect, 4-8 inches high, usually naked except a bract near the middle, bearing a compound umbel subtended by a whorl of leaves: involucres thinly tomentose, the somewhat lanceolate ac- ute lobes longer than the broadly turbinate tube: flowers golden yellow, about 3 lines long, narrowed into a long stipe-like base. In the mountains of eastern Oregon and Idaho. E ternatnm. Stems short and densely cespitose, woody, 1-2 inches long, densely leafy : leaves obovate to spatulate or oblong, obtuse, narrowed below to a short winged petiole, densely white. tomentose both sides when young, becoming green and glabrous above, 6-10 lines long: scapes 4-12 inches high, densely floccose with white wool when young, becoming glabr rate in age, bearing a 4-rayed umbel subtended by a whorl of linear bracts otherwise naked : central ray short, with a single naked involucre, the other 3 longer, with 1-3 involucres subtended by linear bracts: involucres some- what funnelform, about 6 lines high, tomentose, few-flowered, the short erect teeth less than a line long : sepals yellow, a line long, oval to obovate. On gravelly bars along streams near Waldo, southern Oregon. E, stellatnm Benth. Tans, Linn. Soc. xvii, 409. More or less tomen- tose : stems diffuse and leafy :leaves ovate-spatulate to oblanceolate : pedu- ncle naked, 6-12 inches high, bearing an umbel of 2-4 mostly elongated rays which are usually and often repeatedly divided in a cymose manner, the nodes and lateral rays all leafy-bracted : flowers yellow, about 3 lines long, the base attenuate and stipe-like. In the mountains, Oregon to California. Var, bahiaeforme Watson Proc. Am. -cad. xii, 257. Leaves most- ly small, often densely tomentose both sides: umbel very compound. With the type. E. heracleoides Nutt. Stems short and woody at base: leaves narrowly oblanceolate with re volute margins densely tomentose beneath somewhat ERiOGONUM POLYGONACEiE 571 glabrate above : peduncles stout 6-12 inches high with a whorl of leaves near the middle umbel l-ll-rayed, sometimes simple, usually with some or all of the rays once or rarely twice divided : flowers yellow or whitish, glabrous, about 3 lines long. On dry plains, eastern Washington to Nevada and Utah. E. compositum Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc .xvii. 409. Stems decumbent or ascending, 4-10 inches long, somewhat woody : leaves oblong-ovate, acute or acutish, 1-3 inches long, cordate at base on jpetioles 2-8 inches long, den- sely white- tomentose beneath, green andflocculent above : peduncles stout, naked, 6-18 inches high, nearly glabrous : umbel of 6-10 more or less elonga- ted rays, each bearing a short several-rayed umbellet, subtended by whorls of linear-oblanceolate leaflets: flowers yellow to whitish or rose-color, 2-4 lines long, the stipe-like base short. On rocky banks, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho. * * Densely tomentose perennials with naked pe luncles : involucres with 5 short erect teeth: flowers small abruptly narrowed at base, pubescent: achenes densely villous. E. acanle Nutt. T <.{: G. Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 163. White-tomentose and matted cespitose: leaves densely crowded upon the closely branched caudex, oblong to linear with revolute margins, sessile, 2-3 lines long, spreading from the imbricated base: involucres in heads of 1-5, among the uppermost leaves, nearly sessile short, 3-5-toothed : flowers with broad sessile base, hardly 2 lines long, the oblong segments equal : filamemts pilose at base* ovary very tomentose with long wool. Sandy hills, Idaho to the Kocky Mountains. E. iniuimnm Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxv, 47. Gray-canescent : branches densely tufted, about 6 lines long: leaves densely imbricated and crowded, the persistent ones of previous years black, the fresh ones gray, spatulate, or almost terete by the strongly revolute margins, obtuse, dilat- ed at Vjase : peduncles erect, 1-3 lines high, simple: involucres solitary, turbinate- cam pannhite a little more than a line high: flowers 1-2 lines long, the segments unequal, the 3 outer oval, the 3 inner obovate, all obtuse : filaments villous at base. At high elevations in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. E. pendnlum Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxiii, 265. White-tomentose throughout: stems woody at base 1-2 feet high profusely branched: leaves scattered, oblong-oblanceolate, 1-3 inches long, obtuse, subglabrate above : inflorescence several times di-or trichotoraous upon naked peduncles : pedi- cels mostly elongated and naked : involucres at first nodding, campanulate, about 2 lines long, its deltoid teeth erect : flowers very small, densely tom- entose, slightly exserted. On dry rocky plains, eastern base of the Coast Mountains near Waldo, Oregon. § 2 Involucres campanulate or short turbinate, not angled or nerved, with 5 rounded erect teeth, pedunculate in diffuse repeat- edly di- or tricliotomous panicles: bracts not foliaceous, all tern- ate, small, mostly trianglar and rigid: flowers not alternate at base : ovary glabrous. * Annuals: leaves all radical or nearly so : involucres flowers and achenes small. E. cernunm Nutt. Journ. A.cad. Phila. Ser. 2, 1 162. Stem very short : scape erect, usually much branched. 6 12 inches high : leaves orbicular or oblong-orbicular, less than an inch long obtuse or slightly apiculate, flat, floccose-tomentose, especially beneath, petioled : inflorescence paniculate : involucres campanulate, slightly more than half a line high solitary on 572 POLYGONACEiE eriogonum slender dcflexed pedicels an inch long or less, 5-cleft to near the middle: flowers whitish, campanulate, half a line long, fiddle-shape. On dry plains, eastern Oregon to Nebraska and New Mexico. * * Annuals, branching from the base, with leaves developed at the nodes in the axils of ordinary triangular bracts : flowers minutely glandular. E. angulosum Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 406, t. 18. Floccose- woolly, or at length glabrate: stem erect, 4-12 inches high, leafy, branch- ing into a repeatedly di-or trichotomous panicle; the branches acutely 4-6 angled : radical leaves spatulate or rounded, the cauline oblong-linear to lanceolate : pedicels 6-12 lines long, widely spreading : involucres short- campanulate or hemispherical, minutely glandular or almost smooth, soli- tary,many-flowered, 5-toothed becoming dilated in fruit : flowers very obtuse at base, a line long, on short pedicels, rose-color or white, deeply 5-parted, the outer segments ovate, the inner at length longer, lanceolate-oblong. Eastern Oregon to California and Utah. * * * Tall stout white-tomentose annuals, with leafy simple stems, naked above : inflorescence cymose : involucres turbinate campanulate, shortly pedicelled : flowers white, nearly glabrous : sepals very unequal. E. aunuum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. Ser. 2. v, 164. Flowers tomentose throughout: stem 1-3 feet high, leafy below : leaves oblong-lanc- eolate or oblanceolate, narrowed at base to a petiole, the margins somewhat revoluteor crisped: involucres turbinate 1-1>^ lines long secund, erect, 5 toothed : calyx ^-1 line long, the segments obovate. On dry plains Idaho to Nebraska and Texas. § 3 Involucres cylindric-turbinate, more or less strongly 5-6 nerved, often becoming costate or angled, with as many short erect teeth, mostly sessile in heads or clusters, scattered in cymes or along virgate panicled branches, always erect, 1-3 lines long: bracts ternate, connate at base, usually short, aeute and more or less rigid : flowers not attenuate at base : achenes usually glabrous. * Cespitose densely tomentose perennials with short closely branch- ed caudex : involucres a single head or short cymose umbel on the naked peduncle : outer sepals broad and somewhat cordate, the inner much narrower: ovary scabrous above. E. ovalifoliani Nutt. Journ. Philad. Acad, vii, 50, t. 8. Densely white-tomentose and silvery : stems very short and deprcssed-cespitose, perennial ; leaves broadly oval or oblong, the blade 3-10 lines long, acutish. abruptly narrowed to a long slender petiole, crowded upon the numerous short branches : scapes 3-9 inches high simple, naked, bearing a single head of 3-8 closely sessile 5-8 toothed involucres: calyx very glabrous, yellow or rose-color, becoming thin and scarious, after flovvering, the segments very unequal, the outer very broadly oval, cordate at base: the inner spatulate, emarginate. On dry hillsides, eastern^Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. Var. prolifernm Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xii, 63. Larger than the type, the involucres loosely cymose-umbellate. With the type. E. vineuni. Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxv, 45. Closely white-tomen- tose up to the inflorescence : perennial from a stout tap-root: stems branch- ing, the branches tufted, clothed with the persistent leaf bases: leaves crowded, the blades suborbicular or broadly oval, 3-5 lines long obtuse or rounded at the apex, abruptly narrowed or truncate at base: on petiol es often as long as the blade : scapes erect, 1-4 inches long, simple : involucre s lOGO UM POLYGONACE^ 573 4-6, in terminal heads, 3-4 lines high, angled, contracted, near the top: flowers wine-red, at length 3-lines long : its segments very unequal, the 3 outer ovate with cordate base ; the inner spatulate. Eastern Oregon to California. E. dichotoinum Dougl. Benth. in DC.'Prodr. xiv, 14. Densely white- tomentose below : stems short but somewhat diffuse and depressed, leafy : leaves oblong or oblanceolate, acute at each end, an inch or two long, on slender petioles : peduncles rather short 6-18 inches high, bearing a 3-rayed umbel the somewhat erect rays sparingly di- or trichotomous: involucre usually solitary tomentose, about 3 lines long, strongly toothed: flowers white to rose-red 1)^-2 lines long, the outer segments broadly elliptical, the inner linear-spatulate. On dry rocky hills eastern Washington to California. E. nireum Dougl. Densely white-tomentose below: stems rather few, short and depressed : leaves oblong 6-12 lines long, petioled : scapes 4-10 inches high, bearing a 3-rayed umbel : involucres usually solitary, tomento- se, about 2 lines high, with some or all of the teeth produced and often recurved: flowers white or rose color, its outer segments round-oval, the inner obovate-spatulate. Oci dry rocky hillsides, eastern Oregon and Washington to Idaho. * * Flowers narrower at 1 ase, the sepals similar and nearly equal : achenes smooth or nearly so. ■«- Perennials with short branched caudex, naked peduncles and capitate involucres. +«• Densely wliite- tomentose, dwarf and cespitose, alpine or subal- pine: heads solitary. E. pancifloram Pursh Fl. 735. Stems very short, loosely tufted, cov- ered with the dilated bases of the petioles : leaves linear or linear-spatulate, 1-3 inches long, with revolute margins, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above, white-tomentose or cottony beneath, narrowed into slender petioles : peduncles 2-6 inches I high : involucres 4-10, in a capitate cluster, 5- toothed, the teeth obtuse, more or less reflexed : flower white, campanulate, 1}4 lines long, its segments ovate. On dry plains, eastern Oregon to Neb E. mnlticeps Nees Max. Eeis. N. A. ii, 446. Stems short, tufted, much branched, sometimes several inches long: leaves spatulate 6-20 lines long, numerous, obtuse at the apex, narrowed below into petioles : pe unc- les 1-5 inches high : involucres 3-12, in a capitate cluster, sessile, 1)4 lines long, 5-6 toothed, the teeth acute: flowers white or rose-color, 1)'2~2 lines long, campanulate, somewhat villous, the segments cuneate, obtuse or emarginate. On dry plains, Idaho to Nebraska. ■**■ ** Peduncles mostly tall and stout, from a sparinglj' branched caudex-. heads solitary or few, in a long-jointed subumbellate cyme. E. nndnm Dougl. Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 413. ? Stems short and loosely branched 1-2 inches long: leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, the blade 1-3 inches long, obtuse or acutish at the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at base, green and glabrate above, densely white-tomentose be- neath, on petioles 2-6 inches long: peduncles rather slender 1-2 feet high, somewhat tomentose : inflorescence a compound umbel : involucres tomen- tose, campanulate about 2 lines long its triangular teeth erect: flowers yel- low to reddish, glabrous about 1}4 lines long, its segments elliptical, round ed at the apex. On dry hillsidts, southwestern Oregon to California. E. elatum. Dougl. A caulescent: leaves all in a rosulate tuft, ovate-ob long or sublanceolate, narrowed into petioles, rarely subhastate orsubco date at base, the margins usually undulate, green and glabrate above ver softly villous-pubescent, or almost velvety beneath, on long slender pet 574 POLYGONAGE^ eriogonum oles : peduncles 1-4 feet high, rigid and rush-like : inflorescence a very dif- fuse panicle: involucres glabrate, or glabrous, few, cylindrical or turbin- ate-campanulate, repandly .5-toothed many-flowered, gathered in heads or clusters, sometimes only in pairs, or solitary in the forks : flowers white or rose-color a little hairy at base the segments ovate-oblong, nearly equal. On barren rocky places, eastern Washington to California. +- ■*- Leaves not fascicled : bracts small very rarely foliaceous below : involucres mostly solitary in a repeatedly di- or trichotomous corymb- like cyme. •»^ Perennials, woody and diffusely much branched, leafy below. E. uiicrothecum Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila. ser. 2, i, 172. More or less floccose-tomentose throughout: stems erect or ascending, branching, especially from the base, 6-12 inches high : leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into short petioles, 6-12 lines long, the upper bract-like: inflorescence compoundly cymose: involucres turbinate 1% lines long: flowers yellow, pink or white, campanulate, at length constrict- ed near the middle. Eastern Washington to California and Nebraska. E. corymbosum Benth. in DC. Prodr. xiv, 17. Densely floccose-to- mentose throughout : stems erect, branched 6-12 inches high : leaves oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at base, petioled, 6-18 lines long, their margins more or less crisp : inflorescence compoundly cymose : involucres short-cam - panulate, 5-toothed, about 1)^ lines long, the teeth subacute flowers broadly campanulate, 1-lK lines long, constricted near the middle, the segments fiddle-shaped, emarginate, the 3 inner ones shorter than the outer ones . Eastern Washington to Nevada and Kansas. ■*-*■ •** Perennial : less woody and more shortly branched at base : leaves mostly narrow : sepals nearly equal. E. campanulatnm Nutt. 1. c. 163. Stems short, thick and woody more or less tomentose : leaves crowded, narrowly oblanceolate, spatulate or nearly linear, 1-3 inches long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into long petioles, white-tomentose on both sides, the margins sometimes revolute: peduncles erector nearly so, glabrous, 4-12 inches high : inflorescences com- poundly cymose: involucres oblong-turbinate, about a line long, with 5 obtuse teeth : flowers yellow, ovoid-campanulate, about a line long, the segments oblong or fiddle-shaped, emarginate. Eastern Oregon to Nebraska •*-•*--«- Involucres sessile and solitary along the ascending and usually long-virgate branches of the open naked panicle : flowers glabrous. -** White-tomentose perennials, leafy below: panicles sparingly branched, usually virgate: involucres' tomentose, the teeth not margined. E. strictum Benth. Branches very short: leaves small, ovate to oblan- ceolate, on long slender petioles : peduncles very slender, glabrate above: panicle twice or thrice divided, with 1-8 involucres on the short branches : involucres glabrate, 1)^ lines long: flowers white to rose-color, l}4 lines long. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon. ■^ *+ Annuals : leaves usually rosulate at the base, sometimes occuring at the nodes. E. virgatum Benth. in DC. Prodr. xiv, 16. Usually white-tomentose throughout : leaves oblong, an inch long, on slender petioles : peduncles simple, or with a few erect virgate branches, 1-2 feet high : involucres re- mote, 2 lines long, tomentose, the 5 teeth very short : flowers a line long rose-color to white or yellow, glabrous, outer segments broadly ovate, cuneately narrowed at base, the inner about as long, spatulate- oblong. In oxTTHECA POLYGONACE.E 575 CHORIZANTHE gravelly bars along rivers Southern Oregon to California. E. vimineum Dougl. Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 416. Leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, 3-10 lines broad, the margins often undulate, loosely floccose-woolly above, densely white-tomentose beneath, on slender petioles about as long as the blade : peduncles usually diffusely and repeat- edly branching from near the base, 6-20 inches high: involucres narrow and rather prismatic, 1^ lines long, the teeth very short : flowers rose- colo'- or yellowish, about a line long, outer segments obovate, the inner only half as broad. On dry plains, Brit. Columbia to California east of the Cascade Mountains. E, Baileyi Watson Proc. Am. Acad, x, 348. Leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, 3-6 lines ftroad, white-tomentose both sides, petioled: pe- duncle's diffusely branched 6-12 inches high, whMly glabrous: involucres narrow, a line or less long, open at the throat, the teeth obtuse : flowers pinkish-white, less than a line long. Dry plains eastern Washington to Nevada and California. 2 OXYTHECA Nutt. PI. Gambl. 169. Slender repeatedly dichotomously branched annuals with the leaves all in a rosulate tuft and small involucrate flowers. Involu- cres few-flowered, more or less pedicellate, oampanulate or turbin- ate, herbaceous and not reticulated, 3-5-cleft, the erect or spreading lobes mostly terminated by straight slender awns. Flowers perfect ; calyx 6-parted, colored, enclosing the achene: the more or less ex- serted pedicels intermixed with bracts or bractlets. Achene, so far as known, ovate-lenticular, the elongated radical accumbent upon the rounded cotyledons. 0. dendroidea Nutt. 1. c. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, hirsute, 6-18 lines long acute : scape-like stem usually 6-12 inches high very slender dif- fuse and much branched from near the base, or stouter and less branched : bracts unequal, without awns, linear-oblong to linear, or oblong-ovate in the ptouter lorms,the lower half-inch long or less, the upper much smaller, all more or less united at base : involucres turbinate, 1-3 lines long, un- equally 3-4-lobed, rather fleshy, acutely ^wned, those in the forks on slender pedicels 1-4 lines long, the others mhpe nearly sessile flowers light rose-color, half a line long, outer segments i)bovate, the inner narrower and shorter. On dry hillsides, southeastern Oregon to Wyoming and Nevada. 3 CHORIZANTHE R. Br. Low dichotomously branched plants with the leaves mostly in a rosulate radical tuft, and small flowers in small involucrate heads. Involucres tubular or funnelform, sessile, 2-6-angled or costate, and 2-6-toothed or cleft, the divisions more or less divari- cate and terminating in cusps or rigid, often uncinate, awns. Flowers 1-3 in the involucre more or less exserted. Calyx 6-parted or 6-cleft. Stamens 3, or 2, inserted on the base or more or less ad- nate to the tube of the calyx, rarely on its throat. Styles linear, with capitate stigmas. Achenes triangular beaked^ Embryo with inflexed or straight radicle. Ours all annuals. C. membranacea Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii, 416, t. 17. Lanoaely pubescent when young, glabrate in age: stems erect, 6-18 inches high, sparingly branched above : radical and lower cauline leaves linear, obtuse. 576 POLYGONACE^ pterostegia POLYGONUM forming irregular whorls at the lower joints: involucres in the lower axils few, without scarious margins, the upper in condensed capitate heads, with equal broadly expanded scarious winged divisions, reflexed, rotate and tipped with a slender uncinate awn, the tube ribbed and protuberant below flowers 2-8, one with long pedicel partly exserted, the others undeveloped: flowers short tubular, hairy outside, the segments oblong, equal : stamens, at the base. On rocky foothills southern Oregon to California. C. Watsoni T. & G. Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 199. Canescently pubescent throughout: stem erect or ascending, 1-4 inches long, branching from the base: radical leaves narrowly oblanceolate to spatulate, 6-10 lines long, narrowed to a petiole with dilated base, the margins revolute, densely tomentose beneath ; lower cauline similar, b»it smaller and uncinately awned, passing above into opposite uncinate-tipped bracts: involucres clustered on the upper branches, narrow, inconspicuously costate, unequ- ally 5-lobed, one 3-4 times as long as the others, all uncinate tipped: flowers solitary, slender -pedicelled, included or partly exserted, the seg- ments oblong, acute, pubescent outside: stamens inserted on the throat of the calyx : achenes oblong-triangular. On desert districts, southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California. 4 PTEROSTEGIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. ii, 48. Very slender and weak diffusely and dichotomously branched annuals with opposite entire or 2-lobed leaves and small flowers solitary in foliaceous sessile involucres in the forks of the bran- ches. Involucre of a single bract, subtending and shorter than the sessile flower, rounded and more or less 2-lobed, at length be- coming enlarged, scarious and reticulated, loosely enveloping the achene, and gibbously 2-saccate on the back. Calyx 5-6-parted, the segments equal. Stamens inserted at the base of the seg- ments, as many or fewer. Achene triangular, glabrous. Cotyle- dons rounded, accumbent upon the radicle. P. drymarioides F. & M. 1. c. Sparingly hirsute : stems decumbent, often 1-2 feet long: lower leaves petioled, 2-6 lines broad, fan-shaped, 2- lobed, the lobes crenately toothed or again lob^d; upper leaves obovate to spatulate, entire or toothed : bracts similar, a line long : involucres very small, becoming 1-1)^ lines long in fruit, sopiewhat 2-lobed, the margins toothed or laciniate: flowers yellowish the segments oblong-lanceolate. Hillsides and dry places, from the Columbia river to Lower California. Tribe 2 Polygonacece Endl. Gen. 301. Herbs with alternate leaves and scarious sheathing stipules. Flowers without involucre. S-6-parted. Stamens mostly J^-S. Styles 2 or S. Juice usually pungent^ acrid or acid. 5 POLYGONUM L. Sp. 359. Annual or perennial plants with jointed stems, alternate leaves scarious sheathing stipules, called ocreae, and small normally perfect flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx 4-6-parted, or 4-6-cleft, the outer sepals or segments somewhat longer than the inner. Stamens 3-9, included or exserted; filaments filiform, or dilated at base, glabrous. Style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-parted, with capitate stigmas. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled, rarely 4-angled, invested by or exceeding the persistent calyx. Embryo near the POLYGONUM POLYGONACEiE &77 end of the seed in one of its angles, Cotyledons foliaceous, slen- der, accumbent or incumbent. Subgenus i Bistorta Meisn. Polygon. 50. Perennial by a bulb-like creeping or horizontal rootstock. Leaves radical and cauline : ocreae membranaceous, cylindrical, naked, open, oblique at the summit. Inflorescence a single terminal spicate raceme. Flowers subtended by usually toothed bract-like ocreolae. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 8. Style 3-cleft. Achenes 8-angled. Coty- ledons accumbent. r. bistortoides Pursh Fl. 271. Glabrous or sometimes with a fine hispidulous pubescence on the under surface of the leaves, more or less glaucous throughout : stems erect or assurgent, 10-25 inches long, slender, simple : radical leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 inches long, 3-18 lines broad, attenuate at base to a petiole 1-10 inches long, the midrib rather broad and conspicuous on both sides; cauline leaves mostly lan- ceolate, sessile or nearly so, subcordate, arising from near the summit of the ocreae, all often with revolute margins and conspicuously nerved: ocreae entire or somewhat broken about the oblique open sumnoit, closely clasping the stem: raceme oblong, 6-30 lines long, densely flowered, not bulblet-bearing below: calyx about 2 lines long, light rose to white, 5-part- ed, the segments oblong, faintly nerved. Subalpine and alpine parts of the Cascade and Rocky Mountains, California to the Arctic regions. P. viviparum L. Sp. 360. Glabrous and more or less glaucous except the under surface of the leaves : stems rather slender, erect, 6-18 inches high, simple: radical leaves ovate or oblong and subcordate to linear-lan- ceolate and attenuate at base, the blade 1-3 inches long, on petioles as long or longer; cauline leaves lanceolate to linear: ocreae )2-3 inches long, slightly enlarged at the obliquely opened summit : raceme narrowly cylin- dric, 1-3 inches long, rather densely flowered above, bearing a number of ovoid-conic bulblets at base: calyx about a line long, rose-color to white, 3-parted to near the base, the ovate or obovate segments 8-nerved. South- ern Oregon to Alaska and the Atlantic States. Subgenus ii Aconogonon Meisn. Monogr. 53. Perennial by a more or less elongated creeping or horizontal rootstock. Leaves somewhat fleshy or coriaceous. Ocreae funnelform, membrana- ceous, oblique, naked. Inflorescence consisting of terminal clus- ters, racemes or paniculate racemes: flowers subtended by ocreolae. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 8. Style o-cleft. Achenes triangular. Cotyledons accumbent. P. alpinnm Allioni Fl. Pedim. ii, 206, t. 68. Bright green and glab- rous or slightly pubescent throughout: stems stout, erect, 3-6 feet high, channeled, more or less branched: leaves lanceolate, 1-9 inches long, acute or acuminate, mostly tapering at base mto short petioles, coriaceous : ocreae funnelform, 6-18 lines long, oblique and 2-cleft, the segments acute mostly glabrous, large and loose, brittle and early falling away: inflores- cence consisting of compound or paniculate loosely-flowered racemes 1-2 inches long: ocreolae funnelform, oblique and shallow: calyx greenish or whitish, 1-13^ lines long, 5-parted to near the base the segments obovate or oblong, rounded. In wet places, alpine and subalpine, Washington to California and Idaho. Var. follosum Small Bull. Torr Bot. Club xix, 360. Pubescent throughout: stems stout, sparingly branched, hispid, : leaves ovate-ianceo- 578 POLYGONACE^ polygonum late, acute, petioled, more or less tomentose beneath, ciliate, numerous near the ends of the branches : ocreae funnelform, loose, hispid : flowers fewer: achenes broadly oblong. On the high mountains of Washington. Var. Alaskauum Small Monogr. Polyg. 33. Stem stout, arising from a large rootstock, erect, 20-36 inches high, fleshy above: leaves ovate- lanceolate, 4-10 inches long, acuminate, obtuse or cordate at base, thin, pubescent both sides, .or sometimes glabrous, ciliate, undulate, much crisped, on petiolas 6-30 lines long: ocreae funnelform, 1-2 inches long, thin, striate, more or less hispid. On the high mountains of Washington to Alaska. P. phytolaccaefoliuiii Meisn. Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xix, 360. Herbage glabrous or very sparingly pubescent with slender hairs, light green, turning dark in drying: stems erect, 16-30 inches high, somewhat branched, channeled: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-7 inches long, acute or acuminate, thin, undulate and somewhat crisped, sometimes coriaceous: ocreae 6-12 lines long, more or less pubescent, brittle, early falling away : inflorescence consisting of axillary and terminal or paniclei few loosely-flowered racemes: calyx white or pinkish, about a line long, not much enlarged in fruit, 5-parted to below the middle, the segments obovate, 2 of them often much smaller than the others. In the mountains of Washington, Oregon and California. P. Kewberryi Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxi, 170. Herbage dull green, more or less pubescent and scurfy throughout, or somewhat glab- rous: stems ascending or erect, 4-17 inches high, stout and more or less fleshy, simple or branched : leaves ovate to broadly oblong-ovate, one-half to 2 inches long, rather fleshy, truncate, obtuse or acute at base, short- petioled or the upper ones subsessile : ocreae funnelform, about a line long : flowers in few-flowered axillary racemes: calyx greenish, 1-2 lines long, 5-parted to near the base, its segments oblong or oblong-elliptic, the outer ones longer than the inner ones. Alpine and subalpine regions of Oregon and Washington. P. Davislae Brewer Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 399. Glabrous and glaucous or inconspicuously pubescent : stems usually slender, from an en- larged and woody rootstock, erect or ascending, 2-17 inches long, flexuous striate, simple or sparingly branched above, leafy throughout: leaves from ovate to oblong or almost lanceolate, 1-4 inches long, obtuse or acutish, subcordate tg actiminate at base, undulate and ciliate : ocreae funnelform, 3-6 lines long, more or less oblique : flowers in axillary and terminal 2-4- flowered loose clusters: calyx purplish-green or yellowish, about a line long, 5-cleft to the middle, much narrowed toward the base. On the highest slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains. Subgenus hi Persicaria Meisn. Monogr. 66. Herbaceous or more or less woody perennial or annual plants with the leaves all cauline. Ocreae mostly membranaceous, cylindric, truncate, naked or variously fringed. Flowers in terminal spicate racemes, usually geminate or paniculate, subtended by ocreolae. Calyx 8-5-parted. Stamens 4-8. Style 2-3-parted or 2-8-cleft. Achenes lenticular or triquetrous. Cotyledons accumbent. P. amphibium L. Sp. 361. Perennial : glabrous when ma,ture : stems emersed or floating on the surface of the water and rooting at the nodes, 1-10 feet long, simple or branched : leaves oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceo- late, 1-6 inches long, thickish and somewhat coriaceous, glossy above, rounded or narrowed at base, long-petioled to subsessile: ocreae cylindric, those of the stem 8-15 lines long, those of the branches surpassing the internodes, with or without a few bristles : flowers in a dense oblong or POLYGONUM POLYGONACE^ 579 ovate spicate raceme ; calyx rose-color, about 2 lines long, 5-parted to below the middle: stamens 5, exserted: style about 2 lines long 2-cleft: achenes lenticular, orbicular-oblong or obovoid. In ponds and wet places, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States : also Europe and Asia. P. Hartwrightii Gray Proc. Am. Acad viii, 294 Perennial : more or less hispid throut?hout. except when growing in water: stems creeping and ascending, or snberect, 1-3 feet long, leafy : leaves oblong to narrowly lan- ceolate, 3-9 inches long, obtuse or acutish at both ends, short-petioled or sessile: ocreae cylindric, 6-9 lines long, with a more or less spreading rim, fringed at the summit with short bristles: flowers numerous, in a dense oblong to conic spicate raceme : calyx rose-color, about 2 lines long, 5-parted to below the middle : stamens 5, exserted : achenes lenticular, oblong. In moist places, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States. P Mahlenbergii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 245. Perennial : glab- rous or strigose throughout: stems more or less creeping in wet places, the distal end erect, 12-30 inches long, mostly simple, leafy, enlarged at the joints : leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 2-10 inches long, acute or acuminate, rounded or narrowed to cordate at base, all petioled : ocreae cylindric, 12-18 lines long, when young clasping the stem, becoming loose and inflated near the base in age : flowers in 1-3 terminal linear densely- flowered racemes 2-5 inches long : calyx dirk rose-color to pink, 2 lines long, 5-parted to the middle: stamens 5, exserted: style 2-cleft, exserted : achenes lenticular, broadly obovoid. In water or wet places, throughout North America. P. LAPATHiFOLiUM L. Sp. 360. Auuual : glabrous or more or less pu- bescent throughout: stem stout, mostly erect, 1-2 feet high, branched above or throughout, sometimes nearly simple, thickened at the joints: leaves broadly to narrowly lanceolate, 2-10 inches long, attenuate toward the apex from the broadest part, acuminate at base, ciliate, inconspicuous- ly punctate, short-petioled : ocreae cylindric, 6-12 lines long, loose, striate or ribbed, slightly ciliate when young: peduncles and pedicels more or less glandular : racemes 1-5, in a terminal panicle, densely flowered, 1-4 inches long, mostly drooping: calyx flesh-color to white, 5-parted to below the middle : stamens 6, included : achenes lenticular or trigonous, oblong or ovoid. In moist places, throughout temperate North America : introduced from Europe. Tar, incanum Koch Syn. Fl. Germ. 711, Small and slender: stem erect, 2-12 inches high, simple or branched: leaves lanceolate to ovate or oblong, glabrous above, white tomentose beneath, short-petioled or sub- aessile: racemes oblong, 6-12 lines long, erect: achenes lenticular, ovoid. In damp places, Oregon and Washington to the Atlantic States. P. nodosnm Persoon Syn. i, 440. Annual: stem stout, erect, 1-4 feet high, red or reddish with purple spots and dark rings, naked, branched: leaves rather narrowly lanceolate, attenuate upward from near the base ^nd acuminate, cuneate at base and shortly petioled, somewnat scabrous with short prickly hairs on the midribs and margins: ocreae cylindric, 8-12 lines long, strongly ribbed: racemes axillary and terminal, oblong and erect or often linear and nodding, an inch long or more : flowers white to light rose-color, about a line long: stamens 6, included: style 2-parted, included : achenes lenticular, broadly oblong or ovoid. Throughout North America. P. PennsylTanicnm L. Sp. 362. Annual : glabrous below, pubescent and glandular above: stem erect, 1-3 feet high, simple to much branched: leaves from narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 2-10 inohes long, ciliate, the midrib prominent on the lower side, acuminate at base, short-petioled : ocreae cylindric or funnelform, 6-9 lines long: racemes panicled, oblong- cylindric, 1-3 inches long, erect, dense; calyx pink or light purple, 1-2 580 POLYGONACEiE polygonum lines long, 5-parted to the middle: gtamens 8 or fewer, included: style 2-parted to about the middle : achenes lenticular, flat, broader than high. Idaho to the Eastern States. P. Persicaria L. Sp. 361. Annual: stem erect or sometimes spread- ing, 8-20 inches high, simple or branched: leaves lanceolate to linear- lanceolate, 1-8 inches long, acuminate at both ends, entire or sometimes erose, conspicuously punctate, nearly smooth except the more or less his- pid midrib and nerves, short^-petioled or nearly sessile, generally with a dark triangular or lunate spot in the middle : ocreae cyindric or funnelform, 6-9 lines long, conspicuously fringed with short bristles : racemes 1-5, in terminal panicles, oblong or ovoid, 6-18 lines long, mostly erect, densely- flowered : calyx pink to purple or greenish, 5-clef t to the middle, the seg- ments obtuse: stamens generally included: style 2- or 3-parted. included: achenes broadly ovoid, pointed. In waste places throughout North and South America : naturalized from Europe. P. hydropiperoides Michx. Fl. i, 236. Perennial, often tinged with red throughout : stems erect, or the base decumbent and creeping, 1-3 feet high, simple or branched above, enlarged at the joints : leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, glabrous or strigillose, acute at both ends, ciliate, short-petioled : ocreae cylindric or funnelform, 6-12 lines long, loose, fringed with long bristles: racemes almost linear, 1-3 inches long, erect, more or less interrupted : calyx about a line long, flesh -color, or greenish, 5-parted to below the middle, the segments oblong or obovate : stamens 8, included style shortj 3-parted, at length exserted: achenes tri- quetrous, ovoid or broadly oblong. In ponds and wet places, Washington to California and the Atlantic States. P. Hydropiper L. Sp. 361. Annual: glabrous : stems erect or assur- gent, 8-24 inches high, simple, or branched throughout: leaves ovate to lanceolate, 1-5 inches long, acute or acuminate at both ends, ciliate, un- dulate or slightly crisped, short-petioled : ocreae cylindric, 3-6 lines long, becoming somewhat funnelform and oblique fringed with long bristles, often bearing 1 or 2 flowers within, racemes numerous, axillary and ter- minal, 1-3 inches long rather loosely flowered and much interrupted, usual- ly drooping : calyx greenish to red or white, 3-5 parted, the segments rather narrowly oblong: stamens 4, sometimes 6, included: style 2-3-cleft to near the base: achene lenticular or triquetrous, broadly oblong to orbicular. In damp places, throughout temperate North America and Europe. Subgenus iv, Avicularia Meisn. Monog. Polyg. 85. Annual or perennial plants with the leaves all cauline, the petioles artic- ulated at the junction of the ocreae ; the upper ones reduced to foliaceous bracts. Ocreae membranaceous and usually hyaline, funnelform, oblique, 2-parted, at length lacerate. Inflorescence consisting of axillary clusters either widely separated or crowded* into a terminal raceme. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens mostly 8. Style 3-parted or wanting. Achenes triquetrous. Cotyledons in- cumbent. * Suffraticose smooth perennials with brown stems and loose scaly bark. P. paronychia Cham. & Schlecht. Linn, iii, 51. Bright green and glabrous throughout : stems prostrate or ascending, 6-18 inches long, dif- fusely branched : leaves oblor»g to oblong-lanceolate, apparently linear or linear-lanceolate on account of the strongly revolute margins, 3-5 lines long, scattered along the branches and crowded in subspicate clusters at POLYGONUM POLYGONACEiE Sgf the branchea, sessile, pitted on the upper surface, acute or acuminate at base, with a broad 2-winged midrib oereae 6-10 lines long, silvery, early lacerate into hair-like segments : flowers crowded into subspicate clusters near the ends of the branches: calyx white to pink, about 3 lines long, 5- parted to below the middle, the segments obovate or oblong : stamens 8, included: style a line or more long, 3 cleft at the apex. On sandy banks along the coast, Vancouver Island to California. P. Shastensis Brewer Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii., 400. Glabrous throughout: stems prostrate or ascending, 4-12 inches long, much branch- ed: oblong to oblanceolate, 3-6 lines long, longer than the internodes, ses- sile, acute at base: oereae 2-3 lines long, 2-parted. the segments very thin and silvery : flowers 2 or 3 together in the axils of the leaves : calx 2 lines long, rose-color or red, 5-parted to near the base, the segments obovate, each with a dark rib: stamens 8, included; filaments strongly dilated at base: style 3- parted, apparently formed by the splitting of the apex of the narrowly oblong achene. Mount Mazama Oregon to the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. * * Annuals, rarely perennials, with striate stems, leafy through- out : calyx colored upon the margins, becoming closely appressed to the achene : style short. P. littorale Link in Shrad. Journ. i, 54. Annual or perennial, glab- rous, bright green and glaucous: stems prostrate, 1-4 feet long, diffusely branched : leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 3-12 lines long, generally acumin- ate at base, conspicuously nerved, often crisped, short-petioled : oereae oblique, 2-3 lines long, 2 parted and silvery when young, at length lacerate and brownish : flowers in clusters of 1-6 in the axils of the upper leaves : calyx mostly green, 5-parted to below the middle, the segments oblong:' stamens 8, included: style a line long, 3-parted to the base, included. Brit. Columbia to California and across the continent. P. AViCDLAKE L. Sp. 362. Glabrous throughout and dull or bluish- green : stems prostrate or ascending, 4-24 inches long, simple or branched : leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 5-12 lines long, acuminate at base, not con- spicuously nerved, subsessile or short-petioled : oereae oblique, 2 lines long, silvery, becoming lacerate in age: flowers in clusters of 2-5 in the axils of the leaves : calyx mostly green, 5-parted to below the middle, the segments oblong: stamens 5-8, included: style very short, 3- parted. Common in yards and roadsides. P. erectum L. Sp. 363. Glabrous throughout : stem stout, erect or ascending and somewhat spreading, 8-24 inches high, nearly simple to much branched: leaves oval, oblong or obovate, 6-30 lines long, mostly acuminate at base, sessile to short-petioled : oereae 3-12 lines long: flowers in clusters of several in the axils of the middle leaves : calyx greenish, over a line long, 5-parted to below the middle, the segments oblong: stamens 6 or 7, included: style lesR than a line long, 3-parted. In sandy fields, east- ern Oregon to Texas and Georgia. P. minimnm Watson Bot. King 315. Somewhat scurfy but glabrous : stem erect or spreading, 1-3 inches long, slender, simple or branching from the base: leaves obovate to ovate or oblong, 3-8 lines long, acute or apicii- late at the apex, acuminate at base, subsessile, not much reduced abov6: oereae about a line long, dentate-lacerate : flowers in clusters of severalin axils of all the leaves: calyx greenish, about a line long. 5-parted to near the base, the segments oblong, the margins pale rose-color : stamens 6--8, included. On the high mountain tops, Washington and Oregon to Cali- fornia and Utah. * * Annuals with striate stems, the branches slender and virgate, angular : leaves diminishing upward and becoming bract-like; the 582 POLYGONACE^ POLYGONUM spike-like inflorescence more or less interrupted. P. Bou^lasii Greene Bull. Cal. Acad, i, 125. Glabrous and more or less glaucescent except the more or less scabrous nodes: stem slender, 8-16 inches high erect usually somewhat strictly branched: leaves oblong to lanceolate, 6-80 lines long, mostly acute, often cuspidate, acuminate at base, sessile or nearly so, the margins often revolute: ocreae 5-6 lines long: flowers one to several in the axils of the upper leaves, on reflexed pedicels : calyx greenish, 1-2 lines long, 5-parted to near the base, the seg- ments oblong with whitish or rose-colored margins: stamens 8, included: style very short, 3-parted. In dry places in the mountains of Brit, Columbia to California and Nebraska. P. montanum Greene PI. Baker. 13. P. Douglasii var. lalifolium Greene Bull. Cal. Acad. 125. " Low,fastigiately branched from the base, 3 to 6 inches high, the branches floriferous from the base, but the flowers few among the proper leaves, most of them forming a mere bracted ypike beyond the foliage, all the angles of stem and branches denticulate-scaber- ulous, and other parts also more or less scrabro-puberulent : leaves oblong- lanceolate, very acute, often an inch long.l-nerved, the nerve sharply cari- nate beneath the leaf : perianth subsessile but nodding, its segments dark green or purplish except marginal Ij'^ and completely enclosing the achene, this black, hmooth and shining, the faces obtusely rhomboidal, the cross- section 3-lobed rather than triangular." On high mountains, Brit. Co- lumbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. P. Howellii Greene PI. Baker. 14. Stem erect, 4-12 inches high, sparingly branched from the base, the branches erect : leaves elliptic- .oblong to lanceolate, very acute and apiculate, attenuate at base, 6-12 lines long, the thin margins serrulate-scabrous : ocreae scarious, 2-4 lines long, 2-parted : flowers 1-3 in the axils of all the leaves, erect on erect pedicels : calyx whitish, about a line long, 5-parted to near the base, the segments oblong: achenes wholly invested by the calyx, very black and highly pol- ished, the faces rhombic-ovate. On top of the Siskiyou Mountains along the Happy Camp trail in California, perhaps in Oregon farther east. P. Sawatcheiise Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xx, 213. Glabrous and more or less scurfy or papillose throughout: stem erect, 2-8 inches high: leaves oblanceolate or obovate to almost linear, 3-12 lines long, acute at the apex, acuminate below, sessile, flat or revolute : ocreae at length lace- rate to the middle : flowers in clusters of 2-4 in the axils of all the* leaves : calyx green, on erect pedicels, a line or leas long, 5parted to near the base, the segments oblong, obtuse : stamens 6-8 : st^le almost none. In the moun- tains, Washington to Colorado and Dakota. P. ramosissimnm Michx. Fl. i, 237. Glabrous throughout : stem erect or ascending, 4-12 inches high, nearly simple or diffusely branched : leaves lanceolate to oblong, 4-20 lines long, acuminate at both ends, short- petioled, persistent: ocreae 3-9 lines long, early becoming lacerate : flowers in small clusters in the axils of the upper leaves : calyx greenish or yellow, about a line long, erect, on erect pedicels, 5-parted or 6-parted to near the base, the sediments narrowly oblong: stamens 6 or fewer, included: style very short, 3 parted to the base. In the mountains, eastern Washington to California and the Atlantic States. P. Engelmanni Greene Bull. Cal. Acad, i, 126. Glabrous: stem very slender and wiry, 2-8 inches long, nearly simple or diffusely branched from the base : leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-6 lines long, light green or glau- cous, beneath, acute, sessile: ocreae funnelform, about 2 lines long, at length slightly lanceolate : flowers in small fascicles in the axils of all the leaves, nodding on reflexed pedicels : calyx dark green, a line long, 5-parted to near the base, the segments oblong, obtuse, with whitish border: sta- POLYGONUM POLYGONACE^ 16^ mens 5-8 included : style very short, 3-parted. High mountains, Washing- ton to Colorado. P. Anstinse Greene 1. c. Glabrous and scurfy throughout: stems mostly erect, 2-6 inches high, branched from the base: leaves ovate-lance- olate to oblanceolate. 3-6 lines long, acute, sessile, revolute or flat, bright green beneath : ocreae about 2 lines long, at length slightly lacerate : flow- ers in clusters of 2-3 in the axils of the leaves, drooping, on reflxed pedicels : calyx green, a line long, 5-parted to near the base, the segments narrowly oblong obtuse, with whitish borders: stamens 5-8, included: style very short, 3-parted to the base. In the high mountains, eastern Washington to California. P. majns Piper Fl. Palouse Reg. 63. Stem wiry, terete, erect or near- ly so, much branched from the base, 6-18 inches high; leaves linear-lan- ceolate, 1-3 inches long, sessile: ocreae scarious, 6-12 lines long, at length lacerate : flowers few, in the axils of the upper leaves, spreading or ascend- ing on short pedicels: calyx broadly campanulate, 1-2 lines long, 5-cleft to below the middle, the segments oblong, rounded at the apex, white with green midveins : stamens 5, included : style 3-parted to the middle : fruit re- flexed. Common in stony soil, eastern Washington. P. spergnlariaBforme Meisn. Small Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xix, 366. P. coarctatum Pougl. not Willd. Glabrous throughout: stem slender and wiry, erect, 4-JO inches high, branched, the branches usually erect : leaves linear-oblong to linear lanceolate, y^-\%, inches long, acute, sessile, the margins usually revolute : ocreae 4-6 lines long, soon finely lacerate : flowers numerous, in small clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, erect or spreading: calyx 2 lines long fi-parted to near the base, the segments obovate, obtuse, pink with green midveins : stamens 5, included : style about a line long, 3-parted. On dry stony or sandy places, Brit. Columbia to California and Colorado. Flowering from bpring until Autumn. P. lineare Hook. Fl. ii, 137. ? Minutely puberulent thoughout: stem slender, prostrate or ascending, diffusely branched, 4-10 inches long, leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, %-! inch long acute," sessile, the margins strongly revolute, dark green above, white beneath: ocreae about 4 lines long, soon lacerate: flowers in small clusters in the axils of subulate bracts at the ends of the branches : crowded and apparently.spicate, erect or sprea- ding, on short pedicels : calyx about 2 lines long, broadly campanulate, 5- cleft to near the base, the 3 outer segments obovate. rounded at the>pex, the 2 inner ones narrower and barely obtuse, all pink or rose-color with green midveins : stamens 8, included. On mossy banks along the lower Columbia and Willamette rivers. Not flowering until Autumn. P. Nuttallii Small Monog. Polyg. 132. P. intermedium Nutt. no^ Ehrh. Glabrous throughout : stem slender and wiry, erect 3-9 inche^ high simple irregularly and divergently branched, dark red: leaves linear- lanceolate, 4-18 lines long, acute, sessile, glaucescent beneath more or less revolute : ocreae 1-2 lines long, at length lacerate : flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, crowded and racemose, erect: calyx greenish, about a line long, 5-parted to near the base, the segments oblong, with pinkish margins : stamens 8 or fewer, the filaments dilated at base. On grassy banks, Brit. Columbia to Oregon. P. Kellog^ii Greene Fl. Fr. 134. Glabrous throughout: stem slen- der, mostly erect, 1-3 inches high, divergently branched from near the base: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate 2-6 lines long, acute, sessile, crowd- ed on the branches but spreading and not imbricated, much the same size throughout: ocreae funnelform a line or less long, thin and early lacerate: flowers in small clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, contiguous on account of the very short internodes making the branches appear like leafy 584 POLYGONACE^ polygonum racemes: calyx green, a line long 5-parted to near the base, the segments oblong, obtuse, with whitish or cveam-colored margins: gtao.cns about 5, included. Washington to California and Colorado. P. Watsoiii Small Monog. Polyg. 138. P. iynbricatuin Nutt. not Raf. Glabrous throughout, stem slender and wiry, usually simple, 1-6 inches high : 2-4 of the lower leaves filiform, 6-12 lines long, the upper or floral bracts lanceolate to oblong 2-4 lines long, acute or shortly acuminate, ses- sile, green with very narrow scarious margins : ocreae silvery, 2-partedbut early lacerate, 1-2 lines long: flowers white or pinkish, mostly solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves, the lower one remote, the others crowded and racemose: calyx about a line long, 5-parted to below the middle, the outer segments longest, ovate, obtusish : stamens 5 or fewer. In wet places, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. P. polygaloides Meisn. in DC. Prodr. xiv, 101. Glabrous and light green, '4-8 inches high mostly somewhat corymbosely branched, slightly flexuous : leaves linear, 3-18 lines long, acute, sessile : ocreae funnelform, 2 lines long or more, 2-parted, soon lacerate : flowers in small clusters in the axils of oblong scarious-margined more or less imbricated bracts at the ends of the branchlets: calyx a line long, 5-parted to near the base, white or pinkish, the segments with a dark midrib, the outer ones longer than the inner: stamens 8, included: style evident, 3-parted to the middle. In moist places on open plains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. Subgenus v Duravia Watson Am. Nat. vii, 665. Slender wiry little annuals. Leaves linear, not jointed upon the scari- ous lacerate ocreae. Flowers in slender many jointed interrupted spikes, mostly solitary and nearly sessile in the sheaths. Sepals 5, colored, becoming somewhat appressed to the achene. Stamens ^, the 3 inner filaments but slightly dilated at base. Achenes membranaceous, linear, nearly terete, obscurely 3-angled. Cotyle- dons accumbent. P. Californicum Meisn. in DC. Prodr. xiv, 100. Glabrous: stem very slender and wiry, erect, diffusely and loosely branched to nearly sim- ple: leaves narrowly linear, to filiform 6-18 lines long, subulate-tipped, 3 ribbed, the upper reduced to subulate bracts : flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts forming slender terminal spikes : calyx a line or less long, 5- cleft to the middle at length exceeding the ocreae. On dry plains Southern Oregon to California. P. Greenei Watson Proc Am. Acad, xix, 294. Glabrous: stem slen- der, erect, 4-7 inches high, generally branched throughout, compact: leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-6 lines long, almost bract-like, reduc- ed bracts above more or less imbricated and often of much the same size throughout, 3-ribbed, the margins revolute : ocreae 3-4 lines long conspic- uously lacerate, the segments subulate, numerous, rigid : flowers solitary in the axils of bracts and thus apparently in terminal leafy-bracted racemes : calyx sessile, a line long, rose-color, 5-cleft. not exceeding the ocreae : stamens 8, included : style a line long 3-parted. Eastern Washington to California. P. Parryi Greene Bull. Torr. Bot. Club viii 99. Glabrous: stem erect, 1-4 inches high, simple to densely much branched, very leafy and bearing flowers to the base : leaves linear, 3-12 lines long, of much the same size throughout, subulate-tipped, 3-nerved : ocreae a little more than a line long, extremely lacerate, usually hiding the calyx and giving the whole plant a woolly appearance : flowers solitary in the axils of all the POLYGONUM POLYGONACE^ 586 RUMEX leaves : calyx nearly a line long, sessile, 5-cleft. In moist places, eastern Washington to southern Oregon and California. Subgenus vi Tiniaria Meisn. Monog. 62. J Annual or peren- nial more or less twining plants with usually cordate or truncate leaves. Ocreae membranaceous, funnelform, oblique, naked at the summit. Flowers in axillary or terminal clusters or racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the outer segments keeled or winged. Stamens 8. Style 3-parted or wanting. Achenes triquetrous. Cotyledons accumbent. P. CONVOLVULUS L. Sp. 364. Annual : Glabrous : stem slender prostrate or twining, 1-4 feet long, branched : leaves broadly to narrowly ovate or ov- ate-sagittate, 1-3 inches long, acuminate, somewhat undulate and crisped, on slender petioles : flowers in small axillary clusters and terminal racemes on slender reflexed pedicels : calyx green or whitish, about 2 lines long, the segments oblong, obtuse, closely investing the triquetrous achene. Com- mon in cultivated fields and gardens. Naturalized from Europe. P. DUMETORUM L. Sp. ed. 2, 522. Perennial : bright green and glabrous throughout: stems weak and slender, extensively twining 2-20 feet long: leaves ovate-cordate, 1-4 inches long, acuminate, petioled or nearly sessile: flowers in axillary racemes 2 inches long: calyx yellowish-green, drooping, nearly 3 lines long. Said to grow in our region but I have not seen it. Missouri to Tennessee and Europe. 6 RUMEX L. Sp. 333. Coarse perennial, biennial or annual herbs, some tropical spe- cies shrubs or trees, with more or less acid juice, alternate leaves with .sheathing stipules and small flowers fascicled or verticillate in paniculate racemes. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, on jointed pedicels. Calyx 5-parted or of 6 distinct sepals the outer 3 herbaceous, spreading or reflexed, the inner larger and more or less colored, usually becoming enlarged^and reticulat- ed in fruit, appressed to the 3-angled achene. Stamens 6: filaments very short. Style 3-parted, with peltate tufted stigma. Embryo curved or nearly straight, borne in one of the faces of the achene. § 1 AcETOSELLA Trcleasc Rev. Rum, "6, Dioecious perenni- als with acid juice. Outer segments of the calyx without dorsal callosities, not reticulated nor larger than the achene. R. ACETOSELLA L. Sp. 338. ( Sorrel. ) Glabrous throughout stems slender, 6-12 inches high, tufted, propagating by creeping rootstocks : leaves oblanceolate, acute, the lower mostly hastate with a large decurrent, rarely toothed auricle on each side, petioled, 2-5 inches long, the upper gradually reduced and entire : panicle more or less compound, usually redaish, the filiform ascending branches, leafless: pedicels capillary, articulated at the summit : flowers about a line long. Common in fields' and waste pi a- ces throughout most of North America and Europe. § 2 AcETOsA Campd. Monog. Rumex, Dioecious perennialsg the leaves with acid juice. Inflorescence with slender leafles branches. Inner segments of the calyx rather finely reticulated becoming round- cordate and much larger than the achene. R. pancifolins Nutt. Mss. Watson Bot. King, 314. Stems somewha 586 POLYGONACEiE rumkx tufted, about a foot high: leaves spatulate to lanceolate, or the shortest somewhat elliptical-ovate, very gradually narrowed at base, neither auricl- ed nor hastate, 2-6 inches long: inflorescence rather simple, with suberect branches: pedicels about as long as the fruit, jointed toward the base, in- ner segment of the calyx about 2 lines in diameter, achenes about a line long. In mountain parks, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. R. acetosa L. Sp. 337. Stems simple, mostly solitary, 1-4 feet high, rather slender : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate 2-6 inches long, mostly obtuse, deeply cordate with commonly acute auricles or subsagittate, a small tooth sometimes present on each auricle : inflorescence a rather simple strict panicle : pedicels about as long as the fruit conspicuously jointed in the middle: outer sepals of pistillate relatively large, reflexed in flower orbicu- lar, 2-3 lines in diameter clawless usually with a delicate callosity at base : achene about 3 lines long. In open places in woods, Alaska to Oregon and across the continent. § 2 Lapatha Campd. 1. c. Leaves never hastate, with or without acid juice. Inflorescence with stouter, sometimes leafy branches: hermaphrodite or andro-monoecious. Inner sepals commonly reticulated, l)ecoming round or elongated and much larger than the achene. * Sepals at most very minutely erose or low denticulate. +- Inner sepals very large, mostly red, round or broadly ovate deep- ly cordate, without callosities, outer sepals at length reflexed. R. TCnosus Pursh Fl. 733. Glabrous throughout: stems stout, 8-18 inches high from long running perenninal roots, branching from most of the axils : leaves thick and somewhat coriaceous, elliptical to nearly ovate, abruptly acute at both ends, 2-6 inches long : inflorescence nearly simple, leafless, the short zigzag branches divergent: pedicelsrather stout about as long as the f f-uit tumidly jointed below the middle : inner sepals firm , bright rosy- red, orbicular or broader than long, 8-12 lines in diameter, the sinuses often closed, emarginate to shortly blunt acuminate: achenes about 4 lines long. On sandy plains east of the Cascade Mountains, Bnt. Colum- bia to Nevada and Kansas. ■*-■*- Inner sepals not over 6 lines long, only moderately if at all cordate. -*• Inner sepals round or very broadly ovate, low reticulate pedi- cels slender or capillary. R. occidentalis Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xii, 253. Glabrous: stems stout, 1-3 feet high, from thick perennial roots : leaves ovate to lanceolate, 6- 12 inches long wavy-margined, truncately cordate, the apex roundedto acute, with acid juice : inflorescence strict and dense, rosy-red in fruit, naked or with a few small leaves below pedicels 2-3 times as long as the fruit, very obscurely jointed below the middle: inner sepals at length rosy-red, 3-5 lines long, deltoid-ovate, often only slightly cordate, remotely erose or den- ticulate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, without callosities : achenes 2 lines long. In wet or moist alluvial soil, California to Alaska and Colorado. R. conflnis Greene "Pitt, iv, 306. Stems stout, often 6-8 feet high : blade of the lowest leaves oftenll?^ feet long, commonly 6 inches wide to- ward the deeply subhastate-cor^ate base, lanceolate, on petioles nearly as long as the blade : panicle ample, 1 -2 feet long : pedicels slender, 3-6 lines long, jointed well above the base: valves suborbicular, with subtruncate base, green and of thin texture, the margins more or less crenate or den- tate toward the base. In w et madows, in the lake region of northern Idaho. RCMEx POLYGONACE.E 687 R. CBispus L. Sp. 335. Glabrous to slightly papillate : stems stout, 2-3 feet high, simple : leaves bluish green, the lowest ample, elliptical to mostly oblong lanceolate, rounded or decurrently acutish at base, often a foot long: branches of the panicle rather strict, somewhat leafy : pedicels about one-half longer than the fruit, tumidly jointed near the base : inner sep- als 2-3 lines long, rounded ovate, barely cordate, rounded at the apex or with a broad blunt acumination, minutely erose to broadly dentate below, each with a smooth ovoid often rosy callosity reaching to the middle of the valve: achene 1-2 lines long. Common throughout temperate North America and Europe. •♦+ •** Inner sepals triangular-ovate to oblong, sometimes with a contracted apex. R. hp^sperias Greene Pitt, iv, 234. " Allied to R. altusimiis but low and slender, very leafy, the panicle small, small-fruited: leaves elliptic- lanceolate, very acute or acuminate, wavy-margined or even almost crisp- ed: pedicels jointed at the very base: valves of the fruiting calyx from quite exactly and sharply deltoid to subreniform-deltoid. as broad at base as long, none grain-bearing, all distinctly though not strongly venulose, seldom obviously reticulate. Bottom lands near Bingen Washington, 31 Oct. 1893, W. N. Suksdorf; the specimens distributed for R. altissiraus, but the species very distinct." R. salicifolius Wein, Fl. iv, 28. Glabrous, pale green : stems spread- ing to erect, 1-3 feet high simpleor branched, flexuous : from thick perenni- al roots, leaves lanceolate to linear, or the lower oblong, acute or acuminate at both ends, or rarely obtuse at the apex, often falcate, 2-7 inches long: panicles simple: pedicels arcuately curved, scarcely as long as the fruit, or a few in each cluster longer, jointed near the base : inner sepals triangnlar- ovate, acute, 2-3 lines long, delicately veined: callosities variable in num- ber smooth or pitted, often nearly as long as the valve : achenes 1-2 lines long. In rich moist soil, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States and Canada : also Europe. R. [coxGrx)MERATUS Murrav Prodr. Fl. Goett. 52. Glabrous perennial : stems slender, mostly clustered, 1-3 feet high: leaves ovate to oblong or lanceolate, 1-5 inches long, some of them somewhat fiddle-shaped, crenu- late and slightly crisped: flowering branches slender, at length elongated, not zigzag, bearing a broadly lanceolate leaf at nearly every node : pedicels slender, about as long as the fruit, tumidly jointed near the base: inner sepals about 3 lines long, nearly oblong, obtuse: callosities mostly 3, round to ovoid, very prominent, smooth, half as broad and nearly as long as the valves : achenes about a line long. In waste places, western Washington to California : also in the Atlantic States : adventive from Europe. * * Valves very prominently toothed. R. PULCHER L. Sp. 336. Stems slender, zigzag above, branching at nearly every node, at length dichotomous above, mostly glabrous : leaves oblong or some of the lower ones fiddle shaped, 1-6 inches long, obtuse, cordate at base, upper ones oblong or oblong-lanceolate, usually narrowed at both ends : panicle loose : racemes long, divergent, ra'her leafy : pedicels very short, scarcely longer than the fruit, tumidly jointed near the mid-^ die : inner sepals rigid, one commonly longer than the others, prominently^ veined, nearly 3 lines long, ovate, obtuse, with 5-10 short teeth on each' side, one or all of them with a wrinkled callosity half as long as the valve : achenes about a line long. In waste places : naturalized from Europe. R. oBTDSiFOMus L. 1. c. Glabrous perennial * stcms stout, erect, sim-^ pie or sparingly branched, 2-4 feet high : leaves ample, broadly ovate, 4-14| inches long cordate, the veins often red or purplish, the upper ones lanceo-| late or oblong-lanceolate, the margins somewhat undulate or crisped: 588 PHYTOLACCACEtE rumex OXYRIA flowering branches suberect, sparingly leafy below : pedicels slender, about twice as long as the fruit, tumidly jointed toward the base: inner sepals not very conspicuously veined, about 3 lines long, ovate-oblong, with 3-5 thin triangular teeth on each side, mostly confined to the lower half, the triangular entire apex mostly acute: callosities smooth, one usually larger than the others. Common along roadsides and in pastures : naturalized from Europe. B. persicarioides t. 1. c. Pubescent and pale green annual : stems rather stout, erect and simple or diffusely branched, 1-3 feet high, some- times spreading or creeping, very leafy : leaves lanceolate or oblong, nar- rowed or sometimes cordate or sagittate at base, acute, the margins more or less undulate or crisped, 1-12 inches long : panicle simple or compound : racemes erect, leafy-bracted, usually interrupted : pedicels capillary, twice as long as the fruit, tumidly jointed at the base : inner sepals oblong, a line long with 1-3 bristles on each margin, each bearing an oblong callosity. Brit. Columbia to California, and the Eastern States and Canada 7 OXYRIA Hill Veg. Syst. x, 24. (1765) Low perennial herbs with acid juice, mostly radical leaves and small perfect flowers in naked panicled racemes. Cal3^x unequal- ly 4-parted, the outer segments smaller than the inner. Stamens B, included: filaments short, subulate, glabrous : anthers oblong. Ovary 1-celled : ovule solitary. Style short, 2-parted, its branches divergent : stigmas fimbriate, persistent, Achenes compressed and thin, broadly winged. 0. digyna Campd. Monog. Hum. 155 t, 5. fig. 3. Rootstock large, chaffy : stem slender, scape-like, simple or sparingly branched, leafless or nearly so, 2-12 inches high: leaves reniform or orbicular-reniform, 6-18 lines broad, undulate, sometimes emarginate, long-petioled: ocreae oblique, loose, those of the stems bearing flowers: racemes many-flowered; flowers slender-pedicelled : calyx segments oblong, the inner erect, the outer re- flexed in fruit: achenes pointed, smooth, surrounded by a broad membran- ous wing. On high mountains, California to the Arctic Circle and across the continent: also northern Europe and Asia. Order LXXVI PHYTOLACCACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. 281. Herbs shrubs or trees with alternate leaves and perfect reg- ular polygamous or moncecious usually racemose flowers. Calyx 4-5-parted or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud . Stamens as many as divisions of the calyx and alternate with them, or more numerous, hypogynous: filaments subulate or filiform: anthers 2- celled, the cells longitudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary siiperior, several- celled, with a solitary amphitropous ovule in each cell. Styles as many as carpels, short or none: stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a berry, capsule or samara. 1 PHYTOLACCA L. Sp. 41. Tall perennial herbs with simple entire leaves without stipules and small flowers in terminal racemes which by the farther growth of the stem become opposite the leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base. Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 4-15, PHYTOLACCA AM ARANTHACEiE 589 AMARANTHU- inserted at the base of the calyx. Ovary globose, of 5-15 distinct or somewhat united carpels. Fruit a depressed-globose berry. Seeds erect, compressed. Embryo annular, in mealy albumen. P. decandra L. Sp, ed. 2, ^31. ascending or, decumbent, 6-8 inches high, diffusely branched 596 CHENOPODIACEiE AtRiPLBX and leafy: leaves rather thick, deltoid or triangular-ovate or subrhombic, often subhastate K-2 inches long, acute or obtuse, opposite and petioled or the upper sessile and alternate: flowers in capitate axillary clusters or the staminate in short dense qpikes: fruiting bracts shortly pedicelled, united nearly or quite to the top, more or less acutely and deeply toothed, the sides usually tubercled or crested. Dry or saline soil, eastern Oregon to California and Nebraska. § 3 More or less shrubby perennials, closely appressed-scurfy, mostly dioecious. Leaves mostly alternate. Radicle usually superior. A, Nuttallii Watson Proc. Am Acad, ix, 116. Stems erect, shrubby 1-3 feet high brantrhing mostly from the base, bark nearly white: leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate 6-24 lines long, narrowed at base, sessile, entire :' flowers in terminal spikes and capitate clustered in the ax- ils, often strictly dioecious: calj'^x 5-cleft : bracts ovate, united to above the middle, mostly sessile, becomintj suborbicular, 1-2 lines long, not compressed, the margins and summit irregularly gash-toothed and the sides usually muricate or toothed. In dry saline soil, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Nebraska. A, confertifolia Watson I. c. 119. A much branched spinescent shrub 1-6 feet high, hoary-scurfy : leaves alternate, ovate or obovate to lanceolate, 2-8 lines long, obtuse or acutish, cuneate at base, sessile or short-petioled, entire: flowers in small axillary clusters : calyx 5-parted : bracts thick and scurfy, about 6 lines broad, suborbicular, with free entire margins, not veined nor appendaged, sessile, united at the cuneate base around the seed and broadly margined above: seed a line broad, filling the cavity. On alkaline plains, eastern Oregon and Idaho to New Mexico. 7 EUROTIA Adans. Fam. PL ii. 260. (1763.) Low pubescent undershrubs, with alternate entire leaves and small clusters of axillary and subspicate flowers. Flowers dioeci- ous or monoecious. Staminate flowers bractless, the calyx 4-parted with unappendaged lobes and as many stamens: filaments slen- der, exserted. Pistillate flowers without calyx, bibracteate. Bracts sessile, somewhat obcompressed, united to the apex, becom- ing enlarged and rather rigidly membranaceous, not winged, 2- horned at the apex, the sides densely covered with long spreading tufted hairs. Ovary oblong-ovate sessile, hairy, firmly membran- aceous. Styles 2, exserted. Seed vertical, obovate, the testa sim- ple. Cotyledons broad and green : radicle inferior. E. lanata Moq. Enum. Chenop. 81. White-tomentose throughout with stellate hairs : stems erect, with strict ascending leafy branches, 6-30 inches high: leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, with revolute margins, 6-18 lines long, obtuse: calyx-lobes ovate, acute, hairy: bracts lanceolate, 2-3 lines long in fruit, with 2 short horns at the apex, penicillate with 4 dense spreading tufts of silvery white hairs : utricle loose, the pericarp readily separating from the large seed. On dry ridges, eastern Brit. Co- lumbia to California and Nebraska. S EREMOSEMIUM Greene Pitt, iv, 225. GRAYIA H. &A. Subspinescent undershrubs with alternate entire leaves: and small flowers in axillary clusters or terminal spikes. Flowers EBBM08EMIUM CHENOPODIACE^ 597 CX)RISPERMDM dioecious or sometimes monoecious. Calyx of the bractless stamin- ate flowers mostly 4-parted, the 4-5 stamens central, with short subulate filaments. Pistillate flowers without calyx, enveloped in the obcompressed membranaceous bracts which are united into an orbicular flattened sac with a small naked orifice at the apex, adherent below to each other and to the pedicel of the ovary, be- coming enlarged and reticulately veined and somewhat wavy- margined vertically. Styles 2, slender, at first exserted. Seeds vertical, with a membranaceous testa. Embryo annular: radicle inferior. E. spinosa Greene Pitt. iv. 225 Grayia polygaloides H. &: A. Stems erect, diffusely branched, 1-4 feet high, the branch lets often spines- cent : leaves rather fleshy, glabrous or at first with the young branches somewhat mealy, oblanceolate or spatulate to obovate, 6-15 lines long, obtuse or acute, narrowed at base and sometimes petioled : staminate flow- ers in axillary clusters, the pistillate mostly spicate : fruiting bracts 3-6 lines in diameter, sessile, smooth, emarginate, thin, white or pinkish : the seed usually central, about % oi a line broad. On rocky ridges, eastern Oregon to California and Utah. Tribe S Corispermeas Moq, Chenop. 101. Stems not articulated. Leaves not fleshy. Flowers perfect^ bractless. Pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo annular around copious albumen. 9 CORISPERMUM L. Sp. 4. Annual herbs with alternate leaves and small perfect bractlegs green flowers solitary in the axils, forming narrow leafy terminal spikes, the upper leaves shorter and broader than the lower. Calyx 1 or 2 thin broad sepals. Stamens 1-3, rarely more and one of them longer. Ovary ovoid: styles 2. Utricle ellipsoidal, mostly plano-convex, the pericarp firmly adherent to the vertical seed, its margins acute or winged. Embryo annular, surrounding somewhat fleshy albumen: radicle inferior. C. hyssopifolium L. Sp. 4. More or less floccose or villous-pubescent : stem erect, 6-18 inches high, diffusely much branched: leaves linear, 9-18 lines long, cuspidate : floral bracts reduced more or less abruptly, from linear-lanceolate to ovate, acute to acuminate, membranously margined: sepals rarely wanting, shorter than the bracts: stamens more or less per- fectly developed : fruit \}4.-2 lines long narrowly winged, obtuse, otten mucronate with the projecting style. On sandy alkaline plains, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States and Europe. Tribe 4 Salicorniex Dumort. Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii pt. 2, 144- Fleshy saline plants with jointed stems and scale-like leaves. Flow- ers mostly perfect, immersed b% threes in depressions in the rachis of a close cylindrical spiJce. Seed vertical. Embryo annular, with little albumen. 9 SALICORNIA L. Sp. 3. Fleshy annual or perennial plants with opposite terete branches scale-like leaves and small perfect, or the lateral staminate, flow- ers in heads of 3-7 sunken in the axils of the upper scales, form- 598 OHENOPODIACE^. salicornia SARC0BATD8 ing terminal narrow spikes. Calyx obpyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit, decidu- ous. Stamens 1 or 2, exserted : filaments cylindric, short: anthers oblong. Ovary ovoid: styles or stigmas 2. Utricle enclosed in the spongy fruiting calyx, the pericarp membranaceous. Seed erect, compressed. Embryo conduplicate. S* herbacea L. Sp. ed. 2, 5. Annual: stem erect, rather slender, 6-18 inches high, usually diffusely branched : spikes 1-3 inches long, be- coming a line or more thick: scales narrow, truncate or shortly acute : flowers in threes, the middle one twice higher than the lateral ones, slightly shorter than the joint: fruit pubescent: seeds % to nearly a line long. In saltmarshes and wet saline places, Oregon to the Atlantic coast : Europe and Asia. S. ambitrua Michx. Fl. i, 2. Perennial by a woody base : stems de - cumbent and rooting at the nodes, or ascending, 6-18 inches long, the branches nearly simple: spikes 6-18 lines long, slender, short jointed : scales short, acutish or acute : flowers nearly equal in height and equalling the joint : seeds pubescent, Jr^ of a line long. Along the coast, Alaska to California and the Atlantic coast. Triht 5 Suedex Moq. I. c. 152. Stems not articulated. Leaves fleshy f terete* Embryo spiral, with little or no albumen. 10 SARCOBATUS Nees in Max. Reise. N. A. i, 510. Subspinescent rigidly branched shrubs with alternate fleshy leaves and small "green flowers in terminal aments and solitary in the axils. 3 Flowers monoecious or dioecious without bracts, di- morphous: the staminate in terminal aments, without calyx, the stamens irregularly arranged around the base of stipitate peltate scales: the|pistillate axillary and solitary with a closed compress- ed-ovate calyx adherent at the base of the stigma, and margined laterally by a narrow erect border which developes into a broad membranaceous horizontal wing. Ovary thin and hyaline, nearly filled by the ovule. Embryo spiral with little or no albumen. S. Termicnlatns Torr. Emory's Rep. 150. Glabrous or the young twigs and leaves grayish pubescent: stems erect, 2-8 feet high, much bran- ched, the branches with a smooth white bark, leafy and spiny or spines- cent: leaves linear, entire, 6-18 lines long, narrowed at both ends : stamin- ate spikes cylindrical, 3-12 lines long, narrow, the persistent scales spirally arranged, rhombic-ovate, acute: stamens about 3, soon falling : fruiting calyx coriaceous, 2-3 lines long, the wing 2-3 lines broad : seeds half a line «in diameter.^ In.alkaline soil, eastern Washington to California and Nebraska. 11 DONDIA Adane. Fam. PI. ii. 216. (1775.) SUjEDA ForsJc. (1775.) Herbs or low shrubs with alternate fleshy subterete leaves and small axillary clustered or solitary perfect, or rarely polygamous minutely bracteolate flowers. Calyx 5- parted or 5-cleft, the lobes fleshy, unappendaged or more or less^strongly carinate or crested or becoming somewhat winged, enclosing the fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2, rarely 3 or 4, short and rather stout. Pericarp mem- DONDiA CHENOPODIACE^ 699 SALSOLA branaceous, free. Seeds compressed, vertical and with the radicle inferior or horizontal : the testa smooth, black and crustaceous. B. diffusa Watson Proc Am Acad, ix, 88, under Suseda. Glabrous or more or less pubescent, green or often purple. Stem erect, 12-18 inches high, diffusely branched with usually slender flexuous elongated branches: leaves subterete, 6-12 lines long, acute or acuminate, the floral ones similar but shorter, usually rather distant on the branchlets ; clusters 2-4-flowered : calyx cleft to below the middle flnshy, but carinate: seeds mostly vertical half a line broad, perfectly smooth. Common on alkaline plains, southeas- tern Oregon to Nevada and New Mexico. D. depressa Britton B. & B. 111. Fl. i, 585 Suspda depressa Watson. Low and mostly decumbent, branching from the ba^e, smooth, the lowest branches sometimes opposite : leaves linear, 3-12 lines long, broadest at base, the floral ones oblong to ovate-lanceolate or ovate, acute, rather crow- ded upon the branchlets : calyx cleft to the middle, one or more of the ac- ute lobes very strongly carinate or crested : seed vertical or horizontal, ^ line broad, very lightly reticulate. Idaho to Nevada, Colorado and the Saskatchewan,' D, occidentalis Watson Proc. Am. Acad. ix,90 under Suseda. "Erect slender, 8-10 inches high, smooth, with elongated flexuous spreading branches: leaves linear, ^-1 inches long, acute, narrow at base, the floral leaves somewhat widest : flowers few in tho axils : calyx cleft nearly to the middle, with obtuse lobes, at length surrounded by a transverse irregular lobed veinless wing a line broad: seed horizontal, }4 line broad, obscurely reticulated," Eastern Washington to Nevada. D. intermedia Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 296, under Suseda. " Perennial, the straight erect slender herbaceous stems from a short woody base, 9-18 inches high, glabrous or sometimes puberulent : branchlets also slender, ascending: leaves very narrowly linear, with a contracted base, acute, 6-10 lines long, much shorter on the branches : fertile flowers very small, often solitary the deeply cleft calyx unappendaged:seed very small (J^of a line broad), horizontal, not at all tuberculate under the microscope." Eastern Oregon to Utah and Arizona. Tribe 6 Salsoleas Moq. Annal. Sci. Nat. series 2, 209. Stems not articulated. Leaves subterete. Flowers perfect, 2-bracted. Sepals per siatent. Seeds horizontal or vertical, with simple membra- naceous testa. Embryo spiral. 13 SALSOLA L. Sp. 222. Annual or perennial branched herbs with rigid subulate prickly- pointed leaves and sessile perfect 2-bracteolate flowers solitary in the axils, or sometimes several together. Calyx 5-parted, its segments appendaged by a broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit and enclosing the utricle Stamens 5. Ovary depressed: styles 2. Utricle flattened. Seed horizontal. Embryo coiled into a conic-spiral: albumen none. S. TRAGUS L. Sp. ed. 2,322. Annual, Glabrous, loosely bush y-braneh- ed 1-2 feet high : leaves 3-10 lines long succulent, lanceolate subulate the midnerve excurrent into a stout yellowish-green prickle often bright red at maturity : calyx membranaceous, conppicuously veiny, its wing longer than the upcending lobe. In cultivated fieMs, eastern Oregon and Wash- ington to the Atlantic States : naturalized from Europe. 600 ELiEAGNACE^ umbellularia SHEPHERDIA Order LXXIX LAURACEiE Lindl, Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 200. Aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate, very rarely opposite, mostly thick, petioled leaves without stipules and small flowers in panicles, racemes or umbels. Calyx 4- 6- parted, the seg- ments imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Stamens inserted in 3 or 4 series of 3, on the calyx, distinct, some of them often im- perfect or reduced to staminoidea : anthers 2-celled or 4-celled opening by valves. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, 1-cell- ed with a solitary anatropous pendulous ovule. Style filiform or short, rarely almost wanting: stigma discoid or capitate. Fruit a drupe or berry. Embryo filling the seed, with large plano-convex cotyledons and short included radicle. 1 UMBELLULARIA Nutt. Sylv. i, 87. Shrubs or trees with alternate thick evergreen leaves and small perfect flowers in axillary umbels which are included before ex- pansion in involucres consisting of 4 broad caducous bracts. Calyx deciduous, 6-parted. Stamens 9, inserted on the throat in 3 rows, the 3 inner ones with a fleshy 2-lGbed stipitate gland on each side at base, alternating with 31igulate staminoidea: anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, the outer introrse, the inner extrorse. Stigma dilated, somewhat lobed. Drupe subglobose, subtended by the thickened base of the calyx. V, Californica Nutt. Sylv i, 87. A handsome shrub or tree 10-70 feet high or more, young branches, petioles and inflorescence somewhat puberu- lent: leaves green, and shining, lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end or sometimes rounded a|t base, 2-4 inches long, short-pet ioled, very aromatic: peduncles in an apparently terminal panicle, or solitary in the upper axils, 6-12 lines long, 6-10-flowered : involucral bracts ovate, imbricated : pedicels 1-5 lines long, usually bracteate at base: sepals yfllowish-green 1)^-3 lines long, oblong to ovate : stamens included : drupes on short stout peduncles, ovate-elliptical or globo^^e, nearly an inch long. Along streams, southwes- tern Oregon to California. Order^ LXXX EL^AGNACEiE Lindl. 1. c. 194. Shrubs or trees, mostly silvery -scaly or stellate-pubescent, with entire alternate or opposite leaves and perfect polygamous or dioecious flowers clustered in the axils or at the nodes of branchlets of the previous season, rarely solitary. Lower part of the calyx of pistillate flowers tubular or urn-shaped, enclos- ing the ovary and persistent, the upper part 4-lobed, or 4-cleft. deciduous : calyx of the staminate flowers 4-parted or 2-parted. Stamens 4 or 8: those of perfect flowers borne on the throat of the calyx: anthers 2-celled, the cells longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled, with a solitary anatropous erect ovule. Fruit drupe-like, the base of the calyx becoming thickened and en- closing the achene or nut. Embryo straight, with little or no albumen. SHEPHERDtA tJLMACE^ 601 CELTI8 I SHEPHERDIA Nutt. Gen. ii, 240. Shrubs with opposite petioled leaves and small dioecious or polygamous flowers subspicate at the nodes of the previous season's growth, or axillary : the pistillate few or solitary. Pistillate flow- er- with an urn-shaped or ovoid calyx bearing an 8-lobed disk at its mouth which nearly closes it. Style somewhat exserted. Calyx of the staminate flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8, alternating with as many lobes of the disk. Fruit drupe-like, the fleshy base of the calyx enclosing a nut or achene. S. Canadensis Nutt. Gen. ii, 240. A thornless shrub with dark brown or grayish bark, the young shoota brown scurfy : leaves ovate or oval, obtuse, entire, rounded at base, 12-18 lines long, green and sparingly stellate-scurfy above, densely silvery and brown-stellate beneath, on peti- oles 2-6 lines long : flowers in short spiKes at the nodes of the twigs, yel- lowish : heads globose, less than a line in diameter, forming in summer,^ expanding with or before the leaves the following spring : calyx about 2 lines broad when expanded: fruit oval, red or yellowish. 2-:^ lines long, the nut smooth. In the mountains, Brit. Columbia to eastern Oregon and across the continent. S. argentea Nutt. 1. c. A shrub 6-18 feet high, the twigs often ter- minating in thorns : leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, l-'Z inches long, obtuse, usually cuneate-narrowed at base, densely silvery-scurfy on both sides, 2-6 lines long: flowers fascicled at the nodes, the globose buds very silvery : fruit ovoid to oblong, sour, edible. Alaska to California and Minnesota. Order LXXXI ULMACE^ Mirbel Elem. ii, 905. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves with small fugaceous stipules, and small monoecious, dioecious, polygamous or per- fect flowers in lateral or axillary clusters, or the pistillate sol- itary. Calyx 3-9-parted or of 3-9 distinct sepals. Stamens, ' in our species, as many as lobes of the calyx and opposite them: filaments straight: anthers longitudinally dehiscent, Ovary 1- celled, rarely 2-celled, mostly superior, with a solitary pendu- lous anatropous or amphitropous. ovule: styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or nut. Embryo straight or curved, with little or no albumen. Cotyledons mostly flat. 1 CELTIS L. Sp. 1043. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves and small monoecious or polygamous flowers borne in the axils of leaves of the season, the staminate clustered, the pistillate solitary or 2-3 together. Calyx 4-6-parted or of distinct sepals. Stamens as many as se- pals : filaments erect, exserted. Ovary sessile : stigmas 2, recurv- ed or divergent, tomentose or plumose. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe. C, occidentalis L. Sp. 1044. A tree or shrub 4-120 feet high, with dark brown'rough bark, the twigs glabrous : leaves ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, sharply serrate, mostly thin, acute or acuminate, somewhat oblique and 3-nerved at base, pinnately veined, l>^-4 inches long, glabrous above, pubescent, at least on the veins, beneath : staminate flowers numerous; 602 URTICACE^ celtis URTICA Siatillate aaaally solitary, alender-peduncled : calyx-pegments linear-oblong, eciduoua : driipe-« globose and purple or nearly black when mature, some- times orange, 4-5 lines in diameter. On dry soil, Idaho and eastward. C. reticulata Torr. A shrub or small tree 4-20 feet high, with bright brown rough bark, the twigs pubescent: leaves thick, strongly reticulated, rough-glandular above, ovate or narrower, 1-4 inches long, serrate, acute or somewhatacuminate, obliquely cordate at bape, on short petioles : stami- nate flowers numerous; pistillate usually solitary, slender-peduncled : calyx-seg 'I tents ovate-lanceolate or oblong, deciduous: drupe globose 2-3 lines long, black when mature. Along streams eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. Order LXXXII URTICACE^ Reichenb. Consp. 83. (1820.). Herbs, rarely shrubs with watery juice, alternate or opposite mostly stipulate simple leaves and small greenish dioecious, monoecious or polygamous flowers variously clustered. Calyx 2-5 cleft or of distinct sepals. Stamens as many as lobes of the calyx or sepals and opposite them, the filaments inflexed and anthers reversed in the bud, straightening at anthesis. Ovary superior, 1-celled : style simple : stigma capitate and penicillate. Ovule solitary, erect or ascending. Fruit an achene. Embryo straight, in oily albumen. 1 Urtica Herbs with opposite leaves and stinging hairs. S Parietaria Herbs with alternate leaves without stinging hairs. 1 URTICA L. Sp. 983. (Nettles.) Herbs with 4-angled sulcata stems, stinging hairs, opposite leaves with distinct lateral stipules and small flowers clustered in axillary geminate racemes, spikes or loose heads without bracts Staminate flowers on jointed pedicels with 4 sepals, 4 stamens and a rudimentary cup-shaped ovary: the pistillate with 4 sepals, the 4 outer small and spreading, the inner erect, becoming membran- aceous and enclosing the flattened ovate achene. Stigma sessile, capitate, tufted. U. holosericea Nutt. PI. Ganibel. 183. Stems stout, 4-8 feet high, usually simple ashy-scurfy and sparingly armed with stinging bristles: leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, very coarsely serrate, acuminate green above, whitish beneath with a dense minute pubescence, rounded or subcordate at base, all petioled : stipules membranaceous, 6 lines long, oblong, obtuse or acute : ptaminate flowers in loose slender diffuse paniclesj nearly equalling the leaves : pistillate panicles denser and shorter: inner sepals ovale, densely hispid % line long, about equalling the broadly ovate achene. About springs and along streams in the dry interior regions, Washington to California and Utah. U. Breweri Watson Proc. Am. Acad, x, 348. Grayish with a short: somewhat hispid pubescence or nearly glabrous : stem stout, 4-6 feet high, stipules membranaceous, oblong-lanceolate: leaves thin, finely pubescent aeon glabrate, or roughish above, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, acute or slightly cordate at base, coarsely serrate, on slender petioles, 1-3 inches long or more : flowers in short open panicles scarcely exceeding the petioles: sepals obovate or rounded, obtuse, minutely hispid, nearly a line long and nearly twice longer than the broadly ovate achene. Along streams, Southern Oregon to California and Colorado. DRTiCA URTICAOEiE 603 PAKIETARIA U. Lyallii Watson 1. c. More or less pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous with scattered bristles: Ftems slender, 4-6 feet high : stipules large, membranaceous, broadly oblong, obtuse: leaves ovate, somewhat cordate at base, acute, 3-9 inches long or more, coarsely serrate, on 8len long-acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, sparingly pubescent, 2-7 inches long, narrowed to rounded or subcordate at base, on slender petioles shorter than the blade : stipules lanceolate : flower-clusters compound, commonly longer than the petioles. In rich soil, along streams, Alaska to California and across the continent. 2 PARIETAKIA L. Sp. 1052. Low annual or perennial herbs, the hairs not stinging, with alternate leaves without stipules and. small greenish polygamous flowers in axillary involucrate clusters. Calyx in the perfect flowers 4-parted ; in the pistillate tubular- ventricose and 4-cleft with connivent lobes. Style slender or none ; stigma spatulate recurved, densely tufted. Achene ovoid, enclosed in the dry calyx' P. debilis Forster Weddell in DC. Prodr. xvi, 235. A very slender annual, 3-12 inches high, usually diffusely branched from the base, some- what hispid : leaves broadly ovate, obtuse, rounded at base or abruptly cun- eate, 2-6 lines long or more, on petioles about as long as the blade: clusters few -flowered : bracts linear or narrowly oblong, 3^-1 line long, about equal- ling the flowers : achenes)^ a line long. Southern Oregon to California and eastward. P. Pennsylvanica Muhl. Willd. Sp. iv, 955. A pubescent annual : stem weak, simple or sparingly branched, ascending or reclining, very slender, 4-15 inches high : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mem- branaceous, dotted, acuminate at the base, 3-nerved and with 1-3 pairs of weaker veins above, slender-petioled, 1-3 inches long: flowers glomerate in all except the lowest axils, the clusters shorter than the petioles : bracts of the involucre linear, 2-3 times as long as the flowers : style almost none : achenes about % line long. In dry rocky places, Brit. Columbia to eastern Oregon and the Eastern States. Order LXXXIII EUPHORBIACE^ J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 276. (1805.) Herbs shrubs or trees with acrid often milky juice, alternate opposite or verticil] ate leaves with or without stipues and monoecious or dioecious flowers variously disposed. Flowers mostly apetalous, sometimes the calyx also wanting or repre- sented by a scale at the base of the stamens, in Euphorbia subtended by an involucre that resembles a calyx. Stamens one to many. Ovary usually 3-celled with one or two pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles as many as cells of the ovary, sim- ple, divided or many- cleft. Fruit a mostly 3-celled, elastically dehiscent capsule. Seeds anatropous, with a straight or slightly curved embryo in fleshy or oily albumen. 604 EUPHORBIACE^ eremocarpds EUPHORBIA 1 Eremocarpns Flowers not involucrate : staminate flowers with a 5-6- parted calyx; pistillate without: capsule 1-celled and 1-seeded. 2 Eaphorbia Flowers all without or with only a rudimentary calyx, BUDtended by a calyx-like involucre : capsule 3-celled. 1 EREMOCARPUS Benth. Bot. Sulph. 53, t. 20. Low heavy-scented annuals with alternate entire petioled leaves without stipules and small flowers in axillary clusters without an involucre. Calyx of the staminate flowers 5- or 6-parted, slightly imbricated. Stamens 6 or 7, central on the hairy receptacle ; filaments exserted: anthers inflexed in the bud Pistillate flowers without calyx. Ovary with 4 or 5 glands at the base, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style simple, filiform, stigmatic at the apex. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds smooth and shining. Cotyledons broad, cor- date, as long as the radicle. E. setlg^erns Benth. 1. c. Hoarythroughout with a very dense stellate pubescence and hispid with stiff ppreading hairs : stem stout, dichotomous- ly branched from the base, the branches mostly procumbent or ascending, 4-12 inches long: leaves thick ovate, obtuse, cuneate or rounded at base, ^-2 inches long, on long petioles, the upper crowded and apparently op- posite or ternate: staminate flowers pedicelled: calyx with oblong obtuse segments a line long: pistillate flowers in the lower axils, 1-3 together: ovary and style densely pubescent: capsule obovate-oblong. 2 lines Img, smooth and shining, filled by the seed. In dry valleys, eastern Washing- ton to California. 2 EUPHORBIA L. Sp. 450. Herbs or shrubs with alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves and usually small monoecious flowers without floral envelopes but subtended by a top-shaped or campanulate involucre. Staminate flowers numerous, of a single naked stamen jointed upon a short pedicel which has usually a minute bract at base : anther-cells globose, distinct: pistillate flowers solitary in the center of the involucre, pedicellate and soon exserted, Ovary 3-celled and 3- ovuled: styles 3, usually 2-cleft. Cotyledons linear or ovate. E» gerpyllifoUa .Pers. Syn. ii, 14. Glabrous dark green or reddish annual : stem branched from the base, the slender branches prostrate or ascending, 2-15 inches long: leaves oblong to spatulate, 1-6 inches long, obtuse or retuae, nearly entire or serrulate to below the middle, short- petioled. the ba^e oblique, mostly truncate or obtuse: stipules at length a fringe of weak setae: involucres solitarv in the axils, sometimes clustered toward the ends of the branchlets, leas than a line long, bearing 4 disk-like glands eacb subtended by a narrow lobed appendage: capsule a line broad, slightly nodding: seed-* ovoid, 4-angled. the facn transversely wrinkled and pilled. In dry soil WHshington to California and ^^ isconsin. Var. coii«:aiigaiiiea Boiss. Branches erect : leaves with an obtuse sharply serrate apex : lobes of the involucres lacerate : seeds darker and more nearly ovate, less sharp on the angles. Range of the type. E. Gree-iei Millsp Pitt, ii, 88. Glabrous annual, radiately branched from the base, the branches prostrate an 1 divaricately much branched. 5- 6 inches long : stipnles triangular at base, lacerate, leaves ovate, entire, oblique, mucronulate: involucres solitary in the axils, on peduncles twice EUPHORBIA ^UPHORBIACEiE 605 the length of the petioles, campanulate, glabrous without, hairy within*, glands rose-red, orbicular, folded upward upon themselves, appendages white: capsule smooth, the carpels bluntly carinate : seeds ovate, sharply quadrangular, the faces irregularly transversely ridged. Beaver Canyon, Idaho. E. glyptosperma Engelm. Bot, Mex. Bound. Serv. 187. Pale green and glabrous annual: stem branching from near the base, the branches ascending, spreading or prostrate, 2-15 inches long : leaves oblong to linear- oblong or ovate, 1-9 lines long, more or less falcate, obtuse at the apex, serrulate, very oblique and obtuse or subcordate at base, short- petioled : stipules becoming a fringe of setae : involucres solitary in the axils, campan- ulate, half a line long, with 4 dark ribs and 4 saucer-shape glands, their appendages narrow, crenulateor slightly lobed: capsule depressed-globose, less than a line in diameter, nodding: seeds oblong, half a line long, ash- color, strongly transversely wrinkled, not pitted. In sandy places, Brit. Columbia to California, Ontario and Connecticut. E. maculata L. Sp. 545. Puberulent or pilose annual : stem branched from the base, the branches slender, radiately spreading, 2-15 inches long, prostrate, often dark red: leaves usually blotched, oblong or ovate-oblong 2-8 lines long, obtuse, more or less serrate, short- petioled, the base oblique, subcordate : stipules a fringe of setae : involucres solitary in the axils, en- tire, half a line long, with 4 cup-shaped glands, the appendages narrow, white or red, crenulate: capsule ovoid, glabrous, about a line in diameter, pubescent: seeds ovoid-oblong, obtusely angled, ash-color, minutely pitted and transversely wrinkled. Throughout North America except the ex . treme north. E. Lathyrus L. iSp. 457. Annual or biennial, glabrous and glaucous. Stem stout 1-3 feet high, mostly simple below, umbellately branched above : leaves numerous, the lower S(^attered, those subtending the branches verti- cillate, the lower linear, reflexed, the upper lanceolate, 1-5 inches long, entire, sessile, subcordate: involucres 2-3 lines long, bearing 4 cresent- shaped unappendaged glands prolonged into short horns: capsule subglo- bose, 5-6 liues in diameter, its lobes rouaded : seeds o blong-ovoid, 2-3 lines long, terete, usually wrinkled. In waste places. Native of Europe. E. dictyosperma F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii, 37. Glabrous annufil: stem erect, rather slender, 4-15 inches high, simple, or branched from the base . leaves, except those subtending the inflorescence scattered, spatulate or oblong, 6-18 lines long, obtuse, serrate to below the middle, sessile, without stipules, the upper slightly auricled at base : bracts oblong or ovate, small, serrate, cordate: inflorescence dichotomously paniculate: involucres solitary in the axils, less than a line long, with 4 oblong naked nearly sessile glands : capsule depressed-globose, less than 2 lines in diame- ter, with elongated warts: seeds ovoid, lenticular, reddish-brown, finely but distinctly reticulated. Southern Oregon to California and the Atlantic States. E. crenulata Engelm. 1. c. Biennial or sometimes perennial: glab- rous : stems erect or decumbent at the branching base, 6-12 inches high : leaves onovate-spatulate, obtuse, often mucronate, 6-15 lines long, without stipules, the upper ones sometimes erose-denticulate, those on the branch- es and floral ones opposite or usually ternate, deltoid or broadly rhombic- ovate, sometimes connate, acute 3-S lines broad : floral branches 2-3 times dichotomous, the upper nodes much the shorter: involucres solitary in the axils, turbinate, the oblong lobes nearly entire: glands large crescent- shaped, the slender horns sometimes cleft: capsule 2 lines in diameter: seeds usually ash color, oblong-ovate, conspicuously dark-pitted. In open woods, western Oregon to California. 606 AHISTOLOCHIACE^ empktrdm ASARUM Order LXXXIV EMPETRACE.E Dumort. Fl. Belg. 106. Low evergreen shrubs with watery juice, small narrow leaves without stipules and small dioecious or polygamous flowers in terminal beads or axillary. Calvx of 3 sepals sometimes a few petals also present. Staminate flowers with 2-4 stamens: fila- ments filiform : anther 2-celled, the cells longitudinally dehis- cent: sometimes a rudimentary pistil present. Pistillate flowers with a 2-several-celled sessile ovary : the single style cleft into as many segments as cells of the ovary. Ovules one in each cell, amphitropous. Fruit a berry-like drupe containing 2-sev- eral 1 seeded nutlets. Embryo straight, terete, in copious albumen. 1 EMPETRUM L. Sp. 1022. Depressed or spreading, freely branching shrubs with narrow sessile leaves and small flowers solitary in the upper axils. Sep- als mostly 3, often with as many petals. Staminate flowers with 3 stamens, the anthers introrse. Pistillate flowers with a globose 6-9-celled ovary and short thick style with 6-9-toothed segments. Drupe black or red, containing 6-9 nutlets. E. ni^ram L .Sp. 1022. Glabrous or the young shoots pubescent : stems 6-18 inches long, usually much branched, the branches diffusely spreading: leaves crowded dark green, linear-oblong, obtuse, 2-4 lines long, the stron- gly revolute margins roughish: flowers very small, purplish: stamens ex- serted: drupe 2-3 lines in diameter, usually not maturing; until the follow- ing season. On rocky banks near the coast, California to the Arctic regions, and on the northern Atlantic coast Europe and Asia. Order LXXXV ARISTOLOCHIACEiE Blume Enum. PI. Jav. 181, (1830.) Herbs or shrubs with watery juice, alternate or all radical leaves without stipules and mostly large flowers solitary or clus- tered in the axils of the leaves or terminal. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-lobed, 6-lobed or irregular. Stamens 6- many, inserted on the pistil : anthers 2-celled. extrorse longitu- dnally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, mostly 6 cel- led. Ovules numerous in each cell, anatropous, horizontal or pendulous. Fruit a many-seeded mostly 6-celled capsule. Seeds ovoid or oblong, angled or compressed, the testa crustaceous, smooth or wrinkled, usually with a fleshy or dilated raphe. Em- bryo minute, in copious fleshy albumen. 1 ASARUM L. Sp. 442. Acaulescent perennials with cordate long-petioled leaves and dull-colored flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves. Calyx campanulate or hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, at least below, regularly 3-lobed, the lobes valvate. Stamens 12, inserted on the ovary. Ovary partly or wholly inferior, 6-celled, the parietal placentae intruded. Capsule coriaceous, crowned by the marces- A8ABUM SANTALACE^ 607 COMANDRA cent calyx and stamens, at length bursting irregularly, or longi- tudinally dehiscent. Seeds compressed. A. caudatnm Lindl. Bot. Reg. xvii, under t. 1399. Eootstocks creep- ing, 6-12 inches long : leaves rounded-cordate with large rounded auricles, dark green, not marked with white, 2-4 inches broad, rather sparsely pu- bescent with short stiff hairs, obscurely crenulate and finely ciliate, on sparsely hairy petioles 3-10 inches long, remaining green until the next pair are mature; flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves and thus becom- ing terminal, on slender peduncles 1-2 inches long, dark brown, the ovate lobes attenuate into slender appendages 1-3 inches long, more or less pu- bescent : filaments stout, the free apex of the connective much shorter than the anthers: styles united, equalling the stamens: seeds ovate, 1}4 lines long. In forests, Brit. Columbia to California. A. Hartwegi Watson Proc. Am. Acad x, 346. ? Eather stout, tufted, more or less florcose-pubescent : leaves usually large, 2-6 inches long, rather thick and marked with white above, nearly smooth, deeply cordate with large rounded auricles, somewhat acuminate, finely ciliate, on woolly petioles 4-8 inches long: peduncles 6-18 lines long: ovary about fi lines broad, white woolly: lobes of the calyx ovate, narrowed to linear append- ages 1-2 inches long: filaments rather stout, nearly free from the styles: anthers about a line long, the produced connective setose, about a line long : styles short, nearly distinct, scarcely equalling the anthers: seeds ovate, 2 lines long. In forests, southwestern Oregon to California. Order LXXXVI SANTALACE^ R. Br. PI. Nov. Hoi. i, 350. (1810) Herbs shrubs or trees with alternate or opposite leaves with- out stipules and mostly small solitary or clustered axillary or terminal flowers. Calyx adnate to the base of the ovary or to the disk, 3-5-lobed, the lobes valvate. Stamens as many as lobes of the calyx and inserted near their bases, or opposite them upon the lobes of an annular disk. Ovary 1-celled: ovules 2-4. pendulous from the summit of the central placenta. Style cylindric or conic, sometimes wanting: stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe or nut. Seed solitary, ovoid or globose, without testa. Embryo small, apical, with copious albumen. 1 COMANDRA Nutt. Gen i, 157. (1818.) Glabrous perennial herbs, mostl}^ parasitic on the roots of other plants with alternate leaves and small perfect flowers in terminal and axillary bractless cymes. Calyx campanulate, the base of its tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed, Stamens inserted at the base of the calvx-lobes and between the lobes of the disk, attached to the middle of the lobes by tufts of hairs. Anthers ovate, 2-celled. Fruit drupaceous, crowned by the persistent calyx. C. nmbeliata Nutt. 1. c. Stems slender, very leafy, branched. 6-18 inches high : leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pale green, acute or acut- ish at both ends, sessile., ascending, 6-15 lines long, the lower smaller: cymes several- flowered corymbose at the summit of the stems and often axillary also: peduncles slender, H-12 lines long: pedicels very short: calyx greenish-white or purplish, about 2 lines high: style slender : drupe globose, about 3 lines in diameter, crowned with the upper part of the calyx-tube 608 LORANTHACE^ comandra PHORADENDRON and its 5 oblong lobea. In dry open places, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States. C. pallida A. DC, Prodr. xiv, 636. Stems slender, simple or branch- ed, 4-12 inches high, very leafy : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, or the lower ones oblong-elliptic, acute, sessile: cymes few-several-flowered, corymbose-clustered at the summit: peduncles usually short: pedicels about a line long: calyx greenish or purplish, about 2 lines high: drupe ovoid- obl(mg, about 2 lines in diameter crowned by the very short upper portion of the calyx-tube and its. 5 oblong acute lobes. On dry hillsides, in the interior, Brit. Columbia to California and Minnesota. Order LXXXVII LORANTHACEiE D. Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 142. (1825) Parasitic, green or reddish plants growing upon wood plants and absorbing food from their sap through specializey roots called haustoria, with mostly opposite leaves and regular monoecious or dioecious flowers in axillary or terminal clusterd or solitary. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entirer toothed or lobed. Stamens 2-6: anthers 2-celled, or confluents ]y 1-celled. Ovary solitary, erect: style simple or none : stigma- terminal, entire. Fruit a berry with glutinous pulp. Beed solitary, its testa indistinguishable from the copious fleshy albumen. Embryo terete or angled. !• Phoradendron Leaves thick and flat: anthers 2-(ielled: berry sessile. 2 Bazoumofskya Leaves scale like, united at base: anthers 1-celled: berry peduncled. 1 PHORADENDRON Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. ser. 2, i, 185. Parasitic shrubs with mostly jointed branches, opposite flat leaves and small dioecious flowers in axillary spikes. Staminate flowers with a 2-4- usually 3-lobed globose or ovoid calyx, bearing a transversely 2-celled anther at the base of each lobe. Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to the inferior ovary. Style short, with obtuse or capitate stigma. Fruit a sessile ovoid or globose berry. P. Tillosnm Nutt. PI. Gambel. 185. Stems stout, diffusely much branched, 1-2 feet long: leaves orbicular to spatulate, 6-20 lines long, per- manently villous, rounded at the apex, narrowed below to a short petiole, very thick and obscurely veiny : spikes slender, rather short : berries white, 1-2 lines in diameter. On oak trees, from the Willamette valley Oregon to California. P. juniperlnum Engelm. PI. Fendl. 85. Glabrous, stout, densely branched: 6-9 inches high: branches terete, the ultimate branchlets quadrangular: leaves mostly reduced to broadly triangular, obtusish con- nate or distinct ciliate scales : staminate spikes solitary, 6-8-flowered : anthers transverse, opening by pores: pistillate spikes 2-flowered: berries globose, whitish or light red, 1}4 lines in diameter. On Junipers, south- eastern Oregon to California. P. Libocedrl. P. juniperinum var. Libocedri Engelm. f Glabrous : stems fleshy, 6-12 inches long, densely branched : most of the leaves re duced to broadly triangular connate naked scales : staminate spikes solitary BAzouMOFSKYA LORANTHACEiE 609 6-18-flowered : anthers transverse, opening' by pores: pistillate spikes 2- flowereri: berries reddish. On Libocedrus decurrens, southern Oregon to California. 2 RAZOUMOFPKYA Hoff. Hort. Mosq. 1808. ARCEUTHOBIUM Bieb..l819. Small fleshy plants parasitic on the branches of coniferous trees, with 4-angled jointed branches, opposite connate scnles in the place of leaves and small naked dioecious flowers solitary or sev- eral together in the axils of the scales. Staminate flowers with a 2-5-parted calyx and usually an equal number of stamens, the anthers sessile on the segments. Pistillate flowers with the calyx- limb 2-parted. Fruit a fleshy more or less flattened berry borne on a short somewhat recurved peduncle. Embryo enclosed in copious albumen. R, Americana Kuntze Rev. Gen. ii, 587. Arceuthohium Amsricanum Nutt. Greenish-yellow, glabrous : stems slender, dichotomously or verticil- lately much branched: staminate plants 2-4 inches long with the flowers on terminal peduncle-like joints, paniculate, a line broad or more, with ovate-orbicular acutish lobes: pistillate plant much smaller, with the flowers a line long or less : berries 2 lines long. On Pinus contorta, Brit. Columbia to California and Colorado. R. Donglasii Kuntze 1. c. Arceuthohium Pouglasii Engelm. Greenish yellow: stems slender, 3-12 lines high, much branched but not verticil late- ly : spikes short, mostly 5-flowered : staminate flowers less than a line wide, with round-ovate acutish lobes, axillary, forming simple or compound spikes : accessory branchlets of fruiting plant flower-bearing : berries 2}4 lines long. On Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Idaljo to California and New Mex. Var, abietinnm Greene Fl. Fr. 341. Fertile plants larger 1-3 inch- es high, the sterile smaller with spreading or recurved branchlets: fruit smaller. On Abies concolor. Oregon and California. R. occidentalis Kuntze 1. c. Arceuthohium occidentale Engelm. Greenish brown, glabrous : stems stout, 2-5 inches high paniculately much branched: staminate plants brownish-yellow, smaller, its flowers in long dense spikes, often 9-17 on a single axis, buds ventricose with the upper edge curved outward ; calyx 3-5-, usually 4-parted. 1)^-2 lines wide : anthers sessile below the middle of the lanceolate acuminate lobes : pistillate plant commoly of a dark olive-brown color, accessory branchlets mostly leaf-bear- ing : fruit 2}4 lines long. On various conifers, Oregon to California and Idaho. Var. abietinnm. Arceuthohium ahietinum Engelm. More spread- ing and less densely branched: the accessory branchlets in the fertile plant bearing fertile flowers as often as they do leaf-buds. On Abies gran- dis, Columbia river valley. R. robusta Kuntze 1. c Arceuthohium rohustum Engelm. Reddish- brown and glabrous : stems 2-4 inches long, much branched : staminate flowers in short spikes, flat, appressed to the rachis, 3-parted, with broad lobes, bearing the stamens above the middle fertile flowers mostly solitary: fruit 2-3 lines long. On Pinus ponderosa, Brit. Columbia to Oregon. Order LXXXVIII FAGACE^ Drude Phan. 40 9 Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, deciduous stipules and small monoecious flowers, the staminate in aments, the pis- 610 FAGACE^ quercds tillate solitary or in small spikes, each surrounded by an involu- cre of partly or wholly united bracts which becomes a burr or cup. Staminate flowers with a 4-7-lobed calyx and 4-20 sta- mens: filaments slender, distinct: anther-cells adnate, longitud- inally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a 4-8-lobed urn-shaped or oblong calyx adnate to the 3-7-celled ovary : ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, but only 1 in each ovary maturing, pendulous, ana- tropous. Styles as many as cells of the ovary, terminally or longitudinally stigmatic. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Seed with- out albumen. Embryo straight, with small apical radical and large fleshy albumen. 1 Qaercns Involucres 1-flowered, becoming a cup. 2 Castanopsis Involucre 1-5-flowered, becoming a prickly burr. QUERCUS L. Sp. 994. Trees or shrubs with alternate deciduous or evergreen leaves and small flowers. Staminate flowers numerous, in slender most- ly drooping aments subtended by caducous bracts. Calyx mostly 6-lobed, campanulate. Stamens 6-12, with filiform filaments. Pistillate flowers with a mostly urn-shaped or oblong calyx, adnate to a 3-celled ovary: ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary, rarely more than one in each ovary maturing. Styles as many as cells of the ovary, short, erect or recurved. Fruit a solitary oblong, ovoid or subglobose coriaceous 1-seeded nut, called an acorn, subtended by or almost included in the more or less united bracts of the involucre. § 1 Staminate aments naked, from the previous season's bud or from the lower part of the present season's shoots : pendulous : filaments not longer than the anthers. Pistillate flowers above the staminate aments, from the axils of young leaves : stigmas dilated. * Abortive ovules at the base or at the side of the seed : stamens 5-10, usually 6-8 stigmas sessile or subsessile. ■*- Acorns maturing the first season, glabrous within. *♦ Leaves deciduous. Q. Garryana Dougl. Hook. Fl. ii, 159. A small shrub to a large tree, 2-150 feet high, the trunk often 3 feet in diameter, with light-colored bark : branchlets rather rigid, tomentose: leaves 4-6 inches long by 2-5 inches wide, coarsely lobed, the lobes broad or sometimes acutish, entire or again notched or lobed, dull green on the upper s de, pale yellowish or whitish and strongly reticulated as well as somewhat pubescent beneath, on peti- oles 6-12 lines long: calyx lobes 7 or 8, linear-lanceolate, ciliate: anthers 6-8: acorns sesPile or nearly so; cup shallow, its scales lanceolate, some- what pubescent, flat or tuberculate-thickened at base : nut oval to obovate- oblong, obtuse, about an inch long. Common from Brit. Columbia to California. Q. Jacob! R. Br. Campst. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. vii 255. A middle-sized or large tree, branching from near the base and forming a compact head : trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, with rather thick fissured gray QUBRCU8 FAGACE^ 611 bark: branchlets short, stout, very leafy, tomentose-pubeacent : leaves broadly obovate: veinlets only gradually divergent from the midrib and directing the lobes somewhat digitately toward the apex of the leaf which is broadest far above the middle- acorns ovate, less than an inch long, well inserted into a hemispherical scaly cup. On Islands in Puget Sound and northward. Q. (Erstediana R.'Br. Campst. I. c. A shrub 2-6 feet high, with pu- bescent branchlets: leaves 3-5 inches long, usually deeply pinnatifid, sometimes merely sinuate; lobes obtuse or acutish, entire or toothed : sta- minate aments rather few-flowered, erect: acorns rarely subsessile, usually several, crowded near the summit of a peduncle an inch long or more ; cup shallow.^ strongly tuberculate : nut oval, obtuse, an inch long. On dry mountain sides at middle or high elevations, i?outhern Oregon to California. *+ -^^ Leaves persistent through winter and mostly until the appear- ance of new leaves for the next season. (^. Sadleriana R. Br. Campst. 1. c. A shrub4-6feethigh with rather dark-colored bark and glabrous branchlets : buds oblong densely silky : stipules filiform, densely silky : leaves oblong to obovate, not|Iobed,' serrate, 1-3 inches long, on petioles 2-6 lines long, dark green above, at length be- coming whitish and strongly reticulated beneath : aments densely flowered erect or spreading 1-4 inches long : bracts silky, sepals ovate : stamens about 8 : acorns sessile or nearly so; cup shallow, tuberculate, 5-6 lines broad: nut oblong, obtuse, about 8 lines long. In moist places on top of the coast mountains along the old Wimer road, also on top of the Siskiyou Mountains near the Happy Camp trail. ■*- +- Acorns maturing the second season, the nuts often pubescent within. Q. chrysolepis Leibm. in Benth. Pl.'Hartw. 336. As represented in our region a small tree or low shrub 2-30 feet high, farther south a large tree, with ashy-gray flaky bark and glabrous branchlets: leaves oblong- lanceolate entire or sharply dentate, acute, cuspidate obtuse or subcordate at base, 1-3 inches long, at first fulvous-tomentose beneath, after a year glabrate and bluish or whitish, on petioles about 3 lines long : aments some- times branched, tomentose, soon glabrate: calyx lobes 5-7, broadly ovate, acute glabrous, ciliate: anthers about 10, conspicuously cuspidate: pistillate flowers sessile, or rarely in spikes : cups covered .with small triangular ap- pressed scales, more or less hidden in the dense yellow or fulvous tomen - tum, very variable in shape and size, 4-12 lines wide, hemispheriral and rather thiin to flat saucer-shaped and very thick with a broad thick rim : nut oval, obtuse 6-18 lines long, and half as thick. Along streams, South- ern Oregon to California. Q. yaccinifolia Kellogg Proc. Am. Acad i, 96. A low shrub 1-4 feet high, densely branched and very leafy : leaves ovate to oblong or lanceolate, entire or with a few sharp teeth on one or both margins acute and very shortly or not at all cuspidate, 6-18 lines long, on petioles 4-6 lines long yellowish green and glabrous on the upper side, white or whitish with a dense scurf beneath, obtuse or subcordate at base: stipules 4-6 lines long linear-lanceolate somewhat silky : aments glabrous :ca'yx-lobes 5-7, broadly ovate : anthers about 8, not cuspidate : pistillate floweis sessile or in spikes : cups covered with small appresseti scales not tomentose : nuts 8-12 lines long. ^Common on dry rocky hillsides Southeastern Oregon and adjacent California. * * Anthers usually 4 or 5 : stigmas on long spreading or recurved styles : abortive ovules borne at the top of the seed. Q. Kelloggii Newberry Pac. R. Rep. vi, 28. fig. 6. A middle-sized 612 FAGACE^ qcercub CASTANOPSIS tree 60-90 feet higli and 1-6 feet in diameter, with rough black bark, the slender twigs soon glabrate: leaves deciduous, broadly oval in outline, deeply sinuate-lobed, the lobes entire or coarsely lobed and slender-pointed, obtuse to subcordate at base, on petioles about an inch long, puberulent both sides, 4-7 inches long: acorns matu'ing the second season, mostly short-pedicelled, solitary or 2-4 together; cups an inch or less broad, with ovate-lanceolate obtusish imbricated scales, hemispherical, oiten very deep; nuts oblong, 12-16 lines long by 10-12 in diameter. Common on plains and hillsides from the Willamette Valley Oregon to California. § 1 Aments erect persistent, pistillate at base and staminate above or entirely staminate. Filaments slender, many times longer than the very small anthers. Stigmas linear. Fruit ma- turing the same season. Q. densiflora H. & A. Bot. Beech. 391. A middle-sized tree or shrub 10-100 feet high with mostly smooth bark and tom^ntose branch lets : leaves oblong, acute, obtuse or rarely acute at base, entire with revolute margins or sometimes dentate, tomentose, especially beneath, at length glabrate and whitish beneath, 2-5 inches long, 34-2 inches wide, on peti- soles 3-6 lines long : aments 4-6 inches long densely flowered, tomentose : flowers in glomerules of 3, supported by 3 bracts: calyx of 5 broad woolly lobes : anthers 10 : acorns solitary or in short .peduncled clusters : cups very shallow, 8-15 lines broad, covered with linear rigid spreading or recurved scales, silky-tomentose inside: nuts oval or oblong, acute or obtuse, 12-18 lines long, with very thick shell, densely tomentose inside. Along streams southwestern Oregon to southern California. 5 CASTANOPSIS Spach. Trees or shrubs with coriaceous evergreen leaves and small monoecious flowers in axillary aments, the fruit maturing the following season. Staminate flowers in slender panicled aments upon the young shoots, with regular 5-6-lobed calyx and usually twice as many stamens. Pistillate flowers 1-3, in a scaly involu- cre, sessile at the base of the aments: lobes of the calyx 6, in 2 rows. Styles usually 3. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 amphitropous ovules at the lower angle of each cell. Nuts 1-3, enclosed in the subglobose involucre which is densely covered with stout branch- ed prickles, at length bursting irregularly. Seed solitary. C. chrysophylla A. DC. Seem. Journ. Bot. i, 182. A shrub or mid- dle sized tree, 6-80 feet high : leaves lanceolate or oblong, 1-4 inches long, acuminate or only acuti^h, cuneate at base and shortly petioled, entire, glabrous, or sometimes scurfy, above, densely scurfy beneath with more or less yellow scales : aments 1-3 inches long, densely pubescent : styles 3, stout, glabrous, divergent: spines of the involucre 6-12 lines long, subver- ticillately many-branched : nuts usually solitary obtusely triangular, 6 lines long. On dry hillsides, from the Columbia river to California. Order LXXXIX CORYLACE^. Small trees or shubs with alternate leaves and small flowers in axillary aments or clusters. Staminate flowers in aments, with- out floral envelopes each subtended by a scale-like bract: sta- mens several, with often divided filaments and distinct anther- cells. Pistillate flowers in short spikes, 2 to each bract, with coBYLUs CORYLACfi^ 613 BKTDLA small bractlets which become much enlarged and involucrate in fruit. Ovary imperfectly 2- celled, with 2 pendulous anatro- pous ovules. Seed solitary. 1 CORYLUS L. Sp. 998. (Hazel-nut.) Shrubs or small trees with broad thin leaves that are plicate in the bud and small flowers that appear before the leaves ; the sta- minate in drooping cylindrical aments, from lateral buds, without calyx but subtended by a scaly bract, consisting of 4 stamens with forked filaments, each fork bearing one cell of an anther, the undivided portion adnate to the bract. Pistillate flowers several in a scaly bud, 2 to each scale, each with a pair of bractlets that enlarge and in fruit more or less envelope the nut : calyx minute, adnate to the ovary, without limb. Style short: stigmas elonga- ted. Nut oblong or ovoid, large and bony. C. rostrata Ait. Hort. Kew. iii, 364. A shrub 3-8 feet high, with pubescent branchlets and smooth bark: leaves ovate ornarrowly oval, acu- minate, cordate or obtuse at base, incised-serrate and serrulate, glabrous or with some scattered appressed hairs above, sparingly pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 2>^-4riBcbfeS long, on petioles 2-4 lines long: involu- cral bracts bristly hairy, united to the summit and prolonged into a tubular beak about twice as long as the nut, laciniate at the summit: nut ovoid, scarcely compressed, striate, 5-7 lines high. In thickets, Oregon to Brit. Columbia, the Eastern States and Nova Scotia. C. Californica Rose. A shrub or small tree 4-30 feet high with pubes- cent branchlets : leaves orbicular to obovate, 1-4 inches broad, often shortly acuminate, obscurely 6-10-lobed, sharply serrate, on petioles 5-12 lines long, mostly subcordate at base, sparsely pubescent above, goftpubescen on the veins beneath : involucre united to the summit, prolonged into a broad tubular beak about twice as long as the nut or less, setose-hispid below with short brittle hairs, erose to lacerate at the summit: nut ovoid 5-8 lines high. Common on low hillsides and in forests, Brit. Columbia to California. Order XC BETULACEiE Agardh Apho. 208 in part. Trees or shrubs with deciduous alternate leaves, mostly cadu- cous stipules and small monoecious flowers, the staminate in long aments, the pistillate in shorter cone-like aments with thickened and rigid scales. Staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axil of each bract, consisting of a membranous calyx and 2-4 stamens inserted on the receptacle, with distinct filaments and 2-celled anthers. Pistillate aments spike-like or capitate, its flowers with or without a calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary which is crowned with 2 sessile filiform stigmas and becomes a winged or angled nutlet. Seed anatropous, pendulous, without albumen. Cotj^le- dons flat, foliaceous in germination. 1 Betnla Bracts 31obed, becoming coriaceous, deciduous: stamens 2, with bifurcate filaments and separate anther-cells: nutlets broadly winged. 2 Alnus Bracts entire, becoming woody, persistent : stamens 4 ; anther- cells contiguous. 614 BETULACEiE betula 1 BETULA L. Sp. 982. Trees or shrubs with smooth or laminated outer bark, toothed simple leaves and small flowers appearing with or before the leaves. Staminate aments long and drooping, solitary or in pairs, from lateral or terminal leafless buds the flowers about 3 together in the axil of each shield-shaped bract, consisting of a membranaceous usually 4-toothed calyx and 2 stamens, subtended by 2 bractlets: filament short, deeply 2- cleft, each fork bearing an anther-cell. Pistillate aments oblong to cj^lindrical, solitary or racemose, from lateral 3-5-leaved buds, the flowers 1-3 in the axil of each bract, without calyx. Bracts usually 3-lobed and falling with the seed. Ovary sessile: styles 2, stigmatic at the apex, mostly persistent. Nuts small, lenticular, surrounded by a wing. B. occidentalis Hook. Fl. ii, 155. A small or middlesized tree 20-60 feet high and 6-18 inches in diameter, with smooth dark brown bark and greenish-brown warty twigs : leaves broadly ovate to nearly orbicular, acute to rounded at the apex, sharply serrate, the teeth glandular tipped, round' ed or obtuse at base, short-petioled glabrous, or sparingly pubescent on one or both sides, 1-2 inches long: staminate aments usually 3 together at the ends of slender branchlets, 2-3 inches long: pistillate aments mani- festly peduncled, cylindric, spreading or pendent, 12-18 lines long, 4-6 lines in diameter when mature: fruiting bracts ciliate, 2-3 lines long, their lat- eral lobes ascending, usually shorter than the middle one: nutlets much narrower than the wings. Along streams in the interior, Brit. Columbia to California and Nebraska. As here defined perhaps includes more than one species. B. Hallii. B. glandulosa of authors as to the Oregon plant. An erect shrub 4-10 feet high, the twigs ashy-gray, glandular and somewhat pubes- cent, very leafy: leaves obovate, rounded at the apex, cuneately narrowed at base into short petioles, green and glabrous both sides, finely serrate, 10-12 lines long: pistillate aments cylindric, erect or barely spreading, 10-14 lines long, 2-3 lines thick, dark green, on slender peduncles 4-6 lines long: fruiting bracts a line long, glabrous, the lateral lobes usually broader than the middle one which is spreading and hyaline-margined: nutlets as broad or broader than long, narrowly winged. Lake Labish, Marion Co. Oregon: specimens collected by Mr. Gorman at Ft. Selkirk, Yukon Ter. appear to be of this epecies. 2 ALNUS Gsertn. Fr. & Sem. ii. 54, t. 90. (1791.) Shrubs or trees with alternate serrate or dentate leaves and small flowers in aments. opening: with or before the leaves, mak- ing their first appearance during the previous season. Staminate aments fascicled, drooping. Bracts shield-shaped, stipitate, in- cluding the 5 bractlets and usually 3 flowers with regular 4-lobed calyx. Stamens 4, inserted opposite the lobes of the calyx, with very short filaments and contiguous anther-cells. Pistillate a- ments panicled, short and usually erect, their bracts fleshy and imbricated, including 4 bractlets and 2 flowers, connate and slightly 4-lobed, in fruit woody and persistent, thickened and truncate at the apex, at length divergent. Nutlets compressed, mostly wingless or nearly so. A. Oregana Nutt. Sylva, i, 28, A. rubra Bong, A large tree 50-100 ALNU8 BETULACE^. 615 MYRICA feet high and 1-4 feet in diameter, with dark brown bark blotched with' white: leaves oval to elliptic, thickiah, dark green above, pale or whitish beneath with prominent rusty-pubescent veins, coarsely serrate and finely serrulate, 2-8 inches hmg, acute or shortly acuminate, rounded or narrowed below to petioles 6-18 lines long : staminate aments reddish, 2-6 inches long; the pisiillate ovoid to oblong, 6-12 lines long, the bracts much thick- ened above: nutlets more than a line long, nearly orbicular or oblong, surrounded by a narrow somewhat membranous wing. Common in moist places, California to Alaska. A. rhoinbifolia Nutt. Sylva, i, 3*^. A tree 30-50 feet high, with white bark which becomes broken rectangular flakes : leaves rhombic-ovate to elliptic or obovate, mostly cuneate at base and obtuse at the apex, 2-3 inches long, irregularly glandular-dentate : fruiting aments oblong. 6-8 lines long, the bracts rather thin above: nutlets a line long, very broadly obovate with a thickened margin. Eastern Washington to California. A. tennifolia Nutt. A. incana var. virescens Watson. A shrub 4-20 feet high with brown bark : leaves more or less broadly ovate, 2-3 inches long, acute, rounded or slightly cordate at base, acutely doubly toothed, light green and glabrous on both sides, or sparingly pubescent: staminate aments rather slender, 1-2 inches long: fruiting aments ovate-oblong, 4-6 lines long: nutlets rounded-obovate, slightly margined, 1)^ lines long. In wet places in the mountains, Alaska to California and the Rocky Mts. A, serrnlata Willd Sp. PI. iv, 336. A. rugosa K. Koch. A shrub o-lO feet high, or sometimes a small tree 40 feet high, with smooth bark, the young shoots sometimes pubescent : leaves green both sides obovate or oval, mostly obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed or rounded at base sharply and minutely serrulate when mature, glabrous above, usually pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-5 inches long, on petioles 4-12 lines long : aments appearing from naked buds much before the leaves, the staminate 2-4 inches long, the pistillate ovoid 5-9 lines long when mature rnutlets ovate, narrowly coriaceous-margined. In wet soil. Idaho to the Eastern States. A. sinuata Rydb. A small tree or shrub 9-15 feet high, erect or as- cending:/ bark rather dark except on old stems : leaves ovate, acuminate, obtuse or cuneate at base, bright green, doubly dentate, glabrous above, nearly so beneath, thin, very gummy when young, 2-4 inches long, on slender petioles 5-12 lines long: fruiting aments 7-9 lines long, on slender longer peduncles. Eastern Washington. Order XCI MYRICACE^ Dumort. Anal. Fam, 95. Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves and small dioecious or monoecious flowers in bracted aments without calyx or corolla. Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts : staminate with 2-15 stamens inserted on the receptacle: filaments short distinct or somewhat united: anthers ovate, 2-celled, the cells longitudinally dehiscent: pistillate with a solitary 1-celled ovary subtended by 2-8 bractlets: ovules solitary, orthotropous : style very short: stigmas 2, linear. Fruit a small drupe or nut, often waxy. Seed erect, orthotropous, with thin testa and no albumen. 1 MYRICA L. Sp. 1024. Shrubs*or small trees with alternate mostly resinous-dotted leaves and small flowers in bracted aments. Staminate aments oblong or narrowly cylindric expanding before or with the leaves. 616 M f RICACEtE myrica 8ALIX Stamens 4-8. Pistillate ovoid or subglobose : Ovary subtended by 2-4 bractlets. Fruit a globose or ovoid wax-coated drupe. M. Gale L. Sp. 1021. An erect shrub 4-8 feet high with dark brown twigs: leaves decidaous, oblanneolate, obtuse and dentate at the apex, narrowed to a cuneate entire base, short-petioled, dark green and glabrous above, pale and puberulent or glabrous beneath, 1-3 inches long unfolding after the flowers ; staminate aments linear-oblong, 6-10 lines long : pistill- ate aments ovoid-oblong, obtuse, about 4 lines long and 2 lines in diameter in fruit, their bracts inobricated; drupe resinous waxy, not longer than the 2 ovate persistent bractlets which clasp it on each side and are adnate to its base. Along the coast, Oregon to Alaska and the Atlantic States. M. Califomica Cham. Linn, vi, 535. An evergreen shrub or small tree 2-30 feet high of erect compact habit, leaves coriaceous, persistent usually, slightly tomentose beneath, dark green above, oblanceolate, 2-4 inches long, acute, attenuate below to a short petiole, entire, or serrate above the base : aments simple or somewhat compound, 3-5 lines long; the small very broadly ovate obtuse bracts more or less lacerately ciliate, especially near the base : staminate flowers few ; stamens 5-15, the filaments united into an exserted panicle : bractlets usually 2, oblong, ciliate : fruit purple, papil- lose, thinly coated with grayish-white wax, 2 lines in diameter. In wet places along the coast, Washington to California. Order XCII SALIC ACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. 186. Trees or shrubs with bitter bark, brittle twigs, alternate leaves with stipules and small dioecious flowers in axillary aments that appear with or before the leaves. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract: the staminate consisting of one to numerous stamens inserted on the receptacle, subtended by a gland-like or cup -like disk : filaments more or less united : anthers 2-celled, the cells longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers of a sessile or short- stipilate 1-celled ovary subtended by a minute disk, with 2-4 pa- rietal placentae and numerous anatropous ovules. Style short, slender, or almost wanting. Stigmas 2, simple or 2-cleft. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule. Seeds small, without albumen, covered with a coma of dense long silky hairs. Cotyledons plano-convex. 1 Salix Buds with a single scale: bracts entire: flowers with small glands : disk none : stamens few : stigmas short. 2 Fopulns Buds with several scales : bracts lacerate : flowers with a broad cup-shaped disk: stamens numerous: stigmas elongated. 1 SALIX L. Sp. 1016. (Willow.) Trees or shrubs with terete branchlets and small flowers in aments. Buds covered with a single scale, with an adherent membrane within. Bracts of the aments entire. Disk gland-like, small or minute. Staminate aments dense, erect, spreading or drooping. Staminate flowers with 1-12, mostly 2, stamens, their filaments distinct or sometimes united. Pistillate aments usually erect or spreading. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate. Style filiform or wanting. Stigmas 2, entire or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly 2-valved. § 1 Trees. Bud-scales yellowish, falling before the maturity of the fertile aments. Filaments hairy below. SALix SALICACE^ 617 * Petioles not glandular. S. ni^ra Marsh Arb. Am. 139. (17S6). A tree with rough flaky brown bark, 50-120 feet high : stem slender, often crooked or leaning : leaves linear- lanceolate, tapering from the acute base to an extremely long point, often falcate, 4-6 inches loHg by 3-4 lines broad, closely serrate, smooth and green on both sides, the midrib prominent: stipules semicordate, often wanting: amenta with leafy peduncles, elongated, the fertile becoming rather lax: scales entire or only slightly dentate, villous with crisp hairs: capsule ovate-conical, glabrous, brownish tawny, more or less pedicelled : styles very short ; stigmas slightl}' notched. Along streams, eastern Ore- gon to California and the Gulf of Mexico. S. amygdaloides Anders. Of v. Handl. Vet. Akad. 1858, 114. A small tree 20-70 feet high, with light yellowish-brown flaky bark : leaves lanceo- late to ovate-lanceolate, pubescent when young, glabrous when mature, dark trreen above, paler and slightly glaucous beneath, long-acuminate, I 5 inches long by 5-12 lines broad, entire or more or less sharply serrulate, narrowed at base to short petioles : amenta appearing with the leaves, terminal on short lateral leafy branchlets : the staminate 1-2 inches long, their bracts ovate, densely pubescent; stamens more than 2; filaments distinct, pubescent at base : pistillate aments loose, spreading, 2-4 inches long in fruit, their bracts lanceolate and densely pubescent: stigmas nearly sessile: capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, at length about as long as its filiform pedicel. Along streams in the interior, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and Missouri. S. congesta. S. laevigata var. congesta Bebb. A small tree 20-30 feet high with pale ash-colored very rough bark and yellowish branchlets : leaves lanreolate or oblanceolate to spatulate, 1-3 inches long, silky-lanate when young, at length glabrous above, entire or at length glandular serru- late, narrowed below to short petioles : aments solitary at the ends of short lateral branchlets, appearing with the leaves: staminate aments numerous, at length an inch long, the scales orbicular, tomentose; stamens 5; fila- ments pubescent with spreading hairs; pistillate aments spreading, oblong, or shorter, 6-10 lines long, the scales lanceolate : capsules glabrous, ovoid, acuminate, on slender pedicels nearly a line long. Along rivulets near the Klamath river and southward. * * Petioles glandular. S. lasiandra Benth. PI. Hartw. 336. A slender tree 20-80 feet high with dark brown rough bark: and smooth yellow branchlets: leaves lanceo- late, obtuse to acute at base, conspicuously acuminate, finely serrulate, 2-8 inches long, sparsely pubescent, dark green above, pale or whitish and somewhat glaucescent beneath: stipules semilunar or oblong, dentate: aments appearing with the leaves from short lateral leafy shoots: stamin- ate aments rather loosely flowered, 2-4 inches long : their lanceolate pubes- cent scales 2-3 lines long: stamens 5-8, filaments slender, much longer than the scales, slightly pubescent at base: pistillate aments 1-3 inches long, their pubescent lanceolate scales about a line long, deciduous : capsule acuminate-ovoid. 2 lines long on pedicels a line long. Common along streams, Brit. Columbia to California. S. Fendleriana Anders. Sal. Am. Bore. 115. A tree 30-60 feet high, with (lark brown rough bark leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, crenulate, green and glabrous on both sides, 3-8 inches long, the short petioles and verv base of the leaves glandular: stipules o»»long, sometimes large: aments on leafy branchlets ; staminate dense, 2-3 inches long, their scales pale, oblong, more or less dentate; stamens 5 or more; filaments hairy at base, longer than the scales ; pistillate aments rather loose, the pale oblong scales hairy at base, deciduoue : capsules glabrous, short-pediceiled : stig- 618 SALICAOEiK SAMX mas nearly sessile. Common on stream-banks, eastern Washington to California and New Mexico. § 2 Shrubs or small trees. Leaves linear to lanceolate, re- motely denticulate to entire. Aments borne on short lateral leafy branchlets, often clustered. Scales pallid, somewhat decid- uous. Stamens only 2. S. fluviatilis Nutt. Sylva i, 73- S. longifolia Muhl. not of Lam. A much branched shrab 2-12 feet high forming thickets, or sometimes tree- like and 20-30 feet high: leaves linear-lanceolate to linear oblong, 2-4 inches long, sijky- pubescent when young, glabrous when mature, entire or sparingly dentjiate, acuminate, shortly petioled : stipules minute or none : aments linear-cylindric ; the staminate dense, 1-2 inches long, sometimes polygamous; stamens 2; filaments distinct, pubescent; pistillate looser, about 2 inches long in fruit, their scales deciduous : stigmas broad, sessile : capsule ovoid-conic, glabrous or silky, about 2 lines long. In moist soil alnng streams in the interior, Brit. Columbia to California and east to Missouri and Kentucky. Var, teller rima. S. longifolia var. tenerrima Henderson. " A smooth shrub 6-12 feet high with light bark up to the youngest branches : leaves shorter and narrower, %-l line wide on fructiferous branches, 1-2 lines wide on the sterile, glabrous or very early glabrate: pedicels slightly longer: capsule glabrous: scales glabrous save for the slightly ciliate edges. Shaded rocky banks of mountain rills Elmore Co. Idaho. '* S. arsophylla Nutt. Sylva i, 71. S. Hindsiana Benth. A shrub or small tree 3-16 feet high forming thickets but not growing in clumps, each stem being distinct from any other: leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 inches long, closely sessile, entire or rarely minutely and remotely denticulate, ap- pressed silky-pubescent both sides : stipules, obsolete, or on young vigorous shoots sometimes minute ones occur; aments 1-2 inches long, on short leafy branchlets appearing after the leaves in spring and intermitently all sum- mer ; staminate aments 1-3 at the ends of the branchlets, the scales oblong, obtuse, glabrous on the back, crisp-hairy on the margins and toward the base, erose toward the apex: stamens 2, the filaments densely hairy: pistillate aments rather loosely flowered, 1-3 inches long, the lanceolate acutish scales subpersistent, woolly except near the apex: capsule lanceo- late, appressed silky when young, closely sessile : stigmas sessile. Along rivers, Brit. Columbia to California. S. exigua Nutt. 1. c. A low shrub or small tree 5-15 feet high: usual- ly with a single trunk, rough bark and glabrous twigs: leaves naiTOwly lan- ceolate to oblanceolate, acute,, subentire, 1-5 inches long, glabrate above, sparingly appressed-silky beneath, closely sessile: stipules none or minute: aments on leafy branchlets, solitary or 2-4 together: staminate aments 1-2 inches long, slender, the scales lanceolate, acute: capsule becoming glabrous, sessile: stigmas sessile. Along streams. Washington to California S. sessilifolia Nutt. 1. c. Shrubby or often tree-like 6-30 feet high, young shoots very leafy, hoary-pubescent, becoming glabrous and brown: leaves membranaceous, elliptical, acute at both ends, 1-5 inches long 1-2 inches wide, closely sessile, obscurely and remotely denticulate, hoary with rather long pubescence when young, glabrous when mature: aments borne upon liateral leafy shoots, 3-4 inches long often 3 together, very densely flowered: scales oblong or obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex, nearly or quite glabrous: stamens 2: lower half of filaments very hairy, upper half minutely puberulent: pistillate smaller, the scales narrower: capsule lanceolate, silky-pubescent when yoimg, becoming nearly glabrous at matmity SALix SALICACE^ 619 closely sessile : style evident ; stigmas linear, several times longer than thick. On sand bars along rivers, Oregon and Washington. S. macrostachya Nutt. 1. c. A shrub or small tree 3-18 feet high, of- ten in dense thickets, with light brown bark and cinereous branches, the young branchlets villous: leaves 2-3 inches long, sessile, oblanceolate to elliptical, acute at both ends, more or less villous-pubescent, entire or nearly so: stipules obsolete: aments on short leafy lateral branchlets, ap- pearing after the leaves, 1-2 inches long: lower half of the filaments crisp- villous : capsule closely sessile, clothed with long lax hairs : style evident ; stigmas linear. Margins of ponds, Oregon to California. § 3 Shrubs or small trees. Scales of the aments persistent, darker at the apex. S Scouleriana Barratt in Hook. Fl. ii, 145. S. flavescens Nutt. A shrub or small tree 10-50 feet high, with light gray bark and cinereous branchlets: leaves oblanceolate to oblong or elliptic, obtuse to acute or acuminate, narrowed below to short petioles, entire or serrulate, 1-6 inches long, glabrous and dark green above, pale and more or less pubescent and becoming rusty in age beneath : stipules ovate to oblong, large and persis- tent on vigorous shoots : aments appearing long before the leaves, very densely flowered; staminate aments sessile, about an inch long and half as thick, the orbicular to oblong scales black or red at the apex, densely woolly with long white hairs : stamens 2, distinct ; the filaments glabrous*: pistillate aments short-peduncled, 1-2 inches long when mature, the scales oblong to lanceolate, silky with long white hairs : capsule oblong with a stout beak, pubescent, on pedicels a line or more long, maturing before the leaves appear ; stigma sessile. Common from Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. S, bella Piper Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 399. A shrub or tree 6-12 feet high with slender erect branches and smooth gray bark : branchlets shining yellow, usually glabrous, very brittle: leaves lanceolate to oblong or oblong-obovate, acute, 1-3 inches long, green and glabrate above, densely silvery-woolly beneath, entire or nearly so, short-petioled : stipules lunate, usually persistent: aments appearing before the leaves ; staminate sessile, short and thick, 6-12 lines long; scales acute, black, densely villous : sta- mens 2: pistillate aments short-peduncled, 6-18 lines long; scales black, obtuse, densely villous : capsules silky-hairy, nearly sessile : style about a line long. Along the Palouse river eastern Washington. S. Gcyeriana Anders. Sal. Monogr. 86, fig. 50. A shrub 10-15 feet high, the branclilets usually covered with a glaucous bloom : leaves lanceo- late, acute at both ends 2-3 inches long by 4-6 lines wide, downy above, grayish beneath with soft silky hairs, entire : stipules none : aments at first small, subglobose, nearly equaled by the 3 or 4 silky bracts at their base, becoming short-peduncled in fruit : scales tawny, obtuse, sparingly villous : capsule tapering from an ovate base, silky tomentose: pedicels slender, puberulent, 4-5 times as long as the nectary : stigmas sessile, bifid. Oregon to California and the Rocky Mountains. S. Hookeriana Barratt 1. c. 445. A large shrub or small tree 10-50 feet high, with dark rough bark and gray pubescent branchlets: leaves lanceolate to oblong or elliptic, 1-5 inches long, green and smooth above, densely tomentose beneath, entire, rounded at base, short-petioled : aments appearing before the leavep, the staminate very densely flowered, 1-3 inches Idng, the scales densely tomentose with long white hairs. Along the coast, Oregon and Washington. S. rostrata Richardson Franklin Journ. App. 753. A much branched shrub 6-9 feet high, with elongated branchlets: leaves oblong to lanceolate 620 SALICACE^ salix acuminate, glandular- serrulate, rounded or cordate at base, glabrous above, glaucous beneath 2-4 inches long, on stout petioles : stipules reni- form, conspicuous : aments appearing with the leaves, on leafy peduncles ; staminate aments narrower, densely-flowered, 2-3 inches long, the black hairy scales persistent : pistillate looser, the linear scales pale and pink- tipped : capsule pubescent, long-beaked : on slender, pedicels as long or ^onger than the scales : stigma sessile. Common along streams, Oregon to Brit. Columbia, and Hudson Bay. S. lasiolepis Benth. PI. Hartw. 335. ? A large shrub or small tree 15-40 feet high, with yellowish bark and erect branches : leaves oblong to oblanceolate, obliquely acute or acuminate, serrulate, shining green above, densely glaucous and somewhat pubescent beneath, petioled: stipules rarely present, triangular : aments appearing with or before the leaves ; the staminate cylindrical, 1-3 inches long, short-peduncled ; scales black, hairy : stamens 2, the glabrous filaments united at the base for half their length: pistillate aments small, 6-18 lines long, on short leafy peduncles: style about as long as the stigmas. Common along streams, Washington to California. S. cordata Muhl. Neue. Schrift, iv, 246. A shrub 5-12 feet high, the twigs puberulent or glabrous : young leaves pubescent; mature leaves ob- long-lanceolate, green on both sides or paler beneath, acuminate narrowed, obtuse or subcordate at base, sharply serrulate with glandular teeth, short- petioled : stipules oblique, serrulate, usually large and persistent : aments bracted at the base appearing before the leaves: staminate about 1 inch long, the pistillate 1-23^ inches long in fruit: scales silky, persistent, stamens 2, filaments glabrous: style short: capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, 2-3 lines long, short-pedicelled. In wet soil Brit. Columbia to California and Virginia to New Brunswick. Var, angnstata Anders. Monogr. Sal. 159. Iicaves linear-lanceo- late. Range of the type. Var. Mackenziana Hook. Fl. ii, 149. A small tree with lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves. California to Oregon and Manitoba. S. inyrtilloides L. Sp. 1019. An erect glabrous shrub 1-12 feet high, with light brown terete twigs : leaves oblong, elliptic or somewhat obovate, obtuse or acute, entire, mostly narrowed at base 1-3 inches long, short- petioled, bright green above, pale or glaucous beneath, the margins slight- ly revolute: aments appearing with the leaves, leafy-bracted at base, rather dense, an inch or less long, or the pistillate longer in fruit: scales persistent, obtuse, slightly villous : stamens 2; filaments glabrous : style horter than or equalling the stigmas : capsule oblong-conic, obtuse, glab- ous, 2-3 lines long, much longer than the filiform pedicels which slightly ^exceed the scales. In bogs, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and New Jersey. S. Barclayl Anders. Ofv. Handl. Vet. Akad. 1858, 125. ? A shrub 3-6 feet high with dark brown glabrous twigs, the young shoots pubescent : leaves obovate to oval or somewhat lanceolate, often short-acuminate, serrulate, bright green and glabrous above when mature, paler beneath, 1-2 inches long, short-petioled : stipules ovate, mostly acute, deciduous : aments appearing with the leaves, borne at the ends of short branchlets, densely flowered, spreading or erect: the staminate about an inch long, the pistillate 2-3 inches long in fruit: scales persistent, slightly villous: stamens 2 : filaments distinct : capsule narrowly conic, glabrous, acute, 3 lines long : style longer than the stigmas. On wet banks in the highest mountains, Oregon to the Arctic regions. S. Sitchensis Sanson Bong. Veg. Sitch. 162. A straggling ascending shrub 6-40 feet long, with light brown bark; branches slender, brownish. BALix SALICACE^ 621 downy when young, soon smooth: leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, acute, or the earliest obtuse with an abrupt point, narrowed at base into short petioles, dark green above except the whitish -pubescent midrib, covered beneath with a lustrous white and satiny tomentum, entire or obsoletely crenate: stipules reniform, often wanting : aments appearing with the leaves, with a few small bracts at base, slender, densely flowered; the staminate 1-2 inches long, the oLovate obtuse dark scales pubescent with long hairs; pistillate aments 12-18 lines long, the dark-colored scales pubescent: capsule ovate-conic., acute, densely white-tomentose : style elongated: stigmas scarcely emarginate, thick, erect. Common along streams, California to Alaska. S. pellita Anders. Monogr. Sal. 139, fiig. 72, g. A shrub with green- ish-red to dark red shining twigs, when young, sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom: leaves numerous, narrowly oblanceolate, acute or acumin- ate, or the lower obtuse, 1^-2 inches long, 4-6 lines wide, the margins entire or obscurely crenate, revolute, dull green and thinly pubescent above, becoming glabrous, densely and persistently silvery-tomentose be- neath : petioles slender, 2-3 lines long : stipules only on vigorous shoots, semi-cordate. 2-3 lines long : pistillate aments on short bractless peduncles, thick, very densely flowered, about an inch long: scales pilose, acute, tawny, dark at the apex: capsule tomentose, becoming glabrate, ovate- conical, acute, a line long, on short pedicels: style elongated; stigmas thick, entire, erect. Brit. Columbia to California. S. Lemmoni Bebb Bot. Cal. ii, 88. A shrub 6-15 feet high : branches slender, at first covered with short appressed hairs, becoming smooth: leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, entire or remotely sub- serrate, silky-pubescent, when young, paler beneath, slender-petioled : stipules small, semi-ovate, acute, serrate, deciduous: aments oblong or cylindrical, rather densely flowered, appearing with the leaves, on short peduncles bearing 2-3 small acute leaf-like bracts : scales obovate, obtuse or somewhat acute, black, thinly pilose: capsule ovate-lanceolate, acute, grayish-tomentose, 2-3 lines long: style medium sized: stigmas erect, en- tire. Along streams, eastern Oregon to California. S. glancops Anders, in DC. Prodr. xvi, 281. I have neither speci- mens nor description of this species : it is a low cespitose shrub growing on the sides of high mountaina, Idaho to Montana aud Wyoming. S, glauca yar. yillosa Anders. Sal. Bor. Am.- 22. A diffuse shrub 3-7 feet high, with short and stout branches: leaves oblanceolate, acute or short acuminate, attenuate at base, 2-4 inches long, varying from soft- villous to scarcely pilose when young, at length glabrate and rigid, more or less glaucous beneath: stipules linear-lanceolate rather persistent: aments short-peduncled, the pistillate when mature sometimes very large, 2-3 inches long and % inch thick : scales oblong-obovate, rather acute, brownish : capsule lanceolate, acuminate, tomentose, at length subglabrate, shortly pedicelled : style short or scarcely produced : stigmas bifid or entire. Mount Hood Oregon to California. S. petrophila Rydb. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Garden i, 268. S. arctica var* peiraea Anders. A dwarf creeping shrub with suberect branches only 2-4 inches long, leafy at the top: leaves lanceolate, tapering somewhat equally to the base and apex, an inch long, entire, green on bothXsides,Tslightly paler and prominently nerved beneath: aments terminal, erect, at length thick and densely flowered, an inch or two long: scales thin, brownish, sparsely pilose: capsule ovate-conical, 2-3 lines long, silky, subsessile: styie very much elongated, slender: stigmas bifid, divaricate. On high mountains, eastern Oregon to California and the Rocky Mountains. S. tenera Anders, in DC. Prodr. xvi, 288. I have not seen specimens 622 SALIGACE^ salix POPULUS of this, it said to be nearly related to the preceding, differing in the narrow' oblanceolate leaves, few-flowered aments and much shorter capsule : it grows on the high mountains of Washington to California, Utah and Montana. S. saxlmontana Rydb. 1. c. 161. S. reticulata Bebh, not L. A dense- ly cespitose and intricately branched shrub 1-3 inches long above ground, with light yellow glabrous branches: leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, com- monly acutish at both ends, glabrous both sides, light green above, rather strongly veined and glaucous beneath, 9-12 lines long ; petioles about 6 lines long, aments 6-12 lines long, somewhat loosely many-flowered : bracts cuneate- oblong, truncate, light yellow, glabrous: capsule conical, sessile, densely and finely white- tomentose : stigma nearly sessile. On high mountains, eastern Oregon to the Rocky Mountains. S. vestita Pursh Fl. 610. A low shrub with 4-sided green twigs : leaves obovate, thick, mostly retuse or emarginate at the apex slightly crenulate, narrowed or rounded at base, dark green and glabrous above, persistently silky beneath, 1-2 inches long, shortly petioled: aments terminal, ap- pearing after the leaves, ped uncled : stamens 2, : filaments distinct: capsule narrowly ovoid-conic, sessile, densely eilky-tomentose, about 3 lines long. Eastern Oregon to Quebec and Labrador. 3 POPULUS L. Sp. 1034. Trees or shrubs with scaly resinous buds, broad or narrow usually long-petioled leaves with minute fugacious stipules and small dioecious flowers in bracted aments. Bracts of the aments fimbriate or incised. Disk cup-shaped, oblique, lobed or entire. Calyx none. Staminate aments dense, pendulous, the flowers, with from 4:-60 stamens, their filaments distinct. Pistillate a- ments sometimes raceme-like by the elongation of the pedicels. . Ovary sessile. Style short. Stigmas 2-4, entire or 4-lobed. Capsule 2-, 3- or 4:-valved. P. ALBA L. Hp. 1034. A large tree with smooth light gray bark, 50-120 feet high and 2-^ feet in diameter : leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, acute or somewhat acuminate, truncate or subcordate at base, 3-5-lobed or irregularly dentate, 2-4 inches broad, densely white-tomentose when young, becoming glabrate and dark green above, persistently white- tomentose beneath, on terete petioles shorter than the blade. Escaped from cultivation in the Willamette valley. P. balsamifera L. Sp. 1034. A large tree 50-80 feet high and 3-7 feet in diameter, the branches stout and spreading: leaves glabrous, broadly ovate, dark green and shining above, pale beneath, acute or acuminata, rounded or subcordate at base, crenulate, 3-5 inches long: petioles terete:, aments and bracts somewhat pubescent: stamens 18-30: lobes of the stigma broad: capsule ovoid, 2-valved. In moist or dry soil, eastern Oregon to Alaska, Hudson Bay and the Eastern States. P. angnstifolia James Long's Exp. i, 497. A slender tree 40-70 feet high and 1-2 feet in diameter, the crown narrowly pyramidal with ascend- ing branches and terete gray twigs: leaves glabrous, lanceolate, ovate- lan- ceolate or ovate, gradually acuminate or acute, narrowed, rounded or rarely subcordate at base 2-5 inches long, finely crenulate : petioles not flattened laterally, 3-6 lines long: staminate aments oblong-cylindrical, 1-3 inches long : lobes of the stigma broad : capsules ovoid, 2-valved. Eas- tern Oregon to Dakota and Arizona. .! P. trichocarpa T. & G. Hook. Tncon. t. 878. A large tree 50-2C0 feet POPULU8 SALICACE^ 623 high and 2-8 feet in diameter, with thick dark longitudinally fissured bark and stout spreading branches : buds shining and viscid : leaves broadly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed, rounded or subcorcate at base, 2-10 inches long, finely puberulent when young, dark green abosre, pale beneath : petioles usuallv an inch or 2 long : staminate aments dense, 1-3 inches long, its bracts slightly villous : pistillate aments becoming 6-10 inches long in fruit, pubescent: capsule subglobose pubescent, 3-4 lines in, diameter 3-valved : styles 3, broadly dilated and lobed : seeds light -colored. Common along streams, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mts. P. deltoides Marsh Arb. Am. 106. A large tree 100-150 feet high and 5-8 feet in diameter, with grayish green bark somewhat rough when old : leaves glabrous, broadly deltoid-ovate, abruptly acuminate at the apex, crenulate, truncate at base, 4-7 inches long: petioles flattened laterally, stout, about as long as the blades : bracts glabrous, deeply fim- briate: staminate aments drooping, 3-5 inches long: pistillate aments loosely flowered, becoming 6-10 lines long in fruit : capsule ovoid, acute, 4-5 lines long, 2 -4-valved, shorter than or equalling their pedicels. Along streams, eastern Washington to the Eastern States. P. tremnloides Michx Fl. ii, 243. Usually a shrub or small tree 6-30 feet high, but sometimes attaining a height of 100 feet and 3 feet in diameter, with smooth light green bark : leaves broadly ovate or orbicular short acuminate, finely crenulate and ciliate, truncate, rounded or subcor- date at base, 1-3 inches broad: petioles about as long as the blade, flatten- ed laterally, causing the leaves to quiver in the slightest breeze ; bracts silky, deeply 3-5-cleft into linear lobes : staminate aments 1-3 inches long, the pistillate longer, dense: stigma-lobes linear: capsule conic, acute, 2-valved, about 3 lines long. Common in moist places, California to Alaska and aoross the continent. Subclass 2 ENDOGEN^. Steins with the woody fibres scattered irregularly, not form- ing a separate zone of annual woody layers between the bark and pith. Leaves mostly parallel-veined, alternate, entire, sheathing at base. Eloral envelopes usually in threes. Em- bryo with only one cotyledon. SYNOPTICAL KEY to the ENDOGENOUS ORDERS. A Herbaceous perennials with conspicuous perianth. Ovary inferior. 93 Orchidaceae Leaves mostly flat and not grass- like : flowers perfect, irregular: stamens and style coherent: anthers lor 2: capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae : Seeds numerous, with obscure embryo and no albumen. 94 Iridaceae Leaves equitant and grass-like: flowers regular, perfect, spathaceous : stamens 3, at the base of the perianth : capsule 3-celled : embryo distinct, with albumen. B Perianth regular or none. Ovary superior or nearly so. * Perianth colored, at least the inner series: carpels united into a compound ovary : seeds with albumen. 95 Smilacese Woody plants climbing by tendrils: flowers dioecious, 6-parted : anthers 1-celled : fruit a berry. 624 SYNOPTICAL KEf 96 Liliaceae Stems from bulbs, corms or rhizomes: anthers 2-celled: fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule: embryo in copious albumen. 97 Conyalariaceae Leafy-stemmed herbs from rootstocks: anthers 2-celled: fruit a fleshy berry: embryo small in copious albumen. 98 Melanthaceae Leafy-stemmed plants with rootstocks or bulbs: anth" ers 2-celled : fruit a 3-celled septicidal or loculicidal capsule : seeds usually with tails or appendages. 99 PontederiacesB Herbaceous aquatic plants with spathaceous tubular flowers: ours with grass-like leaves, solitary axillary flowers and 1-celled 3-valved capsules. 100 Aracese Ours acaulescent herbs with the flowers crowded upon a spadix with 41obed perianth, 4 stamens, 2-celled anthers and 2-celled 2-ovuled ovaries which become fleshy and coalescent in fruit. * * Aquatic herbs : perianth none : ovary 1-celled, utricular or nut- like in fruit: seeds with albumen. 101 Typhaceae Stems solid, terete, with linear leaves and creeping root- stock : flowers monoecious, in heads or crowded upon a spadix. 102 Lemnaceae Very small stemless floating plants with disk-like fronds and inconspicuous flowers. * * * Aquatic or marsh plants: perianth herbaceous or petal-like or none : carpels 1-several, distinct or separable : seeds without albumen. 103 Yalisneriacese Flowers axillary and mostly solitary, with tubular perianth : fruit indehiscent. 104 Ifaiadaceae Perianth of fertile flowers of 4 herbaceous valvate sepals or none : carpels 1-6, 1-ovuled. 105 Scheuchzeriaceae Perianth of 4-6 segments in 2 series: carpels 3-6, l-2.ovuled. 106 Alismaceae Peri anth -segments 6, distinct, 3 herbaceous 3 petal-like : carpels numerous, verticillate or capitate, becoming achenes. * * * * Perianth of 6 equal persistent glumaceous segments ; fruit a capsule. 107 Juncaceae Flowers perfect: capsule loculicidally 3-valved: seeds with albumen. ***** Flowers in the axils of scales or glumes, without evident perianth: stamens 1-3: ovary Ircelled, l-ovuled: seeds with albumen. 108 Cyperaceae Stems solid, often triangular, with closed sheaths: glume single; perianth represented by bristles, or wanting: anthers attached by the base : fruit a spike of lenticular or triangular achenes. 109 Gramineae Stems hollow, terete : sheaths split to the base : glumes in pairs: peiianth represented by minute scales or none: anthers versatile : fruit a caryopsis or grain. Order XCIII ORCHIDACEiE LindL Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 336. Perennial herbs with parallel- veined flat leaves and perfect irregular flowers in racemes or spikes, or solitary and terminal. Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 outer similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner similar, the third inner one, called the lip, diss imilar often markedly so , usually larger. Stamens coherent wit -4 the style, forming an unsymmetrical column, with usually ORCHID ACE /E 625 only the anther opposite to the lower sepal perfect and 2 rudi- mentary lateral ones, in Cypripedium the lateral ones perfect, the third sterile. Anthers 2-celled. Pollen more or less coher- ent in 1-4 masses, rarely wholly granular. Stigma oblique and concave, mostly viscous, the upper margin often pro iuced into an erect beak. Capsule coriaceous or membranceous, dehiscing usually by 3 placentif erous valves which separate from the per- sistent midveins of the carpels. Seeds very numerous, scobi- *orm, without albumen. Trire I Anther one, resting like a lid upon the column, de- ciduous. Pollen masses 4, smooth and waxy. 1 Calypso Scape solitary and 1-flowered, from a solid bulb, with a single green leaf : lip saccate : column broadly winged. 8 Corallorhiza Stems one to several from a branched coral-like root : leaves all reduced to scale-like bracts: flowers in a terminal raceme, spurred or gibbous at base : lip expanded or concave, bilamellate-crest- ed : column semiterete. Tribe ii Anther one, connate with the column and resting upon its face just above the stigma. Pollen masses 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web. 8 Habenaria Stems one to several from a solid corm : flowers numerous, in a terminal raceme : lip flat, spurred. Tribe hi Anther 1, erect and sessile or nearly so upon the top of the column, more or less covering and declinate upon the back of the stigma. Pollen masses 2 or 4, of loosely cohering grains. 4 Gyrostachys Stems one to several from fleshy fascicled roots : flowers numerous in a twisted spike: lip flat, the base embracing the short column. 5 Peramium Stem solitary from a somewhat creeping rootstock : flowers several in a terminal spike; lip saccate, entire, free from the column. 6 Listera Stem solitary from a fascicle of fleshy-fibrous roots with a pair of sessile leaves in the middle ; flowers rather few, in a terminal raceme : lip flat. 2-lobed. 7 Epipactis Stems stout, leafy, several from fleshy-fibrous roots : lip concave, somewhat jointed in the middle and auriculate at base: anther sessile behind the beaked stigma. 8 Cephalanthera Stems stout, from a somewhat creeping rootstock: flowers in a terminal raceme : lip concave and auriculate at base : an- ther shortly stipitate: stigma beaklQss. Tribe iv Perfect anthers 2, lateral. Pollen pulpy-granular. 9 Cypripedium Stems leafy, from more or less creeping rootstocks : flowers mostly few, in a terminal raceme : lip an inflated sac. Tribe 1 Malaxidex Lindl. Orch. 5 H^rhs with simple stems without green foliage, or a sxngle green radical leaf. Anther one, terminal and resting like a lid upon the column, deciduous. Pollen masses 4, smooth and waxy. 626 ORCHIDACE^ calypso CORALLORHIZA 1 CAI.YPSO Salisb. Par, Lond, t. 89. Low herbs with a single bracted scape-like stem, solitary green radical leaf and a large terminal showy flower. Smaller lobes of the perianth similar and nearly equal : the lip comparatively large, saccate, with 2 short spurs below the apex, becoming inferior by the pedicel curving backward. Column erect broadly winged and petal- oid, oval and concave, bearing the hemispherical anther on the summit. Pollen masses in 2 pairs, the lower smaller, compressed, sessile upon a nearly square membranaceous gland. C. borealis Salisb. 1. c. Stem 3-8 inches high with 2 or 3 membrana- ceous brownish-green sheaths and a linear bract at the summit, leaf broadly ovate or slightly cordate, 1-2 inches long, petioled: flowers drooping, pedi- celled : sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, light rose-color, 6-9 lines long Up usually slightly longer, inflated saccate, brownish-pink mottled purple, the edge margined at the apex and bifid or entire nearly equalling the tooth-like spurs and with a tuft of (in ours white) hairs at base: column half the length of the petals : capsule oblong-cylindric, an inch long, about equalling the slender pedicel. In damp open forests California to Alaska and the Atlantic States : also in Europe. 2 CORALLORHIZA R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v, 209 Scapose perennial herbs without green leaves from coral-like branched roots, the leaves all reduced to sheathing scales, and more or less showy flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals as- cending, the upper somewhat incurved, similar and nearly equal, but the lateral sepals oblique at base and either decurrent in a short spuradnate to the side of the ovary, or forming a projecting gibbosity above it : lip dilated and more or less recurved, flat or concave, with a pair of somewhat prominent longitudinal ridges near the base. Column semiterete and narrowly margined, broader at base, somewhat incurved, bearing the caducous anther on the summit. Pollen-masses in 2 pairs, distinct, sessile upon a short oblong gland. Capsules reflexed. * Spur present: flowers small, yellowish-green or whitish, often tinged or mottled with purple. -*- Spur more or less prominent : sepals and petals 3-nerved : capsule oblong-cylindric. C. multlflora Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. iii, 138, t. 7. Stems 8-20 inches high, purplish, clothed with several appressed scales: racemes 2-8 inches long, 10-30-flowered : flowers 6-9 lines higli. brownish-purple, short- peduncled : petals and sepals somewhat conniyent at base, linear-lanceo- late, about 3 lines long : lip white spotted and lined with purple, oval or ovate in outline, deeply 3-lobed, crenulate, the middle lobe broader than the lateral ones, its apex curved, spur manifest, but wholly adnate to the ovary : column stout % the length of the petals, the margins broader and somewhat thicker at base : capsule ovoid or oblong, 6-9 lines long, narrowed to a stout rather long pedicel. Rather common in open forests at low and middle elevations, Brit. Columbia to California and the Atlantic States. C. Mertensiana Bong. Veg. Sitch. 165. Stems 6-20 inches high, dark red or purple, many-flowered : sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, 3-4 lines long, dark red : spur a line long, the lower half free fromt the ovary : rip coRALLORfliZA ORCHIDACEJJ 62f HABENARIA oblong obtuse entire or with a tooth on one or both sides near the base, narrowed to a short claw, thin and concave, the ridges only slightly prom- inent: column nearly equalling the petals, slender, the narrow margins scarcely broader or thicker below : stigma projecting andcucuUate : capsule 5-8 lines long, attenuate into the short slender pedicels, reflexed. Common jn the high mountains, Alaska to California. ■*- ■*- Spur very short or not at all prominent : sepals and petals 1-nerved: capsule elliptic-oblong. C. innata R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed, 2, v, 209. Stems slender, glabrous, 4-12 inches high, clothed with 2-5 closely sheathing scales : ra- cemes 1-3 inches long, 3-12-flowered : flowers dull purple, about 6 lines long, on very short minutely bracted pedicels: sepals and petals narrow, about 3 lines long: lip shorter than the petals, oblong, whitish, 2-toothed or 2-lobed above the base : spur a sac or small protuberance adnate to the summit of the ovary : capsule oblong or somewhat obovoid, 4-6 lines long. In wooded districts, eastern Washington to Alaska and across the Conti- nent: also in Europe. * * Flowers larger, striate-veined, not spotted: spur none, the lateral sepals oblique and with the base of the column strongly gibbous over the top of the ovary : lip entire, more or less concave, somewhat fleshy. C. striata Lindl. Orch- 534. Stems stout, purplish, 1-2 feet high, clothed with several scarious bracts : racemes 2-6 inches long, 10-25-flowered: flowers brownish-purple : sepals and petals narrowly elliptic, striate with purple lines, 6-8 lines long: lip oval or obovate, entire or a little undulate, somewhat narrowed at base, about as long as the petals : capsule ellipsoid, reflexed 8-10 lines long. In open forests Brit. Columbia to California, Ontario and New York. Tribe 2 Ophrydeas Lindl. Orch. 257. Flowers mostly spicate or racemose. Anther one^ connate with the column and persistent upon its face immediately above the stigma. Pollen-masses 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each mass attached by a stalk to a viscid gland. 3 HABENARIA Willd. Sp. PI. iv, 44. (1804) Leafy-stemmed plants with bulbous or fleshy-fibrous roots, en- tire mostly green leaves and rather small flowers in terminal bracted racemes or spikes. Perianth ringent : sepals and petals nearly alike, convergent, or the lower sepals spreading: lip flat and spreading, 3-lobed or entire, with a slender spur at base, without ridges or callosities : column very short. Anther persis- tent upon the face of the column immediately above the stigma, the cells parallel, or divergent at base. Pollen-masses one in each cell, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each attached at base by a pedicel to an exposed viscid gland on the upper edge or at the side of the stigma. * Stem mostly slender, from an ovate or oblong tuber, with 2-3 leaves at base and bracteate above : flowers numerous, small, greenish white, the lip scarcely exceeding the uniform 1-nerved sepals. H. elegans Bolander Cat. PI. St. Franc. 29. Stem rather stout, 1-3 feet high : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 4-8 inches long : spikes usually dense, manj'-flowered, 4-8 inches long: the subulate acuminate bracts a 6^8 OilCHiDACE^ HABEiJARtA. little shorter than the flowers : sepals and petals equal, about 2 lines long : sepals oblong, obtuse: petals ligulate and fleshy, obscurely 3-nerved; the lip similar, with a filiform spur equalling or exceeding the ovary, 3-5 lines long: pollen-masses large, half a line long: beak of the stigma prominent, broad and rounded : capsule oblong, nearly sessile, 3-4 lines long. In dry open forests, California to Brit. Columbia. H. Unalaskensis Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xii, 277. Stem usually slender, 10-20 inches high: leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, thin, 2-S inches long, often attenuate below : bracts ovate, acutish or rarely acumin- ate, not exceeding the ovary : spikes 4-6 inches long, rather loose : flowers unpleasantly fragrant ; sepals, petals aud lip nearly equal, about a line long, at first erect, becoming nodding by the curving of the ovary ; sepals oblong, obtuse: petals thicker, lanceolate, acute: lip oblong, obtuse: spur clavate, shorter than the ovary : capsule oblong, sessile or nearly so, 3 lines long. On dry wooded hills, California to Unalaska. * * Stem stouter, from a fusiform tuber, often tall, leafy through- out : sepals 3-nerved, the lateral ones oblique at base, the upper one broader : petals thin : lip fleshy, several-nerved. ■*- Spur elongated, much longer than the sepals. H. leucostachys Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 134. Stem stout 1-6 feet high bearing a many- flowered dense or open spike of rather large pure white flowers: leaves lanceolate to linear, 2-18 inches long diminishing upward: bracts linear- subulate, acuminate longer than the ovary : lateral sepals oblong, the upper ovate-oblong, 2-3 lines long: petals lanceolate and sub- falcate, oblique at base, more or less connivent with the base of the sepals : lip 3-4 lines long, rhombic-lanceolate : spur narrow, 4-6 lines long : beak of the stigma very prominent, ovate, more than half the length of the con- nective: glands linear-oblong, vertical: capsule oblong, sessile, 6-9 lines long. In marshes, California to Alaska and Idaho. H. dilatata Hook. Exot. Fl. ii, t. 95. Stem rather slender, 1-2 feet high: leaves lanceolate, 3-12 inches long: spikes 2-10 inches long, loosely flowered: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, the lower longer than the flowers, the upper shorter than the ovary: flowers white: sepals ovate, obtuse, nearly 3 lines long: lip entire, dilated or obtusely 3-lobed at base. 4-5 lines long, about equalling the blunt incurved spur : stigma with a trowel-shaped beak between the bases of the anther-cells : capsule sessile or nearly so. In marshes and wet woods, Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent. H. SLSgreg&ta., Stem rather slender, 1-2 feet high, growing in dense tufts : leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 4-10 inches long, reduced to sheaths below: bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 6 lines long, about equalling the ovaries: flowers 10-30, in along loose spike, greenish-white: lateral sepals ovate, acuminate, about 3 lines long, obtuse, the upper broadly ovate, obtuse, equalling the lateral ones: petals lanceo- late subfalcate, obtuse, 4-5 lines long : lip linear, 6 lines long equalling the slender spur and sessile ovary. In springy places along streams in the Coast Mountains of southern Oregon. ■*- -*- Spur short, scarcely exceeding the sepals. H, hyperborea R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 193. Stem rather stout, 6 inches to 3 feet high : leaves ovate to lanceolate, 1-12 inches long : spike narrow, 3-8 inches long: sepals and petals ovate, obtuse, 2-3 lines long, upper sepal slightl)' crenulate at the apex, lip lanceolate, entire, obtuse, about 3 lines long: spur about equalling the lip, shorter than the ovary, blunt slightly incurved, sometimes clavate : glands small. In bogs and wet woods, Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent. H. gracilis Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xii, 276. Stem usually slender, HABENARIA ORCHID AC E^ 629 GYROSTACHYS 6-30 inches high : leaves oblong -lanceolate to lanceolate or linear, 2-6 inches long, gradually reduced upward and passing into the bracts of the narrow sparsely-flowered spike: flowers small, greenish yellow: lateral sepals ovate, obtuse, about 2 lines long, the upper one broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, equalling the lateral ones : petals lanceolate, a little longer than the sepals : lip linear, longer than the petals : spur short and saccate, dilated downward : capsule oblong, half-inch long. In mountain marshes, California to Alaska. * * * Stem slender and scape- like, with a pair of large green leaves at base: flowers comparatively large, greenish, the lip longer than the petals. H. orbicnlata Torr. Comp. 318. Scape stout, bracted, rarely bearing a small leaf, 1-2 feet high : leaves orbicular, spreading flat on the ground, green and shining above, silvery beneath, 4-7 inches in diameter: raceme loosely many-flowered: pedicels 5-6 lines long, erect in fruit: flowers greenish-white ; upper sepal short and rounded, the lateral ones spreading, falcate-ovate, obtuse, 4-5 lines long: petals smaller: lip oblong-linear, entire, obtuse, white, about 6 lines long : spur much longer than the ovary, often 18 lines long: anther-cells, prominent, converging above: glands small, orbicular, about 3 lines apart. In rich woods. Washington and Idaho to Brit. Columbia and across the Continent. Tribe 3 Neottiese Lindl. Orch. J^Jfl. Stems mostly leafy and flowers spicate or racemose. Anther one, connate with the column and persistent upon its face immediately above the stigma. Pollen- masses 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each mass at- tached at base by a stalk to a viscid gland. 4 GYROSTACHYS Pers. Syn. ii, 511. (1807.) SPIRANTHES Richard. Erect herbs with fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots, leafy stems and small spurless flowers in 1-3-rowed more or less twisted spikes. Perianth ringent, oblique on the ovary : the lateral sepals some- what decurrent, the upper and the petals coherent: lip sessile or nearly so, the base embracing and adherent to the column and with a callous protuberance on each side, the dilated summit spreading and undulate, usually entire. Column very short, ob- lique, terminating in a short erect stipe, bearing the ovate stigma on the face, the beak above usually acuminate and at length bifid by the separation of the oblong and viscid gland. Anther sessile or nearly so, at the base of the stipe behind, mostly acuminate. Pollen-masses 2, thin and powdery, becoming attached above the gland. G. Bomanzofilana Mc M. Met. Minn.J171. Spiranthes jRomanzoffiana Cham. Glabrous, rather stout 4-18 inches high, leafy, bracteate above : leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear: spike dense, 3-ranked, conspicuously bracted, 1-4 inches long: perianth white, about 4 lines long, curved, the sepals and petals all connivent ; lip recurved, ovate-oblong, contracted De- low the narrower wavy-crenulate summit : callosities smooth, often obscure: the oblong-linear gland and very slender bifid beak % of aline long: capsule oblong, 8--4 lines long. On wet banks California to Alaska and across the Continent. G. porrifolia Kuntze, Spiranthes porrifolia Lindl. Glabrous, rather 630 ORCHIDACEvE peramidm LISTEKA Blender, 6-18 inches high, leafy below, bracteate above: leaves oblong- lanceolate to lanceolate, 2-4 inches long, acute : spike dense, rather slender, 1-3 inches long : bracts acuminate from|an ovate or oblong base, not sur- passing the flowers : perianthjlabout 3 lines long; sepals and petals all connivent, linear: lip slightly recurved, not exceeding the sepals, callosities at the base very prominent and nipple-like, pointing downward. In wet places in the Coast Mountains'of southern Oregon to California. 5 PERAMIUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. i, 310. (1812.) GOODYERA R. Br. I. c. (1813.) Herbs with bracted erect scapes from creeping rootstocks with fleshy-fibrous rootlets, all radical, often blotched with white, thick evergreen leaves and small flowers in terminal spikes. Lateral sepals free, the upper one united with the petals into a galea. Lip sessile, entire, roundish-ovate, concave or saccate, without callosities, its apex reflexed. Anther without a lid, erect or incumbent, attached to the column by a short stalk. Pollen- masses 2, attached to a small disk which coheres with the top of the stigma. P. Menziesii Morong Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, v, 12t. Goodyera Men- ziesii Lindl. Scapes and inflorescence pubescent, 6-15 inches high: leaves smooth, dark green blotched with white, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, acute, 2-3 inches long, narrowed into a short petiole usually somewhat reticulated with light greenish markings: spikes many-flowered, rather dense, somewhat secund : bracts ovate-lanceolate, equalling the ovary : perianth dull white, pubescent, 2-4 lines long : lip strongly concave and erect, narrowing above into the slightly spreading summit: column short and straight: anther acuminate: gland and bifid beak very narrow and elongated : capsule ovate-oblong, very nearly sessile, 4 lines long. lu open forests, California to Alaska and Canada. 6 LISTERA R. Br, Ait. Hort. Kew. ed 2, 201. Small^herbs with fleshy-fibrous roots, simple stems with a pair of flat leaves near the middle and small flowers in a terminal ra- ceme. Sepals and petals similar: lip free, longer than the sepals, flat and dilated, more or less deeply bifid: column free and naked, bearing the ovate anther at the back of the summit. Pollen- masses 2, powdery, united to a very minute gland upon the rounded and entire beak of the stigma. L, cordata R. Br. 1. c. Stem very slender 2-10 inches high : leaves broadly ovate 6-12 lines broad, truncate or somewhat cordate at base bat abruptly contracted at the point of insertion, mucronate: racemes rather loose, 6-20 lines long, 4-20-flowered : bracts ^i line long: flowers purplish or yellowish : sepals broadly ovate, about a line long : petals broadly oblong : lip narrow, often with a subulate tooth on each side at the base, fully twice as long as the petals, cleft to near the middle, the segments setaceous and ciliolate : column very short ; capsule ovoid, 2 lines long. In damp places in forests, California to Alaska aud across the Continent. L. convallarioides Torr.'^^^Comp. 326. Stem slender, 4-10 inches high, glandular-pubescent above the leaves, rarely with a bract below the ra- ceme: leaves smooth, round-oval or ovate, obtuse or cuspidate, slightly cordate or reniform at base, 3-9-nerved : raceme 1-3 inches long, loosely 3-12- flowered : flowers greenish-yellow, ^ 3-4 lines long : sepals and petals tiSTEBA OflCHIDACEiE 631 EPIPACTIS linear-lanceolate, 2-3 lines long: lip broadly cuneate, with 2 obtuse lobes at the dilated apex, 4-5 lines long, generally with a tooth on each side at base: column elongated but shorter than the lip, a little incurved, with 2 short projecting wings above the anther: capsule obovoid, about 8 lines long. In wet places in forests, southern Oregon to California and the Atlantic States. L. canrina Piper Eryth. vi, 32. L. convallarioides Hook, not Torr. Stem slender, 5-12 inches high, glabrous below, densely glandular-pu- bescent above the leaves : leaves obovate to oval, or elliptic- ovate, 1-4 inches long, thin, obtuse and slightly apiculate to acute, rounded or trun- cate at base : raceme loosely many-flowered : bracts 1-3 lines long, rhombic- ovate, acuminate, the lower sometimes 2-flowered and bifurcate : flowers dull yellowish, on slender pedicels 4 6 lines long: sepals and petals lanceo- late to linear-lanceolate, about 2 lines long, sprf^ading : lip about 3 lines long, narrowly oblong, dilated and rounded at the retuse apex, a slender or almost filiform tooth on each side at the base, with a papilla at the base of each tooth: column short, not stout: capsule ovoid, 3 lines long. In damp woods in the high mountains, Oregon to Alaska and Idaho. 7 EPIPACTIS R Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v, 201. Tall herbs with fibrous roots, simple leafy stems and rather large flowers in terminal leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals and pet- als nearly equal : lip free, deeply concave at the base, without callosities, narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed in the middle, the upper portion petaloid. Column short, erect. An- ther sessile behind the broad truncate stigma, on a slender jointed base, 2-celled, obtuse. Pollen-masses coarsely granular, becoming attached above to the gland capping the small rounded beak of the stigma. E. gigantea Dougl. Hook. Fl. ii, 220, t. 202. Stem stout, leafy, 1-5 feet high, nearly smooth : leaves from ovate below to narrowly lanceolate above, 3-8 inches long, acute or acuminate, somewhat scabrous on the veins beneath : racemes pubescent: bracts large and foliaceous, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, as long or longer than the flowers : pedicels slender, 2-4 lines long : sepals ovate-lanceolate, 6-8 lines long, the upper concave : petals slightly smaller: lip as long as the petals, the saccate base with erect wing-like margins, strongly nerved and the nerves callous tuberculate near the base, the dilated summit ovate- lanceolate, entire, somewhat wavy-crested : anther nearly 2 lines long : capsule oblong, 8 lines long, reflexed. In springy places along streams, California to Brit. Columbia. 8 CEPHALANTHERA Richard. Annot. 21. Mostly leafy-stemmed herbs from creeping rootstocks, with flat leaves, or leafless, and middlesized flowers in bracted spikes. Se- pals and petals nearly equal, connivent, the latter somewhat united and galeate. Lip free, concave, contracted and some- what jointed in the middle. Column slender, elongated. Anther shortly stipitate, so as to be nearly or quite above the level of the top of the stigma. Pollen-masses not connected nor attached to a gland. Stigma wholly beakless. C. Oregana Reichenb. f. Linneae xii, 53. Whole plant white and without leaves, parasitic, 10-18 inches high, with 3-5 somewhat dilated sheaths below and usually a few free linear-lanceolate bracts above : raceme 632 ORCHIDACEiE cypeipedium rather short : floral bracts very small : flowers few to many, sessile or nearly so : perianth about 6 lines long, gibbous at base : sepals and petals oblong- lanceolate, nearly equal; lip a little shorter, the saccate base with broad wing-like margins, the nerves somewhat tuberculate-crested within, upper portion very broad and suborbicular, the nerves in the centre wavy-crested : column 2 lines long, about twice longer than the anther. In damp places in forests, California to Washington. Tribe Jf. Cypripedie^ Lindl, Orch. 525. Stamens 3, the 2 lat- eral ones perfect, the other sterile and forming a dilated fleshy ap- pendage above the terminal stigma. Pollen pulpy -granular. 9 CYPRIPEDIUM L. Sp. 951. Glandular-pubescent herbs with coarse fibrous roots, flat many- nerved leaves with sheathing base and few large flowers in leafy- bracted racemes. Sepals spreading, the lateral often united into one under the lip : petals similar but usually narrower: lip an inflated sac, the incurved margin auricled near the base. Column very short, incurved, bearing at each side a 2-celled anther on a short filament. Stigma terminal, disk-like, broad and obscurely 3-lobed, covered above by the fleshy triangular and pedicelled sterile anther. Pollen pulpy-granular. C. parviflorum Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. i, 77. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high, leafy: leaves oval or elliptic to lanceolate, 2-6 inches long: se- pals and petals longer than the lip; petals usually twisted; lip 7-15 lines long, bright yellow, more or less marked with purple stripes, spots or blotches : sterile stamen triangular, yellow and purple spotted like the lip. In woods and thickets, Washington and Brit. Columbia to Newfoundland, Georgia and Missouri. C. montannm Dongl. Lindl. Orch. 528. More or less roughly and glandular-pubescent, stout, 1-2 feet high, leafy : leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 3-6 inches long: flowers 1-3, shortly-pedicelled : sepals and petals brownish, narrowly to linear-lanceolate, 18-30 lines long, the lower sepals united nearly to the apex ; lip oblong, an inch long, dull- white veined with purple : sterile anther ovate-triangular to oblong-lanceo- late, 4-6 lines long, on a slender filament, deeply channeled above, yellow with purple spots, somewhat longer than the stigma: capsule erect or nearly so, oblong, 10 lines long. In open woods, California to British Columbia and Idaho. C. Californicum Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 386. Kather rough pu- bescent: stems stout, 1-4 feet high leafy : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 3-6 inches long, the upper lanceolate and gradually reduced to foliaceous bracts of the long loose raceme : flowers 1-20, shortly pedicelled; sepals and petals greenish-yellow ; sepals broadly oval, the lateral united to the apex, acute, 6-20 lines long, equalling the oblong-linear acutish petals ; lip obovoid, white or light rose-color, veined with purple, 8-10 lines long, pubescent within at the base: sterile anther rounded and arching, nearly sessile, 2 lines long, equalling the roughened stigma : capsule reflex- ed, oblong, 8-15 lines long. Along streams and in springe, southern Oregon and northern California. C. fascicnlatum Kellogg in Herb. Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 380. Stems slender, 2-10 inches high, pubescent, scariously sheathed at base and bearing a pair of nearly opposite leaves near the middle, and a small lanceolate bract above: leaves ovate to nearly orbicular, 1-3 inches broad, obtuse or rounded to acutish, pale green and with 3 prominent ribs IRIS miDACEM 63 beneath: flowers solitary or several together in a small terminal cluster: sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, 6-12 lines long, greenish-brown, with brown veins, the lateral sepals wholly united or very nearly so; lip de- pressed-ovate, greenish-yellow with brown or purplish margins, 4-6 lines long: sterile anther oblong, obtuse, equalling the stigma. On dry open hillsides California to Washington. Order XCIV IRIDACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 328. Perennial herbs with eqaitant sheathing narrow leaves and few showy perfect tlowers subtended by spathaceous bracts. Perianth of 6 segments or 6-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in 2 series, convolute in the bud, withering- persistent. Stamens 3, inserted on the base of the 3 outer seg- ments or lobes of the perianth : filaments filiform, distinct or uni- ted: anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Style 3 cleft, its branches some- times divided. Ovary inferior, mostly 3-celled, with numerous or few anatropous ovules in each cell becoming a 3-celled, loculicidally dehiscent capsule. Embryo straight in fleshy or horny albumen. 1 Iris Outer segments of the perianth recurved; the inner erect: branches of the style petal-like, opposite to the anthers: filaments distinct : seeds flattened. 2 Slsyrinchium Segments of the perianth similar, spreading : branches of the style flliform alternate with the anthers : filaments united : seeds globular. 1 IRIS L. Sp. 38. Herbs with creeping or horizontal, often woody and sometimes tuber bearing, rootstocks, erect or ascending stems, ensiform or linear leaves and large flowers in terminal racemes. Perianth of 6 clawed segments united below into a tube, the 3 outer dilated, spreading or reflexed ; the 3 inner usually narrower and erect. Stamens inserted at the base of the outer segments of the perianth, distinct: anthers oblong or linear. Style 3-parted, its base ad- nate to the tube of the perianth, its branches thin and petal-like, resting upon the outer segments of the perianth and covering the stamens, stigmatic at the thin apex, above which is a broad 2-parted crest. Ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cell. Seeds horizontal, flattened, or more or less turgid. * Stems leafy: leaves linear: bracts of the spathe closely approximate, foliaceous: tube of the perianth narrow, more or less elongated. I. chrysophylla. Stems low and very slender, 2-8 inches high, from sender rootstocks: radical leaves linear, 6-18 inches long by 2-3 lines wide, light green, finely striate, thick and persistent for at least one winter: bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, contiguous, 2-4 inches long: flowers 1-3, sessile or nearly so, yellow to white, with blue veins: perianth with filiform tube 2-3 inches long; outer segments 2-3 inches long, with long claw and broadly lanceolate blade, inner ones spatulate: filaments flat, bearded at base: capsule oblong or broader, nearly an inch long: seeds slightly compressed. In Pine woods, southern Oregon. 634 IRIDACEJE iris I. bracteata Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 375. Stems rather stout, 6-12 inches high, covered with imbricated sheathing bracts 2-4 inches long: leaves solitary, evergreen, rigid 1-2 feet long, 6-8 lines wide, or sometimes much smaller, striate, one side green, the other glaucous with numerous stomata:bracts of the spathe approximate: 2-8 inches long, short-acuminate usually ^-flowered: perianth yellow, with a short funnelform tube; outer segments oblong, naked, 2-3 inches long, the inner ones oblanceolate, some- what shorter: capsule on^exserted pedicels, ovate-oblong, an inch long. In open forests, about Waldo, southern Oregon. I. Bonglasiana Herbert, H. & A. Bot Beech. 395. Stems stout, 6-18 inches high: leaves linear, 12-30 inches loug, 4-8 lines broad, thick and rather rigid; long acuminate, finely striate: bracts of the spathe lanceolate, 3-4 lines long, acuminate flowers several, somewhat panicled, on pedicels 6-18 lines long: perianth blue or purplish, the outer segments with a white centre veined with purple, its tube narrow, 6-12 lines long: capsule oblong, acutely triang- ular, 18-20 lines long: seeds nearly globular. Along the coast, southern Oregon to California. * * Tube of the perianth short and funnelform above the ovaiy, Rootstock slender: stems leafy: leaves not evergreen: bracts folia- ceous, separate and often distant. 1. teuuis Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 380. Rootstock very slender and creeping: stems 8-10 inches high, with 2 or 3 bract-like leaves 2-3 inches long, 2-flowered: the longer leaves of the sterile branches of the rootstock equalling the stem and 4-6 lines broad, acuminate and very acute: bracts contiguous or distant, 1-2 inches long, flowers white, lightly blotched and striped with pale yellow and purple: perianth tube 2-3 lines long, the seg- ments naked, the outer 15 lines long, a little exceeding the emarginate inner ones: capsule depressed -globose, 6 lines in diameter, on pedicels as long or longer than the bracts. In the Cascade Mountains along the Clackamas river and its tributaries in Oregon. I. tenax Dougl. Bot. Reg. t. 1218. Rootstock slender, usually short and forming dense tufts 6-18 inches in diameter: stems slender 6-12 inches high, bearing several sheath-like short leaves and a single purple flower: leaves very numerous, 12-20 inches long, much longer than the stems, about 2 lines broad acuminate and mostly very acute: bracts lanceolate, acute: 12 inches long: tube of the perianth very short, its outer segments 2 inches long or more, with oblong blade and broad claw, the inner ones spatulate and nearly as long: capsule oblong, 8-12 lines long, obtuse at both ends: seeds scarcely flattened, somewhat angled obtusely. Common in open places, Brit. Columbia to Oregon. There is a white flowered form with narrow perianth and narrower ovary but it has scarcely enough characters for a species. ■*- ■*- Rootstock stout: stems naked or nearly so , usually tall: bracts contiguous or rarely separated. I. longipetala Herbert H. <& ^. Bot. Beech. 369. Stems stout, 1-1)^ feet high, 3-5. flowered : leaves about as high, 3-5 lines broad: bracts foliace- ous, large and acuminate, 3-4 inches long: flowers very large, bright hlac, on stout pedicels 1-2 inches long, the tube funnelform, 3 lines long, outer seg- ments 2)^-3 inches long by 1-1^ broad, narrowed to a short claw, Twhite below and veined with violet, the mid vein yellow: inner segments oblanceo- late, 2 inches long: anthers shorter than the stigmas: style broadly crested: capsule oblong, narrowed at each end, 2 inches long: seeds flattened, nearly '3 lines long. In moist meadows, eastern Washington to California. I. Missoariensis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii, 58. Stems rather IRIS IRIDACE^ . 635 SISYRINCHIUM slender, terete, naked or with 1 or 2 leaves, 6 inches to 2 feet high, usually 2-flowered : leaves two to three lines broad, mostly shoii;er than the stems: bracts dilated and scarious, 1-13^ inches long, acute or acuminate: flowers pale blue, on pedicels %-2 inches long, : tube of the perianth 3-4 lines long, narrowed below: out,er segments 2-2)^ inches long, the inner ones a little shorter, all with narrow claws: anthers not exceeding the filaments, equalling or exceeding the stigmas: capsule oblong, triangulai* or subterete, 1-2 inches long, acute at each end: seeds obovate, acute at base, 2 lines long. Eastern Washington to California and the Kocky Mountains, 2 SISYRINCHIUM L. Sp. 954. Perennial herbs with short rootstocks, simple or branched stems, narrow grass-like leaves and showy flowers in small ter- minal clusters on filiform pedicels subtended by a pair of erect green bracts. Perianth 6-parted, the segments similar and spreading. Stamens 3, the filaments united, at least at base. Stigmas filiform, alternate with the stamens, involute. Ovary 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Capsule globose, oval or ovoid. Seeds subglobose or ovoid, smooth or pitted. * Stems ancipital, usually branched: flowers blue: filaments united to the top: anthers short, sagittate: stigmas short. S. bellum Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xii, 277. Stems 6-20 inches high, somewhat scabrous on the naiTow margins, of a single node, or often with 2 or 3 nodes, each node bearing 1-4 peduncles: leaves a line or two wide, shorter than the stems: peduncles 2-4 inches long, usually about equal- ling the nodal bract: spathes of 2 nearly equal bracts 6-12 lines long, scabrous on the keel, 4-7-flowered: segments of the perianth broad-lanceolate, about 6 lines long, truncate but scarcely emarginate, shortly aristulate, light purple, darker below and yellow at base, somewhat pubescent as well as the ovary: staminal column 3 lines long, purplish, pubescent at base, : capsule depressed- globose or ovoid, 2 -3 lines long; the cells about 10-seeded: seeds irregularly and obtusely angled, roughened, % of a line in diameter. In wet places, Oregon to California. S. segetnm Bicknell Bull. Torr Bot. Club xxvi, 449. Rather pale green and somewhat glaucescent, growing in close tufts: stems erect, slender, 4-11 inches high, simple: leaves ^-% inches long, a line or less wide, some- times roughish toward the setaceous or aculeate apex: spathes stiffly erect, the outer bract very slenderly attenuate, sometimes for fully half its length, 1-1% inch long, subequal with or surpassing the inner one by % or more: flowers on very slender subspreading pedicels, deep violet-blue : segments of the perianth oblanceolate, obtuse aristulate, 6-7 lines long; capsule oblong or obovoid, transversely corrugated, many-seeded: seeds irregularly obovoid, less than a line long. On dry grassy plains, Washington and Oregon to Nevada. S. angnstifolium Mill. Gard. Diet, ed 7, 1859. Pale glaucous-green : stems slender 4-20 inches high, of a single node, or rarely forked: leaves rigid and often almost setaceous, 4-8 mches long, 3^-1/^ lines wide, shorter than the stem: spathes stiffly erect, the bracts very unequal, the outer one usually about twice as long as the inner: pedicels erect, about 8 lines long, shorter than the bracts: segments of the perianth oblanceolate, emarginate, 6-8 lines long, pale blue : capsule subglobose, 2-3 lines in diameter : seeds %-%, line in diameter. On grassy plains, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Virginia. 636 iRlBACEiE tsisVRiNcflruM S. occidentale Bicknell 1. c. 447. Glaucescent to pale glaucous-green, usually with a yellowish tinge: steins 7-12 inches high, stiff and erect, constricted just below the spathe: leaves firm and erect, very acute, much shorter than the stems, a line wide: spathes erect or slightly deflexed, the bracts often rather thin, the outer one mostly straight, the inner one more or less convex in outline; outer bract 1-2 inches long, longer than the inner one, attenuate, acute, hyaline-margined below: flowers 3-6, deep violet- blue, on erect exserted pedicels: capsule subglobose, about 3 lines high. Idaho to Nevada and N. Dakota. S. septentrionale Bicknell 1. c. 452. Pale and glaucescent: stems 5-12 inches high growing in small tufts: leaves 5-8 inches long, stiff and erect, less than a line wide, mostly setaceous: spathes small, often partly double, one or more flowers arising from between the short proper spathes and the closely subtending slenderly prolonged outer bract ; inner bract 10-12 lines long, mostly attenuate and acute ; the outer bract 1-2 inches long: flowers very small, apparently not more than 3 or 4, on erect pedicels usually shorter than the inner bract: segments of the perianth 3-5 lines long, acuminate and short-aristate, not retuse, pale rose or violet: capsule subglobose, 2-3 lines long. Eastern Washington and Idaho to Assiniboia. S. Idalioense Bicknell 1. c. 445. Pale-green and glaucous : stems 10- 18 inches high straight and erect, or somewhat flexuously curved, often twisted, mostly simple: leaves 5-15 inches high, varying from thin and somewhat lax to firm and closely erect, 1-2 lines wide, attenuate to some- what abruptly acute : spathes often deflexed, long and narrow, the keel of one or both often serrulate or hispidulous ; outer one 1)^-3 inches long, commonly K-K longer than the inner one: flowers 3-6, on erect pedicels, deep violet-blue with rather small yellow eye : segments of the perianth 7-10 lines long: ovary glandular-puberulent : capsule globose or ovoid, 2-3 lines high. Washington to Idaho and California. S. sarmentosa Suksdorf in Herb. Greene Eryth. iii, 121. Dull green and glaucescent, growing in dense tufts : stems very slender, erect or as- cending, 6-10 inches high, simple or with a leaf and branch or a tuft of leaves and branches near the top : leaves very narrow, equalling or shorter than the stems, attenuate, acute : spathes erect, the bracts very unequal, the outer one 13^-3 inches long, acuminate, rather abruptly acute, the in- ner one 6-18 lines long: flowers 1-3, bright blue: segments of the perianth 4-5 lines long, not emarginate but abruptly contracted into the short aris- tate tip: capsule thin-walled, subglobose, 2-3 lines high. Borders of wet meadows, Skamania Co. Washington. * * Scapes with a solitary sessile spathe: filaments united only at base : anthers linear, sagittate. +- Scapes 2-edged : flowers yellow : style very deeply cleft. S. Californicum Ait. f. Hort Kew. iv, 135. Scapes broadly winged, 6-15 inches high: leaves much shorter than the scapes, 2-3 lines wide: bracts of the spathe more or less unequal, the longer about equalling the pedicels: flowers 3-7, bright yellow; segments of the perianth 4-6 lines long, 5-7-nerved, obtuse or acutish : anthers 1)4 lines long, about equalling the filaments: style cleft to below the middle, the linear branches as long as the anthers : capsule obovate-oblong, 4 lines long : seeds half a line in diameter. Along the coast, Vancouver Island to California, in various forms. -*- •*- Scapes compressed but not margined : flowers large, purple : style cleft at the apex. S. gran diflor urn Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. xvi, t. 1364. Glabrous and bright green: scapes slender, 4-12 inches high, growing in dense tufts or SMiLAx SMILACE.E 637 solitary, leafy at base : leaves linear, 2-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide : spathes 1-4-flowered, its bracts broad, very unequal, the outer 2-3 inches long, long-acuminate, inner one about an inch long, acute or short-acumin- ate, scarious-margined : flowers bright reddish-purple to white : segments of the perianth 6-10 lines long, cuneate-oblong, abruptly acute and often shortly acuminate: filaments broad at base, 3-6 lines long, much shorter than the style ; anthers 2 lines long: capsule obovoid, 2-3 lines high. Common in moist places in the interior, California to Brit. Columbia. Order XCV SMILACEiE Vent. Tabl. ii, 146. (1799) Shrubby or herbaceous climbing plants with alternate net- veined petioled leaves that develop stipular persistent tendrils by which the stem is secured to shrubs, and small dioecious flowers in axillary umbels. Perianth-segments 6, similar. Stamens mostly 6, distinct; filaments ligulate; anthers attached by the base, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-ceUed, the cells oppo- site the inner segments of the perianth. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, orthotropous, suspended. Style very short or none : stig- mas 1- 3. Fruit a globose berry containing 1-6 seeds. Embryo small, in copious horny albumen. 1 SMILAX L. Sp. 1028. Climbing plants with broad leaves and small greenish flowers in axillary umbels. Rootsock usually very large and tuberous. Flowers regular, perianth-segments distinct, deciduous, with the anthers inserted on their bases. Staminate flowers without an ovary: the pistillate usually with 1-6 abortive stamens. Embryo lying under a tubercle at the upper end of the seed. S. Californica Gray in Herb. Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 186. Glabrous: stems woody, 4-20 feet long, terete or somewhat angled, naked or covered with weak spreading prickles : leaves broadly ovate, abruptly acute, some- what cordate at base, 1^-4 inches long, thin and deciduous, roughish on the margins, on petioles about an inch long peduncles slender, flat, 2-3 times longer than the petioles : flowers 20 or less: segments of the perianth 4-9, green narrowly oblong, 5 lines long: fruit black, 2 lines in diameter. In thickets along streams, southern Oregon and northern California. Order XCVI LILIACE^ Adans. Fam. PL 42. (1763) Scapose or leafy-stemmed plants from bulbs or rarely from rootstocks with various leaves and regular mostly perfect usu- ally showy flowers mostly in umbels or racemes. Perianth parted into 6 distinct or nearly distinct segments, or these more or less united into a tube, inferior or partly superior. Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the perianth at the base of its segments : anthers 2-celled, mostly introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with few or numerous anatropous or amphitropous ovules in each cell. Style united: stigma 3-lobed or capitate. Fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule. Seeds various, winged or wingless. Embryo in copious albumen. I Flowers with scarious bracts, a persistent perianth with 638 LILIACF^ 1 -several-nerved segments, perigynous stamens with introrse ant hers and an undivided mostly persistent style. * Inflorescence umbellate upon a naked scape from a bulb or corm : fruit a locullcidal capsule : seeds more or less turgid, with close black testa. -*• Bulb mostly tunicated : bracts broad and spathaceous. 1 Allium Pedicels not jointed : perianth deeply parted ; segments 1-nerv- ed : filaments naked, in 1 row: style filiform, jointed upon the very short axis, seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. -*- ■*- Root a coated corm : bracts several, distinct: capsule scarcely lobed, several-seeded. 2 Brodiaea Perianth funnelform, not contracted at the throat nor sac- cate at base : stamens 6, in 1 or 2 rows, with winged or naked filaments, or 3 and alternate with as many staminodia. 3 Brevoortia Perianth deep scarlet with short yellowish lobes, the broad tube 6-saccate at base : stamens 3, with alternate broad truncate staminodia. * * Flowers on subterranean pedicels, in a sessile umbel with long linear scarious bracts, upon a short rootstock : capsule loculicidal : seeds more or less turgid, with close black testa. 4 Lencocrinnm Perianth white, salverform, with very narrow tube and several-nerved segments : stamens 6, in 1 row ! leaves linear, flat. * * * Root a bulb or corm : inflorescence racemous or paniculate : fruit a loculicidal capsule. -•- Flowers rather large, on jointed pedicels in a simple open raceme : segments several-nerved: capsule obovate or oblong: seeds black, several in each cell. 5 Gamassia Scapes naked : flowers blue to white ; segments distinct, spreading: seeds several, ovate, angled. +- +■ Flowers small, racemes panicled : capsule triangular-obovate: cells 1-2- seeded. 6 Hastingsia Stems sparingly leafy, from tunicated bulbs : flowers white or greenish, numerous : perianth lax, scarious, the segments apparent- ly 1-nerved: style short. 7 Chlorogalnm Stem leafy, from a tunicated bulb : flowers white or pinkish, scattered; segments distinctly 3- nerved: style long. II Pedicels not jointed. Floral bracts none or foliaceoiis. Flowers with distinct netted- veined and deciduous segments, hy- pogynous stamens with more or less extrorse anthei'S and usually deciduous styles united at least at base. * Perianth -segments similar, naked : styles long. +- Bulb scaly : stem simple, strict leafy and leafy-bracteate : anthers versatile : seeds flat, horizontal. 8 Lilinm Bulb-scales lanceolate : segments of the perianth oblanceolate, with a linear nectariferous groove, usually spotted: style undivided. 9 Fritlllarla Bulb-scales short, very thick : segments of the perianth lanceolate or broader, concave, often mottled; nectary a shallow pit: styles united, or distinct to the middle. ALLIUM LILIACEiE 639 •*- -*- Stem simple, low, from a small tunicaied bulb : leaves linear, without veinlets : anthers attached by the base : seeds flat. 10 Lloydia Stem sparingly leafy, bearing a solitary flower with spread- ing persistent 3-nerved equal segments. +-•*--•- Stem low, 2-leaved, from an oblong corm : anthers attach- ed by the base : seeds turgid. 11 Erythronium Leaves broad: perianth-segments oblanceolate, callous- toothed each side of the grooved nectary. * * Outer segments of the perianth smaller, somewhat sepal-like ; the inner broad and usually bearded : stigmas sessile. 12 Calochortus Stem usually lax or flexuous, from a coated corm : anthers attached by the base : capsule usually septJcidal. 1 ALLIUM L. Sp. 294, Perennial herbs mostly with tunicated bulbs, a peculiar odor, lanceolate or linear leaves and rather small flowers in a terminal simple umbel. Perianth of 6 nearly equal distinct lanceolate to linear more or less spreading 1-nerved segments that are often gibbous at base, and subtended by 2 or 3 membranous separate or united bracts. Pedicels not jointed. Stamens 6 inserted on the base of the segments ifilaments filiform: anthers mostly ovate- oblong, versatile. Ovary sessile, subglobose, deeply 3-lobed with a very short axis: ovules mostly 2, 1-several, at the base of each cell, ascending: style filiform, jointed on the axis: stigmas small. Capsule obtusely 3-lobed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds obovoid and wrinkled, with thin black testa. § I Bulbs cespitose, narrowly oblong and crowning a more or less persistent rhizome, coats membranaceous without peculiar reticulation: spathes mostly 2-valved: scapes terete. * Leaves terete and hollow. A. Schcenoprasnm L. Sp. 301. Scapes stout, 1^2 feet high, from ob long bulbs: umbel subcapitate, densely many-flowered, erect : spathe 2-val ved, its bracts broadly ovate: pedicels 1-3 lines long: flowers, rose-color, longer than the pedicels : segments of the perianth 4-6 lines long, lanceolate, acuminate : stamens included : filaments subulate : ovules 2 in each cell : capsule obtusely 3-lobed, about half as long as the perianth, not crested. Along rivers in moist or wet soil from the Columbia river to Alaska and the Great Lakes : also in Europe and Asia. * * Leaves flat or channeled. A. cernuum Eoth. Eoem. Arch, i, part 3, 40. Bulbs usually clustered on a short rootstock, narrowly ovoid, with a long neck, 1-2 inches long: scapes slender, slightly rigid, 6-20 inches high: leaves linear, channeled, or nearly flat, 1-4 lines broad, often equalling the scape: umbel loosely many- flowered, nodding: spathe 2-valved, the bracts lanceolate or shorter, decid- uous: pedicels filiform, 8-15 lines long: flowers rose color to white, the segments 2-3 lines long, broad and acutish : stamens and style exserted : filaments filiform ; ovules 2 in each ceil : capsule 3-lobed shorter than the I)erianth, with 2 crests on the summit of each valve. On rocky banks and bluffs along streams, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Alleghany Mts. A. validnm Watson Bot. King 350. Scapes very stout, i-2}4 feet 640 LILIACEiE allium high from a stout rhizome ; leaves ample, 2-8 lines broad, often nearly as long as the scape : umbel often slightly nodding, with 2-4 bracts, densely many -flowered ; pedicels rather stout, 4-8 lines long: flowers rose-color to nearly white; segments 3-4 lines long, narrowly acuminate : stamens and style usually exserted : capsule subglobose, not crested. In wet places in the mountains, Oregon to California and Nevada. § 2 Bulbs globose to ovoid, mostly solitary, not rhizomatous ; coats fibrous or membranaceous. Leaves narrowly linear, flat or channeled. Scapes terete or nearly so. Umbels erect. * Bulb-coats more or less fibrous : leaves several. A. Oeyeri Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 227. Scape slender, 10-25 inches high : bulb elongated : leaves 2-4, slender, 5-10 inches long, rather rigidly erect : spathe 2-valved ; the bracts broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 6-10 inches long : umbel densely many-flowered : pedicels slender, 6-12 lines long, spreading or reflexed : segments of the perianth pale rose-color to white, about 4 lines long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, strongly nerved, rigid in fruit, sometimes but little exceeding the stamens : capsule crested. In low meadows, Oregon and Washington to Idaho. * * Bulb- coats not fibious : leaves 2-4, shorter than or about equal- ling the scape. A, Don^lasii Hook. Fl. ii, 184. Scape stout, 7-15 inches high : bulb ovate, about an inch long, the coats not reticulated: leaves 2, flat, 5-10 inches long, about 6 lines wide : flowers very numerous, in a dense globose umbel dark red, 3-4 lines long: segments lanceolate acuminate, scarcely exeeding the stamens ovary not at all crested. Eastern Washington. A, madidnm Watson 1. c. 228. Scapes rather stout, 4-8 inches high; bulbs ovoid, 4-8 lines in diameter : leaves 2, thick and channeled, 3-6 inches long, 1-3 lines broad: spathe 2-valved, the bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute, 4-5 lines long: umbel usually many-flowered: pedicels 4-12 lines long, segments of the perianth pink to white, 4 lines long, ovate-oblong, acute, a little exceeding the stamens: cells of the ovary with two fleshy ridges at the summit. In wet places, eastern Oregon and Washington. A. collinnm Dougl. in Herb. I have no specimens of this, it is poorly described as follows. *' Perianth-segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, 4 lines long, twice longer than the slender stamens and style: capsule very ob- scurely ridged toward the summit ". Blue Mountains, Oregon. A. scilloides Dougl. in Herb. This is equally obscure with the last. " Perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate obtuse, 3 lines long, a half longer than the stamens : ovary not at all crested. Priest's Rapids, Columbia river. A. acnminatnm Hook. Fl. ii, 184, t. 196. Scape 3-10 inches high : bulb globose, 3-5 lines in diameter : leaves 2, terete, shorter than the scape : spathe 2-valve(l, the bracts lanceolate, narrowly acuminate : pedicels 5-40, erect or ascending: segments of the periaiith 5-7 lines long, lanceo- late with acuminate recurved tips, dark rose-color to nearly white, rigid in fruit, a third longer than the stamens, the inner ones undulate-serrulate : capsule obscurely crested. Common on dry plains^ Brit. Columbia to California. Tar. cuspidatum Fernald. " Perianth-segments smaller, abruptly cuspidate. Near Wawawai, Washington." A. Bolanderi Watson 1. c. 229. Scape very slender, 3-10 inches high: bulbs oblong, propagating by filiform runners; the one producing the scape remaining firm until the following season but not flowering again, but producing a new bulb that flowers the following season: leaves terete, ALLitJM lALlACEM 641 almost filiform, shorter than the scape : spathe 2-valved ; the bracts lanceo- late, long acuminate, 4-8 lines long: umbel rather few-flowered: pedicels erect or ascending, 6-10 lines long: flowers rose-color to yellowish, 4-6 lines long ; the segments narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, nearly straight, twice as long as the stamens, the inner ones strongly serrulate: filaments filiform, adnate to the middle. Dry ground, southern Oregon to California. A, attennifolinm Kellogg Proc. Calif. Acad. 110, f. 34. Scape rather slender, 6-20 inches high: bulb globular, 3-5 lines in diameter: leaves 2-4, narrow and becoming convolute-filiform above the sheathing base: spathe 2-valved; the bracts short and abruptly acute : umbel densely many- flowered : pedicels filiform, 8-15 lines long, spreading or recurved : segments of the perianth pale rose-color to white, oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate, shortly acuminate, about 4 lines long, usually in flexed, exceeding the stamens: capsule globose, distinctly 6-crested. In moist or wet places along bluffs, usually growing in dense masses, western Oregon to California . A. serratam Watson Bot. King 487, t. 37, fig. 4. " Bulb-coats con- spicuously transversely serrate-reticulate; scapes usually slender, 4-12 inches high; leaves very narrowly linear ; umbel usually many-flowered and often large, the spreading pedicels 9-15 lines long ; sepals pink or crim- son, 4-9 lines long, usually broad and acuminate, erect or recurved, ex- ceeding the stamens; capsule slightly crested. — Quite variable." Idaho to California. A. Jfevii Watson I. c, 231. Scape slender, 3-8 inches high: bulb ovoid, 3-6 lines long: leaves two, channeled, less than a line wide, equal- ling or exceeding the scape: spathe 2valved; the bracts ovate, rather abruptly acuminate, 4-6 lines long: umbel rather loosely few-several-flow- ered: pedicels slender, 4-8 lines long, erect or ascending, segments of the perianth white to rose-color, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, about 3 lines long, somewhat keeled, the midnerve dark red, but little if at all ex- ceeding the stamens : capsule depressed-globose, with a thick crest on each side near the summit of each cell. On top of high hills, eastern Oregon. * * * Leaves one or two, greath'' exceeding the short scape : capsule not crested or very obscurely so. A. macrum Watson 1. c. 233. Scape 1-4 inches high, slender: bulb round-ovate, 3-5 lines in diameter: leaves two, slightly falcate 3-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: spathe two-valved; the bracts lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, 5-8 lines long : pedicels slender 4-8 lines long, erect to some- what recurved : segments of the perianth white to pinkish, lanceolate, acu- minate, about 3 lines long, scarcely exceeding the stamens and style : cells of the ovary bordered by a thick obtuse ridge. In moist places in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. A. tribracteatnm Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 148. Scape slender, 1-4 inches high: bulb ovoid to oblong, 4-8 lines long: leaves usually two, somewhat falcate, 5-6 inches long, ^-3 lines wide: spathe 3-valved; the bracts broadly ovate to almost orbicular, abruptly acuminate: umbel densely many-flowered: pedicels 4-6 lines long erect or ascending: seg- ments of the perianth oblong or almost linear, obtuse or barely acute, about 4 lines long, deep rose-color with darker veins, but little longer than the stamens : capsule not crested. On top of Table Rock, Jackson County Oregon to California and Utah, § 3 Bulbs ovoid, not rhizomatous, the membranaceous coats mostly without reticulation. Leaves 2, broadly linear, flat and falcate, thick. Scapes stout, much compressed and more or less wing-margined, low and mostly shorter than the leaves. Spathe in ours 2-valved. 642 LILT ACE /C allium A. Watsoni. Scape slender, 2-3 inches high, narrowly margined : bulb ovoid, 4-6 lines in diameter: leaves 4-6 inches long, about 2 lines wide : bracts of the spathe lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, about 6 lines long: umbel rather loosely several- to many-flowered : pedicels erect or ascend- ing, 4-8 lines long: segments of the perianth lanceolate, acute, 3-4 lines long, light rose-color to pink, with dark mid-nerves, slightly exceeding the stamens In open places in the Coast Mountains of middle Oregon. Dedi- cated to the late 8ereno Watson, who in 1881 recognized it as an unde- scribed species but did not publish it for want of good material. Speci- mens from the Blue mountains of Oregon appear to be of this species. A. Cusickii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 228. Scape 3-4 inches high : bulb ovoid, 5-6 lines in diameter : leaves falcate, 4-6 inches long, 2-4 lines wide: bracts of the spathe ovate, acuminate, 6-8 lines long: pedicels slender, 8-12 lines long : segments of the perianth broad lanceolate, gradu- ally acuminate, 5-6 lines long, nearly white to pink, distinctly gibbous at base nearly twice as long as the stamens : cells of the ovary shortly apicu- late. Union County, Oregon, A. falcifolium H. & A. Bot. Beech. 400. Scape stout, prominently winged, 2-6 inches high : leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, 4-6 lines wide, strongly falcate : bracts of the spathe broadly lanceolate to ovate, gradually acuminate, 6-8 lines long: umbel loosely many-flowered: pedicels rather stout, 6-lS lines long, erect or ascending: segments of the perianth with broadly lanceolate base and long attenuate somewhat spread- ing tipS; rose-color to pink, gibbous at base, minutely serrulate, 7-8 lines long, nearly twice as long as the stamens : capsule acute, with 3 short narrow central crests. On dry rocky ridges, southern Oregon to California. A. anceps Kellogg Proc. Am. Acad, ii, 109, fig. 32. Scapes 2-4 inches high, somewhat flattened and margined: leaves longer than the scape, 2-5 lines wide: umbel rather densely many-flowered: pedicels very slender, 6-9 lines long, erect or spreading : segments of the perianth very narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, lax, scarcely gibbous at base, nearly white with purple midveins, 3-5 lines long, little longer than the stamens and style : cells of the capsule with two broad obtuse crests. Eastern Oregon to Ne- vada and California, A. pleianthnm Watson 1. c. 233. Scape slender, 3-5 inches high: leaves falcate, 5-7 inches long, 2-5 lines wide: bracts of the spathe broadly ovate, acute and shortly acuminate: umbel rather loosely many -flowered: pedicels slender, 8-15 lines long, erect or ascending: segments of the peri- anth lanceolate, acuminate, gibbous at base, white to light rose-color, about 5 lines long, nearly twice as long as the stamens: ovary and capsule promi- nently 6-crested. On high hills in the John Day Valley, eastern Oregon. A. crenulatnm Wiegand Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvi. 135. Scape 2-3 inches high, the wings crenulately roughened : leaves 2-3 inches long, about a line wide, recurved, the margins crenulate : bracts of the spathe ovate-oblong, acute, about 5 lines long: umbel few-flowered: pedicels shorter than the flowers : segments of the perianth pink, lanceolate, acutish, 4 lines long, twice as long as the stamens : ovary 6-crested at the summit. In loose ground near the summit of the Olympic Mountains, Washington. A. Tolmiei Baker Bot. Mag. under t. 6227. Scapes 3-5 inches high, conspicuously winged, smooth : leaves falcate, 4-6 inches long by 3-4 lines wide : bracts of the spathe broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, 6-8 lines long: umbel rather densely few- to many -flowered: pedicels slender, 5-8 lines long, erect or spreading : segments of the perianth light rose-color to white, lanceolate, acute, about 5 lines long twice as long as the stamens : ovary very obscurely crested. On rocky ridges, eastern Oregon and Washington to Utah. BRODi^A LILIA^OE^ 643 A. simillimniii Henderson Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 355. Scape 1-2 inches high from the ovoid l)iilb, slender, flattened and very narrowly winged: leaves 4-5 inches long, less than a line wide, falcate to recurved: bracts of the spathe broadly ovate, acute or acutish: uml)el 6-9-flowered: pedicels slender, 1-2 lines long : segments of the perianth narrowly oblong, obtuse, delicately denticulate with spreading papillse half way up, pinkish- white with strong green midnerve, %-% longer than the stamens : filaments dilated at base and adnate for % their length : ovary slightly crested. On Sesesh Peak, Idaho. ' > 2 BRODIiEA Smith Trans. Linn. Soc. x, 2. Including HOOKERA Salisb. and TRITELIA Lindl. Perennial herbs with slender scapes from fibromembranaceous- coated corms bearing a several-bracted umbel of few to many blue, purple, whitej or yellow flowers on jointed pedicels. Perianth persistent, fannelform, often narrowly so, not contracted at the throat nor saccate, or but slightly so, at base. Segments of the perianth one-nerved. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat opposite the inner segments and alternate with as many staminodia, or six in one or two rows with the filaments naked or appendaged. Style persistent, about equalling the anthers, with short diverg- ing entire stigmas. Ovary three-celled, with 3-8 ovules in each cell. Capsule ovate to oblong, more or less attenuate above. Seeds angled, black. § 1 EuBRODiiEA Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 236. Peri- anth broadly funnelform, the tube mostly shorter than the limb. Stamens in one row. Anthers attached by the base. * Segments of the perianth 2-3 times longer than the tube : stamens 3, alternate with as many staminodia. B. grandiflora Smith Trans. Linn. Soc. x, 2. Scape smooth,! 3-10 inches high : leaves about a line broad, thick and somewhat terete, about as long as the stem: pedicels 1-10 or more, 3^-3 inches long: perianth varying from purple to light rose-color, 10-20 lines long : segments of the perianth linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, strongly 1-nerved: filaments rather slender, 1-2 lines long, the anthers twice »& long: staminodia ligu- late, entire, obtuse, whitish about equalling the anthers : capsule sessile, narrowed at base, oblong, attenuate into the short rigid style; cells 6-8- seeded: seeds a line long. Common in open places, California to British Columbia. B. minor Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 236. Scapes very slender, 3-6 inches high, smooth, bearing an umbel of 2-6 rays an inch or two long : perianth 7-14 lines long ; anthers oblong, 2 lines long shorter than the broadly ligulate usually emarginate staminodia: capsule obovoid, sessile or nearly so, 3 lines long, acute, the cells S-seeded: seeds a line long. Oregon to California. B. congesta Smith 1. c. 3, t. 1. Scapes slender, 2-4 feet high, smooth : leaves carinate, glaucous, 6-18 inches long, 4-9 lines wide : umbel densely few- to many-flowered, often produced into a short dense raceme: pedicels 1-3 lines long: perianth 8-10 lines long, bluish-purple, the oblong-lanceo- late segments twice as long as the tube : anthers very nearly sessile, deeply emarginate at each end, 2-3 lines long : staminodia deeply cleft, exceeding the anthers: capsule sessile, ovate, 5 licies long including the short thick style: cells several-ovuled, usually l-seede4 : seed 2 lines long. Common 644 LII lACEiE broimjejl on rocky hillsides California to l»rit. Columbia. B. mnltiflora Henth. PI Hartvv. 839. irare 1-2 fee t high. Fomewhat scahrous: unihel not produced: ^taniinodia entiie buad and obtuse, al>out equalling the anthers: seeds several iu each cell. From the iSacramento valley to Oiegon. * * Flowers subcapitate; the segments little longer than the tube, stamens H. the inner with a free lanceolate appendage on each side; the outer ones naked. B. capltata Benth. 1. c. Scapes 1-2 f^et hUh: leaves a foot long or more, sonietitnes longer than the scape, 2-10 lines wide, carinate, usually giaucoMs: flowers few to many, nearly ses.«ile or on pedicels 2-U lines long: perianth rather broadly funnelform. 6-10 lines long, fmm l-lneor purple to white: inner anther-i nearly sessile, linear, 2 lines long, slightly shurier than the oblong-lancenlate appendages: tlie outer smaller, on short naued filaments l>roadly tlilated at base: capsule ovoid, sessile. about3 lines long, beaked by the slender style nearly as long: seeds several in each cell, 2 lines long. On dry open ridges, southern Oregon to California. § 2 Tritelia Lindl. Bot. Reg. as genus. Segments of the, perianth equalling or shorter than the tube. Stamens in 2 rows' witli more or less distinctly versatile anthers. Capsule stipitatet B. Douglasil Watson 1. c. Tritelia grandijlora Lindl. Scape 1-3 fee higii, smooth, erect and usually ^t•iUt: leaves 15-18 inches lon^, 2-8 line.^ wide, carinate: umbel subcapitate. usually many flowered: pedicels l-l lines long : perianth 8-12 lines long, dark blue ; the tube subsaccate at base* about as loi.g as the ovate obtuse lobes: anthers oblong, a line long, the lower 3 inserted on the throHt opposite the outer segments attached near the base and erect on very short filaments; the upper 3 inserted on the inner hegments, attached near tlie middle and versatile on short free fila- ments which form below prominent wings within the tube: style slender, about 3 lines long: capsule ovoid, a»out 4 lines l')ng, on a stipe nearly as long: seeds several in each cell. On sandy plains, eastern Oregon and Washington to Wyoming and Utah. B. Howellli Watson 1 c 301. Scape 1-3 feet high: leaves 8-12 inches lontr, 1-4 line? broad: umbel u]ne or piirpliph to nearly white, \'l-\b lines long, the tuhe very narrow and longer than the Fegments : etamens inserted on the throat; tie nearly equal filaments dilated downward, the free portion 1-2 lines long; anthers linear, 2 lines long: cajsule ovoid, 4 lines long, shorter than the stipe, beaked hy the verv slender style: se« ds 2-6 in each cell, \% lines long. On dry ridges in the Coafet Mountains, southern Oregon to California. B. Hendersoni Watson Pioc. Am. Acad, xxiii, 266. Scapes 6-18 im lies high, smooth: leaves as long or longer than the scape. 2-6 lines wide: unibel subcapitate, few- to many-flowered : pedicels slender, 1-2 inches long: perianth an inch long, yellow with blue mi«l veins, the fun- nelform tube nearly as long as the lanceolate segments: stamens inserted at the base of the tube, the filaments adnate to it and winged below, the free portion slender and half as longas the segments: anthers small, oblong, attached near the base: ovary snbglobose, on a stipe as long as the tube of the perianth, beaked by the slender style. On dry ridges, southern Oregon. 3 BREVOORTIA Wood Proc. Philad. Acad. 1867, 82. ScapoFe herbs from coated corm?, with all radical leaves and showy flowers on joint(d pedicels in {-nbcapitate unbels. Peri- anth persistent, broadly tubular, ehoitly 6-saccate at the truncate base, slightly conslrided above, the short segments usually erect, faintly one-nerved. Stimens 3, inserted on the throat opposite the inner Sfpm(n1s, alternate with 3 veiy broad tiuncate (orona- like stamir.cdia: filaments very short, naked: anthers attached by the base, cmarpinate at each end. Ovary stipitate, with elon- gated persistent style : cells 4-6-ovuled. Capsule triangular-ovate, acuminate. Seeds angled, black. B. Ida-Maia Wood 1. c. Fcape slender, 1-3 feet high : leaves 1-2 feet long or II ore. 2-4 lines wide carinate. glaucous: umbel 6-15-flowered : pedi- cels (i-12 lints long or moie: perianth 1-1^ inches long, dark red, the seg- ments ovate, 2-3 lines long, boidered with jiieenif-h yellow : anthers oblong, equallinir the sepm.ents; stamina dia a half »-hoiter, y»llow: capsule on a 8ti|e 2-3 lines long, ovate-oblong, attenuate upward into the somewhat per>istent style : seeds 2 lines long. Along the coast and in the mountains, southern Oregon to California. 4 LEUCOCKINUM Nutt. Gray Lye. N. Y. 110. (1837.) Low acaulescent herbs with short rootstocks, narrow leaves surrounded at base by scarious bracts, and a central sessile umbel of white flowers, the pedicels and ovaries underground, sheathed by the floral bracts. Perianth salverform, persistent, tlie seg- ments several- nerved. Stamens 6: fihiments filiform, inserted below the throat : anthers linear, attached near the base, introrse. Ovary sessile, ovate-oblong: style persistent, elongated and fili- form-tubular, the orifice somewhat enlarged and sliirhtly 3-lobed: ovules several in each c 11. Capsule trianguhir-obovate subcoria- ceous loculi( idallv dehiscent. Seeds oLovate, strongly angled, with a dull black testa, L. montaiiam Nutt. in herb. Gray 1. c. T^eaves 8-15. flat and rather thi«;k, 4-s inches long, 1-3 lines wide, the underjipund poition 1-3 in»hes long, broad, siirrounbt-d by f-earions acuii>h bracts; inner bracts very narrow: flowers 4-fc, on pedicels 6-18 lines loiig from the summit of the 646 LILIACE^ camassia rhizome : tube of the perianth 1-3 inches long ; segments 6-9 lines long : anthers 2-3 lines long: capsule somewhat wrinkled, truncate above 3-4 lines long : seeds 4-6 in each cell. In mountain valleys, eastern Oregon to California, Nebraska and Dakota. 5 CAMASSIA Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1486. (1832.) Perennial herbs with scapose stems from tunicated bulbs, flat leaves and rather large blue to white flowers in simple bracted racemes on jointed pedicels. Perianth of 6 distinct 3-7-nerved persistent segments. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the peri- anth, shorter than its segments: filaments filiform-subulate: an- thers introrse, versatile. OVary sessile, with several ovules in each cell. Style filiform, slightly 3-lobed at the apex, the base persistent. Capsule 3-lobed and angled, thick-membranaceous, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds several in each cell, often more or less compressed or angled, with thin black testa. C. esculenta Lindl. 1. c. Scape rather stout, 1-23^ feet high, from an ovoid bulb }4.-\y^ inches indiametr: leaves lG-i2 inches long, 3-8 lines wide, usually attenuate above and nearly as long as the scape : bracts subulate, 1-2 inches long, acuminate : pedicels shorter than the bracts : perianth somewhat odlique, one of the outer segments turning downward, all of the others upward, dark to light blue, the outer ones narrowly lan- ceolate nearly an inch long, the inner ones broader and abruptly contracted at base to a short claw not twisted over tlie young capsule but loose at its baee, stamens nearly equalling the segments, with oblong anther 1-2 lines long: ovules 16-18 in each'cell : capsule oblong obovate, somewhat narrow- ed at base, rather obtusely angled, 6-12 lines long. Common in wet mead- ows, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky mountains. C. Leichtlinii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xx, 376. Scape rather slen- der 1-2 feet high : leaves about a foot long, 4-6 lines wide, the edges involu- te at the apex and thus apparently attenuate : bracts scarsous or colored, or the lowest ones green, linear-lanceolate, often longer than the bracts : perianth regular or nearly so, dark blue : the segments rather broadly lan- ceolate, an inch or more long, but little longer than the stamens, connivent over the young capsule and at length deciduous together: capsule oblong- obovate, slightly em arginate at the apex, usually 8-10 lines long and shorter than the pedicels : seeds odovate, dull. In wet meadows in the Cascade Mountains Oregon and Washington. C. ' Cnsickii Watson 1. c. xxii, 479. Bulbs clustered (1-12), large, 1-2 inches thick or more, and bearing 8- 20 large glaucous leaves 12-18 inches long, 6-18 lines wide : stem 2-3 feet high : pedicels 6-12 lines long or more : flowers large, pale blue, the narrow segments 3-5-nerved, persistently spreading; capsule oblong, abruptly acute, transversely veined, 6-8 lines long: seeds odovate, shining. On 'slopes of the Eagle Creek Mountains, eastern Oregon. C. azurea Heller Bull. Torr, Bot. Club, xxvi, 547, under Quamasia. Scape 14-16 inches high from a deep seated bulb, glabrous, sparingly leafy below: leaves about % the length of the scape below the inflorescence, 2-3 lines wide, somewhat glaucous beneath : pedicels slender, 10-12 lines long: bracts about as long as the pedicels, bluish or straw-color, chaffy, lanceolate, tapering into a long slender acumination, prominently veined: perianth bright blue, about an inch long, the Fegments persistent, about 2 lines wide, 5-nerved : capsule about % incht s high, 3 angled : seeds shining black. On grassy plains near Montesano Washington HASTiNGSiA LILIACE^ 647 CHLOROGALUM C. Howellli Watson. I. c 135. Scape rather slender, 16-24 inches* high, from an ovoid bulb about an inch in diameter : leaves 6-8, 12-18 inches long, 2-6 lines wide: raceme many-flowered, 12-18 inches lon«^ bracts filiform-subulate, 6-12 lines long: pedicels slender, spreading, 6-18 lines long, longer than the bracts : perianth dark blue or purple, the lance- olate segments 8-10 lines long, regular, opening about 2 P M. remaining open until sunset, then cloasing over the ovary and not opening again, at length deciduous: capsule broadly triangular- ovate, very obtuse, 3 lines long, the cells 2-3-seeded seeds obovoid , shining, a line long. On a gravelly plain east of Grant's Pass, southern Oregon. 6 HASTINGSIA Watson Proc Am. Acad, xiv, 217. Perennial herbs with scape-like sparingly branched stems from coated bulbs, rather numerous all radical flat narrow leaves and numerous small whitish flowers in somewhat panicled bracted racemes on jointed pedicels. Perianth lax, becoming somewhat scarious but persistent, of 6 distinct oblong closely 3-nerved seg- ments. Stamens G adnate to the base of the segments: anthers linear-oblong, versatile. Ovary ovoid, very shortly stipitate : the cells 2-ovuled. Style short, persistent. Seeds oblong, with black shining testa. H. alba Watson 1. c. 242. Bulbs membranously coated, or the outer somephat fibious : stem often stout, erect, 1-2)^ feet high : leaves 12-18 inches long, 2-6 lines wide, attenuate obove: raceme simple or sparingly branched, densely many-flowered: bracts narrowly acuminate, pedicels 1-2 lines long, shorter than the bracts: segments of the perianth about 2% lines long, oblong, obtuse, white or tinged with green cr pink, prominently 3-nerved: stamens about equalling the perianth: capsule broadly ovoid, 3 lines high, very shortly stipitate: seeds oblong, 2 lines long. On dry hill- sides, southern Oregon to California. H, bracteosa Watson 1. c. xx, 377. Bulb narrowly oblong, membran- ously coated: stem 1-3 feet high, often stout: leaves 12-20 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, acuminate above: racemes simple or sparingly branched, loosely many-flowered : bracts filiform-subulate from a broad base, 6-10 lines long or more : pedicels ascending, about 2 lines long: segments of the perianth dull white, lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 lines long, prominently nerved: stamens about half as long as the segments: mature fruit not seen. In marshes near Waldo southern Oregon. 7 CHLOROGALUM Kunth Enum. iv, 683. Coarse herbs with fibrous or membranous coated bulbs, narrow radical leaves, scape-like stems paniculately branched above and small scarious-bracted flowers on jointed pedicels. Perianth white or pinkish, of 6 distinct oblong or narrowly ligulate more or less spreading segments with 3 close but distinct nerves down the middle, at length twisted over the ovary and persistent. Sta- mens 6, a little shorter than the segments, inserted on and adnate to their bases: anthers versatile. Ovary sessile or nearly so, with a pair of ascending ovules in each cell. Style filiform, slightly 3-cleft at the apex, deciduous. Capsule thick-membranaceous, broadly turbinate, 3-lobed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, obovate, with a close thin somewhat rugose blackish testa. 648 LILIACEiE chi.orogaldm LII.IUM > €• pomeridiannm Kunth 1. c. Bulb oblong-ovoid, 2-4 inches in di" ameter, densely covered with coarse broun fibres: stem and spreading "^fmnicie l-t> feet high: leaves «-18 inches long, 3-10 lines wide, carinate, glanc 'US, the margins strongl}' undnlate; the cauiine one or two much shorter and attenuate: flowers numerous, scattered, in a much branched open panicle: bracts lanceolate, 1-2 lines long, acuuiinate: pedicels slender, 6-10 lines long: segnients of the perianth white ^\ith purple veins, 8-10 lines long, linear, opening only in the afternoon and closing over the ovary in the night: capsuled lines high, the valves pinnatfly nerved: seeds 1K~2 lines long. On dry ridges, southern Oregon lo California. 8 LILIUM L. Sp. 3U2. Herbs with simple leafy stems from scaly bulbs, with flat sessile whorled or scattered leaves and usually large flowers in foliaceous- bracted racemes or subumbellate clusters. Pedicels not jointed. Perianth fannelform, of 6 distinct equal deciduous segments with a nectariferous groove toward the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, included : anthers linear to oblong, versatile, extrorse, longitu- dinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, many-ovuled. Style long, clavate, deciduous: stigma 3-lobed. Capsule coriaceons, loculi- cidally dehiscent, somewhat 6-angled. Seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, in 2 rows in each cell, with brownish thin testa. * Flowers white to purplish or red : Fegments of the perianth with long narrow claws, the tips spreading but not revolute. L. Washingtonlanum Kellogg Proc. Calif, Acad, ii, 13. Bulb large, somewhat rhizoraatous and obliq-ie, 2-12 inches long, the scales imbricated, lanceolate, 2-:i inches long, not jointed: stem terete, 1-7 feet high, glab- rous or somewhat Fcabrous: leaves in several whorls of (VIS the upper and lower usually scattered, oblan-'eolate, acute or acutish,3-5 inches long, 8-15 lines wide, more or less undulate: flowers one to many, very fragrant, white, becoming purplish with age, often finely dotted with purple, hori- zontally declinate on stout nearly erect pedicels l-l inches long; segments 3-4 inches long, 3-10 lines wide, the upper third s[)reading: stamens a little shorter, with yellow anthers 5-6 lines long: capsule obovate-oblong, truncate, obtusely angled or sometimes narrowly winiied, 1-lK inches long. Jn loose soil on dry open mountain ridges, Oregon to California. L. rubescens Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 256. Bulb smaller, but little oblique, 1-3 inches in diameter, the thick lanceolate scales about an incli long: stem stout, 1-7 feet high, smooth: leaves glabrou", glnujous beneath, undulite or flat, the lower scattered the upper in 3-7 whorls, ob- lanceolatt*, acute or acntish, 1-t inches long, 6-12 line-* wide: fl )wers usually severa', on ascending pedicels 1-3 inches long, pale Ulac. to white, becoming rose purple, somewhat dotted with brown, segments 1^-3 inches long, the upper third spreading: stamens and style a third shorter: anthers two to three lines long: ovary wing-angled, attenuate downward, half inch long. On wooded hillsides, southern Oregon to California. L. Folanderi Watson 1. c. 377. Bulb small, ovoid, one to two in lines wide, strongly revolute, bright orange thickly dotted with purple within: sta- mens about equalling the style, with yellow oblong anthers 2-3 lines long: capsule short oblong, about an inch long, acutely 6-angled. Common from Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho. L. Pnrdyi Waugh. L. Bakeri Purdy Eryth. v, 104. Bulb ovoid, about an iu-h iu diameter the lanceolate a ute, scales closely appresed: stem 2-6 feet high, rather stout, terete, smooth : leaves lanceolate, mostly in whorls: flowers 1-10: segments of the perianth 13^ inch long, 5 lines wide acute: lower half of segments forming a closely costricted tube from which the upper half spreaiis rotately, tips not recurved, orange red, the lower p'lrtion thickly dotted with maroon spots, very fragrant: stamens a little shorter than the segments, equalling or exceeding ihe style: capsule about an inch long acutely 6-*ngled. In sandy woods along Puget Sound, Washington to Brit. Columbia. 9 FRITILLARFA L. Sp. 303. Perennial herbs with simple leafy stems from scaly bulbs, flat leaves and mostly large nodding flowers in terminal leafy-bracted racemes. Perianth campanulate to faiinelform, of 6 distinct equal concave deciduous se, Menziesii B. & H. Gen. iii, 832. Prosartes Menziesii D. Don. More r less woolly-pubescent: stems 1-3' feet high, diffusely much branched: aves ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or sometimes slightly cordate \) base, 2-6 inches long: flowers in fascicles of 2-5, on slender pedicels 6-10 DispoKUM CONVALLARIACE^ 659 lines long : segments of the perianth nearly erect, acute 6-11 lines long : stamens a third shorter: style usually more or less woolly above and slightly 3-cleft at the apex : ovary nearly smooth : berry oblong-ovate, attenuate above into a short beak, triangular, 8-6-seeded, about 6 lines long, bright salmon -color, In the Coast Ranges, California to Brit. Columbia. * * Leaves acute or shortly acuminate, mostly cordate and clasping : perianth narrow and less gibbous at base : style entire. ■*- Filaments elongated, longer than the anthers. 1), Hookeri B. & H. 1. c. Prosartes Hookeri Torr. More or less rough- pubescent with short spreading hairs : stems slender, 1-2 feet high, diffuse- ly branched : leaves ovate, mostly deeply cordate, rough on the margins and nerves beneath, 1-3 inches long, the uppermost very oblique t flowers 1-6 in the fascicles: segments spreading above, 4-6 lines long, narrowed at base : stamens equalling or a little exceeding the perianth : ovary narrow, more or less pubescent : style entire, exserted, glabrous ; berries usually somewhat pubescent, obovate, obtuse, 4 lines long, 6-peeded. In the Coast Ranges, southern Oregon to California. 1). trachyandrum B. & H. 1. c. Prosartes trachyandra Torr. More or less pubescent with minute stiff hairs : stem slender, 12-18 inches high : leaves ovate to oblong, acute or somewhat acuminate, but slightly or not at all cordate, 1-2 inches long : flowers 1-3 in the fascicles : segments of the perianth lanceolate, acute, 4-5 lines long, ^g longer than the stamens, narrowed at base: anthers minutely hispid: ovary glabrous: berries smooth, with a short stout beak. In the mountains of southern Oregon and northern California. • D. Oregannm B. & H. 1. c. Prosartes Oregana Watson. Stem 1-3 feet high, diffusely much branched, woolly-pubescent above: leaves ovate or orbicular to oblong, more or less acuminate, distinctly cordate at base, 2-4 inches long: flowers usually 1-2 in the fascicles, funnelform : segments of the perianth about 6 lines long, lanceolate, narrowed toward the base to abroad claw: filaments filiform with a dilated base, about 8 lines long: anthers a line long: style filiform, exceeding the stamens : berries ovate, acutish, pubescent, 5-6 lines long, 3-6-8eeded. Common in forests, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. D. trachycarpnm B. & H. 1. c. Prosartes trachycarpa Watson. Pu- bescent, at least when young : stem 1-2 feet high, rather sparingly branch- ed : leaves ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 inches long, acute or short acuminate, rounded or subcordate at base : flowers 1-3 in the fascicles, narrow campanulate : segments of the perianth narrowly oblong or oblan- ceolate, 6-7 lines long : stamens about equalling the perianth : style slender, exceeding the stamens : berries roughened, depressed-globose or somewhat ovoid, 4-5 lines in diameter, 3-18-seeded. In the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington to Nebraska and Manitoba. +- •*- Anthers much longer than the very short filaments. D. paryifolinm B. & H. 1. c. Prosartes parvifolia Wsitson. More or ]e?s pubescent with spreading hairs : stem 6-12 inches high, densely much branched : leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, more or less abruptly acumin- ate, very acute, slightly cordate at base, 6-18 lines long: flowers 1-6 in the fascicles, narrow campanulate: segments of the perianth lanceolate, acute or somewhat acuminate, 4-6 lines long, white, twice as long as the stamens: filaments about a line long, shorter than the lanceolate acute anthers: ovary small, slightly pubescent: style slender, slightly exserted : berries not seen. In the Coast and Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon and northern California. 660 CONVALLARIACEJE clintonia SC0IJ0PI8 5 CLINTONIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 102, 1819. Scapose herbs with slender rootstocks, few broad apparently- radical many-nerved leaves and white or red flowers umbellate upon a scape-like peduncle. Perianth campanulate, of 6 distinct several-nerved equal deciduous segments, stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments, with filiform filaments and oblong to linear versatile anthers, attached on the inner side and laterally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2 to several ovules in each cell. Style slender, deciduous, slightly 2-3-lobed at the summit. Fruit a smooth few- to many-seeded berry, seeds somewhat compressed or angled, with smooth crustaceous brown- ish testa. C nniflora Kunth Enum. v, 159. More or less villous-pubescent throughoat: stems 1-2 inches long, mostly under ground: leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, acute or shortly apiculate, attenuate below to a sheathing petiole, 4-8 inches long by 1-2 wide: peduncle shorter than the leaves, 1- rarely 2-flowered: segments of the perianth white, ob- lanceolate. obtuse, 8-12 lines long % longer than the stamens : style about equalling the stamens; berries blue, oblong, 4-6 lines long, the cells 6-10- seeded. Common in damp forests in the mountains, California to Alaska. €• Andrewsiana Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 150. Nearly glabrous, the inflorescence more or less pubescent : stem stout, 2-6 inches long, mostly under ground : leaves usually 4-6, broadly oblong to oblanceolate, shortly apiculate narrowed below to short petioles or sessile, 6-12 inches long, 2-4 inches wide; peduncle 1-2 feet high, usually with a foliaceous bract: flow- ers deep rose-color, numerous in a terminal umbel and one or more lateral umbellate fascicles : pedicels slender, unequal, 4-12 lines long : perianth gibbous at base, 4-7 lines long : stamens a half shorter, about equalling the style: filaments pubescent: berries 4-5 lines long, the cells 8-10-seeded. In Sequoia forests near the coast, southern Oregon to California. 6 SCOLIOPIS Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 145. Nearly acaulescent glabrous herbs with short fibrous-rooted rhizomes, a pair of thin apparently radical leaves subtended by scarious sheaths and few flowers on long pedicels in a nearly sessile umbel. Perianth of 6 distinct deciduous segments, the 3 outer lanceolate, several-nerved, the 3 inner narrower and 3-nerved. Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the 3 outer segments, with fili- form-subulate filaments, and oblong 2-celled extrorse anthers. Ovary sessile, strongly triquetrous, 1-celled, the thickened angles placentiferous, with about 10 ascending ovules in 2 rows upon each placenta, style very short, persistent : stigmas linear, deep- ly channeled down the inner side. Fruit a thin-walled several- seeded capsule bursting irregularly. Seeds oblong, slightly curved, longitudinally sulcate-striate, with thin close light-colored testa. S. Hallll Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 272. Rhizome short, with numerous long fleshy -fibrous roots : stem not rising above the ground : leaves broably lanceolate, acute, 3-6 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, narrowed below to sheathing petioles: pedicels 1-8, very slender, 2-3 inches long; outer segments of the perianth lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-4 lines long, \% lines wide, narrowed to a claw below, yellowish green speckled with red outside, striped with purple inside, bent outward near the middle, the TBiLLiUM CONVALLARIACEiE 661 upper half spreadina: or deflexed : inner segments linear-spatulate, shorter than the outer ones, incurved and connivent over the stigmas : filaments 1-2 lines long, about half as long as the ovary. On moist mossy banks along mountain streams, western Oregon. 7 TRILLIUM L. Sp. 339. Glabrous erect herbs with short tuber-like rhizomes, short simple stems bearing scarious sheaths at base and 3 flat leaves in a whorl around a single large flower at the summit. Perianth of 6 distinct persistent segments: the 3 outer narrow, green and sepal-like; the 3 inner broader and usually white or red. Stamens 6, hypogyn- ous ; with short filaments and linear, mostly extrorse, anthers. Ovary sessile, 3-6-angled or lobed, 3-celled, with several to many ovules in each cell. Styles 3, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit a 3-celled or imperfectly 1-celled many-seeded berry-like capsule. Seeds ovate, with close thin testa. T. petiolatum Pursh Fl. 544. Stem 3-4 inches high, often scarcely exserted above the basal sheaths : leaves with ovate-elliptic to reniform blade 3-6 inches wide, on stout petioles as long or longer: flower sessile; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, about an inch long: petals dark purple, narrowly oblanceolate, scarcely longer than the sepals, 2-3 lines wide: anthers 6-8 lines long, dark purple: styles 5-6 lines long, recurved; ovary shortly beaked. On rich hillsides and in copses, eastern Oregon and Washington to Idaho. T. chloropetalnm. T. sessile var. chloropetalum Ton. in part. T. sessile var. Calif ornicum Watson. Rhizome oblong to obovate, usually erect, about an inch long: stem 6-18 inches high: leaves broadly rhombic- ovate thickish, usually marked with whitinh blotches, 2-6 inhes long, often broader than long, obtuse, closely sessile : flower sessile : sepals elongated- oblong, obtuse, 10-12 lines long, 3 lines wide: petals white, oblanceolate, obtuse, 1-13^ inches long 3-4 lines wide, erect: anthers nearly sessile, white, about 6 lines long, longer than the stigmas. In wet copses, western Oregon to California. T. OTatnm Pursh Fl. 245. Rhizome oblong 1-2 inches long, horizont- al: stem stout, 1-2 feet high: leaves rhombic-ovate, 3-8 inches long, usually acuminate, cuneately narrowed at base, sessile: peduncle slender, 1-3 inches long: sepals lanceolate, acute 1-2 inches long, 3-4 lines wide: petals broably lanceolate, acute, \%-2% inches long, 4-12 lines wide, white, soon changing to rose-color and dark red : stamens 3-8 lines long; anthers yellow : styles slender, recurved or revolute at the apex. Common in wooded districts, California to Brit. Columbia. T. rivale Watson Proc Am. Acad, xx, 378. Rhizome oblong, 6-10 lines long, horizontal : stem slender, 2-10 inches long, erect or ascending, leaves ovate, obtuse and apiculate to acute or acuminate, 1>2-^ inches long : rounded or subcordate at base, on petioles 4-10 lines long : flower on a slender usually declined peduncle 1-3 inches long: sepals broadly lanceo- late, acute to acuminate 6-10 lines long : petals broadly lanceolate to ovate, acute to acuminate, narrowed below to a claw, but little longer than the sepals, white, speckled with purple near the centre: stamens about equal- ling the short recurved stigmas: capsule slightly if at all lobed. On rocky banks in the Coast Mountains, southern Oregon and adjacent California. Order XCVIII MLANTHACE^ R. Br. Prodr. i, 272. Leafy-stemmed herbs with rootstocks or bulbs, broad or 662 MELANTHACEiE veratrdm grdss-like leaves and perfect, polygamous or dioecious flowers in terminal racemes, panicles or umbels. Perianth of 6 distinct or nearly distinct mostly persistent segment-s. Stamens 6, borne on the base of the perianth- segments. Anthers small, 2-celled or confluently 1-celled, cordate or reniform, mostly extrorsely dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled, superior or partly inferi- or, with few to numerous anatropous or ampfiitropous ovules in each cell. Styles 3, distinct or more or less united. Fruit a mostly septicidal few- to many-seeded capsule. Seeds com- monly appendaged. Embryo small, in copious albumen. * Leaves not rigid nor equitant : flowers usually polygamous : anth- eas 1-celIed, peltate after opening. 1 Veratrnm Stems tall and stout, from a thick rootstock : leaves broad, strongly nerved and plicate. 2 StenautheUa Stem erect, from a coated bulb : leaves linear, keeled : flowers in panicled racemes : perianth nodding, its segments acuminate, without glands. 3 Zy^adenus Stem erect, from a coated bulb : leaves linear : inflorescence racemose or subpaniculate : perianth erect, the segments not acumin- ate, glandular at base- * * Flowers perfect, on bracteolate pedicels in a simple raceme on an equitant-leafy stem from a creeping rootstock : anthers 2-celled, introrse: seeds numerous. 4 Tofleldia Flowers involucrate with 3 scarious united bractlets : fila- ments naked; style short: capsule ovate, 3-beaked: seeds horizontal, not caudate. 5 Abama Bractlets linear : filaments woolly : style none : capsule oblong, attenuate upward : seeds ascending, caudate at each end. * * * Stems stout, very leafy, from a tliick rhizome : leaves very narrow, rigid and rough-margined : flowers perfect, on naked pedicel's in a simple dense raceme. 6 Xerophyllnm Flowers white, on long pedicels: segments 5-7-nerved : seeds few, not appendaged. 1 VERATRUM L. Sp. 1044. Tall perennial herbs with thick rootstocks, broad strongly vein- ed plicate leaves and rather large flowers in a terminal pubescent panicle, the lower flowers mostly staminate only. Perianth of 6 distinct similar segments. Stamens free, with subulate filaments and cordate confluently 1-celled anthers that are peltate after opening. Ovary sessile, 3-celle(l. Styles distinct, stigmatic at the apex. Caps*^ule membranaceous, 3-beaked by the persistent diverging styles, septicidal to the base. Seeds several in each cell, ascending, compressed and margined or winged, with close thin whitish testa. V. virida Ait. Hort, Kew. iii, 422. "^Sterns stout. 2-7 feet high, very leafy: leaves broadly elliptical and acute, or the upper ones lanceolate and acuminate, 3-9 inches long : branches of the simple panicle slender, more or less drooping : bracts foliaceous, lanceolate, usually nearly equalling the VEEATRUM MELANTHACEiE 663 STENA NTH ELLA flowers: segments i>f the perianth oblanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, 4-6 lines long, greenish-yellow, adnate to the attenuate base of the ovary: stamens 2-3 lines long : ovary glabrous : capsule oblong-ovate, acute, 10-12 lines long, many-seeded: seeds 4-5 lines long. In damp woods in the high mountains, Oregon to Alaska and the Eastern States and Canada. V. Californicum Durand Journ. Philad. Acad, iii, 103. ? Stems very stout, 3-10 feet high, very leafy: lower leaves broadly oval, 6-12 inches long, 4-8 inches wide ,obtuse to acute ; the uppermost ones lanceolate, much reduced and bract-like: branches of the panicle slender, ascending: bracts ovate-lanceolate to subulate, shorter or several times longer than the pedicels : segments of the perianth greenish- white, lanceolate, obtuse, attenuate at base, 8-10 lines long, entire, or denticulate above, slightly ad- nate to the ovary : stamens 3-6 lines long : ovary glabrous : capsule an inch or more long. In swamps, Washington to California and Colorado. V. candatnm Heller Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvi. 588. by the descrip- tion dose not differ from the above except in glabrous leaves : it grows m wet meadows, Chehalis County, Washington. 2 STENANTHELLA Rydberg Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 530. Erect glabrous herbs with coated bulbs, few narrow leaves and perfect flowers in bracted racemes or panicles. Perianth of 6 dis- tinct lanceolate acuminate subequal marcescent segments without glands or distinct claw. Stamens 6, shorter than the perianth- segments and inserted on their bases, free. Anthers reniform, confluently 1-celled and peltate after opening. Ovary ovoid, su- perior. Styles 3. Capsule 3-beaked, septicidal to the base. Seeds oblong, winged. S. occidentalis Rydb. 1. c. 531. Stenanthium occidentale Gray. Bulb oblong-ovoid, 4-6 lines in diameter : stem slender, 10-20 inches high : leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 6-12 inches long, 3-12 lines wide: raceme simple, or branched at base : bracts somewhat scarious, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 3-12 lines long: pedicels slender, spreading or recurved, longer than the bracts: flowers campanulate, nodding: segments of the perianth brownish-purple, 6-8 lines long, oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, the tips spreading or recurved : capsule at length strictly erect, 6-8 lines long, attenuate into the elongated slender styles: seeds linear, flat, winged, 3^ lines long. On rocky banks and bluffs, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Idaho. 3 ZYGADENUS Michx. Fl. i, 213. (1803.) Erect herbs with coated bulbs, leafy stems, linear leaves and rather small white or yellowish flowers in terminal glabrous pan- icles or racemes, perianth of 6 distinct similar marcescent segments bearing 1 or 2 glands just above the narrowed base. Stamens free from the perianth-segments and about equalling them in length : anthers cordate or reniform, confluently 1-celled. Capsule 3-lobed and 3-celled, the cells not diverging, dehiscent to the base, seeds several or numerous in each cell, oblong or linear, angled. * Flowers rather large, mostly perfect. Z. elegans Pursh Fl. 241. Stem 6 inches to 3 feet high : leaves glau- cous, 2-6 lines broad : raceme simple, or sparingly branched below, often few-flowered: bracts ovate lanceolate, usually purplish : perianth adnate to the base of the ovary, its segments broad, oval or obovate, obtuse, 4-5 lines 664 MELANTHACEiE zygadenus TOFIELDIA the inner abruptly contracted to a broad claw ; gland obcordate : styles about 2 lines long: seeds oblong, angular, not margined, 2 lines long. In moist places, eastern Oregon to Alaska and Illinois. Z Boa^lasii Torr. Pac. R. Eep. vii, Z. Fremonti Watson. Stem rather stout, l%-2}4, feet high : leaves 6-12 lines wide, nearly as long as the stem: bracts mostly green, ovate, acuminate, 6-15 lines long; pedicels stoutish, 1-2 inches long, exceeding the bracts : perianth-segments white or yellowish, free from the ovary, 5-7 lines long, the outer not clawed, the inner contracted to a broad claw : glands irregular, toothed on the upper margin : stamens about half as long as the segments : styles about a line long : capsule 6-12 lines long : seeds less than 2 lines long. Along the coast, southern Oregon to California. * * Flowers smaller, polygamous. Z. paniculatns Watson Bot. King 343. Stem usually stout, 1-2 feet high ; leaves 6-8 inches long, usually all sheathing, roughish on both sides, mostly falcate: raceme usually panicled, many-flowered: bracts mostly scarious, shorter than the pedicels: segments of the perianth 1-2 lines long, oblong, acute, rather abruptly contracted to a claw : gland not very definately margined, often reaching nearly to the middle of the blade: stamens equalling or longer than the segments : capsule oblong-ovate, 6-12 lines long. On dry foothills, eastern Oregon and Washington to Montana and Nevada. Z. venenosus Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 279. Stem rather slen- der, 8-30 inches high: leaves 4-15 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, scabrous, the cauline not sheathing: racemes usually simple, with narrow scarious bracts: perianth free from the ovary, its segments triangular- ovate to elliptical, obtuse or rarely acutish, 2-3 lines long, all abruptly contracted to a short glandular claw, the blade rounded or subcordate at base: gland extending slightly above the claw, with a well defined irregular margin : stamens longer than the segments ; capsule 4-6 lines long : seeds \.%-2% lines long. Common in meadows, California to Brit. Columbia and IJtah. Z. intermedius Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxvii, 535. Stem rath- er stout, 1-2 feet high : leaves scabrous on the margins and midrib, 6 inches or more long, 3-5 lines wide, keeled and sometimes conduplicate, all with conspicuous scarious sheaths at base : raceme rather long : seg- mentf of the perianth 3-4 lines long, obtuse, the outer ones broadly ovate and acute or rounded at base, short-clawed, the inner oblong, subcordate at base, with a claw half a line long : gland almost serai-orbicular, the upper margin toothed but thin and not well defined. Idaho to Montana and Utah. Z. graminens Rydb. 1. c. Stem slender. 8-14 inches high: leaves narrowly hnear, scabrous on the margins and midrib, 4-8 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, conduplicate and somewhat falcate, all with distinct scarious sheaths surrounding the stem: racemes rather short: bracts scarious, lanceolate, long-acuminate : outer segments of the perianth broadly ovate, obtuse, acute at base and very short-clawed, inner ones ovate obtuse, sub- cordate at base, with a claw about a line long : gland almost semiorbicular, the upper edge toothed but thin and not well-defined : capsule elongated- ovoid, 4-5 lines long. Idaho to Albertia and Nebraska. 4 TOFIELDIA Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 157. (1778.) Perennial herbs with short running rootstocks, fibrous roots, erect stems, linear somewhat 2-ranked and equitant leaves clus- tered at the base and small perfect white or greenish flowers in a terminal bracted raceme, the flowers usually involucrate by 3 TOFiRLDiA MELA NTH ACE^ 665 ABAMA scarious more or less united bractlets on the pedicel. Perianth of 6 distinct 3-nerved persistent segments. Stamens 6, equalling the segments and inserted at their bases: filaments narrowly subulate: anthers round-cordate, attached by the base, 2-celled, laterally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 3-lobed and 3-celled, with several ovule? attached to the inner angle in each cell. Styles short, distinct, with small terminal stigmas. Capsule membran- aceous or rigid, beaked by the 3 persistent styles, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds several to many, with thin membranous testa, often tailed. T. glntinosa Pers. Syn. i, 399. Stem viscid -pubescent with black glands, 6-20 inches hisih, bearing 2-4 leaves near the base: ra'lical leaves tufted, 8-7 inches long, 1-8 lines wide : raceme oblong, the upper flowers first appearing: pedicels commonly clustered in S's, ascending viscid- pubescent, becoming 2-6 lines long in fruit : involucral bracts minute, united nearly or quite to their apices, borne just below the flower : segments of the perianth oblong, mostlv obtuse, about 2 lines long, membranous: capsule oblong, about 3 lines high, 3-valved : seeds tailed at both ends. In mountain marshes, Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent. T. iutermedia Rj'db. Bull. Torr. Bot, Club, xxvii, 528, Stem slen- der, about a foot high, viscid-pubescent with black glands above, leafy below: leaves 3-10 inches long, ^-3 lines wide: raceme dense, 6-12 lines long: bracts broad ovate : pedicels usually 3 together, a line or less long : involucral bracts 3, broadly triangular, united for % their length: segments of the perianth oblong, about a line long, acute, bright white, drying yel- lowish: capsule ovoid, about 3 lines long : seeds appendaged. In mountain marshes, Oregon to Alaska. T. occidentalis Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 283. Stem stout, 1-3 feet high, glandular above, sparingly leafy below : leaves 2-12 inches long, numerous: raceme 1-2 inches long, dense: pedicels 2-3 together, 2-3 lines long, viscid below the involucral bracts which are united to the middle : segments of the perianth oblong, about 3 lines long: capsule obovate, 3-4 lines long, long-beaked : seeds angular- ovate, with loose white spongy testa and a slender tail at the outer end nearly as long as the body. In marshes, northern California to the Cascade Mountains in Washington. 5 ABAMA. Adans. Fam. PL ii, 47. (1763.) NARTHECIUM Jv8s. Gen. 47. (1789.) Perennial herbs with creeping or horizontal rootstocks, fibrous roots, erect simple stems, linear grass-like leaves and small per- fect flowers in terminal bracted racemes, the pedicels bracteolate near the middle. Perianth of 6 distinct persistent segments. Stamens 6, hypogynous, distinct: filaments subulate, pubescent : anthers linear, attached by the base, introrse. Ovary sessile, linear- oblong, 3-celled, many-ovuled, attenuate upward to the small slightly lobed stigma. Capsule thin-chartaceous, loculicid- ally 3-valved.. Seeds numerous ascending from near the base, small and linear, with thin transparent testa, and a long bristle- like tail at each end. A. Californica Heller. Narthecium Californicum Baker, Rootstocks slender, with scarious scales at the nodes : stems slender, densely tufted, 10-20 inches high : radical leaves 5-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, cauline 666 PONTEDERIICE^ xebophyllum HETEEANTHEBA 2 or 3, short: raceme loose, becoming 3-15 inches long, 30-40-flowered: pedicels 3-6 lines long, twice longer than the linear-lanceolate bracts and bractlets : segments of the perianth 3-4 lines long, a third longer than the stamens, bright yellow : filaments woolly except near the top : capsule ex- serted, the cells 10-15-seeded. In marshes in the Coast Mountains, south- ern Oregon and northern California. 6 XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Fl. i, 210. (1803.) Tall perennial herbs with thick short woody rootstocks, coarse fibrous roots, simple erect leafy stems, narrow linear serrulate persistent leaves and many small white flowers in a terminal ra- ceme. Perianth of 6 distinct several-nerved persistent segments. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the segments, wdth filiform- subulate filaments and rounded extrorse laterally dehiscent an- thers. Ovary sessile, ovate, 8-lobed, with 1-2 pairs of ovules in each cell. Capsule chartaceous, loculicidally dehiscent to the base, and sometimes also septicidal. Seeds 2-4 in each cell, as- cending, oblong, somew^hat triangular-flattened, with thin longi- tudinally wrinkled, rather light-colored testa. X. tenax Nutt. Gen. i, 235. Rootstock often an inch thick or more: stems stout, 2-6 feet high, leafy below: radical leaves numerous, 1-3 feet long, about 2 lines wide, flat above, rather rigid ; cauline leaves shorter, scattered, gradually reduced udward: racemes at first dense, elongating and becoming 1-2 feet long : lower bracts foliaceous and serrulate, the up- per scarious and often upon the lower part of the pedicel: pedicels an inch or two long, erect in fruit : segments of the perianth 4-5 lines long, scarcely equalling the stamens: styles 2 lines long: capsule broadly ovate, acute, nearly 3 lines long, 3-valved : seeds narrowly oblong. Common in the high mountains, California to Brit. Columbia and Idaho. X. Douglasii Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, 284. " Pedicels shorter, (6-15 lines long) : flowers smaller, the segments (2)^ lines long) exceeding the stamens : styles a line long : capsule cordate-ovate, 2 lines long, 6-valved, the abruptly acute cells separating and then dehiscing : seeds shorter and broader. Oregon to Montana. " Order XCIX PONTEDERIACE^ Dumort. Fam. 59. (1829) Perennial aquatic or bog plants with grass-like or petioled thick leaves and perfect more or less irregular solitary or spiked flowers subtended by leaf-like spathes, Perianth free from the ovary, corolla-like, 6-parted. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube or the base of the perianth: filaments filiform, dilated at base or thickened at the middle: anthers 2-celled, linear- oblong or rarely ovate. Ovary 3-celled with the placentae in the axis, or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae. Style filiform or columnar , with terminal entire or minutely toothed stigma, ovules ana- tropous, numerous, sometimes only one of them perfect. Fruit a many-seeded capsule or 1-seeded utricle. Embryo central, cylindrical, in copious albumen. 1 HETERANTHERA R. & P, Prodr. Fl. Per. 9. (1794.) Herbs with creeping, ascending or floating stems, grass-like or petioled leaves and small yellow, white or blue flowers subtended HETKRANTHERA ARACE^ 667 LYSICHITON by a spathe. Lobes of the perianth nearly or quit€ equal, linear. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat of the perianth. Ovary fusi- form, completely or incompletel}^ 3-celled by the intrusion of the placentae: ovules numerous: stigma 8-lobed. Fruit an ovoid many-seeded capsule enclosed in the marcescent tube of the perianth. Seeds ovoid, striate. H. dubia Mac M. Met. Miun. 138. Schollera graminifolia Willd, Aquatic perennial : stem slender, forked, often rooting at the nodes. 1-4 feet long ; leaves linear, flat, acute, their sheaths thin, furnished at the top with small acute stipule-like appendages : spathes 1- or 2-flowered : flowers light yellow : perianth-segments narrow, 3-4 lines long, the tube 1-3 inches Iqng; capsule 1-celled, torulose, 3-4 lines long. In ponds, Oregon to Cali- fornia and the Atlantic States. Order C ARACEiE Neck. Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. ii, 462. Glabrous perennial herbs with all radical or alternate leaves and perfect, monoecious or dioecious flowers sessile and crowded upon a spadix which is surrounded by a simple spathe. Peri- anth none, or of 4 scale-like segments. Stamens 4 in our spe- cies: filaments very short: anthers 2-celled, opening by pores or slits. Ovary one- to several-celled, with one to several ovules in each cell. Style short or wanting: with terminal mostly minute and sessile stigma. Seeds various, mostly minute and albuminous. 1 LYSICHITON Schott Prodr. Aroid. 421. Acaulescent swamp herbs with large flat leaves from a thick horizontal rootstock and numerous small flowers on a spdix sur- rounded by a spathe with a sheathing base that at first envelopes it but at length becoming long exserted upon a stout peduncle. Flowers perfect, crowded and covering the spadix, with 4-lobed perianth and 4 stamens opposite to the lobes. Filaments short and flat : anthers 2-celled, opening upward. Ovary conical, 2- celled, with 2 horizontal orthotropous ovuls. Stigma depressed. Fruit fleshy, somewhat immersed in the rachis and coalescent. L. Kamtschatcensis Schott 1. c. Leaves 1-4 feet long, 3-18 inches wide, oblong to oblong lanceolate, acute, narrowed below to a short mar- gined petiole or sessile : spathe yellow, with a broad acute blade 2-6 inches long, narrowed below to a sheathing petiole 3-10 inches long: peduncle* very stout, 8-12 inches long ; spadix broader, 2-4 inches long, densely flowered. Common in swamps, California to Alaska and Kamtschatka. Order CI TYPHACE^ J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i, 60. ' Aquatic perennial herbs with creeping rootstpcks, cylindrical solid stems, alternate linear entire sessile leaves and monoecious flowers in heads or on a spadix without perianth, the upper staminate, the lower pistillate. Stamens and ovaries intermixed with bristles or scales^. Anthers linear, longitudinally dehis- cent. Ovaries one- or two-celled, oiie-ovuled, with slender style and one-sided stigmas. Fruit nut-like. Seeds pendulous, ana- 668 TYPHACEiE sparganium TYPHA tropous, with straight axile embryo and copious albumen. 1 Sparganium Flowers in globular heads with foliaceous bracts. 2 Typha Flowers in a cylindrical compact terminal spike. 1 SPARGANIUM L. Sp. 971. Aquatic herbs with erect or floating stems, linear alternate leaves and small flowers densely crowded in globose heads on the upper part ot the stem and branches, the staminate heads uppermost. Spathes linear, immediately beneath or at a distance below the head. Perianth represented by a few chaify scales. Stamens usually 5, with distinct filaments and oblong or cuneate anthers. Ovary sessile, mostly 1-celled. Fruit nut-like. S. eurycarpum Engelm. in Gray's Man. ed. 2, 430. Stems stout, 2 -8 feet high, branching: leaves linear, flat, slightly keeled, the lowest 2-6 feet long, the upper shorter : staminate heads numerous ; pistillate heads 2-4 on the stem or branch, sessile or peduncled, compact, 10-16 lines in di- ameter when mature : style 1 ; stigmas 1 or 2 : nutlets sessile, 3-5 lines long, obtusely 4-5-angled, narrowed at base, the top rounded, flattened or de- pressed, abruptly tipped with the style : scales as long or nearly as long as the fruit, and as many as its angles, often with 2 or 3 outer ones, some- what spatulate, the apex rounded and denticulate or erose. In marshes and along streams, California to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States. S. androcladum Morong Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xv, 78. Stems slen- der, more or less branching 10-20 inches high ; pistillate heads 3-7, sessile or the lowest peduncled: style 1 : stigmas 1, rarely 2: heads 6-12 lines in diameter when mature : scales oblong, as long as the nutlets or shorter : nutlets fusiform, 2-3 lines long, often strongly contracted at the middle, tapering into the style, pedicelled. In ponds, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States. S. simplex Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 401. Stems slender, 2-20 inches high, simple: leaves more or less triquetrous, 2-4 lines wide : staminate heads 4-7, pistillate 2-6, sessil, or the lowest peduncled, 5-8 lines in diameter when mature : scales about half as long as the nutlets, denticulate : nutlets fusiform or narrowly oblong, obtusely angled at the apex; more or lees contracted in the middle, pedicelled: stigma linear, as long as the style Borders of ponds and streams, California to Alaska and across the Continent* Tar. angnstifolium Engelm. in Gray Man. ed. 5, 481. Floating in deep water: leaves very long, 1-2 lines wide, their sheaths often inflated at base : pistillate heads 1-4, 3-7 lines in diameter. In mountain lakes and slow streams, California to Oregon Newfoundland and New York. S. minimnm Fries Sum. Veg. ii, 560. Floating: stems very slender, 4 inches to 3 feet long: leaves very thin and lax, 1-3 lines wide: stamioate heads 1 or 2, pistillate 1-3, sessile 2-5 lines in diameter when mature; pcales about half as long as the fruit, denticulate : stigmas oval, often oblique: nutlets ovoid, slightly triangular, tapering abruptly into the style, 1-2 lines long sessile or nearly so. In ponds and streams, Oregon to Utah, Michi- gan, New Jersey and New Brunswic. TYPHA L. Sp. 971. Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, simple erect , terete stems, linear flat ensiform leaves with sheathing base, and very numerous small flowers in dense terminal spikes subtended by spathaceous usually fugaceous bracts, the staminate spikes , lYPHA LKMNACE^ 669 LEMNA uppermost. Ovaries long-stipitaie, 1 -celled, surrounded by num- erous bristles and clavate rudimentary ovaries. Styles filiform. Fruit nut-like, small, usually splitting on one side. Seeds linear striate. T, latifolia L. Sp. 971. Stems stout, 4-8 feet high: leaves nearly equalling or exceeding the stem, 3-12 lines wide: pistillate spike dark brown or black, at length an inch in diameter; the staminate portion usu- ally contiguous, each 3-12 inches long: pollen grains in 4'8: pistillate flowers without bracts : stigmas rhomboid or spatulate. In marshes throughout North America, Europe and -tisia, except the extreme north. T. angnstifolia L. Sp. 971. Stems slender, 2-10 feet high; leaves 2-6 lines wide, somewhat convex on the back : spikes light brown, the stamin- ate and pistillate portions usually distant, the two together sometimes 15 inches long, the pistillate portion when mature 2-8 lines in diameter and provided with bractlets : pollen grains simple: stigmas linear or linear-ob- long. In marshes, California and Oregon to the Eastern States and Europe. Order CII LEMNACEiE Dumort. Fl. Belg. 147. (1827.) Very small floating stemless herbaceous plants consisting of flattened disk-like fronds with one or more rootlets from the middle below, and monoecious flowers without perianth imbed- ded in the frond. Flowers consisting of 1-2 stamens or a flask- shaped 1- celled several-ovuled pistil. Style simple, with fiin- nelform stigma. Fruit a 1-6-seeded utricle. Seeds compara- tively large, with straight axile embryo, albuminous. 1 Lemna Frond 1-5-nerved, with a single rootlet. 2 Spirodela Frond 7-11-nerved, with several rootlets. 1 LEMNA L. Sp. 970. Fronds 1-5-nerved, containing numerous acicular raphides, destitute of vascular tissue proliferous from a lateral slit, usually on each side near the base, with a single rootlet. Flowers mar- ginal, bracteate, diandrous. Filaments slender: anthers didymous, each cell bilocular by a transverse partition, dehiscing transverse- ly. Seeds 1-6, mostly ribbed. L. trisnlca L. Sp. 970. Fronds thin, oblong or oblanceolate, 6-9 lines long, attenuate at base into a slender stalk, very obscurely 3-nerved, often without rootlets, usually several series of offshoots remaining connected: bracts sac-like: seeds ovate, amphitropous, with small round operculum. Jn ponds' throughout most of North America : also in Europe and Asia. L. minor L. Sp. 970. Fronds round to elliptic-ovate, 1-3 lines in di- ameter, rather thick, very obscurely 3-nerved : seeds oblong-obovate, amphitropous, with prominent rounded operculum. Common in ponds in all parts of ihe world. 2 SPIRODELA Schleiden Linn. xiii. 391. (1839.) Fronds 7-12-nerved. Rootlets several, with axile vascular tisue. Anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and longi- tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-ovuled. S. polyrhiza Schleiden 1. c. Fronds round-obovate, 2-5 lines long, thick, flat and dark green above, slightly convex and purple beneath, pal- 670 VALLISNERIACEiE philotrja mately 5-10-nerved, each with a central chister of 2-11 elongated rootlets. Common in still water throughout most parts of the world. Order CIII VALLISNERIACE^ Dumort. Anal. Fam. 54. Submerged or floating aquatic herbs with various leaves and regular mostly dicecious flowers. Perianth 3-6-parted: the segments all petaloid, or the outer ones smaller and herbaceous, the tube adherent to the ovary at its base. Stamens 3-1'J, dis- tinct or monadelphous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae or 6-9-celled. Styles 3-9, with entire or 2-cleft stigmas. Fruit an indehiscent few-many-seeded utricle, ripening under water. 1 PHILOTRIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. ii, 175. Aquatic perennial herbs with leafy branched stems, numerous opposite or whorled sessile 1-nerved leaves and small flowers in membranaceous spathes. Flowers poygamo-dioecious, solitar}^ and sessile in an axillary spathe. Perianth small in the stamin- ate flowers with 3 scan^ely united greenish sepals and as many narrow petals: the pistillate with greatly elongated filiform tube and 6-parted spreading limb. Stamens 3-9, with short filaments united at base. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, few- ovuled. Style coherent with the perianth- tube: stigmas 3, bifid or emarginate. Fruit a few-seeded utricle. P. Canadensis Britton'^Science (II) ii, 5. Anacharis Canadensis PL Stems 4 inches to 3 feet long, according to the debth of the water, much branched: leaves linear or elliptic, acute or obtuse, serrulate or entire, 2-7 lines long, 1-2 lines wide: flowers axillary, the staminate minute, sessile, breaking off at the time of flowering and rising to the surface where they shed their pollen : pistillate flowers expanding on the surface of the water which they reach by the elongation of the slender tube which varies in length from 2-12 inches : stigmas spreading, papillose or pubescent. Com- mon in ponds, nearly throughout North America. Order CIV NAIADACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 366. Aquatic herbs with slender often branching leafy stems, flat or filiform leaves and perfect, monoecious or dioecious flowers in axillary spikes or solitary or spadaceous. Perianth of 4 seg- ments or a hyaline envelope or wanting. Stamens 1-4, rarely more, distinct and hypogynous in the perfect flowers, solitary or connate in the sterile. Anthers extrorse, 1-2-celled. Ovaries 1- 6, distinct, or rarely connate, 1-celled, mostly 1-ovuled . Fruit follicular or capsular or an indehiscent berry or utricle. Em- bryo large, often curved. Albumen none. * Perianth membranaceous and cup-shaped or none. •*- Flowers monoecious ar dioecious: ovary solitary, sessile: stamen 1. 1 Naias Stems slender, with opposite or ternate leaves : flowers dioecious' solitary or clustered, axillary : perianth none in pistillate flowers, cup- shaped and membranaceous in staminate: style with 2-4 subu /ate stigmas NAI18 NAIADACEiE 671 2 Zostera Stems slender, from creeping rootstocks : perianth wanting : ovaries and stamens alternate in 2 vertical rows on the inner side of a margined leaf-like enclosed spadix: ovaries pendulous: stigmas 2. 3 Phyllospadix Stems floating, from creeping rootstocks: flowers dioeci- ous, without perianth : anthers sessile, in 2 rows on a spadix : ovaries in 2 rows on the inner side of a margined enclosed spadix, ascending: stigmad 2, linear, sessile. 4 Lilaea Annual stem less plants : flowers monoecious ; staminate in close spikes on scapes under a single bract; pistillate flowers at the base of the leaves with very long styles, or in dense heads on scapes ; stigmas capitate •*- •*- Ovaries about 4, nearly sessile, becoming more or less stipitate. i Zannichellia Leaves opposite : flowers montecious, axillary or nearly so : anther solitary, on a slender naked filament : pistillate flowers solitary, with a cup-shaped membranaceous spathe or perianth: stigma peltate. 6 Ruppia Le»v«8 alternate : flowers perfect, 2 or more on an enclosed spadix, at length long-exserted, without perianth : anthers 2, sessile : stigma depressed. * * Flowers perfect, with herbaceous 4 parted perianth, in a ped uncled spike. 7 Potamo^eton Ovaries and anthers 4, sessile : stigma sessile. 1 NAIAS L. Sp. 1015. Slender branching aquatic wholly submerged plants with oppo- site, alternate or verticellate leaves with sheathing bases, and in- conspicuous monoecious or dioecious flowers in axillary clusters or solitary. Staminate flowers of a single stamen and a membranous tubular 4-lobed perianth within a small cup-shaped membranous spathe. Anther 4-celled. nearly sessile : pollen granular Pistil- late flowers without perianth or spathe, the oblong ovary termin- ated by a short style and 3-4 narrowly subulate stigmas. Fruit a membranous utricle, filled by the single erect anatropous seed. N flexilis Rost. & Schmidt Fl. Sed. 384. Stem slender, dichotomous- ly much branched 6-18 inches long : leaves linear, acuminate or abruptly acute, 6-12 lines long. 3^-1 line wide, numerous and crowded upon the up- per part of the branches, with 25-30 minute teeth on each side; sheaths obliquely rounded, with 5-10 teeth on each margin : fruit ellipsoid, with very thin pericarp, 1-2 lines long: style long, persistent; stigmas short: seed smooth, shining, straw-color, sculptured with 30-40 rows of nearly square or hexagonal reticulations. In ponds and streams, throughout nearly all parts of North America: also in Europe. N. Gaadalupensis Morong Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, iii, 60. Stem near- ly capillary 1-2 feet long, widely branched from the base: leaves numerous, 6-9 lines long, )^-K line wide, acute, opposite or in fascicles of 2-5, fre- quently recurved, with 40-50 teeth on each margin: fruit about a line long; pericarp dark and strongly marked by 15-20 rows of hexagonal or rectangu- lar reticulations which are transversely oblong: seed straw-color, not shining. In ponds and streams, Oregon to Nebraska and Texas : also in tropical America. 2 ZOSTERA L. Sp. 968. Marine plants with creeping rootstocks, branching compressed 672 NAlADACEiE zosteka PHYLI.OSPADIX stems, long grass-like entire few-nerved leaves and inconspicuous flowers on an enclosed ;spadix. Flowers monoecious, without perianth, the single stamens and ovaries arranged alternately in 2 rows upon the face of a linear-oblong leaf-like sessile spadix en- closed in the dilated membranous base of a leaf. Anther 1-celled, sessile ; pollen thread-like. Ovary attached near its apex, beaked by a short style with 2 .linear deciduous stigmas, with a single pendulous orthotropous ovule. Fruit utricular, oblong. Seed with subcrustaceous testa. Embrj^o split longitudinally and en- closing the long linear curved plumule. > Z. marina L. iSp. 968. Stems rather fleshy, 1-7 feet long: leaves rib- bonlike, obtuse at the apex, 1-8 feet long, 2-4 lines wide, with 3-7 principal nerves: spadix 1-3 inches long: flowers crowded, usually from 10-20 of each kind on the spadix : at anthesis the stigmas are thrust through the opening of the spathe and drop off before the anthers of the same spadix open : the anthers at maturity work their way out pnd shed their glutinous stringy pollen into the water: seeds cylindric, strongly about 20 ribbed, about \}4. lines lone, truncate at both ends. In bays and streams along the coast, Alaska to California and on the Atlantic coast and Europe. Z. latifolia Morong, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, iii, 63. Rootstocks very thick : stems stout 2-10 feet long: leaves 2-4 feet long, 3-6 lines wide, the broadest 10-13-nerved : spadix 2-3 inches long: fruit 1)^-2 lines long, cylindric, with a stratght beak as long as itsself and attached to the spadix by a short stipe, distinctly 20-25-costate. In bays, Puget ^ound to Calif. 3 PHYLLOSPADIX Hook. Fl. ii, 171. Perennial marine herbs with thick rootstocks, slend^jr stems'* elongated linear leaves and inconspicuous dioecious flowers on a spadix. Staminate flowers of numerous sessile anthers in 2 rows crowded upon a apadix. Anthers 1-celled dehiscing by a vertical slit, dorsally attached near the middle: pollen thread-like. Pis- tillate flowers of sessile ovaries attached above the base, attenuate into a short style. Stigmas 2, capillary. Fruit a coriaceous utricle. P. Scouleri Hook. 1. c. Stems very stout, an inch or two high, bear- ing solitary spathes : leaves 2-6 feet long, 1-2 lines wide, 3-nerved, with many fine striae between the nerves: spadix appendages on both kinds of flowers elliptical, about 6 lines long; fruit broadly flattened, the lobes half as broad as the body. On rocks that are exposed at low tide along the coast, Oregon to Alaska. 4 "LlhJF.k Humb. &. Bonpl. PI. Ag. i, 221. (1808.) Annual acaulescent paludose plants with terete leaves and dimorphous flowers sessile among the leaves and in heads on sim- ple scapes. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same or separ- ate heads, without perianth. Stamens solitarv. Anthers nearly sessile, rounded, 2-celled, subtended by a hyaline bract. Ovaries naked, sessile and erect in the axils of the leaves with very long styles and in heads on exserted scapes with short styles. 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Stigma capitate. Fruit coriaceous, ovoid, inde- hiscent, compressed and ribbed, the upper narrowly winged, the LiLJ?A NAI ADAGES 673 ZANNICHELLIA lower wingless and laterally toothed at the summit, Seed with membranous testa and straight narrow embryo. L. subnlata Humb. & Boupl. 1. c. Leaves 6 inches to 2 feet long or more, 1-2 lines thick: heads crowded, 6-12 lines long, on scapes shorter than the leaves: staminate bracts narrowly oblong, obtuse, )^ line long, twice longer than the anthers : radical fruits 3 lines long, the filiform styles often nearly as long as the scapes : upper fruits elliptical, acute, somewhat smaller. In shallow water or mud, Vancouver Island to South America. 5 ZANNICHELLIA L. Sp. 969. Very slender immersed branching aquatic herbs with filiform flattened mostly opposite leaves, with small free membranous stipules,and inconspicuous monoecious flowers in axillary clusters. Staminate flowers of a single naked stamen with elongated fila- ment and 2-celled anther. Pistillate flowers usually in the same axils, of 2-5 sessile or shortly stipitate ovaries in a membranous cup-shaped perianth or spathe: style short, with peltate stigma. Ovule solitary, suspended. Fruit an obliquely oblong coriaceous nutlet, somewhat compressed, beaked by the short style. Seeds with membranous testa. Embryo slender, the attenuate ootyle- donary end bent into a coil. Z. palustris L. Sp. 969. Stems 2 inches to 2 feet long, branching and leafy : leaves about 3 inches long. ^^^ line or less wide, thin, 1-nerved: fruit sometimes incurved, often more or less toothed on the back. 1-1)^ lines long, about twice longer than the style, usually becoming shortly stipitate and often also pedunculate. In fresh-water ponds and slow streams, throughout most partb of the World. 6 RUPPIA L. Sp. 127. Slender branching submersed herbs growing in brackish or salt water, with filiform or capillary alternate leaves, with broadly sheathing bases, and small perfect flowers enclosed in the base of the leaves. Flowers on a capillary spadix-like peduncle, without perianth, consisting of 2 sessile antners, each with 2 separate cells, dttached by the back to the peduncle, having between them sev- eral pistillate flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the whole at first enclosed in the base of a leaf, the peduncle at length long exserted and bearing the ovaries in 2 clusters at the end. Ovaries at first sessile, with nearly sessile depres^^ed stigmas and solitary suspended camplytropous ovules. Fruit obliquely ovoid, very shortly beaked, on elongated slender stipes, hard and drupe- like. Seed with membranous testa. Embryo ovoid, with short cotyledon and short lateral plumule. E. maritima L. Sp. 157. Stems elongated, filiform, 6-20 inches or more high, leafy : leaves 2-4 inches long. }/^ line wide, with usually broadly dilated bases: flowers 2-8, in a short close spike: fruiting peduncle H-6 inches long, contorted: fruit \% lines long, the stipe 1-12 lines long. In brackish or salt pools along the coast. Alaska to California, and in most parts of the world. 674 NAIADACEiE potamogeton 7 POTAMOGETON L. Sp. 126. Submersed aquatic herbs with slender jointed branching stems, mosily alternate leaves with scarious stipules and perfect flowers in peduncled axillary spikes. Perianth herbaceous, of 4 narrow valvate segments. Stamens 4, opposite to the segments, with nearly sessile 2-celled anthers. Ovaries usually 4 and sessile, with oblique depressed niearly sessile stigmas and solitary ascend- ing campylotropous ovules. Fruit somewhat compressed, ovate, drupe-like, with a crustaceous nutlet within. Seed with mem- branous testa and strongly curved or spiral embryo. * Floating leaves more or less coriaceous, with a dilated petioled blade, different in form from the thinner submerged ones : stipules free : spikes cylindrical, mostly dense, not interrupted. P. natans L. Sp. 126. Stems 1-4 feet long, simple or sparingly bran- ched: floating leaves thick, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, acutish, slightly cordate at base, usually 2-3 inches long, mostly shorter than the petiole, 21-29-nerved: stipules long and conspicuous, acute or acuminate ; upper submersed leaves often with a small lanceolate blade, the lower reduced to petioles : peducles stout, bearing an eraersed spike 1-2 inches long : fruit turgid, obliquely obovate, acute, 2 lines long: nutlets with a small deep pit on each side : embryo nearly circular. In ponds and ditches, Alaska to California and across the Continent: olso in Europe and Asia. F. amplifolias Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. (11) vi, 225. Stems often stout, simple : floating leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly rounded or slightly cordate at base, 2-4 inches long, 30-50-nerved, on peti- oles about as long as the blade; stipules large and conspicuous : submerged leaves often very large, mostly falcate and somewhat undulate, acute, at- tenuate to a usually short petiole : spikes thick and often dense, 1-3 inches long, on very short peduncles: fruit over 2 lines long, 3-keeled, with a broad stout beak : sides of the nutlet not pitted : embryo slender, the coty- ledon incurved. In ponds and streams, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States. P. pnlcher Tuckerm. Am Journ. Sci. xlv, 38. Stems simple, terete, black-spotted, 1-2 feet long : floating leaves usually massed at the top on short lateral branches, ovate or round-ovate, subcordate, 2-5 inches long, many-nerved : petioles about as thick as the stem, 2-4 inches long, spotted: submerged leaves of two kinds, the uppermost lanceolate, long-acuminate, undulate, 3-8 inches long, 6-8 lines wide, tapering into a short petiole, the lowest much thicker, spatulate, oblong or ovate, on petioles )^-4 inches long: stipules 2-cannate: spikes dense, long- peduncled : fruit adout 2 lines long, turgid, tapering into a stout apical style, the back sharply 3-keeled : embryo coiled. In ponds, Idaho to Main and Georgia. P. Nattallii Cham. & Sch. Linn, ii, 226. P. Claytonii Tuckerm. Stems compressed, mostly simple, 2-6 feet long: floating leaves narrowly oblong to elliptic, 1-3 inches long, 11-17-nerved, obtuse or acutish, attenu- ate below into a flattened petiole usually shorter than the blade : stipules sheathing, soon deciduous, an inch or less long : submerged leaves very thin linear, 2-5 inches long, 5 nerved, with a close cellular reticulation between the middle nerves ! ppikes 6-12 lines long, on shoi-t stout peduncles: fruit obovate, 3-keeled, slightly apiculate, 1-1 ^ lines long: nutlets slightly depressed on the sides : embryo coiled nearly 1% times. In ponds and streams, California to Alaska and the Eastern States, P. alpiaiis Balbis Miso. Bot. 13. (1804). P. rufescem Schrad. (ISl/i.) POTAMOQETON NAIADACE^ 675 Stems simple or branched, 1-2 feet high, somewhat compressed: floating leaves often wanting, rather thin, 11-17-nerved, narrowly oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, 2-4 inches long, acutish, attenuate into a very broad short petiole; submerged leaves as large as the floating ones, sessile or nearly so, mostly attenuate, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 3-12 inches long, 3-6 lines wide: stipules broad, usually acuminate, 6-12 lines long or more : spikes 1-2 inches long, rather slender, on stout often elongated peduncles : fruit round-obovate, 1)4 lines long, compressed acutely margined, beaked by the rather long style : nutlets pitted on both sides : embryo nearly circular. In alpine ponds, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States, also in Europe. P. lonchites Tuckerman Am. Journ. Sci. (II) vi, 226. Stems rather slender, branching, terete, 3-6 feet long: floating leaves thickish, 11-23- nerved, long-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, usually 2-4 inches long, 9-15 lines wide, acute or acutish, rather abruptly narrowed into a petiole, usu- ally longer than the blade ; submersed leaves thinner, mostly linear-lance- olate, 3-12 inches long, 2-12 lines wide, attenuate at base, the lower sessile : stipules 1-4 inches long: spikes dense, 1-2 inches long, on stout peduncles: fruit obliquely obovate, 1-2 lines long, carinate, acute : nutlets somewhat 3-keeled, the sides scarcely impressed : cotyledons incurved above the base of the slightly incurved embryo. In ponds and slow streams, Washington to California and the Eastern States. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Special Fl. Lip. xxi, 1771. Stems very slender, branching: floating leaves rather thin, 9-15-nerved, oblong-ellip- tic, acutish, 1-2 inches long, rounded or cuneate at base, on slender peti- oles mostly as long or longer than the blade : stipules broad, obtuse, about an inch long : submersed leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base: spikes about an inch long, rather loose, on stout often elongated peduncles : fruit round-obovate, a line long, acute, scarcely keeled: embryo stout, incurved. Indifferent forms throughout most parts of North America : also in Eerope. * * Leaves all submerged and uniform, thin and dilated, numer- ous, mostly sessile: spikes dense, on stout peduncles. P. praelongus Wulf. in Roem. Arch, iii, 331. Stems stout, elonga- ted, branching and flexuous above, usually growing in deep water, some- times 8 feet long: leaves often lanceolate, 2-10 inches long, 6-12 lines wide, obtuse and somewhat cucuUate at the apex, rounded and clasping at base, undulate-serrate: stipules white and conspicuous, 6-12 lines long: peduncles often much elongated ; fruit semicircular, 2 lines long, acutely keeled, prominently beaked : embryo slender, the cotyledons pointing to the base of the radicle. In deep water, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States. P. perfoliatus L. Sp. 126. Stems slender, not flexuous, 2-4 feet high, branching : leaves broadly cordate to cordate-lanceolate, 6-18 inches long, obtuse to acute, clasping at base : stipules small and not persistent : spikes 8-12 lines long, often flowering and fruiting under water : fruit obliquely obovoid, nearly 1}4. lines long, obtusely keeled, beaked by the short slender style : embryo slightly incurved or with the apex pointing directly toward the base. In streams and ponds, California to Brit. Columbia and across the continent. Var. Richardsonii A. Bennett Britten's Journ. Bot. xxvii, 25. Leaves 1-5 inches long, 4-8 lines wide at the broadened amplexicaul base, often curved inward at the apex, 13-23-nerved : fruit about 2 lines long, 15^ lines thick. In streams and ponds, Oregon to California and Delaware, P. zosteraBfolius Schum. Enum. PI. Saell. 50. Stems much flattened, 676 NAIADACEiE potamogeton aometimes winged, widely branching: leaves linear: mucronate or short- pointed at the apex, 2-12 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, with 3 principal nerves and many fine ones : stipules scarious, finely nerved, soon perishing: pe- duncles 1)^-4 inches long: spike cylindric, about 3^ inch long, 12-15-flow- ered : fruit obovoid with a broad base, about 2 lines long, 3-keeled on the back, the lateral keels rather obscure, beaked with a short recurved style : embryo slightly incurved. In still or running water, Oregon to New Jersey and New Brunswick ; also in Europe. P. foliosas Raf. Med. Rep. (ii) v, 354. Stems flattened, much bran- ched, 1-3 feet long : leaves 1-2 inches long, 3^-1 line wide, acute, 3- nerved, mostly glandular at base: stipules white, hyaline, obtuse to acute, 6-10 lines long : peduncles more or less clavate, erect, about 6 lines long : spikes about 4-flowered, fruit lenticular or nearly orbicular, about 1 line in diam- eter, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel winged and sinuate-dentate, the face strongly angled or arched, sharp, often with a projecting tooth at base: style apical. In ponds and streams, California to Brit. Columbia, and New Brunswick. Var. Californicns Morong Bot. Gaz. x, 254. Stems Ptout and bushy, strongly flattened and sometimes winged, thickly clustered : leaves smaller, with dilated midrib and frequently 5-nerved at base: peduncles 4-6 lines long, erect, clavate, flattened : spikes often ripening 12 strongly marked fruits. Eastern Oregon to southern California. P. pnsillus L. Sp. 127. Stems filiform, branching, 6-24 inches long: leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 inches long, rarely a line wide, often nearly se- taceous, 1-3-nerved, obtuse and mucronate or acute, biglandular and sessile : stipules obtuse, becoming setose: spike capitate or somewhat elongated and open or interrupted, on slendei flattened peduncles % to nearly 2 inch- es long: fruit obliquely ellipsoidal, about a line long, 2-grooved on the back or sometimes with 3 distinct keels : apex of the embryo slightly in- curved and pointing obliquely downward. In ponds, Brit. Columbia to California and across the continent : also in Europe. +- -^ Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf : spikes interrupted. P. peetinatns L. Sp. 127. Stems slender, repeatedly branched, 1-3 feet long: leaves setaceous, attenuate to the apex, l-nerved, 1-6 inches long, often capillary and nerveless: stipules half free, 6-12 lines long, thin: sheaths scarious on the margins: peduncles filiform, 2-12 inches long, the flowers in verticils: fruit obliquely obovoid, with a broad thick shell, 1-2 lines long, plump on the sides : apex of the embryo pointing almost directly toward the basal end. In ponds and brackish or salt water, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States. P. Robbinsii Oakes Hovey's Mag. vii, 180. Stems stout, widely bran- ching, 2-4 feet long: leaves linear, 3-5 inches long, acute, finely many- nerved, crowded in 2 ranks, minutely serrulate, auriculate at the point of attachment with the obtuse at length setose stipules : spikes usually sev- eral, on stout peduncles about an inch long, loose and more or less inter- rupted, about 6 lines long : fruit oblong-obovate, nearly 2 lines long, keeled with a broadish wing, acutely beaked : embryo stout, the apex pointing a little inside of the basal end. In ponds and lakes, Oregon to California and the Atlantic States. Order CV SCHEUCHZERIACEiE Agardh Theor. Syst. PL 44. Marsh herbs with terete or semi terete leaves and small flow- ers in terminal spikes or racemes. Perianth 4-6-parfced, its THiGLOCHiN SCHEUCHZERIACE^ 677 SCHEUCHZERIA segments in 2 series. Stamens 3-6, with short or elongated filaments and mostly 2-celled extrorse anthers. Carpels 3-6, 1- or 2-ovuled, more or less united until maturity. Seeds ana- tropous, without albumen. Embryo straight. 1 Triglochin Leaves all radical : flowers bractless, in a spike-like raceme terminating a jointless scape: ovaries 3-6, united until maturit)', 2 Schenchzeria Flowers bracteate in a loose raceme upon a leafy stem : ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. 1 TRIGLOCHIN L. Sp. 338. Perennial herbs with all radical terete or semiterete ligulate leaves with membranous sheaths, and perfect flowers in a naked raceme upon a scape-like peduncle. Perianth herbaceous, decidu- ous, of 3 small concave sepals and as many similar petals. Sta- mens 3 or 6, with oval nearly sessile anthers. Ovaries 3-6-celled with sessile stigmas and solitary ovules, separating at maturity from the central axis into as many distinct carpels. Seeds ana- tropous, erect, with membranous testa. Embryo straight, with minute included plumule. T. maritima L. Sp. 339. Kootstock without stolons, often sabligne- ous, the caudex thick, mostly covered with the sheaths of former leaves: scapes stout, nearly terete, %-2 feet high: leaves semiterete, usually about 1 line wide, shorter than the scape : raceme elongated, often 16 inches or more long: pedicels decurrent, 1-13^ lines long : segments of the perianth 6, each with a large sessile anther at its base : pistil of 6 united carpels: fruit oblong or ovoid, 2)^-3 lines long, obtuse at base, with 6 re- curved points at the summit : carpels 3-angled. In saltmarshes and saline places, California to Alaska and across the continent : al30 in Europe. T. palnstris L. {^p. 338. Rootstock short, oblique, with slender fu- gaceous stolons : leaves linear, shorter than the scapes, 5-12 inches long, tapering to a sharp point : scapes striate, 8-20 inches high: racemes 5-12 inches long: pedicels capillary, in fruit erect-appressed, 2%-i lines long: perianth segments 6, greenish-yellow : anthers 6, sessile : pistil of 3 united carpels: stigmas sessile : fruit linear or clavate: ripe carpels separating from the axis and becoming suspended from its apex, the axis 3-winged. In bogs, Idaho to Alaska and the northern Atlantic States : also in Europe. 2 SCHEUCHZERIA L. Sp. 338. Bog perennials with creeping rootstocks, erect leafy stems flat- ish leaves and small flowers in a loose terminal raceme. Perianth of 3 oblong sepals and 3 narrower petals. Stamens 6, with linear- oblong anthers and slender exserted filaments. Ovary of 3 nearly distinct ovoid 1-2-ovuled carpels, becoming divergent coriaceous subglobose follicles, dehiscing ventrally. Stigmas flat, sessile. Seed ascending, anatropous, with coriaceous testa. Embryo straight, thick. S. palustris L. Sp. 338. Stems solitary or several together, usually clothed at the base with the remains of old leaves, 4-10 inches high : leaves 5-15 inches long, exceeding the stem, the uppermost reduced to bracts: pedicels 3-10 lines long, spreading in fruit : flowers white, few, in a loose terminal raceme : segments of the perianth membranaceous, 1-nerved, 1% lines long: filaments 2-4 lines long : seeds oval, brown, 2)^-3 lines long, 678 ALISMACE^ alisma with a very hard coat. In cold bogs, California to Alaska and across the continent : &Uo in Europe and Asia. Order CVI ALISMACE^ DC. Fl. France iii, 181. Marsh herbs with scape-like stems, broad leaves with sheath- ing base and conspicuous perfect or unisexual flowers in pani- cles or racemes. Perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and as many often conspicuous white deciduous sepals. Stamens 6 or more, included. Ovaries numerous, distinct, l-celled and mostly 1-ovuled, becoming achenes in fruit. Seed erect, campy- lotropous, with membranous testa and no albumen. Embryo strongly recurved or uncinate. 1 Alisma Flowers perfect : stamens usually 6 : carpels numerous, ver- ticillate, distinct, obovate-oblong. 2 Sagittaria Fowers monoecious or dioecious: carpels numerous, flat- tened and membranously winged. 1 ALISMA L. Sp. 342. Perennial herbs growing in shallow water or mud with broad leaves and small flowers in a verticillately branched panicle. Flowers perfect, small, numerous, on unequal 3-bracteolate pedi- cels. Stamens 5, rarely more, with short filaments, Ovaries distinct, numerous, borne in several whorls on a small flat re- ceptacle, 1-ovuled. Styles very short, ventral. Achenes in a crowded whorl, ovate-oblong, flattened. A. Plantago-aquatica L. Sp. 342. Scapes )^-3 feet high, usually solitary: leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cordate, rounded or narrowed at base, or when floating sometimes lanceolate or even linear, on petioles 1-10 inches long : inflorescence a large loose panicle 5-15 inches long : pedicels verticillate in 3's-lO's, subtended by 3 striate acuminate bracts : petals 3^-1 line long: styles deciduous, the base remaining as a small point or short beak on the inner curve of the achenes : stigmas small, terminal : achenes nearly 1 line long, arranged in a circle forming an obtusely triangular truncate head. In shallow water or mud, throughout North America: also in Europe and Asia. 2 SAGITTARIA L. Sp. 993. Perennial aquatic or bog herbs with broadly sheathing leaves, often without blades, and mostly simple stems bearing one to few whorls of flowers mostly in threes. Flowers monoecious or some- times dioecious, the staminate ones above. Petals usually con- spicuous. Stamens usually numerous, inserted on the convex receptacle: anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Pistillate flowers with numerous distinct ovaries. Stigmas small. Achenes numerous, densely aggregated in subglobose heads. S. arifolia Nutt. J. G. Smith Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Garden vii, 32. SAGITTAEIA JUNCACEJE 679 JUNCOIDES pi. 1. Glabrous or nearly so, terrestrial or partly submerged: scapes weak, ascending, 8-20 inches high: leaves sagittate, long-petioled, the blade 3-10 inches long, acute, the lobes divergent, acute or acuminate: bracts lanceo- late, acute, 4-10 lines long, scarious-margined and obscurely veined, often reflexed : 1-3 lower verticils pistillate : fruiting heads 4-8 lines in diameter: achenes a line long, tumid, winged on both margins. Along streams and borders of lakes, Brit. Columbia to California and Minnesota. Var. stricta J. G. Smith Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card, vi, 8. Slender, erect, 12-16 inches high : blade of leaf 1-3 inches long : scape simple : bracts ovate, acute, 3-4 lines long: fruiting heads 6 lines in diameter: achenes smooth or laterally unicostate. Boggy meadows and slow streams, Falcon Valley, Washington. S. cnneata Sheldon Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xx, 289, pi. 159. Sub- merged aquatic, rooting in the mud : leaves sagittate, long-petioled, the blade floating, 3-4 inches long, with linear lobes : scapes simple, slender, terete, 2-3 feet long, bearing verticils of flowers at the surface of the water: bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-3 lines long : stamens few : fruiting heads small, about 6 lines in diameter: achenes 3^ line long. In ponds or on margins of lakes, Brit. Columbia to Washington and Minnesota. S. escnlenta. S. variabilis Engelm. in part, (wapatoo). Glabrous or nearly so: scapes simple or branched, 1-3 feet high: leaves large, the blade 4-12 inches long, obtuse or abruptly acute, the lobes from lanceolate to broadly ovate, acuminate, divaricate : bracts scarious, 3-5 lines long, ovate, obtuse : achenes about 3 lines long, with rather tumid dorsal wing and long horizontal beak. In shallow lakes, Brit. Columbia to California : this species was very abundant along the lower Columbia river, but is now almort exterminated by the Carp. Order CVII JUNCACE^ Vent. Tabl. ii, 150. (1799.) Mostly perennial herbs, cespitose or with creeping rhizomes, terete hollow or spongy usually simple stems, alternate sheath- ing flat, channelled or terete leaves and small usually sessile scarious bracteolate flowers in panicles, cymes, subumbellate clusters or spicate heads. Flowers perfect, with a regular per- sistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous segments in two rows, 3-6 nearly hypog;ynous included stamens with persistent filiform filaments and 2-celled anthers, and a superior 3-celled ovary, or sometimes one- celled with 3 parietal placentae, with three or many anatropous ovules. Styles very short, with three filiform stigmas. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds with mem- branous or cellular often caudate or appendaged testa. Em- bryo minute, enclosed within the base of fleshy albumen. 1 JancoiUes Stems leafy, hollow : leaves flat and soft, often villous : capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal 1-seeded placentae. 2 Jnncns Stems usually with spongy pith : leaves terete or flat, not villous. 1 JUNCOIDES Adans. Fam. PI. ii, 47. (1763.) LUZULA DC. Fl. Fr. Hi, 47. {1805.) Perennial herbs with simple hollow leafy stems, grass-like flat leaves and numerous small flowers in loose involucrate umbels or panicles, or more or less densely clustered or spicate. Fioral 680 JIJNCACE^ JUNCOIDKS bracts small and scarious. Stamens always 6. Capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae and 1-3 erect seeds. J. pilosnm Kuntze Rev. Gen. ii, 725. Tufted, often somewhat stolon- iferous: stems erect, 2-4-leaved, 6-12 inches high : radical leaves 2-6 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, slightly pubescent, acuminate into a blunt almost gland-like point: cauline leaves similar but successively shorter: inflores- cence an umbel-like cluster, the filiform pedicels usually nearly equal, 1-2-flowered : perianth 1-1)^ lines long, its segments triangular-ovate, acuminate, brown with hyaline margins, almost twice as long as the toothed bractlets: capsule about J:^ longer than the perianth, its valves ovate-lanceolate : seeds about 1 line long, with a conspicuous hooked ca- runcle at the summit. Oregon to Alaska and in the Alleghany Mountains: also in Europe and Asia. J. spadicenm Kuntze 1. c. 724. Glabrous or slightly villous: stems 6-18 inches high : leaves 4-6 inches long, 3-5 lines wide, acute or shortly acumin'ate: inflorescence lax, and drooping, much exceeding the usuall)' small involucral bracts: perianth straw-color or tinged with brown, the segments lanceolate, acuminate, about 1 line long, slightly shorter than the acute apiculate capsule : seeds oblong, brownish, not appendaged. In the mountains, California to the Arctic regions and the northern Atlantic States : also in Europe. J. parviflomm Coville Cont. Nat. Herb, iv, 209. Stems slender, tufted, 1-2 feet high : leaves narrowly lan«;eolate, 3-6 inches long: 3-6 lines wide : inflorescence a loose decompound panicle, commonly 3-4 inches high, its lowest bract foliaceous, seldom more than ^ the length of the panicle : flowers borne singly or 2-3 together on the branches of the panicle, on slender pedicels: bractlets ovate: perianth %-'i'i4. lii^e long, its segments ovate, acuminate, slightly exceeded by the green to brown ovoid capsule : feeds narrowly oblong, attached to the placentae by a slender fibre. In sorests, Alaska to California and the northern Atlantic States. Var, m elan 0 car pnm Sheldon Bull. Geol. Surv, Minn, ix, 63. Stems stouter and shorter: leaves more numerous, and somewhat broader: inflor- escence more dense : bracts all scarious : pedicels 3-6 lines long : perianth and capsule dark brown. On the highest parts of the Cascade Mountains. Var. snbcongestnm Sheldon 1. c. Often tufted : leaves narrower : inflorescence more narrowly paniculate: pedicels only a line or two long, the flowers thus appearing in small heads. In the high mountains, Alaska to California. J. spicatum Kuntze 1. c. 725. Closely tufted, without rootstocks : stems erect, 4-16 inches high, distantly 1-3 leaved tapering to a filiform summit : leaves 2-3 lines wide, often involute, tapering to a sharp apex : inflorescence a nodding spike-like often interrupted panicle, commonly 9-15 lines long, usually exceeded by the lowest leaf-like bract, ovate-lan- ceolate, acuminate, equalling the perianth : segments of the perianth brown with hyaline margins, 1-1^ lines long, lanceolate, aristate-acuminate : capsule broadly ovoid, about % as long as the perianth: seeds narrow and obliquely obovoid. Alaska to California and across the continent. J. comosum Sheldon 1. c. 64. Stems slender, 6-15 inches high, leafy, leaves 3-4 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, the foliaceous bract usually exceed- ing the narrow panicle : peduncles 2-12, unequal, the longer 1-3 inches long spikes simple, usually oblong, loosely -flowered: perianth pale or somewhat tinged with brown, about \%. lines long, its segments narrowly acuminates equalling the obtuse capsule: anthers small, as long as the filaments: seed, dark brown with a white caruncle, appendage sometimes half as long as the seed. Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains. JUNCOIDES JUNCACE^ 681 JUNCUS Var, congestum Sheldon 1. c. Spikes several, sessile and closa, forming a somewhat pyramidal head : bracts white and conspicuous : peri- anth brown, 1}4 lines long. Near the coast, Oregon to California. Var. macranthum Parish. Perianth 2-3 lines long, much exceeding the broad obtuse capsule : anthers equalling or twice longer than the fila- ments : seeds longer, the appendage always short. Alaska to California. Var. snbsessile Watson Bot. Cal. ii, 203, under Luzula. Spikes solitary or few, nearly sessile, loose: perianth-segments lax and scarious. Oregon to California. J. campestre Kuntze 1. c. 724, More or less villous with long white hairs : stems densely tufted, erect, 4-10 inches high, 2-4-leaved : leaves 2-5 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, tapering at the apex to a blunt almost gland- like point: branches of the panicle unequal, straight, each bearing an oblong or short-cylindric dense spike : the lowest bract leaf-like, often exceeding the panicle: floral bracts white, ovate, acuminate, about equal- ling the flowers : segments of the perianth lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, brown with white margins, l-l}4 lines long : capsule obovoid ; seeds oblong, with a thick white appendage at base. In the mountains, Alaska to California and the Eastern States. J, diyaricatam Coville 1. c. Stems 4-7 inches high : cyme broadly diffuse, with divaricately spreading branches and pedicels : perianth tinged with brown : seed light-colored, with a small appendage at base. In the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, southern Oregon to California. 2 JUNCUS L. Sp. 325. Glabrous perennial or annual plants, growing in wet or moist places, with simple terete leafy or leafless stems, terete channel- led or flat, sometimes equitant, often knotted leaves and small flowers in clusters, cymes, panicles or heads or solitary. Stamens 6, or sometimes 3 by supression of the inner ones. Capsule glo- bose to pyramidal, many-seeded, 3-valved, 3-celled with central placentae, or 1 -celled with parietal placentae. Seeds usually dis- tinctly reticulated or ribbed, often tailed. * Stems leafless and scape-like, from matted rootstocks, sheathed at base : the inner sheaths sometimes bearing terete leaves : flowers in sessile apparently lateral panicles. ■*- Scapes slender : sheaths mostly leafless : spathes usually very much exceeding the panicle : stamens usually 6. ■«• Flowers in compound panicles, two lines long or more : capsule oblong-ovate. J. Lescnrii Bolander Proc. Calif. Acad, ii, 179?. Stems stout, 1-3 feet high, from a stout creeping rhizome: sheaths short, black, obtuse : spathe 6-15 inches long very acutely pointed ; flowers in a dense somewhat secund many-flowered panicle : bracts ovate, acuminate : perianth-segments 2)^-3 lines long, lanceolate, acuminate : greenish-white with intermarginal brown stripes: anthers much longer than the filaments: capsule brown, triquetrous, sharply angled, acute, shorter than the perianth : seeds ovate, obtuse, scarcely apiculate. In shifting sands along the coast of Oregon : perhaps distinct from J. Lescurii as that species is said to grow in "Salt- marshes and saline localities". J. Balticus Willd. Berlin Mag, iii, 298. Stems erect, 8-36 inches high, arising at intervals from stout creeping rootstocks : sheaths green or tinged with dark brown : spathe slender, 4-6 inches long : panicle commonly 682 JUNCACEiE juncds loosely branching 1-3 inches long : perianth l}4-2}4 lines long its segments lanceolate, acute, or the inner sometimes obtuse, brown with green midrib and hyaline margins : stamens 6, about % the length of the perianth : an- thers much longer than the filamants: capsule about as long as the peri- anth, pale to dark brown, narrowly ovoid, conspicuously mucronate: seeds usually with a loose coat. On shores of lakes and streams, Alaska to California and across the continent : also Europe and Asia. •** **■ Flowers in compound panicles, smaller : capsule obovate or subglobose. J. effusns L. Sp. 326. Pale green or yellowish • stems densely tufted, 3-4 feet high, from stout branching proliferous rootstocks : sheaths short or mere rudiments: spathe short, often not exceeding the erect, loosely flow- ered panicle : perianth l-lj^ lines long, its segments green, lanceolate, acu- minate : stamens 3, the anthers shorter than the filaments : capsule obovoid, 3-cleft, obtuse or retuse: seeds apiculate, finely ribbed, about ^ line long. Common in swamps and wet places in most parts of the world. Var. Brnnnens Engelm. Panicle usually veiy short and compact: perianth and capsule dark brown. Near the coast, Oregon to California. J. patens Meyer Rel. Haenk. i, 141. Densely tufted, pale green: stems slender, 1-3 feet high: sheaths few, 1-4 inches long, acute: spathe slender, 4-6 inches long : panicle small, often compact and somewhat se- cund : perianth pale to light brown, its segments lanceolate, acuminate, about 1% lines long : stamens 6, the anthers shorter than the filaments : capsule subglobose, slightly angled, equalling or a little shorter than the perianth, with thin septa, the valves breaking away from the central pla- centae. In wet pices, Oregon and Washington to California. J. flllformis L. Sp. 326. Stems slender, 4 inches to 2 feet high many of them sterile and appearing like leaves, from stout matted rootstocks': sheaths purplish, obtuse, with a short bristle-like appendage : spathe usu- ally longer than the stem: panicle rather few-flowered, 6-12 lines high : segments of the perianth 1}4.~\% line long, green with hyaline margins, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate: stamens 6, about half the length of the perianth: anthers shorter than the filaments: capsule obovoid, green, barely pointed, about ^ as long as the perianth, 3-celled: seeds oblong,- about )^ line long, pointed, at each end. In marshes, Washington to Alaska andacross the continent. •*- Low alpine perennials : flowers 1-3 : stamens 6. J. Drnmmondii E. Meyer Ledeb. Fl. Ross, iv, 235. Cespitose: stems very slender, 10-16 inches high: sheaths green, obtuse, the inner ones bristle-tipped : spathe filiform, 6-12 lines long, equalling or exceeding the usually 3-flowerea panicle: perianth-segments about 3 lines long, green with brown margins, lanceolate, acute, or acuminate : anthers a little longer than the filaments : capsule brown, oblong, retuse, nearly equalling the perianth : seeds a line long, ovate, caudate, very finely striate. On the highest mountains, California to Unalaska and the Rocky Mountains. J, Parryl Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 446. Cespitose: stems filiform, 3-10 inches high : inner sheaths leaf-bearing, the leaves sulcate at base, terete above, much shorter than the stems: spathe longer than the inflorescence, 6-18 lines long: panicle loosely 1-3-flowered : perianth-seg- ments 3 lines long or more, more or less tinged with brown, lanceolate, acuminate, or the inner obtuse : anthers much longer than the filaments : capsule oblong, acute, about equalling the perianth : seeds ovate, caudate, a line long, finely striate. On grassy slopes on the highest mountains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. J. castaneus Smith Fl. Brit. 1, 383. Stems erect, 4-20 inches high, jUNCDS JUNCACK^ 683 leafy, from slender rootstocks : leaves terete, deeply channelled at base : spathe longer than the inflorescence : heads 1-3, 3-l2-flowered : perianth- segments brown or black, 2-4 lines long, lanceolate, acute : anthers pointed, half as long as the filaments: capsule brown, longer than the perianth, narrowly oblong, tapering to an acute summit, imperfectly 3-celled : seeds with long slender tails, the body about % line long. Oregon to Alaska and across the Continent. * * Stems leafy at base : leaves flat or semiterete, not knotted : panicle or head evidently terminal : the spathe usually short. •*- Dwarf or low slender annuals with fibrous roots : stems leafy, branched. J. bufonius L. Sp. 328. Stems usually branching from the base, 1-12 inches high : leaves very narrow, usually revolute and bristle-like : flowers greenish, mostly remote and secund upon the spreading branches : perianth - segments lanceolate, acuminate, with scarious margins, 2-3 lines long, the inner slightly shorter : stamens 6; anthers about as long as the filaments : capsule oblong, obtuse, shorter than the perianth : seeds ovate, obtuse, very finely striate and cross-lined. A common species everywhere, grow- ing in places that are wet in spring. J. triformis Engelm. 1. c. 492. Stem very short or almost none, bearing several erect filiform scape-like peduncles 1-3 inches long : leaves an inch long or less, filiform, channelled, flat above: flowers usually 3-7, in a small head: perianth brownish, its segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 1-1 >^ lines long, a little longer than the 3 stamens and the obtuse apiculate capsule : style exserted, with elongated stigmas : seeds ovate, obtuse, finely ribbed and cross-lined. In barren places that are wet in spring, western Oregon to California. Var. brachystylus Engelm. 1. c. Smaller, the peduncles 1-3-flow- ered : stamens half the length of the perianth ; the oblong anthers shorter than^the filaments : style and stigmas short, included. With the type. Var, nniflorns Engelm. 1. c. Very small, only half to an inch high, the solitary flowers mostly dimerous. Oregon to California. ■*- •*- Taller perennials : stems simple : stamens 6. ■'*■ Stems naked : flowers solitary in a diffuse or compact panicle, J. tenuis Willd. Sp. PI. 214. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high, leafy at base : leaves very narrow, flat or more or fess channelled or invo- lute', shorter than the stem : spathe exceeding the inflorescence : panicle usually loose and spreading : perianth-segments pale, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 13^-2 lines long, spreading in fruit and equalling or exceeding the ovate retuse greenish capsule : seeds white-appendaged at each end, very finely ribbed and cross-lined. In dry or moist soile, throughout most parts of North America. J. occidentalis Weigand BuU.^Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 521. /. tenuis tar. congestus Engelm. Stems stiff and erect, 1-2 feet high, pale green, nearly terete ; leaves H~/^ ^^^e length of the stem , flat and flexuous : spathe 2-3 inches long, exceeding the inflorescence : panicle glomerate, or more commonly somewhat open, fuscous : perianth-segments broadly subu- late, fuscous with green midrib and rather broad scarious margins : stamens about half as long as the perianth, the oblong anthers much shorter than the filaments: capsule oblong-ovoid, fobtuse or retuse, % as long as the perianth, fuscous, the placentae extending onlj' about half-way to the axis : seeds oblong, irregularly apiculate at each end areolate-reticulated, not striate. Along ditches and in wet places, Oregon to California. J. confnsus Coville Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash. x. 127. Densely tuft- 684 J UNCAGED juncus ed, 7-30 inches high, erect : sheaths of the leaves with well developed ligules, the blades about % the length of the stem, flat, usually involute: spathe much longer than the inflorescence, usually involute : panicle con- gested into a turbinate cluster, an inch long: perianth-segments ovate- lanceolate, acute, brown with green midrib : stamens 6, the anthers shorter than the filaments: capsule oblong, equalling the perianth, retuse, com- pletely 3-celled : seeds light brown. In meadows, eastern Washington to Montana and Colorado. . -►* -M- Stems more or less leafy ; the leaves flat and graps-like, not equitant: flowers clustered. J. falcatus E. Meyer Reliq. Hsenk. 144. Bright green: stems slender, 6-18 inches high, from slender stoloniferous rootstocks : leaves usually equalling or exceeding the stem, 1-2 lines wide, the open somewhat oblique sheaths without ligules : spathe short : heads usually 1-5, 1-10-flowered : perianth-segments brown with bright green midrib, 2-3 lines long, ovate, the outer shortly acuminate, the inner obtuse: anthers much shorter than the filaments: capsule ovate, obtuse, apiculate, as long or longer than the perianth, almost black, 3-celled: seeds oblong-ovate, obtuse, K ^i^© long, with loose pale testa, longitudinally reticulated. In springy places along mountain streams, California to Alaska. J. longistylis Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 223. Stems rather stout, 1-2 feet high, from stout stoloniferous rootstocks: leaves 6-12 inches long, the sheaths with distinct ligules: spathe narrow. 2-4 inches long: heads 5-20, in a sparingly branched panicle, few- to several-flowered : perianth- segments pale brown with green midrib and hyaline margins, about 3 lines long, lanceolate, acute or the outer ones acuminate : anthers much longer than the filaments: style about a line long : capsule brown, oblong, about half as long as the perianth, angled above, obtuse or depressed at the sum- mit, 3-celled : seeds light brown, 3^ line long. In wet places. Wadhington to California. * * * Leafy- stemmed perennials : leaves terete or laterally flattened, more or less distinctly knotted by internal partitions : flowers capitate. -^ Leaves terete or only slightlv compressed. J. Bichardsonianns Schult. in R. & S. Syst. vi, 201. Stems erect, 6-20 inches high, in loose tufts from creeping rootstocks, 1-2-leaved below the middle : panicle 3-8 inches high, its branches strict or slightly spread- ing: heads 3-12-flowered : perianth-segments unequal, the outer ones pale, obtuse, mucronate or acute; the inner ones shorter, obtuse, stamens 6; the anthers much shorter than the filaments: capsule ovoid-oblong, slight- ly exceeding the perianth, acute or obtuse, with a short tip : seeds about 3^ line long, narrowly obovoid to, oblong, apiculate, acute or acuminate at Idaho to Brit. Columbia and across the Continent. J. dubious Engelm. 1. c. 459. Stems rather stout, 2-4 feet high, from stout horizontal rootstocks, several-leaved : leaves narrow, often equalling or exceeding the stem, the sheaths with scarious margins: panicle com- pound, diffuse, 3-12 inches long : heads numerous, 6-20-flowered : perianth- segments brown or brownish, about 2 lines long, lanceolate, acuminate: stamens 6, the anthers elongated, longer than the filaments: capsule nar- row, acuminate, shorter than the perianth : seeds ovate, rather abruptly acuminate at each end, brownish. In marshes, Oregon to California. J. uodosus L. Sp. 466. Stems slender, 6 inches to 2 feet high, arising singly from tuber -like thickenings of a slender rootstock: leaves narrow, the upper one often exceeding the inflorescence : panicle 1-8 inches long, bearing 1-30 spherical 8-20-flowered heads : perianth-segments usually reddish-brown above, lanceolate, acuminate, lK-1% line long, the inner JUNOTB JUNCACE^ 685 longest : stamens 6, with anthers about as long as the filaments : capsule lanceolate-subulate, S-angled, 1-celled, exceeding the perianth: seeds ob- long, acute below, apiculate above. Alaska to Oregon and the Eastern States, J. Torreyi Coville Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxii, 303. Stems stout, 8-40 inches high, arising singely from tuber-like thickenings of a slender root- stock : leaves terete, thick, abruptly divergent from the stem : inflorescence congested, consisting of 1-20 dense heads 5-8 lines in diameter : perianth- segraents 2-23^ lines loner, subulate, the outer longest: stamens 6: capsule subulate, 3-angled. 1-celled, with a beak %-% line long, exceeding the perianth and holding the valves together vluring dehiscence: seeds oblong, acute at each end. Oregon to California, Texas and New York. J. Oreganns Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxiii, 267. Stems numerous, very slender, 6-10 inches high, exceeding the very narrow leaves, from very slender matted rootstocks: heads simply panicled, few-flowered, often proliferous: perianth-segments nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, : stamens 6, with anthers as long as the filaments: capsule dark brown, acutish, mu- cronate, at length nearly twice as long as the perianth : seeds rather turgid. In bogs, llwaco, "Washington. J. Bolanderi Engelm. 1. c. 470. Stems slender, about 2 feet high: leaves aubterete, nearly equalling the stem ; the ligule conspicuous, some- times elongated and leaf-like : heads subglobose, usually 2 or 3, very many- flowered: perianth-segments greenish brown, narrowly lanceolate and setaceous! V acuminate, 1% lines long; stamens 3, with anthers much shorter than the fllaments : capsule clavate-oblong, shorter than the perianth, obtuse, apiculate, 1-celled: seeds very small. In wet places southwestern Oregon to California, J. Nevadensis Watson 1. c. xiv, 303. Stems very slender, 6 inches to 2 feet high, somewhat compressed, from slender creeping rootstocks : leaves very narrow, somewhat compressed nearly equalling the stem, with large sheaths and conspicuous ligules : heads small, few to rather many, in a short open panicle, or often solitary: perianth -segments brownish, lanceo- late, acuminate, 2 lines long : stamens 6 ; anthers linear, longer than the filaments : capsule oblong, abruptly acute and beaked, nearly equalling the perianth : seeds minute, apiculate at both ends. Common in wet mountain meadows, eastern Washington to California and Nevada. J. Snksdorfii Rydberg Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvi, 541. Stems about a foot high, strict, light green : leaves terete or slightly flattened, the low- est ones short : cauline except the upper one often a foot long, all with conspicuous scarious sheaths : heads in a contracted panicle, brown and shining, 2-8-flowered: perianth-segments subequal, about 2 lines long, narrowly lanceolate, acute ot acuminate, stamens 6 ; anthers longer than the filaments: capsule dark browd and shining, oblong, acuminate, 3-angled. In wet meadows about the base of Mount Adams, Washington. .r. brachyphyllns Weigand Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 519. Stems stiff, erect and very stout, 20-30 inches high, slightly compressed, very conspicuously grooved: leaves short, ^-K the length of the stem, the blade, usually broad and flat but rather thick, stiff and spreading, about a line wide ; sheaths loose and mostly free, with membranous margins ; ligule conspicuous : inflorescence short and cro\^ ded : perianth-segments 2}^ lines long, slightly unequal, subulate, very acute: anthers oblong, about as long as the filaments : capsule rather narrowly oblong, triangular above, obtuse or retuse, equalling the perianth, 3-celled: seeds oblong, strongly apiculate at each end. Idaho to Arkansas. J. latifolius Buch. Stems 15-36 inches high, from creeping rootstocks: leaves flat, about a line wide, pale green, shorter than the sheaths, with 686 JUNCACEiE juncus ligules: heads panicled few-flowered: perianth -segments straw-color, lan- ceolate, acuminate, scarious-margined, rough, 3 lines long: stamens 6: caqsule triangular, oblong, acute, short-beaked. Common along streams, eastern Washington. ■i- +- Stems compressed and usually acutely edged : leaves flattened latterally and equitant. J, ensifolius Wiks. Stems 8-20 inches high, leafy, from thick root- stocks: leaves equitant: heads several to numerous, papicled, globose, usually dark brown : perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate 1% lines long : stamens 3 : capsule 3-angled, acute, hardly exceeding the perianth. Common in wet places Brit. Columbia to California. J. xiphioides Meyer 1. c. Stems rather stout, 1-4 feet high, from stout creeping rootstocks : leaves 2-3 lines wide, the sheaths without ligules : heads few to numerous, dense, 3-20-flowered, in a compound panicle: peri- anth-segments brownish to almost black, 1% lines long, lanceolate, acu- minate: stamens 6; anthers very small oblong-linear, equalling or much shorter than the filaments : capsule oblong, acute, about equalling the perianth : seeds very small, ovate-oblanceolate. A variable species : in wet places, California to Alaska. J. oxymeris Engelm. 1. c. 483. Stems stout, 2-4 feet high : leaves 2-3 lines wide: panicle decompound, 4-8 inches long: heads small, very num- erous, 3-12-flowered : perianth-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate-awn- ed, about 2 lines long : stamens 6 ; anthers twice as long as the filaments : capsule lanceolate, rostrate, longer than the perianth, 1-celled : seeds ovate- oblanceolate, }4 liJ^e long. In marshes, southern Oregon to California. J. Mertensianus Bong. Veg. Sitch. 167. Stems weak, 6-18 inches high, from matted rootstocks : leaves usually about a line wide ; ligule conspicuous : inflorescence usually a single many-flowered head, 4-6 lines in diameter: perianth-segments very dark brown, ovate- lanceolate, the outer ones aristate-acuminate : stamens 6 ; anthers usually mucronate, as long or shorter than the filaments : capsule obovate, obtuse, about equal, equalling the perianth: seeds oblanceolate, apiculate at each end. In wet meadows on the highest mountains, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. Order CVIII CYPERACEiE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i, 62. Perennial or annual herbs with rhizomatous rootstocks, tri- angular or terete mostly solid stems, alternate mostly radical leaves and small perfect, monoecious or dioecious flowers in the axils of imbricated glumaceous bracts or scales. Perianth none or represented by bristles or scales. Stamens usually 2 or 3, hypogynous, with basifixed anthers. Ovary 1-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule and a 2-3-clef t style, m fruit a lenticular or more or less triangular membranaceous, crustaceous or bony achene. Embryo minute, lenticular or turgid, at the base of copious albumen. * Flowers of the spikelets all or at least one of them perfect : spike- lets all alike, few- to many-flowered, capitate or umbellate, one or two of the lower scales usually sterile. -*- Spikelets more or less flattened, the scales being in two ranks : inflorescence involucrate. 1 Cyperns Inflorescence spicate or clustered: perianth none: ityle persistent. *••' * j ^.i**^ ^«z»> «. «.v .... e*^" a-^***' CYPJJBD8 CYPERACEiE 6»7 2 Dulichium Inflorescence axillary: perianth of 6-9 brietles: style persistent. -*- ■*- Spikelets many-flowered, not flattened, the scales imbricated all around. ♦+ Styles not enlarged at base. 3 Scirpns Spikelets solitary or clustered, or in a compound umbel, involucrate: perianth of few barbed persistent bristles or wanting. 4 Eriophornm Spikelets solitary or few, involucrate : perianth of numer- ous long silky naked bristles : stamens 1-3. 5 Hemicarpha Low annuals: spikelets solitary or few, in a sessile apparently lateral cluster: perianth a minute hyaline bractlet between each flower and the rachis: stamen only one. •*•■ -^ Style enlarged at base. 6 Eleocharis Spikelet solitary and terminal upon a leafless terete stem: perianth of 3-9 retrorsely barbed bristles, or wanting : stamens 3 : base of the style persistent. 7 Stenophyllus Low annuals, the stem leafy at base; spikelets in an involucrate umbel : perianth none : stamens 1-3. * * Spikelets polygamous, few-flowered, ovoid, the scales imbricated all around, only the terminal one fertile. 8 Rhynchospora Stems leafy: spikelets variously clustered : perianth of 9-12 retrorsely barbed bristles: achenes lenticular, beaked by the persistent base of the style. * * * Flowers monoecious, in the same or distinct spikelets, or dioecious: pistillate flowers enclosed in an inflated sac-like persistent perigynium. 9 Carex Spikelets solitary, spicute or panicled : perianth wholly want- ing, or of a single short bristle at the base of the ovary. 1 CYPERUS L. Sp. 44. Perennial or annual herbs with mostly triangular nearly naked simple stems, alternate nearly radical leaves and perfect flowers in few- to many-flowered mostly flattened spikelets, the concave more or less carinate scales in 2 ranks. Perianth wholly wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style not thickened at base, 2-3-cleft, deciduous. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled, not beaked, smooth or nearly so. C. inflexus Muhl. Gram. 16. C. aristatus Bceckl. in part. Annual : stems slender or almost filiform, diffusely branched from the base, 1-6 inches high: leaves a line wide or less, about equalling the stem: those of the involu- lucre 2-3, exceeding the inflorescence: umbel sessile, 1-3-rayed: spikelets linear-oblong, 6-10-flowered, 2-3 lines long: scales bright brown, lanceolate, rather firm, strongly several-nerved, tapering into a long recurved awn, fall- ing from the rachis at maturity: stamens 1: style 3-cleft: rachis nan*owly winged, the wings persistent: achenes 3-angled, dull brown, uaiiowly obovoid or oblong, obtuse, mucronulate. In wet sandy soil, California to British Columbia and the Eastern States. C. acumiuatus Torr. & Hook. Ann. Lye, N. Y. iii, 436. Annual: stems very slender, tufted, 2-15 inches high: leaves light green, usually less than a line wide, often equalling the stem, those of the involucre much elongated: umbel 1-4-rayed, simple, rays short: spikelets flat, ovate oblong, 688 CYPERACE^ cypercs DULIGHIUM obtuse, 2-4 lines long, many-flowered, densely capitate: scales oblong, pale green, 3-nerved, coarsely cellular, conduplicate, with a short sharp more or less recurved tip: stamens 1: style 3-cleft: achenes sharply 3 -angled, gray, oblong, narrowed at each end, almost half as long as the scale. In moist sandy soil, California to Oregon and Illinois. €. esculentus L. Sp. 45. C. phymatoides Muhl. Perennial by scaly hoiizontal tuber- bearing rootstocks: stems usually stout, 6-30 inches high: leaves bright green, as loug or longv^r than the stem, 2-4 lines wide, the midrib prominent; those of the involucre much longer than the inflorescence: umbel 4-10-rayed, often compound: spikelets numerous, in loose spikes, straw-color or yellowish brown, flat, spreading, 6-12 lines long, many-flow- ered: scales ovate oblong, subacute, 3-nerved: rachis narrowly winged: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achenes obovoid, obtuse, 3- angled, In moist sandy fields, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States. C. erytlirorhizos Muhl. Gram. 20. Stems tufted, stout or slender, 3 inches to 2 feet high: leaves 1-4 lines wide, rough-mai'gined, those of the involucre 2-7, some of them often 4 times as long as the inflorescence: umbel mostly compound, several-rayed: spikelets linear-subulate, 3-10 lines long, less than a line wide, compressed, many-flowered, clustered in oblong nearly or quite sessile spikes: scales chestnut- brown, oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, appressed, separating from the rachis at maturity: the membranous wings of the rachis separating as a pair of hyaline interior scales: stamens three: style three-cleft: achenes sharply 3-angled, oblong, pointed at both ends, pale, J as long as the scale. In wet soil, Oregon to California and the Eastern States. C. Honghtoni Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii, 277. Perennial by tuber" like corms: stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high: leaves shorter than the stem' a line or less wide, sjnooth; those of the involucre 3-5, the longer much ex" ceeding the inflorescence; umbel simple, 1-5-rayed, the rays mostly short' their sheaths 2-toothed: spikelets loosely capitate, linear, compressed, acute 4-8 lines long, about a line wide, 11-15-flowered, falling away from the axis when mature: chestnut brown, firm, somewhat spreading, shining, oblong, obtuse, truncate or apiculate: racbis very naiTowly Avinged: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achene broadly oblong, 3-angled, brown, apiculate, nearly as long as the scale. In sandy soil, along the Columbia river to the Eastern States. 2 DULICHIUM L. C. Richard Pers. Syn. i, 65. (1805.) Tall perennial herbs with terete hollow jointed stems, leafy to the top, the lower leaves reduced to sheaths, flat grass-like leaves and perfect flowers in axillary simple or compound spikes. Spikelets fiat, linear, many-flowered. Scales 2- ranked, carinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the joint below. Perianth of 6-9 re- trorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 8. Style 2-cleft at the apex, persistent as a beak on the summit of the linear-oblong achene. D. spathaceum Pers. Syn. i, 65. Stems stout. 1-3 feet high, erect: leaves numerous, flat, 1-3 inches long, 2-4 lines wide: spikelets shorter than or the uppermost exceeding the leaves: pedicels 2-12 lines long: spikelets naH'Owly linear, spreading. 6-12 lines long, about a line wide, 6-12-floweved* scales lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, brownish: bristles of the perianth stiff, longer than the achene: style long-exserted. In marshes Oregon to Minnesota and Nova Scotia. 8CIBPUS C f PERACE.E 689 3 SCIRPUS L. Sp. 47. Tufted annual or perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks, leafy stems, or the leaves reduced to sheaths in some species, and perfect flowers in a terminal or apparently lateral involucrate cluster or compound umbel-like panicle. Spikelets usually many- flowered, with the scales closely imbricated around the rachis, the lower one or two often empty. Perianth of 3-6 bristles or none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft. scarcely or not at all thickened at base, deciduous or only the base persistent. Achenes lenticular or more or less 3-angled or obovoid. § 1 IsoLEPis Benth. Stems low and slender. Spikelets soli- tary, small, with a single erect in volucral bract. Perianth none. S. riparins Spreng. Stems tufted, from fibrous roots, very slender, often setaceous, 2-10 inches high, slieatlied at base, the upper sheath usually bearing a short slender ieaf : involucral bract 1-10 lines long or nearly want- ing: spikelets ovate to ovate- oblong, 1^-3 lines long: scales pale or often deep brown, with a pale prominent midrib, concave, obtuse or pointed: stamen^ usually 3: style 3-cleft: achene triangular-obovoid, with distinct angles, the sides convex, dark brown when mature. In marshy places near the coast Oregon to Calif oraia and South America. § 2 EusciRPUs Benth. Bristles present, retrorsely barbed or ciliate, not elongated. * Inflorescence terminal, without involucre, S. uanus Spreng. Pug i, 4. Annual: stems fililorci, flattened, grooved, tufted, erect or ascending, 1-2 inches high, bearing bladeless scari- ous sheaths near the base: spikelet solitary, ovoid-objong, 3-8-flowered, 1-1^ lines long: scales ovate or lanceolate, pale green, the lower obtuse, the upper acutish: bristles about 6. longer than the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achene oblong 3-an^led, pale pointed at each end, smooth. Muddy places, Oregon to Alaska and the Atlantic States. S. pauciflorns Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1078. Perennial by filiform rootstocks : stems very slender little tufted, 3-10 Inches high, upper sheaths truncate: spikelets solitary, oblong, 4-10-flowered, 2-3 lines long; scales brown with lighter margins and midrib, lanceolate, acuminate: bristles 2-6, hispid, as long as the achene or longer: stamens 3: style .{-cleft: achene obo void-oblong, gray, rather abruptly beaked, its surface finely reticulated. In wet soil along the Columbia river, Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Ontario and New York. * * Inflorescence apparently lateral, with a single involucral leaf. *- Stems terete or nearly so, S. subternilnalls Torr. Fl, U. 8. i, 47. Stems slender, terete, nodu- lose, 1-3 feet high: leaves slender, channelled, 6 inches to 2 feet long, ^-f line wide, spikelet solitary, terminal, oblong-cylindric, narrowed at each end, 3-5 lines long: involucral bract 6-12 lines long: scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, membranaceous, light brown with green midiib: bristles about 6, as long as the achene or shorter: stamens 3; style 3-cleft to about the middle: achenes obovoid, 2-angled, dark brown, smooth, about a line long, obtuse, abruptly beaked by the slender base of the style. In ponds and streams, eastern Washington to Pennsylvania and New Brunswick. 8. Xeyadensis Watson Bot. King, 360. Stems clustered, from run- 690 CYPERACE^ scirpus ning rootstocks, 6 inches to 3 feet high, somewhat flattened above, leafy: leaves nearly equalling the stem, deeply channelled or revolute, very rough on the margins, sharply acute: spikelets 1-8, in a sessile cluster, ovate-oblong, acute, 4-10 lines long: scales brown and shining, ovate, sharply carinate, acutish; bristles 1-3, not half the length of the achene: style 2-cleU: achene broadly ovate, plano-convex, acute, a line long. In alkaline soil on borders of lakes, eastern Oregon to Nevada and California. S. lacustris L. Sp. 48. Perennial by stout rootstocks: stems stout, terete, 6-1 5i feet high, often nearly an inch in diameter, sheathed below, the the upper sheath sometimes extended into a short leaf: involucral bract stout, shorter than the inflorescence: spikelets numerous, solitarj^ or more or less clustered in an iiTegularly compound umbel, oblong-ovate, 3-6 lines long: scales broadly ovate, very obtuse to emarginate and mucronate, ciliate, often pubescent, usually pale with fine brown lines; bristles usually 6, slender, equalling or longer than the adhene; stamens 3, style 2-c!eft; achene broadly obovate, rounded at the summit, abruptly short beaked. In marshes, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States; also in Europe. -^- ■*- Stems acutely triangular or triquetrous. S. Olneyl Gray Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, v, 238. Stem stout, Q-7 feet high, from a stout mnning rootstock; more or less deeply triquetrous or wing-angled, sheathed at base; leafless or with a few short leaves; involucral bract stout, triangular, an inch or less longer than the inflorescence: spikelets 2-12, in a crowded sessile cluster, oblong-ovate, brown: bristles 4-6, shorter than or equalling the achene: stamens 2 or 3: style 2-cleft: achene obovate, plano-convex, mucronate, brown. In salt marshes, eastern oregon to Cali- fornia and the Eastern States. S. Americanus Pers. Syn. i, 68. S. pungens Vahl. Stems usually slender, from long perennial rootstocks, 1-4 feet high, acutely triangular, somewhat leafy at base: leaves 1-4, shorter than the stem, keeled: involucral bract more or less channelled, 1-4 inches long: spikelets 1-6, closely crowded in a sessile cluster, ovate to ovate-oblong: scales brown, often very dark, broadlv ovate, emarginate and usually tipped with a straight awn: bristles 2-6, shorter than or equalling the achene: stamens 3: style usually 2-cleft: achene obovate, smooth, dark brown mucronate. Common in salt marshes, throughout the United States. * * * Stems triangular, leafy at base: leaves flat: involucre foliaceous. Spikelets large, few, in a sessile cluster or sparingly umbellate, nifous. S. robwstus Pursh Fl. 56. Stem? stout, 1-3 feet high, from running often tuberiferous rootstocks: leaves flat, equalling or exceeding the stem: involucral bracts unequal, one much longer and more erect: spikelets ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, 5-10 lines long: scales ovate, 2-3 lines long, dull brown, emarginate, tipped with a long slender soon reflexed awn: bristles 1-6, fragile, shoi"ter than the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achene com- pressed very flat on the face, convex, or with a low ridge on the back, obovate-orbicular, dark brown, shining, H lines long. In salt marshes, Bri. Columbia to California and the Atlantic States. ■*- -*- Spikelets small, numerous, greenish or light brown, in a compound or decompound umbellate panicle. S. microcarpus Presl. Reliq. Hsenk. i, 195. S. sylvaticus var. digynus Bcekl. Stems usually stout, 3-5 feet high, from perennial rootstocks : leaves ample, often exceeding the stem, rough-margined, those of the in- volucre usually exceeding the inflorescence: panicle ample, decompound, rather loose : spikelets ovoid, oblong, acute, l>^-2 lines long, 3-25 together sciRPUS CYPERACEiE 691 ERIOPHOKOM in capitate clusters at the ends of the usually spreading raylets : scales brown with a green midrib, obtuse or subacute : bristles 4, somewhat lon- ger than the achene: stamens 2: style 2 -cleft : achenes oblong-obovate, nearly white, plano-convex or with a low ridge on the back, pointed. In swamps and wet woods, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States S. atroTirens Muhl. Gram. 43. Stems rather slender, leafy, 2-4 feet high, from slender perennial rootstocks : leaves elongated, rough on the margins, dark green, 8-6 lines wide one or two of them usually exceeding the inflorescence : umbel simple or 1-2-compound : spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 6-20 in the dense capitate clusters at the ends of the rays or raylets : scales greenish-brown,oblong, acute, the midrib excurrent, bristles usually 6, about as long as the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achene obovoid- oblong, 3-angled, pale dull brown. In swamps, Oregon to Nova Scotia and Georgia. S. lineatus Michx. Fl. i, 32. Perennial by stout rootstocks: stems rather slender, erect, 1-3 feet high, leafy : leaves light green, shorter than the stem, 2-4 lines wide, the upper ones and those of the involucre not exceeding the inflorescence, flat, rough on the margins : umbels terminal and commonly also axillary, decompound, the rays very slender, becoming pendulous : spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of slender raylets, oblong, obtuse, 3-5 lines long: scales ovate or oblong, reddish-brown with green midrib: bristles 6, weak, smooth, much longer than the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achenes oblong, pale brown, narrowed at both ends, 3-angled, short-beaked. In wet places, Oregon to Texas, Georgia and Ontario. § S Stems leafy, bearing a sessile head of spikelets subtended by a few involucral bracts. Bristles elongated, the barbs directed upward. S. criniger Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 392, Stems slender, 3 inches to 3 feet high, from slender matted rootstocks, triangular and striate, rough above : leaves flat, rough on the margins, the radical one elongated but shorter than the stem, the cauline only an inch or two long, distant, the uppermost usually very near the top : involucral bracts broad and scale-like, acuminate, 2-4 lines long : spikelets 5-9, oblong, 3-4 lines long : scales thin and soft, brownish, oblong : bristles 6 : filaments slender, much exserted: style 3-cleft: achenes oblong, 3-angled, acute and shortly beaked, a line long. In marshes, southern Oregon to California. 4 ERIOPHORUM L. Sp. 52. Low herbs with creeping perennial rootstocks, triangular or nearly terete stems, grass-like leaves and small perfect flowers in terminal solitary or umbellately clustered spikelets subtended by a one- to several-leaved involucre or naked. Scales spirally im- bricated, usually all fertile. Perianth of few to many filiform smooth soft exserted bristles. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achenes 3-angled, oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid. * Involucral leaves none : spikelets solitary. E. yaginatum L. Sp. 52. Stems stiff, tufted, obtusely triangular, smooth, slender, 8-16 inches high, leafless except at base, bearing 2 inflat- ed sheaths, the upper one usually above the middle: leaves stiff, filiform, triangular, channelled, shorter than or sometimes exceeding the stem : s pikelet ovoid, erect : scales ovate-lanceolate or the lowest lanceolate, acu- minate, purple-brown, thin: bristles numerous, white, straight, glossy, 4-5 times as long as the scale : anthers linear : achene obovoid, obtuse 692 ' CYPERACE^ eriophorum HEMICARPHA brown, minutely apiculate. In high mountain bogs, Washington to Alaska Newfoundland and Pennsylvania. E. Scheuchzeri Hoppe Taschenb. 1800, 104. Stems slender, smooth, nearly terete, 10-20 inches high, leafy below, often with a leafless sheath above: leaves filiform, channelled, usually much shorter than the stem: spikelet erect: scales ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, purple-brown, membranaceous: bristles numerous, white or slightly yellowish, weak, nearly straight, 4-5 times, as long as the scale : achene narrowly oblong, brown, acute and somewhat beaked. In bogs, Oregon to Alaska and Newfoundland. E. russeolum Fries Novet. Mant. ii, 67. Stems solitary or little tufted, triangular, smooth, 8-20 inches high, leafy at base, bearing an in- flated mucronate sheath above: leaves filiform, triangular, channelled, mucronate, 1-4 inches long : spikelet erect: scales ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate, thin, purplish-brown with narrow white margins: bristles numer- ous, bright reddish brown, an inch or more long : achene oblong, narrowed at each end, apiculate. In marshes, Oregon to Alaska and Newfoundland. * * Spikelets several, subtended by a 1-4-leaved involucre. E. polystachyon L, Sp. 52. Stems stiff, smooth, triangular above, nearly terete below, 1-3 feet high, leafy : leaves flat, shorter than the stem, 1-4 lines wide, tapering to a triangular rigid point : involucre of 2-4 leaves, commonly equalling or exceeding the inflorescence : spikelets 3-12, ovoid or oblong, nodding, in a terminal more or less compound umbel; rays filiform: scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, purple-green or brown : bristles numerous, bright white, about an inch long : achenes ob- ovoid, obtuse, light brown. In bogs, Oregon to Alaska and the Atlantic States : also in Europe and Asia. E. gracile Koch Roth. Catal. Bot. ii, 259. Stems slender, obtusely 3-angular, rough on the angles, 1-2 feet high, leafy : leaves narrowly linear, about a line wide, triangular-channelled, rough-margined, shorter than the stem : involucre commonly of a single stiff erect leaf : spikelets 3-8, capitate or subumbellate, the longer-peduncled ones drooping : scales ovate or oblong, obtuse or subacute, greenish-brown, the midrib rather strong: bristles numerous, bright white, 8-12 lines long: achenes linear-oblong, acute, pointed. In bogs, California to Alaska and across the Continent: also in Europe and Asia. 5 HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xvii, 263. Low or dwarf setaceous annuals with flattened stems, somewhat leafy at base, linear leaves and 1-3 small spikelets sessile in an involucrate cluster. Scales spirally imbricated all around, de- ciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth of a single hyaline scale between the rachis and the flower. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, deciduous, not enlarged at base. Achenes oblong, turgid or lenticular. H. snbsqnarrosa Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras, ii, Pt. 1, 61. Stems tufted, numerous, 1-6 inches high, with brown sheaths at base: leaves 1 or 2, very short, filiform: principal involucral bract continuous with the stem, 6-12 lines long, the others much smaller or wanting: spikes 1-3, brownish, ovate, 1-1)^ lines long: scales numerous, cuneate-obovate, shortly acumin- ate and slightly spreading at the tip or erect, % line long, little exceeding the obtuse nutlet. In moist sandy soil, Washington to Brazil and the Atlantic States. H. occidentalis Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 391. Stems filiform, 1-2 HEMiCAKPHA CYPERACEiE 693 ELEOCHABIS inches high, tufted, with reddish- brown basal sheaths: leaves filiform, shorter than the stem: principal involucral bract continuous with the stem, 5-8 lines long, the others shorter: spikelets greenish, broadly ovate: scales with broadly ovate base and long acuminate spreading tips, twice as long as the nutlet: hyaline scale truncate or erosely toothed, not ad- herent to the nutlet. In wet grounds, base of Mount Adams Washington to California. H. intermedia Piper Fl. Palouse Reg. 36. Stems numerous, tufted, 2-4 inches high : leaves narrow, involute, the recurved blades 6-18 lines long : spikelets ovoid, obtuse, 1-2 lines long : involucral bracts usually 3, the uppermost 6-18 lines long, the others much shorter : scales )^-l line long, broadly obovate, the abruptly acuminate somewhat spreading or re- curved apex as long as the body: hyaline scale triangular-ovate, not ad- herent to the nutlet, which is oblong-ovate or obovate, about 3^ line long, with a short beak. Margins of ponds along the Columbia and Snake rivers, Oregon and Washington. 6 ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Hoi. i, 224. (1810.) Annual or perennial herbs with simple triangular, quadrangu- lar, terete, flattened or grooved stems, the leaves reduced to sheaths, or the lowest rarely leaf-bearing, and small flowers in dense sol- itary terminal spikes without an involucre. Scales concave, spirally imbricated all around. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed, w^anting in some species. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-cleft, the base persistent and forming a tubercle on the summit of the more or less 3-angled achene. E, ovata R. & S. Syst. ii, 152. Glabrous annual with fibrous roots: stems tufted, slender or filiform, rather deep green, nearly terete, mostly erect, 2-16 inches high : spike ovoid or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered, 2-5 lines long, 1-lK lines in diameter: scales thin, oblong-orbicular, very obtuse, brown with green midrib and scarioua margins : bristles 6-8, de- ciduous, usually longer than the achene : stamens 2 or 3 : style 2- or 3-cleft : achene pale brown, shining lenticular, obovate-oblong, smooth, 3^ line long or more: tubercle deltoid, acute, compressed, scarcely constricted at base, about ^ as long as the achene and narrower. In wet soil, Oregon to Brit. Columbia, New Brunswick and Florida : also Europe. E. palnstris R. & S. 1. c. 151. Perennial by horizontal often densely matted rootstocks: stems stout, terete or somewhat compressed, striate, 1-5 feet high : basal sheaths brown, rarely bearing a short blade, the up- per obliquely truncate: spike ovoid-cylindric, 4-12 lines long, lK-2 lines in diameter, many-flowered, thicker than the stem : scales ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, purplish brown with scarious margins and green midrib, or pale green all over: bristles usually 4, slender, longer than the achene and tubercle, sometimes wanting: stamens 2 or 3: style 2- or 3-cleft: achene lenticular, smooth, yellow, % line long: tubercle conic-triangular, constricted at the base, flattened, ^-% as long as the achene. In ponds and moist meadows, Alaska to California and across the continent : also in Europe and Asia. Var. ^lancescens Gray Man. ed. 5, 558. stems slender or nearly filiform, 8-18 inches high : spikes oblong, 2-5 lines long: achenes smaller: tubercle narrower. In wet meadows and marshes, range nearly of the type in North America. E, acicnlaris R. & S. 1. c 354. Perennial by filiform stolons or root" stocks : stems tufted, filiform or self ceous, obscurely 4-anglfd and grooved' weak, erect or reclining, 1-8 inches Icng: sheaths truncate: spikes com 694 CYPERACEiE stenophylslu RYNCHOSPORA pressed, narrowly ovate or linear-oblong, acute, broader than the stem, 2-10-flowered, 1-4 lines long, 3^ line wide : scales oblong, obtuse, or the upper subacute, thin, pale green, usually with a narrow brown stripe on each side of the midrib, deciduous, many of them commonly sterile : brist- les 2-4, fragile, fugacious, shorter than the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achenes obovoid-oblong : tubercle conic, acute, 3^ as long as the achene. In wet soil, throughout North America: also Europe and Asia. E. rostellata Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii, 347. Perennial by a short caudex : stems slender, the fertile erect, the sterile reclining and rooting at the apex, 1-6 feet long : upper sheaths truncate : spikes oblong, narrowed at both ends, thicker than the stem, 10-20-flowered, 4-6 lines long, about a line in diameter : scales ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, green with a somewhat darker midrid and slightly scarious margins : bristles 4-8, longer than the achene and tubercle : stamens 3: style 3-cleft : achene oblong- obovoid, obscurely 3-angled : tubercle conic-subulate, about half as long a the achene. Brit. Columbia to California and the Atlantic States. 7 STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Neog. 4. (1825.) Annual herbs with slender erect stems, narrowly linear or fili- form leaves with ciliate or pubescent sheaths and perfect flowers in umbellate, capitate or solitary spikelets subtended by a one- to several-leaved involucre. Scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous. Perianth wholly wanting. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2- or 3-cleft, glabrous, at base much swollen and persistent on the achene as a tubercle. Achene 3-angled, turgid or lenticular. S. capillaris Britton Bull. Torr. Bot, Club xxi, 30. Fimbristylis cap- illaris Gray. Stems filiform, densely tufted, erect, grooved, smooth, 2-10 inches high: leaves filiform, roughish, much shorter than the stem, their sheaths more or less pubescent with long hairs: involucral leaves 1-3, se- taceous, shorter than or one of them exceeding the inflorescence : spikelets narrowly oblong, somewhat 4-8ided, 2-4 lines long, less than a line thick, several in a simple or compound umbel, or sometimes solitary : scales ob- long, obtuse or emarginate, pubescent, dark brown with green keel: stamens 2: style 3-cleft: achenes yellowish brown, narrowed at base, very obtuse or truncate at the summit J^ line long, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled: tubercle minute, depressed. In dry or moist soil throughout North America. 8 RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Enum. ii, 229. (1806.) Leafy- stemmed herbs with erect 3-angled or terete stems, nar- row flat or involute leaves and small flowers in variously clustered spikelets. Scales thin, 1-nerved, imbricated all around, usually mucronate by the excurrent midrib, the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect, the lower perfect. Perianth of 1*20 barbed or scabrous bristles or none. Stamens commonly 3. Style 2-cleft, 2- toothed or entire. Achenes lenticular or swollen, capped by the persistent base of the style, or sometimes by the whole style. R. alba Vahl Enum. ii, 236. Pale green: rootstock short: stems slenderer almost filiform, glabrous, 6-20 inches high: leaves setaceous, )^-% line wide, shorter than the stem : spikelets several or numerous, in 1-4 dense corymbose terminal and axillary clusters, narrowly oblong, acute, at both ends, 1-3 lines long: scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white, acute : bristles 9-15, downwardly barbed, slender, about as lonsj: as the achene and tubercle: achene obovate-oblong, smooth, pale brown, lenticu- CARKX CYPERACEiE 695 lar: tubercle triangular-subulate, flat, J^ as long as the achene. In bogs, Oregon to Alaska, Newfoundland and Florida. 9 CAREX L. Sp. 972. Perennial herbs with triangular stems, linear 2-ranked leaves and monoecious, dioecious or androgynous flowers borne in termin- al solitary or racemed spikes, each usually subtended by a leaf- like bract. Perianth none or rarely represented by a single bristle. Staminate flowers of 3 stamens with filiform filaments, usually all in the terminal spike. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil with a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of a sac-like bractlet or second bractlet called the perigynium .which completely encloses the 3-angled, lenticular or plano- convex achene. Subgenus i Eucarex Cosson Fl. Paris, 744. Staminate flowers in one or more terminal spikes, sometimes with pistillate flowers at the base or apex. Pistillate flowers in distinct and simple mostly peduncled spikes. Cross-section of the perigynium circular, obtusely angled or prominently trigonous in outline. Style mostly 3-parted and the achene triangular or triquetrous. Tribe i Physocarp^ Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Spikes few to many, distinct, densely flowered. Perigynium mostly straw-color at maturity, papery in texture, more or less inflated, smooth, nerved, tapering into a beak as long or longer than the body. Stigmas mostly 3. § 1 Pauciflor^ Tuckerman Enum, Meth. 7. Spike andro- gynous, the pistillate flowers at the base, few. Perigynium green- ish, linear-lanceolate, several times longer than the scale. C. pauciflora Lightf. Fl. Scot. 545, t. 6. Glabrous: stems erect or assurgent, very slender, 4 inches to 2 feet high : leaves very narrow, shorter than the stem, the lowest reduced to toothed sheaths : scales inconspicuous, lanceolate to ovate, deciduous: perigynium scarcely inflated, 3-4 lines long, about }4. line in diameter, tapering from below the middle into a slender or almost subulate beak, strongly reflexed : stigmas 3. In bogs, Washington to Alaska, Newfoundland and Pennsylvania. § 2 Vesicari^e Tuckerman 1. c. 13. Staminate spikes com- monly 2 or more. Pistillate spikes usually long-cylindrical and dense. Perigynium smooth and shining, much inflated, at ma- turity straw-color or sometimes purple, beaked and conspicuously 2-toothed, usually prominently few-nerved. Stigmas 3. C. ntricnlata Boott Hook. Fl. ii, 221. Glabrous : stems stout, erect, 2-4 feet high : leaves elongated, the upper mostly exceeding the stem, 2-6 lines wide, the midrib prominent: bracts leaf-like: staminate spikes 2-4» linear, peduncled, the lower sometimes pistillate at the top: pistillate spikes 2-4, densely many-flowered, or sometimes looser near the base, 2-6 inches long, the lower short- peduncled, the upper sessile or nearly so, sometimes staminate at the summit: scales lanceolate, the lower awned and^ slightly longer than the perigynium, the upper acute: perigynium ovoid, light green, 2-3 lines long, narrowed above to a sharp 2-toothed 696 CYPERACE^ carex beak. In marshes, California to Alaska and across the continent. C. monile Tuckerman Enum. Meth. 20. Stems slender, erect or re- clining, 1-3 feet high: leaves elongated, rather light green, 1-4 lines wide, sometimes exceeding the stem: bracts similar, often longer than the in- florescence : staminate spikes 1-4, slender-peduncled : pistillate spikes 1-3, cylindrical, 1-3 inches long, about 4 lines in diameter, rather loose at ma- turity, the upper sessile, the lower one when 3, slender-pednncled and usually remote: perigynium yellowish- green, ovoid, inflated, about 2)4 lines long, tapering into a sharp 2-toothed beak, longer than the lanceolate acuminate scale. In marshes and wet meadows, California to Alaska and across the continent. C. exsiccata Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, i, 6. Stems stout, erect, 1-3 feet high : leaves pale green, 4-6 lines wide, the upper ones surpassing the stem: staminate spikes 1 or 2, slender: pistillate spikes 1-3, cylindric, 1-3 inthes long, nearly sessile or the lowest one slender-peduncled : scales very narrow, muticose : perigynia lance-ovate, scarcely inflated, strongly nerved, 3-4 times longer than the scale. In swales, Oregon and Washington. Var. globosa Bailey 1. c. More slender, with narrower leaves: spikes small, an inch or less long, more or less scattered, closely sessile, rusty in color: scales hyaline and very small: perigynia narrower, con- spicuously spreading. lu ponds on the high mountains, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. C, retrorsa Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i, 71. Glabrous: stems stout, erect, 1-3 feet high: leaves elongated thin, rough -margined, 2-4 lines wide, the upper usually exceeding the stem ; the bracts similar: staminate spikes 1-3, short-peduncled : pistillate spikes 3-6, all close together at the top and sessile or nearly so, or the lowest distant and peduncled, densely-flowered, 1-2 inches long, 6 lines in diameter: perigynia ovoid, membranous, yellow- ish-green, about three lines long, tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beak, % longer than the smooth lanceolate acute scale, reflexed at maturity. In bogs and wet meadows, Oregon and the Atlantic States. C. comosa Boott Trans. Linn. Soc. xx, 117. Stems stout, 2-3 feet high : leaves ample, rough on the margins, 5-6 lines wide : staminate spikes erect, short-peduncled, sometimes pistillate at the top: pistillate spikes 5-6, all on slender peduncles, or the uppermost nearly sessile all nodding or spreading, about 2 inches long, 5-7 lines in diameter : scales narrow, very rough, oblong or lanceolate, short acuminate, about 2 lines long: perigynia with oblong little inflated base and long slender 2-toothed beak, twice as long as the scale; the long slender teeth spreading. In bogs, Washington to California and the Atlantic States. Tribe ii TiiACHYCHL^NiE Drejer Symb. Car. 9. Staminate spikes one or more. Pistillate spikes compactly flowered, mostly large, erect or nearly so. Stamens 3. Perigynia mostly thick, and hard in texture, commonly scabrous or hirsute, straight- beaked. § 1 Anomal^e Carey Gray's Man. 557. Terminal spikes all staminate: pistillate spikes long and cylindrical, mostly densely flowered. Perigynia broad and short, short-beaked, the apex very slightly toothed or entire, mostly granulate. C. amplifolia Boott, Hook. Fl. ii, 228, t. 226. Stems stout, 2-3 feet high, very sharply angled, rough above : leaves many, 5-8 lines wide> rough on the margins, usually exceeding the stem : bracts leaf-like, with- out sheaths : pistillate spikes 4-6, erect, the upper one sessile, the lowei CAREX CYPERACE^ 697 short-peduncled, 1-4 inches long slenderly cylindrical : perigynia elliptic conspicuously few-nerved, abruptly narrowed into a whitish beak, spread- ing, about as long as the whitish purple-margined awn-pointed scale. In wet places in wooded districts, California to Oregon and Idaho. § 2 HiRTiE Tuckerman Enum. Meth. 14. Terminal spike all Btaminate: pistillate spikes densely many-flowered. Perigynia more or less hairy, the beak more deeply toothed. C. Oregonensis Olney Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 407. Stems smooth or nearly so, very leafy, about a foot high : pistillate spikes about 3, an inch long, often staminaie at the top, erect, approximate, shortly peduncled: perigynia ovate, tapering at both ends, prominently many-nerved, thickly covered with short stiff hairs, gradually produced into a white and smooth distinctly 2-toothed beak, longer than the ovate acute membranous scale. In the higher parts of the Cascade Mountains. C. lannginosa Michx. Fl. ii, 175. Stems rather slender, acutely an- gled and rough above, 1-2 feet high : leaves and lower bract elongated, flat, not involute, 1-2 lines wide, sometimes longer than the stem : stamin- ate spikes 1-3, long peduncled sometimes pistillate at base: pistillate spikes 1-3, usually distant, sessile or the lowest peduncled, 9-18 lines long ; scales ovate, membranous, often purplish, acuminate or short-awned : perigynia green, densely pubescent, tapering into a short 2-toothed beak, as long or longer than the scale. In moist meadows, California to Brit. Columbia and across the continent. § 3 Paludosa: Fries Corp. 190. Staminate spikes 2 or more, long-peduncled : pistillate spikes 2 to several, usually all pedun- cled, long and heavy, loosely flowered. Perigynia large, thick in texture, strongly nerved, mostly smooth, usually produced into a long beak which terminates in conspicuous subulate erect or spreading teeth. C. aristata R. Br. Franklin Journ. 721. Stems stout, erect, smooth or roughish above, acutely angled, 2-5 feet high ; leaves elongated, 3-5 lines wide, more or less scabrous often pubescent beneath and on the sheaths : bracts similar, the lower often exceeding the stem : staminate spikes 3-5, remote, cylindrical, sessile or the lowest short-peduncled, looselyrflowered : at the base, dense above, 1-4 inches long, sometimes 8 lines in diameter scales oblong-lanceolate, rough-awned, thin-margined, perigynia ascend- ing, conic, glabrous, 4-6 lines long, gradually tapering into .the conspic- uously 2-toothed beak nearly twice as long as the scale. In bogs, Oregon, the Northwest Territory, Michigan and New York. C. riparia Curtis Fl. Lond. iv t. 60. Pale green and glabrous: stems stout 01 rather slender, smooth or somewhat rough above, erect, 2-3 feet high: leaves elongated, somewhat glaucous, 3-6 lines wide, about equaling the stem : staminate spikes 1-5; pistillate spikes 2-5, cylindric, 2-4 inches .ong, about 4 lines in diameter the upper erect, sessile or nearly so, the lower more or less peduncled : scales lanceolate or oblanceolate long-aris- tate or acute: perigynia narrowly ovoid, firm, scarcely inflated, tapering gradually into a short 2-toothed beak, as long or longer than the scales. In swamps, Idaho to Manitoba and Florida. Tribe hi MiCROHYNCHiE Drejer Symb. Car 9. Paludose and alpine species of various habit, mostly with colored spikes, often growing in dense tufts. Perigynia small nearly beakless, not prominently toothed at the apex, rather thin in texture. 698 CYPBRACEiE carex § 1 AtrattE Kuntz Enum. PL ii, 431. Mostly alpine or boreal species. Terminal spikes club-shaped and androgynous with the staininate flowers below: pistillate spikes mostly short and dark colored. C. alpina Swartz Lilj. Sv. Fl, ed. 2, 26. Stems slender, erect, rough above, leafy only below the middle, 6 inches to 2 feet high, leaves roughiah, shorter than or equaling the stem: spikes 2-4, clustered at the summit, the terminal 1 or 2 staminate below, oblong or globose, 2-5 lines long, sessile or the lower peduncled : perigynia oval, orbicular or ovoid, light green, about a line long, tipped with a very short minutely 2toothed beak, equaling or shorter than the ovate black or purple-brown, obtuse or acut- ish scale: stigmas S. In rocky places, Oregon to Colorado, James Bay and Lake Superior ; also in Europe. C. Mertensii Prescott Bong, Veg, Sit. 168. Stems erect, rather slender, 2-3 feet high, rough on the very sharp angles, leafy: leaves broad and flat, shorter than the stem: bracts leaf-like the lower exceeding the stem: spikes 5-8, an inch or two long, very densely flowered, all more or less staminate at base, the upper one conspicuously so, all drooping, on filiform scabrous peduncles : perigynia very flat, broadly ovate, winged, very thin in texture, green or whitish, much longer and wider than the purple white - ribbed scale: Along streams, mostly high mountain streams, Oregon, to Alaska and Montana. C. (xmelini Hook, Bot. Beech. 118. t. 27. Stems slender, erect, 1-3 feet high, leaves erect, 1-2 lines wide: spikes 2-4, short and thick, peduncled, awn of the scales hispid: perigynia ferruginous, smooth, Oregon to Alaska and Siberia. C. fnsca All. Fl. Fed. 11, 269. Slender, stiff, erect, sharp-angled rough above 2-3 feet high : leaves rough, erect 1-2 lines wide, shorter than or sometimes exceeding the stem: spikes 2-4, oblong or cylindric, erect, all sessile, and close together or the lowest sometimes distant and very short peduncled, 4-8 lines long, about 4 lines in diameter when mature, the terminal one staminate at base or sometimes throughout: scales ovate awn-tipped black or dark brown with green midvein, perigynia elliptic or or somewhat obovate flat, ascending, a line long, very light green, beakless the apex minyitely 2-toothed, shorter than the scales, stigmas 3. In bogs. California to Alaska and the Eastern states, also in Europe. § 2 RiGiDiE Fries Summa. 72. Mostly stiff and rigid with short and erect very closely flowered spikes, the terminal one entirely staminate and purple or black. Bracts with auricu- late base. C. heteronenra W. Boott Bot. Cal. ii, 239. Stems slender erect 1-2 feet high, sharply angled: leaves narrow, flat, shorter than the stem, lower bract leaf-like, nearly\as long as the stem, sheathless: pistillate spikes about a half inch long, 3 lines thick, sessile or the lower ones very short peduncled, more or less contiguous, whitish or yellowish : perigynia oval, smooth, straw color, thin in texture, narrowed abruptly into a very short slightly emarginate beak, longer and broader than the obtuse or muticose purple white-ribbed scale. In the mountains California to Idaho. C. Raynoldsil Dewey Sill. Journ. xxxii, 39. Stems 6-18 inches high, sharply angled : leaves glaucous, 3-4 lines broad, flat, with revolute mar- gins rather abruptly tapering to a triangular apex, shorter than the stem ; spikes 3-6, oblong or obovoid, the staminate 4-9 lines long, sessile; pistil- late 6-8 lines long, 3-4 lines thick, sessile or short peduncled, contiguous CAREX CYPERACE^ 698 . or the lowest distant, on a peduncle 1-lK inches long: scales purple, or pale in the middle and on the margins, oblong or oval acute or acuminate, divergent, pale yellow above, abruptly rostellate with, a .purple emarginate beak, longer and broader than the scale. In the mountains, California to eastern Washington and Montan^. C. stylosa C. A. Meyer Act. Acad, St. Petersb. i, 222, t. 12. Stems slender, erect, 12-18 inches high, rough and leafless above; leaves 1-2 lines wide, shorter than the stem: Staminate spikes solitary, nearly sessile^ pften partly pistillate, an inch or less long : pistillate spikes 2-3, 6 lines long or less, the lowest longest, slender-peduncled, the others sessile or.nearly so: perigynia turgid-ovate, fuscous, minutely punctate, beakless, the entire orifice closed with the stiff and persistent style from which the stigmas, are caducous, longer than the very obtuse black white-ribbed scale. In wet meadows, northern Washington to Alaska and Labi ador. C. sprcta Bailey Mem. Torr. Botv Glub, 1, 6. , Stems stout, 12 to 18 inches high : leaves 2-3 lines wide, usually equalling or exceeding the stem : spikes sessile 4-6 lines long, and nearly as thick, the upper 2-3 contiguous to the staminate spike : perigynia broadly^elliptical, or broader tjian long, bekkless, thin, green, longer, and much broader than the black and muticose faintly white-nerved scale Columbia riverj bottoms. C. Tolmlei Boott Hook. Fl. 11, 224. Stem rigid, 12-18 inches high triquetrous, smooth or nearly so: leaves rough on the margins, mostly shorter than' the stem :. lower bracts leaf-like and about fequalling the stem, sheathless: spikes 4-7, the uppermost an inch or less long, staminate "and mostly contiguous, oval or oblong 8-12 lines long, dark -colored, often stam- inate at the apex, the 2 or 3 lowest slender-peduncled 1-2 inches long: perigynia compressed- trigonous, oval or oval-oblong, pale and more or less discolored with purple dots, produced into a very short and entire cylind- rical beak, either longer or shorter than the obluse or muticous purple white-ribbed scale. Oregon to Behiing Straits. Var. nigella Bailey Men. Torr. Bot. Club i, 47. Perigynia minutely bidentate : scale narrower and more acute. Var, subsessllis Bailey 1. c. Spikes short and thick, very densely flowered the staminate sessile; the pistillate aggregated near the top, sessile or the lowest very shortly peduncled : perigynia broader and more abruptly contracted. Eastern Oregon to Colorado. Var; aingnsta Bailey 1. c. Taller, leaves very long and narrow, the basal sheaths becoming fibrillose : spikes sessile or lowest peduncled, cy- lindrical: bracts narrow or filiform. Kerbyville Oregon. C. Kelioggil W. Boott. Bot. Cal. 11, 240. Stems very slender 12-16 inches high, sharply angled and scabrous above : leaves 1-2 lines wide, the caullne shorter, the sterile rather longer than the stem: bracts with- out isheaths, the lowest slightlv exceeding the stem; spikes 4-6, narrowly cylindrical or clavate, short-peduncled and loosely flowered at base, the up- permost stamiinate, rarely with some pistillate flowers at top or base, 9 lines long ; pistillate spikes 3-12 lines long, about a line thick : scales purple with pale midrib, obtuse perigynia pale, ovate, tapering to a short beak, the orifice entire, pui^e,, smooth, longer than the scale. In the mountains, California to Brit. Columbia. C. decidua Boott. Linn Trans, xx, 119. Stems 12-18 inches high : leaves 1-3 lines wide, shorter than the stem: bracts without sheaths, th,e lower exceeding the stem; spikes 4-6, dark purple, oblong or cylindric, the \ippermost staminate, at least at base, or at both ends, 12-14* lines long, ^3 lines thick, the others pistillate and solitary Or in clusters of 2-3, 6-18 hnes long, 2-4 lines thick: scales darfcpurple with pale cehtre, oblong-pvial 700 CYPERACE^ carex to lanceolate and mucronulate: perigynia ferruginous, oval, fostellate with an entire beak,'stipitate, papillose, deciduous, longer or shorter than the scale. Oregon to California and Patagonia. C. nudata W. Boott Bot. Cal. ii, 241. Stems slender, 12-16 inches high, sharply angled, scabrous, leaves 1-2 lines wide setaceously pointed, shorter than the stem: bracts without sheaths, the lowest rarely equalling the stem, the others shorter than the spike: spikes 4 or 5, cylindrical, the uppermost staminate, at least above, 6-12 lines long, l-lj^ lines thick, single or rarely with a smaller one at its base, the others pistillate, 6-18 lines long, 1-2 lines thick, the highest close to the staminate and sessile, the others contiguous on short peduncles or rarely the lowest ra^ to finches long: stamihatte spike golitaiy on a long pe- duncle: pistillate spikes lor 2 on filiforni peduncles, drooping, oblong 5-10 lines long about 3 lines thick; perigynia pAle. oval, narrowed atboth ends 1 3^ lines long, tipped with a minute entire beak, about as long as the oval green or purplish-brown acute or cuspid'ate scale. In bogs, Idaho to New Jersey and the Atlantic regions: also in Europe. Trib:e iv Hymenochl^n^ Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Staminate spikes several or many, mostly loosely flowered and on filiform nodding peduncles Perigynia mostly light green or whitish, thin- membranaceous, mostly somewhat inflated, commonly smooth and shining, tapering gradually into a minutely 2-toGthed beak. C, capillaris L. Sp. 977. Stenas slender or filiform, smooth, or roughish above, erect, 2-14 inches high: leaves )^-l line wide, much shorter than the stem, flat or somewhat involute in drying, roughish: bracts all with sheathing base: spikes all on filiform peduncles, the terminal one staminate; 704 CYPERACE^ carex pistillate spikes 1-3, nairowly oblong, 2-6 lines long, 1 line thick, nodding, 10-12-flowered: perigynia oblong, 3-angled light green, the slender beak about % as long as the body, longer than the oval, scaiious marginejd scale. Idaho to Alaska, Greenland and the Atlantic States: also Europe and Asia. C. cinnainomea Olney Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 396. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high, erect: leaves narrow-margined, shorteij than the stem: bracts sheathing, longer or shorter than the stem: spikes 3-5, erect,- 12-18 inches long, cinnamon colored, tlie terminal one staminate, fusiform and long pe- duncled, the others pistillate, cylindrical, densely flowered, the upper ap- proximate, the lower on long exserted peduncles, attenuate and loosely flow- ered at base, the lowest remote: scales cinnamon colored with green centre, membranous, ovate, obtuse, ciliate at the apex: perigynia elliptical, 3 angled, green, rostellate with bidentate orifice ciliate within, glabrous, longer and broader than the scale In marshes, southern Oregon and California. Tribe v Sptrostachy^ Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Staminate spikes usually solitary, pistillate spikes 2-5, short yellovirish or fuscous, compactly flowered. Perigynia smooth or minutely gran- ulate, rarely somewhat serrate on the margins, prominently nerved, squarrose, mostly beaked, the orifice entire. Stigmas 3. C. yiridnla Mich. Fl. ii, 170^ Glabrous and bright green: Stema slender, erect, 4-15 inches high: leaves a line or less wide, often longer than the stem: bracts similar, strictly erect and much exceeding the spikes, sed- sile, sometimes pistillate at the top: pistillate spikes 2-5, all approximate and sessile or the lowest distant and short-peduncled, oblong, 2-6 lines long, 2 lines or less thick: perigynia ovoid-oblong, a line or less long, narrowed at base, tapering into a 2-toothed beak about half as long as the body, longer than the ovate scale. In wet places, Washington to Alaska, New Eoundland and Pennsylvania. Tribe vi Dactylostachy^ Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Bracts sheathing, the sheaths often conspicuous and colored. Staminate spike mostly one: pistillate spikes short, commonly rather loosely flowered and slender, their scales mostly whitish, often small. § 1 Laxiflorae Kunth Enum. PL ii, 452. Slender, more or less broad-leaved species with mostly leafy bracts, green sheaths and loosly flowered spikes. Perigynia. mostly conspicuously 3- angled, with a more or lessjcurved beak. C. Heailersoni Bailey Proc. Am. Acad. :fcxir. 115. Slender and rather weak,l-2V^ f»^et high: leaves thick jlnd flaccid^ 4-8 lines wide, bhorter thn the stem: bracts with sheaths 1-i inches long: spikes 4-5, pale, the pistillate approximate, on short peduncles, loosely flowered: perigyni* 2-3 lines long, gradually contracted at each end, longer than the firm hyaline- margined ovate obtuse often mucronate scale. In forests and thicket's, Washington to California. § 2 Panaiceje Tuckerman Enum. Meth. 15. Mostly stouter narrow-leaved species. Perigynia often strongly nerved, not con- spicuously trigonous, often turgid C. livida Willd. Sp. PI. iv, 285. Pale green and very glaucous-* Stems slender, strictly erect, smooth, 12-18 inches high: leaves 1-2 lines wide, shorter than or equalling the stem: bracts narrow, usually short: staminate spike solitary, short-peduncled: pistillate spikes 1-3, 5-12 linea CI REX CYPERACE.E 70 long, about 2 lines thick, erect and clustered at the summit of the stem, densely several-flowered or loose at the base, the third when present distant or sometimes nearly basal, pedunoled: perigynia oblong, very pale, nearly 2 lines long, less than a line thick, beakless, narrowed to an entire orifice, linger than the ovate obtuse scale: stigmas 3. In bogs, Alaska to Califor- nia and the Atlantic States. § BicoLORES Tuckerman.l. c. 12, Small species with the ter- minal spike androgjmous or all staminate : perigynia more or less round or pyriform, beakless, commonly glaucous. C. anrea Nutt. Gen. ii, 205. Light green: stems very slender, erect or reclining, 2-15 inches long: leaves flat, 1-1 3^ lines wide, the basal equal- ling or exceeding the stem: bracts similar and exceeding the spikes: termin- al spike short-peduncled; pistillate spikes 2-4 oblong or linear-oblong, erect and clustered near the top, or the lower one distant, on filiform peduncles, loosely or densely few-flowerqd, 2-10 lines long: perigynia obovoid or sub- globose, yellow or brown and a line in diameter when mature, beakless?, longer than or equalling the membranous acute cuspidate or ehort-awned scale. In wet meadows Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States. Var. celsa Bailey Mem, Torr. Bot. Club 1, 75. Taller and strict, 15-20 inches high: spikes large and compactly flowered, longer-ped uncled. Oregon to California. § 4 Digitate' Fries Corp. 187. Low species with ordinary leaves : sheaths membranous or hyaline and colored either not prolonged into a bract or the bract very short and not foliaceous : perigynia more or less 3-angled, often hairy, the beak straight or nearly so. C. Blchardsoni R. Br. Frankl. Jonrn, 751 Stems slender, rough, erect, 4-12 inches high: leaves flat, about a line wide, the basal shorter than or equalling the stem: staminate spike short-peduncled; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, erect, short-peduncled, 4-9 lines long, compactly several-flow- ered, close together: perigynia obovoid, pubescent, about a line long, min- utely beaked, shorter than the ovate purple conspicuously white-mirgined scale: stig mas 3. In dry soil California to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States. Tribe vii Sph^riodiphor^ Drejer Car. 9. Low species of dry ground with the leaves all radical. Staminate spikes solitary: pistillate spikes short, usually globular or short-oblong, more or less sessile and approximate or the Iqnger ones radical. Perigyn- ia usually short and rounded, the beak straight and usually bifid, firm or hard in texture, not inflated, hairy or scabrous. C. flUfoIia Kutt. Gren. II, 204. Densely tufted, pale green and glabrous: stems very slender, smooth, erect; 3-14 inches high: leaves filiform, rather stff, spike solitary, erect, bractlesg, staiminate above, pistillate below, 3-15 lines long, the pistillate part about 2 lines in diameter perigynia obovoid- oval, triangular, rough or somewhat pubesent at the. summit a line long abruptly tipped by a short cylindrical hyaline entire beak, narrower than and about as long as the broadly oval scarious margined obtuse or cuspidate scale. In dry soil California to British Columbia and Nebraska. C. vespertina. C. Pennsylvanica of authors as to the Pacific coast plant. Stoloniferous: stems very slender, erect, 8-20 inches high: leaves 706 CYPERACE^ carex 1-1)^ lines wide, shorter than the stem; lower bract leaf-like, 6-12 lines long: stamiuate spikes usually short-peduncled, about an inch long: pistillate spikes 1-3, short-oblong, few-flowered: perigynia white or light colored, ob- ovate, tipped with a rather stout 2-toothed beak, hairy, shorter than the brown scarious-njar^lned {^cute or -mucronate scale, In pine forests, eastern W4sh- ingtrm and Oregon. ' C. deflexa Hornem. Plantel. ed. 3, i, 938. Very low and much tufted : stems 1-6 inches high, setaceous, more or less curved or spreading: leaves narrow, nearly equalling or longer than the stems : staminate spike min- ute and nearly ialw:ay8 invisible in the head; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, 2-5 flowered, green or green and brown, all aggregated into a small head, the lowest oiie always more or less short-peduncled and subtended by a leafy' bract 4-6 lines long: perigynium very small, much contracted below, tipped wit^ a very small flat beak. Alpine prairies eastern Oregon to Alaska, Greenland and Vermont. Var, media Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 1, 73. Rather stiff, 4-1^^" inches high, in dense tufts, most of the »t^jms somewhat exceeding the leaves: staminate apike prominent and erect, 4-5 lines long: pistillate spikes 2-3, all scattered, the lowest peduncled 'iand subtended by a bract which surpasses the stem. In the mountains of eastern Oregon to Montaria.-*- C. umbellata Schk. Reidgr. Nachtr. 75i Closely tvif ted and matted, stolon if e fous : stems filiform, 1-6 inches longl' erector reclining: leaves M — 1/^ lJi^6 wide, usually much exceeding the stems : staminate spike, solitary, terminal 4-6 lines long commonly .conspicuous : pistillate spikes 1-3, all filiform peduncled from the basal sheaths or 1 or 2 of them sessile . or very nearly so at the base of the staminate, ovoid-oblong, several -flow- ered, 2-4 lines long : perigynia oval, finely pubescent, pale^ obtusely 3-angled, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body, x about as long as the ovate-lanceolate acuminate or' shortaw:ned scales. - Oregon to the eastern states. C. globosa Boott Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 125. Stoloniferous : stems . 4-16 inches high, very slender, scabrous, clothed at base with reddish brown sheaths that break up into thread-like fibres: leaves firm, 1-2 lines wide, the lower longer than the stem : lower bracts longer than the spikes : staminate spike 6-12 lines long, a line thick; pistillate spikes oblong, loosely 2-9-flowered, 3-6 lines long, 2 lines thicl^, the upper sessile and close to the staminate, the others remote and pedunculate, scales oblong or lanceolate, acute or cuspidate, purple with green midrib and hyaline margins: perigynium more or less purple, globose, produced at base, ab- ,. ruptly beaked with a bidentate orifice, hirsute scabrous, broader than, the scale. Washington to California. C. inops Bailey Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 126. Stems slender, rigi^, sharply angled, a foot high, from long and erect rootstocks : leaves numer- ous, rigid, narrow, long-pointed, about half as long as the stem: spikes 3-4, all aggregated and sessile at the top of the stem, the lowest subtended by a sheathless bract of about its own length, the terminal spike staminate, about an inch long, the others half as long and staminate at the top : per- igynia small, elliptic, brown below, very abruptly produced into a white straight and deeply cut beak, scabrous below, hairy on the shoulders and beak, about as long as the brown-centred broad acute scale. On sandy ground among timber on Mount Hood. Tribe vrii Phyli^ostachys Carey Gray's Man. 1848, 538. Spikes solitary, staminate above; pistillate flowers few, often remote, usually on a more or less zigzag rachis : scales prolonged and leaf-like or scabrous. ciREX * CYPERACEiE 707 C. Geyeri Boott Linn. Trans, xx. 118. Stems stiff, slender, 6 inches to 2 feet high, leafy at base: leaves rigid, }4^1 line wide, carinate, scabrous on the margins and keel : staminate flowers 1-6, alternate, appressed to the rachis : scales whitish, becoming ferruginous, green in the middle, ciliate, in the staminate flowers oblong and obtuse, the pistillate clasping and cus- pidate, the lower foliaceous and equalling the stem : perigynia triangular- ellipsoidal, tapering to the base, with a very short entire beak and hyaline oritice, smooth, 1-nerved on the middle of 2 sides, shorter than the scale. On dry ridges, Oregon and Washington to Colorado and Montana. C. mnlticauUs Bailey Bot. Gaz. ix, 117. Stems numerous, 1-3 feet high, stiff and wiry, terete or obtusely angled, smooth or minutely scabrous be- neath the spike, dark green and remaining so a year after fruiting : leaves short and reduced to sheaths : staminate flowers 3-8, their scales oblong or lanceolate, green with hyaline margins, appressed; pistillate flowers 1-4, their scales green with ovate scarious-margined base and long acuminate tips, sometimes longer than the spike : perigynium large, green, triangular contracted below to a stipitate base, tipped with a short stout beak. On dry ridges among pine timber, southern Oregon to California. Tribe ix Lamprochl^n^ Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Small mostly boreal species. Spikes mostly solitary. Scales obtuse with hyaline margins. Perigynium smooth, firm in texture, or or even horny, glossy or shining, brown or black, lightly nerved or nerveless, tipped with a short beak. Stigmas mostly 3. C. Pyrenaica Wahl. Acad. Handl. xxiv, 139. Cespitose, the filiform stems 4-7 inches high, very leafy at base : leaves 3^-1 line broad, flat or often conduplicate : bracts scale-like: spikes dark-brown or purple, ellips- oidal, densely-flowered, 5-8 lines long, 2-4 lines thick, staminate above : scales membranaceous, deciduous, of the staminate flowers linear-oblong, acutish : of the pistillate darker, ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the lowest often cuspidate or subfoliaceous : perigynium membranaceous, lan- ceolate or spindle-shaped, gradually attenuate to an acute obliquely cut, hyaline-margined orifice, long-stipitate, reflexed at maturity, rather longer than the scale. On the high mountains, northern California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. C. nigricans C. A. Meyer Cryp. Nov. t. 7. Stems rather stout, 4-8 inches high, very leafy at base: leaves 1-5 lines wide, not half as long as the stem, flat, attenuate to a very sharp point: spike very dark brown or black, oblong to obovate, 3-6 lines long, staminate at the top: scales ob- long to ovate, acute or acuminate : perigynia broadly lanceolate or oblong, abruptly contracted below to a slender stipe, produced above into a slender sharply 2-toothed beak, usually longer than the scale. In wet meadows on the highest mountains, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. Tribe x Leptocephal^ Bailey Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 131. Spike solitary, staminate above, thin and slender. Perigynia thin in texture, green, oblong, lanceolate or linear in outline, beakless or nearly so. C. leptalfa Wahl. Kongl. Vet, Acad. Handl. (11,) xxiv, 139. Light green and glabrous : stems filiform, erect or spreading, 6-18 inches long: leaves ^ line wide, mostly shorter than the stems: spikes narrowly linear, 2-7 lines long, less than a line thick : perigynia few, linear-oblong, narrow- ed at base, obtuse and beaked at the summit, l}4 lines long, longer than the attenuate scales. In wet places, California to Alaska and across the continent. Tribe xi Physocephalje Bailey 1. c. 132. Spikes solitary. 708 CVPERaCE^ CAREt globular or short-oblong, staminate at top. Perigynia straw- color, papery, more or less inflated. Stamens 3. C. Breweri Boott 111. 142, t, 455. Rootatock creeping, etoloniferous : stems 5-18 inches high, obtusely angled, smooth, leafy at base: leaves rig- id, filiform, the cauline shorter than the stem: spikes dark fulvous or chestnut-color, oval or ovate, 6-12 lines long, 4-6 lines thick, naked : sta- minate flowers few: perigynia oval, much inflated and very thin, with a very short obliquely cut entire beak, lo^er and broader than the hyaline- margined scale. Alpine, California to Washington. Subgenus ii VIGNEiE Koch Syl. Fl. Germ. 748. Staminate flowers few and inconspicuous, borne at the base or apex of the spikes. Pistillate flowers in one to several short and sessile spikes which are commonly more or less aggregated into heads or even panicles. Crossection of the perigynium plano- convex in outline. Styles 2. Achenes lenticular. Tribe xii AcROARRHENiE Fries Summa. 73. Staminate flow- ers borne at the top of the spikes, or the spikes wholly staminate or the plants sometimes dioecious. § 1 FcETiD^ Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 10. Spikes tawny or brown, not elongated, very densely aggregated into a continuous globose somewhat chafiy head. Perigynium ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, nerveless or nearly so, mostly thin in texture. C. yernacula Bail. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xx, 417. Stems rather stout, triangular, 3-30 inches high, leafy at base: leaves flat, 1-2 lines wide, 1-4 inches long : bract leaf-like, sometimes much longer than the inflorescence : spikes congested into a head 6-20 lines long by 3-8 lines thick, of numerous small roundish ferruginous spikelets, the lower often distinct : scales ovate, acute, cuspidate : perigynia ovate, contracted below to a short stipe and above to a stout bidentate beak, longer than the scale. In the high moun- tains, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. C. Hoodil Boott Hook. Fl. ii, 211, t. 211. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high longer than the leaves: spikes several to many, very few-flowered, in a dense ovoid or oblong head 6-9 lines long : perigynia spreading, small and narrow, gradually contracted at both ends, green, nerveless or nearly so, conspicuously winged, rough on the angles, about the length of the brown or tawny scales. Oregon and Washington to Montana. Var. nervosa Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club i, 14. Very tall and slender, 2-3 feet high : head looser : perigynia more conspicuously winged on the outer face. In woods near the coast, Puget Sound to California. § 2 VuLPiNA Kunth Enum. PI. ii, 383. Spikelets mostly yellow or tawny when mature, densely aggregated or sometimes somewhat scattered below or even panicled. Perigynia thick in texture, spongy at base, mostly stipitate, conspicuously nerved. C. Joncsii Bailey Mem. Torr. Club i, 16. Stems slender, erect, some- what stiff, 7-18 inches high, sharply angled and rough, somewhat exceed- ing the narrow leaves, spikes several to many, densely aggregated into a small oblong or ovoid naked head an inch or less long : perigynia small, lanceolate from a truncate base, stipitate, very strongly many-nerved, marginless, smooth or but slightly rough on the angles above, the long and brown beak nearly entire, exceeding the brown muticose or obtuse icale. in the mountains, Washington tq California. CABBX CYPERACE^ 709 C. macrocephala Willd. in Herb, Spring. Syst iii, 808. Stems atout, 3-angled, 4-12 inches high, from long running rootetocks : leaves stiff, 1-4 lines wide, rough on the margins, as loilg or longer than the stem : spikes densely aggregated into an oblong or ovate head 1-3 inches long by 1-1)^ inches thick, subtended by slender bracts : perigynia 6-8 lines long, 2 lines or more thick, ovate from a truncate base, produced above into a subulate deeply 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body, the angles conspicuosly margmed with dentate wings, longer than the ovate acuminate scales. On sandy banks along the coast of Oregon and Washington. C. stipata Muhl. Willd. Sp. PI. 233. Stems smooth, erect, 1-3 feet high: leaves flat, 3-4 lines wide, shorter than the stem, the upper ones sometimes exceeding the spike: bracts, bristle-like or wanting: spikes numerous, yellowish, crowded into an oblong cluster 1-4 inches long, the lowest sometimes branched: staminate flowers few, always terminal: peri- gynia lanceolate, 2-2)^ lines long, about a line thick at the base, gradually tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak 1-2 times as long as the body, longer than the ovate or lanceolate acuminate hyaline scale. Com- mon in wet places. Brit. Columbia to California and across the continent. § MuLTiFLOR^ Kunth Enum. PI. ii, 387. Heads various, mostly loosely flowered, sometimes panicled, yellow or tawny. Spikes short. Staminate flowers sometimes occupying whole spikes in the middle or at the apex of the head. Perigynia mostly small and short, nearly nerveless in some species, becom- ing nearly lanceolate and more or less prominently nerved, firm in texture. C. Gayana Desv.. Fl. Chile, 205. Stems 1-2 feet high, scabrous: leaves 1-2 lines wide, shorter than the stem : spikes aggregated into an oblong or ovoid head 6-10 lines long by 4-7 lines thick, dioecious or nearly so : scales membranous, chestnut color with hyaline margins, ovate, acuminate, cari- nate, cuspidate : perigynia chestnut color, broadly ovate, cordate, stipitate at base, tipped with a minute conical beak with an entire orifice, snorter than the scale. Idaho to Colorado. f C. marcida Boott Hook. Fl. ii. 212, t. 213. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high, scabrous: leaves a line wide, shorter than the stem : heads 8-16 lines long, 3-5 lines thick, sometimes nearly dioecious, dull brown, com- posed of many ovate crowded or contiguous closely imbricated spikes 2-3 lines long by a line thick, the lower compound, the upper simple : perigynia nearly black at maturity, orbicular with a short, or' ovate with a longer, bidentate beak, stipitate, equalling the ovate acute or cuspidate hyaline- margined scale. In meadows, California to Brit. Columbia and Colorado. Tar. debilis Bailey Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 136. Small and slender, a foot or less high, the stems mostly exceeding the very narrow leaves: perigynia smaller and more contracted at base. Along streams, eastern Oregon. C. teretinscnla Goodn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii, 163. Stems slender, erect or reclining, very rough, at least above, 1-2 feet long : leaves mostly less than a line wide, shorter than or sometimes equalling the stem : spikes several or numerous, staminate above, in a narrowly oblong compact or interrupted terminal cluster 1-2 inches long: perigynia ovate, smooth, dark brown, slightly more than half a line long, truncate or rounded at base, tapering into a flat conic beak about as long as the body, about equalling the ovate brownish acute or short-awned scales. In swamps and wet mead- ows, Idaho to Brit. Columbia and Hudson Bay. Tar. pralrea Britten; Clusters of spikes compound, branched, the 710 CYPERACEiE carex top commonly nodding. Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States. Var. amplia Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club i, 53. Very large and stout, 2-3 feet high : heads 1-3 inches long, much branched : perigynia a line or more long, nerved on the back, produced into a long beak. In bogs, Oregon and Washington. C. Yicaria Bailey 1. c. 49. Stems 10-30 inches high, slightly scabrous above : leaves 1-2% lines wide, shorter than the stem : bracts setaceous^ exceeding the spike, heads ferruginous, 6-20 lines long by 3-8 lines thick, ovate-oblong or cylindrical, of numerous small roundish crowded spikes or clusters of spikes, the lower often distant: scales ovate, acute, cuspidate: perigynia divergent, membranaceous, ovate; rostrate and bidentate, serrate above on the somewhat winged margins, longer and broader than the scale. In wet places, Oregon to California. Var, costata Bailey 1. c. 49. Perigynia very strongly many-nerved or ribbed on the outer face and usually bearing 3 or 4 nerves on the inner one. Southern Oregon. § 4 Arenari^ Kunth Eniim. PL ii. 376. Spikes longer, linear or nearly so, aggregated into short almost globose heads. Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly larger and more delicate in texture. Scales very acute or awn-pointed. Stamin- ate flowers variously situated. C. Donglasii Boott Hook. Fl. ii, 213, t. 213. Rootstocks creeping: stems about a foot high, obtusely angled, smooth: leaves 1-2 lines wide, tapering to an extremely slender triangular point: bracts scale-like, clasp- ing, cuspidate, or the lowest prolonged beyond the stem : heads dioecious or nearly so, oblong, pale or chestnut color, 1-2 inches long, 6-9 lines thick, of many ellipsoidal or ovoid crowded spikes the upper simple, the lower compound and sometimes branching, often half inch long: perigynia ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate to a slender obliquely cut beak, stipitate, shorter than the ample membranous oblong or lanceolate acute or cuspi- date hyaline-margined scale : stigmas 2, very long. In alkaline soil, eastern Washington to California. § 5 MuHLENBERGiAN^ Tuckcrm. Enum. Meth. 9. Spikes green or nearly so when mature, aggregated or scattered, never in compound heads. Staminate flowers always borne at the top of the spike. Perigynia mostly short-ovate, usually not conspicu- ously nerved. €• tenella Schk. Reidgr. 23. Rootstocks very slender : stems almost filiform, rough, commonly reclining, 6 inches to 2 feet long : leaves soft, about % line wide, spreading, shorter ^than or sometimes equalling the stem: spikes very small, 1-2-flowered, distant, or the upper close together: perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, nearly terete, hard, about 1 line long by % line thick, tipped with a minute entire beak longer than or equalling the ovate acute hyaline scale : stigmas 2. In bogs, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States. C. yalicola Dewey Sill. Jour n. 2nd ser. xxxii, 40. Stems 6-12 inches high, very slender : leaves % line wide, shorter than the stem : bracts roughly cuspidate from a broad hyaline-margined base, the lowest equal- ling or exceeding its spike : head 6-12 lines long, linear-oblong, of 4-7 nar- rowly oblong contiguous spikes: scales chestnut-color, membranous,^ with very broad hyaline margins, acute, or the scabrous keel prolonged into a short mucro: perigynia pale brown, obovate, abruptly attenuate to the base and to the obliquely cut entire beakj about equalling the scales. CAREX CfPERACEiE 711 Southern Idaho. C. nardina Fries Mant. ii, 55. Stems filiform, erect, smooth, 2-6 inches high, very densely tufted : leaves filiform, erect, about as long as the stems: spikes solitary erect, terminal, ovoid-oblong, 3-5 lines long, less than 2 lines thick, bractless: perigynia oblong-elliptic, yellowish- brown, narrowed at both ends, nearly 2 lines long, somewhat hispid above, beakless, the orifice 2-toothed, equalling or shorter than the brown ovate acute or cuspidate thin scales. Washington to Brit. Columbia and Hudson Bay. Tribe xiii Hyparrhen^ Fries Summa. 72. Staminate flow- ers borne at the base of the spike or variously situated. § 1 Elongat^e Kunth Enum. PI. ii, 402. Spikes silvery- green or sometimes lawny when mature, distinct, mostly small. Perigynia not wing-margined nor conspicuously broadened, mostly nearly flat on the inner face, C. sterilis Willd. Sp. PI. iv, 208. Stems slender, stiff, erector spread- ing, 8-18 inches long, rough above : leaves 3^-1 line wide, shorter than the stem : bracts very short or sometimes bristle-like : spikes 3-5, subglobose or short-oblong, contiguous or separated, about 2% lines thick : staminate flowers usually numerous at the base of the upper spike or sometimes whole spikes staminate, rarely quite dioecious: perigynia pale, lanceolate, compressed, spreading or reflexed when mature, 'i% lines long, thickene'd at base, tapering into a sharp-edged 2-toothed rough beak more than half as long as the body, longer than the ovate hyaline scale : stigmas 2. Com- mon in moist places, California to Alaska and across the continent. f C, canescens L. Sp. 974. Pale green and somewhat glaucous: stems slender, erect, roughish above, 10-30 inches high: leaves flat, %-l line wide, shorter than the stem : bracts very short or none, or the lowest bris- tle-like and longer than its spike : spikes 4-9, short-oblong or subglobose, densely many-flowered, 2-5 lines long, about 2 lines thick, scattered or the upper close together: staminate flowersbasal : perigynia oval, silvery-green to nearly white, rather less than a line long, about % line wide* rough above, tipped with a minute entire beak, equalling or surpassing the ovate hyaline scale. In swamps and bogs, Oregon to Alaska and across the continent. Var. Oregana Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot, Club i, 75. Head larger and more dense, becoming brown: spikes loosely flowered, the perigynia sometimes spreading in a stellate manner, narrow, often almost linear- lanceolate, brown-nerved, sharp edged and rough above. In wet places. Oregon to Vancouver Island. C. brunnpscens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Supp. iii, 286. Rather dark green, not glaucous: stems slender, stiff, erect, 8-18 inches high: leaves a line or less wide, shorter than the stem, spikes 4-8 subglobose or short- oblong, few-flowered, rarely over 2% lines long, scattered or the upper close together : staminate flowers basal : perigynia ascending or spreading, brown, less than a line long, tipped with a beak about i^ as long as the body, about equalling the ovate membranous brownish scale. In wet places, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States. C. arcta Boott 111. 155, t. 497. Kather light green but not glaucous: stems slender, erect, 12-30 inches high, rough above: leaves flat, aline wide, shorter than or equalling the stem : spikes oblong, many-flowered, 3-4 lines long, about 2% lines thick, all aggregated into a terminal (»void cluster : staminate flowers basal : perigynia pale, ovate, mostly spreading, tapering into a rough beak about half as long as the body, long-er than the 712 CYPERACE^ caret membranous pale brown scale : stigmas 2. In swamps and wet woods, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and across the continent. C. Deweyana Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i, 65. Stems slender » spreading, nearly or quite smooth, 1-2 feet long: leaves 1-2 lines wide, flat, soft, shorter than the stem : spikes 3-6, oblong or subglobose, few-flowered, 2-3 lines thick, distinctly separated or the upper ones contiguous : stamin- ate flowers basal : perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, thin, tapering above to a rough strongly 2- toothed beak half as long as the body, equal- ling the hyaline-margined broadly ovate acute or cuspidate scale : stigmas 2. In wooded districts, California to Alaska and across the continent. Yar, Bolanderi "W, Boott Bot. Cal. ii, 236. Stems stouter and leaves broader: spikes 4-10, with more numerous flowers: scales hispid- awned. With the type, Washington to California. § 2 OvALES Kunth Enum. PI. ii, 394. Spikes tawny or dark, rather large, sometimes crowded. Perigynia with a more or less winged margin which is mostly incurved at maturity mak- ing thetn concave. €• si^-2-floweretl without an involucre, the lower usually minute. 4 Chaetochloa Spikelets 2-flowered, with an involucre of bristles proceed- ing from the pedicels. Tribe hi Oryze^ Spikelets usually much compressed lat- erally, one-flowered. Empty glumes two or more. Stamens of- ten 6. 5 Homalocenchrns Spikelets much flattened: glumes wanting: palet rigid. Suborder ii POACEiE R. Br. Spikelets not articulated below the glumes, one- to many- flowered, the imperfect flowers if any usually uppermost. Tribe iv Phalaride^e Spikelets more or less laterally com- pressed, 1-3-flowered. Glumes 5, the first 2 below the articula- tion of the rachella the third and fourth very unlike the others ; the fifth with a hermaphrodite flower. 6 Phalaris Spikelets 3-flowered, the lateral reduced to a rudiment, the fertile coriaceous. 7 ANTHOXANTHUM Spikelets 3-flowered, the lateral neutral, of a single GRAMINEJE 716 awned hairy palet. 8 Hierochloa Spikelets 3-flowered, the lateral ones staminate. Tribe y Agrostide Ji: Spikelets all hermaphrodite and fertile, with 3 glumes, the first 2 empty. Rachella sometimes prolonged behind the paleae into a naked or plumose bristle. * Flower sessile within the glumes. 9 CQleanthns Spikelets in small umbellate clusters, all perfect. 10 Sporobolns Spikelets in contracted or open panicles, all perfect. * * Flower raised within the glume on a short rounded or stalk- like base. Glumes long-awned. 11 Polypo^on Glumes much longer than the flower. -*- •*- Glumes mostly awnlens. 12 Agrostis Lower glumes exceeding the very thin obtuse paleta : inflor* escence spike -like to open paniculate. IS Gastrididm Inflorescence spike-like : glumes with a shining ventri- cose base. 14 Clnna Flower distinctly stipitate : flowering glume short-awned bo- low the tip. 15 Muhlenbergia Flowers mostly bearded at base, early deciduous: flowering glume awned from the apex. •♦-+-•*- Flowers with a more or less conspicuous tuft of hairs at base, shorter than the glumes. 16 Calamagrostis Spikelets 2-flowered and mostly with the rudiments of a second flower present : palet awned from below the apex. Tribe IV Chlorides Spikelets one, to several-flowered, in simple one-sided spikes, upon a jointless rachis. * Spikelets one-flowered. 17 Spartina Spikelets much flattened laterally, in 2 rows upon one side of a 3-angled rachis: spikes racemed. I 18 Beckmannia Spikes panicled : spikelets 2-flowered, or by abcjS^bi 1-flowered, upon one side of a flattened rachis. * * Spikelets 2-flowered or more, one flower perfect with one or more imperfect or neutral ones above it. 19 Boateloua Flowering glumes 3-cleft and 3-awned at the apex : im- perfect flowers often reduced to these awns. 20 Eleusinb Spikes digitate at the summit of the stem : spikelets sev- eral-flowered. Tribe v Stipace^e Spikelets strictly one-flowered. Flowers with a sharp-pointed callus at base, deciduous. Flowering glume wrapped around the flower and palet, coriaceous and indurated in fruit and terminated by a simple or triple awn. 21 Stipa Awn simple, long, twisted below, not caducous. 22 Oryzopsis Awn simple, caducous : flower clothed with long silky hairs. 716 ORAMINE^ 23 Aristida Awn triple, continuous or articulated with the glume. 24 Phlenm Panicle dense and spike-like: glumes distinct: awn simple, 25 Alopecurus Panicle spike-like : glumes more or less united at base : awn simple. Tribe vi AvENACEiE Spikelets panicled 2-several-fiowered, rachis often bearded, prolonged into an imperfect rudiment. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding the flower. Flowering glumes usually bearing an awn on its back or between its teeth. * Spikelets with 2 or more lower flowers perfect. 26 Danthonia Spikelets several-flowered, awned from the 3 United middle nerves. 27 AvKNA Spikelets 2-flowered, awned from the midnerve only. 28 Trisetnm Spikelets 2-8everal-flowered : flowering glume 2-toothed at the summit, awned from the midnerve only. 29 AiRA Spikelets 2-flowered, both perfect, the rachella not prolonged beyond the upper one. 80 Deschampsla Spikelets with 2 perfect flowers, the rachella prolonged beyond the second flower. * « Spikelets 2-flowered with one flower staminate 81 Arrhenatherdm Lower flower staminate, upper perfect and usually awnless. 82 HoLcus Lower flower perfect, awnless, upper staminate and awned. Tribe vii Festuce^e Spikelets panicled, 2-many-flowered, the rachis usually prolonged and bearing an imperfect flower or bristle. * Lower one or two flowers staminate or neutral. 88 Munroa Spikelets in clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, with the two lower glumes empty. 81 Phragmites Spikelets in an ample panicle, with one staminate flow- er below 2-4 perfect ones : rachis bearded with long hairs. * * Lowest flowers all perfect : grain not adherent to the palet •*- Flowering glumes pointed, awned or acute, the nerves, when present, running into the point. 86 Dactylis Spikelets in dense one-sided clusters in a one-sided panicle : glumes herbaceous, compressed, awn-pointed. 86 KcBleria Spikelets in a dense spike-like panicle : glumes membranous, keeled, pointed or mucronate. •*- •*- Flo^^enng glumes pointless and, except in Melicat awnless, obtuse ; the nerves parallel. ** Flowering glume 1-nerved ; the palet 3-nerved. 87 Eatonia (Jlumes very unlike; the upper one mucji broader than the linear lower' one and wrapped around the flower. ** -^ One or two of the glumes 5-nerved or more. 88 Melica Flowering glumes flattish on the back, 7-nerved or more, membranaceous at tip : fertile flowers 1-3, the upper enwrapping the GRAMINE^ 717 1-3 imperfect ones. 89 Distlchlis Flowers dicecicus: flowering glumes much compressed laterally, many-nerved, somewhat coriaceous. ** ** -^ Glumes 1-3-nerved. 40 Catabrosa Glumes membranous, erose-truncate. 41 Oraphephornm Hachella hirsute with stiff hairs, extended into a hairy appendage : flowering glumes membranous. 42 Fanicnlaria Spikelets several-flowered decidttbus, the rachella breaking up into joints : flowering glumes rounded on the back, the 5-7 nerves not reaching the scarious mostly obtuse apex. 48 Pnccinellia Flowering glumes chartaceous^ convex on the back, faintly 2-nerved, the nerves not reachinjg the obtuse subdenticulate or or mucronulate apex. 44 Pleuropogon Flowering glumes chartaceous, several-nerved, the nerves not reaching the truncate awned apex. 46 Poa Flowering glumes laterally compressed, mostly keeled, 5-nerved, membranous, the margins or nerves below with cobweby hairs or pu- bescent: palet falling with the glume. 46 Eragrostis Flowering glume 3-nerved, keeled, deciduous, leaving the persistent palet. * * * Spikelets several- flowered : lowest flowers all perfect : grain adherent to the palet. 47 Briza Spikelets somewhat heart-shaped : flowering glumes rounded, many-nerved, becoming ventricose. 48 Festuca Spikelets flattish : flowering glumes rounded on the back, few-nerved, pointed or awned at the tip: ovary inostly smooth. 49 Bromns Spikelets flattened : flowering glumes convex to compressed, mostly awned below the tip: ovary pubescent. Tribe viii Hordeae Spikelet? one- to several-flowered, ses- sile in alternate notches on the opposite sides ''6i a zigzag rachis, either solitary or several together. * Spikelets single at each joint of the rachis. 50 Scribneria Spikes slender, solitary : spikelets l-rfowered, almost em- bedded in the notches of the rachis. 51 LoLiuM Spikelets several-flowered, placed with the edge next to the rachis : the inner glumes wanting except the terminal one. 52 Agropyron Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, placed flatwise on the rachis : both glumes present, standing right arid left. * * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis : glumes anterior, forming a sort of involucre to the spikelet. ■ 58 Hordenm Spikelets I- to several- flowered, in 'three's at each joint: lateral spikelets usually sterile. ^ — 54 Elymus Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, 2-4 at each joint, all perfect and similar : glumes shorter than the spikelets: flowering glumes not long-awned. 55 Sitanion Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, 2^4 attach joint, all perfect : glumes very long, usually 2-parted to the base and long-awned : flow- ering glumes long-awned and 2-toothed, or 3-awnbd. 718 GR AMINES imperata PA8PALUM Suborder i PANICACEJE R. Br. Verm.' Schr. i, 114. Spikelets one- or two-flowered, when two-flowered the second or terminal one is perfect and the lower one staminate or neutral. Rachella articulated below the empty glumes the spikelets falling from the pedicels entire either singly or in groups or with the joints of an articulated rachis. Tribe 1 Andropogpneoe. Spikelets in spike4ike racemes, 2 at each joint of an articulated rachis, one sessile and hermaphrodite, the other pedicellate and either hermaphrodite, staminate, neutral or or reduced to the pedicel only, glumes usually 4, the first 2 empty, larger and much firmer in texture than the others; the third usually with a staminate flower in its axil; the fourth hyaline with a fertile flower in its axil, usually awned. Awn usually twisted or geniculate. 1 IMPERATA Cyrill PI. Rar. Ic. ii, 26. (J 796.) Panicle spike-like. Spikelets in pairs on unequal short clavate pedicels or one sessile, both perfect, awnless. Outer empty glumes clothed with long white silky hairs: third and fourth glumes and palet hydlihe. Stamens 1 or 2. Stigmas 2. I. Hookeri Rupr. (Elvers Vet. Acad. Stockh. 160. Stems 2-4 feet high, simple, smooth, from creeping rootstocks: radical leaves 4-12 inches long, the cauline shorter, decreasing upward : ligule short, ciliate : panicle nearly cylindrical, erect, 6-12 inches long, sometimes interrupted below : hairs depse, straight, about }4 inch long, giving the peculiar feathery ap- pearance, decked with the yellow or brown anthers and stigmas. Along stream^i eastern Oregon and Nevada to California and Texas. Tribe 2 Paniceas. Spikelets hermaphrodite, terete or flattened on the back. Glumes S-4, when 4 there is sometimes a staminate flower or palea in the axil of the third. Axis of the inflorescence not articulated; the rachella being articulated below the glumes, the spikelets falling off singly from their pedicels. 5 PA8PALUM L. Syst. ed. 10, ii, 865. Spikes or racemes either solitary, few and digitate or many and panicled. Spikelets in 2-4 rows upon one side of a flattened or filiforra jointless rachis, jointed upon their short pedicels, plano- convex, awnless, apparently one-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, few-nerved. Flowering glumes roundish or ovate, coria- ceous, convex and enclosing the palet. Scales 2. Stamens 3. Ovary smopth. Grain enclosed in the glume. P. dlstichnm L. Amoen. Acad, v, 391. Rootstock widely creeping, perennial: stems 6-18 inches high, clothed below with the somewhat crowded sheaths: leaves flat, 2-3 inches long, glaucous, rough above: spikes 2, spreading, one sessile, the other peduncled, 1-13^ inches long, densely flowered: spikelets in 2 rows, ovate, acute, 1)^ hues long: glumes 3-nerved, more or less pubescent. In moist meadows Oregon to California and the southern Atlantic States : also.in Europe. 3 PANICUM L. Sp. 55. Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the lower one sta. PANicuM GKAMINEiE 719 minate only. Glumes 4, the 3 low-er membranous, empty or the third with a staminate flower, the fouHh chartaceous, shining, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclos- ed in the hardened fruiting glume. * Spikelets in pairs, one sessile the other pedicelled, crowded on one side of simple flattened branchies which are digitately clustered at the top of the stem : lower flower neutral, of a single palet. P. 8ANGUINALE L. Sp. 57, Stems erect or decumbent, 1-3 feet long, often rooting at the lower nodes, smooth : leaves 2-6 inches long, 2-4 lines broad, acuminate : spikes 3-10, narrowly linear, 2-6 inches long, digitate or in approximate whorls at the summit of the stem : rachis flat, margined: spikelets lanceolate, acute. In fields and waste places throughout North America and Europe except the extreme north. * Spikelets disposed in panicles, awnless. -*- Annual. P. capilare L. Sp. 58. Stem erect or decumbent, 1-2 feet long, sim- ple or sometimes branched: sheaths pilose-hirsute: leaves 6-12 inches long, 3-8 lines broad, more or less pubescent: terminal panicle 3-14 inches long, its lower branches at first included in the upper sheaths, finally ex- serted and widely spreading, 2-10 inches long: spikelets 1-1 J^ lines long, acuminate. In dry soil, throughout most parts of North America and Europe. •*- ■*- Perennials. P pnbescens Lam. Encycl. iv, 748. Stenis at first erect and simple, later profusely branched and leaning or ascending : sheaths hirsute to villous, often papillose : leaves rounded-truncate or often narrowed at base, those of the stem 2-3 inches long, those of the branches much shorter : primary panicle less than 3 inches long, ovoid, the branches ascending: spikelets hardly a line long, pubescent. In dry Eoil, eastern Washington to the Eastern States. P. dichotomum L. Sp 58. Smooth and glabrous or the lower nodes bearded : stems erect, 6-24 inches high, at first simple, later profusely di- chotomously branched at about the middle: leaves light green, generally much narrowed toward the base, the primary ones distant, 2-3 inches long by 2-3 lines broad, those of the branches much smaller, sometimes invo- lute: primary panicle usually long-exserted 1-2 inches long, the branches loose and spreading, bearing few glabrous ellipsoid spikelets about a line long. In dry woodlands, Washington to the Eastern States. P. Scribneriannm Nash Bull. Torr, Bot. Club xxii, 421. Stems erect, 6-24 inches high, simple or later in the season dichotomously branch- ed above, sparingly pubescent : sheaths shortly papillose-hispid, sometimes glabrate : leaves 2-4 inches long, 3-6 lines broad, rounded or truncate at base) acuminate, more or less spreading, smooth above, scabrous beneath : panicles small, the primary one exserted, ovoid, 1-3 inches long, its bran- ches spreading 8-12 lines long, often flex.uous : spikelets turgid obovoid, about 1% lines long. In dry or moist soil, eastern Washington to the Eastern States. P. Scoparium Lam. Encycl. iv, 744. ? Stems spreading, 6-24 inches lpiig» geniculate at the lower nodes and at length branched : leaves lanceo- late, 3-5 inches long, 4-6 lines broad, mostly erect and somewhat rigid; hairy beneath and fringed with spreading hairs at base : sheaths hairy panicle 2-3 inches long nearly simple, the simple branches bearing a few 720 GR AMINES ch^btochloa HOM A LOCENCHRU S large tumid x>bovate usually hairy spikelets 1)^ lines long. Common in open places, Washington to California. * * * Spikelets crowded in 3-4 rows or irregularly on one side of the spike-like branches of the panicle. P. Crds-galli L. Sp. 56. Stems stout, 1-4 feet high, often branching at base : sheaths smooth and glabrous : leaves 6-20 inches long, ^-1 inch broad, glabrous, smooth or scabroiis : panicle composed of 5-15 sessile erect or ascending branches, or the lower branches spreading or reflex6d : spike- lets ovate, green or purple, densely crowded, the glumes more or less awned. Common In fields and waste places throughout North America: naturalized from Europe. 4 CH^TOCHLOA Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. BiV. Agros. Bui. 4, 38. Mostly annual grasses with erect stems, flat leaves and spike- like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered or rarely with a second sta- minate one. Rachella with bristles below the articulation. Spikelets with 4 glumes, the_3 outer membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower, the fourth chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plum- ous. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. C. viRiDis Scribn. 1. c. 39. Setaria.piridis Beauv. Stems erect or as- cending, 1-3 feet high, simple or branched: sheaths glabrous : leaves 3-10 inches long, 2-6 lines wide: spikes 1-4 inches long: spikelets about a line long, elliptical, much shorter than the upwardly barbed bristles. In waste places and cultivated fields, throughout North America : introduced from Europe. Tribe 3 Oryzese Kunth Enum. i, 5. Spikelets usually much compressed laterally , 1-flowered^ staminate, pistillate or hermaphro- dite. Empty glumes 2 or none, the flower being subtended by the floral glume and palet alone. Stamens frequently 6. Axis of the inflorescence not articulated. 5 HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg.; Hall Hist. Stirp. Helv. ii, 201. Panicle loose, its base often enclosed by the upper sheath. Spikelets much flattened, more or less crowded and overlapping each other, awnless, 1-flowered. Glumes only one, hard, strongly flattened laterally, fringed on the keel with bristly hairs, 8-nerved. Stamens 1, 8, or 6. Ovary smooth. Styles short. Stigmas plu- mose with branching hairs. Grain flat, enclosed by the glume. H. oryzoides Poll. Hist. PI. Palat. i, 52. Stems 2-3 feet high : leaves flat, spreading, 6-8 lines wide, yery rough upward : panicle much branched, spreading, 6-8 inches long : spikelets 2J^-3 lines long, pale green : stamens 3. In wet places, eastern Oregon to California and the Atlantic States. Suborder ii POACE^'^ R. Br.- Yerm. Schr. i, 115. Spikelets one- to many-flowered, the imperfect or rudimentary flowers if any uppermost. Rachella usudlly articulated above the empty glumes so that these are persistent. In spikelets with 2 or more flowers the rachella is usually articulated beloW each flow- ering glume. ■ ■^ PH^LARis GRAMINEA 721 ANTHOXANTHDM Tribe 5 Pkalarideas Kunth Enum. 118. Spikelets more or less laterally compressed, 1-3-flowered, Glumes 5, the first 2 empty and below the articulation of the rachella\ the third and fourth usually empty, very unlike the outer ones, rarely subtending staminate Homers, sometimes reduced to mere bristles; the fifth glume with a 1-nerved or nerveless palet and a hermaphrodite flower. 6 PHALARIS L. Sp. 54. * Panicle dense and spike-like:, glumes keeled. P. Canariensis I>. Sp. 54. Stems 1-3 feet high, from an annual root; leaves flat, with the upper sheaths much inflated: spikes 1-2 inches long, ovoid or somewhat cylindrical, very dense: glumes broad, with a conspicu- ous keel with a distinct green line withiii it: rudimentary flowers represented by small smooth lanceolate scales: perfect flowers with minute silky hairs In fields and waste places: Introduced from Europe. P. Oaroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 74. JP. intermedia Bosc. Stems 6 inches to 4 feet high, smooth, from an annual root: leaves short, an inch long or less, often glaucous; sheaths inflated: spikes 1-2 inches long, dense: spike- lets 8 lines long: glumes with a broad keel, pointed rudimentary flowers linear, hairy, less than half as long as the perfect one which is long-pointed, hairy and one thiid ehorter than the glumes, In waste places, Oregon to California and the southern Atlantic States. P. amethystina Trin. Phalarid. 10. Stems rather slender, 2-8 feet high, from a perennial root: leaves often purplish, short, the sheaths inflated: spikes oblong, 1-2 inchfes long, usually purplish: spikelets 2 lines long or more: glumes but slightly keeled: rudimentaiy flowers hairy, more than half as long as the hairy perfect one. Along the coast, southern Oregon to Calif. ** Panicle branched: glumes not keeled. P. arundinaceae L. Sp. 65. Stems 2-6 feet high, from creeping per^ ennialrootstocks: leaves 3 -20 inches long, 3-8 lines wide smooth panicle 4-8 inches long, its rough: branches erect or somewhat spreading: spikelets 2 lines long, ovate: glumes pointed, 3-nerved, not keeled: rudimentary flowers reduced to narrow silky scales, one-third as long as the perfect one which is smooth or silky and one-third shorter than the glume. Common in low grounds California to Brit. Columbia and the Atlantic States: also in Europe and Asia. 7 ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sp. 28. Panicle cylindrical, spike-like. Spikelets 3-flowered, the lat- eral flowers neutral and consisting of a single palet ; the upper or central one perfect. Glumes thin, unequal, the lower smaller, 1-nerved, the upper about twice as long as the lower and 3-nerved. Palets of neutral flowers usually awned. Stamens 2. Ovary glabrous. Stigmas feathery. Grain ovate, enclosed by the glume. A. ODORATDM L. Sp. 58. Stems erect aud rather slender, 1-2 feet high, from a perennial root: leaves flat hairy: sheaths often hairy; the ligule short and obtuse: panicle 1-6 inches long, interrupted below, often brownish: spikelets 3-4 lines long: neutral palets 2 lobed, hairy, one with a bent awn from near the base, the other short-awned below the tip: whole plant pleas- antly scented when drying. Common in lawns aud waste places: introduc- ed from Europe. 722 GRAMINE^ hierochloe C0LEANTHU8 8 HIEROCHLOE Gmelin Fl. Sib. i, 101. Panicle loose and spreading. Spikelets laterally compressed, 3-flowered, the 2 lower or lateral ones staminate, the upper or central one perfect. Glumes 5, the first and second about equal, acute, glabrous; the third and fourth somewhat shorter, obtuse, entire, emarginate, 2-toothed or 2-lobed with or without an awn, enclosing a palet and stamens ; the fifth often produced into a short awn, enclosing a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, 2 in the perfect one. Styles distinct. Stig- mas plumose. Grain free, enclosed by the glume. H. macrophylla Thurber: Bolander in Trans. Cal. Agr. 8oc. 1864-65, 132. Stems 1-3 feet high forming large loose tufts, with leaves 12-18 inches long by 4-10 lines wide, rough on the upper surface and mai'gins: panicle with rather distant branches in pairs: glumes greenish along the very distinct nerves, obtuse and barely equalling the staminate flowers, the lower palets of which are stronghly fringed on the margins, notched at the apex and often with a slight mucro or awn: perfect flower pubescent toward the apex, other- wise smooth and shining; the flowering glume very obtuse and fringed on the margins. In forests, western Washington to California. H. borealis R. & S. Syst. ii, 513. Stems 1-2 feet high, erect simple, smooth: lower leaves elongated, 4-8 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, scabrous, the upper ones 3^-2 inches long: panicle 2-4 inches long, its branches 1-2 inches long, usually spreading, naked below: spikelets yellowish -brown and purple, 2-3 lines long: lower glumes glabrous; flowering glumes villous and strongly ciliate, entire, awn-pointed: palets villous at the apex. Along gtreams, Oregon to Alaska and the northern Atlantic States. Tribe V Agrostidex. Spikelets all hermaphrodite ^ one-flowered, with one pair of empty glumes, or these rarely wanting, usually as long as or exceeding the lowering glumes. Rachella sometimes pro- longed behind the palet into a naked or plumose bristle. 9 COLEANTHUS Seidel Reichenb. Incon. Fl. Germ, i, 177. Panicles simple or branched, the flowers in umbellate clusters of short 1-flowered ray<<. Empty glumes wanting : flowering glume membranous, 1-nerved, acuminately awned. Palet shorter than the glume, with 2 divergent nerves, keeled, bifid at the apex, the divisions acuminate: scales none. Stamens 2, with oblong anthers. Ovary sessile, smooth. Stigmas sessile, denticulate with subulate hairs. Grain oblong, somewhat longer than the glumes which are persistent and surround its base. C. snbtllis Seidel 1. c. Stems slender, 1-3 inches long, forming loose tufts 1-4 inches in diameter, decumbent and geniculate below, often branch- ed, from an annual root: leaves about 6 lines long, curved, smooth: ligule elongated, acute; sheaths all inflated: panicle 6^18 lines long, its base includ- ed in the upper sheath, mostly simp4ef with 3-4 umbellate clusters, sometimes with one or two short branches with all umbel at the end of each: pedicels longer than the spikelets, scabrous, glumes roughened on the keel. On low muddy flats along the Columbia river; also in northern Europe. 10 SP0R0B0LU8 R. Br. Prodr. Fl Hoi. i, 169. Panicle open and pyramidal to narrow and spike-like. Spike- spOROBOLUs GEAMINEiE 723 lets l-flowered. Glumes membranaceo-chartaceous, l-nerved or nerveless, not awned but sometimes pointed. Flowers sessile, or with a minute callus, usually longer than the glumes. Palets similar to the glumes in texture, mostly 1- or indistinctly 3-nerved. Stamens 2 or 3. Ovary oblong. Stigmas with simple hairs. S. asperifolius Thurber Bot. Cal. ii, 269. Stems 6-15 inches long* branched, decumbent at base, rooting at the nodes and thus forming broad matted tufts: leaves flat, 1-3 inches long, about 1 line broad, scabrous: ligules very short, truncate: sheaths smooth, loose, very short and overlap- ping below : panicle included at base, open, 3-5 inches long, pyramidal or ovoid, in outline, its scabrous branches solitary or in pairs: spikelets less than a line long, on pedicels 6 lines long: glumes nearly equal, acute, min- utely scabrous : flowers slightly exceeding thf glumes, the flowering glume ' sometimes with a minute mucro at its obtuse tip. In alkaline soil, Brit. Columbia to California and Nebraska. S. cryptandrus Gray Man. ed. 2, 542. Stems 2-3 feet high, usually geniculate and branched below: sheaths smooth, strongly bearded at the throat, the lower shorter than the internodes : ligules reduced to a mere fringe : leaves flat, 3-6 inches long, about 2 lines wide, acuminate, scabrous above: panicle narrowly pyramidal, more or less enclosed by the upper sheath, 4-8 inches long, its branches mostly in pairs, spreading : spikelets aline long, short-pedicelled. rather crowded, lead-colored: empty glumes sondewhat acute, the upper twice the length of the very narrow lower one: flowering glume about equalling the second one. In sandy soil, Oregon to the New England coast. S. airoides Torr. Pac. R. Rep. vii, 21. Stems 2-3 feet high, somewhat rigid, smooth, forming large tufts, rarely branched, clothed below with dead sheaths : sheaths smooth, with a few long hairs at the throat, the 2 lower overlapping, the uppermost loose: ligules nearly obsolete: leaves very pale, convolute and tapering to a filiform point, the basal ones about half as long as the stems, the uppermost reduced to a mere filiform appen- dage to the sheath : panicle broadly pyramidal, soon exserted, 6-12 inches long, few-flowered: its slender branches solitary or in pairs, spreading or '• reflexed: spikelets a line long, brownish, on rather long pedicels: empty glumes rather obtuse, the first norrower and K"*K as long as the second one ; flowering glume slightly longer than the second one : palet about as long as the glume. On prairies, eastern Oregon to California and Nebraska . S. cnspidatns Wood Bot. i(: Fl. 385. Smooth and glabrous : stems 1-2 feet high, erect, simple or somewhat branched: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligule a mere ring: leaves 1-4 inches long, less than 1 line wide, erect, involute setaceous, at least when dry: panicle 2-5 inches long, slender, its branches ^-1 inch long, appressed: spikelets 1^-13^ lines long: empty glumes acuminate or cuspidate, scabrous on the keel; flower- ing glume long-acuminate and cuspidate, sparingly scabrous. In dry soil, eastern Washington to the Missouri river. S. depanperatas Rcribn. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, ix, 103. Vilfa dep- auperata Torr. Stems tufted, very slender, 3 inches to 2 feet longj decum- bent and geniculate, often much branched : leaves short, often involute, very minutely scabrous above : sheaths rather loose, crowded and overlap- ping below : panicle >^-2 inches long, very narrow, of few solitary distant erect .branches : spikelets 1 line long or less, short-pedicelled: empty . glumes ovate, obtuse, nearly equal : flower about twice as long as the emp- ty glumes, often blackish, deciduous ; flowering glume obscurely 3-nervea, the mid-nerve often excurrent as a small mucro : palet nearly as long as the glume. On margins of ponds, eastern Oregon to California and New , Mexico, tUvoiME 724 GRAMINEiE sporobolus POLYPOGON S. Bolanderl Vaaey Bot. Gaz. xi. 337. Stems slender, about 1 foot long, decumbent below, smooth: ligules short and obtuse : leaves narrow, flaccid, the radical ones about 6 inches long: cauline ones similar, 1-2 inches long: panicle 2-3 inches long, open, lax, its lower branches in twos or threes, filiform, 12-18 lines long: empty glumes unequal, 1-nerved; flowering glume exserted, 5-nerved, softly pubescent on the nerves below. Collected at Multnomah Falls Oregon by Dr. H. N. Bolander. S. confnsns Vasey Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 294. Stems slender, tufted, branching, 3-8 inches high from an annual root : sheaths loose : leaves flat, 6-12 lines long : panicle ovoid or oblong, with loose capillary branches: spike lets less than a line long, smooth, on capillary pedicels 3-4 times as long : empty glumes subequal, obtuse or retuse at the apex ; flow- ering glume but little longer, barely acute. On sandy banks of streams, eastern Washington to California, Colorado and Montana. S. sfracillimns Vasey Vilfa gracillima Thurher. Stems capillary, smooth, much branched at base, forming small dense tufts, 3-12 inches high, the leafy portion about 2 inches high : sheaths equalling the inter- ncKles, smooth, with hyaline margins: liy;ules about a line long, obtuse and lacerate: leaves 3-6 lines long, less than a line wide, flat, involute at the apex, very minutely scabrous on the upper side and margins: panicle long- exserted, narrowly linear, few-flowered, interrupted below, its branches in twos or threes, appressed: spikelets about 1 line long: empty glumes subequal, membranaceous, very obtuse, distinctly 1-nerved, mucronate or erose-dentate at the apex : flowering glume 3-nerved, mucronate or tipped with a small awn. Edge of marshes in the high mountains, Oregon to California. S. simplex Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 11, 48. A densely cespi- tose leafy annual, 2-6 inches high: stems slender, smooth: lower sheaths loose, longer than the internodes : ligules a line or more long : leaves flat, 1-2 inches long, scabrous on the margins, very rough near the rigid apex : panicle linear, 1-2 inches long, its scabrous branches erect : spikelets 1 line long: empty glumes subequal, obtuse or truncate, scabrous on the back above, flower twice as long as the glumes : flowering glumes 3-nerved, mucronate pointed, scabrous above. In moist places, Idaho to California and Colorado. S. flliformls Scribn. 1, c. Bull 17, 173. A very slender densely tufted annual, 3-12 inches high : stems filiform and scape-like, with very short internodes below: leaves filiform. 6-12 lines long: panicle linear, long-ex- serted spikelets less than a line long: empty glumes subequal, obtuse and mucronate, flowers about twice as long as the empty glumes ; flowering glume acute, 3-nerved, scabrous on the midnerve. In moist soil in the high mountains, Washington to California and Utah. 11 POLYPOGON Desf. Fl. Atl. i, 66. (1798.) Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and numerous flowers in spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes 3, the 2 outer empty, nearly equal, compressed, 1-nerved and bear- ing a long awn at or below the apex. Flower much shorter than the empty glumes, without manifest callus and naked at base. Flowering glume hyaline, broad, 1-nerved, truncate, toothed, awned at the apex: scales 2, falcate, entire, as long as the ovary. Stamens 3, with small anthers. Styles short, with long feathery stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet. P. Monspeliensis Desf. 1. c. 67. Stems 6-30 inches high erect from a procumbent geniculate base, often branching from the lower nodes t sheaths smooth usually shorter than the internodes : ligules 2-3 lines long, obtuse : POLYPOGON GRAMINEiE 725 AGR08TI8 leaves flat, 2-6 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, somewhat scabrorts : panicle 2-6 inches long cylindric or somewhat interrupted, yellowish, dense and soft : empty glumes about 1 line long, obtuse, notched at the apex, bearing slen- der awns 2-3 lines lonir; flowering glume much shorter, erose-truncate, bearing a slender awn about >^ line long inserted below the tip. Common in wet places, Brit. Columbia to Mexico and the A.tlantic States. P. littoralis Smith Comp. Fl. Brit. ed. 2, 13. Stems slender, from a perennial root, 1-2 feet long, often decumbent and forming large tufts: ligules 1-3 lines long, acute: leaves narrow, scabrous on both sides: pani- cle narrow, much lobed its whole length and sometimes completely inter- rupted below, often purplish : empty glumes scabrous, attenuate above into an awn as long as the body: flowering glume much shorter than the empty ones, obtuse, 2-toothed at the apex : awn 1 line long. In wet places, Ore- gon to California : also in Europe and South America. 12 AGROSTIS L. Sp. 6. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and numerous flowers in more or less open panicles with whorled or clustered branches. Spikelets small, one-flowered or sometimes with the rudiments of a second flower. Empty glumes somewhat unequal, the lower usually longest, obtuse or acute, membranous. Flowers mostly shorter than the empty glumes, with a very short naked base. Flowering glume ver}'^ thin, 3-5-nerved, pointless, naked, often bearing a slender straight awn on the back usually much below the apex. Palet obsolete, or present and shorter than or equalling the ovary, rarely nearly as long as the glume. Stamens mostly 3. Styles 2 distinct, short, with plumose stigmas. A. eqniTalvis Trin. Agrost. ii, 116. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high, smooth : sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes: upper ligules about 1 line long : leaves flat, 4-6 inches idng, smooth or nearly so : panicle 2-6 inches long, loose, very narrow, smooth and shining, the branches in whorls of 5 below, in pairs or solitary above, very unequal: spikelets 1-lK lines long, mostly in pairs: empty glumes nearly equal, acute, l-l}4 lines long: flowering glume acute. 5-nerved: palet about as long as the glume. In moist ground, Alaska to California. A. ALBA L. Sp. 63. (Redtop.) Stems slender, erect, often decumbent at base, 6-30 inches high : sheaths smooth : ligules short and truncate or long and acute: leaves flat, 4-12 inches long, smooth or rough: panicle slender, 2-8 inches long; green, red or brownish, its roughish branches usually spreading in flower and more or less contracted afterwards : empty glumes nearly equal, or the lower slightly longest : flowering glume very thin, with some short hairs at base, shorter than the empty ones, rarely with a short awn : palet 3^-)^ as long as the glume. Common in meadows and waste places. A. exarata Trin. Unifl. 207. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, sometimes decumbent at base, simple, glabrous : sheaths usually shorter than the internodes: ligules 1-3 lines long: leaves 1-8 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, generally erect, flat or involute, scabrous : panicle contracted, 2-10 inches long, often interrupted, its branches 1-3 inches long, erect or appressed : spikelets crowded, 1-2 lines long : empty glumes subequal, scabrous : flow- ering glume )^-^ line long: palet minute. In moist meadows and along streams, Alaska to California and Nebraska. A. asperifolia Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ser. 6. 331. Pale green throughout or the inflorescence purplish : stems erect or slightly geniculate below, nearly smooth, 2-3 feet high : sheaths rather loose, smooth, the 726 GR AMINES agroutis Mower exceeding the internodes: ligules almost herbaceous, 3-4 lines long, obtuse: panicle rather dense, narrow, erect, 7-10 inches long, its short branches erect: spikelets l-l)^ lines long, narrowly lanceolate, turgid : outer glumes unequal, hispidulou-s throughout and hispid on the keel: 1-2 lines long: flowering glume broadly oblong, minutely dentate at the trun- cate apex, thin-membranous, 5-nerved to the apex, % line long: palet min- ute or wanting. In moist places, Alaska to California. A. densiflora Vasey Cont. Nat. Herb. 3, 702. A tufted annual : stems erect or geniculate at the lower nodes smooth, 9-12 inches high : sheaths rather loose, nearly smooth, crowded below, longer than the internodes: ligules 2 lines long,' obtuse : leaves flat or folded, 2-3 lines wide, hispidulous on both sides, rather thick and rigid, erect tapering to the apex: panicle dense, 2-3 inches long, its scabrous branches glomerate: empty glumes 1^ lines long, nearly equal, acuminate, carinate and hispidulous on the back : flowering glume oblong, truncate, smooth except a minute tuft of white hairs on the ventral side at base, 5-nerved, nearly 1 line long, with or without a slender awn a line or less long near the apex : palet wanting. Washington to California. A, microphylla Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 164. Loosely tufted annual : stems slender, erect, 6-15 inches high, often branched at the base : sheaths nearly smooth, closed, shorter than the internodes: ligules 1-2 lines long, usually lacerate: leaves erect, flat or loosely involute, 1-3 inches long : panicle spike-like 1-3 inches long, light green or purplish, its branches 5-6 lines long : empty glumes nearly equal, 13^-2 lines long, subulate- pointed, hispid on the keel, 1-nerved : flowering glume broadly oblong, 4-toothecl at the apex, thin, a line or less long, with a slender awn 2-3 lines long on its back above the middle : palet wanting. In the coast ranges, Oregon and California. A. grandis Trin. Agrost. ii, 70. Stems erect, 1-2 feet high: sheaths smooth, much shorter than the internodes : ligule about 2 lines long, acute : leaves 2-8 inches long, 1-3 lines wide: panicle usually ample, 4-8 inches long, erect, dense, more or less interrupted below, its short branches erect: empty glumes ovate, acute or acuminate, \% line long, the lower one scab- rous, on the keel: flowering glume similar to the outer ones. In moist meadows, California to Washington. A; verticillata Yill. Trin. Sp. Gram, i, t. 36. Stems 1-2 feet long, decumbent and taking root below, several of the lower nodes geniculate : sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes : ligules truncate, 1-2 lines long : leaves short, flat, 1-3 lines wide, roughish on the upper surface and mar- gins: panicle 2-6 inches long, dense and spike-like, lobed and interrupted, its short branches crowded and spikelet-bearing from the base: empty glumes about equal, acute, roughened with minute pubescence: flow- ering glume about half as long as the outer ones, 5-nerved and minutely 5^toothed at the obtuse apex : palet nearly as long as the glume. In ditches and wet places, southern Oregon to California and Texas. A. tennicnlmis Nash A. tenuis Vasey. Loosely tufted : perennial : stems slender, 6-10 inches high, somewhat geniculate below : leaves 1-2 inches long, narrow, about 2 on the stem : ligules short : panicle pyramidal, open, 2-3 inches long, its capillary branches in threes or fives below, the longest an inch or more long, spreading or ascending: spikelets less than a line long: empty glumes acute, purplish, the lower cne a little shorter and broader: flowering glume thin, obtusish, 3-neryed above, a little shorter than the outer ones, not awned : palet very minute or wanting. On dry ridges, California to eastern Washington. A. Pringrlei Scribn. Am. Grasses i, 156. Stems erect or ascending, 1-2 feet long, from a stoloniferous perennial base : leaves flat, narrow, rather rigid: panicle narrow, loosely flowered, 3-8 ixieheslong: empty AGROSTis GRAMINE^ 727 glumes about 2 lines long, acuminate-lanceolate, scabroius on the keel ; flowering glume much shorter than the outer ones, densely hairy at base, obtuse, not awned. On the plains of southeastern Oregon to California. A. canina L. Sp. 62. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high, simple, smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules 1-1)^ lines long: leaves 1-3 inches long by a line wide, scabrous : panicle 2-7 inches long, contracted in fruit, its slender branches ascending or spreading in flower: spikelets a line long, onappressed pedicels: empty glumes subequal, acute, strongly scabrous oh the keel : flowering glume about % as long as the outer ones, obtuse, smooth, bearing a straight or somewhat bent awn on the back just above the middle: palet minute or none. In meadows, Alaska to California and Pennsylvania. A. Hallii Vasey Contri. Nat. Herb. 3, 74. Stems erect, simple, stout, smooth, 2-3 feet high: sheaths slightly roughened, usually crowded below . ligulea acute, 2 lines long : radical leaves numerous, mostly involute, 3-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: panicle 6-9 inches long, narrow, its bran- ches in clusters.of 5-10, slender, scabrous, erect or slightly spreading, un- equal : empty glumes lanceolate, acute, subequal, 1-1^ line long, 1-nerved, hispid on the keel: flowering glumes oblong, obtuse, thin, smooth except 2 tufts of short hairs at the base, 5-nerved,^ line long: palet wanting. In moist meadows, Washington to California. A, Biegoensis Vasey. A. foliosa Vasey. Stems erect, or decumbent at base, smooth, 1-2 feet high: sheaths close, equalling or exceeding the internodes : ligules obtuse, 1-2 lines long: leaves flat, 4-8 inches long, 2-3 lines wide: panicle loose, 3-6 inches long, its slender scabrous branches 1-2 inches long, spreading or ascending: empty glumes ovate, acute, 1-nerved, 1-13^ lines long, usually equal, the lower one scabrous on the keel : flower- ing glume ovate-oblong, nearly equalling the outer ones, smooth except a tuft of hairs at base, 4- nerved above, the nerves terminating in 4 short teeth ; awn arising at the middle or below, %-2 lines long : palet wanting. On open hillsides in the mountains, Brit. Columbia to California. A. geminata Trin. Unifl. 207. Densely cespitose : stems slender, erect, 8-14 inches high, from a perennial root : leaves flat, mostly basal, 1-3 inches long: panicle loose, 2-4 inches long, its capillary branches mostly in pairs, spreading: empty glumes nearly equal 1^-13^ lines long, lanceo- late, scabrous on the keel : flowering glume less than a line long, obtuse or retuse; awn arising about the middle, not surpassing the glume. Washington to Alaska. A. attenuata Vasey Bot. Gaz. xi, 337. Stems slender 2-3 feet high, from running perennial roots-tocks, usually solitary : sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth: ligules 2-3 lines long, lanceolate, often lacerate at the acutish apex : leaves few, 3-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide : panicle 2-6 inches long, the unequal capillary branches in fascicles of 2-7, spreading or ascending: empty glumes equal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about 1}4 lines long, scabrous on the keel : flowering glume oblong, obtuse, % as long as the outer ones : palet wanting. In wet mountain meadows, Oregon to California. . A, Sconleri Trin. Agrost. ii, 83. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high, from a perennial root, somewhat rigid: sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes ligules about 1 line long, obtuse, often lacerate : leaves 3-4 inches long, flat or involute, 13^ lines wide, tapering to a long point: pan- icle long-exserted, open and few-flowered; the lower branches over an inch long, clustered : empty glumes about 1 line long, acute, the lower a little longer and roughened on the keel, the upper roughened only at the tip: flowering glume 5-nerved, entire and somewhat truncate at the apex : palet hyaline, very minute. Nootka Sound to California. 728 GRAMINEiG agrostis A. Howellii Scribn. Loosely tufted perennial : sterna rather slender, 1-2 feet long: ligules about a line long, usually obtuse and lacerate at the apex : panicle 4-8 inches long, its scabrous capillary branches 2-3 inches long, usually spreading: empty glumes 1 line or less long, acuminate-lan- ceolate ; flowering gfume lanceolate, acute, bearing a long slender bent awn on its back : palet hyaline, minute. On cliffs along the Columbia river. A. scabra Willd. Sp PI. 1, 370. Stem very slender, 1-2 feet high, from a perennial root, smooth: sheaths generally shorter than the inter- nodes: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves 2-5 inches long, %-!% lines wide, usually erect, roughish: panicle 6-12 inches long, usually purplish, its capillary branches spreading or ascending, or often drooping, the lower 3-6 inches long: empty glumes %-\ line long, acute, scabrous toward the apex and on the keel; flowering glume nearly as long as the outer ones, rarely bearing a short awn on its back : palet very small. Common throughout most parts of North America. A. Idahoensls Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxiv, 42. Stems cespitose, slender, 8-16 inches high, erect, bearing usually 2 distant leaves below the middle : lower sheaths short, the upper one elongated : ligules 1-2 lines long, obtuse cut-toothed at the apex: leaves 2-5 inches long, erect, acu- minate at the apex, rough on the margins : panicle oblong 3-6 inches long, its branches and pedicels scabrous above : empty glumes lanceolate and acuminate, about 1 line long, scabrous on the keel, the first longer than the second : flowering glume about % as long as the outer ones : palet wanting. In forests, Idaho. A. varians Trin. Agrost. ii, 68. Stems slender, erect, densely cespi- tose, 3-10 inches high : sheaths longer than the internodes : upper ligule about % line long, acutish : leaves very narrow, slightly scabrous above : panicle 1-2 inches long, dark purple, its branches an inch or less long, erect or ascending : empty glumes nearly equal, roughish on the keel toward the apex, subacute; flowering glume nearly as long as the outer ones, 2-toothed at the apex, awnlesa : palet wanting. In wet places on the high mountains, Washington to California. A. Oregonensis Vasey. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high, from a perennial root : leaves flat, 2-3 inches long, the upper one usually longest: ligules 1-2 lines long, acute : panicle long-exserted, 2-4 inches long, dark purple, narrow, its capillary branches 1-2 inches long, erect : empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, about 1 line long; flowering glume hyaline, about % as long as the outer ones, acute, not awned : palet wanting. In moist meadows about the base of Mount Hood, Oregon. A. humilis Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club x, 21. Stems densely cespi- tose, 2-6 inches high, from perennial roots: sheath usually only one, about ^ as long as the stem: ligules auriculate or 3-lobed, % line long: leaves mostly basal, 1-3 inches long, less than a line wide, erect: panicle narrow, 6-18 lines long, dark purple, its very few branches erect or appres- sed: empty glumes equal, lanceolate, acute, smooth, %-! line long; flow- ering glume nearly equalling the outer ones, lanceolate, minutely toothed at the apex: palet ovate-oblong. In wet meadows on high mountains, Washington to the Rocky Mountains. A. yirescens HBK. Nov. Gen. i, 135. Stems 1-2 feet high, from a perennial root : sheaths much shorter than the internodes mostly smooth : ligules more than a line long, truncate: leaves flat, erect, about 6 inches long by 4 lines wide, rough on both sides: panicle pale greenish tinged with purple, about 6 inches long, its branches in clusters about an inch apart on the common axis : empty glumes very acute, the lower terminated by a distinct seta, rough on the keel and pubescent all over; flowering glume about % shorter than the empty ones, bearded at base by a few short white hairs, 5-nerved, the lateral nerves projecting as distinct teeth, GASTRiDiUM GRAMINE^ 729 CINNA the central one excurrent at or below the middle as a strong bent awn 1-2 lines long : palet very small or none. Oregon to California. 13 GASTRIDIUM Beauv. Agrost. 21. Panicle contracted into a somewhat loose tapering spike. Spikelets 1 -flowered. Empty glumes with an enlarged ventricose shining base, very acute above, obscurely keeled, the lower longest. Flowering glume less than i as long as the empty ones, minutely hairy at base, very thin, truncate and dentate at the apex. Awn slender, arising just below the apex, equalling or exceeding the glumes. Palet equalling the flowering glume. Scales 2, linear, as long as the ovary. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, subsessile. G. AD8TRALE Beauv. 1. c. Loosely cespitose: stems 6-24 inches high, smooth, brandling at the lower nodes, geniculate below: sheaths shorter than the internodes, slightly roughened: ligules 2 lines long, lanceolate, fringed : leaves flat, 2-5 inches long, about 2 lines wide, scabrous on both sides, pale green : panicle 3-6 inches long, very pale green, shining with a satiny lustre; empty glumes about 2 lines long, very acute, slightly scab- rous above, shining below : flowering glume hairy. On prairies, southern Oregon to California : introduced from Europe. 14 CINNA L. Sp. 5. Tall grasses with flat leaves and numerous spikelets in more or less open panicles. Panicles flexuous, with spreading or erect branches. Spikelets one-flowered, more or less flattened. Emp- ty glumes lanceolate, acute, one-nerved, the lower shortest, the upper equalling or slightly exceeding the flower. Flowering glume 3-nerved, acute and awnless, or bearing a short awn or seta just below the apex. Palet slightly shorter than the glume. Scales 2, very short. Stamens 1, 2 or 3. Ovary oblong, smooth. Styles 2, elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, linear-oblong. C. pendala Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 280. Stems usually slender, erect, 2-6 feet high, smooth : sheaths shorter than the internodes, sometimes slightly scabrous : ligules 1-2 lines long : leaves 4-10 inches long, 2-6 lines wide, scabrous: panicle 5-10 inches long, open, the capillary branches mostly spreading, flexuous and often drooping, the lower 2-5 inches long: empty glumes l}4 lines long, scabrous, acute, strongly hispid on the keel : flowering glumes shorter than the outer ones, bearing a rough awn 1% lines long from the 2-toothed apex. In wet places, California to Alaska and the Eastern States. 15 MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Gen. 44. Mostly perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and pan- iculate inflorescence. Panicle contracted or €>pen. Spikelets one-flowered, very rarely two-flowered. Em^^y glumes hyaline or membranous, acute, sometimes awned. Flowering glume 3-5- nerved, obtuse or acute, or often produced into a capillary awn. Palet 2-keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain narrow, tightly enclosed in the glume. M, grlomerata Trin. Unifl. 191. Stems 1-2 feet high, erect, usually much branched, smooth : sheaths smooth, those of the stem shorter than the internodes, those of the branches overlapping and often crowded: 730^ GRAMINEiE mdhlenbergia CALAMAGR08TI8 ligules about one half line long, erose-truncate : leaves 2-5 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, scabrous: panicle 1-5 inches long, usually dense and inter- rupted, the branches 6-12 lines long, erect or appressed : empty glumes acuminate including the awn 2-3 lines long: flowering glumes % as long as the outer ones, acuminate the strongly scabrous midrib excurrent as a short point. In wet places, eastern Washington to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States. M. sylyatica Torr. Fl. U. S. 87. Stems 1 -3 feet high, erect, branched, smooth or sometimes scabrous: sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous, those of the stem shorter than the internodes: ligules about one-half line long, erose-truncate : leaves 2-7 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, rough : panicle 3-7 inches long, somewhat lax, the branches 1-3 inches long, erect or ascend- ing: empty glumes \}4.-\% line long, awn-pointed, scabrous: flowering glume equalling or exceeding the outer ones, strongly scabrous, attenuate into a slender awn 2-4 times as long as the body. In moist woods and along streams Idaho to the Eastern States. Var. setiglumis Watson Bot. King 378. Stems 1 foot high, nearly erect: panicle contracted, the branches solitary and densely flowered :; empty glumes attenuate into a scabrous bristle, 2-3 lines long; the flower-' ing glutoe witti its long awn about twice longer. In the mountains, eastern Washington to Nevada. M. comata Benth. Vasey Cat. Grasses U. S. 39. Stems slender, erect, 12-18 inches high, smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth or slightly scabrous : ligules about one-half line long, truncate, naked or minutely ciliate : leaves 2-5 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, erect, flat, rough : panicle 2-4 inches long, dense, its branches 6-18 lines long, erect: empty glumes equal or the upper one a little the longest, smooth, scabrous on the keel : flowering glume shorter than the outer ones, smooth, bearing an awn 2-3 times its length, basal hairs silky, erect, fully as long as the glumes. On prairies, eastern Oregon to California and Colorado. 16 CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Fam. PI. ii, 31. ; Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and paniculate inflor- escence. Spikelets one-flowered, the rachella usually prolonged beyond the flower and pubescent. Empty glumes membranous, carinate : flowering glume hyaline, shorter than the empty ones, obtuse, usually copiously hairy at base, sometimes the hairs scanty or short, and bearing a dorsal awn. Palet shorter than the glume, two-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. C. Howellil Vasey Bot Gaz. vi, 271. Densely tufted perennial: stems 10-20 inches high, erect or somewhat geniculate below, smooth : sheaths ' smooth, shorter than the internodes : ligules 1 line or more long, often lacerate at the obtuse or acutish apex: radical leaves numerous, loosely involute, erect, nearly equalling or exceeding the stems, persistent and green for several years : panicle 3-4 inches long, its branches spreading in flower, soon erect, the lower 6-18 lines long: empty glumes 2-3 lines long, - nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, the mid-rib prolonged into , a short awn : flowering glume slightly shorter than the outer ones ovate- lanceolate, acute, the apex with 2 mucronate pointed teeth, the strong awn inserted about the lower third, half an inch kmg; palet shorter than its - glume: basal hairs about half as long as the flower. On cliffs along the Columbia river near the Cascades. G. purpurascens R. Br. Richards. App. F«kBkl Journ. 131. Rather, rigid cespitose perennial: stents, erect, simplei, smooth ; and shiaing, or :< CALAMAGR08TI8 GRAMINEiE 731 slightly hispid near the nodes, 2-2)^ feet high: sheaths hispidulous or nearly smooth, much shorter than the internodes : ligules 2 lines long, lacerate or fimbriolate at the obtuse apex : radical leaves nearly as long as the stems, those of the stem 3-8 inches long, the uppermost shorter, all less than 2 lines wide: panicle narrow and spike-like, dense, 3-5 inches long, its branches appressed: empty glumes lanceolate, acute, smooth, purple at the apex or throughout, 2 lines long, the lower one carinate, 1-nerved, the second convex, distinct, 3-nerved: flowering glume oblong, arose at the obtuse apex, smooth, 4-nerved, 1% lines long: awn attached ^ way from the base, 2-4 lines long : basal hairs scanty and short : palet oblong, as long as the glume. In the high mountains, California to Alaska and Greenland. C. Vaseyi Beal Grasses N. Ami. ii, 344. Stems densely cespitose, 2-3 feet high, erect: pheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules about 1 line long, ciliate at the obtuse apex : leaves flat, rather rigid, 4-10 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: panicle 3-4 inches long, narrow and spike-like, often inter- rupted : empty glumes about 2 lines long, lanceolate, very acute or acum- inate, rough on the keel : flowering glume 1}4 lines long, 2-toothed at the apex: awn nearly straight, 1-2 lines long, attached below the middle: basal hairs short and rather scanty ; palet linear- oblong, as long as the glume. In the mountains of Oregon and Washington. C. Tweedyi Scribn. Vasey Mon. Grasses U. S. 83. A closely tufted stoloniferous perennial: stems erect, smooth, stout, 30-40 inches high: sheaths rather loose, smooth or slightly scabrous, shorter than the inter- nodes: ligules thin, 2-4 lines long: leaves flat, hispid, 1-10 inches long, 3-5 lines wide: panicle close and spike-like, 3-4 inches long, the branches an inch long or less, appressed, unequal : empty glumes lanceolate, acute, nearly smooth, about 3 lines long, the first 1-nerved, slightly carinate, the second 3-nerved, convex: flowering glume ovate-oblong unequally toothed at the rounded apex 4-nerved 23^ lines long : awn attached ^ way from the base, twisted and bent, 3-4 lines long : basal hairs short and unequal : palet lance-oblong, obtuse, smooth. In the Cascade Mountains of Wash. C. Alentica Bong. Veg. Sitcha 171. A densely cespitose perennial: stems erect, smooth, 2-5 feet high: sheaths loose, slightly roughened, usually shorter than the internodes : ligules ovate, nearly 2 lines long : leaves flat, or loosely involute, with long attenuate points, hispid on both sides, 10-20 inches long : panicle rather narrow, 6-20 inches long, its bran- ches unequal, crowded in 10-15 clusters, the longer ones 1-3 inches long: empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acute, hispid on the nerves, the first one carinate, 1-nerved, 23^r3 lined long, the second convex, 3-nerved, ^ line shorter: flowering glume oblong, obtusely 2-lobed at the apex, thin, hispidulous, 2 lines long: basal hairs half as long as the glume: awn at- tached below the middle, not equalling the glume: palet oblong, irregu- larly toothed or fringed at the obtuse apex. In wet places near the coast, California to Alaska. C. rnbescens Buckl. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1863, 92. More or less purp- lish throughout: stems tufted, slender, erect, 30-40 inches high , from stout perennial rootstocks : sheaths half as long as the internodes : ligules 13^-2 lines long, lacerate at the acute apex : leaves of sterile shoots numer- ous, involute, setaceous, glaucous, scabrous, 5-10 inches long, 13^-2 lines wide, those of the stem 3-4, 2-7 inches long, usually with some woolly hairs at the base of the blade : panicle strict, dense, interrupted, 3-5 inches long, its short branches densely flowered to the base : empty glumes ovate- lanceolate, rough, acute, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved: flowering glumes a little shorter, narrowly elliptical, acute, 2-toothed at the apex, the stiff twisted and bent awn arising a little below the middle and equal- ling the glume : basal hairs in 2 tufts, less than half as long as the glume. Oregon to California. 73i GfeAMINE^ (JalaMagrostisI C» Suksdorfll Scribn. Vasey Monog. Grasses TJ. S. 82. A loosely tufted perennial: steins rather slender, 1-3 feet high, erect smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules about 1 line long, obtuse, often lacerate: leaves usually involute, 6-12 inches long, about 1 line wide: panicle narrow, 2-6 inches long, densely flowered, its branches ascending or appressed : empty glumes oblong, acute, keeled, 1% Hue long : flower- ing glume lanceolate, about 1 line long, 2-toothed at the apex : awn nearly straight, attached below the middle, but little longer than the glume: basal hairs very few or none : palet lanceolate, nearly as long as the glume. In open woods, eastern side of the Cascade Mountains. Yar. luxnrians Kearney U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11, 24. Stems stout, 4-5 feet high, usually of softer texture : leaves softer and less involute : panicle larger and more loose. Washington to Brit. Columbia and Idaho. C. Langsdorfli Trin. Unifl. 225. Densely cespitose perennial : stems erect, simple, 2-4 feet high, smooth or roughish : sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules 1-3 lines long: leaves 4-12 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, scabrous : panicle 2-6 inches long, loose, its branches spreading, or some- times erect, the lower 1-3 iriches long : empty glumes 2-3 lines long, strongly scabrous, lanceolate, acuminate : flowering glume lanceolate, acute nearly equalling the outer ones, scabrous : awn stout, about equalling the glume : basal hairs numerous, nearly equalling the glume: palet lanceolate. In damp places, California to Alaska and across the continent. C. lactea Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 346. Sterne stout, scabrous, 40-50 inches high : sheaths %-% as long as the internodes : ligules 1-1 >^ lines long : leaves 10-15 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, scabrous : panicle slightly exserted, silvery green, rather thin, 4-6 inches long, its branches in half- whorls of 4-6, the longest l%-2% inches long: empty glumes subequal, 2-3 lines long, lanceolate, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved : flowering glume oval, acute, 2 lines long, the slender awn attached near the base and equalling the glumes : basal hairs numerous, about half as long as the glume. Northern Washington. C. Canadensis Beauv. Agrost. 157. A densely cespitose perennial : stems 2-5 feet high erect simple, smooth or somewhat scabrous, sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligules 1-3 lines long ; leaves 6-12 inches long or more, 1-4 lines wide, rough: panicle 4-7 inches long, open, usually purp- lish, the branches spreading or ascending, the lower 1-3 inches long, naked at the base : empty glumes subequal acute strongly scabrous, 13^-2 lines long : flowering glume lanceolate, about equalling the empty ones, scabrous : awn delicate, about equalling the glume: basal hairs numerous, about equalling or shorter than the glume. Common in wet meadows, California to Alaska and across the continent. Var. acuminata Vasey U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 5, 26. Panicle commonly rather small, more flexuous, and densely flowered, usu- ally dark purple: empty glumes narrower, sharp attenuate-acuminate, usually much more scabrous: awn longer, often exceeding the flowering glume. In meadows, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. C. Macouniana Vasey Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, iii, 81. Stems 2-3 feet high, erect, smooth : sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules about 1 line long : leaves 3-7 inches long, l-2>^ lines wide, erect, acuminate, scabrous : panicle open, 3-5 inches long, its branches ascending or some- times erect, the lower I-IK inches long : empty glumes about 1 line long, acute, scabrous, the first shorter than the second : awn a little exceeding the glume : basal hairs about equalling the glume. Washington to Brit. Columbia and Manitoba. C. Scribneri Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 343. Sterna rather elendei. CALAMAQB08TIS GK AMINES 783 erect, 30-40 inches high, from a perennial base; sheaths scabrous, much shorter than the internodes: ligules 1% lines long; leaves scabrous, about 10 inches long, 2 lines wide: panicle lanceolate in outline, about 7 inches long, its branches erect, the longest 2-3 inches long: empty glumes equal, scabrous: flowering glume oval, truncate, 4-toothed, 1-lK lines long: awn rather shoi-t, attached below the middle and extending beyond the glume: basal hairs about 1 line long: palet nearly as long as its glume. Oregon and Washington to Montana. C. Casickil Vasey Contrib. U. S. Nat, Herb, iii, 81. Loosely tuft- ed perennial with numerous sterile shoots and few erect flowering stems 3-4 feet high: sheaths nearly smooth, of the stem half as long as the in- ternodes, or the lower ones equalling the internodes, of the shoots close and overlapping: ligules obtuse, 3-3 lines long: leaves flat, t>-15 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, hispid on both sides: panicle 6 inches long, narrow and densely flowered, its unequal branches erect or ascending, the lower ones 1-2 inches long: empty glumes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, convex, nearly smooth, rigid, the first 1-nerved, 2-23^ lines long, the sec- ond obscurely 3-nerved and slightly shorter: flowering glume 4-toothed at the slightly cleft apex \}4 lines long: awn attached below the middle, exceeding the glume: basal hairs scanty, about half as long as the glume. In the mountains of eastern Oregon to California. C, neglecta Gaertn, Fl. Wett. i. 91. Glabrous and smooth through- out: stems slender, 18-30 inches high: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules % line long or less, truncate: leaves narrow, involute, the basal % as long as the stems, those of the stems 2-5 inches long, erect: panicle contracted, 2-4 inches long, its branches 1 inch long or less, erect: empty glumes about 2 lines long, acute, scabrous: flowering glume about % as long as the outer ones, obtuse: awn bent, exceeding the glume: basal hairs numerous, about half as long as the glume. In wet places, Oregon and Washington to Labrador and Newfoundland. C. inexpansa Gray Gram. et. Gyp. i, 20. Stems 1^-3 feet high, erect: leaves 2 lines wide or less, rough, flat, or involute at the apex, the basal often %-% as long as the stems: panicle contracted, 2-9 inches long, its branches 1-2 inches long, erect: empty glumes lK-2 lines long, acute, somewhat scabrous: flowering glume obtuse, shorter than the outer ones: awn more or less bent, from a little shorter to longer than the glume: basal hairs equalling or shorter than the glume. Brit. Columbia to New York, to be looked for in Idaho. Var. cnprea Kearney U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11, 37. Somewhat stouter and more rigid : panicle more densely flowered : empty glumes copper-color or dark pijirple with copper-colored tips. In shallow water, base of Mount Adams, Washington. Var, barbnlata Kearney 1. c. Stems stout, pubescent just below the strongly constricted nodes with short reflexed hairs, somewhat scab- rous for some distance below the pubescence; sheaths strongly^ twisted: panicle rather rigid, purplish: awn very short, attached above the^middle, not equalling the glume, often wanting. Mason Co. Washington. C. hyperborea Lange Fl. Dan. 50. Stems l>^-3lfeet high, erect, smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules about^l line long: leaves 2 lines wide or less, rough, flat, those of the stem 2-10 inches long: panicle narrow, 2-9 inches long, its branches 1-2 inchesf long, [erect: emp- ty glumes about 2 lines long somewhat scabrous, acute L^f lowering glume nearly equalling the outer ones, obtuse: awn more orless bent, from a 734 GRAMINE.^ calamovilfa SPARTINA little shorter to slightly longer than the glume: basal hairs equalling or shorter than the glume. In bogs, Washington to California and the Eastern States. Var. elongata Kearney I. c 40. Less strongly cespitose and less rig- id, with few sterile shoots; smaller spikelets and often less pointed empty glumes. California to Brit, Columbia and Ontario. Var Americaua Kearney 1. c. 41. Panicle usually very dense: empty glumes 13^-2 lines long, usually very acute. Oregon to Brit Columbia and Hudson JBay. C. crassiglnmis Thurber Bot. Cal. ii, 281. Stems about 1 foot high , erect, rigid: sheaths loose, smooth, longer than the internodes: ligules obtuse, % line long or less: leaves 2-6 inches long, spreading, involute toward the acute tips: panicle dense and spike-like, 2 inches long, deep purple, its branches glomerate, 2-6 lines long, appressed: empty glumes broadly lanceolate or lance- ovate, abruptly pointed, subcartilaginous with thin margins, hispidulous through- out, hispid on the nerves, 2 lines long or less: flowering glume oblong-ovate, toothed at the obtuse apex, minutely hispid, \% lines long; awn attached at the middle or below, equalling or exceeding the glume: basal hairs numerous % as long as the glume: palet oblouij, about 1 line long, broadest at the apex. In swamps, northern California to Brit. Columbia. CALAMOVILFA Hack. True Grasses, 113. (1890.) Tall grasses with stout horizontal rootstocks, elongated leaves and numerous spikelets in more or less open panicles. Spikelets one-flowered, the rachella not prolonged beyond the flower. Glume^-« 3, one-nerved, acute, the two outer unequal empty : the third longer or shorter than the second, with a ring of hairs at base. Palet strongly 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain free. Seed adherent to the pericarp. C. logifolia Hack. 1. c. Stems stout, 5-6 feet high: sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth or more or less soft woolly: leaves very long and narrow, with involute attenuate points: panicle 5-20 inches long, at first rather narrow and close, but later spreading, its branches rather distant: spikelets compressed, 3-4 lines long: first glume cuneate, 2-3 lines long, second lance-linear and lon- ger: flowering glumes as long as the second one, cuneate-lanceolate: basal hairs two-thirds as long as the glume. In sandy places, Brit. Columbia to eastern Oregon and Colorado. Trihe 4 Chloridese. Spikelets one- to several- flowered, in one-sided digitate or fasciculate, rarely solitary, spiJces or racemes. Flowering glumes usually keeled, entire and unawned, or toothed and with one or three straight awns, 17 SPARTINA Schreb. Gen. 43. Glabrous perennial grasses with horizontal rootstocks, flat or involute leaves and one-sided spikes in panicles. Spikelets nar- row, borne in 2 rows on one side of a triangular rachis, articulated with the very short pedicels below the glumes. Glumes 3, the 2 outer empty, keeled, very unequal, the third subtending a perfect flower, keeled, equalling or shorter than the second. Palets often longer than the glumes two-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated, with filiform papillose or shortly plumose stigmas. Grain free, laterally compressed. BECKMANNIA GRAMINEA 736 BOUTELOUA S, cynosuroides Willd. Enum. 80. Stems 2-6 feet high, simple, smooth: sheaths longer than the intemodes, those at the base of the stem crowded: ligules a ring of haii's: leaves a foot long or more, 3-7 lines wide, scabrous on the mar- gins, becoming involute in drying, attenuate into long slender tips: spikes 5-30, 2-5 inches long, often on peduncles 6-12 lines long, erect or ascending: rachis rough on the margins: spikelets much imbricated, 6-7 lines long: empty glumes 2-4 lines long, awn-pointed or awned, strongly hispid- scabrous on the keel: flowering glume as long as the fu'st, the scabrous midrib terminating just below the emarginate or 2-toothed apex : palet sometimes exceeding the glume. Along streams, eastern Oregon to Nova Scotia and Texas. S. gracilis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 110, Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, smooth: sheaths longer than the internodes, the lower ones crowded: ligules a ring of short hairs: leaves 6-12 mches long, 1-3 lines -vyide, flat or in- volute, attenuate into long tips: spikes 4-8, 1-2 inches long, appressed, more or less peduncled: empty glumes 3-4 lines long, acute scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first half as long as the second: flowering glume obtuse, slightly shorter than the second one: palet obtuse, about equalling the glume. In wet mead- ows, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Nebraska. 18 BECKMANNIA Host. Gram. Austr. iii, 5. Tall erect grasses with flat leaves and erect spikes in a terminal panicle. Spikelets one- or two-flowered, compressed-globose. Glumes 3 or 4, the two lower empty membranous, saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute : flowering glumes narrow, thin-membranous. Palets hyaline, two-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet. B. erucaeformis Host 1. c. Glabrous throughout: stems often stout, 2-3 feet high, erect: sheaths longer than the internodes, loose: ligules 2-4 lines long, obtuse, often lacerate: leaves 3-10 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, rough: panicle 4-10 inches long, simple or compound, the spikes about 6 lines long: spikelets 1-2 lines long, 1-2-flowered, closely imbricated in 2 rows on one side of a Tidttish rachis: glumes smooth, the first twv. saccate and empty, obtuse or abruptly acute: flowering glumes acute, the lower usually awn-pointed. Com- mon in ditches and along streams, California to Brit, Columbia and Iowa. Id- BOUTELOUA Lag. Var. Cienc. y Litter Part 4, 134. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spikelets in one-sided spikes. Spikelets one- or two- flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of a flat rachis, the rachella extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 1-3 awns and 1-8 rudimentary glumes. Two lower glumes empty, acute, keeled : flowering glumes broader, 3-toothed, the teeth awn- pointed or awned. Palets hyaline, entire or toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, oblong. B. oligostachya Ton-, Gray Man. ed 2, 553. Stems 6-13 inches high, glabrous: sheaths shorter than the interaodes: ligules a ring of short hairs: leaves 1-4 inches long, 1 line wide or less, involute, at least at the long slender tips, smooth or scabrous: spikes 1-3, 1-2 inches long, often strongly curved, the rachis terminating in a short uiconspicuous point: spikelets niimerous, pectinately ai-ranged, about 3 lines long, fh'st glume hyaline, shorter than the membranous second one which is scabrous and sometimes long-ciliate on the keel: flowering glume pubescent, 3-cleft, the nerves terminating in awns: ra- chella with a tuft of long hairs under the rudimentaiy glumes and awne. On 736 GRAMINE^ eleusine STIPA prairies, Washington to California and Wisconsin. 20 ELEUSINE Gsertn. Fruct. et Sem. i, 7. Tufted annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the stem. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricat- ed in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is not extended beyond them. Flowers all perfect, or the upper staminate. Glumes compressed, keeled, the two lower empty, the others sub- tending flowers or the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain loosely enclosed in the glume. E. Indica Gaertn. 1. c. Stems 6-12 inches long, tufted, erector decum- bent, glabrous: sheaths loose, longer than the internodes, often crowded at the base of the stem, glabrous sometimes sparingly villous : ligules very short : leaves 3-12 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, smooth or scabrous : spikes 2- 10, 1-3 inches long, whorled or approximate at the summit of the stems or one or two sometimes distant: spikelets 3-6-flowered, 13^-2 lines long: glumes acute minutely scabrous on the keel, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-7- nerved, the others 3-5-nerved. In fields and waste places, naturalized from Europe. Tribe S Stipacex. Spikelets strictly l-flowered. Flowers with a sharp pointed callus, deciduous. Flowering glume enfolding the palet and grainy coriaceous and indurated in fruit, and terminated by a simple or triple awn. 21 STIPA L. Sp. 78. Mostly tall grasses with usually convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Panicle open, with a few spreading branches, or sometimes crowded and narrower spikelets l-flowered, the cylin- drical flower with an obconic bearded and often elongated sharp- pointed base. Glumes subequal, membranous, often terminated by a long subulate point. Flowering glume coriaceous, cylindri- cal-involute, enclosing the mostly shorter palet, entire at the apex or terminating in 2 minute sometimes hyaline teeth, nake'd or with a crown of short hairs, conspicuously awned. Awn articulated with the glume, often caducous, geniculate below, glabrous or pu- bescent, or plumose with spreading hairs. Stamens usually 3. Styles short, distinct: stigmas plumose with simple hairs. Grain cylindrical, smooth, free, enclosed in the glume. S. occidentalis Thurber Bot. Wilkes 483. Stems slender 1-2 feet high, somewhat scabrous, pubescent at the nodes: sheaths close, hispid, shorter than the internodes : ligules 2-2 j^ lines long, lacerate at the apex : leaves filiform, convolute, sharp pointed, hispid, 2-12 inches long : panicle slen- der, 3-4 inches long, often included at the base, its branches mostly in twos, erect, 1-2 inches long: spikelets lanceolate, turgid, 4-6. lines long: empty glumes appressed, lanceolate, acute, thin, purplish below, smooth, the first one obscurely 5-7-nerved at base, 5-6 lines long, the second about 1 line shorter, 3-nerved : stipe obconical, acute, pubescent,)^ line long: flowering glumes thin-chartaceous, pubescent, plainly 5-nerved : awn artic- ulated, persistent, flattened, twisted, 1)^-2 inches long, bent near the mid- dle, the lower halif plumose : palet oblong, 2-23^ lines long, pubescent on the back and obtuse apex. Common in the mountains, central California sTiPA GfiAMlNEiE 737 to Washington. S. comata Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (vi.) v, 75. Sterna stout, 1-4 feet high, mostly scabrous : sheaths loose, the uppermost some- times inflated, smooth, at length shorter than the internodes: ligules con- spicuous, acute, 2-3 lines long: leaves smooth or somewhat scabrous, the basal ones }^-}4 as long as the stems, those of the stems 3-6 inches long, involute: panicle 6-9 inches long, loose, its branches 3-5 inches long, as- cending: empty glumes 9-12 lines long, glabrous, acuminate into an awn 2-4 lines long : 'flowering glume 4-6 lines long ; callus acute : awn slender, 4-8 inches long, spiral and pubescent below : palet equalling the glume] On prairies, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Alberta, Nebraska and Gal* S. setigera Presl Reliq. Hsenk. i. 226. Stems stout, 13^-3 feet high, often pubescent at the nodes : sheaths hairy at the throat, the lower shorter than the internodes : ligules truncate, about 1 line long : leaves of sterile shoots mostly involute, ^ as long as the stem, those of the stem 2-3, often flat 6-18 inches long, 3-5 lines wide : panicle usually included at base in the upper sheath, 6-15 inches long, its slender branches mostly in pairs : empty glumes subequal, or the upper shorter, long-acuminate, 3- nerved, 8-12 lines long : flowering glume 6 lines long, silky-hairy on the nerves, the callus sharp and curved: awn 3-5 inches long, twisted and pu- bescent below, geniculate and above the middle bent again. On dry hills, eastern Oregon to California, Texas and Kansas. S. Kingii Bolander Proc. Cal. Acad, iv, 170. Stems erect, smooth, 5-12 inches high, naked above, with but 2 nodes near the base which are covered with the remains of many sheaths : radical leaves half as long as or equalling the stem, setaceously convolute, minutely scabrous, stem leaves 2, the upper with close sheaths 3-6 inches long : ligule a line long, acute, of- ten cleft : panicle narrow 1-2 inches long, the short erect branches scabrous empty glumes obtuse, eroded and sometimes mucronate hyaline witha tinge of purple at base ; the first one l}4 lines long; stipe obconical scarcely acute short-bearded : flowering glume ovate, brownish-purple, pubescent: awn persistent, finely pubescent, loosely twisted and somewhat bent below the middle : palet broadly ovate, obtuse. Eastern Oregon to Nevada and California. S. Bloomeri Bolander 1. c. 168. Stems 1%-S feet high, clothed at base with the remains of old sheaths : sheaths shorter than the internodes, the upper somewhat inflated : leaves very narrow and convolute, smooth or somewhat roughened, the lower ones about half as long as tlie stems : panicle 6-12 inches long, erect, narrow, with distant branches: empty glumes 4 lines long, nearly equal, acuminate into a slender point, 3-nerved, minutely scabrous: flowering glunae 2}4 lines long, minutely 2-toothed at the apex : awn 6-9 lines long, geniculate near the middle, almost plumose below, scabrous above: palet nearly as long as the glume. Eastern Ore- gon to Nevada and California. S. Oregonensis Scribn. U. iS. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17, 130. Stems erect, slender 12-18 inches high ; pubescent at the nodes : sheaths rather loose, minutely hispid, longer than the internodes ; ligules lacerate, the lateral teeth longer : radical leaves 10-15 inches long, involute ; those of the stem 3-6 inches long, conduplicate or involute, 1-2 lines wide : panicle narrow, included in the upper sheaths, the branches appressed, unequal, 1 inch long or less : empty glume* lanceolate, slender- pointed, convex and herbaceous below, thin-membranous and carinate above, sometimes purp- lish: first glume 5-6 lines long, second usually % line shorter: stipe slend- der, curved, acute, short-bearded: flowering glume thin-chartaceous, with 2 ciliate teeth, pubescent, 5-nerved : awn twisted and pubescent below, naked above, usually bent twice, 1-2 inches long: palet lanceolate, cleft or erose dentate at the apex, pubescent between the 2 nerves, 1^ lines long. 7.^8 GRAMINE^ stipa ORYZOPSIS In the mountains, Washington to California. S. Tiridula Trin. Bull. Sc. Acad. St. Petersb. i, 67. Stems 1)^-5 feet high, with numerous withered sheaths at base : sheaths half as long as the internodes or less : ligules very short: leaves all involute-setaceous at the apex, smooth or slightly scabrous, pale green, the lower )^ as long as the stem : panicle 6-18 inches long, narrow, loose, the short erect branches in twos or threes : spikelets 4-5 lines long, on short pedicels : empty glumes nearly equal, ovate, bristle-pointed, the lower 5-nerved, the upper 3-nerved; flowering glume about % shorter than the empty ones, with short scattered hairs which form an irregular crown, and with 2 very minute hyaline teeth, the callus very short : awn 1-13^ inches long, slender, flexuous, usually twice bent, pubescent below, scabrous above at length deciduous: palet more than half as long as the glume. California to Brit. Columbia and Nebraska. S. minor Scribn. 1. c. 11, 46. Densely cespitose : stems 16-24 inches high, smooth or very minutely pubescent below the nodes: sheaths smooth : ligules very short, slightly auricled, broader than the base of the leaves : leaves 5-15 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, with very long attenuate- involute tips : empty glumes lanceolate, sharply acuminate-pointed, 3-nerv- ed near the base, the lower slightly broader and longer than the upper and less distinctly nerved: flowering glume, including the sfiort callus, 2 lines long, thinly pilose all over and with a crown of hairs at the distinctly 2-toothed apex : awn once or twice bent, about 10 lines long, very minute- ly scabrous : palet about 34 as long as the glume. Moist mountain sides, Idaho to Montana and Colorado. $• Lemmoni Scribn, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30, 3. Stems slepder, rigid, erect, 1-2 feet high, glabrous: sheaths glabrous, shorter than the internodes: ligules less than a line long, rounded, entire, leaves 2-5 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, glabrous beneath, pubescent and strongly striate above, closely involute when dry : panicle 5-6 inches long, strict, its branches erect, 1-1)^ inches long, few-flowered : empty glumes nearly equal, about 6 lines long, broadly lanceolate, long acuminate-pointed, 3-5- nerved, scarious except the nerves : flowering glume oblong, about 6 lines long, obtuse, 2-toothed at the apex, thinly pilose all over with appressed hairs : palet hairy, nearly as long as the glume. Dry rocky slopes, eastern Washington to California. 22 ORYZOPSIS Michx. Fl. i, 51. Usually tufted grasses with flat or convolute leaves and panicled inflorescence, Spikelets broad, one flowered. Glumes 3, the 2 lower ones about equal, obtuse or acuminate, the third shorter or a little longer, broad, bearing a terminal awn which is early decid- uous. Callus short and obtuse or a mere scar. Stamens 3 : styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, tightly enclosed in the glumQ. 0. cnspidnta Vasey Special Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr. 63, 23. Closely tufted perennial : stems slender thickened at base, solid smooth 12-18 inch- es long : sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth and close, the upper one longer and loose : ligules ovate, a line long, acute or lacerate : radical leaves numerous, the scarious sheaths clustered thick about the base of the stems, 6-10 inches long, involute : panicle very loose, 4-6 inches long, inclosed at the base, branches mostly in pairs, distant, horizontal, divided in pairs beyond the middle, bearing solitary spikelets on long flexuous pedi- cels : spikelets 3 lines long, first and second glumes equal, inflated and widened belowy narrowed above to a long sharp point, scarious except the 5 nerves, minutely pubescent : flowering glume ovoid, or oblong, profusely ARI8TIDA GRAMINE^ 739 PHLEUM clothed with long white hairs 1>^ linea. long, terminating in an awn 2 lines long which falls at maturity : palet conical, smooth, hard, brown. On sandy plains. Eastern Oregon to California, Texas and Brit. Columbia. 0. exigaa Thurber Bot. Wilkes 4^1, Stems slender, erect, 6-15 inch- es high, hispid, the nodes black, scarcely constricted: leaves of sterile shoots numerous with close striate hispid sheaths and narrow involute wiry scabrous blades 4-7 inches long, of the stem usually 4, lower 2 with short overlapping sheaths and blades like the radical ones, next sheath above much shorter than the internodes with blades 2-4 inches long: ligules acute, 1-2 lines long: panicle narrow, secund, 2-3 inches long, its branches usually in pairs, erect: unequal: empty glumes oblong-ovate, barely acute, or abruptly acuminate, membranous, minutely scabrous, equal, 2-2>^ lines long flowering glumes herbaceous, becoming chartaceous, obtuse or with purple teeth at the apex, short-pubescent throughout, 5 nerved, the nerves united above: awn persistent, minutely hispid, 2-3 lines long: palet equalling the glume, obtuse or bidentate at the apex. In the mountains of Oregon and Washington. 0. Hendersoni Vasey Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7, 267. Stems densely tufted, 7-10 inches high : lower sheaths rather loose : leaves scab - rous, conduplicate, rigid pungent 4-5 inches long: panicle narrow 2>^-4 inches long, its branches mostly in twos, the longest 1^-23^ inches long bearing 2-4 spikelets near the ends : empty glumes broadly oblong, obtuse and toothed, the first 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved : flowering glume linear, oblong, 2 lines long, smooth, coriaceous, obscurely 5-nerved, bearing 2 lateral teeth : awn curved, caducous, 5-6 lines long. Washington. 23 ARISTIDA L. Sp. 82. Annual or perennial grasses with narrow leaves and various inflorescence. Spikelets narrow, one-flowered. Glumes 3, narrow, the 2 outer empty, carinate, the third rigid and convolute, bearing 3 ciwn«, sometimes united at base, the lateral ones rarely wanting or reduced to rudiments. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Gr^in free, tightly enclosed in the glume. A, purpurea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) v, 145. Stems slen- der, tufted, erect, nearly smooth, 1-2 fe^t high : lower leaves with narrow close sheaths and slender involute blades 4-10 inches long: lower sheaths longer than the internodes, the upper ones much shorter: ligules a line of fine short hairs : panicle rather loose, narrow, 4-6 inches long, its bran- ches 2-3 at each node, unequal the lower 1-2 inches long, naked below: spikelets 5-6 lines long, first glume narrowly lanceolate-linear, emargin- ate^ mucronate, hispid on the keel, 1-nerved, 4-5 lines long; the second similar but nearly 2 lines longer, stipe hairy : flowering glume linear-lan- ceolate, recurved, slightly hispid on the nerves above, 4 lines long, termina- ing in 3 separate slender awns 1-2 inches long : palet obovate, thin, about % line long. On prairies and ridges, eastern Washington to Brit. Colum- bia, Idaho and Texas. A. oligantha Michx. Fl i, 41. Glabrous annual : stems slender, 1-2 feet high, erect, dichotomously branched, smooth or roughish: sheaths loose, longer than the internodes : ligules very short, minutely ciliate: leaves 1-6 inches long, %-\ line wide, smooth, the larger ones attenuate into a long slender point : spikelets few, borne in a lax spike-like panicle: first glume 5-nerved, an inch long, attenuate or short-awned equalling or shorter than the second which bears an awn 2-4 lines long : flowering glume shorter than the first one, bearing 3 slender divergent or spreading awns, the middle one 1-3 inches long, the lateral ones somewhat shorter. 740 GRAMINE^ phleum ALOPECDRTT8 On dry plains, southern Oregon to the Eastern States. A. fascicalata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i, 154. Glabrous : stems slen- der, erect, 1-2 feet high, often branched at the base : sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules short, ciliate : leaves erect, 6 inches long, 1 line wide or less, flat, attenuate to a long point, smooth or scabrous : panicle 3-7 inches long, at first strict, its branches finally more or less spreading : first ^lume linear l-nerved, shorter than the second, 4-5 lines long: second one similar, about 6 lines long: flowering glumes about equalling the second one terminating in 3 nearly equal slender awns 6-8 lines long. On dry plains, Idaho to California and Kansas. 24 PHLEUM L. Sp. 59. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and numerous spikelets in dense spicate panicles. Spikelets one-flowered. Glumes 3, the 2 lower ones empty, membranous, compressed, keeled, the apex obliquely truncate, the midnerve produced into an awn. Flowering glume much shorter and broader, hyaline, truncate, denticulate at the summit. Palet narrow, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, somewhat elongated, with plumose stigmas. Grain ovoid, loosely enclosed by the glume and palet. P. pratense L. Sp. 59. Smooth or nearly so : perennial with bulbous roots : stems 1-4 feet high, erect, simple : sheaths usually exceeding the internodes, sometimes shorter, the upper ones long, and not inflated or very slightly so: ligules 1-2 lines long, lounded : leaves flat, 3-16 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, smooth or scabrous : panicle usually elongated, cylin- drical 1-7 inches long : empty glumes exclusive of the awns 1% lines long ciliate on the keel, the awn less than half their length : flowering glume very thin, truncate: palet equalling the glume. Common in fields and waste places. P. alpinnm L. Sp. 59. Smooth or nearly so perennial : stems erect, 6-18 inches high, simple : sheaths often much shorter than the internodes, sometimes longer, the upper one usually much inflated : ligules about 1 line long, truncate: leaves smooth beneath, scabrous above, the lower 2-3 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, the upper one usually very short: panicle short and dense, ovoid to oblong, %-2 inches long, 3-6 lines thick : empty glumes, exclusive of the awn 1% lines long, strongly ciliate on the keel, the awn about half as long as the body : flowering glume oblong. In wet meadows on high mountains, California to Alaska and across the continent. 25 ALOPECURUS L. Sp. 60. Annual or perennial grasses with usually flat leaves and num- erous spikelets in dense spike-like panicles. Spikelets one-flow- ered, flattened. Empty glumes acute, sometimes short-awned, more or less united below, compressed, keeled, the keel ciliate or somewhat winged. Flowering glume obtuse or truncate, hyaline, three-nerved, awned on the back. Palet hyaline, acute. Stamens three. Styles distinct or rarely united at base. Stigmas elon- gated, hairy. A* AGRESTis L. Sp. ed. 2, 89. Stems 1-2 feet high, erect, simple: sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules 1 line long, truncate : leaves 2-7 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, scabrous, especially above: panicle 13^-4 inches long, 2-4 lines thick : empty glumes united at base for about half their length narrowly wing-keeled, 2-2)^ lines long, the n«rves smooth or ALOPECURUH GRAMINE^ 741 scabrous, sometimes hispid below: flowering glume equalling or exceeding the outer ones, smooth, the awn inserted near the base, about twice its length. In waste places and ballast grounds, introduced from Europe. A. genicnlatns L. Sp. 60. Stems slender, 6-18 inches high, erect with decumbent geniculate base, simple or sparingly branched, smooth : sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, loose or somewhat inflated : ligules 1-3 lines long: leaves 1-6 inches long, )^-2 lines wide, scabrous, especially above : panicle 1-3 inches long, )^-2 lines thick : empty glumes slightly united at base, 1-1 J^ lines long, obtuse or subacute, glabrous except on the pubescent lateral nerves and strongly ciliate keel : flowering glume some- what shorter, obtuse, glabrous, the awn inserted at or below the middle, equalling or exceeding it. Common in wet places, California to Alaska and across the continent. Var. robustns Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xv, 13. Stems 20-30 inches long, sometimes branched : leaves flat, hispid above, 3-6 inches long, 2-3 lines wide. In the mountains, Washington to Alaska. A. PRATENsis L. Sp. 60. Stems slender 12-30 inches high, simple, erect : sheaths usually much shorter than the internodes, loose or somewhat in- flated : ligules about % line long, erose-truncate : leaves 2-4 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, scabrous, at least above : panicle 1-3 inches long : 4-6 lines wide : outer glumes, united at base for about ^ their length, 2-3 lines long, acute, glabrous except the sparingly pubescent lateral nerves and the strongly ciliate keel: flowering glume slightly shorter, obtuse, glabrous, the awn inserted about % way from the base and surpassing it. Common in cultivation and waste places : naturalized from Europe. A. Callfornicus Vasey 1. c. Stems slender, smooth, geniculate below, 10-15 inches long often branched: sheaths loose, the upper one inflated, smooth, shorter than the internodes: ligules about 2 lines long, acute: leaves 1-5 inches long, flat, hispid above: panicle cylindrical, dense, 1-2 inches long, ^-% line thick: empty glumes oblong, obtuse, carinate slightly united at base,thin, purple above, hairy on the keel, and slightly pubescent the obscure- lateral nerves, \%-\\ lines long : flowering glume oblong- ovate, obtuse, its edges united 3^ way from the base, smooth, about equal- liqg the lower cues : awn arising near the base of the glume twisted, bent near the middle, 2-3 lines long : palet wanting. In wet places, California to the "Willamette Valley Oregon and Idaho. A. pallescens Piper Fl. Palouse Reg. 18. A pale green smooth tufted perennial: stems 16-24 inches high, erect, or slightly geniculate below: sheaths shorter than the internodes, inflated, smooth: ligules scabrous, 1)^-2 lines long : leaves flat, 3-12 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, acuminate, strongly scabrous above : panicle usually well exserted, pale and silvery, 1-3 inches long, about 3 lines thick, erect: empty glumes nearly equal, 1-3 lines long, strongly ciliate on the keel, obtuse : flowering glume hyaline, 2-nerved, as long as the outer ones, obtuse: awn arising near the base, stout bent, 3 lines Ic^ng. Common in wet places about Pullman Washington. A. saccatns Vasey Bot. Gaz. vi, 290. Tufted, apparently annual: stems erect, or slightly geniculate at base 5-10 inches high, smooth, simple : sheaths rather loose, the upper one inflated, slightly roughened usually Fhorter than the internodes : ligules membranaceous, \% lines long : leaves narrow, rough on both sides, 1-3 inches long: empty glumes united at base, ovate-oblong, barely acute, carinate, scabrous at the apex, puberulent throughout, ciliate on the keel and lateral nerves, 2 lines long : flowering glume broadly oblong, truncate, the mai-gins united to the middle or above, smooth except the ciliate apex, 4- nerved, 2 lines long: awn arising near the base of the glume, twisted, bent 3-4 lines long: palet wanting. On the margins of pools that are dry in summer, eastern base of the Cascade Mountains at Barlow Gate, Oregon. 742 GRAMINE^ alopecuris DA NTH ONI A A. Uowellii Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xv, 12. A low tufted an- nual, ofte^i pi^rplish throughout: stems erect, or somewhat geniculate at base, mostly simple, smooth, 3-6 inches high : sheaths loose or vaginate, the upper one more inflated, smooth, the lower shorter than the inter- nodes, the upper one exceeding the internode, with a short blade: ligules membranous, obtuse, 1 line long: leaves filiform -convolute, exceeding the stem : panicle cylindric, 1 inch long, usually included at base: empty glumes slightly united at base, oblong, obtuse, carinate, scarious on the margins, ciliate on the keel and silky on the lateral nerves and near the base, 1^-13^ lines long: flowering glume broadly ovate oblong, truncate, thin, smooth, 4-nerved, equalling the empty ones : awn arising below the middle of the glume, slender, naked below, bent, 3 lines long: palet want- ing. Margins of small pools that are dry in summer, on the rocky plains near Medford southern Oregon. A. occidentalis Scribn. Bot. Gaz. xi, 170. Stems rather slender, 2-3 feet high : sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes : leaves flat, 2-4 inches long: panicle oblong, an inch long: outer glumes united at the base, about 2 lines long, acute, pubescent with short hairs, the keel ciliate with long hairs : flowering glume a little shorter than the outer ones, glabrous except at the villous apex : awn inserted below the middle, straight, much exceed- ing the glume. Wet medows and banks of streams, in the high moun- tains, Idaho to Montana and Colorado. Tribe 5 Avenex. Spikelets two- to several-flowered. Outer empty glume usually longer than the first flowering one. One or more of the flowering glumes awned on the hack, or from between the teeth of the bifid apex. Awn usually twisted or geniculate. Callus and usually the joints of the rachis hairy. 26 DANTHONIA DC. Fl. Fr. iii, 32. (1805.) Mostly perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and con- tracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, the flow- ers all perfect, or the upper staminate, pubescent, extended be- yond the flowers. Glumes 5 to several, the 2 lower empty, keeled, acute, subequal, persistent, generally exceeding the uppermost flowering one. Flowering glumes rounded on the back, 2 toothed, deciduous, the awn arising from between the acute or awned teeth, flat and twisted at base, bent. Palet hyaline 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed. Stamens, 3. Styles distinct, with plumous stigmas. Grain free, enclo sed in the glume. D. Californica Bolander Proc. Calif, Acad, ii, 182. Stems slender, 1-4 feet high, erect, or geniculate at the lower nodes, smooth : leafy nearly so the top : sheaths rather loose, closed at the hairy throat, usually pubses- cent mostlv shorter than the internodes : ligules nearly obsolete : leaveoa of the radical shoots numerous, with short sheaths and slender involute brcdes 4-8 inches long; of the stem with flat or loosely involute blades, scabn us, especially toward the involute point, often thinly pubescent, 2-5 ie ^hes long : inflorescence a short simple panicle : spikelets cuneate, comprv^sed, 5-8-flowered: empty glumes lanceolate, with long carinate or in lute points,6-7 lines long; flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, acuminate with 2 teeth 1 line long at the apex, smooth except a tuft of pilose hairs on each margin, or often slightly ciliate throughout: awn inserted at the base of the sinus, slightly hispid, often twisted and bent, 3-5 lines long: palet ob- long, 3-toothed at the apex. In moist ground, Washington to California. D, intermedia Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot Club x, 52. Densely tufted : DANTHONiA GRAMINE^ 743 AVENA stems slender 1-2 feet high : leaves of sterile shoots with crowded sheaths and narrow involute blades, sparsely pilose to glabrous, 4-12 inches long : sheaths of the stem shorter than the internodes, more or less pilose: ligules short, ciliate: inflorescence a short spicate panicle of 3-12 erect spiuelets: empty glumes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, keeled, smooth, 4-5 lines long, exceeding the flowering glumes which are broadly lanceolate, 2-3 lines long, acutish, 2-toothed, the awn more or less bent and twisted, 4-6 lines long. On low prairies, eastern Washington to southern California Montana and Canada. Var. Cusickii Williams. Larger: leaves longer flatter, softer, less scabrous, quite destitute of pubescence, rather large spikelets and usually more open panicle. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon. 1). nnispicata Munro. Stems loosely tufted, 6-12 inches high : sheaths shorter than the internodes, or the lower ones longer, pubescent with long white hairs : ligules very short or reduced to a row of white hairs : leaves flat or more or less involute with acuminate tips, 2-4 inches long, more or less pubescent : inflorescence a single terminal spikelet : empty glumes lan- ceolate, long-acuminate, exceeding the upper flowering one, glabrous, 6-12 lines long: flowering glumes lanceolate, acute, 4-5 lines long, termina- ting in 2 usually dark-colored awns, ciliate on the margins : central awn twisted and bent below the middle, about 6 lines long. In partially barren places, eastern Washington to California. D. Americana Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 30, 5. A slender dense- ly cespitose perennial 8-16 inches high, with short slightly inflated sheaths, narrow mostly involute leaves and simple panicles of 1-4 large spikelets: sheaths much shorter than the internodes, pubescent, at least the lower ones long-bearded at the throat: empty glumes acuminate- lanceolate the narrowed apex obtuse, 6-9 lines long, as long as or slightly exceeding the flowers : flowering glumes S-4 lines long, rounded and glabrous on the back, densely silky villous on the margins from just above the base to a little above the middle, abruptly 2-toothed, the teeth very slender bristles 2-3 lines long: awn very slender twisted below, 3-5 lines long. Brit. Columbia to California and Chile. 27 AVENA L. Sp. 76. Annual or perennial grasses with usually flat leaves and nam- erous spikelets in panicles. Spikelets one- to several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect, the upper often staminate or imperfect. Glumes 3 to several the 2 outer empty, somewhat unequal, mem- branous, persistent. Flowering glumes deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal awn, the apex often 2-toothed. Palet narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the glume and palet, free or sometimes attached to the palet. A. PATUA L. Sp. 80. Stems stout, 1-4 feet high, erect, smooth : sheaths, smooth, or scabrous at the summit, sometimes sparingly hirsute, the lower often longer than the internodes: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves 3-8 inches long, 1-4 lines wide : panicle open 4-12 inches long, the branches ascend- ing : spikelets 2-4 flowered, drooping : empty'glumes 9-12 lines long, smooth, flowering glumes 6-9 lines long, with a ring of stiff brown hairs at base, pubescent with long rigid brown hairs, bearing, a long bent and twisted awn. In fields and waste places : naturalized from Europe. Vab. glabrescens Coss. Stems stout, pale, \%-2}4, feet high : sheaths equalling the internodes : leaves flat, 4-6 inches wide : flowering glumes 744 GRAMINEi^. avena TRISETUM smooth except the ring of stiff white hairs at the base, and the scabrous apex. In cultivated fields and waste places : naturalized from Europe. A. Smithil Porter, Gray Man, ed. 3, 640. Stems 2-5 feet high, erect, simple, scabrous: sheaths shorter. than the internodes, very rough : ligules 2 lines long: leaves 4-8 inches long, 3-6 lines wide, scabrous: panicle 6-12 inches long, the branches finally spreading : spikelets 3-6-flowered : empty glumes smooth, the second 3-4 lines long, 3-nerved : flowering glumes 5 lines long, naked at base, strongly nerved, scabrous, bearing an awn ^-3^ their length. Eastern Washington to Michigan. 28 TRISETUM Pers. Syn. i, 97. (1805.) Mostly perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowers all perfect or the uppermost staminate. Rachella, glabrous or pilose, exten- ded bej^ond the flowers. Glumes 4-6, membranous, the two lower empty, unequal, acute, persistent. Flowering glume usu- ally shorter than the empty ones, deciduous, 2-toothed, bearing a dorsal awn below the apex, or the lower one sometimes awn- less. Palet narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles dis- tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. T. barbatnm Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 229. Stems erect, or decumbent at base, often branched below, smooth, leafv nearly to the panicle, 1-3 feet high: sheaths sparsely retrorsely hispid, naif open above, shorter than the internodes: ligules obtuse, erose, 1 line or less long: leaves 3-6 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, scabrous, sparsely pubescent or nearly smooth: pani- cle open to constricted, 4-8 inches long, its branches 3 inches long or less : spikelets loosely 3-6-flowered, 7-10 lines long ; first empty glume very nar- rowly ovate, subulate-acute, smooth except the slightly hispid prominent keel, 3-4 lines long; second one lanceolate, acute, 5-6 lines long: flowering glumes lanceolate, with 2 teeth about % line long, pubescent, 5-7 lines long : awn inserted at the base of the sinus bent, hispid and twisted below : palet linear thin. Washington to California. T, canescens Buckley Proc. Acad. Phil. 1862, 100. Stems erect, nearly smooth, 2-3 feet high : sheaths open above, canescent to nearly smooth, shorter than the internodes: ligules ovate, erose or lacerate, 2-3 lines long: leaves flat, 4-10 inches long, 3-4 lines wide, canescent to nearly smooth : panicle narrow, 6-8 inches long, its branches unequal, 2 inches or less long, erect: spikelets slightly compressed, 3-4 lines long; 2-flowered or with only 1 imperfect one: first empty glume narrowly ovate, acute, slightly carinate, thin, hispid on the keel, 1)^-2 lines long; second one broadly lanceolate, acute, about 3 lines long: flowering glume ovate-lanceo- late, cleft yi way from the apex, minutely scabrous, 3 lines long: awn attached at the base of the cleft, hispid, twisted and bent. Common in wooded districts, California to Alaska. T. cernunm Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1830, i, 61. Stems slen- der, erect, smooth, 2-3 feet high : sheaths loose, open above, smooth or scabrous above, shorter than the internodes : ligules ovate, lacerate : 1-6 lines long: leaves flat, scabrous on both sides or nearly smooth beneath, 5-10 inches long, 3-6 lines wide : panicle rather loose, nodding, 5-8 inches long, its branches slender, ascending : spikelets 2-4-flowered, 3-4 lines long : first empty glume narrowly ovate, carinate 1-13^ lines long ; second one broadly oblong, obtuse or acuminate, thin, hispid on the keel above, 3-nerved below, 2-23^ lines long: awn arising below the base, of the cleft, 3-5 lines long. Along streams in the mountains, California to Alaska. T. snbspicatnm Beauv. Agrost. 180. Softly pubescent to glabrous: AiRA GRAMINEiE 745 DESCHAMPSIA stems simple, erect, 6-20 inches high: sheaths usually shorter than the internodes : ligules 3^-1 line long: leaves 1-4 inches long, 1-2 lines wide : panicle spike-like, 1-5 inches long, often interrupted below, its branches 1^ inches long or less, erect: spikelets 2-3- flowered, the empty glumes hispid on the keel, shining, the second about 2}4 lines long: flowering glumes 2-23^ lines^ long, acuminate, scabrous : awn inserted below the sinus, bent and twisted below. In rocky places in the high mountains, California to Alaska and across the continent. Var. molle Gray Man. 641. Stems and leaves minutely soft-downy Range of the type. 29 AIRA L. Sp. 6.3. Mostly annual grasses with narrow leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets small, two-flowered, both flowers perfect, glumes 4, the two lower empty, thin-membranous, acute, subequal, persistent: the flowering glumes usually contiguous, hyaline, mu- cronate or 2-toothed, deciduous, bearing a delicate dorsal awn inserted below the middle. Palet a little shorter than the glume, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3, with plumose stigmas. Grain en- closed in the glume and palet and often adherent to them. A. CARYOPHYLLEA L. Sp. 66. Smooth and glabrous throughout ! stems 6-10 inches high, erect, from an annual root: sheaths mostly basal : ligules 1}4 lines long: leaves 6-25 lines long, involute-setaceous: panicle 1-4 inches long, open, the branches spreading or ascending: spikelets 1-lJ^ lines long, the empty glumes acute: flowering glumes very acute, 2-tooth- ed 1 line long: awn 1-2 lines long. Common in dry open places : natural- ized from Europe. A. PRECOX L. Sp. 65. Smooth throughout: stems 1-4 inches high, erect, from an annual root, simple, rigid: sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes: ligules about 1}4 lines long: leaves 1 inch long or less, involute- setaceous : panicle contracted, strict, 6-12 lines long, its base often enclosed in the upper sheath : spikelets about 1}4 lines long, the empty glumes acute : flowering glumes acuminate, 2-tooted at the apex, about 1>| lines long : awn straight, 1-2 lines long. In dry places: naturalized from Eu. 30 DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Agrost. 91. (1812.) Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and numerous flowers in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-flowered, both perfect ; the hairy rachella extended beyond the flowers or rarely terminated by a staminate one. Glumes 4, rarely more, the 2 lower empty, keeled, acute, membranous shining, persistent ; the flowering glumes of about the same texture, deciduous, 2- toothed at the apex and bearing a dorsal awn. Palet narrow, 2- nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Btigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. D. csBspitosa Beauv. Agrost. 160, t. 18, fig. 3. Densely cespitose with very numerous basal leaves: Stems erect, slender 2-4 feet high ; sim- le, glabrous : sheaths much shorter than the internodes : ligules 1-3 lines ong : leaves flat l-l}4 lines wide, smooth beaeath, strongly scabrous above, the basal ones >^-K as long as the stem, those of the stem 2-6 inches long : panicle open 3-6 inches long, the branches widely spreading or ascending often somewhat flexuous the lower 2-5 inches long : spikelets 1^-2 lines long: empty glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute; flowering glume oblong, fc 746 , GRAMINE^ deschampsia ARRHENATHERUM about 13^ lines long, erose-truncate at the apex: awn straight, inserted above the middle, 1-2 lines long. Common in moist meadows, California to Alaska and across the continent. D. atropurpnrea Scheele Flora xxvii, 56. Stems 6-18 inches high, erect, simple, rigid : sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules truncate, 1 line long or less : leaves 2-5 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, flat : panicle 1-2 inches long, narrow, usually purple or purplish, its branches erect, or sometimes ascending, the lower 6-18 lines long: empty glumes broadly lanceolate, acute, 2% lined long: flowering glumes oblong, erose-truncate at the apex, about 13^ lines long: awn bent and much exceeding the glume, Alpine summits of the high mountains, Oregon to Alaska and across the continent. D. elODgata Munro in Benth. PL Hartw. 242, t. 228. Densely cespi- tose perennial : stems very slender, 1-2 feet high, simple, erect, : leaves very numerous, mostly basal, 1-18 inches long, flat and smooth, less than 1 line wide : ligules elongated : panicle very long and narrow, 4-12 inches long, its very unequal scabrous capillary branches mostly appressed: empty glumes about 2 lines long, linear-subulate, nearly equal, green and scabrous on the keel : flowering glumes about 1 line long, smooth and shining, with a silky tuft at base, irregularly 5-toothed above, with a very slender awn 2 lines long from near the base, Common in open woods, California to Washington, west of the Cascade Mountains. D. calycina Presl Rel. HsBnk. i, 251. Loosely tufted annual: stems slender, 2-24 inches high, sometimes geniculate and sparingly branched below : leaves very narrow those of the stem 1-2 inches long, with elonga- ted ligules ; panicle very loose, and open, 1-12 inches long, the lower branch- es in threes, the others in pairs or solitary, distant, mostly spreading: em- pty glume 3 lines long or more, linear- lanceolate, green and rough on the keel: flowering glumes about a line long, shining below its truncate 4- toothed apex, the hairs at base K as long : awn inserted just below the middle, about 3 lines long, twisted below and bent near the middle common in places that are wet in spring. California to Washington. 31 ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Agrost. 55, t. 11, fig. 5. Tall perennial grasses with fiat leaves and narrow or open panicles. Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper flower perfect, the lower staminate the rachella extended beyond the flowers. Glumes 4, the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or awn- pointed, unequal, persistent : flowering glumes rigid 5-7-nerved deciduous, the first bearing a long bent and twisted dorsal awn inserted below the middle, the second unarmed. Palet hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid free. A. ELATiu- Beauv. M. & K. Deutsch. Fl. i, 546. Glabrous perennial : stems 2-4 feet high, erect, simple : lower sheaths longer than the internodes ligules 1 lines long: leaves 2-12 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, scabrous: panicle 4-12 inches long, narrow, branches erect, the lower 1-2 inches long, empty glumes finely roughened, the second 4 lines long, nearly twice aa long as the first one : flowering glumes about 4 lines long. In meadows and waste places ; naturalized from Europe. 31 HOLCUS L. Sp. 1047. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and open or spike- like panicles. Spikelets dioecious, 2-flowered, the lower flower H0LCU8 GRAMINE^ 747 MUNROA perfect, the upper staminate. Glumes 4, the two lower empty, membranous, keeled, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved and often short-awned. Flowering glumes chartaceous, that of the upper flower bearing a short awn. Palet narrow, 2-keeled. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the glume. H. LANATus L. Sp. 1048. Light green, densely and softly pubescent stems l)^-2>^ feet high, erect, often decumbent at base, simple : sheaths shorter than the internodes : liguies 3^-1 line long : leaves 1-6 inches long, 2-6 lines wide: spikelets 2 Hnes long: empty glumes about 2 lines long, white villous, the upper awn-pointed: flowering glumes 1 line long, smooth, glabrous and shining, the lower sparsely ciliate on the keel, somewhat ob- tuse, the upper 2-toothed and bearing a hooked awn just below the apex. Common in meadows and waste places : introduced from Europe. Tribe 4 Festucacese. Spikelets two- to several- flowered ^ usually hermaphrodite, pediceUate, in panicles or racemes, the former some- times dense and spike-like. Flowering glumes usually longer than the empty ones, awnless or with one to several mostly straight awns which are either terminal or home just below the apex. 33 MUNROA Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 158. (1856.) Low diffusely branched grasses with flat pungently pointed leaves and few flowers in panicles. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6. nearly sessile in the axils of the floral leaves, 3--5-flowered, the flowers all perfect. Glumes 5-7, the two lower empty, lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, hyaline. Flowering glume larger, 3-nerved, one or two empty ones above the flowering ones. Palets hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated: stigmas barbellate or short- plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet. M. sqnarrosa Torr. 1. c. Stems 2-8 inches long, tufted, erect, decum- bent or prostrate, much branched : sheaths short, crowded at the nodes and at the ends of the branches, smooth, pilose at the base and throat, sometimes ciliate on the margins : liguies a ring of hairs : leaves 1 inch long or less, 1-6 Hnes wide^rigid, scabrous : spikelets 2-5-flowered, the flow- ers perfect : empty glumes I-nerved : flowering glumes 2-2}4 lines long, lon- ger than the empty ones, 3-nerved, the nerves excurrent and forming 3 teeth or awns, with tufts of hairs about the middle: palets obtuse. On dry plains, eastern Oregon to Alberta and Texas. 34 PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. Tall perennial grasses with broad flat leaves and very numerous flowers in aniple panicles. Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, the first flower often staminate, the others perfect. Rachella articu- lated between the flowering glumes, long-pilose. Two lower glumes empty, unequal, membranous, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the spikelet, the third glume empty or subtending a stamin- ate flower. Flowering glumes glabrous, narrow, long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the palet and glume. P. communis Trin. 1. c. Stems stout, 3-15 feet high, erect, from long 748 GBAMINE-E fhragmites DACTYLIS horizontal perennial rootstockB, glabrous : sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes, loose : ligules a ring of very short hairs : leaves 6-18 inches long, 4-9 lines wide : spikelets crowded on the ascending branches : first glume 1- nerved, %-% as long as the second one: flowering glumes 5-6 lines long, 3-nerved, long-acumiHate, equalling the hairs of the rachella. In bogs and wet places nearly throughout North America : also in Eilropecuid Asia. 35 DACTYLIS L. Sp. 71. Tall perennial grasses with brpad flat leaves and numerous spikelets crowded in paniculate short capitate clusters. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, all perfect or the upper staminate, the two lower glumes empty, thin-membranaceous, keeled, unequal, mucronate. Flowering glumes longer than the empty ones, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled, the midnerve extended into a point or short awn. Palets shorter than the glumes, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet. D. QLOMEKATA L. Sp. 71. Stcms simple, erect, 2-4 feet high : sheaths shorter than the internodes : smooth or rough : ligules 1-2 lines long : leaves 3-9 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, flat, scabrous : panicle 3-8 inches long, its branches spreading or ascending in flower, erect in fruit, the lower 1-3 inches long, spikelet bearing from about the middle : spikelets in dense capitate clusters, 3-5-flowered : empty glumes 1-3-nerved, the first shorter than the second : flowering glumes 2-3 lines long, rough, pointed or short- awned, ciliate on the keel. In flelds and waste places, naturalized from Europe. 36 KCELERIA Pers. Syn. i, 97. Tufted perennial or annual grasses with, flat or setaceous leaves and numerous spikelets in spike-like panicles. Spikelets 2-5-flow- ered. Glumes 4-7, the two lower empty, narrow, acute, unequal, keeled, scarious on the margins. Flowering glumes 3-5-nerved. Palets hyaline, acute, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. K. cristata Pers. 1. c. Stems erect, simple, rigid, often pubescent just below the panicle : sheaths often shorter than the internodes, smooth or scabrose, sometimes hirsute : ligules % line long : leaves 1-12 inches long, %-!% lines wide, erect, flat or involute, smooth or rough, often more or less hirsute : panicle 1-7 inche? long, pale green, usually spike-like, the branches erect or rarely ascending, 1 inch long or less : empty glumes une- qual, the first one about 2 lines long, scarious except thegreeia keel; second one longer, scabrous on the keel; flowering glumes scarious, 1)^-2 lines long. On sandy bars along rivers. California to Brit. Columbia and Pennsylvania. 37 EATONIA Raf. Joum. Phys. Ixxxix 104. Tufted perennial grasses with flat leaves and usually contract- ed panicles. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, the rachella extended beyond the flowers. Two lower glumes empty, shorter than the spikelet, the first linear acute, 1-nerved, the second much broader, 3-nerved, obtuse or rounded at the apex or sometimes acute, the margins, scarious : flowering glumes narrow, usually obtuse. Palets narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free loosely enclosed in the glume and palet. EATONiA GRAMINE^ 749 MELICA E, obtnsata Gray Man. ed. 2, 558. Stems often stout, l-2>^ feet high, erect, simple, smooth : sheaths shorter than the internodes, usually more or less rough, sometimes pubescent: ligules 3^-1 line long: leaves 1-9 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, scabrous : panicle 2-i6 inches long, dense and usually spike-like, strict, the branches 1}4 inches long or lees, erect: spike- lets crowded, 1^-lK lines long: empty glumes unequal, often purplish, the first narrow, shorter than and about ^ as wide as the obtuse or almost truncate second one : flowering glumes narrow, obtuse, ^-1 line long. California to Washington and the Eastern States. E. PennsylYanica Gray I. c. Stems slender, erect, smooth, 1-3 feet high : sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules % line long : leaves 2-7 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, rough : panicle 3-7 inches long, contracted, often nodding, lax, its branches 1-3 inches long : spikelets \%-l% line long, usually numerous, somewhat crowded, and appressed to the branches: empty glumes unequal, the first narrow, shorter than and about ^ as wide as the obtuse or abruptly acute second one which is smooth or somewhat rough on the keel; flowering glumes narrow, acute, 3)^ lines long. In moist soil, eastern Washington to the Eastern States. 38 MELICA L. Sp. 66. Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, often secund, rachella extended beyond the flowers and usually bearing 2-3 empty club- shape hooded scales, convolute around each other. Two lower glumes empty, membranous, 3-5-nerved ; flowering glumes larger, rounded on the back, 7-13 nerved, sometimes bearing an awn, the margins more or less scarious. Palets broad, shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Style distinct. Stigmas plu- mose. Grain free enclosed in the glume and palet.'^ § 1 EuMELicA. Empty glumes nearly or quite equalling the flowers. Flowering glumes scarious margined, obtuse and entire at the apex. Sterile flowers clavate, hooded, or like the others, but smaller. M. interrupta Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1840, 59. Stems tufted, slender, 1-3 feet high, from strong fibrous roots: leaves narrow, long-acu- minate, from smooth to very scabrous and pilose-pubescent : panicle 8-12 inches long, its branches in remote fascicles, very unequal, the lower 1-3 inches long: spikelets 5 lines long, minutely scabrous, 1-flowered, with an imperfect floret: first empty glumes 3-nerved, second larger and indistinct- ly 5-nerved: flowering glume acutish, strongly 7-nerved, usually purplish above except the scabrous margins: palet about as long as the glume, 2- toothed : sterile flowers short-pedicelled, % as long as the perfect ones, sometimes enclosing a second one. Oregon to California. H. stricta Bolander Proc. Cal. Acad, iii, 4. Densely tufted, 1-2 feet high, pale green: stems erect, or geniculate below, branched at base, softly pubescent to scabrous: sheaths retrorsely velvety-pubescent, longer than the internodes: ligules about 2 lines long: leaves 3-4 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, flat, or involute toward the rather rigid points, velvety-pubescent on both sides: panicle secund, of 6-12 nodding spikelets, the scabrous branches mostly single, erect, making the panicle appear single : spikelets 5-7 lines long, with 2-3 perfect flowers and rather large rudiments: empty glumes lance-oblong, narrowed below, obtuse or barely acute, thin smooth, 5-nerv- cd, 4-6 lines long, the first slightly shorter; flowering glumes lanceolate, acute, minutely hispid, 7-nerved, 4>^-53^ lines long : palet obovate-oblong. obtuse, minutely hispid, pubescent on the arched keels. In the high 750 GRAMINE^ melica mountains of eastern Oregon to California and Nevada. M, bnlbosa Geyer, Hook. Journ. Bot. viii, 19. Stems 1-3 feet high, enlarged and bulb-like at base : sheaths longer than the internodes, nearly smooth to scabrous : leaves 2-3 inches long setaceously convolute, nearly smooth to scabrous: ligules nearly 2 lines long, often coarsely lacerate: panicle strict, 4-8 inches long, interrupted below, the branches mostly in pairs, very unequal, erect: spikeleta with 2-3 perfect flowers, about 4 lines long: empty glumes membranaceous, broad, obtuse, the lower 3-5-nerved, the upper 5-7- nerved : flowering glumes 3-4 lines long, scarious-margined^ minutely scabrous, 7-ner7ed, the unequal nerves all ceasing below the broad hyaline obtuse apex : palet ciliate on the keels : sterile floret often double, the uppermost minute and hooded. About the base of cliffs, eastern Oregon to California. M. fngax Bolander Proc. Cal. Acad, iv, 104. Stems slender, 6-12 inches high, enlarged and bulb-like at base : sheaths. longer than the internodes, nearly smooth to scabrous : ligules about 1 line long, truncate at the apex : leaves flat or somewhat involute, 1-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, the lower obtuse or barely acute, the upper acuminate and often setaceously pointed : panicle 2-4 inches long, its branches mostly in pairs, erect or somewhat spreading, very unequal, the longest 1-2 inches long: spikelets 3-4 lines long, usually purplish, of 3-5 perfect flowers: empty glumes 3-5-nerved, obtuse, with broad scarious margins; the first about 1}4 lines long, the second broader and about 2 lines long ; flowering glumes strongly 7-nerved, only the midnerve reaching the narrow scarious apex : palets slightly shorter than the glume, minutely ciliate: sterile flowers similar to the glumes. About the base of cliffs, eastern Washington to California. § 2 Bromelica Thurber Bot. Cal. ii, 304. Spikelets of 3-8 perfect flowers, the lower exceeding the empty glumes. Flowering glumes prominently 7-nerved, apiculate or distinctly awned by the excurrent midnerve at the notched or bifid or narrowly trun- cate or long- attenuate tip. M, bromoides Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 409. Stems slender, 3-4 feet high, enlarged and bulb-like at base: lower pheaths longer than the internodes, the upper shorter, smooth: leaves flat, 6-12 inches long, setaceously acuminate : ligules about 1 line long or less, the upper ones often lacerate: panicle very loose, 6-8 inches long, very long-exserted, its capillary branches few and spreading, 2-3 inches long, bearing only one or two spikelets 6-8 lines long: first empty glume about I line long, acute, the second broader, nearly 2 lines long, obtuse or barely acute, with broad scarious margins : flowering glumes about 4 lines long, narrowly margined, lanceolate, acute : palet about 3 lines long, ciliate on the nerves. On open ridges southern Oregon to California. Var. Howellii Scribn. Proc. Phila. Acad. 47. Panicle more open and fewer-flowered: flowering glumes longer and entire or but slightly notched at the apex. On dry ridges southwestern Oregon. M. Harfordii Bolander Proc. Cal. Acad, iv, 102. Stems erect, bran- ched below, slender, rather wiry, 1-3 feet high, not bulbous at base : sheaths slightly scabrous, about equalling the internodes : ligules 1-2 lines long, leaves flat or invblute, scabrous above, slender-pointed, 6-10 inches long, 1-3 lines wide: panicle strict, 6-12 inches long, its scabrous branches erect: or appressed, unequal, 2 inches long or less bearing 1-3 erect spikelets : empty glumes oblanceolate, obtuse or barely acute, the first 5-nerved, 3-4 lines long, the second 3^ line longer and 5-7-nerved ; flowering glumes lan- ceolate, barely acute or emarginate or sometimes short-awned, scarious- margined above, minutely appressed-silkythroughout, pilose on the margin- MELiCA GRAMINEtE 751 DI8TICHLI8 al nerves below the middle, 7-9-nerved, 4-5 lines long : palet oblong, obtuse or emarginate, pubescent on the 2 arched keels, 3-4 lines long. On open ridges in the mountains, Oregon to California. Var. minor Vasey, Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 610. Stems slender, 10-15 inches high erect: panicles very simple, lK-4 inches long: spikelets usually 3-flowered. On dry ridges in the Siskiyou Mountains. M. aristata Thurber, Bolander Proc. Cal. Acad, iv, 103, Stems slen- dei, tufted, 2-4 feet high : leaves flat, 2-4 inches long, 3 lines wide: panicle narrow, 5-12 inches long, its branches erect: spikelets 3-5-flowered, pale or purplish : first empty glume oblong, about 3 lines long ; the second about a line longer : flowering glumes about 5 lines long, with a few stiff marginal hairs near the base, very scabrous, the central nerve excurrent just below the bifid tip as an awn 3-5 lines long : palet about S}4 lines long, strongly ciliate at the apex. In mountains, Washington to California. M. acuminata Bolander 1. c. 104. Stems slender, erect, 2-3 feet high, with thickened bulbous base : sheaths mostly equalling or shorter than the internodes, more or le&a pubescent : ligules 1-2 lines long, laciniate : panicle 4-12 inches long, narrow, the capillary branches erect or barely spreading: spikelets 3-5-flowered, often purplish: first empty glume linear, about 2 lines long, much smaller than the acuminate second one : flowering glumes lanceolate, long-acuminate about 5 lines long, 5-7-nerved : ciliate on the margins below : palet about half as long as the glume, densely ciliate above, narrowly truncate. In open woods, California to Alaska. M. spectabilis Scribn. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1885,45. A slender tufted stoloniferous perennial : stems about 2% ^^et high, with a corm at the base of each : sheaths mostly longer than the internodes: ligules white, about 1 line long : leaves 3-4, flat or involute, scabrous, 7-10 inches long, 1-2 lines wide : panicle simple, 5-8 inches long, its slender branches solitary or in gairs, sometimes in threes, the longest 1)^-2 inches long: spikelets 3-8- owered: empty glumes ovate, obtuse or acute, with transverse nerves near the middle, the first 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved, 2)^-3 lines long: flowering glumes 33^-4 lines long, abruptly tapering, oval, the apex with 2 very short teeth or a notch, 7-9-nerved : palet elliptical, 2}4 lines long. Oregon to Montana and California. M. scabrata Scribn. Piper & Beattie Fl. Palouse Reg. 25. Stems mostly solitary, erect, 2-4 feet high, with bulbous base: sheaths nearly as long or longer than the internodes, scabrous : leaves flat, linear, 5-7 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, scabrous on both sides : panicle erect. narrow, 3-7 inches long, lower branches mostly in threes, the 2 outer short and bearing a single Bpikelet, the central one longer and bearing 2-5 spikelets 5-7-flowered, usually purple ; lower empty glumes 2% lines long, the upper 33^-4 lines long, acutish: flowering glumes about 3% lines long all minutely scabrous. In low meadows about Pullman Washington. 39 DISTICHLIS Raf. Journ. Phys. Ixxxix, 104. Dioecious grasses with rigid stems, creeping or decumbent at base, flat or convolute leaves, and numerous spikelets in spike- like panicles. Spikelets flattened, more numerous on the stamin- ate plaftts than on the pistilate, 6-16-flowered. Rachella con- tinuous in the staminate spikelets, articulated in the pistillate. Two lower glumes empty, narrow, keeled, acute, shorter than the flowering ones. Flowering glumes broader, many-nerved, acute, rigid. Palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles thickened at the base, rather long, distinct. Stigmas long-plumose. Grain free enclosed in the glume and palet. 752 GRAMINE^ catabrosa GRAPHEPHOBDM D. maritima Baf. 1. c. Glabrous throughout : stems 3 inches to 2 feet high, erect, from horizontal rootatock, often decumbent at base: sheaths shorter than the internodes, often crowded : ligules a ring of very short hairs : leaves 3^-9 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, flat or involute : panicle dense and spike-like 1-3 inches long, the branches 1 inch long or less, erect : spikelets 6-16-flowered, 4-9 lines long, pale green or purplish : empty glumes acute, the first 1-3-nerved, % as long as the 3-2-nerved, second one : flowering glume \%-2% lines long, acute or acuminate. In salt marshes along the coast Brit. Columbia to California and in the interior, also on the Atlantic coast. 40 CATABROSA Beauv. Agrost. 97, t. 19, fig. 8. Perennial grasses with soft flat leaves and open panicles. Spikelets usually 2-flowere(l. Two lower glumes empty, thin^ membranaceous, much shorter than the flowering ones, unequal, rounded or obtuse at the apex. Flowering glumes membranous, erose-truncate. Palets barely shorter than the glume. Stam- ens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. C. aqnatlca Beauv. Agrost. 157. Smooth and glabrous : stems erect, from a creeping base, K-2 feet high, bright green, flaccid: sheaths usually longer than the internodes, loose : ligule l>^-5 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, flat, obtuse: panicle 1-8 inches long, open, the branches whorled, spread- ing or ascending, very slender %-2 inches long, spikelets 1)^-1^ lines long, the empty glumes rounded or obtuse, the first about half as long, as the second which is crenulate on the margins : flowering glumes \-\}4: lines long, 3-nerved, erose-trunate at the apex. In water or wet places, "Washington to Alaska and Labrador to Nebraska : also Europe and Asia. 41 GRAPHEPHORUM Deev. Bull. Soc. Philom. ii, 189. Erect grasses with flat leaves and usually contracted nodding panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, flattened, the rachella prolong: ed beyond the flower. Glumes 4-6, the 2 lower ones empty, somewhat shorter than the flowering ones, thin-mem branaceous, acute, keeled. Flowering glumes membranous, obscurely nerved, entire, sometimes short-awned just below the apex. Stamens 3; Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain glabrous. G. Wolfll Vasey Des. Cat. Gr. U. S. 66. Stems slender, 15-30 inches high, from a perennial root : sheaths about as long as the internodes : ligules about a line long: leaves flat, scabrous, 6-10 inches long, 2-3 lines wide: panicle erect, subs picate, 3-9 inches long: spikelets 2-4-flowered, purplish: rachella villous: empty glumes elliptical, nearly equal, about 3 lines long the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved: flowering glumes 2-23^ lines long, less than 1 line wide, obscurely 5-nerved, obtuse, lacerate, some- times split or 2- toothed, bearing an awn % line long: palets shorter than or nearly equalling the glumes. Dry rocky slopes, eastern Oregon to Mon- tana and California. 42 PANICULARIA Fabr. Enum. Hort. Helmst. 373. (1763.) QLYCERIA R. Br. {1810.) Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and numerous spike- lets in more or less open panicles. Spikelets 2-20-flowered, terete or sometimes flattened. Two lower glumes empty, obtuse or acute, 1-8-nerved : flowering glumes membranous, rounded on the back, 5-9-nerved, the nerves disappearing in the hyaline apex. PANicuLARiA GRAMINE A 753 Palets scarcely shorter than the glumes^ rarely longer, 2-keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain smooth, enclosed in the glume and partly free, or when dry slightly adhering to the palet. P. flnitans Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 782. G. fluitans JR. Br. Stems 2-5 feet high, erect: stout, simple smooth, often rooting from the lower nodes: sheaths loose, generally longer than the internodes smooth or rough: ligules 2-3 lines long: leaves 5-12 inches long, 2-6 lines wide scabrous: often floating: panicle 9-18 inches long, the lower branches at first appressed, later ascending 3-6 inches long: spikelets linear, 7-13-flowered, 4-12 lines long: empty glumes unequal, 1-nerved, the lower acute or obtuse, the upper obtuse or truncate. In water and bogs, California to Alaska and across the continent. P. boreaiis Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. club xxiv, 348. Stems weak, erect, glabrous, l>^-3 feet high: sheaths loose, longer than the internodes: leaves 4-10 inches long, pale green, nearly smooth: panicle lax, 7-15 inches long, the branches single or in pairs usually short and erect: spikelets linear, 5-7 lines long: flowering glumes very thin, l>^-2 lines long, 7-nerved, the nerves min- utely hispid. In shallow ponds, eastern Washington to California and the Eastern States. P. nervata Kuntze 1. c. G. nervata Trin. Stems slender, erect, 1-3 feet high, simple, smooth: sheaths shoi-ter than the internodes, usually more or less rough: ligules % Jioe lo°g» truncate: leaves 6-12 inches long, 2-5 lines wide, acute, smooth beneath, rough above: panicle 3-8 inches long, open, the filiform branches spreading, ascending or often drooping, rai-ely erect, the lower ones 2-5 inches long: spikelets 3-7 -flowered, 1-13^ lines long: empty glumes obtuse, 1-nerved; flowering glumes about % line long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, with 7 sharp distinct nerves and evident funows between them. Com- mon in wet places and along streams, California to Alaska and across the continent. P. pallida Kuntze 1. c. 783. Pale green, stems 1-3 feet long, assurgent, simple, smooth: sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes, ligules 2-3 lines long, acute: leaves 2-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, smooth beneath, rough above: panicle 2-7 inches long, the branches erect or ascending, often flexuous, 1-2 inches long: spikelets 4-8-flowered, 23^-3K lines long: empty glumes unequal, the first 1-nerved, obtuse, shorter than the 3-nerved and truncate second one: floweiing glumes 1^-1^4 Ihies long, truncate and denticulate at the apex, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, with plain furrows between the nerves. In shallow water, Washington to Indiana and New Brunswick. P, pauciflora Kuntze 1. c. G. pauciflora Presl. Stems stout, 2-4 feet long: sheaths nearly smooth, loose, usually longer than the internodes ligules rounded or more often lacerate 2-3 lines long: leaves 6-15 inches long: 3-9 lines wide: panicle 5-8 inches long, somewhat contracted and flexuous or at length loose and open, usually purplish, its branches hispid, 4 inches long or less: spikelets 5-7-flowered, 2-3 lines long: empty glumes less than half as long as the flowering ones, the first ovate, denticulate, near the subacute apex, smooth, 1-nerved % ^^^ long; the second erose at the rounded apex, 3-neived, nearly 1 line long: flowering glumes broadly oblong, erose at the rounded scai'i- ous apex, hispidulous on the keel, prominently 5-nerved, 1-1>^ lines long: palet oblong, emarginate, slightly pubescent on the 2 keels, neaiiy equalling the glume In shallow water or wet places, California to Alaska and Colorado. P. Americana MacM. Met. Minn. 81. Stems stout, erect, simple, smooth, 3-5 feet high: sheaths loose, smooth or somewhat rough: ligules 1-2 lines long, truncate: leaves 7-12 inches long, 3-8 lines wide, usually smooth beneath, rough above: panicle 8-16 inches long, its branches spreading, ascend- 754 GR AMINES puccinblua ing or rarely erect, 4-8 inclies long, spikelefcs 4-T-flowered; 2-3 lines long: empty glumes acute, 1 -nerved: flowering glumes about 1 line long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, the furrows between the nerves evident. In wet soil, Alaska to California and Neb. 43 PUCCINELLIA Pari. Fl. Ital. i, 366. Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-10-flowered. Two lower glume<< empty : obtuse or acute, unequal: flowering glumes obtuse, or acute, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, the nerves very obscure or almost wanting. Palets about equalling the glumes. Stamens 3. Stigmas sessile, simply plumose. Grain compressed, usually adhering to the palet. P. maritiraa Pari. 1. c. 370. Stems stoloniferous, 6-24 inches high, erect, or decumbent at base, smooth, simple: sheaths usually exceeding the internodes: ligules )^-l: line long: leaves 1-5 inches long, 1 line wide or less, flat to involute: panicle 2-6 inches long, open, its branches ascend- ing or rarely erect, 1-2 inches long: spikelets 3-10-flowered,3-7 lines long: empty glumes unequal, the first usually 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved: flowering glumes 13^-3 lines long, obtuse or truncate. In salt marshes along the coast. P. angustata Nash Bull. Terr. Bot. Club xxix, 513. Poa angustata JR. Br. Stems erect, 4-12 inches high, simple; sheaths usually longer than the internodes: ligules 1 line long: leaves 3f-3 inches long, 1 line wide or less: panicle 1-2 inches long, contracted, its branches short and erect or appressed: spikelets 2-7-flowered, 3-4 lines long: empty glumes obtuse or rounded at the apex, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved: flowering glume l^-l}4 lines long, usually purplish, rounded at the apex. In salt marches along the coast, Oregon to Alaska, and Labrador to Maine: also Europe and Asia. P. distans Pari. 1. c. 367. Glyceria distans Wahl. Stems 1-2 feet high, erect or sometimes decumbent at base, tufted: sheaths often shorter than the internodes, glabrous: ligules K-1 line long: leaves 1-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, flat or folded, usually stiff and erect, smooth beneath: panicle 2-7 inches long, open, rarely contracted, its branches spreading or ascending, whorled, the lower 1-4 inches long, sometimes reflexed: spikelets crowi^ed, 3-6 flowered, 13^-2)^ lines long: empty glumes obtuse or acute, 1-nerved; the second exceeding the first: flowering glumes 3^-1 line long, obtuse, obscurely nerved. Along the coast of Washington, and on the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to New Jersey: also in Europe. P. Lemmoni Scribn. Am. Grasses ii, 276. Glyceria Lemmoni Vasey. Densely cespitose, with numerous involute-setaceous radical leaves, pale green and glaucous: stems slender, 4-16 inches high, smooth, simple: sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth: ligules nearly 1 line long, acute: leaves setaceous, 2-4 inches long, smooth: panicle long-exserted, often purplish, 1-4 inches long, open, its unequal scabrous branches spreading or ascending, the lower 1-2 inches long: spikelets narrow, 7-f lowered, 2-3 lines long; first.glume less than a line long; the second about twice as long: flowering glumes about a line long, abruptly pointed. In alkaline meadows: eastern Oregon to California and Brit. Columbia. 44 PLEUROPOGON R. Br. App. Parry Voy. 286. Perennial grasses with flat leaves and rather few spikelets in PLEUROPOGON GK AMINES 755 POA simple racemes. Spikelets 5-20-flowered, all perfect or the up- per staminate. Two lower glumes empty, unequal, thin-mem- branous, 1-nerved, or the second imperfectly 3-nerved : flowering glumes longer, membranous, 7-nerved, the middle nerve excur- rent as a short point or awn. Palets nearly equalling the glumes, 2-keeled, the keels winged or append aged. Stamens 3. Styles short, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet. P. Californicnm Benth. Vasey Grasses Pac. Slope, ii, 68. Stems erect, or somewhat decumbent at base, rather weak, 2-4 feet high : sheaths smooth, equalling or exceeding the internodes, the lower ones short and membranous: ligules 2-3 lines long: leaves flat or folded, 3-21 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, obtuse, smooth, or barely rough above: panicle a simple lecund raceme, 6-12 inches long: spikelets linear-oblong, 10-20-flowered, about 1 line long: empty glumes oblong, obliquely obtuse, smooth, l-nerved below, the first 1-13^ lines long, the second 1 line longer: flowering glumes rance-oblong, erose or dentate at the membranous obtuse apex, scabrous, strongly 7-nerved, 3-4 lines long : awn arising below the apex, 1-5 lines long : palets oblong, obtuse, nearly equalling the glumes. In low meadow sands, southern Oregon to California. P. refractnm Benth. Vasey 1. c. 69. Tufted from a strong creeping lootstock: stems rather weak, 2-4 feet high, erect, smooth, simple: sheaths nearly smooth, equalling or slightly exceeding the long internodes : ligules 1-2 lines long, truncate: leaves flat or folded, scabrous above, 2-10 inches long, 2-4 lines wide : panicle a simple secund raceme of 6-10 spikekts pendent on recurved pedicels, 6-12 lines long: spikelets linear-oblong, 8-12-flowered, about 1 inch long : empty glumes lance-oblong, obtuse or emarginate. often denticulate, thin, smooth, 1-nerved, 2-3 lines long, the second slightly longer: flowering glumes lance-oblong, erose or dentate at the truncate membranous summit^ nearly smooth, prominently 7-9-nerved, 33^-4 lines long : awn arising at the apex, 2-4 lines long : palet linear, emarginate, shorter than the glumes. Along mountain streapis, Oregon and Washington. 45 POA L. Sp. 67. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spikelets in open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, compressed, the rachella usually glabrous. Flowers all perfect or rarely dioecious or polygamous. Glumes membran- ous, keeled, the two lower empty, l-S-nerved: the flowering glumes longer than the empty ones, generally with a tuft of cob- webby hairs at base, 5-nerved, the marginal nerves usually pu- bescent. Palets a little shorter than the glumes, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, with plumose stig- mas. Grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palet. § 2 Melicoides Glumes obtuse or barely acute, the empty ones 1-5-nerved, the flowering ones without cobwebby hairs at base, not prominently keeled. P. afgrentea Howell Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. xv. 11. Stems slender, loosely tufied, 6-8 inches high, erect or somewhat decumbent at base: sheaths loose and membranous, longer than the internodes : ligules acute, l%-2 lines long : leaves of the sterile shoots numerous, curved, 756 GRAMINE^ poa condu plicate, ^-3 inches long, less than 1 line wide : panicle 1-1)^ inches long, oblong, loosely-flowered, with a pale silvery hue: spikelets oblong- linear, 3-4 lines long, 3-5-flowered: empty glumes subequal, 2-2)^ lines long, 3-, 4- or 5-nerved, obovate, with shining scarious margins : flowering glumes -nearly 3 lines long, oval or ovate, denticulate, 5-7-nerved: palets lanceo- late; about as long as the glumes. On the top of Ashland Butte in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. P* macrantha Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xv, 11. Stems stout* smooth, 15-20 inches high, from stout perennial creeping rootstocks> dioe- cious: sheaths loose, equalling or exceeding the internodes: ligules}^-! line long: leaves folded or involute, the lower ones with sterile branches in their axils, 6-10 inches long, blunt or abruptly acute at the apex : panicle 2-5 inches long, sometimes interrupted below, its branches in twos or threes, erect, the longest \%-2% inches long: staminate spikelets 5-8 lines long, compressed, 4-7 -flowered, yellowish: empty glumes oblong-lanceolate, the first, 4-5 lines long, 3-5-nerved, ciliate on the midnerve ; second 4-6 lines long, 3-7-nerved : flowering glumes 4-5 lines long, oval or lanceolate, with soft hairs at base and minutely pubescent on the nerves, the apex notched, awnless, 3-10-nerved : palet but very little shorter than its glume, linear, ciliate on the keels; pistillate spikelets rather smaller and more compact. On sand-dunes along the coast of Oregon and Washington. § 2 EupoA Glumes usually acute, more or less prominently carinate, with or without cobwebby hairs at the base of the flow- ering glumes. P. ANNUA L. Sp. 68. A soft depressed or sometimes erect annual : stems weak, 2-12 inches long: sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules 1-2 lines long: basal leaves 3^-^ as long as the stem; those of the stems 3, flat or condu plicate, abruptly acute, the upper %-2 inches long: panicle ovoid or pyramidal, subsecund, 1-3 inches long, its branches mostly in pairs, the longest 1-2 inches long, sometimes drooping : spikelets 2-3 lines long, 3-7-flowered, oval or ovate -lanceolate : empty glumes compressed ; the first l-S-nerved, the second 3-herved, broadest at or above the middle, usually 1-2 lines long: flowering glumes ovate-oval, smooth, erose at the apex, 1-2 lined long, with soft hairs on the keel for half its length and on the lower part of the lateral nerves : palet about 2% lines long, ciliate or pubescent on the keels. Common everywhere : naturalized from Europe. P. subaristata Scribn. Macoun Cat. Can. PI. 4, 227, name only. A slender densely tufted perennial 10-20 inches high : leaves of sterile shoots conduplicate, scabrous, 2%-b inches long: sheaths of the stem 2, smooth, the upper one nearly half as long as the stem : ligules % lii^e lo"g • upper leaf pungent, %-2 inches long : panicle linear to oval, dense, somewhat in- terrupted, lK-3 inches long: spikelets linear-lanceolate, 4-7-flowered, 3-5 lines long ; empty glumes subequal, linear-lanceolate, 3 lines long, 1-nerved; flowering glumes linear-lanceolate, 3 lines long, scabrous on the nerves, not webbed : palet 2% lines long, ciliolate on the keels. Idaho to Wyoming. P. Cnsickii Vasey Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb, i, 271. A glabrous, tufted perennial 16-20 inciies high : leaves of the stem 2 : lower sheaths longer than the internodes: ligules I-IK lines long: leaves flat or involute, acute, •3-2>^ inches long, less than 1 line wide : panicle more or less exserted, narrow, 3-5 inches long, the branches mostly in pairs, the longest 13^-2 inches long, bearing 4-8 spikelets on the outer half : spikelets 3-3)^ lines long, 2-3-flowered : rachella hispidulous : empty glumes with broad char- flaceo-hyaline margins, first ovate-lanceolate, nearly 2 lines long, 1-nerved, rarely 3-nerved, second oval erosely acutp, about 2 lines long, 3-nerved : towering glumes keeled 2-2-)^ lines long, scabrous, oval, subacute: palets 6 lines long, 2 toothed, ciliate on the keels. In the mountains of eastern POA GRAMINE.E 767 Oregon. P. reflexa Vasey & Scribn. Cat. Grasses U. S. 83. A slender peren- nial 2-5 feet high : figules 1 line or less long : leaves 2-4 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, nearly smooth, flat, abruptly pointed : panicle open, pyramidal, 2-4 inches long, its branches often reflexed, the longest 2-4 inches long, bearing 2-4 spikelets near the ends : spikelets linear, 4-5 lines long, 2-4- flowered : empty glumes unequal ; the first 1-nerved, 1-1^ line long; the second 1^-2 lines long, 3-nerved, oval; flowering glumes slightly pubescent at base, 1^-2 lines long, oval, abruptly pointed: palets nearly as long as the glumes. Idaho to Montana, Colorado and New Mexico. P. nervosa Vasey Grasses Pac. Slope, ii, 81. A tall often dioecious loosely tufted perennial : stems rather slender, from slender atoloniferoua rootstocks, IK -3 feet high, erect, smooth : leaves of sterile shoots numerous, flat or condu plicate, scabrous above, rather thin, 6-12 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, those of the stem usually 3 : sheaths closed, smooth, shorter than the long internodes: ligules obtuse, 1-2 line long: panicle loose, 3-6 inches long, its lower branches scabrous, 2-4 at each of the 6 or 7 nodes, 1-2 inches long, bearing 2-5 spikelets near the extremities: spikelets compressed, 4-5 lines long, 4-7 flowered : empty glumes ovate, acute, carinate, hispid on the keels, 13^-1 3^ lines long : flowering glumes lanceolate, barely acute, scari- ous-margined, scabrous on the nerves or throughout, often villous below but not webbed, 5-nerved, 2 lines long: palets lance-oblong, ciliateon the keels, nearly equalling the glumes. In open places in wooded districts California to Alaska and Montana. P. Idahoensis Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 539. A slender tufted erect perennial 20-30 inches high with 2 or 3 distant leaves: leaves of sterile shoots numerous, mostly filiform, 6-10 inches long, flaccid, erect; those of the stem with long sheath8,and erect filiform blades 1-3 inches long; ligules acute, about 1 line long: panicle loose, and flexuous, 3-4 inches long, its scabrous capillary branches in twos or threes or solitary, the longer 1J4 inches long, with few spikelets near the extremities : spikelets compreseec^-* 3-5 lines long, rather loosley 4-7-flowered : empty glumes nearly equal, linear-ovate, acute, with broad scarious margins; flowering glume 2>^-3 lines long, lance-oblong, subacute, scarious at the apex, minutely scabrous throughout : palet nearly equalling the glume. On rocky slopes, eastern Oregon to Idaho. P. Sandbergii Vasey Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, i, 276. Stems tufted, 10-16 inches high, slender, the lower portion bearing about 2 sheaths with very short blades: ligules about 1 line long: panicle l>^-3 inches long, sometimes very narrow, the branches ascending, nearly smooth, the lower in twos or threes, unequal, the longer 1-2 inches long: spikelets 2-4-flowered, about 3 lines long, purplish : empty glumes lanceo- late, subacute : flowering glumes linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly 2 lines long, sparingly pubescent or puberulent, somewhat villous near the base but not webbed, scarious at the apex: palets equalling the glumes. On grassy slopes, Clearwater Valley, Idaho. P. incnrva Scribn. t(; Williams U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9, 6. Stems slender, closely cespitose, 6-10 inches high, flexuous, smooth : sheaths smooth, shorter than the internode: ligules acute, often irregu- larly fimbriate : leaves rather rigid, flexuously recurved, convolute, smooth below, minutely hispidulous above and at the acute apex, l-2>^ inches long, those of the radical shoots much the longest: panicle few-flowered, purplish, its branches mostly solitary : spikelets compressed, loosely 2-3- flowered, about 2}4 lines long : empty glumes unequal, the lower oblong- lanceolate, subacute, indistinctly 3-nerved, about 1 line long, the upper broadly ovate, distinctly 3-nervetl, usually \}4 lines lone, flowering glumes rounded on the back densely pubescent below rather broadly scarious- 758 GRAMINEiE poa margined above, about 2 lines long : palet nearly or quite equalling the glume. Olympic Mountains Washington at about 6000 feet elevation. P. occidentalis Vasey & Scribn. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb, i, 274. A loosely tufted, perennial: stems slender, 2-3 feet high, rather weak, more or less scabrous: sheath shorter than the internodes : ligules ovate, 1^-2 lines long, leaves of the stems 3-6, flat, 2-7 inches long, 1-3 lines wide : panicle 4-10 inches long, its filiform branches in pairs or threes, or solitary below, the longest 2-6 inches long, bearing 2-6spikelets near the extremi- ties: spikelets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 lines long, usually 4-flowered : first empty glume lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1% lines long, acuminate; second ovate-lanceolate, 2}^ lines long; flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, 2)^-3 lines long, acute, very thinly pubescent on the marginal nerves and the lower half of the keel : palets nearly as long as the glume. In moist woods, northern Oregon to Alaska. P. Kelloggii Vasey Grasses Pac, Slope, ii, 79. Stems tufted, from stoloniferous rootstocks, slender, 2-3 feet high : leaves from the base num- erous with short scarious sheaths, and flat or loosely involute blades 6-12 inches long: leaves of the stem usually 3: sheaths nearly smooth, nearly equalling or exceeding the internodes, the upper one extending nearly to the panicle: ligules 1 line long, or less : panicle pyramidal, open, its scab- rous branches divergent or horizontal, 1-3 inches long: spikelets oblong, compressed, 3 lines long, loosely 2-3-flowered: empty glumes ovate, acute, hispid on the keel, the first 1-nerved, 1^ lines long; the second ^ line longer and 3-nerved, ; flowering glumes lance-ovate, acute, smooth except the long thin web at the base, 5-nerved nearly to the apex, the midnerve barely excurrent, about 2 lines long: palet linear-oblong, 2-toothed, nearly smooth on the green keels, 34 line shorter than the glumes. Eas- tern Oregon to California. P. Bolanderi Vasey Bot. Gaz. vii, 32. A loosely tufted perennial: stems erect, or slightly geniculate below, somewhat thickened at the base, smooth: basal leaves thin and lax, smooth, 3-6 inches long, of the stems 3-4: sheaths smooth, closed at the throat, shorter than the internodes: ligules obtuse, 1)^-2 lines long : stem leaves 2-4 inches long, about 2 lines wide, flat, rather abruptly pointed, thin and smooth: panicle erect, slen- der, 4-6 inches long, its branches smooth, 2-4 at each of the 4 or 5 distant nodes, erect or at length spreading : spikelets 1-3-flowered, 13^-2 lines long : empty glumes ovate, nearly acute, smooth, the first 1-nerved, 1 line long, the second obscurely 3-nerved and longer : flowering glumes ovate- oblong, obtuse or barely acute, scarious-margined, nearly smooth except the slight web at the base, 5-nerved, IJ^ lines long: palet oblong, obtuse, green, nearly smooth, slightly shorter tnan the glume. In moist places in the Coast Mountains, Oregon to California. P. HoweUil Vasey & Scribn. Cat. Grasses U. S. 82. A densely tuf- ted pale green perennial with fibious roots : stems erect, nearly smooth, 1-2 feet high : sheaths nearly smooth, half open above, shorter than the internodes : ligules 2-3 lines long, obtuse and lacerate at the apex : basal leaves numerous, fiat, thin, 3-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide; of the stem 2 or 3, fiat, or involute near the attenuate points, 2-4 inches long: panicle rather loose and open, 5-8 inches long, its branches 2-5 at each of the 5 or 6 nodes, erect until near maturity, the longer 2-3 inches long: spikelets 2-3 lines long, loosely 2-5-fiowered : empty glumes ovate, acute, thin, green, sparingly hispid on the keels, 1-lK lines long: fiowering glumes ovate, acute, green except the narrow membranous, margins, pubescent through- out, 5-nerved, 1% lines long : web at base thin, about as long as the glume : palet oblong, emarginate, nearly smooth, on the green keels, slightly shor- ter than the glume. In dry open places in forests, western Oregon to Cal. P. purpnrascens Vasey Bot. Gaz. vi, 297. Stems wiry, erect, 1-2 POA GRAMINE^ 759 feet high, smooth or slightly scabrous, from stout creeping perennial root- stocks: sheaths smooth, the lower ones short but exceeding the internodes: ligules obtuse, 1 line long or less, or often nearly obsolete : panicle oblong, 1-3 inches long: leaves flat or involute, 2-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: panicle 1-3 inches long, its branches hispid, 2-4 at each of the 5-7 nodes, 1 inch long or less, nearly erect or somewhat spreading: spikelets rather turgid 3-5-flowered: empty glumes ovate, acute or acutish, smooth, 1)^-2 lines long: flowering glumes lance-ovate, minutely scabrous, hispid-ciliate on the keel, purple with ecarious tips. 6-nerved, 23^-3 lines long: palet oblong, obtuse or retuse, 2 lines long, ciliate on the keels. On the highest peaks of the Cascade Mountains, Washington to California. P. pratensis L. Sp. 67. Stems slender, erect, simple, 1-4 feet high, from long running rootstocks : sheaths often longer than the internodes : ligules truncate, % line long, or less : leaves 2-10 inches long, flat or invo- lute 1^-3 lines wide : panicle 2-8 inches long, usually pyramidal, its bran- ches spreading or ascending, 1-3 inches long: spikelets 3-5-flowere^-2>^ inches long: empty glumes acute; or acuminate, 1-3-nerved : flowering glumes obtuse or acute, l-l}4 lines long, faintly 5-nerved, somewhat webbed at the base, the middle and marginal nerves silky on the lower half. Eastern Washington to the Eastern States. P. GLAUCA Vahl Fl. Dan. t. 964. Stems erect, 6-24 inches high, rigid, glabrous and somewhat glaucous ; . sheaths longer than the internodes : ligules 1 line long : leaves 1-2 inches long, 1 line wide or less, smooth be- neath, scabrous above : panicle 1-4 inches long, open, with erect, or ascend- ing branches 6-18 lines long: spikelets 2-4-flowered, 23^-3 lines long : empty glumes acute, 3-nerved, glabrous, rough on the upper part of the keel: flowering glumes \%-\% lines long, obtuse or acutish, rough, not webbed at the base, the lower part of the midnerve and marginal nerves silky-pub- escent. Oregon to the Rocky mountains and Maine : also in Europe. P. laxa Hsenke Sudet. 118. Stems 6-12 inches high, erect: sheaths often longer than the internodes: ligules about 1 line long: leaves 1-3 inches long, 3^-1 line wide, acuminate : panicle 1-4 inches long, its bran- ches usually erect, sometimes ascending, 1 inch long oi less: spikelets 3-5- flowered, 2.-2% lines long: empty glumes usually 3-nerved acute, glabrous, rough on the keel at the apex : flowering glumes \%-\% lines long, obtuse, 3-nerved, or sometimes with an additional pair of obscure nerves, the midnerve pilose on the lower half, rough above ; the lateral ones pilose below. Washington to Alaska and across the continent : also in Europe. POA GRAMINE^ 761 P. gracillima Vasey Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, i, 272. A densely tufted perennial: stems slender, 15-25 inches high, erect, smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth: ligules about 2 lines long, lanceolate, acute: leaves of sterile shoots thin, smooth, acute, flat or conduplicate, filiform, 2-5 inches long, }4r%. line wide, those of the stem 2, the upper with very long sheath and short blade : panicle open, pyramidal or ovoid, 2-4 inches long, its scabrous branches in twos to fives, the longest 2-23^ inches long, bearing 2-4 spikelets on the outer third : spikelets oval or ovate- lanceolate, 3-5-flowered, 4-6 lines long: empty glumes lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved. the first 2-2J^ lines long; the second a little longer: flowering glumes elliptical, 2-3 lines long, subacute or obtuse usually purplish with a wide scarous tip, scabrous, pubescent on the nerves below : palets linear, as long as the glumes. On cliffs along streams, Oregon and Washington. P. saxatilis Scribn. & Williams U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9. A closely cespitose perennial : Stems erect, very smooth, 10-18 inches high : sheaths smooth, or the lower ones sparsely pubescent, shorter than the internodes: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves flat, soft, smooth, 1-2 inches long: panicle lax, 2-4 inches long, its filiform branches ascending, the lower ones about 2 inches long: spikelets compressed, lanceolate, 4-5 lines long, 3-5-flowered: empty glumes somewhat unequal obtuse or subacute, 3-nerv- ed, smooth, about 2 lines long: flowering glumes obscurely 5-nerved, minutely scabrous on the back with broad scarious erose-dentate margins, 2-3 lines long: palet nearly equalling the glumes, ciliate on the keels, bidentate at the apex. Dry rocky places on Mount Rainier, Washington. P. inTE^inata Scribn. & Williams 1. c. 6. A smooth cespitose per- ennial with numerous intra vaginal shoots and marcescent sheaths : sheaths smooth: ligules acute, 2-2)^ lines long: leaves mostly flat, rather narrow, smooth or the margins minutely hispidulous near the base: panicle sub- pyramidal to oblong, its filiform scabrous branches mostly in threes or fives: spikelets compressed, lanceolate, rather loosely 2-5-flowered, 2%-4 lines long: empty glumes 3-nerved, narrowly oblong to oblong-ovate, ob- tuse to subacute, the lower 1^-2 lines long, the upper a little longer: flow- ering glumes keeled, oblong-ovate, 5-nerved, minutely scabrous above, pubescent below on the nerves, 2-3 lines long: palets shorter than the glumes, ciliate on the keels. On bluffs along the Columbia river near Hood River Oregon to California. § 3 Atropis Rupr. Fl. Samoj. 64 : as Genus. Empty glumes much shorter than the florets: flowering glumes chartaceous, rarely herbaceous, convex on the back; the midnerve often reach- ing the denticulate apex, or extending as a mucro ; the lateral nerves all vanishing at some distance below the broad scarious apex. P. Saksdorfli Vasey Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 574, under Atropis. A densely tufted light green perennial: stems 5-7 inches high: ligules truncate, about 1 line long: leaves of sterile shoots rigid, recurved, conduplicate, pungent pointed, 2-4 inches long, those of the stem erect and shorter: panicle narrow, simple, spike-like, 1-4 inches long: spikelets linear-lanceolate, 1-3-flowered, 2-3 lines long: empty glumes linear-lanceolate; the first 3-nerved 2-2)^ lines long; the second a little longer: flowering glumes chartaceous, ovate, 2-23^ lines ong: palets ciliate on the keels. On gravelly banks near glaciers, Washington, P. Vaseyochloa Scribn. U. S Pept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9, 1. P. pidchella Vasey. Stems densely tufted, 5-10 inches high: erector ascend- ing from the base, smooth: leaves of the sterile shoots numerous, conduplicate, abruptly pointed, 1-2 inches long, less than 1 line wide: those of the stem 1 or 2, 6-12 lines long: panicle ovoid or pyramidal, 1-2 inches long, its branches 762 GR AMINES. poa mostly in pairs, smooth, each bearing a single spikelet: purplish, oval or linear 8-5-flowered, 3-5 lines long: empty glumes obtuse or acute, often erose-denticu- late, broadly scarious-mai'gined; the first ovate-lanceolate, l-nerred; the second oval-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 2 lines long: Howering glumes ovate-lanceolate, 3-5- nerved, not pubescent uor webbed at base: palets curved, linear, 2)4, lines long ^-toothed, scabrous on the keels. On the plains of eastern Oregon and Wash. P. Fendleriana Vasey Grasses Pac. Slope ii, 74. A densely tufted completely dioecious perennial: stems erect, scabrous to nearly smooth, 1-2 feet high: sheaths rather loose, scabrous above, shorter than the internodes; ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves of sterile shoots very numerous, conduplicate, 6-12 lines long, about 1 line wide: panicle 2-4 inches long, oblong, its min- utely scabrous branches in tw^os or threes, erect or somewhat spreading, 1-2 inches long: spikelets compressed 3-4 lines long, 3-5-flowered: empty glumes broadly ovate, acute, carinate, minutely scabrous, 1-nerved, 1-2 lines long the first slightly smaller: flowering glumes ovate-oblong, erose or emarginate at the obtuse apex, carinate, hispid on the keel above and more or less pubescent on the marginal nerves and midnerve below, 2-3 lines long: palets oblong, emarginate, pubescent on the keels. On dry hills, eastern Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. P. Incida Vasey Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb, i, 274. A slender tufted perennial: stems 18-24 inches high, smooth: sheaths equalling or shorter than the internodes, smooth: ligules 2 lines long: radical leaves 5-7 inches long 1-2 lines wide; those of the stem about 3, 2-3 inches long: panicle 4-6 inches long, narrow, its branches mostly in twos or threes, the lower ones 1-2 inches long, erect or appressed: spikelets 3-4 lines long 3-4-f lowered, shining, pale green: empty glumes oblong, abruptly acute, unequal, lK-2 lines long, smooth, scarious at the apex and margins: flowering glumes 2 lines long, linear-oblong, obtuse, sparsely and minutely scabrous, slightly pu- oescent near the base of the keel and lateral nerves, scarious at the apex, 5-nerv- ed: palet nearly equalling its glume. On high hills, eastern Wash, to Colo. P. Leckenbyl Scribn. 1. c. 2. A pale green tufted perennial: stems 2-23'a f^et high, smooth, often rooting at the lower nodes: sheaths smooth, all but the uppermost exceeding the internodes, the lower ones membran- ous, inflated: ligules about 3 lines long, acute, often fimbriately divided: radical leaves long and slender, glaucous, green, smooth beneath, rough above and on the margins, acute, flat: panicle 5-7 inches long; its branch- es erect, the longer ones 3-3 inches long: spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 6-7 lines long, 5-6-flowered, compressed: empty glumes subequal 3-nerved, rough-hispid on the nerves rather narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate 4 lines long: flowering glumes ovate-oblong, 5-nerved, 3-5 lines long, scarious-margimed, often erose dentate above, hispidulous on the upper and pubescent on the lower half: palets shorter than the glumes, conspicu- ous, ciliate on the keels and minutely pubescent below, narrowed above to an erose cilate apex. Dry and very sandy soil eastern Washington. P. Nevadensis Vasey Scribn. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club x, 66. A loosely tufted perennial : stems rather stout, 20-40 inches high, scabrous below the panicle: ligules shorter than the internodes; ligules about 2 lines long, scabrous : leaves of sterile shoots very narrow, flat or conduplicate, 6-12 inches long, scabrous, those of the stems usually 3, with sheaths 4-8 inch- es long and blades 1-4 inches long : panicle narrow rather densely flower- ed, 4-6 inches long, its branches 2 or more at each joint, erect: spikelets 3-5 lines long, 3-8- flowered : empty glumes 1^-2 lines long, nearly equal obtuse or subacute, 3-nerved, scabrous : flowering glumes 2 lines long, «)blong, obtuse, scarious-margined above with a few very short hairs at base: palefc ciliate on the keels. Moist soil, Oregon to Nevada Brit, Colum- POA GRAMINE^ 763 bia and North Dakota. P. laevigata Scribn. P. Issvis Vasey, not Barb. Sterna tufted, pale, slender, erect, smooth, 2-3 feet high, with 2 or 3 distant leaves; sheaths smooth: ligules acute : leaves of sterile shoots narrow, 5-8 inches long, those of the stem shorter: panicle narrow, rather loose 4-8 inchea long, sometimes interrupted below, its branches erect or appressed the lower in twos or threes, unequal, the longest 1-2 inches long: spikelets linear, 3-5 lines long, about 5-tiowered : empty glumes nearly equal, linear-lanceolate, acute, thin, pale and scarious except on the minuetly scabrous midrib: flowering glumes 2-2% lines long, linear-oblong, subacute, 5 nerved, minute- ly scabrous, slightly pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves near the base, {he apex scabrous and yellowish-tinged in age, somewhat erose : palets equalling the glumes, scabrous on the keels. Eastern Washington to Brit. Columbia, Montana and Arizona. P. longillgnla Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9, 3. A cespitose glaucous perennial : stems rather stiff, 16-20 inches high : basal sheaths persistent and rather crowded : ligules conspicuous, 2-5 lines long : leaves of sterile shoots erect or spreading, usually 6-10 inches long, flat or conduplicate, with conspicuous decurrent ligules : cauline leaves shorter, the upper ones sometimes reduced to a mere mucro, all rather rigid and mucron- ate-pointed: panicle ovate in outline, 3-5 inches long, its lower branches 1-2 inches long : spikelets compressed, ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, 4-6-flow- ered, 3-6 lines long: empty glumes unequal, more or less rough-hispid on the back, the lower lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 1-nerved, 3 lines long; the upper much broader, 3-nerved ; flowering glumes ovate-oblong, obtuse, 5-nerved, more or less scabrous above, woolly-pubescent on the lower half of the keel and marginal nerves, with broad hyaline margins, 2^-3 lines long: palets much shorter than the glumes, hyaline with green hispid- pubescent keels. Oregon to South Dakota and Arizona. P. Lettermani Vasey Contrib. Nat. Herb, i, 273. A dwarf densely tufted perennial: stems 2-4 inches high: sheaths loose, longer than the internodes : ligules rather conspicuous, acute : radical leaves flat, 1-2 inches long, 3^-1 line wide; those of the stem 1 or 2, about 1 inch long: panicle 6-12 lines long, oblong, rather dense, its branches mostly in twos, short, erect, with 1-3 spikelets at the extremities : spikelets 13^-2 lines long, 2-4- flowered, purplish: empty glumes nearly as long as the spikelets, oblong- lanceolate, acute, nearly equal, smooth; flowering glumes 1-1>^ lines long ovate-oblong, acute, or subobtuse, obscurely nerved, smooth, scarious at the apex: palet nearly equalling the glume, acutely 2 toothed at the apex. On mount Rainier Washington at 9000 feet altitude, and Gray's peak Col. P. Pringlei Scribn. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club x, 31. Stems tufted, 5-10 inches high, slender, wiry, with 1 or 2 leaves : ligules conspicuous, 2 lines long: leaves mostly basal, 1-2 inches long, convolute, rigid, those of the stem with very short or nearly obsolete blades : panicle 6-12 lines long, compact, oblong, the few branches mostly in pairs, erect, with 1-2 spikelets each : spikelets 3 lines long, mostly 2-flowered, oblong, turgid, purplish : empty glumes thin, membranous, ovate-lanceolate nearly as long as the florets ; flowering glumes about 3 lines long, oblong-lanceolate, subulate, scarious at the apex, smooth, obscurely 5-nerved, ; palets a little shorter, acutely 2-toothed. On the high mountains, California to Washington. P. Leibergii Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 8, 6, t. 11 • A densely cespitose fibrous-rooted glabrous perennial: stems slender, 2-6 inches high, the base clothed with loose scarious sheaths : ligules hyaline, about 1 line long: radical leaves numerous, 1-2 inches long, about % hne wide, those ot the stem 6-12 lines long, conduplicate when dry, minutely scabrous along the margins and at the apex, otherwise smooth : panicle simple, of 1-7 spikelets, its lower branches usually in pairs, each branch 764 GRAMINE^ poa ERAGROSTIS bearing a single spikelet : spikelets 2-3-flowered, 3-4 lines long, rather broadly ovate: empty glumes somewhat unequal, the first broadly lanceol- ate, 1-nerved, subacute, the second much broader than the first, 3-nerved, from subacute to broadly truncate at the erose dentate apex : flowering glumes glabrous, 2-3 lines long, distinctly 5-nerved, obtuse and erose- dentate at the scarious apex : palets a little shorter than the glumes. On the summits of high ridges. Malheur county Oregon. P. Backleyana Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. F. tenuifolia Buckley. A slender tufted perennial: stems erect, 12-20 inches high, usually glab- rous and tinged with brown or pink: sheaths smooth, the lower longer than the internodes : ligules 1-2 lines long, acute or acaminate, radical leaves numerous, flatorconduplicate, 2-6 inches long, less than 1 line wide, often abruptly acute at the apex, those of the stem 2, 1-2 inches long : panicle erect, narrow, 1-3 inches long, its filiform branches in twos or threes, 3-12 lines long, erect or somewhat spreading : spikelets rather firm 3-5 lines long, mostly 3-flowered, pubescent, elliptical-lanceolate: empty glumes obtusely keeled, 3-nerved near the base, the first linear-lanceolate, about 1}4 lines long, second elliptical-lanceolate, about 2 lin^s long : flowering glumes 2-23^ lines long, elliptical or linear-oblong, acute to obtuse entire or arose, pubescent on the lower third,puberulent above : palets linear, 2-tooth- ed, 2 lines long. Common on dry plains, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia. Var. stenophylla Vasey, Beal grasses N. Am. ii, 580. under Atropis. Stems stouter : panicle open in flower : spikelets 4-6-flowered : glumes slight- ly larger. On dry hillsides near Roseburg Oregon. P. Canbyi Glyceria Canbyi Scribn. An erect smooth stout perennial : stems simple 33^-4 feet high : sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules broad, obtuse, 3-4 lines long: leaves of the stem 3-4, flat below, conduplicate above, 7 inches long, 3-5 lines wide: panicle linear or lanceolate, usually interrupted below, about 7 inches long, its branches in half-whorls, erect or ascending, densely flowered, the longer 2-4 inches long: spikelets 3-5- flowered: empty glumes oval, acute or obtuse, almost keeled, 3-nerved, the first 1^-2 lines long, second 2-3 lines long: flowering glumes oval, scabrous 2-2)^ lines long, 5-nerved, often irregulary toothed at the acute apex: palets 2 lines long, narrow, 2-toothed at the apex. In the Cascade Moun- tains of Washington, 46 ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Agrost. 70, t. 14, fig. 11. (1812 ) Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and contracted panicles. Spikelets two- to several-flowered, more or less flat- tened. Two lower glumes empty, unequal, shorter than the flow- ering ones, keeled, one-nerved, or the second one three-nerved: Flowering glumes membranous, keeled, three-nerved. Palets shorter than the glumes prominently two-nerved or two-keeled, usually persistent on the rachella. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles dis- tinct, short, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the glume and palet. E. reptans Nees Agrost. Bras. 514. A glabrous annual: stems 1-18 inches long, creeping, often forming mats 2-20 inches in diameter and 1-6 inches high, branching, the branches erect or ascending : sheaths shorter than or equalling the internodes, villous at the summit: ligules a ring of short hairs : leaves 1-2 inches long, 3^-1 line wide, flat, smooth beneath, rough above: spikelets dioecious, 10-35-flowered, 2-8 lines long: empty glumes unequal, the first %-% as long as the second : flowering glumes about 1^4 lines long, broadly ovate, acute : palets shorter than the glumes, ciliate on the keels. In wet places Oregon to the Eastern States. BRiZA GRAMINE^ 7()5 FESTUCA E. lutescens Scribn. TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9, 7. A low much branched and densely cespitose annual, 4-8 inches high : sheaths loose, smooth or with a few short hairs at the throat : ligules very short, ciliate : leaves flat, 1-3 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, minutely scabrous above, very acute : panicle pale green or straw-color, 2-4 inches long, its branches ascending to appressed, spikelets narrowly oblong, 8-12-flowered : empty glumes unequal, the first about 3^ line long, the second 3^ longer; flowering glumes about 1 line long, obtuse 3-nerved. On sandy banks along Snake river eastern Washington to Idaho. 47 BRIZA L. Sp. 70. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves, and open or rarely contracted panicles. Spikelets fl.attened, several- flowered, nodding: flowers perfect, glumes thin, membranous, strongly concave, the two lower empty, 3-5 nerved, flowering glumes imbracted, broader than the empty ones, 5-many-nerved, the uppermost glumes often empty. Palets much shorter than the glumes, hyaline, 2-keeled or 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, with plumous stigmas. Grain usually free, enclosed in the glume and palet. B. MINOR L. Sp. 70. Stems slender, 4-15 inches high, from an annual root, simple: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules 1-3 lines long, acute : leaves 1-5, 1-4 lines wide, sometimes scabrous : panicles 2-5 inches long, open, its capillary branches spreading or ascending, 1-3 inches long: spikelets 3-9-flowered, 1-1>^ lines long, about 2 lines broad, truncate at the base : glumes scarious-margined, the empty ones about 1 line long : flowering glumes much broader and deeply saccate, about % line long. Common in southwestern Oregon to California: naturalized from Europe. 48 FESTUCA L. Sp. 73. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets two- to several-flowered, the two lower glumes empty, more or less unequal, acute, keeled : flowering glumes membranaceous, narrow, rounded on the back, 5- nerved, usually acute, and generally awnfed at the apex. Palets scarcely shorter than the glumes. Stamens 1-3. Styles very short, distinct, with plumose, stigmas. Grain glabrous, elongated, often adherent to the glume or palet. F. microstachya Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. n. s. i, 187. Stems slen- der, erect, 6-20 inches high, from an annual root: sheaths shorter, than the internodes, smooth or pubescent: ligules very short: leaves 2-4, erect, slender, 1-4 inches long: panicle erect, racemose or spicate, 2-5 inches long, its branches channelled, single or some of the lowest in pairs, erect, spread- ing or deflexed, the longest 6-18 lines long: spikelets 1-5-flowered: empty glumes involute, the first 2-3 lines long, second 3-5 lines long: flowering glumes convex, involute , acuminate, scabrous: 23^-4 lines long: palets scabrous, bearing 2 short awns : stamens 1 : very variable. On dry open ridges, Arizona to Brit. Columbia. Var. ciliata Gray, Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 587. Axis, branches of panicle and glumes all strongly ciliate. On dry ridges, southern Oregon to California. Var. pauciflora Scribn. Vasey, Cat. Grasses U. 8. 90. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high : panicle loose, with longer branches : spikelets 1-2- flowered, the flowering glumes with awns 6-12 lines long. On dry open 766 GRAMINEiE festdca places near Portland Oregon. F. Myukus L. Sp. 74. A soft rather pale green annual: stems slender,, smooth, erect, or geniculate at base, 1-3)^ feet high,: sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes : ligules very short: leaves 3-5, erect, slender 3-6 inches long: panicle narrow, more or less secund, 2-15 inches long its scabrous triquetrous branches in twos and threes below, appressed, the longest racemose, 1-6 inches long : spikelets on stout pedicels, linear, 5-8-flowered 5-6 lines long; the first glume 1 line long or less; the second involute, lanceolate 2-3 lines long : flowering glumes scabrous, involute, acuminate, 2-3 lines long, exclusive of the awns which are 4-10 lines long: palets lanceolate, scabrous on the keels, bearing 2 short awns: stamens one. Common in fields; naturalized from Europe. F. octoflora Walt. Fl. Car. 71. F. tenella Willd. An erect slender tufted annual or biennial : stems sparingly branched 1-2 feet high : sheaths shorter than the internodes, sometimes pubescent : ligules about }4 Ihie long: leaves erect, slender, 1-4 inches long, panicle simple, erect, 2-5 inches long, narrow, or spreading at the base ; its branches in pairs or solitary, the longest 1-3 inches long : spikelets flat, oval 2-6 lines long, 7-13-flower- ed: empty glumes involute so as to appear subulate, the first 1)^ lines long, the second about 2 lines long: flowering glumes involute, acuminate, scabrous, 1)^-2 lines long, with an awn 3^-3 lines long: palet a little shor- ter than the glumes: stamens 2. On dry barren ground, Oregon to Cali- fornia and the New England States. F. conflnls Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xi, 126. A tufted stout light green perennial : stems erect, 2-4 feet high : sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes: ligules truncate, 3^-3 lines long: leaves of sterile shoots half as long as the stem, with long slender points, those of the stem 2-3, 5-8 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, flat or involute, smooth or scabrous : pani- cle narrow, 4-6 inches long, its branches in twos or threes, erect, the longer 1-2 inches long : spikelets oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 3-9 lines long, 2-3 flowered: empty glumes chartaceous, the first ovate, 1)^-3 lines long, 1- nerved the second linear-lanceolate, 3-3)^ lines long, 3-nerved : flowering glumes 23^-3 lines long, lanceolate, scabrous, rather firm, acute or acumi- nate, nearly awnless: palets elliptical, scabrous, ciliate on the keels. South- eastern Oregon to Utah and Wyoming. F. denticnlata Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 689. F. ambigua Vasey, not Le Gall. A rather stout erect perennial : stems erect, 23>^-^ feet high : sheaths scabrous, longer than the internodes : ligules very short: leaves of pterile shoots rather rigid, 7-10 inches long, those of the stem usually 4, flat or becoming involute, with long attenuate points : panicle 7-10 inches long, its branches flexuous, mostly in pairs, the longest 3-5 inches long: spikelets purplish, 3-4-flowered: empty glumes narrow, the first about 1 line long, the second 2 lines long, 3-nerved : flowering glumes 3-4 lines long, obscurely 5-nerved, scabrous, acuminate, bearing an awn 4-8 lines long : palets 2-toothed. Oregon. F. Californica Vasey Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb, i, 277. Stems erect, rather stout, 2-5 feet high, from a perennial root: leaves of sterile shoots numerous, scabrous, involute, ^-3^ nas long as the stem, about 2 lines wide, of the stem usually 2: sheaths scabrous, shorter than the internodes hairy at the throat : ligules a ciliate fringe : panicle open, pyramidal, 4-7 inches long, the lower branches slender, mostly in distant pairs, the longest 2-5 inches long: spikelets 4-6-flowered 6-8 lines long, empty glumes ovate- lanceolate; the first 3 lines long, the second 3)^ lines long : flowering glumes linear-lanceolate, 4-5 lines long, bearing a short awn, scabrous : palets scab- rous, linear, 2-toothed. Edge of woods and open places, western Oregon. F. Howellii Hack. F. viridula Vasey. A densely tufted perennial : sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules less than 1 line long : leaves of FE8TUCA GRAMINEtE 767 sterile shoots numerous, about half as long as the stem ; those of the stem 2-3, erect, involute, 2-3 inches long: panicle erect, open 3-5 inches long, its branches mostly in pairs, the lower %-2 inches long : spikelets brownish red, linear-lanceolate, 4-7 lines long, 4-8-flowered: empty glumes unequal, the first lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long, the second a line longer; acuminate, flowering glumes linear-lanceolate, 5-nerved, 2)^-3 lines long, palets lanceo- late, scabrous below and on the keels. On the highest peaks of the Cascade Mountains. F. ELATiOR L. Sp. 75. A tufted perennial: 2-6 feet high, often with short creeping rootstock : sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes: ligules short : leaves of the stem 2-4, flat, 6-10 inches long, 2-3 lines wide : panicle contracted after flowering, 4-10 inches long : its branches mostly m pairs, the longest 3-5 inches long: spikelets linear-oblong, 6-11-flowered, 6-8 lines long: empty glumes lanceolate, the first li^ line long, the second a little longer; flowering-glumes oblong, acute, scabrous toward the tip. rarely awned, 5-nerved, 2)^-3 lines long: palets linear, scabrous on the keel. Common in meadows and waste places : introduced from Europe. F. Jonesii Vasey 1. c. 278. A densely tufted, perennial : stems erect, 3-4 feet high : sheaths usually scabrous, shorter than the internodes : ligules less than a line long: radical leaves numerous, about half as long as the stem ; those the stem 3-4, flat or involute, 5-15 inches long, 2-4 lines wide: panicle slender, open, 7-15 inches long, its capillarj' flexuous bran- ches single or in pairs the lowest remote, 3-5 inches long: spikelets narrow. 3-5-flowered, 5-6 lines long : flowering glumes scabrous, linear-lanceolate, 2-3 lines long, 3-5-nerved : awns slender, 3-7 lines long : palets linear- lanceolate : stamens 3. Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Idaho. F. brevifolia R. Br. Parry first Voy. Suppl. 280. A densely tufted perennial : stems rigid, 2-5 inches high : sheaths shorter than or equalling the internodes : leaves of sterile shoots setaceous, 1-3 inches long, those of the stem short or almost obsolete : panicle dense, linear, simple, racemose, 2-3 lines long; spikelets elliptical, 3 lines long, 1-4-flowered: empty glumes scarcely equal, the second broadly lanceolate: flowering glumes 1-2 lines long, elliptical-lanceolate, keeled above: awn 1 line or less long: palets oblong, acute, 2-toothed. On high mountains eastern Oregon to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. F. OYina L. Sp. 73. A densely tufted perennial: stems slender, erect, rigid, simple, 6-20 inches high : sheaths usually crowded at the base of the stems: ligules short: leaves filiform or setaceous, those of the stem few, 1-3 inches long, erect, the basal ones numerous : panicle 1-3 inches long, of- ten secund, narrow, its branches short, usually erect or appressed : spike- lets 3-5-flowered: empty glumes unequal, acute, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering glumes 1^-2 lines long, smooth, acute, usually short-awned. On plains and rocky slopes in various forms, Mexico to Alaska and across the continent : also Europe and Asia. Var. durinscnla Hack. Monog. Fest. Eu. 89. F. duriuscula L. Stems taller and stouter, panicle usually more open: flowering glumes about 3 lines long. Oregon to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains: also in Europe. Var. polyphylla Vasey, Beal 1. c. 597. Stems 2>^-3 feet high, grooved below the panicle: leaves of sterile shoots numerous; sheaths split for most of their length: panicle open, 4-8 inches long; spikelets linear- lanceolate, 5-flowered: the second glume ovate-lanceolate 3-nerved. flowering glumes slender 3-3)^ lines long. Oregon. Var. ingrata Hack, in herb. Beal 1. c. 598. Stems 20-30 inches high; leaves of sterile shoots scabrous, 8-10 inches long; those of the stem 3-5 inches long; panicle 4-6 inches long: its branches in pairs or jsingle the longest about 2 inches long; spikelets 6-8-f lowered: the second glume 768 GEAMINE^ festuca linear, acute, 3-nerved, about 3 lines long: flowering glumes elliptical - lanceolate, about 3 lines long, the awn 3^-2 lines long. Southern Oregon. Var, Columbiana Beal 1. c. 599. Stems 20-30 inches high, with 2 nodes; sheaths smooth: leaves of sterile shoots 7-12 inches long, firm, glaucous: scabrous, nearly cylindrical: panicle thin, 2-7 inches long, its branches scabrous, the longer 2-3% inches long: spikelets 4-7 lines long, 3-7-flowered, the first empty glume narrow about 2 lines long, the second linear, acute, 23^-3 lines long: flowering glumes 3-3% lines long. About Pullman Washington. Var. Oregana Hack. Bea) i. c. 599. Stems slender, 2-3 feet high : leaves of sterile shoots 4-6 inches long, panicle thin, 2-4 inches long, its branches solitary, the longest 1-2 inches long: spikelets 2-6-flowered; second glume linear, subulate, 3 lines long: flowering glumes linear, 3 lines long, palets a little longer than the glumes. Eastern Oregon. r. amethystina L. Sp. 74. A tufted perennial : stems rather slen- der, 2-3 feet high, with 2-3 nodes: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules a mere ciliolate ring: leaves of sterile shoots flaccid, conduplicate, 5-15 inches long: those of the stem 2-3, the upper 3-5 inches long: panicle simple; secund, narrow or spreading, 4-8 inches long, the lower branches usually in pairs, scabrous, the longer 4-5 inches long: spikelets linear- lanceolate or oval 3-7-flowered, about 3% lines long: first empty glumes lanceolate, 1>^ line long, the second linear-lanceolate, about 2 lines long: flowering glumes scarious, lanceolate-oblong,2-3 lines long: involute, awn- less or with an awn %-! line long: palets linear, 2-toothed, scabrous on the keels. Oregon to California, also in Europe. F. scabrella Terr. Hook. Fl. ii, 252, t. 233. An erect tufted peren- nial 2-4 feet high: sheaths smooth: ligules acute, 1-5 lines long: leaves of sterile shoots numerous, smooth or scabrous, involute, those of the stem usually 2, rigid, scabrous above, 3-5 inches long: panicle thin, 5-7 inches long, its branches mostly in pairs, 3-5 inches long: spikelets 3-7- flowered, 4-7 lines long: empty glumes chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, the first 1-nerved, 2-3 lines long, the second 3-nerved 2-3 j^ lines long: flower- ing glumes oblong, scabrous, 5-nerved, 3-4 lines long, sometimes with a stout awn about ^ line long. Eastern Washington to Alaska and Iowa. F. rubra L. Sp. 74. A densely tufted perennial: stems ascending, geniculate at base, lH-2% feet high, from running rootstocks, sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, ligules very short, truncate: basal leaves involute-filiform: 3-6 inches long, those of the stem erect, flat or involute: panicle 2-5 inches ioug, sometimes red, open in flower, contracted in fruit: spikelets 3-1 0-f lowered, 4-6 lines long: empty glumes acute, the fhst l-nervert, shorter than the 3-nerved second one: flowering glumes about 3 lines long: ob- scurely 5-nerved, sometimes scabrous, beaiing awns of less than their own length. Oregon to Alaska and Labrador. Var. fallax Hack. Fest. Eu. 142. Densely cespitose, glaucous, strongly tinged with purple. 20-30 inches high: panicle 3-4 inches long: spike- lets elliptical-lanceolate, 2-7 -flowered: flowering glumes 2-3 lines long, rather abruptly pointed with a very short awn. Oregon and Washington to the Rocky Mountains. Var. tricho))hylla Hack. 1. c. 141. Stems slender, about 30 inches high, ascending from creeping rootstocks: lower sheaths shredded: panicle linear-oblong 3-5 inches long, f loweiing glumes lineai'-lanceolate, glabrous , beaiing a short awn. Oregon and Euro; e. Var. pubescens Vasey, Beal 1. c. 607. Stems loosely tufted, 2-3 FESTUCA GR AMINES 769 BROMDS feet high: panicle 5-7 inches long, internipted, more or less pubescent through- out: spikelets 5-8-f lowered: second glume oblong, abruptly acute, flowering glumes oval, acute: palets linear, acute, longer than the glumes. Oregon. Var. littoralis Vasey, Beal 1. c. Smooth and glaucous : stems 5-10 inches high, fi*om creeping rootstocks: panicle dense, secund, 2-3 inches long: spikelets usually 5-flowered, the second glume ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, flower- ing glumes oval, acute: awns 3^-1 line long. On sand banks along the coast of Oregon. F. heterophylla Lam. Fl. Fr. ed. 1, 600. A densely cespitose per ennial: stems slender, 2-3 feet high: sheaths smooth: leaves smooth, soft, con volute, those of the stem usually 3, flat: panicle 3-8 inches long, lax, nodding its branches in twos or threes: spikelets licear-oblong, 3-6-flowered: empty glumes unequal, very acute, the second subulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved; the lateral nerves short: flowering glumes lineai'-lanceolate, 3-4 lines long, very acute: awns half as long as the glumes or longer: palets linear-oblong. Washington to Brit. Columbia and Michigan. 49 BROMUS L. Sp. 76. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and numerous spikelets in terminal panicles, the pedicels thickened at the sum- mit. Spikelets few to many-flowered, the two lower glume^-s emp- ty, unequal, acute: flowering glumes rounded on the back, or sometimes compressed-keeled, 5-9-nerved, the apex usually 2- toothed, generally bearing an awn just below the summit. Palet shorter than the glumes. 2-keeled. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas sessile, plumose, inserted below a hairy cushion-like appendage at the top of the ovary. Grain adherent to the palet.. § 1 EUBROMUS Annuals or biennials with empty glumes rather broad and flowering glumes broadly elliptic to oblong- elliptic. All introduced from Europe. B. SECALiNus L. Sp. 76. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, smooth : sheaths usually shorter than the internodes: ligules 3^ line long, erose leaves 2-6 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, sometimes rough or hairy: panicle open, its branches ascending or drooping: spikelets turgid, glabrous, 6-10-flowered: empty glumes scabrous toward the apex, the first 3-nerved, acute, second longer and broader, 7-nerved, obtuse: fliowering glumes 3-4 lines l^ lines long. In fields and waste places. VAR. GLABRESCENS Sheaf U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23, 20. Spikelets glabrous or only scabrous throughout. In fields and waste places. B. BRizjEFORMis F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. iii, 30. Stems 8-24 inches high, erect, glabrous; sheaths shorter than the internodes: the lower pubescent with soft villous hairs : ligules 1 line long, erose-truncate : leaves pubescent: panicle 1-8 inches long, open, the branches ascending or often drooping : spikelets few, 3^-1 inch long, compressed : empty glumes very obtuse, the first 3-5nerved, the second larger, 5-9-nerved : flowering glumes, 3-4 lines long, very broad, obtuse, 6-nerved, not awned. In fields and waste places. § 2 STEN0BR0MU8 Griseb. Annuals or biennials with mostly narrow glumes and rather long awns. B. "MADRITENSI8 L. Cent. PL i, 5. A tufted annual : stems erect, or somewhat geniculate at base, smooth, 1-2 feet high, : sheaths smooth, or the lower slightly pubescent : ligules about 1 line long, subtruncate and acerate: leaves 2-7 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: panicle erect, 2-6 inches long, oblong-ovoid, the lower branches somewhat spreading, 6-12 lines long: spikelets 1^-2 inches long, nearly smooth to scabrous, 7-11-flowered: empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, tlie first 1-nerved, 5-7 lines long, the second 3-nerved, 7-8 lines long : flowering glnmes linear-lanceolate 7-9 lines long, distinctly 3- or faintly 5-7-nerved, with 2 acute, hyaline teeth, bear- ing a long rough somewhat curved awn. Southern Oregon to California, naturalized from Europe. B. GussoNi Pari. Rar. PI. Sic. 2, 8. An erect annual, 6-30 inches high : sheaths pilose-pubescent : ligules 1-2 lines long, rounded above : leaves pilose both sides: panicle lax, 4-8 inches long, the upper part some- what drooping : spikelets usually 3-7-flowered, 4-6 lines long : empty glumes smooth, lanceolate acuminate, the first 8-10 lines long, strongly 1-nerved, the second broader and longer, prominently 3-nerved : flowering glumes 5-nerved, 10-12 lines long: awn stout, 2-2)^ inches long, very rough. In waste places, Washington to California and Arizona. B. RUBEK^s L. Cent, PI. i, 5. A tufted annual : stems about 10 inches high, erect, pubescent toward the top: sheaths pubescent: ligules 3^-1 line long, laciniate-dentate : leaves 2-7 inches long, pubescent both sides : panicle erect, compact, ovoid, usually purplish, 2-4 inches long: spikelets mostly 7-ll-flowere(i, 1-lJ^ inch long: empty glumes acuminate, smooth to scabrous, the first narrow, 1-nerved, 3-5 lines long; the second broader and longer, 3-nerved ; flowering glumes 7-8 lines long, lanceolate, acute, 5-nerved, scabrous, deeply cleft at the apex into 2 long-acuminate hyaline teeth: awns straight, 8-12 lines long. In waste places: introduced from Europe. B. STERILI8 L. Sp. 77. Stems lK-3 feet high, erect, smooth, from an annual or biennial root: sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, the lower sometimes pubescent: ligules 1 line long: leaves 3-9 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, usually more or less pubescent : panicle 5-10 inches long, its branches ascending, or often widely spreading, not one-sided, stiff: spike- lets few, 5-10-flowered} spreading or pendulous : empty glumes acuminate, glabrous, the first 1-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved ; flowering glumes 6-8 fines long, acuminate, 7-nerved, ecabrous on the nerves: awns 7-12 lines long. In waste places; introduced from Europe. B. TECTOROM L. Sp. 77. Stems 6-24 inches high, erect, from an annu- al root, simple, smooth : sheaths usually exceeding the internodes, at least BROMus GRAMINE^ 771 the lower ones softly pubescent : ligules 1-2 lines long : leaves 1-4 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, softly pubescent: panicle 2-6 inches long, open, its branches slender and drooping, somewhat one-sided : spikelets numerous, 5-8-flowered, on capillary recurved slender pedicels: empty glumes acu- minate, usually rough or hirsute; the first 1- nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flowering glumes 4-6 lines long, acuminate, 7-nerved, usually rough or hirsute : awns 6-8 lines long. In fields and waste places : natur- alized from Europe. § 2 ZERNA Panz. Short-lived perennials, usually with a weak drooping panicle and more or less pubescent flowering glumes. B. Paciflcns Shear U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23, 38. Stems stout, leafy, pubescent at the nodes, 3-6 feet high : sheaths mostly retrorse- ly pilose: ligules 1)^-2 lines long rounded above, somewhat lacerate-den- tate : leaves 8-14 inches long, 4-7 lines wide, sparingly pilose above, scab- rous beneath : panicle dense, drooping, its lower branches secund : spikelets 1^ inch long, 7-11-flowered, coarsely pubescent throughout: empty glumes acute, the first 1-nerved, or rarely with 2 short lateral nerves, 3-4 lines long, the second broader and 3-5-nerved; flowering glumes inconspicuously 7-nerved, broadly lanceolate, emarginate, 6-7 lines long: awn straight, 2-3 lines long. In moist thickets near the sea, Clatsop County, Oregon. B. Orcnttianus Vasey Bot. Gaz. x, 223. An erect perennial 2-5 feet high, sheaths pubescent: ligules % line long: leaves nearly smooth, 5-10 inches long, 3- 9 lines wide : panicle erect, thin, 5-7 inches long, its bran- ches in twos and threes, bearing 2-3 spikelets each, spreading: spikelets 4-8-flowered the first empty glume linear, acute, 1-3-nerved : 4 lines long, the second linear, almost acute, 3-nerved, 5-6 lines long, flowering glumes, scabrous, rounded on the back, lance-elliptical, 5-7nerved, 6-7 lines long, obtuse : awn 2-6 lines long : palets linear. On the high mountains Wash- ington to lower California. B. vulgaris Shear 1. c. 43. Stems slender, erect, 30-40 inches high, pubescent below the nodes, which are retrorsely bearded: sheaths pilose, with spreading or reflexed hairs: ligules truncate, 1-23^ lines long: leaves 7-12 inches long, 2-6 lines wide, thinly pilose above, glabrous or sparsely pilose beneath : spikelets covered with a short coarse pubescence, the first narrow, very acute 3-4 lines long : 1-nerved, the second much broader and longer, 3-nerved, scabrous on the back: flowering glumes about 6 lines long, sparsely pubescent, 5-nerved, awns slender, 5-6 lines long. In open woods. California to Brit. Columbia and Montana. Var. eximins Shear I. c. 44. More erect and robust: sheaths and leaves glabrous : flowering glumes pubescent only on the midnerve and near the base. Eastern Oregon and Washington. V. robustus Shear I. c. 44. Tall and leafy: sheaths and leaves sparingly pilose : panicle larger. Along the coast, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. B. laevipes Shear 1. c. 45. Stems 30-40 inches high, from short creep- ing rootstocks, pubescent just below the nodes : sheaths glabrous : ligules l>|-2 lines long, truncate, entire or lacerate-dentate : leaves 6-12 inches long, 2-4 lines wide: panicle lax, drooping, 7-10 inches long: spikelets drooping, narrow, terete, 5-9-flowered : empty glumes smooth, the first acute, 3-nerved, 3-6 lines long, the second broader, 5-nerved, 5-7 lines long: flowering glumes obtuse, 7-nerved, 6-8 lines long, densely pubescent on the margins and on the back at the base, hyaline and usually brownish- yellow at the apex : awn straight 2>^-3 lines long : palets about 1 line long, shorter than the glumes. In thickets, Washington to California in the Coast and Cascade Mountains. B. Suksdorlli Yasey Bot. Gaz. x, 223. An erect coarse tufted per- 772 GRAMINE^ bromus ennial : stems smooth : or pubescent just below the nodes, 2-3 feet high : sheaths smooth : ligules about 3^ line long, truncate, dentate : leaves usually 5 or 6, 4-8 inches long, 5-6 lines wide, rather abruptly acuminate, firm and smooth ; panicle narrow, erect, rather dense, 3-8 inches long, its branches erect, or ascending, the longest 1-2 inches long : spikelets 5-9-flowered, 1- 1% inches long, terete at first : empty glumes glabrous, or scabrous on the nerves the first acuminate- lanceolate, 1-nerved, or sometimes with a pair of short lateral nerves, 5-6 lines long; the second broader, subacute, 3- nerved, 6-7 lines long: flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate subacute, 7-8 lines long, 5 or 7-nerved, appressed-pubescent near the base, emarginate at the apex : awn 1-2 lines long : palets about % as long as the glumes. In open places on the high mountains, Washington to California. B. iNERMis Leyss. Fl. Hal. 16. An erect smooth perennial: stems rather stout, smooth, 2-3 feet high : sheaths smooth : ligules 3^-1 line long, subtruncate, somewhat lacerate: leaves smooth or minutely scabrous, 6-10 inches long, 2-6 lines wide : panicle, 5-10 inches long: spikelets narrow, terete, 1-1^ inches long; empty glumes smooth, the first narrow, acute, 1-nerved 2-23^ lines long; the second subacuminate, 3-nerved, 3-4 lines long: flowering glumes obtuse, emarginate, 5-nerved, 6-7 lines long: glab- rous, with or without a short awn: palet equalling the glumes. In fields and waste places: introduced from Furope. § 3 CERATOCHLOA Beauv. as genus. Spikelets large, strongly compressed and more or less keeled. B. marginatns Nees in Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 322. B. breviarista- tus Buckley. A densely tufted coarse perennial : stems erect ; 2-4 feet high, mostly pubescent or puberulent : sheaths pilose-pubescent : ligules 1)^-2 lines long, laciniate : leaves somewhat sparsely pilose throughout, rather rough 6-12 inches long, 3-6 lines wide: panicle erect, rather narrow, usually 4-8 inches long, the lower branches somewhat spreading in flower, 1-3>J inches long : bearing 2 spikelets: spikelets 1-2 inches long, lateral compress- ed, usually 7-9-flowered, erect or ascending : empty glume rather broad, scabrous, the first subacute, 3- or 5-nerved, 4-6 lines long, the second broader, obtuse, 6-7 lines long, 5 -7-nerved, the lateral nerves broad; flow- ering glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, coarsely pubescent, 6-8 lines long, 7-nerved, with short hyaline, teeth at the apex: and a stout straight awn 2-3 lines long : palets almost equalling the glumes. Common from Cali- fornia to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. Var. latior Shear. 1. c. 55 Larger and stouter : panicle larger with the lower branches 2-10 inches long, with the type. Var. seminudns Shear 1. c. 55. More leafy and less pubescent or nearly smooth, throughout: empty glumes glabrous or scabrous on the nerves. With the type. B. polyanthus Scribn. & Shear 1. c. 56. A rathes stout erect perennial : stems erect, smooth, or puberulent at the nodes, 2-3 feet high: sheaths smooth, or sparsely pilose : ligules about 1 line long, rounded: leaves mostly scab- rous : panicle elongated, erect, its branches usually short and erect or slight- ly spreading ; spikelets 1)^-2 inches long, 7-11-flowered : empty glumes broad, smooth or somewhat scabrous, the first 3-nerved, 3-4 lines long, the second 4-7-nerved, obtuse, 6-6>^ lines long: flowering glumes 7-nerved, 6-9 lines long, smooth or scabrous, obtuse, emarginate, with broad hyaline margins : awn 2-4 lines long. Washington to California and Wyoming. B. Sitchensis Bong. Veg. Sitch. 173. Stems stout, leafy, smooth, 4-6 feet high; from a perennial root : sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth : ligules large, rounded, entire or somewhat lacerate, l%-2}4 lines long : leaves 8-16 inches long, 5-7 lines wide, sparingly pilose above, smooth beneath : panicle large, lax, drooping, 10-14 inches long : its lower BROMUS GRAMINEiE 773 SCKIBNERIA branches 8-12 inches long, weak, spreading, usually bearing 1-3 spikelets on very slender pedicels: spikelets 1-3 inches long: empty glumes acute, smooth, or scabrous on the nerves, 4-6 lines long; the second 5-7 nerved, 6-7 lines long : flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, acute, 7-8 lines long, 7-nerved, shortly bidentate at the apex, with an awn 3-5 lines long : palets shorter than the glumes. Washington to Alaska, near the coast. B. carinatns H. & A. Bot. Beech. 403. Stems 20-30 inches high, slightly pubescent at the nodes : sheaths mostly shorter than the in- ternodes, retrorsely soft-pilose : ligules lK-2 lines long, sublaciniate : leaves mostly narrow 4-10 inches long, 13^-3 lines wide thinly pilose both sides : panicle pyramidal, somewhat drooping : spikelets 1)^ inches long, 5-9- flowered : empty glumes lanceolate, acute, glabrous to slightly scabrous ; the first distinctly 3-nerved, or sometimes obscurely 5 -nerved, 4-5 lines long, the second 5-nerved, 5-7 lines long, flowering glumes 7-nerved, pu- berulent or short-pubescent, 7-8 lines long, bifid at the apex and tapering into an awn 4-5 lines long ; palets nearly equalling the glumes. Washing- ton to California and Nevada. B. Hookerianns Thuiber Bot. Wilkes, ii, 493. An erect tufted per- ennial 20-30 inches high : sheaths smooth to densely hairy, ciliate at the throat: ligules %-! line long, leaves 7-12 inches long: 2-3 lines wide: panicle 7-15 inches long: spikelets 6-10 -flowered: empty glumes smooth, compressed, acute; the first 5-nerved, 6-8 lines long, the second 7-8-nerved, 7-8 lines long : flowering glumes oval-lanceolate, scabrous or pubescent, 9-nerved, 7-8 lines long; awn 3-7 lines long. Brit. Columbia to California. Tribe 8 Hordese Spikelets one-to several-flowered j .usually hermaphrodite, sessile along the common rachis, forming a simple or compound spike. Glumes awned or awnless. 50 SCRIBNERIA Hack. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 105. Annual grasses with slender stems and very slender spikes. Spikelets one-flowered, sessile and half embedded in the alternate notches of a more or less articulated usually simple spike. Rachella very short, articulated above the lower glume, extended as a short hairy awn beside the floret. Empty glumes 2, flow- ering glumes a third shorter than the first, membranous, keeled, bearing an awn between the teeth. Palets longer than the glumes. Stamens 1. Stigmas sessile, feathery. Grain free, linear, laterally compressed, with a groove. S. Bolanderi Hack. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 105. Stems slender, tufted, often geniculate and with a few^ branches from the base, 2-12 inches high : sheaths loose, scarious-margined: ligules a line or more long, acute: leaves 3-10 lines long, convolute ,mucronate : spike 1-4 inches long: very slender, spikelets 2-3 lines long, solitary or sometimes 2 at each joint ; glumes very thick, except the first, 3-nerved, scarious-margined; the second slight- ly shorter and 2-3-nerved: flowering glumes indistinctly 5-nerved, smooth and shining below, scabrous near the irregulary 2-toothed apex, the mid- nerve excurrentas an awn nearly as long as the glume. Along roadsides, southern Oregon to California. 51 LOLIUM L. Sp. 83. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and terminal spikes . Spikelets several-flowered, solitary, sessile,alternate in the notches of the usually continuous rachis, compressed, the edge of the spikelets turned toward the rachis: glumes rigid, the lower one 774 GRAMINE^ lolidm AGROPYRON empty in the lateral spikelets aod the two lower ones empty in the terminal one : flowering glumes rounded on the back, 5-7- nerved : palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, very short, with plumose stigmas. Grain adherent to the palets. L. PERENNE L. Sp. 83. Stems 6-30 inches high, erect, simple, smooth, from a perennial root: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules very short: leaves 2-5 inches long : 1-2 lines wide, spike 3-8 inches long: spike- lets 5-10 flowered, 4-6 lines long, empt}' glumes shorter than the spikeleta, strongly nerved ; flowering glumes 2-3 lines long, obscurely nerved, acumin- ate or awned, the awn sometimes nearly as long as the glume. Common in waste places: naturalized from Europe. L. TEMULENTQM L. Sp. 83. Glabrou3 throughout: stems 2-4 feet high, erect, simple, from an annual root: sheaths longer than the internodes: ligules a line long or less: leaves 4-10 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, smooth beneath, rough above : spike 4-12 inches long : spikelets 4-8-flowered, 5-9 lines long, the strongly nerved empty glumes equalling or exceeding the obscurely nerved flowering ones. In fields : naturalized from Europe. 52 AGROPYRON J. Gsertn. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv, pt. 1, 539. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and termihal spikes. Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, sessile, solitary and alternate at each notch of the usually continuous rachis, the side of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Glumes rounded on the back, the two lower empty : flowering glumes rigid, rough on the back, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex. Palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain pubescent at the apex, usually adherent to the palet. A, divergens Nees in Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 347. A slender densely tufted glaucous perennial 1-3 feet high : lower sheaths longer than the internodes, upper ones shorter: ligules very short: basal leaves numerous, 4-12 inches long: those of the stem 2-4 inches long, all more or less convol- ute and setaceous, nearly smooth: spikelets 3-8 inches long, slender: spikelets 3-6-flQwered; first empty glumes 3 lines long,3-nerved, the mar- gins scabrous; the second 4 lines long, 5-nerved, with the midrib at one side, awnless ; flowering glumes, 4-5 lines long, plainly 5-nerved above : awn stout, diverging or recurved, longer than the glumes. Common on dry plains east of the Cascade range. Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. Var. inermis Scribn. & Smith U.. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4, 27. Empty glumes unequal, narrowly lanceolate, acute, 4-6 lines long ; flowering glumes 5-6 lines long, smooth : acute, or acuminate, awnless or with a straight or spreading awn shorter than the glume. Eastern Wash- ington to Brit. Columbia and Idaho. Var. tennispicatum Scribn. & Smith 1. c. Stems 2-3 feet high : leaves very narrow, spikes slender, flexuous. 3-6 inches long: spikelets 5-7 lines long : awns 5-9 lines long, slender, straight, curved or divergent. On high diy plains, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Montana and Wyoming. A. Vaseyi Scribn. & Sm. 1. c. Stems rigid, erect, wiry,l-l>^ feet high, glabrous, or glaucous : sheaths glaucous, shorter than the internodes : ligules very short, leaves minutely strigose-pubescent above, rigid, 1-6 inches long, 1 line or less wide: spikes very slender, 2-4 inches long: spikelets 4-5 lines long, 3-5-flowered : empty glumes oblanceolate, acute AGROPYRON GRAMINEiE 776 • or acuminate, slightly unequal, scarious along the margins 3-4 lines long: flowering glumes 4 lines long, lanceolate, acute, tipped with a stout div- ergent awn 4-5 lines long. On dry plains, eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky Mountains. A. cauinnm Beauv. Agrost. 102. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, smooth: sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth, or the lower some- times pubescent: ligules short: leaves 3-9 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, smooth beneath rough above: spikes 3-8 inches long, sometimes one- sided, often nodding at the top: spikelets 3-6 -flowered : empty glumes 4)^-6 lines long, 3-5-nerved, acuminate, awn-pointed or bearing an awn. 1-3 lines long; flowering glumes 4-5 lines long, usually scabrous toward the apex, acuminate into an awn sometimes twice their own length. Eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, New Brunswick and North Carolina: also in Europe. A. tenerum Vasey Bot. Gaz. x, 258. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, often slender, glabrous : sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, glabrous : ligules very short: leaves 3-10 inches long 1-2 lines wide, flat, or involute, rough: spike 3-7 inches long, usually narrow and slender: spikelets 3-5- flowered : empty glumes 4-6 lines long: acuminate or short-awned, 3-5- nerved, scabrous, on the margins: flowering glumes 5-6 lines long, 5- nerved, awn-pointed or short-awned, scarious-margined, often rough toward the apex. On dry plains, easieiu Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Min nesota. Var, lon^lfolium Scribn. & Smith 1. c. 30. Stems 3-4 feet high, smooth, and shining, rigid: leaves involute, nearly as long as the stems, long attenuate-pointed: spike slender, cylindrical, 9-10 inches long: glumes all short-awned. Northwestern California to Brit. Columbia. A. brevlfolinm Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11, 55. Stems slender, densely cespitoae, 12-16 inches high, usually geniculate at the lower nodes, smooth: lower sheaths scabrous and somewhat purplish, smooth: ligules short: leaves \%-Z% inches long, 1-2 lines wide, very acute, strigose, scabrous above, very smooth beneath: spikelets approx- imate .usually 3-flowered, empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, 2-3-nerved, scabrous on the keel, short-awned; flowering glumes 6 lineslong, 5-nerved, scabrous on the back, short-awned. On mountain sides, eastern Wash. A. Yiolacenm Vasey Spec. Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr. 45. Stems 6-24 inches high, erect, smooth : sheaths usually shorter than the internodes : ligules very short: leaves 2-6 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, flat or involute, rough, or sometimes smooth beneath, spikes 1-fl inches long, 2-3 lines broad: spikelets 3-6-flowered: empty glumes broad: usually purplish, scabrous-margined, 5-7-nerved, 4-6 lines long, acute, or acuminate, some- times awn-pointed or long-awned: flowering glumes (»ften purplish, 5-7- nerved, scabrous-margined, 4-6 lines long, acuminate or short-awned. Idaho to Alaska and Ontario : also in Europe and Asia. A. Scribnerl Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club x, 128. Stems densely tufted, geniculate near the base, slender, 16-30 inches high, sheathe longer than the internodes: ligules obsolete: leaves 1-3 inches long, involute, narrow and rigid : spikes 2-4 inches long: spikelets 3-6-flowered: empty glumes 3-4 lines long, linear-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, acuminate into a long point: flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, 4 lines long, smooth, the mid- nerve extended into a strong spreading or recurved awn. On high moun- tains Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. A. Sinithii Rydb. A. glaucum of American Authors, not of R. & S. Glabrous: stems rigid, erect, 1-4 feet high: sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes : ligules very short: leaves rigid, bluish-green, stnooth or slightly scabrous beneath, rough-scabrous on the margins, becoming in- 776 GKAMINE^ agropyron HORDEUM volute, 4-7 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, those of sterile shoots narrower and sometimes half as long as the stems: spikes 3-7 inches long; spikelets 6-12 lines long, 7-13-flowered: empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate or awn-poin- ted, scabrous on the nerves: flowering glumes 4-6 lines long, narrowly lanceolate, acute to awn-pointed, rounded on the back ; smooth or thinly pubescent. In meadows, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Minnesota. Var. molle Scribn. tt Smith 1, c. Glumes and rachis more or less villous-pubescent. Washington to the Saskatchewan and New Mexico. A. Elmeri Scribn. U. S'. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11, 54. Stems erect 3-5 feet high, from strong creeping rootstocks: sheaths smooth, the lower onea longer than the internodes ligulea short, minutely fringed along the edge: leaves 6-12 inches long, 2-6 lines wide, strigose, scabrous above, smooth beneath, long attenuate-pointed spikelets 6-10-flowered : empty glumes lanceolate, very acute or subaristate, rigid, about 1 line long, 3- nerved, scabrous on the nerves: flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, sharp- ly acuminate, 5-nerved, short-pubescent on the back. On sandy banks of Snake river, Washington. A. dasystachyum var. subvillosnm Scribn, & Smith 1. c. 33. More or less glabrous : stems slender 2-4 feet high : sheaths nearly as long as the internodes: ligules a mere ring : leaves of sterile shoots 3=^-^ as long as the stems: spikes 5-7-flowered: empty glumes ovate-lanceolate acute to acuminate: flowering glumes 3-5 lines long, pubescent tolanate. Eastern Washington to Montana and Colorado. A. laiiceolatnm Scribn. & Smith 1. c. 34. Pale yellowish-green oi glaucous : stems 2-3 feet high : sheaths somewhat inflated, shorter than the internodes: ligules very short; leaves 6-12 inches long, about 2 lines wide, scabrous beneath and on the margins; pubescent to thinly hirsute above; spikes 4-6 inches long; spikelets 5-10 lines long, 4-7-flowered ; empty glumes unequal, narrowly lanceolate, or oblanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 lines long, 3-5-nerved ; scabrous on the nerves ; flowering glumes. 4-7 lines long, broadly lanceolate, acute, mucronate, truncate or bidentate, rounded on the back, more or less pubescent, 3-nerved and scabrous toward the apex. Eastern Oregon and Washington to Idaho. A. psenUorepens Scrjbn. & Smith 1. c. 34. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect or ascending from a geniculate base : sheaths glabrous, shorter than the internodes : ligules 1 line long or less ; leaves scabrous throughout, 4-8 inch- es long, 1-3 lines wide; spikes 3-8 inches long: spikelets 3-7 flowered, 8-9 lines long, erect, and appressed : empty glumes linear-lanceolate acu- minate or awn- pointed, 5-nerved, scabrous on the nerves and scarious- marglned : flowering glumes linear-oblong, acuminate, rounded on the back, 6-nerved. scabrous. Washington to Brit. Columbia, Nebraska and Texas. Var. magnnm Scribn. & Smith 1. c. 35. Robust, 3-4 feet high : leaves 8-22 inches long*, spikes 6-8 inches long, one-side; spikelets crowded, acute, an inch long. Idaho to Montana and Colorado. A. REPENs Beauv. Agrost. 146. Stems 1-4 feet high, from long runn- ing jointed rootstocks: sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, glab- rous: leaves 3-12 inches long, 1-5 lines wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above : spikes 2-8 inches long, strict : spikelets 3-7-flowered : empty glumes strongly 5-7-nerved, usually acute, or awn-pointed: flowering glumes acute or short-awned. Naturalized from Europe. 53 HORDEUM L. Sp. 84. Annual or perennial grasses with fiat leaves and terminal cylindrical spikes. Spikelets 1-fiowered, usually in threes at each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally imperfect. Rachilla flOBDEUM GRAMINE.E 777 produced beyond the flower, the lower empty glumes often reduced to awns and forming an appar ent involucre around the spikeiets. Empty glumes rigid : the flowering ones rounded on the back, 5- nerved at the apex, awned. Palets about equalling the glumes. 2 keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Grain usually adherent to the glume, hairy at the summit. H. jubatam L. Sp. 85. Stems 10-30 inches high, erect, usually slen- der smooth, sheaths usually shorter than the internodes: smooth : ligules )4, line long, or less : leaves 1-5 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, erect, rough : spikes 2-4 inches long: spikeiets usually in threes, the central one, con- taining a perfect flower; lateral ones imperfect: empty glumes consisting of slender rough awns 1-23^ inches long: flowering glumes of the central spikeiets 3-4- lines long: scabrous at the apex, bearing a slender rough awn 1-23^ inches long, the corresponding glume of the lateral spikeiets short- awned. On dry soil eastern Oregon to California, Pennsylvania and Labrador, H, MARiTiMUM With. Arrang. 172. A smooth somewhat glaucous annual : stems 6-18 inches long : sheaths about as long as the internodes, the upper one inflated: ligules a mere ring: leaves 1-3 inches long, mostly involute: spike subterete, scarcely exserted, 1-2 inches long, the rachis breaking up when mature: ^pikelets an inch long, including the stiff awns : empty glumes all lanceolate, not eiliate, one of each lateral spikelet a little broader. Southwestern Oregon to California : introduced from Europe. H. .GcssoNEANUM Pari. PI. Palerm. 244. Stems smooth often decum- bent, 10-16 inches long : leaves thin, flat, finely pubescent, 1-3 inches long, about 1 line wide: spikes subterete, exserted, 1-2 inches long, breaking up when mature, empty glumes reduced to mere bristles, 6-8 lines long, except the inner one to each lateral spikelet is twice as wide as the others : flowering glumes oval, rough, 5-nerved, the awn 8 lines long. Oregon to California, introduced from Europe. H. MURiNUM L. Sp. 85. A coarse decumbent annual : sheaths about equalling the internodes: ligules very short: leaves l>^-3 inches long, often hairy: spike 2-4 inches long: often partly included in the upper sheath sli- ghtly compressed, soon breaking up when mature: spikeiets, including the awns, 1-2 inches long, empty glumes of the middle spikeiets lanceolate, with eiliate margins : flowering glumes scabrous above, flat on the back, 8-10 lines long. In waste places, introduced from Europe. H. pusillum Nutt. Gen. i, 87. Stems 4-16 inches high, smooth: sheathe loose, usually shorter, than the internodes, smooth, the upper often enclosing the base of the spike : ligules very short : leaves \%-Z inches long: %-2 lines wide, smooth beneath, rough above: spike 1-3 inches long, spikeiets usaally in threes : glumes awned, the empty ones scabrous: flowering glumes smooth, that of the central spikeiets 3-4 lines long : short-awned that of the lateral spikeiets smaller. In dry soil Californ- ia to Brit. Columbia Nebraska and Texas. H, nodosum L. Sp. ed 2. 126. //. pratense Huds. Stems 1-4 feet high, often geniculate below, simple, smooth: sheaths shorter than the in- ternodes : ligules 3^ line long, truncate : leaves 1)^-6 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, flat, rough: spike 1-4 inches long, flat, often arcuate: empty glumes awn-like: flowering glumes of the central spikeiets 3-4 lines long, bearing an awn 3-6 lines long; that of the lateral spikeiets much smaller. Common in meadows, California to Alaska, Indiana and Texas also in Europe and Asia. H. boreale Scribn. & Smith 1. c. 24. Stems slender, erect, smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodes the lower ones pubescent : ligules very 778 GRAMINEiG ELYMUS short, leaves 4-6 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, scabrous : eriipty glumes awn - like 7-9 lines long, those of the lateral spikelets exceeding the other; flower- ing glume of the central spikelets 5 lines long, broadly lanceolate, scabrous toward the apex, bearing an awn about 5 lines long, that of the lateral spikeletpsmaller, subulate-pointed or short-awned. California to Alaska. 54 ELYMUS L. Sp. 93. Tall grasses with flat or involute leaves and dense terminal spikes. Spikelets 2- to several- flowered, sessile, usually in pairs, sometimes 3 or more in the alternate notches of the continuous or jointed rachis, the empty glumes forming an apparent involucre to the clusters. Two lower glumes empty, narrow, acute or awned: flowering glumes shorter, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually bearing an awn. Palets a little shorter than the glumes 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain sparsely hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet. E. saxlcolus Scribn. & Smith U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull, 11, 56. A rather slender wiry densely cespitose perennial: stems 3-5 inches high, pubescent: sheaths pubescent: ligules very short: leaves 3-10 inches long. 1-2 lines wide, pubescent on both sides, attenuate- pointed spikelets 2-5-flowered, about 9 lines long: empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, 1-3- nerved, about 3 lines long: awns divergent, 10-12 lines long: -flowering glumes 6 lines long, smoother slightly scabrous near the apex, rather broadly lanceolate and gradually tapering into a slender more or less di- vergent awn an inch long. Among bowlders and rocky crevasses, summit of Mount Chapaca. E. arenarius L. Sp. 83. Stems 1)^-8 feet high, simple, usually softly pubescent at the summit: sheaths smooth, often glaucous, the' lower longer and the upper shorter than the internodes: ligules very short: leaves 3-12 inches long, lK-5 lines wide, flat or becoming involute, smooth beneath, rough above: spikes 3-10 inches long, usually strict: spikelets 3-9-flowered ; empty glumes 8-14 lines long, 3-5-nerved, acuminate, more or less villous; flowering glumes 8-10 lines long, acute or awn-pointed, 5-7-nerved, usually very villous. On shores, California to Alaska and across the continent : also in Europe and Asia. E. arenicolus Scribn. & Smith 1. c. Cir. 9, 7. A stout erect glaucous perennial: stems simple, glabrous, 2-5 feet high; sheaths smooth or the upper ones strigose-pubescent, nearly as long as the internodes; ligules about )4, line long, coarsely fimbriate : leaves rigid, deeply furrowed on both sides, strongly scabrous on the nerves, l>^-2 feet long, 1-4 lines wide, strongly involute and pungently pointed: spikes rather slender, 6-10 inches long, interrupted below : empty glumes subulate or narrowly lance- olate, rigid, scabrous above, 4-6 lines long: flowering glumes rounded on the back, acute, sparsely hirsute toward the base, 5-nerved, about 6 lines long. On sand-d^nes 9,long the Columbia river near the Dalles. E. mollis Trin. Spreng. N. Endt. ii, 172. Stems stout, 3-7 feet high: sheaths smooth or more or less pubescent: ligules very short: leaves 16-20 inches long, 6-8 lines wide, strict and pungent: spike erect, 10-16 inches long: spikelets 5-8-flowered, more or less soft-pubescent: empty glumes 1-1^ inches long, 5-7-nerved: flowering glumes 8-10 lines long ,7 -nerved. Along the coast, Washington to Alaska, and Maine to Nova Scotia. E. flavescens Scribn & Smith 1. c. Bull. 8, 8. Stems stout, 2-4 feet high, usually pubescent just below the nodes: sheaths smooth, oflen some- what glaucous, the lowest becoming loose and fibrous: ligules very short: ELYMUS GRAMINE^ 779 leaves 10-20 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above, gradually tapering into very acute pungent tips : spikes linear, sometimes branching and panicled : spikelets 3-6-flowered, 6-12 lines long, villous with long whitish or yellowish hairs : empty glumes lanceolate, subaristate- pointed : flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, very acute, densely silky- villous on the back : flowering glumes 6-7 lines long. On sand dunes along the Columbia river near the Dalles. E. dasystachys Trin. Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i, 120. Stems stout, smooth, 2-3 feet high, from stout creeping rootstocks : sheaths smooth or scabrous, shorter than the internodes : ligules very short : leaves rigid, more or less involute, pungent-pointed, 4-18 inches long, 2-4 hnes wide: spike strict, 3-6 inches long: spikelets 2 at each joint, 10-12 lines long, closely imbricated, 4-7-flowered : empty glumes, equal, 7-8 lines long, more or less cilate, short-awned, narrowly lanceolate 3-nerved: flowering glumes, more or less pubescent, slightly ciliate, 10-12 lines long, short-awned. Washington to Alaska and Montana. E. littoralis Turcz. Stems rather stout and somewhat rigid, erect, 3-4 feet high, glabrous: sheaths glabrous, the lower ones scarious, loose and sometimes bladeless: ligules very short, minutely ciliate: leaves 10-20 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, glabrous beneath, strongly strigose-pubescent above, very long acuminate-pointed, becoming involute: spikes 10-12 inches long, rather loosely flowered, often branched : spikelets 5-9-flowered : empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, scabrous on the keel, especially toward the rigid subulate apex : flowering glumes 7-9 lines long, lanceolate, very acute, or subaristate-pointed, 5-nerved, scarious margined rather densely pubescent on the back below, the upper third glabrous. Eastern Wash- ington to Idaho. E. eondensatus Presl Rel. Hsenk. i, 265. Stems erect, smooth, 2-10 feet high: sheaths glabrous, the upper ones shorter than the internodes: ligules 2-3 lines long, truncate : leaves 6-20 inches long, 3-11 lines wide, scabrous above : spike 4-16 inches long, usually stout, strict, often interrupt- ed below, sometimes branched at the base: spikelets 3-6-flowered: empty glumes subulate, 43^-6 lines long, 1-nerved, usually rough: flowering glumes 4-5 lines long, generally awn-pointed, usually scabrous. Common from eastern Oregon and Washington to Brit. Columbia, Nebraska, Arizona and California. E. triticoides Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 99. Stems rather slender, 2-4 feet high: ligules very short: leaves 7-12 inches long, narrow, often involute, the upper equalling or exceeding the stem : spikes 3-8 inches long, erect: spikelets 4-8-flowered, sometimes glaucous: empty glumes linear- lanceolate, rigid, long-pointed, 4-6 lines long: flowering glumes firm, lan- ceolate, acuminate or short-awned, 7-uerved. Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. E. glancus Buckl. 1. c. E. Americanus Vasey ^-3 feet high : sheaths glabrous or on sterile shoots ciliate : leaves stiff", erect, 2-7 inches long, involute glabrous beneath, strigose above, sharply acu- minate : spike 5-7 inches long, slender ,usually erect, long-exserted : empty glumes 4, equal, 23^-3 lines long, entire, setaceous: flowering glumes lan- ceolate, 5-6 lines long, smooth, at base, scabrous above, bifid at the apex and tipped with a straight awn 1)^-2 inches long. Bars of Snake river at Wawawai, Washington. S. flexuosnm Piper 1. c. Stems tufted 1)^-3 feet high, erect : sheaths glabrous or on sterile shoots villous : leaves 2-6 inches long, involute, strigose-pubescent on both sides, or the upper nearly smooth : spike slender, erect, 4 inches long, long-exserted: empty glumes subulate-setaceous, 1-2 TAXU8 TAXACEiE 781 lines long, tipped with an awn 5-6 lines long, sometimes with 2 very short lateral awns : flowering glumes lanceolate, smooth at the base, scabrous above, bifid, bearing a divergent awn l>^-2 inches long. Bars of Snake river at Wawawai, Washington. S. Brodiei Piper 1. c. Stems erect, 1)^-2 feet high: leaves stiff, smooth on both sides, involute, 5-7 inches long: spike pale green, long- exserted, erect, 2%-Z% inches long : empty glumes subulate, entire, 4 lines long, bearing an awn 6 lines long : flowering glumes lanceolate, dense- ly appressed- pubescent, 6 lines long, rarely with 2 short lateral awns. Bishop's Bar, Snake river, Washington. Class 2, GYMNOSPERM^. Monoecious or dioecious trees or shrubs, mostly evergreen, with usually rigid needle-like, subulate, or scale-like leaves. Ovules naked upon a scale, bract or disk, or within a more or less open perianth. SYNOPTICAL KEY. 110 TaxacesB Dioecious evergreens: flowers solitary and axillary: ovule solitary, in fruit a bony seed within a fleshy envelope or cup-shaped disk. 111 PinacesB Mostly monoecious and evergreen trees or shrubs: staminate flowers in aments : pistillate flowers in scaly aments becoming cones or berry-like, ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Order 110 TAXACE^ Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 316. Sparingly resinous trees or shrubs with scattered, in ours ever- green, linear leaves spreading in 2 ranks and dioecious axillary and solitary flowers achlamydeous and naked or surrounded by the imbricated and usually decussate bud-scales. Staminate flowers with the filaments monadelphous in a column, each fila- ment surmounted by several more or less united pendent an- ther-cells, dehiscing longitudinally on the lower side, Pollen globose. Pistillate flowers of a solitary orthotropous ovule which in fruit becomes a bony-coated seed raised upon or more or less surrounded by or consolidated with a fleshy disk, cup or other coating. Embryo axile, in fleshy or farinaceous albumen. Cotyledons only 2, semiterete. 1 TAXUS L. Sp. 1040. Trees or shrubs with evergreen spirally arranged short-pointed linear flat mucronate leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, and axillary and solitary sessile or subsessile very small aments. Staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8 stamens, their filaments united to the middle: anthers 4-6-celled. Ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by a fleshy annular disk, which is bracted at the base. Fruit consisting of the fleshy disk which becomes cup-shaped, red and nearly encloses the bony seed. T. brevifolia Nutt. Sylva iii, 86 t. 108. A tree 20-90 feet high, by 782 PINACE^ JDNIPERU8 1-3 feet in diameter, with slender spreading, or drooping branches : leaves 6-12 lines long, acuminate, and cuspidate, the margins somewhat revolute, bright green above, glaucous benfeath, abruptly narrowed at the base into a short slender petiole : staminate aments 1}4 lines broad : fruit amber-red 3-6 lines in diameter, much flattened : seeds broadly ovate and somewhat flattened, acute: ovary 2 lines long. Common from western Brit. Colum- bia to California. Order 111 PINACEiE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 313. Kesinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow or scale like entire leaves and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers. Staminate flowers reduced to the stamens only which are indefinite in number and often numerous, the filaments upon a central axis with the 2 or more anthers either adnate to the back of the connective or suspended from the under side of its scale-like or peltate summit, the cells dehiscing variously. Pistillate aments consisting of few to many scales, becoming a dry cone in fruit or fleshy and berry-like. Ovules naked, two or more at or on the base of each scale, adnate or free, erect or inverted. Seeds naked or winged, with chartace- ous or crustaceous or sometimes bony testa. Embryo straight, axile, in fleshy oily albumen. Cotyledons two to several in a whorl. Tribe i CuPRESsiNEiE Scales of the fertile aments few, decus- sately opposite, apparently single, becoming a small cone or connate into a drupe-like globulus. * Leaves opposite or in three's, never 2-ranked : flowers dioecious : fruit drupe-like, with bony ovate seeds. 1 Jnniperus Ovules in pairs or solitary at the base of the fleshy scales : seeds 1-5 or more : fruit globose, ripening the second season. * * Leaves opposite : flowers monoecious : fruit a dry cone. ■*- Cone subglobose, of spreading, peltate or cuneate scales : seeds one or more to each scale, angled or narrowly winged. 2 Chamsecyparis Leaves and branches more or less 2-ranked: seeds one or two to each scale. ■*- -«- Leaves 2-ranked : cone oblong, of imbricated or valvate ob- long scales: seeds 2 or more to each scale, maturing the first year. 8 Thuja Scales 8-12, rather thin, imbricated : seeds equally 2-winged. 4 Libocedrns Scales thick-coriaceous, valvate, only the middle pair fertile •* seeds unequally 2-winged. Tribe ii, Taxodine^ Scales of the fertile aments more num- erous and spirally arranged, in fruit forming a woody cone. 5 Sequoia Large trees with short-linear to ovate-lanceolate acute cari- nate leaves and ovate cones with cuneate spreading scales. Tribe hi, Abietine^ Scales of the fertile aments numerous, spirally imbricated, carpellary, each in the axil of a thin distinct persistent bract, in fruit becoming coriaceous or ligneous and forming a strobile or cone. JUNIBERUS PINACEili, 783 * Leaves not in eheatha, mostly entire: flowers on last years bran- chlets : cones maturing the first year. ■*- Branchlets smooth, the leaf-scars not raised. *> Leaves in fascicles at the ends of small branchlets, deciduous. ft Larix Cones pendant at the ends of short branchlets, with thin persis- tent scale : seeds without resin vesicles. ** ** Leaves solitary and scattered along the branchlets, persistent. 7 Abies Leaves sessile, leaving circular scars : cones erect, their scales and bracts deciduous from the central axis : seeds with resin vesicles. 8 Psendotsnga Leaves petioled, the scars transversely oval : cones pen- dulous, their scales and bracts persistent on the central axis: seeds without resin vesicles. •*- •*- Branchlets rough from the prominent persistent leaf-bases : cones pendulous, their scales and bracts persistent on the central axis. 9 Tsuga Leaves petioled, with a single dorsal duct: seeds with resin vesicles. 10 Picea Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides, with 2 lateral complete or incomplete ducts : seeds without resin vesicles. * * Cones maturing in the second year their bracts becoming corky and thickened: leaves of the perfect plant in bundles of 1-5, from the axil of scarious bracts, their bases surrounded by a sheath of scabrous bud-scales, usually serrulate. 11 Pinus Leaves needle-shape, the resin-ducts inconstant in number and variously placed. Tribe 1, Cwpressinese. Cupressinese and Juniper ex Endl, Syn. Conif. 6. Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, often dimorphous, usually scale-lilce and mostly adnate, the earlier ones free and subu- late: leaf -buds not scaly. Anther-cells 2-8, introrse on the lower part of the face of the peltate connective-scale. Pollen-grains sim- ple. Scales of the fertile amentsfew, decussately opposite, apparently single, becoming a small cone or connate into a drupe-like fruit. Ovules erect, solitary or rarely 2 to each scale. Cotyledons usually^. 1 JUNIPERUS L. Sp. 1038. Shrubs or trees with opposite or verticil late subulate or scale- like sessile evergreen leaves, usually of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious small globose axillary or terminal aments. Staminate aments oblong or ovoid. Anther-cells 4-8 under each shield-shaped scale. Fertile aments of 2 or 3 series of fleshy scales, with 2 erect ovules to each scale, in fruit becoming united into a blue-black or reddish drupe, ripening the second season. Seeds 1-12, ovate, bony. § 1 OxYCEDRUS Spach Ann. Sc. Nat. 2nd. Ser. xvi, 289. Leaves ternate, free and jointed at the base, linear-subulate, pungent, channelled and white-glaucous above, not glandular- pitted. J. commnnis L. Sp. 1040. A low tree or erect shrub 1-25 feet high : with shreddy bark, the branches spreading or drooping : leaves all subulate, rigid, spreading or some of the lower reflexed, mostly straight, verticillate 784 PINACEiE chamjecyparis in threes, often with smaller ones in their axils, 5-10 lines long less than 1 line wide, channelled and commonly whitened on the upper surface: berry-like cones sessile or nearly so, dark blue, 3-4 lines in diameter. On dry hills, northern Washington to Brit. Columbia and Pennsylvania. J, nana Willd. Sp. PL iv. 854. A depressed rigid shrub seldom over 18 inches high, forming irregular patches often 10 feet in diameter : leaves lanceolate, acute and cuspidate, 4-6 lines long, channelled and white above, dark green and carinate beneath, mostly incurved : amenta axillary : berry- like cones blue, 3-5 lines in diameter. Common in the high mountains and along the coast. California to Alaska and across the continent: also in Europe and Asia. § 2 Sabina Spach 1. c. 291. Leaves ternate or opposite, of 2 forms, mostly adnate and scale-like, closely appressed and crowded upon the branches and often glandular-pitted, occasion- ally more distinct, free and subulate. J, occidentalis Hook. Fl. ii, 166. A rather small tree 20-50 feet high and 1-2 feet in diameter : leaves in threes scale-like, closely imbricated and appressed, ovate, acute, convex on the back : usually very resinous fruit on short branchlets, solitary, numerous, globose or obovoid, 3-4 lines in diameter, blue-black, resinous : seeds 1-3, deeply pitted. On very dry plains and banks, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Idaho. J. scopulorum Sargent. /. Virginiana of authors as to the western tree. A tree 10-50 feet high, 1-2 feet in diameter: leaves mostly opposite; all those of young plants and commonly someof those of twigs of older trees subulate, spiny-tipped, 2-4 lines long, those of the mature branches scale - like, acute or suV)acute, closely appressed and imbricated, 4-ranked, causing the twigs to appear quadrangular: aments terminal: berry-like cones light blue, glaucous, about 3 lines in diameter, borne on straight peduncle-like branchlets of less than their own length, 1-2-seeded. In dry soil, eastern Washington to Brit. Columubia. 2 CHAMiECYPARIS Spach Hist. Veg. ii, 329. (1842.) Trees with minute opposite appressed 4 ranked scale-like ever- green leaves and small monoecious terminal aments. Staminate aments globose, with opposite 2-4-celled anthers, the cells globose, 2-valved. Fertile aments globose, with few peltate opposite scales each bearing 2-5 erect seeds, closed until mature, each with a central point or knob. Seeds winged, maturing the first year. C. Lawsoniana Parlat. DC. Prod r. xvi, 464. A tall tree 100-200 feet high and 2-6 feet in diameter, with slender spreading or drooping branch- es: leaves small, deep green with a glaucous margin when young, acute or acutish, more or less glandular-pitted : cones 4 lines in diameter glaucous when young, of 8-10 scales with the flattened summit crossed by a narrow transverse ridge: seeds 2-4 to each scale, wing-margined, 2 lines long. Along streams in the coast mountains, southern Oregon and northern California. C. Nootkatensis Spach Hist. Veg. xi. 333. A slender tree 50-160 feet high and 1-3 feet in diameter at the base, with slender drooping branches and terete branchlets: leaves small, very acute, dark green, obscurely glandular: cones globose, 5-6 lines in diameter, of 4-6 thick green scales with very prominent central bosses : seeds 2-4 to each scale, thick and nar- rowly winged. On the highest parts of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon to Alaska. THUJA PINACE^ 785 LIBOCEDRUS 3 THUJA L. Sp. 1002 Trees with thin fibrous bark, scattered branches and distichous evergreen foliage. Leaves opposite, adnate and imbricated in 4 rows, oblong, with free acute tips somewhat dimorphous. Flow- ers monoecious. Aments terminal, of few scales decussately imbricated in pairs. Staminate flowers numerous, very small, with 3 or 4 anthers under each of the 4 or 6 subpeltate broadly ovate pointed scales. Pollen grains simple. Fertile aments ter- minating stouter branchlets, of 8-12 erect scales, with 2 or more erect ovules at the base of each. Cones soon strongly reflexed, maturing the first season, small, the thin-coriaceous scales ovate, the lowest and uppermost pairs sterile. Seeds lanceolate and somewhat compressed, nearly equally winged. T. plicata Don Hort. Cantab, ed. 6, 249. T. gigantea Nutt. A tall graceful tree 100-250 feet bigh and 2-12 feet in diameter at base : foliage light green and shining : leaves ovate, acuminate and subpungent : cones 5-8 lines long, ovate, cinnamon-colored, somewhat clustered at the ends of branchlets, the ovate scales with a thin acute usually appressed mucro, the lowest and uppermost pairs sterile, the others with 2-6 ovules : seeds a little shorter than the wings which are 3 lines long, distinct and slightly unequal. Frequent in forests California to Alaska and Idaho. 4 LIBOCEDRUS Endl. Syn. Conif. 42. (1847.) Evergreen trees with smooth or fissured bark, scale-like leaves and monoecious or dioecious flowers. Leaves decussately opposite, imbricated by fours and dissimilar, the facial ones smaller, flat and appressed, the marginal ones bract-like and keeled. Aments solitary, terminal : the staminate ones with subpeltate scales, each with 3-4 longitudinally dehiscent anthers on the dorsal side. Fertile aments bracteate, with 4-6 decussately opposite erect scales, the lower pair usually sterile, the third when present con- nate into a longitudinal septum. Ovules 2 to each scale, flask- shaped. Cone ripening the first year, its scales subwoody, mu- cronate below the apex, erect, at length spreading. Seeds in pairs or solitary. Cotyledons two. L. decnrrens Torr. PI. Fremont 7, t 3. A tall tree 100-150 feet high by 3-7 feet in diameter, with lax scattered spreading branches : leaves bright green, in 2 decussate pairs at each joint, closely adnate except the short acute tip, the lateral without glands and nearly covering the flat- tened obscurely pitted inner ones : staminate flowers ovate, of 12-16 scales: cones 9-12 lines long, scaly-bracted at base, oblong, the lower scales very short, the upper connate into a longitudinal septum, the middle pair convex, obtuse at the tip, all with a short acute somewhat incurved mucro : seeds oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 lines long, the narrow outer wing scarcely longer; the inner one broad and nearly equalling the scale. On dry hill- sides, Oregon to California and Nevada. Tribe 2 Taxodinese. Leaves alternate. Scales of the fertile aments more numerous and spirally arranged j in fruit becoming a woody cone. Ovules erect: in some genera mverted. 5 SEQUOIA Endl. Syn. Conif. 198. Tall trees with straight columnar trunks, short spreading bran- 786 PINACEiE sequoia LARIX ches, linear leaves and monoecious flowers. Aments terminal and axillary upon young shoots, of rather numerous spirally arranged scales. Staminate flowers small, involucrate with scale- like leaves, with 3-5 anthers under each subpeltate scale. Pollen grains simple. Fertile aments oblong-ovate, erect, with 3-7 in- verted ovules at the base of each scale. Cones maturing the second year, woody, oval, the scales divergent at right angles from the axis, thick and wedge-shaped with a rhomboidal rugose umbilicate apex, setaceous-mucronate. Seeds compressed, oblong- obovate, with thick spreading margins. Cotyledons 4-6. S. simperyirens Endl. Syn. Conif. 198. Erect evergreen trees 100-350 feet high by 4-20 feet in diameter, with thick fibrous spongy bark, com- paratively short spreading branches and linear 3-ranked leaves: leaves bright green above, glaucous beneath, spreading distichously, those of the main branches appressed^ acute, or acuminate and mostly pungent, 6-12 lines long, about 1 line wide: staminate aments about 2 lines long: cones oblong, 9-12 lines long by 6 lines thick, of about 20 scales: seeds brown, 2-23^ lines long. Near the coast, extreme southern Oregon and California. Tribe 3 Abietineae Endl. Syn. Conif. 79. Leaf-buds scaly. Leaves scattered or fascicled ^ from linear to acicular. Staminate flowers spirally arranged and subtended by involucral scales: an- ther-cells extrorse, parallel and contiguous upon the sides of a very narrow connective which is often surmounted by a scarious dilated inflexed tip. Scales of the fertile aments numerous, spirally imbri- cated, carpellary, each in the axil of a thin distinct bract, in fruit becoming coriaceous or woody and forming a cone. Ovules in pairs, adnate to the inner face of each scale near the base, inverted. Seeds separating from the scale at maturity, conspicuously winged. Coty- ledons 3-16. 6 LARIX Adans. Fam. PI. ii, 480. (1763 ) Tall trees Avith horizontal or ascending branches and small narrowly linear deciduous leaves without sheaths in fascicles on short lateral scaly bud-like branchlets. Aments short, lateral, monoecious ; the staminate from leafless buds ; the fertile buds commonly leiafy at base and the aments red. Pollen grains sim- ple. Cones ovoid or cylindric, small, erect, their scales thin, spirally arranged, obtuse, persistent. L. occideutalis Nutt. Sylva iii, 143, t. 120. A lar^e tree 100-200 feet high and 1-6 feet in diameter, with thick reddish longitudinally fissured bark: branches shdrt, horizontal, with glabrous branchlets: leaves nar- rowly linear, 1-2 inches long, in alternate fascicles of 12-18, promptly deciduous: cones ovate-cylindric, 1-13^ inches long, its scales broadly ob- long, truncate, ciliate-fringed when young: bracts scarious, dilated at base, the narrow terminal part exserted. In the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington to Idaho. L. Lyallil Parlat. Enum. Sem. Reg. Fl. 259. A rather small tree 50- 100 feet high with horizontal or ascending branches, the branchlets and bud-scales densely pubescent with whitish hairs: leaves narrowly linear, AtilEB PINACE^ 787 1-2 inches long, deciduous: cones oblong, lK-2 inches long, promptly deciduous. In the Cascade Mountains of Washington. 7 ABIES Juss. Gen. 414. (1789.) Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered leaves and monoeci- ous flowers. Leaves sessile, often spreading so as to appear 2- ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to a persistent base but leaving circular flat scars on the naked twigs. Stamin- ate aments from the axils of the previous years leaves. Anthers 2-celled, the cells transversely dehiscent ; the connective prolonged into a short knob or point. Pollen grains compound. Fertile aments lateral, erect. Ovules 2 to each scale. Cones erect, cylin- dric to ovoid, their broad obtuse scales deciduous from the persis- tent central axis. A. grandis Lindl. Penny Cyc. 130. A tall straight tree 100-300 feet high and 3-6 feet in diameter, with smooth brownish blotched with white bark and spreading branches: leaves flat, dark glossy green and channel- led above, glossy with two pale or white stripes beneath, 1-2 inches long: cones cylindric, retuse, 2-6 inches long, 1-lK inch thick, with scales nearly twice as broad as long: the quite short obcordate or 3-lobed bracts with or without a short point: wing of the seed very oblique, 2-4 lines long. Common in moist places in forests, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho. A, Lowiana Murr. Syn. Var. Conif. 27. A tall graceful tree 100-200 feet high and 3-3 feet in diameter, with, when mature, dark-colored fis- sured bark and spreading branches: leaves 2-ranked, 1-2 inches long, green above, green with two white stripes beneath: cones cylindric, 2-4 inches long, with scales nearly twice as broad as long; bracts not exserted: wing of the seed oblique. In the Siskiyou Mountains and southward. A. concolor Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. v, 210. A large tree 100-200 feet high and 3-4 feet in diameter, with rough grayish bark and spreading branches: leaves mostly obtuse, pale green, those of younger trees and lower branches elongated, 2-3 inches long, 3-ranked, often slightly chan- nelled, those of old trees and of upper branches shorter broader and thicker, convex above and often falcate, covering the upper side of the branchlets: cones oblong-cylindric, 3-5 inches long 13^-1^4 inch in diameter, pale green to dull purplish: scales 12-15 Unes wide, nearly twice as wide as long: bracts truncate, not exserted: wing of the seed oblique, as long as wide. In the mountains at 3000-4000 feet elevation, southern Oregon to California. A, lasiocarpa Nutt. Sylva, iii, 138, A small tree 50-75 feet high and 7-13 inches in diameter, with smooth whitish bark and drooping branches; leaves of the main branches 1-33^ inches long, erect, acute and pungently pointed, those of the branchlets more or less spreading or curved upward, rigid and more or less pungent: cones cylindric, usually purple, 3-3 inch- es long, %-l inch thick: scales broader than long: bracts not exserted. On the highest peaks of the Cascade Mountains. A. amabilis Forbes Pinetum Wob. 125, t. 44. A slender tree 100-150 feet high and 1-3 feet in diameter, with smooth whitish bark and spreading branches: leaves rigid, acute or obtuse, 1-3 inches long, on the lower branches and on young trees 3-ranked, on the upper parts of mature trees shorter and curved upward: cones dark purple, 3-4 inches long, 3-3 inches 788 PINACEJE pseddotsuga TSDGA in diameter: scales nearly twice as broad as long: bracts not exserted. On the higher parts of the Cascade MountaJbos, A. nobills Lindl. Penny Cyc. i, 30. A very large tree 200-300 feet high and 3-6 feet in diameter, with spreading branches and somewhat rough dark gray or blackish bark: leaves rigid, acute or obtuse, 1-2 inches long, on the lowest branches and on young trees somewhat 2-ranked, flattish and slightly grooved; on the upper branchlets curved upward and covering the upper side, glaucous and keeled on both sides: cones cylindrical-oblong, 5-9 inches long, 2-4 inches in diameter, almost covered by the exserted and reflexed cuneate cuspidate-pointed bracts: scales 12-18 lines wide by 12-15 lines long: seed slender, with a cuneate somewhat retuse wing nearly as long as the scale: coty- ledons 7 or 8. Common in the high mountains at 4000-6000 feet elevation, Washington to California. 8 PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. Conif. ed. 2, 256. Large trees with rough dark brown or whitish bark, flat dis- tinctly petioled evergreen leaves, that are stomatose only on the lower side, with 2 lateral resin-ducts close to the epidermis of the lower side, leaving on the branchlets scarcely prominent trans- versely oval raised scars. Flowers monoecious, from the axils of the previous year's leaves. Staminate flower an oblong or subcylindric column surrounded and partly enclosed by numer- ous conspicuous orbicular bud-scales: commissure of the anthers terminating in a short spur; the cells opening obliquely by one continuous slit : pollen grains ovate- subglobose. Pistillate flow- ers with the scales much shorter than the broadly linear acutely 2-lobed long-pointed or aristate bracts. Cones maturing the first year, with persistent scales and exserted bracts. Seeds without resin-vesicles. Cotyledons 6-10. P. Donglasii Carr. 1. c. A large tree 100-300 feet high and 2-15 feet in diameter: leaves linear, mostly obtuse, 8-18 lines long, but slightly if at all 2-ranked, glossy green above, white with a green midnerve beneath: staminate aments oblong -cylindrical, 5-10 lines long: cones oblong to cylindrical, 1-4 inches long: scales 10-14 lines wide, broader than long: bracts 2-3 lines wide, more or less exserted, acutely 2-toothed or lacerate at the apex, the prominent midnerve prolonged into along subulate awn: seed triangular, convex and red- dish-brown on the upper side, flat and white on the lower side, about 3 lines long, with an oblong usually obtuse wing 3-5 lines long. Common from Alaska to Mexico and the Rocky Mountains. 9 TSUGA Carr. Conif. 185. Large evergreen trees with slender often drooping terminal branchlets and monoecious flowers. Leaves flat or somewhat angled, with a single dorsal resin-duct, conspicuously petioled, articulated upon a prominent and at length ligneous persistent base. Staminate flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens in the axils of last years leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales: commissure of the anthers terminating in a short spur or knob: anther-cells opening transversely by a continuous slit. Pistillate aments terminal on the previous year's branchlets: bracts somewhat shorter than the scales. Cones maturing the first year, pendulous, the scales and enclosed bracts persistent on T8UGA PINACEiE 789 PICEA the axis. Seeds with resin- vesicles on the surface, winged. T, heterophylla Sargent. Abies heterophylla Raf, Tsuga Mertensiana Fremonti 106 Greenei 604 XiO^ incisum 106 Var. consan- polystachyon 692 molle 105 guinea 604 russeolum 692 Oreganum 106 Lathyrus 605 Scheuchzeri 692 pusillum 106 maculata serpyllifolia 605 604 vaginatum 691 Richardsoni GEUM lOG 173 EUROTIA 596 FRITILLARIA 649 macrophyllum 173 lanata 596 atropurpurea 650 strictum 173 EUTHAMIA 304 glauca 650 triflorum 173 occidentalis 304 lanceolata 650 GENTTANACEAE 442 FAGACEAE 609 pudica 650 GENTIANA 443 Jb'ESTUCA 765 recurva 650 Var. holopetala 444 amethystina 768 FUMARIACEAE 33 acuta 444 brevifolia 767 GAERTNERIA 336 affinis 447 Californica 766 acanthocarpa 336 anisosepala 447 confinis 766 bipinnatifida 337 bisetaea 445 denticulata 766 Chamissonis 337 calycosa 445 elatior 767 GAILLARDIA 359 Douglasiana 445 fallax 768 aristata 360 Gormani 446 Var. trichopylla 768 GALIUM 284 Menziesii 446 heterophylla 769 Andrewsii 286 Newberryi 445 Howellii 766 Aparine 284 Oregana 447 Jonesii 767 asperrimum 285 Orfordii 446 microstachya 765 bifolium 284 Parryi 446 Var. ciliata 765 Bolanderi 285 sceptrum 446 Var. pauciflora 765 boreale 284 serrata 444 Myurus 766 multiflorum 285 Var. holspetala 443 octoflora 766 Var. Watsoni 285 simplex 444 ovina 767 Nuttallii 285 stricta 445 Var. duriuscula 767 Oreganum 284 tenella 444 Var. ingrata 767 spurium 284 GILIA 458 Var. Columbiana 768 trifidum 285 achillaefolia 459 INDEX EPILOBIUM 222 adenocaulon 225 Var. occidentale 225 Var. (0 perplex- ans 225 alpinum 228 anagallidifolium 228 Bongardi 227 brevistylum 226 clavatum 228 coloratum 225 Davuricum 224 delicatum 225 Franciscanum 225 glaberrimum 227 Var. latifolium 227 glandulosum 226 Halleanum 226 Hammondi 224 Hornemanni 227 jucundum 224 latifolium 222 luteum 223 leptocarpum 226 Var. (?)Macounii 227 minutum 224 Oreganum 227 qfregonense 228 Var. (?) gracilli- mum 228 palustre 224 paniculatum 223 rigidum 223 spicatum 222 Var. canescens 223 suffruticosum 223 ursinum 226 Var. subfalcatum 226 ERAGROSTIS 764 reptans 764 lutescens 765 BREMOCARYA 483 micrantha 483 EREMOCARPUS 604 setigerus 604 ERICACEAE 413 EREMOSEMIUM 596 spinosa 597 ERIGERON 315 acris 322 Var. Droebachensis 322 Var. debilis 322 Alicea 317 amplifolius 317 annuus 321 Bloomeri 319 Canadensis 322 cervmus Chrysopsidis compositus Var. discoideus concinnus confinis corymbosus decumbens divergens filifolius glaucus grandiflorus Howellii inornatus lanatus nudatus ochroleucus Oreganus Pacificus peregrinus peucephyllus Philadelphicus poliospermus radicatus ramosus salsuginosus spatulifolius speciosus uniflorus ERIOCARPUM grindelioides ERIODICTYON glutinosum ERIOGONUM acaule androsaceum angulosum annuum Baileyi caespitosum campanulatum cernuum compositum corymbosum croceum dichotomum Douglasii elatum flavum heracleoides microthecum minimum montanum multiceps niveum nudum ovalifolium Var, proliferum — 1 — 316 pauciflorum 573 318 pendulum 571 318 Piperi 568 318 pyrolaefolium 568 317 Var, coryphaeum 569 320 sphaerocephalum 569 320 stellatum 570 320 Var. bahiaeforme 570 321 strictum 574 319 tenue 569 316 ternatum 570 315 thymoides 569 316 Tolmieanum 570 320 umbellatum 569 315 vimineum 575 320 vineum 572 319 virgatum 574 320 ERIOPHYLLUM 354 319 achillaeoides 355 316 caespitosum 355 319 gracile 355 321 integrifolium 355 318 leucophyllum 355 318 lanceolatum 355 321 staechadifolium 354 316 ERITRICHIUM 480 317 aretiodes 480 317 Howardi 480 315 3R0DIUM 107 297 cicutarium 107 297 macrophyllum i07 473 moschatum 107 474 EROPHILA 53 568 vulgaris 53 571 ERYNGIUM 262 568 articulatum 263 572 Harknessii 263 572 Vaseyi 262 575 ERYSIMUM 56 569 officinale 56 574 ERYTHRAEA 443 571 curvistamenea 443 571 Douglasii 443 574 minima 443 570 Muhlenbergii 443 573 Nutallii 443 569 ERYTHRONIUM 651 573 citrinum 652 568 giganteum 652 570 grandiflorum 651 574 Var. parviflorum 651 571 revolutum 651 570 Hendersoni 652 573 Howellii 652 573 montanum 652 573 BSCHSCHOLTZIA 32 572 Douglasii 33 572 hypecoides 33 INDEX BUCEPHALUS 311 Var. Oregana 768 triflorum 285 Covillei 312 pubescens 768 GAMOPETALAE 275 elegans 311 rubra GARRYACEAE 273 Bngelmanni 311 Var. tricophylla GARRYA 273 glabratus 312 Var. pubesceus buxifolia 274 glaucescens 312 Var. littoralis 769 elliptica 273 ledophyllus 312 scabrella 768 Fremontii 273 paucicapitatus 312 FICOIDEAE 241 GASTRIDIUM 729 serrulatus 311 FILIPENDULA 185 australe 729 tomentellus 312 occidentalis 185 GAULTHERIA 417 EULOPHUS 265 FLOERKEA 109 Myrsinites 417 Bolanderi 265 proserpinacofdes 109 ovatifolia 417 EUNANUS 518 FORSEL1.ESIA 117 Shallon 418 Breweri 519 spinescens 118 GAURA 237 Bigelovii 518 FRAGARIA 174 parviflora 237 Cusickii 518 Californica 174 GAYOPHYTUM 229 Douglasii 518 cuneffolia 174 diffusum 229 Tolmiei 518 FRASERA 447 eiriospermum 229 EUONYMUS 111 albicaulis 449 lasiospermum 229 occidentalis 111 Cusickii 448 pumilum 230 EUPATORIUM 291 nitida 448 racemosum 229 occidentale 292 speciosa 448 ramosissimum 229 EUPHORBIACEAE 603 thyrsiflora 448 GERANIACEAE 105 EUPHORBIA 604 FRAXINUS 439 GERANIUM 105 dictyosperma 605 Oregana 439 Carolinianum 105 crenulata 605 ERIOPHORUM 691 dissectum 105 glyptosperma Greenei 605 604 gracile 692 Fremonti incisum 106 106 Var. consan- polystachyon 692 molle 105 guinea 604 russeolum 692 Oreganum 106 Lathyrus 605 Scheuchzeri 692 pusillum 106 maculata serpyllifolia 605 604 vaginatum 691 Richardsoni GEUM lOG 173 EUROTIA 596 FRITILLARIA 649 macrophyllum 173 lanata 596 atropurpurea 650 strictum 173 EUTHAMIA 304 glauca 650 triflorum 173 occidentalis 304 lanceolata 650 GENTIANACEAE 442 FAGACEAE 609 pudica 650 GENTIANA 443 FESTUCA 765 recurva 650 Var. holopetala 444 amethystina 768 FUMARIACEAE 33 acuta 444 brevifolia 767 GAERTNERIA 336 affinis 447 Californica 766 acanthocarpa 336 anisosepala 447 confinis 766 bipinnatifida 337 bisetaea 445 denticulata 766 Chamissonis 337 calycosa 445 elatior 767 GAILLARDIA 359 Douglasiana 445 fallax 768 aristata 360 Gormani 446 Var. trichopylla 768 GALIUM 284 Menziesii 446 heterophylla 769 Andrewsii 286 Newberryi ,445 Howellii 766 Aparine 284 Oregana 447 Jonesii 767 asperrimum 285 Orfordii 446 microstachya 765 bifolium 284 Parryi 446 Var. ciliata 765 Bolanderi 285 sceptrum 446 Var. pauciflora 765 boreale 284 serrata 444 Myurus 766 multiflorum 285 Var. holspetala 443 octoflora 766 Var. Watsoni 285 simplex 444 ovina 767 Nuttallii 285 stricta 445 Var. duriuscula 767 Oreganum 284 tenella 444 Var. ingrata 767 spurium 284 GILIA 458 Var, Columbiana . 768 trifidum 285 achillaefolia 459 INDEX aggregata 458 discoidea 296 HBTERANTHERA . 666 capillaris 460 Henderson! 295 Dubia 667 capitata 459 integrifolia 295 HETEROCODON 408 congesta 458 nana 296 rariflorum 409 filiformis 460 Oregana 296 HETERODRABA 65 gracilis 459 GYMNOSPERMAE 781 unilateralis 65 hispida 460 GYROSTACHYS 629 HETEROGAURA 237 inconspicua 459 porrifolia 629 Californica 237 Var. sinuata 459 Romanzoffiana 629 HEUCHERA 202 leptomeria 459 HABENARIA 627 cuneata 203 linearifolia 461 aggregata 628 cylindrica 203 micromeria 460 dilatata 628 glabella 204 minutiflora 460 eiegans gracilis hyperborea leucostachys orbiculata Unalaskensis HALORAGEAE HARPAECARPUS madarioides HASTINGSIA alba 627 glabra 203 tenerrima GITHOPSIS speciilarioides GLAUX maritima GLECHOMA hederacea GLYCERIA GLYCOSMA 460 408 408 437 437 553 554 752 266 628 628 628 629 628 217 348 348 647 647 micrantha parvifolia pilosissima ovalifolia HIERACIUM albiflorum amplum barbigerum Bolanderi 203 203 203 201 394 395 396 396 396 ambiguum 267 bracteosa 647 Canadense 394 glauca 267 HEDYSARUM iy4 cinereum 396 occiden talis 267 flavescens 155 cynoglossoides 396 GLYCYRRHIZA 154 Mackenzii 155 gracile 395 glutinosa 154 HELENIUM 359 Howellii 396 lepidota 154 autumnale 359 lohgiberbe 395 GNAPHALIUM 330 Var. grandiflonina I 359 Scouleri 395 decurrens 330 Bigelovii 359 triste 395 microcephalum 330 Hoopsii 359 HIEROCHLOE 722 palustre 331 HELIANTHELLA 341 borealis 722 purpureum 331 Douglasii 342 macrophylla 722 Sprengelii 330 uni flora 341 HIPPURIS 217 uliginosum 331 HELIANTHUS 342 montana 218 GODETIA 234 annuus 342 tetraphyllum 218 albescens 234 Cusickii 343 vulgaris 217 amoena 235 exilis 342 Var fluviatilis 218 Arnottii 234 Nuttallii 343 HOLCUS 746 epilobioides 235 petiolaris 342 lanatus 747 decumbens 234 tuberosa 343 HEMIEVA 197 hispidula 235 HBLIOTROPIUM 477 ranunculifolia 197 lepida 234 Cuirassavicum 477 violacea 198 purpurea 234 HEMICARPHA 692 HOLODISCUS 184 quadrivulnera 235 intermedia. 693 ariaefolia 184 tenella 235 XXXlfV^Jl XXJ.V>Vi.XU* discolor 184 viminea 235 occidentalis 692 HOMALOCENCH- GOMPHOCARPUS 441 subsquarrosa 692 RUS 720 cordifolius 441 HEMIZONELLA 348 oryzoides 720 GOODYERA 630 Durandii 348 HOOKERA 643 GRAMINEAE 713 HEMIZONIA 348 HORDEUM 776 GRAPHEPHORUM 752 Cleveland! 349 boreale 777 Wolfii 752 luzulaefolia 349 Gussoneanum 777 GRATIOLA 523 HERACLEUM 249 jubatum 777 ebracteata 523 lanatum 249 maritimum 777 Virginiana 523 HESPEREVAX 326 murinum 777 GRAYAI 596 brevifolia 326 nodosum 777 GRINDELIA 295 HESPEROCHIRON 472 pusillum 777 INDEX HORKELIA 179 Douglasiana 634 Var. uniflorus capitata 180 longlpetala 634 xinhioides caruifolia congesta 181 180 Missouriensis tenax III JUNCOIDES fusca 179 tenuis 634 campestre Hendersoni 180 ISOPVRUM 25 comosum Howellii 181 Hallii 25 Var. congestum parviflora 180 stipitatum 25 Var. macranthum pseudocapitata 180 1 [VA 335 Var subsessile sericata 181 axillaris 335 T C.4FX • Kt\^ fj v^K^^JtJX^K^ tenella 179 xanthifolia 335 divaricatum tridentata 181 : [VESIA 181 parviflorum HOWELLIA 406 alpicola 182 Var. melanocar- aquatilis 406 Baileyi 181 pum HUGELIA 458 Pickeringii 181 Var. subcongs- tum pilosum floccosa 458 , JACKSONIA 67 HULSEA 358 trachysperma 67 nana 358 JAUMEA 353 HUTCHINSIA 61 carnosa 353 spadiceum prociimbens 61 JUNCACEAE 679 spicatum HYDRANGE- JUNCUS 681 JUNIPERUS ACEAE HYDROCOTYLE 205 269 Balticus 681 communis nana raniincloides 270 Bolanderi 685 occidentalis HYDROPHYLL- brachyphyllus 685 scopulorum ACEAE 463 bufonius 683 KALMIA HYDROPHYLLUM 464 nu Qf fmpns 682 glauca capitatum 465 l^ d O l/C*i 11 \_; U. O confusus 683 Var. microphylla occidentale 465 KELLOGGIA Var. Fendleri 465 Drummondii 682 galioides Virginicum 565 dubius 684 KOELERIA HIYMENOPAPPUS 356 effusus 682 cristata filifolius 356 Var. Brunneus 682 KOCHIA HYPERICACEAE 99 ensifolius 686 Americana HYPERICUM anagalloides 99 99 falcatus 684 KUNZIA trjdentata perforatum 99 flliform's 682 LABIATAE Scouleri 99 latifolius 685 LACTUCA HYPOCHOERIS 390 Leseurii 681 Canadensis radicata 390 longistylis 684 pulchella HYPOPITYS flmbriata 429 429 Mertensianus 686 sagittifolia sativa lutea 429 Nevadensis 685 scariola ILYSANTHES 523 nodosus 684 spicata gratioloides 524 occidentalis 683 LAGOPHYLLA IMPATIEITS pallida 110 111 Oreganus 685 ramosissima LAMIUM IMPERATA 718 oxymeris 686 amplexicaule Hookeri 718 Parryi 682 LAPSANA INULA 331 patens 682 communis Helenium lOFNACTIS 331 313 Richardsonianus 684 LAPPULA ciliata alpina 313 Suksdorfii 685 diffusa stenomeret 312 tenuis 683 floribunda IRIDACEAE 633 Torreyi 685 Fremontii IRIS bracteata 633 634 triformis 683 hisplda myosotis chrysophylli 633 Var. brachystylus 683 Texana 683 68<> 679 681 680 681 681 681 681 680 680 680 680 680 680 783 783 784 784 784 420 420 420 286 286 748 748 591 592 171 172 544 403 404 404 404 404 404 404 350 350 558 558 388 388 479 479 479 479 480 479 479 480 !Nt)&X LARIX 786 nitidum 63 Harknessii 455 Lyallii 786 occidentale 63 nudicaule 456 occidentalis 786 Oreganum 64 pharnaceoides 455 LASTHENIA 353 oxycarpum 64 LINARIA 504 glaberrima 354 reticulatum 64 Canadensis 501 LATHYRUS 157 LEPTARRHENA 189 vulgaris 504 bijugatus 160 pyrolifolia 189 LINNAEA 280 Bolanderi 158 LEPTAXIS 198 borealis 2bU coriaceus 158 Menziesii 198 longiflora 280 Cusickii 159 LEP'l'OTAENIA 250 LINACEAE 103 decaphyllus 159 Californica 251 LINUM 104 lanceolatus 158 dissecta 250 digynum 104 littoralis 160 minor 251 micranthum 104 maritimus 157 multifida 251 Lewisii Nevadensis 159 purpurea 251 LISTERA 630 Nuttallii 158 Watsoni 251 caurina 631 ochroleucus 157 LESQUERELLA . 51 convallarioides 630 Oregonensis 159 Douglasii 52 cordata 630 parvifolius 159 occidentalis 51 LITHOPHRAGMA 199 pauciflorus 158 LEUCOCRINUM 645 campanulata 200 polyphyllus 157 montanum 645 parviflora 200 rigidus 159 LEWISIA 91 rupicola 200 Sandbergi 160 rediviva 91 tenella 200 sulphureus 157 LIBOCEDRUS 785 LITHOSPERMUM 492 Torreyi 160 decurrens 785 Californicum 492 vestitus 158 LIGULIFLORAE 291 pilosum 493 LAURACEAE 600 LIGUSTICUM 259 LLOYDIA 650 LAURENTIA 406 apiifolium 260 serotina 651 carnosula 406 Grayi 260 LOASaCEAE 239 LEGOUZIA 408 Scoticum 260 LOBELIACEAE 405 perfoliata 408 scopulorum 260 LOBELIA 406 LAYIA 350 tenuifolium 260 Dortmanna 406 Douglasii 351 verticillatum 261 LOLIUM 773 glandulosa 351 LILAEA 672 perenne 774 LEDUM 422 subulata 673 temulentum 774 glandulosum Groenlandicum 423 423 LILIACEAE LILIUM 637 648 LOPHANTHUS LORANTHACEAE 552 608 LEGUMINOSAE 119 LOTUS 138 138 LEIBERGIA 266 Washingtonianum (548 Americanus orogenioides LEMNACAE 266 669 rubescens '"" Bolanderi 045 648 denticulatus Douglasii 139 140 LEMNA trisulca minor LEONURUS Cardiaca 669 669 669 557 557 parvum otv pardalinum 649 Columbianum 649 Purdyi 649 LIMNANTHACBAE 108 LIMNANTHES 108 crassifolius formosissimus Hosackia humistratus micranthus pinnatus 140 .140 140 139 139 140 LENTIBULAR- Douglasii 108 Torreyi 141 lACEAE 543 floccosa Wrangellanus 139 LEPIDIUM 62 gracilis 108 LUDWIGIA 221 acutidens 64 pumila 108 palustris 221 apetalum 63 rosea 108 LUETKEA 187 campestre 62 LIMOSELLA 521 Hendersoni 187 dictyotum 64 aquatica 524 sibbaldioides 187 integrifolia C2 LINANTHUS 454 LUINA 369 lasiocarpum 63 bicolor 455 hypoleuca 369 medium 63 Bolanderi 455 LUPINUS 122 Menziesii 63 ciliatus 456 albicaulis 125 mohtanum 62 filipes 455 INDEX arcticus argenteus aridus Burkei bicolor Breweri brevicaulis canescens carnosulus cespitosus Cusickii flexuosiis holosericeus latifolius laxiflorus Var. montanus lepidus . leucophyllus ligulatiis littoralis Lobbii longipes luteolus Lyallii micranthns microcajpus minimus mucronulatus Nootkatensis ornatus parviflorus t nolvphyllus propinqims pusillus Sabinii saxosus sericeus sulphur.eus trifidus Wyethii LYCHNIS DrummondiJ Coronaria LUZULA LYCOPUS Americanus lucidus riibellus Virginicus LYGODESMIA spinosa juncea LYSICHITON Kamtschatcensis LYTHKACEAE LYTHRUM adsurgens MACHAERAN- 125 THRA 128 attenuata 128 eradiata 124 Shastensis 128 MACRONEMA 128 Greenei 130 molle 126 suffruticosa 129 MADIA 128 capitata 128 citriodora 128 dissitiflora 123 glomerata 124 racemosa 127 sativa 127 MADARIA 127 coryipbosa 126 elegans 124 MAIANTHEMUM 125 MALACOTHRIX 128 glabrata 124 Torreyi 130 MALUS }zi rivularis 1^^ MALVACEAE ]f MALVA }%t rotundifolia tt'l MARAH -„^ Oregana ti^ MARRUBIUM 19. vulgare J23 MATRICARIA ^oA discoidea ^25 MEDICAGO 22(5 denticulata 22g lupulina HO/. sativa ^22 MELAMPYRUM 1 04 lineare ta MELANTHACEAE yj) MELICA Y9 acuminata girg aristata g^g bromoides g^g bulbosa 549 ?^ga^ ^., 549 Harfordii 54g Var. Howellii 399 Howellii 4QQ interrupta 4QQ scabrata QQ-j spectabilis stricta ^^^ MELILOTUS 216 alba 217 Indica 217 MELISSA officinalis 313 MENTHA 548 314 Canadensis 548 314 MENYANTHES 449 314 trifoliata 449 301 MENZIESIA 420 301 ferruginea 421 301 glabella 421 301 MENTZELIA 239 346 albicaulis 240 347 Brandegei 240 347 congesta 240 347 dispersa 240 347 gracilenta 240 347 laevicaulis 240 347 pumila 241 346 MERTENSIA 490 346 nutans 491 346 oblongifolia 490 657 paniculata 490 393 platyphylla 491 393 longiflora 490 394 Sibirica 490 164 MICROCALA 442 164 quadrangularis 443 100 MICKOMERIA 550 100 Douglasii 550 101 MICROSERIS 390 238 Bigelovii 391 239 Douglasii 391 557 MIMULUS 519 557 alsinoides 521 362 breviflorus 521 362 cardinalis 519 131 dentatus 519 131 floribundus 522 131 grandiflorus 520 131 hirsutus 520 540 Langsdorfii 520 540 Lewisii 519 661 microphyilus 521 749 moschatus 522 751 nasutus 521 751 peduncularis 521 750 pilosellus 522 750 pilosus 523 750 primuloides 522 750 Pulsiferae 521 750 rubellus 522 750 Scouleri 520 749 Suksdorfii 522 751 MIRABILIS 565 751 Greenei 565 749 MICROPUS 324 131 Californicus 324 132 MITELLA 200 132 Breweri 201 551 ovalis 201 551 pentandra 201 iNDEJt trifida .201 minimus 12 Suksdorfii 39^ MITELLASTRA 201 sessilis 12 troximoides 393 caulescens 201 MYxvioACEAE 615 NYCTAGINACEAE 565 MOLLUGO 241 MYRICA 615 NYMPHAEACEAE 29 verticillata 241 Californica 616 NYMPHAEA 29 MONARDA 552 Gale 616 advena 30 scabra 552 MYRIOPHYLLUM 219 polysepala 30 MONARDELLA 549 hippuroides 219 OENANTHE 262 discolor 550 pinnatum 220 sarmentosa 262 odoratissima 550 spicatum 219 OLEACEAE 438 purpurea 550 verticillatum 219 ONAGRACEAE 220 reflexa 549 NABALUS 399 ONAGRA 230 230 242 villosa 549 alatus 399 Hookeri MONESES 425 NAIADACEAE 670 OPUNTIA uniflora 426 NAIAS 671 podyacantha 242 MONOLEPIS chenopodioides pusilla 594 594 594 flexilis Gaudalupensis 671 671 Var. platycarpa Var. borealis OREASTRUM 242 243 312 spatulata 594 NAMA 473 alpigenum 313 313 91 91 91 92 92 91 92 92 92 MONOTROP- demissum 473 Andersoni ACEAE 426 NARTHECIUM 665 OREOBROMA MONOTROPA 428 NASTURTIUM 39 Columbiana uniflora 428 officinale 40 Cotyledon MONTIA 94 NAUMBURGIA 437 Howellii arenicola 96 thyrsiflora 437 Nevadensis asarifolia 96 NAVARRETIA 456 Leana bulbifera 97 atractyloides 457 oppaaitifolia Chamissonis 95 Breweri 457 pygmaea dichotoma 94 divaricata 457 triphylla diffusa 95 intertexta 457 Tweedyi OREOCARYA 92 486 Hallii 95 leucocephala 457 Howellii 94 minima 457 glomerata 486 humifusa 96 squarrosa 45ii leucophaea 486 linearis 95 stricta 456 sericea 486 minor 94 Suksdorfii 457 ORCHIDACEAE 624 parviflora 95 NEILLIA 185 OROGENIA 261 parvifolia 95 capitata 185 fusiformis 261 perfoliata 95 malvacea 185 Var. Leibergi 262 rubra 96 Torreyi 185 lineanfolia 261 Sibirica 97 NEPETA 553 OROBANCHACEAE 540 spathulata 96 Cataria 553 OROBANCHE 541 tenuifolia 96 NEMOPHILA 465 Californica 541 MUHLENBERGIA 729 breviflora 466 comosa 541 comata 730 densa 460 pinetorum 541 glomerata 729 Menziesii 465 ORTHOCARPUS 533 sylvatica 730 parviflora 466 attenuatus 533 Var. setiglumis 730 pedunculata 466 bracteosus 535 MUNROA 747 NEWBERRYA 430 castilleoides 534 SQuarrosa 747 congesta 430 cuspidatus 534 MUSENIUM 265 NiCOTIANA 499 erianthus 536 divaricatum 265 attenuata 500 hispidus ' 536 MYQSOTIS 491 Bigelovii 500 imbricatus 535 alpestris 492 quadrivalvio 500 lacerus 536 macrosperma 492 Var. multivalvis 500 lithospermoides 536 palustris 492 NITROPHILA 591 luteus 535 MYOSURUS 7 . 12 occidentalis 591 purpurascens 534 apetalus 12 NOTHOCALAIS 393 pusillus 536 lepturus 12 cuspidata 393 tenuifolius 534 INDEX Tolmiei 535 OSMARONIA 162 cerasiformis 162 OSMORHIZA 266 nuda 266 OXALIDACEAE t09 OXALIS 109 Oregana 110 Suksdorfii 110 trilliifolia 110 OXYCOCCUS 412 palustris 413 Var. intermedium 413 OXYRIA 588 digyna 588 OXYTHECA 575 dendroidea 575 OXYTROPIS 154 viscida 154 PACHYLOPHUS 233 Nuttallia 233 PAEONIA 26 Brownii 27 PACHYSTIMA 112 Myrsinites 112 PANICACEAE 718 PANICUM 718 capilare 719 Crus-galli 720 dichotomum 719 pubescens 719 sanguinale 719 Scoparium 719 Scribnerianum 719 PAPAVERACEAE 31 PANICULARIA 752 Americana 753 borealis 753 fluitans 753 nervata 753 pallida 753 paiiciflora 753 PARIETARIA 603 debilis 603 Pennsylvanica 603 PARNASSIA 204 Calif ornica 205 fimbriata 205 PARRYA 38 Menziesii 38 PASPALUM 718 distichum 718 PASTINACA 250 sativa 250 PECTOCARYA 477 penicillata 478 pusilla 478 setosa 478 FELTIPHYLLUM peltatum PENTSTBMON acuminatus Adamsianus attenuatus azureus Barrettae .Cardwellii confertus Var. globosus Cusickii deustus Davidsonii Dayanus Douglasii diffusus Gairdneri Var. hians glaber glandulosus gracilentus heterophyllus humilis Kingii laricifolius Lewisii Lyallii Menziesii miser Oreganus paniculatus procerus pruinosus pulchellus ovatus Rattani Var. minor Richardsoni Roezli rupicola Scouleri stenosepalus triphyllus venustus Whitedii PENTACAENA ramosissima PERAPHYLLUM ramosissimum PERAMIUM Menziesii PEDICULARIS bracteosa contorta densiflora Groenlandica Howellii 190 Menziesii 537 190 ornithorhyncha 538 509 parviflora 539 512 racemosa 538 511 PETALOSTEMON 142 513 ornatus 142 516 PETASITES 368 511 nivalis 369 510 palmata 368 513 sagittata 368 513 PEUCEDANUM 251 516 ambiguum 253 514 Var. leptocarpum 253 510 bicolor 256 511 Brandegei 257 510 Canbyi 252 515 circumdatum 253 514 Cous 253 514 Cusickii 256 511 Donnellii 254 515 eurycarpum 253 516 evittatum 252 517 farinosum 252 513 Geyeri 252 516 Gormani 252 515 Grayi 253 509 Hallii 255 510 Henderson! 252 509 Howellii 257 512 laevigatum 257 515 leiocarpum 257 513 macrocarpum 254 513 Martindalei 255 512 Var. angustatum 255 513 microcarpum 255 512 Nevadense 254 514 Nuttallii 257 514 Oreganum 254 515 Sandbergii 254 516 simplex 256 510 Suksdorfii 257 510 triternatum 256 514 Var.macrocarpum 256 516 Var. brevifolium 256 515 Var. alatum 256 512 utriculatum 255 89 villosum 254 89 Watsoni 252 165 PHACELIA 467 165 bicolor 471 630 Bolanderi 469 630 ciliata 469 537 Franklinii 470 539 heterophylla 468 538 humilis 468 539 Ivesiana 470 538 leucophylla 468 538 malvaeflora 468 INDEX Menziesii 470 CACEAE 588 Oreganum 32 mutabilis 467 PHYTOLACCA 588 PLECTRITIS 288 nemoralis 467 decandra 589 anomala 288 Pringlei 467 PICEA 789 aphanoptera 288 procera 469 Breweriana 789 congesta 288 ramosissima 469 Engelmanni 789 macrocera 288 Rattani 468 Sitchensis 790 samolifolia 289 sericea 470 PIMPINETJ.A 264 PLEURISCOS- verna 470 apiodora 264 PORA 429 virgata 468 Var. nudicaulis 265 fimbriolata 429 PHALARIS 721 PINACEAE 782 longipetala 429 amethystina 721 PINGUICULA 544 PNEUMARIA 491 arundinaceae 721 vulgaris 544 maritima 491 Canariensis 721 PINUS 790 POACEAE 720 Caroliniana 721 albicaulis 791 POA 755 PHELLOPTERUS 259 attenuata 792 acutiglumis 759 littoralis 259 contortta 792 annua 756 PHLOX 450 flexilis 791 argentea 755 adsurgens 452 Jeffreyi 791 Bolanderi 758 caespitosa 451 Lambertiana 790 Buckleyana 764 diffusa 451 monticola 791 Var. stenophylla 764 Dougiasai 451 Murrayana 792 Canbyi 764 Var. andicola 451 ponderosa 791 eompressa 759 Hoodix 451 PIPTOCALYX 483 confinis 760 linearifolia 45i circumscissus 483 Cusickii 756 longifolia 452 PLEUROPOGON 754 epilis 759 speciosa 452 refraetum 755 Fendleriana 762 Var. Sabini 452 Californicum 755 flava 760 Stansburyi 452 PLAGIOBOTHRYS 483 glauca 760 PHILADELPHUS 205 asper 484 gracillima 761 Lewisii 206 campestris 484 Howeilii 758 PHILOTRIA 670 canescens 485 Idahoensis 757 Canadensis 670 colorans 485 incurva 757 PHLEUM pratense alpinum PHORADENDRON 740 740 740 608 hispidus nothofulvus Shastensis tenellus PLANTAGIN- 485 485 485 484 invaginata Kelloggii laevigata Uxa Leckenbyi 761 758 763 760 762 juniperinum Libocedri villosum PHRAGMITES 608 608 608 747 ACEAE PLANTAGO 561 561 Leibergii Lettermani 763 763 Asiatica aristata 561 562 longiligula lucida 763 762 communis PHYLLODOCE glanduliflora PHYLLOSPADIX 747 419 419 672 Bigelovii . elongata eriopoda macrocarpa 563 563 561 561 macrantha nemoralis nervosa Nevadensis 756 760 757 762 Scouleri 672 major 561 occidentalis 758 PHYSARIA 52 maritima 562 pratensis 759 didymocarpa 52 lanceolata 562 Pringlei 763 Geyeri 52 Purshii 562 purpurascens 758 Oregona 52 spinulosa 562 reflexa 757 PHYSOSTEGIA 556 tetrantha 563 Sandbergii 757 parviflora 557 PLATYSTEMON 31 saxatilis 761 PHYSALIS 498 Californica 31 subaristdta 756 ixocarpa 498 PLATYSPERMUM 51 Suksdorfli 761 lanceolata 498 scapigerum 51 Vaseyochloa 761 pruinosus 49S PLATYSTIGMA 32 Wheeleri 759 PHYTOLAC- lineare 32 POGOGYNE 551 INDEX Douglasii 551 POLEMONIACEAB 449 POLEMONIUM 461 amoenum 463 carneum 462 confertum 463 elegans 461 foliosissimum 462 humile 461 luteum 463 micrantha 461 occidentale 462 pectinatum 462 pulchellum 462 POLYGALEAE 72 POLYGALA 73 Californica 73 POLYGONACEAE 567 POLYGONUM 576 alpinum 577 Var. foliosum 577 Var. Alaskanum 578 amphibium 578 Austinae 583 aviculare 581 bistortoides 577 Californicum 584 convolvulus 585 Davisiae 578 Douglasii 582 dumetorum 585 Engelmanni 582 erectum 581 Greenei 584 Ha/rl;wrightii 579 Howellii 582 Hydropiper 580 hydropiperoides 580 Kelloggii 583 lapathifolium 579 Var. incanum 579 lineare 583 littorale 581 majus 583 minimum 581 montanum 582 Muhlenbergii 579 Newberryi 578 nodosum 579 Nuttallii 583 paronychia 580 Parryi 584 Pennsylvanicum 579 Persicaria 580 phytolaccaefolium 578 polygaloides 584 ramosissimum 582 Sawatchense 582 Shastensis 581 Pacifica 179 spergulariae- reflexa 176 forme 583 rhomboidea li6 viviparum 577 rivalis 177 Watsoni 584 villosa 178 POLYPOGON 724 Wrangelliana 176 littoralis 725 PRIMULACEAE 431 Monspeliensis 724 PRIMULA 434 POMAt^j^AE 163 Broadheadae 434 PONTEDER- Var. minor 434 lACEAE 666 Cusickiana 434 POPULUS 622 PROSARTES 658 alba 622 PRUNUS 161 angustifolia 622 Oregana 161 balsamifera 622 subcordata 161 deltoides 623 PSEUDOCYMOP- tremuloides 623 TERUS 258 trichocarpa 622 anisatus 258 PORTULACACEAE ! 90 PSEUDOTSUGA 788 PORTULACA 90 Douglasii 788 oleracea 91 PSORALEA 141 POTAMOGETON 674 lanceolata 141 alpinus 674 melilotoides 142 amplifolius 674 physodes Purshii 141 foliosus 676 PSILOCARPHUS 325 Var. Californicus 676 brevissimus 326 heterophyllus 675 elatior 326 lonchites 675 tenellus 326 Oreganus 326 natans 674 PSILONEMA 52 Nuttalli 674 calycinum 52 pectinatus 676 PTEROSPORA 427 perfoliatus 675 Andromedea 428 Var. Richardsoni] i 675 PTEROSTEGIA 576 praelongus 675 drymarioides PTILOUALAIS 576 390 pulcher 674 major 390 pusillus 676 nutans 390 Robbinsii 676 PTILOTRIA 388 zosteraefolius 675 paniculata exigua 389 389 POTENTILLA 175 tenuifolia 389 Anserina 179 virgata 389 brevifolia 178 PUCCINELLIA 754 ciliata 175 angustata 754 Drummondii 177 distans 754 fissa 176 Lemmoni 754 flabelliformis 178 maritima 754 flabellifolia 178 PYROLACEAE 423 fruticosa 179 FY'ROhA 424 gracilis 178 aphylla 425 glandulosa 176 Var. paucifolia 425 glutinosa 175 bracteata .425 lateriflora 177 chlorantha 424 millegrana 177 elliptica 425 Monspeliensis 176 minor 424 Newberryi 177 picta 425 INDEX rotundifolia 425 Var. incarnata 425 secunda 424 PYRROCOMA 297 arguta 299 glom^rata 299 carthamoides 298 congesta 299 Cusickii 298 Hallii 299 hirta 299 Howellii 299 lanceolata 299 paniculata 298 racemosa 298 radiata 298 tenuicaulis 300 QUERCUS 610 chrysolepis 611 densiflora 612 Garryana 610 Jacobi 610 Kelloggii 611 OErstediana 611 Sadleriana 611 vaccinifolia 611 RAFINESQUIA 403 Californica 403 RAILLARDELLA 371 argentea 372 Pringlei 372 RAINIERIA 369 stricta 370 RANUNCULACEAE 7 RANUNCULUS 7, 13 alismellus 15 Bolanderi IB Californicus 18 cardiophyllus ciliosus 17 Cymbalaria 14 delphinifolius 14 digitatus 16 Douglasii 18 ellipticus 15 Eiseni 17 eremogenes 17 Eschscholtzii 16 eximius 16 glaberrimus 15 Gormani 15 Greenei 18 Howellii 17 limosus 14 Macounii 18 maximus 19 microlonchus 14 muricatus 19 occid entails 17 Marshallii 211 Oreganus 19 Menziesii 211 orthorhynchus 19 molle 209 parviflorus 18 montanum 21» Pennsylvanicus 18 oxyacanthoides 210 Populago 15 sanguineum 208 Rattani 17 tenuiflorum 207 repens 19 velutinum 210 reptans 14 viscosissimum 207 samolifolius 14 RIGIOPAFPUS 356 septentrionalis 19 leptocladus 357 Suksdorfli 16 ROMANZOFFIA 472 trlternatus 16 Sitchensis 472 Unalaschcensis 14 RQSACEAE 166 RAPHANUS 66 ROSA 168 sativus 66 blanda 168 RAZOUMOFSKYA 609 Californica 169 Americana 609 Fendlerl 169 Douglasii 609 gymnocarpa 169 Var. abietinum 609 Nutkana 168 occidentalis 609 pisocarpa 169 Var. abietinum 609 spithamaea 169 robusta 609 rubiglnosa 170 RHAMNACEAE 112 RORIPA 40 RHAMNUS 112 Columbiae 40 alnifolia 112 curvisiliqua 41 Californicus 113 lyrata 41 occidentalis 113 Pacifica 40 Purshiana 113 palustris 40 RHINANTHUS 539 polymorpha 41 Crista-Galli 539 sinuata 40 RHODODENDRON 422 sphaerocarpa 40 Californicum 422 tenerrima 41 macrophyllum 422 RUPPIA 673 RHUS 118 maritima 673 diversiloba 119 RUBIACEAE 283 glabra 118 RUBUS 182 Toxicodendron 118 arcticus 183 trilobata 119 lasiococcus 183 RIBESACEAE 206 leucodermis 183 RIBES 207 nivalis 183 ambiguum 210 paroiflorus 182 amictum 211 pedatus 183 aureum 207 spectabilis 182 bracteosum 209 Var. Menziesii 183 cereum 208 strigosus 183 ciliosum 208 ursinus 184 cognatum 210 RUDBECKIA 338 divaricatum 210 Cailifornica 338 erythrocarpum 208 occidentalis 338 gracile 210 RUMEX 585 Hudsonianum 209 acetosa 586 lacustre 209 acetosella 585 laxiflorum 208 confinis 586 Lobbii 211 conglomeratus 587 crispus 587 occidentalis 586 hesperius 587 paucifolius 585 obtusifolius 587 persicarioides 588 INDEX pulcher salicifolius venosus RYNCHOSPORA alba SALICACEAE SALIX amygdaloides argophylla Barclay! bella congesta cordata Var. angustata 587 587 586 694 694 616 616 617 618 620 619 617 620 620 Var. Mackenziana 620 exigua Fendleriana fluviatilis Var. tenerrima Geyeriana glaucops 618 617 618 618 619 621 glauca var. vlllosa 621 Hookenana lasiandra lasiolepis Lemmoni macrostacha myrtilloides nigra pellita petrophila rostrata saximontana Scouleriana sessilifolia Sitchensis tenera vestita SAGITTARIA arifolia Var. stricta cuneata esculenta SALICORNIA ambigua herbacea SALSOLA tragus SAMBUCUS arborescens glauca leiosperma melanocarpa pubens SAMOLUS floribundus SANICULA arctopoides 619 617 620 621 619 620 617 621 621 619 622 619 618 620 621 622 678 678 679 679 679 597 598 598 599 599 279 279 279 279 279 279 438 438 263 263 bipinnata 264 bipinnatifida 264 Howellii 263 laciniata 264 Menziesii 263 Nevadensis 264 SANGUISORBA 170 annua 170 media 170 officinalis 170 Sitchensis 170 SANTALACEAE 607 SAPONARIA 74 officinale 75 Vaccaria 75 SARCOBATUS 598 vermiculatus 598 SARCODES 428 sanguinea 428 BARRACENIACEAE 30 SAUSSUREA 380 Americana 381 SAXIFRAGACEAE 188 SAXIFRAGA 190 bronchialis 190 caespitosa 191 Californica 192 cherlerioides 191 claytoniaefolia 193 fragosa 192 Howellii 195 integrifolia 193 Lyallii 191 Var. laxa 192 Marshalii 192 Mertensiana 192 nidifica 193 Nutkana 194 Nuttallii 195 occidentalis 194 Oregana 194 parvifolia 194 plantaginea 193 reflexa 194 Tolmaei 190 tricuspidata 191 SAXIFRAGOPSIS 195 fragarioides 195 SCHEUCHZER lACEAE 676 SCHEUCHZERIA palustris 677 677 SCHOBNOCRAMBE 57 linifolia 57 SCIRPUS 689 Americanus 690 atrovirens 691 criniger 691 lacustris 690 lineatus 691 microcarpus 690 nanus 689 Nevadensis 689 Olneyi 690 pauciflorus 689 riparius 689 robustus 690 subterminalis 680 SCORZONELLA 391 Bolanderi 392 Howellii 392 laciniata 391 leptosepala 392 pratensis 391 procera 391 SCOLIOPIS 660 Hallii 660 SCROPHULARI- ACEAE 500 SCRQPHULARIA 508 Californica 508 Marylandica 508 occidentalis 508 SCRIBNERIA 773 Bolanderi 773 SCUTELLARIA 554 angustifolia 555 antirrhinoides 555 galericulata 555 lateriflora 555 nana 555 siphocampyloides 555 tuberosa 555 SEDUM 212 ciliosum 214 debile 213 divaricatum 213 divergens 213 Douglasii 213 Oreganum 213 pumilum 214 Rhodiola 212 spathulifolium 213 stenopetalum 214 uniflorum 213 SELINUM 248 Benthami 249 capitellatum 248 Dawsjni 249 Hookeri 249 Kingii 249 SENECIO 374 Adamsi 379 aureus 378 Balsamitae 378 INDEX Bolanderi 379 Macounii 78 SOLIVA 362 Columbianus 377 macrocalyx 78 sessilis 363 condensatus 379 Menziesii 76 SONCHUS 404 cordatus 377 monantha 78 asper 405 elongatus 379 montana 77 oleraceus 405 exaltatus 377 multicaule 70 SOPHIA 56 fastigiatus 378 Oregana 77 Hartwegiana 56 foetidus 377 scaposa 79 longipedicellata 56 Fremontii 375 Scouleri 79 incisa 56 Gibbonsii 376 Spauldingii 79 pinnata 56 hesperis 375 Suksdorfii 77 SORBUS 164 bydrophyllus 376 SILYBUM 384 occidentalis 164 megacephalus 375 Marianum 384 sambucifolia 164 occidentalis 375 SISYRINCHIUM 635 SPARGANIUM 668 Oreganus 377 angustifolium 635 androcladum 668 Purshianus 378 bellum 635 eurycarpum 668 serra 37d Californicum 636 simplex 668 Var. integriuscu- grandiflorum 636 lus 37^ Idahoense 636 minimum 668 streptanthifolius 375 occidentale 636 Var. angustifol- subnudus 378 sarmentosa 636 ium 668 subvestitus l^riangularis valerianella 376 376 377 segetum septentrionale SITANION 635 636 780 SPARTINA cynosuroides 734 735 vulgaris SEQUOIA sempervirens 379 785 786 Brodiei elymoides flexuosum 781 780 780 gracilis SPECULARIA SPERGULA 735 408 88 SBRICOCAHPUS 306 glaber Leckenbyi villosum SIUM cicutaefolium SMELOWSKIA calycina Fremonti SMILACINA amplexicaulis racemosa sessilifolia stellata SMILACEAE SMILAX Californica 780 780 780 268 268. 56 57 57 656 65G 656 657 657 637 637 637 arvensis 88 Oregonensis rigidus SHEPHERDIA argentea Canadensis SIBBALDIA procumbens SIDA hederacea SIDALCEA campestris glaucescens Hendersoni malvaeflora Qregana 306 306 601 601 001 175 175 103 103 101 102 101 102 101 102 SPHAEROSTIGMA alyssoides andinum Boothii contorta Var. pubens Var. Greenei Hilgardi spirale SPHAERALCBA acerifolia leptosepala Munroana SPIRANTHES SPIRODELA 231 232 233 232 232 232 232 232 232 102 103 103 102 629 669 spicata 101 SOLANACEAE 496 polyrhiza 669 virgata 101 SOLANUM 497 SPIRAEA 186 SILENE 75 nigrum 497 arbuscula 186 acaulis 75 sisymbrifolium 498 caespitosa 187 antirrhina 75 triflorum 497 Douglasii 186 Californica 76 umbelliferum 497 lucida 186 campanulata 76 villosum 497 Menziesii 187 Columbiana 78 SOLIDAGO 303 pyramidata 186 Douglasii 78 Californica 304 SPOROBOLUS 722 Gallica 75 confertiflora 303 airoides 723 Gormani 77 elongata 304 asperifolius 723 Greenii 76 hesperius 303 Bolanderi 724 Hookeri 76 Missouriensis 304 confusus T24 longistylis 76 serotina 304 cryptandnis t23 Lyallii 77 Tolmieana 303 filiformis 724 INDEX gracillimus simplex SPRAGUEA multiceps umbellata STANLEYA confertiflora viridiflora STACHYS bullata Chamissonis ciliata Var. pubens Emersoni palustris pycnantha vestita STEIRONEMA ciliatum laevigatum STENANTHELLA occidentalis STENOTUS acaulis Brandegei lanuginosus Lyallii stenophyllus STENOPHYLLUS Capillaris 3TEPHANOMERIA STREPTOPUS amplexifolius brevipes roseus STIPA Bloomeri comata Kingii Lemmoni minor occidentalis Oregonensis setigera viridula STREPTANTHUS glandulosus Howellii longirostris orbiculatus STYLOCLINE filaginea SUAEDA SUBULARIA aquatica SULLIVANTIA Oregana SWBRTIA 724 obtusa 724 SYMPHORICAR- 97 POS 97 acutus 97 occidentalis 59 oreophilus 59 pauciflorus F9 racemosus 558 rotundifolius 559 SYNTHYRIS 559 major 559 pinnatifida 559 retiiformis 559 rotundifolia 559 rubra 558 TABNIOPLEURUM 558 Howellii 436 TALINUM 436 spinescens 436 TANACETUM 663 canum 663 Huronense 300 potentilloides 301 vulgare 300 TARAXACUM 300 officinale 300 TARAXIA 301 gracilliflora 694 heterantha 694 longiflora 388 ovata 657 TAXACEAE 658 TAXUS 658 brevifolia 658 TETRADYMIA 736 canescens 737 glabrata 737 Nuttallii 737 spinosa 738 TELLIMA 738 grandiflora 736 odorata 737 racemosa 737 TEUCRIUM 738 occidentale 46 THALESIA 47 fasciculata 47 purpurea 47 uniflora 46 THALICTRUM 325 Fendleri 325 polycarpum 598 occidentale 60 sparsiflorum 60 venulosum 196 THASPIUM 196 aureum 447 Var. trifoLiatum 447 Var.involucratum 259 THELYPODIUM 57 280 eucosmum 58 281 laexuosum 58 281 Howellii 58 281 integrifolium 58 281 laciniatum 58 281 lasiophylum 59 281 Nuttallii 58 524 THERMOPSIS 121 525 argentata 122 525 gracilis 122 525 montana 122 525 robusta 122 526 THLASPI 64 263 alpestre 65 269 THUJA 785 93 piicata 785 93 THYSANOCARPUS 65 363 curvipes 66 364 radians 66 364 TIARELLA 202 364 laciniata 202 363 trifoliata 202 403 unfoliata 202 403 TILLAEA 212 231 angustifolia 212 231 minima 212 231 TISSA 88 231 diandra «9 231 macrothecum 88 781 salina 88 781 rubra 89 781 TOFIELDIA 664 370 glutinosa 665 371 intermedia 665 371 occidentalis 665 371 TONELLA 507 371 collinsioldes 507 198 floribunda 507 199 TOWNSENDIA 305 199 florifer 306 199 Parryi 306 547 TRAGOPOGON 389 547 porrifolius 389 541 TRAUTVETTBRIA, 12 542 grandis 13 542 TRIENTALIS 436 542 arctica 436 T. 11 latifolia 436 11 TRli?ui^iuM 132 11 albopurpureum 133 12 altissfimum 134 11 Beckwithii 134 11 Breweri 135 259 ciliolatum 135 259 cyathiferum 137 259 deriauperatum 138 INDEX eriocephalum 133 Californica 600 VERBENACEAE 560 fimbriatum 13G UNIFOLIUM 657 VERBENA 560 fucatum 138 dilatatum 657 bracteosa 560 Hallii 135 UROPAPPUS 392 hastata 560 Harneyensis 134 linearifolius 392 prostrata 560 heterodon 136 macrochaetus 392 VERONICA 526 Howellii 134 URTICACEAE 602 Alleni 527 Kireii 134 URTICA 602 Americana 526 longipes 133 Breweri 602 avensis 527 Var. latifolium 133 gracilis 603 Cusickii 526 megacephalum 132 holosericea 602 peregrina 527 microdon 137 Lyallii 603 scutellata 526 microcephalum 137 UTRICULARIA 543 serpyllifolia 527 obtusiflorum 136 intermedia 544 Wormskioldii 527 oliganthum 137 minor 543 VIBURNACEAE 277 Oreganum Plummerae 134 132 occidentalis vulgaris 543 543 VIBURNUM ellipticum 278 278 plumosum 133 133 135 135 136 136 VACCINIACEAE 410 Opulus 278 pratense procumbens VACCINIUM arbuscula 410 411 pauciflorum VICIA 278 155 repens spinulosum trjdentatum Alaskaensis caespitosum 412 411 Americana Californica 156 156 variegatum 137 Var. cuneifolium 411 exigua 156 TRiCHOSTEMA 547 membranaceum 411 gigantea 155 lanceolatum 547 Var. rigidum 411 hirsuta 156 laxum 547 microphyllum 411 sativa 156 oblongum 547 Myrtillus 411 semicincta 156 TRIGLOCHIN 677 occidentale 411 truncata 156 maritima 677 ovalifolium ovatum 412 412 VIOLACEAE VIOLA 68 68 palustris 677 parvifolium 412 adunca 72 TRILLIUM 661 uliginosum 411 Beckwithii 71 chloropetalum 661 Var. mucronatum 411 blanda 69 ovatum 661 Vitis-Idaea 412 Brooksii 71 petiolatum 661 VAGNERA 656 Canadensis 71 rivale 661 VALERIANACEAE 286 cognata 68 TRISETUM 744 VALERIANA 287 cuneata 72 barbatum 744 Columbiana 287 Douglasii 71 canescens 744 edulis 287 glabella 72 cernuum 744 Sitchensis 287 Hallii 71 subspicatiim 744 sylvatica 287 Howellii 72 Var. molle 745 VALERIANELLA 289 Langsdorfii 69 TROLLIUS 20 olitoria 289 lobata 71 laxus 20 VALLISNER Macloskeyi 69 TROXIMON 400 lACEAE 670 Nuttallii 70 TSUGA heterophylla Mertensiana TUBULIFLORAE TYPHACEAE 788 789 789 290 667 VANCOUVERIA hexandra chrysantha VELAEA Howellii 28 28 28 267 267 occidentalis ocellata orbiculata palustris praemorsa 69 72 70 C9 70 TYPHA 668 Kelloggii 267 puberula 72 angustifolia 669 VERBASCUM 503 purpurea 70 latifolia 669 Blattaria 503 sarmentosa 70 ULEX 130 Thapsus 503 Sheltoni 70 Europaeus 130 VERATRUM 662 trinervata 71 ULMACEAE 601 Californicum 663 VITACEAE 115 UMBELLIFERAE 243 caudatum 663 VITIS 116 UMBELLULARIA 600 viride 662 Californica 116 INDEX WHIPPLEA 206 involucratum modesta 206 Ledebourii WYETHIA 340 Utahensis amplexicaulis 341 villosum helianthoides 340 ZANNICHELLIA lanceolata 341 palustris robusta XANTHIUM 341 337 XEROPHYLLUM ■ Douglasii Canadense 337 tenax strumarium 337 ZIZIA spinosum 338 cordata XYLOSTEON 281 V^WA VtC*t.L« conjugialis 282 "'^ 282 ZOSTERA 282 latifolia If marina 673 3YGADENUS ^_„ 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