• , . £A/T Re P. FLORA OF THE NORTHWEST COAST, INCLUDING THE AREA WEST OF THE SUMMIT OF THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS FROM THE FORTY-NINTH PARALLEL SOUTH TO THE CALAPOOIA MOUNTAINS ON THE SOUTH BORDER OF LANE COUNTY, OREGON. BY CHARLES V. PIPER PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, 1893-1903. AND R. KENT BEATTIE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, I903-I9I2. ? , PA. 1915 PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. Copyright, 1915, by C. V. PIPER AND R. KENT BEATTIE Issued November 10, 1915 INTRODUCTION. The region covered by this flora is that lying between the summit of the Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean from the 49th parallel of latitude across the southern portion of Vancouver Island, south to the headwaters of the Willamette River or, more specifically, to the southern boundary of Lane County, Oregon, marked in part by the Calapooia Mountains. In the Umpqua Valley just south of these mountains, many California plants reach their northern limits; while in the Rogue River Valley, the next southward, the flora is predominantly Californian. The northern boundary chosen is, from a botanical standpoint, purely artificial. Naturally, as marked by the northern limit of the characteristic lowland trees, it would extend to about latitude 54°, that is, nearly to the southernmost extremity of Alaska. In general the flora below 5,000 feet altitude is characterized by dense coniferous forests, the commonest tree being the Douglas spruce. Along the narrow river valleys, however, the tree flora is in large part made up of de- ciduous trees, such as alder, cottonwood, and maple. The only break in this continuous forest cover consisted originally of a series of prairies extending from the upper Willamette Valley northward to Vancouver Island. North of the head of Puget Sound, however, these prairies are small and are limited in the main to the extremities of points and to a portion of the islands in the Sound. In Washington these prairies are all gravelly and are mainly the deposit of glacial streams. In the Willamette Valley they appear at least in part to have been due to the periodic burning of the dry grass by the Indians. The flora of the region may be classified into four life zones: The Humid Transition zone includes the great forests of Douglas spruce, as well as the included prairie regions. Other characteristic trees are giant cedar, red alder, broadleaf maple and Scouler willow. Along the seacoast the Sitka spruce is abundant, accompanied by other northern plants. This coastal strip may be looked upon as a southward extension of the Canadian zone rather than as typical Humid Transition. The Canadian zone is not sharply limited. Such trees as western white pine, amabilis fir, and Engelmann spruce mark it best. Western hemlock is particularly abundant in this zone but also descends to sea level. The Hudsonian zone is indicated by subalpine fir, Alaska cedar, black hemlock, and white-bark pine. At their extreme altituclinal limits all of these become prostrate mats of branches. The Arctic zone consists of the alpine flora above the limits of trees. From a botanical standpoint the region is of unusual interest on account of its magnificent coniferous forests, its wonderful mountain meadows, and the large percentage of species that are peculiar to its flora. The extensive IV INTRODUCTION. systems of high mountains within its limits contain a very varied flora and provide a wide field for further botanical explorations. Without doubt these mountains contain many species of plants new to botanists, while many others as yet are known from but single collections. The lack of a suitable handbook has doubtless deterred many from studying the plants of the region. If this book shall stimulate greater activity and interest in its flora, the authors will feel amply repaid for their labors. The material upon which this flora is based is mainly that contained in the herbarium of the State College of Washington. Thanks are due to the officials of that institution for encouragement and support in the preparation of this volume. ANALYTICAL KEYS TO THE FAMILIES. Plants with woody bundles, reproducing by spores. Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA, v. Plants with woody bundles, reproducing by seeds. Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA, v. Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA. Leaves few, large; stems mostly underground. Leaves 4-folioIate, clover-like; spore cases in closed pod-like sporocarps. MARSILEACEAE, 10. Leaves not 4-foliolate; spore cases not in sporo- carps. Spore cases in the tissue of a prominent and distinct fertile lobe of the leaf. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 8. Spore cases formed of outgrowths from the surface of the leaf. POLYPODIACEAE, 1. Leaves numerous, small; stems aerial and under- ground. Leaves whorled; stems jointed, hollow. EQUISETACEAE, 11. Leaves not whorled; stems not jointed, solid. Spore case in the enlarged base of the leaf; stems short, corm-like. ISOETACEAE, 15. Spore case in the axil of the leaf; stems elongated. Spores all alike. LYCOPODIACEAE, 13. Spores of two kinds, large and small. SELAGINELLACEAE, 14. Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA. Ovules and seeds not in a closed cavity, usually on the face of an open scale- leaf; stigmas none. Class GYMNOSPERMAE, v. Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity surrounded by one or more closed and modified leaves forming an ovary; stigmas present. Cotyledon one; stem with no distinction into bark, wood and pith (endog- enous); leaves usually parallel-veined; parts of the flowers nearly always in threes. Sub-class MONOCOTYLEDONES, v. Cotyledons two; stem (with rare exceptions) of bark, wood and pith (exogenous); leaves usually net-veined; parts of the flower in fours, fives or sixes, never in threes. Sub-class DICOTYLEDONES, vi. CLASS GYMNOSPERMAE. Fruit a cone. PINACEAE, 17. Fruit drupe-like. TAXACEAE, 16. CLASS ANGIOSPERMAE. Sub-class MONOCOTYLEDONES. Plants small, floating, with no distinction of stem and leaves. LEMNACEAE, 86. Plants with normal foliage. VI KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Inflorescence a fleshy spadix. Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix. Perianth none, or of bristles, chaffy scales or a hyaline envelope. Flowers in the axils of chaffy bracts. Stems mostly hollow, jointed; leaves 2-ranked. Stems solid ; leaves 3-ranked. Flowers not in the axils of chaffy bracts. Perianth herbaceous or none. Carpels 1-5, separate. Carpels 3 or 6, united into a com- pound ovary. Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Flowers in terminal cylindrical spikes. Flowers in axillary globular heads. Perianth present, the parts glume- or petal- like. Perianth of glume-like segments. Perianth at least in part petal-like. Carpels distinct. Carpels united. Ovary superior. Flowers more or less irregular, surrounded by a spathe. Flowers regular, without a spathe. Ovary inferior. Aquatic plants; flowers dioe- cious or polygamous. Terrestrial plants; flowers perfect. Flowers regular. Flowers irregular. ARACEAE, 85. POACEAE, 31. CYPERACEAE, 65. NAJADACEAE, 25. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, 29. TYPHACEAE, 23. SPARGANIACEAE, 24. JUNCACEAE, 87. ALISMACEAE, 30. PONTEDERIACEAE, 86. LlLIACEAE, 92. HYDROCHARITACEAE, 30. IRIDACEAE, 104. ORCHIDACEAE, 106. Sub-class DICOTYLEDONES. I. PETALS DISTINCT TO THE BASE OR WANTING. A. Petals None. Plants parasitic or saprophytic and usually with- out chlorophyll. Flowers dioecious; stamens 2-6. Flowers perfect; stamens 10. Plants neither parasitic nor saprophytic but hav- ing chlorophyll. Trees or shrubs. Leaves small, linear or scale-like; plants heath-like. Leaves large; plants not heath-like. Leaves opposite. Leaves silvery-scurfy. Leaves not silvery-scurfy. I'Yuit a drupe. Fruit a samara. LORANTHACEAE, 122. Allotropa, 271. EMPETRACEAE, 232. ELAEAGNACEAE, 244. Garry a, 269. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. vn Fruit 2-celled, a double sa- mara. Fruit 1-celled, a single samara. Leaves alternate. Flowers not in aments. Flowers or some of them in aments. Staminate flowers in aments; pistillate flowers 1-3 in a cluster. Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled; calyx not present. Ovary 1-2-celled, each cell 1-ovuled. Pistillate flowers 2-3 un- der each scale of the ament; fruit not waxy; calyx present. Pistillate flowers 1 under each scale of the ament ; fruit waxy; calyx not present. Herbs (sometimes woody at base). Leaves opposite. Flowers monoecious. Ovary 1-celled; stamens 2-5. Ovary more than 1-celled; stamen 1. Ovary 4-celled. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers perfect. Leaves fleshy. Leaves not fleshy. Style 1. Calyx petal-like. Calyx not petal-like. Styles 2-5. Disk conspicuous; ovules on 2 parietal placentae. Disk not conspicuous, if present; ovules on a basal or central placenta. Leaves not opposite. Leaves whorled. Calyx present, closely investing the ovary. Calyx none. Leaves not whorled. Flowers monoecious. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Flowers with scarious bracts. Flowers bractless, or, if bracted, the bracts not scarious. Flowers perfect or dioecious. Pistils more than one. ACERACEAE, 235. OLEACEAE, 287. Rhammis, 236. FAGACEAE, 121. SALICACEAE, 112. BETULACEAE, 119. MYRICACEAE, 118. URTICACEAE, 122. CALLITRICHACEAE, 231. EUPHORBIACEAE, 230. Glaux, 285. NYCTAGINACEAE, 135. Isnardia, 247. Chrysospleniiim, 193. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141. HALORAGIDACEAE, 253. CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 151. EUPHORBIACEAE, 230. AMARANTHACEAE, 134. CHENOPODIACEAE, L>2. Vlll EY TO THE FAMILIES. Stamens perigynous. Stamens hypogynous. Pistil one. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Anthers not opening by up- lifted valves. Ovary more than 1-celled. Ovary 2-celled. Ovary more than 2- celled. Ovary 6-celled. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovary 1-celled. Ovary partly inferior. Flowers on a scape. Flowers on a leafy stem. Ovary superior. Fruit an akene. Akene enclosed in the re- ceptacle. Akene not en- closed in the receptacle. Fruit not an akene. Fruit a utricle. Fruit a capsule. Stamens 8. Stamens 5. ROSACEAE, 197. RANUNCULACEAE, 151. AcMys, 164. CRUCIFERAE, 166. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 124. AIZOACEAE, 136. Heuchera, 196. SANTALACEAE, 124. ROSACEAE, 197. POLYGONACEAE, 125. CHENOPODIACEAE, 132. Chrysosplenium, 193. Claytonia, 139. B. Petals Present. 1. Stamens numerous, at least more than ten sepals or calyx-lobes. Calyx free and separate from the ovary. Pistils more than one. Ovaries cohering in a ring around a central axis. Ovaries separate, or, if united, not cohering in a ring around a central axis. Stamens perigynous. Stamens hypogynous. Aquatic plants; leaves not dissected. Terrestrial plants, or, if aquatic, the submersed leaves dissected. Pistil one, with one to several styles and stig- mas. Leaves minutely punctate with pellucid dots. Leaves not punctate with pellucid clots. Ovary simple. Stamens hypogynous. Stamens perigynous. Ovary compound. and more than twice the MALVACEAE, 238. ROSACEAE, 197. NYMPHAEACEAE, 150. RANUNCULACEAE, 151. HYPERICACEAE, 239. RANUNCULACEAE, 151. ROSACEAE, 197. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. IX Ovary 1 -celled with a central pla- centa. Ovary several-celled. Ovary 5-celled. Ovary 10-20-celled. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the compound ovary. Ovary more than 1-celled. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Ovary 1-celled. Placenta basal; plants leafy. Placenta parietal; plants leafless or with minute leaves. PORTULACACEAE, 136. OXALIDACEAE, 229. NYMPHAEACEAE, 150. ROSACEAE, 197. Philadelphia, 188. PORTULACACEAE, 136. CACTACEAE, 244. 2. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Stamens opposite the petals. Ovary 2-4-celled. Ovary 1-celled. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Stamens not opposite the petals. Ovary at least half inferior. Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell of the ovary. Ovules and seeds but one in each cell of the ovary. Petals 5. Trees or shrubs; flowers in corymbs. Herbs; flowers in umbels or heads. Petals 2 or 4. Stamens 4; fruit a drupe. Stamens 2 or 8; fruit indehiscent and nut- or bur-like. Style 1 ; stigma 2-4-lobed. Styles or sessile stigmas 4. Ovary wholly superior. Ovaries two or more. Ovaries somewhat united at the base, separate above. Trees. Herbs. Ovaries entirely separate. Stamens hypogynous. Carpels numerous. Carpels 4 or 5. Stamens perigynous or epipetalous. Stamens just twice as many as the pistils. Stamens not just twice as many as the pistils. Leaves without stipules. Leaves with stipules. Ovary only one. Ovary 3-5-lobed and beaked with a united style. RHAMNACEAE, 236. BERBERIDACEAE, 163. PORTULACACEAE, 136. ONAGRACEAE, 246. Crataegus, 200. UMBELLIFERAE, 255. CORNACEAE, 268. ONAGRACEAE, 246. HALORAGIDACEAE, 253. ACERACEAE, 235. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184. RANUNCULACEAE, 151. CRASSULACEAE, 182. CRASSULACEAE, 182. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184. ROSACEAE, 197. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Carpels 5; stipules present. Carpels 2-4; stipules none. Ovary neither lobcd nor beaked. Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta. Ovary compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentae, styles or stigmas. Ovary 1-celled. Corolla irregular. Stamens 6; petals 4. Stamens and petals 5. Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule 1. Shrubs or trees. Herbs. Ovules more than 1. Placenta central or basal. Placentae parietal. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. Leaves not punc- tate. Plants not green, parasitic or saprophytic. Plants green, neither parasitic nor sapro- phytic. Leaves with bristly glandular hairs, forming in- sect traps. Leaves with- out bristly glandular hairs. Ovary 2-several -celled. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs. Stamens 2. Stamens more than 2. Herbs. Stamens 6, tetradyna- mous. Stamens 5, regular. Stamens either just as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell of the ovary. GERANIACEAE, 228. LlMNANTHACEAE, 232. LEGUMINOSAE, 212. PAPAVERACEAE, 164. VIOLACEAE, 241. ANACARDIACEAE, 233. CRUCIFERAE, 166. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141. HYPERICACEAE, 239. PYROLACEAE, 270. DROSERACEAE, 182. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184. OLEACEAE, 287. ACERACEAE, 235. CRUCIFERAE, 166. BALSAMINACEAE, 236. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. XI Herbs. Shrubs or trees. Leaves pinnately- veined; shrubs. Leaves palmately- veined; trees. Ovules several-many in each cell of the ovary. Leaves opposite, with stipules. Leaves, when opposite, without stipules. Stamensonthecalyx. Style 1. Styles 2 or 3. Stamens free from the calyx. Style 1. Herbs. Shrubs. Styles 2-5. Stamens and calyx uni- ted to the ovary. Stamens and calyx free from the ovary. Leaves trifolio- late. Leaves simple. GERANIACEAE, 228. CELASTRACEAE, 234. ACERACEAE, 235. ELATINACEAE, 241. LYTHRACEAE, 245. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184. PYROLACEAE, 270. ERICACEAE, 275. ARALIACEAE, 254. OXALIDACEAE, 229. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141. II. PETALS MORE OR LESS UNITED INTO ONE PIECE. Stamens more numerous than the corolla-lobes. Ovary 1 -celled. White or reddish chlorophyll-less parasitic or saprophytic herbs. Green chlorophyll-bearing herbs, not para- sitic nor saprophytic. Ovary with 1 parietal placenta. Ovary with 2 parietal placentae. Ovary 3-many-celled. Stamens united with the base of the corolla. Stamens free from the corolla. Chlorophyll-less parasitic or saprophytic herbs. Chlorophyll-bearing herbs, not parasitic nor saprophytic. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes or fewer. Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes. Style 1; fruit a several to many-seeded capsule. Styles 5; fruit a 1-seeded utricle. PYROLACEAE, 270. LEGUMINOSAE, 212. PAPAVERACEAE, 164. MALVACEAE, 238. PYROLACEAE, 270. ERICACEAE, 275. I'KIML LACEAE, 283. PLIMI:A(,INACEAE, 286. Xll KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes or fewer. Ovary inferior. Tendril-bearing herbs. Tendrils none. Flowers in an involucrate head on a common receptacle. Anthers united into a ring or tube (syngenesious). Anthers not united. Flowers not in an involucrate head nor on a common receptacle. Stamens on the ovary. Stamens on the corolla. Stamens 1—3. Stamens 4 or 5. Leaves opposite or whorled, when opposite with stip- ules. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Ovary superior. Corolla more or less irregular. Ovules solitary in the cells of the ovary. Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. Ovary not lobed, the style rising from its apex. Ovules 2 or more, usually numerous, in each cell. Ovary and pod 2-celled. Ovary and pod 1-celled. Chlorophyll-less terrestrial herbs. Chlorophyll-bearing aquatic herbs. Corolla regular. Stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes. Trees or shrubs. Herbs. Corolla scarious. Corolla not scarious. Style 2-lobed. Style simple. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Ovaries 2, separate. Ovary 1. Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. Leaves alternate. Leaves opposite. Ovary not deeply lobcd. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves entire, opposite. Leaves alternate or basal, rarely en- tire. CUCURBITACEAE, 341. COMPOSITAE, 345. DlPSACACEAE, 341. CAMPANULACEAE, 342. VALERIANACEAE, 339. RUBIACEAE, 334. CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 336. LABIATAE, 306. VERBENACEAE, 305. SCROPHULARIACEAE, 315. OROBANCHACEAE, 330. LENTIBULARIACEAE, 332. OLEACEAE, 287. •PLANTAGINACEAE, 333. Lycopus, 307. Veronica, 322. APOCYNACEAE, 290. BORAGINACEAE, 299. Mentha, 308. GENTIANACEAE, 287. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Xlll Corolla conspicu- ously bearded on the upper sur- face. Corolla not conspic- uously bearded. Ovary 2 or more celled. Stamens free from the corolla. Stamens on the corolla- tube. Stamens 4. Stamens 5. Fruit a many- seeded pod or berry. Fruit a few- seeded pod. Style 3-lobed. Style undi- vided or 2- cleft. Whitish or yel- low chloro- phyll- less plants. Green plants. MENYANTHACEAE, 289. HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 297. ERICACEAE, 275. PLANTAGINACEAE, 333. SOLANACEAE, 314. POLEMONIACEAE, 292. CUSCUTACEAE, 291. CONVOLVULACEAE, 290. FLORA OF THE NORTHWEST COAST PHYLUM I. PTERIDOPHYTA. FERN PLANTS. Plant containing woody tissue and vessels in the stem and producing spores asexually which, on germination, develop very small structures called prothallia, on which are borne the sexual reproductive organs from which the asexual plant is developed. The sexual plant is rarely collected, and the classification is based mainly on the characters of the asexual plant. Class I. FILICINEAE. Plant highly organized, vascular, with green usually large leaves; spores borne within the tissue of, or in modi- fied hairs on, modified or unmodified foliage leaves; stem solid, underground (in ours). Family 1. POLYPODIACEAE. FERN FAMILY. Sporangia stalked, surrounded by a more or less complete vertical annulus and bursting transversely; fruit dots on the backs or the margins of the leaves, with or without indusia. Indusium none. Fruit dots usually linear, obscured by a powder on the under surface of the leaf. 1. CEROPTERIS, 2. Fruit dots roundish, not obscured by a powder. Leaves entire or simply pinnate. 2. POLYPODIUM, 2. Leaves bipinnatifid or ternate. 3. PHEGOPTERIS, 3. Indusium present. Fruit dots with marginal false indusia formed of the more or less altered edge of the leaf. Sporangia on a marginal vein which connects the ends of the lateral veins. 4. PTERIDIUM, 4. Sporangia at or near the ends of unconnected veins. False indusium continuous. 5. CRYPTOGRAMMA, 4. False indusium not continuous. Fruit dots large, on a reflexed portion of the margin of the leaf. 6. ADIANTUM, 4. Fruit dots minute, finally running together and covering the leaf- 2 I POLYPODIACEAE. segments which are small and bead- like (in ours). Fruit dots on the lower surface or margin of the leaf, each with a special indusium. Fruit dots linear or oblong; indusium more than twice as long as broad. Fruit dots all parallel with the midribs. Veins free. Veins forming a network. Fruit dots all oblique to the midribs. Fruit dots straight, on the upper side of the veins. Fruit dots curved, often crossing the vein. Fruit dots roundish; indusium less than twice as long as broad. Indusium conspicuous, centrally attached. Indusium rotund and attached at its center. Indusium heart-shaped and attached at the middle of the sinus. Indusium inconspicuous, not attached at the center. Indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner side partly under the fruit-dot, early withering. Indusium rotund or star-shaped, at- tached under the fruit-dot. 7. CHEILANTHES, 5. 8. STRUTHIOPTERIS, 5. 9. WOODWARDIA, 5. 10. ASPLENIUM, 6. 11. ATHYRIUM, 6. 12. POLYSTICHUM, 6. 13. DRYOPTERIS, 7. 14. FILIX, 8. 15. WOODSIA, 8. 1. CEROPTERIS. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, following the course of the vein- lets, and like them simple, forked, pinnate or variously anasto- mosing, obscured by a yellowish or white powder on the back of the leaf (in ours) ; indusia wanting. Ceropteris triangularis (Kaulf.) Underw. (Gymnogramme triangularis Kaulf.) Gold-back Fern. Stalks tufted, slender, dark brown, shiny, 15-30 cm. long; blades triangular or pentagonal, 5-12 cm. broad and long, pinnate; lower divisions largest, bipinnatifid, the others pinnatcly lobed; under surface of the leaf covered with a yellow powder. Crevices of rocks, mostly near the sea coast. Vancouver Island to Cali- fornia and Arizona. Nanaimo, Mount Finlayson, Victoria, San Juan Island, Port Angeles, Eatonville. More common on the Oregon coast. 2. POLYPODIUM. Fruit dots round, without indusia, on the back of the leaf, in one or more rows on each side of the midrib, or irregularly scattered; petioles jointed to the root-stock. Leaves leathery; veins more or less netted. P. scouleri. Leaves membranous; veins free. Leaflets attenuate, acute or acuminate. P. occidental!-. Leaflets short, obtuse. P. hesperium. POLYPODIACEAE. 3 Polypodium scouleri Hook. & Grev. Leather-leaf Polypody. Rootstock stout, scaly, not licorice-flavored; leaves large, fleshy, 6-30 cm. long, 5-15 cm. wide; divisions obtuse, the lower ones largest. On trees and rocks along the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to California. Polypodium occidentale (Hook.) Maxon. (P. fakatum Kellogg.) Licorice- root Fern. Leaf-stalks pale green, 10-20 cm. long; blades thin, 20-40 cm. long, 8-12 cm. wide, divided to the midrib; divisions lanceolate, broadest at the base, sharply serrate, attenuate-acuminate; veins mostly 4-branched. Common in moss on rocks, logs and trees, Alaska to California. The rootstocks taste much like licorice, and are eaten by children. Occasionally the divisions of the leaf are deeply cleft. Polypodium hesperium Maxon. Leaves small, 5-15 cm. long, including the stalk; divisions few, short and obtuse. In crevices of rocks, especially in the mountains. British Columbia to Montana and Arizona. The rootstocks taste like licorice. 3. PHEGOPTERIS. BEECH FERN. Medium sized or small ferns; leaves twice to thrice pinnate or ternate; leaf-stalk continuous with the rootstock; fruit dots small, round, without an indusium, borne on the backs of the veins below or near their ends; veins free or reticulate. United by some botanists with Dryopteris. Plant densely tufted; leaves oblong-lanceolate, tripinnatifid. P. alpestris. Plant spreading by rootstocks; leaves triangular. Leaves bipinnatifid; rachis winged. P. phegopteris. Leaves ternate, the stalked divisions pinnate or bipinnate; rachis wingless. P- dryopteris. Phegopteris alpestris (Hoppe) Mett. In crown-like tufts; rootstock short, stout; leaf-stalks 10-25 cm. long, bearing a few brown scales; blades oblong-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, tripinnatifid; ultimate divisions ovate- lanceolate, doubly incised and toothed. Common in rock talus in the mountains at 1 500 -2000 m. elevation. British Columbia to Montana and California. Eurasia. Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) Keyserling. Rootstocks creeping; leaf-stalks 15-20 cm. long; blades triangular, longer than broad, 10-20 cm. long, pubes- cent on the veins beneath; divisions lanceolate, pinnately parted into many oblong obtuse lobes or segments. Alaska to Greenland, south to Washington, Iowa and Virginia. Rare in our limits. Monte Cristo, Misses Coffin & Goodspeed. Gorge of the Columbia River, Skamania County, Suksdorf. Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee. Rootstock slender, horizontally creeping; petioles 15-25 cm. tall, pale straw-colored, shiny, bearing a few brownish scales toward the base; blades broadly triangular in outline, 10-20 cm. wide, ternate, the lateral primary divisions bipinnate, the terminal usually tripinnate, all naked at the base; pinnae oblong, 2-5 cm. long, glabrous, pinnately-cleft or divided into 15-25 obtuse lobes; fruit dots near the margin, on the ends of free veins. In woods, especially at 400-1000 m. elevation, but occasionally near sea level. Alaska to Oregon; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. 4 POLYPODIACEAE. 4. PTERIDIUM. Large, mostly coarse ferns, with variously divided leaves; fruit dots marginal, linear, continuous on a slender thread-like receptacle which connects the tips of free veins; false indusium membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf. Pteridium aquilinum pubescens Underw. Bracken or Brake. Root- stock stout, black, subterranean, horizontally-creeping; petioles 30-120 cm. high, erect, pale-green or straw-colored; leaf-blades 60-1 20 cm. long, 30-90 cm. wide, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, ternate, the three branches each bipinnate; ultimate segments oblong, acutish, mostly entire, the uppermost coalescent, the lower more or less lobed.- Common and difficult to eradicate from newly tilled land. In rich woods this fern is sometimes eight feet tall. British Columbia to California and Arizona. 5. CRYPTOGRAMMA. Spore-cases on the back of the free forking veins, forming oblong or roundish fruit-dots, which at length run together and cover the backs of the smallest subdivisions of the leaf; indusium continuous, formed of the membranous somewhat altered margin of the leaf, at first reflexed along the two sides and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat. Margins of the fertile leaflets scarious, forming a false indus- ium; ultimate segments of the sterile leaves linear-lanceo- late, acute. C. densa. Margins of fertile leaflets not scarious; ultimate segments of the sterile leaves ovate, obtuse. C. acrostichoides. Cryptogramma densa (Brack.) Diels. (Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook.) Densely tufted, 10-20 cm. high; petioles dark brown, longer than the blades; blades 3-6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, tripinnate; leaflets crowded, linear- lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long, mucronate, entire on the fertile leaves, serrate on the sterile ones. In rock crevices in the mountains, British Columbia to Montana and California. Rare in our limits, Olympic Mountains, Clallam County, Wash- ington, Elmer; Mt. Finlayson, British Columbia, Macoun. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. Stalks tufted, straw-colored; blades of two sorts, the outer sterile ones on shorter stalks, the ovate or obovate ultimate segments crenate or incised; the inner fertile ones long-stalked, the ultimate segments elliptic or oblong, pod-like. Common among boulders at low elevations in the mountains, Alaska to Lake Superior, Colorado and California. First collected by Menzies at Nootka Sound. 6. ADIANTUM. MAIDEN HAIR FERN. Fruit-dots marginal, short, covered by the reflexed portion of the more or less altered margin of the leaf which bears spore- cases on its under side from the tips of the free forking veins. Adiantum pedatum aleuticum Rupr. Maidenhair. Leafstalks dark brown or black, polished, 30-40 cm. high; blades nearly circular, the principal POLYPODIACEAE. 5 divisions 10-25 cm. long; ultimate divisions numerous, oblong or ovate, obtuse, lobed on the outer margin. Wet banks and woods, not uncommon. Alaska to California. 7. CHEILANTHES. Mostly pubescent or tomentose rock-loving and small ferns with much divided leaves; fruit dots on or near the ends of the veins, at first small and distinct, afterwards crowded; sporangia often concealed in the scales or hairs which in many species cover the segments. The species occurring within our limits has the ultimate segments of the leaflets very small and circular in form and the false indusia formed by the incurving of the whole of the leaf margin. Cheilanthes gracillima D. C. Eaton. Lace Fern. Petioles densely tufted, shining brown, 4-8 cm. high, bearing a few scattered lanceolate scales; blades 2-8 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate; leaflets numerous, crowded, pin- nately divided into 5-9 oval mostly entire segments, glabrate above, pubescent beneath with rusty matted WOOL Common in rock crevices in the mountains at 1000-1500 m. altitude. British Columbia to Idaho and California. Common in the Olympic Moun- tains and on Vancouver Island. 8. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Fruit-dots in a* continuous band next the midrib of the con- tracted ultimate segments of the spore-bearing leaf, covered until mature by an elongated indusium parallel to and within the margin ; veins of the sterile leaf segments oblique to the midrib, simple or forked and free; leaves pinnate, of two kinds, the spore- bearing commonly much contracted. Struthioperis spicant (L.) Weiss. Deer Fern. Tufted; sterile leaves short-stalked, linear-lanceolate in outline, 15-60 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide, the numerous segments oblong and obtuse; fertile leaves taller, longer-stalked and more erect, the segments longer, narrower and less crowded. In wet places in woods, Alaska to California. Also in the Old World. 9. WOODWARDIA. Fruit dots oblong or linear, sunk in cavities in the leaf, ar- ranged in a chain-like row parallel and near to the midribs of the leaf-segments; indusium fixed by its outer margin to a vein and covering the cavity like a lid ; veins more or less in a network. Woodwardia spinulosa Mart. & Gal. Rootstock stout, covered with pale-brown scales; leaves in a round cluster, long-stalked, ovate-oblong, pinnate, leathery, 1-2 m. long; principal divisions lanceolate, 10-40 cm. long, deeply pinnatifid, the lobes spinulose-serrate, acuminate. In woods, British Columbia to Mexico. Near Tacoma, Flett; Texada Island, Anderson. More common southward. 6 POLYPODIACEAE. 10. ASPLENIUM. SPLEENWORT. Fruit dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; indusium straight, attached to the upper side of the vein; veins free. Rachis of the leaf brown; leaflets oval, slightly crenate. A. trichomanes. Rachis of the leaf green; leaflets ovate, deeply crenate. A. viride. Asplenium trichomanes L. Common Spleenwort. Leaf-stalks tufted, dark-brown, shiny; blades simply pinnate, linear in outline, 6-20 cm. long; leaflets oval or oblong, unsymmetrical, obscurely crenate, 15-30 pairs, firm and evergreen, with a brown rachis. Mossy rocks, rare in our limits. Alaska to Arizona. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Asplenium viride Huds. Much like A. trichomanes, but the thinner paler leaflets deeply crenate and the rachis of the leaf green. Mount Baker, Washington, Flett; Ucluelet, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun. A rare but widely distributed fern. Alaska to Washing- ton, Colorado and New England. Eurasia. 11. ATHYRIUM. Large or small ferns with simple, lobed, 2-3-pinnate or pin- natifid leaves; fruit dots oblong or linear (nearly round when young), oblique, separate; indusium more or less curved, some- times horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the outer or lower side of the vein; veins free. Athyrium cyclosorum Rupr. Rootstock creeping, short, densely covered by the bases of the petioles; petioles tufted, 20-30 cm. long, straw-colored or brownish; blades delicate, glabrous, broadly oblong-lanceolate or oblong- ovate, acuminate at the apex, 30-90 cm. long, bipinnate to tripinnatifid; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long; ultimate segments oblong, obtuse, obscurely 9-13-lobed, the lobes serrate; terminal segments confluent; fruit dots short, straight or curved. In swampy places, common. Very similar to the more eastern Lady-fern, A . filix-foemina. Alaska to Arizona and Nebraska. 12. POLYSTICHUM. Large or medium sized ferns, mostly with firm evergreen leaves, pinnate, bipinnate or bipinnatifid, the leaflets serrate and usually auricled at the base on the upper side; veins free; indusium orbicular and peltate, depressed in the center and attached by a stalk to the middle of the fruit dot; fruit dots round. Leaflets, at least the lower ones, lobed. P. scopulinum. Leaflets all simple. Leaf-stalk short; segments triangular or broadly lanceolate. P. loncliitis. Leaf-stalk long; segments linear-lanceolate. P. munitum. Polystichum scopulinum (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Leaves lanceolate in outline, short-stalked, 15-25 cm. long; divisions ovate, obtusish, serrate, the lower ones usually pinnately lobed. In loose rocks in the mountains, rare. Eatonville, Flett; Mount Adams, Henderson. Washington and Idaho to California and Utah. POLYPODIACEAE. 7 Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth. Holly Fern. Leaves densely tufted, 20-40 cm. long, very short stalked, pinnate; divisions broadly lanceolate, auricled on the upper side, spinulose-dentate, 2-4 cm. long, the lowest ones much shorter and triangular. In rocky places in the mountains. Alaska to Quebec, Colorado and Cal- ifornia. Eurasia. Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl. Pacific Christmas Fern. Leaves simply pinnate, 60-120 cm. long, forming a crown; petioles stout, chaffy with numerous brown scales; rachis also chaffy; leaflets linear or lanceolate-linear, acuminate, very sharply and often doubly serrate, sometimes chaffy on the midvein beneath, 3-10 cm. long; fruit dots abundant, arranged in a row on each side of the midrib half-way to the margin. Very common in the woods. Alaska to Idaho and California. Polystichum munitum imbricans (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Like the species but smaller, the leaves 20-40 cm. long; divisions much overlapping each other, oblique to the rachis and cuspidate at the apex. Among rocks in the mountains at 1000 to 1700 m. elevation. British Columbia to California, rather rare. Polystichum munitum inciso-serratum (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Differs from the species mainly in the leaflets being deeply incised and the lobes serrate; the base of the leaflets usually conspicuously auriculate. Rare, British Columbia to California. 13. DRYOPTERIS. SHIELD FERN. Fruit-dots round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of the veins; indusium flat or flattish, heart-shaped and attached at the middle of its sinus; veins nearly always free. Veins simple or once forked; leaves glandular. D. oreopteris. Veins freely forking; leaves not glandular. Leaves bipinnate, thin and delicate. D. spimdosa. Leaves tripinnate, firm, half-evergreen. D. rigida. Dryopteris oreopteris (Sw.) Maxon. Tufted; leaf-stalks short, scaly at base; leaves bipinnatifid, broadly lanceolate, glandular, 60-90 cm. long; ultimate segments oblong, nearly entire; indusia delicate, toothed on the mar- gins. In the mountains, Alaska to Washington. Eurasia. Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Bridge Creek, Okanogan County, Elmer. Very rare south of Alaska. Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata (Hoffm.) Underw. Wood Fern. A tufted delicate fern; leaf-stalks 15-40 cm. long with slender dark brown scales; blades tripinnate or tripinnatifid, broadly ovate in outline, 30-40 cm. long; ultimate divisions oblong-lanceolate, the lowest ones longest, spinulose-toothed; indusia minutely glandular ciliate. In rich woods, common. Alaska to Newfoundland, south to California, Montana and Virginia. Eurasia. Dryopteris rigida arguta (Kaulf.) Underw. Leaf-stalks clustered; blades firm, half-evergreen, 30-90 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate; ultimate segments oblong, incised and spinulose; indusia bearing stalked glands. Principally in rocky places. Alaska to California, more common south- ward. Victoria, Anderson; Sauvies Island, Oregon, Howell. 8 POLYPODIACEAE. 14. FILIX. Delicate rock-ferns; leaves 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid; leaf- stalks slender; fruit-dots round, borne on the backs of the veins; indusium attached by a broad base on the inner side partly under the fruit dot, early opening and withering away. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Bladder Fern. Rootstock short; petioles 10- 20 cm. long; blades thin, oblong-lanceolate, only slightly tapering below, 10-25 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, 2-3-pinnatifid or pinnate; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnatifid with bluntly or sharply-toothed segments along the mar- gined or winged rachis; texture membranous. On moist cliffs in the mountains, rare in our limits. Alaska to California, eastward to Labrador. Eurasia. 15. WOODSIA. Small or medium sized ferns, growing in rocky places; leaves once or twice pinnate or pinnatifid; fruit dots round, borne on the backs of simply forked free veins; indusium attached under the fruit dot, round or star-shaped, delicate, early withering. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; lobes of the indusium hair-like. W. oregana. Leaves viscid-puberulent; lobes of the indusium broader at base. W. scopulina. Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short; petioles glabrous, not jointed, brownish below; blades glabrous or slightly roughened, 5-28 cm. long, elliptic-lanceolate, the sterile shorter than the fertile; pinnae triangular- oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid; lower leaflets reduced in size and somewhat remote from the others; rachis straw-colored; segments oblong or ovate, dentate or crenate, the teeth often reflexed and covering the fruit dots; indusium deeply cleft into hair-like segments. Cowichan River, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Common east of the Cascade Mountains. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. Densely tufted, whole plant puberulent with minute white jointed hairs and stalked glands; blades pinnate, 10-20 cm. long, the numerous ultimate divisions oblong-ovate, acutish, deeply cleft into 5-7 pairs of short obtuse lobes; indusium deeply divided into segments that are broader at base. On moist cliffs, rare in our limits. Victoria, Anderson; Cape Horn, Colum- bia River, Piper. British Columbia to Ontario, Arizona and California. Family 2. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY. Plant consisting of an underground stem bearing one or more leaves which rise above ground and are divided usually into two parts, a fertile portion and a sterile portion, the latter being the foliage part of the leaf; frequently the fertile portion lacking in some of the leaves; sporangia borne within the tissue of the fertile portion, ringless, opening by a transverse slit. Sterile portion of leaf simple. 16. OPHIOGLOSSUM, 9. Sterile portion of leaf compound. 17. BOTRYCHIUM, (). OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 9 16. OPHIOGLOSSUM. ADDER TONGUE. Rootstock erect and fleshy, with slender fleshy roots; sterile part of leaf somewhat fleshy, simple, entire; veins reticulated; fertile segment simple, unbranched, with two rows of sessile connate sporangia; spores numerous, sulphur-yellow. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Plant 5-40 cm. high, the leaf usually solitary; sterile segment of leaf sessile, oblong to ovate, obtuse, 5-9 cm. long; veins forming a loose network. In moist meadows, rare. Falcon Valley, Mount Adams, and in Skamania County, Suksdorf. 17. BOTRYCHIUM. GRAPE FERN. Rootstock very short, with clustered fleshy roots; sterile part of the leaf ternately or pinnately divided or compound; veins free; fertile segment 1-3-pinnate, each pinnule bearing a double row of sessile sporangia; spores numerous, sulphur-yellow. Bud in a cavity at .one side of the base of the stem; leaves thin, ternate, then pinnately much divided. B. virginianum. Bud inclosed in the base of the stalk; leaves thickish, rather fleshy. Sterile portion of leaf arising near the base of the rather large leaf stalk; buds pilose. B. silaifolium. Sterile portion of leaf arising near the middle of the usually small leaf stalk; buds glabrous. Green part of leaf oblong, its segments fan-shaped. Segments truncate at base, overlapping. B. lunaria. Segments cuneate at base, distant. B. onondagense. Green part of leaf triangular or ovate, the segments not fan-shaped. Segments lanceolate, acute; midvein continuous. B. lanceolatum. Segments ovate-oblong, obtuse; midvein dissipated. B. ramosum. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. Plant 15-60 cm. high; sterile portion of the leaf above the middle of the stalk, triangular in outline, sessile, delicate in texture, ternate; ultimate divisions numerous, oblong, cut-toothed near the apex. Borders of wet meadows, rare in our limits. Botrychium silaifolium Presl. Stout, rather fleshy, 10-35 cm. high; stem very short and stout, swollen with the contained bud of the succeeding season; leaves one or two, their petioles stout, 2-12 cm. long; sterile blades 8-20 cm. wide, scarcely as long, ternate, the primary divisions tripinnate or quadri- pinnatifid; ultimate segments obliquely ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, thick, entire or wavy, the veins few, obscure; sporophyll erect, the petiole stout, the fruiting portion quadripinnate below, gradually simpler above; sporangia numerous, crowded, bright yellow. Borders of wet meadows, infrequent. First found by Haenke at Nootka Sound. This is very closely allied to B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. and is perhaps better referred as a subspecies to that species which is very variable and occurs throughout the north temperate zone. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort. Plant 5-20 cm. high; sterile portion of leaf not stalked, oblong, simply pinnate. In mountain meadows, very rare in our limits. Mount Rainier, Smith; Mount Adams, Suksdorf. 10 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Botrychium onondagense Underw. In habit like B. lunaria; leaf-segments 7-9, not overlapping, broadly wedge-shaped. Moist meadows, Olympic Mountains. Probably only a variant of B, lunaria to which it is reduced by some botanists. Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstroem. Plant 8-30 cm. high; sterile portion of the leaf sessile near the top, triangular, twice pinnatifid, rather thin; ultimate segments lanceolate, acute, toothed. In the mountains, very rare. Mount Rainier, Allen; Olympic Mountains, Flett. Botrychium ramosum (Roth) Ascherson. Somewhat fleshy, 10-25 cm. high; sterile segment of the leaf pinnate or bipinnatifid, short-petioled; ultimate segments oblong to ovate-oblong, obtuse; sporophyll bipinnate or tripinnate, erect on a long petiole. Agassiz, B. C., Macoun; Mount Adams, Stiksdorf. The American plant is sometimes considered distinct from that of the Old World under the name B. neglectum Wood. Family 3. MARSILEACEAE. Plant perennial, herbaceous, rooting in the mud, with slender creeping rootstock and 4-foliolate or filiform leaves; sporangia borne within closed receptacles (the sporocarps) which arise from the rootstock near the leafstalks or are consolidated with them; spores of two kinds, large ones (megaspores) and small ones (micros pores'), both contained in the same sporocarp. 18. MARSILEA. Marsh or aquatic plants; leaves slender petioled, quadri- foliolate, commonly floating on the surface of shallow water; sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, peduncled and rising from the petiole or from the rootstock at the base of the petiole, com- posed of two vertical valves having several transverse com- partments (sori) in each valve; also provided inside with a ring which at the opening of the valves swells and tears the sori from their positions; sori composed of both megasporangia and micro- sporangia. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Rootstock slender, creeping; leaves more or less pubescent with white hairs; petioles slender, 4-12 cm. long; leaflets deltoid-obovate, 4-12 mm. long, mostly entire; sporocarps solitary on the stalks, 4-8 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, with a short raphe, a short blunt lower tooth, and an acute upper one, densely pubescent with white appressed hair- like scales; sori 6-11 in each valve. Rare in our limits. Reported as common on Menzies Island opposite Fort Vancouver, Washington. Class II. EQUISETINEAE. Plants rush-like with hollow jointed stems rising from subterranean rootstocks; sterile leaves reduced to scales, MARSILEACEAE. 1 1 whorled, forming sheaths at the joints; fertile leaves forming a short spike terminating the stem; epidermis rough. Family 4. EQUISETACEAE. HORSETAIL FAMILY. Branches when present, whorled; sporangia 1-celled, clus- tered under the scales of the terminal cone-like spikes; spores of but one kind furnished with narrow ribbon-like appendages (elaters} attached at the middle, coiling around them when moist and spreading in the form of a cross when dry and mature ; epidermis impregnated with silica, rough. 19. EQUISETUM. HORSETAIL. Perennial plants with extensively creeping rootstocks; stems simple or with whorled branches, furrowed lengthwise, mostly hollow; sporangia adhering on the under side of the shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side; spores of one kind, with elaters. Stems annual; spikes not mucronate at summit. Stems of two kinds; the pale brown fertile ones appearing in spring before the green branched sterile ones. Fertile stems branched and green when old, only the top withering. E. pratense. Fertile stems dying after fruiting. Sterile stems 6-19-furrowed, 30-60 cm. high. E. arvense. Sterile stems 2O-4O-furrowed, 60-120 cm. high. E. telmateia. Stems all similar, green, naked, branched, fruiting in summer. Sheaths closely appressed; branchlets not wing- angled. E. fluviatile. Sheaths loose, especially the upper one; branchlets wing-angled. E. Utorale. Stems perennial; spikes mucronate at summit, fruiting in summer. Plant tall and stout; stems many-grooved. Branches numerous, regularly whorled. E. ramosissimum. Branches irregular, few or wanting. E. hyemale. Plants tufted, slender; stems 5-io-grooved. Sheaths 5-io-toothed; stems hollow. E. variegatum. Sheaths 3-toothed; stems solid. E. scirpoides. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Stems annual, of two kinds, the fertile appear- ing before the sterile, 15-30 cm. high; fertile stems at length green and branched like the sterile ones; sterile stems with 8-20 ridges and furrows, the slender branches in whorls, mostly 3-angled; sheaths cylindric or somewhat broadened at top, those of the stem with 10-12 teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed. Vancouver Island, Macoun. Equisetum arvense L. Common Horsetail. Aerial stems annual, of two kinds, the fertile pale-brown and short-lived, appearing in early spring before 12 EQUISETACEAE. the sterile; fertile stems 10-20 cm. tall, simple, terete, bearing about four loose scarious distant sheaths, these whitish with about 12 brownish acuminate teeth; sterile stems pale green, 10—40 cm. tall, marked with 6-19 furrows, with numerous whorls of mostly simple solid branches, these 4-angled or r?rely 3-angled, the sheaths with as many teeth; spike 2-3 cm. long. Common in low ground. In rare cases fruiting spikes are found on green branched plants. Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Sterile stems stout, 60-120 cm. high, 20-40- furrowed, with numerous whorls of long spreading 4 or 5-angled branches; fertile stems 30-40 cm. high, pale-brown, the sheaths loose, often longer than the internodes and deeply 20-30-toothed; spikes stout, 3-5 cm. long. Very common in moist soil and difficult to eradicate. Rarely spikes are found on the green branched plants. Equisetum fluviatile L. Pipes. Stems 60-90 cm. high, rather soft, smooth, simple or with few branches; central cavity of the stem large; air- cavities under the grooves wanting; sheaths closely appressed, the teeth rigid and acute; branches 4-6-angled, hollow, not wing-angled. In shallow water at the margins of lakes and ponds. Equisetum litorale Kiihlewcin. Stems 30-90 cm. high, simple or with few or many branches; air cavities under the grooves present; sheaths loose, especially the upper, the teeth not rigid, membranous at margin, acute; branches 3-5-wing-angled, the smaller solid. Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Agassiz, British Columbia, Macoun. The spores of this species are said usually to be abortive and the elaters wanting. These facts combined with the erratic occurences of the plant lead to the suspicion that it is a hybrid. Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Stems 6-26-grooved; sheaths dilated, the leaves more or less distinct, each with 3-4 ridges which do not extend into the teeth; branches 4-angled. Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Equisetum hyemale L. Scouring Rush. Aerial stems evergreen, all alike, 40-120 cm. tall, 5-20 mm. thick, marked with 20-48 furrows; ridges roughened usually with a single series of siliceous tubercles; sheath short, commonly marked with a black girdle at the base and another at the base of the early- falling teeth; spike nearly sessile in the uppermost sheath, 2-3 cm. long, tipped with a rigid point. Common and variable. Several subspecies have been described but they are not clearly separable. Equisetum variegatum Schlcich. Stems slender, tufted, ascending, 15-40 cm. high, each 5-10-furrowed; sheaths loose, green below, black above, with 5-10 bristle-tipped white-margined teeth; central cavity of stem small. Vancouver Island, Macoun, and probably farther south as it occurs in Klickitat County in eastern Washington. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Stems tufted, very slender, flcxuous, 6-15 cm. long, each 6-furrowed; sheaths with 3 bristle-tipped teeth; central cavity of stem wanting. Hastings, British Columbia, Macoun, and probably to be found in our limits. Class III. LYCOPODINEAE. Plant moss-like; stems branched, solid, with numerous small leaves; sporangia solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper surface. LYCOPODIACEAE. 13 Family 5. LYCOPODIACEAE. Plant somewhat moss-like in appearance, evergreen, usually branching; stem solid; leaves small, numerous, not whorled; spore-cases on the upper surfaces or in the axils of the leaves; spores of one kind. 20. LYCOPODIUM. GROUND-PINE. Perennial, terestrial plants, with evergreen 1 -nerved leaves, arranged in 4-16 ranks; spore-cases flattened, 1-celled, in the axils of ordinary leaves or of bracts arranged in spikes; spores abundant, minute, sulphur-yellow. Sporangia in the axils of ordinary leaves. Sporangial leaves forming a terminal spike. L. inundatum, Sporangial leaves subterminal, the terminal leaves sterile. Stems rigid; leaves all alike, ascending. L. selago. Stems not rigid; leaves spreading, of two sorts, long and short. L. lucidulum. Sporangia in the axils of modified leaves which are crowded in spikes. Sterile branches flattened, the leaves on the under side reduced. Stems of the fruiting branches leafy to the spikes or nearly so. L. obscurum. Stems of the fruiting branches with much reduced leaves. L. complanatum. Sterile branches not flattened, the leaves uniformly spreading. Stems of the fruiting branches nearly naked. L. clavatum. Stems leafy up to the spikes or nearly so. Leaves 6-8-ranked, spreading. L. annotinum. Leaves 5-ranked, appressed. L. sitchense. Lycopodium inundatum L. Stems creeping close to the earth, 3-12 cm. long; fertile branches erect, 2-10 cm. high, bearing solitary spikes; sporangial leaves like the sterile, lanceolate or awl-shaped, with thin margins. In bogs, Olympia, Henderson; Spanaway Lake, Flett; Vancouver, British Columbia, Macoun. Lycopodium selago L. Stems ascending or erect, rigid, not creeping, 6-10 cm. high; leaves all alike, broadest at the hollowed base, acuminate or mucron- ate, closely appressed, some of them commonly bearing a bulblet in the axil; terminal leaves sterile, those just below bearing spore-cases. Common in the mountains at 1500-2800 m. elevation. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Stems decumbent at base, 10-30 cm. high, simple or sparingly branched; leaves spreading or deflexed, linear-obovate, denticulate, acute, in alternate zones of longer and shorter leaves, the latter most commonly bearing the sporangia. . In deep woods, rare. Lycopodium obscurum L. Stems erect, branched above, arising at inter- vals from subterranean rootstocks; leaves 6-ranked, linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, the lateral with spreading tips, the two upper and the lower ranks 14 LYCOPODIACEAE. smaller and closely appressed; fruiting branches with leaves like the sterile, each bearing 1-3 spikes. Known in our limits only from a station 23 miles northeast of Snoqualmie, Washington, L. A. Nelson. Lycopodium complanatum L. Stems widely creeping, with suberect irregularly forked fan-like flattened branches; leaves 4-ranked, very small, closely appressed, the lateral with spreading tips, the dorsal and ventral smaller, wholly appressed; fruiting branches with much reduced leaves, each bearing 1—3 cylindric spikes. Not definitely known in our limits but abundant at Lake Keechelus near the summit of the Cascade Mountains. Lycopodium clavatum L. Running-pine. Stems prostrate, creeping, often very long; sterile branches similar but ascending; leaves pale green, awl- shaped, bristle-tipped; fertile branches with minute leaves, erect, bearing 2-4 fruiting cones. In woods, not common. Lycopodium annotinum L. Stems creeping, often 1 m. long; leaves dark green, linear-lanceolate, spreading, minutely serrate; fruiting cones solitary, sessile at the tips of ordinary branches. In mountain woods, not common. Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. Stems creeping, often half-buried, with erect forked branches, 5-7 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, acute, 5 mm. long, 5- ranked; fruiting cones on very short nearly naked penducles. Common in wet meadows at 1200-1800 m. altitude. Family 6. SELAGINELLACEAE. Terrestrial, annual or perennial moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform, or four-ranked and of two kinds spreading in two planes; sporangia 1-celled, solitary in the axils of leaves which are so arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes; spores of two kinds, some sporangia (megasporangia) containing four megaspores, others (microsporangia) containing numerous microspores. 21. SELAGINELLA. Sporangia solitary in the axils of leaves forming terminal cone- like spikes; sporangia minute, subglobose, opening transversely; megaspores globose, four in each megasporangium; microspores small, numerous. Leaves of two sorts, 4-ranked. S. douglasii. Leaves all alike, many-ranked. Stems slender, elongate; leaves loosely imbricated. S. struthioloides. Stems short; leaves closely imbricated. S. rupestris. Selaginella douglasii (Hook.) Spring. Stems reclining, 10-40 cm. long, pinnately branched; lateral leaves oval, oblique, obtuse, 2 mm. long; upper leaves half as long, oval, cuspidate, acuminate. On wet rocks, local; abundant in the Cascade gorge of the Columbia River. SELAGINELLACEAE. 15 Selaginella struthioloides (Presl) Underw. Stems weak, soft, 30-180 cm. long, often more or less pendent, much branched; leaves about 1 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, loosely imbricated, not bristle-tipped. On trees along the coast, often hanging in great masses; Vancouver Island to the southern boundary of Oregon. First found at Nootka Sound. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. Stems loosely tufted, 10-25 cm. long, prostrate or ascending, much branched; leaves closely imbricate, narrowly lanceolate, ciliate margined, channeled on the back, each tipped with a slender white awn, 0.3-0.5 mm. long; spikes quadrangular, 1-1.5 cm. long; bracts like the leaves but the awns shorter and the margin more ciliate. On rocks, often very abundant. Hieronymus has recently distinguished from true S. rupestris numerous new species and subspecies. The form common in our limits is 5. sartorii oregonensis Hieronymus. Family 7. ISOETACEAE. QUILLWORT FAMILY. Plant aquatic, usually submersed or sometimes growing on moist soil, consisting of a short, two or three-lobed fleshy stem with a dense tuft of fibrous roots and a compact cluster of rush- or grass-like leaves; sporangia in small lobes enclosed in the bases of the leaves; spores of two kinds, large (megaspores} and small (microspores) . 22. ISOETES. QUILLWORT. Stem a fleshy corm rooting just above the base, surrounded above by the swollen bases of the awl-shaped linear leaves; sporangia large, enclosed in the bases of the leaves, those of the outer leaves with megaspores, those of the inner with micro- spores; the sides of the sporangia more or less covered with a fold of the inner side of the leaf base (velum). Plants terrestrial, in muddy places; leaves with stomata. Stems 3-lobed; leaves setaceous; velum complete. /. nuttallii. Stems 2-lobed; leaves stout, rigid; velum incomplete. /. maritima. Plants aquatic, often in deep water; stems bilobed. Stomata none; leaves rigid. /. piperi. Stomata present; leaves slender. /. echinospora. Isoetes nuttallii A. Br. Growing in wet places; leaves 15-50, slender, bright green, 6-20 cm. long; megaspores grayish, warty or rarely nearly smooth; microspores brown, papillose. Vancouver Island to Oregon. Apparently rare, but quite inconspicuous. Isoetes maritima Underw. Terrestrial in salt marshes; trunk slightly bilobed; leaves 8-15, rigid, 2-5 cm. long; megaspores densely spinulose, the spines blunt but rarely confluent; microspores smooth, white. Known only from salt marshes at Alberni, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Isoetes piperi A. A. Eaton. Leaves 10-20, 5-8 cm. long, somewhat spread- ing, rigid; velum incomplete; megaspores with low distinct warts; microspores smooth or nearly so. Green Lake, Seattle, Piper. 1 6 ISOETACEAE. Isoetes echinospora braunii (Durieu) Engclm. Leaves 10-20, slender, spreading, not rigid, 6-15 cm. long, with stomata present near the tips; spor- angia broadly elliptic, spotted, more than half covered by the broad velum; macrospores spinulose but the spines often united into jagged crests; micros- pores smooth. In quiet lakes and ponds, with muddy bottoms. Isoetes echinospora flettii A. A. Eaton. Differs from /. echinospora braunii mainly by its spinulose microspores. Spanaway Lake, Pierce County, Washington. PHYLUM II. SPERMATOPHYTA. SEED PLANTS. Highly organized plants, mostly producing flowers and always producing seeds, each of which contains a young plant (embryo] usually composed of a stem-like structure (caulicle or hypocotyl), one or more rudimentary leaves (cotyledons) and a terminal bud (plumule or epicotyl) ; megasporangia (ovules) usually borne on the side or face of an open or closed modified leaf (carpel) ; microsporangia (anther-sacs) on the end or. side of a modified leaf (filament) and bearing numerous microspores (pollen grains). Class IV. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules (megasporangia) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, usually on the face of an open scale but sometimes on the axis, in which case the scale is rudimentary or wanting; stigmas none; cotyledons mostly several in a whorl, oc- casionally only two; perianth none. Family 8. TAXACEAE. YEW FAMILY. Trees or shrubs with evergreen linear leaves; flowers dioecious, the staminate of a few scaly bracts and a few naked stamens, the ovule-bearing of an erect ovule which in fruit becomes a bony seed surrounded by a fleshy disk. 23. TAXUS. YEW. Evergreen trees or shrubs with spirally arranged, short- petioled linear flat leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked; aments very small, axillary and solitary, sessile or nearly so; staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8 stamens; ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by a fleshy TAXACEAE. 17 ring-shaped disk; fruit consisting of the red fleshy dish which has become cup-shaped and nearly encloses the bony seed. Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Western Yew. Small tree, 4-10 m. high, some- times much larger, the bark loose and reddish; branches slender, horizontal or drooping; leaves horizontal, 1-2 cm. long, linear, acuminate, cuspidate, with revolute margins, shiny green above, glaucous beneath, abruptly narrowed at the base into a short petiole; staminate aments globose, 3 mm. broad; fruit bright red, insipid in taste; stone broadly ovate, acute, somewhat flattened, 3-4 mm. long. Quite common, especially along mountain streams. Very large trees become 75 cm. in diameter. Extreme southern Alaska to Tulare County, California and eastward to the Blue and Bitterroot Mountains. Family 9. PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY. Resinous trees or shrubs mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale-like leaves; flowers in aments, usually monoecious, rarely dioecious; ovules solitary or several together on the sur- face of a scale, which in most genera is in the axile of a bract; fruit a cone with numerous several or few woody papery or fleshy scales; seed wingless or winged. Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf-buds naked; leaves mostly scale-like. Cone modified into a fleshy, drupe-like fruit. 24. JUNIPERUS, 17. Cone composed of dry scales. Scales of the globose cone peltate. 26. CHAMAECYPARIS, 18. Scales of the oblong cone not peltate. Cone-scales 8-12, rather thin, imbricate. 26. THUJA, 18. Cone-scales 6, thick, valvate. 27. LIBOCEDRUS, 19. Scales of the cones numerous; leaf-buds scaly; green leaves needle-like. Cone-scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a sheath. 28. PINUS, 19. Cone-scales thin; leaves linear, scattered or clustered, not in sheaths. Cones erect; scales deciduous. 29. ABIES, 20. Cones pendent; scales persistent. Branchlets smooth; bracts 3-toothed. 30. PSEUDOTSUGA, 21. Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf-bases. Leave sessile, pungent-pointed. 31. PICEA, 22. Leaves petioled, not pungent. 32. TSUGA, 22. 24. JUNIPERUS. JUNIPER. Evergreen shrubs or small trees; leaves scale-like or needle-like, opposite or in whorls of three; flowers dioecious or monoecious, small and lateral; anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale; ovule-bearing aments ovoid, of 3-6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming a bluish- black berry. 3 18 PINACEAE. Prostrate shrub; leaves uniformly awl-like. /. sibirica. Erect shrub or tree; leaves of two forms, some scale-like, others awl-like. /. scopulorum. Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. Mountain Juniper. A prostrate shrub; leaves linear-subulate, sharp-pointed, glaucous on the upper side, arranged in whorls of three; fruit dark blue, as large as a pea. Common in the mountains at 900-1000 m. elevation. Many botanists consider this a subspecies of J. communis L. under the name of /. communis montana Ait. Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mountain Juniper. A shrub or scraggly tree, 1-6 m. high, much branched, the branches often drooping; foliage often glaucous; leaves small, acute, each with a linear indistinct gland on the back; berries blue-black with a thick whitish bloom, maturing the second year; seeds usually 2, grooved longitudinally. On the islands and mainland about the Gulf of Georgia and the northern part of Puget Sound. Not elsewhere known west of the Cascade Mountains but common from these mountains eastward to the Black Hills. 25. CHAMAECYPARIS. Evergreen trees with flattened 2-ranked branchlets and small scale-like leaves; aments terminal; staminate small, globose, with shield-shaped filaments; pistillate erect, with 6-10 very thick scales in pairs; cones small, globose, maturing the first year; seeds few, at the base of each scale, angled or more or less winged. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Lamb.) Spach. Alaska Cedar, Medium sized tree, 20-30 m. tall, 30-100 cm. in diameter; bark thin, pale gray; leaves small, sharply acute; cones globose, 8 mm. in diameter. Common in the mountains at 1200-1800 m. elevation. Alaska Cedar ranges from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to Mount Hood, Oregon. It is not known to occur east of the Cascade Mountains. The tree first became known to botanists from specimens collected at Nootka Sound. 26. THUJA. ARBOR VITAE. Evergreen trees or shrubs; leaves small or minute, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4-ranked; flowers monoecious, both kinds terminal, the staminate globose, the ovule-bearing ovoid or oblong, small, their scales opposite, each bearing 2, rarely 3-5 erect ovules; cones ovoid or oblong, mostly spreading or recurved, their scales 6-10, coriaceous, opposite, dry, spreading when mature. Thuja plicata Donn. Giant Cedar. Handsome pyramidal tree, 30-50 or even 80 m. high, 1-5 m. in diameter, the trunk rapidly tapering from the large base; branches usually somewhat drooping; bark pale grayish, thin fibrous, longitudinally fissured; wood soft, the heart- wood reddish, odorous; leaves oblong-ovate, bright green, rapidly tapering to an acuminate cuspidate apex; staminate aments minute, dark purple; pistillate aments usually crowded near the tips of the branchlets; cones oblong, 1—1.5 cm. long, light colored, con- sisting of about 6 pairs of scales, these elliptical, mucronate on the back m-ar the apex. PINACEAE. 19 A common lowland tree, especially in moist soil, ranging from Alaska to northern California. Found originally by Menzies at Nootka Sound. The northernmost station known is the head of Lynn Canal, Alaska. 27. LIBOCEDRUS. Resinous trees with scaly bark and spreading branches ; leaves scale-like, dimorphic, opposite, persistent; flowers naked, monoe- cious or dioecious, terminal, solitary; stamens numerous; anther- cells usually 4; scales of pistillate cone 4 or 6, acuminate; ovules 2; fruit maturing in one season. Libocedrus decurrens Torr. Incense Cedar. Tree, 30-50 m. high; bark fibrous, loose; leaves opposite, adnate, the acute tips spreading; cones 20-30 mm. long. In the mountains, Clackamas County, Oregon, and southward to Lower California. 28. PINUS. PINE. Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves; the primary ones scale-like with deciduous tips; the secondary ones forming the ordinary foliage, needle-like, arising from the axils of the former in clusters of 2-5; ovule-bearing aments solitary or clustered, each composed of numerous minute bracts, each with an ovule- bearing scale in its axil; ament, upon maturing, becoming a cone, the scales elongating and becoming woody; seeds two on the base of each scale. Leaves 5 in each fascicle; scales of the cones unarmed. Cones ovoid to subglobose, 4-8 cm. long; wing of seed shorter than the body. P. albicaulis. Cones cylindric-oblong; wing of seed longer than body. Seeds 5-7 mm. long; cones usually 10-20 cm. long. P. monticola. Seeds 9-12 mm. long; cones usually 20-30 cm. long. P. lambertiana. Leaves 2 or 3 in each fascicle; scales of the cones thickened, each armed with a sharp spine on the back. Leaves in twos; cones small, 4-5 cm. long. P. contorta. Leaves in threes; cones larger. Cones persistent for several years, formed well below the apex of the shoot; small tree. P. attenuate, Cones falling after the second year, formed subter- minally on the young shoot; large tree. P. ponderosa. Pinus albicaulis Engelm. White-bark Pine. Scraggly tree, 20-30 m. high; bark nearly white; leaves 4-7 cm. long; cones oval, 5-7 cm. long, the scales much thickened; seeds large, edible. British Columbia to Montana and California. In our limits only in the Cascade Mountains at 1500-2100 m. elevation. Pinus monticola Dougl. Western White Pine. Tree 50-100 m. high, 1-2 m. in diameter; bark gray, rather smooth, longitudinally cracked; leaves pale green, in fascicles of five, 4—7 cm. long; cones narrowly cylindrical, 15-30 cm. long, about 4 cm. thick. This tree usually occurs in colonies along with the red fir. It ranges from the sea level to 1700 m. altitude and extends from British Columbia to Montana and California. It does not extend farther north than Vancouver Island. 20 PINACEAE. Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine. Tree 50-100 m. high, 2-6 m. in diameter; bark brown, splitting into small plates; leaves 8-10 cm. long; seed wings less than twice as long as broad. In the mountains at 400-1000 m. elevation, Clackamas County, Oregon, and southward to Lower California. First found by Douglas in the mountains near the present site of Roseburg, Oregon. Pinus contorta Dougl. Lodgepole Pine. Small tree, 10-20 m. tall, the dark bark usually deeply checked; leaves 4-8 cm. long, dark green: cones small, ovoid, 4-5 cm. long; scales thickened at the apex, each armed with a stout point. Common in sterile gravelly soil. It also occurs occasionally in peat bogs. In the mountains it often forms dense pure growths of small trees whence the name "lodgepole." The tree ranges from Alaska to the Black Hills, Colorado and California. Douglas's original specimens came from near the mouth of the Columbia River. Pinus attenuata Lemmon. Knobcone Pine. Small pyramidal tree, 5-10, rarely 20-25 m. high; bark thin, pale brown, scaly on the old trunk; leaves pale, 8—16 cm. long; cones pale, narrowly ovate, unsymmetrical, reflexed, 7—12 cm. long, the scales on the outer side much thickened, each armed with a spine. Lane County, Oregon, and south to southern California, in the mountains at 300-2000 m. elevation. The cones usually in whorls persist for many years and give the trees a very characteristic appearance. Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Yellow or Bull Pine. Large tree, 30-80 m. tall, 1-4 m. in diameter, the reddish bark thick and deeply furrowed; leaves in fascicles of three, 15—25 cm. long, minutely serrulate; staminate aments cylindric, somewhat flexuous, 4-6 cm. long, crowded at the base of young shoots; pistillate aments 1-6, greenish or purplish, borne near the apex of the shoots of the season; cones brown, ovoid, 7-10 cm. long, 5-6 cm. thick, fre- quently in clusters of 3-5; scales much thickened near the apex, each bearing a stout sharp point. Gravelly prairies, Pierce County, Washington, and southward. Abundant in the interior but rare along the coast. The timber of this tree is quite differ- ent from the true yellow pine of the interior. The coast tree has been consider- ed a distinct species, P. benthamiana "Oregon Committee." 29. ABIES. FIR. Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spread- ing so as to appear 2-ranked but in reality spirally arranged, commonly quite persistent in drying; staminate aments axillary; ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect; ovules two on the base of each scale, reflexed; scale shorter than or exceeding the thin papery bract; cones erect, subcylindrical or ovoid, their orbicular or broader scales deciduous from the persistent axis. Cones with conspicuous exserted reflexed bracts. A. nobilis. Cones with the bracts concealed. Cross section of leaf showing the two resin ducts surrounded by green tissue. A. lasiocarpa. Cross section of leaf showing the resin ducts close to the lower surface. Cones purple, large; bracts long attenuate at apex. A. amabilis. Cones usually green, medium sized; bracts not attenuate at apex. PINACEAE. 21 Leaves green and shiny above with stomata only on the lower side. A . grand-is. Leaves pale above and below and with stomata on both sides. A. concolor. Abies nobilis Lindl. Noble Fir. Very large tree, 70-100 m. high, and 1-2 m. in diameter; leaves of the upper branches curved upwards, short, rigid, mostly acute, channeled above; cones 12—20 cm. long, nearly covered by the large reflexed bracts. In the mountains from Mount Baker and the Olympic Mountains to near the southern boundary of Oregon. Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir. Narrowly conical usually densely branched trees, 20-30 m. high and 20-40 cm. in diameter; bark pale, rather smooth but with large resin blisters; leaves 3-5 cm. long, acute, usually sharp-pointed, with abundant stomata on the upper leaf surface; cones narrowly barrel-shaped, usually dark-purple, puberulent, 5-10 cm. long; bracts lacerate, usually not exserted. Alaska southward in the mountains to Oregon and Colorado. In the Cas- cade Mountains the southern limit is near Crater Lake, Oregon. It commonly occurs at 1500-2500 m. altitude. In the Olympic Mountains, there is a form with the bracts exserted. This tree was first found by Douglas, probably in the Blue Mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon. Abies amabilis (Loud.) Forbes. Amdbilis Fir. Graceful tree, 30-50 m. high; leaves with few or no stomata on the upper surface, those of the lower branches flat, obtuse or retuse, those of the upper branches curved upward, mostly acute; cones dark-purple, 8-15 cm. long, puberulent. In the mountains mostly at 1000-1500 m. altitude, ranging from extreme southern Alaska in the Cascade Mountains to Crater Lake, Oregon, and in the Coast Mountains to Saddle Mountain, near Astoria, Oregon. Abies grandis Lindl. White Fir. Large tree, sometimes 100 m. tall and 2 m. in diameter, with thin, dark gray, rather smooth bark; branches hori- zontal or the lower drooping; leaves linear, obtuse or notched, shining green above, marked beneath by two white lines, 18-30 mm. long, usually arranged in two ranks, giving the foliage a flattened appearance; cones cylindric-oblong, 7—10 cm. long, dark green, more or less covered with drops of resin; scales broader than long, entire ; bracts small, deeply notched, each sometimes bearing a short point. Common in moist land at low altitudes, from the northern end of Vancouver Island to Sonoma County, California, and eastward to Montana and Wyoming. Abies concolor (Gord.) Parry. Large tree, reaching a height of 50-70 m. and a diameter of 1-2 m. ; bark ash-gray, deeply furrowed; leaves pale, those of the lower branches 2-ranked, flat, obtuse or retuse, 5-7 cm. long, those of the fruiting branches curved upward and acute; cones olive green or yellowish, sometimes purple tinged, 8-10 cm. long; bracts small, narrowly oblong, truncate or slightly notched, sometimes bearing a short point. In the Cascade Mountains of Oregon from Mount Jefferson southward through California; also in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah and Ariz- ona. 30. PSEUDOTSUGA. Very large trees, at first pyramidal and spruce-like, often in age more spreading; leaves linear, flat, somewhat 2-ranked by a twist at the base; aments from the axils of the leaves of the preceding year; staminate aments clustered in an oblong or 22 PINACEAE. cylindrical column, surrounded or partly enclosed by numerous, conspicuous, rotund bud-scales; ovule-bearing aments with the scales much shorter than the broadly linear acutely 2-lobed bracts; cones maturing the first year; scales persistent. Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. Red Fir. Douglas Spruce. Very large tree, 50-100 m. high, 1-4 m. in diameter; bark thick, reddish within, deeply cracked longitudinally; branches usually short and horizontal; leaves linear, obtusish, 20-30 mm. long, narrowed at the base, dark green above, paler beneath; staminate aments light brown, oblong-cylindric, 1 cm. long, half enclosed in the large bracts; pistillate aments green or purplish; cones pendent, cylindric-ovoid, 6-10 cm. long, the tridentate bracts conspicuously exceeding the scale. The common forest tree of the region. Subalpine forms have the cones uniformly shorter and thicker. Red fir ranges from British Columbia to Mexico. It does not extend northward quite to the Alaska boundary. The first knowledge of the tree was Lewis's description of it as it occurs at the mouth of the Columbia River. 31. PICEA. SPRUCE. Evergreen conical trees, with linear sharp pointed short four- sided leaves, spreading in all directions, falling away from the twig in drying, leaving it covered with small projections; leaf- buds scaly; staminate aments axillary, nearly sessile; ovule- bearing aments terminal, ovoid or oblong; ovules two on the base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into two more or less winged seeds; cones ovoid or oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales numerous, spirally arranged, thin, obtuse, persistent. Leaves distinctly flattened; lowland tree. P. sitchensis. Leaves quadrangular; subalpine tree. P. engelmanni. Picea sitchensis Carr. Sitka or Tideland Spruce. A very large tree, 50-70 m. tall, and 2-3 m. in diameter; bark dark gray, scaly; twigs glabrous; leaves 10-15 mm. long, distinctly flattened, very sharp pointed; cones oblong or oval, pale brown, 3—6 cm. long, the oblong-ovate scales denticulate. Common along the seacoast and on low river bottoms, ranging from Kodiak Island, Alaska, to Mendocino County, California. It was first found at Sitka by Mertens. Picea engelmanni Parry. Engelmann Spruce. Handsome pyramidal tree, 30-40 m. tall, the bark gray and scaly; branchlets pubescent; leaves dark- green, quadrangular in cross section, very sharply pointed, 1.5-2 cm. long; cones cylindric-ovate, 3-6 cm. long; scales ovate, truncate, rounded or retuse, crenulate. From the Yukon to New Mexico and Arizona, mainly in the interior but occuring in the Cascade Mountains at 300-1000 m. altitude from British Columbia to the southern boundary of Oregon. 32. TSUGA. HEMLOCK. Evergreen trees with flat or angled leaves which appear 2-ranked; branchlets rough from persistent leaf-bases; stamina U' aments in subglobose clusters from the axils of leaves of the pre- PINACEAE. 23 vious year; ovule-bearing aments terminal on year-old ^branch- lets; bract somewhat shorter than the cone-scale; cones maturing the first year, pendulous. Leaves 8-18 mm. long; cones 2 cm. long. T. heterophylla. Leaves 12-25 mm. long; cones 5-7 cm. long. T. mertensiana. Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock. Handsome tree, 30-60 m. tall and 50-200 cm. in diameter; branches slender, usually bent down- ward; leaves linear, flattened, unequal in length, 8-18 mm. long; cones oblong, 10—16 mm. long. A common forest tree, most abundant at about 1000 m. altitude. It ranges from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to Marin County, California. It was originally described by Lewis and Clarke from the mouth of the Columbia River. Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain or Black Hemlock. Tree 30-50 m. high and 50-200 cm. in diameter; leaves 1-2 cm. long, acutish, convex above, bearing stomata on both surfaces; cones oblong, dark purple, 5-7 cm. long. Common in the mountains at about the limit of trees ; at the highest altitude it becomes a prostrate shrub. The Black Hemlock ranges from Prince William Sound, Alaska, where it occurs at sea level, southward in the moun- tains to Montana and California. It was first found by Mertens on the moun- tain at Sitka. Class V. ANGIOSPERMAE. Ovules (mega-sporangia) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary] formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel], or of several such leaves joined together, in which the seeds are ripened; stigmas present; cotyledons one or two, very rarely want- ing; perianth present or wanting. Sub-class I. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Embryo of the seed with but a single cotyledon, that is with the first leaves of the germinating plantlet alternate; stem composed of a mass of soft tissue in which the woody bundles appear in cross section to be irregularly imbedded, there being no distinction into bark, wood and pith; leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate and entire, commonly sheathing the stem at the base and often with no distinction of blade and petiole; parts of the flowers mostly in threes. Family 10. TYPHACEAE. CAT TAIL FAMILY. Marsh or aquatic herbs with creeping rootstocks and linear flat sheathing leaves; stems erect, terete; flowers monoecious, 24 TYPHACEAE. densely crowded in a terminal spike, often subtended by spatha- ceous bracts; ovary one, 1- or 2-celled, with as many persistent styles; fruit nutlike. 33. TYPHA. Flowers in a dense cylindrical spike; staminate and pistillate portions of the spike contiguous; stamens with very short con- nate filaments, mixed with numerous long hairs; ovary long- stalked, 1-celled, surrounded by numerous bristles and rudi- mentary ovaries; fruit minute, usually splitting on one side. Typha latifolia L. Cat-tail. Stout, 1-3 m. tall; leaves flat, sheathing at base, 1-2 cm. wide; pistillate and staminate portions of the spike close to- gether, each 8-30 cm. long, the pistillate dark brown; stigmas rhombic - spatulate; pollen grains in fours. Margins of lakes and ponds, abundant. Family 11. SPARGANIACEAE. BUR- REED FAMILY. Marsh or pond herbs with creeping rootstocks and erect or floating stems; leaves linear, alternate, 2-ranked, sessile, sheath- ing at the base; flowers monoecious, densely crowded into globose heads which are in a raceme on the upper parts of the stem and branches, the staminate above; spathes linear; perianth of a few chaffy scales; stamens usually 5; fruit mostly 1-celled, nut-like. 34. SPARGANIUM. BUR REED. Characters of the family. Heads all axillary; inflorescence branched. S. androcladum. Heads, or at least some of them, supra-axillary. Leaves, or at least the larger ones, keeled; plants usually terrestrial. S. simplex. Leaves not keeled; floating aquatics. Beak of fruit short-conical; stigma oblong. S. minimum. Beak of fruit slender; stigma linear. S. angustifolium. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Stems stout, 40-100 cm. high; leaves 5-12 mm. wide, dark green; inflorescence branched, the branches strictly axillary, each bearing 3-7 staminate heads and usually 1 or 2 pistillate heads; fruiting heads 2-2.5 cm. in diameter; fruit dull, the fusiform body 5-6 mm. long, the beak about 3 mm. long. Margins of ponds and lakes, common. Sparganium simplex Huds. Stems rather stout, 30-60 cm. high; Iravts thin, 6-15 mm. broad, scarious-margined below; inflorescence simple; fruiting heads 12-25 mm. in diameter, some of them supra-axillary; fruit fusiform, somewhat shiny, the body 3-4 mm. long, tipped with a beak about as long; stalk 1-2 mm. long; stigmas linear. More common than S. androcladum and occurring in similar places. SPARGANIACEAE. 25 Sparganium minimum Fries. Aquatic; stems very slender, 10-40 cm. long; leaves thin and grass-like, 2-4 mm. broad, floating; inflorescence simple; heads sessile or nearly so, the pistillate about 1 cm. in diameter when mature; nutlets smooth, ovoid, conically short-beaked, easily detached. In mountain ponds and lakes. San Juan Lake, Vancouver Island, Rosen- dahl & Brand; Mount Rainier, Piper. Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Aquatic; stems slender, 30-100 cm. long; leaves very long and narrow, rather firm, 2-4 mm. wide; inflorescence simple; heads sessile or the lower peduncled, the pistillate 15-20 mm. in di- ameter when mature; nutlets abruptly slender-beaked, firmly attached. In ponds and lakes; Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Family 12. NAJADACEAE. POND WEED FAMILY. Submersed or floating fresh-water or marine aquatic herbs or marsh plants; leaves flat or filiform, opposite, alternate or whorled; flowers unisexual or perfect, mostly small, solitary axillary or in spikes; perianth none or sheath-like; stamens 1-4; carpels 1-5, each 1-ovuled. Flowers perfect; stamens more than one. Perianth of 4 sepals; stamens 4; fruit sessile. 35. POTAMOGETON, 25. Perianth none; stamens 2; fruits stalked. 36. RUPPIA, 27. Flowers monoecious or dioecious; stamen solitary. Leaves many, opposite; flowers axillary, sessile. Monoecious; pistils 2-5, in a cup-shaped invo- lucre; stigmas short. 37. ZANNICHELLIA 27. Dioecious; pistil solitary, naked; stigma slender. 38. NAJAS, 28. Leaves alternate, rather few. Stigma capitate; fertile flowers in an exserted naked spike; fresh water or marsh plant. 39. LILAEA, 28. Stigma linear; fertile flowers on an enclosed spadix; marine plants. Monoecious; fruit rounded at base. 40. ZOSTERA, 28. Dioecious; fruit cordate at base. 41. PHYLLOSPADIX, 28. 35. POTAMOGETON. PONDWEED. Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of two kinds, the submersed mostly linear, the floating lanceolate, ovate or oval; spathes enclosing the young buds, usually perish- ing soon after expanding; flowers small, perfect, spicate, green or red; perianth of 4 sepals, valvate in bud; stamens 4, opposite the sepals; ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Leaves of two kinds, the floating ones thickish, the submersed thin and of different form. Submersed leaves linear. Floating leaves subcordate at base; stipules long. P. natans. Floating leaves acute at base; stipules short. P. epihydrus. Submersed leaves lanceolate or oval. Floating leaves oval, 30-50-nerved. P. amplifolius. Floating leaves narrowly elliptic, 10-20-nerved. 26 NAJADACEAE. Stipules acuminate; fruiting spike 4-5 cm. long. P. americanus. Stipules obtuse; fruiting spikes 2-3 cm. long. P. heterophyllus . Leaves alike, all submersed. Leaves lanceolate to oblong. Not clasping at base. P. heterophyllus. Half clasping at base. Apex boat-shaped or hooded. P. praelongus. Apex acuminate, not hooded. P. richardsonii. Leaves linear. Stipules free from the base of the leaf. Leaves tape-like; spike cylindric; fruit large. P. zosterifolius. Leaves very narrow; spike not cylindric; fruit small. P. pusillus. Stipules adnate to the base of the leaf. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 4-8 mm. wide, ciliate, many-nerved. P. robbinsii. Leaves linear-setaceous, 1 mm. wide, not ciliate, 1 -nerved P. pectinatus. Potamogeton natans L. Floating leaves ovate or elliptical, somewhat cordate at base, 5-8 cm. long; upper submerged leaves with a lanceolate blade, the lower linear and grass-like; upper stipules long, acute; spike 3-5 cm. long, emersed. Common in still ponds and lakes. Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. (P. nuttallii C. & S.) Stems simple or branched, compressed, 60-120 cm. long; floating leaves oblong, obtuse or acutish, each attenuate into a short petiole; submersed leaves numerous, linear, thin, 5-7-nerved, with a coarse cellular reticulation between the inner nerves; stipules short, obtuse; spikes 1—4 cm. long, on stout peduncles; fruit obovoid, apiculate, 2-3 mm. long, 3-keeled when dry. Frequent in lakes and quiet rivers. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Stem stout, simple or branched; floating leaf-blades oblong-oval, acute, rounded at the base, 5-10 cm. long, long-petioled; submersed leaves mostly linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, the uppermost frequently oval or oblong; stipules large, 5-10 cm. long, acute; spike stout, dense, 2-4 cm. long, stout peduncled; fruit large, 4-5 mm. long, with a broad beak. Rarely collected in our limits; Coupeville, Gardner] Whatcom County, Washington, Suksdorf. Potamogeton americanus C. & S. (P. lonchitis Tuckerm.) Stems slender, flaccid, branched, 50-100 cm. or more long; floating leaves narrowly elliptic, pointed at each end, 5-10 cm. long, many-nerved, narrowed at base into a petiole about as long; submersed leaves lanceolate; stipules narrow, 3-8 cm. long; spike dense, 2-4 cm. long, on rather stout peduncles; fruit about 3-4 mm. long. In ponds and streams, not common. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Floating leaves thin, obtuse, 9-15- nerved, 3-5 cm. long; submersed leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-7- nerved; stipules obtuse; fruit small, subglobose. Victoria, Macoun, and common eastward. Potamogeton praelongus \Vulf. Leaves all submersed, numerous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, half-clasping at base, 5-20 cm. long; peduncles usually very long; spikes 2-5 cm. long, thick, loosely flowered; fruit sharply keeled when dry, 4-5 mm. long. In lakes, rare in our limits. NAJADACEAE. 27 Potamogeton richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. Leaves all submersed, lanceo- late, acuminate, cordate and clasping at base, 6-10 cm. long; stipules large, often split into shreds; peduncles rather short, thicker upward; spikes loose, 1-1.5 cm. long. Very common in lakes and ponds. Potamogeton zosterifolius Schumacher. Stems branching, flattened; leaves grass-like, clasping at base, 3-nerved; stipules obtuse; spikes cylindric, 12-15-flowered, shorter than the peduncles. Quiet waters, rare. Potamogeton pusillus L. Stems very slender, flattened, usually much branched; leaves all submersed, narrowly linear, 2-5 cm. long, each bearing two glands at the sessile base; stipules obtuse, early disappearing; spikes in- terrupted, 5-8-flowered. Common in still lakes. Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes. Stems stout; leaves numerous, all submer- sed, linear or lanceolate, minutely serrulate, 8-12 cm. long, 2-ranked; stipules obtuse; fruit obovoid, sharp beaked, conspicuously keeled. In quiet lakes, very local and seldom fruiting; abundant in Lake Cushman, Mason County, Washington. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Stems filiform, branched, 30-90 cm. long; leaves narrowly linear, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved, 2-10 cm. long; ped- uncles slender; flowers in whorls; fruit obliquely ovoid, compressed, turgid, 3.5-4.5 mm. long; style straight or nearly so. Columbia River, Scouler, Suksdorf; occurs most commonly in brackish water but rare in our limits. 36. RUPPIA. Slender submersed branching herbs growing in salt or brackish water with thread-like stems and with thread-like alternate leaves broadly sheathing at the base; flowers perfect, two or more near each other on a spadix enclosed in the sheathing base of a leaf, later being thrust out; perianth none; stamens 2, ses- sile; ovaries 4, at first sessile, in fruit stalked. Ruppia maritima L. Stems slender, much branched, leafy; leaves narrowly linear, 2-8 cm. long; spikes small, 2-8-flowered. In brackish shallow water on the seashore. A polymorphous species, of which at least two subspecies occur in our limits. Ruppia maritima intermedia (Thed.) Aschers. & Graebn. Carpels ovoid, slightly oblique but not curved, bluntly and inconspicuously beaked. Seattle, Piper. Ruppia maritima rostrata Agarclh. Carpels strongly oblique or curved and conspicuously beaked. Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Seattle, Piper & Smith. 37. ZANNICHELLIA. Submersed herbs; leaves small, opposite, linear; flowers unisexual, in axillary clusters, each composed of one staminate and 2-5 pistillate flowers; staminate flower naked; pistillate flowers enclosed in a funnel-shaped undivided involucre; style short; stigma disk-shaped or bilobed; ovary flask-shaped. 28 NAJADACEAE. Zannichellia palustris L. Horned Pond-weed. Stems slender, branching, leafy, 10-60 cm. long; leaves thin, filiform, 1-nerved, 5-8 cm. long; fruit nearly sessile, flattened, somewhat incurved, often more or less toothed on the back, 2-3 mm. long, about twice as long as the style. In ponds and quiet streams, rare in our limits. 38. NAJAS. Submersed aquatic herbs with slender branching stems; leaves numerous, short, opposite or in threes, linear; flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary axillary, the staminate en- closed in a membranaceous sheath; stamen 1; carpel 1, with a short style and a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary. Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Stems slender; leaves numerous, linear, acute or acuminate, 1-2 cm. long, minutely serrulate, the sheath broadly- oblong; fruit 3 mm. long, oblong-linear, tipped with the persistent style; seed pale-brown, shining. In lakes and slow streams, common and widely spread. 39. LILAEA. Marsh or freshwater grass-like plant with fibrous roots; leaves alternate; flowers monoecious, naked, in separate spikes or intermixed; staminate floret a solitary nearly sessile 2-celled anther subtended by a distinct bract; pistillate florets consisting of naked sessile ovaries; styles short in the upper florets, elongated in the lower ones; stigma cuspidate; ovule solitary. Lilaea subulata HBK. (Heterostylus gramineus Hook.) Leaves grass- like, 15-30 cm. long, 2-4 mm. broad, thin; peduncles shorter than the leaves; spikes crowded; spathe boat-shaped at base; styles of the lower flowers long and filiform, gradually reduced upwards; akenes elliptical, acute, wing- margined; lower ones largest and with a lateral tooth on each side at the base of the style. In ponds, rare. Sumas River, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Oregon, Scouler, Howell. 40. ZOSTERA. Submersed marine perennial herbs with creeping and rooting stems or rootstocks; leaves alternate, entire, ribbon-shaped; flowers monoecious; perianth none; flowers of single stamens and ovaries alternately in rows on a leaf-like spadix enclosed in the membranous base of a leaf. Zostera marina L. Eel-grass. Leaves tape-like, obscurely 3-7-nerved, 50-100 cm. long. Very common along the seashore just at low tide mark but very seldom flowering. There are perhaps two species on our coast. 41. PHYLLOSPADIX. Perennial submersed marine herbs with thick rootstocks and slender stems; leaves elongated, linear; flowers dioecious; per- ianth none; staminate flower a single sessile 1-celled anther; SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 29 pistillate flowers of sessile carpels in two vertical rows on the face of a broadly linear sessile spadix enclosed in a boat-shaped spathe. Leaves 2-2.5 mm. wide; spathes solitary or rarely two. P. scouleri. Leaves 1-1.5 mm. wide; spathes several, on short lateral peduncles. P. torreyi. Phyllospadix scouleri Hook. Stems stout, 2-5 cm. long, bearing a single spathe; leaves strongly 3-nerved, 1-2 m. long, 2-5 cm. broad. On rocky seacoasts, Vancouver Island, British Columbia to California. First found at the mouth of the Columbia River by Scouler. Phyllospadix torreyi Wats. Stems slender, bearing one or two axillary peduncles at each joint; leaves narrow, 2 mm. wide, 1-nerved or faintly 3- nerved, often a meter or more long. Vancouver Island to California, on rocky shores. Family 13. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. ARROW GRASS FAMILY. Swamp plants with narrow leaves and terminal racemose or spike-like inflorescences; flowers perfect or unisexual, naked or with a usually evanescent bract-like perianth; stamens 2 or 3; carpels 3-6, each 1-2-ovuled, more or less united till maturity, dehiscent or indehiscent. Leaves all basal; flowers numerous, in spikes or racemes, on scapes. 42. TRIGLOCHIN, 29. Stem leafy; flowers few, in a loose raceme. 43. SCHEUCHZERIA, 29. 42. TRIGLOCHIN. ARROW GRASS. • Flowers small, perfect, in a terminal spike-like raceme borne on a naked scape ; perianth segments 3-6, greenish, evanescent; stamens 3-6; anthers 2-celled, on very short filaments; carpels 3-6, united into a compound pistil; ovules solitary; capsule, when ripe, splitting into 3-6 carpels with a persistent central axis. Triglochin maritima L. Scapes subterete, 20-40 cm. high, exceeding the leaves; leaves thickish, narrow; raceme elongate, 15-40 cm. long; fruit ovoid, angled, 5-6 mm. long; carpels usually 6, sometimes 3. Common in marshes along the seashore. 43. SCHEUCHZERIA. Rush-like bog perennials with creeping rootstocks and erect leafly stems; flowers small, in racemes; perianth 6-parted, regular, in two series. Scheuchzeria palustris L. Stems flexuous, 15-20 cm. high, exceeded by the leaves; raceme loose, few-flowered; bracts sheathing; carpels ovoid, divergent in fruit. In sphagnum bogs, widespread but infrequent. Near Seattle, Piper; Tacoma, Flett. 30 ALISMACEAE. Family 14. ALISMACEAE. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. Aquatic or marsh herbs with fibrous roots, scape-like stems and basal long-petioled leaves; inflorescence a raceme or panicle; flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious; pedicels whorled and subtended by bracts; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, deciduous; stamens 6 or more; ovaries numerous or rarely few, 1-celled, usually 1-ovuled; carpels becoming akenes in fruit; endosperm none. Carpels in a ring upon a small flat receptacle; leaves ovate (in ours). 44. ALISMA, 30. Carpels crowded in many series upon a large convex re- ceptacle; leaves sagittate (in ours). 45. SAGITTARIA, 30. 44. ALISMA. Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or floating leaves; inflorescence a panicle or umbel-like panicle; flowers perfect, small, numerous, on unequal pedicels; petals small; stamens 6 or 9; ovaries few or many, more or less in one whorl on a small flat receptacle. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Water Plantain. Scapes stout, 30-100 cm. tall; leaves all radical, erect or floating, the petioles usually long, the blades ovate or oblong, acute, rounded or subcordate at the base, 5-15 cm. long, 5-7- nerved; flowers in a large panicle composed of 3-6 whorls of branches, these again branched once or twice; flowers on pedicels 1-5 cm. long; petals white, hardly exceeding the sepals; akenes obliquely obovate, compressed. Common in ponds and wet places. 45. SAGITTARIA. ARROWHEAD. Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs with basal long-petioled leaves; flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summits of the scapes in whorls of 3, the staminate usually uppermost;' petals usually conspicuous; stamens usually numerous; ovaries numerous, crowded in globose heads. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Wappato. Leaves sagittate, but varying greatly in width, 10-20 cm. long, long-petioled; petals white, 1-1.5 cm. long; akenes flat, each with a thin margin and bearing a stout lateral beak; rootstock tuberous. Common in shallow water on the margins of lakes, the tubers eaten by the Indians. In lakes and rivers where the European carp is introduced the plant has become very rare as the fish eat the tubers. Family 15. HYDROCHARITACEAE. FROG'S BIT FAMILY. Aquatic mostly perennial herbs with opposite or whorled leaves (in ours) ; flowers dioecious or polygamous, sessile or peduncled, surrounded by a membranous spathe; perianth HYDROCHARITACEAE. 31 regular, of 3 or 6 segments, these united and tubular at base; stamens 3-12; stigmas 3 or 6, bifid; ovary inferior; fruit inde- hiscent. 46. ELODEA. Perennials with opposite or whorled 1-nerved leaves; flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile in the axils; spathe tubular, 2-cleft; perianth of the staminate flowers with 3 nearly separate sepals and 3 or more narrower petals; perianth of the pistillate flowers with a long scarious tube adherent to the ovary and a 6-parted limb; stamens 3-9, the short filaments united at base; stigmas 3-6, bifid. Elodea canadensis Michx. (Anacharis canadensis Planch.) Waterweed. Stems 10-100 cm. long; leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, oval or oblong, acute, usually serrulate. In ponds, not common in our limits. Family 16. POACEAE. GRASS FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs or trees; stems (culms) generally hollow ; nodes closed; leaves 2-ranked, sheathing, the sheaths usually split to the base on the side opposite the blade; a scarious or membranous appendage (ligule) borne at the opening of the sheath, rarely obsolete; inflorescence a spike, a raceme or a panicle, consisting of spikelets composed of two to many 2-ranked imbricated bracts; the lowest two (glumes} without flowers or rarely wanting; one or more of the upper (lemma) containing in its axil a flower, which is usually enclosed by a bract-like, generally 2-keeled, awnless organ (palea) oppo- site the lemma and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet; lemma sometimes bearing a hard thickening (callus} at the base; flowers perfect or sometimes monoecious or dioecious, subtended by 1-3 minute hyaline scales (lodicules) ; stamens 1-6, usually 3; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 1-3, commonly 2 and lateral; stigmas hairy or plumose; fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis] or rarely a utricle; endosperm starchy. Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers. Spikelets sessile on the rachis; inflorescence a spike. Tribe 8. HORDEAE. Spikelets pedicelled ; inflorescence a panicle, spike- like panicle or raceme. Lemma shorter than the glumes, usually with a bent awn rising from the back. Tribe 5. AVENEAE. Lemma longer than the glumes, awnless or with a straight apical awn. Tribe 6. FESTUCEAE. POACEAE. Spikelets with one perfect flower. Spikelets with a staminate or neutral flower in addition to the perfect one. Rachilla jointed below the glumes which fall with the seed. Rachilla jointed above the glumes which do not fall with the seed. Imperfect flower below the perfect. Arrhenatherum in Imperfect flower above the perfect. Holcus in Spikelets with only one flower. Rachilla jointed below the glumes which fall with the seed. Spikelets compressed dorsally or terete; glumes 2'. Spikelets compressed laterally; glumes none. Rachilla jointed above the glumes which do not fall with the seed. First two lemmas empty, variously modi- fied, the third with a flower. First lemma flower-bearing. Spikelets crowded in two rows in one- sided spikes. Spikelets not in one-sided spikes. Spikelets in two opposite rows. Hordeum in Spikelets not in two opposite rows. Tribe 1. PANICEAE. Spikelets in clustered racemes or spikes. Spikelets not in clusters. Inflorescence a dense spike-like panicle; pedicels bristly. Inflorescence a loose panicle; pedicels not bristly. Lemma one; spikelets in two rows on a flat- tened rachis. Lemmas two; spikelets not in two rows on a flattened rachis. Tribe 1. PANICEAE. Tribe 5. Tribe 5. Tribe 1. Tribe 2. Tribe 3. Tribe 7. Tribe 8. Tribe 4. AVENEAE. AVENEAE. PANICEAE. ORYZEAE. PHALARIDEAE. CHLORIDEAE. HORDEAE. AGROSTIDEAE. 47. ECHINOCHLOA, 34. 48. CHAETOCHLOA, 35. 49. PASPALUM, 35. 50. PANICUM, 35. Tribe 2. ORYZEAE. Spikelets perfect; glumes none; lemmas awnless. 51. HOMALOCENCHRUS, 36. Tribe 3. PHALARIDEAE. First and second lemmas narrow, bristle-like; glumes strongly compressed. 52. PHALARIS, 36. First and second lemmas broadly ovate or oblong; glumes not strongly compressed. Glumes very unequal; first and second lemmas much shorter than the glumes, awned. 53. ANTHOXANTHUM, 37. Glumes nearly equal, scarcely exceeding the first and second lemmas which are awnless orshort-awncd. 54. HIEROCHLOE, 37. POACEAE. 33 Tribe 4. AGROSTIDEAE. Lemma with a long terminal awn and closely en- veloping the grain. Fruiting lemma thin and membranaceous. 55. MUHLENBERGIA, 37. Fruiting lemma firm and indurated. 56. STIPA, 38. Lemma awnless or short-awned and loosely en- veloping the grain. Inflorescence a dense spike-like raceme or panicle. Lemma awnless. Rachilla prolonged behind the floret. 59. GASTRIDIUM, 39. Rachilla not prolonged behind the floret. 57. PHLEUM, 38. Lemma awned. Glumes awned. 58. POLYPOGON, 39. Glumes awnless. Glumes saccate at base; palea none. 59. GASTRIDIUM, 39. Glumes not saccate at base; palea present. 60. ALOPECURUS, 39. Inflorescence not spike-like. Palea 1 -nerved; stamen 1. 61. CINNA, 40. Palea 2-nerved; stamens 3. Glumes none; plant very small. 62. COLEANTHUS, 40. Glumes 2; plant larger. Callus with a tuft of long hairs at the base. 63. CALAMAGROSTIS, 41. Callus naked. 64. AGROSTIS, 42. Tribe 5. AVENEAE. Perfect flower only one, the other staminate. Lower flower perfect, awnless; upper stami- nate, awned. 65. HOLCUS, 44. Lower flower staminate, long awned; upper perfect, awnless. 66. ARRHENATHERUM, 45. Perfect flowers two or more. Rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper flower. 67. AIRA, 45. Rachilla prolonged beyond the upper flower. Awn of lemma from between the two ter- minal teeth. 68. DANTHONIA, 45. Awn of lemma dorsal or none. Spikelets large, more than 15 mm. long. 69. AVENA, 46. Spikelets small, less than 15 mm. long. Lemma erose-truncate. 70. DESCHAMPSIA, 46. Lemma 2-toothed. 71. TRISETUM, 47. Tribe 6. FESTUCEAE. Lemma 3-nerved, rarely l-nerved. Panicle loose; spikelets usually many-flowered. 72. ERAGROSTIS, 48. Panicle dense, spike-like; spikelets 2-4-flowered. Spikelets of two kinds in the same inflores- cence, perfect and sterile. 73. CYNOSURUS, 48. Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence. 74. KOELERIA, 48. 4 34 POACEAE. Lemma 5-nerved or more. Keels of the palea winged. 75. Keels of the palea not winged. Spikelets with the upper florets sterile and folded about each other. 76. Spikelets with the upper florets perfect, or narrow and abortive. Spikelets cordate: lemmas cordate at base. Spikelets not cordate; lemmas not cordate at base. Stigmas arising below the apex of the ovary. Stigmas arising at the apex of the ovary. Lemmas compressed and keeled. Lemma awn-pointed. Lemmas pointless. Glumes 1-3-nerved. 80. Glumes 5-nerved or more. 81. Lemmas convex or rounded on the back. Lemmas acute or awned. Lemmas obtuse and scarious at apex. Lemmas prominently 5-7- nerved 83. Lemmas obscurely 5-nerved. 84. Tribe 7. CHLORIDEAE. Spikelets not in digitate clusters. Spikelets much flattened; glumes unequal, keeled. Spikelets subterete; glumes equal, convex. Spikelets in terminal digitate clusters. Spikelets I -flowered; stems creeping. Spikelets several-flowered; stems not creeping. Tribe 8. HORDEAE. Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis. Spikelets with one edge against the rachis; empty glume 1. 89. Spikelets with their sides againsc the rachis; empty glumes 2. Spikelets 2 to 4 at each notch of the rachis. Rachis not readily breaking into joints; spikelets 1-7-flowered, 2-4 at each joint. Rachis readily breaking into joints. Spikelets i-flowered, three at each joint, only the central one perfect. Spikelets 1-5-flowered, 2-4 at each joint, all perfect. PLEUROPOGON, 49. MELICA, 49. 77. BRIZA, 49. 78. BROMUS, 50. 79. DACTYLIS, 52. PDA, 52. DlSTICHLIS, 56. 82. FESTUCA, 56. PANICULARIA, 58. PUCCINELLIA, 59. 85. SPARTINA, 60. 86. BECKMANNIA, 60. 87. CYNODON, 60. 88. ELEUSINE, 61. LOLIUM, 61. 90. AGROPYRON, 61. 91. ELYMUS, 62. 92. HORDEUM, 63. 93. SITANION, 64. ECHINOCHLOA. long leaves; spikelets 1 -flowered, with 47. Coarse annuals with sometimes a staminate flower below, nearly sessile in panicled POACEAE. 35 1 -sided spikes or racemes; glumes unequal, hispid, mucronate; sterile lemma similar and usually awned from the apex. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass. Glabrous; stems stout, branching at the base, 30-120 cm. tall; panicle dense, 10-20 cm. long, composed of many ascending or spreading racemes; spikelets green or purple, 3 mm. long, densely crowded in 3 or 4 rows; sterile lemma awned or in some forms awnless. Introduced from Europe, a weed in moist ground. 48. CHAETOCHLOA. Annual grasses with erect stems and flat leaves; spikelets with one perfect flower and rarely also a staminate one, in spike-like panicles; pedicels bearing bristles; glumes and lower lemma membranous, the latter often containing a palea and rarely a staminate flower; upper lemma papery with a similar palea and a perfect flower. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. Green Foxtail. Annual, usually tufted, green; stems 30-90 cm. high; leaf-blades flat, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; spikes green, 3-5 cm. long, the rachis villpus; bristles 1-3, upwardly barbed, 6-12 mm. long; spikelets 2 mm. long; fertile lemma faintly wrinkled. Sparingly introduced. 49. PASPALUM. Perennials with 1-flowered spikelets in 2 rows along one side of a rachis forming racemes; lower glume usually wanting; lemma hard and firm, its margin inrolled; palea firm; grain oblong, inclosed within the hardened glume and palea. Paspalum distichum L. Stems ascending from a creeping base; leaves 4— 12 cm. long; spikes in terminal pairs, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets acute, 2.5-3 mm. long. On overflowed river banks, especially along the Columbia River; probably introduced. 50. PANICUM. Spikelets with one perfect flower, often with a staminate one below it; glumes 2, membranous; lemmas 2, the lower empty or including the staminate flower, the upper indurated, shining, enclosing a similar palea and the perfect flower; awns none (in ours) ; fruit a caryocist, the free grain enclosed in a box formed by the hardened lemma and palea. Annual; panicle very long-rayed; spikelets acute. P. barbipulvinatum. Perennial; panicle rather short-rayed. Basal leaves like the stem leaves; spikelets acute. P. agrostoides. Basal leaves different from the stem leaves, usually forming a rosette; spikelets obtuse. Spikelets 3 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so. P. scribnerianuni . Spikelets 2 mm. long, pubescent. Leaves glabrous on upper surface. P. occidentale. Leaves pubescent on upper surface. P. pacificum. 36 POACEAE. Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash. Annual; stems erect or decumbent at the base, 15-50 cm. tall, mostly simple; leaf blades 5-30 cm. long, pubescent; sheaths villous; panicle 10-20 cm. long, the capillary branches solitary or in twos, ascending, branched and spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets 3 mm. long, ovoid, usually on peduncles as long or longer. In dry soil. This species has commonly been confused with the eastern P. capillare L. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Tufted perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stems 40-100 cm. high, branched; leaf blades flat, 5-10 mm. wide; panicles 10-30 cm. long with ascending rays bearing densely flowered branchlets mostly on the under side; spikelets 2 mm. long; first glume half the length of the spike- let ;. pedicels bearing a few hairs. Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Not otherwise known in our limits. Panicum scribnerianum Nash. Perennial, the stems 10-50 cm. tall, erect or ascending, simple or branched above; stem leaves about 6, the blades lance- olate, 4—10 cm. long, 6—15 mm. wide, stiff, ascending, glabrous or sometimes pilose below; sheaths usually pilose, loose; panicles oblong or pyramidal, 3-8 cm. long, loose, exserted or the smaller ones included; spikelets turgid, ovoid, 3 mm. long. Dry prairies. Panicum occidentale Scribn. Stems 20-40 cm. high; sheaths somewhat hairy; blades smooth above, usually hairy beneath; panicle well exserted; spikelets 2 mm. long. Rocky banks and prairies. Vancouver Island to Idaho and California. Panicum pacificum Hitchc. & Chase. Very similar to P. occidentale, but more pubescent throughout, and the stems more leafy. Vancouver Island to California and Arizona. 51. HOMALOCENCHRUS. Perennials with rough leaves and open panicles; spikelets with but one flower which is perfect; glumes none; lemmas awn- less; grain closely enveloped by the glume. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Panicle loose, the branches spread- ing; spikelets narrowly oblong, 4-5 mm. long, loosely arranged; lemma his- pidulous, the keel strongly ciliate. Lake margins, infrequent in our limits. Seattle, Piper. 52. PHALARIS. Annuals or perennials with spike-like or narrow panicles; spikelets crowded, 1-flowered; glumes 2, about equal, compressed; lemmas 3, the first two much reduced and sterile, the third enclosing a palea and a perfect flower; stamens 3. Perennial; panicle branched; glumes wingless. P. arundinacea. Annual; panicle very dense, ovoid; glumes wing- keeled. Keel of glumes entire. P. canariensis. Keel of glumes toothed. P. minor. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass. Stout tufted perennial, 50-200 cm. tall; leaves flat, green, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle erect, 6-15 cm. long; spikelets lanceolate, 5 mm. long. Margins of lakes and rivers, in wet ground. POACEAE. 37 Phalaris canariensis L. Canary-grass. Annual, pale green, erect, 30-70 cm. high; inflorescence ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2-3 cm. long; spikelets ovate, 5-6 mm. long; glumes white with green veins, the keel not toothed. Introduced in waste places. Phalaris minor Retz. Annual; stems erect, 30-80 cm. high; inflorescence oblong to oblong-ovoid, 2-5 cm. long; glumes oblong, pale, a green stripe on each side of the toothed keel. On ballast, Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, Macoun. 53. ANTHOXANTHUM. Aromatic annuals or perennials with narrow spike-like pan- icles; spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed; glumes 2, unequal, awnless or mucronate-pointed ; lemmas shorter than the glumes, the first and second empty, 2-lobed, clothed with brown hairs and awned below the back; the third lemma fertile, shorter, hyaline, broadly obtuse, awnless; grain free. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernal-grass. Spikelets crowded, 8 mm. long, usually brownish; first sterile lemma hairy, long-awned; second sterile lemma short-awned. In pastures. Introduced from Europe. Sweet-scented on drying. 54. HIEROCHLOE. VANILLA-GRASS. Fragrant perennial grasses with flat leaves and usually rather small and pyramidal terminal panicles; spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate; rachilla jointed above the empty glumes; glumes 2, nearly equal, about as long as the spikelet, acute, smooth; the first and second lemmas awnless or short-awned; the third lemma enclosing the perfect flower, becoming somewhat indurated in fruit; stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect flower 2; styles distinct; stigmas plumose; grain free. Panicle and spikelets greenish; glumes and lemmas obtuse H. macrophylla. Panicle and spikelets brownish; glumes and lemmas acute. H. odorata. Hierochloe macrophylla Thurb. Stems 1 m. or less tail; leaves 30- 40 cm. long, 10-15 mm. broad, rough; panicle greenish, loose, the branches in pairs; glumes obtuse; fertile lemma obtuse, ciliate-margined, pubescent at the apex. From the Columbia River southward. Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahlenb. Stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves 10-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. broad; panicle brownish, pyramidal, usually compact; glumes acute; fertile lemma acute. Near Comox, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Reported from Nootka Sound by Hooker. A widespread northern grass. 55. MUHLENBERGIA. Perennial grasses with small 1-flowered spikelets; glumes usually unequal and shorter than the lemma, acute or sometimes awned; lemma narrow, 3-5-nerved, with a straight awn from the apex or from between the teeth. 38 POACEAE. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Stems 30-90 cm. high, simple or nearly so; panicle narrowly oblong, 5-8 cm. long, spike-like and usually inter- rupted; glumes bristle-tipped; lemma very acute. Sumas Prairie, 49° latitude, Lyall, and eastward. 56. STIPA. Tufted grasses; inflorescence a panicle; spikelets l-flo\vered, narrow; floret with a bearded and pointed callus at base; lemma 1, indurated, bearing a twisted or bent awn which is articulated at the base; grain narrow, free, tightly closed in the lemma. All in our limits are perennials. Awn 10-20 times as long as its lemma. S. comata. Awn 4-7 times as long as its lemma. Callus very short, obtuse; glumes 8-12 mm. long. S. lemmoni. Callus acute; glumes 6-8 mm. long. 5. minor. Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Tufted, pale green, 40-80 cm. high; blades involute; ligule 4-5 mm. long, conspicuous; panicle open, 20-30 cm. long, often included at base, the branches spreading and few-flowered; glumes 5- nerved, subequal, 15-25 mm. long; lemma 10-12 mm. long; awn 10-15 cm. long. Vancouver Island, Macoun, and common east of the Cascade Mountains. Stipa lemmoni Scribn. (S. columbiana Macoun.) Stems 60-90 cm. high ; leaf blades flat or involute, firm; sheaths smooth; ligule 1 mm. long; panicle narrow with erect branches, 2-5 cm. long; glumes subequal, scarious, lanceolate, acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; lemma short-pubescent, the body about 6 mm. long; awn 15-20 mm. long, pubescent to the second bend. In dry ground, British Columbia to California. Stipa minor (Vasey) Scribn. Tufted, 50-100 cm. tall, dark green; leaf- blades involute, long-attenuate, 10-30 cm. long, scabrous; sheaths shorter than the internodes, loose, smooth; ligule very short; panicle erect, rather dense, 8-20 cm. long, narrow, its base included in the uppermost sheath, the branches mostly in pairs; spikelets 8-12 mm. long, purple-tinged; lemma sparsely appressed-hairy, the awns 20-30 mm. long, bent near the middle, below which they are pubescent. In dry ground, infrequent except in the interior. 57. PHLEUM. Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a spike-like raceme; spike- lets 1-flowered; glumes membranous, compressed, keeled, the apex obliquely truncate, the mid-nerve produced into an awn; lemma much shorter; grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the lemma and palea. Spike-like racemes cylindric; awns of glumes short. P. pratense. Spike-like racemes ovoid-oblong; awn as long as body of glume. P. alpinum. Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Tall, erect, 60-150 cm. tall; leaf blades 15-20 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, smooth or scabrous; spike-like raceme nar- rowly cylindrical, erect, 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 2-5 mm. long; empty glumes ciliate on the keels which are prolonged into awns 1 mm. long. Cultivated and running wild. POACEAE. 39 Phleum alpinum L. Mountain Timothy. Stems 20-60 cm. high; leaf blades flat, rather short; spike-like raceme usually purple, cylindric, 2-3 cm. long; awns of glumes 2 mm. long. Common in mountain meadows, and along the seacoast to northern California. 58. POLYPOGON. Annual grasses; inflorescence a spike-like panicle; spikelets 1 -flowered; glumes each extended into an awn; lemma smaller, generally hyaline, short-awned; palea shorter than the lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea. Glumes notched at the apex, their awns 2-3 times as long; panicle dense, cylindric. P. monspeliensis . Glumes attenuate into awns of equal length; panicle lobed or interrupted. P. littoralis. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual, with erect or ascending stems, 8-30 cm. high; leaf blades flat, more or less scabrous; sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes; spike-like panicle densely flowered, oblong, rarely inter- rupted, 2-7 cm. long; glumes elliptic, notched at the apex, about 2 mm. long, each bearing a terminal awn 3 or 4 times as long; lemma truncate, 1 mm. long, bearing a terminal awn somewhat longer. Moist places, especially where somewhat saline. Polypogon littoralis (With.) Smith. Panicle dense, narrowly oblong, lobed or often interrupted. Along the seashore, not common. Tacoma, Flett; Port Angeles, Elmer; Victoria, Vancouver Island, Macoun. 59. GASTRIDIUM. Annual erect grasses with flat leaves; panicle dense, spike-like; spikelets 1 -flowered, narrow, shiny; rachilla produced beyond the floret; glumes saccate at base, much longer than the lemma; lemma hyaline, awnless or awned from just below the apex. Gastridium lendigerum (L.) Gaud. Tufted; stems 15-50 cm. high, erect; blades flat, scabrous, 3-5 mm. wide; panicle pale green, shining, spike-like, 5-12 cm. long; glumes very acute; lemma hairy. Umpqua Valley and southward, introduced. Perhaps not in our limits. 60. ALOPECURUS. Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a spike-like panicle; spike- lets 1-flowered, flattened; glumes acute, sometimes short-awned; lemma 3-nerved, awned on the back; palea usually present. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; panicle slender, 4 mm. thick. A. geniculatus . Spikelets larger; panicle stouter, 6 mm. thick. Anthers white; spikelets 4 mm. long. A. saccatus. Anthers orange; spikelets more or less than 4 mm. long. Spikelets 5 mm. long. A. pratensis. Spikelets 3 mm. long. A. calif ornicus. Alopecurus geniculatus fulvus (Smith) Sonder. Pale green and glabrous or nearly so; stems decumbent and branched at base, 15-60 cm. long; leaf 40 POACEAE. blades flat, somewhat scabrous above; sheaths little inflated; panicles slender, erect, 3-7 cm. long; spikelets 2.5 mm. long; glumes ciliate on the keels; lemma shorter than the glumes, bearing a short awn. In wet places, common. Alopecurus saccatus Vasey. Pale green, glabrous, simple or tufted, 10-30 cm. high, erect or geniculate at base; sheaths much inflated, about as long as the internodes; ligule well developed; blades short, 2-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. broad; panicles usually exserted, 2-5 cm. long, thick, pale green or purplish; glumes strongly ciliate on the keels; lemma shorter than the glumes and bearing a divergent awn 6—7 mm. long. In moist ground, rare, and local; near Yale, British Columbia, Macoun; Barlow Gate, Oregon, Howell. Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. Perennial, glabrous; stems 30-70 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades flat, 4-10 cm. long; spike stout, 4-6 cm. long; glumes united at base, equal, acute, ciliate on the keel; lemma obtuse, glabrous, shorter than the glumes, bearing from near the base a slightly exserted straight awn. Sparingly introduced; native to Europe. Alopecurus californicus Vasey. (A. pattescens Piper.) Perennial, tufted, pale green, the smooth stems 30-50 cm. tall, erect or slightly geniculate at the base; stem leaves 3; sheaths rather loose and inflated, shorter than the internodes, smooth; blades flat, 6-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acuminate, strongly scabrous above, less so beneath; ligule scarious, 3-5 mm. long; panicle usually well exserted, pale and silvery, 2—7 cm. long, about 5 mm. thick, erect, straight or somewhat flexuous; glumes 2-5 mm. long, nearly equal, strongly ciliate on the keels, obtuse; lemma hyaline, 2-4-nerved, as long as the glumes, obtuse, bearing from near the base a stout geniculate awn, 5 mm. long, scabrous above the bend. In wet places, rare in our limits; Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Medford, Oregon, Howell. A. howellii Vasey is apparently indistinguishable. 61. CINNA. Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves, conspicuous hyaline ligules and usually many-flowered nodding panicles; spikelets 1 -flowered; rachilla articulated below the glumes and prolonged behind the palea into a minute bristle; glumes narrow; lemma 3-5-nerved; palea 1 -nerved; stamen 1. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Stems solitary or few, erect, 60-120 cm. high; leaf blades flat, green, 1-1.5 cm. broad, scabrous; panicle pale green, drooping, 10-30 cm. long; glumes subequal, scabrous, 4 mm. long; lemma shorter, scabrous, bearing a short straight awn; palea 2-nerved. Along streams and in swamps, common. 62. COLEANTHUS. Small annuals with short leaves and umbel-like panicles; spikelets 1-flowered; glumes none; lemma ovate, keeled, usually with a short straight awn; grain free. Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Scidcl. Very small purplish grass", 2-5 cm. high; sheaths loose and dilated; blades 1 cm. long; panicle 1-3 cm. long, often partly included in the upper sheath. On the muddy banks of the Columbia River. POACEAE. 41 63. CALAMAGROSTIS. Tall perennial grasses with small spikelets in many-flowered terminal panicles; spikelets 1 -flowered, the pubescent rachilla prolonged behind the palea; glumes subequal, longer than the lemma which is hyaline and obtuse, and bears a dorsal awn; callus copiously hairy; palea shorter than the lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma. Awns strongly geniculate; callus hairs much shorter than than the lemma. Awn shorter than or little exceeding the glumes; glumes strongly keeled; tall sea-shore plant. C. aleutica. Awn greatly exceeding the glumes. Panicle loose ; leaves nearly as long as the stems. C. howellii. Panicle dense; leaves shorter than the stems. C. vaseyi. Awns straight; callus hairs not much shorter than the lemma. Panicle loose and open. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. C. scabra. Spikelets 2-4 mm. long. C. canadensis. Panicle narrow, rather close. Panicle not spikelike. C. inexpansa. Panicle dense, spike-like. Glumes subcoriaceous, ovate, acute; panicle 4-6 cm. long. C. crassiglumis. Glumes membranous, acuminate; panicle 5-20 cm. long. C. hyperborea. Calamagrostis aleutica Trin. Very tall, 1-2 m. high; panicle pale, large and loose; glumes lanceolate, acuminate; callus hairs half as long as the lemma. Along the ocean coast, Alaska to California. Calamagrostis howellii Vasey. Densely tufted; stems 25-50 cm. high; basal leaves numerous, loosely involute; panicle 8-10 cm. long; glumes strongly keeled, subequal, 5-6 mm. long. Abundant on the rocky cliffs in the gorge of the Columbia River. Calamagrostis vaseyi Beal. Stems tufted, 15-40 cm. high; panicle purple, rather close, 6-10 cm. long. In rocky places, in the mountains, at about 2000 m. altitude. Calamagrostis scabra Presl. Bluetop. Stems about 1 m. high; panicle loose, dark purple or rarely pale greenish; glumes sharp-acuminate; awn longer than the lemma. Common in alpine meadows. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Stems tufted, slender, 60-120 cm. high; leaves flat, somewhat involute, pale green, 15-25 cm. long; panicle 10-20 cm. long, purple, pyramidal, the slender branches in fives; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; glumes equal, acute, hardly larger than the lemma; awn short, straight. In wet meadows and along streams. Calamagrostis canadensis acuminata Vasey. Spikelets larger, 4-5 mm. long. With the species in wet meadows and along streams. Calamagrostis inexpansa barbulata Kearney. Stems about 1 in. high; leaves stiff; panicle purple, rather stiff; awn very short or wanting; callus- hairs nearly as long as the lemma. In bogs, near Union City, Mason County, Washington, Piper. 42 POACEAE. Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurb. Stems 10-20 cm. high; panicle dense, 3-5 cm. long; glumes ovate, acute; callus hairs nearly as long. Vancouver Island to California. Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange. Stems tufted, 40-90 cm. high, stiffly erect; leaves stiff, erect, scabrous, somewhat involute; panicle erect, narrow, densely flowered, 8-12 cm. long; glumes scabrous, acute, 4-4.5 mm. long. Vancouver Island and eastward. 64. AGROSTIS. BENT-GRASS. Annual or usually perennial grasses with small 1 -flowered spikelets, usually in diffuse panicles; glumes membranous, keeled, acute; lemma shorter, obtuse, hyaline, sometimes bearing a dorsal awn; palea shorter than the lemma, sometimes minute or want- ing; grain free, enclosed in the lemma. Rachilla prolonged behind the palet. Spikelets 3 mm. long, usually purple. A. aequivalvis. Spikelets 2 mm. long, usually pale. A. thurberiana. Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet. Palet evident, 2-nerved. Palet one-fourth the length of the lemma; panicle con- tracted. Palet about one-half the length of the lemma. Panicle contracted, usually lobed. Panicle not contracted. Plants with extensive creeping stolons, these bearing short leaves. Plants erect or decumbent, but without exten- sive creeping stolons. Tall, 30-90 cm. high. A. alba. Dwarf, alpine, 10-20 cm. high. A. humilis. Palet wanting or minute and nerveless. Plants spreading by rhizomes. Hairs at base of lemma 1—2 mm. long. A. hallii. Hairs at base of lemma minute or absent. Panicle contracted. A. pattens. Panicle open. A.foliosa. Plants without rhizomes. Panicle narrow, some of the branches short and spikelet-bearing to the base. Lemma awned. Lemma awnless. Panicle 5-30 cm. long; lowland plant. A. exarata. Panicle 3-6 cm. long; alpine plant. A. rossae. Panicle open, usually without short branches spike- let-bearing to the base. Awn of lemma attached near the base. A . howellii. Awn of lemma, if present, attached at or above the middle. Lemma awnless. Panicle very diffuse. A. hyemalis. Panicle loose but not diffuse. A. oregonensis. Lemma awned. Awn straight, included or but slightly exserted. A.melaleuca. Awn exserted, bent. A . longiligula. A. glomerata. A. stolonifera. A. maritime,. A. micro phylla. POACEAE. 43 Agrostis aequivalvis Trin. Tufted; stems slender, 30-60 cm. high; blades narrow, 1 mm. wide; panicle open with slender branches; glumes equal, acute; lemma obtuse, awnless. Alaska to Oregon. Agrostis thurberiana Hitchc. Stems tufted, 20-40 cm. high; blades 2-4 mm. wide; panicle narrow, loose, usually drooping; glumes equal; lemma obtuse, 5-nerved. In wet places in the mountains, rare. British Columbia to California and Utah. Agrostis glomerata (Presl.) Kunth. (A. in flat a Scribn.) Perennial; stems erect, 20-30 cm. high, scabrous near the panicle; leaf sheaths striate, often inflated; blades 2-8 mm. wide; panicle spike-like, 2-7 cm. long, often Ipbed; spikelets 3 mm. long; glumes equal, scabrous on the keel, sharp-pointed; lemma 2 mm. long, awnless or with a short awn from the middle of the back; callus hairs short. Along the seacoast, rare; Vancouver Island to northern California; probably only a subspecies of A. exarata Trin. Agrostis stolonifera L. (A. verticillata Vill.) Stems 20-80 cm. high, often decumbent at base, sometimes stoloniferous; leaf blades pale, acute, 3-4 mm. wide; panicle dense, verticillate or lobed, 3-10 cm. long, usually pale green; branches floriferous to the base; glumes equal, obtusish, 2 mm. long; lemma 1 mm. long, awnless, truncate and toothed at the apex; palea nearly as long as the lemma. In wet places, sparingly introduced from Europe. Agrostis maritima Lam. Tufted, the stems decumbent or spreading; leaves numerous, very short; ligules 2-3 mm. long; panicle narrow, 2-5 cm. long; lemma obtuse, the midvein protruding in a minute point. In moist places near the seashore. Agrostis alba L. Red lop. Perennial with creeping rootstocks; stems erect, 50-100 cm. tall; leaf blades flat, usually scabrous, the sheaths smooth; panicle 7-25 cm. long, open at first, then contracted, greenish or purple; palea present, one-third to one-half the length of the lemma. Common in fields and meadows, especially in wet places. Agrostis humilis Vasey. Stems 10-40 cm. high; panicles narrow, 2-8 cm. long, usually purple; glumes equal; lemma awnless. At high elevations in the mountains. Agrostis hallii Vasey. Stems erect, 60-80 cm. high; blades rather broad; ligule elongate; panicle narrow, 10-12 cm. long; spikelets pale; glumes acumi- nate, about 4 mm. long; lemma awnless, the hairs at the base nearly half as as long. Oregon and California. Agrostis pallens Trin. Stems 30-90 cm. tall; blades rather narrow; panicle narrow, loose or in seashore forms contracted, pale green; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; glumes equal; lemma awnless or with a minute awn. Not common, but very variable. Agrostis foliosa Vasey. Very similar to A. pallens Trin. but stems taller, 50-120 cm. high; panicle open, with stiff ascending branches; lemma awnless or with a straight or bent awn. In open places, British Columbia to California. Agrostis microphylla Steud. (A. ampla Hitchc.) Stems 30-90 cm. tall; blades flat, 2-8 mm. wide; panicle narrow, compact, pale green; glumes acute, subequal; lemma one-third shorter. In open ground, not common. 44 POACEAE. Agrostis exarata Trin. Perennial, tufted, the stems 30-90 cm. tall; leaves erect, the blades flat, 2-6 mm. broad, 5-10 cm. long, scabrous, the upper distant from the panicle; panicle strict, pale green, spike-like or interrupted, the short branches appressed and spikelet-bearing to the very base; glumes 2.5-3.5 mm. long, usually scabrous on the back. Variable and very common. Agrostis rossae Vasey. Tufted, 10-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, flat or folded; panicle narrow, erect, 3-6 cm. long, green or purple; glumes 2 mm. long, not scabrous. In alpine meadows, common. Agrostis howellii Scribn. Stems 40-60 cm. high; blades very long, 3-5 mm. wide; panicle very loose; spikelets clustered near the tips of the branches; glumes acuminate, equal; lemma acute, awned from the back. In rocky places in the Columbia Gap. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Annual, tufted, 15-90 cm. tall; leaves flat or involute, narrow, very scabrous; panicle very loose, 15-30 cm. long; branches in whorls of 2-12, capillary, 5-15 cm. long, branched above the middle and spikelet-bearing only near the tips. In moist places, common. Agrostis pregonensis Vasey. Stems slender, 60-80 cm. high; blades narrow; panicle pyramidal, nodding, open, the branches capillary; glumes subequal, scabrous on the keel; lemma shorter, obtuse, awnless. In marshes, rare. Agrostis melaleuca (Trin.) Hitchc. Perennial from creeping root- stocks, not tufted; stems erect, 30-50 cm. high, leafy; leaf blades 1-3 mm. wide; panicle oblong, 5-15 cm. long; glumes subequal, copper-colored, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute, smooth; lemma nearly as long, bearing from the middle of the back a short straight scarcely exserted awn; palea minute or wanting. In sphagnum marshes, Garibaldi, Oregon, Hitchcock; north to Alaska. Agrostis longiligula Hitchc. Stems tall, 60-80 cm. high; leaf blades flat, scabrous, 3-4 mm. wide; ligule 5-6 mm. long; panicle purple, rather dense, 10-18 cm. long; glumes 3-4 mm. long, acute, scabrous on the keel, hispidulous on the back, the upper a little shorter; lemma 2.5 mm. long, scabrous on the nerves, bearing a bent awn 2.5 mm. long; palea minute. Alaska and Vancouver Island, Macoun, to northern California. 65. HOLCUS. Annual or perennial grasses with densely-flowered terminal panicles; spikelets deciduous, 2-flowered, the lower flower perfect, the upper staminate; glumes membranous, keeled, the lower 1- nerved, the upper 3-nerved and often short-awned; lemmas 2, papery, that of the upper floret bearing a bent awn; palea narrow; grain oblong, free, enclosed in the lemma. Holcus lanatus L. Velvet-grass or Mesguite. Perennial; the whole plant downy with pale pubescence; stems erect, 30—90 cm. high; leaf blades flat, rather broad and short; sheath loose, shorter than the intcrnodes; panicle pale purplish, 5-10 cm. long, rather densely-flowered, the branches in twos or threes; spikelets 4-6 mm. long; upper glume short-awned near the apex; lemma of the staminate flower with a hook-like awn. Abundantly introduced in fields and waysides. POACEAE. 45 66. ARRHENATHERUM. Tall perennials with long narrow panicles; spikelets 2-flowered, lower flower staminate, upper perfect; rachilla extending beyond the flowers; glumes thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or awn-pointed, unequal, persistent; lemmas 2, rigid, 5-7-nerved, deciduous, the first bearing a long bent and twisted dorsal awn inserted below the middle, the second unawned; palea hyaline, 2-keeled; grain ovoid, free. Arrhenathemm elatius (L.) Bcauv. Tall Oat-grass. Glabrous perennial, 100-150 cm. high; stem leaves 3, the blades flat, minutely scabrous, the sheaths shorter than the internodes; panicle shining, 15-25 cm. long, rather narrow, the branches suberect; lemmas 6-7 mm. long, the lower bearing a long dorsal geniculate awn. Naturalized from Europe. 67. AIRA. Delicate annuals with narrow leaves ; spikelets small, 2-flowered; flowers perfect; rachilla jointed below the lemmas and not pro- longed beyond the upper one; glumes nearly equal, awnless, acute, longer than the lemmas; lemmas each with a twisted awn on the back; grain usually adherent to the lemma and palea. Panicle loose; lemma 2.5-3 mm. long. A. caryophyllea. Panicle dense; lemma 3.5-4 mm. long. A. praecox. Aira caryophyllea L. Hair-grass. Stems 10-20 cm. high; panicle very loose; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, silvery, shining._ Introduced from Europe; common in dry soil. Aira praecox L. Stems 5-10 cm. high; panicle small and rather dense; spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, yellowish, shining. Very sparingly introduced; a native of Europe. 68. DANTHONIA. Flowers solitary or few in a small raceme or panicle; spikelets 3 to many-flowered, the flowers all perfect or the upper staminate; rachilla pubescent, extending beyond the flowers; glumes keeled, acute, subequal, persistent, generally extending beyond the uppermost lemma; lemmas rounded on the back, 2-toothed, deciduous, the bent awn flat and twisted at the base, arising from between the acute or awned teeth; palea hyaline, 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed; grain free, enclosed in the lemma. Spikelets ascending in a close panicle. Callus very short, not hairy. D. pinetorum. Callus elongate, densely hairy. D. intermedia. Spikelets spreading, in a loose panicle or solitary. Sheaths smooth. D. californica. Sheaths hairy. D. americana. 46 POACEAE. Danthonia pinetorum Piper. Densely tufted ; leaves pale, narrow, involute, often curled; spikelets nearly sessile, pale; lemma loosely hairy, the apex bifid into 2 slender subulate teeth; awn 7 mm. long. In pine woods, Mason County, Washington, Piper; Nanaimo and Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Very near the eastern D. spicata (L.) Beauv. Danthonia intermedia Vasey. Stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves bright green, soft, flat or involute; sheaths glabrous or sparsely hairy; spikelets 3—12, usually purple, nearly sessile; lemma broadly lanceolate, 2-toothed. In alpine meadows, British Columbia to Quebec, south to California and New Mexico. Danthonia californica Boland. Erect, 50-100 cm. tall; leaf blades flat, scabrous; sheaths loose, shortly retrorse-pubescent, and with a tuft of hairs at the throat; spikelets 1-2 cm. long, 3-5 in a raceme, rarely more numerous or even solitary, usually long-pedicelled; lemma abruptly acuminate, long- ciliate below the middle, 2-cleft at apex, bearing an awn of about equal length. In meadows, not common in our limits. Danthonia americana Scribn. Much like D. californica but not so tall; spikelets usually 2 or 3; sheaths hairy; lemmas attenuate-acuminate. In meadows, British Columbia to California. 69. AVENA. OAT. Annuals with large spikelets; inflorescence a panicle; spike- lets 2 -many-flowered ; lower flowrers perfect, the upper often staminate; glumes somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent; lemmas deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal awn; apex often 2-toothed; palea narrow, 2-toothed; grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the lemma and palea, free or sometimes adherent to the latter. Avena fatua glabrata Peterm. Smooth Wild Oat. Stems stout, pale, smooth, 50-100 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades broad and flat, the sheaths about equalling the internodes; panicle loose 15-30 cm. long; spikelets, including awns, 3.5-4 cm. long, erect or drooping, on slender branches; lemma smooth, except the scabrous apex and the ring of stiff white hairs at the base, bearing on the back a geniculate, stout, twisted awn below the 2-cleft apex. Sparingly introduced. The common wild oat, A. fatua L., has bristly red hairs on the lemma. It may also be expected in our limits. 70. DESCHAMPSIA. Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a contracted or open panicle; spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the hairy rachilla extending beyond the flowers as a bristle or rarely termin- ated by a staminate floret; glumes keeled, acute, membranous, shining, persistent; lemmas of about the same texture, deciduous, each bearing a dorsal awn, the apex erose-truncate ; palea narrow; grain oblong, free, enclosed in the lemma. Lower glume 1-nerved. Glumes not longer than the florets. D. caespitosa. Glumes longer than the florets. D. atropurpurea. POACEAE. 47 Lower glume 3-nerved. Annual; glumes 5-7 mm. long. D. calycina. Perennial; glumes 3-4 mm. long. D. elongata. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Silver-top. Densely tufted perennial; stems 60-150 cm. high, much exceeding the numerous basal leaves; stem leaves 3, the blades narrow, involute, 5-12 cm. long, scabrous, the smooth sheaths shorter than the internodes; panicle 10-30 cm. long, usually open, the capillary branches in whorls of 2-5, flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets shining, greenish or purplish, 2-3 mm. long; lemma hairy at the base, erose-toothed at the apex, bearing a slender awn near the base. In moist soils, common. A very variable widespread grass. Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Scheele. Perennial ; stems 30-90 cm. high; leaves broad and flat; panicle rather close, purple; spikelets broad, flat, 5-6 mm. long. In mountain meadows, common. Deschampsia calycina Presl. Annual; the slender stems erect, 15-40 cm. tall; leaves narrow, involute, the blades 2-6 cm. long; panicle very loose, 7-20 cm. long, with subequal branches mostly in twos, these capillary, branched above and bearing spikelets near the tips; spikelets pale green, sometimes purple-tingled, about 7 mm. long; lemma long-hairy at the base, minutely toothed at the apex, bearing a geniculate a"wn three or four times as long. In dry soil. Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro. Stems densely tufted, smooth, 30-90 cm. tall; leaves filiform, commonly involute, smooth; panicle narrow, 15-45 cm. long, somewhat nodding; branches very unequal, ascending or appressed, very slender, naked below; spikelets pale green, usually purple- tinged near the apex; lemmas hairy at base, shining, irregularly toothed at apex, bearing a slender awn about twice as long. Common in open places. 71. TRISETUM. Ours all cespitose perennials; inflorescence a spike-like or open panicle; spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowers all perfect or the uppermost staminate; rachilla glabrous or with long soft hairs, extending beyond the flowers; glumes unequal, acute, persistent; lemmas 2-4, usually shorter than the glumes, decidu- ous, 2-toothed, bearing a dorsal awn below the apex or sometimes awnless; palea narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed; grain free, enclosed in the lemma. Panicle dense and spike-like. T. spicatum. Panicle loose and spreading. Rays long and drooping; sheaths smooth. T. cernuum. Rays shorter, erect; sheaths hairy. T. canescens. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter. Densely tufted, 10-40 cm. high, pubes- cent to glabrous with the sheaths pubescent; panicle oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, shining and often brownish-purple; glumes ciliate on the keels, the lower short; lemma 5-6 mm. long, its awn divergent and about as long. In mountain meadows at 1500-2000 m. altitude. Trisetum cernuum Trin. Stems 60-100 cm. tall, erect, the nodes pale; leaf blades flat, merely scabrous, 15-20 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle 48 POACEAE. 10-15 cm. long, loose, nodding; branches in distant whorls, capillary, cernuous, flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 6-7 mm. long without the awn; lemma 3-4 mm. long, bearing an awn of about twice its length. In open woods, common. Trisetum canescens Buckl. Much like T. cernuum, the leaf blades and sheaths pubescent; nodes usually dark; panicle erect, 7-16 cm. long; lemma 7 mm. long. In coniferous woods. 72. ERAGROSTIS. Annual or perennial grasses; inflorescence a contracted or open panicle; spikelets many-flowered, more or less flattened; glumes unequal, shorter than the lemmas, keeled, 1-nerved; lemmas membranous, keeled, 3-nerved, awnless; palea shorter than the lemmas, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually persisting on the rachilla after the lemma has fallen; grain free, loosely enclosed in the lemma and palea. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Stems prostrate, creeping, much branched from the base, forming dense circular mats; leaf blades 2-3 cm. long, somewhat pubescent; sheaths loose, inflated, hairy; panicles very numerous, pale green, dense, 2—4 cm. long, usually with their bases included in the upper- most sheaths; spikelets oblong, 4-7 mm. long. On river banks, widely distributed; rare in our limits. 73. CYNOSURUS. Annual or perennial cespitose grasses with flat leaves; spikelets of two forms in small fascicles which form a dense somewhat unilateral spike-like panicle; terminal spikelets of each fascicle 2-4-flowered, perfect, its rachilla jointed; lower spikelets sterile, with many empty lemmas; glumes 2, narrow lanceolate, acute; lemmas broader, membranous, 1-3-nerved, mucronate or awn- pointed; empty lemmas of sterile spikelets spreading, subequal, linear, 1-nerved; styles distinct, short; stigmas loosely plumose. Cynosurus cristatus L. Crested Dogsta-il. Stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves firm, 1-4 mm. wide, glabrous; panicle spike-like, 5-10 cm. long; spike- lets both fertile and sterile in each cluster, the terminal one fertile; sterile spikelet larger, the glumes and lemmas much narrower and very scabrous. Sparingly introduced from Europe. Seattle, Piper; Victoria, Fletcher. 74. KOELERIA. Tufted perennial grasses with narrow leaves and densely flowered spike-like panicles; spikelets 2-4-flowered; rachilla articulated between the lemmas; glumes acute, subequal, keeled, scarious on the margins; lemmas 3-nerved, keeled, acute; palea hyaline, acute; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Perennial, the erect stems densely tufted, 30-70 cm. tall, usually glabrous; leaves narrow, commonly involute; panicle dense, greenish or purplish, shining, 5-15 cm. long, often more or less inter- rupted; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 2-4-flowered. Dry soil, infrequent in our limits. A very variable widespread grass. POACEAE. 49 75. PLEUROPOGON. Soft erect annuals or perennials with rather large spikelets in terminal racemes; spikelets with 8-15 perfect flowers; rachilla jointed above the glumes and between the flowers; glumes 2, 1-nerved, or the second imperfectly 3-nerved, awnless, unequal; lemmas longer than the glumes, 7-nerved, entire, or somewhat 2-toothed at the apex, with the midnerve extending into a short awn; keel of palea with a distinct crest or wing-like appendage; grain free. Pleuropogon refractum Gray. Stems about 1 m. high; leaves flat, 6-8 mm. wide; raceme slender; spikelets 2-4= cm. long, horizontal or refracted, loosely flowered. Along streams in moist woods, rare. Washington to California. 76. MELICA. Perennial grasses with simple stems; inflorescence a contracted or open panicle; spikelets 1 -several-flowered, often one-sided; rachilla extending beyond the flowers and usually bearing 2-3 empty club-shaped or hooded lemmas twisted around each other; glumes membranous, the lower 3-5-nerved, the upper 5-9-nerved; lemmas larger, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, awnless, the margins more or less scarious; palea broad, shorter than the lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea. Lemmas acuminate at apex; stems bulbous at base. M. subulata. Lemma notched at apex; stems not bulbous. Awns short or none. M. harfordii. Awns long. M. smithii. Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Glabrous; stems tufted, usually few, bulbous at base; blades flat, shining; panicle narrow and rather loose, suberect, 10-20 cm. long; spikelets 3-5-flowered; glumes unequal, usually purplish; lemmas pubescent, 12 mm. long. In open woods, frequent. Alaska to California and Wyoming. Melica harfordii Boland. Stems tall, tufted, the bases not bulbous; lemmas obtuse and notched at apex, 8 mm. long, ciliate with long hairs for most of its length. In dry rocky places, Vancouver Island to California. Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey. Glabrous; stems tufted, usually few, not bulbous at base; blades flat; panicle loose, the solitary branches at length spreading or reflexed; spikelets 3— 6-flowercd; glumes unequal; lemmas glabrous, 10 mm. long, the straight awns half as long or less. Sumas Prairie, Lyall; and eastward. 77. BRIZA. Annuals or perennials with flat or convolute leaves and loose and open or narrow and spike-like panicles; spikelets many- flowered, round-ovate or cordate; rachilla jointed above the glumes and between the florets; florets crowded, the upper usually 5 50 POACEAE. imperfect; glumes 2, subequal, membranaceous with broad scari- ous margins, rounded on the back, shorter than the flowers; lemmas 5-many-nerved, cordate at base, awnless; palea much smaller than the lemma, obtuse; styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Briza media L. Perennial, tufted; stems erect, of various lengths, 10-60 cm. high on the same plant; leaf blades scabrous; panicle loose, pyramidal, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets ovate to cordate, 6-8 mm. long, 5-9-flowered. Sparingly introduced from Europe. Reported from Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, Macoun. 78. BROMUS. BROME-GRASS. Annuals, biennials or perennials with flat leaves and terminal panicles of large spikelets; peduncles thickened at the summit; spikelets few-many-flowered; glumes unequal, acute; lemmas rounded on the back, or sometimes compressed-keeled, 5-9- nerved, the apex usually 2-toothed, generally bearing an awn from just below the summit; palea shorter than the lemma; grain adherent to the palea. Spikelets strongly flattened; perennials. Awns less than 7 mm. long; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, not pilose. B. marginatus. Awns more than 7 mm. long. Panicle very broad, the longest rays 15-25 cm. long, drooping. B. sitchensis. Panicle large but the rays not drooping. B. hookerianus. Spikelets subterete, not strongly flattened. Native perennials mostly with loose and drooping panicles ; lemma usually more or less long-hairy. Panicle narrow, erect or nearly so. B. vulgaris. Panicle broad, drooping. Lemma evenly pubescent. B. pacificus. Lemma unevenly pubescent. B. richardsonii. Introduced annuals or biennials. Awns much longer than the body of the narrow lemma. Lemma pubescent or rarely glabrous; awns 13-15 mm. long. B. tectorum, Lemma not pubescent; awns 18-45 mm. long. Awns 35-45 mm. long B. maximus. Awns less than 30 mm. long. Panicle a dense head-like cluster. B. rubens. Panicle loose. B. sterilis. Awns shorter than or scarcely exceeding the broad lemma. Panicle dense, small. B. hordeaceus. Panicle loose, open. Margins of the lemma inrolled in fruit. B. secalinus. Margins of the lemma not inrolled in fruit. B. commutatus. Bromus marginatus Nees. Perennial, tufted; the stout stems about 1 m. high; leaf blades coarse, sparsely pubescent; panicle 15-25 cm. long, rather narrow, the branches in whorls of 2-4, about 7 cm. long, and bearing two spikelets; spikelets 2.5-4 cm. long, 5—7 mm. wide, compressed and keeled, POACEAE. 51 7-9-flowered; lemma rough-pubescent, 11-14 mm. long, 2-toothed at apex, and bearing a stout awn 4—7 mm. long. A variable species, rare in our limits. Bromus sitchensis Bong. Stout grass, 1-1.5 m. high, smooth or nearly so; panicle large, loose, drooping, 25-35 cm. long; lemma smooth or scabrous, 12-14 mm. long. Moist banks, along the seashore. Bromus hookerianus (Thurb.) Shear. Much like B. sitchensis but smaller; panicle erect, the branches not drooping; lemmas scabrous. In open places, common. Bromus vulgaris eximius Shear. Perennial; stems slender, 80-100 cm. tall; leaf blades 15-25 cm. long, glabrous or sparsely pilose; sheaths pilose with spreading or reflexed hairs; ligule truncate, fringed, 3-5 mm. long; panicle sparse, more or less nodding, 8-12 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; lemma 8-10 mm. long, sparsely pubescent on the back, some- what ciliate on the margin, the awn 6-9 mm. long. Common in open woods. Bromus vulgaris robustus Shear. Lemma pilose on the keel and margins near the base; leaves and leaf sheaths pubescent. Infrequent. Bromus pacificus Shear. Stems stout, about 1 m. tall; leaf-blades large, 8-11 mm. broad; panicle large, drooping; lemmas pubescent, 11-12 mm. long. Moist banks and copses, especially along the coast. Bromus richardsonii pallidus (Hook.) Shear. Stems 60-120 cm. high; leaf blades broad, scabrous above, smooth beneath; panicle large, loose, droop- ing; spikelets pale, 6-11-flowered, 2-3 cm. long; lemma 12-15 mm. long, villous at the margins of the lower half. In mountain bogs, rare in our limits. Bromus tectorum nudum Klett & Richter. Annual; stems 30-60 cm. high; leaf blades pubescent; panicle loose, one-sided, drooping, the branches slender; spikelets 15-20 mm. long; glumes acute, the lower about half the length of the upper; lemma lanceolate, smooth, 11-13 mm. long, bearing at the apex two narrow hyaline teeth and a straight awn 13-15 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Seattle, Piper. Typical B. tectorum with the lemma scabrous to pubescent occurs at Puyallup, Washington. Bromus maximus Desf. Stems 20-40 cm. high; sheaths and blades pilose; panicle erect, 5-10 cm. long, somewhat one-sided, the branches rather short and erect or nearly so after flowering. Sparingly introduced from Europe. Bromus rubens L. Annual, tufted; stems 20-50 cm. high, erect; sheaths and leaf blades pubescent; panicle ovoid, compact, 4-7 cm. long, reddish at maturity; spikelets 7-11 -flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long; glumes narrow, acuminate, subequal, lower 1-nerved, upper 3-nerved; lemma lanceolate, pubescent, 13-16 mm. long, the apex cleft into two long hyaline teeth; awn straight, 18-22 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Bromus sterilis L. Annual, the stout stems 50-100 cm. high, usually decumbent at base; panicle 10-20 cm. long, loose and drooping, its branches in whorls of 2-6, long and slender, usually bearing but'one spikelet; spikelets drooping, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 5- 10- flowered; lemma narrowly lanceolate, 17-20 mm. long, bearing a stout rough awn, 20-30 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. 52 POACEAE. Bromus hordeaceus L. Annual, erect, 20-60 cm. tall; leaf blades pilose or smooth, the sheaths pubescent with retrorse hairs; panicle narrow, dense, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets erect, 12-15 mm. long, 5-12-flowered; lemma pubes- cent, bearing a stout straight or somewhat twisted awn 6-9 mm. long. Common in waste places; introduced from Europe. Bromus secalinus L. Chess or Cheat. Annual, erect, 30-70 cm. tall; leaf blades 10—20 cm. long, sparsely hairy above, smooth beneath; sheaths glabrous; panicle 8-18 cm. long, pyramidal, erect at first, in fruit somewhat drooping; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, turgid in fruit, 10-18 mm. long; lemma glabrous or nearly so, 6-8 mm. long, its margins involute in fruit, tipped with an awn 2-5 mm. long; palea nearly equal to the lemma. Introduced from Europe. Bromus commutatus Schrad. Very similar to B. secalinus; panicle more drooping; lemma broader, not inrolled in fruit, tipped with a stout straight awn 7-8 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. 79. DACTYLIS. Perennial grasses with flat leaves; inflorescence a densely clustered or interrupted panicle; spikelets 3-5-flowered, short- pedicelled, in small fascicles, the flowers all perfect or the upper staminate; glumes thin, membranous, keeled, unequal, mucro- nate; lemmas larger than the glumes, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled, the midnerve extending into a point or short awn; palea shorter than the lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard-grass. Perennial, tufted, the stout stems 60-150 cm. tall; leaf blades flat, scabrous, 6-8 mm. broad; sheath scabrous, exceeding the internode; panicle 3-10 cm. long, pyramidal-ovate, greenish or purplish; branches solitary, ascending, spikelet-bearing above; lemmas con- spicuously ciliate on the keels. Escaped from cultivation. 80. POA. BLUE-GRASS. Annual or perennial grasses with simple stems and narrow usually flat leaves; inflorescence a contracted or open panicle, spikelets 2-6-flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous; flowers perfect or rarely dioecious; glumes membranous, keeled, 1-3-nerved; lemmas membranous, keeled, awnless, longer than the glumes, generally with a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base, 5-7-nerved, the marginal nerves usually pubescent, often also the dorsal one; palea a little shorter than the lemma, 2-nerved or 2-keeled; grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palea. Annual; lemma without cobwebby hairs at base. P. annua. Perennial. Plants with creeping rootstocks. Stem flattened, 2-edged; panicles small. P. compressa. Stem cylindric. Lemma webbed, that is with a tuft of long hairs at the base. POACEAE. 53 Dioecious, seashore plant; spikelets 10-15 mm. long. P. macrantha. Perfect; spikelets 4-5 mm. long. P. pratensis. Lemma not webbed. Low seashore plant with narrow involute leaves and small panicle; spikelets close. P. confinis. Taller grass, not maritime, with flat or folded leaves; spikelets loose. P. nervosa. Plants tufted, without rootstocks. Lateral nerves ol lemmas prominent ; web present. P. trivialis. Lateral nerves of lemmas not prominent. Web present at base of lemma. Leaves flat or folded, not soft and flaccid. Panicle short pyramidal; spikelets 6-7 mm. long; low alpine plant. P. arctica. Panicle ample, spreading; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. P. triflora. Leaves flat, rather short, soft and flaccid. Panicle lax and spreading; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; florets not early deciduous. P. leptocoma. Panicle narrow, the rays usually erect; florets early deciduous. Lemma glabrous or nearly so. P. Lemma pubescent. P. Web absent, no tuft of hairs at base of lemma. Nerves of the lemma pilose below. Alpine plant; leaf blades flat, green, broad. Maritime plant; leaf blades narrow or folded, glaucescent. Nerves of the lemma not pilose. Stems low, 5-20 cm. high; grasses of the highest mountains. Leaves soft; panicle purple, very short; plants 5—10 cm. high. Leaves rather rigid; panicle pale, narrow, elongated; plant 10-20 cm. high. Stems taller, usually 20-40 cm. high, mostly grasses of rupestrine habitat. Panicle close, erect; leaves flat. Lemmas pubescent at base; leaves rather narrow, sometimes folded. Lemmas glabrous; leaf blades broader. Panicles loose; leaves narrow, flat or involute. Ligules of the sterile shoots obsolete; of the stem leaves short and trun- cate. Ligules well developed on all the leaves. Rays of the panicle in about 5 series; ligules 2-5 mm. long Rays of the panicle in fewer series; ligules 1-2 mm. long. Panicle close; glumes firm; blades flat. P. saxatilis. Panicle loose; glumes thin; blades involute. P. gracillima. bolanderi. howellii. P. alpina. P. pachypholis. P. lettermani. P. suksdorfii. P. sandbergii. P. paddensis. P. multnomae. P. alcea. 54 POACEAE. Poa annua L. Annual Blue-grass. Annual, the compressed stems 5-15 cm. tall; leaves glabrous, the blades short and soft; panicle pyramidal, some- times 1-sided; spikelets 3-7-flowered, crowded, 4 mm. long; lemma 3-3.5 mm. long, not hairy at base. Introduced; common along waysides and in cultivated ground. Poa compressa L. Canada Blue-grass. Usually low, spreading by root- stocks and forming dense mats, the much compressed stems 15-40 cm. high, decumbent at base, glabrous; panicle 3-7 cm. long, contracted, the branches spikelet-bearing to the base or nearly so; spikelets 3-9-flowered; lemmas ob- scurely nerved, the nerves slightly pubescent below. Sparingly introduced. Poa macrantha Vasey. Pale green; rootstocks extensively creeping, stout; leaves involute or folded; panicle 5-10 cm. long; staminate spikelets yellowish, 10-15 mm. long; pistillate smaller. Common in sand dunes along the coast. Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Blue-grass. Perennial with conspicuous run- ning rootstocks, the terete stems 30—90 cm. tall; panicle pyramidal, open, 6-20 cm. long, the ascending or spreading branches in whorls of 3-5, spikelet- bearing above the middle; spikelets 3-5-flowered; lemmas 3-5 mm. long with prominent intermediate nerves, silky-pubescent on the midnerve and margins, cobwebby at the base. Meadows and pastures everywhere. Poa confinis Vasey. Stems 5-15 cm. high; leaves numerous, very narrow, involute; panicle 1—3 cm. long, the short branches in pairs; spikelets 3—5- flowered; lemmas broadly ovate. High sea beaches; common on the ocean coast. Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey. Stems weak, 30-40 cm. high; leaves soft, green, flat or folded; panicle lax, 6—10 cm. long; spikelets pale green, compressed, the 4—7 florets distant; lemma thin, lanceolate, scabrous. On moist wooded banks, rare. Nootka Sound, British Columbia, Scouler; Cape Horn, Washington, Piper; Multnomah Falls, Oregon, Piper. Poa trivialis L. Rough Meadow-grass. Stems 30-60 cm. high; sheaths and flat blades scabrous; ligule well developed; panicle rather loose; spikelets mostly 3-flowered; lemma 5-nerved, the nerves very prominent. Sparingly introduced. Poa arctica R. Br. Perennial by creeping rootstocks; stems slender, 2-3-jointed, erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves green, flat or folded, 2-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; panicle loose, pyramidal, erect or somewhat nodding, 3-8 cm. long, the slender rays mostly in twos; spikelets oblong-obovate, 3-6-flowered, 6-7 mm. long; glumes ovate, acute, subequal; lemma purplish, ovate, ob- tusish, pubescent on the keel and lateral nerves below the middle, 3-4 mm. long, the tuft of hairs at base nearly as long. Mount Rainier, Piper, Allen; our form is not typical and has been mistaken for P. laxa Haenke. Poa triflora Gilib. Fowl Meadow-grass. Tufted, the stems 60-90 cm. high; leaves narrow, linear, smooth and soft; ligule conspicuous; panicle usually purple, 10-30 cm. long, the branches mostly in fives; spikelets 2-5-flowercd; lemma obscurely nerved. In wet places, common. Poa leptocoma Bong. Glabrous, bright green; stems slender, erect, 20-40 cm. high; leaves flat, flaccid, 5-12 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; panicle lax, 5-10 cm. long, more or less nodding, the capillary branches mostly in twos POACEAE. 55 and 2-5 cm. long; spikelets compressed, 5-6 mm. long, 3-flowered; glumes slightly unequal, the upper longer and broader; lemma lance-ovate, acute, 3-4 mm. long, with a tuft of hairs at base and long-villous on the keel and marginal nerves below the middle. Boggy places in the mountains. Poa bolanderi Vasey. A glabrous, loosely tufted, short-lived perennial, 30-50 cm. high, erect; leaf blades few, thin, soft, rather short; panicle erect, narrow, 10—12 cm. long, the branches few at the well separated nodes' and usually remaining erect; spikelets 1-3-flowered, 2-3 mm. long; lemma smooth, the basal web scanty. Vancouver Island to California. Poa howellii Vasey. Very similar to P. bolanderi; lemma acute, pubes- cent; florets dropping very readily. In dry woods, not rare. Vancouver Island to California. Poa alpina L. Stems 15-30 cm. high; blades short, linear, flat, 3-6 mm. wide; panicle usually purple, short pyramidal; spikelets broadly ovate, 3-9-flowered; lemma villous on the midrib and nerves below. In the mountains, Alaska to Washington. Poa pachypholis Piper. Densely tufted, 15-30 cm. high; leaves glaucous, the blades narrow and involute; panicle short, thick, very close; glumes and lemma thick and firm; lemma pubescent on the lower half of the nerves. Ocean Bluffs at Ilwaco, Washington. Poa lettermani Vasey. Very dwarf, tufted, only 5-10 cm. high; panicle purple, 1-2 cm. long, oblong, quite dense; spikelets 2-4-flowered; lemma oblong, acutish, glabrous. Mount Rainier, at 3000 m. altitude. Poa suksdorfii Vasey. Pale green, densely tufted, 10-20 cm. high; blades folded or involute, rather numerous; panicle narrow and spike-like, 3-8 cm. long; spikelets 1-3-flowered; lemma ovate, thin and papery, 4-5 mm. long. In loose gravel in the mountains at high elevations. Poa sandbergii Vasey. Perennial, glabrous, not glaucous, tufted ; the stems 15-50 cm. tall; basal leaves numerous, the blades 5-10 cm. long, linear; stem leaves 2, low down, the blades 1-2 cm. long, the sheaths often purple; panicle 4-10 cm. long, narrow, the ascending branches in whorls of 2-5, spikelet-bearing near the top; spikelets 2-4-flowered, usually purplish; lemmas oblong, 3.5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent above, villous near the base. In dry places in the mountains, rare; common in the interior. Poa paddensis Williams. (P. purpurascens Vasey.) Densely tufted; stems 15-30 cm. high; blades flat or loosely involute, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle erect or spreading, dark purple, rather close; spikelets thick, 3— 5-flowered; glumes ovate, acutish; lemmas ovate, sparsely scabrous. In alpine meadows, common. Vancouver Island to Oregon. Poa multnomae Piper. Densely tufted, 10-30 cm. high; basal leaves numerous, very narrow, smooth, folded; panicle loose; spikelets ovate-lan- ceolate, 3-5-flowered, 5-7 mm. long; lemma ovate, acutish, puberulent at base, scarious at apex. On rock cliffs along the Columbia. Poa alcea Piper. Much like P. multnomae but taller; ligules conspicuous; spikelets oblong, 6-9 mm. long, mostly 5-flowered. On moist rock cliffs, Elk Rock, near Portland, Oregon, and southward. Poa saxatilis Scribn. & Williams. Densely tufted alpine perennial, 20-30 cm. tall; basal leaves numerous, green, the blades 2—6 cm. long, flat, slightly 56 POACEAE. scabrous, about 2 mm. broad; stem leaves 2; ligules well developed; sheaths loose, becoming scarious; panicles green or purple, erect, rather loose, 4-7 cm. long, the rays mostly in twos; spikelets lanceolate, 6-9 mm. long, loosely 3-5- flowered; glumes subacute, smooth, subequal, about 4 mm. long; lemma ob- scurely 5-nerved, oblong, subacute, scabrous on the back, puberulent at base and on the keel, 4-4.5 mm. long. Rocky places at high altitudes. Poa gracillima Vasey. Very similar to P. saxatilis which may not be distinct; leaf blades involute; panicle loose; spikelets 7 mm. long; lemma thin, scabrous on the back, pubescent at base, scarious at apex. On cliffs in the mountains. 81. DISTICHLIS. Rather rigid erect grasses springing from creeping bases, with dense panicles of rather few large and compressed spikelets, which are usually more numerous and less crowded in the stami- nate than in the pistillate plants; spikelets 8-16-flowered, dioecious; glumes 2, keeled, acute, shorter than the lemmas; lemmas 3-many-nerved, acute; grain free. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. Salt-grass. Extensively creeping; leaves rather rigid, smooth, involute; spikelets ovate or oblong, 8-16 mm. long, smooth, 6-12-flowered. Along the seashore, common. 82. FESTUCA. FESCUE. Annuals or perennials with terminal panicles, sometimes reduced to racemes; spikelets 2 -many-flowered ; glumes more or less unequal, acute, keeled, the lower 1-, rarely 3-nerved, the upper 3-, rarely 5-nerved; lemmas lanceolate, firm in texture at least near the base, narrow, rounded on the back or slightly keeled, always 5-nerved, acute or usually awned; palea usually about equalling the lemma; grain glabrous, elongated, often adherent to the palea. Annuals. Spikelets densely 8-13-flowered. F. octoflora. Spikelets loosely 1— 6-flowered. Branches of the short panicle divergent. Florets 3-5 in each spikelet; only the principal rays divergent. F. pacifica. Florets 1-3 in each spikelet; all the spikelets diver- gent. F. reflexa. Branches of the elongated panicle erect or appressed. Lemma ciliate. F. megalura. Lemma not ciliate. First glume one-third as long as second. F. myuros. First glume two-thirds as long as second. F. bromoides. Perennials. Callus and auricles conspicuously hairy. F. aristulata. Callus and auricles glabrous. Leaves very narrow, mostly involute. POACEAE. 57 Plant with creeping rootstocks. F. rubra. Plant tufted; rootstocks none. Tufts separable with difficulty; lemmas acute, not awned. F. viridula. Tufts easily separable; lemmas awned. Panicle loose; lemmas long-awned. F. occidentalis. Panicle close; lemmas not long-awned. F. ovina. Leaves rather broad, flat. Lemma firm, not at all keeled, awnless. F. elatior. Lemma rather thin, keeled above the middle, awned. Floret with a narrow stalk-like base. F. subuliflora. Floret not stalk-like at base. F. subulata. Festuca octoflora Walt. Tufted annual, 8-30 cm. tall; panicle 2-6 cm. long, rather dense, often one-sided; spikelets 6—10 mm. long, 7— 13-flowered; lemmas 3-4 mm. long, scabrous, attenuate into an awn about as long. In dry open places. Festuca pacifica Piper. Annual; stem single or a few in a loose tuft, 5-30 cm. tall; panicle 4-10 cm. long; branches mostly solitary, longest below, all erect at first but becoming spreading or reflexed by means of a prominent pulvinus at the base; spikelets 2-6-flowered; lemma 6-7 mm. long, the awn two to three times as long. In prairies, rare west of the Cascade Mountains. Festuca reflexa Buckl. In habit like F. pacifica; panicle 5-12 cm. long, the rays solitary; spikelets at length all spreading; lemma lanceolate, glabrous or scabrous, bearing a short or long awn. Dry open places, Vancouver Island to California. Festuca megalura Nutt. Tufted annual, 30-40 cm. tall, smooth; panicle spike-like, elongated, flexuous, 5-25 cm. long, pale-green; spikelets 4-5-flow- ered, 2-2.5 cm. long, including the awns; lemma lanceolate, scabrous, the body 5 mm., the awn 10-15 mm. long. Along roads and streets, native, but appearing as if introduced. Festuca myuros L. Mouse-tail Fescue. Very similar to F. megalura, but the panicle usually smaller; lemma not ciliate; first glume very short. Sparingly introduced; native of Europe. Festuca bromoides L. Glabrous; stems 10-30 cm. high; panicle usually dense, 5-10 cm. long; rays solitary; glumes subequal, the lower shorter. Waysides, introduced from Europe. Festuca aristulata (Torr.) Shear. (F. calif arnica Vasey.) Coarse tufted grass, 60-120 cm. high, scabrous throughout; junction of sheath and blade white-hairy; panicle large and very loose; spikelets 5-flowered; lemma 8-10 mm. long, lanceolate, scabrous. Dry ground, upper Willamette Valley to California. Festuca rubra L. Perennial, with short running rootstocks; the whole plant smooth; stems 60-100 cm. tall, slender; leaves narrow, involute, 10-20 cm. long; panicle narrow, erect, about 10 cm. long, the short erect branches in twos, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets frequently purplish, 10-12 cm. long, 5-6-flowered; lemma smooth, 5-6 mm. long, tipped with an awn 3-4 mm. long. Mostly along the seashore. F. rubra kitaibeliana (Schult.) Piper is a subspecies distinguished by having pubescent lemmas. Festuca viridula Vasey. Densely tufted, dark green, smooth; stems 50- 100 cm. high; leaves narrow, erect, soft, 7-nerved, the basal ones involute; 58 POACEAE. panicle loose and open, suberect, 10-15 cm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered; lemma firm, keeled toward the apex, 5-nerved, acute or sometimes mucronate, smooth or nearly so, 6-7 mm. long. Common in alpine meadows. Festuca occidentalis Hook. Densely tufted, the whole plant smooth and bright green; stems 30-60 cm. high; leaf blades smooth, becoming longitudi- nally grooved when dry; panicle narrow, loose, 8-20 cm. long, often drooping at the summit; spikelets green, 3-5-flowered; lemmas scabrous near the apex or smooth, 5-6 mm. long, bearing a slender awn of equal length. In open woods, common. Festuca ovina supina (Schur) Hack. Plant densely tufted, usually smooth; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves firm, involute, not shrinking when dry; panicle strict, narrow, 2-4 cm. long; lemmas short-awned; ovary not hairy at apex. In the mountains at high altitudes. Festuca elatior L. Meadow Fescue. Perennial; the stout stem 100-150 cm. tall, smooth and glabrous throughout; leaves flat, dark green, 7-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; panicle narrow, erect, 10-25 cm. long, the branches soli- tary or in twos; spikelets rather crowded, lanceolate-oblong, 12-18 mm. long, 5— 10-flowered; lemma scarious-margined, acute, awnless. A native of Europe, escaped from cultivation. Festuca subuliflora Scribn. Stems 60-80 cm. high; leaves broad, flat or loosely involute; panicle broad, the spreading rays mostly solitary; spikelets large, loose; lemmas long awned, each narrowed at base into a stalk-like structure, so that the rachilla is apparently jointed between the florets. In open woods, not common. Festuca subulata Trin. Loosely tufted, glabrous or nearly so; stems 40- 120 cm. high; leaf blades flat, thin, 3-10 mm. broad; panicle very loose and somewhat drooping, 15-40 cm. long, rays in 3-5 sets; spikelets pale green, 3-5-flowered, 7-12 mm. long; lemma membranaceous, narrowly lanceolate, keeled its entire length, 5-7 mm. long, with an awn 5-20 mm. long. In moist woods, common. 83. PANICULARIA. Tall aquatic perennial grasses with terminal panicles; spikelets few-many-flowered, terete, or somewhat flattened; glumes un- equal, obtuse or acute, 1-3-nerved; lemmas membranous, obtuse, rounded on the back, 5-9-nerved, the nerves disappearing in the hyaline apex; palea scarcely shorter than the lemma, rarely longer; grain smooth, enclosed in the lemma and palea, free, or when dry slightly adhering to the latter. Spikelets linear, 10-20 mm. long. Lemma scabrid only on the nerves; glumes 2-3 mm. long. P. borealis. Lemma scabrid all over the back; glumes 1-2 mm. long. Spikelets 10-15 mm. long; lemma 3 mm. long, truncate. P. leptostachya. Spikelets 18-20 mm. long; lemma 5-6 mm. long, acut- ish. P. occidentalis. Spikelets ovate or oblong, 2-8 mm. long Lemma with 5 prominent nerves. P. pauciflora. Lemma with 7 prominent nerves. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long. P. nervata. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. P. americana. POACEAE. 59 Panicularia borealis Nash. Stems weak, erect, glabrous, 50-100 cm. tall; leaf blades 8-20 cm. long, pale green, nearly smooth; sheaths loose, longer than the internodes; panicle lax, 15-30 cm. long, the branches single or in twos, usually short and erect; spikelets linear, 10-15 mm. long; lemmas thin, 3.5-4 mm. long, 7-nerved, the nerves minutely hispid. In shallow ponds and ditches. Panicularia leptostachya (Buckl.) Piper n. comb. (Clyceria leptostachya Buckl.; Panicularia davyi Merrill.) Much like P. borealis; sheaths scabrous; spikelets 10-16 mm. long; lemma scabrous all over the back, truncate; glumes very short. In ponds, rare. Panicularia occidentalis Piper n. sp. Pale green, flaccid, 60-90 cm. high; sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes; ligules large, 4-8 mm. long; blades flat, scabrous above, smooth beneath, 5-9 mm. broad, 8-20 cm. long; panicle loose, spreading, usually enclosed at base, 30-50 cm. long; branches in about 7 series, scabrous, a long one and one or two short ones at each joint; spikelets 18-20 mm. long, 6-9-flowered; rachilla slender, cernuous; glumes hyaline, the lower broadly ovate, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, the upper oblong, acutish, 3 mm. long; lemma firm, strongly nerved, 5-6 mm. long, acutish, narrowly hyaline-margined, scabrous-puberulent all over the back. Type specimen collected at Vancouver, Washington, C. V. Piper no. 4905, June 5, 1904; also collected at Sauvies Island, Oregon, Thos. Howell, May 1881; Salem, Oregon, E. Hall, no. 630, in 1871. Most nearly related to P. leptostachya (Buckl.) Piper; differing in its broader leaf-blades, smooth sheaths and larger spikelets and florets. Panicularia pauciflora (Presl) Kuntze. Stems 50-100 cm. high, smooth; leaf blades 10-20 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. broad, acute, scabrous; sheaths nearly equalling the internodes; panicle loose, 15-20 cm. long, usually purplish, its base included in the upper sheath; branches slender, spreading, 2-5 at a node, flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 4-6-flowered; lem- mas prominently 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved. Common in springy places. Panicularia nervata elata (Nash) Piper. Stems 60-90 cm. high; leaves linear, dark-green, 15-30 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle loose, at length drooping; spikelets 2-4 mm. long. In wet places, common. Panicularia americana (Torr.) MacM. Reed Meadow-grass. Stems stout, 100-150 cm. high; leaf blades 6-15 mm. wide; panicle large and loose, 20-40 cm. long, nodding at the top; spikelets 4-7-flowered; upper glume 2-2.5 mm. long. In wet places, not common in our limits. 84. PUCCINELLIA. Tufted perennial grasses of seacoast or alkaline regions; spikelets as in Panicularia, but lemmas firmer, usually smaller, often sub-acute and minutely pubescent at base, the nerves obscure. Panicle narrow, its base usually inclosed in the upper sheath, erect or the short lower branches sometimes divergent. P. angustata. Panicle well exserted, the branches becoming divaricate or re- flexed. P. distans. 60 POACEAE. Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Nash. Creeping by stolons; stems low, slender; leaves somewhat fleshy, narrow, involute; spikelets 3-7-flowered ; first glume usually 1-nerved. Salt marshes along the coast. Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. (Poa nutkaensis Presl.) Not stoloniferous; stems geniculate, 20-60 cm. high; blades not fleshy, flat or folded; panicle branches usually in fours or fives, spreading or reflexed; spikelets 3-6-flowered; first glume usually 3-nerved. Seashores; very variable. Forms with the panicle narrow and the branches ascending have been referred perhaps correctly to the European P. festucae- formis (Host) Parl. 85. SPARTINA. CORD-GRASS. Coarse perennial grasses with strong creeping rootstocks, rigid simple stems and long tough leaves; inflorescence of 1 -sided spreading or erect alternate spikes; spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with the very short pedicels below the glumes; glumes keeled, very un- equal; lemma keeled, equalling or shorter than the second glume; palea often longer than its lemma; grain free. Spartina michauxiana Hitchc. Stems 1-2 m. tall, simple, smooth; leaf blades flat, keeled, long-acuminate, involute in age, scabrous on the margins; spikes 5-20, 5-12 cm. long, ascending, sometimes peduncled; spikelets closely imbricated; glumes very scabrous on the keels, awn-pointed; lemma scabrous on the midrib, which terminates below the 2-toothed apex. Cascades of the Columbia River, Hall, perhaps in our limits. 86. BECKMANNIA. Tall erect perennials; inflorescence a terminal panicle of erect spikes; spikelets 1-2-flowered, globose, compressed; glumes mem- branous, saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute; lemmas 1 or 2, narrow, thin-membranous; palea hyaline; grain oblong, free, enclosed in the lemma. Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host. Perennial, the stems stout, 60- 90 cm. tall, glabrous throughout; leaf blades 10—30 cm. long, 6—10 mm. wide, scabrous, the loose sheaths exceeding the internodes; panicle narrow, 10-30 cm. long, the densely-flowered branches mostly solitary and erect; spikelets nearly orbicular, flattened, 2 mm. long. In wet meadows, rare west of the Cascade Mountains. Victoria, Van- couver Island, Macoun; Colquitz River, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Wil- lamette Valley. 87. CYNODON. Low creeping perennials with short flat leaves and slender spikes digitately arranged at the ends of the branches; spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, sessile in two rows along one side of a slender rachis, forming unilateral spikes; rachilla jointed above the glumes and prolonged behind the palea into a slender bristle; glumes 2, narrow, keeled, usually acute; lemma broader, usually a little longer than the glumes, obtuse, more or less pilose on the keel POACEAE. 6 1 and margins; palea as long as the glume; styles distinct; grain free. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda-grass. Low, 5-30 cm. high, loosely branched and extensively creeping by rootstocks or stolons, glabrous; leaf blades flat; ligules very short but bearing a ring of white bristles; branches of the umbel 4-6; spikelets 2 mm. long. Sparingly introduced. 88. ELEUSINE. Tufted annuals with rather stout unilateral spikes digitately arranged at the tip of the stem; spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in 2 rows along one side of the rachis; rachilla jointed above the glumes; lemmas compressed, keeled, thin but rigid, obtuse; palea a little shorter than the lemma, compressed; seed finely striated. Eleusine indica Gaertn. Goose-grass. Glabrous annual; stems flattened, erect or decumbent, 15-60 cm. high; sheaths overlapping; spikes 3-8 cm. long, 2-10 in an umbel, bearing the 3-5-flowered spikelets on the lower side. Introduced from the oriental tropics. 89. LOLIUM. Annuals or perennials with simple erect stems and simple terminal spikes; spikelets several-flowered, solitary and sessile in alternate notches of the rachis, one edge of the spikelet against the rachis; glume 1 (2 in the terminal spikelet), on the side away from the rachis, shorter or longer than the lemmas which are rounded on the back and 5-7-nerved, with an obtuse, acute or awned apex; grain smooth, adherent to the palea. Glumes longer than the spikelet. L. temulentum. Glumes shorter than the spikelet. Lemmas awned; young leaves involute. L. multiflorum. Lemmas awnless; young leaves folded. L. perenne. Lolium temulentum L. Darnel. Annual; spikelets 5-8-flowered; lemma awnless or short-awned. Sparingly introduced. Lolium multiflorum Lam. Italian Rye-grass. Glabrous, tufted; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high; sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; blades 3-8 mm. wide, involute in the bud; ligule short, truncate; spikes 20-30 cm. long; spikelets 7-9-flowered; glumes shorter than the spikelet; lemma narrowly elliptic, the awn as long as the body. Introduced from Europe. Lolium perenne L. English or Perennial Rye-grass. Perennial; young leaves folded; spikelets 8-15-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; lemmas 5-6 mm. long, awnless or short-awned. Naturalized from Europe. 90. AGROPYRON. WHEAT-GRASS. Perennials with simple stems and terminal spikes; spikelets 3-many-flowered, sessile, single and alternate at each notch of 62 POACEAE. the usually continuous rachis, the side of the spikelet, that is the edge of the glumes, toward the rachis; lemmas rigid, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex; palea often with hairy keels; grain pubescent at the apex. Plants tufted, without rootstocks; spikelets subcylindric. A. tenerum. Plants with creeping rootstocks. Spikelets compressed, spreading; leaves pale, rough on the back. A. occ-identale. Spikelets subcylindric, erect; leaves green, smooth on the back. A. repens. Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Slender Wheat-grass. Perennial, tufted; stems erect, 30-100 cm. high, rather slender, glabrous; stem leaves 3 or 4, the blades becoming involute, scabrous on both sides, the sheaths glabrous and shorter than the internodes; spike 10-20 cm. long, narrow, the spikelets densely crowded; lemmas linear-oblong, 5-nerved, scabrous, acuminate or short-awned. Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; common in the interior. Agropyron occidentale Scribn. (A. smithii Rydb.) Bluestem. Whole plant pale or glaucous; stems erect, 30-100 cm. high; leaves firm, the nerves thick and prominent; spike 8-15 cm. long, compact; spikelets 7-13-flowered, 12-20 mm. long, glabrous; lemma firm, awn-pointed, the nerves faint. High sea-beaches, rare; common in the interior. Agropyron repens L. Couch or Quack-grass. Stems erect, 100-150 cm. high; leaf blades green, pilose above, the nerves not prominent; spike 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 5-flowered; lemma glabrous or nearly so, strongly nerved, usually awn-pointed. Sparingly introduced; a very pernicious weed. 91. ELYMUS. RYE-GRASS. Perennial or annual grasses with spike-like inflorescences which do not readily break up into segments; spikelets 1-7-flowered, 2-4 at each joint of the rachis or rarely solitary; glumes entire, equal, rigid, narrow; lemmas acute, acuminate or awned, entire. Glumes subulate, obscurely nerved. Annual; glumes awned. E. caput-medusae. Perennial plants with creeping rootstocks; glumes not awned. Lemma glabrous, often glaucous; glumes not hirsute. E. triticoides. Lemma scabrous-puberulent; glumes sparsely hirsute. E. Vancouver ensis, Glumes lanceolate, distinctly nerved. Culms very stout, 1—2 m. tall; plants with rootstocks. E. arenarius. Culms slender, seldom 1 m. tall; plants without root- stocks. Lemma not ciliate. E. glaucus. Lemma ciliate. Awns long. E. hirsutus. Awns short. E. virescens. Elymus caput-medusae L. Glabrous annual; stems 20-50 cm. high, erect or geniculate at base; leaves 1—2 mm. broad, becoming involute; spike stout, erect, green or becoming purplish, 1-4 cm. long without the awns; POACEAE. 63 spikelets 2 at each node, 1- or rarely 2-flowered; glumes subulate, rigid, 2-2.5 cm. long; lemma lanceolate, very scabrous, tipped with a stout awn 5-10 cm. long. Introduced from Europe; abundant in the upper Willamette Valley. Elymus triticoides Buckl. Stems erect, about 1 m. tall, not densely tufted; leaves 4-6 mm. wide, sometimes scabrous; panicle spike-like or with some of the lower branches elongated, usually purplish, rather loose; lemma acuminately short-awned. Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; common in the interior. Elymus vancouverensis Vasey. Stems stout, 60-90 cm. high; leaves thick, involute; spike dense, 10-12 cm. long; spikelets crowded; lemma scab- rous-puberulent, mucronate or awn-pointed. On high sandy beaches, rare. Near Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Coupeville, Washington, Gardner; Seattle, Piper, Howell. Elymus arenarius L. Culms stout, 1-2 m. tall; spikes 10-20 cm. long, dense, erect; spikelets 2—3 cm. long, appressed, 3— 7-flowered; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, awnless; lemma scabrous to hairy, cuspidate at tip. On high sea-beaches. Typical E. arenarius has the upper part of the culm and the glumes glabrous and does not occur in our limits. The common plant of the Alaska coast extending southward to Vancouver Island having sessile spikelets and pliant villous glumes is E. arenarius moll-is Piper. n.comb.(£. moll-is Trin.). The plant of the Puget Sound region having pedicelled spike- lets and stiff hispid to glabrate glumes is E. arenarius compositus (Abromeit) St. John. Both these subspecies have the culm pubescent near the top. Elymus glaucus Buckl. Stems 50-100 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades spreading or drooping, 10-30 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; spike-like panicle narrow, erect or rarely nodding above, 5-15 cm. long, greenish or purplish, glaucescent; spikelets usually appressed, mostly in pairs, 3-6-flowered; glumes lanceolate; lemma not pubescent but rough near the apex, tipped with an awn about twice as long. Common and variable. Elymus hirsutus Presl. (E. borealis Scribn.) Much like E. glaucus but bright green; spike looser or interrupted, often nodding; lemma ciliate. Alaska southward to the Olympic Mountains. Elymus virescens Piper. Green and glabrous; stems 30-60 cm. high; spike dense, erect, 6-8 cm. long; glumes 3-nerved, lanceolate; lemma lanceolate, obtusely cuspidate. Olympic Mountains, head of Duckaboose River, in moist coniferous woods. 92. HORDEUM. WILD BARLEY. Cespitose annuals or perennials with terminal cylindrical spikes; spikelets l-flo\vered, usually in threes at each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally short-stalked and imperfect; rachilla produced beyond the flower; glumes rigid, the lower ones often reduced to awns and forming an apparent involucre around the spikelets; lemmas rounded on the back, 5-nerved at the apex, awned; palea scarcely shorter than the lemma; grain usually adherent to the lemma, hairy at the summit. Floret of the central spikelet pedicelled; glumes ciliate. H. murinum. Floret of the central spikelet sessile; glumes not ciliate. 64 POACEAE. Glumes not all subulate. Glumes of middle spikelet lanceolate. H. pusiHum. Glumes of middle spikelet setaceous. H. gussoneanum. Glumes all alike, subulate. Lateral florets long-awned. Awns 4-6 mm. long. H. jubatum. Awns 2-3 cm. long. H. caespitosum. Lateral florets not awned. Lateral florets neutral. H. nodosum. Lateral florets perfect. H. boreale. Hordeum murlnum L. Wall Barley. Stems 15-30 cm. tall; leaf blades 2-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; spikes 5-10 cm. long, thick; spikelets mostly in threes, all stalked; both glumes of the central spikelet and the inner glume of the lateral spikelets ciliate and flattened, bearing awns 20-25 mm. long; outer glumes of lateral spikelets neither flattened nor ciliate; lemma scabrous at the apex, long-awned. A weed in waste places. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Stems 15-30 cm. high; spikes 3-8 cm. long; both glumes of the central spikelet lanceolate and the inner ones of the lateral spikelets dilated. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, perhaps introduced. Com- mon eastward. Hordeum gussoneanum Parl. Annual, glabrous, 10-30 cm. high; upper sheath inflated; spike cylindrical, green, 2-5 cm. long; lemma 2-2.5 cm. long, including the stiff straight awn. Sparingly introduced from Europe. Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel Tail. Annual, tufted, erect, 30-60 cm. high, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; leaf blades flat, becoming involute, the sheaths shorter than the internodes; spike-like panicle pale green or yel- lowish, 7-10 cm. long, readily breaking apart; central spikelet sessile, fertile, the lateral ones peduncled and sterile; glumes all subulate, 3-6 cm. long. In salt marshes, not common. Hordeum caespitosum Scribn. Much like H. jubatum but the spikes more slender and the awns shorter. Tacoma, Leckenby; perhaps introduced. Hordeum nodosum L. Annual or perennial, 30-90 cm. high, erect, leaf blades flat or involute, the sheaths smooth or hairy; panicle spike-like, 3-8 cm. long, narrow, usually flexuous, readily separating into joints; central spikelet sessile, fertile, the lateral ones peduncled and sterile glumes all subulate, 2 cm. or less in length. In moist meadows and along the seashore. Hordeum boreale Scribn. & J. G. Smith. Similar in every way to H. nodosum except for the perfect lateral florets. In moist ground, Alaska to Oregon; perhaps only a form of H. nodosum. 93. SITANION. Cespitose perennials, with spikes which readily break up into segments; spikelets 2-3 at each joint of the rachis, rarely solitary, 1-5-flowered; glumes subulate and entire, or lanceolate and bifid, or parted into several long-awned lobes; lemmas lanceolate and POACEAE. 65 acute, or those of the lowest floret sterile and subulate, entire with a single awn, or trifid and three-awned. This genus is hardly distinct from Elymus. Glumes 2-nerved; inflorescence 2-8 mm. long. Awns of lemmas 3-4 cm. long. S. rigidum. Awns of lemmas 4—5 cm. long. S. glabrum. Glumes 3-5-nerved; inflorescence 10-15 cm. long. Leaves glaucous, 5-8 mm. broad. S. planifolium. Leaves green, 2-5 mm. broad. .S. rubescens. Sitanion rigidum J. G. Smith. Stems 10-20 cm. high; leaf blades green or slightly glaucous, rigid, 2-5 mm. wide, flat or at length involute; spike green, 2-8 cm. long, erect or nearly so, often included at base in the upper sheath; glumes or glume divisions 4 and entire or 6, that is the lateral ones divided to the base, all awned; lemma 7-9 mm. long, tipped with a stout awn 3—4 mm. long. In rocky soil in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude. Sitanion glabrum J. G. Smith. Pale or somewhat glaucous, tufted; leaves flat, 2-5 cm. wide; spike 5-8 cm. long; glumes bifid, 6-8 cm. long. Dry rocky places in the mountains, at high altitudes. Sitanion planifolium J. G. Smith. Tufted, 50-60 cm. high, more or less glaucous; leaf-blades 5—8 mm. wide, flat, glabrous; spike suberect, purplish, 6-9 cm. long; glumes 6-7 mm. long, entire or bifid, tipped with an awn about 2 cm. long; lemma 10 mm. long, lancolate, minutely scabrous, bearing an awn 3-4 cm. long. Olympic Mountains, Elmer; Mount Adams, Suksdorf. Sitanion rubescens Piper. Stems tufted, 50-70 cm. high; leaves flat; spikes erect, flexuous, 10-15 cm. long, purplish; glumes 4, entire or rarely bifid, 3-nerved; lemma tipped with a slender awn about 4 cm. long. Dry rocky slopes of Mount Rainier. Family 17. CYPERACEAE. SEDGE FAMILY. Grass-like or rush-like herbs; stems slender, solid (rarely hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened; leaves narrow \vith closed sheaths; flowers perfect or unisexual in spikes or spikelets, one in the axil of each scale (glume or bract] ; spikelets solitary or clustered, 1 to many-flowered; scales two- ranked or in a spiral, persistent or deciduous; perianth hypogy- nous, composed of bristles or scales or wanting; stamens 1-3, rarely more; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style 2 or 3-cleft; fruit a lenticular or triangular akene; endosperm mealy; embryo minute. Flowers unisexual, borne in the same or more com- monly separate spikelets. 94. CAREX, 66. Flowers of the spikelets all perfect, rarely partly aborted; spikelets all alike. Spikelets with scales in two ranks. Perianth none; spikelets in solitary or um- belled terminal heads. 95. CVPERUS, 81. Perianth of 6-9 bristles; spikelets axillary. 96. DULICHIUM, 82. 6 66 CYPERACEAE. Spikelets with scales spirally arranged and over- lapping all around. Spikelets 1-4-flowered, some of the flowers imperfect. Spikelets with several-many perfect flowers. Style swollen at the base, persistent on the akene. Style not swollen at the base, deciduous. Spikelets 1-many; bristles 1-6, short, rarely none. Spikelets 1 or a few; bristles 6-many, soft, smooth, very long, slender, much exserted. 94. CAREX. SEDGE. 97. RYNCHOSPOEA, 82. 98. ELEOCHARIS, 82. 99. SCIRPUS, 83. 100. ERIOPHORUM, 84. Grass-like plants, perennial by rootstocks; stems mostly triangular; leaves 3-ranked, the upper (bracts) elongated or very short and subtending the spikes of flowers, or wanting; flowers solitary in the axils of bracts (scales), monoecious or dioecious; spikes either wholly staminate, or pistillate, or sometimes androgynous; perianth none; staminate flowers of 3 stamens; pistillate flower of a single pistil with a style and 2-3 stigmas borne in the axil of a second bract (the perigynium) which com- pletely encloses the akene; akene 3-angled, lenticular or plano- convex. KEY To SECTIONS. Spikes solitary, terminal. Spikes several. Spikes all alike. Spikes of two sorts. I. PRIMOCAREX. II. VIGNEA. III. EUCAREX. Section I. PRIMOCAREX. Spike solitary, terminal. Perigynia pubescent; plant dioecious. Perigynia glabrous; plant not dioecious. Spike ovoid, brown; perigynia thin and inflated. Perigynia 6-7 mm. long, much exceeding the scales; stems longer than the leaves. Perigynia 5 mm. long, slightly exceeding the scales; stems shorter than the leaves. Spike not ovoid nor brown; perigynia not bladder-like. Perigynia reflexed when fully mature, fusiform, beaked, stipitate at base. Perigynia few, 3-5; scales pale. Perigynia more numerous; scales colored. Scales dark purple; spikes 8-10 mm. thick; leaves flat, 3-4 mm. wide. Scales brownish; spikes 3-4 mm. thick; leaves involute, 2 mm. wide. Perigynia not becoming reflexed; not stipitate (ex- cept C. circinata). C. stenochlaena. C. breweri. C. paddoensis. C. pauciflora. C. nigricans. C. pyrenaica. CYPERACEAE. Scales much longer than the few, 1-6, perigynia. C. geyeri. Scales not longer than the several to numerous perigynia. Perigynia broadly obtuse, beakless. C. leptalea. Perigynia narrowed to the bidentate apex. Scales as long as or longer than the peri- gynia. C. hepburm. Scales shorter than the perigynia. C. circinata. Section II. VIGNEA. Spikes sessile, all alike, bearing the inconspicuous staminate flowers at the base, at the top, or rarely scattered; stigmas 2, rarely 3; perigynia mostly plano-convex; akenes lenticular. When the staminate flowers are below the pistillate, the base of the spike is commonly contracted; when above the pistillate, the upper scales are empty at maturity. Staminate flowers borne at the top of the spike. Perigynia plumo, nearly terete, pale green. Perigynia strongly compressed. Beak of perigynium much longer than the body. Beak of perigynium shorter than the body. Spikes somewhat paniculate; perigynia brown, biconvex. Spikes aggregated into a head. Stigmas 3; perigynia 12 mm. long. Stigmas 2; perigynia much smaller. Leaves equalling or exceeding the stem; head interrupted, 5-8 cm. long. Leaves shorter than the stem; head densely ovoid. Beak and top of perigynium rough on the angles. Beak and top of perigynium smooth. Perigynia elliptic, narrowly wing- margined; seashore plant. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, not wing-margined; alpine plant. Staminate flowers at the base of each spike or rarely scat- tered. Margins of perigynia not thin or winged. Spikes crowded into a dense head. Head pyramidal, 5-10 mm. long; perigynia smooth on the margins. Head oblong to ovoid, 15-30 mm. long; peri- gynia strongly serrulate. Spikes scattered. Perigynium 4-4.5 mm. long. Perigynium 2-2.5 mm. long. Perigynium not minutely puncticulate with white dots, somewhat spongy at base. Perigynium minutely puncticulate with white dots, not spongy at base. Herbage glaucous; perigynia many, as- cending, obscurely beaked. Herbage green; perigynia few, spreading, distinctly beaked. C. tenella. C. 'stipata. C. cusickii. C. macrocephala. C. vicaria. C. hoodii. C. pansa. C. vernacula. C. -illota. C. arcta. C. bolanderi. C. laeviculmis . C. canescens. C. brunnescens. 68' CYPERACEAE. Margins of perigynia thin or winged. Perigynia spongy at base, spreading when mature. Perigynia not spongy at base, ascending or ap- pressed. Spikes crowded into a dense head, rarely one or two of the lower ones separate. Bract leaf-like, longer than the head. Bract not leaf-like, shorter than the head. Perigynia brown, the margins very nar- row and smooth. Perigynia straw-colored, the margins winged and serrulate. Head ovoid-pyramidal, very dense. Head looser, some of the lower spikes often separate. Spikes distinct, scattered or approximate, mostly oblong or ovoid. Spikes scattered, silvery green. Spikes approximate, straw-colored or brown. Leaves involute or folded; heads often nodding; perigynia lanceolate. Leaves flat; heads erect. Heads straw-colored or pale-brown- ish; perigynia lanceolate. Heads darker. Scales ferruginous, dull; perigynia 4-4.5 mm. long, reddish at the tip, the orifice not conspicuously white-hyaline. Scales chestnut, shiny; perigynia 6 mm. long, chestnut at the tip, the orifice conspicuously white- hyaline. Sect-ion III. EUCAREX. C. stellulata. C. athrostachya. C. illota. C. pachystachya. C. preslii. C. feta. C. phaeocephala. C. scoparia. C. leporina. C. piperi. Spikes of two sorts, the lower wholly pistillate, sessile or stalked, the upper one or two slender and wholly staminate, or sometimes bearing pistillate flowers at base or apex; stigmas 3 and akenes 3-angled, or if stigmas 2 and akenes lenticular the lower spikes stalked. Perigynia pubescent, the beak bidentate. Cauline leaves present; bracts sheathing at base; peri- gynia ovoid, not stipitate; spikes dense, many- flowered. Spikes loosely-flowered, approximate; stem not tall and slender. Spikes densely-flowered, scattered; stem tall and slender. Leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad. Leaves involute, less than 2 mm. broad. Cauline leaves none, the radical numerous; bracts sheath- less; perigynia 3-angled or subglobose, stipitate; spikes few-flowered. Plant tufted; some of the flowering stems short and and hidden among the leaves; spikes pale. Stems shorter than the leaves; lowest bract reddish and auricled at base; perigynia 1-4. C. oregonensis. C. lanuginosa, C. filiform is. C. brevicaulis. CYPERACEAE. 69 Stems equalling or exceeding the leaves; lowest bract not colored nor auricled at base; perigynia 3-8. C. rossii. Plant stoloniferous; none of the flowering stems short and hidden among the leaves; spikes dark. Perigynia obovoid, whitish. C. vespertina. Perigynia ellipsoid, brown at base. C. verecunda. Perigynia glabrous or merely granular-roughened. Beak of membranaceous somewhat inflated perigynium deeply bidentate, the long teeth sharp and rigid; leaves conspicuously nodulose. Pistillate spikes drooping. C. comosa. Pistillate spikes erect or ascending. Perigynia shiny, ascending, much inflated, 10 mm. long. C. exsiccata. Perigynia not shiny, spreading, not much inflated, 4-8 mm. long. C. utricidata. Beak of perigynium wanting or if present entire or merely emarginate, or if bidentate the teeth short; leaves not conspicuously nodulose. Stigmas 3 and akenes 3-angled. Spikes narrowly cylindrical, 6—10 cm. long; peri- gynia granular, spreading; leaves 1-2 cm. broad. C. amplifolia. Spikes not so long and slender; perigynia smooth; leaves not so broad. Perigynia spreading, the beak bidentate. C. oederi. Perigynia not spreading, the beak entire or emarginate, scarcely bidentate. Terminal spike pistillate above, staminate below. Spikes erect; scales obtusish; perigynia inflated, 3 mm. long. C. accedens. Spikes more or less drooping; scales sharp-pointed; perigynium not inflated. Scales acute or acuminate; perigynia nerveless, 3.5 mm. long. C. atrata. Scales mucronate; perigynia nerved, 5 mm. long. C. mertensii. Terminal spike wholly staminate. Pistillate spikes slender peduncled, usually drooping. Scales acute or cuspidate, about as long as the perigynia. Staminate spike linear; scales pale; leaves 1-3 mm. broad; rootstock creeping. C. limosa. Staminate spike oblong-cylindric; scales dark; leaves 4-8 mm. broad, tufted. C. spectabilis. Scales cuspidate or aristate, much longer than the perigynia. Perigynia broadly ovate to orbi- cular. C. paupcrciilu. Perigynia elliptic-lanceolate. C. macrocliaeta. Pistillate spikes erect. Scales brown; leaves 2-5 mm. broad. C. ablatn. Scales pale. 70 CYPERACEAE. Leaves 4-7 mm. wide; spike very loose. C. hendersom. Leaves 2 mm. wide; spike dense. Perigynium beakless; leaves glaucous. C. livida. Perigynium with a beak half as long as body; leaves not glaucous. C. californica. Stigmas 2 and akenes lenticular. Perigynium plump, not angled, beakless. Mature perigynia subglobose or pyriform, not stipitate, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, trans- lucent, strongly nerved. C. aurea. Mature perigynia obovoid, stipitate, pulveru- lent, not fleshy nor translucent. C. celsa. Perigynium compressed, plano-convex or biconvex, the beak entire or emarginate. Scales pointed, longer than the perigynia. Perigynia granular-roughened, 2-5 mm. long; pistillate spikes slender, ascending, often cernuous; scales a little longer than the perigynia. C. sitchensis. Perigynia not granular-roughened, 3 mm. long; scales much longer than the peri- gynia. Pistillate spikes nodding; perigynia el- liptic, pale, dull, not turgid. C. cryptocarpa. Pistillate spikes ascending or erect; peri- gynia nearly orbicular, dark, shiny, turgid. C. magnified. Scales not longer than the perigynia; spikes erect. Lowest leaves of the flowering stems reduced to sheaths. Perigynia ovoid, 2 mm. long; scales pale; pistillate spikes often very loose at base. C. interrupta. Perigynia ellipsoid, 3 mm. long; scales dark; spikes dense. C. nudata. Lowest leaves of the flowering stems bearing blades. Perigynia obscurely nerved; scales dark purple. Beak of perigynium bent to one side. C. scop-nlorum. Beak of perigynium straight. Scales as long and broad as the perigynium. C. rigida. Scales shorter and narrower than the perigynia. C. gymnoclada. Perigynia strongly nerved; scales purple. Scales not obtuse, about as long as the perigynia. Spikes 1.5-2.5 cm. long; perigynia strongly biconvex and brown when mature. C. «/;<•/•/tern slope of the Cascade Mountains but occurring locally in the Willamc t u \ alley. 172 CRUCIFERAE. 222. CARDAMINE. BITTER CRESS. Mostly glabrous leafy-stemmed perennial herbs, growing in moist places; leaves entire, lobed or divided, all petioled; flowers white (in ours) ; pod elongated, compressed parallel to the par- tition; valves nerveless; seeds in 1 row, wingless.:' Leaves all simple, entire or nearly so. C. bellidifolia. Leaves, or some of them, pinnate. Basal leaves simple; cauline 3-5-foliolate. C. breweri. Basal leaves pinnate. Leaves all 3-foliolate, sometimes 5-foliolate; leaflets coarsely 3-5-toothed. C. angulata. Leaves 3-1 3-foliolate. Petals 4 mm. long; leaflets 7-13, orbicular. C. occidentalis. Petals 2-4 mm. long; leaflets 3-7. Flowers subumbellate; leaflets orbicular. C. kamtscliatica. Flowers racemose; leaflets oblong or round- ish. Capsules 8-20-seeded; leaflets mostly roundish. C. oligosperma. Capsules 20-30-seeded; leaflets mostly oblong. C. pennsylvanica. Cardamine bellidifolia L. Tufted from a branched caudex; stems 2-3 cm. high; leaves ovate to elliptical, entire or with one or two lateral teeth, mostly obtuse, slender-petioled; flowers 1-5, white; pods erect, 15-20 mm. long; style very short and stout. At high altitudes in the mountains, not definitely known from our limits. Mount Adams, Suksdorf. Cardamine breweri Wats. Perennial from slender rootstocks, glabrous or a little pubescent; sterns erect or nearly so, mostly branched, 20-30^ cm. high; basal leaves simple and cordate-orbicular, entire or sinuate, sometimes pinnate with a pair of lateral leaflets; cauline pinnate, the leaflets orbicular to oblong, usually sinuate, sometimes lobed; flowers white, the petals 4 mm. long; pods erect or ascending, 15-25 mm. long; style short and thick. Mostly in the mountains along streams. Cardamine angulata Hook. Perennial from running rootstocks, glabrous or sparsely hirsute; stems erect, mostly simple, 30-60 cm. high; leaves 3-5- foliolate; leaflets subequal, ovate to oblong, mostly cuneate, the terminal one 3-5-toothed; petals white, 8-10 cm. long; pods spreading, 2-25 mm. long; style stout, 2 mm. long. In wet places in woods, mostly near the ocean coast. Cardamine occidentalis (Wats.) Howell. Perennial from a short some- what tuberous rootstock, glabrous or pubescent below; stems erect, 20-40 cm. high; leaves all pinnate with 3-6 pairs of leaflets; leaflets subentire, those of the basal leaves rounded, of the cauline obovate to oblong or linear; petals white, 4 mm. long; pods 2-2.5 cm. long, very slender, erect or nearly so; stigma nearly sessile. In wet places, infrequent. Cardamine kamtschatica (Regel) Schulz. Perennial from slender root- stocks, glabrous or nearly so; stems several, erect, 15-30 cm. high; leaves pinnate, the basal with 3—5 rounded or oval, the cauline with 5-7 oblong subentire leaflets; flowers few, in a short corymb; pods crowded, erect, 2-2.5 cm. long, slender, prominently beaked. Along rills at high altitudes in the mountains. CRUCIFERAE. 173 Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. Annual, erect, usually simple-stemmed, 15-30 cm. high, sparsely hirsute throughout or nearly glabrous; leaflets small, orbicular, petiolulate, 3-S-lobed or toothed; raceme few-flowered; flowers 2 mm. long; pods erect, 8-20-seeded, 12-20 mm. long. Very common in moist upland soil in open woods. Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly so, 30-60 cm. high, simple or branched; leaflets 7-13, sessile, mostly oblong, but those of the lowermost leaves suborbicular; pods suberect on spreading pedicels. In wet places, common. Ambiguous forms seem to connect with C. oli- gosperma. 223. THELYPODIUM. Stout biennial herbs, often succulent; leaves simple, entire, toothed or pinnatifid, often auricled at the base; flowers usually in rather dense racemes; sepals oblong to linear, rather short; style short; stigma entire; pods slender, terete or 4-angled; seeds oblong, in 1 row in each cell. Thelypodium lasiophyllum (Hook. & Arn.) Greene. Annual, erect, 30-90 cm. high, hispid below, glabrous above; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, irregularly dentate or incised, the spreading lobes entire or dentate, the cauline sessile; flowers in a close usually simple raceme; petals cream- colored, often purple-tinged, spatulate, 5 mm. long, twice as long as the oblong sepals; pods slender, usually curved downwards, attenuate at apex, 5-7 cm. long. Sandy or rocky soil; rare in our limits. 224. HESPERIS. Erect perennial or biennial herbs with some branched hairs; flowers large, showy, pink-purple (in ours) ; sepals erect, oblong, the lateral ones saccate at base; petals with long and slender claws and broad obovate to orbicular blades; pods very long, spreading, torulose, beaked. Hesperis matronalis L. Rocket. Perennial herb, the numerous stems erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves broadly lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, the lower ones long-petioled; flowers pink-purple; pods slender, spreading, 5-10 cm. long. A common garden plant, occasionally found escaped from cultivation. 225. ERYSIMUM. Biennial or perennial herbs; leaves rather narrow, entire or toothed, not clasping; flowers often large, usually yellow; pod linear, 4-angled or rarely flattened, not stipitate; valves keeled by the prominent midrib; seeds oblong, marginless, in one row in each cell. Pods flattened. E. arenicola. Pods terete. Seeds quadrangular. E. asperum. Seeds lenticular. E. capitatum. IJ4 CRUCIFERAE. Erysimum arenicola Wats. Perennial, several-stemmed from a loosely branched base, 15-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate, sparsely denticulate, 3-4 cm. long, sparingly pubescent with appressed hairs; flowers bright yellow; pod somewhat flattened, very gradually attentuate into a long beak; valves 1-nerved. In sandy soil at high altitudes in the Olympic Mountains. Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. Whitish throughout with appressed pubescence; stems simple, stout, 15-40 cm. tall, erect; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire or somewhat dentate, rarely lobed, mostly petioled, 6-10 cm. long; flowers bright yellow; petals 15-25 mm. long; pods stout, somewhat 4-angled, about 8 cm. long, tipped with a short stout beak and a large 2-lobed stigma; pedicels stout, 1 cm. long. In open places, in our limits only at high altitudes, 1500-2000 m., in the mountains. Erysimum capitatum (Hook.) Greene. (E. elatum Nutt.). Very similar to E. asperum; taller, usually 30-90 cm. high, more leafy, the leaves greener and subentire, acuminate; pods 5-10 cm. long, the stigmas not deeply lobed; seeds lenticular, thin and scarious-winged at one end. On rocky cliffs, along the lower Columbia River and northward. 226. SMELOWSKIA. Low cespitose canescent perennials with pinnatifid leaves; flowers small, in terminal racemes; petals entire, obovate or spatulate; style short or none; pods lanceolate-oblong, compressed at right angles to the partition; valves sharply keeled so that the pod is 4-angled. Capsule lanceolate, attenuate at each end. S. calycina. Capsule ovate, nearly subcordate at base. S. ovalis. Smelowskia calycina C. A. Mey. Densely cespitose from a stout branched caudex covered with the bases of old leaves; herbage densely canescent with stellate and a few longer simple hairs; stems 5-15 cm. high; leaves pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, the segments linear to oblong, obtuse; flowers white, often pink-tinged; pods lanceolate, attenuate at each end, 6-10 mm. long. Rocky places in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude. Smelowskia ovalis Jones. Very similar to 5. calycina but more densely pubescent; pods ovate, truncate or subcordate at base. Olympic Mountains and Cascade Mountains at high altitudes. 227. BRASSICA. Erect annual or biennial herbs; lower leaves mostly pinnate or lyrate, with a large terminal lobe; flowers yellow; pod terete or nearly so, tipped with a slender conical or somewhat flattened beak; seeds globose, in 1 row or rarely in 2 rows in each cell. Cauline leaves auricled at base and clasping. B. campestris. Cauline leaves not auricled nor clasping. Beak of the pod very short, less than one fourth the fertile portion. B. nigra. Beak of the pod long, about equaling the fertile portion. Herbage hispid; upper leaves sessile. B. arvensis. Herbage nearly glabrous; upper leaves short-pctioled. B.juncea. CRUCIFERAE. 175 Brassica campestris L. Turnip. Smooth or nearly so, often glaucous, 30-90 cm. high; lower leaves petioled, somewhat lobed or toothed; upper entire or nearly so, sessile and clasping by auricled bases; flowers yellow; pedicels spreading; petals 6-10 mm. long; pods terete, 3-5 cm. long, narrowed into a beak about 1 cm. long. A weed in fields. A cultivated form of this plant is the rutabaga. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. Erect, 30-80 cm. high, sparsely hirsute; leaves green, slender-petioled, the terminal lobe large and coarsely toothed, the few lateral lobes small; pods 15-18 mm. long, erect, on very short pedicels, only the lower fourth seed-bearing; seeds dark-colored. In waste places. Brassica arvensis (L.) Kuntze. Charlock. Stout, annual, 30-90 cm. high, hispid with scattered hairs; lower leaves pinnately parted, consisting of a large ovate-oblong terminal segment and 1 or 2 pairs of much smaller ones, all dentate; uppermost leaves sessile, none clasping; pods 2-4 cm. long, erect or ascending, the fertile portion torulose, tipped with a flat and stout beak half as long. A weed in waste ground. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Stout, 30-100 cm. high, the herbage some- what glaucous and nearly glabrous; basal leaves lyrately lobed; cauline oblong, entire or nearly so, narrowed at base and short-petiolate; pods spreading, terete, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the empty beak long and slender. A weed in fields; native of Asia. 228. SISYMBRIUM. Mostly annual or biennial herbs; leaves neither clasping nor auriculate at the base, rarely entire, often finely dissected; flowers small, usually yellow or yellowish; style short or none; stigma 2-cleft; pod linear, short or long, flat or terete; seeds oblong. Flowers white; leaves subentire, mostly basal. 5. thalianum. Flowers yellow; leaves pinnate or pinnatifid. Stigma simple; pubescence of branched hairs. S. hartwegianum. Stigma 2-lobed; pubescence of simple hairs. Pods short, subulate. 5. officinale. Pods long, linear. 5. altissimum. Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) Gay. Mouse-ear Cress. Slender annual, 10-20 cm. high, pubescent below; leaves mostly in a basal rosette, obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed, 2-5 cm. long; flowers usually white; pods terete, somewhat 4-sided, usually purplish, about 1 cm. long, scarcely longer than the slender pedicels. In dry ground, introduced from Europe. Sisymbrium hartwegianum Fourn. Loosely branched, 20-40 cm. high; leaves pinnate with narrow lanceolate to oblong leaflets, these obtuse and more or less toothed; pods crowded, erect, 5-7 mm. long, on suberect pedicels nearly as long. Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; Charleston, Kitsap County, Washing- ton, Piper. Sisymbrium officinale L. Hedge Mustard. Erect, sparsely hirsute with simple hairs or glabrous, 30-90 cm. high, divaricately branched above; leaves pinnatifid into 5-13 lobes, the terminal longest, all more or less dentate; upper 176 CRUCIFERAE. cauline leaves sessile, the others petioled; flowers yellow, 3 mm. broad; pods pubescent, tapering from the base to the apex, 1-2 cm. long, erect on short pedicels. A weed in waste places; native of Europe. Sisymbrium officinale leiocarpum DC. PodsTglabrous. A very common weed in waste ground. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tumbling Mustard. Erect, much branched, 60-150 cm. tall, glabrous or sparsely hirsute with simple hairs; basal leaves petioled, pinnatifid into linear or lanceolate entire or dentate lobes; upper leaves reduced, sessile; flowers pale yellow, 5 mm. broad; pods spreading, linear, 6-10 cm. long, on short stout pedicels. Introduced from Europe. Locally called " Jim Hill Mustard." 229. BARBAREA. Somewhat succulent perennials; stems angled; leaves entire or pinnatifid; flowers yellow, in racemes; pod linear, terete, or somewhat 4-angled, tipped with the short slender style; seeds flat, in 1 row. Pods 1-1.5 cm. long, the beak slender, 2-3 mm. long; upper- most leaves rarely pinnatifid. B. barbarea. Pods 2-4 cm. long, the beak thick and short; uppermost leaves pinnatifid. B. orthoceras. Barbarea barbarea brachycarpa (Rouy & Foucaud) Piper, n. comb. (B. indgaris brachycarpa Rouy & Foucaud). Perennial, glabrous; stems simple or branched above, 30-60 cm. high; lower leaves pinnatifid, the terminal segment oblong to orbicular, larger than the 2-4 lateral pairs; upper cauline leaves obovate to oblong, coarsely toothed, or toward the base lobed; flowers deep yellow; pods 1-1.5 cm. long, ascending to spreading, terete, the slender beak 2-3 mm. long. Introduced from Europe; Seattle, Piper. Barbarea orthoceras dolichocarpa Fernald. Bitter Cress. Perennial^ glabrous; stems simple or branched above, 30—90 cm. high; lower leaves from entire to pinnately cleft or divided, the terminal segment large, orbicular or ovate, entire or nearly so; lateral segments 1-5 pairs, smaller, oblong, entire or toothed; petioles short, auricled at base; upper cauline leaves obovate, clasp- ing, the lower part pinnately-cleft; raceme dense; petals yellow, 4 mm. long, twice as long as the sepals; pods ascending or spreading, at length curved, 2-4 cm. long, beaked by the stout style; pedicels short and stout. In wet places, not common but clearly native. 230. LESQUERELLA. Low annual or perennial herbs with stellate pubescence; flowers usually yellow; sepals oblong or elliptical, rather short; petals longer, spatulate to oblong-obovate, entire; stamens 6; style slender; stigma entire or nearly so; pod a turgid sub-globose silicle with a broad suborbicular partition, 2-celled, each cell 2-16-seeded. Lesquerella occidentalis Wats. Perennial, from a stout caudex; herbage canescent with fine appressed silvery pubescence; stems 10-30 cm. high, erect or ascending; basal leaves oblanceolate, coarsely toothed; cauline spatulate, CRUCIFERAE. 177 entire; flowers yellow, the petals 8-10 mm. long; pods oval in outline, half as thick as broad, 6-8 mm. long, acutish, finely pubescent. Stony places mostly on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains, Mul- tnomah County, Oregon, Howell; Mount Adams, Washington, Flett. 231. ALYSSUM. Low branching annual herbs; leaves mostly simple; flowers yellow; style slender; pod ovoid or orbicular, compressed; valves convex, nerveless; seeds one or two in each cell. Alyssum alyssoides (L.) Gouan. Annual, 10-30 cm. high, stellate- pubescent throughout, usually branched from the base; leaves entire, spatulate, 1-2 cm. long; flowers in racemes, 5-15 cm. long; petals pale yellow, cuneate, scarcely exceeding the sepals; pods orbicular, margined, notched at the apex, minutely pubescent, 3 mm. broad, on spreading pedicels. Introduced and becoming common. 232. DRABA. Low annual or perennial herbs; leaves entire or toothed; flowers white or yellow, mainly in racemes; pod oval to oblong or linear, compressed parallel to the partition; valves nearly flat, nerveless or faintly nerved ; seeds few to many, in two rows in the cell, wingless. Perennials. Midrib of leaves becoming prominent; flowers yellow. D. glacialis. Midrib of leaves not prominent; flowers white or yellow. Stems scapose; flowers white. D. lonchocarpa. Stems very leafy; flowers yellow. D. aureola. Annuals. Flowers white; petals deeply 2-cleft. D. verna. Flowers yellow or yellowish; petals emarginate. Pods 4 mm. long, crowded. D. brachycarpa. Pods longer, not crowded. Pods 6-8 mm. long, much shorter than the pedi- cels. D. nemorosa. Pods 8-15 mm. long, about equalling the pedi- cels. D. stenoloba. Draba glacialis Adams. Perennial with many short clustered leafy branches, the old leaves persistent on the stems; leaves linear, entire, ciliate at base, stellate-pubescent, 5-15 mm. long, rigid in age and with a prominent midrib; scapes 5-15 cm. long; flowers yellow; pods ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, pubescent, 2-8 mm. long, on pedicels a little longer. On rock cliffs in the mountains. Draba lonchocarpa Rydb. Perennial, from a branched caudex; leave5 all or mostly in basal rosettes, oblanceolate, entire, minutely and densely stellate-canescent, not ciliate, the midrib prominent; scapes very slender, pubescent, 3-8 cm. high; flowers white; pods lanceolate, glabrous, pointed at each end, 8-15 mm. long, on shorter pedicels. In gravelly or rocky soil in the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. Draba aureola Wats. Perennial from a stout root, densely stellate-pubes- cent throughout, very leafy; basal leaves oblanceolate, entire, obtuse, 8-12 13 178 CRUCIFERAE. mm. long; cauline oblong; raceme dense; flowers yellow; calyx glabrous; pods oblong, obtuse, pubescent, 8-10 mm. long. In loose rocky soil, on Mount Rainier at 3000 m. altitude, an elevation reached by only one other plant, namely Smelowskia ovalis. Known also from the Three Sisters, Oregon, and from Lassen's Peak, California. Draba verna L. Annual; stems several, leafless, 5-10 cm. high, simple, nearly glabrous; leaves in a rosette, oblong or oval, toothed or entire, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long, pubescent with branched hairs; flowers white, in a loose raceme; petals deeply 2-cleft; pods oblong, glabrous, 4-8 mm. long, shorter than the spreading pedicels. In sandy soil. A very variable species composed of many forms which on account of close-pollination breed true. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Annual, the herbage pubescent; stems simple or branched, 5-20 cm. high, leafy to the inflorescence; leaves ovate to oblong, entire or nearly so, 4-8 mm. long; pods oblong, acutish, glabrous, 4 mm. long, about equalling the pedicels, crowded in a strict raceme. Coburg, Oregon, Howell. Draba nemorosa L. Annual, the simple stems 5-40 cm. high, leafy and pubescent below; leaves sessile, oblong or ovate, usually dentate, acutish, 1-2 cm. long, stellate-pubescent; raceme loose, 3-many-flowered; flowers small, 4 mm. broad; petals yellow becoming whitish, notched, a little longer than the villous sepals; pod oblong, acute, appressed-pubescent or glabrous, about 1 cm. long, much shorter than the spreading pedicels. In sandy soil. Pods usually pubescent. The form with glabrous pods is D. nemorosa leiocarpa Lindbl. (D. lutea Gilib.) Draba stenoloba Ledeb. Annual, the slender stems 10-40 cm. high, the leaves mostly in a basal rosette; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, mostly acute, more or less pubescent; sepals glabrous or with a few hairs; pods linear, glab- rous, 10-15 mm. long, equalling or longer than the pedicels. Warm exposures, in the mountains. 233. SUBULARIA. AWLWORT. Small stemless aquatic glabrous perennials with tufted awl- shaped leaves; flowers few, minute, white, on a naked scape 2-8 cm. high; style none; pod ovoid or spherical with a broad partition; valves turgid, 1-nerved; seeds several. Subularia aquatica L. Submersed in shallow water or on muddy shores; leaves 12-20, unequal, erect, 3-6 cm. long. Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun; Whatcom Lake, Whatcom County, Washington, Suksdorf. Infrequent, but usually abundant where found, sometimes forming extensive colonies like a greensward. 234. COCHLEARIA. Maritime fleshy glabrous herbs with lobed or entire alternate leaves; flowers small, white; sepals short and broad, rounded at the apex; petals obovate, cuneate; style slender; stigma simple or nearly so; pod a very turgid globose silicle; seeds 2-several, in 2 rows. Cochlearia officinalis L. Succulent herb with decumbent branched stems about 30 cm. long; basal leaves petioled, broadly ovate to orbicular, subcordate, CRUCIFERAE 179 somewhat lobed or subentire; upper cauline more deeply lobed or toothed, sessile and auriculate at base; pods globose, smooth or faintly reticulated. Along the seacoast, Alaska to Oregon. Cape Elizabeth and Port Gran- ville, Washington, A. S. Foster; Oregon, Howell; Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun. 235. RADICULA. Aquatic or marsh herbs; leaves usually lyrately or pinnately parted or toothed, auricled at base; flowers small, yellow or white; style short or slender; pods terete or nearly so; seeds turgid, minute, in two rows in each cell. Flowers white; leaves pinnately divided. R. nasturtium-aguatica. Flowers yellow; leaves variously margined, mostly pinnate. Pedicels short, 2-4 mm. long; stems diffuse. Pods curved; leaf-lobes acute. R. curvisiliqua. Pods straight; leaf-lobes obtuse. R. obtusa. Pedicels longer, 6-8 mm. long; stems erect. Pods 4-8 mm. long. R. palustris. Pods 8-12 mm. long. R. pacified. Radicula nasturtium-aquatica (L.) Britten & Rendle. Perennial, aquatic, smooth; stems procumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 10-30 cm. high; leaves pinnate; leaflets 3-11, orbicular or oblong, sinuate, or the lower ones some- times reduced to the terminal leaflet; petals white, 3-4 mm. long; pods linear, 12-20 mm. long, acute at each end, a little longer than the spreading pedicels. Cultivated under the name of Water Cress, and often escaping. Radicula curvisiliqua (Hook.) Greene. Annual or biennial, glabrous or slightly pubescent, erect or decumbent, 15-40 cm. high; leaves oblanceolate, sinuate-dentate or pinnately cleft into oblong dentate lobes; flowers small, pale yellow; petals 2 mm. long, exceeding the sepals; pods linear-oblong, 4-16 mm. long; style stout or none. In dried-up ponds and swales, common and variable. Radicula obtusa (Nutt.) Greene. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly so, branching from the base, spreading; leaves pinnately parted or divided, or the upper often subentire and oblong; pedicels 2-4 mm. long, ascending or spreading; flowers yellow; pods usually long, straight; style very short and thick. Reported from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun. Radicula palustris (L.) Moench. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly so, erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, pinnately cleft or parted, petioled. 5-15 cm. long, the segments toothed; pods 4-8 mm. long, short-cylindric or ovoid, mostly shorter than the pedicels. Wet places, sometimes in shallow water. Radicula pacifica (Howell) Greene. Very similar to R. palustris; pods larger, 8-12 mm. long, as long as the pedicels. In wet places. Probably only a subspecies of R. palustris. 236. LEPIDIUM. PEPPERGRASS. Erect or diffuse annual or biennial herbs; leaves pinnatifid, toothed or entire; flowers small, white or greenish, in racemes; l8o CRUCIFERAE. pod orbicular to obovate, much flattened at right angles to the partition, 2-winged at the summit, each valve with one acute nerve forming a keel; seeds flattened, solitary in each cell. Cauline leaves clasping at base. L. draba. Cauline leaves not clasping at base. Apex of the pods bidentate, the valves reticulated. Teeth of pods widely divergent. L. oxycarpum. Teeth of pods not widely divergent. L. strictum. Apex of the pods merely emarginate, the valves not re- ticulated. Petals wanting or very minute; pods puberulent. L. lasiocarpum. Petals present; pods usually glabrous. Basal leaves pinnately parted, pubescent. L. menziesii. Basal leaves dentate, glabrous. L. medium. Lepidium draba L. Perennials, 20-40 cm. high, the herbage pubescent; leaves oval to oblong, obtuse, denticulate, the upper broadly auricled and clasping at base; racemes short; pods ovate, subcordate at base, tipped with the conspicuous style. Sparingly introduced from Europe; Victoria, British Columbia, Anderson. Lepidium oxycarpum T. & G. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems branched from the base, slender, ascending, 10-15 cm. high; leaves narrow, pinnately cleft with a few acute lobes, or entire; raceme loose; petals none; pods glabrous, nearly orbicular, about 3 mm. broad, with the teeth short and widely divergent. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, and California; mostly in saline soil. Lepidium strictum Rattan. Annual, the herbage finely pubescent; stems branched, erect or ascending, 8-15 cm. high; leaves pinnately cleft into narrow lobes; raceme crowded; petals none; pods ovate, glabrous, 2-2.5 mm. long, the teeth short and subacute, not widely divergent. In saline soil, Cadboro Bay, Vancouver Island, Macoun; otherwise known only from California and southwestern Oregon. Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. Annual, usually with several decumbent stems; herbage pubescent; lower leaves pinnately parted, the obtuse segments toothed or entire; petals wanting or minute; capsule lenticular, retuse, thinner at apex, minutely pubescent. Rare, probably only introduced in our limits. Lepidium menziesii DC. Biennial, erect or sometimes decumbent, much branched above, 30-90 cm. high; stems puberulent; lower leaves pinnately parted, more or less hairy, petioled, the segments toothed or entire; _upper leaves incisely dentate to entire; petals present; stamens 2 or 4; pods lenticular, retuse, glabrous, about 3 mm. broad, on longer spreading pedicels. Common on high sea beaches. Lepidium medium Greene. Much like L. menziesii but root annual; leaves serrate-dentate, seldom lobed, glabrous; stamens usually 6, sometimes only 2; pods glabrous or puberulent. In sandy soil, common in the interior but only occasional west of the Cas- cade Mountains. 237. THLASPI. Glabrous annual or perennial herbs; basal leaves entire or toothed; cauline oblong, auricled and clasping; flowers white or CRUCIFERAE. 181 purplish; pod more or less compressed at right angles to the partition, the valves often winged at the apex; seeds 2-4 in each cell. Pods large, winged, deeply notched; annual. T. arvense. Pods small, scarcely winged or notched; perennial. T. alpestre. Thlaspi arvense L. Penny Cress. Annual, erect, glabrous, simple or branched, 15-40 cm. high; radical leaves oblanceolate, petioled; cauline oblong, obtuse, sagittate and half-clasping; petals white, spatulate, exceeding the sepals; pod orbicular, 8-12 mm. long, broadly winged, deeply notched. A weed, sparingly introduced. Thlaspi alpestre L. Perennial, glabrous and green; stems usually several from a branched base, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves obovate or elliptic, petioled, entire or toothed; cauline oblong, entire, sessile and somewhat auriculate; flowers white; pods obovate, emarginate at apex, 4-8 mm. long. At high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains. 238. BURSA. Slender and mostly smooth annual herbs; radical leaves tufted; flowers small, wrhite, in racemes; pods cuneate, notched at apex, compressed at right angles to the partition, many-seeded. Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Weber. Shepherd's Purse. Stellate-pubescent below, glabrous above, 30-60 cm. tall, sparingly branched; basal leaves in a rosette, lanceolate or oblanceolate, pinnately-lobed, 2-8 cm. long, dentate or entire; flowers white, about 2 mm. long; pods triangular, cuneate, with a broad shallow notch at the apex. A common weed. 239. HUTCHINSIA. Low spreading annual with entire or pinnately-lobed leaves; flowers minute, white, in crowded racemes which elongate in fruit; stigma sessile or nearly so; silicle oval, compressed at right angles to the partition, not cuneate, not notched at the apex; each valve conspicuously 1 -nerved. Hutchinsia procumbens (L.) DC. Branched from the base, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, 5-15 cm. high; stems decumbent or ascending; basal leaves pinnately lobed or entire; petioles 1—2 cm. long; cauline leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, sessile, entire or with a few lobes; petals white, about as long as the sepals, 1 mm. long; pods smooth, elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, on slender pedicels. In moist ground, rare in our limits. 240. CAMELINA. FALSE FLAX. Erect annual herbs; leaves entire, toothed or pinnatifid; flowers small, yellowish; style slender; pod obovoid or pear- shaped, slightly flattened parallel to the partition, many-seeded. Pods 4-5 mm. long; herbage pubescent toward the base. C. microcarpa. Pods 6-8 mm. long; herbage glabrous or nearly so. C. saliva. 1 82 CRUCIFERAE. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Stems erect, mostly simple, 30-90 cm. tall, hirsute below, glabrous above; leaves lanceolate, acute, sagittate at base, half-clasping, erect, entire or nearly so, stellate-pubescent; flowers pale yellow; pods obovate, 4-5 mm. wide, 6-8 mm. long, beaked by the persistent style, glabrous, on slender pedicels, 8-18 mm. long. Sparingly introduced from Europe. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Very similar to C. microcarpa; pods larger, 6-7 mm. broad, 6-8 mm. long, on longer pedicels, 12-30 mm. long. Sparingly introduced from Europe. Family 46. DROSERACEAE. SUNDEW FAMILY. Small biennial or perennial mostly glandular-pubescent in- sectivorous herbs, living in bogs; leaves with circinate vernation; flowers regular, hypogynous, 5-merous, with all the parts persist- ent; anthers versatile; styles 1-5; ovary 1-3-celled; capsule with twice as many styles as there are parietal placentae; seeds numerous. 241. DROSERA. SUNDEW. Low biennial or perennial herbs with a basal tuft of leaves covered with sensitive motile glandular hairs which act as insect traps; flowers usually in a simple 1 -sided raceme on a naked scape; stamens 5; styles 3 or 5, each deeply 2-parted, stigmatic on the inner face near the tip. Leaf blade nearly orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the peti- ole. D. rolundifolia. Leaf blade spatulate-oblanceolate, not abruptly narrowed into the petiole. D. anglica. Drosera rotundifolia L. Leaves in a spreading rosette, the blade orbicular, abruptly narrowed into a much longer hairy petiole; scape slender, 10-30 cm. high, the raceme usually 5-15-flowered; petals oblong, white, 3 mm. long; capsule oblong; seeds narrowly spindle-form. In sphagnum bogs, common. Drosera anglica Huds. Leaves nearly erect, linear-spatulate, the naked or slightly hairy petiole scarcely longer than the blade; scape 6-20 cm. high, 1-8-flowered; petals oblanceolate, white, 6 mm. long; capsule oblong; seeds narrowly spindle-shaped. In bogs in the mountains, rare. Home Lake, Vancouver Island, Maconn; Mount Adams, Washington, Henderson. Family 47. CRASSULACEAE. STONECROP FAMILY. Succulent or fleshy plants, mostly herbs; stipules none; flowers regular and symmetrical, in cymes or rarely solitary; calyx hypogynous, mostly 4 or 5-parted or lobed; petals of the same number as the calyx-lobes, distinct or slightly united at the base, CRASSULACEAE. 183 rarely wanting; stamens of the same number or twice as many as the petals; carpels of the same number as the sepals, distinct or united below; ovules numerous; follicles 1-celled; seeds minute; endosperm fleshy. Flowers solitary axillary; annuals. 2-42. TILLAEA, 183. Flowers cymose; perennials or biennials. Petals free to the base. 243. SEDUM, 183. Petals united below the middle. 244. GORMANIA, 184. 242. TILLAEA. Small and slender somewhat succulent glabrous annual herbs; leaves opposite, entire; flowers minute, solitary axillary, white; sepals and petals 3-5, distinct or united at the base; stamens as many as the petals; carpels distinct; styles short-subulate; ovules 1-many. Tillaea aquatica L. (T. angustifolia Nutt.) Stems branching, rooting at base, 2-5 cm. high; leaves linear, acute, the pairs somewhat connate; flowers mostly solitary, nearly sessile; petals ovate, obtuse, twice as long as the sepals; carpels obtuse; seeds many, oblong-linear. On muddy river banks, rare. 243. SEDUM. STONECROP. Fleshy mostly glabrous herbs, erect or decumbent; leaves alternate, entire or dentate, fleshy; flowers perfect, in terminal often 1 -sided cymes; calyx 4 or 5-lobed or parted; petals 4 or 5, distinct; stamens 8 or 10, perigynous, the alternate ones usually attached to the petals ; carpels 4 or 5 , distinct or united at the base ; ovules numerous; follicles few-many-seeded. Leaves spatulate, very glaucous. 5. spathulifolium. Leaves not spatulate nor glaucous. Leaves subglobose. 5. divergens. Leaves lanceolate, broadest at base. Leaves becoming scarious; carpels divergent. 5. douglasii. Leaves not becoming scarious; carpels erect. S. stenopetalum. Sedum spathulifolium Hook. Herbage very glaucous; stems decumbent, 10-20 cm. long, curved upward near the tips; leaves broadly spatulate, flat, 15-20 mm. long; flowers pale yellow, nearly sessile, in a rather compact com- pound cyme; petals lanceolate, acute, 6 mm. long, much longer than the sepals. On rocks, common. Sedum divergens Wats. Glabrous and bright green; stems decumbent, 5-10 cm. long; leaves oval in outline, subglobose, nearly as thick as broad, sessile, 7-8 mm. long, mostly in rosettes at the ends of the branches; flowers yellow, in a compact cyme; petals three times as long as the sepals; carpels widely divergent when mature. In the mountains at moderate elevations. Sedum douglasii Hook. Stems erect, branched at base, from a stout rootstock, 15-20 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at the apex, 6-12 mm. 1 84 CRASSULACEAE. long, becoming white-scarious when old; axils of the cauline leaves commonly bearing short deciduous leafy branches by which the plant is propagated; flowers yellow, sessile, in an open cyme; petals lanceolate, acuminate, 5-6 mm. long, longer than the stamens; follicles diverging from their united bases. On rocks, rather rare west of the Cascade Mountains, but common in the interior. A form occurring at Elk Rock near Portland, Oregon, has solitary terminal flowers, the others being replaced by propagula. This has been described as a distinct species under the name S. uniflorum Howell. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh. Perennial from branched rootstocks, glabrous or minutely puberulent, green; stems erect, 6-15 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, broadest at base, acute, sessile, 4-8 mm. long; flowers bright yellow, nearly sessile, in a close cyme; petals lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the sepals; carpels 4 mm. long, divergent only at the tips. On cliffs in the mountains at moderate altitudes. 244. GORMANIA. Low perennial herbs with horizontal root-stocks; leaves spatulate to obovate, the cauline similar to but smaller than the basal ones; flowers yellow to red, in compound cymes; calyx mostly deeply 5-lobed, the lobes acute or obtuse; petals 5, united below the middle, acute to acuminate, spreading above; stamens 10, epipetalous; carpels many-ovuled, erect or nearly so in fruit. This genus is very feebly separable from Sedum. Gormania oregana (Nutt.) Britt. Glabrous, bright green; stems de- cumbent, 10-20 cm. long; leaves broadly spatulate, scattered rather equally; flowers yellow, becoming pink in age, in a compound cyme; petals linear- lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, somewhat united at base; stamens only half as long as the petals. On rocks, especially at low altitudes in the mountains. Family 48. SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate or opposite; stipules usually none; flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious; calyx usually 5- lobed, free or adherent to the ovary; petals usually 4 or 5, peri- gynous, rarely none; stamens usually definite in number and not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes; pistil formed by the partial or complete union of 2-5 carpels; placentae axile or parietal; seeds usually numerous; endosperm present; em- bryo small. Shrubs. Low and spreading or trailing; stamens usu- ally 10 or 12. 245. WHIPPLEA, 185. Erect; stamens 5 or many. Leaves alternate. 246. RIBES, 185. Leaves opposite. 247. PHILADELPHIA, 188. Herbs. Staminodia present; carpels 3 or 4, united. 248. PARNASSIA, 188. Staminodia none; carpels 2, distinct above. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 185 Placentae axial. Carpels distinct; leaves without stipules. coriaceous, Carpels united, at least below; leaves mostly not coriaceous. 249. LEPTARRHENA, 188. 250. 251. bulb- 253. Stamens 10. Stamens 5. Ovary superior. Ovary not superior. Rootstocks bearing lets; ovary almost wholly inferior. 252. Rootstocks not bearing bulblets; ovary half- inferior. Seeds winged ; petals per- sisting. Seeds wingless; petals promptly deciduous. 254. Placentae parietal or nearly basal. Stamens 8 or 10. Petals none; stamens 8. Petals present; stamens 10. Carpels unequal; petals entire. Carpels equal ; petals laciniate. Stamens 5 or 3. Petals pinnatifid. Petals entire or wanting, at least not pinnatifid. Stamens 3; calyx tubular. Stamens 5; calyx campanulate or turbinate. Inflorescence a raceme. Inflorescence a panicle. 245. WHIPPLEA. SAXIFRAGA, 189. BOLANDRA, 191. HEMIEVA, 192. SULLIVANTIA, 192. THEROFON, 192. 255. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, 193. 256. 257. TlARELLA, 193. TELLIMA, 194. 258. MITELLA, 194. 259. LEPTAXIS, 195. 260. 261. ELMERA, 196. HEUCHERA, 196. Low diffuse shrubs, pubescent with simple hairs; leaves opposite, short-petioled, without stipules; flowers white, in cymose clusters on a naked terminal peduncle; calyx 5-cleft, whitish, the tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary; petals 5, ovate or oblong, contracted at base; stamens usually 10; styles distinct, subulate; ovary 3-5-celled, each cell 1-ovuled; capsule septicidally dehiscent into 3-5 1 -seeded parts. Whipplea modesta Torr. Stems trailing, 20-60 cm. long; leaves oval to ovate, acutish, pubescent, sessile or nearly so, entire or few-toothed, 1-3 cm. long; cymes few-flowered; calyx campanulate, its lobes ovate; petals white, about 3 mm. long, exceeding the calyx-lobes; capsule globose. Lake Crescent, Clallam County, Washington, Webster, and southwards to California. 246. RIBES. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY. prickly shrubs; leaves alternate, often fas- Low sometimes cicled, palmately-veined and lobed ; flowers small, solitary or 1 86 SAXIFRAGACEAE. racemose, mostly terminating short and 1-2-leaved axillary shoots; calyx-tube adherent to the globose ovary and more or less extended beyond it, 5-, rarely 4-cleft, commonly colored or petal-like; petals 4 or 5, small, perigynous; stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them; styles 2, more or less united; ovary 1-celled; ovules few or numerous; berry globose, fleshy, usually many-seeded. Stems usually armed with spines and frequently with prick- les. Peduncles with numerous flowers in a raceme; calyx tube saucer-shaped. R. lacustre. Peduncles 1-4-flowered; calyx tube campanulate or cylindric. Flowers about 2 cm. long, dark purple. R. lobbn. Flowers much smaller, greenish or purplish. R. divaricatum. Stems not thorny nor prickly. Calyx tube cylindric or campanulate. Flowers red; raceme many-flowered. R. sanguineum. Flowers white or greenish; inflorescence few-flowered. Berries red or orange, glabrous or slightly gland- ular; leaves resinous-dotted; inflorescence a raceme. R. cereum. Berries black, glandular; leaves viscid-pubescent; inflorescence corymbose. R. viscosissimum. Calyx tube rotate. Berries red, smooth. R. ciliosum. Berries black, glandular. Racemes pendent. R. howellii. Racemes erect or ascending. Glands sessile. R. bracteosum. Glands stalked. R. laxiflonim. Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Stout, 1-2 m. high, armed with short 3-5- branched spines and very numerous bristly prickles; leaves orbicular, cordate, deeply 5-lobed, incisely dentate, minutely glandular, 2-4 cm. long; racemes loose, drooping; flowers greenish or purplish, slender-petioled; calyx short, saucer-shaped, the obtuse lobes spreading; stamens very short; berries nearly black, bristly glandular. Moist woods, common. Ribes lobbii Gray. Stems 1-2 m. high, the branchlets not bristly; sub- axillary spines 3, stout; leaves orbicular, cordate or subcordate at base, about 2 cm. broad, 3-5-cleft, the lobes serrate, somewhat glandular-pubescent; flowers solitary or in threes, drooping, 2 cm. long; calyx purple, campanu- late, pubescent, shorter than the narrow spreading or reflexed segments; petals wedge-shaped, obtuse, white; berries globose, 10-12 mm. in diameter, warty-glandular. Vancouver Island to northern California, but occurring only locally. Ribes divaricatum Dougl. Shrub, 2-4 m. high; branchlets often with scattered bristles; subaxillary spines 1-3, stout, mostly dark colored, often deflexed; leaves orbicular, 3-5-lobed, incisely toothed, slightly pubescent beneath, 2-3 cm. broad; flowers 1-4, in small corymbs; calyx pale green or its lobes dark purplish, the tube campanulate, shorter than the spreading oblong lobes; petals wedge-shaped, white, erect, half as long as the calyx lobes; style villous; berries globose, black, 3-5 mm. in diameter. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 187 i In wet open places, common. The fruit of this wild gooseberry is of ex- cellent flavor. Ribes sanguineum Pursh. Red-flowering Currant. Shrub 2-3 m. high, with a balsamic odor; branchlets glandular; leaves orbicular in outline, cor- date, 3-5-lobed, doubly serrate, glabrous above, canescent beneath, 3-10 cm. long, short-petioled; racemes drooping, 3—10 cm. long; bracts erose, about as long as the pedicels; calyx dark to light red, tubular-campanulate, the obovate segments spreading; petals white to pink, erect, spatulate, nearly as long as the calyx segments; berry black, densely glaucous and sparsely hirsute, sweet- ish but insipid. Common in open dry woods, very showy when in bloom, the flowers spicy- scented. Ribes cereum Dougl. About 1 m. high, with numerous short branches, the young shoots commonly resinous-dotted and glutinous; shoots and under sides of the leaves puberulent; leaves orbicular, somewhat 3-5-lobed, crenate- dentate, rounded or subcordate at base, about 1 cm. long; petioles mostly shorter than the leaves; pedicels very short; racemes short, dense, 3-5-flowered, drooping; calyx white, cylindric, 6-8 mm. long, glandular, the short lobes obtuse; petals orbicular; berry orange-red, insipid. Common east of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, but very rare on the western slope; Mount Jefferson, Oregon. Ribes viscosissimum Pursh. Unarmed, about 1 m. high, pubescent throughout and somewhat glandular; leaves cordate-orbicular, obtusely 5-lobecl, somewhat doubly dentate, soft-pubescent, especially beneath, 2-5 cm. broad; petioles about as long as the blades, hirsute-glandular; racemes ascending, snorter than the leaves; bracts oblong or obovate, obtuse, conspic- uous; flowers whitish or purplish, about 10 mm. long, on short pedicels which become slender and elongate in fruit; calyx-tube campanulate, becoming cy- lindric, the erect lobes acute, shorter; petals small, white; berry black, rather dry. Common in mountain woods on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains. Reported on the west slope at the head of Skagit River, British Columbia, Macoun. Ribes ciliosum Howell. Stems prostrate or decumbent, about 1 m. long; leaves orbicular, cordate, 2-5 cm. broad, glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-5-lobed, the lobes acute, serrate, ciliolate; racemes pendent; bracts ovate, half as long as the pedicel; calyx reddish, saucer-shaped, its lobes rounded; petals wedge-shaped, 1 mm. long; berries globose, bright red. In the Cascade Mountains, rare. The berries are very similar to those of the cultivated red currant, to which our species is closely related. Ribes howellii Greene. Stems erect or ascending, 1-2 m. high; leaves orbicular, cordate or truncate at base, 3-5-lobed, the rounded lobes doubly serrate or incised, glabrous above, resinous-dotted beneath, 5-8 cm. broad; petioles about as long as the blades; racemes pendent; bracts linear-lanceolate, equalling the pedicels; calyx green, the tube saucer-shaped, the lobes broad and obtuse; petals spatulate, dark purple; fruit black, glandular-bristly. Abundant at the limit of trees in the mountains. The berries are not edible. Ribes bracteosum Dougl. Stems 1-2 m. high; branchlets glabrous; leaves large, 15-20 cm. broad, punctate beneath with resiniferous glands, orbicular in outline, cordate, deeply 5-7-lobcd, the lobes acuminate and coarsely doubly serrate; petioles slender; racemes erect, 10-25 cm. long; flowers many, greenish; bracts spatulate, about as long as the pedicels; calyx glabrous, saucer-shaped, the lobes oblong; petals wedge-shaped, obtuse, about 2 mm. long; fruits black, sprinkled with resin dots, unpleasantly flavored. 1 88 SAXIFRAGACEAE. Common along streams in woods, often forming dense thickets, the her- bage strongly scented on which account the plant is locally known as " Stink Currant." The berries are scarcely eatable. Ribes laxiflorum Pursh. Stems 1-3 m. long, ascending; branchlets copper- colored, smooth; leaves orbicular, deeply cordate, glabrous, shiny above, 5-8 cm. broad, 5-7-lobed, the lobes acute, doubly serrate or somewhat incised; racemes erect, pubescent; bracts narrow, shorter than the glandular pedicels; calyx saucer-shaped, the lobes orbicular; petals fan-shaped; fruit globose, glandular-bristly, wine-colored. Near the coast, Alaska to the mouth of the Columbia River. 247. PHILADELPHUS. Shrubs; leaves opposite, petioled, entire or toothed, ovate or oblong, without stipules; flowers large, showy, white, solitary or cymose-clustered ; calyx-tube top-shaped, 4- or 5-lobed, adherent to the ovary nearly or quite to its summit; petals 4 or 5, large, obovate or roundish; stamens 20-40, on the disk; styles 3-5, more or less united; ovary 3-5-celled, inferior; ovules numerous; capsule 3-5-valved; seeds very numerous. Philadelphus gordonianus Lindl. Syringa. Shrub 2-4 m. high, much branched above; bark pale, flaky; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, dentate or nearly entire, pubescent on the under surface, 2-5 cm. long; petioles short; panicle 4-10-flowered, the lower bracts leafy; calyx -lobes triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate, less than twice as long as the tube; petals white, oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long; styles united for two-thirds their length; stigmas dilated. Common in moist open places. The odorous flowers are very showy. 248. PARNASSIA. Glabrous perennial herbs with entire leaves; flower solitary, on a long scape-like stem which often bears a single sessile leaf; sepals 5, slightly united, persistent; petals 5, white with greenish or yellowish veins and a gland-bearing scale (really a cluster of sterile stamens or staminodia) at the base of each; stamens 5, alternate with the petals, persistent; stigmas 4, sessile; ovary 1-celled, with 4 parietal placentae; capsule 4-valved, separating between the placentae. Parnassia fimbriata Koenig. Leaves cordate to reniform, 3-4 cm. broad, slender petioled; stems 20-40 cm. high, bearing a single cordate sessile leaf above the middle; sepals oblong; petals oblong, unguiculate, fringed near the base, white, 8-12 mm. long; scales fleshy, keeled, each usually bearing 5-9 teeth. Common in bogs in the mountains. 249. LEPTARRHENA. Perennial herbs with alternate coriaceous leaves; flowers in panicles; sepals 5, erect, slightly adherent to the ovary; petals 5, white, narrow, persistent; stamens 10; carpels 2, united only at the base; follicles erect, slightly spreading at the tips. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 189 Leptarrhena amplexifolia (Sternb.) Ser. Rootstock stout, covered with the old brownish leaf-bases; basal leaves oblong to obovate, serrate above the middle, coriaceous, glabrous, green and shining above, pale beneath, 3-12 cm. long; petiole stout and broad; stems 20-40 cm. high, bearing 1 or 2 small leaves; inflorescence paniculate, glandular; sepals ovate; petals white, narrow, about 2 mm. long; carpels 8-10 mm. long, not diverging, usually purple. Common along alpine rivulets at about 1700 m. altitude in Washington and northward to Alaska. 250. SAXIFRAGA. SAXIFRAGE. Chiefly perennial herbs; stem short or none; radical leaves tufted; cauline mostly alternate; flowers perfect, solitary or in cymes or cymose panicles; calyx 5-lobed, free or adhering to the base of the ovary; petals 5, entire, perigynous; stamens 10, perigynous; carpels 2, nearly distinct or united into a 2-celled ovary; placentae axile; styles distinct; capsules 2-beaked, 2- celled, sometimes forming two almost separate follicles. By some botanists divided into ten or more genera. Stems producing perennial branches, these densely beset with small leaves. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, entire. Filaments clavate; leaves spatulate, obtuse, not cili- ate. 5. tolmiei. Filaments subulate; leaves lanceolate, ciliate. 5. bronchialis. Leaves not coriaceous, thin, 3-5-lobed or cleft. Calyx united only at base; leaves cleft. 5. cespitosa. Calyx united to the middle; leaves lobed. 5. adscendens. Stems not producing perennial leafy branches. Calyx campanulate; stems leafy. Leaves mostly 5-lobed; sepals obtuse. S. debilis. Leaves entire or 3-toothed; sepals acute. S. nuttallii. Calyx rotate; leaves all or mostly basal. Leaves serrate or coarsely dentate. Petals dissimilar; leaves spatulate, serrate, short- petioled. S. bongardi. Petals similar; leaves cordate or reniform, coarse- ly toothed, long-petioled. Caudex bulbous; herbage somewhat glandular; leaves usually doubly dentate. S. mertensiana. Caudex not bulbous; leaves glabrous, simply dentate. Petals orbicular, clawed. S. odontoloma. Petals elliptic, not clawed. 5. nelsoniana. Leaves entire or merely crenate, all basal. Leaves ovate or oblong, petioled, usually coarsely crenate. Filaments subulate. S. rufidula. Filaments clavate. 5. marshallii. Leaves entire or nearly so, oblong-spatulate to ovate. Stems 30-60 cm. tall; flowers 7-9 mm. broad; leaves without petioles. S. oregana. Stems 10-30 cm. high; flowers 6-8 mm. broad; leaves more or less distinctly petioled. S. integrifolia. 190 SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifraga tolmiei T. & G. Densely tufted, the leafy stems short and branched, nearly prostrate; leaves glabrous, crowded, succulent, spatulate, 6-10 mm. long, the margins entire and revolute; peduncles erect, scape-like, 5-10 cm. high, glandular, 1-6-flowered; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals oblong, unguiculate, white, twice as long as the sepals; filaments dilated; carpels often 3 or 4, united only at base, 8-10 mm. long. Abundant in the mountains along rivulets at about 2000 m. altitude. First collected by Tolmie, probably on Mount Rainier. Saxifraga bronchialis austromontana (Wiegand) Piper. Stems tufted, densely leafy, erect or ascending, 10-20 cm. high; leaves coriaceous, subulate- lanceolate, 5-10 cm. high; flowers cymose; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals white with a few yellow spots, oblong, 5-6 mm. long. Common in the mountains on rock cliffs at 1500-2000 m. altitude. Saxifraga bronchialis vespertina (Small) Rosendahl. Differs from 5. bronchialis austromontana in having the leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse or obtusish, and the cymes larger and looser. On rock cliffs at low altitudes. Saxifraga cespitosa L. Densely tufted, glandular-pubescent, 5-15 cm. high; leaves crowded, spatulate, 6-20 mm. long, mostly 3-lobed or 3-cleft, with linear obtuse lobes; peduncles leafy-bracted, glandular, 1-6-flowered; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals white, oblong, often retuse, 5-6 mm. long. Rocky slopes and cliffs. Two forms occur in our limits, one high alpine, densely cespitose, the leaves with short obtuse lobes and obscure veins; the other from cliffs along the Columbia River and the San Juan Islands, with thinner prominently veined leaves and a taller looser habit. The latter approaches closely S. cespitosa laxa Koch. The former is scarcely matched in European material. This has recently been proposed as a new species by Small under the name Muscaria emarginata, the type being Elmer No. 2649 collected in the Olympic Mountains. This plant is, however, much nearer to true 5. cespitosa than is the thin-leaved form. Saxifraga adscendens L. Glandular-pubescent, 3-10 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, cuneate to spatulate, mostly 3-toothed, ciliate, 5-10 mm. long; flowers few, in a compact cyme; sepals ovate, glandular; petals white, cuneate- oblong, clawed, 3-nerved, 3 mm. long. On rocks in the mountains, known in our limits only from Mount Baker, Flett. Saxifraga debilis Engelm. Loosely tufted, somewhat glandular-pubescent; stems 3-10 cm. high, ascending; basal leaves roundish, thin, crenately lobed, 5-15 mm. long, petioled, the cauline few-lobed or entire; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals white, oblong, clawed, 3-7 mm. long. In rock crevices in the mountains. In our limits known only from Mount Rainier, Allen. Saxifraga nuttallii Small. (S. elegans Nutt.) Glabrous, 5-30 cm. high; stems slender, branched, leafy; leaves oval to ovate, entire or 3-toothed at apex, 4-10 mm. long, the lower ones petiolate; flowers white, on slender pedi- cels; sepals triangular, acute or acuminate; petals oblong, obtuse, 4-5 mm. long; follicles united below, diverging above. On wet banks and cliffs, western Oregon; rare and local. Saxifraga bongardi Presl. Pubescent and somewhat glandular; stems 10-30 cm. high; leaves mostly in a basal rosette, oblanceolate or spatulate, toothed above the middle, 2-6 cm. long, the petiole broad and short; inflores- cence loosely paniculate; flowers white, some of them often replaced by leafy bulblets; sepals ovate, reflexed; petals lanceolate, clawed, unequal, white with two yellowish spots at base, 4-6 mm. long. Common along alpine rills. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 191 Saxifraga mertensiana Bong. Leaves nearly all basal, the blades orbic- ular-reniform, incisely many lobed, the lobes mostly 3-toothed at apex; stems 10-30 cm. high; panicle loose, the branches flowering at the tips and usually bearing bulblets below; sepals reflexed; petals white, oblong or obovate, short-clawed; filaments broadest at top. On moist cliffs, especially in the mountains. Saxifraga odontoloma Piper. Glabrous below the inflorescence; leaves all basal, reniform-orbicular, coarsely and evenly dentate, 2-8 cm. broad; petioles 2—3 times as long as the blade; scapes 10—40 cm. high; flowers white, in a loose panicle; calyx lobes oval, obtuse, reflexed, 2 mm. long; petals orbicular, un- guiculate, longer than the calyx; filaments spatulate; carpels 7-8 mm. long, becoming divaricate. Common along streams in the mountains. Formerly confused with the European S. punctata L. Saxifraga nelsoniana D. Don. Very similar to S. odontoloma; petals oblong to ovate, unguiculate at base, 3-4.5 mm. long. Along mountain rivulets at 1500-2000 m. altitude, Alaska to Washington. Except for the form of the petals it is scarcely distinguishable from S. odon- toloma. Saxifraga rufidula (Small) Piper n. comb. (Micranthes rufidula Small.) Leaves in a basal rosette, thickish, ovate to oval, crenate, bright green and nearly glabrous above, densely red-tomentose beneath at least when young, 1-4 cm. long, short-petioled; scapes 5-10 cm. high, pubescent; cyme few- flowered; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals white, 4-5 mm. long, nearly orbicular, clawed; filaments subulate. In rock crevices mostly in the mountains. Saxifraga marshallii Greene. Very similar to S. rufidula, but the leaves larger, 4-9 cm. long, not so thick and usually less pubescent; filaments clavate or spatulate. Rock crevices in the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. Saxifraga oregana Howell. Leaves spreading in a basal rosette, oblong to oblanceolate, obscurely denticulate, obtuse, nearly glabrous, 5-20 cm. long; scapes stout, erect, glandular, 30-90 cm. tall; inflorescence paniculate, usually pyramidal, rather dense; sepals ovate, obtuse, at length reflexed; petals white, oblong to oval, short-clawed, 4 mm. long; filaments subulate. In marshes, Washington to California; rather local. Saxifraga integrifolia Hook. Leaves all basal in a rosette, oblong to ovate, entire or obscurely denticulate, viscidly-pubescent or glabrate, 4-8 cm. long; scapes glandular, erect, 15-40 cm. high; inflorescence paniculate; sepals ovate, becoming reflexed; petals white, obovate, 2-3 mm. long; filaments subulate, Prairies, rare. First found near the mouth of the Columbia River by Scouler. 251. BOLANDRA. Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks; leaves alternate; flowers in loose few-flowered panicles; calyx broadly campan- ulate, 5-lobed, the tube free from the ovary; petals 5, on the throat of the calyx, small, subulate, persistent, recurved; stamens 5, short, alternate with the petals; ovary enclosed by the dilated calyx, ovate with a broad 2-celled base, deeply cleft above into two tapering horns, each tipped by a truncate nearly sessile stigma; capsule membranaceous. 192 SAXIFRAGACEAE. Bolandra oregana Wats. Flowering stems 10-40 cm. high, the inflores- cence glandular-pubescent; leaves reniform, angularly lobed, dentate, glabrous, 2-6 cm. broad; calyx large, campanulate, green or purple, the tube 5 mm. long, the lanceolate lobes shorter; petals purple, lanceolate-attenuate, about 1 cm. long; carpels scarcely diverging, conical, 1 cm. long. On wet cliffs in the gorge of the Columbia River and at the falls of the Willamette, Oregon. The plant bears bulbils near the base. 252. HEMIEVA. Glandular-puberulent perennial herbs with short bulbiferous rootstocks; basal leaves ternately divided; cauline leaves with more or less developed stipules; flowers in a cyme; calyx-tube campanulate, adherent to the lower half of the ovary; sepals 5, triangular-lanceolate; petals 5, obovate; stamens 5, opposite the sepals, erect, on the outer margin of the disk; styles distinct; ovary 2-celled, with axile placentae. Hemieva ranunculifolia (Hook.) Raf. Glandular-pubescent; stems 10-30 cm. high; basal leaves long-petioled, reniform, 3-parted, the segments cuneate and incisely 3- or 4-lobed; middle cauline leaves similar but the petiole short and broad; uppermost leaves sessile, 3-lobed, passing into the oblong bracts; flowers white, in a compact cyme; calyx campanulate, its ovate lobes as long; petals obovate, 6-7 mm. long. In the Cascade Mountains in rocky places at about 1700 m. altitude. Bulblets are produced in the axils of some of the leaves. 253. SULLIVANTIA. Slender acaulescent perennial herbs with small rootstocks and scape-like stems; leaves alternate, all but one basal, reniform to orbicular in outline, shallowly lobed and coarsely toothed, cordate, long-petioled; flowers in panicled cymes; calyx-tube campanulate, longer than the calyx; sepals 5, erect; corolla whitish, regular, of 5 persistent clawed petals; stamens 5; ovary half-inferior; follicles erect, enclosed in the calyx-tube. Sullivantia oregana Wats. Glandular-pubescent above; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves orbicular, cordate, obscurely lobed, incisely toothed, 2-5 cm. broad, the slender petioles dilated at base; calyx campanulate with ovate lobes; petals obovate, unguiculate, white, 1.5 mm. long; carpels thin, 4 mm. long. On wet cliffs, Multnomah Falls and Elk Rock, Oregon. 254. THEROFON. Glandular-pubescent perennial herbs with scaly rootstocks; leaves reniform, cleft or lobed and dentate or crenate; stipules foliaceous or bristle-like; flowers perfect, in panicles on leafy lateral shoots; calyx- tube campanulate, urn-shaped or turbi- nate, adnate to the lower half of the ovary; sepals 5, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; petals 5, white, obovate or spatulate; stamens 5, opposite the sepals; styles 2, distinct, in fruit forming 2 diver- SAXIFRAGACEAE. 193 gent beaks; ovary and capsule usually 2-celled with axile placen- tae; seeds numerous. Stipules scarious or foliaceous. T. intermedium. Stipules represented by bristles. T. datum. Therofon intermedium (Piper) Heller. Sparsely pubescent, glandular in the inflorescence; stems rather stout, 40-50 cm. high, few-leaved; basal leaves orbicular, cuneate at base, subreniform with a broad sinus, 5-7-cleft, the lobes incisely toothed, 5-9 cm. broad; cauline similar but smaller and with stipules; peduncles axillary, 6-12-flowered; calyx campanulate, its lobes triangular; petals obovate, white, 4-5 mm. long. Chehalis County, Washington, Lamb. Very closely allied to T. majus (Gray) Wheelock which occurs in Idaho, southern Oregon and California. Therofon elatum (Nutt.) Greene. Sparsely hirsute with reddish hairs; stems slender, 40-70 cm. high, few-leaved; basal leaves reniform cordate, 5-9-lobed, incisely serrate, slender-petioled, 2-5 cm. broad; cauline similar but smaller; inflorescence a long loose panicle; calyx deeply campanulate, its lobes acute; petals spatulate-oblong, white, 4-6 mm. long. Rocky banks of streams, Vancouver Island to California. 255. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Low and small glabrous herbs with tender succulent leaves; flowers small, solitary or in leafy cymes; calyx-lobes 4 or 5, yellow within; stamens 8 or 10, very short, inserted on a conspic- uous disk; styles 2; capsule obcordate or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. Chrysosplenium scouleri (Hook.) Rose. (C. glechomae folium Nutt.) Perennial, glabrous; stems creeping or ascending, 5-15 cm. long, rooting at the joints; flowering branches ascending, 5-10 cm. high; leaves opposite, or those of the flowering stems alternate, orbicular, crenate, 5-20 mm. broad, nearly sessile; flowers solitary, axillary; sepals 4 mm. long, obtuse; stamens 8. In muddy places in the mountains at low altitudes. 256. TIARELLA. Slender perennial herbs; leaves palmately lobed, sometimes with small stipules; flowers small, white, in a terminal raceme or panicle; calyx-tube campanulate, 5-parted, nearly free from the ovary; petals 5, entire, small, short clawed; stamens 10; fila- ments long and slender; styles 2; ovary 1-celled, 2-horned; placentae parietal, becoming almost basal in fruit; ovules num- erous; capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, the valves usually unequal; seeds usually few. Leaves merely lobed. T. unifoliata. Leaves trifoliolate. Leaflets coarsely dentate. T. trifoliata. Leaflets deeply lobed or cleft. T. laciniata. Tiarella unifoliata Hook. Pubescent throughout or nearly glabrous; stems simple, 15-40 cm. high, erect or ascending; radical leaves ovate or 194 SAXIFRAGACEAE. orbicular, cordate, long-petioled, 3-7-lobed, the lobes crenate-dentate; cau- line 1-3, similar but smaller, short-petioled; panicle narrow, loose, 5-15 cm. long; flowers white; petals small, thread-like. Common in woods at low altitudes in the mountains. Tiarella trifoliata L. Sparsely hirsute, the inflorescence glandular; stems slender, erect or ascending, 15-40 cm. high; basal leaves long-petioled, trifolio- late, the middle leaflet cuneate-obovate, 3-lobed and toothed; lateral leaflets oblique; cauline leaves similar, smaller, short-petioled; panicle narrow; sepals oblong, acute; petals filiform, white, twice as long as the sepals; carpels unequal, membranaceous, the larger 6-7 mm. long. Common in moist woods. Tiarella laciniata Hook. Similar in size and habit to T. trifoliata; leaves trifoliolate, the middle leaflet 3-cleft, the segments deeply incised; lateral leaflets oblique, 2-cleft, the segments incised. A rare species, known from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Mount Constitution and Skamania County, Washington. 257. TELLIMA. Perennial herbs; stem simple or branched at the base; leaves few, round-cordate, toothed or palmately-divided, chiefly alter- nate; petioles with stipule-like dilations at the base; flowers in a single terminal raceme; calyx 5-lobed, campanulate or turbinate, the base adhering to the base or lower half of the ovary; petals 5, white, whitish or pink, on the throat or in the sinuses of the calyx, cleft or lobed; stamens 10, short, included; styles 2 or 3, very short; ovary short, 1 -celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae; capsule conical, slightly 3-beaked; seeds very numerous. Calyx campanulate; petals sessile, pinnately parted; plant not producing bulblets. T. grandiflora. Calyx obconic; petals clawed, palmately cleft; plant producing bulblets. T. parviflora. Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) Dougl. Hirsutely pubescent, the inflores- cence glandular; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, bearing 2 or 3 nearly sessile smaller leaves; basal leaves cordate-orbicular, shallowly 3-9-lobed, dentate with broad teeth, 5-10 cm. broad, the hairy petioles 10-20 cm. long; raceme somewhat one-sided; calyx campanulate, 8 mm. long, the lobes triangular; petals pinnately divided into filiform segments, greenish at first, gradually changing to bright red. Common in moist woods. T. odorata Howell and T. breviflora Rydberg, each based mainly on slight calyx characters, are scarcely distinct. Tellima parviflora Hook. Perennial, propagating by bulblets; herbage rough-pubescent; stems slender, 15-30 cm. high; leaves palmately 3-5-parted; segments cuneate, 3-cleft, the lobes sometimes again cleft; pedicels erect, mostly as long as or longer than the calyx ; calyx 4-6 mm. long, obconic or club- shaped; petals pink, deeply 3-cleft; ovary half-inferior. In gravelly or rocky soil in open places. Bulblets are sometimes formed in the inflorescence. 258. MITELLA. MITREWORT. Low slender perennial herbs; leaves simple, mostly radical, long-petioled, ovate or orbicular; cauline rarely few, usually SAXIFRAGACEAE. 195 none; flowers small, white or greenish, in a simple raceme; calyx short, the broad tube 5-lobed, adherent to the base of the ovary and dilated beyond it; petals 5, slender, pinnatifid or 3-cleft into thread-like lobes; stamens 10 or 5, very short; styles 2, short; ovary globose, 1-celled, with 2 parietal almost basal placentae, partly superior; capsule globular or depressed, hardly at all lobed ; seeds several to each placenta. Stems bearing 1-3 leaves. M. caulescens. Stems leafless. Petals mostly 3-cleft at apex. M. trifida. Petals pinnately 3-5-parted. Stamens opposite the petals. M. pentandra. Stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves broadly reniform. M. breweri. Leaves oblong-cordate. M. ovalis. Mitella caulescens Nutt. Stems slender, 25-40 cm. high, bearing 1-3 petioled alternate leaves; basal leaves broadly ovate, cordate, 5-7-lobed, crenate-dentate, sparsely hairy; flowers greenish, in a loose raceme; petals pinnately cleft into 7-9 filiform lobes; plants producing runners in summer. In moist woods, not common. Mitella trifida Graham. (Ozomelis pacifica Rydb.) Leaves all basal, their petioles hairy, slender, 5-7 cm. long, their blades reniform, obscurely 7-9- lobed, crenate-dentate, sparsely pubescent, 2-4 cm. broad; scapes 15-30 cm. high; raceme often 1-sided; calyx campanulate; petals cuneate, deeply 3-cleft. In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude, rare. Mitella pentandra Hook. Scapes 10-30 cm. high, puberulent; leaves all basal, broadly cordate, coarsely crenate, sparsely pubescent, petioled; raceme loose; calyx saucer-shaped, the lobes short and obtuse; petals pinnately divided into 7-9 filiform lobes. In moist woods in the mountains. Mitella breweri Gray. Rootstock horizontal; leaves all basal, few, the slender petioles sparsely hairy, the blades reniform-orbicular, obscurely 3-5- lobed, crenate-serrate, somewhat shiny above, nearly glabrous, 3-8 cm. wide; scapes about as long as the leaves; calyx saucer-shaped, 3-4 mm. in diameter; petals greenish, pinnately 3-5-parted into filiform segments. Common in the mountains at about the limit of trees. Mitella ovalis Greene. (M. hallii Howell.) Rootstock short, creeping; leaves all basal, their blades oval, cordate or reniform, obscurely 5-9-lobed, crenate-dentate, sparsely hirsute, 2-4 cm. long, on slender hairy petioles 4-10 cm. long; scapes exceeding the leaves; calyx saucer-shaped, 2-3 mm. broad; petals pinnate with 3-5 filiform segments. In moist ground near the coast, Vancouver Island to California. 259. LEPTAXIS. Perennial herbs with scaly rootstocks and lateral leafy flower- ing branches; stipules membranaceous; calyx- tube funnelform, free from the ovary; sepals 5, ascending; petals 4, subulate, persistent; stamens 3, opposite the upper 3 sepals; ovary 1-celled, many-seeded, with parietal placentae, attenuate and slightly stipitate at the base, each carpel long beaked. 196 SAXIFRAGACEAE. Leptaxis menziesii (Pursh) Raf. Sparsely hirsute throughout; stems clustered, 40-60 cm. high, simple, erect, 3-5-leaved; basal leaves ovate, cor- date, acute, obscurely 5-7-lobed, serrate-dentate, 5-15 cm. long, slender- petioled; cauline leaves smaller, shorter-petioled; racemes 10-30 cm. long; pedicels shorter than the flowers; calyx cylindric, dark purple, the lobes unequal; petals filiform, twice as long as the calyx lobes; stamens exserted. Common in rich woods; the plant propagates itself vegetatively by means of an adventitious bud formed at the tip of the petiole on many of the leaves. 260. ELMERA. Low glandular-pubescent perennial herb with a thick scaly rootstock and lateral leafy flowering branches; cauline leaves with conspicuous membranous stipules; inflorescence racemose; calyx-tube deeply campanulate, adnate to the lower half of the ovary; sepals 5, ovate, erect; petals 5, spatulate, erect, 3-5-cleft at the apex or entire; stamens 5, opposite the sepals; ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled, with 2 parietal placentae. Elmera racemosa (Wats.) Rydb. (Heuchera racemosa Wats.) Somewhat pubescent and the inflorescence glandular; basal leaves reniform-cordate, obscurely lobed, crenate, 2-4 cm. broad, long-petioled; stems 10-40 cm. high, bearing 1-3 small leaves; flowers white; calyx 4 mm. long, campanulate, its lobes ovate; petals spatulate, entire or somewhat incised, slightly longer than the calyx-lobes. Rock cliffs or rock talus in the mountains at 1500-3000 m. altitude. Most abundant in the Olympic Mountains. Known only from Washington. 261. HEUCHERA. ALUM ROOT. Perennial herbs; leaves mostly basal, long-petioled, rounded, mostly cordate; cauline, if any, alternate; petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules; flowers greenish or purple, in clusters which form a long narrow panicle; calyx tube campanulate, 5-lobed, coherent with the lower half of the ovary; lobes some- times unequal; petals 5, small, entire, sometimes minute or wanting, or early deciduous; stamens 5; styles 2, slender; ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae; capsule 1-celled, more or less 2-beaked; seeds numerous. Stamens exserted; flowers in loose panicles. Leaf lobes triangular, acute; herbage glabrous. H. glabra. Leaf lobes rounded; herbage pubescent, at least the under leaf surface. H. micrantha. Stamens included; flowers in a spike or spike-like panicle. Pubescence villous or hirsute. H. chlorantha. Pubescence glandular. H. ovalifolia. Heuchera glabra Willd. Glabrous; stems erect or curved, 30-60 cm. high, bearing 1-3 leaves; basal leaves cordate-orbicular, 5-7-lobed, doubly serrate, thin, shining above, 4—10 cm. broad, slender- petioled; cauline similar, short- petioled; panicles loose; calyx turbinate, puberulent, the oblong obtuse lobes as long as the tube; petals white, ovate, clawed, 2-3 mm. long. Rocky cliffs and slopes in the mountains, Alaska to Oregon. ROSACEAE. 197 Heuchera micrantha Dougl. More or less villous; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, bearing 1-3 leaves or scapiform; basal leaves cordate-orbicular, obtusely lobed, crenate with cuspidate teeth, usually pubescent beneath, ciliate, 2-6 cm. broad, the slender petioles usually pilose with reddish hairs; panicle loose, glandular-puberulent; calyx turbinate, the ovate lobes of equal length; petals white, oblanceolate, clawed, becoming twisted. Common on rocky cliffs. The less pubescent or nearly glabrous form is considered by some botanists distinct under the name H. nuttallii Rydb. Heuchera chlorantha Piper. Tufted from a branching caudex; leaves all basal, orbicular to reniform, cordate, 7-9-lobed, the lobes broadly rounded and dentate, glabrous except on the veins beneath; petioles slender, sparsely pilose with brownish hairs; scapes 50-100 cm. high, villous; inflorescence a dense narrow panicle 5-10 cm. long; bracts ovate to lanceolate, fimbriate, the lower ones 3-cleft; calyx greenish, turbinate-campanulate, the lobes oblong; petals minute or wanting. In damp meadows, not rare. This species has generally been confused with H. cylindrica Dougl. of the interior. Heuchera ovalifolia Nutt. Densely and minutely glandular-pubescent throughout; leaves all basal, broadly oval or ovate, slightly cordate, shallowly 5-lobed, crenate-dentate; stems erect, 10-30 cm. high; inflorescence dense, 2-6 cm. long; calyx greenish, 6-7 mm. long. In rocky places, mostly on the east slope of the Cascade Mountains and in the interior, but known from Mount Hood, Oregon. Family 49. ROSACEAE. ROSE FAMILY. Herbs shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, simple or compound, usually with evident stipules which are often quickly deciduous; flowers regular, mostly perfect, rarely polygamo-dioecious; calyx of 5, rarely 3-8, sepals, united at the base, often surrounded by a row of bractlets; calyx-tube lined by the disk; petals as many as the sepals, rarely wranting, on the edge of the calyx- tube; stamens usually numerous or few and coherent with the calyx- tube; carpels 1-many, distinct and free, or few and coherent with the calyx-tube into a 2-several-celled inferior ovary ; seeds few or solitary; endosperm none, scanty or rarely copious. The so-called " calyx-tube " in this family is partly or wholly a hollowed-out receptacle, sometimes called the hypanthium. Pistil one. Fruit a drupe; petals present, white. Flowers perfect; carpel one. 262. PRUNUS, 199. Flowers dioecious; carpels 5. 263. OSMARONIA, 199. Fruit an akene; petals none, or if present, yel- low. Petals 5, yellow; calyx prickly. 274. AGRIMONIA, 205. Petals none; calyx not prickly. Leaves palmately-lobed; flowers axil- lary. 275. ALCHEMILLA, 206. Leaves pinnately-lobed; flowers in a spike. 276. SANGUISORBA, 206. 198 ROSACEAE. Pistils more than one. Pistils 2-5, united with each other and with the lower part of the receptacle and calyx-tube with which in fruit they form a pome. Flowers in racemes; locules of mature pomes 10. Flowers in corymbs or cymes; locules 1-5. Carpels stony in fruit. Carpels papery in fruit. Pistils few or many, free. Fruit of few 2-several-seeded follicles. Leaves palmately-lobed. Leaves not palmately-lobed. Stamens united at base; flowers in racemes. Stamens not united at base; flowers in panicles or corymbs. Stamineal disk adherent, entire; ovules 2. Stamineal disk free at the edge, not entire; ovules 5 or more. Shrubs with simple leaves; flowers perfect. Herbs with compound leaves; flowers dioecious. Fruit of numerous 1-2-seeded akenes or drupelets. Fruit of drupelets, usually united. Fruit of akenes. Receptacle urn-shaped or bell-shaped, enclosing the akenes. Receptacle fleshy; akenes num- erous. Receptacle dry; akenes 1-4. Petals 5, yellow; calyx prickly. Petals none; calyx not prickly. Leaves palmately-lobed; flowers axillary. Leaves pinnately-lobed; flowers in a spike. Receptacle convex, flat or but slightly concave. Styles persistent, mostly plumose or geniculate. Calyx-lobes and petals 8 or 9. Calyx-lobes and petals 5. Styles jointed, the upper part deciduous. Styles not jointed, plu- mose or naked. Styles deciduous, naked. Styles terminal. Styles lateral. Shrubs; carpels hairy. Herbs; carpels glabrous. Stamens 5; carpels 10- 15. 264. AMELANCHIER, 200. 265. 266. 267. 268. CRATAEGUS, 200. PYRUS, 200. OPULASTER, 201. LUTKEA, 201. 269. HOLODISCUS, 202. 270. SPIRAEA, 202. 271. ARUNCUS, 203. 272. RUBUS, 203. 273. ROSA, 204. 274. AGRIMONIA, 205. 275. ALCHEMILLA, 206. 276. SANGUISORBA, 206. 277. DRYAS, 206. 278. GEUM, 207. 279. SIEVERSIA, 207. 280. POTENTILLA, 208. 281. DASIPHORA, 210. 282. SIBBALDIA, 210. ROSACEAE. 199 Stamens 20; carpels numerous. Leaves trif oliolate ; receptacle fleshy in fruit. 283. FRAGARIA, 210. Leaves pinnate; re- ceptacle not fleshy. Flowers dark- purple; recep- tacle spongy. 284. COMARUM, 211. Flowers yellow or whitish; receptacle dry. Plant stolon- iferous; flowers sol- itary. 285. ARGENTINA, 211. Plant not sto- loniferous ; flowers cy- mose. 286. DRYMOCALLIS, 211. 262. PRUNUS. PLUM. CHERRY. Small trees or shrubs, many with edible fruits; leaves alternate, simple, usually serrulate; flowers white or rose-colored, solitary or fascicled in the axils or in terminal racemes or corymbs ; calyx 5-lobed, free from the ovary; petals 5, on the calyx-tube; stamens numerous; pistil 1 ; style 1 ; ovary 1 -celled, 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe; seed 1, rarely 2; endosperm none. Flowers in corymbs. P. emarginata. Flowers in racemes. P. demissa. Primus emarginata erecta (Presl) Piper n. comb. (Cerasus erecta Presl; Prunus emarginata villosa Sudw.) Wild Cherry. Small tree, 10-20 m. high; branches and bark chestnut brown, with prominent lenticels; leaves narrow, ovate, elliptical or obovate, obtuse or acute, cuneate at base, minutely serrate, tomentose beneath, 3-8 cm. long, short-petioled; corymbs few-flowered, ap- pearing with the leaves, the pedicels pubescent; flowers about 1 cm. broad; fruit oblong, bright red, bitter; stone with a grooved ridge on one side. In open woods, common. The trees reach a maximum diameter of about 50 cm. and a height of 20 m. Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Dietr. Chokecherry. Shrub or small tree, 2-8 m. high; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, cuneate, rounded or cordate at the base, sharply serrate, 5-10 cm. long, sometimes somewhat pubescent beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. long, appearing after the leaves; calyx somewhat glandular; petals nearly orbicular; fruit globose, dark purple, 5-6 mm. in diameter, not edible; stone globose. In open prairies. First collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the Willa- mette River. 263. OSMARONIA. Shrubs with alternate simple entire leaves; stipules none; flowers polygamo-dioecious, white, in loose nodding racemes, 200 ROSACEAE. which appear with the branchlets from the same buds; calyx turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed, deciduous; petals 5, broadly spatulate , erect; stamens 15, in two rows; styles short, lateral; carpels 5, on the base of the calyx-tube, free, glabrous; fruit consisting of 1-4 oblong-ovoid 1-seeded drupes, with thin pulp and a smooth bony stone. Osmaronia cerasiformis (T. & G.) Greene. Indian Plum. Shrub, 2-4 m. high; leaves broadly ^oblanceolate, acute, 5-10 cm. long, glabrous, entire; racemes nodding; petals white, spatulate; drupes purple-black, oblong. In wet soil, common. The young leaves and flowers have a peculiar rather unpleasant odor. The fruits are somewhat bitter. 264. AMELANCHIER. SERVICE BERRY. Shrubs or small trees, not thorny; leaves alternate, simple, petioled, serrate or entire; flowers white, in racemes; calyx-tube campanulate, 5-lobed, more or less adherent to the ovary; petals 5; stamens numerous, on the calyx-tube; styles 2-5, united below or distinct; ovary 5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled; berry-like pome 10-celled, by the growth of a false partition in each cell of the ovary; ovules 10. Amelanchier florida Lindl. Shrub or small tree, 2-5 m. high; leaves broadly oblong, rounded or subcordate at base, obtuse, tomentose when young especially beneath, glabrate, toothed above the middle or rarely entire, 2-4 cm. long; petioles pubescent, 1-2 cm. long; racemes 4-8 cm. long; calyx pubescent, the triangular acute lobes not longer than the tube; petals ob- lanceolate, obtuse, about 1 cm. long. In open woods, common. [265. CRATAEGUS. THORN. HAWTHORN. Shrubs or small trees, mostly thorny; leaves alternate, petioled, entire, serrate, lobed or pinnatifid; flowers white, rarely rose- colored, in terminal corymbs; calyx-tube cup-shaped or cam- panulate, adherent to the carpels, the limb 5-lobed; petals 5, roundish, on the calyx- tube; stamens many, or only 5 or 10; styles 1-5, separate; ovary inferior, or its summit free; ovules one to each carpel; pome small, drupe-like, with 1-5 bony carpels, each 1-seeded. Crataegus douglasii Lindl. ( C. brevispina (Dougl.) Heller.) Shrub, 2-6 m. high; spines stout, 2-3 cm. long; leaves obovate, broadly cuneate at base, coarsely doubly dentate above the middle, acute or obtuse, sparsely pubescent on both sides when young, paler beneath, 2-5 cm. long; petioles short, gland- less; corymbs usually many-flowered; flowers about 12 mm. broad; calyx-tube glabrous, the lanceolate lobes pubescent; anthers pink; fruit black, smooth; nutlets with cavities on the ventral faces. Along streams and rivers, not common west of the Cascade Mountains. 266. PYRUS. Trees or shrubs; leaves simple or compound ; flowers in corymbed cymes; calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft; petals roundish or obovate; ROSACEAE. 201 stamens numerous; styles 2-5; pome fleshy or berry-like, the 2-5 carpels or cells of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seeded, Leaves simple; cyme simple. P. diver sifolia. Leaves pinnate; cyme compound. Leaflets acute, serrate the whole length. P. sitchensis. Leaflets obtuse, serrate only at the apex. P. occidentalis. Pyrus diversifolia Bong. Wild Crab-apple. Small tree, 5-10 m. high, somewhat spiny; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute rE acuminate, sometimes 3-lobed, serrate, pubescent beneath; flowers white, 'in a simple cyme; fruit oblong, green or purplish, depressed at each end. In swamps, common. Pyrus sitchensis (Roem.) Piper. Mountain Ash. Shrub, 2-5 m. high, with smooth bark; young branches pubescent; leaves pinnate, 12-20 cm. long; leaflets 4-6 pairs, mostly oblong, acute or acuminate, simply or doubly serrate, glabrous or nearly so, shiny above, 2-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad; cymes dense, compound, 8-12 cm. broad; flowers white, 8 mm. broad; calyx and pedicels loosely woolly-pubescent; fruit bright-red, about 6 mm. in diameter. In the mountains at low altitudes. Pyrus occidentalis Wats. Low shrub, about 1 m. high; leaflets 7-11, oblong, obtuse, serrate near the tip, dull above, paler beneath; cymes rather small; fruit purplish with a bloom. In the mountains, at about the limit of trees. 267. OPULASTER. NINEBARK. Branching shrubs; leaves petioled, simple, palmately-lobed; flowers in umbel-like corymbs; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, round, on the calyx-tube; stamens many, distinct, on the calyx-tube; pistils 1-5, more or less united; follicles 1-5, 2-valved; seeds 2-4; endosperm copious. Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze. Shrub, 2-5 m. high, the branches spreading and covered with a thin flaky brownish bark; leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, cordate, palmately 3-5-lobed, somewhat doubly dentate, nearly glabrous above, stellate pubescent beneath, 2-8 cm. long; petioles 1-2 cm. long; inflorescence a dense corymb; petals white, obovate, longer than the blunt calyx-lobes; carpels membranaceous, glabrous, a half longer than the calyx. On stream banks. The western form is by some authors considered distinct under the name O. capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze. 268. LUTKEA. Low cespitose shrubs with decumbent stoloniferous branches; leaves 2-3 times ternately dissected; flowers perfect, in racemes; disk thickened, 10-lobed; calyx-tube hemispheric; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens numerous; pistils usually 5, distinct; styles terminal, deciduous; stigmas truncate; ovules several; follicles coriaceous; seeds linear-lanceolate. Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. Densely matted; stems creeping, slender, woody; leaves twice or thrice cleft into narrow acute spreading lobes, glabrous; flowering stems 5-10 cm. high; racemes 2-3 cm. long. In alpine meadows, abundant, often forming extensive mats. 202 ROSACEAE. 269. HOLODISCUS. Thornless shrubs; leaves alternate, simply pinnately toothed or lobed, without stipules; flowers numerous, white, in terminal panicles; calyx deeply 5-lobed; petals 5, as long as the calyx lobes, rounded; stamens 20, on a perigynous entire ring-like adherent disk, scarcely exserted; pistils 5, each with 2 ovules, be- coming 1 -seeded hairy carpels almost indehiscent. Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. Ocean Spray. Iron-wood. Large shrub, 2-5 m. high; young twigs pubescent; leaves triangular-ovate, mostly obtuse, truncate or cuneate at base, woolly-pubescent beneath, glabrous above, 2-5 cm. long; panicle broadly pyramidal, much branched, 10-20 cm. long; flowers small, white, becoming yellowish; calyx densely short-pubescent, the lobes acute, spreading. In open woods, abundant. 270. SPIRAEA. Shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules; flowers white or pink, perfect, in racemes, cymes, corymbs, or panicles; calyx 4- or 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5, exceeding the calyx and inserted on the calyx-tube ; stamens numerous, distinct, on a disk which is free at the edge and crenate or glandular-toothed ; filaments much exserted; pistils commonly 5, superior, alternate with the calyx- lobes; ovules 5-11; follicles usually 5, not inflated, 1-valved; seeds few to several. Low depressed shrubs with entire leaves. 5. hendersoni. Taller shrubs with serrate or incised leaves. Flowers white. -5. lucida. Flowers red. Flowers in flat corymbs. 5. densiflora. Flowers in elongate panicles. Leaves tomentose beneath. 5. douglasii. Leaves glabrous beneath. S. menziesii. Spiraea hendersoni (Canby) Piper. Densely matted low shrub with the leaves in rosettes; leaves oblanceolate, glabrous or nearly so, thick, pale green; flowering stem 5-10 cm. high; raceme dense, 2-3 cm. long. In rock crevices on high peaks in the Olympic Mountains. Spiraea lucida Dougl. Low shrub, 30-60 cm. high, branched below; leaves elliptic or ovate, rounded at base, 2-6 cm. long, coarsely and unevenly serrate or incised above the middle, green and glabrous on both sides; petioles short; inflorescence a flat-topped dense corymb, 5-12 cm. across; flowers small, white; carpels 5, glabrous. At low altitudes in the mountains. Very feebly distinguishable from the eastern 5. corymbosa Raf. Spiraea densiflora Nutt. Stems erect, 30-100 cm. high; leaves ovate or elliptic, serrate near the apex, usually obtuse; flowers in dense corymbs; petals rose-colored. In the mountains at 1500-2000 m. elevation, near the limit of trees. Spiraea douglasii Hook. Stems erect, 1-2 m. high; leaves oblong, serrate ROSACEAE. 203 toward the apex, tomentose beneath; flowers in dense panicles, 8-20 cm. long; petals rose-colored. In swamps and on the margins of lakes, common. Spiraea menziesii Hook. Erect shrub, 1—1.5 m. high, not much branched, minutely pubescent on the young twigs and under side of the leaves; leaves oblong, acute or obtuse, rounded or cuneate at base, green on both sides, coarsely serrate above the middle, rarely entire, 3-6 cm. long; petioles short; panicles dense, pyramidal or oblong, 5-20 cm. long; flowers rose-colored; calyx-lobes becoming reflexed; carpels 5, glabrous. In wet places, rare west of the Cascade Mountains. Common in the interior. 271. ARUNCUS. GOAT'S BEARD. Tall dioecious herbs; leaves 2-3-pinnate, the leaflets rather large, ovate-oblong; flowers sessile or nearly so, on long spike-like branches in a large open panicle; petals small, narrow, white; carpels 3 or 4. Aruncus aruncus (L.) Karst. Glabrous; stems erect, 1-2 m. high; leaflets ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, doubly dentate, 5-10 cm. long; panicle large; flowers white. On moist cliffs and banks, not rare. 272. RUBUS. Perennial herbs or shrubs or vines, often prickly; leaves alter- nate, simple, or pinnately 3-7-foliolate, with stipules adherent to the petiole; flowers white or red, solitary or in racemes or corymbs; calyx 5-lobed, without bractlets; petals 5, conspicuous; stamens numerous, on the calyx-tube; styles nearly terminal; carpels numerous, on the convex receptacle, ripening into 1- seeded drupelets forming an aggregate fruit. Herbs. Leaves palmately lobed; carpels tomentose. R. lasiococcus. Leaves palmately compound; carpels glabrous. R. pedatus. Shrubs. Stems trailing. Leaves mostly compound; berries black. R. macro petalus. Leaves mostly simple; berries red. R. nivalis. Stems erect or ascending. Leaves palmately lobed ; not prickly. R. parviflorus. Leaves compound; prickly. Stems perennial; berry cylindric. R. laciniatus. Stems biennial; berry hemispheric. Flowers red ; berries yellow or orange. R. spectabilis. Flowers white; berries black. R. leucodermis. Rubus lasiococcus Gray. Herbaceous with trailing stems; leaves broadly ovate, 3-5-lobed or rarely 3-foliolate, the lobes or leaflets serrate; flowers white, solitary, on slender peduncles; fruit composed of few-several large red fuzzy drupelets. In shaded mountain woods, common. Rubus pedatus Smith. Much like R. lasiococcus but the leaves palmate with 3-5 leaflets; fruit red, not fuzzy. In mountain woods, often growing with R. lasiococcus. 204 ROSACEAE. Rubus macropetalus Dougl. (R. hellert Rydb.) Dewberry. Stems slightly woody, biennial, prickly, trailing, 1-8 m. long, usually unbranched the first year, but bearing numerous short flowering branches the second year; leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; leaflets ovate, mostly acute, rounded or cordate at base, doubly and somewhat incisely dentate, pubescent especially beneath, 2-5 cm. long; calyx glandular and prickly; petals white, 1-2 times as long as the acute somewhat foliaceous tipped sepals; fruit black when ripe, cylindrical, 1-3 cm. long, finely flavored. Abundant, especially in " burns"; commonly known as " blackberry." Rubus nivalis Dougl. Stems trailing, armed with weak prickles; leaves ovate-cordate, 3-lobed or rarely 3-foliolate, serrate, shining; petals " lurid red"; fruit bright red, hemispherical, acid. In mountain woods, rarely blooming. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Thimble Berry. Stems wholly unarmed, peren- nial, 1-1.5 m. high; bark brownish, becoming shreddy, usually glandular- pubescent when young; leaves palmately and acutely 5-lobed, irregularly serrate, cordate at base, soft-pubescent or nearly glabrous, 10-30 cm. broad; petioles about as long as the blades, with stipules; corymbs few-flowered; calyx glandular and woolly; petals white, about 2 cm. long; fruit red, flat- convex, juicy, about 2 cm. broad. In open woods, abundant. Rubus laciniatus Willd. Evergreen Blackberry. Stems climbing, 3-5 m. long, armed with numerous stout recurved prickles; leaflets 3, pinnately cleft or parted and laciniately incised, sparsely pubescent beneath; petioles prickly; flowers in small corymbs; sepals pubescent and armed with straight prickles; petals white or pinkish, often incisely cleft; fruit a blackberry. Cultivated and commonly established as an escape making dense thickets. Rubus spectabilis Pursh. Salmon-berry. Stems 1-3 m. high, armed with weak prickles; leaves mostly 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate, often lobed; flowers red, mostly solitary; fruit a raspberry, yellow or dark-red. In swamps and along streams. Two varieties occur, one the better- flavored with salmon-yellow fruits, the other with reddish-black fruits. The latter is also distinguishable by the purple color of the twigs. The young fleshy shoots are sweet and are often eaten by children and were formerly used as food by the Indians. Rubus leucodermis Dougl. Blackcap. Erect shrubs, the biennial stems 1-2 m. high, very glaucous, armed with stout straight or curved prickles; leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate; leaflets ovate, acuminate, doubly ser- rulate, white-pubescent beneath, the lateral ones oblique and frequently with one or two lobes; petioles and midveins prickly; flowers small, in few-flowered corymbs; petals white, small, erect, shorter than the reflexed sepals; fruit nearly black when mature, hemispherical, glaucous or tomentose, about 1 cm. broad. In open woods. Young shoots sweet and edible. 273. ROSA. ROSE. Erect or climbing shrubs, usually with prickly stems; leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, with adherent stipules; leaflets mostly serrate; flowers solitary or in corymbs; calyx-tube cup- or urn- shaped, becoming fleshy in fruit, usually 5-lobed, without bractlets; petals 5, large, obcordate; stamens numerous, on the calyx-tube; ROSACEAE. 205 styles distinct or united; carpels numerous, sessile, within the calyx-tube; akenes numerous, enclosed in the berry-like calyx- tube. Leaves very glandular beneath. R. rubiginosa. Leaves not very glandular. Flowers small, about 2 cm. in diameter; calyx-lobes de- ciduous from the fruit. R. gymnocarpa. Flowers large, 3 cm. or more in diameter; calyx-lobes persistent. Flowers mostly solitary; fruit globose, 2 cm. broad. R. nutkana. Flowers in corymbs; fruit ovoid or oblong, not more than 1 cm. broad. R. pisocarpa. Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier. Stems slender, 1-2 m. high, armed with stout recurved prickles; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not foliaceous at the tips; fruit oval, 1-2 cm. long. A sweet-scented species introduced from Europe and now abundant. Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Small shrub, about 1 m. high, armed with numerous slender straight prickles; leaflets 5-9, elliptic, cuneate at base, serrate, nearly glabrous, 5-20 mm. long; serratures and petioles glandular; flowers mostly solitary, about 2 cm. in diameter; calyx-lobes acuminate, not foliaceous appendaged, deciduous from the fruit; fruit oblong or pear-shaped, about 1 cm. long. Dry woods, common. Rosa nutkana Presl. Stout, 1-2 m. high, armed with few but stout prickles; leaflets 5-7, ovate or elliptic, obtuse, coarsely usually doubly serrate, 1-3 cm. long, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, usually glandular on the petioles and serratures; flowers mostly solitary, 4-8 cm. broad; calyx-lobes glandular, foliaceous appendaged, persistent; calyx-tube globose, smooth; fruit globose but varying to ovoid or pyriform, about 2 cm. in diameter; seeds large. In springy places. Usually the leaves are sprinkled with minute glands beneath, but in one form they are sparsely pubescent, becoming glabrate. Rosa pisocarpa Gray. Very similar to R. nutkana, the leaves usually finely pubescent; flowers smaller, about 3 cm. in diameter, usually in corymbs; fruit ovoid or oblong, 5-10 mm. in diameter. Usually growing with R. nutkana. 274. AGRIMONIA. Perennial herbs; leaves interruptedly pinnate with crenate- serrate leaflets; flowers small, in spike-like racemes with 3-cleft bracts; calyx- tube top-shaped or hemispherical, the throat beset with hooked bristles, hardened in fruit and enclosing the akenes; petals 5, yellow; stamens 5-15; styles terminal. Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Hirsute and somewhat glandular; stems erect, branched, 90-120 cm. high; principal leaflets 7, unequal, oblong or the terminal one obovate, coarsely serrate, pubescent especially on the nerves beneath, usually with small leaflets between the principal ones; stipules coarsely toothed; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; fruit reflexed, turbinate, its bristles mostly spreading, the outer reflexed. Sumas Prairie, Lyall. 206 ROSACEAE. 275. ALCHEMILLA. Low annual or perennial herbs; leaves palmately lobed or compound, with sheathing stipules; flowers perfect, small, green- ish, in corymbs; calyx 4- or 5 -lobed, with as many minute bractlets; petals none; stamens 1-4, very small; styles basal or lateral; carpels 1-4, distinct, free from the calyx-tube; akenes 1-4, en- closed in the calyx-tube. Alchemilla occidentalis Nutt. Annual, 2-8 cm. high, simple or branched below, sparsely hairy; leaves short-petioled, fan-shaped, 3-parted, the lobes acutely 2-3-cleft; stipules conspicuous, cleft; calyx 1-1.5 mm. long, acutely 4-cleft, the bractlets minute; akenes ovoid, pale, 1 mm. long. In dry fields, very inconspicuous. 276. SANGUISORBA. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, odd-pinnate; stipules adherent to the petiole; flowers small, perfect (in ours), in dense terminal spikes or heads; calyx 4-lobed; petals none; stamens 4-many; styles terminal, filiform; carpels 1-3, free from the calyx-tube; akenes usually 1, enclosed in the 4-angled dry closed calyx- tube. Annual; flowers greenish. 5. occidentale. Perennial; flowers not greenish. Flowers white. 5. latifolia. Flowers purple. S. microcephala. Sanguisorba occidentale Nutt. Annual, erect, glabrous, 15-40 cm. high, usually simple below; leaflets 4-6 pairs, 1-2 cm. long, ovate or oblong, deeply pinnatifid into linear obtusish lobes; flowers perfect, greenish, in short oblong spikes, 1-3 cm. long; bracts ovate, scarious-margined, persistent; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, scarious; stamens 4, rarely 2, somewhat exserted. In open prairies; scarcely separable from 5. annua Nutt. Sanguisorba latifolia (Hook.) Coville. (S. sitchensis C. A. Mey.) Per- ennial, glabrous; stems 30-90 cm. high, simple or branched above; leaflets 5-10 pairs, oval, about three times as long as broad, coarsely serrate, more or less cordate; stipules serrate; spikes 3-10 cm. long; flowers white. Wet places in the mountains, rare southward; Alaska to Oregon and Idaho. Sanguisorba microcephala Presl. Glabrous; stems erect, 20-60 cm. high, sparingly branched above, not much longer than the leaves; leaflets 9-13, oblong-ovate, cordate, coarsely serrate-dentate, 1-4 cm. long, firm, paler be- neath; spikes dark purple, dense, oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; sepals oval; stamens short, not much exserted. In bogs near the ocean coast, Alaska to northern California. 277. DRYAS. Low tufted shrubs; leaves simple, petioled, white-canescent beneath; stipules present; flowers rather large, perfect, solitary on slender scapes; calyx persistent, not bracted, glandular- hirsute, 8-9-lobed; petals 8 or 9, obovate, larger than the calyx- lobes; stamens numerous, on the throat of the calyx; carpels ROSACEAE. 207 numerous, sessile on the dry receptacle; style terminal, persistent, elongated and plumose in fruit. Dryas octopetala L. Somewhat shrubby, densely matted; leaves oblong- ovate, obtuse, crenate, bright green above, white beneath; flowers white. At high altitudes on Mount Rainier and northward. 278. GEUM. Perennial herbs; leaves pinnate, with stipules, the radical clus- tered; cauline smaller; flowers rather large, solitary or in corymbs; calyx 5-lobed with 5 alternate bractlets; petals 5, obovate, usually longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens many, on the throat of the calyx; styles terminal, elongated in fruit, usually plumose or jointed, the upper part deciduous; akenes 2-6, pubescent. Receptacle downy; terminal leaflet cuneate-obovate to ob- lanceolate, deeply cleft into acute lobes. G. strictum. Receptacle nearly naked. Terminal leaflet broadly ovate to suborbicular, not cor- date, crenately cleft into mostly obtuse lobes. G. oregonense. Terminal leaflet suborbicular, cordate, finely crenate- dentate. G. macrophylhim. Geum strictum Ait. Stems 60-120 cm. high, hirsute; radical leaves pinnate; cauline 3-5-foliolate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, incisely and acutely lobed and toothed, pubescent; petioles hirsute; flowers rather large; petals golden yellow; receptacle densely pubescent; styles hairy at top, the lower portion not glan- dular. Victoria, British Columbia, common, Macoun. Not elsewhere reported from west of the Cascade Mountains. Geum oregonense Scheutz. Intermediate between G. strictum and G. macrophylhim; leaflets obtuse, the terminal one broadly ovate or suborbicular, cuneate or truncate at base, deeply lobed and toothed; inflorescence open; receptacle glabrous; petals pale yellow; styles puberulent. Reported from Vancouver Island, Macoun. Geum macrophyllum Willd. Stout, erect, 30-80 cm. high, bristly-hairy; radical leaves pinnate, the terminal leaflet much larger than the 3-8 lateral ones, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 3-7-lobed, dentate, 5-10 cm. long; lateral leaflets ovate or elliptic, dentate, 2-3 cm. long, usually with smaller ones inter- spersed; cauline leaves similar, but nearly sessile, with 1-3 leaflets or segments; stipules ovate, toothed, 1-2 cm. long; flowers yellow, about 1 cm. broad, several in a loose cyme; petals obovate, deep yellow, longer than the reflexed acute calyx-lobes; fruiting head globose, 1.5 cm. long; akenes hispid; styles jointed and twisted near the tip, the lower portion glandular. In fields and meadows. 279. SIEVERSIA. Low perennial herbs with simple stems; radical leaves pinnate; flowers in terminal cymes; sepals 5, erect or spreading, with 5 bractlets; petals 5; carpels sessile; styles not jointed, persistent, erect, plumose or naked. Petals shorter than the sepals. S. ciliata. Petals longer than the sepals. S. campanulata. 208 ROSACEAE. Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) G. Don. Erect, from stout rootstocks, 30-50 cm. high, soft hairy throughout; radical leaves tufted, oblanceolate in outline, 10-15 cm. long, pinnate with numerous leaflets, these cuneate, obovate, in- cisely cleft into acute narrow lobes; cauline leaves 1 or 2, much reduced; flowers long-peduncled, 3-5 in a cyme; calyx purplish, the linear bractlets scarcely exceeding the triangular acute calyx-lobes; petals oblong, erect, yellowish with purple veins, shorter than the calyx; akenes with straight plumose tails, 2-3 cm. long. In open prairies, rare west of the Cascade Mountains. Sieversia campanulata (Greene) Rydb. Very similar to 5. ciliata; stems not so tall, 15-25 cm. high, mostly 2-flowered; calyx-tube hemispheric, the lobes obtusish; petals broadly obovate, reddish-purple, much exceeding the calyx. Olympic Mountains, Clallam County, Washington, Elmer, Grant; Saddle Mountain, Oregon, Gorman. 280. POTENTILLA. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, pinnate or pal- mate, with stipules; flowers perfect, solitary or in cymes; sepals 5, rarely 4, with 5, rarely 4, alternate bractlets; petals 5, seldom 4, rounded, mostly yellow; stamens usually 20, in two «or three rows on the calyx-tube; style small, terminal or nearly so, not elongating in fruit, neither jointed nor plumose; carpels usually numerous; ovules pendulous, anatropous; receptacles and akenes dry in fruit. Flowers solitary, long peduncled. P. longipedimcidata. Flowers cymose. Cymes leafy; annuals or biennials with small flowers and ternate leaves. Petals as long as the sepals. P. monspeliensis. Petals much shorter than the sepals. Cymes loose, rather broad; leaflets oblanceo- late. P. millegrana. Cymes narrow, elongated; leaflets obovate. P. biennis. Cymes not leafy; perennials, with digitate leaves. Leaflets 3. Plant densely silky-villous. P. villosa. Plant glabrous or nearly so. P. flabellifoUa. Leaflets 5-9. Low alpine plants, 20-30 cm. high; cymes few- flowered. Leaves green, pubescent. P. diversifolia. Leaves glaucous, nearly glabrous. P. glaucophylla. Taller lowland plants, 40-80 cm. high; cymes many-flowered. Leaflets white-tomentose beneath. P. gracilis. Leaflets green on both sides. P. macropetala. Potentilla longipedunculata Rydb. Perennial with creeping rootstocks, villous; stems ascending, 40-50 cm. long, dichotomously branched; leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, deeply incised- serrate, green above, white tomentose beneath; peduncles villous, 1-flowered, about 10 cm. long; flowers 2 cm. broad; petals broadly cuneate, retuse, yellow; stamens about 20. Known by a single specimen from Monmouth, Oregon; possibly abnormal. ROSACEAE. 209 Potentilla monspeliensis L. Annual or biennial, stout, leafy, erect, 30-80 cm. high, hairy; leaves 3-foliolate, or the lowest sometimes 5-foliolate, green; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, serrate, 3-10 cm. long; cyme rather dense, leafy; calyx hairy; petals pale yellow, obovate; stamens usually 20; akenes glabrous, rough. In open places, not common. Potentilla millegrana Engelm. Annual or biennial, pubescent; stems erect or ascending, branched, 20-60 cm. high; leaves all trifoliolate; leaflets cuneate- oblong, incisely serrate, the middle one lobed, 2-5 cm. long; cyme loose, the bracts leaf-like; sepals acute; petals pale-yellow, half as long as the sepals; stamens mostly 10, 3-4 mm. long; akenes pale. Prairies and river banks, rare in our limits. Potentilla biennis Greene. Very similar to P. millegrana, usually some- what glandular; leaflets broadly cuneate-obovate; inflorescence somewhat elongate. Prairies, not common. Potentilla villosa Pall. Perennial from a thick caudex, densely silvery pubescent; stems 10-20 cm. high, 1-2-leaved; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, coarsely toothed, silky above, tomentose beneath, 2-4 cm. long; cyme few-flowered; sepals ovate; petals obcordate, 8-12 mm. long; stamens about 20. In rocky places in the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. Washington northward to Alaska. Potentilla flabellifolia Hook. Perennial from a . short rootstock, green, nearly glabrous; leaves 3-foliolate, thin; leaflets cuneate-obovate, incisely toothed, minutely pubescent, 2-3 cm. long, the median one petiolulate; petals obcordate, 8-10 mm. long, bright yellow, longer than the sepals; stamens about 20. Common in the moist mountain meadows; first found on Mount Rainier by Douglas, according to Hooker but this is an error, as Douglas was never on this mountain. Potentilla diversifolia Lehm. Perennial, somewhat silky-pubescent; stems ascending, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves 5-7-foliolate, pinnate or digitate; leaflets cuneate-oblanceolate, incisely toothed, unequal, silky beneath; cyme few-flowered; petals obovate, emarginate, 6-7 mm. long, one half longer than the sepals; stamens about 20. In the mountains at about 1500 m. altitude. Potentilla glaucophylla Lehm. Very similar to P. diversifolia, but less pubescent and somewhat glaucous; leaves apparently always digitate. Mount Rainier, Piper, and widely distributed in the Rocky Mountains. Potentilla gracilis Dougl. Perennial; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, white villous; leaves digitate; leaflets 5-7, oblanceolate, pinnately incised half way to the midrib into acute teeth, dark green above, densely white tomentose beneath, 3-6 cm. long; petiole of basal leaves long, of the cauline short; cyme flat topped, rather loose; petals bright yellow, obcordate, about 1 cm. long, much longer than the lanceolate sepals. Prairies, Vancouver Island to southern Oregon. Potentilla macropetala Rydb. Perennial, somewhat pubescent; stems ascending or decumbent at base, 20-40 cm. high, sparsely hairy; leaves digitate, the basal mostly 5-foliolate and long-petioled, the upper ternate and subsessile; leaflets cuneate, coarsely toothed, green, appressed pubescent on both sides; cyme few-flowered; sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; petals broadly obcordate, about 1 cm. long; stamens about 20. Tillamook, Oregon, and southward. 15 210 ROSACEAE. 281. DASIPHORA. Small shrubs with pinnate leathery leaves; stipules sheathing, scarious; flowers axillary, yellow; calyx-tube saucer-shaped; bractlets, sepals and petals 5, the petals nearly orbicular; stamens numerous; pistils numerous; styles club-shaped, thick and glandular upward, inserted near or below the middle of the ovary; stigmas large, 4-lobed; akenes densely covered with long straight hairs. Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Much branched, 30-100 cm. high; leaves numerous, pinnate with 5-7 leaflets; leaflets linear to lanceolate-oblong, acute, somewhat involute, silky, paler beneath, 1-2 cm. long; petals bright yellow, orbicular, twice as long as the sepals. In rocky places in the mountains at about 1500 m. altitude. 282. SIBBALDIA. Depressed somewhat woody alpine plants with alternate trifoliolate leaves; flowers in cymes on nearly leafless peduncles; calyx persistent, slightly concave, 5-lobed, with 5 bracts; petals 5, yellow, much smaller than the calyx-lobes; stamens 5, on the margin of the villous disk; carpels 5-10, on short pubescent stipes; styles lateral. Sibbaldia procumbens L. Perennial, sparsely villous, 5-15 cm. high; leaflets 3, rather thick, cuneate, 3-5-toothed at the truncate apex, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves; petals yellow, acute. At high altitudes in the mountains. 283. FRAGARIA. STRAWBERRY. Acaulescent perennial herbs, propagating by runners; leaves alternate, basal, tufted, 3-foliolate, with obovate serrate leaflets; flowers polygamo-dioecious, white, few, in corymbs or racemes, on naked scapes; calyx deeply 5-lobed, with 5 alternate bractlets; petals 5, obovate, short-clawed; stamens numerous, in 1 row; style lateral; carpels numerous; receptacle much enlarged and fleshy in fruit, conical, scarlet or white, bearing the small turgid akenes on the surface. Leaves thick, silky and tomentulose beneath. Leaflets strongly reticulate; pubescence close. F. chiloensis. Leaflets not strongly reticulate; pubescence loose. F. crinita. Leaves thin, not at all tomentulose beneath. Flowers white. F. bracteata. Flowers pink. F. helleri. Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch. Rootstock stout; leaves usually 3-10 cm. long, the petioles villous; leaflets obovate, the lateral ones oblique, coarsely toothed, firm, nearly glabrous above, densely silky beneath, reticulated, 2-5 cm. long, all with short petiolules; scape villous, usually longer than the leaves, the cyme few-flowered; calyx silky- villous, the lobes lanceolate, acute, longer than the bractlets; petals nearly orbicular; fruit hemispherical, sweet and juicy, the akenes nearly superficial. ROSACEAE. 211 Very common in open places. F. cuneifolia Nutt. is probably indistin- guishable. It is usually characterized by having narrower more cuneate longer-stalked thinner less-reticulated leaflets and slightly smaller flowers; but all of these characters are decidedly variable in F. chiloensis. Fragaria crinita Rydb. Very similar to F. chiloensis but more hairy, not reticulated, some of the pubescence loose and spreading; petioles densely hirsute. Infrequent, British Columbia to California. Fragaria bracteata Heller. Rootstocks stout; scapes 10-20 cm. high, usually exceeding the leaves; whole plant sparsely silky -villous; leaflets broadly obovate, cuneate at base, coarsely dentate; lateral leaflets oblique; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad; petals nearly orbicular, somewhat longer than the spreading sepals; fruit oblong, the akenes on the surface. In prairies and open woods, common. Fragaria helleri Holzinger. Very similar to F. bracteata; petals pink; flowers more often nodding. Known from only a few localities, namely Olympia, Olga, and Woodlawn, Washington, and Latah County, Idaho. Probably not distinct from F. bracteata. 284. COM ARUM. Stout dark green nearly glabrous perennial herbs; leaves alter- nate, pinnate, with large stipules; flowers large, cymose or soli- tary, terminal or also axillary; calyx deeply 5-lobed and with 5 narrow bractlets; petals shorter than the calyx-lobes, acute, purple; stamens numerous on the large pubescent disk; pistils numerous on the pubescent receptacle which becomes spongy in fruit; styles lateral; akenes glabrous. Comarum palustre L. Perennial; stems decumbent, rooting below, 30-90 cm. long; leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate; leaflets elliptic or oblong, serrate, obtuse, more or less pubescent beneath, 5-8 cm. long; cyme few-flowered; flowers dark-purple. In swampy places or shallow water especially along lake shores, common. 285. ARGENTINA. Stoloniferous creeping herbs with pinnately compound leaves; flowers axillary solitary; calyx deeply 5-lobed and with 5 alternate bractlets; petals yellow; stamens 20 or more; carpels numerous on a small villous receptacle ; style filiform, lateral ; akenes glabrous. Argentina grandis (T. & G.) Piper n. comb. (Potentilla anserina grandis T. & G.; P. pacifica Howell; Argentina occidentalis Rydb.) Leaves 30-40 cm. long, with 7-31 principal leaflets, bright green above, white tomentose be- neath; leaflets oblong to obovate, coarsely serrate, the larger 4-6 cm. long; peduncles 10-30 cm. long, nearly glabrous; akenes firm, laterally compressed, rounded on the back. Abundant along the seashore, rare elsewhere. 286. DRYMOCALLIS. Very similar to Potentilla; leaves pinnate; flowers yellow or whitish; stamens in groups on a thick fleshy disk; anthers flat; styles lateral, nearly basal; seeds ascending, orthotropous. 212 LEGUMINOSAE. Sepals broadly ovate. D. wrangeliana. Sepals lanceolate to ovate. Petals small, slightly if at all exceeding the sepals. D. glandulosa. Petals large, much exceeding the sepals. D. valida. Drymocallis wrangeliana (Fisch. & Lall.) Rydb. (D. oregana (Nutt.) Rydb.) Villous and glandular; stems erect, '60-90 cm. high; basal leaves with 7-9 leaflets, these cuneate-obovate, doubly serrate-dentate, pubescent on both sides, 3-4 cm. long; petioles hairy; cauline leaves gradually reduced upwards; cyme rather loose; calyx glandular-hairy, the sepals ovate, the bractlets lan- ceolate and smaller; petals yellow, oval, 5-7 mm. long. In open places mostly at low altitudes in the mountains. Drymocallis glandulosa (Lindl.) Rydb. Perennial; stems erect, 40-50 cm. high, sparsely villous and glandular, loosely branched above; basal leaves with 7-9 leaflets, these obovate or orbicular, simply or doubly dentate, sparsely pubescent, 1-3 cm. long; cauline leaves usually with fewer leaflets; flowers 10-15 mm. broad, in loose open cymes; calyx somewhat glandular; bractlets shorter than the ovate acute or acuminate calyx-lobes; petals oval or obovate, about as long as the sepals. Prairies and open places. Drymocallis valida (Greene) Piper. Similar in habit to D. glandulosa; glandular-pubescent throughout; leaflets 7-11, mostly obovate to orbicular, incisely serrate, 3-6 cm. long; cyme rather loose and flat-topped; petals elliptic to suborbicular, one third longer than the sepals. Open places in the mountains. Family 50. LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, mostly compound, with stipules; flowers irregular (papilionaceous} (in ours), perfect or sometimes polygamous, in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles; calyx 4-5-toothed or cleft; lobes equal or unequal, sometimes in 2 lips; petals more or less united or separate, perigynous or hypogynous, usually papilionaceous, that is, with the upper or odd petal (standard) larger than the others and usually turned backward or spreading; the two lateral ones (wings) oblique and exterior to the two lower; the last pair connivent and commonly more or less coherent by their anterior edges, forming the keel, which usually encloses the stamens and pistil; stamens 10, rarely 5 or many, monadelphous, diadelphous or sometimes distinct; pistil 1, 1-celled or several-celled by the intrusion of partitions, free; ovules 1-many; fruit a legume; endosperm mostly none. Stamens distinct. 287. THERMOPSIS, 213. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Anthers of two forms, round and oblong. Leaves palmate with 5-11 leaflets; plant not spiny. 288. LUPINUS, 213. Leaves with solitary leaflets; plant spiny. 289. ULEX, 217. LEGUMINOSAE. 213 Anthers all alike. Leaves palmate or trifoliolate. Foliage glandular-dotted. Foliage not glandular-dotted. Flowers in heads. Flowers in racemes. Racemes close, spike-like; pods curved or twisted. Racemes loose, long; pods straight. Leaves pinnate. Leaves abruptly pinnate, usually with tendrils. Style filiform, hairy near the tip only. Style flattened, hairy on the inner side. Leaves odd pinnate, without tendrils. Pod a loment. Pod not a loment. Flowers in umbels or solitary; pods linear. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely solitary, then the pods not linear. Keel of the corolla acute or subulate at the apex. Keel of the corolla obtuse at the apex. 287. THERMOPSIS. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. PSORALEA, 218. TRIFOLIUM, 218. MEDICAGO, 222. MELILOTUS, 222. VICIA, 222. LATHYRUS, 223. HEDYSARUM, 225. 297. HOSACKIA, 225. 298. OXYTROPIS, 227. 299. ASTRAGALUS, 227. Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, palmately 3-foliolate, with large foliaceous stipules; flowers large, yellow, in terminal or axillary racemes; calyx campanulate, the lobes equal and separate or the two upper united; standard nearly orbicular, equalling the oblong wings and about equalling the keel; stamens 10, dis- tinct; ovary sessile or short-stipitate; ovules numerous; pod sessile or short-stipitate in the calyx, flat, linear, straight or curved. Thermopsis gracilis Howell. (T. montana ovata Robinson.) Stout, 60-100 cm. high, the glabrous somewhat glaucous stems slightly branched above; leaflets oval, ovate or obovate, mostly obtuse, cuneate at base, 3-6 cm. long, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; stipules ovate or lanceolate, large; petioles about as long as the leaflets; raceme terminal, short-peduncled, 8-16 cm. long; flowers yellow, somewhat whorled, stout-pedicelled; calyx pubescent, its teeth triangular, shorter than the tube; corolla nearly 2 cm. long; pods pubescent, dark-colored, linear, slender-beaked, 5-10 cm. long, erect or ascending, 8-12- seeded. In open woods, Chehalis County, Washington, Lamb, and southwards; scarcely more than a subspecies of T. montana Nutt. 288. LUPINUS. LUPINE. Annuals or herbaceous or shrubby perennials; leaves alternate or basal, palmately 5-13-foliolate; flowers showy, often whorled, 214 LEGUMINOSAE. in terminal spikes or racemes; calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip often bifid, the lower sometimes 3-toothed; standard orbicular with reflexed sides; wings obovate, united at the summit and enclosing the falcate keel; stamens united into a closed tube; ovary sessile; pod more or less flattish, leathery and hairy. Annuals. Corolla 15 mm. long; pod short, ovate, villous, 1 or 2- seeded. L. microcarpus. Corolla 6-8 mm. long; pods linear, silky, 4-6-seeded. Bracts equalling or exceeding the calyx; plant suc- culent. L. carnosulus. Bracts much shorter than the calyx; plants not suc- culent. Flowers subsessile, 6 mm. long. L. micranthus. Flowers distinctly pedicelled, 8 mm. long. L. bicolor. Perennials. Calyx saccate or spurred at base. L. laxiflorus. Calyx symmetrical or nearly so. Pubescence thin, never silky or villous; leaves gla- brous above. Leaflets 10-16, very large, 6-14 cm. long; stems usually simple ; pods loosely villous. L, polyphyllus. Leaflets 6-9, 4-9 cm. long; stems usually branched; pods thinly pubescent. L. columbianus. Pubescence either silky or villous. Herbage more or less villous with loose hairs, never silky. Keel ciliate; corolla 8-10 mm. long; alpine plant, 10-20 cm. high. L. volcanicus. Keel naked; corolla larger. Corolla 15-18 mm. long; pubescence long villous; somewhat fleshy plant of the seacoast. L. nootkatensis. Corolla 12-16 mm. long; pubescence thin, short-villous; subalpine plant. L. subalpinus. Herbage silky, often silvery. Stems dwarf, 7-15 cm. high; racemes short; high alpine species. Leaflets 5-8, acutish; standard elliptical. L. lyallii. Leaflets 7-10, obtuse; standard orbicular. L. breweri. Stems taller; racemes usually elongate. Leaves mostly basal and the stems scape- like. Pubescence very silky and silvery; pods not villous. L. lepidus. Pubescence somewhat loose and shaggy, not' silvery; pods villous. L. aridus. Leaves not mostly basal, the stems leafy. Keel narrow, bent at nearly a right angle, early exposed for much of its length; pubescence thin. Stems tall, branched, 50-90 cm. high; root not much thickened. L. albicaulis. Stems usually simple, 20 cm. high; root much thickened. L. gormani. LEGUMINOSAE. 215 Keel broader, only moderately falcate, only the tip exposed. Stems woody at base; herbage very silvery. L. holosericeus. Stems wholly herbaceous; herbage not very silvery. Leaflets 1-2.5 cm. long; procum- bent seashore species. L. littoralis. Leaflets 2.5-3.5 cm. long; erect subalpine plants. L. alpicola. Lupinus microcarpus Sims. Annual, villous with long hairs; stems erect, 10-60 cm. high; leaves mostly basal; stipules very slender; leaflets 7-11, oblong, cuneate at base, obtuse, acute or emarginate, smooth above, villous beneath, 2-5 cm. long; flowers in whorls, short-pedicelled; bracts subulate, persisting; calyx villous, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-toothed, the lower 3-toothed; corolla cream-colored, more or less deeply tinged with purple, 12-15 mm. long; keel ciliate; pod villous. In sandy ground, Vancouver Island to California; rare northward. Lupinus carnosulus Greene. Annual, somewhat succulent; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, usually simple; pubescence thin, appressed; leaflets 5-7, oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, pubescent on both sides, 2-3 cm. long, on longer petioles; flowers verticillate, in a loose raceme; bracts mostly exceeding the calyx; corolla deep blue, 6-10 mm. long; keel ciliate. Willamette Valley, Howell, to Middle California. Lupinus micranthus Dougl. Annual; herbage villous; stemserect, 15-30 cm. high; leaflets 5-7, linear or narrowly lanceolate, glabrous above, 8-20 mm. long; petioles as long as the leaflets; racemes short; flowers nearly sessile; bracts shorter than the calyx; calyx bilabiate, the upper lip 2-toothed, the lower entire; corolla blue, 5-6 mm. long; keel ciliate; pods linear, pubescent, 5-7-seeded; seeds gray. In dry open ground, Washington to California. Lupinus bicolor Lindl. Very similar to L. micranthus; leaflets silky on both sides; flowers on pedicels 4 mm. long; corolla larger, 8 mm. long; seeds brown. Fort Vancouver, Douglas, to California. Lupinus laxiflorus Dougl. Rather slender, about 60 cm. high; pubescence finely silky, but the plant green; leaflets 6-11, oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, silky on both sides, 3-4 cm. long; petioles slender, usually twice as long as the leaflets; racemes loose, 10-15 cm. long; pedicels slender, 5-6 mm. long; calyx short, spurred at base; corolla about 1 cm. long; standard glabrous or pubescent. Open pine woods, rare in our limits. Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. Perennial; herbage green, sparsely pubescent; stems erect, 1-2 m. high, one to several arising from the same root; leaflets of the lower leaves 10-16, lanceolate, 6-14 cm. long, glabrous above, silky pubes- cent beneath; stipules triangular-subulate, large; petioles long; racemes 20-40 cm. long, densely flowered; flowers long-pedicelled; calyx silky, the lips entire; corolla violet-blue, 12-14 mm. long; keel not ciliate; pods dark, loosely hairy. In wet meadows, Vancouver Island to Oregon. A very showy plant, often cultivated. Lupinus columbianus Heller. Perennial, with several stems usually arising from the same crown; pubescence thin, short and appressed; stems branched, 60-80 cm. high; leaflets 6-9, oblanceolate, mostly acute, 4-5 cm. 216 LEGUMINOSAE. long, about half as long as the petioles; principal racemes elongated and long peduncled; bracts subulate, longer than the calyx; upper calyx-lip entire or 2-toothed; corolla purplish-blue; keel ciliate; pods sparsely pubescent. Common in open woods. This species has been much confused with the very different L. rivularis Dougl. of California. Lupinus volcanicus Greene. Perennial, with villous pubescence; stems simple, leafy, 10-20 cm. high, erect; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, 2-2.5 cm. long, about one half as long as the petioles; stipules subulate; racemes short; corolla blue, 8-10 mm. long; keel ciliate. In volcanic sand on Mount Rainier at 2600 m. altitude. Lupinus nootkatensis Donn. Perennial; pubescence villous with long spreading hairs, but herbage green; stems stout, leafy, 50-60 cm. high; leaflets 6-8, obovate-oblong, obtuse or glabrous above, shorter than the petioles; stipules lanceolate, large; flowers long-pedicelled, in loose racemes; calyx large, the upper lip 2-toothed, the lower 3-cleft; corolla blue-purple, 1.5 cm. long; keel not ciliate; pods 4 cm. long, appressed pubescent. Near the sea coast, Alaska to Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Victoria, Macouri), and to be expected in Washington. Lupinus subalpinus Piper & Robinson. Erect or somewhat decumbent, sparsely villous; stems simple, 25-40 cm. high, leafy; leaflets spatulate-ob- lanceolate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, villous beneath, sparsely so or rarely quite glabrous above, 3-4.2 cm. long; raceme terminal, 10-15 cm. long, many- flowered, borne on a stoutish peduncle 3-5 cm. in length; pedicels slender, 4-8 mm. long, spreading-pubescent; flowers large and showy; petals 12-16 mm. long; standard glabrous; keel entirely glabrous or with traces of ciliation; pods linear-oblong, about 3.5 cm. long, obliquely sharp-pointed, 7-9-seeded. In mountain meadows, at about 1700 m. altitude. Lupinus lyallii Gray. Perennial from a stout woody caudex; herbage densely silvery silky; stems short, the leaves mostly basal; leaflets 5-6, ob- lanceolate to obovate, acute, 6-10 mm. long; petioles 2-4 times as long as the leaflets; flowering stems erect or ascending, 10-20 cm. high, exceeding the leaves; racemes short and dense; calyx bilabiate, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft; corolla deep blue, 10 mm. long; keel ciliate; standard elliptical; pods silky. At high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains, British Columbia to Oregon. First collected by Lyall on the 49th parallel of latitude. Lupinus breweri Gray. Perennial from a branched woody base; herbage silvery silky with appressed hairs; leaves mostly basal; leaflets 7-10, narrowly obovate, obtuse, 8-12 mm. long; peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; racemes very short; calyx bilabiate, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-toothed; corolla blue, 6-8 mm. long; standard orbicular; keel ciliate; pod oblong, silky. Mount Hood, Howell, and south through the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains at high altitudes. Lupinus lepidus Dougl. Perennial from a stout taproot; pubescence very silvery and silky; leaves chiefly basal; leaflets 7-9, narrowly oblanceolate, acute, 2-4 cm. long, about one-third as long as the petiole; stems erect, 40-60 cm. high, the narrow raceme elongated; bracts shorter than the calyx; calyx bilabiate, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower entire; corolla purplish-blue, 10 mm. long; keel ciliate; pods silky. In dry prairies, British Columbia to California. Lupinus aridus Dougl. Perennial, with a stout vertical root; pubescence coarse, loose, white or somewhat yellowish; leaves mostly basal; leaflets 5-7, oblanceolate, acute, 1-2 cm. long, about one-third as long as the petioles; flowering stems erect, 20-40 cm. high, the raceme dense, rather conical; bracts LEGUMINOSAE. 217 subulate, shorter than the calyx; calyx bilabiate, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower entire; corolla purple-blue, 6-10 mm. long; keel ciliate; standard glabrous, oblong-obovate; pods villous. In dry prairies, Washington to California. Lupinus albicaulis Dougl. Perennial, with several to many stems arising from a stout crown; pubescence mostly thin and appressed, somewhat velvety; stems leafy, branched, 50-90 cm. high; leaflets 5-9, oblanceolate, acute, thinly silky on both sides, 3-5 cm. long, about as long as the petioles; principal raceme elongated, often 30 cm. long, the others short; bracts subulate, 4-6 mm. long, equalling the pedicels; calyx silky, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower entire; corolla purple, about 12 mm. long; keel much elongated, bent at right angles and early exposed, not ciliate; pods linear, villous. Dry ground, Washington to California. Lupinus gormani Piper. Perennial with a very large woody root; herbage silvery-pubescent; stems erect, 20 cm. high; leaflets 5-7, oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, 2-2.5 cm. long, thinly sericeous on both sides; petioles shorter than the leaflets; stipules subulate; racemes few-flowered; pedicels 3-4 mm. long; calyx pubescent, bilabiate, the upper lip 2-toothed, the lower entire; corolla violet, 10 mm. long; standard orbicular, glabrous; keel strongly falcate, not ciliate; ovary hairy, 6-ovuled. Known only from the Three Sisters, Oregon, where it was collected by Gorman. Lupinus holosericeus Nutt. Stems much branched, decumbent and shrubby at base, 30-50 cm. high, leafy; pubescence very silvery and silky; leaflets 5-9, lanceolate, acute, 2-5 cm. long, usually shorter than the petiole; stipules subulate; flowers pedicelled, in racemes 10-30 cm. long; calyx silky, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower entire; corolla blue, 10-12 mm. long; keel ciliate; pods silky, 3-5-seeded. Rocks near the falls of the Willamette River, where it was first found by Nuttall, and southward. A very handsome species on account of its silvery foliage and deep blue flowers. Lupinus littoralis Dougl. Perennial ; pubescence mostly silky and appressed ; stems decumbent, 30-90 cm. long; leaflets 5-8, obovate, acute, silky on both sides, 10-25 mm. long, shorter than the petioles; stipules subulate; racemes short; pedicels 5-6 mm. long; calyx without bractlets, the lip entire or nearly so; corolla blue, 12 mm. long; keel ciliate; pods linear, 10-12-seeded. Common on high sandy beaches along the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to California. The roots are said to have been used by the Indians for food. Lupinus alpicola Henderson. Stems several from a thickish caudex, scaly at the base, erect, 30-50 cm. high, simple or nearly so, leafy, covered by a fine short closely appressed pubescence; petioles slender, erect, all but the upper exceeding the 7 or 8 leaflets, these linear-oblanceolate, acute, finely sericeous- pubescent on both surfaces, 2.6-3.6 cm. long, 2-5 mm. broad; racemes mostly terminal on the stems, shortly peduncled, loosely flowered, 7-10 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, sericeous-pubescent, rather short, when persisting not equal- ling the tomentulose pedicels; petals purplish blue; standard suborbicular, sparingly villous near the middle dorsally; keel strongly ciliated; pods lance- oblong, acute, silky, 2.4-3 cm. long, 4 or 5-seeded. Mount Adams, Henderson, Suksdorf; north side of Mount Hood, Oregon, Howell. 289. ULEX. Low densely branched shrubs with leaves mostly reduced to phyllodes and spine-like; calyx deeply 2-lipped; standard ovate; 2l8 LEGUMINOSAE. wings and keel oblong, of about equal length; stamens monadel- phous;pod short-oblong. Ulex europaeus L. Corse. Whin. A spiny much-branched shrub, about 1 m. high; leaves mostly spiny, the lowest sometimes foliaceous, lanceolate; flowers bright yellow, solitary. A European plant established in a few places. 290. PSORALEA. Perennial herbs, usually glandular-dotted; leaves mostly 3-5- foliolate, with stipules; flowers in spikes or racemes; calyx-lobes 5, the lower longest; corolla papilionaceous; stamens 10, diadel- phous or sometimes monadelphous; anthers of two kinds; ovary sessile or short-stalked, 1-ovuled; pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Psoralea physodes Dougl. Erect or ascending, bushy, 30-50 cm. highi sparsely hairy; leaflets ovate, acute, 3-4 cm. long, somewhat glandular; peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves; flowers in dense short racemes; bracts small; calyx black-hairy, 8-10 mm. long, in age becoming larger and inflated; corolla dirty- white, the keel tipped with purple; pod membranaceous, pubescent, suborbicular, enclosed in the calyx. In dry open woods, common. The dried leaves are sometimes used for tea. 291. TRIFOLIUM. CLOVER. Tufted or diffuse herbs; leaves mostly palmately, sometimes pinnately, 3-foliolate; stipules united with the petiole; flowers in heads or in umbel -like heads; calyx- teeth 5, nearly equal; petals more or less persistent, the claws of all but the standard united more or less below the stamen-tube; stamens 10, diadelphous or the tenth only partly separate; pod small and membranous, 1-6-seeded, included in the calyx. Head subtended by an involucre. Corolla becoming conspicuously inflated, yellowish. T. flavulnm. Corolla not becoming inflated. Involucre not deeply cleft, its lobes serrate or en- tire; flowers white or pale pink; annuals. Glabrous; calyx teeth slender and branched. T. cyathiferum. Villous; calyx teeth scarious-margined. Involucre merely basal. T. microcephalum. Involucre nearly enclosing the head. T. microdon. Involucre deeply cleft, the lobes laciniately toothed; flowers purple. Perennial with creeping rootstocks. T. fimbriatum; Annuals. Stems erect ; calyx lobes often 3-toothed. T. tridentatum. Stems decumbent; calyx lobes usually en- tire. Leaflets linear. T. oliganthum. Leaflets obovate or obcordate. T. variegatum. Head not subtended by an involucre. Perennials with thick roots or creeping rootstocks. LEGUMINOSAE. 219 Heads on axillary peduncles; flowers pedicelled. Flowers white; stems creeping. T. repens. Flowers pink; stems procumbent. T. hybridum. Heads on terminal peduncles; flowers sessile. Calyx-teeth plumose. T. eriocephalum. Calyx-teeth not plumose. Flowers red ; stipules aristate. T. pratense. Flowers whitish; stipules not aristate. T. longipes. Annual; roots fibrous. Calyx-teeth plumose. Heads ovate; flowers dark purple. T. albopurpureum. Heads oblong; flowers pink. T. arvense. Calyx-teeth not plumose. Corollas yellow, becoming papery in age. Heads 20-40-flowered ; standard distinctly striate. T. procumbens. Heads 3-15-flowered; standard faintly striate. T. dubium. Corollas pink, not becoming papery. Teeth of the calyx scarious-margined and ciliate. T. ciliolatum. Teeth of the calyx not scarious-margined nor ciliate. Leaflets shallowly notched at apex; calyx glabrous. T. gracilentum. Leaflets deeply notched at apex; calyx hairy. T. hallii. Trifolium flavulum Greene. Annual, glabrous and somewhat fleshy; stems 20-40 cm. high; leaflets obovate, obtuse, denticulate; stipules ovate, entire; heads globose, large, the involucre cleft into entire acuminate lobes; flowers large, reddish or yellowish, 2-2.5 cm. long; calyx-teeth triangular, acute. Sparingly introduced from California. Perhaps not specifically distinct from T. fucatum Lindl. Trifolium cyathiferum Lindl. Annual, glabrous; stems weak, ascending, 10-30 cm. high; leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, serrulate, acute, obtuse or truncate, cuneate at base, 1-2 cm. long; petioles slender; stipules ovate or lanceolate, laciniate; peduncles longer than the leaves; heads commonly 1.5 cm. broad; involucre large and conspicuous, whitish with green margin, many-nerved, with short sharply-toothed lobes; flowers whitish; calyx mem- branous, prominently 5-nerved, the nerves prolonged and branched, equalling the corolla; pod 2-seeded. Very rare in our limits but common east of the Cascade Mountains; Lake Crescent, Webster; Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun. Trifolium microcephalum Pursh. Annual, erect or spreading, soft villous; stems 5-30 cm. long; leaflets obovate, usually retuse, serrulate, 8-12 mm. long; petioles slender; stipules entire, acuminate; heads small, many-flowered; involucre membranaceous, about 9-lobed, the lobes 3-nerved, entire; calyx hairy, the teeth subulate; corollas pale pink; pods glabrous, 1 -seeded. In sandy soil, common. Trifolium microdon Hook. & Arn. Very much like T. microcephalum but the cup-shaped involucre nearly enclosing the head; calyx glabrous. Sandy soil, near the seacoast. Trifolium fimbriatum Lindl. (T. spinulosum Dougl.) Perennial by creeping rootstocks, glabrous throughout; branches prostrate or ascending, 220 LEGUMINOSAE. 20-40 cm. long; leaflets oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, spinulose-denticulate, the lower obtuse or even retuse, the upper acute or acuminate, mostly 1-3 cm. long; stipules triangular, acuminate, with a few teeth; heads subglobose, 1-2 cm. broad; involucre short, laciniately parted; calyx lobes unequal, subulate, somewhat spiny, 2-3 times as long as the tube; petals purple with paler or white tips. In wet places, especially near the seashore. Trifolium tridentatum Lindl. Annual, glabrous; stems erect, very slender, 10-40 cm. high; leaflets lance-linear, acute, spinulose-serrulate, 2-5 cm. long; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, the upper ones laciniate; heads globose, the largest 2 cm. broad; involucre laciniately cleft, shorter than the head; calyx- lobes subulate with a tooth on each side near the base; corolla purple and white. In dry open ground, British Columbia to California. First collected by Douglas on the Columbia River. Trifolium oliganthum Steud. Annual, glabrous; stems_very slender, erect or ascending, usually branched from the base; stipules laciniately cleft; leaf- lets serrulate, the lower obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse, the upper linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; stipules laciniately cleft; heads very small, 5-7-flowered; involucre small, deeply cleft; calyx-teeth subulate, rigid, entire; corolla purple and white. In moist places, common. First collected by Nuttall at the mouth of the Willamette River. Trifolium variegatum Nutt. Annual, glabrous throughout; steins decum- bent, 10-30 cm. long, branching, leafy; leaflets obovate to obcordate, minutely and sharply serrulate, veiny, 6-12 mm. long; stipules broad, fringed-toothed; peduncles very slender, longer than the leaves; heads small, 4-1 2 -flowered; involucre shorter than the flowers, campanulate, fringe-toothed; calyx glabrous, its teeth subequal, subulate, longer than the tube; petals purple with white tips, pods 2-seeded. In moist ground, common. Trifolium repens L. White Clover. Perennial, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, with creeping stems 10-30 cm. long, which root at the nodes; leaflets obovate, obtuse or notched at apex, cuneate at base, denticulate, 1-2 cm. long; petioles elongated; stipules narrow, acute; peduncles longer than the leaves; head globose; flowers white, 6-10 mm. long, pedicelled, at length reflexed; calyx-teeth acuminate, shorter than the tube. Introduced from Europe, common. Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike Clover. Perennial, erect or decumbent, not creeping, glabrous or nearly so, the stem 30-60 cm. long; leaflets obovate, obtuse or notched, cuneate at base, sharply serrulate, 1-2.5 cm. long; petioles about as long as the leaflets; stipules membranous, ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate; peduncles elongated; heads globose; flowers pink or pinkish, 6-8 mm. long, on slender pedicels, at length reflexed; calyx-teeth subulate, about as long as the tube, much shorter than the corolla. Introduced from Europe, common. Trifolium eriocephalum Nutt. Perennial, villous-pubescent; root stout, fusiform; stems erect, 15-20 cm. high; leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, 2-5 cm. long; stipules lanceolate, acuminate; heads dense, ovoid to subglobose; flowers whitish, at length reflexed; calyx-teeth very plumose. In gravelly soil, in prairies. Trifolium pratense L. Red Clover. Perennial, erect or decumbent, rarely branched, 20-40 cm. high, somewhat pubescent throughout; leaflets elliptic LEGUMINOSAE. 221 or obovate, obtuse or rarely emarginate, denticulate, 1-4 cm. long, frequently dark-spotted near the middle; petioles short; heads globose or ovoid, sessile or nearly so, 2 cm. long; flowers red, 10-12 mm. long; calyx-teeth subulate, shorter than the corolla. Introduced and common. Native of Europe. Trifolium longipes Nutt. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; root stout, fusiform; stems erect or ascending, 10-30 cm. high; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, entire or minutely denticulate, obtuse; stipules ovate to lanceolate, acute, entire; peduncles exceeding the leaves; heads ovoid to subglobose, dense, 25-40-flowered, the flowers not becoming reflexed; calyx hairy, the teeth subulate, not plumose; corolla white; ovules 2-5. In moist places in the mountains. Trifolium albopurpureum T. & G. Annual, villous-pubescent ; stems slender, 10-30 cm. high, erect or ascending; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire; leaflets oblong, cuneate at base, obtuse or emarginate, denticulate, 5-12 mm. long; heads ovoid, dense, long-peduncled, the flowers not becoming reflexed; calyx-teeth slender, plumose, the lowest one longest and exceeding the dark purple corolla; pod 1-seeded. In dry ground, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California. Trifolium arvense L. Rabbit's Ear Clover. Annual, erect, somewhat silky-pubescent throughout, 10-30 cm. high; leaflets linear or oblanceolate, obtuse or notched, denticulate near the apex, 1-2 cm. long; petioles mostly shorter than the leaflets; stipules narrow, with long subulate tips; peduncles 2-4 cm. long; head oblong, dense, 10-25 mm. long, without an involucre; calyx plumose, the subulate lobes longer than the tube and the pink or whitish corolla. Sparingly introduced from Europe. Trifolium procumbens L. Hop Clover. Annual, pubescent; stems slender, spreading or ascending, 8-60 cm. long; leaflets cuneate-obovate, emarginate, denticulate; stipules ovate, ciliate; flowers yellow, at length reflexed, persistent and papery, 4 mm. long; standard not becoming folded over the pod at maturity. Common in fields and along roadsides, introduced from Europe. Trifolium dubium Smith. Very similar to T. procumbens, but smaller in all its parts; flowers 3 mm. long; standard persistent and folded over the pod. In fields, introduced from Europe. Trifolium ciliolatum Benth. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems erect, often branched from the base, 10-40 cm. high; stipules lanceolate, acuminate; leaflets oblong to obovate, obtuse or emarginate, serrulate, 1-2 cm. long; heads axillary, globose, 5-10 mm. in diameter; flowers pedicelled, reflexed at maturity; calyx teeth unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliolate on the scarious margins; corolla pink or purplish, 6 mm. long. Prairies, Washington to California. Trifolium gracilentum T. & G. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaflets cuneate-oblong to obovate, serru- late, 5-20 mm. long; stipules lanceolate, the upper ones broader, acumi- nate; heads axillary, globose, small; flowers pedicelled, reflexed in age; calyx glabrous, the teeth subulate; corolla pink. Prairies and open places. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Cali- fornia. Trifolium hallii Howell. Very similar to T. gracilentum but somewhat pubescent and slightly glaucous; leaflets linear to oblong or cuneate, obcor- date, denticulate; heads 10-30-flowered; calyx hairy. In dry or sandy soil, Washington to California. 222 LEGUMINOSAE. 292. MEDICAGO. Annual or perennial herbs with small trifoliolate leaves; leaf- lets toothed; flowers small, yellow or violet, in axillary spikes or heads; pods 1 -several-seeded, curved or coiled. Perennial; flowers violet. M. saliva. Annual ; flowers yellow. Pod 1-seeded, curved, not spiny. M. lupulina. Pod several-seeded, coiled, spiny on the edge. M. hispida. Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa. Erect smooth much branched perennial; leaflets obovate-oblong, toothed especially near the apex; flowers violet or blue, in spike-like racemes; pods coiled. Sparingly introduced in waste places. Medicago lupulina L. Black Medick. Yellow Trefoil. Low pubescent decumbent branched annual; leaflets cuneate-obovate, toothed at the apex; flowers yellow, in short spikes; pods curved, black, slightly hirsute, 1-seeded. Abundantly introduced in waste places. Medicago hispida denticulata (Willd.) Urban. Bur Clover. Annual, glabrous; stems prostrate; leaflets obovate, notched; flowers yellow, in 3-5- flowered heads; pods loosely coiled, deeply reticulated, the edge with spines as long as one-half the width of the windings. Roadsides and fields, common. The prickles on the pod vary greatly in length and in one form, M. hispida apiculata (Willd.) Urban, are only as long as the thickness of the windings. 293. MELILOTUS. Annual or biennial sweet-scented herbs; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets denticulate; flowers in racemes; calyx cam- panulate, with short equal teeth; corolla deciduous, free from the stamen-tube; stamens diadelphous; anthers all alike; ovary sessile or stipitate, few-ovuled; pod coriaceous, 1-2-seeded. Melilotus alba Desr. Sweet Clover. Biennial, stout, erect, branching, 1-2 m. high, finely puberulent or nearly glabrous; leaves slender-petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate, denticulate, mostly truncate at apex, 1-2 cm. long; stipules subulate; racemes slender, 10-20 cm. long; flowers white, sweet- scented, 4-5 mm. long, reflexed on short pedicels; calyx-teeth subulate, as long as the tube; pod ovoid, 2-3 mm. long. Introduced in waste ground. 294. VICIA. VETCH. Climbing or trailing herbaceous vines; leaves pinnate, tendril- bearing, with half-sagittate or entire stipules; flowers solitary or in loose peduncled axillary racemes; calyx 5-cleft or toothed, un- equal, the two upper teeth often shorter or the lowest longer; wings adherent to the short keel; stamens diadelphous or nearly so; style filiform, hairy near the tip only ; ovary 2-many-ovuled ; pod flat, 2-valved, 2 -several-seeded. Flowers axillary, solitary or in twos, nearly sessile. Leaflets oblong to ovate; pods brown. V. sativa. Leaflets linear to linear-oblong; pods black. V. angustifolia. LEGUMINOSAE. 223 Flowers in spikes or racemes on axillary peduncles. Annuals; peduncles few-flowered. V. hirsuta. Perennials; peduncles mostly many-flowered. Flowers ochroleucous or tawny. V. gigantea. Flowers violet or bluish-purple, rarely white. Raceme 1-sided, densely 15-40-flowered. V. cracca. Raceme loosely 5-20-flowered, not 1-sided. V. americana. Vicia sativa L. Common Vetch. Tares. Pubescent or glabrous; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaflets 5-7 pairs, variable in form, obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, usually notched and mucronate; flowers violet-purple, 2-3 cm. long; pods brown, 4-8 cm. long; seeds somewhat compressed. Introduced in waste places and cultivated. Vicia angustifolia (L.) Roth. Much like V. sativa, but the leaflets narrow, linear; flowers 1-1.8 cm. long; pods black, 4-6 cm. long; seeds globose. Introduced from Europe. Vicia hirsuta (L.) Koch. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems very slender, 30-60 cm. high; leaflets 6-8 pairs, oblong or linear, obtuse; flowers very small, 3 mm. long, whitish or bluish, in small racemes. Sparingly introduced. Vicia gigantea Hook. Somewhat pubescent, rather succulent, drying black; stems about 1 m. high; leaflets 10-15 pairs, oblong, obtuse, mucronate; racemes close, 5-20-flowered; corolla ochroleucous. In moist woods, common. First found on the Columbia River by Douglas and by Scouler. Vicia cracca L. Perennial, soft pubescent; stems stout, 30-90 cm. high; leaflets 20-24, oblong or lanceolate, mucronate; racemes dense, one-sided; flowers blue or purplish. Whatcom County, Washington, Gardner, Suksdorf. Vicia americana Muhl. Perennial, stout or slender, 30-100 cm. high, nearly glabrous; leaflets 4-8 pairs, usually elliptic or ovate, obtuse or truncate, mucronulate, entire or toothed above, glabrous above, minutely puberulent beneath, about 2 cm. long; tendrils well developed; stipules deeply toothed; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves, 4-8-flowered; flowers purple- violet, 15-20 mm. long, short-pedicelled; calyx-tube campanulate with short broad unequal teeth, somewhat pubescent; pods glabrous, 2—4 cm. long, 6-8 mm. broad. In thickets, common. Vicia americana minor Hook. ( V. americana linearis Wats.) Leaflets linear, acute. In dry ground, infrequent. 295. LATHYRUS. VETCHLING. Mostly smooth perennial herbaceous vines or erect herbs; leaves pinnate, mostly with tendrils or tendrils much reduced or wanting; flowers in racemes or sometimes solitary; peduncles usually equalling or exceeding the leaves and several-flowered; calyx-teeth nearly equal or the upper ones somewhat shorter than the lower; corolla rather larger than in Vicia; stamens diadelphous or monadelphous below; style dorsally flattened near the top, hairy on the inner side; ovules generally numerous; pod flat or terete, 2-valved. 224 LEGUMINOSAE. Herbage densely silky- villous; tendrils none. L. litloralis, Herbage glabrous or if pubescent not villous. Plants erect; tendril wanting or much reduced. Flowers solitary, rarely 2. L. torreyi. Flowers 5-7 to each raceme. L. nuttallii. Plants climbing by simple or 3-forked tendrils. Stems wing-margined. L. paluster. Stems wingless. Stipules narrow, semi-sagittate; leaves coriaceous. Leaflets cuspidate, glabrous. L. pauciflorus. Leaflets not cuspidate, pubescent. L. coriaceus. Stipules large, broad, semi-hastate; leaves mem- branaceous. Flowers yellowish, becoming ochraceous. L. sulphurens. Flowers blue-purple. Leaflets thin, 5-8 pairs. L. polyphyllus. Leaflets thickish, 3—5 pairs. L. maritimus. Lathyrus littoralis (Nutt.) Endl. Herbage densely silky-villous; stems terete, weak and decumbent, 15-60 cm. long; leaflets 1-3 pairs, the lateral ones oblong, cuneate at base, 10-12 mm. long, the terminal one linear and much smaller; stipules entire, longer than the leaflets; tendrils none; peduncles 2-7-flowered; calyx-teeth subequal, lanceolate, acute, as long as the tube; corolla violet-purple; pods villous, 3-4 cm. long. Common along the ocean coast; first collected and described by Nuttall from the mouth of the Columbia River. Lathyrus torreyi Gray. Herbage sparsely villous; stems terete, erect, 15-40 cm. high; leaflets 4-7 pairs, oblong or ovate, mucronate, 5-12 mm. long, the terminal one often wanting; stipules semi-sagittate, narrow, entire, acumi- nate; peduncles 1-flowered or rarely 2-flowered, much shorter than the leaves; calyx-teeth subulate, the three lower ones longer than the tube; corolla 15 mm. long; standard bluish-purple, the other petals whitish; pods narrow, pubescent. In open woods, Washington to northern California, rather local. Lathyrus nuttallii Wats. Somewhat pubescent; stems slender, angled, 30-90 cm. high, ascending or erect; tendrils oblong to ovate, thin, cuspidate, pubescent beneath; stipules semi-sagittate; peduncles 5-7-flowered, about as long as the leaves; calyx pubescent, its teeth unequal, the lower one longest; corolla purple, 12-15 mm. long; pods glabrous. In open woods, rather scarce. Lathyrus paluster L. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, wing-margined, erect or ascending, 30-90 cm. high; tendrils well developed; leaflets 2-4 pairs, linear to narrowly oblong, firm, acute, 2-4 cm. long; stipules sagittate, narrow, acuminate; peduncles 3-6-flowered; calyx-teeth unequal, the longer lower ones about as long as the tube; corolla purple, 2-2.5 cm. long; pods glabrous, 5 cm. long. In marshes near the seashore, not common. Lathyrus pauciflorus Fernald. Glabrous throughout, 60-90 cm. high; stems angled; leaflets 3-6 pairs, oblong-elliptic, thickish, prominently veined, paler beneath, acute and cuspidate, rounded at base, 2-4 cm. long; stipules about half as long as the adjacent leaflets; tendrils simple or branched; pe- duncles exceeding the leaves, 3-5-flowered; flowers violet, about 2 cm. long; calyx-teeth slightly pubescent, about as long as the tube; pods smooth, 4-6 cm. long. Rare in our limits; Nisqually Valley, Washington, Allen; Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun. LEGUMINOSAE. 225 Lathyrus coriaceus White. Perennial, glabrous, pale green; stems 10-30 cm. high, terete; stipules semi-sagittate, acuminate, not more than half as long as the leaflets; leaflets 6-12, elliptical, obtuse, firm, 3-6 cm. long; raceme shorter than its leaf, 3-10-flowered; calyx-teeth subequal, acute, shorter than the tube; corolla violet-purple. Seattle, O. A. Piper. A characteristic species of the sagebrush region, whose occurrence at Seattle is remarkable. Lathyrus sulphureus Brewer. Glabrous, glaucescent; stems short, angled, 60-120 cm. high, erect or ascending; leaflets 3-5 pairs, ovate to oblong, acutish, 2-4 cm. long; stipules broad, somewhat dentate; peduncles 6-15-flowered, about as long as the leaves; calyx-teeth very unequal, the lower ones largest; corolla at first pinkish-yellow, quickly fading to ochraceous; pods glabrous. In open coniferous woods, not rare. In contrast to L. polyphyllus which grows in similar locations this fruits abundantly. The flowers are never " sulphur-yellow." Lathyrus polyphyllus Nutt. Glabrous; stems stout, angled, erect or nearly so, 60-100 cm. high; tendrils small; leaflets 5-8 pairs, thin, oblong to ovate, obtuse, paler beneath, 2-5 cm. long; stipules broad, nearly as large as the leaflets, more or less dentate; peduncles 6-10-flowered, shorter than the leaves; calyx-teeth ciliate, the two upper triangular and shorter than the subulate lower ones; corolla purple, 12—15 mm. long; pods glabrous. Very abundant in open coniferous woods. Few of the pods develop to maturity. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Beach Pea. Pale and usually glabrous; stems short, 30-90 cm. long, decumbent; leaflets 3-5 pairs, thick, oblong to ovate, mostly obtuse, 2-5 cm. long; stipules ovate, nearly as large as the adjacent leaflets, acute, the lower lobe often dentate; peduncles 6-10-flowered; calyx-teeth unequal, the upper two triangular, the others broadly subulate; corolla purple, 2-2.5 cm. long; pods 4-5 cm. long, nearly glabrous. Common on seabeaches, the green seeds sometimes eaten like green peas. 296. HEDYSARUM. Perennial herbs with odd-pinnate leaves; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal ; keel nearly straight, obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings; stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1; pod a loment, flattened, composed of several symmetrical separable roundish joints connected in the middle. Hedysarum occidentale Greene. Glabrous; stems 30-60 cm. high; leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate; stipules scaly; flowers purple, deflexed. Abundant in the Olympic Mountains. Scarcely different from the eastern H. americanum (Michx.) Britt. 297. HOSACKIA. Herbs or shrubs; leaves pinnate, 1-many-foliolate; stipules minute and gland-like or spine-like; flowers yellow or reddish, soli- tary or in umbels; calyx- teeth nearly equal; petals free from the diadelphous stamens; standard ovate or roundish; pod linear, compressed or somewhat, terete, sessile, several-seeded. 16 226 LEGUMINOSAE. Annuals; flowers solitary or sometimes two on the peduncles. Peduncles very short, the flowers nearly sessile. H. denticulata. Peduncles usually exceeding the leaves. Flowers 3-4 mm. long; leaflets oblong to ovate, usu- ally glabrous. H. parviflora. Flowers 5-6 mm. long; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, usu- ally villous. H. americana. Perennials; flowers in umbels. Pods curved, pubescent, 1 or 2-seeded; flowers yellow. H. decumbens. Pods straight, glabrous, many-seeded; flowers at least in part not yellow. Leaflets 9-15; flowers purple. H. crassifolia. Leaflets 5-9, glabrous or nearly so. Peduncles usually naked; corolla with yellow stand- ard and white wings. H. bicolor. Peduncles with a bract at the umbel; corolla with yellow standard and purple wings. H. gracilis. Hosackia denticulata Drew. Nearly glabrous; stems erect, 15-40 cm. high; leaflets 2-6, obovate or oblanceolate, thick; peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers solitary; calyx-lobes denticulate; petals yellow or reddish. In low ground, not common. Hosackia parviflora Benth. Glabrous; stems slender, 10-20 cm. high, erect or ascending; leaflets 3-5, mostly oblong, 12-15 mm. long; flowers very small, 4 mm. long, solitary or in twos; petals yellow, or the standard pinkish. In dry soil, common. Hosackia americana (Nutt.) Piper. Annual, erect, usually branched, 30-60 cm. high; leaves 3-foliolate, or the upper 1-foliolate, nearly sessile; leaflets ovate or lanceolate, silky-pubescent, acuminate, stalked, 6-20 mm. long; stipules gland-like, dark; peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves; flowers pink, 4-6 mm. long; calyx villous, the slender lobes twice as long as the tube, nearly equalling the corolla; pod linear, narrow, often reflexed, glabrous and shining, 2-3 cm. long. Common and very variable. Hosackia decumbens Benth. Perennial, many-stemmed from a thick woody root, villous and more or less tomentose; stems decumbent, branched, 30-60 cm. long; leaflets 5-7, oblong to obovate, cuneate at base, mostly acute, 6-10 mm. long; stipules minute, spine-like, deciduous; peduncles scarcely longer than the leaves; flowers yellow, in 5-10-flowered umbels, each umbel with a 1-3-foliolate bract; calyx silky, the teeth as long as the tube; pods falcate, pubescent, mostly 2-seeded. In dry prairies. Hosackia crassifolia Benth. Glabrous; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaflets 9-15, oblong or obovate; flowers dull purple, in umbels; pods thick, 5 cm. long. In open pine woods, Mason County, Washington, and southward. Hosackia bicolor Dougl. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so throughout, erect or decumbent, 30-50 cm. high, stout; leaflets 5-9, obovate, mostly obtuse, cuneate at base, 1.5-2 cm. long; stipules broad, scarious; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers nearly sessile, spreading, 3-7 in an umbel; calyx about 6 mm. long, the teeth shorter than the campanulate tube; corolla yellow, the wings white, 2-2.5 cm. long; pod linear, narrow, glabrous, 4-6 cm. long. In wet ground, not rare. Hosackia gracilis Benth. Glabrous; stems weak, decumbent, 15-30 cm. LEGUMINOSAE. 227 long; leaflets 5-7, obovate or oblong-obovate; flowers in umbels; calyx-teeth as long as the tube; standard yellow, the wings and keel rose-colored; pod short. In moist soil, near the seacoast, infrequent. 298. OXYTROPIS. Low tufted perennials with very short stems and a thick root or rootstock; leaves pinnate, of many leaflets; flowers in a head or short spike on a scape-like peduncle; keel tipped with a sharp point or appendage; otherwise similar to Astragalus; pod often more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral suture. Leaflets 6-8 mm. long, crowded, densely appressed canescent on both sides. 0. luteolus. Leaflets 8-12 mm. long, not crowded, thinly appressed canes- cent becoming glabrate above. 0. cusickii. Oxytropis luteolus (Greene) Piper n. comb. (Aragallns luteolus Greene.) Loosely appressed canescent; leaflets close together, in 8-12 pairs, elliptic- lanceolate, acutish, 4-6 mm. long; stipules scarious, ovate, acute; flowering stems 10-20 cm. high, erect, bearing spikes 1-3 cm. long; bracts oval, half as long as the calyx; corolla short-cylindric, canescent or with a few black hairs intermixed; corolla pale yellow, 15 mm. long. Olympic Mountains, head of Elwha River, Elmer. Oxytropis cusickii Greenman. Loosely appressed villous; leaflets in 8-15 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 7-15 mm. long; stipules scarious, ciliate; scapes exceeding the leaves, 10-20 cm. high; spike dense, 2-5 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, obtusish, half as long as the calyx; flowers nearly sessile; calyx cylindric, appressed pubescent with white hairs intermixed with black ones; corolla whitish, 12-15 mm. long; pods cylindric, 1-1.5 cm. long, 2-celled. In the Olympic, Cascade and Blue Mountains, rare. 299. ASTRAGALUS. Chiefly perennial herbs; leaves odd-pinnate, with stipules; flowers in spikes or racemes; calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth; corolla and its slender-clawed petals usually narrow, spreading, equalling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel; stamens diadelphous; anthers all alike; ovary sessile or stipitate; ovules numerous; pod sometimes inflated, 1-celled, or 2-celled by a false partition; seeds few or many. Astragalus hookerianus (T. & G.) Gray. Herbage pale, silky or villous with a fine whitish pubescence; stems ascending, 10-30 cm. long, usually much branched at base; leaflets 7-9 pairs, oblong, petiolulate, 4-6 mm. long; stipules lanceolate, the lower ones sheathing; peduncles shorter than the leaves, the racemes few-flowered ; bracts setaceous, about as long as the pedicels; calyx pubescent with black and white hairs, the teeth subulate, shorter than the tube; corolla whitish, the tip of the keel purple tinged; pods short-stipi- tate, much inflated, thin, ovoid, 1-3 cm. long, pale, mottled with purple splotches. Olympic Mountains, Elmer. 228 GERANIACEAE. Family 51. GERANIACEAE. GERANIUM FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves mostly basal, alternate or opposite, often with stipules; flowers solitary or clustered, per- fect, regular, commonly symmetrical, the parts in fives; sepals persistent; stamens usually twice as many as the petals, mostly in two sets, those alternate with the petals sometimes sterile; ovary 1, deeply 3-5-lobed and 3-5-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; fruit a capsule; carpels 1 -seeded, separating when mature from the axis. Leaves palmate, variously cleft or divided. 300. GERANIUM, 228. Leaves pinnately compound (in ours). 301. ERODIUM, 228. 300. GERANIUM. WILD GERANIUM. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves palmately-lobed, cleft or divided, with stipules; flowers regular, on axillary 1-2-flowered peduncles; sepals 5; petals 5, hypogynous; stamens 10, rarely 5, generally 5 longer and 5 shorter; ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked with a compound style; capsule 5-celled, each 1-seeded, and long- tailed, at maturity separating from the long beak of the recep- tacle, splitting from below upward. Perennials; flowers large. G. oreganum. Annuals; flowers small. Seeds smooth or nearly so. Carpels canescent, not rugose. G. pusillum. Carpels glabrous, rugose. G. molle. Seeds reticulate or pitted. Flowers deep purple; seeds pitted. G. dissectum. Flowers pale purple; seeds reticulately ridged. Peduncles short; inflorescence compact. G. carolinianum. Peduncles long; inflorescence loose. Style-branches 4-6 mm. long. G. bicknellu. Style-branches 3 mm. long. G. laxum. Geranium oreganum Howell. Perennial with a stout crown; stems 30-60 cm. high, sparsely retrorse pubescent; leaf blades 5-7-parted, the segments cuneate and irregularly toothed, sparsely appressed pubescent especially on the nerves; petioles long, retrorsely pubescent; inflorescence glandular; sepals oblong-ovate, aristate; petals obovate, 12-15 mm. long, purple; carpels puberu- lent. In open places, Willamette Valley, Oregon. Geranium pusillum Burm. f. Annual, spreading, finely-pubescent, the weak stems 15-30 cm. long; leaves 1-3 cm. broad, 7-9-cleft into equal cuneate- oblong lobes, these 3-toothed at apex; peduncles scattered, 2-flowered; flowers pink or violet, 4-5 mm. broad; sepals acute, not awned; petals notched; anther-bearing stamens only 5; carpels canescent, small, including the tails about 1 cm. long; seeds smooth. A weed in lawns and waste places. GERANIACEAE. 229 Geranium molle L. Annual, pubescent with white hairs; stems spreading, 15-30 cm. long; leaves orbicular, 2-3 cm. broad, deeply cleft, the lobes crenately toothed, obtuse; sepals ovate-oblong, villous, not aristate; petals pink-purple, notched at apex, scarcely longer than the sepals; stamens 10; carpels trans- versely rugose, glabrous; seeds striate. Introduced from Europe, common. Geranium dissectum L. Annual, somewhat pubescent; stems decumbent, or ascendent, 15-45 cm. long; leaves 5-7-parted, the segments deeply cleft into narrow very acute usually curved divisions; sepals ovate, acuminate; petals purple; carpels pubescent. Abundantly introduced from Europe. Geranium carolinianum L. Annual, erect, branched, 15-30 cm. high, pubescent throughout and somewhat glandular; leaves orbicular, 3-6 cm. broad, deeply 5-9-cleft; lobes cuneate-oblong, acutely and incisely toothed or lobed; petioles slender; peduncles short, 2-flowered, the inflorescence rather compact; flowers pink, 8-10 mm. broad; sepals ovate, acuminate, short-awned, ciliate; carpels hispid, the beaks 2 cm. long, tipped with a short slender style; seeds reticulated. Common in sandy soil. Geranium bicknellii Britt. Similar to G. carolinianum; peduncles scat- tered, elongate; flowers in pairs, the pedicels much longer than the calyx; petals rose-colored; beak of the fruit tipped with a long slender style 4-6 mm. long. In open woods. Geranium laxum Hanks. Annual; stems procumbent, 30-60 cm. long, retrorsely pubescent; leaves reniform in outline, 2.5-5 cm. broadr parted into linear segments; pedicels glandular-hirsute; sepals ovate, aristate, glandular- pubescent, the outer 7-8 mm. long; petals purple; carpels hirsute; seeds reticu- late. Oyhut, Chehalis County, Washington, Lamb, and south to California. 301. ERODIUM. Herbs, generally with jointed nodes; leaves opposite or alter- nate, with stipules; flowers regular, in axillary umbels; sepals 5; petals 5, hypogynous; anthers 5, the 5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting; ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked by the united styles; tails of the carpels bearded on the inner side, becoming twisted. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Alfilaria. Filaree. Branched and spreading from the base, hairy-pubescent, the weak stems 10-60 cm. long; leaves pinnate, 3-15 cm. long, the leaflets pinnatifid into narrow acute lobes; peduncles generally longer than the leaves, bearing 2-10 pink flowers; sepals acute, nearly as long as the entire petals, these 4 mm. long; carpels pubcrulent, the tails 5-7 cm. long, spirally-twisted when ripe. Introduced from Europe; very common. Family 52. OXALIDACEAE. WOOD SORREL FAMILY. Annual or perennial low herbs (in ours) with sour watery juice; leaves delicate, palmate, usually trifoliolate, alternate or radical; flowers perfect, regular, 5-merous, but with 10 or 15 stamens; ovary superior, 5-celled, the carpels 2-many-ovuled, usually distinct above. 230 OXALIDACEAE. 302. OXALIS. WOOD SORREL. Annual or perennial, short-stemmed or stemless herbs with alternate or basal trifoliolate leaves (in ours) and axillary or basal 1-several-flowered peduncles, sometimes also with small self-pollinating flowers; styles 5, separate, persistent; capsule subglobose, ovoid or columnar. Caulescent; flowers yellow. O. snksdorfii. Acaulescent; flowers white. Scapes 1 -flowered; capsule ovoid. O. oregana. Scapes several-flowered; capsule linear. 0. trillnfolia. Oxalis suksdorfii Trelease. (0. pumila Nutt. not Urv.) Rootstocks creeping; stems slender, 10-30 cm. high, sparsely villous; leaflets obcordate, 10-15 mm. long; stipules wanting; peduncles about as long as the subtending leaf; flowers yellow, solitary or in pairs on slender pedicels; sepals oblong, villous; petals three times as long as the sepals, obtuse; capsule a little longer than the sepals. In dry open woods, Clarke County, Washington, and southwards. Oxalis oregana Nutt. Acaulescent, sparsely villous; petioles 5-20 cm. long; leaflets obcordate, 2-4 cm. long, glabrous above; scapes shorter than the leaves, 2-bracted above the middle; flower solitary; sepals oblong; petals white with purple veins, oblong, 15-25 mm. long; capsule subglobose, 10 mm. long. In deep woods, especially at low altitudes in the mountains. Oxalis trilliifolia Hook. Acaulescent, nearly glabrous; petioles 10-30 cm. long; leaflets 3-5 cm. long, broadly obcordate; scapes as long as the leaves; umbels 3-8-flowered; bracts lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, 4 mm. long; petals white, oblanceolate, deeply notched and twice as long as the sepals; capsule linear, 2-3 cm. long. In deep woods, often growing with 0. oregana. Family 53. EUPHORBIACEAE. SPURGE FAMILY. Herbs (in ours), with milky juice; leaves opposite, alternate or whorled, entire or toothed, sessile or petioled; stipules present or wanting; flowers monoecious or dioecious, often much reduced and subtended by an involucre which resembles a calyx; parts of flowers various, often different in staminate and pistillate flowers; calyx none or minute; petals often wanting; stamens 1-many, free or united; ovary usually 3-celled; fruit a 3-lobed capsule; endosperm copious. Flowers surrounded by an involucre; capsule 3-celled. 303. EUPHORBIA, 230. Flowers without an involucre; capsule 1-celled. 304. PISCARIA, 231. 303. EUPHORBIA. SPURGE. Perennial or annual herbs (in ours) ; flowers monoecious, in- cluded in a cup-shaped 4- or 5-lobed involucre resembling a calyx or corolla and usually bearing large thick glands at its sinuses; EUPHORBIACEAE. 231 glands rounded or often petal-like or crescent-shaped; staminate flowers numerous, of a single naked stamen, jointed upon a short pedicel which usually has a minute bract at its base; pistillate flowers solitary in the center of the involucre, pedicelled, and soon exserted; calyx none, or rarely present and minute; styles 3, 2-cleft; stigmas 6; ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Glands of the involucre bearing petal-like appendages; plants prostrate or nearly so; seeds pitted and wrinkled. E. serpyllifolia. Glands of the involucre not bearing petal-like appendages; stems erect; seeds pitted. E. peplus. Euphorbia serpyllifolia L. Annual, glabrous; stems prostrate, much branched from the base, 5-20 cm. long; leaves opposite, narrowly obovate, cuneate at base, serrulate, 4-10 mm. long; stipules fringed; involucres^ soli- tary-axillary, campanulate, 1 mm. long; glands 4, disc-shaped, each with a lobed appendage; seeds whitish, slightly ridged and pitted. In dry soils, often in dried-up ponds. Euphorbia peplus L. Annual or biennial; stems erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves entire, alternate, obovate or the uppermost ovate; flowers umbellate; umbels 3-rayed, then dichotomous; glands of the involucre crescent-shaped, the horns elongated; carpels each with 2 wing-like crests on the back; seeds pale, pitted on the back, grooved on the inner face. Sparingly introduced. 304. PISCARIA. Low heavy-scented annual herbs; leaves alternate, entire, 3-nerved, petioled, without stipules; flowers monoecious, in axillary cymose fascicles, without an involucre, all apetalous, the pistillate without a calyx; calyx of the staminate flower 3-6-parted; stamens 6 or 7, central on the hairy receptacle ; style simple, filiform; ovary with 4 or 5 small glands at its base, 1- celled, 1-ovuled; capsule obovate-oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved. Piscaria setigera (Hook.) Piper. Turkey Mullein. Grayish pubescent with stellate hairs and hispid bristles; stem much branched from near the base, the branches mostly procumbent, 15-60 cm. long; leaves ovate, obtuse, 1-5 cm. long, crowded near the tips of the branches; calyx of staminate flower with oblong obtuse lobes; pistillate flowers often in clusters of 2 or 3; ovary and style pubescent; seed shiny, 4 mm. long. In dry ground, Columbia River to southern California. The plant was formerly used by the Indians to stupefy fish by throwing quantities of it in the streams. Family 54. CALLITRICHACEAE. WATER STARWORT FAMILY. Aquatic or rarely terrestrial usually tufted herbs; leaves op- posite, entire, spatulate or linear, without stipules; flowers minute, perfect or monoecious, axillary; perianth none; bracts two, sac-like, or none; stamen 1 ; pistil 1 ; styles 2, filiform; ovary 4-celled; ovule 1 in each cell; fruit nutlike, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled, more or less winged or keeled; endosperm oily. 232 CALLITRICHACEAE. 305. CALLITRICHE. WATER STARWORT. Low slender usually tufted herbs; leaves spatulate or linear or both, entire; flowers monoecious, solitary or 2 or 3 in the axil of a leaf, with or without a pair of membranaceous bracts; stami- nate flower a single stamen; pistillate flower a single 4-celled ovary, sessile or pedicelled, with 2 distinct sessile stigmas. Leaves all submersed, linear, 1-nerved. C. autumnalis. Floating leaves obovate-spatulate, 3-nerved. Styles about as long as the fruit. C. palustris. Styles twice as long as the fruit. C. bolanderi. Callitriche autumnalis L. Leaves all submersed, linear, 1-nerved, retuse or bifid at apex; fruit orbicular, retuse, the two carpels separate nearly to the axis. In flowing water, rare. Callitriche palustris L. Aquatic or growing in the mud; floating leaves obovate, obtuse or emarginate, the others linear or spatulate, 1-nerved, 1-2 cm. long; when terrestrial, leaves all linear; bracts 2, as long as or longer than the fruit or wanting; fruit oval, emarginate, 1 mm. long, the edges grooved and narrowly winged; styles erect, shorter than the fruit. Not rare, in ponds and pools. Callitriche bolanderi Hegelm. Floating leaves rhombic-obovate; fruit orbicular, usually obcordate, tipped with the much longer styles. In still ponds, common. Family 55. EMPETRACEAE. CROWBERRY FAMILY. Low evergreen heath-like shrubs; flowers small, dioecious or polygamous, axillary or in terminal heads; sepals 3; petals 2 or 3 or none; stamens 3; style short; ovary 2-several-celled, sessile, the style cleft into as many stigma-bearing segments as there are cells of the ovary; ovules 1 in each cell; fruit a berry-like drupe with 2-several seed-like nutlets. 306. EMPETRUM. CROWBERRY. Low spreading shrubs; flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the leaf-axils, inconspicuous, scaly-bracted ; calyx of 3 spreading somewhat petal-like sepals; style very short; stigmas 6-9-rayed; fruit a berry-like drupe. Empetrum nigrum L. Crowberry. Branches procumbent, 5-25 cm. long; leaves linear, obtuse, thick, 4-7 mm. long; berry black. Mount Rainier, Piper; Copalis, Canard; Vancouver Island, British Colum- bia, Macoun. Family 56. LIMNANTHACEAE. FALSE MERMAID FAMILY. Low annual herbs with alternate pinnate leaves, without stipules; flowers perfect, regular, 3-6-merous, slightly peri- LIMNANTHACEAE. 233 gynous; sepals persistent; glands alternating with the petals; stamens distinct; style one; carpels nearly distinct, 1-ovuled, in fruit fleshy and indehiscent, not beaked, separating from a very short axis. Flower parts in fours, fives or sixes; stigmas capitate. 307. LIMNANTHES, 233. Flower parts in threes; stigmas not capitate. 308. FLOERKEA, 233. 307. LIMNANTHES. Tender annual herbs; leaves alternate, pinnately dissected, without stipules; flowers solitary, regular, symmetrical, on naked axillary straight peduncles; petals longer than the sepals, per- sistent, stamens twice as many as the petals; carpels nearly distinct, each 1-ovuled, becoming a half-fleshy nutlet in fruit; stigmas capitate. Limnanthes macounii Trelease. Glabrous; stems much branched, de- cumbent, 5-10 cm. high; leaves pinnately 5-9-parted, the ovate, entire or 3-cleft divisions remote; sepals mostly 4, lanceolate, acute; petals cuneate- oblong, 3-4 mm. long, cream-colored; carpels obovoid, tuberculate. Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun; not known from any other locality. 308. FLOERKEA. Tender low annuals, with alternate leaves lacking stipules; flowers regular, symmetrical, the parts in threes, solitary axillary, on curved peduncles; petals small, shorter than the sepals; stamens 6; carpels 3, united at base; style 1 ; stigmas 3, not capi- tate; fruit of 3 akenes with half-fleshy walls. Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. (F. occidental-is Rydb.) Small glabrous herb, branched from the base, the branches 5-20 cm. long; leaves pinnate with 3-5 leaflets, these lanceolate or the upper ones linear, sometimes 2-3- cleft; sepals ovate, acute; petals white, about 2 mm. long; carpels tuberculate. In moist places, rare in our limits. Family 57. ANACARDIACEAE. CASHEW FAMILY. Trees or shrubs with resinous or milky acrid juice; leaves alternate, usually compound, without stipules, not punctate; flowers regular, small, polygamo-dioecious or perfect; calyx 5- lobed; petals 5; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, rarely fewer or more; styles 3; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; fruit generally a small drupe; endosperm scanty or none. 309. RHUS. Trees or shrubs, some of them poisonous to the skin; flowers polygamous or dioecious, seldom truly perfect, small, greenish or 234 CELASTRACEAE. rarely yellow or rose-colored; calyx small, 5-parted; petals 5; stamens 5; fruit drupe-like; ovule basal. Rhus diversiloba T. & G. Poison Oak. Shrub with erect stems 1-2 m. high or under favorable circumstances clinging upon trees up to 3-8 m.; leaves 3-folio!ate; leaflets oblong to obovate, obtuse, mostly coarsely toothed, rarely entire or pinnatifid, 2—7 cm. long; flowers green, in small loose axillary panicles, usually shorter than the leaves; drupes white, globose, about 5 mm. in diameter. Common in gravelly or rocky soil. Family 58. CELASTRACEAE. STAFFTREE FAMILY. Shrubs, often climbing; leaves simple and undivided, alternate or opposite; stipules none or small and early withering; flowers regular, usually perfect, small; pedicels commonly jointed; calyx 4- or 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated ; petals 4 or 5, spreading: stamens 4 or 5, perigynous on a disk, alternate with the petals; ovary sessile, free from or confluent with the disk; fruit a some- what fleshy dehiscent pod ; endosperm fleshy. Deciduous shrub; flowers 5-merous. 310. EUONYMUS, 234. Evergreen shrub; flowers 4-merous. 311. PACHISTIMA, 234. 310. EUONYMUS. Deciduous shrubs with 4-sided branchlets and opposite serrate leaves; flowers small, on axillary peduncles, in loose cymes, perfect, 5-merous (in ours); stamens short; style short or none; pod 3-5-lobed, 3-5-valved; seeds 1-4 in each cell. Euonymus occidentalis Nutt. Glabrous shrub, 2-5 m. high, the slender branches pale green; leaves ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, mostly acute at base, acute or acuminate, serrulate, 5-10 cm. long, on petioles 4-10 mm. long; peduncles 5 cm. long, 1-4-flowered; flowers 5-merous, dark purple, about 10 mm. broad; fruit smooth. In deep woods along streams; Clarke County, Washington, and southward. 311. PACHISTIMA. Low evergreen shrubs; leaves opposite, smooth, serrulate, coriaceous; flowers perfect, very small, green or purplish, solitary or fascicled in the axils; calyx-lobes 4, broad; petals 4; stamens 4, on the edge of the disk; style very short; ovary free; pod small, oblong, 2-celled; seeds 1 or 2, enclosed in a white membranous many-cleft aril. Pachistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. Evergreen glabrous shrub, much branched, 30-60 cm. high; leaves oblong, lanceolate or obovate, acute or obtuse, cuneate at base, serrulate, nearly sessile, 1-3 cm. long, the margin somewhat revolute; flowers yellowish or purplish, 3 mm. broad; peduncles and pedicels short, 2-3 mm. long; capsule oblong, acute, 5-6 mm. long. In woods, especially in the mountains but occurring at sea level along Pugct Sound. ACERACEAE. 235 Family 59. ACERACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs; leaves simple or pinnately or palmately com- pound, opposite, without stipules (in ours) ; flowers small, regular (in ours) , polygamous or dioecious; sepals 4-5; petals often none (in ours); stamens 3-12, inserted on the fleshy disk; ovary 2- celled and lobed (in ours), with 2 ovules in each cell (in ours); endosperm none. 312. ACER. MAPLE. Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, palmately-lobed, without stipules; flowers small, polygamo-dioecious, in clusters; calyx colored, usually 5-lobed; petals 5 and equal or none; stamens 3-12; styles 2; ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; fruit a double samara, 2-winged above, separable at maturity, each 1 -seeded. Flowers in racemes; fruit hispid. A. macro phyllum. Flowers in corymbs; fruit glabrous. Leaves 3-5-lobed; fruit wings somewhat spreading. A. douglasii. Leaves 7-9-lobed ; fruit wings widely spreading. A . circinatum. Acer macrophyllum Pursh. Broadleaf Maple. Large tree reaching a height of 10-30 m. and a diameter of 1-2 m.; bark longitudinally sulcate; leaves 15-30 cm. long and broad, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes entire or more commonly 3-5-cleft into acute sinuously-margined lobes, shiny above, paler and somewhat pubescent beneath especially on the ribs; flowers greenish- yellow, in pendent racemes 8-15 cm. long, the lower flowers infertile; calyx campanulate; petals obovate, as long as the sepals; fruit very hispid, the oblong slightly spreading wings 4-5 cm. long. Abundant in alluvial land; northward in Alaska to about latitude 55° and southward in the mountains through California. First collected by Captain Meriwether Lewis. Acer douglasii Hook. Dwarf Maple. Small tree, 3-10 m. high, with smooth light-gray bark; leaves simple, rarely 3-foliolate, orbicular, acutish, 5-lobed, coarsely serrate, truncate or subcordate at base, glabrous, dark-green above, paler beneath, 5-10 cm. long; petiole slender; flowers polygamous, in small corymbs; petals narrow, spatulate-oblong, veiny, about as long as the similar sepals; fruit glabrous, roughened, the wings diverging at less than a right angle, 2.5-3 cm. long. Along mountain streams, only rarely found at sea-level in our limits. Ex- tends northward to Lynn Canal, Alaska. Acer circinatum Pursh. Vine Maple. Shrub or small tree, the trunk 3-10 m. high, rarely erect; bark smooth, gray; leaves 6-12 cm. long, nearly orbicular, more or less cordate at base, cleft nearly to the middle into 7-9 acute serrate lobes, nearly glabrous when mature, somewhat villous when young; flowers loosely corymbose; sepals oblong, acute, spreading; petals hood-like, acutish, shorter than the sepals; fruit becoming glabrous, the wings diverging nearly 180°. Abundant in alluvial soil; found only west of the Cascade Mountains. Northern limit near latitude 51°; southern limit Mendocino and Trinity Coun- ties, California. The leaves become purple-colored after midsummer and gorgeously crimson in the fall. 236 RHAMNACEAE. Family 60. BALSAMINACEAE. BALSAM FAMILY. Usually glaucous succulent herbs with watery juice; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules; flowers irregular with a petal-like imbricated usually spurred calyx; petals 4, united in two pairs; stamens 5, with short filaments and more or less united anthers; ovary 5-celled; seeds without endosperm. 313. IMPATIENS. JEWEL WEED. Delicate herbs with translucent stems; leaves coarsely toothed, petioled; flowers axillary or panicled, often of two kinds, large sterile ones and smaller cleistogamous ones which ripen good seed ; sepals apparently four, the posterior ones usually spurred; petals 4, united in two pairs; filaments 5, each with a scale-like append- age; appendages united and covering the stigma; pod with evanescent partitions, opening suddenly when touched and projecting the seeds. Impatiens nolitangere L. (I. occidentalis Rydb.) Touch-me-not. Annual, glabrous, 60-90 cm. high, pale green, slightly glaucous; leaves oval to elliptical, coarsely crenate-serrate, rounded or subcordate at base, paler beneath, 5-10 cm. long, on shorter petioles; flowers pale yellow; saccate sepal much longer than broad, gradually tapering into a long recurved spur. In moist woods, Whatcom County, Washington, and northward. Family 61. RHAMNACEAE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Erect shrubs or small trees; leaves simple; stipules small and early deciduous or none; flowers small and regular, sometimes polygamo-dioecious ; disk fleshy; calyx 4- or 5-toothed; petals 4 or 5, on the disk, or sometimes none; stamens 4 or 5, perigynous, alternate with the sepals and opposite the petals; ovary sessile; fruit a drupe or pod, with 1 seed in each cell ; endosperm sparingly fleshy. Fruit a drupe; flowers solitary or in umbels. 314. RHAMNUS, 236. Fruit a dry capsule; flowers in panicles. 315. CEANOTHUS, 237. 314. RHAMNUS. BUCKTHORN. Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, petioled, pinnately- veined, with small deciduous stipules; flowers greenish, polygam- ous or dioecious, in axillary clusters; calyx 4- or 5-cleft; calyx- tube bell-shaped, lined with the disk, both free from the ovary; petals 5, small, oblong, sessile, acute or none; stamens 4 or 5; ovary 2-4-celled; fruit a berry-like drupe, with 2-4 separate seed- like nutlets. RHAMNACEAE. 237 Rhamnus purshiana DC. Bearberry. Small tree, 3-12 m. high, with nearly smooth dark-gray bark; young twigs pubescent; leaves elliptic, obtuse or acuminate, rounded at base, somewhat undulate, denticulate, pubescent especially beneath, 5-15 cm. long; petioles 1-2 cm. long, downy; umbels stout- peduncled, 8-15-flowered; flowers 3-5 mm. long; sepals 5; petals minute, hood-shaped; fruit black, obovoid, as large as a pea, 3-seeded, insipid. Common in moist or wet places. Bark used medicinally under the name Cascara sagrada. 315. CEANOTHUS. Shrubs, sometimes evergreen; leaves alternate, petioled; flowers perfect, in small umbel-like clusters, forming dense terminal panicles often on naked branches; calyx 5-lobed ; calyx and disk adherent to the ovary; petals hooded, spreading; stamens 5; ovary 3-lobed; fruit 3-lobed, dry and very oily, the three carpels splitting apart when ripe. Leaves opposite, tridentate at apex. C. cuneatus. Leaves alternate. Plant gummy; leaves thick, evergreen. Leaves pubescent beneath. C. velutinus. Leaves glabrous beneath. C. velutinus laevigatus. Plant not gummy; leaves thin, deciduous. Leaves mostly entire; flowers blue or white. C. peduncularis. Leaves serrate or dentate. Flowers white; twigs terete; leaves large. C. sanguineus. Flowers blue; twigs angled; leaves small. C. thyrsiflorus. Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. Stems erect, rigid, much branched, 1-4 m. high; twigs gray, tomentulose when young; leaves opposite, cuneate- obovate or spatulate, obtuse or retuse at apex, denticulate to entire, 5-10 mm. long, short-petioled, minutely tomentose beneath; flowers white or rarely bluish, in axillary umbels; capsules oblong, each carpel with a horn-like crest near the top. In dry or rocky ground, from the Columbia River southwards. Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. Sticky Laurel. Stout shrub, 1-2 m. high, much branched; branchlets puberulent; leaves oval, obtuse, subcordate at base, prominently 3-nerved, finely denticulate, thick and firm, glabrous and gummy above, puberulent beneath, 5-8 cm. long; petioles stout; flowers white, in terminal panicles 5-10 cm. long; peduncles stout, puberulent; pedicels slender; carpels subglobose, 3-lobed above, nearly smooth. In open woods, rather common. The plant has a pleasant aromatic odor. Ceanothus velutinus laevigatus (Dougl.) T. & G. Leaves glabrous beneath. Known from Vancouver Island, Menzies, Macoun, Harstine Island, Mason County, Washington, southwestern Oregon and northern California. Ceanothus peduncularis Greene. Stems 1-2 m. high, loosely branched; leaves oval-oblong, rounded at base, acute and mucronate at apex, 3-nerved, pubescent on both faces, 3-6 cm. long; panicle 5-8 cm. long; peduncle elongated, pubescent, its bracts oblong, acute, pubescent; bractlets ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, villous. Washington to California. Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh. Buckbrush. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, with slender smooth usually reddish branchlets; leaves thin, elliptical or ovate, 238 MALVACEAE. obtuse, rounded at base, finely serrate, glabrate above, paler and puberulent beneath, 5-8 cm. long; petioles slender; panicles lateral, 6-10 cm. long, their peduncles villous; flowers white; capsules smooth, 3-lobed. In open woods, not common in our limits. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Esch. California Lilac. Loosely branched shrub, 1—5 m. high; twigs angled, brownish, glabrous or nearly so; leaves elliptic, acute at base, obtuse at apex, finely dentate, 3-nerved, glabrous except on the veins beneath, 2-5 cm. long, on short hairy petioles; flowers usually blue, in dense compound terminal panicles; capsule globose, smooth. Western Oregon and California, on rocky slopes. Very showy when in bloom. Family 62. MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, pal mately- veined, with stipules; flowers regular, showy; peduncles axillary, jointed; calyx valvate; sepals 5, united at base, often subtended by an involucre of numerous bractlets; corolla convolute; petals 5, their bases united with each other and with the stamen-column; stamens numerous, monadelphous, in a column; pistils several, the ovaries united in a ring or forming a several-celled pod; endosperm scanty. Bractlets none; stamens in two series. 316. SIDALCEA, 238. Bractlets 3; stamens monadelphous. 317. MALVA, 239. 316. SIDALCEA. Herbs (ours all perennials) ; leaves rounded, mostly lobed or parted; flowers pink or red, in a narrow terminal raceme or spike; involucre none; stamen-column double, the filaments of the outer series united usually into 5 sets opposite the petals; styles filiform, stigmatic on the inner surface; carpels 5-9, 1-ovuled, separating at maturity from the short axis, indehiscent. Flowers red; mature carpels smooth. 5. hendersonii. Flowers pink; mature carpels rugose. Stems hirsute. 5. campestris. Stems stellate-pubescent. S. virgata. Sidalcea hendersonii Wats. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so and bright green; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high, nearly simple; leaves orbicular, deeply 5-7-cleft, the segments merely lobed or toothed; flowers deep rose-colored, in terminal racemes; bracts linear, exceeding the pedicels; calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, 12-15 mm. long; petals 2.5 cm. long; carpels glabrous, not rugose. In marshes near the sea shore, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Oregon. Abundant near Everett, Washington. Sidalcea campestris Greene. Perennial, pale green, pubescent with both simple and stellate hairs; stems 30-90 cm. high, often branched above, bristly- hirsute; leaves orbicular, the leaves 5-9-lobed or cleft, the upper deeply 5-9- parted, the segments divided into narrow lobes; petioles longer than the blades; racemes erect, rather dense; calyx usually canescent, 8-10 mm. long; petals MALVACEAE. 239 pink, emarginate or erose at apex, about 2 cm. long; carpels rugose and pubescent. In moist meadows, Willamette Valley, Oregon. S. asplenifolia Greene found at Seattle in hay meadows is apparently the same and perhaps was introduced with grass seed. Sidalcea virgata Howell. Perennial, green, thinly stellate puberulent throughout, not at all pilose; stems erect, slender, 30-90 cm. high; basal leaves long-petioled, orbicular, with 5-7 oblong obtuse toothed lobes, 5-15 cm. broad, puberulent beneath with stellate hairs, above mostly with simple appressed hairs; cauline similar, more deeply lobed or even parted into narrow subentire segments; racemes erect, loosely flowered; calyx densely puberulent, the lobes ovate, acuminate, 6-8 mm. long; petals 1.5-2 cm. long, somewhat erose, purple; carpels pale, puberulent. In open places, Willamette Valley, Oregon, and southward. 317. MALVA. MALLOW. Pubescent or glabrous herbs; leaves dentate, lobed or dis- sected; flowers perfect, axillary or terminal, solitary or clustered; involucre 3-leaved; calyx 5-cleft; petals 5, obcordate; styles nu- merous, stigmatic down the inner side; fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded indehiscent carpels as there are styles. Flowers large, only in the upper axils; cauline leaves dis- sected; carpels very hairy. M. moschata. Flowers small, fascicled in the axils; leaves 5-9-lobed. Carpels puberulent, not reticulated. M. rotundifolia. Carpels glabrous, reticulated. M. parviflora. Malva moschata L. Musk Mallow. Perennial, somewhat musk-scented, pubescent with simple hairs; stems erect or ascending, 30-60 cm. high; leaves orbicular, the basal ones incisely cleft, the cauline 5-parted, the divisions cleft or parted into narrow segments; flowers only from the upper axils, the peduncles exceeding the leaves; petals rose-colored or white, much longer than the sepals; carpels very hairy. Introduced and locally abundant. Malva rotundifolia L. Mallow. Cheeses. Annual or biennial, pubescent or glabrous; stems prostrate, branched near the base, 20-60 cm. long; leaves round-reniform, 5-7-lobed, crenate-dentate, 2-5 cm. broad; petioles long and slender; flowers whitish, about 1 cm. broad, clustered in the axils; pedicels slender, 1-2 cm. long; carpels 12-15, puberulent, not reticulated. A native of Europe, introduced in waste places. Malva parviflora L. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems ascending to erect, 15-60 cm. high; leaves orbicular, cordate, crenate, somewhat angularly lobed; flowers axillary, solitary or clustered; pedicels short; flowers small; carpels glabrous, rough and netted on the back, somewhat wing-margined. A weed in waste land. Family 63. HYPERICACEAE. ST. JOHNSWORT FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, entire, mostly sessile, with translucent or dark-colored glandular dots; stipules wanting; 240 HYPERICACEAE. flowers perfect, regular; sepals 4 or 5; petals 4 or 5, hypogynous; stamens commonly in three or more clusters; styles 2-5, usually distinct or nearly so; capsule 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentae, or 3-5-celled; endosperm none. 318. HYPERICUM. ST. JOHNSWORT. Perennial herbs; leaves sessile, entire, punctate; flowers yellow, in cymes; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens numerous; ovary 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentae, rarely 3-5-celled. Plants low, forming dense mats. Alpine; leaves crowded; flowers mostly solitary. H. bryophytum. Not alpine; leaves not crowded; flowers often several. H. anagalloides. Plants erect, simple or nearly so. Stamens 5—10; stems about 30 cm. high. H. majus, Stamens numerous; stems tall. Sepals acuminate; capsule not lobed. H. perforatum. Sepals obtuse; capsule 3-lobed. H. scouleri. Hypericum bryophytum Elmer. Annual, glabrous, often forming dense pure growths; stems very leafy, 2-5 cm. high, weak, procumbent, branched at base; leaves broadly ovate or obovate, obtuse, sessile, 3-5 mm. long, longer than the internodes, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; flowers solitary, rarely few in a cyme, very short peduncled, often 4-merous; sepals 3 mm. long; petals equalling the sepals, ciliate; seeds brown, longitudinally striate. In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. Hypericum anagalloides Cham. & Schlecht. Stems weak, procumbent, much branched, 2-5 cm. high; leaves pale, ovate, obtuse, somewhat clasping, 1 cm. or less long; cymes peduncled, loose, the branches elongated; flowers small, not dotted, 6-8 mm. broad, dark yellow; sepals unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, in fruit much longer than the capsule; stamens 15-20. Forming loose mats in springy places, common. Hypericum majus (Gray) Britt. Annual or perennial; stems erect, 10-60 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, subcordate, sessile or half-clasping, 5-7-nerved, 2-4 cm. long; cymes naked, rather dense; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate, longer than the pale yellow petals and nearly as long as the capsule. Green Lake, Seattle, Washington, Piper, evidently native. Hypericum perforatum L. Tipton-weed. Perennial, stoloniferous; stems 30-90 cm. high, erect, much branched; leaves elliptic to linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base, conspicuously punctate with pellucid dots; flowers numerous, in leafy cymes; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; petals deep yellow, specked with black, twice as long as the sepals; capsule ovate-conical, reddish. Introduced from Europe. Very troublesome as a weed, and poisonous to horses. Hypericum scouleri Hook. Stems erect, simple or branched above, 15-60 cm. high; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, half-clasping at base, 2-3 cm. long, black-dotted on the margin; inflorescence a corymb, loose or rather dense; sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; petals bright yellow, black dotted on the margin, 1 cm. or less long; stamens numerous, in three fascicles. In wet places, common. ELATINACEAE. 241 Family 64. ELATINACEAE. WATERWORT FAMILY. Low annual marsh herbs; leaves opposite, not punctate, with membranous stipules; flowers minute, axillary, regular, sym- metrical; sepals 2-5, free; petals 2-5, hypogynous; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; ovary 2-5-celled, with a many-ovuled axile placenta; fruit a capsule. Plants glabrous; flower parts 2-4. 319. ELATINE, 241. Plants pubescent; flower parts 5. 320. BERGIA, 241. 319. ELATINE. Dwarf glabrous plants growing in or near the water, often rooting at the nodes; sepals 2-4, obtuse; petals 2-4, hypogynous; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; styles or sessile stigmas 2-4; pod membranaceous, 2-4-celled, several-many- seeded. Elatine americana (Pursh) Arn. Mostly branched from the base, spreading to erect, 2-4 cm. high; leaves obovate, obtuse, 2-5 mm. long; flowers sessile, the parts mostly in twos, rarely in threes; capsule globose; seeds subcylindric, slightly curved, marked with 9 or 10 longitudinal lines and 20-30 cross lines. Moist banks of the Columbia River, according to HowelL 320. BERGIA. Diffuse or ascending herbs, branching, often pubescent; leaves entire or serrate; flowers axillary, solitary or clustered; parts of the flowers in fives; sepals acute, each with a prominent midrib; capsule crustaceous, ovoid, 5-valved; seeds numerous. Bergia texana (Hook.) Seubert. Annual, branched from the base, 4-20 cm. high; stems erect or ascending, glandular-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, obovate or spatulate, serrate, 1-2 cm. long, petioled; flowers in small axillary fascicles; sepals acuminate, 3 mm. long, equalling the white or pinkish petals; stamens 5 or 10. Banks of the Columbia River, perhaps reaching our limits. Family 65. VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FAMILY. Herbs with alternate or basal leaves, with stipules; flowers perfect, axillary, nodding; sepals 5, hypogynous; corolla some- what irregular, 1-spurred, of 5 petals; stamens 5, hypogynous; anthers adnate, united over the pistil; ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal several-ovuled placentae; capsule 3-valved; endosperm copious. 321. VIOLA. VIOLET. Mostly perennial herbs; leaves alternate, with foliaceous stipules; peduncles 1-flowered, axillary; flowers usually of two 17 242 VIOLACEAE. kinds, the earlier ones perfect and conspicuous, but often sterile, the later (near the ground in stemless species) with small and rudimentary petals, cleistogamous and producing numerous seeds; sepals unequal, more or less auricled; petals unequal, the lower spurred; the two lower stamens spurred. Acaulescent. Flowers small, white. V. macloskeyi. Flowers larger, violet. Rootstocks long and slender; petals pale violet. V. palustris. Rootstocks thick; petals dark violet. Plants not stoloniferous; stipules small. V. nephrophylla. Plants stoloniferous; stipules large. V. langsdorfii. Caulescent. Flowers yellow, or violet and yellow. Stems prostrate, stolon-like; leaves evergreen. V. sempervirens. Stems erect, not stoloniferous; leaves not evergreen. Leaves dissected into linear lobes; flowers violet and yellow. V. hallii. Leaves not dissected; flowers yellow. Herbage pubescent; leaves lanceolate to ovate. V. nuttallii. Herbage glabrous; leaves cordate to reni- form. V. glabella. Flowers blue or violet. Stipules scarious, entire. V. fiettii. Stipules herbaceous, at least some of them serrate or incised. Leaves dotless; cauline stipules entire. V. howellii. Leaves usually brown-dotted, at least beneath; stipules all serrate or laciniate. Herbage glabrous or nearly so. V. adunca. Herbage pubescent, the pubescence retrorse. V. montanensis. Viola macloskeyi Lloyd. Glabrous; rootstocks slender, creeping; leaves few, reniform, obscurely crenate; petioles slender; stipules ovate, acute; peduncles 3-7 cm. high, 2-bracted; petals white, the lateral ones bearded, the spur very short and saccate. In sphagnum bogs. Viola palustris L. Glabrous; rootstocks slender, at length producing runners; leaves cordate-orbicular, crenulate, 2-4 cm. broad; stipules ovate, acuminate; flowers pale-violet, the lateral petals bearded; spur short, saccate; sepals obtuse. In swamps, common, flowering in early spring. Viola nephrophylla Greene. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves thickish, reni- form to cordate, faintly crenate, obtuse, 2-6 cm. long, rather pale; flowers violet, on peduncles 10-20 cm. long, exceeding the leaves; lateral petals bearded, the spurred one villous; sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; capsules oblong, glabrous. In springyf places, rare in our limits. Admiralty Head, Oscar A. Piper. Viola langsdorfii Fisch. Glabrous; rootstocks stout, scaly, creeping; stems decumbent or ascending, 5-30 cm. long; leaves cordate-orbicular, crenulate, long-petioled; stipules large, lanceolate, the lowest often incised; corolla pale violet; lateral petals bearded; spur short. In swamps near the ocean coast, from northern California to Alaska. VIOLACEAE. 243 Viola sempervirens Greene. (V. sarmentosa Dougl.) Nearly glabrous; rootstocks scaly with the old stipules; stems creeping or ascending, slender; leaves cordate-orbicular, crenate, punctate with brownish dots, 2-3 cm. broad; stipules ovate, scarious; peduncles about as long as the leaves; petals yellow, brown veined, the lateral ones bearded; spur short and blunt. In open woods, common, blooming in early spring. The leaves remain green over winter. Viola hallii Gray. Glabrous; stems from a deep-seated caudex, 10-15 cm. high; leaves deeply 3-parted, the divisions mostly 3-5-cleft or parted, the ultimate segments narrowly lanceolate or linear, obtuse, callus-tipped; petiole slender; upper stipules foliaceous, laciniate or entire; upper petals dark violet, the lower three lemon yellow, the lateral ones bearded at base, 10-15 mm. long; spur short; capsule acute. Prairies, Willamette Valley, Oregon, to northern California. Viola nuttallii praemorsa (Dougl.) Wats. Stems very short from a thick caudex with fleshy roots; leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, crenate or suben- tire, pubescent with white hairs, 2-4 cm. long; petioles hairy, longer than the blades; stipules narrow, entire, acuminate; flowers yellow, the peduncles usually longer than the leaves; petals obovate, about 10 mm. long. Open prairies from near Tacoma southward. Viola glabella Nutt. Whole plant glabrous or nearly so; rootstock rather stout, creeping; stem leafy above, 10-20 cm. tall; radical leaves reniform, acuminate, crenate-serrate, 1-5 cm. broad, long-petioled; cauline similar, short-petioled; stipules thin, membranous, ovate or lanceolate, entire; pe- duncles 2-6 cm. long; petals yellow, purple-veined, 10-12 mm. long; spur short and broad. In moist woods in the mountains. Viola flettii Piper. Glabrous; rootstocks stout, horizontal; stems 10-15 cm. high, bearing 2-4 leaves near the summit; leaves broadly reniform, serrate, obtuse, firm, 3-4 cm. wide; petioles slender; stipules scarious, lanceolate, entire; peduncle axillary, exceeding the subtending leaf; sepals lanceolate, obtuse, minutely puberulent; petals violet, yellow at base, 12-14 mm. long, the lateral ones bearded. In rock crevices in the Olympic Mountains at about 1500 m. altitude. Viola howellii Gray. Glabrous or nearly so; stems short, 10-20 cm. long; leaves reniform-cordate, crenate-serrate, ciliate, 3-5 cm. broad, the slender petioles 10-20 cm. long; stipules laciniate or the upper ones entire; peduncles about as long as the leaves; flowers violet; lateral petals bearded; spur short and blunt. Prairies and open woods, Vancouver Island to Oregon. Viola adunca Smith. Stems leafy, short or at length elongated, from creeping rootstocks, nearly glabrous throughout; leaves ovate, obtuse, slightly cordate at base, crenate, usually brown dotted, 1-3 cm. long, on slender petioles 5-8 cm. long; stipules foliaceous, lanceolate, fringe-toothed; flowers violet- purple, rarely white; petals 6-12 mm. long, the lateral ones bearded; spurs nearly straight, as long as the petals. In open places, common and variable. Typical Viola adunca has puberu- lent leaves. The glabrous or nearly glabrous form is Viola adunca glabra Brainerd. Viola montanensis Rydb. ( V. retroscabra Greene.) Caudex short, branched; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves ovate-cordate, unevenly crenate, 2-5 cm. long, puberulent; petioles slender, 5-8 cm. long, retrorsely pubescent; stipules narrow, fimbriate; peduncles pubescent; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals pale violet, with a short blunt spur. In mountain meadows. 244 ELAEAGNACEAE. Family 66. CACTACEAE. CACTUS FAMILY. Fleshy and thickened plants; stems flattened, terete, ridged or tubercled, continuous or jointed, leafless or with small leaves, generally spiny; spines from cushions of minute bristles; flowers solitary, sessile, perfect, regular, showy; sepals and petals numerous, in several rows, the bases adherent to the ovary; stamens numerous, on the calyx-tube; style 1; ovary 1-celled, with several parietal placentae; ovules numerous; fruit a 1-celled berry; endosperm scanty or copious. 322. OPUNTIA. PRICKLY PEAR. Jointed, much-branched plants; leaves small, terete, subulate, early deciduous from the young branches; flowers usually lateral, large; calyx- tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; sepals numer- ous, spreading; petals numerous, slightly united; stamens very numerous, in several rows; fruit a berry, often prickly. Opuntia polyacantha borealis Coult. Prostrate, frequently in large tufts; joints of the stem flattened, orbicular or oblong, 5-12 cm. long, pale-green; leaves minute, 3-4 mm. long; cushions pale, bristly; spines 4-8, whitish, usually red-tipped, 5-20 mm. long, mostly deflexed; flowers yellow, 4-5 cm. broad; fruit ovoid, dry, 2.5 cm. long, with a shallow saucer-like apex; seeds 4 mm. long, acutely margined. In rocky places on the islands in the northern part of Puget Sound, known definitely from Whidby and Sucia Islands. This is the only cactus known from west of the Cascade Mountains. While Coulter has referred it to the above subspecies, it is probably distinct. Family 67. ELAEAGNACEAE. OLEASTER FAMILY. Shrubs or small trees with silvery:scaly leaves; flowers perfect or dioecious, clustered in the leaf-axils or at the nodes of the one year old twigs; calyx of staminate flowers 4-parted (in ours) ; calyx of pistillate or perfect flowers 4-lobed or 4-cleft (in ours) ; corolla none; stamens 4 or 8, in perfect flowers on the throat of the perianth; ovary 1-celled, sessile; ovule 1; fruit drupe-like, formed from the pulpy calyx, inclosing the akene. 323. LEPARGYREA. Silvery shrubs; leaves opposite, entire, deciduous; flowers small, nearly sessile in the leaf axils, clustered or the fertile solitary, dioecious; the staminate with a 4-parted calyx and 8 stamens, alternating with 8 processes of the thick disk; the pistillate with an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx inclosing the ovary and becoming berry-like in fruit. LYTHRACEAE. 245 Lepargyrea canadensis (L.) Greene. Shrub 1-2 m. high; young branches and leaves scurfy with rusty brown stellate scales; leaves ovate or oval, entire, obtuse, 2-4 cm. long, petioled, nearly glabrous above, scurfy beneath; flowers small, clustered in the axils; fruit ovoid, orange-red; nutlet smooth. Vancouver Island, British Columbia; common in Whatcom and Island Counties, Washington. Family 68. LYTHRACEAE. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. Herbs; leaves mostly opposite and entire, with no stipules; flowers axillary or whorled, perfect; calyx enclosing but free from the ovary; petals 4-7, as many as the calyx-teeth, perigynous, or none; stamens 4-14, on the calyx; style 1; ovary 2-4-celled; ovules numerous, rarely few; fruit a membranous capsule; endo- sperm none. Calyx tubular, cylindrical; petals usually 6. 324. LYTHRUM, 245. Calyx short, campanulate or globular; petals usually 4 or none. Flowers mostly more than one in the axils; capsule bursting irregularly. 325. AMMANNIA, 245. Flowers mostly solitary in the axils; capsule septi- cidally dehiscent. 326. ROTALA, 246. 324. LYTHRUM. Slender herbs with 4-angled stems; calyx cylindrical, 8-12- ribbed, 5-7-toothed, with as many secondary teeth in their sinuses; petals 5-7; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted near the base of the calyx; capsule subcylindric, 2-celled. Lythrum hyssopifolia L. Annual, stems procumbent or ascending, 10-20 cm. long; leaves numerous, oblong, obtuse, pale green, glabrous; flowers solitary in the upper axils, nearly sessile; calyx-lobes subulate, the intermediate processes broader; petals pale pink. In dried-up ponds; common and apparently native. 325. AMMANNIA. Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs; leaves opposite, narrow; flowers small, 1-several in the axils; calyx bell-shaped, usually 4-angled, 4-toothed and with 4 intermediate short tooth-like appendages in the sinuses; petals 4, small, early deciduous, or wanting; stamens 4-8; capsule globular, enclosed in the calyx, mostly 4-celled, bursting irregularly. Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Erect or ascending, glabrous, 5-30 cm. high, branched below; leaves oblong-linear, acute or obtuse, auriculate-clasping at the sessile base, entire, 2-4 cm. long; flowers 1-5 in the axils, sessile or nearly so; petals broadly spatulate, truncate; style slender, about one-half as long as the capsule. Moist river banks; not certainly known from within our limits but to be expected on the lower Columbia as it occurs near the mouth of Hood River, Oregon. 246 LYTHRACEAE. 326. ROTALA. Low annual mostly glabrous herbs; stems 4-angled; leaves opposite, sessile or sometimes petioled; flowers small, axillary, mostly solitary; calyx 4-lobed; petals 4; stamens 4, short; ovary free from the calyx, globose, 4-celled; capsule globose, enclosed by the membranous calyx, 4-celled, septicidally dehiscent. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne. Annual, glabrous, simple or branched below, 5-15 cm. high, erect or ascending; leaves entire, oblong or spatulate, obtuse or acute, 1-2 cm. long, narrowed into a short petiole at base, not auricled; flowers mostly solitary in the axils; calyx 2-3 mm. long; petals minute; style very short. Moist places, especially lake shores and stream banks, rare. Family 69. ONAGRACEAE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. Herbs with simple alternate or opposite leaves; stipules none; flowers perfect, symmetrical, the parts in twos or fours; calyx- tube adherent to the ovary; petals on the throat of the calyx of rarely wanting; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx-lobes, on the calyx-tube; style single, slender; stigma-lobes as many as the cells of the ovary; fruit a capsule or small nut; endosperm none. Parts of the flower in twos. 327. CIRCAEA, 246. Parts of the flower in fours. Calyx-limb persistent ; petals minute or wanting. 328. ISNARDIA, 247. Calyx-limb deciduous; petals conspicuous. Seeds silky-hairy; lower leaves mostly op- posite. 329. EPILOBIUM, 247. Seeds not hairy; leaves all alternate. Anthers attached at or near the base, erect. Calyx-lobes reflexed; petals entire. 330. GODETIA, 250. Calyx-lobes erect; petals 2-lobed. 331. BOISDUVALIA, 252. Anthers attached near the middle, versatile. Stamens unequal, the outer ones longer. 332. GAYOPHYTUM, 252. Stamens equal. Stigmas deeply 4-cleft, the lobes linear. 333. OENOTHERA, 253. Stigmas entire or nearly so. 334. SPHAEROSTIGMA, 253. 327. CIRCAEA. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Delicate perennial herbs with opposite leaves on slender petioles; flowers white, in terminal or axillary racemes; parts of the flower in twos; calyx-tube prolonged, deciduous; lobes re- flexed; fruit indehiscent, small, bur-like, 1-2-celled, with hooked hairs; cells 1 -seeded. ONAGRACEAE. 247 Leaves denticulate; racemes bractless. C. pacifica. Leaves dentate; racemes with minute bracts. C. alpina. Circaea pacifica Asch. & Magn. Nearly glabrous but pilose with white hairs on the upper part of the stem, 12-50 cm. high; stem usually simple, from a small tuber; leaves ovate-orbicular, nearly entire or slightly denticulate, 3.5-6 cm. long, truncate or rarely cordate at base, acute or sometimes obtuse at apex; petioles one third as long to as long as the blade; bracts of the in- florescence foliaceous or setaceous or none; flowers 2.5-3 mm. long, rarely pinkish in the buds; fruit mostly white-hairy. In moist shady woods, common. Circaea alpina L. Much like C. pacifica but more delicate, the leaves prominently toothed; racemes bractless; flowers pinkish. In springy places in the mountains. 328. ISNARDIA. Annual or perennial succulent herbs with prostrate creeping or floating stems; leaves opposite, fleshy, narrowed into petioles shorter than the blades; flowers perfect, axillary, sessile; calyx turbinate, with 4 segments, persistent; petals 4 and small, or none; stamens 4; filaments short; stigma 4-lobed, often nearly sessile; ovary 4-celled, very short; ovules numerous; capsule 4- angled, septicidal; seeds numerous. Isnardia palustris L. Glabrous; stems creeping or sometimes floating, 15-30 cm. long; leaves all opposite, ovate or oval, 1-2 cm. long, acute, petioled; flowers sessile, axillary; petals very small and reddish, or none; capsules short- oblong, 4-sided, sessile, not attenuate at base. Borders of lakes and ponds, not rare. 329. EPILOBIUM. WILLOW HERB. Mostly perennial herbs; leaves nearly sessile, denticulate or entire, alternate or opposite; flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or clustered; calyx-tube scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary, 4-cleft; petals 4, spreading or somewhat erect; stamens 8, the alternate ones shorter; fruit a dehiscent capsule; seeds numerous, each with a tuft of silky hairs at the end. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers large. Stems 1-2 m. tall; bracts small; style pubescent at base. E. angustifolium. Stems 15-50 cm. high; bracts leaf-like; style glabrous. E. latifolium. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers mostly small. Flowers pale yellow; stigmas 4-cleft. E. luteum. Flowers white or pink; stigmas 4-cleft or subentire. Annuals; leaves narrow; stigmas mostly 4-cleft. Stems simple or but little branched, 8-20 cm. high; herbage crisp-puberulent. E. minutum. Stems usually much branched, 30-90 cm. high; herbage glabrous or glandular. E. paniculatum. Perennials; stigmas subentire. 248 ONAGRACEAE. Stems tall, 30-90 cm. high. Petals 6-10 mm. long; herbage canescent- puberulent. E. Petals 3-5 mm. long; herbage not canes- cent-puberulent. Capsule sessile; leaves ovate or elliptic, sessile. E. Capsule pedicelled; leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate. Pedicels shorter than the capsules; leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate. E. Pedicels equalling the capsules; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile. E. Stems low; species mostly alpine or subalpine. Seeds smooth; plants creeping or stoloni- ferous. Leaves or some of them toothed, thin. E. alpinum. Leaves entire. Stems ascending, usually curved; leaves spreading, oval or oblong, thick. E. franciscanum. brevistylum. adenocaulon. halleanum. lin- anagalHdifolium. oregonense. fastigiatum. clavatum. alpinum. delicatum. Stems erect; leaves ascending, ear or oblong-lanceolate. E. Seeds papillate. Foliage glaucous and glabrous. E. Foliage not glaucous. Plants producing stolons. Matted; leaves firm, pale, green, sessile. E. Not matted; leaves thin, bright green, petiolate. E. Plants not producing stolons. Stems simple. E. Stems branched. Seeds 2 mm. long; stems pubescent but not in lines; pedicels much shorter than the capsules. E. mirabile. Seeds 1 mm. long; stems pubescent in lines; pedicels about as long as the cap- sules. E. leptocarpum. Epilobium angustifolium L. Fireweed. Perennial, erect, about 1 m. high, glabrous or puberulent; leaves numerous, lanceolate, acute, entire, or denticu- late, nearly sessile, 8-16 cm. long; lateral veins confluent at the margin; raceme erect, many-flowered, 20-40 cm. long; flowers rose-colored, 2-3 cm. broad; pedicels slender, exceeding the narrow bracts; petals obovate, entire, clawed; stigma 4-lobed; capsules spreading, linear, canescent, 5-10 cm. long. In open woods, abundant, especially in " burns." Epilobium latifolium L. Stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves alternate, ovate- lanceolate, usually entire, thick; flowers large, purple, in a short raceme. In the mountains in wet places, at about 2000 m. altitude. Epilobium luteum Pursh. Nearly glabrous; stems 20-40 cm. high; leaves opposite, elliptic or ovate, dentate, mostly sessile; flowers rather large, pale yellow. Common along mountain streams. ONAGRACEAE. 249 Epilobium minutum Lindl. Annual, simple or branched, puberulent, 10-30 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, acute, undulate or denticulate, mostly alternate, 1-2 cm. long, narrowed at base; calyx-tube funnelform; petals pinkish, obcordate, 3-4 mm. long; stigma deeply 4-lobed; capsules short- stalked, curved, ascending or erect, 2-2.5 cm. long. In open woods, not plentiful. Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. Annual, glabrous or minutely pubescent, much-branched above, 30-60 cm. high; bark becoming loose and papery at base; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, often curved and folded, acute, dentic- ulate, 2-5 cm. long, attenuate to a short petiole; flowers pink or whitish, variable in size, usually 4-10 mm. broad, in loose racemes terminating the almost naked branches; petals notched; capsules lanceolate-linear, 1-1.5 cm. long, on pedicels about as long. In open woods, abundant. Epilobium franciscanum Barbey. Very similar to E. adenocaulon, but canescent-puberulent throughout or somewhat pilose above; leaves mostly sessile. Vancouver Island and British Columbia to California; rare northward. Epilobium brevistylum Barbey. Puberulent; stems about 30 cm. high, at their bases usually bearing bulb-like rosettes; leaves mostly opposite, ovate or broadly lanceolate, minutely toothed, sessile; flowers small, purple; seeds roughened. In moist alpine meadows at moderate elevations. Elipobium adenocaulon Haussk. Perennial by short stolons which produce fleshy rosettes in the fall; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, usually simple, leafy, glabrous or puberulent, sometimes glandular above; leaves mostly opposite, lanceolate, acutish, closely denticulate, glabrous or puberulent, 5-7 cm. long, mostly short petioled; inflorescence terminal, becoming loose; petals notched, about 4 mm. long, pink; capsules linear, nearly sessile, 6-8 cm. long, usually puberulent; seeds minutely papillate. Very common in open places. Very variable. Epilobium halleanum Haussk. Glandular-pubescent; stems tall and slender, 60-90 cm. high; leaves opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, sessile or partly clasping at base; flowers purple, 10-12 mm. broad; seeds rather smooth, pale beaked. In low meadows, rare. Epilobium alpinum L. (E. hornemanni Reichenb.) Perennial, often tufted, 10-30 cm. high, erect, usually puberulent or glandular in the inflores- cence; leaves ovate, entire or denticulate, 2-4 cm. long, narrowed at base to a short petiole; petals pink or purple, 5-8 mm. long; capsule pedicellate; seeds smooth or minutely roughened. Common in wet places in the mountains. A form with smaller white or pale pink flowers is E. lactifiorum Haussk. but it intergrades completely with E. alpinum L. Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. Stems low, simple, commonly densely clustered, usually sharply curved and strongly nodding at apex; leaves mostly obtuse; flowers few; petals purple, 5 mm. long; hairs on the seeds dingy. Along alpine rivulets, common. Epilobium oregonense Haussk. Glabrous, except the glandular inflores- cence; stems slender, 15-20 cm. high; petals deep purple, 7-8 mm. long. In alpine bogs, rare. Epilobium fastigiatum (Nutt.) Piper. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous, usually tufted, the stems mostly simple, 10-20 cm. high; leaves sessile, all 250 ONAGRACEAE. opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, or nearly entire, 1-2 cm. long; petals usually pink, 4-8 mm. long; stigma clavate; capsules 6-7 cm. long; seeds minutely roughened. In the mountains at low elevations, not common. Epilobium clavatum Trelease. Tufted, somewhat glandular throughout; stems simple, ascending, 10-15 cm. high; leaves ovate, obtuse; petals purple, about 5 mm. long; seeds large, 1.5-2 mm. long, the tuft of hairs dingy. Moist rocky slopes in the mountains. Epilobium delicatum tenue Trelease. Nearly glabrous, erect, 10-20 cm. high; leaves ascending, lanceolate, thin and pale; petals pink, 5-8 mm. long. Along rivulets in the mountains, rare. Epilobium mirabile Trelease. Erect, 20-30 cm. high; stems and leaves crisp-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, ascending; petals pale, about 5 mm. long; capsule short-stalked. Olympic Mountains near Mount Steele, Piper. Epilobium leptocarpum Haussk. Much branched, glabrous except the puberulent stems; leaves lanceolate, obtusish; flowers rather numerous, white or pinkish; seeds less than 1 mm. long, the tuft of hairs pale brown. Cascade Mountains, Oregon. Epilobium leptocarpum macounii Trelease. Whole plant, even to the flowers and capsules pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate. Olympic Mountains, Piper; Mount Adams, Suksdorf; and north to Alaska. Probably a distinct species. 330. GODETIA. Annuals, mostly erect; leaves alternate, sessile or nearly so; flowers showy, mostly red, in racemes or spikes or on starved plants solitary; calyx tube obconic, the limb splitting only on one side or into 4 lobes; petals broad, obovate, entire or notched; stamens 8, in two series, the ones opposite the petals shorter; stigma capitate or 4-lobed; capsule linear or narrowly-oblong, terete or 4-angled, 4-valved; seeds in 1 or 2 rows. Stigmas linear; capsules pedicelled; calyx splitting on one side only. Anthers hairy, the empty tips becoming hooked. G. amoena. Anthers glabrous, the tips not empty. G. caurina. Stigmas short and broad; capsules sessile; calyx-lobes becom- ing free (except G. gracilis). Ovary and capsule villous. G. quadrivulnera. Ovary and capsule puberulent or glabrous. Capsule not prominently ribbed. Style and stigmas very short, only half as long as the stamens. G. romanzovii. Style and stigmas nearly as long as the stamens. G. gracilis. Capsule prominently ribbed. Petals large, 2-3 cm. long, each with a dark blotch; capsules 1.5-3.5 cm. long. G. viminea. Petals 1-1.5 cm. long; capsules 1—1.5 cm. long. G. arnottii, Godetia amoena (Lehm.) Lilja. Puberulent; stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves linear to lanceolate, short petioled, 1-5 cm. long; buds erect or but little nod- ding; calyx tube 5-10 mm. long; calyx tips united, splitting on one side in ONAGRACEAE. 251 flowering; petals pink or rose-purple, 15-30 mm. long; anthers purple, yellow and curved at the tip; stigmas yellow; capsule terete, broadest in the middle, puberulent, short-pedicclled, 3.5-4.5 cm. long. On dry plains, infrequent. Godetia amoena lindleyi (Dougl.) Jepson. Petals pink, each with a dark purple central blotch. Prairies; first collected by Douglas at Fort Vancouver, Washington. Godetia caurina Abrams. Puberulent; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; flower buds mostly erect, obtuse or acute, -calyx tube 2 mm. long; petals obovate, each purple with a darker central blotch, 1.5-2 cm. long; anthers 3 mm. long, glabrous; stigmas linear; capsule stoutly beaked, terete, puberulent, 2.5 cm. long, on a pedicel half as long. Vancouver Island and adjacent Washington. Godetia quadrivulnera (Dougl.) Spach. Puberulent; stems slender, 30-60 cm. high, simple or with few branches; lower leaves oblong to narrowly obovate, the upper linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire or nearly so, 2-3 cm. long; calyx lobes mostly separate and reflexed; calyx-tube 2-3 mm. long; petals deep purple, each with a darker spot near the apex, 6-12 mm. long; stigmas purple, oblong, short; capsule sessile, 4-sided, villous, 1.5-2.5 cm. long._ Dry prairies, quite common; first collected at Fort Vancouver, Washington, by Douglas. Godetia romanzovii (Ledeb.) Spach. Densely white puberulent through- out; stems slender, often branched from the base, 20-30 cm. high; leaves linear, sessile, 1-3 cm. long; buds ovoid, acuminate, erect; sepals at length separate and reflexed; petals about 1 cm. long, purple; stigma ovate, purple, as long as the style, both together 3 mm. long, half as long as the stamens; ovary densely white puberulent, 8-ribbed; capsules sessile, somewhat 4-sided, abruptly beaked, 10-14 mm. long. Port Angeles, Elmer, No. 2567. G. romanzovii was found by Chamisso on the " Northwest Coast " and is known only from garden specimens. Elmer's plant described above agrees in the very short style and stigmas but differs in other respects and may represent a distinct species. Godetia gracilis Piper n. sp. Stems slender, erect, mostly simple, 30-60 cm. high; herbage appressed-puberulent; leaves few, sessile, linear, 2-5 cm. long; buds lance-ovoid, acute, somewhat nodding; calyx-tube turbinate, 4-5 mm. long; calyx splitting on one side in anthesis, the tips remaining united; corolla rose-colored, the obovate petals 1-2 cm. long; filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers sparsely hairy, becoming curved, filled with pollen to the tip; stigmas yellow, short and broad; pods sessile, puberulent, terete, 2-3 cm. long; seeds brown, the ends oblique, minutely crested on the margin of the top. Dry prairies from Vancouver Island southward, the type collected at Silverton, Oregon, Elihu Hall, No. 192, in 1871. The species has been much confused with G. tenella Cav. and G. quadrivulnera Dougl. It is very closely allied to G. dudleyana Abrams, but differs in its bud being acute and not acuminate; pods terete, not 2-ribbed on each face, abruptly tipped not dis- tinctly beaked, and much more puberulent; it also closely resembles^ small flowered specimens of G. amoena but is at once separated by the short stigmas. Godetia viminea (Dougl.) Spach. Glabrous to finely puberulent, rather stout, erect, 30-80 cm. high; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire, 1-5 cm. long; calyx-tube narrowly campanulate, membranous, 6-10 mm. long; calyx-lobes free at tip in the bud, at jength separate and reflexed; petals purplish, usually paler at base and with a dark blotch in the center; stigmas oblong, purple; capsule sessile, puberulent, straight, 4-sided, with a stout rib on each face, short, 1.5-3.5 cm. long. 252 ONAGRACEAE. Fields and prairies, western Oregon to California; first found in the Ump- qua Valley, Oregon, by Douglas. Godetia arnottii (T. & G.) Walp. Glabrous, leafy especially near the top; stems 20-40 cm. high; leaves thickish, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire, 2-4 cm. long; flowers crowded; petals purple; capsules glabrous, 8- ribbed, 1-1.5 cm. long. Open places, Willamette Valley, Oregon, and southward. 331. BOISDUVALIA. Erect leafy annual herbs; leaves alternate, sessile, simple; flowers small, in leafy simple or compound spikes; calyx- tube funnelform above the ovary, 4-lobed; petals 4, 2-lobed, purple or white; stamens 8, those opposite the petals shorter; anthers attached near their bases, erect; ovary 4-celled, several-ovuled ; capsule membranaceous, ovate-oblong to linear, nearly terete, acute, sessile, dehiscent to the base; seeds 3-8, in one row in each cell. Leaves of the inflorescence broad; capsule septifragal. B. densiflora. Leaves of the inflorescence narrow; capsule loculicidal. B. strict a. Boisduvalia densiflora (Lindl.) Wats. Erect, simple or with a few branches below, hoary-puberulent throughout or nearly glabrous, 30—90 cm. high; lower leaves lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, 2-6 cm. long; upper leaves gradually shorter and sometimes broader, ovate, acuminate, nearly entire, crowded; spikes dense; corolla 6-8 mm. broad, purplish; capsules oblong, 5-8 mm. long, the partitions not adherent to the valves in dehiscence; seeds 3—6 in each cell. In low meadows. Boisduvalia stricta (Gray) Greene. Erect, simple or rarely branched below, villous throughout, 30-40 cm. high; leaves all alike, lanceolate, acute, entire or denticulate, 2—3 cm. long; flowers in the axils of the upper leaves and occasionally of the lower also; corolla 2-3 mm. long, purplish; capsules slender, acuminate, 8-10 mm. long; partitions adherent to the valves; seeds 6-8 in each cell. In dried-up ponds and swales, rare. 332. GAYOPHYTUM. Very slender caulescent branching annuals; leaves alternate, linear, entire; flowers axillary; calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, 4-parted; petals 4, white or rose-colored, very small, obovate or oval, with a very short claw; stamens 8; anthers broad or rounded, attached by the middle, those opposite the petals on shorter filaments and usually sterile; ovary 2-celled; fruit a dehiscent capsule; seeds few-many, naked, in one row. Gayophytum ramosissimum T. & G. Erect, with usually many slender branches, glabrous below, puberulent above, 15-40 cm. high; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, acute, attenuate at the sessile base; flowers pink, small, 2-4 mm. broad, pedicelled; capsules oblong or somewhat club- shaped, often torulose, 6-12 mm. long, spreading, on slender pedicels, some- times deflexed; seeds not hairy. Dry soil, especially in open woods. ONAGRACEAE. 253 333. OENOTHERA. EVENING PPIMROSE. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs with prostrate or erect stems; leaves alternate, entire, toothed or pinnatifid; buds erect or drooping; flowers white, pink or yellow, blooming by night or by day; flowers axillary or in terminal spikes; calyx-tube elong- ated, terete, filiform or enlarged upward; segments narrow, tips free or united in bud, finally reflexed; stamens 8, equal, with filiform filaments and linear anthers; ovary 4-celled, the united styles filiform; stigma 4-cleft; ovules numerous in one, two or more rows, horizontal or ascending; capsule 4-celled, 4-angled, loculicidal; seeds numerous, angled or terete, with or without a tubercle. Oenothera biennis L. Biennial, stout, erect, simple or little branched above, 30-100 cm. high, sparsely hirsute throughout; leaves green, oblong- lanceolate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, repandly denticulate, 5-15 cm. long, all but the basal ones sessile; bracts lanceolate; calyx-tube 2.5-3.5 cm. long; petals obovate, bright yellow, about 2 cm. long; capsule broadest at or near the base. Infrequent in open places, especially near the seashore. 0. biennis L. consists of numerous forms or very closely related species at present the sub- ject of much investigation by students 'of heredity. Our form was called 0. muricata L. in the Flora of Washington, but is not that plant. 334. SPHAEROSTIGMA. Annual or biennial caulescent herbs; flowers axillary or in spikes; calyx-tube obconical or shortly funnelform; stamens 8, equal in length; anthers attached near the middle, versatile; stigma entire; capsule 4-celled, terete or angled; seeds in one row in each cell. Sphaerostigma contortum (Dougl.) Walp. Slender annual, usually branched from the base, 10-15 cm. high, sparsely puberulent or glabrous; leaves nar- rowly linear, entire or denticulate, 2-3 cm. long, sessile; flowers sessile in the axils, somewhat shorter than the leaves; petals reddish-yellow, 2 mm. long, as long as the reflexed calyx-lobes; capsules sessile, linear, somewhat 4-sided, usually twisted or bent at the base, 2-3 cm. long. Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; common east of the Cascade Moun- tains. Family 70. HALORAGIDACEAE WATER MILFOIL FAMILY. Aquatic or marsh or alpine perennial herbs with inconspicuous symmetrical flowers sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts; calyx- tube adherent to the ovary; calyx-limb very short or none; petals small or none; stamens 1-8; pistil of 1-4 carpels, if more than one, more or less united; styles or sessile stigmas distinct; fruit indehiscent, 1-4-celled with one seed in each cell. Stamen 1; ovary 1-celled. 335. HIPPURIS, 254. Stamens 2-8; ovary 2-4-celled. 336. MYRIOPHYLLUM, 254. 254 HALORAGIDACEAE. 335. HIPPURIS. Perennial herbs, with simple erect stems and whorled simple entire leaves; flowers small, perfect or polygamous; calyx entire; style thread-shaped with the stigma on one side lying in a groove between the lobes of the single large anther; fruit nut-like, 1- celled, 1 -seeded. Leaves 8-12 in each whorl; tall aquatic plant. H. vulgaris. Leaves 5-6 in each whorl; minute alpine plant. H. montana. Hippuris vulgaris L. Mare's Tail. Aquatic; stems simple, 30-90 cm. high; leaves usually 2-4 cm. long, linear, acute, in whorls of 6-12, rather rigid or the submersed ones flaccid. Borders of lakes and ponds, not common. Hippuris montana Ledeb. Terrestrial; stems 2-8 cm. high; leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, 8-12 mm. long. In wet places in alpine meadows, often forming extensive colonies. 336. MYRIOPHYLLUM. WATER MILFOIL. Perennial aquatics; leaves crowded, often whorled; submersed ones pinnately parted into capillary lobes; flowers monoecious or polygamous, sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water; calyx of the staminate flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed ; petals 4 or none ; stamens 4 or 8 ; fruit nut-like, 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed. Stamens 4; petals persistent; floral leaves linear, sparingly denticulate. M. hippuroides. Stamens 8; petals deciduous. Floral leaves ovate, entire or toothed, shorter than the flowers. M. spicatum. Floral leaves pinnatifid, much longer than the flowers. M. verticillatum. Myriophyllum hippuroides Nutt. Lower leaves pinnate, the divisions filiform; upper linear, acute, remotely dentate or nearly entire; petals white, obovate; fruit 2 mm. long. In ponds, rare. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Leaves 2-3 cm. long, rather rigid, pinnately parted into filiform segments, the rachis equally narrow; bracts ovate, entire or dentate, about equalling the flowers; petals greenish. In lakes and ponds, not rare. Myriophyllum verticillatum pectinatum Wallr. Leaves flaccid, all dissected into filiform segments; rachis flattened and broader than the segments; bracts pinnatifid, shorter than or barely exceeding the flowers. In quiet lakes, infrequent. In typical M. verticillatum L., not known from our limits, the bracts are much longer than the flowers. Family 71. ARALIACEAE. GINSENG FAMILY. Perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves simple or compound, with dilated petioles; flowers umbellate, paniculate or racemose; ARALIACEAE. 255 calyx adherent to the ovary, the limb entire or toothed; petals 5, epigynous; stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the petals; styles 2 or more; ovary 2 or more celled, crowned with a disk; fruit a few-celled drupe. 337. ECHINOPANAX. Stout shrubs, ours very prickly; leaves simple, long-petioled, suborbicular, palmately-lobed ; flowers perfect or polygamous, in numerous umbels which are in racemes or panicles; calyx-margin narrow or obsolete, obscurely crenate-lobed; carpels (in ours) 2. Echinopanax horridum (Smith) Dene. & Planch. Devil's Club. Shrub; stems 1-4 m. long, mostly decumbent below, armed with pale prickles; leaves all at the summit of the stem, 10-30 cm. broad, palmately 5-13-lobed; lobes acute and serrate; petioles and principal veins prickly beneath; flowers greenish-yellow; fruit scarlet. Abundant in wet places. The prickles make painful wounds and are there- fore but erroneously supposed to be poisonous. The whole plant has a rank odor. Family 72. UMBELLIFERAE. PARSLEY FAMILY. Herbs; stems usually hollow; leaves compound or simple; petioles often dilated at the base; flowers small, in umbels or rarely heads, the umbels often subtended by primary bracts (the involucre}; in compound umbels, the secondary rays often sub- tended by secondary bracts (the involucels) ; calyx entirely ad- herent to the ovary; petals and stamens on the calyx-tube; base of the style (stylo podium), often expanded; ovary 2-celled, 2- ovuled; fruit of 2 seed-like dry carpels with contiguous inner surfaces (the commissure), each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs and often with 4 intermediate secondary ones, in the intervals between which oil-tubes are commonly found; carpels often separating from each other, supported on the sum- mit of a slender axis (the carpophore}. Mature fruits are absolutely necessary for accurate determina- tions in this family. Flowers in dense heads; fruit scaly or tubercu- late. 338. ERYNGIUM, 257. Flowers in umbels. Fruit more or less bristly. Bristles hooked, covering the whole fruit surface. 339. SANICULA, 257. Bristles only on the ribs of the fruit. Stylopodium obsolete; bristles barbed at tip. 340. DAUCUS, 258. 256 UMBELLIFERAE. Stylopodium conical; bristles not barbed. Carpels oblong or ovate. 341. Carpels linear. 342. Fruit glabrous, not at all bristly. Carpels strongly flattened dorsally. Stylopodium conical ; petals obcordate. 343. Stylopodium flat or obsolete. Plants acaulescent. 344. Plants caulescent. Flowers white; dorsal ribs of fruit prominent. Ultimate segments of leaves large. 345. Ultimate segments of leaves small. 346. Flowers yellow or purple; dor- sal ribs of fruit filiform. Flowers yellow. 347. Flowers brownish-purple. 348. Carpels not dorsally flattened. Oil-tubes obsolete or very obscure. Leaves ternately decompound. 342. Leaves simple, peltate. 349. Oil-tubes present; leaves not peltate. Fruit with a single oil-tube in each interval. Stylopodium conical. Leaflets lanceolate to ovate. Leaflets linear. Involucre wanting. 351. Involucre present. 352. Stylopodium flat or obsolete. Flowers yellow; leaves sim- ple or trifoliolate. 353. Flowers white. Leaves decompound. 354. Leaves reduced to hol- low petioles. 355. Fruit with more than one oil-tube in each interval. Stylopodium conical. Fruit globose. 356. Fruit oblong. 357. Stylopodium flat or obsolete. Ribs of the fruit wing-like. Ribs of the fruit not wing- like. Plants acaulescent. Fruit with all the ribs filiform; root not tuberous. Fruit with the dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral ones corky; root tuberous. CAUCALIS, 258. OSMORHIZA, 259. HERACLEUM, 260. COGSWELLIA, 260. ANGELICA, 261. CONIOSELINUM, 262. PASTINACA, 262. LEPTOTAENIA, 263. OSMORHIZA, 259. HYDROCOTYLE, 263. 350. CICUTA, 263. CORIANDRUM, 264. CARUM, 264. ZIZIA, 265. OENANTHE, 265. LILAEOPSIS, 265. BERULA, 266. LIGUSTICUM, 266. 358. GLEHNIA, 267. 359. HESPEROGENIA, 267. Plants caulescent; ribs 360. OROGENIA, 267. UMBELLIFERAE. 257 cf the fruit all thick and corky. Leaflets linear or nar- rowly lanceolate. 361. SIUM, 267. Leaflets ovate. 362. COELOPLEURUM, 268. 338. ERYNGIUM. Glabrous perennials; leaves often rigid, coriaceous, entire, spinosely toothed or divided; flowers white or blue, sessile, in dense bracteate heads; sepals very prominent, rigid and persistent; stylopodium wanting; styles short or long, often rigid; fruit ovoid, compressed laterally, covered with hyaline scales or tubercles; carpel with ribs obsolete; oil-tubes mostly 5, 3 dorsal and 2 commissural; seed face plane. Eryngium petiolatum Hook. Stems erect, 30-40 cm. high; lower leaves reduced to long nodose petioles, sometimes with small lanceolate remotely spinulose blades; upper leaves opposite, narrow, spinulose-serrate; heads globose, about 8 mm. wide; bracts and bractlets subulate, ciliate-spinulose, twice as long as the heads. In swales, rare, western Oregon. First collected by Douglas. 339. SANICULA. SANICLE. Perennial tall rather glabrous herbs, with ternate or palmate leaves; flowers perfect and staminate mixed in heads in few-rayed umbels, yellow or green; involucral bracts few; calyx- teeth evident, persistent; fruit globular, the carpels not separating, ribless, the whole surface covered with hooked bristles. Fruit 6-7 mm. long; styles much exceeding the bristles. 5. marilandica. Fruit 4 mm. long or less; styles not exceeding the bristles. Mature fruit stipitate; leaves palmately divided. 5. menziesii. Mature fruit sessile, not stipitate. Leaves pinnately parted, the segments incised. 5. bipinnatifida. Leaves palmately divided. Principal leaf divisions confluent at base. 5. hoivellii. Principal leaf divisions distinct at base. S. septentrionalis. Sanicula marilandica L. Stems erect, 30-120 cm. high; leaves 5-7-parted, the divisions incisely serrate and cleft; umbels 3-7-rayed; sterile flowers numer- ous, sometimes in separate umbellets; fruit sessile, 6-7 mm. long, its bristles bulbous-based. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, and eastward. Sanicula menziesii Hook. & Arn. Stems erect, 30-100 cm. high, branched above; leaves mostly basal, cordate-orbicular, palmately 3-5-lobed, 5-10 cm. broad, the lobes incisely cleft and toothed, the teeth bristle-tipped; umbel 3- or 4-rayed; involucral bracts leaf-like; involucels 6-8, linear, entire; flowers yellow; fruit sessile, stipitate, obovate, 2-4 mm. long, very bristly. Common especially on bluffs along the seashore. The northern plant is feebly distinguishable from the typical plant of California by having the leaf- lobes obtuse or obtusish instead of acute. It has been named S. tripartita Suksdorf. 18 258 UMBELLIFERAE. Sanicula bipinnatifida Dougl. Stems 20-40 cm. high, stout; leaves mostly basal, pinnately 3-7-parted, the divisions incisely toothed or lobed, decurrent on the rachis forming a wing; umbel 3-4-rayed; involucral bracts leaf-like; involucels narrow, acute; flowers purple or yellow, in dense umbellets, the sterile ones pedicelled; fruit 3 mm. long. Prairies, Vancouver Island to California. First collected by Douglas at Fort Vancouver. Sanicula howellii Coult. & Rose. Stems stout, 20-30 cm. high, sometimes tufted; leaves thick, orbicular, palmately 3-5-lobed, incisely toothed and cleft, the teeth mucronate; umbels few-rayed, the involucral bracts leaf-like; involucels large, equalling or exceeding the dense umbellets; flowers yellow; fruit 3-4 mm. long, bristly all over. In drifting sand, often half buried, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Oregon. First collected by Howell at Tillamook Bay, Oregon. Sanicula septentrionalis Greene. Erect, slender, 10-35 cm. high; basal leaves few, small, ternate or biternate, the obovate segments cleft or toothed; cauline leaves few, more sharply toothed; peduncles arising singly along the stem; umbels with 3-5 rays; involucre of pinnatifid leaf-like bracts; fruiting rays 1.5-3.5 cm. long; flowers yellow; fruit 4 mm. long. Prairies, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to northern California. 340. DAUCUS. CARROT. Annual or biennial herbs; leaves pinnately decompound; bracts of the involucre foliaceous and cleft; flowers white; calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit oblong, flattened dorsally; primary ribs of the car- pel 5, slender and bristly, the secondary 5-winged, each bearing a single row of barbed prickles; stylopodium depressed or none; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Annual, 10-60 cm. high; umbel small. D. pusillus. Biennial, 60-90 cm. high; umbel large. D. carota. Daucus pusillus Michx. Annual; herbage bristly pubescent; stems slender, 10-30 cm. high; leaves pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments narrowly linear; umbels small, 2-5 cm. broad; fruit 3-5 mm. long. Dry fields and prairies, common. Daucus carota L. Wild Carrot. Biennial; herbage bristly; stem stout, 60-90 cm. high; leaves pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments lanceo- late, cuspidate; umbel 5-12 cm. broad; fruit 3-4 mm. long. The wild form of the cultivated carrot, very troublesome as a weed. The flowers are usually white, rarely rose-colored or purple. 341. CAUCALIS. Mostly hispid annuals; leaves pinnately dissected with very small segments; flowers white; calyx- teeth prominent; fruit short, ovate or oblong, compressed laterally; carpel with 5 filiform primary ribs with spreading bristles and 4 prominently winged secondary ones with barbed or hooked prickles; stylopodium thick, conical; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Caucalis microcarpa Hook. & Arn. Annual, erect, branched, 8-20 cm. tall, more or less hairy, leaves pinnately much dissected, the ultimate segments UMBELLIFERAE. 259 linear-oblong, 2.5 mm. long; umbels unequally 3-6-rayed; involucral bracts resembling the leaves; involucels usually entire; fruit oblong, armed with rows of hooked prickles. In fields and prairies, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and adjacent Washington. Not otherwise known west of the Cascade Mountains but com- mon in the interior and southward into California. 342. OSMORHIZA. SWEET CICELY. Glabrous to hirsute perennials, 30-90 cm. high; roots thick, aromatic; leaves ternately decompound; leaflets broad, ovate to lanceolate, variously toothed; involucre and involucels few- leaved or wanting; flowers white or purple, in few-rayed and few-fruited umbels; calyx- teeth obsolete; stylopodium conical, sometimes depressed; styles mostly short; fruit linear to linear- oblong, more or less attenuate at base, obtuse, acute or beaked at apex, glabrous or bristly on the ribs; carpels slightly flattened dorsally or not at all, nearly pentagonal in section, with equal ribs and thin pericarps, often tapering into a long tail-like attenuation at the base; oil-tubes obsolete in the mature fruit (often numerous in young fruit) ; seed face from slightly concave to deeply sulcate. Fruit glabrous. O. ambigua. Fruit with bristly ribs. Flowers purple; fruit short-beaked. O. purpurea. Flowers white. Foliage strigose-pubescent; fruit beaked. O. brevipes. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Fruit with a conspicuous sharp beak. 0. divaricata. Fruit constricted below the apex and with a truncate tip. 0. leibergii. Osmorhiza ambigua (Gray) Coult. & Rose. Glabrous except the pubes- cent nodes; stems branched, 30-60 cm. high; leaves twice or thrice ternate; leaflets ovate, acute, incisely toothed and cleft, thin, 3-6 cm. long; umbel of 4-8 rays, without bracts; rays 3-6 cm. long, widely spreading; fruit 12-18 mm. long, beaked, attenuate at base. In the mountains at about 1500 m. altitude, rare. Goat Mountains, Allen. Osmorhiza purpurea (Coult. & Rose) Suksdorf. Nearly glabrous; stems 10-60 cm. high; leaves once or twice ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, incisely lobed and toothed, 2-7 cm. long; umbel with 2-4 rays, these 5-7 cm. long; fruit hispid at base, 10-12 mm. long, slightly beaked at apex. Mount Hood, Oregon, Henderson; Olympic Mountains, Washington, Lamb; and northward to Alaska. Osmorhiza brevipes (Coult. & Rose) Suksdorf. (Washingtonia brevipes Coult. & Rose.) Similar to 0. divaricata but pubescent with white hairs; pedicels shorter, 4-12 mm. long, decidedly shorter than the fruit, which is 14-16 mm. long. In open woods, Washington to California. Osmorhiza divaricata Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so, 30-60 cm. tall; leaves biternate; leaflets ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thin, coarsely 260 UMBELLIFERAE. serrate 'and more or less incised; umbels 2-9-rayed; pedicels mostly 1-2 cm. long; involucels none; fruit 16-20 mm. long, bristly-hairy on the ribs, the carpels distinctly beaked, much narrowed at the base. In woods, common. Osmorhiza leibergii (Coult. & Rose) Suksdorf. Very similar to O. divari- cata; pedicels 10-15 mm. long, longer than the fruit; fruit slightly hispid at base, otherwise nearly glabrous, blunt at the tip. In the Cascade and Olympic Mountains. 343. HERACLEUM. Tall stout perennials; leaves large, ternately compound; in- volucres deciduous ; involucels of numerous bractlets; flowers white, in large many- rayed umbels; calyx- teeth small or obsolete; petals obcordate, the outer ones often dilated and 2-cleft; stylo- podium thick conical; fruit broadly ovate, very much flattened dorsally, somewhat pubescent; carpel with dorsal and inter- mediate ribs filiform, the broad lateral wings contiguous to those of the other carpel, strongly nerved toward the outer margin; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, conspicuous, about half as long as the carpel, 2-4 on the commissural side; seed very much flattened dorsally. Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow Parsnip. Very stout, 1-2 m. tall, pubescent throughout; leaves ternate or biternate; petioles much dilated; leaflets round-cordate, 10-25 cm. broad, irregularly lobed and dentate; rays 5-15 cm. long; fruit obcordate, 8-12 mm. broad, the oil-tubes conspicuous. Abundant in wet places, the young shoots used as food by the Indians. 344. COGSWELLIA. Acaulescent or short caulescent dry ground perennials; roots fusiform or tuberous; leaves ternate to dissected, sometimes pinnate; involucre none; involucels mostly present; flowers yellow, white or purple; calyx-teeth obsolete or very rarely evident; stylopodium wanting; fruit strongly flattened dorsally, oblong to orbicular; carpel with filiform and approximate dorsal and intermediate ribs and winged laterals coherent till maturity with those of the other carpel; pericarp thin; oil-tubes 1 -several in the intervals (rarely obsolete), 2-10 on the commissural side; seed dorsally flattened, with plane face (rarely slightly concave). Peduncles stout, usually swollen at top; herbage glaucous. C. nudicaulis. Peduncles slender, never swollen at top; herbage green. Bractlets conspicuous. C. utriculata. Bractlets small or wanting. Leaves ternate. C. triternata. Leaves pinnate. Oil-tubes 3 in each interval. C. halln. Oil-tubes 1 in each interval. Fruit with wings as broad as body. C. martindalei. Fruit with wings narrower than body. C. angustuta. UMBELLIFERAE. 261 Cogswellia nudicaulis (Tursh) Jones. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous, root cylindric, thick and fleshy; leaves all basal, mostly biternate or ternate; and then quinate; leaflets ovate to narrowly lanceolate, entire or with a few teeth at the apex, 3-5 cm. long, thickish; peduncles stout, 10-30 cm. high; rays unequal, 4-20 cm. long; flowers yellow; fruit smooth, oblong, 9-14 mm. long. In sandy or gravelly soil, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Cali- fornia. Cogswellia utriculata (Nutt.) Jones. Glabrous or merely puberulent; leaves mostly basal, 1 or 2 cauline, ternately or pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments narrowly linear, 6-12 mm. long; petioles dilated at base; peduncles or stems 20-30 cm. high; rays unequal, 2-5 cm. long; flowers yellow; fruit elliptical, glabrous, 2-7 mm. long. Prairies, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California. Root tuber- ous, said to have been used by the Indians for food. First collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the Willamette River. Cogswellia triternata (Pursh) Jones. Peduncles 30-70 cm. tall; leaves bipinnate or triternate, puberulent; leaflets linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long; umbel unequally 5-18-rayed, the rays 1-5 cm. long; fruit oblong, glabrous, 6-12 mm. long; oil-tubes large, solitary between the ribs; two on the inner side. Prairies from near the head of Puget Sound, southward. Cogswellia hallii (Wats.) Jones. Glabrous; leaves mostly basal, a few cauline, pinnate, oblong in outline, the segments ovate, deeply toothed or pinnatifid, about 1 cm. long; umbel 3-6-rayed; flowers yellow; fruit elliptical, glabrous, 6 mm", long, with 3 oil-tubes in the intervals between the ribs and 4 on the inner side. Mount Hood, Oregon, Howell; Mount Saint Helens, Washington, Mrs. Biggs, a doubtful specimen; not otherwise known. Cogswellia martindalei (Coult.& Rose) Jones. Glabrous, somewhat glau- cous, leaves rather thick, bipinnate, the ultimate segments ovate, toothed or pinnatifid, 10-12 mm. long; stems bearing 1 or 2 leaves, 15-40 cm. high; fruit glabrous, 8-16 mm. long, the wings as broad as or broader than the body; oil- tubes solitary in the intervals between the ribs, two on the inner side. Bluffs of the Columbia River at Bridal Veil, Oregon, and southward. Cogswellia angustata Coult. & Rose. Very similar to C. hallii, but fruit with one oil-tube in each interval and two on the inner side. Common in rocky places in the mountains at about 1500-2000 m. altitude. Probably only a form of C. hallii. 345. ANGELICA. Stout perennial herbs; leaves ternate, then pinnate, rarely simply pinnately compound; involucre scanty or none; involucels of small bractlets or none; flowers in large terminal umbels; calyx-teeth mostly obsolete; stylopodium conical; fruit flattened dorsally, ovate or oblong, glabrous or pubescent; calyx-tube prominent, crenulate; carpels with strong ribs, the lateral ribs usually broadly winged, distinct from those of the other carpel, forming a double-winged margin to the fruit; oil-tubes 1 -several in the intervals, or indefinite, 2-10 on the commissural side; seed face plane or somewhat concave. Leaves densely tomentose beneath. A. hendersoni. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 262 UMBELLIFERAE. Involucels of numerous bractlets. A. genuflexa. Involucels usually wanting. Fruit 4-6 mm. long, the lateral wings not thick and corky. A. lyallii. Fruit 6-8 mm. long, the lateral wings thick and corky. A . arguta. Angelica hendersoni Coult. & Rose. Herbage densely tomentose; stems stout, 1-2 m. high; leaves quinatc, then pinnate; leaflets thick, broadly ovate, obtuse, cuneate or rounded at base, serrate, 7-10 cm. long; umbel 10-12 cm. broad; fruit oblong, pubescent, 6-9 mm. long, the lateral wings thick and corky, as broad as the body. On the ocean coast, Washington to California. First collected at Ilwaco by Henderson. Angelica genuflexa Nutt. Glabrous below the inflorescence; stems stout, 90-150 cm. high; leaves once or twice pinnate, the divisions more or less de- flexed; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate or incised; umbel many-rayed, 10-15 cm. broad; bractlets of the umbellets linear; fruit 3-4 mm. long, glabrous, emarginate at base and apex, the lateral wings broader than the body. Very common in swamps. First collected by Nuttall on Sauvies Island, Oregon, and near Fort Vancouver, Washington. Angelica lyallii Wats. Stout, 60-150 cm. tall, glabrous or the inflorescence sometimes puberulent; leaves ternate, then once or twice pinnate; leaflets ovate or lanceolate, acute, serrate or dentate, 2-10 cm. long; umbel many- rayed; involucre and involucels wanting; fruit oblong, 4-6 mm. long, the lateral wings about as broad as the body; oil-tubes solitary in all the intervals. Wet places in the mountains at moderate elevations. Angelica arguta Nutt. Very similar to A. lyallii. but the fruit larger, 6-8 mm. long, the lateral wings thick and corky. Known only from the type specimen collected by Nuttall in 1835 on Sauvies Island, Oregon, and near Fort Vancouver, Washington. The rediscovery and better understanding of this species is much to be desired. 346. CONIOSELINUM. Perennial herbs, glabrous below the inflorescence; leaves ternate then pinnately decompound; flowers white; calyx- teeth obsolete; fruit oblong, dorsally flattened, glabrous; carpel with prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs, the lateral ribs broadly winged and thickish; stylopodium slightly conical; oil-tubes usually solitary in the dorsal intervals, 1-several in the lateral intervals, and 2-8 on the commissural side. Conioselinum gmelini (Cham. & Schlecht.) Coult. & Rose. Glabrous below the inflorescence; stems erect, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves large, ternate, then pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments ovate to linear-oblong, mostly incisely cleft, 1-2.5 cm. long; umbel 10-25-rayed, the rays 2-3 cm. long; bracts and bractlets narrowly linear; fruit 4-5 mm. long, with prominent ribs and broad wings. High sea-beaches and on the borders of tidal marshes. Foliage handsome, fern- like. 347. PASTINACA. PARSNIP. Tall stout glabrous biennial with pinnately compound leaves; flowers yellow; calyx- teeth obsolete; fruit oval, very much flat- UMBELLIFERAE. 263 tened dorsally; stylopodium flattened; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings; oil-tubes small, solitary in in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissural side. Pastinaca sativa L. Glabrous; stems 60-90 cm. high; leaves pinnately compound, the leaflets ovate to oblong, incisely serrate; flowers yellow; fruit oval. The common parsnip of the garden frequently becomes wild. 348. LEPTOTAENIA. Usually tall or stout, glabrous, nearly acaulescent; roots thick, fusiform, often very large; leaves usually large, pinnately de- compound; involucre of few bracts or none; involucels of numer- ous small bractlets; flowers yellow or purple; calyx- teeth obsolete or sometimes evident; stypolodium wanting; fruit flattened dorsally, oblong-elliptical, glabrous; carpel with dorsal and inter- mediate ribs filiform or obscure; lateral wings very thick and corky; commissural face with a prominent central longitudinal ridge left after separation from the carpophore; oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissural side, mostly small, some- times obsolete ; seeds very flat, with plane or slightly concave face. Leptotaenia dissecta Nutt. Nearly glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stems stout, 30-90 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, large, ternate then thrice pinnate; ultimate segments ovate to oblong, incisely pinnatifid, puberulent on the veins beneath, 1-2.5 cm. long; peduncle elongated; umbel 8-20-rayed; bracts linear; flowers brownish-purple; fruits 10-18 mm. long. Vancouver Island, British Columbia to California, first collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the Willamette River. 349. HYDROCOTYLE. Low perennial herbs growing in or near water, with slender creeping stems; leaves orbicular-peltate or reniform; flowers small, white, in simple or proliferous umbels without an involucre; calyx teeth minute or obsolete; fruit more or less orbicular, strongly compressed laterally; carpel with 5 primary ribs, the dorsal marginal, broad or filiform; intermediate ribs filiform, usually curved; lateral ribs filiform or broad; oil-bearing layer prominent beneath the epidermis, occasionally with small tubes. Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f. Floating or creeping in mud; leaves round-reniform, thick, crenately 3-7-cleft; peduncles 3—7 cm. long, shorter than the petioles, reflexed in fruit; umbel 5-10-flowered; fruit 2-3 mm. broad. Ponds and muddy banks, not rare. 350. CICUTA. WATER HEMLOCK. Smooth poisonous marsh perennials; leaves pinnately com- pound; leaflets serrate; involucre of few bracts or none; in- volucels of several slender bractlets; flowers white; calyx-teeth rather prominent; stylopodium low, sometimes low-conical; 264 UMBELLIFERAE. fruit compressed laterally, oblong to orbicular, glabrous; carpels with strong flattish corky ribs, the lateral largest at least in section; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, two on the commis- sural side; seed nearly terete or somewhat dorsally flattened, the commissural face plane or slightly concave. Leaflets thickish, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, closely and sharply serrate or even cleft, strongly reticulate beneath. C. douglasii. Leaflets thinner, linear-lanceolate, not so closely or sharply ser- rate, not strongly reticulate beneath. C. vagans. Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stems stout, 60-90 cm. high, loosely branched; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, closely and sharply serrate or more or less incised, 5-10 cm. long; fruit orbicular, 2 mm. long. In swamps, common. First collected by Douglas at the mouth of the Columbia River. Root very poisonous. Cicuta vagans Greene. Very similar to C. douglasii; leaflets narrower, linear-lanceolate, thin in texture, and less strongly reticulate beneath. In swamps, probably only a form of C. douglasii. 351. CORIANDRUM. CORIANDER. Annual herbs; leaves bipinnately divided; flowers white, in spreading umbels; calyx 5-toothed; fruit globose, not constricted, 10-ribbed, the primary ribs inconspicuous. Coriandrum sativum L. Glabrous; stems slender, 60-90 cm. high; lower leaves pinnate, the leaflets fan-shaped, many-cleft, the upper leaves more dissected with linear ultimate segments; flowers white; fruit globose, smooth. In waste places, an escape from gardens. 352. CARUM. CARAWAY. Smooth erect slender herbs; roots fascicled, tuberous or fusi- form; leaves pinnate, with few linear leaflets; involucels of few to many bracts; flowers white; calyx- teeth prominent for the size of the fruit; stylopodium conical; fruit compressed laterally, orbicular to oblong, glabrous; carpels with filiform or incon- spicuous ribs; oil-tubes large and solitary in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissural side; seeds dorsally flattened, more or less longitudinally grooved beneath the oil-tubes, the face plane or slightly concave. Fruit orbicular, 2 mm. long. C. gairdneri. Fruit oblong, 3-4 mm. long. C. oreganum. Carum gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Gray. Roots fusiform, clustered; stems erect, slender, 30-100 cm. tall, simple or branched above; leaves few, mostly pinnate, with 3-7 linear leaflets, 5-15 cm. long, the lowermost rarely bipinnate, the upper simple; umbels 6-15-rayed, the rays 2-4 cm. long; involucels linear, acuminate; fruit subglobose, flattened, 1-2 mm. long, with small calyx-teeth. Common in low meadows. Roots edible, a favorite food of the Indians. UMBELLIFERAE. 265 Carum oreganum Wats. Very similar to C. gairdneri but the lower leaves more divided, and with shorter linear lobes; involucels broader and more scarious; fruit oblong, 3-4 mm. long. Willamette Valley, Oregon, south to northern California. First found by Nuttall on Wappatoo or Sauvies Island; doubtfully distinct from C. gairdneri. 353. ZIZIA. Smooth perennials with simple to ternately compound leaves; involucre none; involucels of small bractlets; flowers yellow; calyx- teeth prominent; stylopodium wanting; styles long; fruit compressed laterally, ovate to oblong, glabrous; central fruit of each umbellet sessile; carpel with filiform ribs; oil-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, 2 on the commissural side and a small one in each rib; seed terete, longitudinally grooved beneath the oil-tubes. Zizia cordata (Walt.) Koch. Glabrous, 30-80 cm. tall; lower leaves simple, cordate, crenately toothed, 2-8 cm. long, sometimes lobed or even ternate, mostly long-petioled; upper leaves short-petioled, palmately com- pound, of 3-5 leaflets, ovate or lanceolate, incised and serrate; fruit ovate, 3 mm. long. Said to occur in the Willamette Valley; abundant east of the Cascade Mountains. 354. OENANTHE. Aquatic glabrous herbs with succulent stems; leaves pinnate or decompound; flowers white, in involucrate umbels; calyx- teeth rather prominent; fruit glabrous, globose or but slightly laterally compressed; carpel with broad obtuse corky ribs; stylopodium very short, conical; styles elongated; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Oenanthe sarmentosa Presl. Glabrous; stems weak, decumbent, somewhat succulent, 30-60 cm. long; leaves ternate, then bipinnate, the leaflets ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, sometimes lobed at base, 1-2.5 cm. long; umbels 3-5 cm. broad; involucral bracts few, linear; fruit oblong-cylindrical, 4 mm. long. Very common in wet places; first found at Nootka Sound by Haenke. Sometimes called Water Parsley. 355. LILAEOPSIS. Small glabrous perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud; leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped jointed pet- ioles; flowers white, in few-flowered umbels which are subtended by minute bracts; calyx- teeth small; fruit glabrous, globose or but slightly compressed laterally; carpel with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs, the lateral ribs thick and corky next to the commissure; stylopodium flat; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. 266 -UMBELLIFERAE. Lilaeopsis occidentalis Coult. & Rose. Leaves linear-attenuate, 3-18 cm. long; peduncles much shorter than the leaves; fruit 2 mm. long, the lateral ribs corky-thickened. ^81 Muddy shores of lakes, Alaska to Oregon, often abundant enough to make a dense sward. 356. BERULA. Smooth aquatic perennials, with simply pinnate leaves; in- volucre and involucels of conspicuous narrow bracts; flowers white; calyx- teeth minute; fruit compressed laterally, nearly round, glabrous; carpels nearly globose with slender inconspicuous ribs; stylopodium conical; oil tubes numerous and contiguous, closely surrounding the seed cavity. Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville. Stems erect, 20-90 cm. high; leaflets 5-9 pairs, linear to oblong or ovate, serrate or incised or somewhat laciniately lobed, 2-8 cm. long; peduncles 2-5 cm. long; fruit barely 2 mm. long. In wet places, very rare in our limits; near Tacoma, Flett. 357. LIGUSTICUM. LOVAGE. Smooth perennials from large aromatic roots; leaves usually large, ternately or ternately-pinnately compound; flowers white or pinkish, in large many rayed umbels; involucre usually none; involucels narrow; calyx teeth small or obsolete; fruit oblong or ovoid, compressed laterally if at all, glabrous; carpels with promi- nent and equal ribs; stylopodium conical; oil tubes 2-6 in the intervals, 6-10 on the commissural side. Stems naked, the leaves mostly basal; flowers purplish. L. purpureum. Stems leafy; flowers white. Leaflets coarsely toothed or lobed. L. apiodorum. Leaflets deeply cleft into linear lobes. L. apiifolium. Ligusticum purpurem Coult. & Rose. Nearly glabrous; stems 40-60 cm. high; leaves nearly all basal, once or twice ternate, then pinnate; leaflets ovate, obtuse, incisely toothed or lobed, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers purple-tinged; rays of the umbel few, 2-3 cm. long; fruit 4 mm. long. In alpine meadows, at about the limit of trees, in the Cascade Mountains. Ligusticum apiodorum (Gray) Coult. & Rose. Glabrous, except the puberulent inflorescence and the scabrous leaf margins; stems 60-90 cm. high; leaves ternately decompound; leaflets distinct or somewhat confluent, cuneate- oblong, incised, paler beneath; umbels 6-15-rayed, the rays 3-5 cm. long; involucels linear-setaceous; flowers white or pinkish; fruit 3-4 mm. long. Portland, Oregon, Henderson, and south to San Francisco, California. Ligusticum apiifolium (Nutt.) Gray. Nearly glabrous up to the puberulent inflorescence; stems 60-120 cm. high; leaves twice to thrice ternate, then pin- nate, ultimate segments ovate, deeply cleft into linear mostly entire acute lobes; umbel many-rayed, the rays 5-10 cm. long; flowers white; fruit 4 mm. long. In open woods and prairies, not common. First collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the Willamette River. UMBELLIFERAE. 267 358. GLEHNIA. Low villous-tomentose herbs growing in drifting sands along the seashore; leaves thickish, densely white-tomentose beneath, once or twice ternate or ternate-pinnate, with ovate or roundish leaflets; flowers whitish; bracts subulate; calyx- teeth small; fruit globose, glabrous; carpel somewhat flattened dorsally with 5 equal broad and corky thickened wings; stylopodium flat; oil-tubes 2-3 in the intervals, 4-6 on the commissural side. Glehnia littoralis (Gray) Schmidt. Herbage villous-tomentose; stems very short; leaves twice-ternate and then pinnate, the leaflets rather fleshy, ovate to orbicular, serrate to dentate, densely white tomentose beneath, 2-5 cm. long; stems shorter than the leaves; rays of the umbel 10-12; fruits 8-10 mm. broad, with wings 3 mm. wide. Common in drifting sand along the ocean coast, Oregon to Alaska; first collected by Cooper at Shoalwater Bay or Willapa Harbor. 359. HESPEROGENIA. Low acaulescent plants; leaves once or twice ternate; flowers yellow, in umbels with a few unequal rays, with one or two bractlets and no involucre; calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit glabrous, nearly orbicular or short-oblong, compressed laterally, rounded at base and apex; carpel with indistinct filiform ribs; stylopodium none; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. Hesperogenia Strickland! Coult. & Rose. Glabrous, pale green; root stout; leaves all basal, ternate or biternate, long-petioled, the segments lanceo- late, acutish, rather thick, 8-12 mm. long; stems 8-10 cm. high, naked, with a single reduced leaf; rays 3-6, unequal; flowers yellow; fruit 2 mm. long. Known only from Mount Rainier, Allen, Flett. 360. OROGENIA. Dwarf glabrous acaulescent plants from tuberous or fusiform roots; leaves ternate with linear segments; flowers white, in a subcompound umbel with a few linear bractlets and no involucre; calyx- teeth minute; fruit glabrous, oblong, very slightly com- pressed laterally ; carpels with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs and excessively thickened lateral ones; stylopodium flattened; oil- tubes very small, 3 in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissural side. Orogenia linearifolia Wats. Tuber globose; scape slender, 2-12 cm. high; leaves 2 or 3, ternate or biternate, glabrous, the leaflets linear, obtuse, entire, 2-5 cm. long; umbels 2-10-rayed; flowers white, nearly sessile; fruit 3-4 mm. long. Willamette Valley, Oregon, to Idaho, Utah and California. 361. SIUM. Perennial, growing in water or in wet places; leaflets serrate or pinnatifid; involucres and involucels of numerous narrow bracts; flowers white; calyx- teeth minute; stylopodium depressed; 268 UMBELLIFERAE. styles short; fruit compressed laterally, ovate to oblong, glabrous; carpels with prominent corky nearly equal ribs; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals, never solitary in all the intervals, 2-7 on the commissural side; seed subangular, with plane commissural face. Slum suave Walt. (S. cicutaefolium Schrank.) Stout, 60-80 cm. tall; leaves pinnate, with 7-17 linear or lanceolate serrate acuminate leaflets, these 5—12 cm. long; umbel many-rayed, the rays 2.5—4 cm. long; fruit 3 mm. long, with prominent ribs. Margins of lakes and ponds, common. When growing in water the leaflets are finely dissected. 362. COELOPLEURUM. Stout glabrous seacoast perennial herbs; leaves 2-3-ternate on very large inflated petioles; flowers greenish-white, in many-rayed umbels with a few-leaved deciduous involucre and numerous small linear-lanceolate involucels; calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit oblong, slightly flattened laternally if at all, glabrous; carpels with very thick and prominent corky ribs which become hollow, all equal or the lateral ones broadest; oil tubes small, 2-4 on the commissural side and 1 or 2 under each rib. Leaflets acute or acuminate, not thick. C. longipes. Leaflets obtuse, very thick. C. maritimum. Coelopleurum longipes Coult. & Rose. Glabrous below the inflorescence; stems stout, 1-1.5 m. high, loosely branched above; leaflets ovate, acute to acuminate, cuneate at base, mostly sharply serrate, 3-5 cm. long; inflorescence puberulent; umbel large, flat-topped, 10-15 cm. broad; fruit oblong, 3 mm. broad, 4-6 mm. long. Along the seacoast of Washington and British Columbia. Scarcely dis- tinct from the Alaska C. gmelini (DC.) Ledeb. Coelopleurum maritimum Coult. & Rose. Very similar to C. longipes; leaflets broadly ovate, often subcordate, obtuse, 6-7 cm. long; fruit 6-7 cm. long. On ocean bluffs near the mouth of the Columbia River; Ilwaco, Washington, Henderson, Piper; Astoria, Oregon, Cooper. Family 73. CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs; leaves simple, alternate or op- posite; flowers regular, perfect, polygamous or dioecious, in cymes or heads; calyx- tube adherent to the ovary; petals and stamens 4, on the margin of an epigynous disk in the perfect flowers; style 1; ovary 1-2-celled, with one ovule in each cell; fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe. Flowers perfect, in loose or head-like cymes. 363. CORNUS, 269. Flowers dioecious, in spikes. 364. GARRYA, 269. CORNACEAE. 269 363. CORNUS. DOGWOOD. Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, sometimes appar- ently whorled, entire; flowers perfect, in a cymose or capitate cluster; calyx minutely 4-toothed; petals 4, oblong or ovate; stamens 4, with slender filaments; style 1 ; drupe ovoid or oblong, with a 2-celled 2-seeded stone, Flowers in loose cymes, not involucrate; fruit white. C. occidentalis. Flowers in head-like cymes, surrounded by a conspicuous in- volucre; fruit red. Tree, 10-20 m. high; bracts 4-8 cm. long. C. nuttallii. Herb, 8-20 cm. high; bracts 1-2 cm. long. C. canadensis. Cornus occidentalis (T. & G.) Coville. Much branched shrub, 2-5 m. high, with red twigs, these hairy when young; leaves ovate to oval, acute to acuminate, mostly cuneate at base, glabrous above, loose pubescent beneath, 4-8 cm. long; petiole 1-2 cm. long; cymes short-peduncled, 2-6 cm. broad, pubescent; flowers cream-colored, 6-8 mm. broad; fruit globose, white; stone oblique, compressed, the edge furrowed. In wet ground, especially on stream banks, common. Cornus nuttallii Audubon. Tree 6-12, rarely 20 m. high; bark gray-brown, smooth or on very old trunks flaky; young twigs pubescent; wood fine-grained, white; winter buds sharp-pointed; leaves obovate, acute or acuminate, cuneate at base, puberulent above, pubescent beneath, 8-12 cm. long; petioles 6-20 mm. long; heads hemispheric, 1-2 cm. broad, surrounded by an involucre of 4-8, usually 5-6, obovate cream-colored or sometimes pink bracts, 4-5 cm. long; drupes bright shiny orange-red, 25-40 in each cluster, each tipped with the persistent calyx; stone nearly as broad as long. British Columbia to California. Under cultivation the dogwood frequently blooms a second time in the fall and under such conditions the involucral bracts are oftener pink tinged. Cornus canadensis L. Perennial herb, 10-20 cm. high, the rootstocks woody; stems scaly below, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of leaves above, forming a false whorl and sometimes a pair near the middle; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base, sessile, entire, sparsely puberulent, 2-4 cm. long; peduncle solitary, 4-5 cm. long; involucral bracts 4-6, white, ovate, 8-16 mm. long; flowers greenish, small, in dense heads; fruit bright red, globular, 4 mm. in diameter. In rich woods, especially in the mountains. 364. GARRYA. Evergreen shrubs, with 4-angled branchlets; leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous, with short connate petioles; flowers dioecious, in axillary aments; petals none; staminate flowers with a 4-parted calyx; stamens 4; filaments distinct; disk and ovary none; pistillate flowers with a 2-lobed or obsolete calyx-limb; stamens and disk none; styles 2, stigmatic on the inner side, persistent; ovary 1-celled; berry blue or purple, ovoid, 1-2-seeded. Garrya elliptica Dougl. Shrub, 2-3 m. tall; leaves elliptical or oval, mucronate, undulate-margined, dark-green and shiny above, densely tomen- tose beneath, 5-10 cm. long; staminate aments 5-20 cm. long, the silky bracts 270 PYROLACEAE. acute to truncate; pistillate aments 3-8 cm. long, the bracts acute or acu- minate; fruit globose, sessile, densely tomentose, 6-9 mm. in diameter. Douglas reports this shrub " plentiful on the shore, in rocky situations, on the south side of the Columbia, near its confluence with the sea." No recent specimens seem to have been collected north of the Rogue River. Family 74. PYROLACEAE. PYROLA FAMILY. Perennial green herbs or chlorophyll-less and leafless root- parasites or saprophytes; flowers solitary, racemose or corym- bose, often on a scape, perfect, nearly regular; calyx 2-6-lobed or parted, free from the ovary; corolla gamopetalous and 5- toothed or of 5 separate petals; stamens 10, with one- or two- horned anthers; ovary superior, 4- or 5-celled; style short or slender, often declined; capsule globose, 4- or 5-lobed, loculicidally 4- or 5-valved. Ovary 1-celled. Petals united; sepals 2 or 4, entire. 365. NEWBERRYA, 270. Petals distinct; sepals 4 or 5. Sepals and petals fimbriate; anthers long. 366. PLEURICOSPORA, 271. Sepals and petals entire; anthers short. 367. PITYOPUS, 271. Ovary 4- or 5-celled. Petals none; flowers in a spike. 368. ALLOTROPA, 271. Petals present; flowers solitary or in racemes or corymbs. Petals united almost to the tips. 369. PTEROSPORA, 272. Petals free almost or quite to the base. White, tawny or red (sometimes turning black on drying) chlorophyll-less parasites or saprophytes. Flowers solitary. 370. MONOTROPA, 272. Flowers in a 1-sided raceme. 371. HYPOPITYS, 272. Green chlorophyll-bearing herbs. Flowers solitary. 372. MONESES, 273. Flowers in racemes or corymbs. Inflorescence a corymb; style short. 373. CHIMAPHILA, 273. Inflorescence a raceme; style mostly long. 374. PYROLA, 274. 365. NEWBERRYA. Stout simple stemmed fleshy white herbs without chlorophyll and with flowers in a dense spike; leaves scale-like; calyx of 2, rarely 3 or 4 sepals; corolla tubular-urceolate, 4-5-lobed; stamens normally 8 or 10, sometimes fewer; filaments pubescent above the middle with long hairs; disk of short and deflexed glands alter- nating with the stamens; ovary ovate; style long; stigma de- pressed-capitate; placentae of 4-8 broad lamellae bearing ovules on both surfaces. PYROLACEAE. 271 Newberrya congesta (Gray) Torr. (Hemitomes congestum Gray; Neiv- berrya longiloba Small.) Whole plant white or brownish, glabrous, 10-20 cm. high; scale-like leaves imbricated, oval to oblong, obtuse, rather thin, obscurely erose, passing into the similar bracts; flowers in a short crowded raceme; corolla-lobes ovate, obtuse to acute, hairy within. In deep woods, British Columbia to Oregon, rare. 366. PLEURICOSPORA. Stout fleshy white herbs without chlorophyll and with the flowers crowded into a dense spike; leaves scale-like; calyx of 4-5 sepals; corolla of 4-5 plane petals; stamens 8 or 10; filaments glabrous; anthers introrse, the cells opening longitudinally from base to apex; ovary ovoid; style columnar; stigma depressed capitate to funnelform; placentae parietal, commonly 8. Petals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, as long as the sepals; lower scales entire. P. fimbriolata. Petals spatulate, much longer than the sepals; lower scales laciniate. P- longipetala. Pleuricospora fimbriolata Gray. Whole plant white, fleshy, glabrous, stout, 5-20 cm. high; scale-like leaves numerous, the lower ovate and entire, the upper narrower and fringed; flowers in a dense corymb; bracts fringed, as long as the corolla. In deep coniferous woods in the mountains, rare; British Columbia to California. Pleuricospora longipetala Howell. Stem slender, 10-15 cm. high; scale- like leaves well-imbricated, lanceolate, acuminate, laciniately toothed; flowers white or yellowish, numerous, in a dense oblong raceme; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate, laciniately toothed, about as long as the bracts; petals narrowly spatulate, 12 mm. long, much longer than the sepals, the obtuse apex fimbriate. In dense woods, near the hot springs in Clackamas County, Oregon, Howell. 367. PITYOPUS. White herb, glabrous or nearly so; leaves scale-like; inflores- cence a dense bracteate spike; sepals 4 or 5, distinct, persistent; petals as many, pubescent; stamens 8 or 10; filaments pubescent; anthers short; ovary 1-celled, ovoid, 4-5-lobed, each lobe 2- ribbed; style stout; stigma truncate, annular; ovules many. Pityopus oregona Small. Whole plant white and glabrous; stem stout, about 10 cm. high; scales triangular or the upper lanceolate, acute, entire or erose, 1-2 cm. long; bracts lanceolate to spatulate; sepals rhomboid-lanceolate, 12 mm. long; petals oblong, obtuse, pubescent within, as long as the sepals. In dense woods, north of Mount Hood, Oregon, Howell; and the same or a very similar species (Monotropa californica Eastwood) in Marin County, California. 368. ALLOTROPA. Reddish chlorophyll-less herbs writh numerous scale-like leaves; flowers in a spike; sepals 5, roundish, persistent; petals none; stamens 10, glabrous; style at first short, at length longer; 272 PYROLACEAE. stigma large, capitate; ovary globose, 5-celled; seeds numerous, on the thick axillary placenta. Allotropa virgata T. & G. Whole plant dark reddish; stem simple, stout, erect, 30-50 cm. high, 1 cm. or more in diameter, swollen at base; scale-like leaves numerous, especially near the base, the lower ones ovate, the upper lanceolate, attenuate, acuminate; spike dense; bracts linear; sepals erosely dentate. In open rather dry coniferous woods, British Columbia to California. A plant of remarkable appearance. 369. PTEROSPORA. Stout simple purplish-brown clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herbs without chlorophyll; stem wand-like, with scattered lanceo- late scales toward the base, in place of leaves; flowers many, nodding, white, in a long bracted raceme; corolla gamopetalous, ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed; stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, awned on the back; stigma 5-lobed; capsule globose, flattened, 5-lobed, 5-celled; seeds very numerous. Pterospora andromedea Nutt. A reddish purple glandular-hairy herb, with straight simple flowering stems, 30-90 cm. high; roots coral-like, much branched; scale-like leaves brownish, scarious, attenuate-lanceolate, largest and most numerous below, 1-3 cm. long; raceme elongated, the flowers nodding on pedicels 1-2 cm. long; bracts small, narrow; flowers white or pinkish, 4-5 mm. broad; capsules flattened, globose, 1 cm. wide. Coniferous woods in the mountains, usually occurring in colonies. The plants die after blooming. 370. MONOTROPA. White chlorophyll-less herbs which turn black on drying; stems clustered; flowers solitary, nodding, on scapes; sepals 2-4, deciduous; petals 5 or 6 oblong, not saccate, tardily deciduous; stamens 10-12; anthers short, peltate; disk 10-12-toothed, united to the base of the ovary; style short, thick; stigma funnelform, with obscurely crenate margin; ovary 5-celled; seeds minute. Monotropa uniflora L. Whole plant bluish-white, rarely pinkish, drying black, glabrous; stems 10-30 cm. high, usually clustered; scale-like leaves scattered, broadly lanceolate, entire; flower nodding; fruit erect. Rich woods, rather common. 371. HYPOPITYS. Whitish tawny or reddish chlorophyll-less herbs; roots a dense mass of fleshy fibers; flowers in a nodding one-sided raceme on a slender scape; sepals and petals 5 in the terminal flower, 3-4 in the lateral ones; petals saccate at the base; stamens 6-10; filaments subulate-filiform; anthers horizontal; disk 8-10- toothed, united to the base of the ovary; style slender; stigma funnelform, its margin glandular-ciliate; ovary 3-5-celled. Bracts and sepals merely ciliate. H. hypopitys. Bracts and sepals fimbriate. H. fimbriata. PYROLACEAE. 273 Hypopitys hypopitys (L.) Small. Whole plant reddish or yellowish, some- what pubescent, 10-40 cm. high; scale-like leaves lance-ovate, entire or slightly erose, scattered above, densely arranged below; flowers 3-20, racemose, nodding at first, erect in fruit; terminal flower 5-merous, the lateral ones 3-4-merous; style terete; stigma disk-like; pod subglobose. In coniferous woods, especially in the mountains at low altitudes, common. H. brevis Small described from specimens collected at Independence Valley, Oregon, by Craig, is said to differ by having the style much dilated upward and the 'stigma funnelform. Hypopitys fimbriata (Gray) Howell. Very similar to H. hypopitys but the upper scales, the bracts and the sepals laciniate or fimbriate. In coniferous woods, rare. Reported from Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, and Chilliwack, British Columbia, Macoun; Cascade Mountains of Oregon; not yet known to occur in Washington. 372. MONESES. Low perennial glabrous herbs; flowers solitary on a slender scape, drooping, white or pink; petals 5, distinct, widely spread- ing, orbicular; stamens 10; filaments not enlarged in the middle, naked; anthers conspicuously 2-horned; style exserted; stigma large, peltate, with 5 short radiating lobes; ovary globose, 4-5- celled; ovules numerous; capsule subglobose, 4-5-celled, 4-5- valved; seeds numerous, minute. Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray. Rootstock very slender; stems erect, bearing 2-4 pairs or whorls of leaves; leaves obovate or orbicular, obtuse, finely crenate or dentate, 8-20 mm. long, narrowed at the base, the petioles shorter; scapes 5-12 cm. high, 1-flowered, usually bearing a solitary bract; flowers white, nodding, 12-20 mm. broad; capsules erect, 6-8 mm. broad. Coniferous woods in the mountains. The Pacific Coast plant has by some botanists been considered distinct under the name M. reticulata Nutt. 373. CHIMAPHILA. PIPSISSEWA. Low nearly herbaceous perennials; leaves irregularly opposite, whorled or scattered, coriaceous, short-petioled, serrate; flowers in corymbs on a leafy stem; petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular; anthers 2-horned; stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and con- spicuous radiating lobes; valves of the capsule naked. Flowers many; leaves cuneate-oblanceolate, numerous. C. umbellata. Flowers few; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, few. C. menziesii. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. (C. occidental-is Rydb.) Stems 15-30 cm. high, erect from horizontal rootstocks; leaves evergreen, leathery, cuneate- oblanceolate, acute, serrate, 2-4 cm. long, short-petioled, glabrous or minutely puberulent; flowers 4-8, pink, about 1 cm. broad, in terminal corymbs; fila- ments bearded on the margins; capsule 6-8 mm. broad. Deep coniferous woods, common. Chimaphila menziesii (R. Br.) Spreng. Stems 10-15 cm. high; leaves few, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, the principal veins bordered with white; peduncle 1-3-flowered; petals white or pinkish; bracts ovate or orbicular; filaments expanded and hairy in the middle. In deep coniferous woods especially in the mountains. 274 PYROLACEAE. 374. PYROLA. Low and smooth perennial herbs; leaves roundish, petioled, evergreen, basal or nearly so; flowers nodding, in a simple raceme, on a more or less scaly-bracted scape; corolla of 5 concave more or less converging petals; stamens 10; ovary 4- or 5-celled; ovules very numerous; fruit a flattened globose 5-lobed 5-celled capsule. Style straight. P. secunda. Style curved downward. Green leaves none, or very rudimentary. Flowers red. P. aphylla. Flowers white. P. dentata. Green leaves present. Calyx lobes obtuse, very short; flowers greenish. P. chlorantha. Calyx lobes acute. Flowers white or whitish. Veins of leaves white-bordered. P. picta. Veins of leaves not white-bordered. P. dentata. Flowers red or pink. Leaves coriaceous, shiny, acute. P. bracteata. Leaves thin, dull, obtuse. P. elata. Pyrola secunda L. Rootstocks slender, usually much branched; stems erect or ascending; leaves somewhat clustered at the base, ovate, obtuse or acute, crenate, 1-3 cm. long, on slender petioles 1 cm. long; scapes 10-25 cm. high, with few scale-like bracts, which also occur between the leaves; raceme one-sided, 3-8 cm. long; flowers white, on short pedicels, soon nodding; corolla regular; petals oblong, 4 mm. long, each with a pair of tubercles at base; anthers obtuse; stigmas large, 5-lobed. Deep coniferous woods, especially in the mountains. Pyrola aphylla Smith. Stems 20-40 cm. high, erect, the whole plant red or very rarely with one or two small green leaves; rootstock stout, scaly, branched; leaves reduced to lanceolate or subulate bracts; raceme loose, 10-30- flowered; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; petals obovate, pink; anthers beaked; style nearly straight, declined. In coniferous woods. The rare form with small green leaves has been called P. aphylla paucifolia Howell. Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Leaves orbicular, often retuse, thick, not shiny, small, mostly 2-3 cm. long, shorter than the petioles; scapes 10-20 cm. high, bractless or with solitary bracts; raceme 3-10-flowered; petals greenish-white, rounded; calyx-lobes very short and obtuse; anthers beaked. In deep coniferous woods. Pyrola picta Smith. Rootstocks creeping; leaves tufted at base, oblong, ovate or orbicular, obtuse or acute, mucronate, obscurely denticulate or entire, green, variegated with white along the veins, often purple beneath, 2-6 cm. long; petioles margined, 1-3 cm. long; scapes erect, 15-30 cm. high, with few bracts, 10-20-flowered; calyx-lobes short, ovate, about one-fourth as long as the petals; corolla irregular; petals white, 6-7 mm. long; anthers constricted at the apex; style deflexed, with a projecting collar at the base of the stigma. Open coniferous woods, common. Pyrola dentata Smith. Loosely tufted; leaf blades mostly oblong to ob- lanceolate, remotely dentate to subentire, obtuse or acute, dull green or glau- cous, not mottled, 2—6 cm. long, tapering at base into petioles nearly as long; scapes 10-25 cm. high, naked or with 1-3 scales; raceme 5- 15 -flowered; bracts ERICACEAE. 275 triangular-lanceolate; calyx-lobes deltoid-ovate, scarcely longer than broad; petals cream-colored, obovate; style deflexed. In dry soil, in open pine woods. Allied to P. dentata and P. picta is a group of puzzling forms which represent different degrees of saprophytism rather than specific distinctions. P. pallida Greene has very glaucous leaves and usually grows in dense shade. P. sparsifolia Suksdorf and P. dentata integra Gray are apparently the same as P. pallida but with the leaves smaller in size and number or even reduced to scales. P. septentrionalis Andres may be a good species distinguished by having deltoid-lanceolate calyx-lobes longer than broad. P. blanda Andres and P. conardiana Andres are apparently not different from P. septentrionalis. There is need of much field study and more copious material of all of these forms before their real relationships can be made clear. Pyrola bracteata Hook. Leaves all basal, green, coriaceous, ovate, acute, rounded at base, crenulate, 3-6 cm. long; petioles margined, as long as the blades; scapes 20-40 cm. high, with several brownish scarious lanceolate bracts; racemes many-flowered; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute, about half as long as the petals; corolla irregular, dull-red, about 1 cm. broad; anthers slightly constricted at apex; style declined, with a collar-like ring at the base of the stigma. Coniferous woods, common. Pyrola elata Nutt. Very similar to P. bracteata; but leaves broadly ob- ovate or orbicular, obtuse, thinner, not shiny; flowers paler. In wet places in woods. Probably not distinct from the more eastern P. uliginosa Torr. & Gr. Family 75. ERICACEAE. HEATHER FAMILY. Perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves simple, commonly alternate, articulated to the stem, without stipules; flowers regular, or nearly so; corolla generally gamopetalous, 4- or 5-lobed; stamens as many or twice as many as the corolla lobes, hypogynous; style single; ovary with as many cells as the corolla-lobes, or rarely less; seeds small; endosperm fleshy. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Erect shrubs; corolla cylindric or urn-shaped. 375. VACCINIUM, 276. Trailing vines; corolla deeply 4-cleft, the lobes spreading. 376. OXYCOCCUS, 277. Calyx-tube free from the ovary. Fruit a berry or drupe. Calyx becoming large and fleshy; bark not red. 377. GAULTHERIA, 278. Calyx small; bark red. Tree; fruit a many-seeded berry. 378. ARBUTUS, 278. Shrub; fruit a 5-10-seeded drupe. 379. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, 279. Fruit a dry capsule. Anther-cells each tipped with a recurved awn. Corolla 5-lobed; peduncles lateral. 380. CASSIOPE, 280. Corolla 5-cleft; peduncles terminal. 381. HARRIMANELLA, 280. Anther-cells not appendaged. Petals not united; bracts deciduous. 276 ERICACEAE. Flowers white, umbelled; leaves evergreen. 382. LEDUM, 280. Flowers coppery, solitary; leaves deciduous. 383. CLADOTHAMNUS, 281. Petals united. Bracts firm, persistent; leaf-buds not scaly. Leaves heath-like; corolla without pouches. 384. PHYLLODOCE, 281 Leaves lanceolate; corolla with 10 pouches which hold the anthers. 385. KALMIA, 282. Bracts thin, deciduous; leaf-buds scaly. Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed. 386. RHODODENDRON, 282. Corolla globose, 4-toothed. 387. MENZIESIA, 282. 375. VACCINIUM. HUCKLEBERRY. Branching shrubs with alternate leaves sometimes coriaceous; flowers small, solitary or in racemes or clusters; corolla various in shape, epigynous, 4- or 5-cleft; stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; fruit a 4- or 5-cellecl or sometimes 8-10- celled berry; seeds numerous. Leaves evergreen; filaments hairy. V. ovatum. Leaves deciduous; filaments glabrous. Flowers in clusters of 2-4; corolla mostly 4-lobed; calyx deeply 4- or 5-parted. Leaves thick, prominently veiny, obtuse or retuse. Leaves thinner, obscurely veiny, obtuse or acute. Flowers solitary; corollas mostly 5-lobed; calyx ob- scurely lobed. Tall shrubs, 1-3 m. high. Leaves serrate; berries blackish without bloom. V. macro phyllum. Leaves entire. Berries blue with a bloom. Berries red. Low shrubs, less than one-half m. high. Branches sharply angled; berries red or wine- colored. Branches terete; berries blue with a bloom. Leaves rather thin, bright green on both sides; corolla ovate or oblong. Leaves thicker, pale and glaucescent; cor- olla globose. V. uliginosum. V. occidentale. V. ovalifolium. V. parvifolium. V. scoparium. V, caespitosum. V. deliciosum. Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. Evergreen; stems much branched, 1-1.5 m. high, very leafy; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat revolute, acute, serrate, short-petioled, dark green, shiny above, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers in short crowded axillary racemes; corolla pink, 4 mm. long; berries black, with or without a bloom. Common in open woods, the berries much gathered by the Indians. First found by Lewis at the mouth of the Columbia River. Vaccinium uliginosum L. Stems 15-60 cm. high, branched and spreading; leaves oblong to obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, dull, pale and slightly ERICACEAE. 277 pubescent beneath, 1-2 cm. long; flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2-3, nearly sessile; corolla urceolate; berries black with a bloom, sweet. Rare in our limits; Mount Constitution, Henderson; Vancouver Island, Macoun. Vaccinium occidentale Gray. Stems about 30 cm. high; leaves oval to obovate and oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, entire, pale, 1-2 cm. long; flowers mostly solitary; corolla oblong-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long; berry black with a bloom. In wet places, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, and through the Cascade Mountains mostly on the eastern side southward to California. Vaccinium macrophyllum (Hook.) Piper. Huckleberry. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, glabrous throughout or nearly so; leaves oval or ovate, acute, rarely obtuse, cuneate at base, finely serrate, paler beneath, 1-4 cm. long, short- petioled; pedicels slender; calyx-limb entire; corolla nearly globose, yellowish, 4-5 mm. long; fruiting pedicels erect; fruit without a bloom, dark wine-colored or nearly black. In forests in the mountains at 1000-1200 m. altitude. The excellent fruit is gathered in large quantities. Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Stems 2-3 m. high, with somewhat angled branchlets; leaves oval to oblong, obtuse, minutely serrulate to nearly entire, thin, glabrous, pale beneath, 2-5 cm. long; flowers solitary, axillary, the pedicels recurved; corolla urceolate, pinkish; berries globose, black with a bloom, acidulous. Common in deep woods at low altitudes in the mountains, rarely found at sea-level. Vaccinium parvifolium Smith. Stems 1-2 m. tall, with green sharp-angled branchlets; leaves oblong to oval, obtuse, nearly entire, 6-20 mm. long; flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels recurved; corolla globose, pink-tinged, 10—12 mm. long; berries clear red, acid and agreeable. In woods, very common. The leaves of young plants are evergreen. Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg. Low bushy glabrous shrub, 15-40 cm. high, with numerous erect branches, green, all sharply angled; leaves very small, oval to ovate, serrate, bright green; corolla ovoid, 2 mm. long; berries light red, 2-4 mm. in diameter. In the mountains at 1500-2000 m. altitude. Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Low bushy shrub, 10-30 cm. high, glabrous or minutely puberulent; leaves obovate, obtuse or acute, crenulate- serrulate, cuneate at base, very short-petioled, 1-2 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils, longer than the drooping pedicels; calyx-lobes very short; corolla pink, ovoid, 5-6 mm. long; berry blue, with a bloom, sweet, 3-5 mm. in di- ameter. In moist ground, not common in our limits. Vaccinium deliciosum Piper. Much branched, 10-30 cm. high, the branches terete; leaves pale green, glaucescent, glabrous, obovate to elliptic, acute, crenulate-serrulate, cuneate at base, 2-3 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils, nodding; corollas pinkish, subglobose, 5 mm. long; berries globose, black with a bloom, sweet. Abundant in alpine meadows at about the limit of trees in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains. 376. OXYCOCCUS. CRANBERRY. Trailing woody vines (in ours) with alternate leaves; flowers solitary or few, axillary or terminal, nodding on slender pedicels; 278 ERICACEAE. calyx adherent to the ovary, 4-5-cleft; corolla deeply 4-cleft, with spreading lobes; stamens 8 or 10; filaments separate; anthers connivent; ovary 4-celled; fruit an oblong or globose many-seeded 4- celled juicy red berry. Oxycoccus oxycoccus intermedius (Gray) Piper. Glabrous; stems slender, creeping, 15-40 cm. long; leaves oblong to ovate, acute or obtuse, dark green and shiny above, pale beneath, 6-15 mm. long; pedicels slender, erect, 2-10 together, each bearing a nodding flower; corolla pale rose color, 4-parted, the segments 6-8 mm. long; berry dark red, globose. Common in sphagnum bogs. 377. GAULTHERIA. Shrubs or low and almost herbaceous plants with alternate broad evergreen leaves, shining above; flowers axillary, white or rose-colored, nodding; calyx 5-cleft; corolla urn-shaped to cam- panulate; stamens 10, on the base of the corolla; stigma truncate or obtuse, entire; ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed; fruit berry-like, formed of the fleshy calyx enclosing the capsule. Corolla urceolate; filaments hairy; shrub 0.5-2 m. high. G. shallon. Corolla campanulate; filaments glabrous; shrub 5-20 cm. high. Leaves ovate or subcordate, 2-4 cm. long. G. ovatifolia. Leaves oval, about 1 cm. long. G. humifusa. Gaultheria shallon Pursh. Salal. Shrub; stems .5-2 m. high, crooked, often somewhat decumbent; leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or subcordate at base, acuminate, serrulate, 3-10 cm. long; inflorescence glandular-pubescent; racemes many-flowered, 1-sided, axillary and terminal; corolla white, ovoid, 6-10 mm. long; fruit black or dark-purple, very variable in size, shape and amount of glandular pubescence. A very characteristic shrub of the Douglas spruce forests. Berries edible. First collected by Captain Meriwether Lewis at the mouth of the Columbia River. Gaultheria ovatifolia Gray. Stems procumbent with erect or somewhat as- cending branches, 10-15 cm. high, sparsely pubescent; leaves ovate, acute, serrulate, 2-4 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils; corolla white, campanulate, 5-lobed; fruit scarlet, globose. In open forests in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains at about 1200 m. altitude. Fruit very spicy and delicious. Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. Stems spreading on the ground in tufts, the flowering branches 2-10 cm. long; leaves oval to orbicular, serru- late, 1-2 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils; corolla white, campanulate, 5-lobed; berry globose, scarlet, spicy-flavored. In the Cascade and Olympic Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. 378. ARBUTUS. Trees or shrubs with evergreen leathery alternate petiolate leaves; flowers small, white or flesh-colored, in a terminal cluster of racemes or panicles, with scaly bracts and bractlets; calyx small, 5-parted; corolla globular or ovoid; style long; stigma obtuse; ovary on a hypogynous disk; ovules crowded on a fleshy placenta in the inner angle of each cell. ERICACEAE. 279 Arbutus menziesii Pursh. Madrono,. Evergreen tree, 10-30 m. high, 20-80 cm. in diameter; bark dark red, smooth, exfoliating each year, or on the oldest trunks becoming thicker, roughened and scaly; leaves oval, entire or on young shoots serrulate, obtuse, coriaceous, petioled, 6-12 cm. long, shiny above; inflorescence a panicle, its branches pubescent; calyx-lobes ovate; corolla white, 6-10 mm. long; berries globose, bright orange-red, maturing in autumn, scarcely edible. British Columbia to California. Northward it occurs mainly on bluffs along lake or sea shores. 379. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. MANZANITA. Low shrubs; leaves alternate, coriaceous, persistent, entire or with a few irregular teeth; flowers small, nodding, pink or white, in terminal racemes or clusters; calyx free from the ovary; corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with 5 short teeth; stamens 10; anthers with two reflexed awns on the back; drupe berry-like with 5-10 seed-like nutlets. Erect shrubs 1-2 m. high. A. columbiana. Prostrate creeping shrubs. Leaves retuse at apex. A. uva-ursi. Leaves cuspidate at apex. A . nevadensis. Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper n. sp. A much-branched shrub, 1-3 m. high, the young twigs densely pubescent and setose with white hairs; leaves pale-green, oblong to oblong-ovate, cuspidately acute, 2-6 cm. long, densely tomentulose on both surfaces but becoming glabrous above in age; petioles short, tomentose and somewhat setose; bracts lanceolate, tomentulose, sparsely setose-ciliate; racemes clustered; corolla white, ovoid; ovary tomentose; fruit depressed-globose, red-cheeked. This is the common northern manzanita that has usually been referred to A. tomentosa Lindl. but the type specimens of that species are, according to Miss Alice Eastwood, from Monterey Bay, California, and are identical with A . vestita Eastwood. A . columbiana is common in gravelly soil from Vancouver Island to Oregon and in varying forms throughout much of California. As typical of the species I would designate Piper No. 898 from near Union City, Mason County, Washington. It may be that one or more of Howell's pro- posed species from southwest Oregon are conspecific with A, columbiana but this is doubtful. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick. Prostrate or trailing shrub with red bark, the much branched stems 20-80 cm. long, forming dense mats, glabrous throughout or minutely puberulent; leaves evergreen, leathery, spatulate-obovate, obtuse or notched, cuneate at base, 1-3 cm. long, short- petioled; flowers'^n short racemes; corolla pink, ovoid, 4-5 mm. long; fila- ments hairy; fruit bright red, glabrous, 5-8 mm. in diameter. In open woods, common. A natural hybrid with the preceding is A. media Greene. Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray. Prostrate or decumbent shrub, much branched, the branches 30-60 cm. long; leaves bright green, firm and rigid, ovate to oval, sharply cuspidate, short-petioled, 1-2 cm. long; flowers few, in racemes; corolla white, oblong-ovoid, 6-8 mm. long; fruit globose, red. In the Cascade Mountains at about 2500 m. altitude. 280 ERICACEAE. 380. CASSIOPE. Low tufted evergreen branched heath-like shrubs; leaves small, veinless, imbricated, often opposite orwhorled; flowers solitary, nodding at the tip of an erect naked pedicel; sepals 4 or 5, ovate; corolla white or rose-colored; stamens 8-10, included; style thick- ened at the base; ovary 4- or 5-celled, many-ovuled; capsule globose or ovoid, 4- or 5-valved. Leaves not dorsally furrowed. C. mertensiana. Leaves with a deep dorsal furrow. C. tetragona. Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) G. Don. Stems much branched, 20-40 cm. high, the branches erect; leaves oblong, thick, glabrous, 3-4 mm. long, closely appressed, 4-ranked, not furrowed on the back; pedicels slender; corolla 6 mm. long. Very common in the mountains at about the limit of trees, often occupying large areas. Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don. Very similar to C. mertensiana but stouter; leaves puberulent when young, deeply furrowed on the back. Cascade Mountains, 49th parallel, Lyall, northward to Alaska. Lyall's specimens were probably from east of the Cascade divide as the plant was found near Loomis, Washington, by Elmer. 381. HARRIMANELLA. Low matted shrubs; leaves small, numerous, alternate, per- sistent, sessile or nearly so, linear to oblong; flowers solitary at the ends of the branches; calyx deeply 5-lobed; corolla campan- ulate, white or pink; stamens 10, included; anther-sacs awn- pointed; ovary 5-celled; fruit a subglobose, 5-lobed, 5-valved, many-seeded capsule. Harrimanella stelleriana (Pall.) Coville. Stems very slender, spreading and matted; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, serrulate, 2-4 mm. long; pedicels equalling or exceeding the leaves; calyx-lobes oblong-oval, obtuse; corolla white, 6—7 mm. long; capsules subglobose. Mount Rainier, on moist slopes at about the limit of trees and northward to Alaska. 382. LEDUM. LABRADOR TEA. Erect branching shrubs; leaves alternate, evergreen, entire, more or less resinous-dotted, slightly fragrant when bruised; flowers white, in terminal bracted corymbs; calyx small, 5-tooth- ed, persistent; petals 5, obovate or oval, obtuse; stamens 5 or 10, exserted; style filiform, exserted; stigma 5-lobed; ovary ovoid, 5-celled; capsule oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved. Leaves glaucous beneath. L. columbianum. Leaves rusty-tomentose beneath. L. groenlandicum. Ledum columbianum Piper. Erect with erect branches, 60-90 cm. high; bark becoming smooth and brown; leaves oblong, reticulate, 4-6 cm. long, rather obtuse but apiculate, strongly revolute, dark green and glabrous above, ERICACEAE. 281 whitish and resinous-dotted beneath, the midrib and short petiole minutely puberulent as well; corymbs terminal, convex, 3-5 cm. broad; pedicels slender, puberulent and resinous-dotted, recurved in fruit, 1.5-3 cm. long; lobes of the calyx very small, broadly rounded; petals white, oval, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse; stamens 5-7, the filaments sparsely hirsute at base; ovary minutely canescent and resinous-dotted; capsules oblong, acutish. In sphagnum bogs, near the mouth of the Columbia River. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Very similar to L. colnmbianum but less glandular and leaves rusty-woolly beneath. Common in sphagnum bogs. 383. CLADOTHAMNUS. Shrubs with erect branching stems; leaves alternate, narrow, entire, with obscure alternate lateral veins, petioled; flowers perfect, solitary-axillary or in few-flowered corymbose clusters; calyx rotate, with 5 narrow lobes which are much longer than the tube; corolla copper-colored; petals narrow; stamens 10, shorter than the petals; filaments subulate; style elongated, enlarged at the apex; stigma capitate, somewhat lobed; ovary 5-6-celled, lobed; capsule depressed-globose. Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus Bong. Erect shrub about 2 m. high; leaves membranaceous, obovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, usually mucronate, ciliolate when young, 2-4 cm. long, paler beneath; flowers short-peduncled; calyx-lobes oblong-linear, more or less ciliolate; petals coppery-red, 10-15 mm. long. Saddle Mountain, near Astoria, Oregon, Gorman; Baldy Peak, Jefferson County, Washington, Lamb; Cascade Mountains, 49th parallel, Lyall, and northward to Alaska. 384. PHYLLODOCE. Low alpine heath-like evergreen undershrubs; leaves numer- ous, linear, obtuse, serrulate; flowers solitary or in umbels at the ends of the branches; calyx free from the ovary; corolla 5-toothed; stamens 10; anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments; fruit a 5-celled 5-valved, many-seeded dry capsule. Corolla ovoid, yellowish, glandular. P. glanduliflora. Corolla campanulate, red, glabrous. P. empetriformis. Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Coville. Stems erect, with erect branches, 20-40 cm. high; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, thick, serrulate, 5-10 mm. long; inflorescence glandular; corolla glandular, pale yellow, ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, the tube very short. Cascade and Olympic Mountains at about 2500 m. altitude, rarely found growing with P. empetriformis. Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) D. Don. Much branched, 15-50 cm. high; flowers in umbels; corolla rose-colored, campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, the lobes shorter than the tube. Abundant in the mountains at the limit of trees. Very showy when in bloom and locally called " heather." 282 ERICACEAE. 385. KALMIA. Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves; flowers showy, solitary or in corymbs; calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-lobed; filaments long and filiform; capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. Kalmia polifolia Wang. (K. glauca Ait.) Shrub, 30-60 cm. high, not much branched; leaves oblong, the margin revolute, shiny green above, glau- cous beneath, 2-3 cm. long; flowers in simple flat-topped corymbs; sepals ovate; corolla purple, 12-18 mm. broad. In sphagnum bogs, very showy when in bloom. The western plant is considered by Small to be distinct from the eastern species, under the name K. occidentalis Small. Kalmia polifolia microphylla (Hook.) Piper n. comb. (K. glauca micro- phylla Hook.) Smaller; stems 15-20 cm. high; leaves 1-2 cm. long; corolla 8-12 mm. broad. In swamps at high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains. 386. RHODODENDRON. Shrubs or small trees; leaves mostly alternate, entire; flowers large and showy, in umbelled clusters from terminal buds; calyx small; corolla bell-shaped or funnelform, with 5 lobes, regular or irregular; stamens as many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Leaves evergreen; inflorescence terminal; flowers pink. R. calif ornicum . Leaves deciduous; inflorescence lateral; flowers white. R. albiflorum. Rhododendron californicum Hook. Shrub 2-3 or rarely 5-6 m. high; leaves coriaceous, oblong, slightly revolute, shiny green above, pale beneath, obtuse and mucronate, acute at base, 10-15 cm. long; flowers numerous; calyx-lobes very short, obtuse; corolla turbinate-campanulate, rose-colored, 3 cm. long, with broad rounded lobes. In open woods, British Columbia to California. Very local in distribution but usually abundant where found. R. macrophyllum Don is an older name which probably applies to our plant. It was collected by Menzi.es on the " Northwest Coast " and described, probably erroneously, as having white flowers. Rhododendron albiflorum Hook. (Azaleastrum albiflorum Rydb.) Shrub, 1-2 m. high, with erect or clustered branches; herbage strigose-pubes- cent and somewhat glandular; leaves membranaceous, oblong, undulate, acute, 3-6 cm. long; flowers in small lateral clusters of 1-3, nodding; sepals ovate, glandular-ciliate; corolla creamy-white, open campanulate, 5-lobed, 2 cm. long. Common in the mountains at the limit of trees. 387. MENZIESIA. Shrubs with alternate hairy deciduous leaves; flowers small, nodding, greenish-purple, in terminal corymbs or umbels, de- veloped with the leaves; calyx small or minute, flattish, 4-toothed or lobed; corolla cylindrical to urn-shaped, 4-lobed; stamens 8; capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. PRIMULACEAE. 283 Menziesia ferruginea Smith. Erect shrub, 1-2 m. high, the branches inclined to be falsely whorled, the young branchlets strigose; leaves thin, oblong or obovate, mostly acute, short-mucronate, cuneate at base, serrulate and ciliate, strigose above, paler beneath, 2-5 cm. long; petioles short; pedicels slender, 2-4 cm. long, glandular-puberulent; corolla oblong- or ovoid-campan- ulate, reddish-yellow, 7-9 mm. long; filaments ciliate at base; capsules oblong or obovoid, glabrous; seeds tailed at each end. Along the ocean coast and in the Olympic Mountains in the typical Alaska form. The form in the Cascade Mountains differs in having less pubescent leaves. M. glabella Gray does not occur in our limits. Family 76. PRIMULACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Herbs; leaves simple, mostly entire, alternate, opposite or in a basal cluster, without stipules; flowers regular, perfect; corolla gamopetalous, 4-8-, usually 5-lobed or cleft; stamens as many as and opposite the corolla-lobes, epipetalous; ovary superior, 1- celled, with a free central placenta rising from the base; fruit a capsule; seeds several or many; endosperm fleshy. Stems short; leaves in a basal rosette. Corolla-lobes reflexed; stamens exserted. 388. DODECATHEON, 283. Corolla-lobes erect or spreading; stamens in- cluded. Corolla-tube equalling or exceeding the calyx. 389. DOUGLASIA, 284. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx. 390. ANDROSACE, 284. Stems elongated, leaf-bearing. Leaves mostly clustered near the summit of the stem. 391. TRIENTALIS, 285. Leaves not clustered near the summit of the stem, mostly opposite or whorled. Corolla none, the calyx petal-like; leaves fleshy; flowers sessile, solitary-axillary. 392. GLAUX, 285. Corolla present; leaves not fleshy; flowers in spikes or racemes, or if solitary- axillary then peduncled. Capsule circumscissile; flowers reddish, solitary-axillary. 393. ANAGALLIS, 285. Capsule dehiscent by valves or irregu- larly; flowers yellow. Flowers in racemes or solitary; fila- ments somewhat united at base. 394. LYSIMACHIA, 286. Flowers in spikes; filaments distinct. 395. NAUMBURGIA, 286. 388. DODECATHEON. SHOOTING STAR. BIRD BILL. Perennial smooth or viscid-puberulent stemless herbs; leaves all in a basal cluster, oblong or spatulate; flowers showy, nodding, solitary or in an umbel, on a scape, with an involucre; calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla with a very short tube, 5-parted, purple or white; filaments distinct and short or united into a tube; capsule ovoid or oblong, many-seeded. 284 PRIMULACEAE. Capsule dehiscing by valves from the apex. Filaments united into a yellow tube half as long as the an- thers; flowers purple; leaves entire. D. vulgar e. Filaments free; flowers white; leaves dentate. D. dentatum. Capsule circumscissile; filaments free or nearly so, black. Leaves broadly elliptic to obovate. D. latifolium. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate. D. jeffreyi. Dodecatheon vulgare (Hook.) Piper. (D. pauciflorum (Durand) Greene.) Glabrous throughout, 15-45 cm. high; leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or rarely denticulate, 5-10 cm. long, narrowed into a winged petiole as long; umbels 5-20-flowered; bracts of the involucre triangular-lanceolate, acute, 6-20 mm. long; pedicels 1-6 cm. long; calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, not much longer than the tube; petals purple, 1 cm. long; stamineal tube yellow, half as long as the purple anthers; capsules ovoid, 6-9 mm. long, splitting into 5 teeth at the apex when mature. In dry open ground. Dodecatheon dentatum Hook. Glabrous; leaves ovate to oval, thin, irregu- larly dentate, 5-10 cm. long, the petiole about as long as the blade; scape 20-30 cm. high; calyx-lobes ovate or triangular-ovate, acuminate, about as long as the tube; corolla white with two purple spots at the base of each lobe; capsule cylindric, opening at the tip by teeth. On wet banks in the Cascade Mountains and along the gorge of the Columbia River. Dodecatheon latifolium (Hook.) Piper. (D. hendersoni Gray.) Leaves broad, elliptic or obovate, narrowed at base, entire; scape 10-30 cm. high; corolla dark-purple with yellow center; stamens dark purple, the tube 1-2 mm. long; capsule opening by a lid, then splitting. In open fields and prairies. First found at Fort Vancouver by Douglas. Dodecatheon jeffreyi Van Houtte. (D. mmparum Greene.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 15-25 cm. long, crenate with a minute callus in each notch; scapes 25-50 cm. high; flowers deep purple; stamens distinct to the base, dark purple; capsule opening by a lid. Common in wet alpine meadows. 389. DOUGLASIA. Low tufted herbs, often somewhat woody; leaves in a basal rosette; flowers solitary or in small umbels; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, persistent; corolla-lobes spreading, the tube equalling or exceeding the calyx, the throat contracted and 5-crested be- neath the sinuses; stamens distinct, included; style filiform; ovary 5-ovuled; capsule turbinate, 1 or 2-seeded. Douglasia laevigata Gray. Nearly glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire, obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; flowers blood-red, in small umbels. In the mountains. First found on Mount Hood, Oregon, by Howell; very common in the Olympic Mountains; Goat Mountains near Mount Rainier, Allen. 390. ANDROSACE. Small herbs; leaves in a basal rosette; flowers very small, solitary or in umbels; calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube; corolla salver-shaped or funnelform, 5-parted, the lobes erect or spread- ing, the tube shorter than the calyx; capsule 5-valved. PRIMULACEAE. 285 Androsace filiformis Retz. Glabrous annual; leaves basal in a rosette, ovate, obtuse, entire or denticulate; scapes 2-10 cm. high; bracts of the in- volucre subulate; pedicels capillary, 1-2 cm. long; calyx globose in fruit, the lobes triangular; corolla white, longer than the calyx; capsule globose. In wet places, Forest Grove, Oregon, Marsh. 391. TRIENTALIS. STAR-FLOWER. Low smooth perennials, with simple erect stems; leaves few, alternate, mostly clustered at the summit of the stem, the lower ones reduced to scales; peduncles several, slender, each bearing a solitary flower; corolla rotate, y-parted, rarely 5-, 6- or 8- parted; filaments slender, united at the base; anthers oblong, recurved after dehiscing; style filiform; ovary free; capsule few- seeded. Leaves acute, clustered at top. T. latifolia. Leaves obtuse, scattered along the stem. T. arctica. Trientalis latifolia Hook. Stems 10-30 cm. high, from small rather deep- seated tubers; leaves 4-7, whorled near the top, lanceolate to oblong-oval, acute, 3-8 cm. long, short-petioled; pedicels very slender, shorter than the leaves; corolla lobes pink, lanceolate, acuminate. In woods, very common. Trientalis arctica Fisch. Stems 5-10 cm. high, with scattered obtuse or retuse leaves; corolla nearly white. In cranberry bogs, not rare. 392. GLAUX. Low leafy fleshy perennials; leaves opposite, entire, sessile; flowers sessile, solitary-axillary; calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the lobes ovate or oblong, petal-like; corolla none; stamens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes; capsule 5-valved, few- seeded. Glaux maritima L. Glabrous and glaucous, 8-20 cm. high, usually erect; leaves oblong or ovate, fleshy, mostly opposite, 4-12 mm. long; flowers in the axils, pink. On the seashore, common. 393. ANAGALLIS. PIMPERNEL. Low spreading annual herbs; leaves opposite or whorled, entire; flowers solitary-axillary, peduncled; corolla rotate, with a very short tube, the lobes broad; stamens 5; filaments bearded; capsule circumscissile, many-seeded. Anagallis arvensis L. Annual, glabrous; stems decumbent or ascending, 10-20 cm. high; leaves ovate, sessile; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers orange-scarlet, sometimes white; petals obovate, minutely glandular-ciliate. Introduced from Europe in fields and waste places. 286 PLUMBAGINACEAE. 394. LYSIMACHIA. LOOSESTRIFE. Leafy-stemmed perennial herbs; leaves mostly opposite or whorled, usually glandular-dotted; flowers yellow, in racemes or solitary-axillary; calyx 5-6-parted; corolla rotate, the lobes en- tire, bearing no teeth between the lobes; stamens slightly united at base, often unequal; capsule few to several-seeded. Flowers in a raceme; corolla with dark dots. L. terrestris. Flowers solitary, axillary; corolla not dotted. L. nummularia. Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Glabrous; stems erect, 30-80 cm. high, sometimes bulbiferous in the leaf-axils; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, mostly opposite, the upper reduced to linear or subulate floral bracts; flowers racemose, on slender pedicels; corolla yellow with dark dots, the lobes oblong- lanceolate. In cranberry bogs, Willapa Harbor, Washington, Cora B. Eaton. Doubt- less introduced with cranberry plants from the eastern states. Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort. Stems creeping, 10-30 cm. Jong; herbage glabrous; leaves numerous, orbicular, short petioled; flowers solitary, axillary; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate; corolla 2-3 cm. broad, not dotted, the lobes ovate, obtuse; filaments broadened and slightly united at base. Portland, Oregon, Gorman. Introduced from Europe. 395. NAUMBURGIA. Erect perennial leafy herbs with slender rootstocks; leaves opposite, sessile, punctate; flowers in axillary spikes; calyx 5-7- divided, the segments linear; corolla deeply 5-7-parted, the tube very short and the segments narrow, with or without a small tooth in each sinus; stamens 5-7, distinct, equal; capsule 5-7- valved, few-seeded. Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby. Glabrous or nearly so; stems simple, 20-60 cm. high, erect, from creeping rootstocks; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 3-5 cm. long, the lower ones reduced and scale-like; peduncles axillary from the 1-4 middle pairs of leaves; flowers small, in a dense oblong spike, pale yellow; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, acute; capsule glandular-dotted. In swamps, rare in our limits. Family 77. PLUMBAGINACEAE. LEADWORT FAMILY. Herbs with regular flowers; calyx gamosepalous, of 5 plaited lobes; corolla of 5 nearly distinct or united petals; stamens 5, opposite the corolla-lobes, hypogynous or adnate to their bases; anthers 2-celled; styles 5, distinct or united; ovary superior, 1-celled, with one ovule on a slender stalk rising from the base of the cavity; fruit a 1-seeded utricle. 396. STATICE. Stemless densely tufted perennial herbs; leaves narrow, linear broad and petioled, persistent; flowers rose-colored, in a head OLEACEAE. 287 on a naked scape but subtended by a reversed sheath; calyx scarious, funnelform; corolla of 5 nearly distinct long-clawed petals; stamens 5, on the bases of the petals; styles 5, filiform, free or united only at the base, glabrous or delicately plumose below, stigmatic on the inner side; fruit a utricle. Statice armeria L. Thrift. Perennial, tufted; leaves numerous, narrow, linear, 3-6 cm. long; scapes 10-30 cm. high; bracts scarious, obtuse; calyx-tube 10-nerved, pubescent, the lobes cuspidate; corolla pink. In sandy or gravelly soil, British Columbia to California. Family 78. OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs with opposite pinnate or simple leaves; flowers usually in racemes or panicles; calyx gamosepalous and 4-cleft, toothed, or entire, or none; corolla 4-merous, gamopetalous or polypetalous, or none; stamens usually 2; ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. 397. FRAXINUS. ASH. Large trees with petioled pinnate leaves; flowers in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of leaves of the previous season , dioecious, polygamous or monoecious; calyx small and 4-cleft, or entire, or none; petals none; stamens usually 2; anthers large; style 1; stigma 2-cleft; fruit 1-2-celled flattened, 1-2-seeded. Fraxinus oregana Nutt. Oregon Ash. Tree, 20-40 m. high; bark pale, longitudinally ridged; leaflets 5-7, oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 5-10 cm. long; flowers dioecious, appearing with the leaves; fruit ob- lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long. In low ground, common. Family 79. GENTIANACEAE. GENTIAN FAMILY. Mostly herbs; leaves entire, opposite, sessile, without stipules; flowers perfect, regular, solitary or clustered; corolla gamo- petalous, 4-12-parted; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, epipetalous; ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae; fruit a capsule, usually 2-valved; seeds numerous; endosperm copious. Style filiform, usually decidous; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving with age. 398. CENTAURIUM, 287. Style stout and persistent or none; anthers remaining straight. 399. GENTIANA, 288. 398. CENTAURIUM. Low branching annual herbs; leaves sessile or clasping; flowers white or reddish; calyx 4- or 5-parted; corolla funnel or salver- 288 GENTIANACEAE. form, 4- or 5-parted, the tube slender; anthers exserted, erect, oblong to linear, twisting spirally with age; style filiform, usually deciduous; stigmas capitate or 2-lipped. Basal leaves in a rosette. C. centaurium. Basal leaves not in a rosette. C. minimum. Centaurium centaurium (L.) W. F. Wight. Glabrous; stems 15-30 cm. high; leaves oblong, acutish, 2-5 cm. long, the cauline sessile, the basal petioled and forming a rosette; flowers numerous, in a compound flat-topped cyme; corolla red, 10 mm. long, its lobes obtuse. In waste places, introduced from Europe. Centaurium minimum (Howell) Piper n. comb. (Erythraea minima Howell.) Stems filiform, simple or sparingly branched, 1-2 inches high; leaves lanceolate, acute, 2-6 mm. long; flowers racemosely disposed, all pedicellate; lobes of the pink or white corolla lanceolate, acute, 4 mm. long, more than half as long as the tube; anthers oblong; lobes of the style fan- shaped; seeds globular, strongly pitted. "In wet places, throughout western Oregon." From the description the plant is very closely allied to C. muhlenbergii (Griseb.) W. F. Wight. 399. GENTIANA. GENTIAN. Herbs; leaves opposite; flowers solitary or in cymes, showy, in late summer or autumn; calyx 4- or 5-cleft; corolla funnelform or bell-shaped, 4- or 5-lobed, regular, without glands, often with in- termediate plaited folds which bear appendages at the sinuses; anthers remaining straight with age; style stout, persistent or none; stigmas 2. Annuals; corollas small, less than 2 cm. long. Corolla without appendages between the lobes. G. acuta. Corolla with bifid appendages between the lobes. G. douglasiana. Perennials; corollas 3 cm. or more long, with appendages be- tween the lobes. Stems 15-30 cm. high, clustered, mostly 1-flowered. G. calycosa. Stems taller, mostly solitary, several-many-flowered. G. sceptrum. Gentiana acuta Michx. Annual, erect, simple, or with few erect branches, glabrous, 5-40 cm. high; leaves rather few, the basal spatulate-oblanceolate, obtuse, petioled; cauline oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, sessile, 5-30 mm. long; peduncles from the axils of most of the leaves, 1-4 cm. long; calyx cleft below the middle, the lobes acute, usually very unequal; corolla 5-15 mm. long, without folds in the sinuses, the acutish lobes with a fringe of bristles on their bases within. In open woods, rare in our limits. Gentiana douglasiana Bong. Annual; stems slender, cymosely branched, 10-20 cm. high; leaves ovate, the basal ones in a rosette, the cauline several pairs, 4-8 mm. long; flowers white, in a loose cyme; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 8 mm. long, funnelform, with oblong lobes shorter than the tube, the accessory lobes 2-cleft; capsule stalked. In bogs, Alaska to Vancouver Island, British Columbia; Port Renfrew, British Columbia, Rosendahl Gf Brand. Said to have been collected near Snohomish, Washington, and reported by Hooker from Fort Vancouver, Washington. MENYANTHACEAE. 289 Gentiana calycosa Griseb. Stems tufted, simple, 10-20 cm. high; leaves several pairs, ovate, the uppermost involucrate about the usually solitary flower; corolla deep blue, bell-shaped, 3-4 cm. long. Common along rills in the mountains at about 2000 m. elevation. Gentiana sceptmm Griseb. Perennial, erect, 60-90 cm. high, pale green, simple or branched above; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, mostly acute, 4-8 cm. long; flowers clustered, sometimes dense; calyx-lobes unequal, lanceo- late or narrowly oblong, sometimes as long as the tube; corolla bell-shaped, blue, usually dark spotted within, 3-5 cm. long. In bogs. Very variable as to calyx-lobes; forms with narrow lance-linear leaves have been referred to G. menziesii Griseb. Family 80. MENYANTHACEAE. BUCKBEAN FAMILY. Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with basal or alternate entire crenate or trifoliolate leaves; flowers clustered, regular, perfect; calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent; corolla funnelform to rotate, 5-lobed or 5-cleft; stamens 5, epipetalous, alternate with the corolla-lobes; style long, short, or none; ovary 1 -celled with two parietal placentae; fruit dehiscent or indehiscent. Leaves trifoliolate; corolla lobes fimbriate. 400. MENYANTHES, 289. Leaves simple, reniform; corolla lobes entire. 401. NEPHROPHYLLIDIUM, 289. 400. MENYANTHES. BUCKBEAN. Perennial herbs with thick creeping rootstocks sheathed by the membranous bases of the petioles; leaves trifoliolate; calyx 5-parted; corolla funnelform, 5-cleft; style slender, persistent; stigma 2-lobed; capsule bursting irregularly, many-seeded. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean. Perennial from scaly rootstocks; leaves trifoliolate, the petioles sheathing at base; leaflets oblong to obovate, entire, obtuse; peduncles stout; racemes 10-20-flowered; corolla white or rose-tinged, its lobes bearded above; capsule ovoid. In sphagnum bogs and shallow lakes. 401. NEPHROPHYLLIDIUM. Perennial marsh herbs with creeping rootstocks; basal leaves reniform, deeply and coarsely crenate, 7-nerved at the base, long petioled; flowers white, in short panicled cymes on scapes; calyx deeply parted into 5 elongated lanceolate lobes; corolla short funnelform, divided above the middle into 5 ovate obtuse lobes, not bearded but with a median crest; stamens 5, on the corolla, alternate with the lobes; style short or none; stigma large, shield-shaped ; ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, surrounded at the base by 5 glands; capsule more or less spherical, open- ing irregularly at the tip. Nephrophyllidium crista-galli (Menzies) Gilg. Leaves reniform, crenate, 20 290 APOCYNACEAE. 5-12 cm. broad, sometimes notched at the apex; scapes 30-60 cm. high; flowers white, in a cyme; corolla lobes not bearded but with a median crest. In bogs, Alaska to British Columbia and Granville, Washington, where it was collected by Canard. Family 81. APOCYNACEAE. DOGBANE FAMILY. Herbs (in ours) with acrid milky juice; leaves entire, opposite, without stipules; flowers regular; calyx free from the ovaries; corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, epipetalous; pistils of two carpels, the ovaries separate (in ours), the styles or stigmas united; fruit a pair of follicles; seeds many, often downy-tufted at the apex; endosperm not copious. 402. APOCYNUM. DOGBANE. Perennial herbs; leaves opposite, mucronate-pointed; flowers small, in cymes, on short pedicels; calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute; corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 triangular appendages below the throat, opposite the lobes; stamens 5, on the very base of the corolla; fruit of two long and slender follicles; seed with a tuft of long silky down at the apex. Corolla lobes erect; leaves oval or oblong. A. cannabinum. Corolla lobes spreading or recurved; leaves ovate. A. androsaemifolium. Apocynum cannabinum L. Glabrous throughout or sometimes puberulent, pale green; stems erect, branched above, 60-100 cm. high; leaves oblong- elliptic or somewhat lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded or cuneate at base, the margin slightly revolute, 2-6 cm. long; petioles 5-8 mm. long; calyx- lobes lanceolate-acuminate, 2-3 times as long as the tube; corolla white, 3-5 mm. long, the lobes erect; pods reflexed, linear, tapering at each end, 6-8 cm. long. The common form in our region with corolla 3 mm. long and flowers in a small terminal cyme surrounded by leafy branches has been considered a distinct species, A. suksdorfii Greene. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Stems 30-90 cm. high; branches erect or ascending, glabrous throughout or rarely puberulent, usually very flori- ferous; leaves ovate, cuspidate, 1-4 cm. long, dark-green above, pale beneath, short-petioled; flowers rose-colored; calyx-lobes about equalling the tube; corolla 5-6 mm. long, the lobes recurved; pod 6-8 cm. long, spreading or reflexed. In dry open woods. Family 82. CONVOLVULACEAE. MORNING GLORY FAMILY. Mostly twining or trailing herbs, often with milky juice; leaves alternate; flowers regular, perfect, mostly showy; calyx 5-lobed; corolla gamopetalous, 5-plaited or lobed, convolute or twisted in the bud; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, the cells CONVOLVULACEAE. 291 sometimes becoming 4 in the fruit by false partitions; fruit a globular, 2-6-seeded capsule; endosperm mucilaginous. 403. CONVOLVULUS. MORNING GLORY. Herbs or somewhat woody plants, twining, erect or prostrate; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils of the leaves; corolla funnelform to campanulate; stamens included; style undivided, or 2-cleft only at the apex; capsules globose, 2-celled or imperfectly 4-celled by false partitions between the 2 seeds or by abortion 1 -celled. Calyx without bracts; stigma filiform. C. arvensis. Calyx enclosed by two bracts; stigmas oblong to ovate. Stigmas ovate; leaves fleshy. C. soldanella. Stigmas oblong; leaves thin. Bracts ovate, acute. C. sepium. Bracts oval, obtuse. C. nyctagineus. Convolvulus arvensis L. Whole plant pubescent; stems prostrate, trailing, 30-120 cm. long; leaves oblong or ovate, obtuse or acute, 1-4 cm. long, sagittate or hastate or auricled at base; petioles 1-2 cm. long; peduncles longer than the leaves, mostly 1- or 2-flowered; pedicels each with two small bracts; corolla pinkish, 1-2 cm. long; stigmas thread-like. A troublesome weed, native of Europe. Convolvulus soldanella L. Stems trailing, 15-30 cm. long; leaves thick, reniform, usually entire, glabrous, 2-5 cm. broad; bracts ovate, cordate, about as long as the sepals; corolla purplish, 2-5 cm. long. On the sandy seashore. Convolvulus sepium L. Usually glabrous, climbing over shrubs to a height of 2-3 m.; leaves sagittate or somewhat hastate, acuminate, 2-5 cm. long; basal lobes entire or angularly 2-lobed; peduncles nearly as long as the leaves; calyx enclosed by two large ovate bracts; corolla white, sometimes pink, 4-6 cm. long; stigmas capitate, oval or oblong. Banks of streams, reported from the Willamette Valley. Convolvulus nyctagineus Greene. Pubescent; stems slender, 5-30 cm. long; leaves ovate or deltoid ovate, acute or obtuse, sometimes angularly lobed at base, truncate or cuneate at base, 2-5 cm. long, on longer petioles; flowers axillary, peduncled; bracts oval, obtuse, about as long as the calyx; sepals obtuse, mucronate; corolla white, about 3 cm. broad. Willamette Valley, Oregon, and southward. Family 83. CUSCUTACEAE. DODDER FAMILY. Whitish or yellowish parasitic twining vines with leaves reduced to minute alternate scales; sepals 5, separate or united into a 5-lobed or parted calyx; corolla gamopetalous, urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, usually with fimbriate or crenulate scales on the tube alternating with the lobes; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes; ovary globose to oblong, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; capsule circumscissile or indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. 292 CUSCUTACEAE. 404. CUSCUTA. DODDER. Leafless annual herbs with yellow or reddish stems twining and parasitic on the plants to which they cling; flowers small, clus- tered; calyx 4- or 5-cleft or of 5 sepals; corolla urn- or bell-shaped, 4- or 5-cleft; stamens with a scale-like appendage at the base; ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; capsule usually 4-seeded. Stigmas filiform; corolla scales crenulate. C. epithymum. Stigmas capitate; corolla scales fringed. Capsule pointed; flowers subsessile. C. squamigera. Capsule globose. Flowers sessile; style shorter than the ovary. C. arvensis. Flowers pedicelled; style as long as the ovary. C. cephalanthi. Cuscuta epithymum Murr. Stems very slender, reddish; flowers in dense clusters; calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes acute; corolla white or pinkish, 4-5-lobed, the lobes erect, acute, persisting on the capsule; scales crenulate, margined. Parasitic on clover, thyme and other plants. Introduced from Europe. Cuscuta squamigera (Engelm.) Piper. Stems slender, short; flowers 3-5 mm. long; calyx-lobes acute; corolla-lobes acute, denticulate, as long as the tube; style not longer than the ovary; capsule pointed. On herbaceous plants, in salt marshes. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Stems fine, pale yellow; flowers 1.5-2 mm. long, in dense clusters; calyx-lobes obtuse, broad; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly longer than the tube; scales large, oval, fringed; seeds 4. Parasitic on clover and other low plants; introduced from the eastern states. Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelm. Stems coarse, dark yellow; flowers 2 mm. long, on thick pedicels, in loose clusters; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, about as long as the tube; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse, shorter than the tube; scales fringed. Parasitic on shrubs or tall herbs; rare in our limits. Family 84. POLEMONIACEAE. PHLOX FAMILY. Herbs; leaves alternate or opposite, simple or divided, without stipules; flowers regular, perfect, 5-merous, except the pistils; corolla gamopetalous, convolute in the bud; lobes not plaited; stamens epipetalous, alternate with the corolla-lobes, distinct; style 3-lobed; ovary 3-celled; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column; seeds few-many; seed-coats when wetted commonly becoming mucilaginous and developing spiricles. Calyx distended and at length burst by the capsule. Corolla large, salverform; leaves all opposite, en- tire; seeds not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; ours all suffruticose perennials. 405. PHLOX, 293. Corolla tubular, funnelform or salverform, usu- ally small; leaves mostly alternate, usually not entire. 406. GILIA, 293. POLEMONIACEAE. 293 Calyx not distended nor burst by the capsule. Corolla rotate (in ours) ; leaves pinnate, the leaf- lets entire. 407. POLEMONIUM, 294. Corolla not rotate. Calyx-lobes spine-tipped; leaves pinnatifid. 408. NAVARRETIA, 294. Calyx-lobes not spine-tipped; leaves entire or pinnatifid. 409. COLLOMIA, 296. 405. PHLOX. Perennial herbs or half shrubby plants; leaves opposite, sessile, entire; flowers in cymes, terminal or in the upper axils, mostly bracted ; calyx narrow, 5-cleft, at length distended and burst by the capsule ; corolla salverform with a long tube, a narrow opening and broad or rounded lobes; stamens included, very unequally inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube; ovules 1 or some- times 2; capsules ovoid, with but one seed in each cell. Loosely tufted, the leaves not crowded; flowers in cymes. P. adsurgens. Densely tufted with crowded leaves; flowers solitary. Calyx woolly; leaves not ciliate. P. diffusa. Calyx glabrous; leaves hispid-ciliate. P. condensata. Phlox adsurgens Torr. Glabrous except the inflorescence; stems spreading or ascending, 15-40 cm. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, acute, 1-2 cm. long; calyx scarious between the angles, glandular-pubescent, the teeth shorter than the tube; corolla pink, its tube twice as long as the calyx, its lobes ovate, sometimes retuse. In open woods, western Oregon, perhaps not in our limits. Phlox diffusa Hook. Stems prostrate; leaves clustered, linear, sharp- pointed, glabrous, 6-12 mm. long; calyx-teeth as long as the tube; corolla pale violet or nearly white, the obovate lobes 6-9 mm. long. In the mountains, above timber line, often forming large mats. Phlox condensata (Gray) E. Nelson. Minutely glandular, densely tufted; leaves much crowded, oblong-linear, rigid, longitudinally grooved, ciliate- margined, 5-6 mm. long; calyx 5 mm. long, its teeth linear, apiculate; corolla white, the tube nearly twice the calyx, the rounded lobes 4-5 mm. long; style short. Olympic and Cascade Mountains at high altitudes, growing on rocks. 406. GILIA. Herbs or half-shrubby plants; leaves alternate or opposite; calyx narrow, the lobes acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses, becoming distended and finally burst by the capsule; corolla tubular-funnelform, the limb little spreading (in ours) ; stamens equally or unequally inserted; capsules with 1-many seeds. Perennials. G. nuttallii. Annuals. Leaves or some of them opposite. Leaves all opposite, dissected into filiform segments. G. bicolor. Lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate, all entire. G. gracilis. Leaves all alternate. Calyx glabrous; corolla 8-10 mm. long. G. capitata. Calyx woolly; corolla 10-12 mm. long. G. achilleaefoUa. 294 POLEMONIACEAE. Gilia nuttallii Gray. Perennial, tufted from a woody base, somewhat puberulent; stems erect, 10-30 cm. high, mostly simple; leaves sessile, opposite, palmately parted into 3-7 segments, these linear, somewhat rigid, mucronate, scabrous, 1-2 cm. long; flowers in a terminal dense cluster; calyx-lobes subulate- lanceolate, rigid; corolla white, with yellow throat, the tube puberulent on the outside, not exceeding the calyx, the lobes obovate, 6-7 mm. long; ovules 2 in each cell. Mount Rainier, at 2000 m. elevation, E. C. Smith; Goat Mountains, Allen. Gilia bicolor (Nutt.) Piper. Annual, pubescent; stems slender, 5-10 cm. high, mostly simple; leaves palmately parted into thread-like sharp-pointed divisions, 4-10 mm. long; corolla with a very slender yellow tube, 12-20 mm. long, the small pink limb 6 mm. broad. In dry soil, common. Gilia gracilis (Dougl.) Hook. Annual; erect, usually simple, 10-30 cm. high, branched above, glabrous below, pubescent and glandular above; leaves sessile, entire, the lower opposite, oblong or obovate, 1-2 cm. long, the upper alternate, lanceolate, acute, 2-4 cm. long; flowers solitary in the forks or axils, short-pedicelled, somewhat cymose through the reduction of the leaves; calyx- lobes subulate, mucronate, twice as long as the campanulate tube, this at length splitting to the base; corolla tubular-salverform, 8-10 mm. long, the tube yellow, not longer than the calyx-lobes, the limb purple-pink; stamens unequally inserted; ovules and seeds solitary in each cell; seed-coats without spiricles. Common in open ground. Gilia capitata Hook. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, erect, loosely branched, 20-60 cm. high; leaves alternate, once or twice pinnately divided into very narrow segments; flowers pale blue, in dense globose clusters terminating long naked peduncles; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate, about as long as the tube; corolla 8-10 mm. long, the oblong or linear lobes as long as the tube, which is but little dilated in the throat; seeds developing mucilage and spiricles when wetted. In sandy or gravelly soil, in open places. Gilia achilleaefolia Benth. Very similar to G. capitata; herbage slightly pubescent; heads only moderately compact; calyx somewhat tomentose, pubescent, its lobes ovate, spine-tipped, longer than the tube; corolla pale blue, dilated in the throat, the lobes obovate or broadly oblong. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California, in sandy soil, not common. 407. POLEMONIUM. JACOB'S LADDER. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, pinnate, with entire leaflets; flowers in corymbs, nearly bractless; calyx rotate or campanulate, the tube very short; stamens equally inserted at the summit of the corolla-tube; capsule few-several-seeded. Annual; corolla white, nearly rotate. P. micranthum. Perennial; corolla campanulate. Densely cespitose, 5-10 cm. high; herbage glandular. Viscid-glandular throughout; flowers violet with yel- low eye. P. elegans. Less viscid, sparsely pilose throughout; flowers white or pale blue. P. mscosum. Loosely cespitose, 15-30 cm. high, scarcely glandular. Lobes of the calyx as long as the tube. P. humile. Lobes of the calyx twice as long as the tube. P. carneum. POLEMONIACEAE. 295 Polemonium micranthum Benth. Annual, branched from the base, spreading, 6-20 cm. high, somewhat viscidly pubescent throughout; leaves mostly petioled, 1-4 cm. long; leaflets 5-13, obovate or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 3-8 mm. long; peduncles solitary, opposite the leaves; calyx-lobes triangular, as long as the broadly campanulate tube; corolla white, rotate, not equalling the calyx; ovules 2 or 3 in each cell. In dry open places, rare in our limits. Polemonium elegans Greene. Perennial, viscid-pubescent; stem 5-12 cm. high; leaflets numerous, crowded, obovate or elliptical, 2-4 mm. long; flowers in a dense cyme; corolla violet, with a broad yellow throat. Cascade Mountains at 2000-3000 m. elevation. Polemonium viscosum pilosum Greenman. Perennial, pilose-pubescent and somewhat viscid-glandular; stems 6-10 cm. high; leaflets numerous, moderately crowded, thickish, ovate, 2-3 mm. long; calyx campanulate, the lobes oblong-ovate to oblong, obtuse; corolla white or pale blue with a yellow center, 8-10 mm. long; filaments naked at base. Goat Mountains, Washington, Allen. Polemonium humile R. & S. Perennial, loosely tufted, viscid-puberulent; stems 15-30 cm. high, bearing 1-3 leaves; leaflets 15-21, oblong-lanceolate to oval, 10-15 mm. long; flowers blue, in open cymes; calyx-lobes triangular, about as long as the tube; corolla campanulate-funnelform, the broad rounded lobes longer than the tube; filaments hairy at base; capsule 2-4-seeded. The plant has an unpleasant odor. At about the limit of trees in the moun- tains, common. Polemonium carneum Gray. Perennial, nearly glabrous; stems ascending or erect, 15-60 cm. high, leafy; leaflets 11-21, lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acute, 1-5 cm. long; cymes few-flowered; calyx campanulate, 1-2 cm. long, more or less pubescent, the narrow acute lobes about twice as long as the tube; corolla salmon-colored or blue, the rounded lobes longer than the tube; fila- ments dilated and pilose at base; seeds 2-4 in each cell. Chehalis County, Washington, to middle California. As here delimited the species is quite variable in regard to the number and size of the leaflets, the amount of pubescence on the calyx, and especially the color of the corolla which in the original specimen is flesh-colored. P. amoenum Piper seems only a blue-flowered form, and P. luteum Howell is probably only a yellow-flowered variety. 408. NAVARRETIA. Glabrous or viscid-pubescent annual herbs; leaves all alternate, pinnatifid, setaceous or spiny; flowers crowded in bracteate clusters on the ends of the branches; calyx-tube scarious, not becoming distended and not burst by the capsule, the ribs prolonged into unequal bristle-tipped lobes; corolla tubular; capsule 1-3-celled, 1 -many-seeded. Herbage glandular-viscid with a bad odor. N. squarrosa. Herbage neither glandular nor with a bad odor. N. intertexta. Navarretia squarrosa (Esch.) Hook. & Arn. Skunk Weed. Annual, gland- ular, erect or spreading, simple or much branched, 10-30 cm. high, very leafy; leaves mostly alternate, pinnately parted and the segments cleft or parted, the lobes sharp pointed, the upper ones and the bracts becoming spine-like; calyx-lobes subulate, spiny-tipped, usually entire, longer than the tube; corolla 296 POLEMONIACEAE. pale blue, 8-10 mm. long, the tube shorter than the calyx, the limb small; stamens included; ovules 8-12 in each cell. Common in open places, very ill-smelling. Navarretia intertexta (Benth.) Hook. Annual; stems erect and simple below or more commonly much branched and spreading, 5-15 cm. high, pubescent; leaves all alternate, once or twice pinnately cleft into linear spines- cent lobes, glabrous or nearly so; flowers crowded in head-like clusters, the bracts and calyx-tube villous with white hairs; calyx-lobes more or less cleft into spinose divisions; corolla tubular, funnelform, pale blue, equalling the calyx-lobes, 5-6 mm. long; stamens exserted; ovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell; seed-coats developing spiricles. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California, in dry open places. 409. COLLOMIA. Herbs with alternate entire leaves; calyx not distended by the capsule, obconical, the lobes not spine-tipped; corolla tubular funnelform, with open throat and a spreading limb of short obtuse lobes; stamens unequally inserted on the corolla tube; capsule narrowed at the base; seeds usually 1 in each cell, mucilaginous and forming spiricles when wetted. Leaves entire. Corolla salmon-colored, 2-3 cm. long. C. grandiflora. Corolla pink, 1 cm. long. C. linearis. Leaves more or less dissected. Annual; leaves pinnate. C. heterophylla. Perennial; leaves palmate. C. debilis. Collomia grandiflora Dougl. Annual, erect, usually simple, 30-40 cm. high, viscid-glandular below; leaves sessile, all alternate, lanceolate or linear, the upper broader, all entire, 2-6 cm. long; flowers crowded in a terminal head- like cluster; calyx obconical, the lobes broad, obtuse, shorter than the tube; corolla salmon-color, narrowly funnelform, 15-25 mm. long; stamens unequally inserted; ovules and seeds solitary in the cells, the seed-coats developing spiricles when wetted. In dry open woods. Collomia linearis Nutt. Annual, erect, simple or branched above, 10-30 cm. high, pubescent throughout or glabrous below, glandular above; leaves sessile, alternate, linear or lanceolate, acute, entire, 2-6 cm. long; flowers crowded in head-like clusters; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, as long as the obconic tube; corolla pink, 8-10 mm. long, slender-tubular, the lobes small; stamens unequally inserted; ovules and seeds solitary in each cell; seed-coats with spiricles. In low ground, not rare. Collomia heterophylla Hook. Annual, the stems usually decumbent, 10-20 cm. long; leaves all alternate, pinnatifid with the lobes entire or again cleft, or the upper ones less lobed or even entire; flowers in a dense leafy- bracted cyme; corolla purplish, 10-12 mm. long. In moist open woods, common. First found at Fort Vancouver by Douglas. Collomia debilis (Wats.) Greene. Perennial; stems loosely tufted; leaves oblong, 3-7 -cleft or some entire; flowers crowded in a leafy head; corolla pur- plish, 12-16 mm. long. Growing in loose rock at high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 297 Family 85. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. WATERLEAF FAMILY. Herbs, commonly hairy; leaves mostly alternate; flowers per- fect, regular, on naked 1 -flowered scapes or in dense one-sided cymes or false racemes; calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals; corolla gamopetalous, deeply 5-lobed; stamens on the corol'a-tube, alter- nate with its lobes; style 2-cleft, or styles 2 and separate; ovary entire, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placetae or 2-celled by the union of the placentae ; fruit a 2-valved 4-many-seeded capsule ; endosperm copious. Styles entire. 410. ROMANZOFFIA, 297. Styles 2-cleft. Corolla imbricated in bud; placentae narrow. 411. PHACELIA, 297. Corolla convolute in bud; placentae broad. Perennials; stamens exserted. 412. HYDROPHYLLUM, 298. Annuals; stamens included. 413. NEMOPHILA, 299. 410. ROMANZOFFIA. Low and delicate perennial herbs; leaves mainly radical, cordate or reniform, crenately 7-11-lobed, long-petioled ; flowers on a scape, in a loose raceme or panicle; calyx deeply 5-parted; corolla white or pinkish, more or less funnelform, not ap- pendaged within; stamens unequal, on the base of the corolla; style filiform; stigma small, entire; ovary and capsule 2-celled or nearly so ; ovules and seeds numerous. Herbage glabrous or nearly so; pedicels longer than the flow- ers in anthesis. R. sitchensis. Herbage pubescent; pedicels shorter than the flowers in anthesis. R. unalaschensis. Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. Nearly glabrous; leaves thin, reniform, crenately 7-11-lobed, 1-2 cm. broad, long-petioled; scapes 6-15 cm. high, branched, loosely flowered; calyx much shorter than the corolla; corolla white, the lobes orbicular; style filiform: capsule retuse. On moist cliffs in the mountains; rootstocks bearing small tubers. Romanzoffia unalaschensis Cham. Pubescent especially the inflores- cence, somewhat bulbous at base; leaves thick, reniform to orbicular, usually with 9 short lobes; scapes erect, rarely with a single leaf, 8-12 cm. high; racemes short; pedicels erect; calyx-lobes nearly as long as the corolla; corolla white, somewhat funnelform; style short; capsule obtuse. Cape Elizabeth, Washington, Foster, and north to Alaska. 411. PHACELIA. Perennial or mostly annual herbs; leaves simple, lobed or divided, alternate, or the lowest opposite; flowers in one-sided raceme-like cymes; calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes usually narrow and similar; corolla from almost rotate to narrow-funnel- 298 HYDROPHYLLACEAE. form, commonly with appendages inside of the tube, consisting of 10 vertical plaits in pairs between the bases of the filaments; stamens equally inserted at or near the base of the corolla; ovary with narrow parietal placentae; ovules and seeds 4- numerous. Leaves with many lobes. P. sericea. Leaves entire or with few lobes or divisions. Flowers bright blue, rather large. P. linearis. Flowers whitish, rather small. P. nemoralis. Phacelia sericea (Graham) Gray. Perennial; stems 15-20 cm. high, leafy; leaves silky-pubescent, pinnate, with numerous narrow lobes; flowers in a dense spike-like cyme; corolla violet. In the Cascade and Olympic Mountains, at high elevations. A very handsome species. Phacelia linearis (Pursh) Holzinger. Annual, 10-50 cm. high, simple below the inflorescence; whole plant rough-hairy, usually with some shorter white pubescence; leaves sessile, linear or lanceolate, entire or cleft into 2-5 narrow lobes; inflorescence usually branched, consisting of spike-like racemes; pedicels short; calyx-lobes linear, hispid-ciliate; corolla violet-blue, nearly rotate, 12-15 mm. broad; appendages 10, narrow, free from the filaments; stamens equalling the corolla; filaments sparsely hairy; style 2-cleft; capsule shorter than the calyx; ovules 12-16; seeds pitted-reticulate. Dry prairies, rare in our limits; Whidby Island, Gardner. Phacelia nemoralis Greene. Hirsute-pubescent throughout but green, not hoary; leaves long-petioled, ovate-oblong, entire, simple or the lower ones with one or two pairs of small leaflets; flowers in dense spike-like cymes; corolla greenish-yellow. Dry prairies, not common. Very closely related to P. heterophylla Pursh which differs mainly in the herbage being canescent. 412. HYDROPHYLLUM. WATERLEAF. Perennial herbs; leaves long-petioled, mostly pinnately-parted; flowers white or violet, in cymose dense clusters; calyx 5-parted into narrow divisions; corolla bell-shaped, a nectariferous grooved appendage opposite each lobe; stamens and style exserted beyond the corolla-lobes; ovary lined with dilated and fleshy placentae; ovules 4; capsule 2-valved, 1-4-seeded. Calyx-lobes smooth on the back; flowers pale violet; basal leaves with 5 approximate segments. H. tenuipes. Calyx-lobes pubescent on the back; flowers white; leaves with 5-9 scattered segments, paler beneath. H. albifrons. Hydrophyllum tenuipes Heller. Stems about 30 cm. high; leaves long- petioled, nearly all 5-parted or divided; segments close together, acuminate, coarsely toothed or incised, somewhat paler beneath; calyx-lobes bristly- margined, otherwise smooth; corolla pale violet. In moist woods, common. A form which occurs near Ilwaco has darker flowers and thicker doubly dentate leaves. It may be distinct. Hydrophyllum albifrons Heller. Roots densely fascicled; stems 30^40 cm. high, exceeded by the leaves, sparingly hairy; leaves 10-20 cm. long, pinnately HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 299 5-7-divided; divisions ovate, incisely and coarsely cleft and toothed, 3-6 cm. long; lower petioles elongated; inflorescence a rather dense cyme, exceeding the leaves; calyx soft-hispid, deeply 5-parted into lanceolate divisions, without appendages in the sinuses; corolla whitish. In mountain meadows. 413. NEMOPHILA. Diffuse and tender annual herbs; leaves opposite or partly alternate, pinnatifid or lobed; peduncles terminal or lateral, 1 -flowered, slender; calyx enlarging more or less in fruit, 5-parted, with a reflexed appendage at each sinus ; corolla rotate or nearly campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, the throat appendaged more or less with 10 internal scales or plaits; stamens and style shorter than the corolla; ovules 4 or many; capsule 2-valved, ripening 1-16 seeds. Flowers large, 10-20 mm. broad; peduncles mostly twice as long as the leaves. N. atomaria. Flowers small, 2-7 mm. broad; peduncles about as long as the leaves. Corolla tubular; leaves ovate in outline, acutely 5-lobed. N. parviflora. Corolla campanulate; leaves oblong in outline, obtusely 5- 7-lobed. N. sepulta. Nemophila atomaria Fisch. & Meyer. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate or suborbicular, pinnately 5-9-lobed; peduncles twice as long as the leaves; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate; corolla white or pale blue, dotted or veined with black, hairy at the center. Douglas County, Oregon, and southward. Nemophila parviflora Dougl. Stems prostrate or procumbent, 5-15 cm. long; leaves mostly opposite, ovate in outline, pinnately 5-lobed, the lobes acute; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves, not deflexed in age; corolla short tubular, white, 2-5 mm. broad. Common in moist open places. Nemophila sepulta Parish. ( N. densa Howell.) Prostrate or decumbent, the branches usually short, 2-5 cm. long; leaves opposite, oblong, pinnately 5-7-lobed, the lobes mostly obtuse; peduncles about as long as the leaves, at length deflexed; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 2-5 mm. long; corolla open-campanu- late, white, often dotted with blue specks in the center, 3-7 mm. broad. Rare, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California. Family 86. BORAGINACEAE. BORAGE FAMILY. Mostly rough-hairy herbs; leaves alternate, entire, without stipules; flowers regular, perfect; calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-lobed, sometimes with projecting appendages or swellings (fornices) in the throat; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; style 1 ; ovary usually deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, or separating into two 2-seeded nutlets; nutlets attached by the base or inner angle or face to the receptacle, which is sometimes elongated (the gynobase) ; endosperm none. 300 BORAGINACEAE. Mature fruits are necessary for accurate determinations in this family. Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. Nutlets erect, prickly on the margins and sometimes on the back. 414. LAPPULA, 300. Nutlets spreading, prickly all over. 415. CYNOGLOSSUM, 301. Nutlets not armed with barbed prickles. Corolla tubular or tubular-funnelform, blue. 416. MERTENSIA, 301. Corolla funnelform or rotate. Nutlets erect, attached by the very base. Racemes bractless; corolla rotate; roots slender. 417. MYOSOTIS, 302. Racemes bracteate; corolla funnel- form; roots thick. 418. LITHOSPERMUM, 303. Nutlets erect or oblique, attached above the base, with a more or less promi- nent fruiting receptacle (gynobase). Corolla yellow or orange, with a naked open throat. 419. AMSINCKIA, 303. Corolla white or blue with more or less prominent swellings in the throat. Gynobase elongate, the nutlets at- tached by one-third their length or more. 420. CRYPTANTHA, 303. Gynobase low. Nutlets oblique or incurved, attached about the middle by a caruncle-like process; leaves all alternate. 421. PLAGIOBOTHRYS, 304. Nutlets attached just inside the base; lower leaves opposite. 422. ALLOCARYA, 304. 414. LAPPULA. Annual, biennial or perennial rough-hairy herbs; flowers small, in racemes or spikes; calyx 5-parted, reflexed or open in fruit; corolla short-salverform or somewhat funnelform, white or blue, the throat closed with prominent appendages (fornices) ; nutlets attached by some part of the inner angle or face to the gynobase, armed either along a distinct margin or more or less over the whole back with backwardly-barbed prickles. Lateral prickles of the fruit united. L. cupulata. Lateral prickles of the fruit free. L. occidentalis. Lappula cupulata (Gray) Rydb. Annual, erect, loosely branched, 15-50 cm. high, hispid-pubescent throughout; leaves all sessile, linear, obtuse, _ 1-3 cm. long; racemes becoming very loose and elongated, leafy-bracteate ; pedicels stout, shorter than the calyx; corolla very small, white or blue, its tube barely as long as the calyx; nutlets convex on the back, granular-roughened, the margins with a border of united prickles, thus forming a shallow cup; ventral face convex, covered with whitish tubercles; scar long and narrow, nearly as long as the nutlet. Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun. BORAGINACEAE. 301 Lappula occidentalis (Wats.) Rydb. Very similar to L. cupulata; the flowers white or pale blue; marginal prickles of the nutlets separate or barely united at base. Victoria, Macoun; common east of the Cascade Mountains. 415. CYNOGLOSSUM. HOUND'S TONGUE. Coarse herbs with broad leaves, the lower ones large and long- petioled; flowers in bractless panicled racemes; calyx 5-parted, persistent, open in fruit; corolla short-salverform with conspic- uous arching crests at the throat; stamens and styles included; nutlets 4, armed all over the back with short stout glochidiate prickles, affixed by their inner angle to the pyramidal gynobase. Cynoglossum grande Dougl. Pubescence villous; stems stout, 40-60 cm. high; lower leaves ovate-oblong, often subcordate, acute, 10-20 cm. long, long-petioled; upper leaves smaller, tapering at base, the short petiole winged; racemes panicled; calyx-lobes ovate; corolla blue; nutlets ovoid, rough with glochidiate-tipped prickles. In open woods, Fort Vancouver, Clarke County, Washington, and south- ward. 416. MERTENSIA. BLUEBELL. Glabrous or pubescent perennial herbs; flowers blue or rarely white, mostly bractless, in panicled racemes or in corymbs; calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; corolla tubular-funnelform or trumpet- shaped to almost campanulate, the open throat bearing obvious or obsolete transverse folds or crests; filaments flattened or nearly filiform; style filiform; stigma entire; nutlets from somewhat fleshy to membranaceous, not armed with barbed prickles. Leaves glabrous on both sides or merely papillose above; calyx smooth on the back, the lobes elongate, acute. M. laevigata. Leaves pilose beneath. Upper leaf surface strigose; calyx-lobes pubescent on the back. M. denticulate,. Upper leaf surface smooth or merely papillose. Calyx-lobes pubescent on the back. M. subcordata. Calyx-lobes glabrous on the back. M. leptophylla. Mertensia laevigata Piper. Stems stout, erect, more or less glaucous, 40-90 cm. high; leaves pale or glaucescent, numerous, the cauline ovate, acuminate, glabrous or somewhat papillate above, glabrous beneath, ciliate on the margin, 5-7 cm. long, short-petioled; inflorescence loose, the pedicels appressed-pubescent or muriculate; calyx divided nearly to the base, its lobes lance-oblong, acute, ciliate, smooth on the back, over half as long as the corolla tube; corolla blue, 14 mm. long, the somewhat ampliate limb as long as the tube; filaments dilated, shorter than the anthers; nutlets finely muriculate, pale, the scar of attachment central. Cascade and Olympic Mountains at moderate elevations. Mertensia denticulata (Lehm.) Piper n. comb. (Lithospermum denticu- latum Lehm. ; Mertensia platyphylla Heller.) Nearly glabrous; stems erect, 40- 70 cm. high; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at base, 6-10 cm. long, the lower ones long-petioled, all strigosely pubescent and 302 BORAGINACEAE. somewhat papillate above; pedicels appressed-pubescent; calyx-lobes linear- lanceolate, pubescent on the back, ciliate; corolla blue, 10-12 mm. long, much enlarged in the throat. In woods near the ocean coast in Washington. Mertensia subcordata Greene. Stems erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or subcordate at base, pilose beneath, smooth or papillose above, petioled, 5-8 cm. long; petioles hairy; pedicels pubescent; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, pubescent on the back; corolla blue, 10 mm. long. In open woods in the Cascade Mountains. Mertensia leptophylla Piper. Stems glabrous, stout, erect, a meter or more high; leaves ovate, acute, pilose beneath, glabrous above, ciliate, very thin, the blades 6-10 cm. long, all on margined petioles 1-3 cm. long; inflores- cence loose; pedicels with spreading pubescence; calyx parted nearly to the base, the lobes narrowly triangular-lanceolate, acute, ciliate, smooth on the back; corolla blue, about 12 mm. long, the slightly enlarged throat as long as the tube; filaments dilated, shorter than the anthers. Known only from the Olympic Mountains of Clallam County, Washington, Elmer, Lawrence. Perhaps not distinct from M. subcordata Greene. 417. MYOSOTIS. FORGET-ME-NOT. Low spreading herbs, usually soft-hairy; cauline leaves sessile; flowers blue or white, in at length elongated racemes, without bracts; corolla short-salverform or almost rotate, its throat con- tracted by transverse crests, the rounded lobes convolute in the bud; anthers ovate or oblong; nutlets small, ovoid, smooth and shining, thin-crustaceous; scar small. Annual; calyx hairs hooked; corolla white. M. macrosperma. Perennial; calyx hairs straight; corolla blue. Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. M. scorpioides. Calyx-lobes longer than the tube. M. laxa. Myosotis macrosperma Engelm. Annual, erect, rough-hairy throughout, 10-40 cm. tall, branched above or simple; leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, obtuse, sessile, 1-2 cm. long; racemes elongated and loose in fruit, leafy at the base; pedicels shorter than the calyx; fruiting calyx 4-5 mm. long, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, unequal, hispid with hooked hairs; corolla small, white; nutlets oval, biconvex with a narrow margin, very smooth and shiny, silvery-gray, 1-1.5 mm. long; scars minute. In open ground, not common. Myosotis scorpioides L. Forget-me-not., Perennial, rough-pubescent; stems decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, 10-60 cm. long; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base, 2-6 cm. long, the lower ones petioled ; calyx-lobes triangular, shorter than the tube, appressed pubescent; corolla 5-8 mm. broad, blue with a yellow center; nutlets keeled on the ventral side. In wet places, often abundant. The true Forget-me-not, a native of Europe. Myosotis laxa Lehm. Perennial from slender rootstocks, appressed- pubescent throughout; stems weak and slender, 10-30 cm. long; leaves oblong- lanceolate to spatulate, 2-3 cm. long; racemes very loose; pedicels much longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes as long as or longer than the tube; corolla pale blue; BORAGINACEAE. 3°3 nutlets oval, biconvex, with a narrow margin, very smooth and shiny, black, 1-1.5 mm. long; scar minute. In wet ground, rare. 418. LITHOSPERMUM. CROMWELL. Mostly herbs with reddish roots; leaves sessile; flowers leafy - bracted, axillary or subaxillary; calyx 5-parted; corolla salver- form, funnelform or sometimes approaching campanulate; fila- ments mostly very short; anthers short, included; style slender; stigma mostly truncate, capitate or 2-lobed; nutlets ovoid, bony, either polished and white or dull and rough, Lithospermum ruderale Doug!. Perennial, tufted, the stems simple, 15-30 cm. high, pubescent with long and short hairs; leaves numerous, lanceo- late, rarely linear, attenuate-acute, sessile, 5-10 cm. long, minutely soft-hispid; flowers in a dense leafy cluster; corolla greenish-yellow, campanulate-funnel- form, pubescent inside, nearly naked in the throat, 10-12 mm. long; style slender; nutlets light-colored, ovoid, acute, hard and smooth, 3-4 mm. long. Dry prairies; rare in our limits but common east of the Cascade Mountains. 419. AMSINCKIA. Rough-hispid annuals; leaves oblong or linear; corolla salver- form or tubular-funnelform with a slender tube and open throat, the limb sometimes plaited at the sinuses, yellow; style filiform; stigma capitate or 2-parted; nutlets crustaceous or coriaceous, unappendaged, ovate-triangular, attached below the middle to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase. Stems decumbent; calyx sparsely bristly, the lobes ovate. A. lycopsoides. Stems erect; calyx densely bristly, the lobes linear. A. intermedia. Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. Stems decumbent, 30-60 cm. long; leaves green, ovate or lanceolate, somewhat toothed, the sparse bristles with swollen bases; spike long and sparse, leafy-bracted; calyx-lobes oblong or ovate, obtuse, two or three of them often united; nutlets dark-colored, rough. Common along the seashore, but also behaving as a weed in cultivated land. Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Meyer. Tar Weed. Erect, usually simple, 30-60 cm. high, the bristly hairs mostly white; leaves lanceolate or linear, 5-12 cm. long, the upper somewhat broader at base; raceme becoming much elongated in fruit; calyx-lobes linear, acute, very bristly in fruit, 6-8 mm. long; corolla yellow, 5-6 mm. long; nutlets dark-colored, the back convex and some- what keeled, obliquely ridged and roughened with tubercles. Common in dry ground. 420. CRYPTANTHA. Small annuals or perennials, mostly canescent and hispid; leaves narrow; flowers in terminal spikes or racemes; calyx erect or closed about the fruit and falling with it; corolla white, small, salverform; nutlets 4, or less by abortion, smooth or roughened, each attached by one-third or more or its length by the central face or angle to a slender usually subulate gynobase. 304 BORAGINACEAE. Calyx twice as long as the acuminate nutlets. C. ambigua. Calyx little longer than the acute nutlets. C. muriculata. Cryptantha ambigua (Gray) Greene. Slender, 15-30 cm. high, short- hispid; leaves oblong-linear, 1—2 cm. long; spike nearly bractless, rather few- flowered; fruiting calyx 6-8 mm. long, with rather small bristles, the lobes linear, twice as long as the fruit; nutlets all four maturing, ovoid, acute, rough, with papillae of two sizes; ventral groove forked at the very base. Prairies, rare; first collected by the Wilkes Expedition at Fort Nisqually, Washington. Cryptantha muriculata (A. DC.) Greene. Erect, branched from the base, 10-20 cm. high, hispid throughout; leaves oblong or linear, 1-3 cm. long; spikes often in pairs or 3-5 in a cluster, bractless; fruiting calyx 5 mm. long, short-bristly, with linear lobes which are a little longer than the fruit; corolla 5-6 mm. broad, with prominent appendages in the throat; nutlets 2 mm. long, usually all four present, ovoid-triangular, obtuse, roughened with minute papillae and some larger ones on the back and usually on the ventral face; ventral groove extending from the apex to near the base where it widens out into a triangular depression. In dry prairies. 421. PLAGIOBOTHRYS. Hispid annuals, the juice staining purple; basal leaves in a rosette; flowers small, in spikes or racemes; calyx campanulate; corolla small, white, short-funnelform; nutlets rough, rarely smooth, each attached by the middle of the somewhat concave inner face to a hemispherical or globular gynobase. Nutlets somewhat cruciform, muriculate. P. tenellus. Nutlets ovoid, carinate, dull, roughened. P. nothofulvus. Plagiobothrys tenellus (Nutt.) Gray. Stems usually several, slender, 5-20 cm. high; leaves mostly in a basal rosette, oblong-linear or lanceolate, 5-20 mm. long; nutlets pale green, shining, keeled and papillate. In dry ground, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California. Plagiobothrys nothofulvus Gray. Stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, branched; basal leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, mostly in a rosette; calyx with long hairs, reddish when young, but becoming paler; nutlets ovoid, not shining, keeled on the back and roughened. In dry fields and prairies, Willamette Valley, Oregon, and southward. 422. ALLOCARYA. Small annuals or perennials, branched from the base; lower leaves mostly opposite, narrow; flowers small, white; calyx 5- parted, erect or little spreading in fruit; corolla white, salverform, usually writh appendages at the throat; nutlets not armed with barbed prickles, attached only at the inside of the base to a slightly elevated gynobase. Corolla small, 2-3 mm. broad; branches prostrate. A. hispidula. Corolla large, 6-8 mm. broad; stems erect or ascending. Racemes leafy-bracted; pedicels 6 mm. long; scar of the nutlets linear. A. chorisiana. VERBENACEAE. 305 Racemes bractless or nearly so; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; scar of the nutlets oblong. Nutlets not stipitate. A. scouleri. Nutlets stipitate. A. stipitata. Allocarya hispidula Greene. Annual, much branched from the base, spreading or ascending, 10-30 cm. high, sparingly hairy; leaves few, linear, obtuse, 1-3 cm. long; spikes slender, elongate, leafy-bracteate near the base; corolla white, small; fruiting calyx 2 mm. long, hispid; nutlets ovate-oblong, with obliquely rough ridges on the three faces, keeled the whole length on the ventral face; scar nearly basal. In moist places, not common in our limits. Allocarya chorisiana (Cham. & Schlecht.) Greene. Pubescence thin, ap- pressed; stems branched, spreading or ascending, 30-60 cm. long; leaves linear, 5-10 cm. long; racemes loose, leafy-bracted below; pedicels slender, 6-8 mm. long; corolla 6-8 mm. broad, the yellow appendages in the throat conspicuous; nutlets ovoid, keeled on the ventral side, tuberculate and granulate on the back, dark colored. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun; and along the coast of California. Not known from any intermediate locality. Allocarya scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) Greene. Appressed pubescent; stems slender, loosely branched, erect or nearly so, 10-30 cm. high; leaves linear, sessile, the lower ones opposite; flowers in slender mostly bractless racemes; pedicels 2 mm. long; calyx erect in fruit, its pubescence rusty when young; corolla 6-8 mm. broad, the appendages in the throat yellow and puberulent; nutlets ovoid, rugulose, granulate, dark colored. In wet meadows, common. Allocarya stipitata Greene. Very similar to A. scouleri; nutlets ovoid- lanceolate, keeled on the ventral face, granulate and indistinctly rugulose on the back, the scar distinctly stipitate. In moist places, Washington to California. Family 87. VERBENACEAE. VERBENA FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs, not aromatic; leaves opposite; flowers per- fect; corolla either 2-lipped or irregular; stamens 4, didynamous; style single, terminal; stigma entire or 2-lobed; ovary not lobed; fruit 2-4-celled, dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets; endosperm scant or none. 423. VERBENA. VERVAIN. Herbs; flowers sessile, in single or panicled bracteolate spikes; calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one tooth often shorter; corolla salver- form, more or less unequally 5-cleft; stamens included, the upper pair occasionally without anthers; style slender; stigma mostly 2-lobed; fruit splitting into 4-seed-like nutlets. Spikes narrow, dense; bracts short. V. hastata. Spikes loose; bracts exceeding the flowers. V. bracteosa. 21 306 LABIATAE. Verbena hastata L. Perennial, erect, 30-90 cm. high, simple below the inflorescence, rough-puberulent throughout; stems 4-sided; leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate, 6-12 cm. long, short - petioled; spikes numerous, clustered at the summit of the stem, slender, 5-15 cm. long; bracts shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, 3 mm. broad. In moist open places; Victoria, Macoun; common in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Verbena bracteosa Michx. Branches prostrate or spreading, 15-30 cm. long, rough-hairy throughout, the root often becoming woody; leaves oblong or obovate, cuneate at base, pinnately 3-cleft, coarsely dentate, 1-3 cm. long; petiole short, margined; spikes terminal, 1-10 cm. long; upper bracts entire, lanceolate, acuminate, becoming rigid; the lower somewhat cleft, all exceeding the flowers; corolla blue, 4 mm. long; anthers without appendages. Banks of the Columbia River (Menzies Island, Douglas); rare in our limits, common in the interior. Family 88. LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY. Mostly aromatic herbs with 4-sided stems; leaves simple, opposite; corolla more or less 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed or sometimes entire, the lower 3-lobed; stamens on the corolla-tube, didynamous or diandrous; style usually 2-lobed at the apex; ovary deeply 4-lobed or parted; fruit of 4 seed-like nutlets or akenes, each with one erect seed; endosperm mostly none. Ovary 4-lobed; corolla nearly regular, 5-cleft. 424. TRICHOSTEMA, 307. Ovary 4-parted; corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft, or distinctly bilabiate. Corolla nearly regular, or when bilabiate, the upper lip plane. Corolla regular or nearly so. Antheriferous stamens 2. 425. LYCOPUS, 307. Antheriferous stamens 4. 426. MENTHA, 308. Corolla bilabiate. Plant creeping; flowers axillary. 427. MICROMERIA, 309. Plant erect; flowers capitate- verti- cillate. 428. MADRONELLA, 309. Corolla distinctly bilabiate, the upper lip concave. Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. 429. SCUTELLARIA, 309. Calyx without a protuberance. Upper pair of stamens longer than the lower. Calyx teeth unequal, the upper very large. 430. DRACOCEPHALUM, 310. Calyx teeth subequal. Flowers in rather dense and many-flowered cymose clus- ters forming interrupted spikes or racemes; upper floral leaves small and bract- like. 431. NEPETA, 310. Flowers in loose few-flowered LABIATAE. axillary clusters; leaves all alike. 432. GLECHOMA, 311. Upper pair of stamens shorter than the lower. Calyx bilabiate. 433. PRUNELLA, 311. Calyx not bilabiate. Teeth of the calyx 10. 434. MARRUBIUM, 311. Teeth of the calyx 5. Calyx teeth spiny. 435. LEONURUS, 312. Calyx teeth not spiny. Flowers opposite; calyx becoming inflated. 436. PHYSOSTEGIA, 312. Flowers whorled; calyx not becoming in- flated. Throat of the cor- olla dilated. 437. LAMIUM, 312. Throat of the cor- olla not dilated. 438. STACHYS, 313. 424. TRICHOSTEMA. Low annual branched herbs or somewhat woody plants; leaves entire; calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft, the 3 upper teeth elongated and partly united, the 2 lower very short; corolla small, almost equally 5-parted, the 3 lower lobes more or less united; stamens 4, much exserted; anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. Corolla tube not exceeding the calyx; leaves membranaceous, costate-veined. T. oUongum. Corolla tube slender, exserted; leaves crowded, strongly 3- 5-nervose. T. lanceolatum. Trichostema oblongum Benth. Annual, erect, branched, 10-30 cm. high, the stem soft-hairy; leaves oblong or oval, acute, entire, 1-3 cm. long, canes- cently pubescent, narrowed at base, short petioled; flowers in nearly sessile axillary dense cymes; pedicels short; calyx campanulate, hairy, equally 5-cleft, the narrow lobes much longer than the teeth, equalling the corolla- tube; corolla violet. In moist open places, first collected at Fort Vancouver, Washington, by Douglas. Odor strong but not unpleasant. Trichostema lanceolatum Benth. Bluecurls. Densely ashy-pubescent; stems simple or more often branched from the base, erect, 10-30 cm. high ; leaves numerous, lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, attenuate to an acute apex; flowers in dense axillary nearly sessile clusters; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, longer than the tube; corolla blue, very slender, 12 mm. long. From the Columbia River to California in dry ground. The original specimens of Douglas are said to have been collected at Fort Vancouver, Washington. 425. LYCOPUS. Low perennial herbs, glabrous or puberulent, not aromatic; leaves sharply-toothed or pinnatifid; flowers small, mostly white, in dense axillary whorls; calyx bell-shaped, nearly equally 4- or 5- 308 LABIATAE lobed; anther-bearing stamens 2, distant; the upper pair either sterile or wanting. Plants not stoloniferous; calyx-teeth triangular-cuspidate, longer than the nutlet. L. americanus. Plants stoloniferous at base; calyx-teeth acute, shorter than the nutlet. L. uniflorus. Lycopus americanus Muhl. Glabrous or puberulent; stems erect, simple or little branched, 30-60 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, cuneate at base, coarsely serrate or sinuately incised, 2-5 cm. long; petioles short; flowers sessile, in dense axillary whorl-like clusters; bracts subulate; calyx- teeth triangular-cuspidate, stiff, nearly as long as the small white corolla, exceeding the nutlets; sterile stamens slender, with thickened tips. In low moist ground, common. Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Nearly glabrous; stems erect, 20-60 cm. high, tuberous-thickened at base; stolons more or less tuberous; leaves oblong- lanceolate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, attenuate at base, sessile or nearly so, 6-15 cm. long; flower clusters dense; calyx teeth triangular; corolla tubular, 3 mm. long. In moist ground, not rare. 426. MENTHA. MINT. Aromatic fragrant perennial herbs; flowers very small, in dense clusters forming false whorls in the axils or in terminal spikes; calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so; corolla with a short included tube, almost equally 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest, entire or notched; anther-bearing stamens 4, equal, erect, distant. Whorls of flowers all axillary. M. canadensis. Whorls of flowers in terminal spikes, or some in the upper axils. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or nearly so; spikes slender. M. spicata. Leaves ovate, petioled; spikes thick. M. citrata. Mentha canadensis borealis (Michx.) Piper. Wild Mint. Erect, simple or branched, 20-40 cm. high; stems usually simple, glabrous except in the angles; leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate, mostly acute, rounded or cuneate at the base, sharply serrate, short-petioled, glabrous; flowers in dense sessile axillary clusters; calyx 2-3 mm. long, the triangular acute teeth short; corolla pale- violet, rarely white, 5 mm. long, its lobes rounded, its tube exceeding the calyx. In low grounds, common. Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. Green and glabrous throughout, the stems 30-60 cm. high, simple below the inflorescence; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, narrowed to a sessile or short-petioled base, 2—5 cm. long; spikes terminal, narrow, the flowers in interrupted whorls; bracts lanceolate, usually ciliate; calyx hairy, the tube campanulate, little longer than the sub- ulate teeth; corolla purple, its tube exceeding the talyx. Common, introduced from Europe. Mentha citrata Ehrh. Glabrous or nearly so; stems ascending or erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves ovate, the lower ones obtuse, serrate, petioled, about LABIATAE. 3°9 2 cm. long; heads of flowers roundish, peduncled, terminal and from the upper axils; calyx glabrous, its teeth triangular-subulate. In wet places, introduced from Europe. 427. MICROMERIA. Low sweet-odorous plants; flowers small, in the axils of the leaves; calyx oblong or tubular, about 10-nerved, terete not gibbous, about equally 5-toothed; corolla short, distinctly 2- lipped; upper lip flattish, entire or notched, neither concave nor hooded, the lower spreading, 3-parted; stamens 4, the lower pair longer. Micromeria chamissonis (Benth.) Greene. Yerba Buena. Perennial, somewhat pubescent, with slender trailing stems, 30-60 cm. long; leaves orbicular or ovate, obtuse, rounded or subcordate at base, coarsely dentate or subentire, 6-25 mm. long; petioles short; flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels slender, 2-bracted near the base; calyx 3-4 mm. long, the teeth triangular; corolla white or purplish, 8 mm. long, its tube exceeding the calyx. Common in open woods; the balsamic odor pleasant. 428. MADRONELLA. Erect woody perennials, with entire leaves and small purple or white flowers in terminal heads which are subtended by broad thin bracts; calyx tubular, 5-toothed, not 2-lipped; corolla 2- lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft; stamens 4, the lower pair the longer; anther-cells at length divergent. Madronella discolor Greene. Puberulent; stems woody, tufted, 20-40 cm. high; leaves ovate, firm, green above, pale beneath, entire, 2-3 cm. long, short- petioled; inflorescence a dense head; bracts broadly ovate, thin, more or less purple tinged; calyx-teeth lanceolate, hairy; corolla pale violet, 6-8 mm. long. On warm slopes at the base of Mount Rainier. 429. SCUTELLARIA. SKULLCAP. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody not aromatic; flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or solitary in the axils of leaves or bracts; calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped, with a gibbous protuberance on the upper side, splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip at length usually falling away; corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped, the upper erect, arched or galeate; stamens 4, ascending under the upper corolla-lip, the lower pair longer. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal racemes. 5. lateriflora. Flowers larger, solitary in the leaf axils. Lower lip of corolla not villous. S. galericulata. Lower lip of corolla villous within. Corolla 14-20 mm. long; leaves oblong, obtuse at each end. S. antirrhinoides. Corolla 16-25 mm. long; upper leaves linear or nar- row, acute at base. 5. angustifolia. 310 LABIATAE. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Perennial, glabrous; stems erect, branched, 20-60 cm. high; leaves thin, lanceolate-ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded at base, 3-8 cm. long, petioled; flowers blue, in axillary or sometimes terminal, one-sided racemes; corolla 5-8 mm. long, the lips short, subequal; nutlets smooth. In moist places, common. Scutellaria galericulata L. Perennial, glabrous or slightly pubescent; stems erect, 20-80 cm. high, simple or loosely branched; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, subcordate at base, 2-6 cm. long, short- petioled; flowers solitary in the axils; pedicels shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, puberulent, the lower lip longer than the upper; nutlets muriculate. Rare in our limits; Mount Constitution, Henderson. Scutellaria antirrhinoides Benth. Minutely puberulent; stems mostly branched, 15-30 cm. high; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, short- petioled, entire, 10-20 cm. long; flowers solitary in each axil; calyx puberulent; corolla dark blue, 2-2.5 cm. long, puberulent. From the Columbia River to California. The original specimens were collected at Fort Vancouver by Scouler but the plant has not since been found north of the Columbia River. Scutellaria angustifolia Pursh. Perennial, with rather stout somewhat moniliform rootstocks, 15-20 cm. high, puberulent or glabrous; stems simple or little branched; cauline leaves broadly linear or oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed at base, sessile or nearly so, 1-2 cm. long; radical ovate, on longer petioles, sometimes toothed; flowers solitary in the axils; pedicels as long as the calyx; corolla violet-blue, 25 mm. long, puberulent outside; lower lip villous within; nutlets minutely granulate. Rare in our limits; Victoria, Macoun. 430. DRACOCEPHALUM. DRAGON HEAD. Coarse herbs with blue flowers in dense bracteate terminal clusters; calyx tubular, 15-nerved, 5-toothed; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower 3-lobed; stamens 4; anther-cells divergent; nutlets ovoid, smooth. Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. Stems stout, erect, 20-60 cm. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, incisely dentate, 3-8 cm. long, slender- petioled; inflorescence spike-like, the flowers densely crowded in whorls in the upper axils; bracts oblong to ovate, cut-toothed, the teeth bristle-tipped; calyx cylindric, puberulent, the upper tooth broadest, all acuminate; corolla pale blue, slightly exceeding the calyx. Not definitely known from our limits but reported to occur in the Willa- mette Valley, Oregon. 431. NEPETA. Perennial herbs; calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5- toothed; corolla 2-lipped, dilated in the throat; upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, notched or entire; stamens 4, ascending under the upper corolla-lip, the upper pair longer; anther-cells divergent. Nepeta cataria L. Catnip. Perennial, erect, 30-90 cm. high, finely canescent throughout; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, dentate, somewhat LABIATAE. 311 cordate at base, 2-6 cm. long, petioled, densely canescent; spike stout, dense, 2-10 cm. long; calyx-teeth subulate, the longest one-half as long as the tube; corolla white or purplish, with dark dots, 10-12 mm. long, its tube exceeding the calyx. Introduced in waste places; native of Europe. 432. GLECHOMA. Low diffuse perennial herbs; leaves all alike, nearly orbicular or reniform, crenate, long-petioled; flowers rather large, blue or violet, solitary or in few-flowered axillary clusters; calyx oblong- tubular, 15-nerved, oblique at the throat, unequally 5-toothed, but not 2-lipped; corolla-tube exserted, enlarged in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip erect 2-lobed or emarginate; lower lip spread ing, 3-lobed; stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascend- ing under the upper corolla-lip; ovary deeply 4-parted; nutlets ovoid, smooth. Glechoma hederacea L. Ground Ivy. Pubescent; stems creeping, _1 5-40 cm. long, the branches erect or ascending; leaves numerous, cordate-orbicular, coarsely crenate, 1-4 cm. broad, the petiole as long as or longer than the blades; flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered clusters; calyx puberulent, the lobes acute, about one-third as long as the tube; corolla violet, three times as long as the calyx. Introduced from Europe. 433. PRUNELLA. HEAL ALL. Low perennials; flowers in terminal or axillary heads or spikes; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 10-nerved, 2-lipped, not gibbous on the upper side, closed in fruit; upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth, the lower 2-cleft; corolla 2-lipped, slightly contracted at the throat and dilated at the lower side just beneath it; upper lip arched, erect, entire, the lower reflexed- spreading, 3-cleft; stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair longer. Prunella vulgaris lanceolata (Barton) Fernald. Glabrous or nearly so, erect or ascending, 15-40 cm. high; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, rounded or cuneate at base, entire or crenate, 2-6 cm. long; petioles slender, about half as long as the blades; spikes terminal, very dense, 2-5 cm. long; bracts very broad, ovate or orbicular, cuspidate-acuminate, ciliate; calyx-teeth somewhat ciliate; corolla violet, 8-12 mm. long, hardly twice as long as the purplish calyx. Moist ground, common; ascends in the Olympic Mountains to about 5000 m. altitude. 434. MARRUBIUM. Bitter-aromatic, whitish-woolly perennials, branched at the base; leaves wrinkled; flowers small, much crowded in axillary whorls, calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 10-toothed, the teeth spiny-pointed; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe broadest; 312 LABIATAE. stamens 4, short, included in the corolla-tube, the upper pair longer. Marrubium vulgare L. Horehound. Stems tufted, erect, simple, about 30 cm. high, densely white woolly, especially below; leaves broadly ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate, thickish, rounded or cuneate at base, rough, woolly beneath, 1-3 cm. long, on petioles nearly as long; flower clusters dense, axillary; calyx-teeth 10, subulate, hooked at the apex, hardened in fruit; corolla white. Introduced in waste places; native of Europe. 435. LEONURUS. MOTHERWORT. Erect herbs with cut-lobed leaves; flowers in axillary whorls; calyx 5-nerved, with 3 nearly equal teeth; corolla bilabiate, the upper lip oblong, entire, somewhat arched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger, narrowly oblong-obovate, entire, the lateral ones oblong. Leonurus cardiaca L. Perennial; somewhat puberulent; stems stout, erect, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves long-petioled, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate, palmately 3-5-cleft, the lobes acute; flower clusters dense; calyx-teeth subulate, as long as the tube; corolla purplish or white, 6-10 mm. long, the upper lip bearded. In waste places, introduced from Europe. 436. PHYSOSTEGIA. Smooth erect perennial herbs; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, mostly serrate; flowers large and showy, opposite, crowd- ed in simple or panicled terminal leafless spikes; calyx obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflated in fruit; corolla funnelform, with a much inflated throat, bilabiate; upper lip erect, nearly entire; lower lip 3-parted, spreading, small, the middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, notched. Physostegia parviflora Nutt. Glabrous; stems erect, 30-90 cm. high, mostly simple; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or the lower ones obtuse, sharply serrate, sessile or nearly so, 6-10 cm. long; spikes many- flowered; bracts ovate, acute, shorter than the calyx; calyx-teeth short; corolla purple, 12 mm. long. In moist places, especially river-banks and lake shores, rare in our limits. 437. LAMIUM. DEAD NETTLE. Decumbent herbs; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed teeth; corolla 2-lipped, dilated at the throat, the tube longer than the calyx; upper lip arched, narrowed at the base, the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched at the apex, contracted at the base; lateral lobes small, at the margin of the throat; stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; the lower pair longer. Upper leaves clasping. L. amplexicaule. Leaves ovate, petioled. L. maculatum. LABIATAE. 31 3 Lamium amplexicaule L. Biennial, branched from the base, sparingly pubescent; stems simple, erect, 15-20 cm. high; lower leaves orbicular, coarsely crenate, truncate or cordate at base, 1-2 cm. long, on petioles as long or longer; upper sessile, half-clasping, rather distant; flowers sessile, in axillary and ter- minal clusters; calyx pubescent, the sharp teeth nearly as long as the tube; corolla purple, the lower lip spotted, 12-15 mm. long. A weed in cultivated ground; introduced from Europe. Lamium maculatum L. Perennial, sparsely pubescent; stems ascending, 10-30 cm. high; leaves ovate, cordate, coarsely crenate, petioled, green with broad white splotches along the midrib; calyx pubescent, its lobes subulate, as long as the tube; corolla 1 cm. long, purple-red, with a transverse ring of hairs within. In waste ground; a weed introduced from Europe. 438. STACHYS. HEDGE NETTLE. Herbs, rarely woody, not aromatic; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-10.-nerved, equally 5-toothed or the upper teeth united to form an upper lip; corolla not dilated at the throat, 2-lipped, the tube about equalling the calyx; upper lip concave, often arched, erect or rather spreading, entire or nearly so; lower lip usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest and nearly entire; stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair longer. Upper leaves sessile, the lower short-petioled. S. palustris. Upper leaves not sessile, the lower long-petioled. Corolla-tube little longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes subulate- aristulate. S. bullata. Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx. Corolla 20 mm. long; calyx glabrous or sparsely hirsute; leaves subcordate. 5. ciliata. Corolla 12 mm. long; calyx soft-villous; leaves mostly cor- date. S. pubens. Stachys palustris L. Perennial, erect, 30-60 cm. high, soft-pubescent throughout or the stem short-hairy; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, crenate-serrate, rounded or cordate at the nearly sessile base, 5-10 cm. long; spikes short-peduncled, the clusters rather close together, the lower with leafy bracts; upper bracts lanceolate; calyx hairy, the tube campanulate, little longer than the subulate teeth; corolla pink-purple, 1 cm. long; the upper lip pubescent, the tube equalling the calyx. In wet places, rare in our limits; Vancouver, Washington, Suksdorf. Stachys bullata Benth. Pubescence hirsute or villous; stems erect, 30-70 cm. high; leaves ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse, subcordate or rounded at base, crenate, more or less rugose, 2-5 cm. long; calyx campanulate, the, subu- late cuspidate teeth half as long as the tube; corolla red, 12-14 mm. long. In moist places, Clarke County, Washington, and southward. Stachys ciliata Dougl. Softly pilose to nearly glabrous; stems stout, 1-2 m. high, mostly simple, harshly hispid on the angles; leaves all petioled, thin, ovate to oblong, acute, subcordate, coarsely crenate-dentate, 5-15 cm. long; bracts leaf-like, reduced; calyx tubular, 8 mm. long, the short teeth triangular, cuspidate; corolla red, white-spotted on the lower lip. Common in swamps; odor disagreeable. 3 H SOLANACEAE. Stachys pubens (Gray) Heller. (S. emersoni Piper.) Sparsely pubescent; stems erect, about 1 m. high, retrosely hispid on the angles; leaves thin, ovate, obtuse, cordate or subcordate at base, coarsely crenate, sparsely-pilose on both sides, 6-7 cm. long; petioles hirsute; flowers in a leafy-bracted spike, or the lower in the axils of ordinary leaves; calyx campanulate, the deltoid cuspidate teeth ciliate; corolla red, bearded in the throat, the lower lobes white-spotted. In swampy places near the ocean coast. Family 89. SOLANACEAE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs, commonly rank-scented, with colorless juice; leaves alternate, without stipules; flowers regular, 5-merous, solitary or in cymes, on bractless pedicels; calyx mostly 5-lobed; corolla gamopetalous, mostly 5-lobed, usually plaited in the bud ; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them; style 1 ; ovary entire, superior, 2-celled, becoming a many-seeded capsule or berry; endosperm fleshy. Corolla rotate; fruit a berry. 439. SOLANUM, 314. Corolla funnelform to salverform; fruit a capsule. Flowers solitary. 440. DATURA, 314. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 441. NICOTIANA, 315. 439. SOLANUM. NIGHTSHADE. Herbs or shrubs; calyx and rotate corolla 5-parted or cleft, the latter plaited in the bud; stamens epipetalous, exserted; filaments very short; anthers converging; styles elongated; ovary 2-celled, rarely more; fruit a berry. Solanum nigrum L. Nightshade. Annual, glabrous or somewhat pubes- cent, usually branched, 15-30 cm. high; leaves ovate or triangular, acute or obtuse, cuneate at base, sinuately toothed or rarely entire, 1-4 cm. long; petioles shorter than the blades; flowers in lateral peduncled small cymes; calyx-lobes obtuse; corolla white, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes spreading; berries globose, black. In waste places, introduced; but perhaps also native on lake and river banks. 440. DATURA. Rank narcotic-poisonous annual or perennial weeds, erect, tall, branching; leaves alternate, petioled, ovate; flowers large, showy, solitary on short peduncles in the forks of the stems; calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, deciduous; corolla funnelform, with a 5-10-toothed plaited border; fruit a globular prickly 4-valved 2-celled capsule; seeds rather large, flat. Datura stramonium L. Jamestown or Jimson Weed. Annual, glabrous or nearly so, green, 30-90 cm. high; leaves ovate, acuminate or acute, coarsely toothed or lobed, usually narrowed at base, petioled, 6-20 cm. long; calyx-tube 5-angled, not half as long as the white corolla, this 6-10 cm. long; capsule ovoid, densely prickly, the lower prickles usually shorter. Sparingly introduced. SCROPHULARIACEAE. 315 441. NICOTIANA. TOBACCO. Rank acrid-narcotic herbs; leaves mostly entire; flowers in racemes or panicles, sometimes showy; calyx bell-shaped or oblong, 5-toothed or lobed, persistent; corolla commonly funnel- form or salverform, the plaited border 5-lobed; stigma capitate, somewhat 2-lobed; fruit a smooth, 2-4-valved, 2-celled capsule; seeds numerous, small. Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh. Viscid-pubescent; stems stout, branched from near the base, 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves ovate-lanceolate, the cauline oblong to lanceolate, acute, narrowed at base, sessile or nearly so, 10-15 cm. long; flowers few; calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; corolla white, 3-4 cm. broad, its lobes rounded; capsule globose. Willamette Valley, Oregon, formerly cultivated by the Indians. Family 90. SCROPHULARIACEAE. FIGWORT FAMILY. Herbs or some shrubby; leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules; flowers perfect, mostly complete and irregular; corolla irregular, more or less 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed; stamens on the corolla-tube, the fertile 4 and didyna- mous or only 2, rarely 5 present and all fertile; style single; stigma entire or 2-lobed; fruit a 2-celled usually many-seeded capsule, with axile placenta; seeds mostly small; endosperm copious. Anther-bearing stamens 5; leaves alternate. 442. VERBASCUM, 316. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4; leaves alternate, opposite or whorled. Fifth sterile stamen present. Corolla spurred at base. 443. LINARIA, 316. Corolla not spurred. Sterile stamen elongated, filament-like. Seeds wingless; anthers woolly or glabrous. 444. PENTSTEMON, 317. Seeds winged; anthers woolly. 445. CHELONE, 319. Sterile stamen represented by a gland or scale on the upper side of the cor- olla-tube. Peduncles several-flowered. 446. SCROPHULARIA, 319. Peduncles 1-flowered. Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped. 447. COLLINSIA, 319. Corolla nearly rotate. 448. TONELLA, 320. Fifth sterile stamen wanting. Stamens 4, 2 anther-bearing, 2 sterile. Sterile filaments 2-forked, exserted. 449. ILYSANTHES, 320. Sterile filaments simple, included. 450. GRATIOLA, 320. Stamens all anther-bearing. Stamens 2. Calyx 5-parted. 450. GRATIOLA, 320. Calyx 4-parted. Leaves alternate, mostly basal. 451. SYNTHYRIS, 321. Leaves opposite, at least the lower. 452. VERONICA, 322. 316 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Stamens 4. Corolla nearly regular; leaves entire. 453. Corolla 2-lipped; leaves usually not entire. Stamens not enclosed in the up- per lip. Leaves opposite; calyx pris- matic. 454. Leaves alternate; calyx cam- panulate. 455. Stamens enclosed in the upper lip. Anther cells equal, parallel. Calyx inflated in fruit; leaves opposite. 456. Calyx not inflated; leaves alternate or whorled. 457. Anther cells unequal. Lips of corolla unequal, the upper larger. 458. Lips of corolla subequal. 459. 442. VERBASCUM. MULLEIN. LlMOSELLA, 323. MIMULUS, 323. DIGITALIS, 325. RHINANTHUS, 326. PEDICULARIS, 326. CASTILLEJA, 327. ORTHOCARPUS, 329. Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs; leaves alternate, the cauline sessile or decurrent; flowers in large terminal spikes or racemes; calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-lobed, rotate, the lobes slightly unequal; stamens 5, all anther-bearing; style flattened at the apex; capsule globular, many-seeded. Flowers in a spike; leaves densely woolly. V. thapsus. Flowers in a raceme; leaves glabrous or nearly so. V. blattaria. Verbascum thapsus L. Common Mullein. Densely woolly throughout, the stout erect stems 1-2 m. high, somewhat wing-angled by the decurrent bases of the leaves; leaves thick, oblong, acute, entire or obscurely dentate, narrowed toward the base, 10-30 cm. long, gradually reduced upwards; flowers yellow, 16-20 mm. broad, in a dense long spike; stamens unequal, the two lower and longer glabrous, the others with hairy filaments. Introduced from Europe. Verbascum blattaria L. Moth Mullein. Stems slender, erect, 30-60 cm. high, not angled, glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above; leaves oblong, obtuse or the upper acute, crenate-dentate or cut-lobed, all but the lower sessile and partly clasping, 6-8 cm. long; raceme loose; pedicels spreading; calyx glandular; corolla yellow or white, 2-2.5 cm. broad; stamens all with hairy filaments; capsules subglobose, 6-7 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. 443. LIN ARIA. Herbs with alternate leaves or the lower opposite; flowers in terminal spikes or racemes; calyx 5-parted; corolla bilabiate, spurred on the lower side, the throat nearly closed; stamens didynamous; capsule thin, opening by pores beneath the summit. Flowers yellow, 25—30 mm. long. Flowers blue, 6-8 mm. long. L. linaria. L. canadensis. SCROPHULARIACEAE. 317 Linaria linaria (L.) Karst. Butter and Eggs. Glabrous; stems erect, 30-100 cm. high; leaves linear, sessile, pale or glaucous, very numerous, 1-3 cm. long; inflorescence a dense raceme; calyx-lobes oblong, acute; corolla 2-3 cm. long, yellow with an orange throat; seeds rough, winged. Introduced along roadsides and in fields. Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumort. Glabrous; flowering stems slender, 30-60 cm. high, the sterile basal branches spreading; leaves oblong-linear, entire, flat, 2-4 mm. wide; racemes slender; flowers blue; calyx-lobes lanceolate; corolla about 10 mm. long, on pedicels of about the same length; spur slender, curved; seeds wingless. In sandy soil, not common. 444. PENTSTEMON. BEARD-TONGUE. Perennial herbs; leaves opposite, the upper sessile or partly clasping, the floral reduced to bracts; flowers showy, in a race- mose panicle; calyx 5-parted; corolla tubular, more or less inflated or bell-shaped, either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft; anther-bearing stamens 4; sterile fifth filament about equalling the others; style long; stigma entire; capsule many-seeded. Low half-shrubby plants, with leathery leaves; anthers woolly. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous. P. fruticosus. Leaves ovate or orbicular. Flowers purple; leaves green, glabrous. P. menziesii. Flowers crimson; leaves glaucous, puberulent. P. rupicola. Taller herbaceous plants, with membranous leaves; anthers not woolly. Anthers opening only at the apex. Corolla blue or bluish, 15-20 mm. long. P. diffusus. Corolla crimson, 20-25 mm. long. P . richardsoni. Anthers splitting open for nearly their whole length. Leaves ovate, serrate; flowers purplish. P. ovatus. Leaves oblong, entire; flowers not purplish. Flowers yellowish. P. confertus. Flowers blue. P. procerns. Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. Stems simple, ascending from a branched woody base, 15-40 cm. high; leaves coriaceous, glabrous, lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate, mostly acute, entire or with a few teeth, narrow at base, the lower short-petioled, 1-4 cm. long; inflorescence a raceme, rarely a panicle, 2- 11 -flowered, viscid-pubescent; bracts much reduced; sepals ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; corolla tubular-funnelform, dull- purple, somewhat 2-lipped, 3-4 cm. long; anthers very woolly, dehiscing their whole length, sterile filament bearded. Mount St. Helens and southward. A variable species first found by Lewis in the Bitter Root Mountains. P. crassifolius Lindl. is a form with entire leaves, a valueless character as both entire and serrate leaves often occur on the same plant; P. douglasii Hook, is a dwarfed high altitude form with relatively broad and short leaves; P. adamsianns Howell is a form from Mount Adams with larger and thinner leaves. Pentstemon fruticosus cardwellii (Howell) Piper. Leaves thick, serrulate, mostly obtuse, otherwise as in P. fruticosus. Mount Hood, Howell; Mount St. Helens, Goodwin. 3l8 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Pentstemon menziesii Hook. Stems shrubby, much branched, 5-15 cm. high; leaves oblong to ovate, serrulate, 0.5-2 cm. long; inflorescence a raceme or narrow panicle, glandular; corolla dull purple-violet, 2-3 cm. long. On rocks in the mountains, above timber line, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and Washington. First collected at Nootka Sound by Menzies. Pentstemon menziesii davidsonii (Greene) Piper. Very similar to P. menziesii, but the leaves smaller and mostly entire. Rocky places at about 2000 m. altitude, Washington to California. Pentstemon rupicola (Piper) Howell. Herbage very glaucous and some- what puberulent but the inflorescence glandular; stems woody, much branched, making dense mats, 8-10 cm. high; leaves firm, ovate to orbicular, dentate, 6-10 mm. long; sepals ovate, acute; corolla deep rose-colored, 3-4 cm. long, broadened in the throat, the lobes obtuse. Rock cliffs in the mountains, first described from Mount Rainier. Pentstemon diffusus Dougl. Glabrous or nearly so; stems herbaceous, erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves ovate or oblong, serrate, 3-10 cm. long; panicle leafy; corolla blue or violet, 2 cm. long, glabrous within; sterile filament hairy above. On the banks of mountain streams, common. First found by Douglas near the mouth of the Columbia River. Pentstemon richardsonii Dougl. Glabrous; stems from a branched woody base, erect or ascending, 60-90 cm. high, often branched; leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly deeply toothed or pinnatifid, 3-8 cm. long, those on the branches alternate; panicle loose, somewhat glandular; sepals ovate, acute; corolla red, somewhat funnelform, 20-25 mm. long; sterile filament with a few hairs near the tip. On dry rocky cliffs along the Columbia River. Pentstemon ovatus Dougl. Stems 15-30 cm. high; leaves ovate, serrate, the upper ones sessile; corolla purplish-blue, 2-lipped, bearded in the throat, 16-20 mm. long; sterile filament bearded at the apex. On rocky banks and cliffs, first collected by Douglas at the Cascades of the Columbia River. This species very closely resembles P. diffusus but is easily distinguished by the anthers. Pentstemon confertus Dougl. Glabrous throughout but not glaucous; stems erect, commonly 30-40 cm. high; leaves all entire, the radical oblong, lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, 3-6 cm. long, attenuate at the base into a petiole, the cauline similar, sessile, the upper often ovate, acuminate; panicle strict, narrow, leafy below, 14-40 cm. long, of 2-8 whorl-like clusters; flowers 6-10 mm. long; sepals glabrous, the scarious margin irregularly dentate or erose, about as long as the capsule; corolla yellow or nearly white, 2-lipped; lower lip bearded; anthers dehiscing their whole length; sterile filament bearded. In mountain meadows, common. Except for the color of the flowers, this is indistinguishable from P. procerus Dougl. Pentstemon procerus Dougl. Stems 20-60 cm. or in alpine forms only 5-10 cm. high; basal leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse; cauline often ovate and acuminate; flowers blue, in dense whorl-like clusters; corolla 8-12 mm. long. In mountain meadows. First collected by Douglas near Fort Vancouver, Washington; the high alpine dwarfed form common on Mount Rainier was named P. tolmiei by Hooker, but all possible intergrades occur. SCROPHULARIACEAE. 3T9 445. CHELONE. Smooth perennial herbs with erect branching stems; leaves serrate; flowers large, white or purple, nearly sessile, in spikes or clusters, closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets; calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals; upper lip of corrolla broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; lower lip woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest; seeds many. Chelone nemorosa Dougl. Stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute, dentate, 5-8 cm. long, short-petioled; flowers purple, in a narrow panicle; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long. Common along mountain streams. 446. SCROPHULARIA. FIGWORT. Perennial herbs; leaves opposite; flowers small, in loose cymes in a narrow terminal panicle; calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed, the 4 upper lobes erect, the lower spreading; stamens 4; the fifth sterile one a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the corolla-tube; capsule many-seeded. Scrophularia californica Cham. Puberulent; stems stout, simple, about 1 m. high, somewhat 4-sided; leaves triangular-ovate, acute, coarsely and unevenly toothed or cleft, 5-12 cm. long, on petioles about half as long; panicle narrow, 20-40 cm. long, somewhat glandular; bracts lanceolate-at- tenuate; flowers dull-purple or green; calyx-lobes rounded, as long as the tube; corolla 6-8 mm. long; rudimentary stamen broad, spatulate; capsules conical, glandular. In moist meadows. A variable species. Specimens from the ocean coast near the mouth of the Columbia River are somewhat fleshy. 447. COLLINSIA. Annuals or biennials; leaves simple, opposite, sessile or the lowest petioled and the upper whorled; flowers solitary or clustered in the upper axils; calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla with the tube saccate at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lowrer 3-cleft, the middle lobe keeled and sac-like; anther-bearing stamens 4; sterile stamen a gland-like structure; capsule 4-many-seeded. Tube of corolla longer than the limb; corolla 5-7 mm. long. C. tenella. Tube of corolla shorter than the limb; corolla 8-16 mm. long. Corolla 12-16 mm. long; pedicels deflexed in fruit. C. grandiflora. Corolla 8-10 mm. long; pedicels erect in fruit. C. grandiflora pusilla. Collinsia tenella (Pursh) Piper. (C. parviflora Dougl.) Glabrous or minutely puberulent, branched from the base, erect or spreading, 10-20 cm. high; lower leaves oblong or orbicular, petioled, often toothed; the upper nearly sessile, oblong or linear, acutish, 1-2 cm. long, often in whorls of 3-5; flowers slender- pedicelled, solitary or nearly so in the axils, even of the lower 320 SCROPHULARIACEAE. leaves; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, longer than the tube, not equalling the corolla; corolla violet or blue, 6-7 mm. long, 2-lipped for half its length. Common on banks and in open prairies. Collinsia grandiflora Dougl. Very similar to C. tenella but larger, 15-30 cm. high; leaves larger, the cauline in whorls of 3-7; calyx-lobes triangular- subulate, very acute, longer than the tube; corolla blue-violet, 8-16 mm. long. In open prairies, especially southward. Collinsia grandiflora pusilla Gray. Plants 5-15 cm. high; pedicels erect in fruit; corolla 8-10 mm. long. Perhaps only a starved form of C. grandiflora. Washington to California. 448. TONELLA. Very similar to Collinsia but the cauline leaves mainly ter- nately divided or 3-parted ; corolla obscurely 2-lipped, the 5 more or less unequal lobes somewhat rotately spreading, the tube some- what gibbous above; ovules and seeds 1-4 in each cell. Tonella collinsioides Nutt. Stems weak and slender, branched from the base; lower leaves ovate or roundish, entire or 3-lobed or sometimes parted, slender- petioled; upper sessile, mostly 3-parted, the lobes or divisions oblong or lanceolate; corolla blue. Southern Washington to California. First collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the Willamette River. 449. ILYSANTHES. FALSE PIMPERNEL. Small and smooth annual herbs; leaves opposite, sessile; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, the upper becoming racemose; calyx becoming 5-parted, the divisions becoming narrow and nearly equal; upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed, the lower larger, spreading, 3-cleft; anther-bearing stamens 2; sterile filam- ents unequally 2-forked, exserted; stigma 2-lobed; capsule many- seeded. Uysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart. Glabrous, simple or branched from the base, 5-12 cm. high; leaves sessile, ovate, acute or with a few teeth, 1-2 cm. long, the upper ones reduced; pedicels slender, twice as long as the leaves, spreading in fruit; flowers 6-8 mm. long; calyx-lobes linear, as long as the purple corolla; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4-6 mm. long. Banks of streams and ponds, rare. 450. GRATIOLA. HEDGE HYSSOP. Low mostly perennial branching herbs; leaves opposite, sessile; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; calyx 5-parted, the narrow divi- sions usually equal; upper lip of corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft; anther-bearing stamens 2; sterile filaments 2, simple and included, or none; style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex; capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Herbage viscid-puberulent; calyx subtended by a pair of bractlets at the base. C. mrginiana. Herbage glabrous; calyx without bractlets. C. ebracteata. SCROPHULARIACEAE. 321 Gratiola virginiana L. Annual; stems erect, branched below, viscid- puberulent or pubescent above, nearly glabrous at base, 10-30 cm. high; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire or toothed, usually narrowed at base, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so; pedicels slender, equalling the leaves; calyx enclosed at base by 2 foliaceous bracts which equal the lobes; corolla 8-10 mm. long, its yellow tube nearly twice as long as the calyx; lobes whitish, the two upper notched; capsule ovoid. In muddy places, rare in our limits. Gratiola ebracteata Benth. Very similar to G. virginiana but glabrous and the calyx bracts wanting; stems usually simple; leaves somewhat longer, lanceolate, mostly entire, tapering from near the base into a long slender apex; capsule subglobose, obscurely 4-angled. Muddy banks of ponds and streams. 451. SYNTHYRIS. Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, crenate or laciniately cleft, the radical roundish or cordate; flowers small, blue, purplish or green, in a spike or raceme; calyx 4-parted; corolla campanulate, with 4 more or less unequal lobes, or none; stamens 2, from just below the upper sinuses, or in one apetalous species on the hypogynous disk, exserted ; stigmas simple; capsule many-seeded. Flowers in spikes; leaves cleft into narrow segments. S. pinnatifida. Flowers in racemes; leaves reniform-orbicular. Petals and sepals laciniately incised. S. schizantha. Petals and sepals entire. Scapes weak, usually shorter than the thin leaves. 5. rotundifolia. Scapes stout, exceeding the thick leaves. 5. reniformis. Synthyris pinnatifida lanuginosa Piper. Leaves white tomentose, pal- mately 3-7-parted or divided, the segments again cleft; spikes dense, bracteate; corolla whitish, cylindraceous, 4-cleft. Olympic Mountains, Flett, not otherwise known. S. pinnatifida Wats, occurs in the Rocky Mountains. Synthyris schizantha Piper. Stems 20-30 cm. high; basal leaves reniform- orbicular, somewhat cut-toothed, glabrous above, long-petioled; cauline leaves 2, ovate, sessile; raceme viscidly-pubescent; bracts and calyx-lobes as well as the blue petals cleft into narrow lobes. Mount Baldy, Olympic Mountains, Canard, Lamb; near Elbe, Cascade Mountains, Flett. Not otherwise known. Synthyris rotundifolia Gray. Leaves orbicular-reniform, crenate, somewhat pubescent; flowering stems leafless, 8-12 cm. high, barely exceeding the leaves; sepals spatulate, entire; corolla blue, the petals entire. In open dry woods, Chehalis County, Washington, and southward nearly to California. Synthyris reniformis Benth. Leaves thickish, glabrous, orbicular-reni- form, crenately many-lobed, the lobes coarsely crenate; petioles longer than the blades; stems stout, exceeding the leaves; flowers blue, on very short pedi- cels. In the Columbia River gorge on the Oregon side, where it was first found by Douglas. 22 322 SCROPHULARIACEAE. 452. VERONICA. SPEEDWELL. Chiefly herbs; leaves opposite or whorled, or the upper alter- nate; flowers small, in racemes or spikes or sometimes solitary in the axils; calyx 4-parted; corolla rotate, 4-parted, the lower lobes and sometimes the lateral ones narrower; stamens 2, exserted; style entire; stigma single; capsule flattened, few- many-seeded. Annuals; flowers solitary in the axils. Pubescent; petals blue; leaves crenate. V. arvensis. Glabrous or nearly so; petals white; leaves mostly entire. V. peregrina. Perennials; flowers in racemes. Peduncles axillary. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; capsule deeply notched. V. scutellata. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate; capsule with a shal- low notch. V. americana. Peduncles terminal. Capsules orbicular, obcordate; lower leaves petioled. V. humifusa. Capsules elliptic, emarginate; leaves all sessile. Leaves shorter than the internodes; corolla 5-6 mm. broad. V. alpina. Leaves longer than the internodes; corolla 6-10 mm. broad. Corolla 8-10 mm. broad, blue. V. cusickii. Corolla 6-7 mm. broad, white. V. allenii. Veronica arvensis L. Annual, pubescent; stems simple or branched at base, 5-20 cm. high, erect or nearly so; leaves ovate, crenate, the lower short- petioled, the upper sessile; bracts lanceolate, entire; flowers small, short- pedicelled; corolla pale blue, shorter than the calyx; capsule obcordate. A weed, introduced from Europe. Veronica peregrina L. Annual, erect, branched from the base, glabrous or puberulent and glandular, 8-40 cm. high; lower leaves opposite, petioled, oblong, obtuse, dentate; upper alternate, linear, obtuse or acute, entire or nearly so, 1-2 cm. long; flowers white, solitary in the axils; pedicels very short, not as long as the flowers; corolla 1-2 mm. broad; capsules orbicular, notched, about as long as the calyx. Common in moist open places. Veronica scutellata L. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, rooting at the lower joints; stems 15-30 cm. high; leaves all sessile, lanceolate or nearly linear, mostly denticulate or entire, attenuate-acute, 3-5 cm. long; racemes axillary from alternate axils, slender, few-flowered, as long as or exceeding the leaves; pedicels slender, spreading; corolla blue, 4-5 mm. broad; capsule notched both at apex and base. In swamps, not rare. Veronica americana Schwein. Perennial, glabrous throughout, rooting at the lower nodes; stems decumbent, usually branched, 30-60 cm. long; leaves all opposite, oblong, ovate or lanceolate, obtuse, serrate, rounded at the base, short-pet ioled; racemes opposite, in the upper axils, exceeding the leaves; pedicels spreading, longer than the bracts and flowers; flowers blue with darker stripes, 4 mm. broad; capsule with a shallow notch at the apex, 4-5 mm. broad. Common in wet places. Forms of this species are sometimes mistaken for V. anagallis-aquatica L. which probably does not occur in our limits. SCROPHULARIACEAE. 323 Veronica humifusa Dickson. Perennial, glabrous or puberulent; stems erect or decumbent, 10-15 cm. high; leaves opposite, oval, ovate or orbicular, crenate-dentate or subentire, short-petioled, about 1 cm. long; racemes ter- minal; bracts oblong, alternate; pedicels erect, equalling or exceeding the calyx; corolla blue, dark-striped, 4 mm. broad; capsule orbicular, notched at apex, as long as the calyx. Common in moist fields and copses. Veronica alpina L. Perennial, pubescent; stems simple, erect, 6-20 cm. high; leaves ovate or oblong, entire or crenate; corolla blue, 4-6 mm. broad. Common in alpine meadows. Veronica cusickii Gray. Perennial, glabrous except the glandular in- florescence; leaves ovate or oblong, entire, thickish; corolla blue, 8-10 mm. broad. In the Cascade Mountains, at high elevations. First found by Cusick, in the Blue Mountains, in eastern Oregon. Veronica allenii Greenman. Much like V. cusickii, but the white corolla smaller, 6-7 mm. broad. Mount Rainier, Allen; not otherwise known. 453. LIMOSELLA. MUDWORT. Very small glabrous annual herbs, stoloniferous, rooting and creeping in the mud; leaves narrow, entire, fleshy, in dense clusters around the simple 1-flowered naked peduncles; flowers small; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; corolla rotate-campanu- late, 5-cleft, nearly regular; stamens 4, all anther-bearing; style short; stigma thickish; capsule many-seeded. Limosella tenuifolia Wolf. Tufted; leaves narrowly linear, not expanded at the tip, 2-5 cm. long; peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla white or pinkish, 2 mm. broad, hardly longer than the calyx; capsules globose, obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long. Muddy banks of streams, rare. 454. MIMULUS. MONKEY FLOWER. Herbs with mostly simple opposite leaves; flowers axillary, on simple peduncles or by the redcution of the upper leaves racemose; calyx prismatic, or rarely campanulate, usually 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth usually the largest; corolla irregular, 2-lipped; upper lip erect or reflexed, 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed; stamens 4, all anther-bearing; stigma 2-lobed; seeds numerous. Corolla reddish or purple. Flowers very small, about 5 mm. long, pale purple. M. breweri. Flowers large, over 2 cm. long. Corolla scarlet; stamens exserted. M. cardinalis. Corolla rose-purple; stamens included. M. lewisii. Corolla yellow; stigmas 2-lipped. Calyx not angled, deeply 5-cleft. M. pilosus. Calyx 5-angled, 5-toothed. Annuals. Corolla rather large M. nasutus. Corolla small. M. alsinoides. 324 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Perennials. Leaves pinnately veined. Herbage glabrous. M. dentatus. Herbage slimy-viscid, musk-scented. M. moschatus. Leaves palmately veined. Rootstocks wanting. Leaves ovate to orbicular. M. langsdorfii. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. M. scouleri. Rootstocks present. Stems 2-4 cm. high, mostly 1-flowered; plants stoloniferous, densely matted, al- pine. M. alpinus. Stems 10-20 cm. high, mostly several-flow- ered, arising from slender matted root- stocks; herbage slimy-viscid. M. implexus. Mimulus breweri (Greene) Rydb. Annual, viscid-pubescent, 3-12 cm. high, simple or branched; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, entire, 1-2 cm. long; peduncles as long as the calyx; calyx cylindric, the short teeth triangular-obtuse; corolla pale rose-colored, 5-10 mm. long. On dry cliffs in the mountains. Mimulus cardinalis Dougl. Perennial, somewhat villous, the inflores- cence viscid; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high; leaves mostly ovate, the upper pairs connate, erosely dentate, several- nerved, 5-10 cm. long; calyx prismatic, its short teeth subequal; corolla scarlet, 3-5 cm. long, the tube longer than the lips; stamens exserted; seeds wrinkled lengthwise. In moist places, western Oregon, in the LTmpqua Valley; perhaps not in our limits. Mimulus lewisii Pursh. Perennial, viscid-pubescent; stems simple, erect, 30-50 cm. high; leaves oblong-ovate, denticulate, acute, 3-4 cm. long, the nerves conspicuous; peduncles exceeding the leaves; calyx angular-campanu- late, the teeth triangular, sharp-pointed; corolla rose-red, 4 cm. long, 2-lipped, the tube longer than the calyx, the lobes rounded and spreading. Common along alpine streams. Mimulus pilosus (Benth.) Wats. Annual, erect, usually much branched, villous throughout with soft somewhat viscid hairs, 10-30 cm. high; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile, 1-3 cm. long; pedicels about equalling the leaves; calyx campanulate, not at all angled, deeply 5-cleft, oblique at the orifice; corolla yellow, shortly 2-lipped, 6-8 mm. long, the lobes nearly equal. Reported from Vancouver Island, Macoun. Common east of the Cascade Mountains. Mimulus nasutus Greene. Much like M. langsdorfii but strictly annual, the leaves usually orbicular; corolla 1-1.5 cm. long, pale-yellow, the tube barely as long as the calyx, the lower lip usually with a large purple blotch. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California, rare in our limits. Mimulus alsinoides Dougl. Annual, glabrous; stems slender, 8-20 cm. high; leaves ovate to orbicular, denticulate, petioled, 6-20 mm. long; pedicels slender, spreading; calyx tubular, the teeth small, subequal; corolla 2-lipped, 10-12 mm. long, yellow with a purple spot in the middle of the lower lip. On wet rocks, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Oregon. The plant is slightly musk-scented. Mimulus dentatus Nutt. Perennial with slender rootstocks, glabrous; stems erect, 20-40 cm. high, simple; leaves ovate to oblong, acute, evenly and trongly serrate, 4-8 cm. long; calyx-teeth acute, subequal, half as long as the tube; corolla 3 cm. long, deep yellow with purple dots in the open throat. s SCROPHULARIACEAE. 325 In moist places in woods, from the mouth of the Columbia River to Cali- fornia. Mimulus moschatus Dougl. Musk Plant. Perennial, villous and shiny viscid, musk-scented; stems weak, spreading, ascending or erect, 10-40 cm. high; leaves oblong-ovate, denticulate, 2-5 cm. long, all petioled; peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx tubular-prismatic, 8-12 mm. long, the unequal teeth acute; corolla pale yellow, spotted in the throat, about 2 cm. long. Common in moist places. Mimulus langsdorfii Donn. Perennial by short stolons, erect or decum- bent, glabrous or puberulent, 15-60 cm. high, or depauperate plants much smaller and dying after blooming; leaves several-nerved from the base, ovate, obtuse or acute, rounded or subcordate at base, the lower long-petioled and often with ragged lobes at base, the upper short-petioled or sessile; floral leaves often cuneate; flowers in a raceme, the pedicels as long as or shorter than the flowers; calyx in fruit 5-angled and inflated, the upper lobe longest, the others turned toward it, all much shorter than the tube; corolla yellow, hairy and often spotted in the throat, usually 2-3 cm. long, the tube exceeding the calyx. Very common in moist places and exceedingly variable. M. hirsiilus Howell and M. grandiflorus Howell seem to lack any satisfactory differential characters. Mimulus scouleri Hook. Perennial, stoloniferous, glabrous; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate, shining, 2-5 cm. long, the lower ones petioled, the upper broader, ovate, sessile; calyx cam- panulate, the teeth triangular, obtuse; corolla yellow, about 3 cm. long. Muddy banks of the Columbia River near its mouth. Mimulus alpinus (Gray) Piper. Glabrous or nearly so; stems weak and often densely matted, leafy to the top, 5-10 cm. high, mostly 1-flowered; leaves ovate, nearly sessile, entire or slightly denticulate; corolla 2-3 cm. long. Abundant on wet cliffs and along rivulets at high altitudes in the moun- tains. Mimulus implexus Greene. Tufted perennial with slender fleshy root- stocks, glabrous up to the inflorescence; stems 15-30 cm. high; leaves all cauline, 3-5 pairs, ovate, sessile, sparsely dentate, 3-nerved, 2-4 cm. long; inflorescence puberulent and viscid; calyx campanulate, angled, purple-dotted, the teeth triangular, the upper one largest; corolla pale yellow, bearded and purple-dotted in the throat. Along alpine rivulets at about the limit of trees, rare in our limits. 455. DIGITALIS. Tall herbs with alternate or scattered entire or toothed leaves; flowers showy, in racemes; calyx 5-parted, the lobes often folia- ceous; corolla with a somewhat inflated tube and a short scarcely spreading limb, declined; stamens 4, didynamous, included in the corolla. Digitalis purpurea L. Foxglove. Pubescent ; stems stout, 60-1 20 cm. high ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, dentate; flowers in a long raceme, drooping; corolla purple or white, 3-5 cm. long, spotted within. Introduced from Europe. 326 SCROPHULARIACEAE. 456. RHINANTHUS. Annual erect herbs, with opposite leaves; flowers yellowish, in a one-sided spike; calyx membranaceous, 4-toothed, inflated in fruit; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip arched, ovate, obtuse, with two lateral teeth, the lower lip 3-lobed; stamens 4, all anther- bearing, enclosed in the upper lip; anther-cells equal; capsule orbicular, compressed. Rhinanthus kyrollae Chabert. Stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, simple or more commonly with ascending branches; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 2-5 cm. long, serrate, minutely scabrous; bracts pale green, ovate-lanceolate, with slender acuminate teeth; calyx 1.5 cm. long; corolla pale yellow. In open fields and prairies; rare in our limits. 457. PEDICULARIS. LOUSEWORT. Perennial herbs; leaves toothed or pinnatifid, the floral bract- like; flowers rather large in a spike; calyx 2-5-toothed, irregular; corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip (galea) arched, laterally compressed, sometimes beaked, the lower 3-lobed; stamens 4, enclosed by the upper lip; anthers equally 2-celled; capsule several seeded. Leaves lanceolate, doubly-crenulate. P. racemosa. Leaves pinnately parted. Flowers yellowish or whitish. Corolla yellow, with a slender inrolled beak. P. contorta. Corolla whitish, with a broad hood-like beak. P. bracteosa. Flowers purple. Corolla beakless; seashore plant. P. parviflora. Corolla beaked; alpine plant. Beak long and filiform, curved. P. surrecta. Beak short and conical. P. ornithorhyncha. Pedicularis racemosa Dougl. Ascending or spreading, glabrous throughout or puberulent above, the stems simple or somewhat branched, 30-40 cm. long; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute or obtuse, doubly crenulate, 5-10 cm. long; petioles short; flowers short-pedicelled, in racemes, with gradually reduced leaves or bracts; calyx 2-cleft in front, 2-toothed behind; corolla white or reddish, the galea much incurved, nearly reaching the apex of the broad lip. Common in alpine woods. Pedicularis contorta Benth. Glabrous; stems simple, erect, 20-30 cm. high; basal leaves petioled, 5-8 cm. long, pinnately parted into linear toothed segments; cauline leaves similar, sessile; spikes densely many-flowered, 5-10 cm. long; calyx cleft before and behind, the lobes 2-toothed; corolla pale yellow, the galea slender, elongate and somewhat circinate, about as long as the lower lip. In the mountains at high elevations. First collected by Tolmie on Mount Rainier. Pedicularis bracteosa Benth. Glabrous below, sparsely pubescent above; stem stout, erect, 30-100 cm. high, with tuber-like roots; leaves ovate or oblong in outline, 5-12 cm. long, the basal petioled, the cauline nearly sessile, pinnately parted or divided into narrow lanceolate or linear, serrate or incised SCROPHULARIACEAE. 327 divisions, 1-5 cm. long; inflorescence an erect dense spike, 10-50 cm. long; bracts ovate, acuminate, entire or nearly so, exceeded by the flowers; calyx 5-cleft, with narrow triangular lobes; corolla whitish, 2 cm. long, the galea longer than the lip, curved, hooded at the apex, the orifice entire. In^wet alpine meadows. Pedicularis parviflora Smith. Stems branched from the. base, decumbent; leaves pinnately parted into narrow oblong incised segments; spike leafy, short; calyx-lobes crested; corolla purple, the galea nearly straight and bearing one or sometimes two pairs of small teeth. Along the seashore, infrequent, Alaska to Washington. Pedicularis surrecta Benth. Stem erect, strict, 30-60 cm. high; leaves pinnately parted into narrow toothed or lobed segments; spike dense, naked; corolla red-purple, the long galea upwardly curved. [Common in alpine swamps. Pedicularis ornithorhyncha Benth. Stems erect, 10-15 cm. high; leaves pinnately parted, the narrow segments rather scattered and dentately lobed; stem naked or bearing 1 or 2 reduced leaves; spike short, 1-3 cm. long; corolla purple, the galea conical, turned downward. In alpine meadows, in the Cascade Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. First collected on Mount Rainier by Tolmie. 458. CASTILLEJA. PAINTED CUP, INDIAN PINK, OR INDIAN PAINT BRUSH. Perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base; leaves alter- nate, entire or cleft into linear lobes, the floral ones usually dilated, colored and more showy than the yellow, red or whitish spiked flowers; calyx tubular, flattened, 2-4-lobed; corolla- tube included; upper lip (galea) much longer than the lower, narrow, arched and keeled, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed; anthers unequally 2-celled; capsule many-seeded. Bracts whitish or yellowish; galea shorter than the tube of the corolla. C. levisecta. Bracts scarlet or crimson (occasionally yellow or white); galea as long as or longer than the corolla tube. Leaves and bracts cleft into linear lobes. Stems glabrous below; bracts crimson or white. C. oreopola. Stems pilose to the base; bracts scarlet. Galea much longer than the corolla tube. C. rupicola. Galea about equalling the corolla tube. C. angustifolia. Leaves and bracts entire, very rarely cleft. Stems from slender rootstocks; bracts green, with scarlet tips. C. suksdorfii. Stems from a stout caudex; bracts scarlet. Leaves puberulent, but not viscid; bracts or some of them lobed or toothed. C. crispula. Leaves glabrous; bracts entire. Plants erect; leaves rather thin. C. miniata. Plants decumbent; leaves thick. C. dixonii. Castilleja levisecta Greenman. Erect, strict, soft-pubescent throughout; stem 15-30 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly with 1-3 pairs of narrow lobes; bracts broad, yellow, lobed at the apex; galea shorter than the corolla- tube. 328 SCROPHULARIACEAE. In open meadows near the seacoast, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and Washington. Castilleja oreopola Greenman. Stems tufted, glabrous below, pubescent above, 15-30 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly cleft about half-way into 3-5 narrow lobes; bracts rose-purple, rarely white, 3-cleft; galea about as long as the corolla-tube. Abundant in alpine meadows, at 1500-2000 m. altitude. Castilleja rupicola Piper. Stems tufted, sparsely pubescent, 10-20 cm. high; leaves usually purplish, deeply cleft into 3-7 linear spreading lobes; bracts similar, scarlet-tinged; galea much longer than the corolla-tube. On cliffs, Mount Rainier, Washington, to British Columbia. Castilleja angustifolia (Nutt.) G. Don. Stems usually clustered from a woody base, erect, 20-50 cm. high, more or less pubescent throughout, some- what pilose; leaves pubescent, the lower linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly entire, the upper broader, cleft to about the middle into 3-5 narrow lobes; inflorescence short and dense, becoming elongate in fruit; bracts like the leaves but broader and more deeply cleft, pilose below, the tips scarlet, rarely yellow; calyx 2-3 cm. long, with lanceolate lobes; corolla 2 cm. long, the upper lip hardly as long as the tube, much longer than the short 3-lobed lower lip. In dry or rocky ground. Very variable; three subspecies occur in our limits. Castilleja angustifolia abbreviata Fernald. Stems sparingly pilose; leaves oblong-ovate to obovate, short, 1—2.5 cm. long. Common in the Olympic Mountains and apparently of restricted range. Castilleja angustifolia bradburii (Nutt.) Fernald. Stems sparingly pilose; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2—5 cm. long. The commonest subspecies in our limits. Castilleja angustifolia hispida (Benth.) Fernald. Stems densely pilose, 40-50 cm. high; leaves harshly pubescent, short, ascending. In prairies; first found at Fort Vancouver, Washington, by Douglas. Castilleja suksdorfii Gray. Sparsely villous; stems 30-60 cm. high, arising from slender creeping rootstocks; leaves lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, entire or the upper with a pair of narrow lobes; bracts broader, more or less scarlet- tipped, 3-lobed; corolla 3 cm. long, the galea longer than the tube; lip 3-lobed. Wet alpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains, rare. Castilleja crispula Piper. Perennial from a stout woody crown; whole herbage sparsely crisp-puberulent; stems erect or nearly so, 20-30 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, acute, broadest near the sessile base, 3-nerved, 2-4 cm. long, all entire or the uppermost with a few teeth; spike short and dense; bracts broader than the leaves, scarlet-tipped, all or at least the upper ones few- toothed near the apex; calyx villous, about equally cleft before and behind, each lateral segment cleft about midway into 2 attenuate-lanceolate acute lobes; corolla about 3 cm. long, the glandular puberulent galea green except a thin scarlet margin, nearly straight, as long as the sparsely pilose tube; lip small, the three teeth saccate-involute, acute; ovary elliptic-acuminate. Mount St. Helens, Washington, Coville, Goodwin; Chilliwack Valley, British Columbia, Macoun. Very close to C. miniata Dougl. but differing in its puberulent herbage and the dentate bracts. Castilleja miniata Dougl. Glabrous below the inflorescence; stems erect, simple or nearly so, 30-100 cm. high; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, sessile, 3-5 cm. long; spikes dense, pubescent; SCROPHULARIACEAE. 329 bracts broad, mostly 3-5-toothed or cleft, scarlet-tipped, shorter than the flowers; calyx about equally cleft before and behind, the divisions 2-cleft; corolla yellowish, 3 cm. long, the upper lip straight and slender, longer than the tube; lower lip very short; pod ovoid, 10-12 mm. long, enclosed in the calyx. From the sea level up to an altitude of 1600 m. Castilleja dixoni Fernald. Very similar to C. miniata but prostrate or decumbent; leaves thickish, turning black in drying. Along the ocean seashore; perhaps only a form of C. miniata. 459. ORTHO CARPUS. Low annuals, very similar to Castilleja; calyx 4-cleft; corolla tubular; the upper lip (galea) scarcely longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1-3-saccate lower ones; anthers un- equally 2-celled, or the smaller anther-cell rarely wanting. Lobes of lower lip of corolla well developed. Galea bearded on the back; filaments pubescent. 0. purpurascens. Galea naked; filaments smooth. Spike short and dense; bracts with broad obtuse white lobes. 0. castilleoides. Spike slender; bracts with slender lobes. O. attenuatus. Lobes of lower lip of corolla very small. Lip simply saccate, scarcely larger than the galea. Bracts very different from the leaves, the upper ones entire. 0. imbricatus. Bracts less different from the leaves, all 3-5-lobed. O. bracteosus. Lip with 3 conspicuous swellings, much larger than the galea. Flowers very small, 4—6 mm. long, dull purple; leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid into filiform seg- ments. O. pusillus. Flowers larger, 12-20 mm. long; leaves simply pin- nate with slender lobes or entire. Corolla sulphur-yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long; anthers 1 -celled. 0. erianthus. Corolla white, about 1 cm. long; anthers 2- celled. O. hispidus. Orthocarpus purpurascens Benth. Hirsute-pubescent; stems erect, simple or branched from the base, 15-30 cm. high; leaves all 3-5-lobed or cleft, the lobes very narrow; flowers in a dense spike; bracts purplish or reddish, broader than the leaves, 3-5-lobed, as long as the flowers; calyx-lobes linear, as long as the tube; galea longer than the 3-saccate lip, curved at tip. Seattle, probably introduced, Piper. Common in prairies, Oregon to California. Orthocarpus castilleoides Benth. Puberulent; stems usually branched from the base and decumbent; leaves oblong or lanceolate, cut into narrow lobes; flowers in a dense short thick spike; bracts broader than the leaves, white-tipped; corolla whitish. In brackish marshes, along the seashore. Orthocarpus attenuatus Gray. Minutely pubescent; stems erect, 10-20 cm. high, pubescent above; leaves linear, long-attenuate, sometimes with narrow lobes; flowers scattered, in a narrow spike; bracts with attenuate lobes, sometimes white-tipped; corolla white; galea narrowly conical, straight. In dry open places, British Columbia to California. 330 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Orthocarpus imbricatus Benth. Puberulent; stems slender, erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate, puberulent; bracts somewhat papery, oval, net- veined, purplish at tip; spike dense; corolla purple; galea triangular, straight, as long as the lip. Olympic Mountains, Elmer, and south to the mountains of northern Cali- fornia, rare. Orthocarpus bracteosus Benth. Hirsute pubescent; stems erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves all deeply cleft into 3 acute lanceolate lobes, the lateral ones spreading; inflorescence a dense spike; bracts broader than the leaves, 3-5- lobed, greenish; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla purple, 12-14 mm. long, the galea short and indexed. Open prairies, Vancouver Island to California. O. strictus Benth. is prob- ably identical and if so has priority. Orthocarpus pusillus Benth. Pubescent; plants low, usually purplish, 5-10 cm. high; leaves pinnately dissected into thread-like divisions; bracts similar; flowers scattered, shorter than the bracts; corolla purplish, 4-5 mm. long. Common in dry gravelly soil. Orthocarpus erianthus Benth. Minutely pubescent; stems slender, strictly erect, 10-20 cm. high, simple or branched; leaves pinnately parted above the broader entire base into narrow segments; spike narrow; bracts similar to the leaves but small, the upper ones not longer than the calyx; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long, yellow, the narrow falcate galea purple-tipped. Washington, where perhaps introduced, to Oregon and California. Orthocarpus hispidus Benth. Annual, slender, erect, simple or with few erect branches, rough-hairy throughout, 10-40 cm. high; leaves linear or lanceolate, attenuate, entire or pinnately cleft into 3-5 linear lobes, 2-6 cm. long; spikes dense, narrow; bracts like the leaves, but shorter and broader; calyx-teeth subulate, shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla white, slender, 12-14 mm. long; lip with 3 sac-like swellings; galea straight, pointed. Moist places in open ground, Willamette Valley. Family 91. OROBANCHACEAE. BROOMRAPE FAMILY. Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of foliage and green color, yellowish or brownish throughout; leaves reduced to alternate scales; flowers solitary, loosely clustered or spicate; calyx 4- or 5- toothed or parted; corolla gamopetalous, tubular, more or less 2-lipped, hypogynous; stamens 4, didynamous, epipetalous; style long; stigma large; ovary 1 -celled, with 2 or 4 parietal placentae; capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; seeds very numerous, minute. Anther cells not separated, their bases rounded. 460. BOSCHNIAKIA, 330. Anther cells separated below, their bases mucronate. Bracts on the calyx or elongated peduncles none. 461. THALESIA, 331. Bracts on the calyx or short pedicel one or two. 462. OROBANCHE, 331. 460. BOSCHNIAKIA. Stout fleshy reddish simple-stemmed parasitic herbs; flowers sessile or subsessile in a dense scaly-bracted spike; bractlets OROBANCHACEAE. 331 linear, usually wanting; calyx short, cup-shaped, the teeth very variable; corolla swollen toward the base; upper lip entire or notched; lower lip 3-parted; stamens slightly exserted; anther- cells parallel, blunt at base; stigmas 2-lobed or 4-lobed; cap- sules globose, 4-valved; seeds with a thin reticulated coat. Boschniakia hookeri Walp. (B. strobilacea Gray.) Tuber-like under- ground stem globose, reticulated; stems stout, 10-30 cm. high, reddish, flowering from near the ground; scale-like leaves rhomboidal, usually densely imbricated, more or less erose; flowers sessile or nearly so; calyx very variable, the teeth varying from subulate to broadly triangular, sometimes obsolete or nearly so; corolla ciliate; filaments bearded at base; capsule globose; seeds favose. From Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California; first found by Menzies at Nootka Sound. Northward the plant is parasitic on Gaultheria shallon or rarely on Arctostaphylos; southward the common host is Arctos- taphylos but sometimes Arbutus menziesii. It seems impossible to maintain B. hookeri, the northern plant, and the usually stouter southern form, B. strobilacea, as distinct species. 461. THALESIA. Yellowish, violet or nearly white herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants; scale-leaves scattered; flowers solitary or in loose clusters; calyx 4- or 5-cleft; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, mostly 2-lobed or emarginate, the lower spreading; stamens included. Calyx-lobes subulate, longer than the tube. T. uniflora. Calyx-lobes triangular, shorter than the tube. T. fasciculata. Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britt. Stem stout, 1-4 cm. long, mostly sub- terranean, with a few ovate obtuse scales and bearing 1-5 or more 1-flowered glandular-puberulent peduncles 5-12 cm. high; calyx glandular, the obconic or campanulate tube exceeded by the narrow subulate lobes; corolla violet or yellowish, 1-2.5 cm. long, glandular-puberulent without. Rare in our limits. Thalesia fasciculata (Nutt.) Britt. Stems elongated, 2-12 cm. long, bearing a cluster of 2-30 very glandular 1-flowered peduncles, 5-10 cm. high; calyx-tube campanulate, about as long as the broad triangular lobes; corolla yellowish, 1-2 cm. long. Parasitic on various plants; not common. 462. OROBANCHE. • Parasitic herbs on the roots of various plants, usually yellow- ish or reddish; flowers in spikes, sessile or nearly so, with bracts; calyx deeply 2-lobed, the lobes often 2-cleft; corolla irregular, the tube slightly curved, the upper lip erect or incurved, the lower spreading; capsule 2-valved. Flowers pedicellate; anthers woolly. O. grayana. Flowers subsessile; anthers glabrous or nearly so. 0. ludoviciana. 332 LENTIBULARIACEAE. Orobanche grayana Beck. (0. comosa Hook.) Stems stout, very short; flowers in a dense simple or branched corymb, all pedicelled; calyx-lobes narrow; corolla purplish; anthers woolly. Parasitic on Grindelia; rare, in our limits known from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and Whidby Island, Sucia Island, and Flattop Island, Washington. Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. Whole plant reddish-yellow, viscid-pu- bescent; stem stout, erect, simple or with erect branches, scaly, 15-25 cm. long; flowers 2-bracted at the base of the calyx, in dense spikes, looser below; calyx unequally 5-cleft, the lobes linear-lanceolate; corolla yellowish, 12-15 mm. long, the lobes acute, hardly spreading. Parasitic on Composite plants; known in our limits from Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Fort Vancouver, Washington, Douglas. Family 92. LENTIBULARIACEAE. BLADDERWORT FAMILY. Small aquatic herbs with 1-few-flowered scapes; calyx 2- lipped; corolla deeply 2-lipped, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed and with a prominent usually bearded palate, spurred at the base in front; stamens 2, with confluently 1 -celled anthers; style very short or none; stigma 1-2-lipped; ovary free, 1-celled, with a free central placenta; capsule often bursting irregularly. Leaves entire; plant terrestrial. 463. PINGUICULA, 332. Leaves dissected; plant aquatic. 464. UTRICULARIA, 332. 463. PINGUICULA. BUTTERWORT. Small stemless perennial herbs growing on damp rocks; leaves broad, entire, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch; flower solitary on a scape; upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft; corolla with an open hairy or spotted palate, the lobes spreading. Pinguicula vulgaris L. Leaves elliptic or ovate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long, short-petioled; scape 5-12 cm. high; corolla violet, the tube conical with a straight spur, the lower lip much longer than the upper. Moist banks and rocks in the mountains. 464. UTRICULARIA. BLADDERWORT. Aquatic submersed plants; leaves dissected into capillary segments and bearing little air-bladders which act as floats, or sometimes rooting 'in the mud and with few or no leaves or bladders; flowers on 1-few-flowered scapes; corolla bilabiate, with the throat closed by a prominent palate; anthers convergent. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately parted, crowded; flowers large. U. vulgaris. Leaves 2-4 times forked, scattered; flowers small. U. minor. Utricularia vulgaris L. Stems rather stout, immersed, thickly crowded with the finely parted pinnate leaves; corolla yellow, 12-16 mm. broad, with reflexed sides; spur conical, shorter than the lower lip. In still ponds, not common. PLANTAGINACEAE. 333 Utricularia minor L. Stems floating; leaves forked 2-4 times, the thread- like divisions few; corolla yellow, 4-6 mm. broad, the lips wide open; spur very short. In ponds, scarce. Family 93. PLANTAGINACEAE. PLANTAIN FAMILY. Mostly stemless herbs; flowers regular, 4-merous, in spikes; corolla gamopetalous, dry and membranaceous, veinless; stamens 4, or rarely 2, on the corolla- tube, alternate with its lobes; ovary 2-, or falsely 3-4-celled; ovules 1-several in each cavity. 465. PLANTAGO. PLANTAIN. Leaves nerved or ribbed, radical; flowers small, in bracted spikes, on naked scapes; calyx of 4 persistent sepals; corolla salverform or rotate, 4-parted; stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long exserted filaments; ovary 2-celled; ovules 1-several in each cell; capsule 2-celled, 2-several-seeded. Leaves ovate or lanceolate. Seeds numerous; leaves ovate. P. major. Seeds only 2-4; leaves lanceolate. P. lanceolata. Leaves linear. Corolla-lobes closed over the fruit. P. bigelovii. Corolla-lobes spreading in fruit. Leaves fleshy; seaside plants. Leaves obtuse; capsule 4 mm. long. P. maritima. Leaves acute;*capsule 6-8 mm. long. P. macrocarpa. Leaves not fleshy; inland plants. Spikes woolly; bracts short. P. purshii. Spikes not woolly; bracts long. P. aristata. Plantago major L. Common Plantain. Perennial, pubescent or glabrous, the erect scapes mostly 10-30 cm. high; leaves broadly ovate, 3-5-ribbed, obtuse or acute, rounded at base, entire or coarsely dentate, 3-20 cm. long, on stout channeled petioles; spikes 5-20 cm. long; flowers all alike, perfect; sepals ovate or oblong, obtuse, shorter than the acutish capsule; seeds 6-15. Introduced in waste places; also native, especially on lake and sea beaches. Plantago lanceolata L. Buckhorn. Perennial, with a stout tap-root, erect, 30-45 cm. high, more or less pubescent; leaves 5-20 cm. long, sparsely pubescent, woolly at the base of the broad petiole; spikes dense, 1-3 cm. Jong, a little thicker at the base; bracts and sepals scarious; flowers all alike, perfect; capsule oblong, obtuse, 2-seeded; seeds concave on the inner face. Introduced; common in lawns and meadows. Plantago bigelovii Gray. Annual, green and glabrous; leaves linear, obtuse, entire, 4-10 cm. long; spikes dense, few-flowered, 2-3 cm. long, exceeding the leaves; stamens 2; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4 mm. long, 4-seeded. In salt marshes, rare. Plantago maritima L. Glabrous or nearly so, somewhat fleshy; leaves linear, obtuse, more or less woolly at base, 5-25 cm. long; spikes dense, 2-10 cm. long; bracts obtuse, shorter than the calyx; sepals oval, keeled on the back; corolla-lobes acutish; stamens 4; seeds few, not concave on the face. On the seashore, common. 334 RUBIACEAE. Plantago Taa.croca.rpa. Cham. & Schlecht. Perennial, fleshy; leaves lan- ceolate, acute, 10-30 cm. long, tapering into a long margined petiole; scapes as long as or longer than the leaves; spike dense, cylindric, in fruit 4-5 cm. long, its axis pubescent; bracts and sepals rather fleshy, scarious-margined; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4-seeded, 6-8 mm. long. Common on the seacoast, Alaska to Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and perhaps to Washington. Plantago purshii R. & S. Annual, 5-30 cm. high, white-hairy or woolly throughout; leaves 5-10 cm. long, 1-3-nerved, linear or lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base into a petiole; spikes dense, 1-10 cm. long; bracts subu- late, exceeding the flowers, becoming rigid; flowers perfect but of two kinds on separate plants, in one the four stamens being long and exserted, in the other short and included; sepals oblong, obtuse, with broad scarious margins; corolla white, the spreading lobes ovate. Common in dry ground. Plantago aristata Michx. Much like P. purshii but greener and less hairy; bracts of the spikes much longer than the flowers. Sparingly introduced from the central states. Family 94. RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY. Herbs (in ours) ; leaves opposite, entire with intervening stipules or whorled without stipules; flowers generally perfect; calyx 4- or 5-lobed or toothed, coherent with the ovary; corolla gamopetalous, regular, 4- or 5-lobed or toothed; stamens on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; ovary inferior, 2-5-celled; endosperm hard, copious. Corolla funnelform, 4- or 5-lobed; calyx-lobes present. 466. SHERARDIA, 334. Corolla wheel-shaped, 3- or 4-parted; calyx-teeth none. 467. GALIUM, 334. 466. SHERARDIA. Slender procumbent herbs with 4-sided stems; leaves lanceolate, pointed, in whorls of 4-6; flowers small, blue or pinkish, sur- rounded by a gamophyllous involucre; calyx-lobes lanceolate, persistent; corolla funnelform, the limb 4-5-lobed; style filiform, 2-cleft; stigmas capitate; fruit dry, twin, of 2 indehiscent 1- seeded carpels. Sherardia arvensis L. Scabrous; stems tufted, loosely branched, 10-20 cm. high; leaves in whorls of 4, 5, or 6, lanceolate or lance-linear, acute, 6-15 mm. long; flowers capitate; involucre 6-8-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla pink, with spreading lobes; calyx-teeth persistent on the fruit. Introduced from Europe. 467. GALIUM. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS. Annual or perennial herbs with 4-angled stems; leaves whorled, without apparent stipules; flowers small, usually cymose; calyx- teeth obsolete; corolla rotate, 4-parted, rarely 3-parted; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, short; styles 2, short; stigmas capi- RUBIACEAE. 335 tate; ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled ; "ovules solitary; fruit dry or fleshy, globular, separating when ripe into 2 closed 1 -seeded carpels. Annuals; fruit hispid or hirsute. Leaves mostly in fours; stems erect, smooth. G. bifolium. Leaves 6-8 in each whorl; stems rough on the angles. G. aparine. Perennials; fruit smooth, hispid or canescent. Leaves 3-nerved, in whorls of four. Fruit canescent, becoming smooth; leaves linear. G. boreale. Fruit hispid ; leaves wider than linear. Leaves oblong-ovate, acutish. G. kamtscliaticum. Leaves obovate or orbicular, obtuse. G. kamtschaticum oreganum. Leaves 1-nerved. Whorls containing 6 leaves; fruit hispid with hooked hairs. G. triflorum. Whorls containing 4, 5, or 6 leaves; fruit smooth. Flowers cymose, the peduncles ir- regularly branching. G. cymosum. Flowers not cymose. Flowers solitary. G. trifidum. Flowers or many of them in twos. G. daytoni. Galium bifolium WTats. Glabrous; stems erect, 10-20 cm. high, simple or but little branched; leaves linear to oblanceolate, 8-15 mm. long, the upper often in twos; peduncles 1-flowered, about as long as the leaves; flowers white. In moist places in the mountains at about 1500 m. altitude. Known from Mount Adams and Mount Stuart and to be expected in our limits. Galium aparine L. Stems weak and reclining, retrosely prickly on the angles, 30-120 cm. long; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, mostly cuspidate, more or less retrorsely-hispid, especially on the margins and midribs, 5-8 cm. long; pedicels from the upper axils or terminal, bearing solitary flowers; fruit on erect pedicels, densely hispid with somewhat hooked bristles, 3-4 mm. broad. Very abundant in open woods. Galium boreale L. Glabrous or nearly so; stems rather slender, but erect, 30-60 cm. high, leafy; leaves 3-nerved, oblong-linear, lanceolate or linear, obtuse to acuminate, mostly 1-3 cm. long; flowers white, in small cymes which form a large terminal panicle; bract-like leaves much reduced and in pairs; fruit globose, small, hispid, but becoming glabrous. In moist meadows, not common. Galium kamtschaticum Steller. Stems erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves in fours, obovate to orbicular, 3-nerved, obtuse, slightly pilose on the nerves and margins; flowers cream-colored, in small cymes; pedicels spreading; corolla- lobes acute; fruit hispid. Stevens Pass, Washington, Sandberg & Leiberg, north to Alaska and Kamtschatka. Galium kamtschaticum oreganum (Britt.) Piper. Leaves oblong-ovate, acutish; otherwise like G. kamtschaticum. Common in woods in the mountains at low altitudes, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Oregon. Galium triflorum Michx. Stems weak, prostrate to ascending, 30-100 cm long, retrorsely hispid on the angles; leaves lanceolate, bristle-tipped, 2-8 cm. 336 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. long; peduncles 3-flowered, rarely 6-flowered; flowers greenish-white, all pedicelled; fruits covered with hooked bristles. In moist woods, very common. Galium cymosum Wiegand. Stems ascending, 30-80 cm. high, 4-angfed, rough on the angles, loosely branched; leaves in fives and sixes, linear, obtuse, scabrous on the margins, 10-17 mm. long; flowers numerous, in terminal and lateral cymes; pedicels short, divaricate; corolla 2 mm. broad, 3-parted; fruit glabrous. Washington and Oregon, near the coast; not common. Galium trifidum pacificum Wiegand. Stems slender, 30-50 cm. high; leaves mostly in fours, unequal, oblong-spatulate, obtuse, cuneate at base, thin in texture, 15-25 mm. long; peduncles lateral, capillary, scabrous or smooth, 1-flowered, not longer than the leaves; corolla 3-lobed; fruit smooth. In wet places, common. Galium claytoni subbiflorum WTiegand. Stems ascending, weak and slender, 15—20 cm. high, retrorsely scabrous on the angles; leaves linear, scab- rous on the margins and midribs; peduncles axillary or terminal, recurved, often scabrous, some of them 1-flowered, others 2- or even 3-flowered; flowers very small, white, the parts often in threes; fruit glabrous. In wet places, rare in our limits. Family 95. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Shrubs or rarely herbs; leaves opposite, without genuine stipules; flowers perfect, generally in cymes; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; corolla gamopetalous, tubular or rotate, 4- or 5- cleft, sometimes irregular; stamens distinct, as many as the corolla- lobes, rarely fewer; ovary 2-5-celled, or not rarely 1 -celled; ovules solitary or several; endosperm fleshy. Corolla rotate or urn-shaped; flowrers in compound cymes. Leaves pinnate. 468. SAMBUCUS, 336. Leaves simple. . 469. VIBURNUM, 337. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped; flowers not in compound cymes. Creeping herbaceous vines; fruit dry. 470. LINNAEA, 338. Shrubs, erect or climbing; fruit a berry. Corolla regular, bell-shaped. 471. SYMPHORICARPOS, 338. Corolla more or less irregular, tubular, commonly 2-lipped. 472. LONICERA, 338. 468. SAMBUCUS. ELDER. Shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, pinnate; leaflets serrate or laciniate; flowers small, white, numerous, in compound cymes; calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; corolla gamopetalous, open urn- shaped, 5-cleft; lobes broadly spreading; stamens 5, distinct; stigmas 3 ; fruits of berry-like drupes with 3-5 nutlets, each with one seed. Inflorescence flat-topped; berries black, with a bloom. S. glauca. Inflorescence pyramidal; berries red, rarely yellow or brownish. 5. callicarpa. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 337 Sambucus glauca Nutt. Shrub 2-5 m. high, or sometimes a tree 8-10 m. high, glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous; young pith white; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-9, thickish, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, short-stalked, paler beneath, 8-12 cm. long; lower leaflets sometimes more or less divided; subulate stipels occasionally present; cymes usually 5-rayed, large, flat-topped; flowers white, 4-5 mm. broad; fruit black, very glaucous; nutlets rugose. In dry ground, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California and Idaho. Sambucus callicarpa Greene. Shrub 2-5 m. high; bark smooth, brown; young pith brownish-yellow; leaflets 5-7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, acute or acuminate, 5-12 cm. long, sparingly pubescent beneath; panicle pyramidal; flowers cream-colored; berries bright scarlet, sometimes chestnut-colored, rarely yellow. In wet ground, very common. The form with chestnut-colored fruit is very abundant on the bluffs of Puget Sound between Seattle and Everett, Washington. 469. VIBURNUM. Shrubs or small trees; leaves simple, commonly toothed, sometimes deeply lobed; flowers white, in flat compound cymes; calyx 5-toothed; corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed; stamens 5, ex- serted; stigmas 1-3; fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe with soft pulp and a thin crustaceous stone. Cyme radiate, that is the outer flowers neutral and enlarged. V. opulus. Cyme not radiate. Leaves roundish, mostly 3-lobed. V. pauciflorum. Leaves oval to elliptic, dentate. V. ellipticum. Viburnum opulus americanum (Mill.) Ait. Erect shrub, 1-4 m. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves orbicular in outline, rounded or cuneate at base, 3-5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, the triangular lobes acuminate, usually dentate; petioles bearing 2 or more round usually reddish excrescences at summit; stipules very slender; cymes flat, the outer flowers neutral and much enlarged; fruit red, acid. Rare in our limits, Sumas Prairie, Lyall; Cape. Horn, Piper. The culti- vated snowball is a form of the true V. opulus L. of Europe. Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie. High-bush Cranberry. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, the branchlets glabrous; leaves orbicular or ovate, mostly 3-lobed, trun- cate or subcordate at base, pubescent beneath; cymes peduncled, on short 2-leaved branches, small, 1-2 cm. broad; flowers white, all perfect; drupes globose, red. Along streams in the mountains, infrequent. Viburnum ellipticum Hook. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, erect; leaves broadly oval or oblong, coarsely dentate above the middle, obtuse, firm in texture, somewhat pubescent, especially beneath, 3-5-nerved from the base; petioles slender; stipules subulate; cymes rather dense; flowers cream-colored; corolla 8 mm. broad; fruit black. Along both sides of the lower Columbia River, where first found by Douglas, and southward to California. 338 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 470. LINNAEA. TWIN-FLOWER. Creeping and trailing small evergreen herbs; leaves ovate or orbicular, opposite, petioled; flowers in pairs, on the summit of elongated terminal peduncles; calyx- teeth 5, awl-shaped, decidu- ous; corolla funnelform, almost equally 5-lobed, purple and whit- ish, hairy inside; stamens 4, two shorter, all included and inserted near the base of the corolla; ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but one seed ripening, the other ovules abortive. Linnaea borealis longiflora Torr. Twin-flower. Stem perennial, trailing, slender, pubescent, 30-100 cm. long; leaves obovate or orbicular, obtuse, crenate above the middle, mostly cuneate at base, sparingly pubescent, 10-25 mm. long, short-petioled; flowering branches erect, 8-10 cm. high, leafy below, forked above into two, very rarely more, glandular pedicels, each bearing a single nodding flower; calyx-lobes lanceolate, about twice as long as the very glandular tube; corolla pink, hairy inside, 1-1.5 cm. long. In woods, very common. 471. SYMPHORICARPOS. SNOWBERRY. Low and branching shrubs; leaves oval or oblong, short- petioled, entire or wavy-margined; flowers 2-bracteolate, in axil- lary and terminal spikes or clusters, rarely solitary; calyx-teeth 5 or 4, short, persistent; corolla regular or nearly so, bell-shaped to salverform, white or pink, 5- or 4-lobed; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, epipetalous; ovary 4-celled, two of these being 1-ovuled and fertile, the two alternate several-ovuled and sterile; fruit globular and berry-like, containing 2 bony seed-like nutlets. Erect shrub; leaves glabrous. S. albus. Trailing shrub; leaves pubescent. 5. mollis. Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake. (5. racemosus Michx.) Erect much branched shrub, 30-90 cm. high; leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, rounded or cuneate at base, entire or on vigorous shoots sinuately-toothed or lobed, pubescent beneath, short-petioled, 1-4 cm. long; flowers in terminal and axil- lary racemes; corolla pink, campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, villous on the lobes within, these obtuse, shorter than the tube; stamens and style included; berries white. Common in open woods. Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. Whole plant covered with a short dense pubescence; stems weak, reclining, 30-120 cm. long; leaves oblong to oval, 1-2 cm. long, entire or on vigorous shoots deeply and sinuately lobed, acute or obtuse; flowers in clusters of 1-6; corolla pink, campanulate, 4 mm. long, slightly villous within, the lobes obtuse, as long as the tube; stamens and style included; berries white. In dry open woods. 472. LONICERA. HONEYSUCKLE. Erect or climbing shrubs; leaves opposite, mostly entire; flowers in spikes or pairs; calyx minutely 5-toothed; corolla tubular or funnelform, often gibbous at the base, more or less CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 339 irregularly 5-lobed, commonly 2-lipped; stamens 5, epipetalous; ovary 2- or 3-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell; berry several-seeded. , Climbing shrubs; flowers in terminal clusters; upper leaves connate-perfoliate. Flowers orange; stamens and style little exserted. L. ciliosa. Flowers pink; stamens and style long-exserted. L. hispidida. Erect shrubs; flowers on axillary peduncles in pairs; upper leaves not connate. Bracts large, foliaceous; flowers yellow; fruit black. L. involucrata, Bracts small and narrow; flowers whitish; fruit red. L. utahensis. Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. Stems slender, twining to a height of 3-7 m.; young parts glaucous; leaves oval, obtuse, glaucous beneath, ciliate, 2-6 cm. long, short- petioled; uppermost pairs on the flowering branches con- nate into oval or orbicular disks; peduncles terminal, rarely in the axils of the penultimate pair of leaves; flowers sessile, in whorls; corolla yellow or orange, sparsely hairy; tube narrow, gibbous near the base, 2-2.5 cm. long; limb spreading, slightly 2-lipped; berries orange-red. In open woods, common. Lonicera hispidula Dougl. Stems slender, twining, 2-4 m. high, the young shoots hispid; leaves oval or ovate, often subcordate, glabrous and green above, pale and pubescent beneath, 1-3 cm. long, the uppermost usually connate; flower clusters often panicled; corolla reddish without, yellowish within, 15-20 mm. long, 2-lipped, the strongly gibbous tube not longer than the lips; fila- ments exserted, hairy at base; berries red. On banks and cliffs. Common on the bluffs along Puget Sound. Lonicera involucrata Banks. (L.tedebouriEsch.) Shrub, 1-3 m. tall, not twining; leaves oblong, ovate or obovate, mostly acuminate, rounded or cuneate at base, sparsely pubescent beneath or glabrate, 5-15 cm. long, short- petioled; peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves; flowers yellow, a single pair surrounded at base by an involucre of 4-6 bracts, the inner ones of which are united at base and become purple in fruit; corolla tubular, with short lobes, glandular-puberulent, 10-15 mm. long; berries black, not united. Along streams and in tidal marshes, common. Lonicera utahensis Wats. Much branched shrubs, 1-2 m. high, not twining; leaves oblong, oval or ovate, obtuse, pubescent beneath, and some- what ciliate, 1-5 cm. long, short-petioled; flowers white or nearly so, in a pair at the apex of the peduncles, 1-2 cm. long, with 2 small bracts at the base of ovary; corolla oblong-funnelform, 2 cm. long, the 5 lobes nearly equal, the tube with a sac-like projection at base; berries red, not united. Olympic Mountains, at about the limit of trees, Elmer, Flett. Common in the mountains of the interior. Family 96. VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN FAMILY. Herbs; leaves opposite, without stipules; flowers perfect or dioecious, in panicled or clustered cymes; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; corolla gamopetalous, tubular or funnelform, often irregular, 3-5-cleft; stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than the corolla-lobes, epipetalous; ovary inferior, with one fertile 1-ovuled 340 VALERIANACEAE. cell and two abortive or empty ones; fruit indehiscent; endo- sperm none. Tall perennial herbs; calyx-limb of 5-15 plumose slender lobes, inrolled until fruiting. 473. VALERIANA, 340. Low annual herbs; calyx-limb obsolete or nearly so. 474. VALERIANELLA, 340. 473. VALERIANA. VALERIAN. Tall perennial herbs, with strong-scented thickened roots; leaves simple or pinnate; calyx-lobes of several plumose bristles (pappus) which are rolled inward in flower but which unroll as the fruit matures; corolla commonly gibbous near the base, 5-lobed, nearly regular; stamens 3; abortive cell of the ovary small or obscure, obliterated in the akene-like fruit which is therefore 1-celled. Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Perennial from stout rootstocks, glabrous or nearly so; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high; basal leaves simple or trifoliolate, the blades broadly ovate to orbicular; cauline 3-5-foliolate, the leaflets sessile, ovate to oblong, coarsely sinuate to sinuate-dentate; flowers whitish or pinkish, in dense umbels; calyx sparsely pilose; corolla funnelform, 6-7 mm. long; stigma entire; fruit glabrous. Abundant in the mountains at the limit of trees. Odor strong and rather unpleasant, especially when dry. First collected near Sitka by Mertens. Valeriana sitchensis scouleri (Rydb.) Piper. Leaflets entire or merely undulate; otherwise like V. sitchensis. Rocky stream banks at low altitudes. 474. VALERIANELLA. Low annual dichotomously branched herbs; leaves tender, rather succulent; flowers small, bracted, whitish or pink, cymosely clustered ; calyx merely toothed or teeth obsolete ; corolla funnel- form, manifestly or obscurely 2-lipped; stamens 3, rarely 2; fruit 1-celled, 1 -seeded. Flowers rose-colored; fruit usually broadly winged. V. congesta. Flowers pale or white. Corolla spurless; fruit winged. V. anomala. Corolla spurred; fruit wingless. V. samolifolia. Valerianella congesta Lindl. Stems 10-40 cm. high, erect, simple or with a few branches; leaves oblong, entire, obtuse, the cauline sessile; flowers rose- colored, in dense cymes; corolla 2-lipped, 6-8 mm. long, spurred; fruit glabrous or puberulent, strongly keeled on the back. In open ground, British Columbia to California. The fruit is usually broadly winged but in some forms the wings are narrow or even wanting. Valerianella anomala Gray. Stems erect, 20-50 cm. high; leaves oblong, acutish, 2-5 cm. long; flowers white, in small terminal and axillary cymes; corolla white, funnelform, obscurely 2-lipped, three lobes larger than the other two; spur wanting; fruit strongly keeled, 3 mm. long, the wings usually broad. In moist open places, rare. DIPSACACEAE. 341 Valerianella samolifolia (DC.) Gray. Stems erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long; flowers in small cymes; bracts entire and subulate, or the upper ones palmately 3-parted; corolla white, obscurely 2-lipped; spur short; fruit wingless, 3-angled, 2 mm. long, glabrous or pubescent. In moist ground, rare, Vancouver Island to California; also in Chile. Family 97. DIPSACACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY. Herbs; leaves opposite or whorled, without stipules; flowers in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre as in the Compositae; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; corolla epigynous, 2-5-lobed; stamens 2-4, distinct on the corolla-tube and alternate with its lobes; ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovule 1; fruit an akene with persistent calyx-lobes; endosperm fleshy. 475. DIPSACUS. TEASEL. Rough-hairy or prickly tall biennial or perennial herbs; leaves large, opposite, the bases sometimes united into a cup; flowers in dense terminal peduncled oblong heads; bracts of the involucre and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny-pointed; calyx 4- toothed or lobed; corolla oblique, 2-lipped, 3-lobed; stamens 4; stigma oblique or lateral; akene free from or adherent to the involucel. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Biennial, 1-2 m. high, the stems and midribs armed with stout prickles; lower leaves lanceolate, obtuse, crenate, rarely cleft at base, 15-30 cm. long; upper leaves sessile, often cuneate, acuminate, entire; heads ovoid, becoming cylindric, 5-10 cm. long; involucre of linear cuspidate prickly bracts, some of which are longer than the head; bracts of the receptacle ovate, armed with long straight awns; flowers lilac. Sparingly introduced. Family 98. CUCURBITACEAE. GOURD FAMILY. Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils; leaves alternate, pal- mately lobed or veined; flowers dioecious or monoecious; calyx- tube adhering to the ovary; stamens 5 or usually 3, then 2 with a 2-celled and 1 with a 1-celled anther, usually united by their anthers, sometimes also by their filaments; stigmas 2 or 3; ovary 1-3-celled; fruit a pepo, fleshy or sometimes membranaceous. 476. MICRAMPELIS. Tall climbing annual vines nearly smooth, with forked tendrils; leaves thin; flowers very numerous, small, greenish-white, monoecious, the staminate in compound racemes, the pistillate in small clusters or solitary from the same axils; petals 6, Ian- 342 CUCURBITACEAE. ceolate, united at the base and spreading; anthers more or less united; stigma broad; ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit fleshy, at length dry, with weak prickles, fibrous-netted within, 2-celled, 4-seeded. v Micrampelis oregana (T. & G.) Greene. Glabrous or somewhat scab- rous; stems climbing, 3-12 m. long; leaves reniform-cordate, 8-15 cm. broad, deeply 5-7-lobed, the lobes triangular, acute and mucronate; staminate flowers in slender racemes; fruit subglobose, a little longer than thick, armed with soft green prickles, 2-4-celled; seeds orbicular, twice as broad as thick. In rich soils, Washington to California. Root very large and fleshy, whence known as " Old Man Root." Family 99. CAMPANULACEAE. BELLFLOWER FAMILY. Herbs with milky juice; leaves alternate, without stipules; flowers regular, generally blue, showy, scattered; calyx adherent to the ovary; corolla 5-lobed, bell-shaped; stamens 5, usually free from the corolla; anthers distinct or united; style 1, the upper portion provided with pollen-collecting hairs; stigmas 2 or more; ovary 2-5-celled, with axile placenta; capsule 2-several- celled, many-seeded; endosperm fleshy. Corolla irregular; anthers united. Flowers axillary; submersed aquatic with linear elongate leaves. 477. HOWELLIA, 342. Flowers not axillary; terrestrial or subaquatic plants. Tube of corolla cleft to the base on one side. 478. Tube of the corolla very long, not cleft. 479. Corolla regular; anthers separate. Ovary and capsule long and narrow. Capsule opening at the top by a hole left by the falling away of the base of the style; flowers all alike. Capsule opening on the sides by 2 or 3 little valves which leave small round perforations; flowers of two kinds. Ovary and capsule short and broad or globular. Calyx-lobes broad; flowers of two kinds. 482. Calyx-lobes narrow; flowers all alike. 483. 477. HOWELLIA. RAPUNTIUM, 343. BOLELIA, 343. 480. GITHOPSIS, 343. 481. SPECULARIA, 344. HETEROCODON 344. CAMPANULA, 344. Aquatic herbs; flowers of 2 forms, the emersed with a corolla, the submersed with an undeveloped corolla; calyx-tube linear- clavate, adnate for its whole length to the ovary, the limb of 5 nearly equal slender-subulate or filiform segments; corolla even in emersed flowers not exceeding the calyx, its short tube divided nearly to the base on one side; stamen-tube nearly free; anthers oval, the 2 smaller each with 3 hairs, the 3 larger naked; ovary CAMPANULACEAE. 343 strictly 1-celled, with 2 filiform parietal placentae each bearing 3-5 ovules; capsule clavate-oblong or fusiform, membranaceous. Howellia aquatilis Gray. Annual, submersed or only the tips of the stems emersed; stems branched, 15-45 cm. long; leaves narrowly linear, entire, 5-15 cm. long; emersed leaves broader, sparingly toothed; flowers axillary, short-peduncled; capsule linear-clavate. In still ponds, Sauvies Island, near Portland, Oregon, and in north Idaho. Named after Mr. Thomas Howell and his brother by whom it was discovered. 478. RAPUNTIUM. Herbs, rarely woody; flowers axillary or usually in bracted racemes; calyx with a short 5-cleft tube; corolla with a straight tube split down on one side, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft; two of the anthers bearded (in ours); pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. Rapuntium dortmanna (L.) Presl. Glabrous; leaves in a basal rosette, linear, obtuse, terete, 2-5 cm. long, hollow and with a longitudinal partition; scapes slender, erect, 10-50 cm. high, simple; flowers in a raceme; calyx-lobes subulate, as long as the tube; corolla pale blue, the lower lip slightly hairy. Borders of lakes, often submersed, rare. Lake Crescent, Washington, Lawrence; Whatcom Lake, Washington, Suksdorf; Shawnigan Lake, Van- couver Island, British Columbia, Macoun. 479. BOLELIA. Low and spreading glabrous annuals, rather succulent and tender; leaves sessile, narrow, entire, the upper reduced to bracts; flowers axillary, sessile; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, very long and slender, 3-sided, usually twisted; corolla 2-lipped, with a very short tube; filaments and anthers both united into a tube; capsule long and slender, early becoming 1-celled. Bolelia elegans (Dougl.) Greene. Stems erect, simple or branched near the base, 10-30 cm. high, glabrous throughout or very minutely puberulent; leaves sessile, ovate or lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. long; flowers blue, in a rather loose spike; bracts like the leaves but broader; calyx-tube very narrow, becoming 3—4 cm. long and appearing like a pedicel; calyx-lobes narrow, unequal; lower lip of the corolla sharply 3-lobed, 8-10 mm. long and broad, blue with a large white and yellow center; divisions of the upper lip lanceolate. Common on the margins of ponds, Chehalis County, Washington, and southward. 480. GITHOPSIS. Low annual herbs; flowers all alike; calyx with a 10-ribbed tube and 5 long and narrow foliaceous lobes; corolla tubular- campanulate, 5-lobed; filaments short, dilated at the base; stigmas 3; ovary 3-celled; capsule strongly ribbed, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes about as long or longer, opening by a round orifice left by the falling away of the base of the style; seeds very numerous. 344 CAMPANULACEAE. Githopsis specularioides Nutt. Annual, erect, simple or branched from the base, hirsute-pubescent throughout, 5-20 cm. high; leaves sessile, linear or oblong, coarsely dentate, 3-12 mm. long; flowers terminal on the stem or on axillary stout peduncles, erect; calyx-lobes linear, acuminate, glabrous above, 1-nerved, rigid, erect, as long as the narrowly-obconic tube; corolla blue, barely exceeding the calyx-lobes. Prairies, Chehalis County, Washington, and southward. First collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the Willamette River. 481. SPECULARIA. Annuals; cauline leaves sessile or clasping; flowers blue or purple, terminal or axillary, of two kinds, the earlier smaller, close-fertilized, with a rudimentary corolla which never opens, with mostly 3 or 4 calyx-lobes, the later with 5 calyx-lobes; corolla rotate, 5-lobed; ovary 3 or sometimes 2-celled; capsule more or less elongated, opening by 2 or 3 small lateral valves which leave round or oval perforations, usually over partitions. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus' s Looking Glass. Stems slender, erect, leafy, 20-40 cm. high, rough-hairy on the angles; leaves orbicular, cordate, crenate, clasping at base, 1—2 cm. long, scabrous on the margins and veins; flowers of 2 sorts, the earlier close-fertilized and with only rudimentary corollas, the later with showy violet corollas 4-10 mm. broad, solitary or 2 or 3 in the axils; calyx of the close-fertilized flowers with 3 or 4 short lobes of the corolla- bearing flowers with subulate lobes slightly longer than the tube; capsule top- shaped, opening near the middle. In open places, not rare. 482. HETEROCODON. A very delicate little annual; flowers of two sorts, the lower and earlier ones with merely rudimentary corollas and self-fer- tilized in the bud; calyx with an ovoid or inversely pyramidal tube much shorter than the foliaceous lobes, these broadly ob- ovate, sharply toothed, veiny, 3 or 4 in the earlier, 5 in the later flowers; corolla short-campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens and style as in Campanula; capsule 3-celled, 3-angled, bursting on the side; seeds numerous. Heterocodon rariflorum Nutt. Annual, the slender stems simple or branched below, 8-20 cm. high, sparsely hairy; leaves ovate or orbicular, sessile and partly clasping, coarsely dentate, somewhat scabrous-ciliate, 3-10 mm. long; earlier flowers without a corolla, the later ones with blue corollas, barely exceeding the calyx; calyx 5-8 mm. long, more or less hispid, the ovate acuminate usually toothed lobes a little longer than the tube. Said to occur in the Willamete Valley; frequent in the interior. 483. CAMPANULA. BELLFLOWER. Chiefly perennial herbs; flowers all alike, showy; calyx-lobes narrow; corolla campanulate or nearly so, 5-lobed or cleft; stamens 5; filaments dilated at base; capsule short, 3-5-celled, opening on the side or near the base by 3-5 small uplifted valves leaving round perforations, many-seeded. Ours all perennials. CAMPANULACEAE. 345 Style longer than the corolla ; corolla-lobes spreading. Corolla deep blue, twice as long as the calyx-lobes. C. prenanthoides. Corolla pale bluish, little longer than the calyx-lobes. C. scouleri. Style included; corolla lobes erect. Herbage puberulent; leaves all entire. C. scabrella. Herbage glabrous; at least the basal leaves not entire. Cauline leaves linear, entire; basal orbicular or cor- date. C. rotundifolia. Cauline leaves spatulate-lanceolate, dentate; basal similar. C. piperi. Campanula prenanthoides Durand. Pubescent or glabrous; stems usually several, erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate, acute, 1-2 cm. long, the cauline sessile, the lower ones short- petioled; flowers in a raceme, short-pedicelled; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla blue, narrowly campanulate, its lanceolate lobes 3 or 4 times as long as the tube. In open places, southern Oregon, perhaps not reaching our limits. Campanula scouleri Hook. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, 20-30 cm. high, often with a few branches; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tapering at base, the petiole margined; flowers in a raceme or a few-branched panicle; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla 12-15 mm. long, pale bluish, somewhat funnelshaped, the lance-ovate oblong lobes spreading, longer than the tube. In open woods, common. First collected by Scouler at Fort Vancouver, Washington. Campanula scabrella Engelm. Ashy puberulent, tufted, the numerous stems arising from a much branched base, 5-10 cm. high; leaves entire, firm, spatulate to linear; corolla blue, campanulate, with lance-ovate lobes as long as the tube. High alpine meadows, Mount Adams, and the mountains of northern Cali- fornia, probably occurring in our limits. Campanula rotundifolia L. Glabrous, erect, branched at the very base, 10-40 cm. high; basal and lower leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate, dentate or entire, petioled; cauline linear, the lower somewhat spatulate, acute, sessile, 2-7 cm. long; flowers solitary or racemose, erect; pedicels slender, nodding in the fruit; calyx-lobes subulate, longer than the tube, one- half or one-third as long as the corolla; corolla campanulate, blue, 12-20 mm. long; capsule openings near the base. Prairies and rock cliffs from sea level to 2000 m. altitude. Campanula piperi Howell. Glabrous; stems densely tufted from a much branched somewhat woody base, 4-10 cm. high, leafy; leaves thin, oblong- lanceolate or spatulate, saliently dentate, acute, 1-3 cm. long, narrowed at base into margined petioles; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla campanulate, bright blue, 1.5 cm. long. Abundant in rock crevices in the Olympic Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. Family 100. COMPOSITAE. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Annual biennial or perennial herbs or undershrubs (in ours) ; leaves without stipules; flowers in a close head on a common receptacle, surrounded by one or more rows of bracts (tegides) 346 COMPOSITAE. forming the involucre; heads 1-many, discoid when all the flowers bear tubular corollas, ligulate when the corollas are all strap- shaped, radiate when the outer corollas are strap-shaped and the inner tubular, in which case the outer are ray-flowers and the inner disk-floivers; receptacle often covered with bracts or scales (chaff}, each subtending a flower; calyx gamosepalous, its tube wholly adherent to the ovary, its limb (pappus} none or cup-shaped or developed into teeth, scales, awns or capillary bristles; corollas alike in all the flowers of the head or dissimilar, either tubular or strap-shaped (ligulate}, gamopetalous, epigy- nous; stamens 5, epipetalous, their anthers usually united into a tube (syngenesious} ; style 2-cleft at the apex or in sterile flowers usually entire; ovary bicarpellary, inferior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, with basal placenta; fruit an akene, sometimes surmounted by the pappus, often compressed at right angles to the subtending chaff (laterally compressed} or compressed parallel to the chaff (obcompressed} . SYNOPSIS OF THE TRIBES. Corollas strap-shaped in all the flowers of the head; plants with milky juice. Corollas tubular in all the flowers of the head or strap-shaped in only the marginal ones; plants without milky juice. Stamens distinct or nearly so. Stamens united by their anthers into a tube around the style (syngenesious). Anthers caudate at base; style-branches neither truncate nor appendaged; heads not radiate. Receptacle not bristly; corollas not deeply cleft. Receptacle long bristly; corollas deeply Tribe i. CICHORIEAE. Tribe 2. AMBROSIEAE. cleft. Anthers not caudate at base; style branches either truncate or tipped with an ap- pendage. Heads rayless; style branches club- shaped, obtuse; flowers all perfect, never yellow. Heads radiate (rarely rayless). Style branches of perfect flowers flat, or tipped with a distinct append- age; leaves mostly alternate. Style branches of perfect flowers truncate or appendaged, not flattened; leaves often opposite. Involucre scarious; pappus not capillary. Tribe 9. Tribe IO. INULEAE. CYNAREAE. Tribe 3. EUPATORIEAE. Tribe 4. ASTEREAE. Tribe 7. ANTHEMIDEAE. COMPOSITAE. 347 Involucre not scarious. Pappus capillary. Tribe 8. SENECIONEAE. Pappus never capillary. Receptacle chaffy. Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE. Receptacle not chaffy. Tribe 6. HELENIEAE. Tribe I. CICHORIEAE. Herbs, with milky juice; leaves alternate; corolla strap-shaped in all the flowers of the head and all the flowers perfect. Genera nos. 484 to 496. Tribe 2. AMBROSIEAE. Herbs, without milky juice, monoecious or dioe- cious; corollas tubular in the staminate flowers, reduced to a ring or none in the pistillate flowers, never strap-shaped. Genera nos. 497 and 498. Tribe 3. EUPATORIEAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow; style-branches thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse, the stigmatic lines indistinct. Genera nos. 499 and 500. Tribe 4. ASTEREAE. Leaves alternate; heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular, or radiate and the outer ones strap-shaped and pistillate; receptacle naked (in ours); anthers not caudate at base; style-branches in the perfect flowers flat. Genera nos. 501 to 510. Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE. Heads radiate or discoid; involucre not scarious; receptacle chaffy; pappus never capillary, sometimes none; anthers not caudate; style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged. Genera nos. 511 to 520. Tribe 6. HELENIEAE. Heads radiate or discoid; involucre little imbricated, not scarious; receptacle usually not chaffy; disk-flowers perfect and fertile; pappus a row of several chaffy scales. Genera nos. 521 to 526. Tribe 7. ANTHEMIDEAE. Mostly strong-scented; leaves alternate; heads radiate or discoid, the rays, when present, mostly white, the pistillate flowers rarely tubular, the perfect flowers sometimes sterile; tegules im- bricated, more or less dry and scarious. Genera nos. 527 to 533. Tribe 8. SENECIONEAE. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or not at all imbricated, not scarious; receptacle naked; pappus capillary; anthers tail-less. Genera nos. 534 to 539. Tribe 9. INULEAE. Heads discoid, the pistillate flowers mostly filiform and truncate; pappus capillary or none; anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails; style-branches with unappendaged obtuse or truncate naked tips. Genera nos. 540 to 545. Tribe 10. CYNAREAE. Leaves alternate; flowers all tubular and perfect, but the outer sometimes ray-like and neutral; involucre much imbricated; pappus mostly bristly; anthers caudate, long-appendaged at tip; style- branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, often with a pubescent ring below. Genera nos. 546 to 550. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA. Corollas strap-shaped in all the flowers of the head; plants with milky juice. Pappus none. 484. LAPSANA, 352. Pappus present. Pappus of scale-like or plumose bristles. 348 COMPOSITAE. Flowers not yellow. Akenes long-beaked. 485. Akenes beakless, with a truncate summit. 486. Flowers yellow. Receptacle chaffy. 487. Receptacle not chaffy. Leafy-stemmed biennials or perennials. 488. Acaulescent annuals. 489. Pappus of capillary bristles, never plumose. Heads solitary; leaves all basal. Akenes muricate or spinulose at the apex. 490. Akenes smooth at the apex. 491. Heads several; leaves not all basal. Akenes flattened. Akenes beaked, if short- beaked flowers not yellow. 495. Akenes beakless; flowers yel- low. 496. Akenes terete, cylindric or pris- matic. Flowers purplish. Flowers yellow or white. Pappus copious, white and soft. Pappus a single row of rough tawny bristles. Corollas tubular in all the flowers of the head or strap-shaped in only the marginal ones; plants without milky juice. Ray-flowers none; corollas all tubular. Flowers of the head not all alike, some heads having imperfect flowers. Perfect and imperfect flowers in the same head. Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, often larger than the central ones, resembling ray flowers. Marginal flowers perfect or pistil- late and fertile, not resem- bling ray flowers. Pappus of capillary bristles. Tegules in one row. 534. Tegules in several rows. 543. Pappus a short crown or none. Leaves entire or nearly so, ovate. Leaves incised, lobed or dissected, or if en- tire lanceolate. Pistillate flowers apet- alous. Pistillate flowers with tubular corollas. TRAGOPOGON, 352. CICHORIUM, 353. HYPOCHAERIS, 353. SCORZONELLA, 353. MlCROSERIS, 354. TARAXACUM, 355. AGOSERIS, 355. LACTUCA, 359. SONCHUS, 360. 494. NABALUS, 359. 493. 492. CREPIS, 358. HIERACIUM, 356. 546. CENTAUREA, 393. PETASITES, 382. GNAPHALIUM, 392. 545. ADENOCAULON, 393. 531. COTULA, 381. COMPOSITAE. 349 Heads in a corymb; pappus a short crown. Heads in a raceme or panicle; pap- pus none. Staminate and pistillate flowers in different heads. Pappus capillary; fertile involu- cre not bur-like. Leaves prickly; heads large. Leaves not prickly; heads small. Pappus of staminate flow- ers either club-shaped or barbed at the apex. Pappus of all the flowers alike and neither club- shaped nor barbed. Pappus none; fertile involucre bur-like. Bracts of staminate heads separate; bur large, with many tegules. Bracts of staminate heads uni- ted; bur small, with 1-4 tegules. Flowers of the heads all perfect and alike. Pappus of separate capillary bristles. Flowers whitish, cream-colored or purplish. Leaves in whorls of 3 to 6. Leaves alternate or opposite. Heads about 10-flowered. Heads about 40-flowered. Flowers yellow or brownish. Tegules in 3 or 4 rows. Tegules in 1 row or nearly so. Involucre hemispheric to rotate. Involucre campanulate or cylindric. Heads many-flowered. Heads 4-7-flowered. Pappus not of separate capillary bristles. Pappus of numerous bristles uni- ted into a ring at the base. Filaments monadelphous be- low. Filaments distinct. Leaves never prickly. Leaves more or less prick- ly- Pappus not of bristles united in a ring. 532. TANACETUM, 381. 533. ARTEMISIA, 381. 548. CIRSIUM, 394. 541. ANTENNARIA, 390. 542. ANAPHALIS, 392. 497. XANTHIUM, 361. 498. GAERTNERIA, 361. 499. EUPATORIUM. 361. 535. LUINA, 383. 500. COLEOSANTHUS, 362. 503. HOOREBEKIA, 363. 506. ERIGERON, 366. 539. 536. SENECIO, 386. RAINIERA, 383. 547. 550. 548. SlLYBUM, 394. SAUSSUREA, 396. CIRSIUM, 394. 350 COMPOSITAE. Pappus of rigid backwardly- barbed awns. Pappus not of backwardly- barbed awns. Pappus of numerous sep- arate short rigid or chaffy bristles. Pappus none or a minute crown. Involucre scarious. Involucre not scarious. Heads solitary. Heads in clusters. Disk-flowers 1- 5. Disk-flowers numerous. Ray-flowers present, at least some of the marginal flowers having strap-shaped corollas. Pappus none. Involucre scarious. Receptacle naked. Receptacle chaffy. Involucre narrow; rays short. Involucre broad; rays con- spicuous. Involucre not scarious. Akenes all laterally compressed. Akenes or at least part of them turgid or obcomprcssed. Tegules not at all enclosing the ray akenes. Tegules at least partly enclos- ing the ray akenes. Ray akenes turgid, partly enclosed by the tegules. Ray akenes usually ob- compressed, wholly enclosed by the te- gules. Ray akenes straight, each enclosed by the basal part of the tegule. Ray akenes curved, each enclosed by the whole tegule. Pappus present, at least in the disk- flowers. Pappus not of capillary bristles. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus of scales or awns. Awns 2, or 4, retrorsely barbed. Awns 2, barb less. Pappus crown-like or of 515. BIDENS, 374. 549. ARCTIUM, 395. 530. MATRICARIA, 380. 517. RUDBECKIA, 375. 511. MADIA, 372. 540. PSILOCARPHUS, 390. 529. CHRYSANTHEMUM, 380. 527. ACHILLEA, 379. 528. ANTHEMIS, 379. 511. MADIA, 372. 518. BALSAMORRHIZA, 376. 513. HEMIZONIA, 374. 514. LAGOPHYLLA, 374. 512. HEMIZONELLA, 374. 515. BIDENS, 374. 516. COREOPSIS, 375. COMPOSITAE. 351 short chaffy teeth or awns. Rays pistillate and fer- tile. Rays neutral. Receptacle not chaffy. Tegules in one row. Akenes obpyramidal; re- ceptacle naked. Akenes linear, more or less 4-angled; receptacle beset with bristly points. Tegules distinct. Tegules united into a cup. Tegules in more than one row. Tegules in many rows. Tegules in two or three rows. Receptacle bristly; pappus present. Receptacle naked; pap- pus present or none. Pappus of 4 or 5 trun- cate scales, erose or lacerate at the tip or nearly en- tire. Pappus none. Pappus of capillary bristles. Ray-flowers not yellow. Tegules in 1 or 2 series, nar- row; ray-flowers usually narrow and numerous. Tegules in 2-5 series; ray- flowers broader, less numerous. Involucre narrow, with rigid bracts; ray-flowers white, 4 or 5. Involucre turbinate or hemispheric; ray- flowers more than 5. Stems scape-like. Stems leafy. Tegules dry and chartaceous, closely appress- ed. Tegules more or less herbaceous and spreading. Ray-flowers yellow. Pappus double, the outer row very short. 519. WYETHIA, 376. 520. HELIANTHUS, 377. 526. HELENIUM, 379. 522. BAERIA, 377. 523. ERIOPHYLLXJM, 378. 501. GRINDELIA, 362. 525. GAILLARDIA, 378. 524. 521. HULSEA, 378. JAUMEA, 377. 506. ERIGERON, 366. 507. SERICOCARPUS, 369. 508. OREOSTEMMA, 370. 509. BUCEPHALUS, 370. 510. ASTER, 371. 502. CHRYSOPSIS, 363. 352 COMPOSITAE. Pappus in one row. Heads in panicles. Panicle thyrsoid; re- ceptacle alveolate. 504. Panicle flat-topped; re- ceptacle nmbrillate. 505. Heads solitary or in cor- ymbs. Leaves all or mostly opposite. Leaves alternate. Heads large, 1.5 cm. or more broad. Heads 5 cm. or more broad. 544. Heads less than 3 cm. broad. 503. Heads small, 1 cm. or less broad. Involucre cam- panulate. Involucre hem- ispheric or broader. Tegules 8- 10, broad. 537. Tegules nu- SOLIDAGO, 364. EUTHAMIA, 366. 538. ARNICA, 384. INULA, 393. HOOREBEKIA, 363. 539. SENECIO, 386. mer o us, narrow. 506. 484. LAPSANA. NIPPLE-WORT. CROCIDIUM, 383. ERIGERON, 366. Annuals with loosely branched leafy stems and milky juice; heads 8-12-flowered; involucre narrowly cylindrical, consisting of 8 principal tegules with smaller calyculate ones at the base; flowers yellow; receptacle naked; akenes oblong-obovoid ; pappus none. Lapsana communis L. Glabrous above, somewhat pubescent below; stem erect, branched at top, 30-100 cm. high; leaves thin, the lower ovate, somewhat dentate, petioled, often with 2-6 lobes at base, the upper oblong to lanceolate, acute, sessile, entire or subentire; heads numerous in a flat-topped inflores- cence; involucre cylindric; principal tegules about 8, linear, 4-5 mm. long, with several smaller ones at base. Common in waste places; introduced from Europe. 485. TRAGOPOGON. Stout leafy-stemmed and usually branching biennials or per- ennials, with milky juice; leaves entire, grass-like, clasping; flowers yellow or purple, in large solitary heads; involucre simple, of several equal bracts; pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles; corollas all ligulate; akenes narrowly fusiform, 5-10-ribbed, long-beaked. COMPOSITAE. 353 Tragopogon porrifolius L. Salsify. Oyster Plant. Biennial, glabrous throughout, the stout stems about 1 m. high; leaves lanceolate, attenuate from the broader somewhat clasping base, 10-15 cm. long; peduncles long and stout, swollen under the head; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate. 4-5 cm. long, exceeding the violet rays; outer akenes roughened, the inner smooth, 1 cm. long, attenuate into a beak of equal length; pappus brownish, as long as the beak, plumose nearly to the tip. Escaped from gardens and spreading. 486. CICHORIUM. CHICORY. Perennials with thick fleshy roots, branched stems and milky juice; flowers blue, rarely purple or white; heads several-many- flowered; involucre double, herbaceous, the inner 8-10 tegules coriaceous at base, the outer 4 or 5 short and spreading; recep- tacle naked; akenes angled, striate; pappus crown-like, composed of numerous short blunt scales in 2 or more series. Cichorium intybus L. Perennial, somewhat pubescent, especially below; stems stout, 60-120 cm. high, stiffly branched; basal leaves lanceolate or spatulate, coarsely dentate or runcinately lobed, petioled, 8-15 cm. long; cauline leaves oblong to lanceolate, dentate, auricled and clasping at base; heads numerous, in small clusters, sessile or.short-peduncled; principal tegules about 8; flowers bright blue. A native of Europe, naturalized in fields. 487. HYPOCHAERIS. Perennials with milky juice and slender sparingly branched stems; leaves mostly basal and rosulate; heads many-flowered; involucre campanulate, slightly imbricated; flowers yellow; receptacle chaffy, the bracts narrow and scarious; akenes 10- ribbed, oblong to fusiform, at least 9 of the inner ones beaked; pappus composed of plumose bristles. Leaves hirsute; akenes all beaked. H. radicata. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; outer akenes beakless. H. glabra. Hypochaeris radicata L. Gosmore. Stems 20-40 cm. high, erect, loosely branched above, glabrous or nearly so; leaves all basal, oblanceolate to obovate, coarsely toothed or lobed, hairy on both sides, 5-15 cm. long; heads 2-3 cm. broad; involucre cylindric, the tegules linear, acute; akenes all beaked, the beaks longer than the body. A very troublesome weed in lawns and pastures; introduced from Europe. Hypochaeris glabra L. Very similar to H. radicata; leaves glabrous or nearly so; heads smaller, the ligulate corollas but little longer than the invo- lucre; outer akenes beakless but the inner ones beaked. Sparingly established as a weed; introduced from Europe. 488. SCORZONELLA. Perennials or biennials with fleshy fusiform root, milky juice, and mostly basal leaves; heads many-flowered, on long naked peduncles; involucre campanulate, loosely imbricated with 2 or 3 24 354 COMPOSITAE. series of tegules, the outer ones calyculate; flowers yellow; re- ceptacle naked; akenes 8-10-ribbed, broadest at the truncate summit; pappus bristles 5 or 10, broadened and scale-like at base, the long tip scabrous to plumose. Leaves all basal, entire or nearly so. 5. borealis. Leaves mostly dentate or lobed, one or more cauline. Pappus scales each attenuate into an awn-like tip. S. leptosepala. Pappus scales abruptly awned. S. laciniata. Scorzonella borealis (Bong.) Greene. (Apargidium boreale (Bong.) T. & G.) Glabrous; leaves all basal, linear-lanceolate, entire or obscurely denticulate, 6-15 cm. long, narrowed at each end; scapes 10-30 cm. high; involucre 12-15 mm. high; principal tegules 10-15, lanceolate, acuminate, with as many shorter ones; akenes columnar; pappus barbellate, brownish. Wet meadows, Alaska, southward in the mountains to northern California. Scorzonella leptosepala Nutt. Glabrous; stems slender, 30-50 cm. high; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire, dentate or variously pinnatifid; involucre 12- 16 mm. high; tegules 6-12, lanceolate or the outer ovate-lanceolate, all grad- ually attenuate; akenes columnar; pappus scales 8 or 10, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, gradually tapering into the awn. Washington to California in low meadows; first collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the Willamette River. Scorzonella laciniata (Hook.) Nutt. Herbage glabrous, somewhat glau- cous; stems 30-50 cm. high, few-leaved, sparingly branched; leaves narrowly lanceolate, mostly incisely pinnatifid into narrow lobes, rarely only toothed or entire, 10-30 cm. long; involucre 2-3 cm. high; tegules lanceolate, broadest at base, abruptly acuminate; akenes columnar, 4 mm. long; scales of the pappus 8-10, entire, the body triangular ovate, tipped with a bristle 8 or 9 times longer. Open prairies, Washington to California. S. procera (Gray) Greene has also been reported from within our limits but the specimens seen are immature and doubtful. It is similar to S. laciniata but stouter, the leaves most often entire or nearly so; heads larger; akenes 6 mm. long with brownish pappus scales abruptly attenuate and long-awned. 489. MICROSERIS. Acaulescent glabrous annuals with milky juice; leaves entire or variously lobed or cleft; heads nodding when in bud; involucre cylindric or hemispheric; tegules in 2 or 3 series, the outer very short, the inner thin, subequal, acuminate; receptacle flat, alveolate; ligulate corollas yellow; akenes cylindric, 8- or 10- ribbed; scales of the pappus 5 or 10, rarely 4 or 8, broad at base, tapering and awn-like above, scabrous, never plumose. Microseris bigelovii Gray. Annual; leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or dentate or pinnately lobed or parted, 3-6 cm. long; scapes 10-30 cm. high; involucre campanulate, 6 mm. high, the principal tegules lanceolate, acute, the calyculate ones of two lengths; akenes 4-5 mm. long, oblong, not contracted at the summit, the outer ones sometimes villous; pappus-scales brown, oblong- lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, the awns two or three times as long as the body. Vancouver Island and Oregon to California; not known from Washington. COMPOSITAE. 355 490. TARAXACUM. Acaulescent biennials or perennials, with milky juice; leaves radical, pinnatifid; heads large, on scapes; flowers yellow; re- ceptacle flat, naked; involucre of 2 rows of tegules; pappus of copious and white capillary bristles which are not plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes oblong or fusiform, angled, about 10-ribbed, attenuate at base, with a long filiform beak at the apex. Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. Dandelion. Glabrous or loosely pu- bescent when young; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, variously pinnatifid, the lobes usually toothed and turned backward, 10-20 cm. long; peduncles 10-30 cm. high; involucre cylindric, the inner tegules either linear or linear- lanceolate, the outer similar but shorter and recurved; heads many-flowered; ray-flowers yellow; akenes brownish, spinulose above, the pyramidal apex abruptly narrowed into a slender beak twice as long as the body; pappus white, copious. A common weed, introduced from Europe. 491. AGOSERIS. Acaulescent annuals or perennials, with milky juice; leaves radical, clustered; heads solitary, on scapes; flowers yellow, rarely orange or purplish; tegules in a few rows; receptacle flat, not chaffy; pappus of copious white capillary bristles, which are not plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes oblong or linear, terete, 10-ribbed, the apex contracted into a neck or prolonged into a beak. Ours all perennials. Akenes beakless; leaves glabrous; alpine plant. A. alpestris. Akenes beaked. Leaves glaucous and thinly tomentose; beak of akene short, stout, nerved. A. glauca aspera. Leaves not glaucous; beak of akene slender, nerveless. Beak much longer than the body of the akene. Heads 2 cm. high. A. laciniata. Heads 2.5-3 cm. high. A. grandiflora. Beak about as long as the body of the akene. Flowers orange; leaves mostly entire. Leaves lanceolate-spatulate; beak shorter than the body of the akene. A. aurantiaca. Leaves narrowly linear; beak longer than the body of the akene. A. gracilenta. Flowers yellow; leaves mostly lobed. Akenes with beak 12-15 mm. long; leaves mostly entire. A. elata. Akenes with beak 8-10 mm. long; leaves most- ly lobed. A. apargioides. Agoseris alpestris (Gray) Greene. Glabrous; leaves spatulate to lanceo- late, pinnately lobed or cleft into broad lobes or parted into narrow divisions; scape erect, 4-10 cm. high; involucre campanulate, 15 mm. high; tegules in 2 indistinct series, all acuminate, the outer ovate-lanceolate; flowers yellow; akenes columnar, 10-ribbed, beakless, as long as the capillary white pappus. On the higher peaks of the Cascade Mountains; first found on Mount Adams by Suksdorf. 356 COMPOSITAE. Agoseris glauca aspera (Rydb.) Piper. Perennial, the whole plant thinly white tomentose; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire or sparsely denticulate, 5-10 cm. long; scapes 6-20 cm. high; involucre campanulate, 2 cm. high; tegules loosely imbricated in 2-3 series, the outer ones shorter, broadly lan- ceolate, acutish, tomentose, the inner glabrous and acute; ligulate corollas pale yellow; akenes fusiform, 10-12 mm. long, tapering into a stout beak shorter than the body; pappus copious, white, the bristles scabrous. In the Cascade Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. Agoseris laciniata (Nutt.) Greene. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent; leaves lanceolate, saliently dentate or pinnatifid into linear lobes, 10-20 cm. long; scapes 30-60 cm. high; involucre somewhat tomentose at base or glabrate, 2-3 cm. long; flowers pale yellow; akenes about 15 mm. long, the slender beak several times as long as the body; pappus shorter than the beak, bright white. In dry open woods, common. Agoseris grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene. Perennial, loosely pubescent or glabrate; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, attenuate-acuminate to obtuse, mostly pinnatifid into numerous lobes, 10-20 cm. long; peduncles stout, 30-60 cm. high; involucre campanulate, tomentose at base, 3-4 cm. high, the bracts in about 3 series; akenes fusiform, acutely 10-ribbed, 6 mm. long, attenuate into a slender beak, 20 mm. long; pappus bright white, soft and capillary, much shorter than the beak. In dry ground, Willamette Valley, where first collected by Nuttall; common east of the Cascade Mountains. Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. Sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous; leaves spatulate to lanceolate, entire or denticulate, rarely toothed or incised, obtuse, short-petioled; scapes 20-40 cm. high; involucre campanu- late, 15-20 mm. high; principal tegules lanceolate and acute, the outer ones oblong, obtuse; flowers orange, becoming purplish; akenes cylindraceous, tapering into a beak as long as the body. Common in alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude. Agoseris gracilenta (Gray) Greene. Glabrous; leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, mostly entire; scape slender, 30—50 cm. high; involucre campanulate; tegules lanceolate, acute, glabrous except at base; flowers orange; akenes fusiform, the body 6-8 mm. long, the beak 8-10 mm. long. Alpine meadows in the Olympic and Cascade Mountains. Agoseris elata (Nutt.) Greene. Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; leaves spatulate to lanceolate, dentate to pinnatifid, 15-30 cm. long, thickish in texture; scape 15-50 cm. high; head 3 cm. high; involucre hemispheric; tegules lanceolate, acute, pubescent; akenes 6-7 mm. long, the beak as long as the body. Prairies, not common. First found by Nuttall near the estuary of the Willamette River. Agoseris apargioides (Less.) Greene. Sparsely pubescent, becoming glabrate; caudex stout; leaves spatulate, mucronate, somewhat dentate, 7-10 cm. long; scapes exceeding the leaves, 10-15 cm. high; heads 10-12 mm. high; involucre campanulate; tegules green, the outer oblong, mucronate, pubescent, the inner lanceolate, acuminate; akenes 8-10 mm. long, the beak as long as the body. Sand dunes along the ocean coast. The northern form has been considered distinct from the California form under the name A . maritima Sheldon. 492. HIERACIUM. HAWKWEED. Hispid and hirsute often glandular perennials with milky juice; leaves merely toothed or entire; heads small to medium, panicu- COMPOSITAE. 357 late or rarely solitary; flowers yellow or sometimes white; tegules in two rows; receptacle flat, naked; pappus of a single row of rough tawny bristles which are not plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes oblong or columnar, terete or 4- or 5-angled, mostly 10-ribbed or striate, the apex truncate. Stems many-leaved; involucre imbricated. H. canadense. Stems few-leaved; involucre a series of equal tegules and a few short calyculate ones. Flowers white; involucre nearly glabrous. H. albiflorum. Flowers yellow. Heads small, black-hairy. H. gracile. Heads larger, not black-hairy. Involucre densely long-hairy. Cauline leaves ample, half-clasping at the broad bases. H. longiberbe. Cauline leaves much reduced. H. scouleri. Involucre with few or no long hairs. Leaves nearly smooth. H. cynoglossoides. Leaves hairy. Leaves densely hirsute. H. griseum. Leaves thinly white tomentose. H. cinereum. Hieracium canadense Michx. Somewhat scabrous throughout; stems stout, 30-120 cm. high; leaves numerous, lanceolate, entire or incisely serrate, sessile and somewhat clasping at base, gradually smaller upwards, 1-10 cm. long, none clustered at base; heads corymbed, rarely solitary, on stout pe- duncles; involucre hemispheric, puberulent or glabrous, sometimes glandular, 1-2 cm. broad; tegules in 2-3 series, the uppermost loose; akenes columnar; pappus brownish. In open ground, very rare west of the Cascade Mountains; Coupeville, Gardner. Hieracium albiflorum Hook. Stems slender, erect, 50-80 cm. high, villous below; leaves oblong or oblong-spatulate, thin, entire or faintly toothed, the lower tapering into broad petioles, the upper mostly sessile, all beset with sparse villous white hairs, especially the lowest; heads 15-30-flowered; in- volucre narrow, glabrous or with a few hairs, the tegules linear-lanceolate, pale; akenes strongly striate. Very common in dry open woods. Hieracium gracile Hook. Tufted; stems usually several, 15-30 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, oblong-spatulate, entire or nearly so, broadly petiolate, 3-8 cm. long, glabrous or merely puberulent; heads several, racemose or corym- bose; involucre 8 mm. high, blackish with both hirsute and glandular hairs; akenes cylindric; pappus sordid or fuscous. Common in alpine meadows at 1500-2000 m. altitude. Hieracium longiberbe Howell. Herbage sparingly hirsute with long, white hairs; stems 30-50 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, entire or denticulate, 6-15 cm. long, the cauline scarcely reduced and half-clasping by the broad base; heads few in a cyme; involucre 12 mm. high, densely shaggy with long white hairs, not glandular; principal tegules 10-20, lanceolate, acuminate. On perpendicular cliffs along the Columbia River. Hieracium scouleri Hook. Erect, 30-60 cm. high, densely beset throughout with long soft white hairs swollen at the bases; basal leaves lanceolate or ob- lanceolate, entire, acute or obtuse, 10-20 cm. long, tapering into margined COMPOSITAE. petioles; cauline similar, sessile, 5—12 cm. long; inflorescence corymbose or paniculate, glandular; involucre 1 cm. high, very glandular and long-villous; flowers yellow; akenes columnar; pappus fuscous. In open prairies; first collected at the mouth of the Columbia River by Scouler; very variable in the amount and length of the pubescence. It is by no means clear that the three following species are really valid as different forms are not infrequently found growing close together. They deserve care- ful field study. Hieracium cynoglossoides Arvet-Touv. Very similar to H. scouleri; lowermost leaves more or less setose-hairy, the upper ones nearly glabrous; involucre glandular and more or less hirsute with short black hairs. In open prairies, British Columbia to Wyoming and Oregon. Hieracium griseum Rydb. Very similar to H. cynoglossoides, differing only in the leaves being densely hirsute as in H. scouleri. In open prairies, with the same range as H. cynoglossoides. Hieracium cinereum Howell. Tufted from stout creeping rootstocks; herbage cinereous with a minute tomentum; stems 15-25 cm. high, leafy only toward the base; leaves lanceolate, acute to acuminate, sparsely hirsute, denticulate, 7-10 cm. long; petioles broad; heads in a close cyme; involucre 8-10 mm. high; principal tegules linear, scarious-margined, covered with a fine cinerous tomentum and bearing a row of short black bristles on the mid- nerve; outer tegules few and short; pappus sordid. Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon, Howell. 493. CREPIS. Annual, biennial or perennial plants with milky juice; heads several-many-flowered; flowers yellow; involucre usually double; receptacle flat, naked, sometimes alveolate; pappus simple, of copious and white capillary bristles which are not plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes oblong, linear or fusiform, nearly terete or obtusely angled, 10-20-ribbed, generally contracted at base and more tapering at the apex, sometimes slightly beaked. Akenes dilated at the insertion of the pappus; low glaucous plant with running rootstocks. C. nana. Akenes not dilated at the insertion of the pappus; plants with- out rootstocks. Foliage mostly white-pubescent, scurfy; perennial. C. occidentalis. Foliage green, not canescent nor scurfy; annuals or bien- nials. Involucres 6-8 mm. high; akenes 10-striate. C. capillaris. Involucres 8-12 mm. high; akenes 13-striate. C. biennis. Crepis nana Richards. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stems tufted from creeping rootstocks, branched from the base, 3-5 cm. high; leaves obovate to spatulate, entire, toothed or lyrately lobed, 2-5 cm. long, long-petioled; heads solitary or few, on naked peduncles or stems; involucre cylindric; tegules 8-10, linear, obtuse; flowers 8-14, yellow, turning pink; akenes linear, slightly fusiform, beakless, 10-striate. In rocky soil, at high altitudes in the mountains, rare; Olympic Mountains, Flett; Mount Adams, Suksdorf. Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Perennial, erect, thinly white-tomcntose through- COMPOSITAE. 359 out, 8-30 cm. high; stems usually with few erect branches; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, pinnately toothed or cleft into narrow lobes, short-petioled or sessile; heads on stout peduncles; involucre oblong-cylindric, 12-18 mm. long, tomentose and with a few large black glan- dular hairs, the principal tegules lanceolate, acuminate, the smaller basal tegules relatively broader; flowers 25-30; akenes brownish, fusiform, 8-10 mm. long, 10-18-ribbed, longer than the bright white pappus. Very rare in our limits; Olympic Mountains, Flett. Common east of the Cascade Mountains. Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. (C. virens L.) Nearly glabrous, somewhat hirsute below; stems erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, pinnatifid or simply toothed, 6-15 cm. long, the basal ones short-petioled, the cauline sagittate-clasping at base; heads in loose cymes; involucre pubes- cent or glandular, 6-8 mm. high. A common weed in fields and waste places. Introduced from Europe. Crepis biennis L. Somewhat pubescent; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high; leaves oblong-spatulate, runcinately pinnatifid, 5-15 cm. long, the upper ones clasping at base; heads in cymes; involucre 8-12 mm. high, pubescent. Vancouver Island, Macoun. Introduced from Europe. 494. NABALUS. Perennial leafy-stemmed plants with fusiform tuberous roots and milky juice; inflorescence paniculate or racemose; heads 5-30-flowered, mostly nodding; involucre narrowly cylindric, of 5-14 linear tegules and a few calyculate ones at base; flowers cream-colored to purple ; receptacle naked ; akenes terete columnar or angled, striate; pappus of numerous whitish to brownish rather rigid capillary bristles. Nabalus hastatus (Less.) Heller. (Prenanthes alata Gray.) Glabrous, stems 30-60 cm. high, simple or branched; leaves deltoid-triangular, acute; irregularly dentate, the lower with margined petioles, the upper sessile; heads in a loose corymb, 10-15-flowered; involucre campanulate, with 8-10 principal tegules; flowers purplish; akenes terete or tapering at summit. Gravelly stream banks and on moist cliffs in the mountains. 495. LACTUCA. WILD LETTUCE. Leafy-stemmed herbs, with milky juice; flowers yellow or blue or whitish, in paniculate few to many-flowered heads; tegules in 2-few rows, the outer shorter; receptacle flat, naked; pappus of copious very short and fine capillary bristles which are not plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes flat or flattish, narrowed at the summit or beaked. Pappus brown; flowers whitish; leaves not spiny. L. spicata. Pappus white; flowers not whitish. Flowers yellow; leaves spiny. L. scariola. Flowers blue; leaves not spiny. L. pulchella. Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Biennial, erect, 1-3 m. high, glabrous or nearly so, pale green, very leafy; leaves coarsely pinnatifid, the lobes ir- regularly toothed, the uppermost sessile and sometimes clasping; heads in a 360 COMPOSITAE. long narrow panicle; involucre 10 mm. high; flowers bluish to whitish; akenes short-beaked. In moist ground, in open woods, and on banks. Lactuca scariola integrata Gren. & Godr. Prickly Lettuce. Annual or biennial, erect, 1-2 m. high, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; leaves oblong or lanceolate, spiny on the margin and midrib, entire or irregularly toothed or cleft, sessile and usually auriculate-clasping at base, 5-20 cm. long, the upper- most much reduced; heads in large loose panicles; involucre narrowly cylindric, glabrous, 10-12 mm. long, the outer tegules much shorter than the inner ones; flowers yellow; akenes flattened, narrowed into a beak longer than the body, as long as the bright white pappus. A weed, introduced from Europe. Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. Blue-flowered Lettuce. Perennial, erect, leafy, 30-90 cm. high, puberulent or glabrate; leaves lanceolate, tapering at each end, acute or cuspidate, entire or sinuately toothed or lobed, 5-15 cm. long; lower leaves petioled; heads loosely panicled; involucre cylindric, glab- rous, 12-14 mm. long, the outer tegules successively shorter, all lanceolate, acute; flowers blue or violet; akenes flat, not margined, 4 mm. long, very short beaked; pappus copious, white. Vancouver, Washington; rare in our limits. 496. SONCHUS. Sow THISTLE. Leafy-stemmed mostly glabrous generally coarse herbs, with milky juice; flowers yellow, in corymbose or paniculate heads; tegules imbricated, the outer shorter; receptacle flat, naked; pappus of copious very fine and short capillary bristles, which are not plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes flat or flattish, truncate, not beaked. Heads large; involucre glandular-pubescent. 5. arvensis. Heads medium-sized; involucre glabrous. Leaves prickly-toothed; auricles rounded. S. asper. Leaves with soft teeth; auricles acute. S. oleraceus. Sonchus arvensis L. Perennial, glabrous to the inflorescence; stems 60-100 cm. high, erect; lower leaves oblanceolate in outline, runcinately lobed, spinu- lose-denticulate, petioled, 10-30 cm. long, the upper lanceolate, clasping at base; heads 3-5 cm. broad; involucre glandular; ligulate corollas bright yellow; akenes longitudinally ribbed. A weed, sparingly introduced from Europe. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Annual, erect, 30-90 cm. high, somewhat glau- cous, glabrous below, glandular above ; lower leaves ovate or broadly spatulate, obtuse or acute, rarely lobed, spinulose-dentate, the petioles margined; upper leaves oblong or oval, sessile and clasping at base, acuminate; heads cymosely arranged; involucre cylindric-campanulate, about 1 cm. broad, glabrous; flowers yellow; akenes flat, margined, 3-nerved on each side. A common weed, introduced from Europe. Sonchus oleraceus L. Annual, glabrous, pale green; stems usually 60-90 cm. high, erect, simple or but little branched; leaves pinnately cleft or parted, 10-20 cm. long, the terminal segment large, triangular, denticulate, the lateral lobes much smaller; lower leaves petioled, the upper auriculate-clasping; involucre cylindric, glabrous; akenes flat, marked with longitudinal and cross ribs. A weed, introduced from Europe. COMPOSITAE. 361 497. XANTHIUM. COCKLEBUR. Annual herbs; leaves alternate, petioled; heads monoecious, in axillary or terminal clusters or short interrupted spikes, the pistillate heads 2-flowered and below the several-flowered stami- nate ones; involucre of the staminate heads of several distinct narrow tegules; involucre of the pistillate heads bur-like, ovoid or oblong, closed, indurated, 2-celled, 2-flowered, armed all over with strongly hook-tipped spines; pappus none; corolla none; akenes obovoid thick. Xanthium varians Greene. Stems simple or branched, 20-40 cm. high, sparsely setose; leaves mostly ovate or rhombic-ovate, coarsely and doubly serrate-dentate, scabrous on both surfaces; fruiting burs ovoid, 15-20 mm. long, armed with about 70 spines half as long as the diameter of the body; beaks stout, incurved at tip. Sandy banks of the Columbia River. 498. GAERTNERIA. Herbs (in ours) with mostly alternate leaves; sterile and fertile heads separate or sometimes mixed in the inflorescence; fertile involucre 1-4-celled, bur-like, armed with spines in more than one row; pistils solitary in each cell of the involucre. Ours all seashore perennials. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately parted. G. bipinnatifida. Leaves cuneate-obovate, serrate or incised. G. chamissonis. Gaertneria bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Kuntze. Herbage canescently hirsute; stems prostrate or procumbent, branched, 30-90 cm. long; leaves ovate in outline, 3-5 cm. long, once or twice pinnatifid into oblong segments; staminate heads in a dense raceme; fruiting involucre ovoid-fusiform, nearly glabrous, armed with short subulate flattened spines. Common on high sandy or gravelly sea-beaches. Gaertneria chamissonis (Less.) Kuntze. Stems stout, prostrate or pro- cumbent, 60-90 cm. long, hirsutely pubescent; leaves oblong to oval, cuneate at base, obtusely serrate or the lower ones often incised, silvery-silky, petioled; fruiting involucre 2-flowered, sparsely hirsute, armed with very short flat spines. On the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to California. 499. EUPATORIUM. Mostly perennial herbs; leaves whorled (in ours) mostly resiniferous-atomiferous; heads discoid, in cymes or panicles, rarely solitary; tegules few to numerous, receptacle naked ; pappus of numerous scabrous capillary bristles, mostly in 1 row. Eupatorium maculatum L. Perennial, stout, erect, 1-3 m. high, simple or branched near the top; herbage pubescent; leaves in whorls of 3-6, ovate to oblong-ovate, incisely toothed, thickish and somewhat rugose, 10-30 cm. long; heads numerous in a rather flat-topped cyme; involucre cylindric; tegules oblong, purplish, imbricated in 5 or 6 series, the outer shorter; flowers purple. Sumas, Washington, Gorman; British Columbia eastward to Newfoundland and the Atlantic states. 362 COMPOSITAE. 500. COLEOSANTHUS. Herbs or undershrubs with opposite or alternate leaves; heads whitish; involucre campanulate, the tegules striate-nerved, im- bricated, lanceolate or linear, the outer shorter, none herbaceous; receptacle flat, naked; pappus one row of separate capillary barbed or scabrous bristles. Coleosanthus grandiflorus (Hook.) Kuntze. Glabrous or puberulent; stems erect, much branched, 60-90 cm. high; leaves triangular-ovate, cordate or truncate at base, acuminate, crenate-dentate, 5-10 cm. long; inflorescence cymose-paniculate: heads drooping, each about 40-flowered; involucral bracts thin, the outer short and ovate, the inner oblong-linear; akenes minutely hispid, not glandular. In rocky places along the Columbia River at Wyeth, Oregon, and probably in our limits. First collected by Douglas. 501. GRINDELIA. GUM PLANT. Biennial or perennial herbs; leaves sessile or partly clasping; heads yellow, medium or rather large, solitary, terminating leafy branches or occasionally more or less corymbose, many-flowered, gummy; ray-flowers fertile, numerous, narrow, or rarely none; tegules numerous, narrow; receptacle flat or convex; pappus of 2-8 rigid and early-deciduous awns; style-branches tipped with an appendage; akenes compressed or turgid or the outermost somewhat 3-angled. Heads 6-8 mm. high; tegules stiff, strongly recurved at tip. Ray-flowers present. G. nana. Ray-flowers absent. G. nana columbiana, Heads 10-12 mm. high; tegules softer, straight or moderately recurved at tip. Cauline leaves broadest at base. G. integrifolia. Cauline leaves not broadest at base. Herbage wholly glabrous. G. oregana. Herbage sparsely pubescent. G. oregana wilkesiana. Grindelia nana Nutt. Stems erect, 15-60 cm. high, simple or branched above; basal leaves spatulate, petioled, the upper sessile and partly clasping, entire or serrate, glabrous; heads hemispherical, 10-14 mm. broad; bracts with slender revolute tips, sticky-viscid; ray-flowers 16-30, 5-8 cm. long; akenes narrow, somewhat 2-toothed at summit; pappus awns 2 or 3. In thin soils, usually abundant where found. First found near Fort Van- couver, Washington, by Nuttall. Common in the Willamette Valley. Grindelia nana columbiana Piper. Ray-flowers wanting; otherwise the same as G. nana. Near Portland, Oregon, and common east of the Cascade Mountains. Grindelia integrifolia DC. Sparsely villous and pubescent, not glutinous; stems stout, about 50-90 cm. high, often branched above; cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, membranaceous, entire or sometimes serrate, acute or acuminate, 6-10 cm. long, sessile and broadest at base, the radical petioled; involucre 10-12 mm. high, surrounded by more or less foliaceous bracts; tegules subulate, setaceous. COMPOSITAE. 363 Dry prairies, Clarke County, Washington, and southwards. Common in the Willamette Valley. Grindelia oregana Gray. (G. stricta DC. ?) Glabrous or nearly so and more or less varnished; stems stout, often tufted, 60-90 cm. high; leaves subcoriaceous, oblong-spatulate or the upper lanceolate, mostly acute, entire to sharply denticulate, 6-10 cm. long, the cauline sessile by a narrowed base, the radical petioled; involucre gummy, 10-15 mm. high; tegules subulate; ray-flowers 12-20 mm. long; akenes truncate; pappus awns 2 or 3. Common on high sea beaches; G. hendersoni Greene is apparently a mere form. Grindelia oregana wilkesiana Piper n. subsp. Sparsely pubescent through- out with weak white hairs; otherwise like G. oregana. Gray Harbor, Wilkes Expedition; Nisqually, Wilkes Expedition; Fraser River, Dr. Holmes; Queen Charlotte Islands, Osgood. 502. CHRYSOPSIS. Low herbs; leaves numerous, alternate, sessile; heads solitary or in corymbs with yellow flowers; ray-flowers fertile or sometimes wanting; tegules narrow, acute, scarious-margined ; receptacle flat; style-branches with appendages; pappus double, of two kinds, the interior of long copious capillary bristles, the exterior of short bristles or chaffy scales; akenes oblong-linear or ovate- oblong, compressed, hairy. Ray-flowers none; leaves green, hispid-hirsute. C. oregana. Ray-flowers present; leaves canescent, strigose or hirsute. C. villosa. Chrysopsis oregana (Nutt.) Gray. Herbage hispid-hirsute; stems tufted, 20-30 cm. high, mostly branched; leaves oblong to lanceolate, entire, acute, sessile, 3-5 cm. long; inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, glandular; involucre campanulate; tegules thin, linear to lanceolate, 1-nerved, in several series; akenes oblong; pappus white, capillary. On gravel bars of streams, Washington to California. Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. Perennial, the stems decumbent or suberect, 15-30 cm. long, canescent throughout and more or less villous; leaves numerous, oblong or oblanceolate, mostly acute, sessile or nearly so, 2-3 cm. long; heads solitary or corymbed, terminating short leafy branches; involucre hemispherical, 10-15 mm. broad; tegules canescent or nearly glabrous; ray-flowers golden-yellow; akenes obovate, pubescent; outer pappus very short. Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; Coupeville, Washington, Gardner. 503. HOOREBEKIA. Herbs or low undershrubs; leaves alternate, soft or rigid; heads solitary, terminal, or clustered, many-flowered; ray-flowers fertile or rarely none; involucre imbricated; tegules with or without foliaceous tips; receptacle flat or flattish; pappus tawny or reddish, of copious and unequal capillary bristles, somewhat rigid; style-branches with appendages; akenes turbinate and linear, terete, angled or more or less compressed. 364 COMPOSITAE. Tegules rigid; heads racemose. H. racemosa. Tegules not rigid; heads solitary. H. lyallii. Hoorebekia racemosa (Nutt.) Piper. Perennial; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high, sparsely soft-hairy; leaves lanceolate, coriaceous, acute, entire, 5-15 cm. long, the cauline sessile, the basal petioled, all somewhat scabrous on both surfaces and with sparse pubescence; heads racemosely or somewhat paniculately arranged, mostly long-peduncled; involucre ttirbinate or cam- panulate, 1-1.5 cm. broad, the well-imbricated tegules linear, acute, pubescent, rigid and coriaceous, green-tipped; ray-flowers 6-8 mm. long; akenes pubescent; style-branches filiform; pappus brownish. In dry ground in the Willamette Valley, where first collected by Nuttall. Hoorebekia lyallii (Gray) Piper. Viscid-puberulent; stems 10-20 cm. high, leafy, arising from elongated branched rootstocks; leaves soft, oblong- spatulate to oblanceolate, 1-5 cm. long; heads solitary, 15-20-rayed; involucre hemispheric; tegules glandular, lanceolate, acute, a few outer ones loose and somewhat foliaceous; akenes glabrous. In rocky places in the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude, British Colum- bia to Oregon; rare and local. 504. SOLIDAGO. GOLDENROD. Perennial herbs; leaves alternate; heads small, mostly in panicles or panicled racemose clusters, radiate, the ray-flowers fertile, yellow; involucre imbricated, the tegules usually without herbaceous tips; pappus simple, of a single series of mostly equal and slender scabrous capillary bristles; style-appendages lanceo- late or triangular-subulate; akenes terete or angular, 5-12-ribbed. Branches of the panicle racemiform. Leaves thick and firm. 5. tolmieana. Leaves thin. Heads small, 4-5 mm. long, in very dense panicles. .S. elongata. Heads larger, 5-7 mm. long, in looser panicles. 5. serotina. Branches of the panicle not racemiform. Tegules acutish; alpine plants. Leaves mostly acute. S. algida. Leaves obtuse. S. bellidifolia. Tegules obtuse; lowland plants. Panicle loose, raceme-like. 5. vespertina. Panicle dense, branched. 5. glutinosa. Solidago tolmieana Gray. Nearly glabrous; stems 30-40 cm. high, leafy; leaves firm and thick, linear to lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate at tip, scabrous-ciliolate, 5-8 cm. long; panicle narrowly pyramidal; heads 6 mm. high; tegules thin, lanceolate, acutish. Gravelly prairies, Washington and Oregon, rare; first collected by Tolmie at Fort Vancouver, Washington. Perhaps not distinct from 5. missouriensis Nutt. Solidago elongata Nutt. Stems mostly tufted, 60-100 cm. high, green, smooth; leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, obscurely 3-nerved, glabrous, smooth or scabrid on the nerves beneath, 6-12 cm. long; panicle pyramidal, very dense, 10-25 cm. long; heads 4-5 mm. high; tegules linear, acute or obtuse; ray-flowers yellow. In moist meadows; the commonest species of the region. Nuttall' s original specimens are from Sauvies Island, Oregon. The species is scarcely distinct from S. lepida DC. collected by Haenke at Nootka Sound. COMPOSITAE. 365 Solidago serotina salebrosa Piper. Stems tufted, stout and tall, 90-150 cm. high; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate, harshly scabrous on both sides, 6-15 cm. long; panicle somewhat pyramidal, moderately dense, 10-30 cm. long; heads 5-7 mm. high, crowded on the spreading often crowded branches; tegules thin, linear, obtuse; ray-flowers 7-14, yellow; akenes pubescent. In moist places, not common in our limits. Solidago algida Piper n. sp. Stems usually tufted, 10-30 cm. high, from a stout branched caudex, glabrous except the ciliation of the leaves and the branches of the panicle; basal leaf blades oblanceolate, entire to serrate or crenate-serrate, mostly acute, firm, glabrous except the ciliate margins, 3-10 cm. long, the margined petioles nearly as long; cauline leaves similar, smaller; inflorescence a dense globose or oblong panicle, 3-7 cm. long; branches of the inflorescence puberulent; heads mostly solitary on the branches, many- flowered; involucre 6 mm. high; tegules linear, thin, scarious and slightly erose at the margins, acute. or acutish, glabrous, not glutinous; ray-flowers short, yellow. The common alpine golden-rod of the Olympic and Cascade Mountains, very closely related to 5. scopulorum (Gray) A. Nels. and S. ciliosa Greene of the Rocky Mountains but different from both. Olympic Mountains, Piper, 2200, 2199 (type); Elmer 2596; Lamb, 1313; Mount Rainier, Piper, 2158; Smith, 1064;' Flett, July 12, 1890; Mount Stuart, Elmer, 1166; Whited, 767; Mount Baker, Stratton: Loomis, Elmer, 562. Solidago bellidifolia Greene. Glabrous except the scabrous ciliate margin of the leaves; stems 10-30 cm. high; basal leaf-blades thickish, oblong to obovate, rounded at apex, crenate-dentate, 2-5 cm. long, the margined petiole a little shorter; cauline similar, smaller; heads in a dense globose or oblong cluster, 2-10 cm. long; involucre 5 mm. high; tegules linear, obtuse to acutish, rather thin, minutely erose on the margins, glabrous not glutinous; ray-flowers numerous, yellow. Rocky places at high altitudes, Mount Hood, Mount Adams, and Mount Stuart. Solidago vespertina Piper n. sp. Glabrous up to the minutely puberulent or sometimes resinous inflorescence; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, thickish, obtuse or sometimes acute, serrate above the middle, narrowed into a margined petiole as long as the blade; cauline leaves similar, smaller, the upper ones sessile; inflorescence narrow, erect, racemose to subpaniculate, 10-15 cm. long, sometimes leafy bracted near the base; heads 6 mm. high, many-flowered; involucre campanulate; tegules oblong, obtuse, thin-margined, nearly glabrous, erect, in about 3 series, the outer successively shorter; ray-flowers few, pale yellow, 3-toothed at apex; akenes puberulent. In open pine woods, Mason County, Washington, near Union City, Piper 886 (type). Flett 878 from Tacoma differs only in having the involucre varnished. In the Flora of Washington, this species was referred to S. purshii Porter (S. liumilis Pursh). Solidago glutinosa Nutt. Glabrous, but more or less varnished with resin, especially the inflorescence; stems erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves oblong-lan- ceolate to oblanceolate, serrate toward the apex, the upper cauline sessile, the basal ones petioled and 8-10 cm. long; heads numerous, in a dense compound virgate or pyramidal panicle, each 5-6 mm. high, 8-15-flowered; tegules oblong- linear, erect, in about 3 series; ray-flowers few, yellow. Gravelly prairies, Vancouver Island to Oregon. First collected by Xiittall near the mouth of the Willamette River. 366 COMPOSITAE. 505. EUTHAMIA. Erect scabrous perennials with narrow alternate leaves; flowers in numerous small heads in terminal flat-topped corym- bose panicles; heads many-flowered, the ray-flowers yellow, equalling and more numerous than the disk-flowers; receptacle fimbrillate; akenes villous. Euthamia occidentalis Nutt. Glabrous; stems 90-120 cm. high, erect, branched above; leaves linear, entire, 3-nerved, the principal ones 5-10 cm. long; heads peduncled, in small corymbs; tegules narrow, acute; ray-flowers 16-20. Common in moist places especially along lake shores; flowering in Sep- tember. 506. ERIGERON. FLEABANE. Herbs; very similar to Aster, but differing in the usually naked peduncled heads; involucre simpler, of narrow erect equal teg- ules, not coriaceous and without herbaceous tips; rays narrower and usually very numerous, often in more than one row, rarely wanting; pappus more scanty or fragile, sometimes with a con- spicuous short outer row ; style appendages very short and round- ish or obtuse; akenes mostly 2-nerved. Rays very short or wanting. Leaves ternately cleft to parted; perennial. E. compositus discoideus. Leaves entire; plants not perennial. Heads paniculate; involucre glabrous; annual. E. canadensis. Heads corymbose; involucre hirsute, at least at base; biennial. E. acris. Rays present, conspicuous. Plants annual or biennial; stems erect, branched above; ray-flowers white. E. ramosus. Plants perennial; roots stout. Leaves narrow or with narrow lobes; low al- pine plants. Ray-flowers golden yellow; involucre woolly. E. aureus. Ray-flowers pink or violet, never yellow. Leaves 3-5-cleft; involucre sparsely hirsute. E. compositus trifidus. Leaves entire. Involucre woolly; leaves spat ulate. E. uniflorus. Involucre hirsutulous; leaves linear- lanceolate. E. pacificus. Leaves flat, rather large and broad, entire or toothed. Stems low; leaves mostly basal. Involucre loosely villous; fleshy sea- shore plant. E. glaucus. Involucre not villous. Basal leaves dentate; plant produc- ing rosulate offsets. E. oreganus. Basal leaves entire; plant not pro- ducing offsets. Leaves glabrous. E. spatulifolius. COMPOSITAE. 367 Leaves ciliate and sparsely pi- lose. E. leibergii. Stems tall, leafy. Ray-flowers narrow, 100-150. Leaves entire; ray-flowers violet. E. speciosus. Leaves dentate; ray-flowers pink. E. philadelphicus. Ray-flowers broader, 30-60. Cauline leaves half-clasping at base. E. howellii. Cauline leaves sessile or short- petioled. Involucre sparsely pilose. E. amplifolius . Involucre minutely glandular. E. salsuginosus. Erigeron canadensis L. Annual, strictly erect, simple or with erect branches, usually 30-100 cm. high, loosely hirsute throughout; leaves numer- ous, linear, entire, or the lower spatulate and incisely lobed or dentate; heads panicled, very numerous, small, 3-5 mm. high; involucres cylindric; ray- flowers whitish, very small. Native but weedy in habit and abundant in cultivated land. Erigeron acris debilis Gray. Biennial, erect, glabrous or sparsely pubes- cent, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate-lanceolate; cauline lanceolate, sessile, all entire, acute or obtuse, 5-10 cm. long; heads few, paniculate or corymbose, 6—8 mm. broad; involucre puberulent and somewhat hirsute; ray- flowers very narrow, pinkish, equalling the disk, within them a series of tubular filiform pistillate flowers; akenes smooth; pappus copious, brownish. In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. Erigeron ramosus septentrionalis Fernald & Wiegand. Annual or biennial, erect, branched above, sparsely hirsute, leafy to the top; lower leaves spatulate- lanceolate, acute, entire or dentate, the blades 5-8 cm. long; upper cauline lanceolate, entire, sessile, smaller; heads loosely corymbed; involucre 3-4 mm. high, glabrous or with a few bristly hairs; ray-flowers white, numerous, short, 4-6 mm. long; pappus of the disk-flowers double, the inner of few deciduous bristles, the outer of short persistent scales; ray-flowers with few or no bristles to the pappus. Prairies, not uncommon. Erigeron aureus Greene. (Aplopappus brandegei Gray.) Perennial from a stout crown; herbage ashy-puberulent; stems 6-12 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, obovate to spatulate, entire, petioled; cauline oblong to lanceolate, few, small; heads solitary, 8-10 mm. broad; involucre loose, woolly; tegules lan- ceolate; ray-flowers 15-20, bright yellow; akenes pubescent. High peaks of the Cascade Mountains at about 2700 m. altitude, British Columbia and Washington; first found on Mount Stuart. Erigeron compositus trifidus (Hook.) Gray. Biennial, tufted from a woody crown; basal leaves petioled, the blade 3-cleft, the lateral lobes often again cleft; cauline sessile, often entire; flowering stems 5-10 cm. high; heads solitary; ray-flowers 30-50, pink or white, 6-10 mm. long; akenes short-pubes- cent; pappus simple. In rocky soil in the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude. Erigeron compositus discoideus Gray. Similar to E. compositus trifidus; ray-flowers absent. Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall. Erigeron uniflorus L. Perennial; stems erect, simple, 4-20 cm. high, somewhat pubescent; basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, entire, 2-5 cm. long, the blade as long as the petiole; cauline leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile; head 368 COMPOSITAE. solitary; involucre very woolly; tegules linear-lanceolate, acute; ray-flowers purple, numerous, 6-8 mm. long. Cascade Mountains, without exact locality, Dr. Cooper. Erigeron pacificus Howell. Perennial from a woody rootstock, thinly canes- cent, hirsutulous throughout; stems leafy, erect or ascending, 5-10 cm. high; basal leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, petioled, 2-5 cm. high, thinly pubescent with short stiff white hairs on both sides; cauline similar but smaller and short petioled; involucre hemispheric, 1 cm. broad; tegules linear-oblong, acute, 4-5 mm. long, thinly hirsutulous; ray-flowers 20-40, blue to purple, 10-12 mm. long; akenes minutely pubescent; pappus double, the outer bristles very short, the inner equalling the disk-flowers. On grassy slopes near Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon, Howell; not otherwise known. Erigeron glaucus Ker. Somewhat viscid pubescent; stems 20-30 cm. high; leaves mostly in a basal tuft, pale green, hardly glaucous, somewhat fleshy, obovate or spatulate, entire or nearly so, 6-10 cm. long; cauline spatu- late-oblong, obtuse, sessile; heads mostly solitary, large, the disk 2.5 cm. broad; involucre loose, villous with long hairs; ray-flowers 60-100, violet, broad, 10-12 mm. long. Along the seashore of Oregon and California. Erigeron oreganus Gray. Perennial, pubescent; stems spreading or as- cending, 15-30 cm. long; leaves mostly in a basal rosette, cuneate-obovate, coarsely dentate or incised, 3-8 cm. long; cauline spatulate, subentire, smaller; heads solitary or few; involucre 8-10 mm. high; tegules linear, acuminate, the outer loose and passing into the leaves; ray-flowers 60-70, pink, 10-12 mm. long; pappus simple. On perpendicular cliffs in the gorge of the Columbia River; not elsewhere known. Erigeron spatulifolius Howell. Perennial from a very stout caudex, green and nearly glabrous; stems usually several, slender, sparsely hirsute, erect or ascending, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, broadly obtuse, entire or with a few crenate teeth near the apex, glabrous on both sides, 2-4 cm. long, including the margined petiole; cauline leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, sessile, small, about 1 cm. long; involucre hemispherical, 1 cm. broad; tegules broadly linear, attenuate-acute, minutely granular; ray- flowers 30-40, purple ; pappus bristles as long as the disk-flowers; akenes smooth. On rocky banks, Pansy Camp, Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Howell. Erigeron leibergii Piper. Perennial from a stout caudex, sparsely hirsute and glandular throughout; flowering stems 10-15 cm. high, mostly simple and bearing a single head; basal leaves broad, spatulate to oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, ciliate, 4-9 cm. long; cauline oblong, sessile, mostly acute, 1-2 cm. long; involucre viscid glandular and sparsely hirsute; tegules linear, acuminate; ray-flowers 20-25, violet, 1 cm. long. Mount Stuart, Leiberg; Bear Creek, Okanogan County, Washington, Gorman; 25-mile Creek, Okanogan County, Gorman. _ E. leibergii differs from E. spatulifolius only in the herbage and involucre being somewhat pilose. It is not unlikely that the two constitute but one species, variable as to pubes- cence. Erigeron speciosus DC. (E. glabellus mucronatus Hook.) Perennial tufted, sparingly hirsute or nearly glabrous; stems 30-50 cm. high, leafy to the top, erect; leaves lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate, usually ciliate at least at the base, the upper cauline sessile by a broad base, the lower and rad- ical petioled, 5-15 cm. long; heads few, in a loose corymb; involucre hirsute or COMPOSITAE. 369 nearly glabrous, 5-6 mm. high; ray-flowers about 100, narrow, violet, about 1 cm. long; akenes pubescent; pappus double, the outer bristles very short. Gravelly soil, infrequent. Erigeron philadelphicus L. Perennial, sparsely hairy; stems erect, branched above, 30-90 cm. high; basal leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, dentate, 3-6 cm. long, narrowed into a short petiole; cauline mostly entire, sessile and half-clasping; heads numerous in a corymb; involucre hemispheric; ray-flowers pink, numerous, very narrow; akenes puberulent. Moist banks and meadows, common. Erigeron howellii Gray. Perennial, glabrous except near the top; stems 30-50 cm. high, leafy; leaves entire or merely denticulate, thin in texture, glabrous; basal ones petioled, ovate to obovate; cauline half-clasping at base, ovate, mucronate, 2-5 cm. long; heads solitary; involucre somewhat pubes- cent; tegules subulate; ray-flowers 30-35, white, 15-20 mm. long. Perpendicular bluffs along the Columbia Gorge in moist places. Erigeron amplifolius Howell. Green nearly glabrous; stems erect, 50-70 cm. high; leaves entire or with a few teeth, the basal ones lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, slender petioled, gradually reduced, the upper sessile; heads solitary or few, short-peduncled; involucre hemispheric, 10-12 mm. broad; tegules linear, acute, minutely glandular and sparsely pilose along the midrib; ray-flowers 50-60, blue or violet, about 2 cm. long; akenes pubes- cent. On open hillsides near Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon, Howell. Erigeron salsuginosus (Richards.) Gray. Perennial; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, pubescent toward the top; lower leaves petioled, spatulate to nar- rowly-obovate, entire or denticulate, green, glabrous, 5-20 cm. long; cauline oblong-lanceolate, sessile; heads solitary or few; involucre loose, subulate- linear, viscid and minutely pubescent; ray-flowers 50-70, pink, 12-15 mm. long, rather broad. Abundant in alpine meadows at 1500 to 2000 m. altitude, sometimes called " Mountain Daisy." Erigeron salsuginosus angustifolius Gray. Stems 15-20 cm. high; leaves narrower, spatulate to lanceolate. This is merely a reduced high altitude form of E. salsuginosus. 507. SERICOCARPUS. Perennial herbs, with many sessile alternate mostly entire leaves and small heads of whitish flowers in corymbs; heads 12- 20-flowered, radiate; involucre cylindric or somewhat clavate; tegules appressed, closely imbricated, coriaceous but with spread- ing green tips; ray-flowers few, 4 or 5; receptacle foveolate; style branches lanceolate-subulate; akenes pubescent; pappus of numerous scabrous capillary bristles. Sericocarpus rigidus Lindl. Herbage pale green and scabrous; stems 30-60 cm. high, leafy; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse and usually mucronate, entire, stiff but hardly rigid, 2-2.5 cm. long; inflorescence a rather dense corymb; involucre turbinate; tegules oblong to linear, 1-nerved; akenes canes- cent, half as long as the white pappus. In dry ground, Vancouver Island to California. 25 370 COMPOSITAE. t 508. OREOSTEMMA. Acaulescent perennial herbs with solitary heads on scapi- form stems and entire leaves; heads broadly hemispheric; tegules herbaceous, narrow, subequal, rather loose, in about 2 series; receptacle flat; ray-flowers numerous, violet to purple; style branches slender, acute, hirsutulose; akenes prismatic, villous; pappus a single series of denticulate capillary bristles. Oreostemma alpigena (T. & G.) Greene. Caudex and root stout; stems spreading or ascending, 5-10 cm. high, scape-like, the leaves much re- duced; basal leaves spatulate to linear, obtuse, entire, glabrous, 3-8 cm. long; involucre hemispheric, 12 mm. high; tegules linear, acute, somewhat pubes- cent; ray-flowers violet, 12-15 mm. long; akenes hirsute at the summit. At high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains. First collected on Mount Rainier by Tolmie in 1833. 509. BUCEPHALUS. Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, all cauline, the lowermost much reduced; heads panicled, rarely solitary, radiate; involucre well imbricated, campanulate; tegules chartaceous, closely appressed, arranged in 3 or 4 series, the outer successively shorter; receptacle lacerate-alveolate; ray-flowers in a single series, violet or white; disk-flowers yellow; style branches lan- ceolate; akenes compressed; pappus copious, of numerous unequal bristles. Ray-flowers white, becoming pink-tinged. E. paucicapitatus. Ray-flowers purple or violet. Leaves tomentose beneath. E. ledophyllus. Leaves glabrous on both sides. E. engelmanni. Bucephalus paucicapitatus (Robinson) Greene. Stems tufted, erect, leafy, 30-50 cm. high, somewhat pubescent; leaves elliptic-oblong, puberulent, 2-3 cm. long, erect or ascending; heads mostly solitary, sometimes 3 or 4, short- peduncled, 3-3.5 cm. broad; tegules lance-linear, pubescent, ciliolate, acute, purple at tip, loosely imbricated in 2-3 series, 8 mm. long; ray-flowers 12-18, white becoming pink. Common in alpine meadows of the Olympic Mountains, but not known to occur elsewhere. Bucephalus ledophyllus (Gray) Greene. Stems usually tufted, erect, 30-80 cm. high; leaves numerous, lanceolate, entire or sparsely denticulate, glabrous above, tomentose beneath, 2-5 cm. long, the lower obtuse, the upper cuspidate; heads solitary or several in a loose cyme; tegules lance-linear, acute or acuminate; ray-flowers violet; akenes sparsely hirsute. Alpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains, southern British Columbia to Oregon. Bucephalus engelmanni (Gray) Greene. Nearly glabrous; stems 60-90 cm. tall, erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, entire or more or less serrulate, 5-10 cm. long, the upper ones cuspidate; heads race- mosely or paniculately cymose; involucre hemispheric; tegules ovate-lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, the outer loose and partly foliaceous, the inner purplish; ray-flowers purple, 10-12 mm. long; akenes oblong-obovoid. Alpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains, mostly on the eastern slopes. COMPOSITAE. 371 Bucephalus macounii Greene. Sparsely rough pubescent; leaves oblong- lanceolate to oblong, sessile, acute, half-clasping at base, sharply serrate with scattered teeth; heads few, corymbose; involucre turbinate; tegules lanceolate, acute, purple tinged, pubescent and ciliate, arranged in about 4 series; ray- flowers 10-15, narrow, violet; akenes pubescent. Victoria, Macoun; no specimens have been seen and the description is compiled. 510. ASTER. Mostly perennial herbs; leaves alternate; heads solitary, corymbed or panicled, many-flowered, radiate; ray-flowers several or numerous, in one row, fertile or rarely sterile, white, purple or blue, never yellow; disk-flowers yellow, often turning purple; involucre imbricated; tegules commonly with herbaceous tips; receptacle flat or convex, naked; pappus tawny, simple, of copious slender scabrous capillary bristles; anthers tipped with an appendage; styles appendaged; akenes more or less com- pressed, rarely slender, 4-5-nerved. Leaves coriaceous; involucre well imbricated, broadly turbinate, not glandular. A. radulinus. Leaves membranaceous; involucre hemispheric, not well im- bricated. Involucre viscid or pruinose-glandular. A. major. Involucre not viscid or glandular. Heads less than 1 cm. broad. Tegules acute. A. oreganus. Tegules obtuse. A. hallii. Heads more than 1 cm. broad. Cauline leaves auriculate at base. A.foliaceus. Cauline leaves not auriculate at base. A. douglasti. Aster radulinus Gray. Herbage scabrous and pubescent; stems stout, 20-50 cm. high, mostly branched above; leaves firm, subcoriaceous, broadly- lanceolate to obovate, sharply serrate, tapering at base, 5-10 cm. long, scab- rous on both sides; heads corymbose; involucre turbinate or obconical, 6—8 mm. high; tegules imbricated, firm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly acute, pubescent; ray-flowers violet or nearly white, short; akenes pubescent. In dry ground, Vancouver Island to California. Aster major (Plook.) Porter. (A. modesta Lindl.) Herbage sparsely pubescent, glandular in the inflorescence; sterns 60-80 cm. high, branched above, leafy; leaves thin, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, serrate or subentire, acute, sessile or partly clasping at the narrowed base, 5-10 cm. long; heads 15-20 cm. broad, numerous in a leafy bracted corymb or panicle; involucre hemispheric; tegules green, loose, linear, acute, little imbricated, glandular; ray-flowers 30-50, dark violet, 10-12 mm. long; akenes pubescent; pappus tawny. Common along streams in the mountains. Aster oreganus Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, 40-60 cm. high, branched at top; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, sessile, 4-6 cm. long; inflorescence subracemose, rather dense; heads 5-7 mm. high; involucre loose, the outer tegules herbaceous, lanceolate, acute, the inner ones thinner and narrower; ray-flowers white or purple, 4 mm. long; akenes scaberulous. In wet places, rare; first collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the \Yilln- mettc River. 372 COMPOSITAE. Aster hallii Gray. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, erect, 30-60 cm. high, leafy to the top; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, scabrous on the margin, 5-10 cm. long; inflorescence narrow, rather close, often raceme-like; heads small, 6-8 mm. high; involucre campanulate; tegules linear or somewhat spatulate, green-tipped, glabrous, obtuse, erect; ray-flowers white or nearly so, 8-10 mm. long. In dry ground, western Oregon. Aster foliaceus frondeus Gray. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent; stems stout, erect or ascending, simple or usually with a few branches, 20-60 cm. high; leaves few, the lower large, 8-10 cm. long, oblanceolate, tapering into winged petioles; cauline sessile, broadly half-clasping at the base; heads few, large, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, usually on naked peduncles; involucre 10-14 mm. high, the tegules herbaceous, linear-lanceolate, loose, all about equalling the disk, the outer largest; ray-flowers dark- violet, about 1 cm. long; akenes not glabrous. In moist meadows in the mountains at low altitudes. First collected by Lyall on the Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°. Aster foliaceus apricus Gray. Very like A. foliaceus frondeus, but dwarf, 10-15 cm. high; leaves thicker; heads solitary or few. On the higher peaks of the Cascade Mountains at about 2500 m. altitude. Aster douglasii Lindl. Glabrous or nearly so; stems erect, 30-120 cm. high; leaves mostly sessile, lanceolate and broadest near the middle, sometimes narrowly linear, acute, serrate near the middle or entire, 5-15 cm. long, those of the branches much smaller; heads usually numerous, panicled; involucre hemispheric, 10-12 mm. high, the tegules green at tip, narrow, acute, the outer sometimes foliaceous and passing into the reduced leaves of the branchlets; ray-flowers pale violet, 10-12 mm. long. Common and very variable. First collected by Douglas at the mouth of the Columbia River. 511. MADIA. TARWEED. Annuals; leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, at least the upper alternate; heads peduncled, clustered; flowers yellow; ray-flowers 1-20 and pistillate, or rarely wanting; disk- flowers 1-5, perfect; receptacle chaffy only at the margin; pappus none or of several small scales in the sterile flowers; ray- akenes laterally compressed, enclosed in the infolded tegules; disk-akenes laterally compressed. Heads small, long-peduncled; disk-flower one. M. exigua. Heads larger, sessile or short-peduncled; disk-flowers several. Leaves all or mostly opposite; perennial. M. madioides. Leaves all or mostly alternate; annuals. Involucre laterally compressed; ray-flowers 1-5. M. glomerata. Involucre campanulate; ray-flowers 5-12. Ray-flowers 15-20 mm. long; receptacle bristly. M. elegans. Ray-flowers 4-8 mm. long; receptacle glabrous or nearly so. Heads scattered, 6-10 mm. high; herbage moder- ately glandular. M. racemosa. Heads' clustered, 10-12 mm. high; herbage very glandular. M. saliva. Madia exigua (Smith) Greene. Annual; stems slender, erect, usually branched above, hirsute-pubescent below, glandular above, 10-30 cm. high; COMPOSITAE. 373 leaves linear, 1-3 cm. long; heads 2-3 mm. high, long-peduncled, loosely corymbed; tegules 4-8, enclosing as many ray-flowers which are scarcely longer; disk-flowers solitary'; akenes black, obovate but lop-sided, that of the disk-flower straight, those of the ray-flowers curved. Dry ground, rather common. First collected by Menzies. Madia madioides (Nutt.) Greene. Perennial, somewhat villous; stems slender, erect, 40-60 cm. high, loosely branched above; leaves linear-lanceolate, sparsely serrate, sessile, 5-10 cm. long, all but the uppermost opposite; in- florescence a loose panicle; heads slender-peduncled, 8 mm. high, many- flowered; tegules 8-12, glandular, each enclosing a fan-shaped ray-flower 8-10 mm. long; disk-flowers sterile, with a pappus composed of oblong scales; akenes of the ray-flowers broad, curved, compressed. Very common in open woods; first collected by Nuttall at the mouth of the Willamette River. Madia glomerata Hook. Stems erect, simple or with erect branches, very leafy to the top, 30-100 cm. high, hirsute, the inflorescence glandular; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, ascending, 2-6 cm. long, scabrous and hirsute; heads densely crowded, at length somewhat racemose; ray-flowers few or none, short; disk-flowers 2-5; corollas pubescent; akenes black, club-shaped, those of the ray-flowers flattened and 1-nerved on each face, those of the disk-flowers somewhat 4-angled; pappus wanting. In dry open ground; Puyallup, Piper; common in the Willamette Valley. Madia elegans Don. Annual, hirsutely pubescent and somewhat glandular; stems erect, 30-120 cm. high; leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or nearly so, broadest at base, sessile, the lower ones much crowded, 5-10 cm. long; in- florescence corymbose; tegules 5-15, hirsute; ray-flowers 12-20, acutely 3-lobed, 15-20 mm. long, yellow or often brown at base; disk-flowers sterile; akenes much compressed, obliquely obovate. Prairies, Willamette Valley and southward; said by Hooker to have been collected by Douglas and by Scouler at Fort Vancouver, Washington, but it is doubtful if it occurs north of the Columbia River. Madia racemosa (Nutt.) T. & G. Stems erect, 30-90 cm. high, simple or branched above, hirsute below, glandular above; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, 2-8 cm. long; heads 6-10 mm. high, hemispherical or broadly ovoid, racemosely or corymbosely arranged, commonly peduncled; corolla pubescent; ray-flowers 5-8, rarely 10; disk-flowers few; akenes flattened and nerved on the broader faces or the nerve lacking; pappus none. Very common in dry ground; first described from specimens collected by Nuttall at the estuary of the Willamette River. Very variable and as here described including M. dissitiflora T. & G., whose supposed distinctions break down completely. Madia sativa Molina. Annual, viscid pubescent and very glandular; stems stout, 30-90 cm. high, erect, simple or with erect branches; leaves lan- ceolate or the upper linear, sessile, broadest at base, entire, 5-10 cm. long; inflorescence narrowly paniculate, the heads mostly in dense clusters; ray- flowers 5-12, their corollas pale yellow; disk-flowers 4-8 mm. long; ray- akenes curved, obovoid, compressed, often 1-nerved on each face; disk-flowers fertile, their akenes cuneate-oblong, somewhat 4-angled. In dry ground, Willamette Valley and southward. Madia sativa capitata (Xutt.) Piper. Heads densely congested, the in- florescence capitate or short-oblong. Vancouver Island to California. 374 COMPOSITAE. 512. HEMIZONELLA. Small loosely branched annuals with linear opposite or the upper alternate leaves; heads with 4 or 5 ray flowers and 1-4 disk flowers; involucre of 4 or 5 obcompressed incurved tegules, each enclosing an akene; bracts of the receptacle 3-5, united into a cup; ligulate flowers minute, yellow; akenes obovoid, broad and convex on the back. Hemizonella durandi Gray. Herbage more or less hirsute, glandular near the top; stems 5-15 cm. high, loosely branched; leaves linear, 10-15 mm. long; earliest heads in the forks of the branches, slender-peduncled, bractless, the later ones racemose, 2-bracted at base, or short-peduncled; akenes hairy, oblong-ovate or subfusiform, tipped with an inflexed beak. In dry ground, not common, Vancouver Island to California. 513. HEMIZONIA. Mostly annual herbs, usually more or less glandular and viscid and heavy-scented; leaves alternate or sometimes opposite; heads not large, many- or sometimes few-flowered; tegules rounded on the back, partly enclosing the turgid more or less oblique ray-akenes; disk-akenes abortive or infertile. Hemizonia pungens (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. & Gr. Hairy, but only slightly glandular; stems 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves bipinnatifid; cauline simply pinnatifid, the lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, very sharp-pointed; the leaves on the branchlets entire, small and crowded, rigid, spine-tipped; tegules lanceolate, spine-tipped; receptacle convex; rays short, narrow, toothed at the apex; pappus none. Sparingly introduced; a native of California. Tacoma, Flett. 514. LAGOPHYLLA. Annuals; stem slender, much-branched; leaves alternate or opposite, mostly entire; heads small, few-flowered; ray-flowers about 5, pistillate, fertile; disk-flowers as many, perfect but sterile; involucre of as many tegules as the ray-flowers; receptacle small and flat; pappus none; ray-akenes obovate, much ob- compressed, smooth, enclosed by the base of the tegule; disk- akenes slender and abortive. Lagophylla ramosissima Nutt. Erect, loosely branched, 15-70 cm. high; stems light colored, puberulent; leaves all but the lowest attenuate, entire, linear-lanceolate or the lowest somewhat spatulate, 1-3 cm. long, all white villous; heads 5—6 mm. long, in small clusters on the leafy branches; tegules ciliate with long hairs, and usually bearing a few stalked glands on the back; ray-flowers yellow, small; akenes 3 mm. long, club-shaped, with a ridge down the inner face. Prairies, Willamette Valley and southward. 515. BIDENS. BEGGAR TICKS. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite; heads small or medium, yellow or sometimes white; ray-flowers 3-10, sterile or COMPOSITAE. 375 none, in which case the flowers are all perfect and tubular; receptacle chaffy; pappus of 2-4 rigid backwardly-barbed awns; ray- and disk-akenes obcompressed. Plant aquatic; submerged leaves capillary. B. beckii. Plants terrestrial; none of the leaves capillary. Akenes 4-angled; leaves dentate. B. cernua. Akenes flat; leaves more or less incised. B. elata. Bidens beckii Torr. (Megalodonta remota Greene.) Aquatic, glabrous; stems simple or little branched, 30-100 cm. long; submersed leaves 2-5 cm. long, finely dissected into filiform segments; emersed leaves a few pairs, lan- ceolate, acute, serrate, 1-3 cm. long; heads solitary, short-peduncled; tegules oblong, obtuse, glabrous; ray-flowers golden-yellow; akenes smooth, the stout awns barbed near the tip. Green Lake, Seattle, Washington, Piper; not otherwise known in our limits. Bidens cernua L. Annual, glabrous or minutely hispid; stems erect, simple or with few short branches, 30-60 cm. high; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceo- late, coarsely and unequally serrate, acuminate, sessile and somewhat cuneate at base, 6-12 cm. long; heads short-peduncled, 12-15 mm. broad; outer tegules foliaceous, much longer than the membranous inner ones; ray-flowers 6—12, bright yellow, or sometimes absent; akenes elongate, wedge-shaped, 4-angled and bearing 4 backwardly barbed awns half as long as the body. A very variable species growing in wet places, blooming in autumn. Bidens elata (T. & G.) Sherff. (B. amplissima Greene.) Glabrous or nearly so; stems stout, 40-100 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or oval, acute, deeply serrate or incised, 8-18 cm. long; heads 1-3, nearly sessile, 2 cm. broad; outer tegules linear to oblanceolate, larger than the head, often incised; ray-flowers pale yellow; akenes 8 mm. long, glabrous, flat, broadly cuneate, the margins inwardly barbed; awns 4, rarely 2, about half as long as the akene, retrorsely barbed. Sauvies Island, Oregon, Nuttall; Vancouver Island, Macoun. 516. COREOPSIS. Annual or perennial herbs usually with opposite leaves; heads many-flowered, radiate; involucre of 2 rows of about 8 tegules each, the outer spreading and foliaceous, the inner appressed and nearly membranaceous; ray-flowers mostly 8, neutral, yellow or purple, rarely wanting; receptacle flat with deciduous mem- branaceous chaff; akenes obcompressed, often winged, with 2 barbless subulate awns. Coreopsis atkinsoniana Dougl. Glabrous; stems 30-100 cm. high, erect, usually branched; leaves all opposite, the lowest bipinnately parted into linear lobes, the upper reduced to simple linear bracts; heads cymosely panicu- late; tegules in two series, the outer short, the inner ovate, scarious-margined, 6-8 mm. long; ray-flowers yellow, with brown bases; akenes oblong, narrowly winged, bearing two short subulate teeth. In wet places on river banks, rare in our limits. 517. RUDBECKIA. Mostly perennial herbs; leaves alternate; heads many-flowered, mostly with sterile ray-flowers, sometimes rayless; disk-flowers 376 COMPOSITAE. perfect; receptacle elongated, becoming columnar; pappus a chaff-like cup or 4 chaffy teeth more or less united into a cup; akenes quadrangular and mostly laterally compressed. Rudbeckia hirta L. Black Eyed Susan. Herbage hispid to hirsute- pubescent; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves lanceolate to oblong, entire or sparingly serrate, 3-5-nerved, the lower ones petioled, the cauline sessile; heads solitary or few, long-peduncled; ray-flowers 10-20, orange-yellow; disk ovoid, dark brown; chaff of the receptacle linear, acute; pappus none. A native of the eastern states, sparingly introduced in fields. 518. BALSAMORHIZA. Low perennials; leaves mostly radical; heads large, usually solitary; flowers yellow; receptacle flat or barely convex with linear-lanceolate chaff; pappus none; ray-akenes obcompressed ; disk-akenes prismatic-quadrangular or laterally compressed. Leaves entire or merely dentate; herbage green; involucre not woolly. B. deltoidea. Leaves pinnately cleft, parted or divided; herbage canescent; involucre puberulent to lanate. B. balsamorhiza. Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt. Herbage green, scabrous and sparsely pubescent or glabrate; stems erect, 20-40 cm. high; radical leaves ovate- lanceolate to deltoid, acute, cordate or subcordate at base, entire or irregularly serrate, green on both sides, 10-25 cm. long, long-petioled; cauline leaves two, small, lanceolate, near the middle of the stem; heads solitary or sometimes 3; tegules linear-lanceolate, the outer ones foliaceous and spreading; ray-flowers 2-4 cm. long. Prairies, Vancouver Island to California. First collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the Willamette River. Balsamorhiza balsamorhiza (Hook.) Heller. Herbage canescent with silky or more or less tomentose pubescence; stems 20-30 cm. high, bearing a pair of small opposite leaves near the base; radical leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, pinnately to bipinnately parted into linear segments or merely pinnatifid or incised; involucre woolly to merely pubescent; tegules lanceolate, the outer sometimes foliaceous. Prairies, rare west of the Cascade Mountains; first collected at Fort Van- couver, Washington, by Douglas. 519. WYETHIA. Perennial herbs; stems simple, rarely branching; leaves alter- nate, mostly entire and ample; heads many-flowered, solitary or few, medium or large; flowers yellow; ray-flowers elongated, pistillate or fertile; pappus a chaffy crown or cup; ray-akenes neither obcompressed nor laterally compressed. Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt. Somewhat hirsute with short white hairs; stems 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves long-lanceolate, mostly entire, acuminate, 20-40 cm. long; cauline sessile, smaller and broader; head long-pedunculate; involucre campanulate, loose; tegules broadly lanceolate, green and herbaceous, ciliate, equalling the disk; ray-flowers 4 cm. long; akenes pubescent at summit; pappus awns stout, subulate, minutely hirsute, 1-2 in the disk-flowers, 3-4 in the ray-flowers. Moist places, Willamette Valley and southward. COMPOSITAE. 377 520. HELIANTHUS. Coarse annuals or perennials; leaves entire or toothed, all or at least the lower ones opposite; heads solitary or corymbose, medium or large; ray-flowers yellow, sterile; disk-flowers yellow, brownish or dark-purple; receptacle flat or convex; pappus a pair of early-falling chaffy scales or awns; akenes neither very flat nor winged; ray-akenes laterally compressed; disk-akenes 4-angled, compressed. Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Pubescent or hirsute; stems erect, 1-3 m. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, acu- minate, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, the lower ones opposite; tegules loose, lanceolate, attenuate, hirsute-ciliate, spreading at the tips, as long as the disk; ray-flowers 12-20, 3-4 cm. long; akenes pubescent. Escaped from cultivation; native of the eastern states. The rootstocks bear edible tubers. 521. JAUMEA. Perennial plants, herbaceous or suffrutescent, with opposite entire leaves and peduncled solitary heads of yellow flowers; involucre campanulate, the broad fleshy tegules imbricated in 2 series, the outer shorter; receptacle conical, naked; corollas glabrous; style branches papillose or hairy, truncate to short- conical; akenes 10-nerved; pappus (in ours) none. Jaumea carnosa (Less.) Gray. Glabrous, somewhat fleshy; stems ascend- ing, leafy, 20—40 cm. high; leaves spatulate-linear, nearly terete, sessile and cuneate at base, 2-3 cm. long; head erect, short-peduncled; involucre cam- panulate; ray-corollas 6-10, linear, short; receptacle conical, smooth, fleshy; akenes glabrous, without pappus. In salt marshes along the seashore, Vancouver Island to California. 522. BAERIA. Mostly annual herbs with opposite entire or pinnately dis- sected leaves and yellow flowers; heads many-flowered, radiate; involucre herbaceous, campanulate to hemispheric, with 5-15 oblong to ovate plane or somewhat keeled tegules in a single series; receptacle subulate to conical, naked; corolla of the disk- flowers with a slender tube as long as the 5-lobed campanulate limb; akenes slender somewhat clavate; pappus a crown of scales or sometimes wanting. Baeria maritima Gray. Pubescent when young but becoming glabrous; stems diffusely spreading; leaves oblong-linear, entire or the lower sparingly laciniate-toothed, 2.5 cm. long; tegules 6-8; ray-corollas orbicular; akenes puberulent; pappus of 3-5 subulate awns and at least as many small narrow laciniate scales. Bird Island, Barclay Sound, Vancouver Island, Newcomb, and the Farallonc Islands, California; not known to occur elsewhere. 378 COMPOSITAE. 523. ERIOPHYLLUM. Perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby at base; leaves usually alternate, entire or pinnately or ternately parted or lobed; ray-flowers present, fertile; involucre campanulate or obovoid; tegules erect, commonly united at base, oval or oblong; pappus of nerveless and mostly pointless scales; throat or limb of disk- corollas rather narrow; style-branches truncate or rarely minutely tipped; akenes narrow, mostly 4-angled. Eriophyllum lanatum (Pursh) Forbes. Perennial, erect or decumbent at base, loosely white-woolly throughout; leaves spatulate or cuneate-obovate, the lowermost and upper ones often entire, the others 3-7-lobed or parted; heads long-peduncled; involucre lanate, campanulate, 10-12 mm. high; tegules 8-12, oblong, obtuse; ray-flowers 6-15, golden-yellow; disk-corollas glandular; akenes glabrous; pappus short. In gravelly soil, common and variable. 524. HULSEA. Perennial, viscid-pubescent, balsamic-odorous herbs with alternate sessile leaves and solitary or scattered large heads of many yellow flowers; involucre hemispheric, the herbaceous rather loose linear-lanceolate tegules in 2-3 series; receptacle flat, naked; ray-flowers numerous; disk flowers with the throat larger than the tube; style branches thickened at the obtuse tips; akenes linear-clavate, pubescent; pappus of 4 truncate entire or lacerate scales. Hulsea nana Gray. Perennial with branched rootstocks; herbage viscid and villous and somewhat lanate; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, oblong-spatulate, pinnatifid or incised, narrowed into a margined petiole; head solitary, peduncled; involucre 10-12 mm. high; tegules lanceolate; ray- flowers yellow; pappus scales fimbriate, as long as the villous akene. In loose volcanic rock at high altitudes, Mount Rainier and southward. 525. GAILLARDIA. Pubescent herbs; leaves alternate, entire or incised or even pinnatifid; heads solitary and long-peduncled, large; ray-flowers yellow or partly dark-purple, sterile; disk-flowers usually purplish or brownish; tegules in 2-3 series, the outer larger and foliaceous; receptacle convex or hemispherical, with one or more awns among the flowers resembling chaff; pappus of 6-10 hyaline chaffy scales each with a prominent midrib which is prolonged into a naked awn, or in the sterile ray-flowers, scales awnless; akenes oblong, top-shaped, each surrounded by a tuft of hairs. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Perennial, erect, 30-60 cm. high, rough-pubes- cent; lower leaves spatulate, long-petioled, the upper sessile, all entire or more or less pinnately lobed, 5-12 cm. long; heads long-peduncled; involucre hairy, the lanceolate acuminate tegules unequal, the longest about 1 cm.; disk-flowers dark-purple; ray-flowers 10-18, yellow, purplish at base, 15-20 mm. long; bristles of the receptacle as long as the akenes or longer. Prairies, rare in our limits. COMPOSITAE. 379 526. HELENIUM. Erect, simple or branching herbs; leaves all alternate and all but the lower sessile; heads small or large, many-flowered, on naked terminal peduncles; ray-flowers yellow, several or numer- ous, pistillate; disk-flowers yellow or turning brownish or purplish, small and very numerous, all fertile; tegules spreading or re- flexed at maturity; pappus of 5-12 thin or hyaline chaffy scales with or without midribs; akenes top-shaped, striate-ribbed, hairy on the ribs. Helenium autumnale grandiflorum (Nutt.) Gray. Perennial, erect, 30-90 cm. high, glabrous or puberulent; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute, dentate or nearly entire, 5-12 cm. long, decurrent on the stem forming wings; heads few or many, long-peduncled, 10-15 mm. broad; involucre nearly flat, the tegules linear or linear-spatulate, pubescent; ray-flowers 10—16, yellow, somewhat drooping, 1-2 cm. long, all fertile; akenes pubescent; pappus scarious, the scales acuminate, awn-pointed. River banks, not common. 527. ACHILLEA. Perennial herbs, rather strong-scented; leaves alternate, ser- rate or pinnately dissected; heads small, in corymbs, many- flowered; flowers yellow, white or sometimes rose-colored, all fertile; ray-flowers few or several, mostly short or broad, pis- tillate; involucre narrow, the tegules imbricated in a few rows, appressed; receptacle flattish to conical, with thin chaff; pappus none; akenes oblong or ovate, obcompressed, surrounded by a narrow and cartilaginous margin. Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow or Milfoil. Herbage sparingly pubescent, green; stems erect, usually tufted, 30-90 cm. high; basal leaves short-petioled, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, pinnately divided into very numer- ous segments which are once or twice pinnately-cleft or parted into linear acute lobes; heads small, numerous, in convex or flat-topped terminal corymbs; involucre ovoid or subglobose, 3-5 mm. high; ray flowers 4 or 5, white, 2-4 mm. long. Abundant in open ground and clearly native. Alpine forms are much dwarfed, often only 15-20 cm. high, and approach A. borealis Bong, of Alaska. A.lanulosaNutt. with very [canescent herbage, common east of the Cascade Mountains, apparently does not occur in our limits. 528. ANTHEMIS. Herbs; leaves alternate, mostly tripinnately divided; heads many-flowered; ray-flowers numerous, commonly conspicuous, pistillate or sometimes sterile; disk-flowers fertile; involucre broad, the tegules very numerous, imbricated and appressed; receptacle convex to oblong-conical, chaffy with mostly slender or thin scales or awns subtending at least the central flowers; pappus none or a short chaffy crown; akenes obovoid or oblong, 4 or 5- angled, 8-10-ribbed or many-striate, truncate at the apex. 380 COMPOSITAE. Ray-flowers yellow; leaves somewhat tomentose. A. tinctoria. Ray-flowers white; leaves not tomentose. Leaves glabrous, ill-scented; ray-flowers neutral. A. cotula. Leaves pubescent, not ill-scented; ray-flowers fertile. A. arvensis. Anthemis tinctoria L. Perennial, herbage pubescent; stems erect, loosely branched, 30-60 cm. high; leaves sessile, oblong to ovate in outline, parted in narrow acute serrate lobes; heads long-peduncled, 3-4 cm. broad; ray flowers yellow, pistillate; tegules oblong, obtuse, pubescent; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, acuminate; pappus crown-like. In fields, sparingly introduced from Europe. Anthemis cotula L. Dog Fennel. May-weed. Annual, much branched, puberulent or glabrate, 30-60 cm. high; leaves 1-3 times pinnately-dissected into thread-like lobes; heads 2 cm. broad; receptacle conical, with bristly bracts near the apex, none at the margin; tegules oblong, obtuse, pubescent; ray-flowers white, 10-18, becoming reflexed in age; akenes 10-ribbed, rough- ened; pappus none. A very common weed, introduced from Europe. Anthemis arvensis L. Corn Chamomile. Pubescent annual herb re- sembling A. cotula but not ill-scented; leaves less finely 1-2-pinnately parted; chaff lanceolate, pointed, subtending and exceeding all the disk-flowers; akenes smooth; pappus a minute border. Native of Europe; introduced. 529. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Herbs; heads many-flowered; ray-flowers usually elongated, numerous, pistillate; disk-flowers usually all fertile; involucre hemispherical or flatter, the tegules more or less scarious, short- appressed, imbricated in several rows; receptacle flat or convex, naked; pappus none; disk-corollas often flattened or 2-winged below, 4 or 5-toothed ; akenes short, nearly terete, several ribbed or angled, truncate at apex. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum pinnatifidum Lecoq. & Lemotte. Oxeye Daisy. Perennial, erect, 30-60 cm. high, glabrous or nearly so, usually simple; basal leaves oblong or spatulate, incisely pinnatifid or toothed; cauline smaller, sessile and partly clasping, linear; heads 3-5 cm. broad, on long naked pe- duncles; tegules oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, rusty at tip; ray-flowers 20-30, white; akenes many-ribbed, pappus none. Common in fields; introduced from Europe. 530. MATRICARIA. Annual or biennial glabrous branching herbs; heads many- flowered, solitary or in corymbs; ray-flowers none (in ours); disk-flowers yellowish-green; involucre hemispherical or flatter, of numerous more or less scarious appressed tegules in few rows; receptacle conical at least in fruit, naked; pappus a minute crown or none; akenes 3-5-ribbed, wingless. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Annual, 5-20 cm. high, simple or branched, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; leaves oblong, 1-3 cm. long, once or twice pinnately dissected into small linear acute segments; heads 5-9 COMPOSITAE. 381 mm. high, terminating short stout peduncles; involucre saucer-shaped, the tegules oblong, obtuse, green, with scarious margins; ray-flowers none; disk- flowers yellowish-green; receptacle conical; akenes oblong; pappus represented by a low sometimes 1-2-toothed crown. Dry ground, very common. 531. COTULA. Annual or perennial strong-scented low herbs with alternate lobed or dissected leaves and slender-peduncled rayless heads with two kinds of flowers; heads many-flowered, hemispheric to globose; involucre of about 2 ranks of tegules; receptacle flat or convex, naked; outer one or two rows of flowers pistillate, apeta- lous or nearly so; disk flowers tubular, 4-toothed, fertile; mature akenes raised on short erect persistent stalks; pappus none. Glabrous; leaves entire to pinnatifid. C. coronopifolia. Pubescent; leaves bipinnately dissected. C. australis. Cotula coronopifoHa L. Glabrous or nearly so, somewhat fleshy; stems decumbent or ascending, 20-30 cm. long; leaves linear-oblong, pinnately in- cised or the upper entire, clasping and sheathing at base; heads subglobose, peduncled, 8-10 mm. broad; pistillate flowers in a single marginal row, their akenes with thick spongy wings. Common especially in marshes along the seashore; a native of South Africa. Cotula australis Hook. Somewhat pubescent ; stems slender, much branched, 15-30 cm. high; leaves bipinnately parted, the ultimate segments linear; heads small, 4-6 mm. broad; pistillate flowers in 2 or 3 rows, their akenes pedicelled. Vancouver Island to California, sparingly introduced; a native of Australia. 532. TANACETUM. TANSY. Perennial bitter strong-scented herbs with alternate pinnately dissected leaves and corymbed heads of yellow flowers; heads many-flowered; involucre hemispheric; tegules imbricated, char- taceous; receptacle naked, convex; flowers all fertile, the outer ones pistillate with tubular 3-5-toothed corollas; akenes angled or ribbed, truncate at top; pappus a short crown. Tanacetum huronense Xutt. Soft hairy or woolly, especially in young plants; stems stout, 30-90 cm. high; leaves twice to thrice pinnately dissected, the ultimate segments oblong and crowded; heads 1-2 cm. broad, on stout peduncles; corollas of the pistillate flower flattened, somewhat ray-like, 3-5- cleft; pappus teeth present. On sand dunes along the ocean coast. 533. ARTEMISIA. SAGEBRUSH. WORMWOOD. Herbs or undershrubs, bitter and odorous; leaves alternate, usually dissected; heads numerous, small, in racemes or panicles, several to many-flowered, discoid; flowers yellow, yellowish or brownish, all tubular, the outermost series pistillate or all alike, the more numerous perfect flowers either fertile or sterile; tegules dry, 382 COMPOSITAE. imbricated in a few rows, appressed; receptacle flattish to hemispherical, naked, sometimes hairy; pappus none; corollas of pistillate flowers slender and small, 2 or 3-toothed, of the perfect flowers enlarged above, 5-toothed; akenes obovoid or oblong, almost always glabrous. Ours all perennial herbs. Disk-flowers perfect but sterile; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile; leaves pinnately or bipinnately divided into nar- now lobes. Heads very numerous, small, greenish. A. canadensis. Heads rather few, large, brownish. A. borealis. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile; leaves not finely dissected. Heads campanulate. A. tilesii. Heads cylindric. A. suksdorfii. Artemisia canadensis Michx. Glabrous or canescently pubescent; stems 30-60 cm. high; lower leaves bipinnately divided into narrowly linear seg- ments, the cauline less divided; inflorescence a narrow panicle; heads 4-6 mm. broad; involucre hemispheric, green, glabrous or rarely pubescent. In rocky soil, rare in our limits; Coupeville, Washington, Gardner. Artemisia borealis wormskioldii Bess. Silky pubescent; stems 20-40 cm. high; lower leaves ternately or biternately divided into linear lobes; cauline leaves linear, entire or 3-parted; heads racemose; involucre brownish, pilose. Rocky places in the mountains, rare; Mount Rainier, Flett; Olympic Mountains, Flett. Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. Herbage canescent with a thin tomentum; stems erect or ascending, leafy, 60-90 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rarely entire, mostly incisely or laciniately cleft into narrow attenuate lobes, thinly tomentose, becoming glabrous above; panicle loose, pyramidal; heads hemispheric; involucre broadly campanulate, arachnoid when young, some- times glabrate, more or less brownish. In the mountains at low altitudes. Artemisia suksdorfii Piper. Tufted; stems stiffly erect, 90-120 cm. high; leaves numerous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire to sparingly dentate or rarely incised, 6-10 cm. long, bright green above, white-tomentose beneath; panicle pyramidal, dense, 30-60 cm. long; heads cylindric, 3-4 mm. high, 5-8-flowered; involucre pale green, glabrate, the tegules obtuse, hyaline- margined. Abundant especially on bluffs along the seacoast. 534. PETASITES. SWEET COLTSFOOT. Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks; leaves large, radical, the cauline reduced to bracts; heads numerous, in a raceme or corymb on the end of a scape-like stem; flowers whitish or purplish, some imperfect; tegules in one row; akenes narrow, 5-10-ribbed; pappus soft, white. Leaves ovate or oblong, 5-7-lobed, 5-10 cm. long; alpine plant. P. frigida. Leaves reniform-orbicular, 7-9-cleft, very large, often 30 cm. or more broad; lowland plant. P- speciosa. COMPOSITAE. 383 Petasites frigida (L.) Fries. (P. nivalis Greene.) Flowering stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves cordate-ovate or reniform-hastate in outline, 5-7-lobed with broad sinuses, 5-10 cm. long, green above, white tomentose beneath; lobes entire or with a few teeth. Along alpine rivulets in the Olympic Mountains and in the Cascade Moun- tains from Mount Rainier northward. Petasites speciosa (Nutt.) Piper. Flowers blooming before the leaves appear; stems 15-40 cm. high, covered with scaly reduced leaves; foliage leaves reniform-orbicular, very large, 15-50 cm. broad, 7-9-lobed beyond the middle, green and glabrous above, densely white tomentose beneath; lobes oblong, coarsely dentate; flowers lavender-colored, with the odor of violets. Common on moist bluffs. It has been confused with the eastern P. pal- mata (Ait.) Gray. 535. LUINA. Perennial herbs with alternate entire sessile leaves; heads corymbose, each about 10-flowered; involucre campanulate; tegules 8-10, firm, carinate, arranged in a single series; receptacle flat, naked; corollas all alike, cream-colored, deeply 5-cleft; anthers sagittate at base; style branches linear, flattened, trun- cate; akenes 10-striate; pappus of soft white capillary bristles. Luina hypoleuca Benth. White tomentose, except the upper surface of the leaves; stems tufted, 20-30 cm. high, erect, leafy and simple to the inflores- cence; leaves ovate or elliptical, obtuse, firm, shiny-green above, 2-3 cm. long; heads corymbose; involucre 8 mm. high; flowers cream-colored. Common on rock cliffs and gravel bars in the mountains, at 1000-2000 m. altitude. First collected by Lyall at Lake Chilukweyuk, near the 49th parallel. 536. RAINIERA. Perennial herb with alternate sessile entire leaves and numer- ous heads in a panicle; heads 4-7-flowered; involucre cylindric, with 4-7 firm carinate tegules in a single series; receptacle flat, naked; corollas all tubular, pale yellow, deeply 5-cleft; anthers not sagittate at base; style branches linear, truncate; akenes gla- brous, prismatic; pappus capillary, copious, pale-tawny. Scarcely distinct from Luina. Rainiera stricta Greene. (Luina piperi Robinson.) Glabrous or nearly so; stems stout, erect, leafy, 60-90 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, petioled, 15-30 cm. long, the cauline sessile or nearly so and smaller; heads 5-6-flowered, numerous, in an erect raceme, 15-30 cm. long; involucre cylindric; tegules 5-7, linear or oblong, acute; flowers pale yellow; pappus tawny. Alpine meadows on and about Mount Rainier. 537. CROCIDIUM. Small annual herbs with alternate leaves; heads solitary, terminal, small, radiate, the flowers all fertile; involucre hemi- spheric, of 8-12 thin herbaceous tegules in one row; ray-flowers about 12, yellow; disk-flowers more numerous, yellow; style branches short and broad with large appendages; pappus of one COMPOSITAE. row of deciduous equal white barbed bristles, but none in the ray-flowers. Crocidium multicaule Hook. Woolly when young but soon glabrate; stems numerous, tufted, 5-25 cm. high; radical leaves in a basal tuft, obovate or spatulate, few-toothed, sessile or short-petioled; cauline leaves small, linear; heads slender-peduncled, small but showy; tegules oblong-ovate. In open ground, Vancouver Island to California. First found at Fort Vancouver, Washington, by Douglas. 538. ARNICA. Perennial herbs; stems mostly simple, from creeping rootstocks or a corm-like base; leaves all or some of them opposite, simple, entire, or merely toothed; heads rather large, solitary or few, usually long-peduncled, many-flowered; flowers yellow, all fertile; ray-flowers elongated, pistillate, or sometimes none; involucre broadly campanulate, the tegules in 1-2 rows; receptacle naked, flat; pappus a single series of rather rigid strongly scabrous or barbellate capillary bristles; akenes linear, 5-angled or 5-10- ribbed, somewhat hirsute or nearly glabrous. The species of this genus are of very unsatisfactory definition. Basal leaves cordate, long-petioled. Herbage pubescent, the stems hirsute or villous. Herbage glabrous. Akenes atomiferous-glandular; leaves often simi- larly glandular on both sides. Akenes glabrous or nearly so. Leaves large, usually dentate, thin. .Leaves small, crenate-dentate, firm. Basal leaves not cordate, short-petioled. Heads rayless. Heads radiate. Pappus whitish, barbellate. Herbage viscid-glandular; upper leaves much re- duced. Herbage atomiferous-glandular or glandless; upper leaves but little reduced. Pappus fuscous, subplumose. Upper surface of leaves glabrous, sticky. Stem leaves ovate or ovate-oblong. Stem leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong. Upper surface of leaves pubescent. Pubescence sparse, pilose. Pubescence dense, short. A. cordifolia. A. gracilis. A. A. latifolia. betonicaefolia. A. eradiata. A. A. A. A. A. A. fulgens. aurantiaca. amplexicaulis. macounii. as per a. mollis. Arnica cordifolia Hook. Erect from horizontal rootstocks, 20-40 cm. high, sparsely pubescent; basal leaves ovate or orbicular, deeply cordate, dentate, acute or obtuse, 5-10 cm. long, on petioles about as long; cauline usually 2 pairs, less broad, the short petioles margined; heads long-peduncled; involucres turbinate-campanulate, 15-20 mm. high, viscid-pubescent, the linear-lanceolate tegules acute; ray-flowers 8-12, yellow, 2-3 cm. long; akenes pubescent. In the mountains at low altitudes, rare in our limits, but common east of the Cascade Mountains; upper Nisqually Valley, Allen. COMPOSITAE. 385 Arnica gracilis Rydb. Herbage minutely atomiferous glandular; stems slender, 15-30 cm. high; basal leaves ovate, dentate, 3-ribbed, slender-petioled; cauline leaves in 2 pairs, similar, the upper sessile; heads 1-3; ray-corollas bright yellow, 15 mm. long; akenes minutely glandular. Olympic Mountains, Lamb, Piper. Arnica latifolia Bong. Glabrous or nearly so; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, from slender rootstocks; leaves all opposite, the lower petioled, cordate or subcordate, coarsely dentate; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, oval to ovate, sessile by a broad base; heads long- ped uncled; involucre campanulate, sparsely pilose to nearly glabrous; tegules about 13, oblong-obovate, acuminate, 1 cm. long; ray-flowers dark yellow, 1.5-2 cm. long; akenes glabrous. Common along alpine streams. Arnica betonicaefolia Greene. Nearly glabrous; stems slender, 6-15 cm. high; leaves oval to oval-lanceolate, obtuse, crenate-dentate, 2-3 cm. long, the basal ones petioled, the 2-3 pairs of cauline sessile; heads 1-3, long-peduncled; involucre 10 mm. high, turbinate; tegules pubescent, acute; ray-flowers 1-1.5 cm. long; akenes sparsely hairy at top; pappus white. In alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude. The type specimens are from Mount Steele in the Olympic Mountains. Arnica eradiata (Gray) Heller. (A. parryi Gray.) Hirsutely pubescent, glandular toward the top; stems mostly simple, 30-50 cm. high; leaves oval to ovate-oblong, denticulate, the basal ones petioled; cauline 1—3 pairs; heads rayless, solitary or often 3-5; involucre 10-12 mm. high; tegules hirsute and glandular; akenes glabrous or sparsely hirsute. In alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude. Arnica fulgens Pursh. Erect, 30-60 cm. high, the crown thickened and rusty- woolly, sometimes with creeping rootstocks; whole plant viscid-pubes- cent; basal leaves spatulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire or nearly so, obtuse, 5-12 cm. long; cauline 2 or 3 pairs, sessile, the upper sometimes very small; heads 1-3, long-peduncled; involucres 10-12 mm. high, densely glandular- pubescent; ray-flowers yellow, 12-16 mm. long; tubes of disk-corollas hairy; akenes pubescent. A species of the interior, rare in our limits; Goat Mountains, Allen. The subterranean characters may vary according to soil; the form without root- stocks has been named as a species, A. pedunculata Rydb. Arnica aurantiaca Greene. Tufted, 5-20 cm. high; stems erect, bearing 1-3 heads; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, entire, the lowest oblong, obtuse, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous except the margins; peduncle sparsely glandular and pubescent; involucre turbinate-campanulate; tegules about 10, lanceolate, woolly at base, thinly ciliate; ray-flowers orange-yellow; akenes silky; pappus white. Goat Mountains, Allen. Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt. Nearly glabrous and somewhat gummy ; stems 30-60 cm. high, tufted; leaves ovate, acute, saliently dentate, glabrous and gummy above, 4-7 cm. long; basal ones petioled; cauline 4-7 pairs, half- clasping at base; heads mostly 3 or 5; ray-flowers 1—1.5 cm. long; akenes hairy. Along streams, especially in the mountains at low altitudes. First col- lected at \Yillamette Falls, Oregon, by Nutiall. Arnica macounii Greene. Sparsely pubescent; stems tufted, 30-50 cm. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate-dentate, 5—10 cm. long, the basal ones petioled, the 4-7 cauline pairs sessile; heads cymose, usually 5-7, on small stems 1-3; involucre campanulate; tegules hispidulous, not glandular; akenes hispid and glandular; pappus fuscous. 26 386 COMPOSITAE. Along streams in the mountains at low altitudes. Differs from A. amplexi- caulis Nutt. mainly in its narrower leaves. Arnica aspera Greene. Sparsely pilose; stems tufted, 40-60 cm. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, saliently dentate, hairy on both sides, the cauline sessile, 4-6 cm. long; heads mostly 3-5, slender-peduncled; involucres campan- ulate; tegules pustulate-hairy; akenes setose; pappus tawny. Along alpine rivulets at 1700 m. altitude, the type specimen from Mount Rainier. Arnica mollis Hook. Herbage villous-pubescent, somewhat glandular above; stems 20-40 cm. high; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire or denticulate, mostly acute, the lower ones petioled, 5-10 cm. long; cauline leaves 3—5 pairs, the upper ones remote, sessile; heads mostly 3, rarely 5-9, 4-6 cm. broad; tegules glandular, lanceolate, acute; akenes hairy. Along alpine rivulets at 1500-2000 m. altitude. 539. SENECIO.* Herbs (in ours) or shrubby plants; leaves all alternate; heads usually solitary or in corymbs, many-flowered; flowers yellow, all fertile; ray-flowers pistillate or occasionally none; tegules her- baceous, mostly narrow, equal, in one row, or with a few short outer (calyculate) ones; receptacle flat or merely convex, naked; pappus of very numerous and mostly white, fine and soft capillary and merely scabrous bristles; akenes terete or somewhat angled, usually 5-10-ribbed. Annuals. Heads discoid ; short outer tegules black-tipped. 5. vulgaris. Heads with short rays; short outer tegules few, not black-tipped. 5. sylvaticus. Biennials or perennials; heads usually radiate. Leaves pinnately divided. Stem 30-50 cm. high. 5. harfordii. Stem 10-20 cm. high. 5. flettii. Leaves all undivided or those of the stem pinnately lobed. Heads discoid (except in subsp. fallax). S. pauciflorus. Heads radiate. Heads few, terminating the stem and branches. Foliage glabrous. 6". ductoris. Foliage tomentulose. S. websteri. Heads usually numerous, in a terminal corymbose cyme. Stem leafy to the inflorescence. S. triangidaris. Stem leafy below, naked above. Tegules black-tipped. Herbage arachnoid tomentulose. S. lugens. Herbage pubescent with coarse jointed hairs or glabrous. Herbage glaucous, glabrous, fleshy; leaves mostly en- tire. 5. hydro philus. *The account of this genus has been prepared with the assistance of Dr. J. M. Greenman. COMPOSITAE. 387 Herbage not glaucous nor fleshy, pubescent at least when young; leaves dentate or denti- culate. Leaves subcordate; ray- flowers pale yellow. 5. ochraceus. Leaves not subcordate; ray-flowers darker yel- low. S. exaltatus. Tegules not black-tipped. Herbage more or less perma- nently tomentulose. Leaves entire or denticulate. 5. fastigiatus. Leaves coarsely dentate. S. fastigiatus macounii. Herbage glabrous or nearly so. Lower leaves oblanceolate. S. multnomensis. Lower leaves ovate or obo- vate. Stem 30-50 cm. high. S. pauciflorus fallax. Stem 10-15 cm. high. 5. suksdorfii. Senecio vulgaris L. Annual, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, usually branched, 15-30 cm. high; leaves spatulate or oblong in outline, 1-3 cm. long, half-clasping at base, pinnately-lobed, the lobes short and usually toothed; heads few to many, in corymbs; involucre 5-7 mm. high, the inner tegules linear, acute, often black-tipped, the outer few and short; ray-flowers wanting; akenes puberulent; pappus copious, white. A common weed in waste ground; introduced from Europe. [Senecio sylvaticus L. Annual, erect, 10-60 cm. high, slightly pubescent; lower leaves oblong to lanceolate, lyrately pinnatifid, petioled; upper leaves unequally pinnatifid, sessile, sagittate at the clasping base; heads corymbed, slender-peduncled; involucre cylindrical; outer tegules few or wanting, if present not black-tipped; ray-flowers very short, yellow. Introduced from Europe; Portland, Oregon, Gorman. Senecio harfordii Greenman. Perennial, glabrous or essentially so through- out; stem erect or ascending from a slender rootstock, 20-50 cm. high, some- what glaucous, usually leafy; leaves mostly pinnately divided, with irregularly lobed divisions, and these in turn dentate, including the petiole 4-14 cm. long, 1-5 cm. broad, thin in texture, and drying pale green; the lowermost leaves often undivided, rotund and crenately lobed; uppermost leaves without petioles; inflorescence a terminal corymbose cyme, few-many- (2-30-) headed; heads mostly less than 1 cm. high, including the ray-flowers 1.5-2 cm. in diameter; involucre shorter than the disk-flowers; tegules about 13, narrowly lanceolate, 5-5.5 mm. long, acuminate, acute, glabrous; ray-flowers com- monly 5, bright 'yellow; disk-flowers 18-25; akenes 2.5-3.5 mm. long, glabrous. Common in the gorge of the Columbia River, on moist rock cliffs. Senecio flettii Wiegand. Perennial, glabrous; stems 15-20 cm. high, tufted; leaves mostly basal, oblong, 8—12 cm. long, petioled, pinnately parted into irregular oblong incisely-toothed angular divisions; cauline similar, smaller; heads 7 mm. high, several in a rather close corymb; tegules 10-12, thin, acute; ray-flowers 2-4, dark yellow; akenes glabrous. In rocky soil in the Olympic Mountains, at about 2300 m. altitude, abundant; Mount Rainier, near Cowlitz Cleavers, Miss Winona Bailey. Senecio pauciflorus Pursh. Perennial, 10-30 cm. high, slightly floccose- 388 COMPOSITAE. tomentose at the base, in the axils of the leaves and in the inflorescence, otherwise glabrous; lower leaves petiolate, broadly ovate, 1-2 cm. long, 8-14 mm. broad, subcordate to cuneate at the base, crenate-serrate, rather thick and firm in texture; petioles equalling or twice as long as the blade; upper leaves more or less pinnate; inflorescence usually a close compact umbel; heads discoid, about 1 cm. high in anthesis; tegules glabrous, their tips tinged with purple; akenes glabrous. Widely distributed; Labrador, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia to northern California. In our limits it has been collected on Mount Consti- tution, San Juan County, Washington, Henderson, and at Deming, W7hatcom County, Washington, Flett. Senecio pauciflorus fallax Greenman. Stem erect, about 50 cm. high; lower stem-leaves 3-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad, pinnately parted with deep broad sinuses between the lateral divisions, blackish or dark green in the dried state; segments narrowly oblong to subovate, obtusely toothed; upper leaves reduced to mere bracts; inflorescence cymose, few-headed; heads 8-10 mm. high, radiate; involucre campanulate; tegules 18-21, linear, acute, 6-8 mm. long, slightly purplish-tipped, glabrous; ray-flowers 10-12, yellow; disk- flowers 50-60; akenes glabrous. In partial shade, Deming, Whatcom County, Washington, Flett; not other- wise known. Senecio ductoris Piper. (S.fremonti T. & G.) Perennial, glabrous; stems tufted from a stout woody caudex, erect or ascending, 10-20 cm. high; leaves broadly obovate to spatulate or oblong, obtuse, dentate or incised, thick in texture, 2-5 cm. long, the lower ones abruptly petioled, the uppermost sessile; heads solitary or few together, the peduncles exceeding the leaves; ray-flowers 8-12. Rocky places in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude. Senecio websteri Greenman. Perennial, floccose-woolly to nearly glab- rate; stems erect or ascending, 15-20 cm. high; basal leaves thick, ovate to oblong-obovate- acute, sinuate-dentate to denticulate, 8-12 cm. long, narrowed into a wing-margined petiole; cauline lanceolate, sessile, irregularly dentate; heads solitary on peduncles 4-8 cm. long; involucre campanulate and caly- culate; principal tegules linear-lanceolate, acute, sparsely woolly, 13-15 mm. long; ray-flowers 12-15 mm. long; akenes glabrous. Known only from talus slopes on Mount Angeles, Olympic Mountains, Washington, Webster. Senecio triangularis Hook. Perennial, glabrous throughout, 30-90 cm. high; stem simple, leafy to the top; leaves narrowly or broadly triangular, acute or acuminate, evenly dentate, truncate at base or the lower often cordate and the upper cuneate, 5-15 cm. long, on short petioles; heads corymbed; involucre 6-8 mm. high; tegules linear-lanceolate, acute, pubescent at tip; ray-flowers 6-12, yellow. In moist places in the mountains, but occurring at sea-level near the mouth of the Columbia River. Senecio lugens Richards. Perennial, floccose-tomentose in the early stages, more or less glabrate; stem 10-60 cm. high, leafy below, nearly naked above; radical and lower leaves oblong-spatulate, 3-15 cm. long, 1—3 cm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed below into a winged petiole, repand-callous, denticulate to subentire, thin, membranous, sparingly tomen- tose or glabrous; stem leaves remote, gradually reduced, becoming bractei- form; inflorescence a few-headed corymbose cyme; heads radiate, 1—1.5 cm. high; involucre campanulate, calyculate, glabrous or subtomentose particu- larly at the base; tegules about 13 and as well as the bracteoles conspicuously black-tipped; akenes glabrous. COMPOSITAE. 389 Arctic North America and Alaska, south to Wyoming and Washington; in our limits known only from the Olympic Mountains, Flett. Senecio hydrophilus Nutt. Perennial, wholly glabrous~and slightly glau- cous; stems erect, 60-100 cm. high, stout; leaves fleshy with obscure veins, entire or nearly so, the basal oblanceolate, short-petioled, 10-30 cm. long; cauline sessile or half-clasping, lanceolate; heads numerous, in a dense cyme, short-peduncled; involucre cylindric, 6 mm. high; tegules 8-12; ray-flowers small, few or sometimes wanting. Near the Cascades of the Columbia, Howell, perhaps not within our limits. Senecio ochraceus Piper n. comb. (5. exaltatus ochraceus Piper.) Per- ennial, sparingly white-tomentose; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; lower leaves broadly ovate, subcordate, crenate-dentate to subentire, 5-8 cm. long, petioled; upper leaves much reduced, sessile, lanceolate-attenuate; heads in a rather close corymb; involucres campanulate, tomentose; tegules about 13, linear, acute, black-tipped, 6-8 mm. long; ray-flowers pale yellow. British Columbia to Montana and northern California; Goat Mountains, Washington, Allen. Senecio exaltatus Nutt. (S. oreganus Howell.) Perennial; stem simple, erect, 20-120 cm. high, terete, striate, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent with long flaccid jointed white hairs; lower leaves petiolate, oblong-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, 2-8 cm. broad, obtuse, unequally dentate to sub- entire, gradually narrowed to abruptly contracted at the base, glabrous or more or less crisp-hirsute; upper stem-leaves soon becoming sessile and much reduced; inflorescence terminating the stem in a few to many-headed corym- bose cyme; heads about 1 cm. high in anthesis, radiate; tegules about 13, commonly penicillate and black-tipped; akenes glabrous. British Columbia to Montana and Oregon; rare west of the Cascade Moun- tains, but. first collected by Nuttall at the mouth of the Willamette River; Lake Labish, Howell (type of 5. oreganus). Senecio fastigiatus Nutt. Perennial; herbage thinly white tomentose; stems erect, 30-40 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, lanceolate to spatulate, obtuse, obscurely crenulate or entire, firm in texture, 5-7 cm. long, the lower ones slender petioled, the cauline sessile and narrower; inflorescence a cyme with nearly erect branches; heads 8-10 mm. high; ray-flowers yellow; akenes glabrous. Gravelly prairies, Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Mountains. Senecio fastigiatus macounii (Greene) Greenman. Stem 30-45 cm. high, simple or branched; leaves entire to coarsely erose-dentate. Differs from 5. fastigiatus chiefly in the dentate character of the leaves. Mount Constitution, San Juan County, Washington, Flett; Columbia Valley, Lyall; Willamette Valley near Tangent, Oregon. Senecio multnomensis Greenman. Perennial; stems flexuous, suberect, 30-70 cm. high, glabrous, except in the leaf axils; lower leaves oblong-oblan- ceolate, 4-15 cm. long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, or more or less lyrately lobed, glabrous in age; upper sessile or half-clasping; inflorescence cymose, the pe- duncles elongate; heads 10-13 mm. high, rayed; tegules about 21, linear lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, acute, pale green, glabrous; ray-flowers yellow; akenes glabrous. British Columbia to Oregon. Senecio suksdorfii Greenman. (5. adamsi Howell.) Perennial, floccose- woolly, becoming more or less glabrate; stems 10-30 cm. high; basal leaves obovate to suborbicular, crenate-dentate, slender petioled; cauline oblong- 390 COMPOSITAE. lanceolate, sessile, pinnately lobed or parted; heads in a rather dense cyme; involucre hemispheric; tegules linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-10 mm. long; ray- flowers 12-15. In talus at the base of cliffs, Mount Adams, Suksdorf, Hoivell; Mount Rainier in Indian Henry Park, Tarleton. 540. PSILOCARPHUS. Low woolly annuals; leaves entire, mostly opposite; heads small, discoid, many-flowered, in terminal capitate clusters and in the forks of the branches, surrounded by the upper leaves; fertile flowers numerous, in several series on the globular chaffy receptacle; pappus none; akene loose in the bladder-like bract, oblong or narrower, slightly compressed. Heads covered with long loose woolly hairs. P. elatior. Heads covered with short close wool. Prostrate; leaves oblong or elliptic. P. tenellus. Ascending; leaves narrowly oblanceolate. P. oregamis. Psilocarphus elatior Gray. Erect and simple or more commonly branched from the base and spreading, 5-10 cm. high, loosely white-woolly throughout; leaves lanceolate or linear-spatulate, 1-2 cm. long; heads 6-8 mm. broad, subtended by leaves; fruiting tegules appressed, tomentose; akenes cylindrical. In low ground, especially in dried-up ponds, Vancouver Island to Idaho and Oregon. First found near Portland, Oregon. Psilocarphus tenellus Nutt. Canescently tomentose with fine appressed wool; stems ascending, much branched from the base, 3-8 cm. high; leaves spatulate, 5-10 mm. long; heads small, numerous, in fruit 4-6 mm. in diameter; akenes fusiform, oblong, 1 mm. long. Vancouver Island, Macoun; Fairhaven, Whatcom County, Washington, Suksdorf; not otherwise known north of California. Psilocarphus oreganus Nutt. Stems ascending, 2-5 cm. high; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 8-10 mm. long; heads covered with close wool; bracts 2 mm. long; akenes cylindric. The original specimens were collected by Nuttall " near the Oregon and outlet of the Wahlamet." The plant has not since been found west of the Cascade Mountains, but it is not rare in the interior. 541. ANTENNARIA. Low white-woolly cespitose perennials; leaves alternate, entire; heads small, solitary or corymbose, completely dioecious; re- ceptacle naked; staminate flowers with the pappus-bristles thick- ened or barbellate at the apex; pistillate with the slender pappus- bristles united at base into a ring. Plants not stoloniferous; stems 5-10 cm. high. A. lanata. Plants stoloniferous, growing in patches; stems usually 15 or more cm. high. Heads loosely racemose; inflorescence glandular. A. racemosa. Heads corymbose; inflorescence not glandular. Leaves 3-5 cm. long, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate. Green and glabrate above. A. howellii,. Tomentose on both surfaces. A. concolor. COMPOSITAE. 391 Leaves much smaller and narrower. Tegules greenish brown. A. media. Tegules pink. Leaves obtuse, white tomentose. A. concinna. Leaves acutish, grayish tomentose. A. rosea. Antennaria lanata (Hook.) Greene. Densely and rather coarsely woolly; stems erect, 10-15 cm. high, not at all stoloniferous; basal leaves spatulate- lanceolate, petioled, 2-6 cm. long; cauline linear; inflorescence dense; involucre 4-6 mm. high, very woolly at base, the inner tegules with papery white tips. Common in rocky soil in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude. Antennaria racemosa Hook. Perennial by stout leafy stolons; stems slender, erect, 15-40 cm. high, glabrous or nearly so; basal leaves oval or ovate, obtuse, green and glabrous or glabrate above, white-woolly beneath, 1-3 cm. long, cuneate at base, petioled; cauline sessile, lanceolate, mostly acute, 1-3 cm. long; inflorescence glandular, racemose or somewhat paniculate; staminate heads always racemose, subglobose, 4-6 mm. high, slender-peduncled, the tegules brownish, obtuse; pappus with thickened tips; pistillate heads usually corymbose, oblong, 6-8 mm. long, the tegules greenish, narrow-tipped; pappus simple. Open woods in the mountains; rare west of the Cascade Mountains. Antennaria howellii Greene. Stems slender, 15-30 cm. high, grayish woolly; stolons prostrate, leafy, 5-10 cm. long; basal leaves cuneate-oblanceo- late, petioled, 1-nerved, acutish, 3-5 cm. long, becoming green above, per- sistently white-tomentose beneath; heads in a close cyme; involucre campan- ulate, 8 mm. high; tegules linear-lanceolate, the tips white and scarious; akenes glandular. In open coniferous woods, common. Antennaria concolor Piper. Cespitose, the ligneous rootstocks and stolons slender; stems slender, erect, 20-30 cm. high, sparsely tomentose; basal leaves thin, spatulate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, whitish, abruptly acuminate, concave on the lateral margins, the greener upper side becoming nearly glabrous the second season; cauline 7-9, linear or linear-lanceolate; inflorescence of 4-7 short-peduncled heads in a corymb; involucre 8-9 mm. high; tegules in about 3 ranks, mostly acute, greenish below, fuscous in the middle, the tips paler or white. In open places in fir woods near the suburb of Portland, Oregon, known as Mount Scott. Only pistillate plants are known. Antennaria media Greene. Densely white tomentose; stems 4-6 cm. high; stolons 1-3 cm. long; leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, acute, 12-15 mm. long; heads in a dense cluster; involucre of the pistillate flowers 4 mm. high, the tegule tips oblong, mostly obtuse, usually greenish brown; staminate involucre similar. Common in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude. Antennaria concinna E. Nelson. Densely white tomentose; stems leafy, 10-35 cm. high; stolons 3-5 cm. long; basal leaves spatulate, acute, white- tomentose on both sides, about 10 mm. long; cauline linear-oblong to linear; inflorescence dense or moderately open, of 6-15 heads; involucre 6-7 mm. high; tegules obtuse, more or less rose-tinged. Olympic Mountains, Elmer, Piper, Lawrence. Antennaria rosea (D. C. Eaton) Greene. Densely white-tomentose through- out; stems slender, 20-30 cm. high; stolons ascending; leaves narrowly ob- lanceolate, acute, 15-20 mm. long; heads in rather close clusters; involucres 5—6 mm. high; pistillate tegules rose-colored, rarely white, obtuse, the stami- nate plant unknown. In dry sandy or gravelly soil, in the mountains. 392 COMPOSITAE. 542. ANAPHALIS. EVERLASTING. White-woolly perennial herbs with erect leafy stems and en- tire leaves; heads numerous, small, discoid, dioecious but usually with a few perfect flowers in the center of the pistillate heads; involucre campanulate to oblong, its tegules scarious, numerous, closely imbricated; pappus bristles of staminate flowers little if at all thickened at the apex, that of the fertile flowers not at all united at the base. Anaphalis margaritacea occidentalis Greene. Stems erect, 20-60 cm. high; leaves broadly lanceolate, somewhat revolute, sessile, bright shining green above, white-woolly beneath; heads numerous, in a terminal corymb 4-15 cm. broad; involucre campanulate, subglobose; tegules ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, pearly white. Very common in open places, especially in old " burns." Anaphalis margaritacea subalpina Gray. Very similar to A. margaritacea occidentalis but usually not so tall; leaves permanently pubescent above; corymbs mostly smaller and denser. Rather rare in moist meadows in the mountains at low elevations. 543. GNAPHALIUM. CUDWEED. Woolly herbs; leaves alternate, entire; heads small, discoid; pistillate flowers very numerous in more than one row; flowers white or yellow; perfect flowers fewer in the center; staminate flowers none; pappus-bristles slender, not thickened above; akenes oblong or ovate. Bristles of the pappus united at base; involucre brownish. G. purpureum. Bristles of the pappus separate at base. Plants low; flowers in dense leafy clusters; involucres very woolly. Tegules white; plants loosely-woolly. G. palustre. Tegules brownish; plants appressed-woolly. G. uliginosum. Plants tall; flowers in looser leafless clusters; involucres woolly only at base. Involucre white; cymes loose. G. microcephalum. Involucre yellowish; cymes dense. G. chilense. Gnaphalium purpureum L. Biennial or sometimes annual; herbage silvery canescent; stems erect, 20-30 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, green above, appressed woolly beneath, short-petioled, 2-5 cm. long; cauline narrower, mostly linear, sessile; heads in dense clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, making a spike-like inflorescence; tegules brownish or purplish, acute; akenes scabrous. Very common in open places. Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Annual, much branched at base, 5-12 cm. high, very woolly throughout; leaves lanceolate, oblong or spatulate, 1-2 cm. long; heads 2-3 mm. high, sessile, in small terminal or axillary clusters, which are very woolly and subtended by leaves; involucre of few tegules, these linear, acute or obtuse, brownish with white tips; akenes glabrous, the bristles falling separately. Common in dried-up pond bottoms and on river banks. COMPOSITAE. 393 Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Annual, appressed-white-woolly; stems branched from the base, 5-20 cm. high; leaves spatulate to linear, sessile, obtuse, 3-4 cm. long; heads sessile in dense leafy-bracted clusters; tegules brownish, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, the outer obtuse, the inner acute; pappus bristles distinct, falling separately. Moist places, especially on river banks. Gnaphalium microcephalum Nutt. Pubescence woolly, dense, white, close ; stems several, slender, erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves linear or the lower lanceo- late, decurrent at base; heads in clusters of several, these paniculate; involucres turbinate to campanulate, woolly only at base, 3-4 mm. high; tegules bright white, scarious, obtuse. In gravelly or sandy soil, not rare. Gnaphalium chilense Spreng. Erect, very leafy, 30-60 cm. high, simple or branched below, persistently tomentose, not glandular; leaves linear- lanceolate or somewhat spatulate, acute, 5-8 cm. long, scarcely decurrent at base; heads 4-5 mm. high, in one or few dense clusters; involucre hemispheric; tegules greenish-white, oblong, obtuse; akenes glandular. Prairies and open woods. 544. INULA. ELECAMPANE. Tall coarse herbs with large heads of yellow flowers and simple alternate leaves; heads radiate, many-flowered; disk-flowers fertile; involucres hemispheric; tegules imbricated, the outer ones herbaceous; receptacle flat, naked; anthers caudate; style branches linear, rounded at apex; akenes 4-5-ribbed, pappus capillary, scabrous. Inula helenium L. Elecampane. Pubescent, especially above; stems stout, 1-2 m. high, erect, branched above; leaves oblong to ovate, acute, denticulate, tomentose beneath, 20-30 cm. long, the basal ones long-petioled, the cauline sessile or half-clasping; heads solitary or few, 5-10 cm. broad; outer tegules ovate, foliaceous, the inner smaller, spatulate, obtuse; ray-flowers numerous, slender; akenes 4-sided, glabrous. In fields and along roadways; introduced from Europe. 545. ADENOCAULON. Slender perennial herbs with alternate petioled leaves, green above, white-woolly beneath; heads few, small, 5-10-flowered, glandular, in a loose panicle; tegules in one row; receptacle flat, naked; flowers all tubular, the marginal pistillate, fertile, the central perfect, but sterile; akenes elongated at maturity, club- shaped; pappus none. Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Stem 30-90 cm. high, floccose-woolly; leaves mostly basal, triangular-ovate, somewhat cordate, with angular toothed margins, bright green above, white-woolly beneath, 5-10 cm. long; petioles margined; inflorescence glandular; tegules ovate to lanceolate, acute, reflexed in fruit; akenes club-shaped, the top covered with stalked glands. In open woods, very common. 546. CENTAUREA. Herbs; heads many-flowered; flowers all with tubular and deeply 5-cleft corollas, some of the marginal ones commonly 394 COMPOSITAE. sterile, often much larger and conspicuous, the others perfect and fertile; involucre globular, the tegules tipped or margined with spines or scarious appendages; receptacle very bristly; pappus of numerous rigid or sometimes chaffy naked bristles; akenes mostly compressed, attached by one margin just above the base. Tegules each tipped with a slender spine; ray-flowers yellow. C. melitensis. Tegules spineless, all more or less fimbriate; ray-flowers red, blue, white or violet. C. cyanus. Centaurea melitensis L. Annual; herbage pubescent; stems 30-100 cm. high, loosely branched; basal leaves petioled, lyrately lobed, the lobes obtuse or rounded ; cauline leaves sessile,- entire or merely toothed ; heads short-peduncled, 10-12 mm. in diameter; tegules each tipped with a branched spine. Introduced from Europe. Very troublesome as a weed in California where it is called " Napa Thistle." Centaurea cyanus L. Bachelor's Button. Stems erect, slender, usually branched, 30-90 cm. high; heads solitary on slender branches; involucre ovoid ; tegules in about four series, pale, the middle ones margined^with a silvery scarious-toothed border; ray-flowers large, white, blue, pink or violet. A common weed in fields and waysides. 547. SILYBUM. MILK THISTLE. Coarse prickly herb with pinnately lobed alternate mottled leaves and large solitary heads of purple flowers; involucre subglobose; tegules imbricated in a few series, large, rigid, the spiny tips spreading; receptacle flat, bristly; flowers all alike, tubular, perfect, fertile; akenes glabrous; pappus bristles num- erous, flattish, scabrous or barbellate, united at base and falling together. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Glabrous or slightly tomentose; stems 60-120 cm. high; leaves blotched with white, oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones unequally lobed, spinose-dentate, the cauline strongly clasping at base; heads globose, 5-6 cm. broad; flowers purple: pappus bristles white. In waste places, adventive from Europe. 548. CIRSIUM. THISTLE. Biennial or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, sessile, mostly pinnatifid and prickly; heads usually large, terminal, many- flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and all alike, rarely im- perfectly dioecious; involucre ovoid or spherical; tegules im- bricated, in many rows, the tips scarious or prickly; receptacle thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs; pappus of numerous bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose, deciduous; akenes oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Dioecious; heads 1-1.5 cm. in diameter; perennial by spread- ing roots. C. arvense. Hermaphrodite; heads larger; biennials. COMPOSITAE. 395 Tegules all with dilated fringed tips. C. americanum. Tegules or some of them with spiny tips. Outer and inner tegules all with spiny tips. C. lanceolatum. Outer tegules spine-tipped: inner ones unarmed. Heads clustered, short-peduncled; flowers pink. C. edule. Heads few, long-peduncled; flowers cream-colored. C. remotifolium. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle. Perennial, with slender creeping rootstocks; whole plant green, thin!y tomentose when young be- coming glabrous, much branched, 1-2 m. high; leaves numerous, oblong- lanceolate, pinnately-lobed, sessile and somewhat clasping at base, 10-20 cm. long; prickles numerous, rather weak; heads small, corymbed, dioecious; staminate heads globose, the flowers much exserted; pistillate heads oblong- campanulate, the flowers scarcely projecting; tegules well imbricated, some- what ciliate, the short ovate outer ones spine-tipped, the inner ones lanceolate, soft-tipped; flowers pink-purple. A weed in cultivated ground, introduced from Europe. Cirsium americanum (Gray) Robinson. Stems erect, 30-90 cm. high, spar- ingly branched above; leaves lanceolate, coarsely dentate to pinnatifid or even pinnately parted, weakly prickly, green above, white tomentose beneath, 6-12 cm. long; heads mostly solitary, terminating the branches; involucre 2-3 cm. high; tegules with a dilated scarious tip, this lacerate and mucronate on the outer ones, entire on the inner; flowers cream-colored; some of the pap- pus bristles dilated at tip. Washington to California; rare northward. Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. Bull Thistle. Stems stout, somewhat woolly, usually branched, leafy to the top, 100-150 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, hispid-pubescent but green above, white-tomentose beneath, decurrent at base, 6-15 cm. long, armed with numerous stout prickles; heads large, on stout leafy peduncles: involucre well imbricated, sparsely woolly; tegules lanceolate, acuminate, all tipped with stout erect spiny points; flowers purple. A very common weed, introduced from Europe. Cirsium edule Nutt. Stems usually tall and nearly simple, 1-2 m. high, thinly pubescent; leaves numerous, lanceolate, pinnately-lobed, pubescent above, woolly beneath, but soon green and glabrate on both sides, 5-20 cm. long; prickles rather weak; heads large, usually clustered, short-peduncled, often surrounded by the upper leaves; involucre persistently white- woolly; tegules loose, each tapering to a slender rather weak spiny point, the outer broader and shorter, not glandular; corolla purple, the lobes thickened at the tips, shorter than the throat; pappus-bristles a little thickened at the tips. In rich open woods and banks; the roots formerly used as food by the Indians. Cirsium remotifolium (Hook.) DC. Woolly and cobwebby, especially when young; stems erect, 1-2 m. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, sinuately lobed to deeply pinnatifid, moderately prickly, white tomentose beneath; heads long-peduncled; involucre 3-4 cm. high; tegules linear-at- tenuate, the outer spiny-pointed, the inner scarious and lanceolate at tip; flowers cream-colored; pappus bristles often thickened at tip. Prairies and meadows, Washington to California. 549. ARCTIUM. BURDOCK. Coarse biennial plants with large ovate to orbicular cordate leaves ; heads many-flowered ; involucre globose ; tegules numerous, 396 COMPOSITAE. closely imbricated, slender, appressed at base, spreading and hooked at tip; flowers perfect, all tubular, purple; receptacle bristly; akenes oblong, transversely wrinkled ; pappus of numerous short rough bristles. Arctium minus Schk. Stems stout, branched, 1-2 m. high; leaves broadly ovate, mostly cordate, obtuse, entire or more or less dentate, floccose-woolly beneath, the basal ones 30-50 cm. long; petioles channelled ; heads subracemose, 15-30 mm. broad; involucre glabrous or cobwebby; tegules arcuate, spreading. Common in waste places. 550. SAUSSUREA. Perennial leafy stemmed herbs with corymbosely clustered medium sized heads of purple flowers; heads many-flowered; involucre oblong to obovoid; tegules imbricated, appressed, obtuse; receptacle bristly; flowers all alike, tubular, perfect; style branches slender; akenes oblong; pappus double, the larger bristles numerous, plumose, united in a ring and falling together; outer bristles similar but smaller and less plumose or naked. Saussurea americana D. C. Eaton. Sparsely arachnoid-tomentose; stems stout, erect, 30-120 cm. high, leafy; basal leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, sub- cordate, acute to acuminate, mostly dentate, pubescent beneath, petioled; cauline similar, sessile by a narrow base or the uppermost lanceolate: heads 10-17-flowered, numerous, in panicled cymes; heads 12-15 mm. high; involucre ovoid-cylindric, pubescent; tegules obtuse in 5 or 6 series; flowers blue-violet. Alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude. Especially abundant in the Olympic Mountains. SUMMARY. Families. Genera. Species and Sub- species. Pteridophyta. Gymnospermae. Monocotyledones. Dicotyledones. 7 2 15 76 22 10 111 407 61 22 412 1122 Totals. 100 550 1617 NEW SPECIES, NEW SUBSPECIES, AND NEW COMBINATIONS. NEW SPECIES. Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper p. 279 Godetia gracilis Piper p. 251 Panicularia occidentalis Piper p. 59 Populus vancouveriana Trelease p. 118 Solidago algida Piper p. 365 Solidago vespertina Piper p. 365 NEW SUBSPECIES. Grindelia oregana wilkesiana Piper p. 363 NEW COMBINATIONS. Argentina grandis (T. & G.) Piper p. 211 Barbarea barbarea brachycarpa (Rouy & Foucaud) Piper p. 176 Carex celsa (Bailey) Piper p. 79 Centaurium minimum (Howell) Piper p. 288 Juncoides campestre congestum (Thuill.) Piper p. 92 Juncoides majus (Hook.) Piper p. 92 Juncoides subsessile (Wats.) Piper p. 91 Kalmia polifolia microphylla (Hook.) Piper p. 282 Mertensia denticulata (Lehm.) Piper p. 301 Oxytropis luteolus (Greene) Piper p. 227 Panicularia leptostachya (Buckl.) Piper p. 59 Prunus emarginata erecta (Presl) Piper p. 199 Saxifraga rufidula (Small) Piper p. 191 Senecio ochraceus Piper p. 389 397 GLOSSARY. Abortive. Sterile; reproductive parts failing to develop. AcaulescenL Stemless or apparently so, or with the stem underground. A cerose. Needle-shaped ; with a sharp rigid point. Acrid. Sharp and harsh to the taste. Adnate. United, especially where different organs are fused. Adventive. Coming from a different region and not thoroughly natur- alized. Akene. A dry, one-celled, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit. Alveolate. Resembling a honeycomb. Ament. A catkin; a scaly spike. Amphitropous (ovule or seed). Half- inverted and straight but with a lateral hilum. Ampliate. Abruptly expanded. Anastomose. To connect by cross- veins and form a network. Anatropous (ovule or seed). In- verted and straight with the mi- cropyle next to the hilum. Androgynous. Having both stami- nate and pistillate flowers. Annular. In the form of a ring. Annulus. A ring, especially the ring of thick-walled cells on a fern sporangium. Anthesis. The period of full bloom of a flower. Apiculate. Ending in a short pointed tip. Appressed. Lying close and flat against something. Arachnoid. Cobwebby. Arcuate. Curved in the form of a bow. Aristate. Tipped with a stiff short bristle. Atomiferous. Bearing minute scat- tered granules. Auricle. An ear-shaped appendage. Awn. A bristle-like terminal or dorsal appendage. • Barbellate. Minutely barbed. Bifid. Two-cleft. Bilabiate. Two-lipped. Biternate. Twice-ternate. Bract. A modified reduced leaf oc- curring in the inflorescence. Bracteate. Having bracts. Bracteolate. Having small bracts. Callosity. A hardened thickening. Callus. A hard protuberance; in the grasses, the tough often hairy swelling at the base of the lemma or palea. Calyculate. Having bracts around a flower or head which imitate or resemble a calyx. Campanulate. Bell-shaped, that is cup-shaped with a broad base. Canescent. Hoary with a grayish pubescence. Capillary. Hair-like. Capitate. Shaped like a head; col- lected into a head. Carinate. With a keel. Carpel. A simple pistil or one of the units of a compound pistil. Carpophore. The slender prolonga- tion of the axis which bears the ripe carpels in the Umbclliferae. Cartilaginous. Firm and tough, car- tilage-like. Caryopsis. A grain, that is a seed- like fruit with a thin wall adherent to the single enclosed seed as in the grasses. Caudex. The persistent base of an otherwise annual herbaceous stem. Caudicula. The thread-like or strap- shaped stalk of a pollinium. Caulicle. The stem-like part of an embryo, the hypocotyl. Catiline. Pertaining to the stem; on the stem. Cernuous. Nodding; slightly droop- ing. Ces pilose. Growing in tufts; forming mats. Chaff. A small thin bract becoming dry and membranous. Chartaceous. Papery. 399 400 GLOSSARY. Chlorophyll. The green coloring-mat- ter found in plants. Ciliate. Fringed with hairs on the margin. Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate. Circinate. Coiled from the tip down- ward, like fern leaves in the bud. Circumscissile. Opening by the for- mation of a circular line of cleavage and the falling off of the top like a cap. Clavate. Club-shaped, gradually thickened upwards. Cleft. Margin indented half way to the midrib or more, especially if the incisions are sharp. Cleistogamous. Pollinated in the bud, without the flowers opening. Commissure. The surface by which one carpel joins another (Um- belliferae). Compressed. Flattened, especially laterally. Connate. United. Connivent. Converging. Contiguous. Adjacent to each other. Coriaceous. Leathery. Conn. The enlarged fleshy base of a stem; like a bulb but solid. Costate. Ribbed. Cotyledon. The first leaves of the embryo plant already formed in the seed. Crenulate. Finely crenate. Crested. With an upraised crest-like appendage. Crustaceous. Hard and brittle. Cruciform. Cross-shaped; cruciate. Culm. A hollow stem (Poaceae). Cuneate. Wedge-shaped. Cuspidate. Tipped with a cusp, that is a sharp rigid point. Cymose. Bearing cymes, or cyme- like. Declined. Bent downward. Decompound. More than once com- pound. Decumbent. Reclining but with the apex ascending. Decurrent. Extending down the stem below the point of insertion. Dehiscence. The method of opening. Deltoid. Triangular with the apex upward. Denticulate. Minutely dentate. Diadelphous. Stamens in two sep- arate groups. Diandrous. With two stamens. Didynamous. Stamens in two pairs of unequal length. Diffuse. Widely or loosely spreading. Dimorphic. Occurring in two forms. Dioecious. Stamens and pistils on different plants. Discoid. Disk-like; in the Com- positae, a discoid head is one with- out ray-flowers. Disk-flowers. The flowers with tu- bular corollas which are in the center of the head in certain Compositae. Dissected. Divided into numerous small segments. Divaricate. Widely divergent. Divergent. Spreading away from each other. Divided. Margin indented to the midrib but the segments not quite distinct. Dorsal. Relating to or attached to the back of an organ. Drupaceous. Drupe-like. Drupe. A fleshy fruit with the inner portion hard and stony, one-celled and containing but one seed. Ebracteate. Without bracts. Elaters. Thread-like appendages to spores which curl and uncurl with changes in the moisture conditions of the air. Emarginate. Having a very shallow notch at the apex. Embryo. The tiny plant as it rests partly grown in the seed. Endosperm. The food cells in the seed surrounding the embryo and contained in the embryo sac. Epicotyi. The growing point and young bud in the embryo in the seed. Epigynous. Apparently growing on top of the ovary. Equitant. Astride; as when leaves are alternately folded over each other in two ranks (Iris). Erose. Irregularly toothed as if the margin were gnawed out. Evanescent. Soon fading away. Exserted. Projected beyond an en- velope, as the stamens from corolla. Falcate. Scythe-shaped. GLOSSARY. 401 Farinaceous. Containing s t a r ch ; starch-like. Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster. Fasciculate. In close bundles (fas- cicles). Favose. Resembling a honeycomb; alveolate. Fertile. Capable of producing pollen or fruit. Fibrillose. With fine fibers. Fibrous. Compose of or resembling fibers. Fimbriate. Fringed. Fimbrillate. With a minute fringe. Flexuous. Zigzag; bending alter- nately in opposite directions. Floccose. With fleecy tufts of soft woolly hairs. Foliaceous. Leaf-like. Follicle. A fruit consisting of a single carpel dehiscing along the ventral suture. Fornix. (plural — fornices). A swel- ling in the throat of the corolla. Foveolate. With small pits or de- pressions. Fugacious. Fading or falling very early. Fuscous. Grayish-brown. Fusiform. Spindle-shaped. Galea. A helmet-shaped or beak-like upper lip of a corolla. Galeate. Helmet-shaped; having a galea. Gamophyllous. Composed of coales- cent leaves or leaf-like organs. Geniculate. Bent abruptly, like a knee. Gibbous. With a protuberance or swelling on one side. Glabrate. Nearly glabrous or be- coming glabrous. Gland. A secreting organ or a pro- tuberance resembling one. Glanduliferous. Bearing small glands. Glauccscent. Somewhat glaucous. Glaucous. Covered with a whitish bloom. Glochidiate. Barbed at the tip. Glomerate. In small compact clus- ters. Glumaceous. Glume-like. Glume. A chaff-like bract, especially t hv two empty bracts at the base of a grass spikelet. Glutinous. Sticky, glue-like. 27 Grain. A one-celled one-seeded in- dehiscent seed-like fruit in which the wall of the fruit adheres to the seed, a caryopsis. Granulate. Appearing as if covered with minute granules. Gynobase. An enlargement or pro- longation of the receptacle bearing the ovary or in the fruit the nutlets (Boraginaceae}. Hastate. Halberd-shaped. Haustoria. Root-like organs which parasitic plants send into the cells of their hosts to absorb food. Hermaphrodite. Having both sexes; in flowering plants, with both sta- mens and pistils. Hilum. The attachment scar on the seed. Hirsute. Pubescent with rather coarse stiff hairs. Hispid. Covered with rigid hairs or bristles. Hyaline. Transparent or translu- cent. Hypanthium. An enlargement or special development of the recep- tacle and calyx-tube as in the Rosaceae. Hypocotyl. The stem-like part of the embryo (caulicle). Hypogynous. Attached to the re- ceptacle below and entirely free from the ovary. Imbricated. Overlapping and break- ing joints like shingles. Immersed. Growing wholly under water. Incised. Cut sharply and irregularly more or less deeply. Indehiscent. Not opening when ripe. Indurated. Hardened. Indusium. The protective membra- nous covering formed over the fruit-dot in many ferns. Involucel. A secondary involucre enveloping an umbellet (Umbel- liferae). Involucrate. Having an involucre. Involucre. A circle or cluster of bracts surrounding a flower or group of flowers. Involute. Rolled inward. Keel. A projecting midrib on the- 4O2 GLOSSARY. dorsal side of a leaf or scale; the two anterior united petals in a papilionaceous flower (Legumino- sae). Lacerate. Irregularly cleft as if torn. Laciniate. Cut into narrow pointed lobes. Lanate. Woolly. Lemma. A bract in a grass spikelet which bears a flower in its axil. Lenticel. One of the pores in the epidermis of a woody stem. Lenticular. Lentil-shaped, that is with the shape of a double-convex lens. Ligulate. Strap-shaped. Ligule. A thin often scarious pro- jection from the summit of the leaf- sheath in the grasses and similar plants. Limb. The expanded part of a petal or sepal. Lobed. Margin indented less than half way to the midrib. Locule. One of the cavities or cells of an ovary. Loculicidal. Dehiscing so that the clefts open into the cavities of the ovary. Lodicule. One of the tiny scales sometimes found in a grass flower. Lament . A jointed legume, usually constricted between the seeds. Lunate. Crescent-shaped or half- moon-shaped. Lyrate. Pinnatifid with a large and rounded terminal lobe and the lower lobes small. Marcescent. Withering but persis- tent. Mega-sporangium. The case in which the megaspores are produced. Megaspore. One of the large spores in certain fern allies and the seed plants, which is stored with food and which produces a female game- tophyte. Membranaceous. Membrane-like ; thin, soft and more or less trans- lucent. Microsporangium. The case in which microspores are produced; a cell of an anther. Microspore. One of the small spores in certain fern-allies and the seed- plants, which produce the male gametophyte; a pollen grain. Monadelphoiis. Stamens united all in one cluster. Moniliform. Appearing like a string of beads. Monoecious. With stamens and pis- tils in separate flowers on the same plant. Mucronate. Tipped with a short small abrupt tip. Mucronulate. Slightly mucronate. Muricate. Rough with short hard points. Muriculate. Very finely muricate. Narcotic. Numbing or sleep-pro- ducing. Nectariferous. Producing nectar. Nectary. An organ or spot where nectar is secreted. Nerve. A small slender usually un- y branched rib. ^Neutral. Without stamens or pistils. Node. The place in a stem where the woody bundles fuse and where the leaves and buds are normally pro- duced. Nodulose. With little knots or knobs. Nut. A hard indehiscent one-celled and one-seeded fruit, though usu- ally developing from a compound ovary. Nutlet. A tiny nut. Ob- Inverted. Obcompressed. Compressed dorso- ventrally instead of laterally. Obsolete. Not evident. Ochroleucous. Yellowish-white. Ocrea. A tubular stipule (Poly- gonaceae}. v Olivaceous. Olive-green. Operculum. A lid; the cap of a cir- cumscissile capsule. Orthotropous (ovule or seed). Erect, with the micropyle at the apex opposite the hilum. Palea. A delicate bract which en- closes the grass flower and stands opposite the lemma. Panicle. A loose irregularly com- pound inflorescence with pedicelled flowers. Paniculate. Borne in panicles; re- sembling a panicle. GLOSSARY. 403 Papilionaceous. Bucterfly-like, that is having the upper petal enlarged and spreading, the two lateral ones small and oblique, and the two anterior ones connivent into a keel. Papillate. Papillose. Papillose. Having minute nipple- like projections. Pappus. The modified calyx-limb in the Compositae, composed of a ring, a crown of hairs, chaff or scales. Parasitic. Depending on another organism for its food-supply. Parted. Margin indented nearly but not quite to the midrib. Pectinate. Pinnatifid, with narrow close segments; comb-like. Pellucid. Clear, transparent. Peltate. Shield-shaped, with its stalk attached near the center of the dorsal surface. Penicillate. In a pencil-shaped tuft. Pentamerous (5-merotts). Five in number. Penultimate. The next to the last. Pericarp. The matured ovary wall forming a protective coat in the fruit. Perigynium. The inflated sac which encloses the ovary in Carex. Perigynous. Around the ovary; that is, adnate to the perianth or to a receptacle-cup. Petiolulate. Having a petiolule. Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet. Phyllode. An expanded petiole serv- ing as a leaf blade. Pilose. With soft hairs. Pinnule. One of the smaller sub- divisions of the primary divisions of a pinnately compound leaf. Pistil. The organ in the flower which produces the ovules and provides for their pollination. Plaited. Folded into parallel folds. Plumose. Having fine hairs like a plume. Plumule. The growing point or bud of an embryo (epicotyl). Pollinium. A mass of waxy pollen composed of coherent pollen-grains (Orchidaceae.) v/ Polygamo-dioecious. With perfect and staminate flowers on some plants and perfect and pistillate flowers on others. Polygamous. Having both perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant. Precocious. Appearing before the leaves (said of the flowers in some willows). Prismatic. Angular with flat sides, like a prism in shape. Proliferous. Producing offsets. Pruinose. Covered with a whitish powder. Puberttlent. Minutely pubescent. Pubescence. Hairiness. Pubescent. Covered with hairs, es- pecially short soft ones. '"Pulvinus. A cushion- like swelling. Punctate. Dotted. Puncticulate. Minutely punctate. Pungent. Terminated in a rigid point; penetrating. • Pustulate. Covered with pustules. Pyramidal. Pyramid-like. Pyriform. Pear-shaped. Quadrifoliolate. With four leaflets. Raceme. A simple inflorescence of pedicelled flowers on a common more or less elongated axis. Rachilla. The axis of a grass spikelet. Rachis. The main axis of an inflor- escence. Radiate. Arranged radially from a center; having ray-flowers. Radical. Pertaining to the root; oc- curring at the base of the stem. Raphe. The ridge on a more or less inverted seed caused by the fusion of the stalk with the seed. Ray. A branch of an umbel; a ray- flower. Ray-flower. One of the marginal ligulate flowers of a radiate head in the Compositae. Receptacle. The modified axis on which the flower parts are borne. Reniform. Kidney-shaped. Resiniferous. Producing resin. Reticulated. In the form of a net- work; net-veined. Retrorse. Directed backward. Rosulate. In the form of a rosette. Rotate. W'heel-shaped; flat and cir- cular in outline. Rudiment. A partially developed functionless organ. Rugose. Wrinkled. 404 GLOSSARY. Rugulose. Slightly wrinkled. Runcinate. Sharply incised with the segments directed backwards. Rupestrine. Growing among rocks. Saccate. Sac-shaped. Sagittate. Arrow-shaped. Salverform. Having a slender tube abruptly expanded into a flat limb. Salient. Prominent. Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit (Aceraceae). Saprophytic. Depending on dead organic matter for its food. Scaberulous. Minutely scabrous. *- Scabrid. Minutely scabrous. Scabrous. Covered with short hairs or points. Scapose. Bearing or resembling a scape. Scarious. Thin, dry, membrana- ceous, not green. Scutellate. Plate-like. Secund. One-sided. Septicidal. Dehiscing through the partitions and between the cells. Septifragal. Dehiscing into parts which break away from the parti- tions. Serratures. Serrations. Serrulate. Finely serrate. Setaceous. Bristle-like. Setose. Beset with bristles. Sheath. A tubular envelope like the lower part of the leaf in the grasses. Silicic. A short silique (Cruciferae}. Silique. A long 2-celled slender pod (Cruciferae). Sinuate. Outline strongly wavy. Sinus. The recess or indentation between two lobes. Sordid. Dirty white. Sorus. A cluster of spore-cases; a fruit-dot (Polypodiaceae}. Spathaceoiis. Spathe-like. Spathe. A large petal-like bract enclosing an inflorescence. Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit. Spike. A simple inflorescence with the flowers sessile on a more or less elongated axis. Spikelet. A small spike, especially the peculiarly specialized one in the grasses. Spinescent. Becoming spiny. Spinulose. With very small spines. Spiricle. A minute coiled thread found on some seeds. Sporangium. A spore-case. Sporocarp. A pod-like structure en- closing the spore-cases (Marsilea- ceae). Spur. A hollow-sac or tubular ex- tension of the calyx or corolla or both, usually nectariferous. Stellate-pubescent. With star-shaped hairs. Sterile. Incapable of producing; as a flower without a pistil or a stamen without an anther. Stipel. A stipule-like organ at the base of a leaflet. Stipitate. With a stalk. Stolon. A runner or basal branch that tends to strike root. Stoloniferous. Having stolons. ' Striae. Minute longitudinal lines. Striate. Marked with longitudinal lines or ridges. Strigose. Covered with short stiff appressed hairs. Strophiole. An appendage near the hilum on certain seeds. Stylopodium. A disk-like expansion at the base of the style (Umbelli- ferae). Submersed. Growing under water. Suffrutescent. Slightly or obscurely shrubby. Sub- Somewhat or slightly. Subulate. Awl-shaped. Succulent. Juicy, fleshy. Supra-axillary. Produced not in but above the leaf-axils. Suture. The line of dehiscence. Syngenesious. Stamens with united anthers but separate filaments. Tawny. Dull yellowish brown. Tegule. One of the sepal-like bracts surrounding the head in the Com- positae. Terete. Cylindrical or nearly so; not compressed. Ternate. In threes. Tetradynamous. With four long and two short stamens. Thallus. A plant body not differ- entiated into root, stem and leaf. Thyrsoid. Resembling a thyrsus. Thyrsus. A contracted cylindrical or ovoid and usually compact panicle. GLOSSARY. 405 Torulose. Cylindrical with contrac- tions at intervals. Tridentate. Having three teeth. Trigonous. Having three angles or corners. Truncate. Ending abruptly as if cut off squarely. Tuberiferous. Bearing tubers. Turbinate. Top-shaped; inversely conical. Turgid. Swollen; distended by pres- sure from within. Umbellate.- In umbels or like an umbel. Unguiculate. Contracted at the base into a claw. Unisexual. Having but one sex; in flowering plants, with either but not both stamens or pistils. Urceolate. Urn-shaped. Utricle. A small bladder-like one- seeded fruit. Vascular. Having woody bundles. Velum. The membrane partly cov- ering the sporangium in the leaf of Isoetes. Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner face of an organ; the op- posite of dorsal. Verticillate. Arranged in a whorl. Villous. With numerous long and soft hairs. Virgate. Wand-shaped; slender, straight, erect. Viscid. Glutinous, sticky. Whorl. Leaves or other parts ar- ranged in a circle of three or more at the same node. Zygomorphic. Bilaterally symmetric- al; that is, capable of being divided symmetrically in but one plane. INDEX. Abies 20 Abronia 136 Acer 235 ACERACEAE 235 Achillea 379 Achlys 164 A conite 160 Aconitum 160 Actaea 162 Adder Tongue 99 Adder's Tongue 97 Adder Tongue Family Adenocaulon 393 Adiantum 4 Agoseris 355 Agrimonia 205 Agropyron 61 AGROSTIDEAE 33 Agrostis 42 Aira 45 AIZOACEAE . . 136 Alchcmilla 206 Alder. 120 Red. . . . 120 Alfalfa... 222 Alfilaria 229 Alisma 30 ALISMACEAE 30 Allium 95 Allocarya 304 Allotropa 271 Alnus 120 Alopecurus 39 Alsike Clover 220 Alum Root 196 Alyssum 177 Amabilis Fir 21 Amaranth 135 AMARAXTHACEAE 134 Amaranth Family 134 Amaranthus 135 AMBROSIEAE 347 Amelanchier 200 Ammannia 245 Ammodenia 148 Amsinckia 303 ANACARDIACEAE 233 Anacharis 31 Anagallis 285 Anaphalis 392 Anemone 153 Wood 153 Androsace 284 Angelica 261 ANGIOSPERMAE 23 Annual Blue-grass 52 Antennaria 390 ANTHEMIDEAE 347 Anthemis 379 Anthoxanthum 37 Aplopappus 367 APOCYNACEAE 290 Apocynum 290 Apple, Wild Crab 201 Aquilegia 161 Arabis 169 ARACEAE 85 ARALIACEAE 254 Arbor Vitae 18 Arbutus 278 Arctium 395 Arctostaphylos 279 An 'iiana 149 Argentina 211 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 124 Arnica 384 Arrhenatherum 45 Arrow Crass 29 Arrow Grass Family 29 Arrowhead 30 Artemisia 381 Artichoke, Jerusalem 377 Arum Family 85 Aruncus 203 .Wtrum 125 Ash 287 Mountain 201 Oregon 287 Asparagus 99 Asplenium 6 Aster 371 ASTEREAE 347 Astragalus 227 Atriplex 133 Athyrium 6 Athysanus 169 Avena 46 AVENEAE 33 Awlwort 178 Azaleastrum . 282 406 INDEX. 407 Bachelor s Button 394 Baeria 377 Balsam Family 236 BALSAMINACEAE 236 Balsamorhiza 376 Baneberry 162 Barbarea 176 Barberry Family 163 Barnyard Grass 35 Barley, Wall 64 Wild 63 Barnyard Grass 35 Batrachium 155 Bayberry 119 Bearberry 237 Beard-tongue 317 Bear Grass 102 Beckmannia 60 Bedstraw 334 Beech Family 121 Beech Fern Beggar Ticks 374 Bellflower 344 Bellflower Family 342 Bent-grass 42 BERBERIDACEAE 165 Berberis 163 Bergia 241 Bermuda-grass 61 Berula 266 Betula BETULACEAE 119 Bidens 374 Bikukulla 165 Birch 119 Birch Family 119 Bird Bill 283 Birthwort Family 124 Bitter Cress 172, 176 Bitter Dock 128 Blackberry, Evergreen 204 Blackcap 204 Black Eyed Susan 376 Black Hemlock 23 Black Medic 222 Black Mustard 175 Bladder Campion 143 Bladder Fern 8 Bladderwort 332 Bladderwort Family 332 Bluebell 301 Bluecurls 307 Blue-eyed Grass 105 Blue-flowered Lettuce 360 Blue-grass 52 Annual 52 Kentucky. . 54 Bluestem 62 Bluetop 41 Boisduvalia 252 Bolandra 191 Bolelia 343 Borage Family 299 BORAGINACEAE 299 Boschniakia 330 Botrychium 9 Bracken 4 Brake 4 Brasenia 151 Brassica 174 Briza 49 Broadleaf Maple 235 Brome-grass 50 Bromus 50 Broomrape Family 330 Buckbean '. 289 Buckbean Family 289 Buckbrush 237 Buckhorn 333 Buckthorn 236 Buckthorn Family 236 Buckwheat Family 125 Bugbane 162 Bull Pine 20 Bull Thistle 395 Bulrush, Western 84 Bur Clover 222 Burdock 395 Bur Reed 24 Bur-reed Family 24 Bursa 181 Butter and Eggs 317 Buttercup 156 Water 155 Buttercup Family 151 Butterwort 332 CACTACEAE 244 Cactus Family 244 Cakile 168 Calamagrostis 41 Calandrinia 138 California Black Oak 122 California Lilac 238 California Poppy 165 CALLITRICHACEAE 231 Callitriche 232 Calochortus 96 Caltha 161 Calypso 109 Camas 98 Death 99 Camelina 181 Campanula 344 408 INDEX. CAMPANULACEAE 342 Canada Blue-grass 54 Canada Thistle 395 Canary-grass 37 Reed 36 Capnoides 166 CAPRIFOLIACEAE 336 Caraway 264 Cardaminc 172 Carex 66 Carnation 142 Carpet Weed 136 Carpet Weed Familv 136 Carrot ' 258 Wild 258 Carum 264 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 141 Cascara Sagrada 237 Cashew Family 233 Cassiope 280 Castanopsis 121 Castillcja 327 Catchfly ' 142 Catnip 310 Cat-tail 24 Cat Tail Family 23 Caucalis 258 Ceanothus 237 CELASTRACEAE 234 Ccntaurea 393 Centaurium 287 Cephalanthera. . 108 Cerastium 146 Cerasus 199 CERATOPHYLLACEAE 151 Ceratophyllum 151 Ceropteris 2 Chactochloa 35 Chamaecyparis 18 Charlock 175 Cheat 52 Cheeses 239 Cheilanthes 5 Chelone 319 CHENOPODIACEAE 132 Chenopodium 133 Cherry 199 Wild 199- Chess 52 Chickweed 146 Mouse-ear 146 Chicory 353 Chimaphila 273 Chinquapin 121 CHLORIDEAE 34 Chokecherry 199 Christmas Fern, Pacific 7 Chrysanthemum 380 Chrysopsis 363 Chrysosplenium 193 Cicely, Sweet 259 CICHORIEAE 347 Cichorium 353 Cicuta 263 Cimicifuga 162 Cinna 40 Circaea 246 Cirsium 394 Cladothamnus 281 Claytonia 139 Cleavers 334 Clematis 152 Clintonia 100 Clover 218 Rabbit's Ear 221 Red 220 Sweet 222 White 220 Cochlearia 178 Cocklebur 361 Coelopleurum 268 Cogswellia 260 Coleanthus 40 Coleosanthus 362 Collinsia 319 Collomia 296 Coltsfoot, Sweet 382 Columbine 161 Comandra 124 Comarum 211 Common Horsetail 11 Common Mullein 316 Common Plantain . . . 333 Common Spleen-wort 6 Common Vetch 223 COMPOSITAE 345 Composite Family 345 Corallorhiza 108 Coral Root 108 Cord-grass 60 Coreopsis 375 Coriander 264 Coriandrum 264 CORNACEAE 268 Cornus 269 Coronopus 168 Corylus 120 Cotton-grass 84 Cottonwood 118 Cotula 381 Couch-grass 62 Cow Parsnip 260 Conioselinum 262 CONVOLVULACEAE. 290 INDEX. 409 Convolvulus 291 Coptis 163 Corn Chamomile 380 Crab-apple, Wild 201 Cranberry 277 CRASSULACEAE 182 Crataegus 200 Crepis 358 Cress, Bitter 172, 176 Mouse-ear 175 Penny 181 Rock 169 Crested Dogstail 48 Crocidium 383 Crowberry 232 Crowberry Family 232 Crowfoot, Water 155 CRUCIFERAE 166 Cryptantha 303 Cryptogramma CUCURBITACEAE 341 Currant 185 Red-flowering 187 Cuscuta 292 CUSCUTACEAE 291 CYNAREAE 347 Cynodon 60 Cynoglossum 301 Cynosurus 48 CYPERACEAE 65 Cyperus 81 Cypripedium 107 Cytherea 108 Dactylis 52 Daisy, Mountain 369 Oxeye 380 Dandelion 355 Danthonia 45 Darnel 61 Dasiphora 210 Datura 314 Daucus 258 Dead Nettle 312 Death Camas 99 Deer Fern 5 Delphinium 159 Dentaria 171 Deptford Pink 142 Deschampsia 46 Devil's Club 255 Dewberry 204 Dianthus 142 DlCOTYLEDONES 112 Digitalis 325 DlPSACACEAE 341 Dipsacus 341 Disporum 102 Distichlis 56 Dock 127 Bitter 128 Yellow 128 Dodder 292 Dodder Family 291 Dodecatheon 283 Dogbane 290 Dogbane Family 290 Dog Fennel 380 Dogwood 269 Dogwood Family 268 Dondia 132 Douglasia 284 Douglas Spruce 22 Draba 177 Dracocephalum 310 Dragon Head 310 Drosera 182 DROSERACEAE 182 Dryas 206 Drymocallis 211 Dryopteris 7 Duckweed Family 86 Dulichium 82 Dwarf Maple 235 Echinochloa 34 Echinopanax 255 Eel-grass 28 ELAEAGNACEAE 244 ELATINACEAE 241 Elatine 241 Elder 336 Elecampane 393 Eleocharis 82 Eleusine 61 Elmera 196 Elodea 31 Elymus 62 EMPETRACEAE 232 Empetrum 232 Enchanter's Nightshade 246 Engelmann Spruce 22 English Rye-grass 61 Epilobium 246 Epipactis 112 EQUISETACEAE 11 EQUISETINEAE 10 Equisetum 11 Eragrostis 48 ERICACEAE 275 Erigeron 366 Eriogonum 125 Eriophorum Eriophyllum 378 4io INDEX. Erodium 229 Eryngium 257 Erysimum 173 Erythronium 97 Eschscholzia 165 Eucarex 66, 68 Eucephalus 370 Euonymus 234 EUPATORIEAE 347 Eupatorium 361 Euphorbia 230 EUPHORBIACEAE 230 Euthamia 366 Evening Primrose 253 Evening Primrose Family 246 Evergreen Blackberry 204 Everlasting 392 FAGACEAE 121 False Flax 181 False Hellebore 103 False Mermaid Family 232 False Pimpernel 420 False Solomon's Seal 103 Fern, Beech Bladder 8 Deer 5 Gold-back 2 Grape 9 Holly 7 Lace 5 Lady 6 Licorice-root 3 Maiden Hair 4 Pacific Christmas 7 Rattlesnake 9 Shield 7 Wood Fern Family 1 Fern Plants 1 Fescue 56 Meadow 58 Mouse-tail 57 Festuca 56 FESTUCEAE 33 Fig-wort 319 Figwort Family 315 Filaree 229 FILICINEAE 1 Filix 8 Fir 20 Amabilis 21 Noble 21 Red 22 Subalpine 21 White '. . 21 Fire-weed . . 248 Flax, False 181 Fleabane 366 Floerkea 233 Forget-me-not 302 Four O'Clock Family 135 Fowl Meadow-grass 54 Foxglove 325 Foxtail, Green 35 Meadow 40 Fragaria 210 Fraxinus 287 Fritillaria 97 Frog's Bit Family 30 Gaertneria 361 Gale, Sweet 119 Gaillardia 378 Galium 334 Garrya 269 Garry Oak 122 Gastridium 39 Gaultheria 278 Gayophytum 252 Gentian 288 Gentiana 288 GENTIANACEAE 287 Gentian Family 287 GERANIACEAE 228 Geranium 228 Wild 228 Geranium Family 228 Geum 207 Giant Cedar 18 Gilia 293 Ginger, Wild 125 Ginseng Family 254 Githopsis 343 Glechoma 311 Glehnia 267 Globe Flower 162 Glasswort 133 Glaux 285 Glyceria 59 Gnaphalium 392 Goat's Beard 203 Godetia 250 Gold-back Fern 2 Goldenrod 364 Goldthread 163 Gooseberry 185 Goosefoot 133 Goosefoot Family 132 Goose-grass 61 Gormania 184 Corse 218 Gosmore 353 Gourd Family 341 INDEX. 411 Grape Fern Crass, Barnyard 35 Bear 102 Bent 42 Bermuda 61 Blue 52 Blue-eyed 105 Brome 50 Canary 37 Cord 60 Cotton 84 Couch 62 Eel 28 English Rye 61 Fowl Meadow 54 Goose 61 Hair 45 Italian Rye 61 Kentucky Blue 54 Orchard 52 Perennial Rye 61 Quack 62 Reed Canary 36 Reed Meadow 59 Rough Meadow 54 Rye 62 Salt '. 56 Slender Wheat 62 Sweet Vernal 37 Tall Oat 45 Vanilla 37 Velvet 44 Wheat 61 Grass Family 31 Gratiola 320 Green Foxtail 35 Green Hellebore 103 Grindelia 362 Cromwell 303 Ground Ivy 311 Ground-pine 13 Gum Plant 362 Gymnogramme 2 GYMNOSPERMAE 16 Hair-grass 45 HALORAGIDACEAE 253 Harrimanella 280 Hawkweed 356 Hawthorn 200 Hazelnut 120 Heal All 311 Heather Family 275 Hedge Hyssop 320 Hedge Mustard 175 Hedge Nettle 313 Hedysarum 225 HELENIEAE 347 Helenium 379 HELIANTHEAE 347 Helianthus 377 Hellebore, False 103 Green 103 White 103 Hemieva 192 Hemitomes 271 Hemizonclla 374 Hemizonia 374 Hemlock 22 Black 23 Mountain ''.... 23 Water 263 Western 23 Heracleum 260 Hesperis 173 Hesperogenia 267 Hsteranthera 86 Heterocodon 344 Heterostylus 28 Heuchera 196 Hieracium 356 Hierochloe 37 Hippuris 254 Holcus 44 Holly Fern 7 Holodiscus 202 Homalocenchrus 36 Honeysuckle 338 Honeysuckle Family 336 Hoorebekia 363 Hookera 94 Hop Clover 221 HORDEAE 34 Hordeum 63 Horehound 312 Horned Pondweed 28 Hornwort 151 Hornwort Family 151 Horsetail 11 Common 11 Horsetail Family 11 Hosackia 225 Hound's Tongue 301 Howellia 342 Huckleberry 276 Hulsea 378 Hutchinsia 181 Hyacinth, Wild 94 Hydastylus 106 HYDROCHARITACEAE 30 Hydrocotyle 263 HYDROPHYLLACEAE 297 Hydrophyllum 298 HYPER4CACEAE. . . 239 412 INDEX. Hypericum 240 Hypopitys 272 Hypochaeris 353 Ibidium Ill Ilysanthes 320 Impatiens 236 Incense Cedar 19 Indian Paint Brush 327 Indian Pink 327 Indian Plum 200 Inula 393 INULEAE 347 IRIDACEAE 104 Iris Family 104 Iron-wood 202 Isnardia 247 ISOETACEAE 15 Isoetes 15 Isopyrum 163 Italian Rye-grass 61 Ivy, Ground 311 Jacob's Ladder 294 Jamestown Weed 314 Jaumea 377 Jerusalem Artichoke 377 Jewelweed 236 Jimson Weed 314 JUNCACEAE 87 Juncoides 91 Juncus 87 Juniper 17 Mountain 18 Rocky Mountain 18 Juniperus 17 Kalmia 282 Kentucky Blue-grass 54 Kinnikinnick 279 Knobcone Pine 20 Knot-weed 129 Koeleria 48 Kruhsea 101 LABIATAE 306 Labrador Tea 280 Lace Fern 5 Lactuca 359 Lady-Fern 6 Lady s Slipper 107 Lady's Thumb 131 Lagophylla 574 Lamb's Quarters 134 Lamium 312 Lappula 300 Lapsana 352 Larkspur 159 Lathyrus 223 Laurel, Sticky 237 Leadwort Family 286 Leather-leaf Polypody Ledum 280 LEGUMINOSAE 212 Lemna 86 LEMNACEAE 86 LENTIBULARIACEAE 332 Leonurus 312 Lepargyrea 244 Lepidium 179 Leptarrhena 188 Leptaxis 195 Leptotaenia 263 Lesquerella 176 Lewisia 137 Libocedrus 19 Licorice-root Fern 266 Lilac, California 238 Lilaea 28 Lilaeopsis 265 LILIACEAE 92 Lilium 96 Lily Family 92 LlMNANTHACEAE 232 Limnanthes 233 Limnorchis 109 Limosella 323 Linaria 316 Linnaea 338 Lithospermum 303 Lloydia 98 Lodgepole Pine 20 Lolium 61 Lonicera 338 Loosestrife 286 Loosestrife Family 245 LORANTHACEAE 122 Lousewort 326 Lovage 266 Luina 383 Lupine 213 Lupinus 213 Lutkea 201 Lychnis . . 144 LYCOPODIACEAE 12 LYCOPODINEAE 12 Lycopodium 13 Lycopus 307 Lysias HI Lysichiton 85 Lysimachia 286 LYTHRACEAE Ly thrum 245 INDEX. 413 Madder Family 334 Madia 372 Madrona 279 Madronella 309 Maiden Hair Fern 4 Mallow 239 Musk 239 Mallow Family 238 Malva 239 MALVACEAE 238 Manzanita 279 Maple 235 Dwarf 235 Vine 235 Mare's Tail 254 Mariposa Lily 96 Marrubium 311 Marsh Marigold 161 Marsilea 10 MARSILEACEAE 10 Matricaria 380 May-weed 380 Meadow Fescue 58 Meadow Foxtail 40 Meadow Rue 154 Medicago 222 Megalodonta 375 Melica 49 Melilotus 222 Mentha 308 MENYANTHACEAE 289 Menyanthes 289 Menziesia 282 Mertensia 301 Mesquite 44 Micrampelis 341 Micranthes 191 Micromeria 309 Microseris 354 Milfoil 379 Water 254 Milk Thistle 394 Mimulus 323 Mint 308 Wild 308 Mint Family 306 Mistletoe Family 122 Micella 194 Mitrewort 194 Moehringia 150 Mollugo 136 Moneses 273 Monkey Flower 323 Moneywort 286 Monkshood 160 MONOCOTYLEDONES 23 Monotropa 271, 272 Montia 138 Moonwort 9 Morning Glory 291 Morning Glory Family 290 Moss Campion 143 Motherwort 312 Moth Mullein 316 Mountain Ash 201 Mountain Daisy 369 Mountain Hemlock 23 Mountain Juniper 18 Mountain Sorrel 127 Mountain Timothy 39 Mouse-ear Chickweed 146 Mouse-ear Cress 175 Mouse Tail 154 Mouse-tail Fescue 57 Mud-wort 323 Muhlenbergia 37 Mullein 316 Common 316 Moth 316 Mullein Pink 144 Musk Mallow 239 Musk Plant 325 Mustard, Black 175 Hedge 175 Tumbling 176 Nabalus 359 NAJADACEAE 25 Najas 28 Napa Thistle 394 Naumburgia 286 Navarretia . . . . 295 Nemophila 299 Nepeta 310 Nephrophyllidium 289 Nettle 122 Dead 312 Hedge 313 Nettle Family 122 Newberrya 270 Nicotiana 315 Nightshade 314 Nightshade Family 314 Ninebark 201 Nipple-wort 352 Noble Fir 21 NYCTAGINACEAE 135 Nymphaea 151 NYMPHAEACEAE 150 Oak 121 California Black 122 Garry 122 Poison. . 234 INDEX. Oat 46 Smooth Wild 46 Oat grass, Tall 45 Ocean Spray 202 Oenanthe 265 Oenothera 253 Old Man Root 342 OLEACEAE 287 Oleaster Family 244 Olive Family 287 Olsynium 106 ONAGRACEAE 246 Onion 95 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Ophioglossum 9 Ophrys 109 Opulastcr 201 Opuntia 244 Orchard-grass 52 ORCHIDACEAE 106 Orchid Family 106 Oregon Ash 287 Oregon Grape 164 Oreostemma 370 OROBANCHACEAE 330 Orobanche 331 Orogenia 267 Orthocarpus 329 ORYZEAE 32 Osmaronia 199 Osmorhiza 259 OXALIDACEAE 229 Oxalis 230 Oxeye Daisy 380 Oxycoccus 277 Oxyria 126 Oxytropis 227 Oyster Plant 353 Ozomelis 195 Pachistima 234 Pacific Christmas Fern 7 Paeonia 161 Paint Brush, Indian 327 Painted Cup 327 Panicularia 58 PANICEAE 32 Panicum 35 PAPAVERACEAE 164 Parnassia 188 Parsley Family 255 Parsnip 262 Cow 260 Pasapalum 35 Pasque Flower 154 Pastinaca 262 Pear, Prickly 244 Pearl-wort 148 Pedicularis 326 Pellaea 4 Penny Cress 181 Pentacaena 144 Pentstemon 317 Peony 161 Peppergrass 179 Peramium Ill Perennial Rye-grass 61 Petasites 382 Phacelia 297 PHALARIDEAE 32 Phalaris 36 Phegopteris 3 Philadelphia 188 Phleum 38 Phlox 293 Phlox Family 292 Phoradendron 123 Phyllodoce 281 Phyllospadix 28 Physostegia 312 Picea 22 Pigweed 134, 135 Pimpernel 285 False 320 PlNACEAE 17 Pine 19 Bull 20 Ground 13 Knobcone 20 Lodgepole 20 Running 14 Sugar 20 Western White 19 White-bark 19 Yellow 20 Pine Family 17 Pine Lily 102 Pinguicula 332 Pink 142 Deptford 142 Indian 327 Mullein 144 Pink Family 141 Pinus 19 Piperia 110 Pipes 12 Pipsissewa 273 Piscaria 231 Pityopus 271 Plagiobothrys 304 Platystigma 165 PLANTAGINACEAE 333 Plantago 333 Plantain . . 333 INDEX. 415 Plantain, Rattlesnake 112 Water Plantain Family 333 Pleuricospora Pleuropogon 49 Plum 199 Indian 200 PLUMBAGINACEAE 286 Poa POACEAE Poison Oak POLEMONIACEAE Polemonium POLYGONACEAE Polygonum POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium Polypody, Leather-leaf Polypogon Polystichum 6 Pond Lily, Yellow 151 Pond-weed Horned 28 Pondiveed Family 25, 86 PONTEDERIACEAE 86 Poppy, California 165 Poppy Family 164 Populus Portulaca PORTULACACEAE .... 136 Potamogeton 25 Potentilla 208 Prickly Lettuce 360 Prickly Pear 244 Primocarex 66 Primrose, Evening 253 Primrose Family 283 PRIMULACEAE 283 Prunella 311 Prunus 199 Pseudotsuga Psilocarphus Psoralea 218 Pteridium PTERIDOPHYTA 1 Pterospora 272 Puccinellia 59 Pulsatilla 154 Pulse Family 212 Purslane 137 Purslane Family 136 Pyrola 274 PYROLACEAE Pyrola Family 270 Pyrus 200 Quack-grass 62 Quamasia Quercus 12 Quill-wort Quill-wort Family 15 Rabbit's Ear Clover 221 Radicula 179 Radish 168 Wild 168 Rainiera RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus Raphanus 168 Rapuntium Rattlesnake Plantain 112 Razoumofskya 123 Red Alder 120 Red Clover Red Fir 22 Red-flowering Currant 187 Redtop Reed Canary-grass Reed Meadow-grass RHAMNACEAE 236 Rhamnus 236 Rhinanthus Rhododendron Rhus Ribes Rock Cress 169 Rocket 173 Rocky Mountain Juniper. . . Romanzoffia 297 Rosa 204 ROSACEAE Rose 204 Rose Family 197 Rotala 246 Rough Meadow-grass RUBIACEAE Rubus Rudbeckia ... -375 Rumex Running-pine 14 Ruppia Rush 87 Scouring Spike 82 Wood Rush Family 87 Russian Thistle Rye-grass 62 English 61 Italian 61 Perennial 61 Rynchospora 416 INDEX. Sagebrush 381 Sagina 148 Sagittaria 30 Salal 278 SALICACEAE 112 Salicornia 132 Salix 113 Salmon-berry 204 Salsify 353 Salsola 133 Saltbush 133 Salt-grass 56 Sambucus 336 Samphire 133 Sandalwood Family 124 Sandwort 149 Sanguisorba 206 Sanicula 257 SANTALACEAE 124 Saussurea 396 Saxifraga 189 SAXIFRAGACEAE 184 Saxifrage 189 Saxifrage Family 184 Scheuchzeria 29 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE 29 Scirpus 83 Scoliopus 101 Scorzonella 353 Scouring Rush 12 Scrophularia SCROPHULARIACEAE 315 Scutellaria 309 Sea-blite 132 Sedge 66 Sedge Family 65 Sedum 183 Seed Plants 16 Selaginella 14 SELAGINELLACEAE 14 Senecio 386 SENECIONEAE 347 Sericocarpus 369 Service Berry 200 Sheep Sorrel 127 Shepherd's Purse 181 Sherardia 334 Shield Fern 7 Shooting Star 283 Sibbaldia 210 Sidalcea 238 Sieversia 207 Silene 142 Silver-top 47 Silybum 394 Sisymbrium 175 Sisyrinchium 105 Sitanion 64 Sitka Spruce 22 Sium 267 Skullcap 309 Skunk Cabbage, Yellow 85 Skunk Weed 295 Slender Wheat-grass 62 Smart-weed 131 Smelowskia 174 Smooth Wild Oat 46 Snappers 123 Snowberry 338 SOLANACEAE 314 Solarium 314 Solidago 364 Solomon s Seal, False 103 Sorrel, Mountain 127 Sheep 127 Wood 230 Sow Thistle 360 SPARGANIACEAE Sparganium 24 Spartina 60 Spearmint 308 Specularia 344 Speedwell 322 Spergula 145 SPERMATOPHYTA 16 Sphaerostigma 253 Spike Rush 82 Spiraea 202 Spirodcla 86 Spleenwort 6 Common 6 Spraguea 138 Spruce 22 Douglas 22 Engelmann 22 Sitka 22 Tideland 22 Spurge 230 Spurge Family 230 Spurrey 145 Squirrel Rail 64 Stachys 313 Stafftree Family 234 Star-flower 285 Starwort, Water 232 Statice 286 Stellaria 146 Stenanthium 99 Sticky Laurel 237 Stipa 38 St. Johns-wort 240 St. Johnswort Family 239 Stonecrop 183 Stonecrop Family 182 INDEX. 417 Strawberry 210 Streptopus 101 Struthiopteris 5 Subalpine Fir 21 Subularia 178 Sugar Pine 20 Sullivantia 192 Sundew 182 Sundew Family 182 Sweetbrier 205 Sweet Cicely 259 Sweet Clover 222 Sweet Coltsfoot 382 Sweet Gale 119 Sweet Gale Family 118 Sweet Vernal-grass 37 Symphoricarpos 338 Synthyris 321 Syringa 188 Tall Oat-grass 45 Tanacetum 381 Tansy 381 Taraxacum 355 Tares 223 Tarweed 303, 372 TAXACEAE 16 Taxus 16 Teasel 341 Teasel Family 341 Tellima 194 Thalesia 331 Thalictrum 154 Thelypodium 173 Thermopsis 213 Therofon 192 Thimble Berry 204 Thistle 394 Butt 395 Napa 394 Russian 133 Sow 360 Thlaspi 180 Thorn 200 Thrift 287 Thuja 18 Thysanocarpus 169 Tiarella • 193 Tideland Spruce 22 Tillaea 183 Timothy 38 Mountain 39 Tipton-weed 240 Tissa 145 Tobacco 315 Tofieldia 100 Tonella. . 320 Touch-me-not 236 Tragopogon 352 Trautvetteria 154 Trefoil, Yellow 222 Trichostema 307 Trientalis 285 Trifolium 218 Triglochin 29 Trillium 100 Trisetum 47 Trollius 162 Tsuga 22 Tide 84 Tumbleweed 135 Tumbling Mustard 176 Turkey Mullein 231 Turnip 175 Twin-flower 338 Typha 24 TYPHACEAE 23 Ulex 217 UMBELLIFERAE 255 Unifolium 104 Urtica 122 URTICACEAE 122 Utricularia 332 Vaccinium 276 Vagnera 103 Valeriana 340 VALERIANACEAE 339 Valerinella 340 Valerian Family 339 Vancouveria 164 Vanilla-grass 37 Vanilla-leaf 164 Velvet-grass 44 Venus' s Looking Glass 344 Veratrum 103 Verbascum 316 Verbena 305 VERBENACEAE 305 Verbena Family 305 Veronica 322 Vervain 305 Vetch 222 Vetchling 223 Viburnum 337 Vicia 222 Vignea 67 Vine Maple 235 Viola 241 VlOLACEAE 241 Violet 241 Violet Family 241 4i8 INDEX. Wake Robin 100 Wall Barley 64 Wappato 30 Washingtonia 259 Water Buttercup 155 Water Crowfoot 155 Water Hemlock 263 Waterleaf 298 Waterleaf Family 287 WaterUly Family 150 Water Milfoil 254 Water Milfoil Family 253 Water Plantain 30 Water Plantain Family 30 Watershield 151 Water Starwort 232 Water Starwort Family 231 Waterweed 31 Waterwort Family 241 Western Bulrush 84 Western Hemlock 23 Western White Pine 19 Western Yew 17 Wheat-grass 61 Slender 62 Whin 218 Whipplea 185 White-bark Pine 19 White Clover 220 White Fir 21 White Hellebore 103 Wild Barley 63 Wild Carrot 258 Wild Cherry 199 Wild Crab-apple 201 Wild Geranium 228 Wild Ginger 125 Wild Hyacinth 94 Wild Lettuce 359 Wild Mint 308 Wild Radish 168 Willow 113 Willow Family 112 Willow Herb 246 Wind/lower 153 Wokas 151 Wood Anemone 153 Wood Fern > 7 Wood Rush 91 Woodsia 8 Wood Sorrel 230 Wood Sorrel Family 229 Woodwardia 5 Wormwood 381 Wyethia 376 Xanthium 361 Xerophyllum 102 Yarrow 379 Yellow Dock 128 Yellow Pine 20 Yellow Pond Lily 151 Yellow Skunk Cabbage 85 Yellow Trefoil 222 Yerba Buena. . .• 309 Yew 16 Western 17 Yew Family 16 Zannichellia 27 Zigadenus 99 Zizia 265 Zostera . 28 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 00047 8453