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OTA.
FLORA OF THE
NORTHWEST COAST
INCLUDING THE AREA WEST OF THE SUMMIT OF
THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS FROM THE FORTY-NINTH
PARALLEL SOUTH TO THE CALAPOOIA MOUNTAINS
ON THE SOUTH BORDER OF LANE COUNTY, OREGON.
BY
CHARLES V- PIPER
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, 1893-1903.
9 &>
Wee a
AND “2's
Re KENT BEAMIIE
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, I903-I9I2
PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.
I9I5
Copyright, 1915, by
C. V. PIPER AND R. KENT BEATTIE
Issued November 10, 1915
INTRODUCTION.
The region covered by this flora is that lying between the summit of the
Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean from the 49th parallel of latitude
across the southern portion of Vancouver Island, south to the headwaters
of the Willamette River or, more specifically, to the southern boundary of
Lane County, Oregon, marked in part by the Calapooia Mountains. In the
Umpqua Valley just south of these mountains, many California plants reach
their northern limits; while in the Rogue River Valley, the next southward,
the flora is predominantly Californian.
The northern boundary chosen is, from a botanical standpoint, purely
artificial. Naturally, as marked by the northern limit of the characteristic
lowland trees, it would extend to about latitude 54°, that is, nearly to the
southernmost extremity of Alaska.
In general the flora below 5,000 feet altitude is characterized by dense
coniferous forests, the commonest tree being the Douglas spruce. Along the
narrow river valleys, however, the tree flora is in large part made up of de-
ciduous trees, such as alder, cottonwood, and maple. The only break in this
continuous forest cover consisted originally of a series of prairies extending
from the upper Willamette Valley northward to Vancouver Island. North
of the head of Puget Sound, however, these prairies are small and are limited
in the main to the extremities of points and to a portion of the islands in the
Sound. In Washington these prairies are all gravelly and are mainly the
deposit of glacial streams. In the Willamette Valley they appear at least
in part to have been due to the periodic burning of the dry grass by the Indians.
The flora of the region may be classified into four life zones:
The Humid Transition zone includes the great forests of Douglas spruce,
as well as the included prairie regions. Other characteristic trees are giant
cedar, red alder, broadleaf maple and Scouler willow. Along the seacoast
the Sitka spruce is abundant, accompanied by other northern plants. This
coastal strip may be looked upon as a southward extension of the Canadian
zone rather than as typical Humid Transition.
The Canadian zone is not sharply limited. Such trees as western white
pine, amabilis fir, and Engelmann spruce mark it best. Western hemlock
is particularly abundant in this zone but also descends to sea level.
The Hudsonian zone is indicated by subalpine fir, Alaska cedar, black
hemlock, and white-bark pine. At their extreme altitudinal limits all of these
become prostrate mats of branches.
The Arctic zone consists of the alpine flora above the limits of trees.
From a botanical standpoint the region is of unusual interest on account
of its magnificent coniferous forests, its wonderful mountain meadows, and
the large percentage of species that are peculiar to its flora. The extensive
iv INTRODUCTION.
systems of high mountains within its limits contain a very varied flora and
provide a wide field for further botanical explorations. Without doubt these
mountains contain many species of plants new to botanists, while many others
as yet are known from but single collections. The lack of a suitable handbook
has doubtless deterred many from studying the plants of the region. If this
book shall stimulate greater activity and interest in its flora, the authors will
feel amply repaid for their labors.
The material upon which this flora is based is mainly that contained in
the herbarium of the State College of Washington. Thanks are due to the
officials of that institution for encouragement and support in the preparation
of this volume.
ANALY TICAE KEYS’ TO THE -FAMILIES,
Plants with woody bundles, reproducing
by spores. Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA, v.
Plants with woody bundles, reproducing
by seeds. Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA, v.
Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA.
Leaves few, large; stems mostly underground.
Leaves 4-foliolate, clover-like; spore cases in closed
pod-like sporocarps. MARSILEACEAE, 10.
Leaves not 4-foliolate; spore cases not in sporo-
carps.
Spore cases in the tissue of a prominent and
distinct fertile lobe of the leaf. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 8.
Spore cases formed of outgrowths from the
surface of the leaf. POLYPODIACEAE, 1.
Leaves numerous, small; stems aerial and under-
ground.
Leaves whorled; stems jointed, hollow. EQUISETACEAE, 11.
Leaves not whorled; stems not jointed, solid.
Spore case in the enlarged base of the leaf;
stems short, corm-like. ISOETACEAE, 15.
Spore case in the axil of the leaf; stems
elongated.
Spores all alike. LYCOPODIACEAE, 13.
Spores of two kinds, large and small. SELAGINELLACEAE, 14.
Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA.
Ovules and seeds not in a closed cavity, usually on the face of an open scale-
leaf; stigmas none. Class GYMNOSPERMAE, v. ~
Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity surrounded by one or more
closed and modified leaves forming an ovary; stigmas present.
Cotyledon one; stem with no distinction into bark, wood and pith (endog-
enous); leaves usually parallel-veined; parts of the flowers nearly
always in threes. Sub-class MONOCOTYLEDONES, v.
Cotyledons two; stem (with rare exceptions) of bark, wood and pith
(exogenous); leaves usually net-veined; parts of the flower in fours,
fives or sixes, never in threes. Sub-class DICOTYLEDONES, Vi.
CLass GYMNOSPERMAE.
Fruit a cone. PINACEAE, 17.
Fruit drupe-like. ‘ TAXACEAE, 16.
CLiass ANGIOSPERMAE.
Sub-class MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Plants small, floating, with no distinction of stem
and leaves. LEMNACEAE, 86.
Plants with normal foliage.
Inflorescence a fleshy spadix.
Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix.
Perianth none, or of bristles, chaffy scales
or a hyaline envelope.
Flowers in the axils of chaffy bracts.
Stems mostly hollow, jointed; leaves
2-ranked.
Stems solid; leaves 3-ranked.
Flowers not in the axils of chaffy bracts.
Perianth herbaceous or none.
Carpels 1-5, separate.
Carpels 3 or 6, united into a com-
pound ovary.
Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales.
Flowers in terminal cylindrical
spikes.
Flowers in axillary globular heads.
Perianth present, the parts glume- or petal-
like.
Perianth of glume-like segments.
Perianth at least in part petal-like.
Carpels distinct.
Carpels united.
Ovary superior.
Flowers more or less irregular,
surrounded by a spathe.
Flowers regular, without a
spathe.
Ovary inferior.
Aquatic plants; flowers dioe-
cious or polygamous.
Terrestrial plants;
perfect.
Flowers regular.
Flowers irregular.
flowers
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
ARACEAE, 85.
POACEAE, 31.
CYPERACEAE, 65.
NAJADACEAE, 25,
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, 29.
TYPHACEAE, 23.
SPARGANIACEAE, 24.
JUNCACEAE, 87.
ALISMACEAE, 30.
PONTEDERIACEAE, 86.
LILIACEAE, 92.
HyYDROCHARITACEAE, 30.
IRIDACEAE, 104.
ORCHIDACEAE, 106.
Sub-class DICOTYLEDONES.
I. PETALS DISTINCT TO THE BASE OR WANTING.
A. Petals None.
Plants parasitic or saprophytic and usually with-
out chlorophyll.
Flowers dioecious; stamens 2-6.
Flowers perfect; stamens 10.
Plants neither parasitic nor saprophytic but hav-
ing chlorophyll.
Trees or shrubs.
Leaves small, linear or scale-like; plants
heath-like.
Leaves large; plants not heath-like.
Leaves opposite.
Leaves silvery-scurfy.
Leaves not silvery-scurfy.
Fruit a drupe.
Fruit a samara.
LORANTHACEAE, 122.
Allotropa, 271.
EMPETRACEAE, 232.
ELAEAGNACEAE, 244.
Garrya, 269.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Fruit 2-celled, a double sa-
mara.
Fruit 1-celled, a single samara.
Leaves alternate.
Flowers not in aments.
Flowers or some of them in aments.
Staminate flowers in aments;
pistillate flowers 1-3 in a
cluster.
Staminate and pistillate flowers
both in aments.
Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled;
calyx not present.
Ovary 1-—2-celled, each cell
1-ovuled.
Pistillate flowers 2-3 un-
der each scale of the
ament; fruit not waxy;
calyx present.
Pistillate flowers 1 under
each scale of the ament;
fruit waxy; calyx not
present.
Herbs (sometimes woody at base).
Leaves opposite.
Flowers monoecious.
Ovary 1-celled; stamens 2-5.
Ovary more than 1-celled; stamen 1.
Ovary 4-celled.
Ovary 3-celled.
Flowers perfect.
Leaves fleshy.
Leaves not fleshy.
Style 1.
Calyx petal-like.
Calyx not petal-like.
Styles 2-5.
Disk conspicuous; ovules on
2 parietal placentae.
Disk not conspicuous, if
present; ovules on a basal
or central placenta.
Leaves not opposite.
Leaves whorled.
Calyx present, closely investing the
ovary.
Calyx none.
Leaves not whorled.
Flowers monoecious.
Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Flowers with scarious bracts.
Flowers. bractless, or, if
bracted, the bracts not
scarious.
Flowers perfect or dioecious.
Pistils more than one.
vil
ACERACEAE, 235,
OLEACEAE, 287.
Rhamnus, 236.
FAGACEAE, 121.
SALICACEAE, 112.
BETULACEAE, 119.
MyRIcAcEAgE, 118.
URTICACEAE, 122.
CALLITRICHACEAE, 231.
EUPHORBIACEAE, 230.
Glaux, 285.
NYCTAGINACEAE, 135.
Isnardia, 247.
Chrysosplenium, 193.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141.
HALORAGIDACEAE, 253.
CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 151.
EUPHORBIACEAE, 230.
AMARANTHACEAE, 134.
CHENOPODIACEAE, 132.
Viil
Stamens perigynous.
Stamens hypogynous.
Pistil one.
Anthers opening by uplifted
valves.
Anthers not opening by up-
lifted valves.
Ovary more than 1-celled.
Ovary 2-celled.
Ovary more than 2-
celled.
Ovary 6-celled.
Ovary 3-5-celled.
Ovary 1-celled.
Ovary partly inferior.
Flowers on a scape.
Flowers on a leafy
stem.
Ovary superior.
Fruit an akene.
Akene enclosed
in the re-
ceptacle.
Akene not en-
closed in the
receptacle.
Fruit not an akene.
Fruit a utricle.
Fruit a capsule.
Stamens 8.
Stamens 5.
B. Petals Present.
1. Stamens numerous, at least more than ten
sepals or calyx-lobes.
Calyx free and separate from the ovary.
Pistils more than one.
Ovaries cohering in a ring around a central
axis.
Ovaries separate, or, if united, not cohering
in a ring around a central axis.
Stamens perigynous.
Stamens hypogynous.
Aquatic plants; leaves not dissected.
Terrestrial plants, or, if aquatic, the
submersed leaves dissected.
Pistil one, with one to several styles and stig-
mas.
Leaves minutely punctate with pellucid
dots.
Leaves not punctate with pellucid dots.
Ovary simple.
Stamens hypogynous.
Stamens perigynous.
Ovary compound.
EY TO THE FAMILIES.
ROSACEAE, 197.
RANUNCULACEAE, 151.
Achlys, 164.
CRUCIFERAE, 166.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 124.
AIZOACEAE, -136.
Heuchera, 196.
SANTALACEAE, 124.
ROSACEAE, 197.
POLYGONACEAE, 125.
CHENOPODIACEAE, 132.
Chrysosplenium, 193.
Claytonia, 139.
and more than twice the
MALVACEAE, 238.
RosackEAk, 197.
NYMPHAEACEAE, 150.
RANUNCULACEAE, 151.
HYPERICACEAE, 239.
RANUNCULACEAE, 151.
ROSACEAE, 197.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Ovary 1-celled with a central pla-
centa.
Ovary several-celled.
Ovary 5-celled.
Ovary 10-20-celled.
Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the
compound ovary.
Ovary more than 1-celled.
Leaves alternate, with stipules.
Leaves opposite, without stipules.
Ovary 1-celled.
Placenta basal; plants leafy.
Placenta parietal; plants leafless or with
minute leaves.
PORTULACACEAE, 136.
OXALIDACEAR, 229,
NYMPHAEACEAE, 150.
ROSACEAE, 197.
Philadelphus, 188.
PORTULACACEAE, 136.
CACTACEAE, 244.
2. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals.
Stamens opposite the petals.
Ovary 2—4-celled.
Ovary 1-celled.
Anthers opening by uplifted valves.
Anthers not opening by uplifted valves.
Stamens not opposite the petals.
Ovary at least half inferior.
Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell
of the ovary.
Ovules and seeds but one in each cell of the
ovary.
Petals 5.
Trees or shrubs; flowers in corymbs.
Herbs; flowers in umbels or heads,
Petals 2 or 4.
Stamens 4; fruit a drupe.
Stamens 2 or 8; fruit indehiscent and
nut- or bur-like.
Style 1; stigma 2—4-lobed.
Styles or sessile stigmas 4.
Ovary wholly superior.
Ovaries two or more.
Ovaries somewhat united at the base,
separate above.
Trees.
Herbs.
Ovaries entirely separate.
Stamens hypogynous.
Carpels numerous.
Carpels 4 or 5.
Stamens perigynous or epipetalous.
Stamens just twice as many as the
pistils.
Stamens not just twice as many
as the pistils.
Leaves without stipules.
Leaves with stipules.
Ovary only one.
Ovary 3-5-lobed and beaked with a
united style.
RHAMNACEAR, 236.
BERBERIDACEAE, 163.
PORTULACACEAE, 136.
ONAGRACEAE, 246.
Crataegus, 200.
UMBELLIFERAE, 255.
CORNACEAE, 268.
ONAGRACEAE, 246.
HALORAGIDACEAE, 253.
ACERACEAE, 235.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.
RANUNCULACEAE, 151.
CRASSULACEAE, 182.
CRASSULACEAE, 182.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.
ROSACEAE, 197.
ix
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Carpels 5; stipules present.
Carpels 2-4; stipules none.
Ovary neither lobed nor beaked.
Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta.
Ovary compound, as shown by the
number of cells, placentae,
styles or stigmas.
Ovary 1-celled.
Corolla irregular.
Stamens 6; petals 4.
Stamens and petals 5.
Corolla regular or nearly so.
Ovule 1.
Shrubs or trees.
Herbs.
Ovules more than 1.
Placenta central
basal.
Placentae parietal.
Leaves punctate
with pellucid dots.
Leaves not punc-
tate.
Plants not green,
parasitic or
saprophytic.
Plants green,
neither
parasitic
nor sapro-
phytic.
Leaves with
bristly
glandular
hairs,
forming in-
sect traps.
Leaves with-
out bristly
glandular
hairs.
Ovary 2-several-celled.
Stamens neither just as many
nor twice as many as the
petals.
Trees or shrubs.
Stamens 2.
Stamens more than 2.
Herbs.
Stamens 6, tetradyna-
mous.
Stamens 5, regular.
Stamens either just as many
or twice as many as the
petals.
Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell
of the ovary.
or
GERANIACEAE, 228.
LIMNANTHACEAE, 232.
LEGUMINOSAE, 212.
PAPAVERACEAE, 164.
VIOLACEAE, 241.
ANACARDIACEAE, 233.
CRUCIFERAE, 166.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141.
HYPERICACEAE, 239.
PYROLACEAE, 270.
DROSERACEAE, 182.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.
OLEACEAE, 287.
ACERACEAE, 235.
CRUCIFERAE, 166.
BALSAMINACEAE, 236.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES. x1
Herbs.
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves pinnately-
veined; shrubs.
Leaves palmately-
veined; trees.
Ovules several-many in
each cell of the ovary.
Leaves opposite, with
stipules.
Leaves, when opposite,
without stipules.
Stamensonthecalyx.
Style 1.
Styles 2 or 3.
Stamens free from
the calyx.
Style 1.
Herbs.
Shrubs.
Styles 2-5.
Stamens and
calyx uni-
ted to the
ovary.
Stamens and
calyx
free
from
the
ovary.
Leaves
trifolio-
late.
Leaves
simple.
GERANIACEAE, 228.
CELASTRACEAE, 234.
ACERACEAE, 235.
ELATINACEAE, 241.
LYTHRACEAE, 245.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.
PYROLACEAE, 270.
ERICACEAE, 275.
ARALIACEAE, 254.
OXALIDACEAE, 229.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141.
II. Perats More or Less UNITED INTO ONE PIECE.
Stamens more numerous than the corolla-lobes.
Ovary 1-celled.
White or reddish chlorophyll-less parasitic
or saprophytic herbs.
Green chlorophyll-bearing herbs, not para-
sitic nor saprophytic.
Ovary with 1 parietal placenta.
Ovary with 2 parietal placentae.
Ovary 3—many-celled.
Stamens united with the base of the corolla.
Stamens free from the corolla.
Chlorophyll-less parasitic or saprophytic
herbs.
Chlorophyll-bearing herbs, not parasitic
nor saprophytic.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes or fewer.
Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes.
Style 1; fruit a several to many-seeded
capsule.
Styles 5; fruit a 1-seeded utricle.
PYROLACEAE, 270.
LEGUMINOSAE, 212.
PAPAVERACEAE, 1064.
MALVACEAE, 238.
PYROLACEAE, 270.
ERICACEAE, 275.
PRIMULACEAE, 283.
PLUMBAGINACEAE, 286.
Xli KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes or
fewer.
Ovary inferior.
Tendril-bearing herbs.
Tendrils none.
Flowers in an involucrate head on a
common receptacle.
Anthers united into a ring or
tube (syngenesious).
Anthers not united.
Flowers not in an involucrate head
nor on a common receptacle.
Stamens on the ovary.
Stamens on the corolla.
Stamens 1-3.
Stamens 4 or 5.
Leaves opposite or whorled,
when opposite with stip-
ules.
Leaves opposite, without
stipules.
Ovary superior.
Corolla more or less irregular.
Ovules solitary in the cells of the
ovary.
Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising
from between the lobes.
Ovary not lobed, the style rising
from its apex.
Ovules 2 or more, usually numerous,
in each cell.
Ovary and pod 2-celled.
Ovary and pod 1-celled.
Chlorophyll-less terrestrial
herbs.
Chlorophyll-bearing aquatic
herbs.
Corolla regular.
Stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes.
Trees or shrubs.
Herbs.
Corolla scarious.
Corolla not scarious.
Style 2-lobed.
Style simple.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes.
Ovaries 2, separate.
Ovary 1.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed around
the style.
Leaves alternate.
Leaves opposite.
Ovary not deeply lobed.
Ovary 1-celled.
Leaves entire, opposite.
Leaves alternate or
basal, rarely en-
tire.
CUCURBITACEAE, 341.
Compositak, 345.
DIPSACACEAE, 341.
CAMPANULACEAE, 342.
VALERIANACEAE, 339,
RUBIACEAE, 334.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 336.
LABIATAE, 306.
VERBENACEAE, 305.
SCROPHULARIACEAE, 315.
OROBANCHACEAE, 330.
LENTIBULARIACEAE, 332.
OLEACEAE, 287.
PLANTAGINACEAE, 333.
Lycopus, 307.
Veronica, 322.
APOCYNACEAE, 290.
BORAGINACEAE, 299.
Mentha, 308.
GENTIANACEAE, 287.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
Corolla conspicu-
ously bearded on
the upper sur-
face.
Corolla not conspic-
uously bearded.
Ovary 2 or more celled.
Stamens free from the
corolla.
Stamens on the corolla-
tube.
Stamens 4.
Stamens 5.
Fruit a many-
seeded pod or
berry.
Fruit a _ few-
seeded pod.
Style 3-lobed.
undi-
vided
or 2-
cleft.
Whitish
or yel-
low
chloro-
phyll-
less
plants.
Green
plants.
Style
Xiil
MENYANTHACEAE, 289,
HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 297.
ERICACEAE, 275.
PLANTAGINACEAE, 333.
SOLANACEAE, 314.
POLEMONIACESE, 292.
CUSCUTACEAE, 291.
CONVOLVULACEAE, 290.
FLORA OF THE NORTHWEST COAST
PHYLUM I. PTERIDOPHYTA. FERN PLANTs.
Plant containing woody tissue and vessels in the stem
and producing spores asexually which, on germination,
develop very small structures called prothallia, on which
are borne the sexual reproductive organs from which the
asexual plant is developed. The sexual plant is rarely
collected, and the classification is based mainly on the
characters of the asexual plant.
Class I. FILICINEAE.
Plant highly organized, vascular, with green usually
large leaves; spores borne within the tissue of, or in modi-
fied hairs on, modified or unmodified foliage leaves; stem
solid, underground (in ours).
Family 1. POLYPODIACEAE. FERN Famity.
Sporangia stalked, surrounded by a more or less complete
vertical annulus and bursting transversely; fruit dots on the
backs or the margins of the leaves, with or without indusia.
Indusium none.
Fruit dots usually linear, obscured by a powder
on the under surface of the leaf.
Fruit dots roundish, not obscured by a powder.
Leaves entire or simply pinnate.
Leaves bipinnatifid or ternate.
Indusium present.
Fruit dots with marginal false indusia formed of
the more or less altered edge of the leaf.
Sporangia on a marginal vein which connects
the ends of the lateral veins. 4. PTERIDIUM, 4.
Sporangia at or near the ends of unconnected
veins.
False indusium continuous. 5. CRYPTOGRAMMA, 4.
False indusium not continuous.
Fruit dots large, on a reflexed portion
of the margin of the leaf. 6. ADIANTUM, 4.
Fruit dots minute, finally running
together and covering the _leaf-
I
_
CEROPTERIS, 2.
. POLYPODIUM, 2.
. PHEGOPTERIS, 3.
Who
N
iS)
POLY PODIACEAE.
segments which are small and bead-
like (in ours). 7. CHEILANTHES, 5.
Fruit dots on the lower surface or margin of the
leaf, each with a special indusium.
Fruit dots linear or oblong; indusium more
than twice as long as broad.
Fruit dots all parallel with the midribs.
Veins free. 8. STRUTHIOPTERIS, 5.
Veins forming a network. 9. WoopwarpDIiA, 5.
Fruit dots all oblique to the midribs.
Fruit dots straight, on the upper side
of the veins. 10. ASPLENIUM, 6.
Fruit dots curved, often crossing the
vein. 11. ATHYRIUM, 6.
Fruit dots roundish; indusium less than twice
as long as broad.
Indusium conspicuous, centrally attached.
Indusium rotund and attached at its
center. 12. POLYSTICHUM, 6.
Indusium heart-shaped and attached
at the middle of the sinus. 13. DRYOPTERIS, 7.
Indusium inconspicuous, not attached at
the center.
Indusium hood-like or arched, attached
by a broad base on the inner side
partly under the fruit-dot, early
withering. 14. FILrx, 8.
Indusium rotund or star-shaped, at-
tached under the fruit-dot. 15. Woopsta, 8.
1. CEROPTERIS.
Fruit-dots oblong or linear, following the course of the vein-
lets, and like them simple, forked, pinnate or variously anasto-
mosing, obscured by a yellowish or white powder on the back of
the leaf (in ours); indusia wanting.
Ceropteris triangularis (Kaulf.) Underw. (Gymnogramme triangularis
Kaulf.) Gold-back Fern. Stalks tufted, slender, dark brown, shiny, 15-30 cm.
long; blades triangular or pentagonal, 5-12 cm. broad and long, pinnate;
,ower divisions largest, bipinnatifid, the others pinnately lobed; under surface
of the leaf covered with a yellow powder.
Crevices of rocks, mostly near the sea coast. Vancouver Island to Cali-
fornia and Arizona. Nanaimo, Mount Finlayson, Victoria, San Juan Island,
Port Angeles, Eatonville. More common on the Oregon coast.
2. POLYPODIUM.
Fruit dots round, without indusia, on the back of the leaf,
in one or more rows on each side of the midrib, or irregularly
scattered; petioles jointed to the root-stock.
Leaves leathery; veins more or less netted. P. scoulert.
Leaves membranous; veins free.
Leaflets attenuate, acute or acuminate. P. occidentale.
Leaflets short, obtuse. P. hesperium.
POLY PODIACEAE. 3
Polypodium scouleri Hook. & Grev. Leather-leaf Polypody. Rootstock
stout, scaly, not licorice-flavored; leaves large, fleshy, 6-30 cm. long, 5-15 cm.
wide; divisions obtuse, the lower ones largest.
On trees and rocks along the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to California.
Polypodium occidentale (Hook.) Maxon. (P. falcatum Kellogg.) Licorice-
root Fern. Leaf-stalks pale green, 10-20 cm. long; blades thin, 20-40 cm.
long, 8-12 cm. wide, divided to the midrib; divisions lanceolate, broadest at
the base, sharply serrate, attenuate-acuminate; veins mostly 4-branched.
Common in moss on rocks, logs and trees, Alaska to California. The
rootstocks taste much like licorice, and are eaten by children. Occasionally
the divisions of the leaf are deeply cleft.
Polypodium hesperium Maxon. Leaves small, 5-15 cm. long, including
the stalk; divisions few, short and obtuse.
In crevices of rocks, especially in the mountains. British Columbia to
Montana and Arizona. The rootstocks taste like licorice.
3. PHEGOPTERIS. Berecu FERN.
Medium sized or small ferns; leaves twice to thrice pinnate or
ternate; leaf-stalk continuous with the rootstock; fruit dots
small, round, without an indusium, borne on the backs of the
veins below or near their ends; veins free or reticulate.
United by some botanists with Dryopteris
Plant densely tufted; leaves oblong-lanceolate, tripinnatifid. P. alpestris.
Plant spreading by rootstocks; leaves triangular.
Leaves bipinnatifid; rachis winged. P. phegopteris.
Leaves ternate, the stalked divisions pinnate or bipinnate;
rachis wingless. P. dryopterts.
Phegopteris alpestris (Hoppe) Mett. In crown-like tufts; rootstock
short, stout; leaf-stalks 10-25 cm. long, bearing a few brown scales; blades
oblong-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, tripinnatifid; ultimate divisions ovate-
lanceolate, doubly incised and toothed.
Common in rock talus in the mountains at 1500-2000 m. elevation. British
Columbia to Montana and California. Eurasia.
Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) Keyserling. Rootstocks creeping; leaf-stalks
15-20 cm. long; blades triangular, longer than broad, 10-20 cm. long, pubes-
cent on the veins beneath; divisions lanceolate, pinnately parted into many
oblong obtuse lobes or segments.
Alaska to Greenland, south to Washington, Iowa and Virginia. Rare in
our limits. Monte Cristo, Misses Coffin & Goodspeed. Gorge of the
Columbia River, Skamania County, Suksdorf.
Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee. Rootstock slender, horizontally creeping;
petioles 15-25 cm. tall, pale straw-colored, shiny, bearing a few brownish
scales toward the base; blades broadly triangular in outline, 10-20 cm. wide,
ternate, the lateral primary divisions bipinnate, the terminal usually tripinnate,
all naked at the base; pinnae oblong, 2—5 cm. long, gl ibrous, pinnately-cleft
or divided into 15-25 obtuse lobes; fruit dots near the margin, on the ends of
free veins.
In woods, especially at 400-1000 m. elevation, but occasionally near sea
level. Alaska to Oregon; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.
+ POLY PODIACEAE.
4. PTERIDIUM.
Large, mostly coarse ferns, with variously divided leaves;
fruit dots marginal, linear, continuous on a slender thread-like
receptacle which connects the tips of free veins; false indusium
membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf.
Pteridium aquilinum pubescens Underw. Bracken or Brake. Root-
stock stout, black, subterranean, horizontally-creeping; petioles 30-120 cm.
high, erect, pale-green or straw-colored; leaf-blades 60-120 cm. long, 30-90 cm.
wide, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, ternate, the three branches each
bipinnate; ultimate segments oblong, acutish, mostly entire, the uppermost
coalescent, the lower more or less lobed. ;
Common and difficult to eradicate from newly tilled land. In rich woods
this fern is sometimes eight feet tall. British Columbia to California and
Arizona.
5. CRYPTOGRAMMA.
Spore-cases on the back of the free forking veins, forming
oblong or roundish fruit-dots, which at length run together
and cover the backs of the smallest subdivisions of the leaf;
indusium continuous, formed of the membranous somewhat
altered margin of the leaf, at first reflexed along the two sides
and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat.
Margins of the fertile leaflets scarious, forming a false indus-
ium; ultimate segments of the sterile leaves linear-lanceo-
late, acute. : : C. densa.
Margins of fertile leaflets not scarious; ultimate segments of
the sterile leaves ovate, obtuse. C. acrostichoides.
Cryptogramma densa (Brack.) Diels. (Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook.)
Densely tufted, 10-20 cm. high; petioles dark brown, longer than the blades;
blades 3-6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, tripinnate; leaflets crowded, linear-
lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long, mucronate, entire on the fertile leaves, serrate on
the sterile ones.
In rock crevices in the mountains, British Columbia to Montana and
California. Rare in our limits, Olympic Mountains, Clallam County, Wash-
ington, Elmer; Mt. Finlayson, British Columbia, Macoun.
Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. Stalks tufted, straw-colored; blades
of two sorts, the outer sterile ones on shorter stalks, the ovate or obovate
ultimate segments crenate or incised; the inner fertile ones long-stalked, the
ultimate segments elliptic or oblong, pod-like.
Common among boulders at low elevations in the mountains, Alaska to
Lake Superior, Colorado and California. First collected by Menzies at
Nootka Sound.
6. ADIANTUM. Marpen Harr FERN.
Fruit-dots marginal, short, covered by the reflexed portion
of the more or less altered margin of the leaf which bears spore-
cases on its under side from the tips of the free forking veins.
Adiantum pedatum aleuticum Rupr. Mazdenhair. Leafstalks dark
brown or black, polished, 30-40 cm. high; blades nearly circular, the principal
POLY PODIACEAE. 5
divisions 10-25 cm. long; ultimate divisions numerous, oblong or ovate,
obtuse, lobed on the outer margin.
Wet banks and woods, not uncommon. Alaska to California.
7. CHEILANTHES.
Mostly pubescent or tomentose rock-loving and small ferns
with much divided leaves; fruit dots on or near the ends of the
veins, at first small and distinct, afterwards crowded; sporangia
often concealed in the scales or hairs which in many species
cover the segments.
The species occurring within our limits has the ultimate
segments of the leaflets very small and circular in form and the
false indusia formed by the incurving of the whole of the leaf
margin.
Cheilanthes gracillima D.C. Eaton. Lace Fern. Petioles densely tufted,
shining brown, 4-8 cm. high, bearing a few scattered lanceolate scales; blades
2-8 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate; leaflets numerous, crowded, pin-
nately divided into 5—9 oval mostly entire segments, glabrate above, pubescent
beneath with rusty matted woo.
Common in rock crevices in the mountains at 1000-1500 m. altitude.
British Columbia to Idaho and California. Common in the Olympic Moun-
tains and on Vancouver Island.
8. STRUTHIOPTERIS.
Fruit-dots in a continuous band next the midrib of the con-
tracted ultimate segments of the spore-bearing leaf, covered
until mature by an elongated indusium parallel to and within
the margin; veins of the sterile leaf segments oblique to the midrib,
simple or forked and free; leaves pinnate, of two kinds, the spore-
bearing commonly much contracted.
Struthioperis spicant (L.) Weiss. Deer Fern. Tufted; sterile leaves
short-stalked, linear-lanceolate in outline, 15-60 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide, the
numerous segments oblong and obtuse; fertile leaves taller, longer-stalked and
more erect, the segments longer, narrower and less crowded. _
In wet places in woods, Alaska to California. Also in the Old World.
9. WOODWARDIA.
Fruit dots oblong or linear, sunk in cavities in the leaf, ar-
ranged in a chain-like row parallel and near to the midribs of
the leaf-segments; indusium fixed by its outer margin to a vein
and covering the cavity like a lid; veins more or less in a network.
Woodwardia spinulosa Mart. & Gal. Rootstock stout, covered with
pale-brown scales; leaves in a round cluster, long-stalked, ovate-oblong, pinnate,
leathery, 1-2 m. long; principal divisions lanceolate, 10-40 cm. long, deeply
pinnatifid, the lobes spinulose-serrate, acuminate.
In woods, British Columbia to Mexico. Near Tacoma, Flett; Texada
Island, Anderson. More common southward.
6 POLY PODIACEAE.
10. ASPLENIUM. SpLEENWORT.
Fruit dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; indusium straight,
attached to the upper side of the vein; veins free.
Rachis of the leaf brown; leaflets oval, slightly crenate. A. trichomanes.
Rachis of the leaf green; leaflets ovate, deeply crenate. A. viride.
Asplenium trichomanes L. Common Spleenwort. Leaf-stalks tufted,
dark-brown, shiny; blades simply pinnate, linear in outline, 6-20 cm. long;
leaflets oval or oblong, unsymmetrical, obscurely crenate, 15-30 pairs, firm
and evergreen, with a brown rachis.
Mossy rocks, rare in our limits. Alaska to Arizona. Widely distributed
in the Northern Hemisphere.
Asplenium viride Huds. Much like A. trichomanes, but the thinner
paler leaflets deeply crenate and the rachis of the leaf green.
Mount Baker, Washington, Flett; Ucluelet, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, Macoun. )
ERICACEAE.
Flowers white, umbelled; leaves
evergreen. 382. LEpuM, 280.
Flowers coppery, solitary; leaves
deciduous. 383. CLADOTHAMNUS, 281.
Petals united.
Bracts firm, persistent; leaf-buds
not scaly.
Leaves heath-like; corolla
without pouches. 384. PHYLLODOCE, 281
Leaves lanceolate; corolla with
10 pouches which hold the
anthers. 385. KALMIA, 282:
Bracts thin, deciduous; leaf-buds
scaly.
Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed. 386. RHODODENDRON, 282.
Corolla globose, 4-toothed. 387. MENZIESIA, 282.
375. VACCINIUM. MHvucKLEBERRY.
Branching shrubs with alternate leaves sometimes coriaceous;
flowers small, solitary or in racemes or clusters; corolla various in
shape, epigynous, 4- or 5-cleft; stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes
2-awned on the back; fruit a 4- or 5-celled or sometimes 8—10-
celled berry; seeds numerous.
Leaves evergreen; filaments hairy. V. ovatum.
Leaves deciduous; filaments glabrous.
Flowers in clusters of 2-4; corolla mostly 4-lobed;
calyx deeply 4- or 5-parted.
Leaves thick, prominently veiny, obtuse or retuse. V. uliginosum.
Leaves thinner, obscurely veiny, obtuse or acute. V. occidentale.
Flowers solitary; corollas mostly 5-lobed; calyx ob-
scurely lobed.
Tall shrubs, 1-3 m. high.
Leaves serrate; berries blackish without bloom. V. macrophyllum.
Leaves entire.
Berries blue with a bloom. V. ovalifolium.
Berries red. V. parvifolium.
Low shrubs, less than one-half m. high.
Branches sharply angled; berries red or wine-
colored. V. scoparium.
Branches terete; berries blue with a bloom.
Leaves rather thin, bright green on both
sides; corolla ovate or oblong. V. caespitosum.
Leaves thicker, pale and glaucescent; cor-
olla globose. V. deliciosum.
Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. Evergreen; stems much branched, 1-1.5 m.
high, very leafy; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat revolute, acute,
serrate, short-petioled, dark green, shiny above, 1—2.5 cm. long; flowers in
short crowded axillary racemes; corolla pink, 4 mm. long; berries black, with
or without a bloom.
Common in open woods, the berries much gathered by the Indians. First
found by Lewis at the mouth of the Columbia River.
Vaccinium uliginosum L. Stems 15-60 cm. high, branched and spreading;
leaves oblong to obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, dull, pale and slightly
ERICACEAE. 277
pubescent beneath, 1-2 cm. long; flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2-3, nearly
sessile; corolla urceolate; berries black with a bloom, sweet.
Rare in our limits; Mount Constitution, Henderson; Vancouver Island,
Macoun.
Vaccinium occidentale Gray. Stems about 30 cm. high; leaves oval to
obovate and oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, entire, pale, 1-2 cm. long; flowers
mostly solitary; corolla oblong-ovoid, 3-4 mm. long; berry black with a bloom.
In wet places, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, and through
the Cascade Mountains mostly on the eastern side southward to California.
Vaccinium macrophyllum (Hook.) Piper. Huckleberry. Shrub, 1-2 m.,
high, glabrous throughout or nearly so; leaves oval or ovate, acute, rarely
obtuse, cuneate at base, finely serrate, paler beneath, 1-4 cm. long, short-
petioled; pedicels slender; calyx-limb entire; corolla nearly globose, yellowish,
4—5 mm. long; fruiting pedicels erect; fruit without a bloom, dark wine-colored
or nearly black.
In forests in the mountains at 1000-1200 m. altitude. The excellent fruit
is gathered in large quantities.
Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Stems 2-3 m. high, with somewhat angled
branchlets; leaves oval to oblong, obtuse, minutely serrulate to nearly entire,
thin, glabrous, pale beneath, 2-5 cm. long; flowers solitary, axillary, the pedicels
recurved; corolla urceolate, pinkish; berries globose, black with a bloom,
acidulous.
Common in deep woods at low altitudes in the mountains, rarely found -
at sea-level.
Vaccinium parvifolium Smith. Stems 1-2 m. tall, with green sharp-angled
branchlets; leaves oblong to oval, obtuse, nearly entire, 6-20 mm. long;
flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels recurved; corolla globose, pink-tinged,
10-12 mm. long; berries clear red, acid and agreeable.
In woods, very common. The leaves of young plants are evergreen.
Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg. Low bushy glabrous shrub, 15-40 cm.
high, with numerous erect branches, green, all sharply angled; leaves very
small, oval to ovate, serrate, bright green; corolla ovoid, 2 mm. long; berries
light red, 2-4 mm. in diameter.
In the mountains at 1500-2000 m. altitude.
Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Low bushy shrub, 10-30 cm. high,
glabrous or minutely puberulent; leaves obovate, obtuse or acute, crenulate-
serrulate, cuneate at base, very short-petioled, 1-2 cm. long; flowers solitary
in the axils, longer than the drooping pedicels; calyx-lobes very short; corolla
pink, ovoid, 5-6 mm. long; berry blue, with a bloom, sweet, 3-5 mm. in di-
ameter.
In moist ground, not common in our limits.
Vaccinium deliciosum Piper. Much branched, 10-30 cm. high, the branches
terete; leaves pale green, glaucescent, glabrous, obovate to elliptic, acute,
crenulate-serrulate, cuneate at base, 2—3 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils,
nodding; corollas pinkish, subglobose, 5 mm. long; berries globose, black with
a bloom, sweet.
Abundant in alpine meadows at about the limit of trees in the Cascade and
Olympic Mountains.
376. OXYCOCCUS. CRANBERRY.
Trailing woody vines (in ours) with alternate leaves; flowers
solitary or few, axillary or terminal, nodding on slender pedicels;
278 ERICACEAE.
calyx adherent to the ovary, 4—5-cleft; corolla deeply 4-cleft, with
spreading lobes; stamens 8 or 10; filaments separate; anthers
connivent; ovary 4-celled; fruit an oblong or globose many-seeded
4-celled juicy red berry.
Oxycoccus oxycoccus intermedius (Gray) Piper. Glabrous; stems slender,
creeping, 15-40 cm. long; leaves oblong to ovate, acute or obtuse, dark green
and shiny above, pale beneath, 6-15 mm. long; pedicels slender, erect, 2-10
together, each bearing a nodding flower; corolla pale rose color, 4- parted, the
segments 6-8 mm. long; berry dark red, globose.
Common in sphagnum bogs.
377. GAULTHERIA.
Shrubs or low and almost herbaceous plants with alternate
broad evergreen leaves, shining above; flowers axillary, white or
rose-colored, nodding; calyx 5-cleft; corolla urn-shaped to cam-
panulate; stamens 10, on the base of the corolla; stigma truncate
or obtuse, entire; ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed; fruit berry-like, formed
of the fleshy calyx enclosing the capsule.
Corolla urceolate; filaments hairy; shrub 0.5—2 m. high. G. shallon.
* Corolla campanulate; filaments glabrous; shrub 5—20 cm. high.
Leaves ovate or subcordate, 2—4 cm. long. G. ovatifolia.
Leaves oval, about 1 cm. long. G. humifusa.
Gaultheria shallon Pursh. Salal. Shrub; stems .5—2 m. high, crooked,
often somewhat decumbent; leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or subcordate at
base, acuminate, serrulate, 3-10 cm. long; inflorescence glandular-pubescent;
racemes many-flowered, 1-sided, axillary and terminal; corolla white, ovoid,
6-10 mm. long; fruit black or dark-purple, very variable in size, shape and
amount of glandular pubescence.
A very characteristic shrub of the Douglas spruce forests. Berries edible.
First collected by Captain Meriwether Lewis at the mouth of the Columbia
River.
Gaultheria ovatifolia Gray. Stems procumbent with erect or somewhat as-
cending branches, 10-15 cm. high, sparsely pubescent; leaves ovate, acute,
serrulate, 2-4 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils; corolla white, campanulate,
5-lobed; fruit scarlet, globose.
In open forests in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains at about 1200 m.
altitude. Fruit very spicy and delicious.
Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. Stems spreading on the ground
in tufts, the flowering branches 2—10 cm. long; leaves oval to orbicular, serru-
late, 1-2 cm. long; flowers solitary in the axils; corolla white, campanulate,
5-lobed; berry globose, scarlet, spicy-flavored.
In the Cascade and Olympic Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
378. ARBUTUS.
Trees or shrubs with evergreen leathery alternate petiolate
leaves; flowers small, white or flesh-colored, in a terminal cluster
of racemes or panicles, with scaly bracts and bractlets; calyx
small, 5-parted; corolla globular or ovoid; style long; stigma
obtuse; ovary on a hypogynous disk; ovules crowded on a fleshy
placenta in the inner angle of each cell.
ERICACEAE, 279
Arbutus menziesii Pursh. Madrofia. Evergreen tree, 10-30 m. high,
20-80 cm. in diameter; bark dark red, smooth, exfoliating each year, or on
the oldest trunks becoming thicker, roughened and scaly; leaves oval, entire
or on young shoots serrulate, obtuse, coriaceous, petioled, 6-12 cm. long,
shiny above; inflorescence a panicle, its branches pubescent; calyx-lobes ovate;
corolla white, 6-10 mm. long; berries globose, bright orange-red, maturing
in autumn, scarcely edible.
British Columbia to California. _Northward it occurs mainly on bluffs along
lake or sea shores.
379. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Manzanita.
Low shrubs; leaves alternate, coriaceous, persistent, entire or
with a few irregular teeth; flowers small, nodding, pink or white,
in terminal racemes or clusters; calyx free from the ovary;
corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with 5 short teeth; stamens 10;
anthers with two reflexed awns on the back; drupe berry-like
with 5-10 seed-like nutlets.
Erect shrubs 1-2 m. high. A, columbiana.
Prostrate creeping shrubs.
Leaves retuse at apex. A, uva-ursi.
Leaves cuspidate at apex. A. nevadensis.
Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper n. sp. A much-branched shrub, 1-3 m.
high, the young twigs densely pubescent and setose with white hairs; leaves
pale-green, oblong to oblong-ovate, cuspidately acute, 2-6 cm. long, densely
tomentulose on both surfaces but becoming glabrous above in age; petioles
short, tomentose and somewhat setose; bracts lanceolate, tomentulose, sparsely
setose-ciliate; racemes clustered; corolla white, ovoid; ovary tomentose; fruit
depressed-globose, red-cheeked.
This is the common northern manzanita that has usually been referred to
A. tomentosa Lindl. but the type specimens of that species are, according to
Miss Alice Eastwood, from Monterey Bay, California, and are identical with
A.vestita Eastwood. )
338 CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
470. LINNAEA. TwIN-FLOWER.
Creeping and trailing small evergreen herbs; leaves ovate or
orbicular, opposite, petioled; flowers in pairs, on the summit of
elongated terminal peduncles; calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, decidu-
ous; corolla funnelform, almost equally 5-lobed, purple and whit-
ish, hairy inside; stamens 4, two shorter, all included and inserted
near the base of the corolla; ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled,
but one seed ripening, the other ovules abortive.
Linnaea borealis longiflora Torr. Twin-flower. Stem perennial, trailing,
slender, pubescent, 30-100 cm. long; leaves obovate or orbicular, obtuse,
crenate above the middle, mostly cuneate at base, sparingly pubescent, 10-25
mm. long, short-petioled; flowering branches erect, 8-10 cm. high, leafy below,
forked above into two, very rarely more, glandular pedicels, each bearing a
single nodding flower; calyx-lobes lanceolate, about twice as long as the very
glandular tube; corolla pink, hairy inside, 1-1.5 cm. long.
In woods, very common.
471. SYMPHORICARPOS. SNOWBERRY.
Low and branching shrubs; leaves oval or oblong, short-
petioled, entire or wavy-margined; flowers 2-bracteolate, in axil-
lary and terminal spikes or clusters, rarely solitary; calyx-teeth
5 or 4, short, persistent; corolla regular or nearly so, bell-shaped
to salverform, white or pink, 5- or 4-lobed; stamens as many as
the corolla-lobes, epipetalous; ovary 4-celled, two of these being
1-ovuled and fertile, the two alternate several-ovuled and sterile;
fruit globular and berry-like, containing 2 bony seed-like nutlets.
Erect shrub; leaves glabrous. S. albus.
Trailing shrub; leaves pubescent. S. mollis.
Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake. (S. racemosus Michx.) Erect much
branched shrub, 30-90 cm. high; leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, rounded
or cuneate at base, entire or on vigorous shoots sinuately-toothed or lobed,
pubescent beneath, short-petioled, 1-4 cm. long; flowers in terminal and _ axil-
lary racemes; corolla pink, campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, villous on the lobes
within, these obtuse, shorter than the tube; stamens and style included;
berries white.
Common in open woods.
Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. Whole plant covered with a short dense
pubescence; stems weak, reclining, 30-120 cm. long; leaves oblong to oval,
1-2 cm. long, entire or on vigorous shoots deeply and sinuately lobed, acute
or obtuse; flowers in clusters of 1-6; corolla pink, campanulate, 4 mm. long,
slightly villous within, the lobes obtuse, as long as the tube; stamens and
style included; berries white.
In dry open woods.
472. LONICERA. HONEYSUCKLE.
Erect or climbing shrubs; leaves opposite, mostly entire;
flowers in spikes or pairs; calyx minutely 5-toothed; corolla
tubular or funnelform, often gibbous at the base, more or less
CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 339
irregularly 5-lobed, commonly 2-lipped; stamens 5, epipetalous;
ovary 2- or 3-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell; berry
several-seeded.
Climbing shrubs; flowers in terminal clusters; upper leaves
connate-perfoliate.
Flowers orange; stamens and style little exserted. L. ciliosa.
Flowers pink; stamens and style long-exserted. L. hispidula.
Erect shrubs; flowers on axillary peduncles in pairs; upper
leaves not connate.
Bracts large, foliaceous; flowers yellow; fruit black. L. involucrata,
Bracts small and narrow; flowers whitish; fruit red. L. utahensis.
Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. Stems slender, twining to a height of
3-7 m.; young parts glaucous; leaves oval, obtuse, glaucous beneath, ciliate,
2-6 cm. long, short-petioled; uppermost pairs on the flowering branches con-
nate into oval or orbicular disks; peduncles terminal, rarely in the axils of the
penultimate pair of leaves; flowers sessile, in whorls; corolla yellow or orange,
sparsely hairy; tube narrow, gibbous near the base, 2—2.5 cm. long; limb
spreading, slightly 2-lipped; berries orange-red.
In open woods, common.
Lonicera hispidula Dougl. Stems slender, twining, 2-4 m. high, the young
shoots hispid; leaves oval or ovate, often subcordate, glabrous and green above,
pale and pubescent beneath, 1-3 cm. long, the uppermost usually connate;
flower clusters often panicled; corolla reddish without, yellowish within, 15—20
mm. long, 2-lipped, the strongly gibbous tube not longer than the lips; fila-
ments exserted, hairy at base; berries red.
On banks and cliffs. Common on the bluffs along Puget Sound.
Lonicera involucrata Banks. (JL. ledebourt Esch.) Shrub, 1-3 m. tall, not
twining; leaves oblong, ovate or obovate, mostly acuminate, rounded or
cuneate at base, sparsely pubescent beneath or glabrate, 5-15 cm. long, short-
petioled; peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves; flowers yellow, a single pair
surrounded at base by an involucre of 4-6 bracts, the inner ones of which are
united at base and become purple in fruit; corolla tubular, with short lobes,
glandular-puberulent, 10-15 mm. long; berries black, not united.
Along streams and in tidal marshes, common.
Lonicera utahensis Wats. Much branched shrubs, 1-2 m. high, not
twining; leaves oblong, oval or ovate, obtuse, pubescent beneath, and some-
what ciliate, 1-5 cm. long, short-petioled; flowers white or nearly so, in a pair
at the apex of the peduncles, 1-2 cm. long, with 2 small bracts at the base of
ovary; corolla oblong-funnelform, 2 cm. long, the 5 lobes nearly equal, the
tube with a sac-like projection at base; berries red, not united.
Olympic Mountains, at about the limit of trees, Elmer, Flett. Common
in the mountains of the interior.
Family 96. VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN FAMILY.
Herbs; leaves opposite, without stipules; flowers perfect or
dioecious, in panicled or clustered cymes; calyx-tube coherent
with the ovary; corolla gamopetalous, tubular or funnelform,
often irregular, 3—5-cleft; stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than the
corolla-lobes, epipetalous; ovary inferior, with one fertile 1-ovuled
340 VALERIANACEAE.
cell and two abortive or empty ones; fruit indehiscent; endo-
sperm none.
Tall perennial herbs; calyx-limb of 5-15 plumose
slender lobes, inrolled until fruiting. 473. VALERIANA, 340.
Low annual herbs; calyx-limb obsolete or nearly so. 474. VALERIANELLA, 340.
473. VALERIANA. VALERIAN.
Tall perennial herbs, with strong-scented thickened roots;
leaves simple or pinnate; calyx-lobes of several plumose bristles
(pappus) which are rolled inward in flower but which unroll as the
fruit matures; corolla commonly gibbous near the base, 5-lobed,
nearly regular; stamens 3; abortive cell of the ovary small or
obscure, obliterated in the akene-like fruit which is therefore
1-celled.
Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Perennial from stout rootstocks, glabrous
or nearly so; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high; basal leaves simple or trifoliolate,
the blades broadly ovate to orbicular; cauline 3—5-foliolate, the leaflets sessile,
ovate to oblong, coarsely sinuate to sinuate-dentate; flowers whitish or pinkish,
in dense umbels; calyx sparsely pilose; corolla funnelform, 6-7 mm. long;
stigma entire; fruit glabrous.
Abundant in the mountains at the limit of trees. Odor strong and rather
unpleasant, especially when dry. First collected near Sitka by Mertens.
Valeriana sitchensis scouleri (Rydb.) Piper. Leaflets entire or merely
undulate; otherwise like V. sitchensts.
Rocky stream banks at low altitudes.
474. VALERIANELLA.
Low annual dichotomously branched herbs; leaves tender,
rather succulent; flowers small, bracted, whitish or pink, cymosely
clustered; calyx merely toothed or teeth obsolete; corolla funnel-
form, manifestly or obscurely 2-lipped; stamens 3, rarely 2;
fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Flowers rose-colored; fruit usually broadly winged. V. congesta.
Flowers pale or white.
Corolla spurless; fruit winged. V. anomala.
Corolla spurred; fruit wingless. V. samolifolia.
Valerianella congesta Lindl. Stems 10-40 cm. high, erect, simple or with
a few branches; leaves oblong, entire, obtuse, the cauline sessile; flowers rose-
colored, in dense cymes; corolla 2-lipped, 6-8 mm. long, spurred; fruit glabrous
or puberulent, strongly keeled on the back.
In open ground, British Columbia to California. The fruit is usually
broadly winged but in some forms the wings are narrow or even wanting.
Valerianella anomala Gray. Stems erect, 20-50 cm. high; leaves oblong,
acutish, 2-5 cm. long; flowers white, in small terminal and axillary cymes;
corolla white, funnelform, obscurely 2-lipped, three lobes larger than the other
two; spur wanting; fruit strongly keeled, 3 mm. long, the wings usually broad.
In moist open places, rare.
DIPSACACEAE. 341
Valerianella samolifolia (DC.) Gray. Stems erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves
oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, 2-5 cm. long; flowers in small cymes;
bracts entire and subulate, or the upper ones palmately 3-parted; corolla
white, obscurely 2-lipped; spur short; fruit wingless, 3-angled, 2 mm. long,
glabrous or pubescent.
In moist ground, rare, Vancouver Island to California; also in Chile.
Family 97. DIPSACACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY.
Herbs; leaves opposite or whorled, without stipules; flowers
in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre as in the Compositae;
calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; corolla epigynous, 2—5-lobed;
stamens 2-4, distinct on the corolla-tube and alternate with its
lobes; ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovule 1; fruit an akene with
persistent calyx-lobes; endosperm fleshy.
475. DIPSACUS. TEASEL.
Rough-hairy or prickly tall biennial or perennial herbs; leaves
large, opposite, the bases sometimes united into a cup; flowers
in dense terminal peduncled oblong heads; bracts of the involucre
and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny-pointed; calyx 4-
toothed or lobed; corolla oblique, 2-lipped, 3-lobed; stamens 4;
stigma oblique or lateral; akene free from or adherent to the
involucel.
Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Biennial, 1-2 m. high, the stems and midribs
armed with stout prickles; lower leaves lanceolate, obtuse, crenate, rarely
cleft at base, 15-30 cm. long; upper leaves sessile, often cuneate, acuminate,
entire; heads ovoid, becoming cylindric, 5-10 cm. long; involucre of linear
cuspidate prickly bracts, some of which are longer than the head; bracts of
the receptacle ovate, armed with long straight awns; flowers lilac.
Sparingly introduced.
Family 98. CUCURBITACEAE. Gourp FAMILy.
Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils; leaves alternate, pal-
mately lobed or veined; flowers dioecious or monoecious; calyx-
tube adhering to the ovary; stamens 5 or usually 3, then 2 with
a 2-celled and 1 with a 1-celled anther, usually united by their
anthers, sometimes also by their filaments; stigmas 2 or 3; ovary
1—3-celled; fruit a pepo, fleshy or sometimes membranaceous.
476. MICRAMPELIS.
Tall climbing annual vines nearly smooth, with forked tendrils;
leaves thin; flowers very numerous, small, greenish-white,
monoecious, the staminate in compound racemes, the pistillate in
small clusters or solitary from the same axils; petals 6, lan-
342 CUCURBITACEAE.
ceolate, united at the base and spreading; anthers more or less
united; stigma broad; ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell;
fruit fleshy, at length dry, with weak prickles, fibrous-netted
within, 2-celled, 4-seeded.
Micrampelis oregana (T. & G.) Greene. Glabrous or somewhat scab-
rous; stems climbing, 3-12 m. long; leaves reniform-cordate, 8-15 cm. broad,
deeply 5—7-lobed, the lobes triangular, acute and mucronate; staminate flowers
in slender racemes; fruit subglobose, a little longer than thick, armed with
soft green prickles, 2—4-celled; seeds orbicular, twice as broad as thick.
In rich soils, Washington to California. Root very large and fleshy,
whence known as “ Old Man Root.”
Family 99. CAMPANULACEAE. BELLFLOWER FAMILY.
Herbs with milky juice; leaves alternate, without stipules;
flowers regular, generally blue, showy, scattered; calyx adherent
to the ovary; corolla 5-lobed, bell-shaped; stamens 5, usually
free from the corolla; anthers distinct or united; style 1, the
upper portion provided with pollen-collecting hairs; stigmas 2 or
more; ovary 2—5-celled, with axile placenta; capsule 2—several-
celled, many-seeded; endosperm fleshy.
Corolla irregular; anthers united.
Flowers axillary; submersed aquatic with linear
elongate leaves. 477, HowE tt, 342.
Flowers not axillary; terrestrial or subaquatic
plants.
Tube of corolla cleft to the base on one side. 478. RApuNTIUM, 343.
Tube of the corolla very long, not cleft. 479. BoLe.ta, 343.
Corolla regular; anthers separate.
Ovary and capsule long and narrow.
Capsule opening at the top by a hole left by
the falling away of the base of the style;
flowers all alike. 480. GiTHopsis, 343.
Capsule opening on the sides by 2 or 3 little
valves which leave small round perforations;
flowers of two kinds. 481. SPECULARIA, 344.
Ovary and capsule short and broad or globular.
Calyx-lobes broad; flowers of two kinds. 482. HETEROCODON 344.
Calyx-lobes narrow; flowers all alike. 483. CAMPANULA, 344.
477. HOWELLIA.
Aquatic herbs; flowers of 2 forms, the emersed with a corolla,
the submersed with an undeveloped corolla; calyx-tube linear-
clavate, adnate for its whole length to the ovary, the limb of 5
nearly equal slender-subulate or filiform segments; corolla even
in emersed flowers not exceeding the calyx, its short tube divided
nearly to the base on one side; stamen-tube nearly free; anthers
oval, the 2 smaller each with 3 hairs, the 3 larger naked; ovary
CAMPANULACEAE. 343
strictly 1-celled, with 2 filiform parietal placentae each bearing
3-5 ovules; capsule clavate-oblong or fusiform, membranaceous.
Howellia aquatilis Gray. Annual, submersed or only the tips of the stems
emersed; stems branched, 15-45 cm. long; leaves narrowly linear, entire,
5-15 cm. long; emersed leaves broader, sparingly toothed; flowers axillary,
short-peduncled; capsule linear-clavate.
In still ponds, Sauvies Island, near Portland, Oregon, and in north Idaho.
Named after Mr. Thomas Howell and his brother by whom it was discovered.
478. RAPUNTIUM.
Herbs, rarely woody; flowers axillary or usually in bracted
racemes; calyx with a short 5-cleft tube; corolla with a straight
tube split down on one side, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip
of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft; two
of the anthers bearded (in ours); pod 2-celled, many-seeded,
opening at the top.
Rapuntium dortmanna (L.) Presl. Glabrous; leaves in a basal rosette,
linear, obtuse, terete, 2-5 cm. long, hollow and with a longitudinal partition;
scapes slender, erect, 10-50 cm. high, simple; flowers in a raceme; calyx-lobes
subulate, as long as the tube; corolla pale blue, the lower lip slightly hairy.
Borders of lakes, often submersed, rare. Lake Crescent, Washington,
Lawrence; Whatcom Lake, Washington, Suksdorf; Shawnigan Lake, Van-
couver Island, British Columbia, Macoun.
479. BOLELIA.
Low and spreading glabrous annuals, rather succulent and
tender; leaves sessile, narrow, entire, the upper reduced to bracts;
flowers axillary, sessile; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, very
long and slender, 3-sided, usually twisted; corolla 2-lipped, with
a very short tube; filaments and anthers both united into a tube;
capsule long and slender, early becoming 1-celled.
Bolelia elegans (Dougl.) Greene. Stems erect, simple or branched near
the base, 10-30 cm. high, glabrous throughout or very minutely puberulent;
leaves sessile, ovate or lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. long; flowers blue, in a
rather loose spike; bracts like the leaves but broader; calyx-tube very narrow,
becoming 3-4 cm. long and appearing like a pedicel; calyx-lobes narrow,
unequal; lower lip of the corolla sharply 3-lobed, 8-10 mm. long and broad,
blue with a large white and yellow center; divisions of the upper lip lanceolate.
Common on the margins of ponds, Chehalis County, Washington, and
southward.
480. GITHOPSIS.
Low annual herbs; flowers all alike; calyx with a 10-ribbed
tube and 5 long and narrow foliaceous lobes; corolla tubular-
campanulate, 5-lobed; filaments short, dilated at the base;
stigmas 3; ovary 3-celled; capsule strongly ribbed, crowned with
the rigid calyx-lobes about as long or longer, opening by a round
orifice left by the falling away of the base of the style; seeds very
numerous.
344 CAMPANULACEAE.
Githopsis specularioides Nutt. Annual, erect, simple or branched from
the base, hirsute-pubescent throughout, 5—20 cm. high; leaves sessile, linear
or oblong, coarsely dentate, 3-12 mm. long; flowers terminal on the stem or on
axillary stout peduncles, erect; calyx-lobes linear, acuminate, glabrous above,
1-nerved, rigid, erect, as long as the narrowly-obconic tube; corolla blue, barely
exceeding the calyx-lobes.
Prairies, Chehalis County, Washington, and southward. First collected by
Nuttall near the mouth of the Willamette River.
481. SPECULARIA.
Annuals; cauline leaves sessile or clasping; flowers blue or
purple, terminal or axillary, of two kinds, the earlier smaller,
close-fertilized, with a rudimentary corolla which never opens,
with mostly 3 or 4 calyx-lobes, the later with 5 calyx-lobes; corolla
rotate, 5-lobed; ovary 3 or sometimes 2-celled; capsule more or
less elongated, opening by 2 or 3 small lateral valves which leave
round or oval perforations, usually over partitions.
Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus’s Looking Glass. Stems slender,
erect, leafy, 20-40 cm. high, rough-hairy on the angles; leaves orbicular, cordate,
crenate, clasping at base, 1-2 cm. long, scabrous on the margins and veins;
flowers of 2 sorts, the earlier close-fertilized and with only rudimentary corollas,
the later with showy violet corollas 4-10 mm. broad, solitary or 2 or 3 in the
axils; calyx of the close-fertilized flowers with 3 or 4 short lobes of the corolla-
bearing flowers with subulate lobes slightly longer than the tube; capsule top-
shaped, opening near the middle.
In open places, not rare.
482. HETEROCODON.
A very delicate little annual; flowers of two sorts, the lower
and earlier ones with merely rudimentary corollas and self-fer-
tilized in the bud; calyx with an ovoid or inversely pyramidal
tube much shorter than the foliaceous lobes, these broadly ob-
ovate, sharply toothed, veiny, 3 or 4 in the earlier, 5 in the later
flowers; corolla short-campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens and style as
in Campanula; capsule 3-celled, 3-angled, bursting on the side;
seeds numerous.
Heterocodon rariflorum Nutt. Annual, the slender stems simple or
branched below, 8-20 cm. high, sparsely hairy; leaves ovate or orbicular,
sessile and partly clasping, coarsely dentate, somewhat scabrous-ciliate, 3-10
mm. long; earlier flowers without a corolla, the later ones with blue corollas,
barely exceeding the calyx; calyx 5—8 mm. long, more or less hispid, the ovate
acuminate usually toothed lobes a little ionger than the tube.
Said to occur in the Willamete Valley; frequent in the interior.
483. CAMPANULA. BELLFLOWER.
Chiefly perennial herbs; flowers all alike, showy; calyx-lobes
narrow; corolla campanulate or nearly so, 5-lobed or cleft;
stamens 5; filaments dilated at base; capsule short, 3—5-celled,
opening on the side or near the base by 3-5 small uplifted valves
leaving round perforations, many-seeded.
Ours all perennials.
CAMPANULACEAE. 345
Style longer than the corolla; corolla-lobes spreading.
Corolla deep blue, twice as long as the calyx-lobes. C. prenanthoides.
Corolla pale bluish, little longer than the calyx-lobes. C. scoulert.
Style included; corolla lobes erect.
Herbage puberulent; leaves all entire. C. scabrella.
Herbage glabrous; at least the basal leaves not entire.
Cauline leaves linear, entire; basal orbicular or cor-
date. C. rotundifolia.
Cauline leaves spatulate-lanceolate, dentate; basal
similar. C. piperi.
Campanula prenanthoides Durand. Pubescent or glabrous; stems usually
several, erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sharply and
coarsely serrate, acute, 1-2 cm. long, the cauline sessile, the lower ones short-
petioled; flowers in a raceme, short-pedicelled; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla
blue, narrowly campanulate, its lanceolate lobes 3 or 4 times as long as the
tube.
In open places, southern Oregon, perhaps not reaching our limits.
Campanula scouleri Hook. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, 20-30
cm. high, often with a few branches; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or the
upper lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tapering at base, the petiole margined;
flowers in a raceme or a few-branched panicle; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla
12-15 mm. long, pale bluish, somewhat funnelshaped, the lance-ovate oblong
lobes spreading, longer than the tube.
In open woods, common, First collected by Scouler at Fort Vancouver,
Washington.
Campanula scabrella Engelm. Ashy puberulent, tufted, the numerous
stems arising from a much branched base, 5-10 cm. high; leaves entire, firm,
spatulate to linear; corolla blue, campanulate, with lance-ovate lobes as long
as the tube.
High alpine meadows, Mount Adams, and the mountains of northern Cali-
fornia, probably occurring in our limits.
Campanula rotundifolia L. Glabrous, erect, branched at the very base,
10-40 cm. high; basal and lower leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate,
dentate or entire, petioled; cauline linear, the lower somewhat spatulate,
acute, sessile, 2-7 cm. long; flowers solitary or racemose, erect; pedicels
slender, nodding in the fruit; calyx-lobes subulate, longer than the tube, one-
half or one-third as long as the corolla; corolla campanulate, blue, 12-20 mm.
long; capsule openings near the base.
Prairies and rock cliffs from sea level to 2000 m. altitude.
Campanula piperi Howell. Glabrous; stems densely tufted from a much
branched somewhat woody base, 4-10 cm. high, leafy; leaves thin, oblong-
lanceolate or spatulate, saliently dentate, acute, 1-3 cm. long, narrowed at
base into margined petioles; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla campanulate,
bright blue, 1.5 cm. long.
Abundant in rock crevices in the Olympic Mountains at about 2000 m.
altitude.
Family 100. COMPOSITAE. ComposiTE FAMILY.
Annual biennial or perennial herbs or undershrubs (in ours) ;
leaves without stipules; flowers in a close head on a common
receptacle, surrounded by one or more rows of bracts (fegules)
346 COMPOSITAE.
forming the involucre; heads 1—many, discoid when all the flowers
bear tubular corollas, ligulate when the corollas are all strap-
shaped, radiate when the outer corollas are strap-shaped and
the inner tubular, in which case the outer are ray-flowers and
the inner disk-flowers; receptacle often covered with bracts or
scales (chaff), each subtending a flower; calyx gamosepalous, its
tube wholly adherent to the ovary, its limb (pappus) none or
cup-shaped or developed into teeth, scales, awns or capillary
bristles; corollas alike in all the flowers of the head or dissimilar,
either tubular or strap-shaped (ligulate), gamopetalous, epigy-
nous; stamens 5, epipetalous, their anthers usually united into a
tube (syngenesious); style 2-cleft at the apex or in sterile flowers
usually entire; ovary bicarpellary, inferior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled,
with basal placenta; fruit an akene, sometimes surmounted by
the pappus, often compressed at right angles to the subtending
chaff (laterally compressed) or compressed parallel to the chaff
(obcompressed).
SYNOPSIS OF THE TRIBES:
Corollas strap-shaped in all the flowers of the head;
plants with milky juice. Tribe I. CICHORIEAE.
Corollas tubular in all the flowers of the head or
strap-shaped in only the marginal ones;
plants without milky juice.
Stamens distinct or nearly so. Tribe 2. AMBROSIEAE.
Stamens united by their anthers into a tube
around the style (syngenesious).
Anthers caudate at base; style-branches
neither truncate nor appendaged;
heads not radiate.
Receptacle not bristly; corollas not
deeply cleft. Tribe 9. INULEAE.
Receptacle long bristly; corollas deeply
cleft. Tribe 10. CYNAREAE.
Anthers not caudate at base; style branches
either truncate or tipped with an ap-
pendage.
Heads rayless; style branches club-
shaped, obtuse; flowers all perfect,
never yellow. Tribe 3. EUPATORIEAE.
Heads radiate (rarely rayless).
Style branches of perfect flowers flat,
or tipped with a distinct append-
age; leaves mostly alternate. Tribe 4. ASTEREAE.
Style branches of perfect flowers
truncate or appendaged, not
flattened; leaves often opposite.
Involucre scarious; pappus not
capillary. Tribe 7. ANTHEMIDEAE.
COMPOSITAE, 347
Involucre not scarious.
Pappus capillary. Tribe 8. SENECIONEAE.
Pappus never capillary.
Receptacle chaffy. Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE.
Receptacle not chaffy. Tribe 6. HELENIEAE.
Tribe 1. CICHORIEAE. Herbs, with milky juice; leaves alternate; corolla
strap-shaped in all the flowers of the head and all the flowers perfect.
Genera nos. 484 to 496.
Tribe 2. AMBROSIEAE. Herbs, without milky juice, monoecious or dioe-
cious; corollas tubular in the staminate flowers, reduced to a ring or none
in the pistillate flowers, never strap-shaped. Genera nos. 497 and 498.
Tribe 3. EupaToRIEAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and
tubular, never yellow; style-branches thickened upward or club-shaped,
obtuse, the stigmatic lines indistinct. Genera nos. 499 and 500.
Tribe 4. ASTEREAE. Leaves alternate; heads discoid, the flowers all alike
and tubular, or radiate and the outer ones strap-shaped and pistillate;
receptacle naked (in ours); anthers not caudate at base; style-branches in
the perfect flowers flat. Genera nos. 501 to 510.
Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE. Heads radiate or discoid; involucre not scarious;
receptacle chaffy; pappus never capillary, sometimes none; anthers not
caudate; style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged.
Genera nos. 511 to 520.
Tribe 6. HELENIEAE. Heads radiate or discoid; involucre little imbricated,
not scarious; receptacle usually not chaffy; disk-flowers perfect and fertile;
pappus a row of several chaffy scales. Genera nos. 521 to 526.
Tribe 7. ANTHEMIDEAE. Mostly strong-scented; leaves alternate; heads
radiate or discoid, the rays, when present, mostly white, the pistillate
flowers rarely tubular, the perfect flowers sometimes sterile; tegules im-
bricated, more or less dry and scarious. Genera nos. 527 to 533.
Tribe 8. SENECIONEAE. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or not
at all imbricated, not scarious; receptacle naked; pappus capillary; anthers
tail-less. Genera nos. 534 to 539.
Tribe 9. INULEAE. Heads discoid, the pistillate flowers mostly filiform and
truncate; pappus capillary or none; anthers sagittate, the basal lobes
attenuate into tails; style-branches with unappendaged obtuse or truncate
naked tips. Genera nos. 540 to 545.
Tribe 10. CYNAREAE. Leaves alternate; flowers all tubular and _ perfect,
but the outer sometimes ray-like and neutral; involucre much imbricated;
pappus mostly bristly; anthers caudate, long-appendaged at tip; style-
branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, often with a
pubescent ring below. Genera nos. 546 to 550.
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA,
Corollas strap-shaped in all the flowers of the
head; plants with milky juice.
Pappus none. 484, Lapsana, 352.
Pappus present.
Pappus of scale-like or plumose bristles.
348 COMPOSITAE.
Flowers not yellow.
Akenes long-beaked.
Akenes beakless, with a truncate
summit. 486.
Flowers yellow.
Receptacle chaffy. 487.
Receptacle not chaffy.
Leafy-stemmed biennials or
perennials. 488.
Acaulescent annuals.
Pappus of capillary bristles,
plumose.
Heads solitary; leaves all basal.
Akenes muricate or spinulose at
the apex.
Akenes smooth at the apex.
Heads several; leaves not all basal.
Akenes flattened.
Akenes beaked, if short-
beaked flowers not yellow.
Akenes beakless; flowers yel-
low.
Akenes terete, cylindric or pris-
matic. ‘
Flowers purplish.
Flowers yellow or white.
Pappus copious, white
and soft.
Pappus a single row of
rough tawny bristles.
Corollas tubular in all the flowers of the head or
strap-shaped in only the marginal ones;
plants without milky juice.
Ray-flowers none; corollas all tubular.
Flowers of the head not all alike, some
heads having imperfect flowers.
Perfect and imperfect flowers in the
same head.
Marginal flowers neutral and
sterile, often larger than the
central ones, resembling ray
flowers.
Marginal flowers perfect or pistil-
late and fertile, not resem-
bling ray flowers.
Pappus of capillary bristles.
Tegules in one row.
Tegules in several rows.
Pappusa short crown or none.
Leaves entire or nearly so,
ovate.
Leaves incised, lobed or
dissected, or if en-
tire lanceolate.
Pistillate flowers apet-
alous.
Pistillate flowers with
tubular corollas.
never
485.
489.
490.
491.
495.
496.
494,
493.
492.
546.
TRAGOPOGON, 352.
CICHORIUM, 353.
HyPocHAERISs, 353.
SCORZONELLA, 353.
MicroseEris, 354.
TARAXACUM, 355.
AGOSERIS, 355.
Lactuca, 359.
SoncHus, 360.
NABALUS, 359.
CReEPIsS, 358.
HrIeRAcIuUM, 356.
CENTAUREA, 393.
. PETASITES, 382.
. GNAPHALIUM, 392.
. ADENOCAULON, 393.
; COTULLA, S8i:
COMPOSITAE.
Heads in a corymb;
pappus a_ short
crown.
Heads in a raceme
or panicle; pap-
pus none.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in
different heads.
Pappus capillary; fertile involu-
cre not bur-like.
Leaves prickly; heads large.
Leaves not prickly; heads
small.
Pappus of staminate flow-
ers either club-shaped or
barbed at the apex.
Pappus of all the flowers
alike and neither club-
shaped nor barbed.
Pappus none; fertile involucre
bur-like.
Bracts of staminate heads
separate; bur large, with
many tegules.
Bracts of staminate heads uni-
ted; bur small, with 1-4
tegules.
Flowers of the heads all perfect and
alike.
Pappus of separate capillary bristles.
Flowers whitish, cream-colored
or purplish.
Leaves in whorls of 3 to 6.
Leaves alternate or opposite.
Heads about 10-flowered.
Heads about 40-flowered.
Flowers yellow or brownish.
Tegules in 3 or 4 rows.
Tegules in 1 row or nearly so.
Involucre hemispheric to
rotate.
Involucre campanulate or
cylindric.
Heads many-flowered.
Heads 4-—7-flowered.
Pappus not of separate capillary
bristles.
Pappus of numerous bristles uni-
ted into a ring at the base.
Filaments monadelphous be-
low.
Filaments distinct.
Leaves never prickly.
Leaves more or less prick-
ly.
Pappus not of bristles united ina
ring.
O32.
S00:
548.
541.
542.
499,
CREE
500.
503.
500.
539.
536.
349
TANACETUM, 381.
ARTEMISIA, 381.
Cirsium, 394.
ANTENNARIA, 390.
ANAPHALIS, 392.
. XANTHIUM, 361.
. GAERTNERIA, 361.
EUPATORIUM. 361.
LuINA, 383.
COLEOSANTHUS, 362.
HoOoREBERIA, 363.
ERIGERON, 366.
SENECIO, 386.
RAINIERA, 383.
. SILYBUM, 394,
. SAUSSUREA, 396.
. Crrsium, 394.
350 COMPOSITAE.
Pappus of rigid backwardly-
barbed awns. 515:
Pappus not of backwardly-
barbed awns.
Pappus of numerous sep-
arate short rigid or
chaffy bristles. 549.
Pappus none or a minute
crown.
Involucre scarious. 530.
Involucre not scarious.
Heads solitary. 517.
Heads in clusters.
Disk-flowers 1-—
5
: 511
Disk-flowers
numerous. 540.
Ray-flowers present, at least some of the
marginal flowers having strap-shaped
corollas.
Pappus none.
Involucre scarious.
Receptacle naked. 529.
Receptacle chaffy.
Involucre narrow; raysshort. 527.
Involucre broad; rays con-
spicuous. 528.
Involucre not scarious.
Akenes all laterally compressed. 511.
Akenes or at least part of them
turgid or obcompressed.
Tegules not at all enclosing
the ray akenes. 518.
Tegules at least partly enclos-
ing the ray akenes.
Ray akenes turgid, partly
enclosed by the tegules. 513.
Ray akenes usually ob-
compressed, wholly
enclosed. by the te-
gules.
Ray akenes straight,
each enclosed by the
basal part of the
tegule. 514.
Ray akenes_ curved,
each enclosed by the
whole tegule. S12*
Pappus present, at least in the disk-
flowers.
Pappus not of capillary bristles.
Receptacle chaffy.
Pappus of scales or awns.
Awns 2, or 4, retrorsely
barbed. Sls
Awns 2, barbless. 516.
Pappus crown-like or of
BIDENS, 374.
Arctium, 395.
MATRICARIA, 380.
RUDBECKIA, 375.
5 MOND ING SF
PSILOCARPHUS, 390.
CHRYSANTHEMUM, 380.
ACHILLEA, 379.
ANTHEMIS, 379.
Mapta, 372.
BALSAMORRHIZA, 376.
HeEmizonta, 374.
LAGOPHYLLA, 374.
HEMIZONELLA, 374.
BIDENS, 374.
Coreopsis, 375.
COMPOSITAE.
short chaffy teeth or
awns.
Rays pistillate and fer-
tile. 519.
Rays neutral. 520.
Receptacle not chaffy.
Tegules in one row.
Akenes obpyramidal; re-
_ ceptacle naked.
Akenes linear, more or less
4-angled; receptacle
beset with bristly
points.
Tegules distinct.
Tegules united into a
cup.
Tegules in more than one
row.
Tegules in many rows.
Tegules in two or three
rows.
Receptacle _ bristly;
pappus present.
Receptacle naked; pap-
pus present or
none.
Pappusof4or5trun-
cate scales, erose
or lacerate at the
tip or nearly en-
tire.
Pappus none.
Pappus of capillary bristles.
Ray-flowers not yellow.
Tegules in 1 or 2 series, nar-
row; ray-flowers usually
narrow and numerous. 506.
Tegules in 2-5 series; ray-
flowers broader, _ less
numerous.
Involucre narrow, with
rigid bracts; ray-flowers
white, 4or 5.
Involucre turbinate or
hemispheric; ray-
flowers more than 5.
Stems scape-like.
Stems leafy.
Tegules dry and
chartaceous,
closely appress-
ed 509.
Tegules more or less
herbaceous and
spreading.
Ray-flowers yellow.
Pappus double, the outer row
very short. 302.
526.
SPE
p25:
524.
O21
507.
508.
510.
WYETHIA, 376.
HELIANTHUS, 377.
HELENIUM, 379.
BAERIA, 377.
. ERIOPHYLLUM, 378.
. GRINDELIA, 362.
GAILLARDIA, 378.
HutsEa, 378.
JAUMEA, 377.
ERIGERON, 3606.
SERICOCARPUS, 369.
OREOSTEMMA, 370.
EUCEPHALUS, 370.
ASTER, 371.
CHRYSOPSIS, 363.
52 COMPOSITAE.
Ww
Pappus in one row.
Heads in panicles.
Panicle thyrsoid; re-
ceptacle alveolate. 504. SoLtpaco, 364.
Panicle flat-topped; re-
ceptacle fimbrillate. 505. EUTHAMIA, 366.
Heads solitary or in cor-
ymbs.
Leaves all or mostly
opposite. 538. ARNICA, 384.
Leaves alternate.
Heads large, 1.5 cm.
or more
broad.
Heads 5 cm. or
more broad. 544. INULA, 393.
Heads less than
3cm. broad. 503. HOOREBEKIA, 363.
Heads small, 1 cm.
or less broad.
Involucre cam-
panulate. 539. SENECIO, 386.
Involucre hem-
ispheric or
broader.
Tegules 8-—
10, broad. 537. CrocipiuMm, 383.
Tegules nu-
merous,
narrow. 506. ERIGERON, 366.
484. LAPSANA. NIPPLE-WoRT.
Annuals with loosely branched leafy stems and milky juice;
heads 8—12-flowered; involucre narrowly cylindrical, consisting
of 8 principal tegules with smaller calyculate ones at the base;
flowers yellow; receptacle naked; akenes oblong-obovoid; pappus
none.
Lapsana communis L. Glabrous above, somewhat pubescent below; stem
erect, branched at top, 30-100 cm. high; leaves thin, the lower ovate, somewhat
dentate, petioled, often with 2—6 lobes at base, the upper oblong to lanceolate,
acute, sessile, entire or subentire; heads numerous in a flat-topped inflores-
cence; involucre cylindric; principal tegules about 8, linear, 4-5 mm. long, with
several smaller ones at base.
Common in waste places; introduced from Europe.
485. TRAGOPOGON.
Stout leafy-stemmed and usually branching biennials or per-
ennials, with milky juice; leaves entire, grass-like, clasping;
flowers yellow or purple, in large solitary heads; involucre simple,
of several equal bracts; pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles;
corollas all ligulate; akenes narrowly fusiform, 5—10-ribbed,
long-beaked.
COMPOSITAE. Soe
Tragopogon porrifolius L. Salsify. Oyster Plant. Biennial, glabrous
throughout, the stout stems about 1 m. high; leaves lanceolate, attenuate from
the broader somewhat clasping base, 10-15 cm. long; peduncles long and stout,
swollen under the head; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 4—5 cm. long,
exceeding the violet rays; outer akenes roughened, the inner smooth, 1 cm.
long, attenuate into a beak of equal length; pappus brownish, as long as the
beak, plumose nearly to the tip.
Escaped from gardens and spreading.
486. CICHORIUM. Cuicory.
Perennials with thick fleshy roots, branched stems and milky
juice; flowers blue, rarely purple or white; heads several-many-
flowered; involucre double, herbaceous, the inner 8-10 tegules
coriaceous at base, the outer 4 or 5 short and spreading; recep-
tacle naked; akenes angled, striate; pappus crown-like, composed
of numerous short blunt scales i In 2 or more series.
Cichorium intybus L. Perennial, somewhat pubescent, especially below;
stems stout, 60-120 cm. high, stiffly branched; basal leaves lanceolate or
spatulate, coarsely dentate or runcinately lobed, petioled, 8-15 cm. long;
cauline leaves oblong to lanceolate, dentate, auricled and clasping at base;
heads numerous, in small clusters, sessile or short- peduncled; principal tegules
about 8; flowers bright blue.
A native of Europe, naturalized in fields.
487, HYPOCHAERIS.
Perennials with milky juice and slender sparingly branched
stems; leaves mostly basal and rosulate; heads many-flowered;
involucre campanulate, slightly imbricated; flowers yellow;
receptacle chaffy, the bracts narrow and scarious; akenes 10-
ribbed, oblong to fusiform, at least 9 of the inner ones beaked;
pappus composed of plumose bristles.
Leaves hirsute; akenes all beaked. FH. radicata.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so; outer akenes beakless. H. glabra.
Hypochaeris radicata L. Gosmore. Stems 20-40 cm. high, erect, loosely
branched above, glabrous or nearly so; leaves all basal, oblanceolate to obovate,
coarsely toothed or lobed, hairy on both sides, 5-15 cm. long; heads 2-3 cm.
broad; involucre cylindric, the tegules linear, acute; akenes all beaked, the
beaks ‘longer than the body.
A very troublesome weed in lawns and pastures; introduced from Europe.
Hypochaeris glabra L. Very similar to H. radicata; leaves glabrous or
nearly so; heads smaller, the ligulate corollas but little longer than the invo-
lucre; outer akenes beakless but the inner ones beaked.
Sparingly established as a weed; introduced from Europe.
488. SCORZONELLA.
Perennials or biennials with fleshy fusiform root, milky juice,
and mostly basal leaves; heads many-flowered, on long naked
peduncles; involucre campanulate, loosely imbricated with 2 or 3
24
354 COMPOSITAE.
series of tegules, the outer ones calyculate; flowers yellow; re-
ceptacle naked; akenes 8—10-ribbed, broadest at the truncate
summit; pappus bristles 5 or 10, broadened and scale-like at
base, the long tip scabrous to plumose.
Leaves all basal, entire or nearly so. S. borealis.
Leaves mostly dentate or lobed, one or more cauline.
Pappus scales each attenuate into an awn-like tip. S. leptosepala.
Pappus scales abruptly awned. S. laciniata.
Scorzonella borealis (Bong.) Greene. (Apargidium boreale (Bong.)
T. & G.) Glabrous; leaves all basal, linear-lanceolate, entire or obscurely
denticulate, 6-15 cm. long, narrowed at each end; scapes 10-30 cm. high;
involucre 12-15 mm. high; principal tegules 10-15, lanceolate, acuminate,
with as many shorter ones; akenes columnar; pappus barbellate, brownish.
Wet meadows, Alaska, southward in the mountains to northern California.
Scorzonella leptosepala Nutt. Glabrous; stems slender, 30-50 cm. high;
leaves linear to lanceolate, entire, dentate or variously pinnatifid; involucre 12-
16 mm. high; tegules 6-12, lanceolate or the outer ovate-lanceolate, all grad-
ually attenuate; akenes columnar; pappus scales 8 or 10, ovate-lanceolate to
lanceolate, gradually tapering into the awn.
Washington to California in low meadows; first collected by Nuttall near
the mouth of the Willamette River.
Scorzonella laciniata (Hook.) Nutt. Herbage glabrous, somewhat glau-
cous; stems 30-50 cm. high, few-leaved, sparingly branched; leaves narrowly
lanceolate, mostly incisely pinnatifid into narrow lobes, rarely only toothed or
entire, 10-30 cm. long; involucre 2-3 cm. high; tegules lanceolate, broadest
at base, abruptly acuminate; akenes columnar, 4 mm. long; scales of the pappus
8-10, entire, the body triangular ovate, tipped with a bristle 8 or 9 times
longer.
Open prairies, Washington to California. S. procera (Gray) Greene has
also been reported from within our limits but the specimens seen are immature
and doubtful. It is similar to S. laciniata but stouter, the leaves most often
entire or nearly so; heads larger; akenes 6 mm. long with brownish pappus
scales abruptly attenuate and long-awned.
489. MICROSERIS.
Acaulescent glabrous annuals with milky juice; leaves entire
or variously lobed or cleft; heads nodding when in bud; involucre
cylindric or hemispheric; tegules in 2 or 3 series, the outer very
short, the inner thin, subequal, acuminate; receptacle flat,
alveolate; ligulate corollas yellow; akenes cylindric, 8- or 10-
ribbed; scales of the pappus 5 or 10, rarely 4 or 8, broad at base,
tapering and awn-like above, scabrous, never plumose.
Microseris bigelovii Gray. Annual; leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or
dentate or pinnately lobed or parted, 3-6 cm. long; scapes 10-30 cm. high;
involucre campanulate, 6 mm. high, the principal tegules lanceolate, acute,
the calyculate ones of two lengths; akenes 4—5 mm. long, oblong, not contracted
at the summit, the outer ones sometimes villous; pappus-scales brown, oblong-
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, the awns two or three times as long as the body.
Vancouver Island and Oregon to California; not known from Washington.
COMPOSITAE. ooD
490. TARAXACUM.
Acaulescent biennials or perennials, with milky juice; leaves
radical, pinnatifid; heads large, on scapes; flowers yellow; re-
ceptacle flat, naked; involucre of 2 rows of tegules; pappus of
copious and white capillary bristles which are not plumose;
corollas all ligulate; akenes oblong or fusiform, angled, about
10-ribbed, attenuate at base, with a long filiform beak at the apex.
Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. Dandelion. Glabrous or loosely pu-
bescent when young; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, variously pinnatifid,
the lobes usually toothed and turned backward, 10-20 cm. long; peduncles
10-30 cm. high; involucre cylindric, the inner tegules either linear or linear-
lanceolate, the outer similar but shorter and recurved; heads many-flowered;
ray-flowers yellow; akenes brownish, spinulose above, the pyramidal apex
abruptly narrowed into a slender beak twice as long as the body; pappus
white, copious.
A common weed, introduced from Europe.
491. AGOSERIS.
Acaulescent annuals or perennials, with milky juice; leaves
radical, clustered; heads solitary, on scapes; flowers yellow,
rarely orange or purplish; tegules in a few rows; receptacle flat,
not chaffy; pappus of copious white capillary bristles, which are
not plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes oblong or linear, terete,
10-ribbed, the apex contracted into a neck or prolonged into
a_ beak.
Ours all perennials.
Akenes beakless; leaves glabrous; alpine plant. A. alpestris.
Akenes beaked.
Leaves glaucous and thinly tomentose; beak of akene
short, stout, nerved. A. glauca aspera.
Leaves not glaucous; beak of akene slender, nerveless.
Beak much longer than the body of the akene.
Heads 2 cm. high. A. laciniata.
Heads 2.5-3 cm. high. A. grandiflora.
Beak about as long as the body of the akene.
Flowers orange; leaves mostly entire.
Leaves lanceolate-spatulate; beak shorter than
the body of the akene. A. aurantiaca.
Leaves narrowly linear; beak longer than the
body of the akene. A. gracilenta.
Flowers yellow; leaves mostly lobed.
Akenes with beak 12-15 mm. long; leaves
mostly entire. A. elata.
Akenes with beak 8-10 mm. long; leaves most-
ly lobed. A. apargioides.
Agoseris alpestris (Gray) Greene. Glabrous; leaves spatulate to lanceo-
late, pinnately lobed or cleft into broad lobes or parted into narrow divisions;
scape erect, 4-10 cm. high; involucre campanulate, 15 mm. high; tegules in
2 indistinct series, all acuminate, the outer ovate-lanceolate; flowers yellow;
akenes columnar, 10-ribbed, beakless, as long as the capillary white pappus.
On the higher peaks of the Cascade Mountains; first found on Mount
Adams by Suksdorf.
356 COMPOSITAE.
Agoseris glauca aspera (Rydb.) Piper. Perennial, the whole plant thinly
white tomentose; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire or sparsely denticulate,
5-10 cm. long; scapes 6-20 cm. high; involucre campanulate, 2 cm. high;
tegules loosely imbricated in 2—3 series, the outer ones shorter, broadly lan-
ceolate, acutish, tomentose, the inner glabrous and acute; ligulate corollas
pale yellow; akenes fusiform, 10-12 mm. long, tapering into a stout beak
shorter than the body; pappus copious, white, the bristles scabrous.
In the Cascade Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
Agoseris laciniata (Nutt.) Greene. Glabrousorsparsely pubescent; leaves
lanceolate, saliently dentate or pinnatifid into linear lobes, 10-20 cm. long;
scapes 30-60 cm. high; involucre somewhat tomentose at base or glabrate,
2—3 cm. long; flowers pale yellow; akenes about 15 mm. long, the slender beak
several times as long as the body; pappus shorter than the beak, bright white.
In dry open woods, common.
Agoseris grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene. Perennial, loosely pubescent or
glabrate; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, attenuate-acuminate to obtuse,
mostly pinnatifid into numerous lobes, 10-20 cm. long; peduncles stout, 30-60
cm. high; involucre campanulate, tomentose at base, 3-4 cm. high, the bracts
in about 3 series; akenes fusiform, acutely 10-ribbed, 6 mm. long, attenuate
into a slender beak, 20 mm. long; pappus bright white, soft and capillary,
much shorter than the beak.
In dry ground, Willamette Valley, where first collected by Nuttall; common
east of the Cascade Mountains.
Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. Sparsely pubescent to nearly
glabrous; leaves spatulate to lanceolate, entire or denticulate, rarely toothed
or incised, obtuse, short-petioled; scapes 20-40 cm. high; involucre campanu-
late, 15-20 mm. high; principal tegules lanceolate and acute, the outer ones
oblong, obtuse; flowers orange, becoming purplish; akenes cylindraceous,
tapering into a beak as long as the body.
Common in alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude.
Agoseris gracilenta (Gray) Greene. Glabrous; leaves narrowly lanceolate
or linear, mostly entire; scape slender, 30-50 cm. high; involucre campanulate;
tegules lanceolate, acute, glabrous except at base; flowers orange; akenes
fusiform, the body 6-8 mm. long, the beak 8-10 mm. long.
Alpine meadows in the Olympic and Cascade Mountains.
Agoseris elata (Nutt.) Greene. Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; leaves
spatulate to lanceolate, dentate to pinnatifid, 15-30 cm. long, thickish in
texture; scape 15-50 cm. high; head 3 cm. high; involucre hemispheric; tegules
lanceolate, acute, pubescent; akenes 6-7 mm. long, the beak as long as the
body.
Prairies, not common. First found by Nuttall near the estuary of the
Willamette River.
Agoseris apargioides (Less.) Greene. Sparsely pubescent, becoming
glabrate; caudex stout; leaves spatulate, mucronate, somewhat dentate, 7-10
cm. long; scapes exceeding the leaves, 10-15 cm. high; heads 10-12 mm. high;
involucre campanulate; tegules green, the outer oblong, mucronate, pubescent,
the inner lanceolate, acuminate; akenes 8-10 mm. long, the beak as long as
the body.
Sand dunes along the ocean coast. The northern form has been considered
distinct from the California form under the name A. maritima Sheldon.
4902. HIERACIUM. HAWKWEED.
Hispid and hirsute often glandular perennials with milky juice;
leaves merely toothed or entire; heads small to medium, panicu-
COMPOSITAE. 357
late or rarely solitary; flowers yellow or sometimes white; tegules
in two rows; receptacle flat, naked; pappus of a single row of
rough tawny bristles which are not plumose; corollas all ligulate;
akenes oblong or columnar, terete or 4- or 5-angled, mostly
10-ribbed or striate, the apex truncate.
Stems many-leaved; involucre imbricated. H. canadense.
Stems few-leaved; involucre a series of equal tegules anda
few short calyculate ones.
Flowers white; involucre nearly glabrous. HAZ. albiflorum.
Flowers yellow.
Heads small, black-hairy. HI, gracile.
Heads larger, not black-hairy.
Involucre densely long-hairy.
Cauline leaves ample, half-clasping at the
broad bases. HZ. longiberbe.
Cauline leaves much reduced. Hi. scoulert.
Involucre with few or no long hairs.
Leaves nearly smooth. H. cynoglossoides.
Leaves hairy.
Leaves densely hirsute. HI. griseum.
Leaves thinly white tomentose. H. cinereum.
Hieracium canadense Michx. Somewhat scabrous throughout; stems
stout, 30-120 cm. high; leaves numerous, lanceolate, entire or incisely serrate,
sessile and somewhat clasping at base, gradually smaller upwards, 1-10 cm.
long, none clustered at base; heads corymbed, rarely solitary, on stout pe-
duncles; involucre hemispheric, puberulent or glabrous, sometimes glandular,
1-2 cm. broad; tegules in 2-3 series, the uppermost loose; akenes columnar;
pappus brownish.
. In open ground, very rare west of the Cascade Mountains; Coupeville,
ardner.
Hieracium albiflorum Hook. Stems slender, erect, 50-80 cm. high, villous
below; leaves oblong or oblong-spatulate, thin, entire or faintly toothed, the
lower tapering into broad petioles, the upper mostly sessile, all beset with
sparse villous white hairs, especially the lowest; heads 15—30-flowered; in-
volucre narrow, glabrous or with a few hairs, the tegules linear-lanceolate, pale;
akenes strongly striate.
Very common in dry open woods.
Hieracium gracile Hook. Tufted; stems usually several, 15-30 cm. high;
leaves mostly basal, oblong-spatulate, entire or nearly so, broadly petiolate,
3-8 cm. long, glabrous or merely puberulent; heads several, racemose or corym-
bose; involucre 8 mm. high, blackish with both hirsute and glandular hairs;
akenes cylindric; pappus sordid or fuscous.
Common in alpine meadows at 1500-2000 m. altitude.
Hieracium longiberbe Howell. Herbage sparingly hirsute with long white
hairs; stems 30-50 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, entire or denticulate, 6-15 cm.
long, the cauline scarcely reduced and half-clasping by the broad base; heads
few in a cyme; involucre 12 mm. high, densely shaggy with long white hairs,
not glandular; principal tegules 10-20, lanceolate, acuminate.
On perpendicular cliffs along the Columbia River.
Hieracium scouleri Hook. Erect, 30-60 cm. high, densely beset throughout
with long soft white hairs swollen at the bases; basal leaves lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate, entire, acute or obtuse, 10-20 cm. long, tapering into margined
358 COMPOSITAE.
petioles; cauline similar, sessile, 5-12 cm. long; inflorescence corymbose or
paniculate, glandular; involucre 1 cm. high, very glandular and long-villous;
flowers yellow; akenes columnar; pappus fuscous.
In open prairies; first collected at the mouth of the Columbia River by
Scouler; very variable in the amount and length of the pubescence. It is by no
means clear that the three following species are really valid as different
forms are not infrequently found growing close together. They deserve care-
ful field study.
Hieracium cynoglossoides Arvet-Touv. Very similar to H. scouleri;
lowermost leaves more or less setose-hairy, the upper ones nearly glabrous;
involucre glandular and more or less hirsute with short black hairs.
In open prairies, British Columbia to Wyoming and Oregon.
Hieracium griseum Rydb. Very similar to H. cynoglossoides, differing
only in the leaves being densely hirsute as in H. scoulert.
In open prairies, with the same range as H. cynoglossoides.
Hieracium cinereum Howell. Tufted from stout creeping rootstocks;
herbage cinereous with a minute tomentum; stems 15-25 cm. high, leafy only
toward the base; leaves lanceolate, acute to acuminate, sparsely hirsute,
denticulate, 7-10 cm. long; petioles broad; heads in a close cyme; involucre
8-10 mm. high; principal tegules linear, scarious-margined, covered with a
fine cinerous tomentum and bearing a row of short black bristles on the mid-
nerve; outer tegules few and short; pappus sordid.
Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon, Howell.
493. CREPIS.
Annual, biennial or perennial plants with milky juice; heads
several—many-flowered; flowers yellow; involucre usually double;
receptacle flat, naked, sometimes alveolate; pappus simple, of
copious and white capillary bristles which are not plumose;
corollas all ligulate; akenes oblong, linear or fusiform, nearly
terete or obtusely angled, 10—20-ribbed, generally contracted at
base and more tapering at the apex, sometimes slightly beaked.
Akenes dilated at the insertion of the pappus; low glaucous
plant with running rootstocks. C. nana.
Akenes not dilated at the insertion of the pappus; plants with-
out rootstocks.
Foliage mostly white-pubescent, scurfy; perennial. C. occidentalis.
Foliage green, not canescent nor scurfy; annuals or bien-
nials.
Involucres 6-8 mm. high; akenes 10-striate. C. capillaris.
Involucres 8-12 mm. high; akenes 13-striate. C. biennts.
Crepis nana Richards. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stems tufted
from creeping rootstocks, branched from the base, 3-5 cm. high; leaves obovate
to spatulate, entire, toothed or lyrately lobed, 2-5 cm. long, long-petioled;
heads solitary or few, on naked peduncles or stems; involucre cylindric; tegules
8-10, linear, obtuse; flowers 8-14, yellow, turning pink; akenes linear, slightly
fusiform, beakless, 10-striate.
In rocky soil, at high altitudes in the mountains, rare; Olympic Mountains,
Flett; Mount Adams, Suksdorf.
Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Perennial, erect, thinly white-tomentose through-
COMPOSITAE. 359
out, 8-30 cm. high; stems usually with few erect branches; leaves broadly
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, pinnately toothed or cleft into
narrow lobes, short-petioled or sessile; heads on stout peduncles; involucre
oblong-cylindric, 12-18 mm. long, tomentose and with a few large black glan-
dular hairs, the principal tegules lanceolate, acuminate, the smaller basal tegules
relatively broader; flowers 25-30; akenes brownish, fusiform, 8-10 mm. long,
10-18-ribbed, longer than the bright white pappus.
Very rare in our limits; Olympic Mountains, Flett. Common east of
the Cascade Mountains.
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. (C. virens L.) Nearly glabrous, somewhat
hirsute below; stems erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves spatulate-lanceolate,
pinnatifid or simply toothed, 6-15 cm. long, the basal ones short-petioled,
the cauline sagittate-clasping at base; heads in loose cymes; involucre pubes-
cent or glandular, 6-8 mm. high.
A common weed in fields and waste places. Introduced from Europe.
Crepis biennis L. Somewhat pubescent; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high;
leaves oblong-spatulate, runcinately pinnatifid, 5-15 cm. long, the upper ones
clasping at base; heads in cymes; involucre 8-12 mm. high, pubescent.
Vancouver Island, Macoun. Introduced from Europe.
494. NABALUS.
Perennial leafy-stemmed plants with fusiform tuberous roots
and milky juice; inflorescence paniculate or racemose; heads
5-30-flowered, mostly nodding; involucre narrowly cylindric,
of 5-14 linear tegules and a few calyculate ones at base; flowers
cream-colored to purple; receptacle naked; akenes terete columnar
or angled, striate; pappus of numerous whitish to brownish rather
rigid capillary bristles.
Nabalus hastatus (Less.) Heller. (Prenanthes alata Gray.) Glabrous,
stems 30-60 cm. high, simple or branched; leaves deltoid-triangular, acute;
irregularly dentate, the lower with margined petioles, the upper sessile; heads
in a loose corymb, 10—15-flowered; involucre campanulate, with 8-10 principal
tegules; flowers purplish; akenes terete or tapering at summit.
Gravelly stream banks and on moist cliffs in the mountains.
495. LACTUCA. WiuLp LETTUCE.
Leafy-stemmed herbs, with milky juice; flowers yellow or blue
or whitish, in paniculate few to many-flowered heads; tegules
in 2—few rows, the outer shorter; receptacle flat, naked; pappus
of copious very short and fine capillary bristles which are not
plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes flat or flattish, narrowed
at the summit or beaked.
Pappus brown; flowers whitish; leaves not spiny. L. spicata.
Pappus white; flowers not whitish.
Flowers yellow; leaves spiny. L. scariola.
Flowers blue; leaves not spiny. L. pulchella.
Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchce. Biennial, erect, 1-3 m. high, glabrous
or nearly so, pale green, very leafy; leaves coarsely pinnatifid, the lobes ir-
regularly toothed, the uppermost sessile and sometimes clasping; heads in a
360 COMPOSITAE.
long narrow panicle; involucre 16 mm. high; flowers bluish to whitish; akenes
short-beaked.
In moist ground, in open woods, and on banks.
Lactuca scariola integrata Gren. & Godr. Prickly Lettuce. Annual or
biennial, erect, 1-2 m. high, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; leaves oblong
or lanceolate, spiny on the margin and midrib, entire or irregularly toothed or
cleft, sessile and usually auriculate-clasping at base, 5-20 cm. long, the upper-
most much reduced; heads in large loose panicles; involucre narrowly cylindric,
glabrous, 10-12 mm. long, the outer tegules much shorter than the inner ones;
flowers yellow; akenes flattened, narrowed into a beak longer than the body,
as long as the bright white pappus.
A weed, introduced from Europe.
Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC. Blue-flowered Lettuce. Perennial, erect,
leafy, 30-90 cm. high, puberulent or glabrate; leaves lanceolate, tapering at
each end, acute or cuspidate, entire or sinuately toothed or lobed, 5-15 cm.
long; lower leaves petioled; heads loosely panicled; involucre cylindric, glab-
rous, 12-14 mm. long, the outer tegules successively shorter, all lanceolate,
acute; flowers blue or violet; akenes flat, not margined, 4 mm. long, very short
beaked; pappus copious, white.
Vancouver, Washington; rare in our limits.
406. SONCHUS. Sow THISTLE.
Leafy-stemmed mostly glabrous generally coarse herbs, with
milky juice; flowers yellow, in corymbose or paniculate heads;
tegules imbricated, the outer shorter; receptacle flat, naked;
pappus of copious very fine and short capillary bristles, which
are not plumose; corollas all ligulate; akenes flat or flattish,
truncate, not beaked.
Heads large; involucre glandular-pubescent. S. arvensis.
Heads medium-sized; involucre glabrous.
Leaves prickly-toothed; auricles rounded. S. asper.
Leaves with soft teeth; auricles acute. S. oleraceus.
Sonchus arvensis L. Perennial, glabrous to the inflorescence; stems 60-100
cm. high, erect; lower leaves oblanceolate in outline, runcinately lobed, spinu-
lose-denticulate, petioled, 10-30 cm. long, the upper lanceolate, clasping at
base; heads 3-5 cm. broad; involucre glandular; ligulate corollas bright yellow;
akenes longitudinally ribbed.
A weed, sparingly introduced from Europe.
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Annual, erect, 30-90 cm. high, somewhat glau-
cous, glabrous below, glandular above; lower leaves ovate or broadly spatulate,
obtuse or acute, rarely lobed, spinulose-dentate, the petioles margined; upper
leaves oblong or oval, sessile and clasping at base, acuminate; heads cymosely
arranged; involucre cylindric-campanulate, about 1 cm. broad, glabrous;
flowers yellow; akenes flat, margined, 3-nerved on each side.
A common weed, introduced from Europe.
Sonchus oleraceus L. Annual, glabrous, pale green; stems usually 60-90
cm. high, erect, simple or but little branched; leaves pinnately cleft or parted,
10-20 cm. long, the terminal segment large, triangular, denticulate, the lateral
lobes much smaller; lower leaves petioled, the upper auriculate-clasping;
involucre cylindric, glabrous; akenes flat, marked with longitudinal and
cross ribs.
A weed, introduced from Europe.
COMPOSITAE. 361
497. XANTHIUM. CocKLEBUR.
Annual herbs; leaves alternate, petioled; heads monoecious,
in axillary or terminal clusters or short interrupted spikes, the
pistillate heads 2-flowered and below the several-flowered stami-
nate ones; involucre of the staminate heads of several distinct
narrow tegules; involucre of the pistillate heads bur-like, ovoid or
oblong, closed, indurated, 2-celled, 2-flowered, armed all over
with strongly hook-tipped spines; pappus none; corolla none;
akenes obovoid thick. .
Xanthium varians Greene. Stems simple or branched, 20-40 cm. high,
sparsely setose; leaves mostly ovate or rhombic-ovate, coarsely and doubly
serrate-dentate, scabrous on both surfaces; fruiting burs ovoid, 15-20 mm.
long, armed with about 70 spines half as long as the diameter of the body;
beaks stout, incurved at tip.
Sandy banks of the Columbia River.
498. GAERTNERIA.
Herbs (in ours) with mostly alternate leaves; sterile and fertile
heads separate or sometimes mixed in the inflorescence; fertile
involucre 1—4-celled, bur-like, armed with spines in more than
one row; pistils solitary in each cell of the involucre.
Ours all seashore perennials.
Leaves 2-3 times pinnately parted. G. bipinnatifida.
Leaves cuneate-obovate, serrate or incised. G. chamtssonts.
Gaertneria bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Kuntze. Herbage canescently hirsute;
stems prostrate or procumbent, branched, 30-90 cm. long; leaves ovate in
outline, 3-5 cm. long, once or twice pinnatifid into oblong segments; staminate
heads in a dense raceme; fruiting involucre ovoid-fusiform, nearly glabrous,
armed with short subulate flattened spines.
Common on high sandy or gravelly sea-beaches.
Gaertneria chamissonis (Less.) Kuntze. Stems stout, prostrate or pro-
cumbent, 60-90 cm. long, hirsutely pubescent; leaves oblong to oval, cuneate
at base, obtusely serrate or the lower ones often incised, silvery-silky, petioled;
fruiting involucre 2-flowered, sparsely hirsute, armed with very short flat
spines.
On the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to California.
499. EUPATORIUM.
Mostly perennial herbs; leaves whorled (in ours) mostly
resiniferous-atomiferous; heads discoid, in cymes or panicles,
rarely solitary; tegules few to numerous, receptacle naked; pappus
of numerous scabrous capillary bristles, mostly in 1 row.
Eupatorium maculatum L. Perennial, stout, erect, 1-3 m. high, simple or
branched near the top; herbage pubescent; leaves in whorls of 3-6, ovate to
oblong-ovate, incisely toothed, thickish and somewhat rugose, 10-30 cm. long;
heads numerous in a rather flat-topped cyme; involucre cylindric; tegules
oblong, purplish, imbricated in 5 or 6 series, the outer shorter; flowers purple.
Sumas, Washington, Gorman; British Columbia eastward to Newfoundland
and the Atlantic states.
362 COMPOSITAE.
500. COLEOSANTHUS.
Herbs or undershrubs with opposite or alternate leaves; heads
whitish; involucre campanulate, the tegules striate-nerved, im-
bricated, lanceolate or linear, the outer shorter, none herbaceous;
receptacle flat, naked; pappus one row of separate capillary
barbed or scabrous bristles.
Coleosanthus grandiflorus (Hook.) Kuntze. Glabrous or puberulent;
stems erect, much branched, 60-90 cm. high; leaves triangular-ovate, cordate
or truncate at base, acuminate, crenate-dentate, 5-10 cm. long; inflorescence
cymose-paniculate: heads drooping, each about 40-flowered; involucral bracts
thin, the outer short and ovate, the inner oblong-linear; akenes minutely
hispid, not glandular.
In rocky places along the Columbia River at Wyeth, Oregon, and probably
in our limits. First collected by Douglas.
501. GRINDELIA. Gum PLANT.
Biennial or perennial herbs; leaves sessile or partly clasping;
heads yellow, medium or rather large, solitary, terminating leafy
branches or occasionally more or less corymbose, many-flowered,
gummy; ray-flowers fertile, numerous, narrow, or rarely none;
tegules numerous, narrow; receptacle flat or convex; pappus of
2-8 rigid and early-deciduous awns; style-branches tipped with
an appendage; akenes compressed or turgid or the outermost
somewhat 3-angled.
Heads 6-8 mm. high; tegules stiff, strongly recurved at
tip.
Ray-flowers present. G. nana.
Ray-flowers absent. G. nana columbiana.
Heads 10-12 mm. high; tegules softer, straight or
moderately recurved at tip.
Cauline leaves broadest at base. G. integrifolia.
Cauline leaves not broadest at base.
Herbage wholly glabrous. G. oregana.
Herbage sparsely pubescent. G. oregana wilkesiana.
Grindelia nana Nutt. Stems erect, 15-60 cm. high, simple or branched
above; basal leaves spatulate, petioled, the upper sessile and partly clasping,
entire or serrate, glabrous; heads hemispherical, 10-14 mm. broad; bracts
with slender revolute tips, sticky-viscid; ray-flowers 16-30, 5-8 cm. long;
akenes narrow, somewhat 2-toothed at summit; pappus awns 2 or 3.
In thin soils, usually abundant where found. First found near Fort Van-
couver, Washington, by Nuttall. Common in the Willamette Valley.
Grindelia nana columbiana Piper. Ray-flowers wanting; otherwise the
same as G. nana.
Near Portland, Oregon, and common east of the Cascade Mountains.
Grindelia integrifolia DC. Sparsely villous and pubescent, not glutinous;
stems stout, about 50-90 cm. high, often branched above; cauline leaves
oblong-lanceolate to ovate, membranaceous, entire or sometimes serrate,
acute or acuminate, 6-10 cm. long, sessile and broadest at base, the radical
petioled; involucre 10-12 mm. high, surrounded by more or less foliaceous
bracts; tegules subulate, setaceous.
COMPOSITAE. 363
_ Dry prairies, Clarke County, Washington, and southwards. Common
in the Willamette Valley.
Grindelia oregana Gray. (G. stricta DC. ?) Glabrousor nearly so and
more or less varnished; stems stout, often tufted, 60-90 cm. high; leaves
subcoriaceous, oblong-spatulate or the upper lanceolate, mostly acute, entire
to sharply denticulate, 6-10 cm. long, the cauline sessile by a narrowed base,
the radical petioled; involucre gummy, 10-15 mm. high; tegules subulate;
ray-flowers 12-20 mm. long; akenes truncate; pappus awns 2 or 3.
‘ Common on high sea beaches; G. hendersoni Greene is apparently a mere
orm.
Grindelia oregana wilkesiana Piper n. subsp. Sparsely pubescent through-
out with weak white hairs; otherwise like G. oregana.
Gray Harbor, Wilkes Expedition; Nisqually, Wilkes Expedition; Fraser
River, Dr. Holmes; Queen Charlotte Islands, Osgood.
502. CHRYSOPSIS.
Low herbs; leaves numerous, alternate, sessile; heads solitary
or in corymbs with yellow flowers; ray-flowers fertile or sometimes
wanting; tegules narrow, acute, scarious-margined; receptacle
flat; style-branches with appendages; pappus double, of two
kinds, the interior of long copious capillary bristles, the exterior
of short bristles or chaffy scales; akenes oblong-linear or ovate-
oblong, compressed, hairy.
Ray-flowers none; leaves green, hispid-hirsute. C. oregana.
Ray-flowers present; leaves canescent, strigose or hirsute. C. villosa.
Chrysopsis oregana (Nutt.) Gray. Herbage hispid-hirsute; stems tufted,
20-30 cm. high, mostly branched; leaves oblong to lanceolate, entire, acute,
sessile, 3-5 cm. long; inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, glandular; involucre
campanulate; tegules thin, linear to lanceolate, 1-nerved, in several series;
akenes oblong; pappus white, capillary.
On gravel bars of streams, Washington to California.
Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. Perennial, the stems decumbent or
suberect, 15-30 cm. long, canescent throughout and more or less villous;
leaves numerous, oblong or oblanceolate, mostly acute, sessile or nearly so,
2-3 cm. long; heads solitary or corymbed, terminating short leafy branches;
involucre hemispherical, 10-15 mm. broad; tegules canescent or nearly glabrous;
ray-flowers golden-yellow; akenes obovate, pubescent; outer pappus very
short.
Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; Coupeville, Washington, Gardner.
503. HOOREBEKIA.
Herbs or low undershrubs; leaves alternate, soft or rigid; heads
solitary, terminal, or clustered, many-flowered; ray-flowers fertile
or rarely none; involucre imbricated; tegules with or without
foliaceous tips; receptacle flat or flattish; pappus tawny or
reddish, of copious and unequal capillary bristles, somewhat
rigid; style-branches with appendages; akenes turbinate and
linear, terete, angled or more or less compressed.
364 COMPOSITAE.
Tegules rigid; heads racemose. H. racemosa.
Tegules not rigid; heads solitary. AZ, lyallit.
Hoorebekia racemosa (Nutt.) Piper. Perennial; stems erect, 60-90 cm.
high, sparsely soft-hairy; leaves lanceolate, coriaceous, acute, entire, 5-15
cm. long, the cauline sessile, the basal petioled, all somewhat scabrous on
both surfaces and with sparse pubescence; heads racemosely or somewhat
paniculately arranged, mostly long-peduncled; involucre turbinate or cam-
panulate, 1-1.5 cm. broad, the well-imbricated tegules linear, acute, pubescent,
rigid and coriaceous, green-tipped; ray-flowers 6-8 mm. long; akenes
pubescent; style-branches filiform; pappus brownish.
In dry ground in the Willamette Valley, where first collected by Nuttall.
Hoorebekia lyallii (Gray) Piper. Viscid-puberulent; stems 10-20 cm.
high, leafy, arising from elongated branched rootstocks; leaves soft, oblong-
spatulate to oblanceolate, 1-5 cm. long; heads solitary, 15—20-rayed; involucre
hemispheric; tegules glandular, lanceolate, acute, a few outer ones loose and
somewhat foliaceous; akenes glabrous.
In rocky places in the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude, British Colum-
bia to Oregon; rare and local.
504. SOLIDAGO. GOLDENROD.
Perennial herbs; leaves alternate; heads small, mostly in
panicles or panicled racemose clusters, radiate, the ray-flowers
fertile, yellow; involucre imbricated, the tegules usually without
herbaceous tips; pappus simple, of a single series of mostly equal
and slender scabrous capillary bristles; style-appendages lanceo-
late or triangular-subulate; akenes terete or angular, 5—12-ribbed.
Branches of the panicle racemiform.
Leaves thick and firm. S. tolmieana.
Leaves thin.
Heads small, 4-5 mm. long, in very dense panicles. S. elongata.
Heads larger, 5—7 mm. long, in looser panicles. S. serotina.
Branches of the panicle not racemiform.
Tegules acutish; alpine plants.
Leaves mostly acute. S. algida.
Leaves obtuse. S. bellidtfolia.
Tegules obtuse; lowland plants.
Panicle loose, raceme-like. S. vespertina.
Panicle dense, branched. S. glutinosa.
Solidago tolmieana Gray. Nearly glabrous; stems 30-40 cm. high, leafy;
leaves firm and thick, linear to lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate at tip,
scabrous-ciliolate, 5—8 cm. long; panicle narrowly pyramidal; heads 6 mm. high;
tegules thin, lanceolate, acutish.
Gravelly prairies, Washington and Oregon, rare; first collected by Tolmie
at Fort Vancouver, Washington. Perhaps not distinct from S. mtssouriensis
Nutt.
Solidago elongata Nutt. Stems mostly tufted, 60-100 cm. high, green,
smooth; leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, obscurely 3-nerved,
glabrous, smooth or scabrid on the nerves beneath, 6-12 cm. long; panicle
pyramidal, very dense, 10-25 cm. long; heads 4-5 mm. high; tegules linear,
acute or obtuse; ray-flowers yellow.
In moist meadows; the commonest species of the region. Nuwftall’s original
specimens are from Sauvies Island, Oregon. The species is scarcely distinct
from .S. lepida DC. collected by Haenke at Nootka Sound.
COMPOSITAE. 365
Solidago serotina salebrosa Piper. Stems tufted, stout and tall, 90-150
cm. high; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate,
harshly scabrous on both sides, 6-15 cm. long; panicle somewhat pyramidal,
. moderately dense, 10-30 cm. long; heads 5-7 mm. high, crowded on the
spreading often crowded branches; tegules thin, linear, obtuse; ray-flowers
7-14, yellow; akenes pubescent.
In moist places, not common in our limits.
Solidago algida Piper n. sp. Stems usually tufted, 10-30 cm. high, from a
stout branched caudex, glabrous except the ciliation of the leaves and the
branches of the panicle; basal leaf blades oblanceolate, entire to serrate or
crenate-serrate, mostly acute, firm, glabrous except the ciliate margins, 3-10
cm. long, the margined petioles nearly as long; cauline leaves similar, smaller;
inflorescence a dense globose or oblong panicle, 3-7 cm. long; branches of the
inflorescence puberulent; heads mostly solitary on the branches, many-
flowered; involucre 6 mm. high; tegules linear, thin, scarious and slightly
erose at the margins, acute or acutish, glabrous, not glutinous; ray-flowers
short, yellow.
The common alpine golden-rod of the Olympic and Cascade Mountains,
very closely related to S. scopulorum (Gray) A. Nels. and S. ciliosa Greene of the
Rocky Mountains but different from both. Olympic Mountains, Pzper,
2200, 2199 (type); Elmer 2596; Lamb, 1313; Mount Rainier, Piper, 2158;
Smith, 1064; Flett, July 12, 1890; Mount Stuart, Elmer, 1166; Whited, 767;
Mount Baker, Stratton; Loomis, Elmer, 562.
Solidago bellidifolia Greene. Glabrous except the scabrous ciliate margin of
the leaves; stems 10-30 cm. high; basal leaf-blades thickish, oblong to obovate,
rounded at apex, crenate-dentate, 2-5 cm. long, the margined petiole a little
shorter; cauline similar, smaller; heads in a dense globose or oblong cluster,
2-10 cm. long; involucre 5 mm. high; tegules linear, obtuse to acutish, rather
thin, minutely erose on the margins, glabrous not glutinous; ray-flowers
numerous, yellow.
Rocky places at high altitudes, Mount Hood, Mount Adams, and Mount
Stuart.
Solidago vespertina Piper n. sp. Glabrous up to the minutely puberulent
or sometimes resinous inflorescence; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves
spatulate to oblanceolate, thickish, obtuse or sometimes acute, serrate above
the middle, narrowed into a margined petiole as long as the blade; cauline
leaves similar, smaller, the upper ones sessile; inflorescence narrow, erect,
racemose to subpaniculate, 10-15 cm. long, sometimes leafy bracted near the
base; heads 6 mm. high, many-flowered;involucre campanulate; tegules oblong,
obtuse, thin-margined, nearly glabrous, erect, in about 3 series, the outer
successively shorter; ray-flowers few, pale yellow, 3-toothed at apex; akenes
puberulent.
In open pine woods, Mason County, Washington, near Union City, P7zper
886 (type). Flett 878 from Tacoma differs only in having the involucre
varnished. In the Flora of Washington, this species was referred to S. purshii
Porter (S. humilis Pursh).
Solidago glutinosa Nutt. Glabrous, but more or less varnished with resin,
especially the inflorescence; stems erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate to oblanceolate, serrate toward the apex, the upper cauline sessile, the
basal ones petioled and 8-10 cm. long; heads numerous, in a dense compound
virgate or pyramidal panicle, each 5-6 mm. high, 8—15-flowered; tegules oblong-
linear, erect, in about 3 series; ray-flowers few, yellow.
Gravelly prairies, Vancouver Island to Oregon. First collected by
Nuttall near the mouth of the Willamette River.
366 COMPOSITAE.
505. EUTHAMIA.
Erect scabrous perennials with narrow alternate leaves;
flowers in numerous small heads in terminal flat-topped corym-
bose panicles; heads many-flowered, the ray-flowers yellow,
equalling and more numerous than the disk-flowers; receptacle
fimbrillate; akenes villous.
Euthamia occidentalis Nutt. Giabrous; stems 90-120 cm. high, erect,
branched above; leaves linear, entire, 3-nerved, the principal ones 5-10 cm.
long; heads peduncled, in small corymbs; tegules narrow, acute; ray-flowers
16-20.
Common in moist places especially along lake shores; flowering in Sep-
tember.
506. ERIGERON. FLEABANE.
Herbs; very similar to Aster, but differing in the usually naked
peduncled heads; involucre simpler, of narrow erect equal teg-
ules, not coriaceous and without herbaceous tips; rays narrower
and usually very numerous, often in more than one row, rarely
wanting; pappus more scanty or fragile, sometimes with a con-
spicuous short outer row; style appendages very short and round-
ish or obtuse; akenes mostly 2-nerved.
Rays very short or wanting.
Leaves ternately cleft to parted; perennial: E. compositus discoideus.
Leaves entire; plants not perennial.
Heads paniculate; involucre glabrous; annual. EF. canadensis.
Heads corymbose; involucre hirsute, at least
at base; biennial. E, acrts.
Rays present, conspicuous.
Plants annual or biennial; stems erect, branched
above; ray-flowers white. E. ramosus.
Plants perennial; roots stout.
Leaves narrow or with narrow lobes; low al-
pine plants.
Ray-flowers golden yellow; involucre
woolly. FE. aureus.
Ray-flowers pink or violet, never yellow.
Leaves 3—5-cleft; involucre sparsely
hirsute. . compositus trifidus.
Leaves entire.
Involucre woolly; leaves spatulate. E. unzflorus.
Involucre hirsutulous; leaves linear-
lanceolate. E. pacificus.
Leaves flat, rather large and broad, entire or
toothed.
Stems low; leaves mostly basal.
Involucre loosely villous; fleshy sea-
shore plant. E. glaucus.
Involucre not villous.
Basal leaves dentate; plant produc-
ing rosulate offsets. E. oreganus.
Basal leaves entire; plant not pro-
ducing offsets.
Leaves glabrous. E. spatulifolius.
COMPOSITAE, 367
Leaves ciliate and sparsely pi-
lose. E. leibergii.
Stems tall, leafy.
Ray-flowers narrow, 100-150.
Leaves entire; ray-flowers violet. E. speciosus.
Leaves dentate; ray-flowers pink. EE. philadelphicus.
Ray-flowers broader, 30-60.
Cauline leaves half-clasping at base. E. howellit.
Cauline leaves sessile or short-
petioled.
Involucre sparsely pilose. E. amplifolius.
Involucre minutely glandular. £. salsuginosus.
Erigeron canadensis L. Annual, strictly erect, simple or with erect
branches, usually 30-100 cm. high, loosely hirsute throughout; leaves numer-
ous, linear, entire, or the lower spatulate and incisely lobed or dentate; heads
panicled, very numerous, small, 3-5 mm. high; involucres cylindric; ray-
flowers whitish, very small.
Native but weedy in habit and abundant in cultivated land.
Erigeron acris debilis Gray. Biennial, erect, glabrous or sparsely pubes-
cent, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate-lanceolate; cauline lanceolate,
sessile, all entire, acute or obtuse, 5-10 cm. long; heads few, paniculate or
corymbose, 6-8 mm. broad; involucre puberulent and somewhat hirsute; ray-
flowers very narrow, pinkish, equalling the disk, within them a series of tubular
filiform pistillate flowers; akenes smooth; pappus copious, brownish.
In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.
Erigeron ramosus septentrionalis Fernald & Wiegand. Annual or biennial,
erect, branched above, sparsely hirsute, leafy to the top; lower leaves spatulate-
lanceolate, acute, entire or dentate, the blades 5-8 cm. long; upper cauline
lanceolate, entire, sessile, smaller; heads loosely corymbed; involucre 3-4 mm.
high, glabrous or with a few bristly hairs; ray-flowers white, numerous, short,
4-6 mm. long; pappus of the disk-flowers double, the inner of few deciduous
bristles, the outer of short persistent scales; ray-flowers with few or no bristles
to the pappus.
Prairies, not uncommon.
Erigeron aureus Greene. (Aplopappus brandegei Gray.) Perennial from
a stout crown; herbage ashy-puberulent; stems 6-12 cm. high; leaves mostly
basal, obovate to spatulate, entire, petioled; cauline oblong to lanceolate, few,
small; heads solitary, 8-10 mm. broad; involucre loose, woolly; tegules lan-
ceolate; ray-flowers 15-20, bright yellow; akenes pubescent.
High peaks of the Cascade Mountains at about 2700 m. altitude, British
Columbia and Washington; first found on Mount Stuart.
Erigeron compositus trifidus (Hook.) Gray. Biennial, tufted from a
woody crown; basal leaves petioled, the blade 3-cleft, the lateral lobes often
again cleft; cauline sessile, often entire; flowering stems 5-10 cm. high; heads
solitary; ray-flowers 30-50, pink or white, 6-10 mm. long; akenes short-pubes-
cent; pappus simple.
In rocky soil in the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude.
Erigeron compositus discoideus Gray. Similar to E. compositus trifidus;
ray-flowers absent.
Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°, Lyall.
Erigeron uniflorus L. Perennial; stems erect, simple, 4-20 cm. high,
somewhat pubescent; basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, entire, 2-5 cm. long, the
blade as long as the petiole; cauline leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile; head
368 COMPOSITAE.
solitary; involucre very woolly; tegules linear-lanceolate, acute; ray-flowers
purple, numerous, 6-8 mm. long.
Cascade Mountains, without exact locality, Dr. Cooper.
Erigeron pacificus Howell. Perennial from a woody rootstock, thinly canes-
cent, hirsutulous throughout; stems leafy, erect or ascending, 5-10 cm. high;
basal leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, petioled, 2-5 cm. high, thinly pubescent
with short stiff white hairs on both sides; cauline similar but smaller and short
petioled; involucre hemispheric, 1 cm. broad; tegules linear-oblong, acute,
4—5 mm. long, thinly hirsutulous; ray-flowers 20-40, blue to purple, 10-12
mm. long; akenes minutely pubescent; pappus double, the outer bristles very
short, the inner equalling the disk-flowers.
On grassy slopes near Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon, Howell;
not otherwise known.
Erigeron glaucus Ker. Somewhat viscid pubescent; stems 20-30 cm.
high; leaves mostly in a basal tuft, pale green, hardly glaucous, somewhat
fleshy, obovate or spatulate, entire or nearly so, 6-10 cm. long; cauline spatu-
late-oblong, obtuse, sessile; heads mostly solitary, large, the disk 2.5 cm.
broad; involucre loose, villous with long hairs; ray-flowers 60-100, violet,
broad, 10-12 mm. long.
Along the seashore of Oregon and California.
Erigeron oreganus Gray. Perennial, pubescent; stems spreading or as-
cending, 15-30 cm. long; leaves mostly in a basal rosette, cuneate-obovate,
coarsely dentate or incised, 3-8 cm. long; cauline spatulate, subentire, smaller;
heads solitary or few; involucre 8-10 mm. high; tegules linear, acuminate, the
outer loose and passing into the leaves; ray-flowers 60-70, pink, 10-12 mm.
long; pappus simple.
On perpendicular cliffs in the gorge of the Columbia River; not elsewhere
known.
Erigeron spatulifolius Howell. Perennial from a very stout caudex, green
and nearly glabrous; stems usually several, slender, sparsely hirsute, erect or
ascending, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, broadly
obtuse, entire or with a few crenate teeth near the apex, glabrous on both
sides, 2-4 cm. long, including the margined petiole; cauline leaves oblong or
ovate-oblong, acute, sessile, small, about 1 cm. long; involucre hemispherical,
1 cm. broad; tegules broadly linear, attenuate-acute, minutely granular; ray-
flowers 30-40, purple; pappus bristles as long as the disk-flowers; akenes smooth.
On rocky banks, Pansy Camp, Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Howell.
Erigeron leibergii Piper. Perennial from a stout caudex, sparsely hirsute
and glandular throughout; flowering stems 10-15 cm. high, mostly simple
and bearing a single head; basal leaves broad, spatulate to oblanceolate, obtuse,
entire, ciliate, 4—9 cm. long; cauline oblong, sessile, mostly acute, 1-2 cm. long;
involucre viscid glandular and sparsely hirsute; tegules linear, acuminate;
ray-flowers 20-25, violet, 1 cm. long.
Mount Stuart, Leiberg; Bear Creek, Okanogan County, Washington,
Gorman; 25-mile Creek, Okanogan County, Gorman. E. leibergii differs
from FE. spatulifolius only in the herbage and involucre being somewhat pilose.
It is not unlikely that the two constitute but one species, variable as to pubes-
cence.
Erigeron speciosus DC. (£. glabellus mucronatus Hook.) Perennial
tufted, sparingly hirsute or nearly glabrous; stems 30-50 cm. high, leafy to
the top, erect; leaves lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate, usually ciliate at
least at the base, the upper cauline sessile by a broad base, the lower and rad-
ical petioled, 5-15 cm. long; heads few, in a loose corymb; involucre hirsute or
COMPOSITAE. 369
nearly glabrous, 5-6 mm. high; ray-flowers about 100, narrow, violet, about
1 cm. long; akenes pubescent; pappus double, the outer bristles very short.
Gravelly soil, infrequent.
Erigeron philadelphicusL. Perennial, sparsely hairy; stems erect, branched
above, 30-90 cm. high; basal leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, dentate,
3-6 cm. long, narrowed into a short petiole; cauline mostly entire, sessile and
half-clasping; heads numerous in a corymb; involucre hemispheric; ray-flowers
pink, numerous, very narrow; akenes puberulent.
Moist banks and meadows, common.
Erigeron howellii Gray. Perennial, glabrous except near the top; stems
30-50 cm. high, leafy; leaves entire or merely denticulate, thin in texture,
glabrous; basal ones petioled, ovate to obovate; cauline half-clasping at base,
ovate, mucronate, 2—5 cm. long; heads solitary; involucre somewhat pubes-
cent; tegules subulate; ray-flowers 30-35, white, 15-20 mm. long.
Perpendicular bluffs along the Columbia Gorge in moist places.
Erigeron amplifolius Howell. Green nearly glabrous; stems erect, 50-70
cm. high; leaves entire or with a few teeth, the basal ones lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, slender petioled, gradually reduced, the upper
sessile; heads solitary or few, short-peduncled; involucre hemispheric, 10-12
mm. broad; tegules linear, acute, minutely glandular and sparsely pilose along
the midrib; ray-flowers 50-60, blue or violet, about 2 cm. long; akenes pubes-
cent.
On open hillsides near Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon, Howell.
Erigeron salsuginosus (Richards.) Gray. Perennial; stems erect, 30-60
cm. high, pubescent toward the top; lower leaves petioled, spatulate to nar-
rowly-obovate, entire or denticulate, green, glabrous, 5-20 cm. long; cauline
oblong-lanceolate, sessile; heads solitary or few; involucre loose, subulate-
linear, viscid and minutely pubescent; ray- flowers 50- 70, pink, 12-15 mm.
long, rather broad.
Abundant in alpine BeaGws at 1500 to 2000 m. altitude, sometimes called
“Mountain Daisy.”
Erigeron salsuginosus angustifolius Gray. Stems 15-20 cm. high; leaves
narrower, spatulate to lanceolate.
This is merely a reduced high altitude form of E. salsuginosus.
507. SERICOCARPUS.
Perennial herbs, with many sessile alternate mostly entire
leaves and small heads of whitish flowers in corymbs; heads 12-—
20-flowered, radiate; involucre cylindric or somewhat clavate;
tegules appressed, closely imbricated, coriaceous but with spread-
ing green tips; ray-flowers few, 4 or 5; receptacle foveolate;
style branches lanceolate-subulate; akenes pubescent; pappus of
numerous scabrous capillary bristles.
Sericocarpus rigidus Lindl. Herbage pale green and scabrous; stems
30-60 cm. high, leafy; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse and usually mucronate,
entire, stiff but hardly rigid, 2—2.5 cm. long; inflorescence a rather dense
corymb; involucre turbinate; tegules oblong to linear, 1-nerved; akenes canes-
cent, half as long as the white pappus.
In dry ground, Vancouver Island to California.
bo
ur
379 COMPOSITAE.
508. OREOSTEMMA.
Acaulescent perennial herbs with solitary heads on scapi-
form stems and entire leaves; heads broadly hemispheric; tegules
herbaceous, narrow, subequal, rather loose, in about 2 series;
receptacle flat; ray-flowers numerous, violet to purple; style
branches slender, acute, hirsutulose; akenes prismatic, villous;
pappus a single series of denticulate capillary bristles.
Oreostemma alpigena (T. & G.) Greene. Caudex and root stout;
stems spreading or ascending, 5-10 cm. high, scape-like, the leaves much re-
duced; basal leaves spatulate to linear, obtuse, entire, glabrous, 3-8 cm. long;
involucre hemispheric, 12 mm. high; tegules linear, acute, somewhat pubes-
cent; ray-flowers violet, 12-15 mm. long; akenes hirsute at the summit.
At high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains. First collected on Mount
Rainier by Tolmze in 1833.
509. EUCEPHALUS.
Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, all cauline, the lowermost
much reduced; heads panicled, rarely solitary, radiate; involucre
well imbricated, campanulate; tegules chartaceous, closely
appressed, arranged in 3 or 4 series, the outer successively
shorter; receptacle lacerate-alveolate; ray-flowers in a single
series, violet or white; disk-flowers yellow; style branches lan-
ceolate; akenes compressed; pappus copious, of numerous
unequal bristles.
Ray-flowers white, becoming pink-tinged. E. paucicapitatus.
Ray-flowers purple or violet.
Leaves tomentose beneath. E. ledophyllus.
Leaves glabrous on both sides. E. engelmannt.
Eucephalus paucicapitatus (Robinson) Greene. Stems tufted, erect, leafy,
30-50 cm. high, somewhat pubescent; leaves elliptic-oblong, puberulent, 2—3
cm, long, erect or ascending; heads mostly solitary, sometimes 3 or 4, short-
peduncled, 3-3.5 cm. broad; tegules lance-linear, pubescent, ciliolate, acute,
purple at tip, loosely imbricated in 2-3 series, 8 mm. long; ray-flowers 12-18,
white becoming pink.
Common in alpine meadows of the Olympic Mountains, but not known to
occur elsewhere.
Eucephalus ledophyllus (Gray) Greene. Stems usually tufted, erect,
30-80 cm. high; leaves numerous, lanceolate, entire or sparsely denticulate,
glabrous above, tomentose beneath, 2-5 cm. long, the lower obtuse, the upper
cuspidate; heads solitary or several in a loose cyme; tegules lance-linear, acute
or acuminate; ray-flowers violet; akenes sparsely hirsute.
Alpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains, southern British Columbia to
Oregon.
Eucephalus engelmanni (Gray) Greene. Nearly glabrous; stems 60-90
cm. tall, erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, entire or
more or less serrulate, 5-10 cm. long, the upper ones cuspidate; heads race-
mosely or paniculately cymose; involucre hemispheric; tegules ovate-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, the outer loose and partly foliaceous, the inner
purplish; ray-flowers purple, 10-12 mm. long; akenes oblong-obovoid.
Alpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains, mostly on the eastern slopes.
COMPOSITAE. 251
Eucephalus macounii Greene. Sparsely rough pubescent; leaves oblong-
lanceolate to oblong, sessile, acute, half-clasping at base, sharply serrate with
scattered teeth; heads few, corymbose; involucre turbinate; tegules lanceolate,
acute, purple tinged, pubescent and ciliate, arranged in about 4 series; ray-
flowers 10-15, narrow, violet; akenes pubescent.
Victoria, Macoun; no specimens have been seen and the description is
compiled.
510. ASTER.
Mostly perennial herbs; leaves alternate; heads solitary,
corymbed or panicled, many-flowered, radiate; ray-flowers
several or numerous, in one row, fertile or rarely sterile, white,
purple or blue, never yellow; disk-flowers yellow, often turning
purple; involucre imbricated; tegules commonly with herbaceous
tips; receptacle flat or convex, naked; pappus tawny, simple, of
copious slender scabrous capillary bristles; anthers tipped with
an appendage; styles appendaged; akenes more or less com-
pressed, rarely slender, 4—5-nerved.
Leaves coriaceous; involucre well imbricated, broadly turbinate,
not glandular. A. radulinus.
Leaves membranaceous; involucre hemispheric, not well im-
bricated.
Involucre viscid or pruinose-glandular. A. major.
Involucre not viscid or glandular.
Heads less than 1 cm. broad.
Tegules acute. A. oreganus.
Tegules obtuse. A, halla,
Heads more than 1 cm. broad.
Cauline leaves auriculate at base. A. foliaceus.
Cauline leaves not auriculate at base. A. douglasit.
Aster radulinus Gray. Herbage scabrous and pubescent; stems stout,
20-50 cm. high, mostly branched above; leaves firm, subcoriaceous, broadly-
lanceolate to obovate, sharply serrate, tapering at base, 5-10 cm. long, scab-
rous on both sides; heads corymbose; involucre turbinate or obconical, 6-8
mim. high; tegules imbricated, firm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly
acute, pubescent; ray-flowers violet or nearly white, short; akenes pubescent.
In dry ground, Vancouver Island to California.
Aster major (Hook.) Porter. (A. modesta Lindl.) Herbage sparsely
pubescent, glandular in the inflorescence; stems 60-80 cm. high, branched
above, leafy; leaves thin, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, serrate or subentire,
acute, sessile or partly clasping at the narrowed base, 5-10 cm. long; heads
15-20 cm. broad, numerous ina leafy bracted corymb or panicle; involucre
hemispheric; tegules green, loose, linear, acute, little imbricated, glandular;
ray-flowers 30-50, dark violet, 10-12 mm. long; akenes pubescent; pappus
tawny.
Common along streams in the mountains.
Aster oreganus Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, 40-60 cm.
high, branched at top; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, sessile, 4-6 cm. long;
inflorescence subracemose, rather dense; heads 5—7 mm. high; involucre loose,
the outer tegules herbaceous, lanceolate, acute, the inner ones thinner and
narrower; ray-flowers white or purple, 4 mm. long; akenes scaberulous.
In wet places, rare; first collected by Nuttall near the mouth of the Willa-
mette River.
72 COMPOSITAE.
Ss)
xX
Aster hallii Gray. Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, erect, 30-60 cm.
high, leafy to the top; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, scabrous on the margin,
5-10 cm. long; inflorescence narrow, rather close, often raceme-like; heads
small, 6-8 mm. high; involucre campanulate; tegules linear or somewhat
spatulate, green-tipped, glabrous, obtuse, erect; ray-flowers white or nearly so,
8-10 mm. long.
In dry ground, western Oregon.
Aster foliaceus frondeus Gray. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent; stems
stout, erect or ascending, simple or usually with a few branches, 20-60 cm.
high; leaves few, the lower large, 8-10 cm. long, oblanceolate, tapering into
winged petioles; cauline sessile, broadly half-clasping at the base; heads few,
large, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, usually on naked peduncles; involucre 10-14 mm.
high, the tegules herbaceous, linear-lanceolate, loose, all about equalling the
disk, the outer largest; ray-flowers dark-violet, about 1 cm. long; akenes not
glabrous.
In moist meadows in the mountains at low altitudes. First collected by
Lyall on the Cascade Mountains, latitude 49°.
Aster foliaceus apricus Gray. Very like A. foliaceus frondeus, but dwarf,
10-15 cm. high; leaves thicker; heads solitary or few.
On the higher peaks of the Cascade Mountains at about 2500 m. altitude.
Aster douglasii Lindl. Glabrous or nearly so; stems erect, 30-120 cm.
high; leaves mostly sessile, lanceolate and broadest near the middle, sometimes
narrowly linear, acute, serrate near the middle or entire, 5-15 cm. long, those
of the branches much smaller; heads usually numerous, panicled; involucre
hemispheric, 10-12 mm. high, the tegules green at tip, narrow, acute, the outer
sometimes foliacéous and passing into the reduced leaves of the branchlets;
ray-flowers pale violet, 10-12 mm. long.
Common and very variable. First collected by Douglas at the mouth of
the Columbia River.
511. MADIA. TAaARrweEEp.
Annuals; leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed,
at least the upper alternate; heads peduncled, clustered; flowers
yellow; ray-flowers 1—20 and pistillate, or rarely wanting; disk-
flowers 1-5, perfect; receptacle chaffy only at the margin;
pappus none or of several small scales in the sterile flowers; ray-
akenes laterally compressed, enclosed in the infolded tegules;
disk-akenes laterally compressed.
Heads small, long-peduncled; disk-flower one. M. exigua.
Heads larger, sessile or short-peduncled; disk-flowers several.
Leaves all or mostly opposite; perennial. M. madiovdes.
Leaves all or mostly alternate; annuals.
Involucre laterally compressed; ray-flowers 1-5. M. glomerata.
Involucre campanulate; ray-flowers 5-12.
Ray-flowers 15-20 mm. long; receptacle bristly. M. elegans.
Ray-flowers 4-8 mm. long; receptacle glabrous or
nearly so.
Heads scattered, 6-10 mm. high; herbage moder-
ately glandular. M. racemosa.
Heads clustered, 10-12 mm. high; herbage very
glandular. M. sativa.
Madia exigua (Smith) Greene. Annual; stems slender, erect, usually
branched above, hirsute-pubescent below, glandular above, 10-30 cm. high;
COMPOSITAE. 302
leaves linear, 1-3 cm. long; heads 2-3 mm. high, long-peduncled, loosely
corymbed; tegules 4-8, enclosing as many ray-flowers which are scarcely
longer; disk-flowers solitary; akenes black, obovate but lop-sided, that of the
disk-flower straight, those of the ray-flowers curved.
Dry ground, rather common. First collected by Menzies.
Madia madioides (Nutt.) Greene. Perennial, somewhat villous; stems
slender, erect, 40-60 cm. high, loosely branched above; leaves linear-lanceolate,
sparsely serrate, sessile, 5-10 cm. long, all but the uppermost opposite; in-
florescence a loose panicle; heads slender-peduncled, 8 mm. high, many-
flowered; tegules 8-12, glandular, each enclosing a fan-shaped ray-flower
8-10 mm. long; disk-flowers sterile, with a pappus composed of oblong scales;
akenes of the ray-flowers broad, curved, compressed.
Very common in open woods; first collected by Nuttall at the mouth of the
Willamette River.
Madia glomerata Hook. Stems erect, simple or with erect branches, very
leafy to the top, 30-100 cm. high, hirsute, the inflorescence glandular; leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate, ascending, 2—6 cm. long, scabrous and hirsute; heads
densely crowded, at length somewhat racemose; ray-flowers few or none, short;
disk-flowers 2—5; corollas pubescent; akenes black, club-shaped, those of the
ray-flowers flattened and 1-nerved on each face, those of the disk-flowers
somewhat 4-angled; pappus wanting.
In dry open ground; Puyallup, Pzper; common in the Willamette Valley.
Madia elegans Don. Annual, hirsutely pubescent and somewhat glandular;
stems erect, 30-120 cm. high; leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or nearly so,
broadest at base, sessile, the lower ones much crowded, 5-10 cm. long; in-
florescence corymbose; tegules 5-15, hirsute; ray-flowers 12-20, acutely 3-lobed,
15-20 mm. long, yellow or often brown at base; disk-flowers sterile; akenes
much compressed, obliquely obovate.
Prairies, Willamette Valley and southward; said by Hooker to have been
collected by Douglas and by Scouler at Fort Vancouver, Washington, but it is
doubtful if it occurs north of the Columbia River.
Madia racemosa (Nutt.) T. & G. Stems erect, 30-90 cm. high, simple or
branched above, hirsute below, glandular above; leaves linear or lanceolate,
acute, 2-8 cm. long; heads 6-10 mm. high, hemispherical or broadly ovoid,
racemosely or corymbosely arranged, commonly peduncled; corolla pubescent;
ray-flowers 5-8, rarely 10; disk-flowers few; akenes flattened and nerved on the
broader faces or the nerve lacking; pappus none.
Very common in dry ground; first described from specimens collected by
Nuttall at the estuary of the Willamette River. Very variable and as here
describec including M. dissitiflora T. & G., whose supposed distinctions break
down completely.
Madia sativa Molina. Annual, viscid pubescent and very glandular;
stems stout, 30-90 cm. high, erect, simple or with erect branches; leaves lan-
ceolate or the upper linear, sessile, broadest at base, entire, 5-10 cm. long;
inflorescence narrowly paniculate, the heads mostly in dense clusters; ray-
flowers 5-12, their corollas pale yellow; disk-flowers 4-8 mm. long; ray-
akenes curved, obovoid, compressed, often 1-nerved on each face; disk-flowers
fertile, their akenes cuneate-oblong, somewhat 4-angled.
In dry ground, Willamette Valley and southward.
Madia sativa capitata (Nutt.) Piper. Heads densely congested, the in-
florescence capitate or short-oblong.
Vancouver Island to California.
374 COMPOSITAE.
512. HEMIZONELLA.
Small loosely branched annuals with linear opposite or the
upper alternate leaves; heads with 4 or 5 ray flowers and 1-4
disk flowers; involucre of 4 or 5 obcompressed incurved tegules,
each enclosing an akene; bracts of the receptacle 3-5, united
into a cup; ligulate flowers minute, yellow; akenes obovoid,
broad and convex on the back.
Hemizonella durandi Gray. Herbage more or less hirsute, glandular near
the top; stems 5-15 cm. high, loosely branched; leaves linear, 10-15 mm. long;
earliest heads in the forks of the branches, slender-peduncled, bractless, the
later ones racemose, 2-bracted at base, or short-peduncled; akenes hairy,
oblong-ovate or subfusiform, tipped with an inflexed beak.
In dry ground, not common, Vancouver Island to California.
513. HEMIZONIA.
Mostly annual herbs, usually more or less glandular and viscid
and heavy-scented; leaves alternate or sometimes opposite;
heads not large, many- or sometimes few-flowered; tegules
rounded on the back, partly enclosing the turgid more or less
oblique ray-akenes; disk-akenes abortive or infertile.
Hemizonia pungens (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. & Gr. Hairy, but only slightly
glandular; stems 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves bipinnatifid; cauline simply
pinnatifid, the lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, very sharp-pointed;
the leaves on the branchlets entire, small and crowded, rigid, spine-tipped;
tegules lanceolate, spine-tipped; receptacle convex; rays short, narrow, toothed
at the apex; pappus none.
Sparingly introduced; a native of California. Tacoma, Flett.
514. LAGOPHYLLA.
Annuals; stem slender, much-branched; leaves alternate or
opposite, mostly entire; heads small, few-flowered; ray-flowers
about 5, pistillate, fertile; disk-flowers as many, perfect but sterile;
involucre of as many tegules as the ray-flowers; receptacle
small and flat; pappus none; ray-akenes obovate, much ob-
compressed, smooth, enclosed by the base of the tegule; disk-
akenes slender and abortive.
Lagophylla ramosissima Nutt. Erect, loosely branched, 15-70 cm. high;
stems light colored, puberulent; leaves all but the lowest attenuate, entire,
linear-lanceolate or the lowest somewhat spatulate, 1-3 cm. long, all white
villous; heads 5-6 mm. long, in small clusters on the leafy branches; tegules
ciliate with long hairs, and usually bearing a few stalked glands on the back;
ray-flowers yellow, small; akenes 3 mm. long, club-shaped, with a ridge down
the inner face.
Prairies, Willamette Valley and southward.
515. BIDENS. BerGGaR TIckKs.
Annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite; heads small or
medium, yellow or sometimes white; ray-flowers 3-10, sterile or
COMPOSITAE. 375
none, in which case the flowers are all perfect and tubular;
receptacle chaffy; pappus of 2—4 rigid backwardly-barbed awns;
ray- and disk-akenes obcompressed.
Plant aquatic; submerged leaves capillary. B. becktt.
Plants terrestrial; none of the leaves capillary.
Akenes 4-angled; leaves dentate. B. cernua.
Akenes flat; leaves more or less incised. B. elata.
Bidens beckii Torr. (Megalodonta remota Greene.) Aquatic, glabrous;
stems simple or little branched, 30-100 cm. long; submersed leaves 2—5 cm.
long, finely dissected into filiform segments; emersed leaves a few pairs, lan-
ceolate, acute, serrate, 1-3 cm. long; heads solitary, short-peduncled; tegules
oblong, obtuse, glabrous; ray-flowers golden-yellow; akenes smooth, the stout
awns barbed near the tip.
Green Lake, Seattle, Washington, Piper; not otherwise known in our limits,
Bidens cernua L. Annual, glabrous or minutely hispid; stems erect, simple
or with few short branches, 30-60 cm. high; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceo-
late, coarsely and unequally serrate, acuminate, sessile and somewhat cuneate
at base, 6-12 cm. long; heads short-peduncled, 12-15 mm. broad; outer tegules
foliaceous, much longer than the membranous inner ones; ray-flowers 6-12,
bright yellow, or sometimes absent; akenes elongate, wedge-shaped, 4-angled
and bearing 4 backwardly barbed awns half as long as the body.
A very variable species growing in wet places, blooming in autumn.
Bidens elata (T. & G.) Sherff. (B. amplissima Greene.) Glabrous or
nearly so; stems stout, 40-100 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or oval,
acute, deeply serrate or incised, 8-18 cm. long; heads 1-3, nearly sessile, 2 cm.
broad; outer tegules linear to oblanceolate, larger than the head, often incised;
ray-flowers pale yellow; akenes 8 mm. long, glabrous, flat, broadly cuneate,
the margins inwardly barbed; awns 4, rarely 2, about half as long as the akene,
retrorsely barbed.
Sauvies Island, Oregon, Nuttall; Vancouver Island, Macoun.
516. COREOPSIS.
Annual or perennial herbs usually with opposite leaves; heads
many-flowered, radiate; involucre of 2 rows of about 8 tegules
each, the outer spreading and foliaceous, the inner appressed and
nearly membranaceous; ray-flowers mostly 8, neutral, yellow or
purple, rarely wanting; receptacle flat with deciduous mem-
branaceous chaff; akenes obcompressed, often winged, with 2
barbless subulate awns.
Coreopsis atkinsoniana Dougl. Glabrous; stems 30-100 cm. high, erect,
usually branched; leaves all opposite, the lowest bipinnately parted into
linear lobes, the upper reduced to simple linear bracts; heads cymosely panicu-
late; tegules in two series, the outer short, the inner ovate, scarious-margined,
6-8 mm. long; ray-flowers yellow, with brown bases; akenes oblong, narrowly
winged, bearing two short subulate teeth.
In wet places on river banks, rare in our limits.
517. RUDBECKIA.
Mostly perennial herbs; leaves alternate; heads many-flowered,
mostly with sterile ray-flowers, sometimes rayless; disk-flowers
376 COMPOSITAE.
perfect; receptacle elongated, becoming columnar; pappus a
chaff-like cup or 4 chaffy teeth more or less united into a cup;
akenes quadrangular and mostly laterally compressed.
Rudbeckia hirta L. Black Eyed Susan. Herbage hispid to _hirsute-
pubescent; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves lanceolate to oblong, entire or
sparingly serrate, 3—5-nerved, the lower ones petioled, the cauline sessile;
heads solitary or few, long-peduncled; ray-flowers 10-20, orange-yellow; disk
ovoid, dark brown; chaff of the receptacle linear, acute; pappus none.
A native of the eastern states, sparingly introduced in fields.
518. BALSAMORHIZA.
Low perennials; leaves mostly radical; heads large, usually
solitary; flowers yellow; receptacle flat or barely convex with
linear-lanceolate chaff; pappus none; ray-akenes obcompressed;
disk-akenes prismatic-quadrangular or laterally compressed.
Leaves entire or merely dentate; herbage green; involucre not
woolly. B, deltoidea.
Leaves pinnately cleft, parted or divided; herbage canescent;
involucre puberulent to lanate. B. balsamorhiza.
Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt. Herbage green, scabrous and sparsely
pubescent or glabrate; stems erect, 20-40 cm. high; radical leaves ovate-
lanceolate to deltoid, acute, cordate or subcordate at base, entire or irregularly
serrate, green on both sides, 10-25 cm. long, long-petioled; cauline leaves two,
small, lanceolate, near the middle of the stem; heads solitary or sometimes 3;
tegules linear-lanceolate, the outer ones foliaceous and spreading; ray-flowers
2-4 cm. long.
Prairies, Vancouver Island to California. First collected by Nuttall near
the mouth of the Willamette River.
Balsamorhiza balsamorhiza (Hook.) Heller. Herbage canescent with
silky or more or less tomentose pubescence; stems 20-30 cm. high, bearing a
pair of small opposite leaves near the base; radical leaves oblong-lanceolate
in outline, pinnately to bipinnately parted into linear segments or merely
pinnatifid or incised; involucre woolly to merely pubescent; tegules lanceolate,
the outer sometimes foliaceous.
Prairies, rare west of the Cascade Mountains; first collected at Fort Van-
couver, Washington, by Douglas.
519. WYETHIA.
Perennial herbs; stems simple, rarely branching; leaves alter-
nate, mostly entire and ample; heads many-flowered, solitary or
few, medium or large; flowers yellow; ray-flowers elongated,
pistillate or fertile; pappus a chaffy crown or cup; ray-akenes
neither obcompressed nor laterally compressed.
Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt. Somewhat hirsute with short white hairs;
stems 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves long-lanceolate, mostly entire, acuminate,
20-40 cm. long; cauline sessile, smaller and broader; head long-pedunculate;
involucre campanulate, loose; tegules broadly lanceolate, green and herbaceous,
ciliate, equalling the disk; ray-flowers 4 cm. long; akenes pubescent at summit;
pappus awns stout, subulate, minutely hirsute, 1—2 in the disk-flowers, 3-4
in the ray-flowers.
Moist places, Willamette Valley and southward.
COMPOSITAE. 377
520. HELIANTHUS.
Coarse annuals or perennials; leaves entire or toothed, all or
at least the lower ones opposite; heads solitary or corymbose,
medium or large; ray-flowers yellow, sterile; disk-flowers yellow,
brownish or dark-purple; receptacle flat or convex; pappus a pair
of early-falling chaffy scales or awns; akenes neither very flat nor
winged; ray-akenes laterally compressed; disk-akenes 4-angled,
compressed.
Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Pubescent or hirsute;
stems erect, 1-3 m. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, acu-
minate, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, the lower ones opposite;
tegules loose, lanceolate, attenuate, hirsute-ciliate, spreading at the tips, as
long as the disk; ray- flowers 12- 20, 3-4 cm. long; akenes pubescent.
Escaped from cultivation; native of the eastern states. The rootstocks
bear edible tubers.
JAUMEA.
Perennial plants, herbaceous or suffrutescent, with opposite
entire leaves and peduncled solitary heads of yellow flowers;
involucre campanulate, the broad fleshy tegules imbricated in 2
series, the outer shorter; receptacle conical, naked; corollas
glabrous; style branches papillose or hairy, truncate to short-
conical; akenes 10-nerved; pappus (in ours) none.
Jaumea carnosa (Less.) Gray. Glabrous, somewhat fleshy; stems ascend-
ing, leafy, 20-40 cm. high; leaves spatulate-linear, nearly terete, sessile and
cuneate at base, 2-3 cm. long; head erect, short- peduncled: involucre cam-
panulate; ray-corollas 6-10, linear, short; receptacle conical, smooth, fleshy;
akenes glabrous, without pappus. a
In salt marshes along the seashore, Vancouver Island to California.
522. BAERIA.
Mostly annual herbs with opposite entire or pinnately dis-
sected leaves and yellow flowers; heads many-flowered, ae
involucre herbaceous, campanulate to hemispheric, with 5-15
oblong to ovate plane or somewhat keeled tegules in a ede
series; receptacle subulate to conical, naked; corolla of the disk-
flowers with a slender tube as long as the 5-lobed campanulate
limb; akenes slender somewhat clavate; pappus a crown of scales
or sometimes wanting.
Baeria maritima Gray. Pubescent when yo ung but becoming glabrous;
stems diffusely spreading; leaves oblong-linear, entire or the lower sparingly
laciniate-toothed, 2.5 cm. long; tegules 6-8; ray-corollas orbicular; akenes
puberulent; pappus of 3-5 subulate awns and at least as many small narrow
laciniate scales.
Bird Island, Barclay Sound, Vancouver Island, Newcomb, and the Farallone
Islands, California; not known to occur elsewhere.
378 COMPOSITAE.
523. ERIOPHYLLUM.
Perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby at base; leaves usually
alternate, entire or pinnately or ternately parted or lobed;
ray-flowers present, fertile; involucre campanulate or obovoid;
tegules erect, commonly united at base, oval or oblong; pappus of
nerveless and mostly pointless scales; throat or limb of disk-
corollas rather narrow; style-branches truncate or rarely minutely
tipped; akenes narrow, mostly 4-angled.
Eriophyllum lanatum (Pursh) Forbes. Perennial, erect or decumbent at
base, loosely white-woolly throughout; leaves spatulate or cuneate-obovate,
the lowermost and upper ones often entire, the others 3—7-lobed or parted;
heads long-peduncled; involucre lanate, campanulate, 10-12 mm. high;
tegules 8-12, oblong, obtuse; ray-flowers 6-15, golden-yellow; disk-corollas
glandular; akenes glabrous; pappus short.
In gravelly soil, common and variable.
524. HULSEA.
Perennial, viscid-pubescent, balsamic-odorous herbs with
alternate sessile leaves and solitary or scattered large heads of
many yellow flowers; involucre hemispheric, the herbaceous
rather loose linear-lanceolate tegules in 2-3 series; receptacle
flat, naked; ray-flowers numerous; disk flowers with the throat
larger than the tube; style branches thickened at the obtuse tips;
akenes linear-clavate, pubescent; pappus of 4 truncate entire or
lacerate scales.
Hulsea nana Gray. Perennial with branched rootstocks; herbage viscid
and villous and somewhat lanate; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal,
oblong-spatulate, pinnatifid or incised, narrowed into a margined petiole;
head solitary, peduncled; involucre 10-12 mm. high; tegules lanceolate; ray-
flowers yellow; pappus scales fimbriate, as long as the villous akene.
In loose volcanic rock at high altitudes, Mount Rainier and southward.
525. GAILLARDIA.
Pubescent herbs; leaves alternate, entire or incised or even
pinnatifid; heads solitary and long-peduncled, large; ray-flowers
yellow or partly dark-purple, sterile; disk-flowers usually purplish
or brownish; tegules in 2—3 series, the outer larger and foliaceous;
receptacle convex or hemispherical, with one or more awns among
the flowers resembling chaff; pappus of 6-10 hyaline chaffy
scales each with a prominent midrib which is prolonged into a
naked awn, or in the sterile ray-flowers, scales awnless; akenes
oblong, top-shaped, each surrounded by a tuft of hairs.
Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Perennial, erect, 30-60 cm. high, rough-pubes-
cent; lower leaves spatulate, long-petioled, the upper sessile, all entire or
more or less pinnately lobed, 5-12 cm. long; heads long-peduncled; involucre
hairy, the lanceolate acuminate tegules unequal, the longest about 1 cm.,;
disk-flowers dark-purple; ray-flowers 10-18, yellow, purplish at base, 15-20
mim. long; bristles of the receptacle as long as the akenes or longer.
Prairies, rare in our limits.
SS
——
COMPOSITAE. 379
526. HELENIUM.
Erect, simple or branching herbs; leaves all alternate and all
but the lower sessile; heads small or large, many-flowered, on
naked terminal peduncles; ray-flowers yellow, several or numer-
ous, pistillate; disk-flowers yellow or turning brownish or purplish,
small and very numerous, all fertile; tegules spreading or re-
flexed at maturity; pappus of 5-12 thin or hyaline chaffy scales
with or without midribs; akenes top-shaped, striate-ribbed,
hairy on the ribs.
Helenium autumnale grandiflorum (Nutt.) Gray. Perennial, erect, 30-90
cm. high, glabrous or puberulent; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute,
dentate or nearly entire, 5-12 cm. long, decurrent on the stem forming wings;
heads few or many, long-peduncled, 10-15 mm. broad; involucre nearly flat,
the tegules linear or linear-spatulate, pubescent; ray-flowers 10-16, yellow,
somewhat drooping, 1-2 cm. long, all fertile; akenes pubescent; pappus
scarious, the scales acuminate, awn-pointed.
River banks, not common.
527. ACHILLEA.
Perennial herbs, rather strong-scented; leaves alternate, ser-
rate or pinnately dissected; heads small, in corymbs, many-
flowered; flowers yellow, white or sometimes rose-colored, all
fertile; ray-flowers few or several, mostly short or broad, pis-
tillate; involucre narrow, the tegules imbricated in a few rows,
appressed; receptacle flattish to conical, with thin chaff; pappus
none; akenes oblong or ovate, obcompressed, surrounded by <
narrow and cartilaginous margin.
Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow or Milfoil. Herbage sparingly pubescent,
green; stems erect, usually tufted, 30-90 cm. high; basal leaves short-petioled,
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 8—20 cm. long, pinnately divided into very numer-
ous segments which are once or twice pinnately-cleft or parted into linear
acute lobes; heads small, numerous, in convex or flat-topped terminal corymbs;
involucre ovoid or subglobose, 3-5 mm. high; ray flowers 4 or 5, white, 2-4
mm. long.
Abundant in open ground and clearly native. Alpine forms are much
dwarfed, often only 15-20 cm. high, and approach A. borealis Bong. of Alaska.
A. lanulosa Nutt. with very jcanescent herbage, common east of the Cascade
Mountains, apparently does not occur in our limits.
528. ANTHEMIS.
Herbs; leaves alternate, mostly tripinnately divided; heads
many-flowered; ray-flowers numerous, commonly conspicuous,
pistillate or sometimes sterile; disk-flowers fertile; involucre
broad, the tegules very numerous, imbricated and appressed;
receptacle convex to oblong-conical, chaffy with mostly slender or
thin scales or awns subtending at least the central flowers; pappus
none or a short chaffy crown; akenes obovoid or oblong, 4 or 5-
angled, 8—10-ribbed or many-striate, truncate at the apex.
380 COMPOSITAE.
Ray-flowers yellow; leaves somewhat tomentose. A, tinctoria.
Ray-flowers white; leaves not tomentose.
Leaves glabrous, ill-scented; ray-flowers neutral. A. cotula.
Leaves pubescent, not ill-scented; ray-flowers fertile. A. arvensis.
Anthemis tinctoria L. Perennial, herbage pubescent; stems erect, loosely
branched, 30-60 cm. high; leaves sessile, oblong to ovate in outline, parted in
narrow acute serrate lobes; heads long-peduncled, 3-4 cm. broad; ray flowers
yellow, pistillate; tegules oblong, obtuse, pubescent; chaff of the receptacle
lanceolate, acuminate; pappus crown-like.
In fields, sparingly introduced from Europe.
Anthemis cotula L. Dog Fennel. May-weed. Annual, much branched,
puberulent or glabrate, 30-60 cm. high; leaves 1-3 times pinnately-dissected
into thread-like lobes; heads 2 cm. broad; receptacle conical, with bristly
bracts near the apex, none at the margin; tegules oblong, obtuse, pubescent;
ray-flowers white, 10-18, becoming reflexed in age; akenes 10-ribbed, rough-
ened; pappus none.
A very common weed, introduced from Europe.
Anthemis arvensis L. Corn Chamomile. Pubescent annual herb re-
sembling A. cotula but not ill-scented; leaves less finely 1—2-pinnately parted;
chaff lanceolate, pointed, subtending and exceeding all the disk-flowers; akenes
smooth; pappus a minute border.
Native of Europe; introduced.
529. CHRYSANTHEMUM.
Herbs; heads many-flowered; ray-flowers usually elongated,
numerous, pistillate; disk-flowers usually all fertile; involucre
hemispherical or flatter, the tegules more or less scarious, short-
appressed, imbricated in several rows; receptacle flat or convex,
naked; pappus none; disk-corollas often flattened or 2-winged
below, 4 or 5-toothed; akenes short, nearly terete, several ribbed
or angled, truncate at apex.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum pinnatifidum Lecoq. & Lemotte. Oxeye
Daisy. Perennial, erect, 30-60 cm. high, glabrous or nearly so, usually simple;
basal leaves oblong or spatulate, incisely pinnatifid or toothed; cauline smaller,
sessile and partly clasping, linear; heads 3-5 cm. broad, on long naked pe-
duncles; tegules oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, rusty at tip; ray-flowers 20-30,
white; akenes many-ribbed, pappus none.
Common in fields; introduced from Europe.
530. MATRICARIA.
Annual or biennial glabrous branching herbs; heads many-
flowered, solitary or in corymbs; ray-flowers none (in ours);
disk-flowers yellowish-green; involucre hemispherical or flatter,
of numerous more or less scarious appressed tegules in few rows;
receptacle conical at least in fruit, naked; pappus a minute
crown or none; akenes 3—5-ribbed, wingless.
Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Annual, 5-20 cm. high, simple
or branched, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; leaves oblong, 1-3 cm. long,
once or twice pinnately dissected into small linear acute segments; heads 5-9
A ed i ee
COMPOSITAE. 381
mm. high, terminating short stout peduncles; involucre saucer-shaped, the
tegules oblong, obtuse, green, with scarious margins; ray-flowers none; disk-
flowers yellowish-green; receptacle conical; akenes oblong; pappus represented
by a low sometimes 1—2-toothed crown.
Dry ground, very common.
531;. COTULA,
Annual or perennial strong-scented low herbs with alternate
lobed or dissected leaves and slender-peduncled rayless heads
with two kinds of flowers; heads many-flowered, hemispheric to
globose; involucre of about 2 ranks of tegules; receptacle flat or
convex, naked; outer one or two rows of flowers pistillate, apeta-
lous or nearly so; disk flowers tubular, 4-toothed, fertile; mature
akenes raised on short erect persistent stalks; pappus none.
Glabrous; leaves entire to pinnatifid. C. coronoptfolia.
Pubescent; leaves-bipinnately dissected. C. australis.
Cotula coronopifolia L. Glabrous or nearly so, somewhat fleshy; stems
decumbent or ascending, 20-30 cm. long; leaves linear-oblong, pinnately in-
cised or the upper entire, clasping and sheathing at base; heads subglobose,
peduncled, 8-10 mm. broad; pistillate flowers in a single marginal row, their
akenes with thick spongy wings.
Common especially in marshes along the seashore; a native of South Africa.
Cotula australis Hook. Somewhat pubescent; stems slender, much branched,
15-30 cm. high; leaves bipinnately parted, the ultimate segments linear;
heads small, 4-6 mm. broad; pistillate flowers in 2 or 3 rows, their akenes
pedicelled.
Vancouver Island to California, sparingly introduced; a native of Australia.
532. TANACETUM. Tansy.
Perennial bitter strong-scented herbs with alternate pinnately
dissected leaves and corymbed heads of yellow flowers; heads
many-flowered; involucre hemispheric; tegules imbricated, char-
taceous; receptacle naked, convex; flowers all fertile, the outer
ones pistillate with tubular 3—5-toothed corollas; akenes angled
or ribbed, truncate at top; pappus a short crown.
Tanacetum huronense Nutt. Soft hairy or woolly, especially in young
plants; stems stout, 30-90 cm. high; leaves twice to thrice pinnately dissected,
the ultimate segments oblong and crowded; heads 1—2 cm. broad, on stout
peduncles; corollas of the pistillate flower flattened, somewhat ray-like, 3—-5-
cleft; pappus teeth present.
On sand dunes along the ocean coast.
533. ARTEMISIA. SaGesprusH. WorMWwoop.
Herbs or undershrubs, bitter and odorous; leaves alternate,
usually dissected; heads numerous, small, in racemes or panicles,
several to many-flowered, discoid; flowers yellow, yellowish or
brownish, all tubular, the outermost series pistillate or all alike, the
more numerous perfect flowers either fertile or sterile; tegules dry,
382 COMPOSITAE.
imbricated in a few rows, appressed; receptacle flattish to
hemispherical, naked, sometimes hairy; pappus none; corollas of
pistillate flowers slender and small, 2 or 3-toothed, of the perfect
flowers enlarged above, 5-toothed; akenes obovoid or oblong,
almost always glabrous.
Ours all perennial herbs.
Disk-flowers perfect but sterile; marginal flowers pistillate and
fertile; leaves pinnately or bipinnately divided into nar-
now lobes.
Heads very numerous, small, greenish. A. canadensis.
Heads rather few, large, brownish. A. borealis.
Disk-flowers perfect, fertile; marginal flowers pistillate and
fertile; leaves not finely dissected.
Heads campanulate. A. tilesii.
Heads cylindric. A. suksdorfit.
Artemisia canadensis Michx. Glabrous or canescently pubescent; stems
30-60 cm. high; lower leaves bipinnately divided into narrowly linear seg-
ments, the cauline less divided; inflorescence a narrow panicle; heads 4-6 mm.
broad; involucre hemispheric, green, glabrous or rarely pubescent.
In rocky soil, rare in our limits; Coupeville, Washington, Gardner.
Artemisia borealis wormskioldii Bess. Silky pubescent; stems 20-40
cm. high; lower leaves ternately or biternately divided into linear lobes;
cauline leaves linear, entire or 3-parted; heads racemose; involucre brownish,
pilose. ;
Rocky places in the mountains, rare; Mount Rainier, Fleft; Olympic
Mountains, Flett.
Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. Herbage canescent with a thin tomentum;
stems erect or ascending, leafy, 60-90 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
rarely entire, mostly incisely or laciniately cleft into narrow attenuate lobes,
thinly tomentose, becoming glabrous above; panicle loose, pyramidal; heads
hemispheric; involucre broadly campanulate, arachnoid when young, some-
times glabrate, more or less brownish.
In the mountains at low altitudes.
Artemisia suksdorfii Piper. Tufted; stems stiffly erect, 90-120 cm. high;
leaves numerous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire to sparingly dentate or
rarely incised, 6-10 cm. long, bright green above, white-tomentose beneath;
panicle pyramidal, dense, 30-60 cm. long; heads cylindric, 3-4 mm. high,
5-8-flowered; involucre pale green, glabrate, the tegules obtuse, hyaline-
margined.
Abundant especially on bluffs along the seacoast.
534. PETASITES. Sweet CoLtsFroor.
Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks; leaves large, radical,
the cauline reduced to bracts; heads numerous, in a raceme or
corymb on the end of a scape-like stem; flowers whitish or
purplish, some imperfect; tegules in one row; akenes narrow,
5-10-ribbed; pappus soft, white.
Leaves ovate or oblong, 5—7-lobed, 5-10 cm. long; alpine plant. P. frigida.
Leaves reniform-orbicular, 7—9-cleft, very large, often 30 cm. or
more broad; lowland plant. P. speciosa.
COMPOSITAE. 383
Petasites frigida (L.)’Fries. (P. nivalis Greene.) Flowering stems 10-20
cm. high; leaves cordate-ovate or reniform-hastate in outline, 5—7-lobed with
broad sinuses, 5-10 cm. long, green above, white tomentose beneath; lobes
entire or with a few teeth.
Along alpine rivulets in the Olympic Mountains and in the Cascade Moun-
tains from Mount Rainier northward.
Petasites speciosa (Nutt.) Piper. Flowers blooming before the leaves
appear; stems 15-40 cm. high, covered with scaly reduced leaves; foliage
leaves reniform-orbicular, very large, 15-50 cm. broad, 7—9-lobed beyond the
middle, green and glabrous above, densely white tomentose beneath; lobes
oblong, coarsely dentate; flowers lavender-colored, with the odor of violets.
Common on moist bluffs. It has been confused with the eastern P. pal-
mata (Ait.) Gray.
535. LUINA.
Perennial herbs with alternate entire sessile leaves; heads
corymbose, each about 10-flowered; involucre campanulate;
tegules 8-10, firm, carinate, arranged in a single series; receptacle
flat, naked; corollas all alike, cream-colored, deeply 5-cleft;
anthers sagittate at base; style branches linear, flattened, trun-
cate; akenes 10-striate; pappus of soft white capillary bristles.
Luina hypoleuca Benth. White tomentose, except the upper surface of the
leaves; stems tufted, 20-30 cm. high, erect, leafy and simple to the inflores-
cence; leaves ovate or elliptical, obtuse, firm, shiny-green above, 2-3 cm. long;
heads corymbose; involucre 8 mm. high; flowers cream-colored.
Common on rock cliffs and gravel bars in the mountains, at 1000-2000 m.
ee First collected by Lyall at Lake Chilukweyuk, near the 49th
parallel.
536. RAINIERA.
Perennial herb with alternate sessile entire leaves and numer-
ous heads in a panicle; heads 4—7-flowered; involucre cylindric,
with 4-7 firm carinate tegules in a single series; receptacle flat,
naked; corollas all tubular, pale yellow, deeply 5-cleft; anthers not
sagittate at base; style branches linear, truncate; akenes gla-
brous, prismatic; pappus capillary, copious, pale-tawny. Scarcely
distinct from Luwina.
Rainiera stricta Greene. (Luina piperi Robinson.) Glabrous or nearly
so; stems stout, erect, leafy, 60-90 cm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, petioled,
15-30 cm. long, the cauline sessile or nearly so and smaller; heads 5—6-flowered,
numerous, in an erect raceme, 15-30 cm. long; involucre cylindric; tegules
5-7, linear or oblong, acute; flowers pale yellow; pappus tawny.
Alpine meadows on and about Mount Rainier.
537. CROCIDIUM.
Small annual herbs with alternate leaves; heads solitary,
terminal, small, radiate, the flowers all fertile; involucre hemi-
spheric, of 8-12 thin herbaceous tegules in one row; ray-flowers
about 12, yellow; disk-flowers more numerous, yellow; style
branches short and broad with large appendages; pappus of one
384 COMPOSITAE.
row of deciduous equal white barbed bristles, but none in the
ray-flowers.
Crocidium multicaule Hook. Woolly when young but soon glabrate;
stems numerous, tufted, 5-25 cm. high; radical leaves in a basal tuft, obovate
or spatulate, few-toothed, sessile or short-petioled; cauline leaves small,
linear; heads slender-peduncled, small but showy; tegules oblong-ovate.
In open ground, Vancouver Island to California. First found at Fort
Vancouver, Washington, by Douglas.
538. ARNICA.
Perennial herbs; stems mostly simple, from creeping rootstocks
or a corm-like base; leaves all or some of them opposite, simple,
entire, or merely toothed; heads rather large, solitary or few,
usually long-peduncled, many-flowered; flowers yellow, all fertile;
ray-flowers elongated, pistillate, or sometimes none; involucre
broadly campanulate, the tegules in 1-2 rows; receptacle naked,
flat; pappus a single series of rather rigid strongly scabrous or
barbellate capillary bristles; akenes linear, 5-angled or 5-—10-
ribbed, somewhat hirsute or nearly glabrous.
The species of this genus are of very unsatisfactory definition.
Basal leaves cordate, long-petioled.
Herbage pubescent, the stems hirsute or villous. A. cordifolia.
Herbage glabrous.
Akenes atomiferous-glandular; leaves often simi-
larly glandular on both sides. A. gracilis.
Akenes glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves large, usually dentate, thin.
Leaves small, crenate-dentate, firm.
Basal leaves not cordate, short-petioled.
Heads rayless. A. eradiata,
Heads radiate.
Pappus whitish, barbellate.
Herbage viscid-glandular; upper leaves much re-
. latifolia.
. betontcaefolia.
pa pS
duced. A. fulgens.
Herbage atomiferous-glandular or glandless;
upper leaves but little reduced. A. aurantiaca.
Pappus fuscous, subplumose.
Upper surface of leaves glabrous, sticky.
Stem leaves ovate or ovate-oblong. A. amplexicaulis.
Stem leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong. A. macounit.
Upper surface of leaves pubescent.
Pubescence sparse, pilose. A. aspera.
Pubescence dense, short. A. mollis.
Arnica cordifolia Hook. Erect from horizontal rootstocks, 20-40 cm. high,
sparsely pubescent; basal leaves ovate or orbicular, deeply cordate, dentate,
acute or obtuse, 5-10 cm. long, on petioles about as long; cauline usually 2
pairs, less broad, the short petioles margined; heads long-peduncled; involucres
turbinate-campanulate, 15-20 mm. high, viscid-pubescent, the linear-lanceolate
tegules acute; ray-flowers 8-12, yellow, 2-3 cm. long; akenes pubescent.
In the mountains at low altitudes, rare in our limits, but common east of
the Cascade Mountains; upper Nisqually Valley, Allen.
COMPOSITAE. 385
Arnica gracilis Rydb. Herbage minutely atomiferous glandular; stems
slender, 15-30 cm. high; basal leaves ovate, dentate, 3-ribbed, slender-petioled;
cauline leaves in 2 pairs, similar, the upper sessile; heads 1-3; ray-corollas
bright yellow, 15 mm. long; akenes minutely glandular.
Olympic Mountains, Lamb, Piper.
Arnica latifolia Bong. Glabrous or nearly so; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high,
from slender rootstocks; leaves all opposite, the lower petioled, cordate or
subcordate, coarsely dentate; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, oval to ovate, sessile
by a broad base; heads long-peduncled; involucre campanulate, sparsely
pilose to nearly glabrous; tegules about 13, oblong-obovate, acuminate, 1 cm.
long; ray-flowers dark yellow, 1.5—2 cm. long; akenes glabrous.
Common along alpine streams.
Arnica betonicaefolia Greene. Nearly glabrous; stems slender, 6-15 cm.
high; leaves oval to oval-lanceolate, obtuse, crenate-dentate, 2-3 cm. long, the
basal ones petioled, the 2-3 pairs of cauline sessile; heads 1-3, long-peduncled;
involucre 10 mm. high, turbinate; tegules pubescent, acute; ray-flowers
1-1.5 cm. long; akenes sparsely hairy at top; pappus white.
In alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude. The type specimens are
from Mount Steele in the Olympic Mountains.
Arnica eradiata (Gray) Heller. (A. parryi Gray.) Hirsutely pubescent,
glandular toward the top; stems mostly simple, 30-50 cm. high; leaves oval to
ovate-cblong, denticulate, the basal ones petioled; cauline 1-3 pairs; heads
rayless, solitary or often 3-5; involucre 10-12 mm. high; tegules hirsute and
glandular; akenes glabrous or sparsely hirsute.
In alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude.
Arnica fulgens Pursh. Erect, 30-60 cm. high, the crown thickened and
rusty-woolly, sometimes with creeping rootstocks; whole plant viscid-pubes-
cent; basal leaves spatulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire or nearly so, obtuse,
5-12 cm. long; cauline 2 or 3 pairs, sessile, the upper sometimes very small;
heads 1-3, long-peduncled; involucres 10-12 mm. high, densely glandular-
pubescent; ray-flowers yellow, 12-16 mm. long; tubes of disk-corollas hairy;
akenes pubescent.
A species of the interior, rare in our limits; Goat Mountains, Allen. The
subterranean characters may vary according to soil; the form without root-
stocks has been named asa species, A. pedunculata Rydb.
Arnica aurantiaca Greene. Tufted, 5-20 cm. high; stems erect, bearing
1-3 heads; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, entire, the lowest oblong, obtuse, the
upper oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous except the margins; peduncle sparsely
glandular and pubescent; involucre turbinate-campanulate; tegules about 10,
lanceolate, woolly at base, thinly ciliate; ray-flowers orange-yellow; akenes
silky; pappus white.
Goat Mountains, Allen.
Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt. Nearly glabrous and somewhat gummy;
stems 30-60 cm. high, tufted; leaves ovate, acute, saliently dentate, glabrous
and gummy above, 4-7 cm. long; basal ones petioled; cauline 4-7 pairs, half-
clasping at base; heads mostly 3 or 5; ray-flowers 1-1.5 cm. long; akenes hairy.
Along streams, especially in the mountains at low altitudes. First col-
lected at Willamette Falls, Oregon, by Nuttall.
Arnica macounii Greene. Sparsely pubescent; stems tufted, 30-50 cm.
high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate-dentate, 5-10 cm.
long, the basal ones petioled, the 4-7 cauline pairs sessile; heads cymose, usually
5-7, on small stems 1-3; involucre campanulate; tegules hispidulous, not
glandular; akenes hispid and glandular; pappus fuscous.
26
386 COMPOSITAE.
Along streams in the mountains at low altitudes. Differs from A. amplexi-
caulis Nutt. mainly in its narrower leaves.
Arnica aspera Greene. Sparsely pilose; stems tufted, 40-60 cm. high;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, saliently dentate, hairy on both sides, the cauline
sessile, 4-6 cm. long; heads mostly 3-5, slender-peduncled; involucres campan-
ulate; tegules pustulate-hairy; akenes setose; pappus tawny.
Along alpine rivulets at 1700 m. altitude, the type specimen from Mount
Rainier.
Arnica mollis Hook. MHerbage villous-pubescent, somewhat glandular
above; stems 20-40 cm. high; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire or
denticulate, mostly acute, the lower ones petioled, 5-10 cm. long; cauline
leaves 3-5 pairs, the upper ones remote, sessile; heads mostly 3, rarely 5-9,
4—6 cm. broad; tegules glandular, lanceolate, acute; akenes hairy.
Along alpine rivulets at 1500-2000 m. altitude.
539. SENECIO.*
Herbs (in ours) or shrubby plants; leaves all alternate; heads
usually solitary or in corymbs, many-flowered; flowers yellow, all
fertile; ray-flowers pistillate or occasionally none; tegules her-
baceous, mostly narrow, equal, in one row, or with a few short
outer (calyculate) ones; receptacle flat or merely convex, naked;
pappus of very numerous and mostly white, fine and soft capillary
and merely scabrous bristles; akenes terete or somewhat angled,
usually 5—10-ribbed.
Annuals.
Heads discoid; short outer tegules black-tipped. S. vulgaris.
Heads with short rays; short outer tegules few,
not black-tipped. S. sylvaticus.
Biennials or perennials; heads usually radiate.
Leaves pinnately divided.
Stem 30-50 cm. high. S. harfordi.
Stem 10-20 cm. high. S. flettit.
Leaves all undivided or those of the stem pinnately
lobed.
Heads discoid (except in subsp. fallax). S. pauciflorus.
Heads radiate.
Heads few, terminating the stem and
branches.
Foliage glabrous.
Foliage tomentulose.
Heads usually numerous, in a terminal
corymbose cyme.
Stem leafy to the inflorescence. S. triangularts.
Stem leafy below, naked above.
Tegules black-tipped.
Herbage arachnoid tomentulose. S. lugens.
Herbage pubescent with coarse
jointed hairs or glabrous.
Herbage glaucous, glabrous,
fleshy; leaves mostly en-
tire. S. hydrophilus.
. ductoris.
. webstert.
HH
* The account of this genus has been prepared with the assistance of Dr. J-
M. Greenman.
ee
ea Se eee a eee ee ee eee
COMPOSITAE. 387
Herbage not glaucous nor
fleshy, pubescent at
least when young;
leaves dentate or denti-
culate.
Leaves subcordate; ray-
flowers pale yellow. S. ochraceus.
Leaves not subcordate;
ray-flowers darker yel-
low. S. exaltatus.
Tegules not black-tipped.
Herbage more or less perma-
nently tomentulose.
Leaves entire or denticulate. .S. fastigiatus.
Leaves coarsely dentate. S. fastigiatus macountt.
Herbage glabrous or nearly so.
Lower leaves oblanceolate. .S. multnomensis.
Lower leaves ovate or obo-
vate.
Stem 30-50 cm. high. S. pauciflorus fallax.
Stem 10-15 cm. high. S. suksdorfit.
Senecio vulgaris L. Annual, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, usually
branched, 15-30 cm. high; leaves spatulate or oblong in outline, 1-3 cm. long,
half- -clasping at base, pinnately-lobed, the lobes short and usually toothed;
heads few to many, in corymbs; involucre 5-7 mm. high, the inner tegules
linear, acute, often black-tipped, the outer few and ‘short; ray-flowers
wanting; akenes puberulent; pappus copious, white.
A common weed in waste ground; introduced from Europe.
Senecio sylvaticus L. Annual, erect, 10-60 cm. high, slightly pubescent;
lower leaves oblong to lanceolate, lyrately pinnatifid, petioled; upper leaves
unequally pinnatifid, sessile, sagittate at the clasping base; heads corymbed,
slender-peduncled; involucre cylindrical; outer tegules few or wanting, if
present not black-tipped; ray-flowers very short, yellow.
Introduced from Europe; Portland, Oregon, Gorman.
Senecio harfordii Greenman. Perennial, glabrous or essentially so through-
out; stem erect or ascending from a lender rootstock, 20-50 cm. high, some-
what glaucous, usually leafy; leaves mostly pinnately divided, with irregularly
lobed divisions, and these in turn dentate, including the petiole 4-14 cm. long,
1-5 cm. broad, thin in texture, and drying pale green; the lowermost leaves
often undivided, rotund and crenately lobed; uppermost leaves without’
petioles; inflorescence a terminal corymbose cyme, few—many-(2-30-) headed;
heads mostly less than 1 cm. high, including the ray-flowers 1.5—2 cm. in
diameter; involucre shorter than the disk-flowers; tegules about 13, narrowly
lanceolate, 5—5.5 mm. long, acuminate, acute, glabrous; ray-flowers com-
monly 5, bright’ yellow; disk-flowers 18-25; akenes 2.5-3.5 mm. long, glabrous.
Common in the gorge of the Columbia River, on moist rock cliffs.
Senecio flettii Wiegand. Perennial, glabrous; stems 15-20 cm. high,
tufted; leaves mostly basal, oblong, 8-12 cm. long, petioled, pinnately parted
into irregular oblong incisely-toothed angular divisions; cauline similar,
smaller; heads 7 mm. high, several in a rather close corymb; tegules 10-12,
thin, acute; ray-flowers 2—4, dark yellow; akenes glabrous.
In rocky soil in the Olympic Mountains, at about 2300 m. altitude,
abundant; Mount Rainier, near Cowlitz Cleavers, Miss Winona Bailey.
Senecio pauciflorus Pursh. Perennial, 10-30 cm. high, slightly floccose-
388 COMPOSITAE.
tomentose at the base, in the axils of the leaves and in the inflorescence,
otherwise glabrous; lower leaves petiolate, broadly ovate, 1-2 cm. long, 8-14
mm. broad, subcordate to cuneate at the base, crenate-serrate, rather thick
and firm in texture; petioles equalling or twice as long as the blade; upper
leaves more or less pinnate; inflorescence usually a close compact umbel;
heads discoid, about 1 cm. high in anthesis; tegules glabrous, their tips tinged
with purple; akenes glabrous.
Widely distributed; Labrador, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia to
northern California. In our limits it has been collected on Mount Consti-
tution, San Juan County, Washington, Henderson, and at Deming, Whatcom
County, Washington, Flett.
Senecio pauciflorus fallax Greenman. Stem erect, about 50 cm. high;
lower stem-leaves 3-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad, pinnately parted with deep
broad sinuses between the lateral divisions, blackish or dark green in the dried
state; segments narrowly oblong to subovate, obtusely toothed; upper leaves
reduced to mere bracts; inflorescence cymose, few-headed; heads 8-10 mm.
high, radiate; involucre campanulate; tegules 18-21, linear, acute, 6-8 mm.
long, slightly purplish-tipped, glabrous; ray-flowers 10-12, yellow; disk-
flowers 50-60; akenes glabrous.
In partial shade, Deming, Whatcom County, Washington, Flett; not other-
wise known.
Senecio ductoris Piper. (S. fremonti T. & G.) Perennial, glabrous; stems
tufted from a stout woody caudex, erect or ascending, 10-20 cm. high;
leaves broadly obovate to spatulate or oblong, obtuse, dentate or incised, thick
in texture, 2-5 cm. long, the lower ones abruptly petioled, the uppermost
sessile; heads solitary or few together, the peduncles exceeding the leaves;
ray-flowers 8-12.
Rocky places in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude.
Senecio websteri Greenman. Perennial, floccose-woolly to nearly glab-
rate; stems erect or ascending, 15-20 cm. high; basal leaves thick, ovate to
oblong-obovate: acute, sinuate-dentate to denticulate, 8-12 cm. long, narrowed
into a wing-margined petiole; cauline lanceolate, sessile, irregularly dentate;
heads solitary on peduncles 4-8 cm. long; involucre campanulate and caly-
culate; principal tegules linear-lanceolate, acute, sparsely woolly, 13-15 mm.
long; ray-flowers 12-15 mm. long; akenes glabrous.
Known only from talus slopes on Mount Angeles, Olympic Mountains,
Washington, Webster.
Senecio triangularis Hook. Perennial, glabrous throughout, 30-90 cm.
high; stem simple, leafy to the top; leaves narrowly or broadly triangular, acute
or acuminate, evenly dentate, truncate at base or the lower often cordate and
the upper cuneate, 5-15 cm. long, on short petioles; heads corymbed; involucre
6-8 mm. high; tegules linear-lanceolate, acute, pubescent at tip; ray-flowers
6-12, yellow.
In moist places in the mountains, but occurring at sea-level near the
mouth of the Columbia River.
Senecio lugens Richards. Perennial, floccose-tomentose in the early
stages, more or less glabrate; stem 10-60 cm. high, leafy below, nearly naked
above; radical and lower leaves oblong-spatulate, 3-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm.
broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed below into a winged petiole,
repand-callous, denticulate to subentire, thin, membranous, sparingly tomen-
tose or glabrous; stem leaves remote, gradually reduced, becoming bractei-
form; inflorescence a few-headed .corymbose cyme; heads radiate, 1-1.5 cm.
high; involucre campanulate, calyculate, glabrous or subtomentose particu-
larly at the base; tegules about 13 and as well as the bracteoles conspicuously
black-tipped; akenes glabrous.
COMPOSITAE. 389
Arctic North America and Alaska, south to Wyoming and Washington;
in our limits known only from the Olympic Mountains, Filett.
Senecio hydrophilus Nutt. Perennial, wholly glabrous and slightly glau-
cous; stems erect, 60-100 cm. high, stout; leaves fleshy with obscure veins,
entire or nearly so, the basal oblanceolate, short-petioled, 10-30 cm. long;
cauline sessile or half-clasping, lanceolate; heads numerous, in a dense cyme,
short-peduncled; involucre cylindric, 6 mm. high; tegules 8-12; ray-flowers
small, few or sometimes wanting.
Near the Cascades of the Columbia, Howell, perhaps not within our
limits.
Senecio ochraceus Piper n. comb. (S. exaltatus ochraceus Piper.) Per-
ennial, sparingly white-tomentose; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; lower leaves
broadly ovate, subcordate, crenate-dentate to subentire, 5-8 cm. long, petioled;
upper leaves much reduced, sessile, lanceolate-attenuate; heads in a rather
close corymb; involucres campanulate, tomentose; tegules about 13, linear,
acute, black-tipped, 6-8 mm. long; ray-flowers pale yellow.
British Columbia to Montana and northern California; Goat Mountains,
Washington, Allen.
Senecio exaltatus Nutt. (S. orveganus Howell.) Perennial; stem simple,
erect, 20-120 cm. high, terete, striate, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent with
long flaccid jointed white hairs; lower leaves petiolate, oblong-ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, 2-8 cm. broad, obtuse, unequally dentate to sub-
entire, gradually narrowed to abruptly contracted at the base, glabrous or
more or less crisp-hirsute; upper stem-leaves soon becoming sessile and much
reduced; inflorescence terminating the stem in a few to many-headed corym-
bose cyme; heads about 1 cm. high in anthesis, radiate; tegules about 13,
commonly penicillate and black-tipped; akenes glabrous.
British Columbia to Montana and Oregon; rare west of the Cascade Moun-
tains, but first collected by Nuttall at the mouth of the Willamette River;
Lake Labish, Howell (type of S. oreganus).
Senecio fastigiatus Nutt. Perennial; herbage thinly white tomentose;
stems erect, 30-40 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, lanceolate to spatulate,
obtuse, obscurely crenulate or entire, firm in texture, 5-7 cm. long, the lower
ones slender petioled, the cauline sessile and narrower; inflorescence a cyme
with nearly erect branches; heads 8-10 mm. high; ray-flowers yellow; akenes
glabrous.
Gravelly prairies, Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Mountains.
Senecio fastigiatus macounii (Greene) Greenman. Stem 30-45 cm. high,
simple or branched; leaves entire to coarsely erose-dentate. Differs from
S. fastigiatus chiefly in the dentate character of the leaves.
Mount Constitution, San Juan County, Washington, Flett; Columbia
Valley, Lyall; Willamette Valley near Tangent, Oregon.
Senecio multnomensis Greenman. Perennial; stems flexuous, suberect,
30-70 cm. high, glabrous, except in the leaf axils; lower leaves oblong-oblan-
ceolate, 4-15 cm. long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, or more or less lyrately lobed,
glabrous in age; upper sessile or half-clasping; inflorescence cymose, the pe-
duncles elongate; heads 10-13 mm. high, rayed; tegules about 21, linear
lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, acute, pale green, glabrous; ray-flowers yellow;
akenes glabrous.
British Columbia to Oregon.
Senecio suksdorfii Greenman. (8. adamsi Howell.) Perennial, floccose-
woolly, becoming more or less glabrate; stems 10-30 cm. high; basal leaves
obovate to suborbicular, crenate-dentate, slender petioled; cauline oblong-
390 COMPOSITAE.
lanceolate, sessile, pinnately lobed or parted; heads in a rather dense cyme;
involucre hemispheric; tegules linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-10 mm. long; ray-
flowers 12-15.
In talus at the base of cliffs, Mount Adams, Suksdorf, Howell; Mount
Rainier in Indian Henry Park, Tarleton.
540. PSILOCARPHUS.
Low woolly annuals; leaves entire, mostly opposite; heads
small, discoid, many-flowered, in terminal capitate clusters and
in the forks of the branches, surrounded by the upper leaves;
fertile flowers numerous, in several series on the globular chaffy
receptacle; pappus none; akene loose in the bladder-like bract,
oblong or narrower, slightly compressed.
Heads covered with long loose woolly hairs. P. elatior.
Heads covered with short close wool.
Prostrate; leaves oblong or elliptic. P. tenellus.
Ascending; leaves narrowly oblanceolate. P. oreganus.
Psilocarphus elatior Gray. Erect and simple or more commonly branched
from the base and spreading, 5-10 cm. high, loosely white-woolly throughout;
leaves lanceolate or linear-spatulate, 1-2 cm. long; heads 6-8 mm. broad,
subtended by leaves; fruiting tegules appressed, tomentose; akenes cylindrical.
In low ground, especially in dried-up ponds, Vancouver Island to Idaho
and Oregon. First found near Portland, Oregon.
Psilocarphus tenellus Nutt. Canescently tomentose with fine appressed
wool; stems ascending, much branched from the base, 3-8 cm. high; leaves
spatulate, 5-10 mm. long; heads small, numerous, in fruit 4-6 mm. in diameter;
akenes fusiform, oblong, 1 mm. long.
Vancouver Island, Macoun; Fairhaven, Whatcom County, Washington,
Suksdorf; not otherwise known north of California.
Psilocarphus oreganus Nutt. Stems ascending, 2—5 cm. high; leaves
narrowly oblanceolate, 8-10 mm. long; heads covered with close wool; bracts
2 mm. long; akenes cylindric.
The original specimens were collected by Nuttall ‘“‘ near the Oregon and
outlet of the Wahlamet.”’ The plant has not since been found west of the
Cascade Mountains, but it is not rare in the interior.
541. ANTENNARIA.
Low white-woolly cespitose perennials; leaves alternate, entire;
heads small, solitary or corymbose, completely dioecious; re-
ceptacle naked; staminate flowers with the pappus-bristles thick-
ened or barbellate at the apex; pistillate with the slender pappus-
bristles united at base into a ring.
Plants not stoloniferous; stems 5-10 cm. high. A. lanata.
Plants stoloniferous, growing in patches; stems usually 15 or
more cm. high.
Heads loosely racemose; inflorescence glandular. A. racemosa.
Heads corymbose; inflorescence not glandular.
Leaves 3—5 cm. long, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate.
Green and glabrate above. A. howellit.
Tomentose on both surfaces. A. concolor.
COMPOSITAE. 301
Leaves much smaller and narrower.
Tegules greenish brown. A. media.
Tegules pink.
Leaves obtuse, white tomentose. A. concinna.
Leaves acutish, grayish tomentose. A. rosea.
Antennaria lanata (Hook.) Greene. Densely and rather coarsely woolly;
stems erect, 10-15 cm. high, not at all stoloniferous; basal leaves spatulate-
lanceolate, petioled, 2-6 cm. long; cauline linear; inflorescence dense; involucre
4-6 mm. high, very woolly at base, the inner tegules with papery white tips.
Common in rocky soil in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude.
Antennaria racemosa Hook. Perennial by stout leafy stolons; stems
slender, erect, 15-40 cm. high, glabrous or nearly so; basal leaves oval or ovate,
obtuse, green and glabrous or glabrate above, white-woolly beneath, 1-3 cm.
long, cuneate at base, petioled; cauline sessile, lanceolate, mostly acute, 1-3
cm. long; inflorescence glandular, racemose or somewhat paniculate; staminate
heads always racemose, subglobose, 4-6 mm. high, slender-peduncled, the
tegules brownish, obtuse; pappus with thickened tips; pistillate heads usually
pres oblong, 6-8 mm. long, the tegules greenish, narrow-tipped; pappus
simple.
Open woods in the mountains; rare west of the Cascade Mountains.
Antennaria howellii Greene. Stems slender, 15-30 cm. high, grayish
woolly; stolons prostrate, leafy, 5-10 cm. long; basal leaves cuneate-oblanceo-
late, petioled, 1-nerved, acutish, 3-5 cm. long, becoming green above, per-
sistently white-tomentose beneath; heads in a close cyme; involucre campan-
ulate, 8 mm. high; tegules linear-lanceolate, the tips white and scarious; akenes
glandular.
In open coniferous woods, common.
Antennaria concolor Piper. Cespitose, the ligneous rootstocks and stolons
slender; stems slender, erect, 20-30 cm. high, sparsely tomentose; basal
leaves thin, spatulate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, whitish, abruptly acuminate, concave
on the lateral margins, the greener upper side becoming nearly glabrous the
second season; cauline 7-9, linear or linear-lanceolate; inflorescence of 4-7
short-peduncled heads in a corymb; involucre 8-9 mm. high; tegules in about
3 ranks, mostly acute, greenish below, fuscous in the middle, the tips paler
or white.
In open places in fir woods near the suburb of Portland, Oregon, known as
Mount Scott. Only pistillate plants are known.
Antennaria media Greene. Densely white tomentose; stems 4-6 cm. high;
stolons 1-3 cm. long; leaves spatulate-cblanceolate, acute, 12-15 mm. long;
heads in a dense cluster; involucre of the pistillate flowers 4 mm. high, the
tegule tips oblong, mostly obtuse, usually greenish brown; staminate involucre
similar.
Common in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude.
Antennaria concinna E. Nelson. Densely white tomentose; stems leafy,
10-35 cm. high; stolons 3—5 cm. long; basal leaves spatulate, acute, white-
tomentose on both sides, about 10 mm. long; cauline linear-oblong to linear;
inflorescence dense or moderately open, of 6-15 heads; involucre 6-7 mm. high;
tegules obtuse, more or less rose-tinged.
Olympic Mountains, Elmer, Piper, Lawrence.
Antennaria rosea (D. C. Eaton) Greene. Densely white-tomentose through-
out; stems slender, 20-30 cm. high; stolons ascending; leaves narrowly ob-
lanceolate, acute, 15-20 mm. long; heads in rather close clusters; involucres
5-6 mm. high; pistillate tegules rose-colored, rarely white, obtuse, the stami-
nate plant unknown.
In dry sandy or gravelly soil, in the mountains.
392 COMPOSITAE.
542. ANAPHALIS. EVERLASTING.
White-woolly perennial herbs with. erect leafy stems and en-
tire leaves; heads numerous, small, discoid, dioecious but usually
with a few perfect flowers in the center of the pistillate heads;
involucre campanulate to oblong, its tegules scarious, numerous,
closely imbricated; pappus bristles of staminate flowers little if
at all thickened at the apex, that of the fertile flowers not at all
united at the base.
Anaphalis margaritacea occidentalis Greene. Stems erect, 20-60 cm.
high; leaves broadly lanceolate, somewhat revolute, sessile, bright shining
green above, white-woolly beneath; heads numerous, in a terminal corymb
4-15 cm. broad; involucre campanulate, subglobose; tegules ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse, pearly white.
Very common in open places, especially in old “ burns.”’
Anaphalis margaritacea subalpina Gray. Very similar to A. margaritacea
occidentalis but usually not so tall; leaves permanently pubescent above;
corymbs mostly smaller and denser.
Rather rare in moist meadows in the mountains at low elevations.
543. GNAPHALIUM. CupDwWEED.
Woolly herbs; leaves alternate, entire; heads small, discoid;
pistillate flowers very numerous in more than one row; flowers
white or yellow; perfect flowers fewer in the center; staminate
flowers none; pappus-bristles slender, not thickened above;
akenes oblong or ovate.
Bristles of the pappus united at base; involucre brownish. G. purpureum.
Bristles of the pappus separate at base.
Plants low; flowers in dense leafy clusters; involucres
very woolly.
Tegules white; plants loosely-woolly. G. palustre.
Tegules brownish; plants appressed-woolly. G. uliginosum.
Plants tall; flowers in looser leafless clusters; involucres
woolly only at base.
Involucre white; cymes loose. G. microcephalum.
Involucre yellowish; cymes dense. G. chilense.
Gnaphalium purpureum L. Biennial or sometimes annual; herbage
silvery canescent; stems erect, 20-30 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate, obtuse,
green above, appressed woolly beneath, short-petioled, 2-5 cm. long; cauline
narrower, mostly linear, sessile; heads in dense clusters in the axils of the upper
leaves, making a _ spike-like inflorescence; tegules brownish or purplish,
acute; akenes scabrous.
Very common in open places.
Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Annual, much branched at base, 5-12 cm.
high, very woolly throughout; leaves lanceolate, oblong or spatulate, 1-2 cm.
long; heads 2-3 mm. high, sessile, in small terminal or axillary clusters, which
are very woolly and subtended by leaves; involucre of few tegules, these linear,
acute or obtuse, brownish with white tips; akenes glabrous, the bristles falling
separately.
Common in dried-up pond bottoms and on river banks.
COMPOSITAE. 393
Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Annual, appressed-white-woolly; stems
branched from the base, 5-20 cm. high; leaves spatulate to linear, sessile,
obtuse, 3-4 cm. long; heads sessile in dense leafy-bracted clusters; tegules
brownish, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, the outer obtuse, the inner acute:
pappus bristles distinct, falling separately.
Moist places, especially on river banks.
Gnaphalium microcephalum Nutt. Pubescence woolly, dense, white, close;
stems several, slender, erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves linear or the lower lanceo-
late, decurrent at base; heads in clusters of several, these paniculate; involucres
turbinate to campanulate, woolly only at base, 3-4 mm. high; tegules bright
white, scarious, obtuse.
In gravelly or sandy soil, not rare.
Gnaphalium chilense Spreng. Erect, very leafy, 30-60 cm. high, simple
or branched below, persistently tomentose, not glandular; leaves linear-
lanceolate or somewhat spatulate, acute, 5—8 cm. long, scarcely decurrent at
base; heads 4-5 mm. high, in one or few dense clusters; involucre hemispheric;
tegules greenish-white, oblong, obtuse; akenes glandular.
Prairies and open woods.
544. INULA. ELECAMPANE.
Tall coarse herbs with large heads of yellow flowers and simple
alternate leaves; heads radiate, many-flowered; disk-flowers
fertile; involucres hemispheric; tegules imbricated, the outer
ones herbaceous; receptacle flat, naked; anthers caudate; style
branches linear, rounded at apex; akenes 4—-5-ribbed, pappus
capillary, scabrous.
Inula helenium L. Elecampane. Pubescent, especially above; stems
stout, 1-2 m. high, erect, branched above; leaves oblong to ovate, acute,
denticulate, tomentose beneath, 20-30 cm. long, the basal ones long-petioled,
the cauline sessile or half-clasping; heads solitary or few, 5-10 cm. broad;
outer tegules ovate, foliaceous, the inner smaller, spatulate, obtuse; ray-flowers
numerous, slender; akenes 4-sided, glabrous.
In fields and along roadways; introduced from Europe.
545. ADENOCAULON.
Slender perennial herbs with alternate petioled leaves, green
above, white-woolly beneath; heads few, small, 5—10-flowered,
glandular, in a loose panicle; tegules in one row; receptacle flat,
naked; flowers all tubular, the marginal pistillate, fertile, the
central perfect, but sterile; akenes elongated at maturity, club-
shaped; pappus none.
Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Stem 30-90 cm. high, floccose-woolly; leaves
mostly basal, triangular-ovate, somewhat cordate, with angular toothed
margins, bright green above, white-woolly beneath, 5-10 cm. long; petioles
margined; inflorescence glandular; tegules ovate to lanceolate, acute, reflexed
in fruit; akenes club-shaped, the top covered with stalked glands.
In open woods, very common.
546. CENTAUREA.
Herbs; heads many-flowered; flowers all with tubular and
deeply 5-cleft corollas, some of the marginal ones commonly
394 COMPOSITAE.
sterile, often much larger and conspicuous, the others perfect
and fertile; involucre globular, the tegules tipped or margined
with spines or scarious appendages; receptacle very bristly;
pappus of numerous rigid or sometimes chaffy naked bristles;
akenes mostly compressed, attached by one margin just above
the base.
Tegules each tipped with a slender spine; ray-flowers yellow. C. melitensis.
Tegules spineless, all more or less fimbriate; ray-flowers red, blue,
white or violet. C. cyanus.
Centaurea melitensis L. Annual; herbage pubescent; stems 30-100 cm.
high, loosely branched; basal leaves petioled, lyrately lobed, the lobes obtuse or
rounded; cauline leaves sessile, entire or merely toothed; heads short-peduncled,
10-12 mm. in diameter; tegules each tipped with a branched spine.
Introduced from Europe. Very troublesome as a weed in California where
it is called ‘‘ Napa Thistle.”’
Centaurea cyanus L. Bachelor's Button. Stems erect, slender, usually
branched, 30-90 cm. high; heads solitary on slender branches; involucre
ovoid; tegules in about four series, pale, the middle ones margined witha silvery
scarious-toothed border; ray-flowers large, white, blue, pink or violet.
A common weed in fields and waysides.
547. SILYBUM. Mrk THISTLE.
Coarse prickly herb with pinnately lobed alternate mottled
leaves and large solitary heads of purple flowers; involucre
subglobose; tegules imbricated in a few series, large, rigid, the
spiny tips spreading; receptacle flat, bristly; flowers all alike,
tubular, perfect, fertile; akenes glabrous; pappus bristles num-
erous, flattish, scabrous or barbellate, united at base and falling
together.
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Glabrous or slightly tomentose; stems
60-120 cm. high; leaves blotched with white, oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones
unequally lobed, spinose-dentate, the cauline strongly clasping at base; heads
globose, 5-6 cm. broad; flowers purple: pappus bristles white.
In waste places, adventive from Europe.
548. CIRSIUM. THIsTLe.
Biennial or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, sessile, mostly
pinnatifid and prickly; heads usually large, terminal, many-
flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and all alike, rarely im-
perfectly dioecious; involucre ovoid or spherical; tegules im-
bricated, in many rows, the tips scarious or prickly; receptacle
thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs; pappus of numerous
bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose, deciduous;
akenes oblong, flattish, not ribbed.
Dioecious; heads 1—1.5 cm. in diameter; perennial by spread-
ing roots. C. arvense.
Hermaphrodite; heads larger; biennials.
Se ae
——— ee a a a
COMPOSITAE. 395
Tegules all with dilated fringed tips. C. americanum.
Tegules or some of them with spiny tips.
Outer and inner tegules all with spiny tips. C. lanceolatum.
Outer tegules spine-tipped: inner ones unarmed.
Heads clustered, short-peduncled; flowers pink. C. edule.
Heads few, long-peduncled; flowers cream-colored. C. remotifolium.
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle. Perennial, with slender
creeping rootstocks; whole plant green, thinly tomentose when young be-
coming glabrous, much branched, 1-2 m. high; leaves numerous, oblong-
lanceolate, pinnately-lobed, sessile and somewhat clasping at base, 10-20 cm.
long; prickles numerous, rather weak; heads small, corymbed, dioecious;
staminate heads globose, the flowers much exserted; pistillate heads oblong-
campanulate, the flowers scarcely projecting; tegules well imbricated, some-
what ciliate, the short ovate outer ones spine-tipped, the inner ones lanceolate,
soft-tipped; flowers pink-purple.
A weed in cultivated ground, introduced from Europe.
Cirsium americanum (Gray) Robinson. Stems erect, 30-90 cm. high, spar-
ingly branched above; leaves lanceolate, coarsely dentate to pinnatifid or even
pinnately parted, weakly prickly, green above, white tomentose beneath,
6-12 cm. long; heads mostly solitary, terminating the branches: involucre
2-3 cm. high; tegules with a dilated scarious tip, this lacerate and mucronate
on the outer ones, entire on the inner; flowers cream-colored; some of the pap-
pus bristles dilated at tip.
Washington to California; rare northward.
Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. Bull Thistle. Stems stout, somewhat
woolly, usually branched, leafy to the top, 100-150 cm. high; leaves lanceolate,
deeply pinnatifid, hispid-pubescent but green above, white-tomentose beneath,
decurrent at base, 6-15 cm. long, armed with numerous stout prickles; heads
large, on stout leafy peduncles: involucre well imbricated, sparsely woolly;
tegules lanceolate, acuminate, all tipped with stout erect spiny points; flowers
purple.
A very common weed, introduced from Europe.
Cirsium edule Nutt. Stems usually tall and nearly simple, 1-2 m. high,
thinly pubescent; leaves numerous, lanceolate, pinnately-lobed, pubescent
above, woolly beneath, but soon green and glabrate on both sides, 5—20 cm.
long; prickles rather weak; heads large, usually clustered, short-peduncled,
often surrounded by the upper leaves; involucre persistently white-woolly;
tegules loose, each tapering to a slender rather weak spiny point, the outer
broader and shorter, not glandular; corolla purple, the lobes thickened at the
tips, shorter than the throat; pappus-bristles a little thickened at the tips.
In rich open woods and banks; the roots formerly used as food by the
Indians.
Cirsium remotifolium (Hook.) DC. Woolly and cobwebby, especially
when young; stems erect, 1-2 m. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline,
sinuately lobed to deeply pinnatifid, moderately prickly, white tomentose
beneath; heads long-peduncied; involucre 3-4 cm. high; tegules linear-at-
tenuate, the outer spiny-pointed, the inner scarious and lanceolate at tip;
flowers cream-colored; pappus bristles often thickened at tip.
Prairies and meadows, Washington to California,
549. ARCTIUM. Burpbock.
Coarse biennial plants with large ovate to orbicular cordate
leaves; heads many-flowered; involucre globose; tegules numerous,
396 COMPOSITAE.
closely imbricated, slender, appressed at base, spreading and
hooked at tip; flowers perfect, all tubular, purple; receptacle
bristly; akenes oblong, transversely wrinkled; pappus of numerous
short rough bristles.
Arctium minus Schk. Stems stout, branched, 1-2 m. high; leaves broadly
ovate, mostly cordate, obtuse, entire or more or less dentate, floccose-woolly
beneath, the basal ones 30-50 cm. long; petioles channelled; heads subracemose,
15-30 mm. broad; involucre glabrous or cobwebby; tegules arcuate, spreading.
Common in waste places.
550. SAUSSUREA.
Perennial leafy stemmed herbs with corymbosely clustered
medium sized heads of purple flowers; heads many-flowered;
involucre oblong to obovoid; tegules imbricated, appressed,
obtuse; receptacle bristly; flowers all alike, tubular, perfect;
style branches slender; akenes oblong; pappus double, the larger
bristles numerous, plumose, united in a ring and falling together;
outer bristles similar but smaller and less plumose or naked.
Saussurea americana D. C. Eaton. Sparsely arachnoid-tomentose; stems
stout, erect, 30-120 cm. high, leafy; basa! leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, sub-
cordate, acute to acuminate, mostly dentate, pubescent beneath, petioled;
cauline similar, sessile by a narrow base or the uppermost lanceolate; heads
10-17-flowered, numerous, in panicled cymes; heads 12-15 mm. high; involucre
ovoid-cylindric, pubescent; tegules obtuse in 5 or 6 series; flowers blue-violet.
Alpine meadows at about 2000 m. altitude. Especially abundant in the
Olympic Mountains.
SUMMARY.
Families, Genera. Species and Sub-
species.
Pteridophyta. 7 22 61
Gymnospermae. 2 10 | 22
Monocotyledones. 1) 111 | 412
Dicotyledones. 76 407 | 1122
Totals. 100 550 | 1617
NEW SPECIES, NEW SUBSPECIES, AND NEW
COMBINATIONS.
NEW SPECIES.
Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper..............0 0.0000 c cece eee eeee p. 279
RB GCE ia SidClis LUCE pape ye etn 84 hacia yG adie ois soe y ¢ edie crea eeae p. 251
aicilatia occidentalis Piper ei. are ec ss hv plieaeunsnsda0a doe nao p. 59
Populus vancouveriana Trelease.............. 0.00 cee cece cece eees p. 118
Solidava.algida Piper. <.cvesut ios scewecus suete ns sosauebeadteadad p. 365
Doldase vespertina Pipers si ap ons eon Has fs pels 1 Y oe saee § whee eee p. 305
NEW SUBSPECIES.
Grindelia oregana wilkesiana Piper..................0 000 c eee eeuee p. 363
NEW COMBINATIONS.
Arcentina grandis (T.-é& G.) Pints nc hss cages nies sco eulp ve douse p. 211
Barbarea barbarea brachycarpa (Rouy & Foucaud) Piper............ p. 176
Carex celsd (alley) Papen. ince 4 epee sheeted ee 4s ov bane te ada p. 79
Centaurium minimum (Howell) Piper......................00000- p. 288
Juncoides campestre congestum (Thuill.) Piper............0........ p. 92
duincomes unas. (Tlook.)) Pipenawwe os vs haved oc see's bea Vode Ree ee p. 92
Juncoides subsessile (Wats.) Piper..............0.00 00. cece eee eee p. 91
Kalmia polifolia microphylla (Hook.) Piper........................p. 282
Mertensia denticulata (Lehm.) Piper................00. 000 ee eeaee p. 301
Oxvtropis luteolus (Greene) Piper... cso eGn 62k vo nek d ee Dah we eee p. 227
Bamemaria leptostachya. (Buckl.) Piper. (...:cc05 . se. by cien ones baie ce p. 59
Prunus emarginata erecta (Presl) Piper..................00.000000- p. 199
Saxiitaga tundula (Small) Piper so. ..siosc.c00.0enas ave eth vas a sees p. 191
DENECIO OCNIACCUS Pipers ads bs voces ds iobh sed dees nse eeee ewan s p. 389
GLOSSARY:
Abortive. Sterile; reproductive parts
failing to develop.
Acaulescent. Stemless or apparently
so, or with the stem underground.
Acerose. Needle-shaped; witha sharp
rigid point.
Acrid. Sharp and harsh to the taste.
Adnate. United, especially where
different organs are fused.
Adventive. Coming from a different
region and not thoroughly natur-
alized.
Akene. Adry, one-celled, one-seeded,
indehiscent fruit.
Alveolate. Resembling a honeycomb.
Ament. Acatkin; a scaly spike.
Amphitropous (ovule or seed). Half-
inverted and straight but with a
lateral hilum.
Ampliate. Abruptly expanded.
Anastomose. To connect by cross-
veins and form a network.
Anatropous (ovule or seed). In-
verted and straight with the mi-
cropyle next to the hilum.
Androgynous. Having both stami-
nate and pistillate flowers.
Annular. Inthe form of a ring.
Annulus. A ring, especially the
ring of thick-walled cells on a fern
sporangium.
Anthesis. The period of full bloom
of a flower.
Apiculaie. Ending ina short pointed
tip.
Appressed. Lying close
against something.
Arachnoid. Cobwebby.
and flat
Arcuate. Curved in the form of a
bow.
Aristate. Tipped with a stiff short
bristle.
Atomiferous. Bearing minute scat-
tered granules.
Auricle. An ear-shaped appendage.
Awn. A. bristle-like terminal or
dorsal appendage.
Barbellate. Minutely barbed.
Bifid. Two-cleft.
Bilabiate. Two-lipped.
Biternate. Twice-ternate.
Bract. A modified reduced leaf oc-
curring in the inflorescence.
Bracteate. Having bracts.
Bracteolate. Having small bracts.
Callosity. A hardened thickening.
Callus. A hard protuberance; in the
grasses, the tough often hairy
swelling at the base of the lemma or
palea.
Calyculate. Waving bracts around a
flower or head which imitate or
resemble a calyx.
Campanulate. Bell-shaped, that is
cup-shaped with a broad base.
Canescent. Hoary with a grayish
pubescence.
Capillary. Hair-like.
Capitate. Shaped like a head; col-
lected into a head.
Carinate. With a keel.
Carpel. A simple pistil or one of the
units of a compound pistil.
Carpophore. The slender prolonga-
tion of the axis which bears the ripe
carpels in the Umbelliferae.
Cartilaginous. Firm and tough, car-
tilage-like.
Caryopsis. A grain, that is a seed-
like fruit with a thin wall adherent
to the single enclosed seed as in
the grasses.
Caudex. The persistent base of an
otherwise annual herbaceous stem.
Caudicula. The thread-like or strap-
shaped stalk of a pollinium.
Caulicle. The stem-like part of an
embryo, the hypocotyl.
Cauline. Pertaining to the stem;
on the stem.
Cernuous, Nodding; slightly droop-
ing.
Cespitose. Growing in tufts; forming
mats.
Chaff. A small thin bract becoming
dry and membranous.
Chartaceous. Papery.
399
400 GLOSSARY.
Chlorophyll. The green coloring-mat-
ter found in plants.
Ciliate. Fringed with hairs on the
margin.
Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.
Circinate. Coiled from the tip down-
ward, like fern leaves in the bud.
Circumscissile. Opening by the for-
mation of a circular line of cleavage
and the falling off of the top like a
cap.
Clavate. Club-shaped,
thickened upwards.
Cleft. Margin indented half way to
the midrib or more, especially if the
incisions are sharp.
Cleistogamous. Pollinated inthe bud,
without the flowers opening.
Commissure. The surface by which
one carpel joins another (Um-
belliferae).
Compressed.
laterally.
Connate. United.
Connivent. Converging.
Contiguous. Adjacent to each other.
Coriaceous. Leathery.
Corm. The enlarged fleshy base of a
stem; like a bulb but solid.
Costate. Ribbed.
Cotyledon. The first leaves of the
embryo plant already formed in the
seed.
Crenulate. Finely crenate.
Crested. With an upraised crest-like
appendage.
Crustaceous. Hard and brittle.
Cruciform. Cross-shaped; cruciate.
Culm. A hollow stem (Poaceae).
Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.
Cuspidate. Tipped with a cusp, that
is a sharp rigid point.
Cymose. Bearing cymes, or cyme-
like.
gradually
Flattened, especially
Declined. Bent downward.
Decompound. More than once com-
pound.
Decumbent. Reclining but with the
apex ascending.
Decurrent. Extending down the stem
below the point of insertion.
Dehiscence. The method of opening.
Deltoid. Triangular with the apex
upward.
Denticulate. Minutely dentate.
Diadelphous. Stamens in two sep-
arate groups.
Diandrous. With two stamens.
Didynamous. Stamens in two pairs
of unequal length.
Diffuse. Widely or loosely spreading.
Dimorphic. Occurring in two forms.
Dioecious. Stamens and pistils on
different plants.
Discoid. Disk-like; in the Com-
positae, a discoid head is one with-
out ray-flowers.
Disk-flowers. The flowers with tu-
bular corollas which are in the
center of the head in certain
Compositae.
Dissected. Divided into numerous
small segments.
Divaricate. Widely divergent.
Divergent. Spreading away from
each other.
Divided. Margin indented to the
midrib but the segments not quite
distinct.
Dorsal. Relating to or attached to
the back of an organ.
Drupaceous. Drupe-like.
Drupe. A fleshy fruit with the inner
portion hard and stony, one-celled
and containing but one seed.
Ebracteate. Without bracts.
Elaters. Thread-like appendages to
spores which curl and uncurl with
changes in the moisture conditions
of the air.
Emarginate. Waving a very shallow
notch at the apex.
Embryo. The tiny plant as it rests
partly grown in the seed.
Endosperm. The food cells in the
seed surrounding the embryo and
contained in the embryo sac.
Epicotyl. The growing point and
young bud in the embryo in the
seed.
Epigynous. Apparently growing on
top of the ovary.
Equitant. Astride; as when leaves
are alternately folded over each
other in two ranks (/7is).
Erose. Irregularly toothed as if the
margin were gnawed out.
Evanescent. Soon fading away.
Exserted. Projected beyond an en-
velope, as the stamens from the
corolla.
Falcate. Scythe-shaped.
GLOSSARY.
Farinaceous. Containing starch;
starch-like.
Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster.
Fasciculate. In close bundles (fas-
cicles).
Favose. Resembling a honeycomb;
alveolate.
Fertile. Capable of producing pollen
or fruit.
Fibrillose. With fine fibers.
Fibrous. Compose of or resembling
fibers.
Fimbriate. Fringed.
Fimbrillate. With a minute fringe.
Flexuous. Zigzag; bending alter-
nately in opposite directions.
Floccose. With fleecy tufts of soft
woolly hairs.
Foliaceous. Leaf-like.
Follicle. A fruit consisting of a single
carpel dehiscing along the ventral
suture.
Fornix. (plural—fornices). A swel-
ling in the throat of the corolla.
Foveolate. With small pits or de-
pressions.
Fugacious. Fading or falling very
early.
Fuscous. Grayish-brown.
Fusiform. Spindle-shaped.
Galea. A helmet-shaped or beak-like
upper lip of a corolla.
Galeate. Helmet-shaped; having a
galea.
Gamophyllous. Composed of coales-
cent leaves or leaf-like organs.
Geniculate. Bent abruptly, like a
knee.
Gibbous. With a _ protuberance or
swelling on one side.
Glabrate. Nearly glabrous or be-
coming glabrous.
Gland. A secreting organ or a pro-
tuberance resembling one.
Glanduliferous. Bearing small glands.
Glaucescent. Somewhat glaucous.
Glaucous. Covered with a whitish
bloom.
Glochidiate. Barbed at the tip.
Glomerate. In small compact clus-
ters.
Glumaceous. Glume-like.
Glume. eG 206
Wier: ee ee Oe ee 120
Red. ie tee SE es hce 120
Alfalid:..:,s) oe ee anon 222
AU pLOHIG). <5 stone re 229
AVisiiia- 20. ne cae ee ema oe 30
INLISMACBAB: (o> srac) fase anes 30
Williain. 8. cscs arta hee ee 95
Ailocarya -. 22-2 s< se ee 304
Ailotropas += seo) c+ - e 271
(nus. >. se cebee yea ce ee 120
JAlopecurus:.. 20d arin 39
Al sthe ‘Clovenict. 1am eo oe 220
Alum Rebs > tte Oey ees 196
Alvesuna ase tae eet Vit
AmmGbiiS) BUS «= ichtt eae S aN\
Amarantitines hook epieee™ ya 135
AMARANTHACEAE...---- +0707 7° 134
Amaranth Family....----0:7"* 134
Amaranthus. ...... 592-62" 135
AMBROSIEAE = 2 02ers oem 347
Amelanchier. ...-.- 2. --2- ">"> 200
Weninmanwia .coe te oo ee 245
Agnmodeniatac- > --)25- opr ae 148
Nensincekia taytaes. == SG 303
ANACARDIACEAE... --- 2007007" 233
ANGCHATIS. 2) aye ee ie Sil
Anagallise << ety pe ee 285
Anaphalis.. «a3. os eh are ee 392
Anemone 2 v2) .ctes ane ree
Woods. see ee eee ee
Androsace.< 3: 02% =-) >” ae
Ancelicasa.cemers: aac mes
ANGIOSPERMAE... -- 0220000 *
Annual Blue-grass..-----+++°°*
Antennaria.: .2--G- oer ee
JANTHEMIDEAE .).. 22902 >
Rathernisee cist ceri cane
Anthoxanthum....--+---7+77"
A plopappus.. ce 2-2
APOCYNACEAE. «226-5 2257 =
Apocyautn oriscirt 6) roe ee
Apple, Wild Crave cs hee
(Nquilegiats pase tec eee
Weabise netic sce ticirs aie eae
INRACEAE) cis-.0 aetiate cern is
IKAUTACEAR oy eae
Arbor Vide 22 one ee eae
Aebutusscee. tae ee oe
IArcenuma ee 3 Macs ore oe ae
Arctostaphylos...-----:--°°""
Agenariae 3: ce) ee es
Argentina 4; nce sere te
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE..- +--+ +077"
Aenicas sf io oe te ae ee
Nerhenatherunist ro
Arrow GraSSaats 2 eee
Arrow Grass Family...------*-
Aprownedd onic ie ee ee
Neremisiauws = enae se ae
Artichoke, Jerusalem....------°
Dieter elt) i yaeee gems Groot ©
\Nearimite s) foe ots ea
AiSWitecn, Waa Aas: aay ey ee
Mountain. .<.-) 29 es
Asparagus. .- > 9-7 a. ae
‘Aspleniumicg + 20-2 e ernie
INster eo 2 see nn a ee
ASTEREAE = (poe -¢ ee Ouaaan
Astragalus’ ot) a-j.0 oot aaa
Ririplex oe eo ane
thystumocts oo ose
Athysanus. .----- 226-725 9°57
Ger ee ei a ean conic (pia B=
406
INDEX.
Bachelors: Button at. er ee 394
Bachan cade Sone eo
Balsam Family Mice aca cE Races 236
BALSAMINACBAE...<..002- +2 a0 250
Balsamonrhizanc evecare haere 376
(DONEDETINEN. asec a linea ele 162
IBarbareas. kc sotlatn. cee neem 176
Barberry Famuy. of 5s ge sce 163
IBOPHYOT Os GLOSS sree Aer ae 35
IE TLE WAVY GUL 5 ates chit ast teks tot ode 64
SHIGE Saree, sac tenet ned SOME aah ig 63
IBOLNN OTs GOSS A fe). tae vee 35
Baitrac intial es wera se hap nneee 155
SON DELIA Sea IE ct a icgs Mera 119
SCOT DEPT San Maal wae Naa 237
BCONG LOM GUC wma = eee Sis
IB COTAGHOSS As chatid iivs 2 SSRIS 102
Beckmanmia.....0. 2 4.00.62. oe 60
ES CUSULG UW) Mewar Roe fick a.c = Peels rs 334
BEECH LGIMUN oi sen tee 4 « py ee a 121
WZCECIURN CTH t 8 bk tdasaaeanes« 3
JER GE SCTE eR od nS 374
BCU OWCies 20 = a ohn ves os ue ae 344
Bellflower Family.............. 342
BENI=OTOSS= 200s. 0. dale ee a 42
BERBERIDACEAE.............. 165
IBEGDerSisseiscaacss aban «ome ene Boa | 163
ID C2 Agee ge a eterna ey oe pee: 241
Ber MUuda-S7 GSS... ee te sees 61
Berula...... UM en iese he canes aera 266
Betula geste. eaten a eee ae tne 119
BERULACHATS. taster due seid ae 119
BIG eS fg. aeye fic, cert Te 374
ikoukkulla.. se: ae ete ete en 165
EY GH eee Os Sees ce aye ieeeee aie aie 119
Bare HOMAUY ce cage a 119
IB, Aah ISH ie Ree Brie cere Pe eee ake 283
Birthwort Family.............. 124
BULLET CVESS. ore ont c occ ens 172, 176
BULL CTAIDOG Rid arcs cae & Bien Maes «Ae 128
Blackberry, Evergreen.......... 204
IBV OCK COD. a « c cNoeus cote Be does 2 eo 204
Black Eyed Susan............: 376
IBIGGRALCMUOGR swe c.g eo oe ay 23
BVGGR AMICUIG: 5. Mitts cilecw. st. 222
Black Mustard sc... 0.0.00. 175
Bladder Campion.............. 143
IEA ODA =. t: See 8
BICUCCTWOTL eM Vet ae 2 ars ies. 1 SOL
Bladderwort Family............ 332
BYU CD CL vn a Santee oh HN a elm cack sae 301
LEY OCU G7 Sos ee es oe 307
Blue-eyed Grass. ............-: 105
Blue-flowered Lettuce........... 360
BLUE -O7 OSS AA te tatuisle says sae 208s 52
PANU reg ck Clans 28 2 ctl os a2
407
TS LULCSTCT ID ae area eh inst 62
ISIUELO Pree pay Pte sei soe es Seek 41
BOIsdUValtaley. 2 eis. scot acess sss 252
Bolandracs: .ig....-2.sckens as 191
Boleliaine 05 2 ces ee eects es 343
WSOVOSE HOM. «=.= sees tes ss 299
BORAGINACEAE............... 299
Boschniakia.............+.:+- 330
BOUGYCHIUM.- <0... ac ssev esse: 9
sy AA IA ike Oe OLS ee ee ee 4
ESO CMR ohesby eon MKS os fegh vi vk by8 Ch 4
Brasenia a. jgcaee se. 0 ae oe ee 151
BTASSICA meals ieee oie oat. 174
LB yint Aah ee ee Se eee 49
Broadleaf Maple......./...... 235
HS POME= OV OSS ee eee sels ies sake 2 50
ISTOMUSs 214 46 fe Hee eee eee eee 50
Broomrape Family............. 330
IBUCROCOMS est dee ace ss sleet: 289
Buckbean Family.............. 289
BucRorush... 0.0.20 000 eee seeees 236
SUCK LON io. 2.04 a ane + see ae 333
IBUGRIMOTI:. © ons nase as eet 236
Buckthorn Family............. 236
Buckwheat Family............. 125
ISA OR a eee eg rs 162
IB a ae ee ee 20
HS TUMILISTIG aod = sis cals oes ahac ee 395
Bulrush, Western.............. 84
WBUPICLOVER, cs nc vs he ode ce 222
BUY DOCK 6 cease. sis ces olein site wide anane 395
WVU VAIN CEG oe, 6. sede Fl carats saat ee 24
Bur-reed Famtly.............. 24
BUTS aye scct bed aut Se aad ae 181
Butter and Eiggs..........-..-.- oT
BULerCUD 2. a veces ee enacts 156
Water es eee 155
Buttercup Family............. 151
WBULLErWOrb a. 2. ase ne eee ee 332
GCACTAGEAB. 4 noe os sneer 244
Cactus Family. ...........005. 244
@alilee \. 4h anne 2 ee ree 168
Calamagrostis). sas. sas se ete 41
(Galanclairitat eee en eee 138
California Black Oak.......... 122
Calefornia Lilac... 6... se. sens 238
Californie POpPyVa. eae een he 165
CATTEITRICHACE AES baa «oh sarees 231
Callttriche= 5 ae.08 sees eee 232
GCalochortusia. acres snare neeree 96
Galthar aera eer 161
Caly ps0 eee ees 109
COmUsa eee ee ee 98
LD COLL aes: eed. ete eee 99
Camelinaia: 5. .44200-+.5 eaeen 181
Gam pamutlac ae crys cvyers ever cies 344
408 INDEX.
CAMPANULAGEAB soe ae pene 342, Chrysanthemum.) seen ee 380
Canada Blue-orasse ee eee 54° “Chnrysopsisingsc A Se ie occ Ie 363
Canada hiitsticnes eet 395°. > Chrysosplenium. =: 1s: 5. seen c6 193
Canary=raSsr eee cee ne Si WGicely Sweets 5 pe eee 259
UNECE, oats how eae Re eee 36° “ GICHORIEAES oon scene 347
Gapnoides\Si5 Fock: cere ose 166, .Cichortum: Os) coe eee 353
@APRIVOLIACEAE 4:1 deh oles 336 (Giteuta ose oe eee 263
(COP AIRITTD acters hencae SACO § Bia 264) 1Cimicitu caer pane eee 162
Cardamine-..a seen e one oes L726" (Cintiar oy cece eet oko 40
Canexsaey nt see cee ya ee 60)" Circacarein asta tee ee 246
COPNAHON ecm ee ee 142°" Cirsium eeleey. a ee 394
ar pelWieeds ean se 13008 Cladothamnustee ea eee 281
Carpet Weed Family....:...... 136) — Glaytoniape. oar. Hone 139
CONT OLR Sco Se RRA aR eae 258). Cleavers: ee cen ees ee ee 334
Wilds Sane re eee Z98* \Clematise-c.<5oc sacs ae nee 152
Ganumma ey entee nto ee eee 204. Clintoniarir se sce seen eee 100
CAR YVOPEWIEACE ABs sheen a. rae TA Clover ee woce aetna eee 218
CUScCO;O;S Ag 000. ene 237 IRGUOULIS? EO Yaae ea eee 221
GOSLCWRECTIUL a ee ee 233 TRE ey Sree eek: Sh al aN St 220
Cassiope doses oe eee ens 280 IS WECES SA Mieereee are eae 222
Castanopsis= see poe eee 121 URNA ie Pyeng eee 220
Castillejarvsa: eee cae. Ce ae 32s (Cochleanar oa. 6 oc ee ee 178
CACHING Ae ee a 142." \Cockleburs 32 wc = ee 361
COIN pee esa ere S10) > ;Goclopleuntiiy. 05.4. eee 268
CELA eee eco ge 240 *Cogswelliane Go eee 260
Canna that eee: eee 23). ‘Coleanthust! ¢ 4h sn eee 40
@aucalistas. sche oe Cee 258) Coleosanthus: = es eee 362
@eanothiis ss Seer. cee. weet 237. Collinsiawee tse et cee ee 319
CELASTRACEAE aa eect eek 234: (Collomiaite= ceo eee eee 296
Centaurears: Speman eee 393) (Golisfoot eS Wein eee eee 382
Centannume esc eee eee ree 283i Columbine: epee 161
Cephalanthera.. 2 oeee eee 108° Comandrags = se an ee eee 124
Gerastium:i.4 ont ee Sees 146" (Comanumy sn. see eee 211
COXOSUS Sr yiceo ge FS 199% NiGommon Horsciai ss eee 11
GERATOPHYLLACEAE, “)aqreeer 151s Common Mallee ee 316
Ceratophyllum’. .- 24.) a asses Common Plantain eer 333
Ceropteriss + acts aee ce a eee 25 ‘Common Spleenwort. .2.5 4.2228 ho
CGhaetochloay yas ee ae Son COMMONMV CLC a na Renee 223
Chamaecy parisins ac.) see 13% WEOMPOSITAE tee ee 312
Death COMGS. 606. 1 oso on ves os 99
Deer Feri. pe es Sse hs 5
Welphimiunneee see ses ss o- 159
Dentariaveeiaer ieee cpa a coe 171
IDA URUK oh a ee ne ee 142
Meschampsiaeves ae 2. see ee - 46
Devils, CLUDE Beis yas 0 os 255
IDLE HIRO ooo lO 204
Wiamthiis ee ceteris. ese hae. ole 142
IDIGOTYEEDONESS ats. 2.002. 12
Dicitalish iter ts ase aus 32 5s, 325
DIPSACAGHAB Scio tih gece as «5 8 ae 341
D1 DSACUSHe ae ea ters sass 341
409
DispoOctim ape ries ee tise ee 102
Wistichlismenwtyee oes ue Seles 56
DOG Re certegerl Mess, sietavale ars ate aye 5 3 127
SULLCT Ne 8 oct <2 amie econ 128
WEWO Wien ee eA 128
IQUE Bs Ot aoe eR eee eee 292
IDA I TA ee ee ee 291
Wodecatheon: .. ......--s.. 55> 283
DATA: toe e Pe 290
Dogbane Family............... 290
DOGGONE. he oeeeh eee gee 5 SOU
DO RIUOO Lame ele ete ecto rere eee 2609
Dogwood Family.............. 268
Oriclianrserrae nese ei ee 132
WD ouclasiaeni 4 tise creer 284
WD OWELGS SPY UCC rt eens eae ee 22
ID alee eee ner eT ico oe 177
Dracocephalum............... 310
MDF OCOMMELCOG ee sat, Seta eno 310
WD) ROSCA Warder hi sc cooks cosh es ee 182
DROSERACEAE...............: 182
Dy alsiepae ste datesteie: tt oisrs ae cee 206
WD IMOCAINS aie. das: Nido aoe ae DAal
DinyOPlenls tree Ass oe ea 7
Duckweed Family.............. 86
Dulichitine 6.2 eee 82
Dwarf Maple... . 15.20 e es 239)
Echinochloa... .......s...s+ss 34
Bchimopanax. (20¢2.-06-4.5508 255
TCL CROSS Res, te sioies oa = bean (bre oe eich 28
ELAEAGNACEAE..........-.--- 244
HGATINACEAE. ..2255.040-.5e05 241
lertimes oy) ese ee ele eurcereds sae « 241
Jal, EET RST A OS Ge 336
EVEGOIMPANE! oes crs ay eee 393
Bleochaniss... 22. 2: soe ee er 82
IDISENE eee odes oo come 61
baat cae eee eerie: aio cla cue S- 196
Eslodeatnt wou cae 2+ ens: etree 31
Elymus sec yo ode Gays aeeeee een 62
EMPETRAGEAE seas oaea et see 232,
Eimipetiti's. a... setae eae see Oe
Enchanter's Nightshade......... 246
Engelmann Spruce............. 22
Finglish Rye-grass.. . 1... 55.-.4.. 61
Epilobiii ga os eee ae = - 246
BypipaGtismmrs ae eis arielon ae 112
POUISHTAGE AI es ae sash ys fae 11
PLOUISETINEAB. ¢ 2.9.55 ss. 220 10
FL QUISECUTIN ay 4 Gece si ei tehe = 11
[Me keago ao Leer eo eae 48
PRICACBAB cs eo atc eensae ss sy 2ho
FUri@erOMeen: wesc qeqeer shoe sats 366
EPOSOmMMMrm eee oes ets see = 125
EriOphoOrumipe. .: 4.15 se a 84
Brophy lites. 2 2 srs vase et se oe 378
410
ETodiimmeshiee cece eee oe 229
Eryncilimberer tne cee en oc: PASS
IB Mice Sawa soo ew Ube oma 173
IDiryrlaidoyehbralpug slap aioe ecoe au 97
Esehscholziaenc ore teeeior ee 165
Bucarexek (ne cee ae 66, 68
Bucephalus2. 2. Metee te yee 370
BeaOTMyIMUSie 5 ee eo ea 234
EUPATORTEAR er ge cine cutee 347
ES paALOLIUm ee ie ete cease 361
BUpHOLbiati. saree ern ote 230
PAPHORBIAGEARS Hel eee cre 230
Bathamiand ance ome ies eee 366
Evening Prumnose.m --1 8 ie ae 253
Evening Primrose Family....... 246
Evergreen Blackberry........... 204
verlOStAN2 2) Wie eee se ne 392
AGACE AR. Suen Seino 121
GISCREL AS eee Raye Fey a eee 181
FalsevElicievoreés. -e meee ee 103
False Mermaid Family......... 232
Ralse Pimpernel oe eet 420
False Solomon’s Seal........... 103
Bern Beeches ee ee 3
BLAU er et ey hee te 8
DD CCP ae oe ERE fc Seo 5
Gold=baGee= 2 eee Cee 2
GeODG a ipa OS eee 9
1 EOI Saeco Be 7
EGGO¥ . 30 SO ee ee 5
TG iy, Soar ee ee A Eee 6
LAGOTICE-10 0D een eae 3
Maiden latr aeee ee 4
Pacific Christmas... 54.2 7
IRGLLESNORG} eee 9
Sieh. 3} ates ota cae 7
Wood. i i). SR ee Se U
Rernchamily. 5 ae eee 1
Rer ne Riantss ne se eee 1
RESCUE Benes as, er Oe 56
MieCadow. aso. aa 58
Whousetailea wv see 57
MeStuca ssi. 59°. neo eee 56
BESTUCEAR): 0 jets notes 33
ESWOTEM hk. oN rans cnet ee ees 319
RUSWOTE SHCA eee Pan ieee 315
VR TIOR AT ALE PAE a OR ey pe oN 229
BITETCINE AR ay 2cnoite ieee eae nee all
yA esky bch oo ha eee 8
RUB re tea tN oc ne ak eee 20
A LOSS Ses Oia: 2
NOD Gees ek tate te are Al
REGIA ee Sy Be MM TE rh ct 22
UUGI PINCH eee eee PAL
VALOR ON RE oy ke 21
EGP ERUCC Oe arch ate Os renee 248 °
INDEX.
PIGS GISES AE a ee ee 181
Plegbaneee aaa. cea ee ee 366
Pl Gerkea aap mite ese po aoe 233
UTA Ua 6 Ate oda bk egode 302
FouriO' Clock Family... 92.52... 135
Fowl Meadow-grass............ 54
Ox Glove een a ene eee 325
Roxtan Green nee 35
Meadows t,1 ain oe ee 40
Biragaria., sates oe et eer ees 210
Biraxinuses iets ee ee eae 287
Kretillarare ens ieo. eee 97
0G SBUb eh OI) =e ee tee 30
Gaertneria tie eisere ee ed ei ee 361
Gale GS Weer egal pe toe et ae Re 119
Gajllardia Ws 2 ete eee 378
Galttrmiere oie ie ee 334
Garver ee han See eee 269
GarrsOaky vans ier co ee 122
Gastriditimese ane eee 39
Gaultheriake sates sone eee 278
Gayophy tums: -°554-.cocmeee 252
GenuiGn eae eee 288
Genttianal 42s ne eee eee 288
GENTIANACH AR er eee 287
Geniionhamily ena eee 287
GERANTACEAEM S| one eee 228
Geraniimict 4:0 cot oo pee 228
Wald B5Ne as eceeeae 228
Geranium Family. ss. eee 228
Gents 2a Sea ee ee 207
Gianti€edar... 0955. soon eee 18
Gailias deh ee A ae 293
GingersWild een eee 125
Ginsengahanily ee a eee ee 254
Githopsisis de soi eee ake eee 343
Glechomare Gap hoe eee 311
Glehinrast eee eee 267
Globe Blowers tat aco eee 162s
GIOSSWOTET A 6 cee ee 133
Glas Aer ease ok ee ae 285
GI CORT ORG cake oe eee 59
Gnaphaluims...40 05 eee eee 392
Goabseb card 65 ae eee 203
Godetiasnwa sn aa eee 250
Gold-back fern. =... 506 eee 2
GOldEnTOG se is Nk ain del ee 364
Goldthread ee, he eee 163
(Goosebennyee nnn. ici ee 185
(CODS7ONia hoes AEE CaSO oes ne 133
Goosejoorshanilyin se se eee 132
GOOSC= EGS etre es «cite ee 61
GOrmamiay ee toe geste sere ee 184
GOTSER RE Ae oe ee ee 218
GOSMOTE eee he a ee 353
Gourdehan tly pee nee 341
INDEX.
Grape Teri aus tas seeltacse eet 9
GLOSS; BOKNV GUE. Sayan he eee 35
BeCOr rat ee ete Rete 102
Beni Na See a eo eres 42
BEV MUG. «ace oe 61
UBT ETI OR alee WIR ie clas Bont crane 52
IBIUC=EVEE rar, leis aie testes 105
IBROMICN Mee Oe era 50
CONDEM Een aa Oe oe Pr eee a
(Cord eee eho eee 60
GOON ae eee 84
COUCH 62
ID Ge) rr OE, cen Oot 28
TETAS WINS C eaetetestcle 12 eagsiiee: 61
Fowl Meadow............. 54
GOOS Chee kee 61
| EAGT ce Dome rte eee Sen eesti 45
EGUCOVE IRN Gates, See 4s oe ee eee 61
Kentucky Blue............ 54
OPGHGTG= ol ines coeds seer Sy)
Perennial Rye............ 61
(OUAC Ris Sa arate tae sate ssa ob ts 62
UReeds COMOGMa.6 a2 oe e215 36
Reed Meadow............. 59
Rough Meadow............ 54
EIR CR ee tees et or ele ege te Seay aac 62
SS 1b eae, errors i ceecikea ei 56
Slender Wheat............ 62
Sweet Vernal............. 37
GHW OWHS 6 ee oe ee 45
Want. 2.2 58.-.2 0 oes. oe Si
WelDeL oat. ote oo tise tees 44
Wheat. ...........200005. 61
Grass Family. ..........0244-- oil
(ratiolae. oe ae eee 320
Green Foxtail................. 35
Green Hellebore............... 103
Grindelia. 40ers OO
Gromwmell.... 0.0.0.0 0 eee eee 303
GOUMOLON sodas aye hes eke oo > Fs le yt
Ground-pine........22202 222 13
Gum Plant... ......0000000 00 362
Gymnogramme...........5-0+5 2
GYMNOSPERMAE............... 16
FELCH Tee OKC S Siar mee oe cifone ee 45
ELATORAGIDACEAB........ 2-206 253
Harrimaneliaeys)o ce ckrd. - oes 280
SEL IDECU pete, hace oicc si dle ass 356
EGIL ADO ae Oe Oe *... 200
FEL OSCLIVUG en heise ee orci ee ans = 120
LEI COUMAL arene eo 2 eos haa: 311
ECOLNCF OU GINAIV EG ccc e no Fe sia oe Zhe,
VCO SEMELY SSOP sana toe ss. os els 320
Wied ee Mustard. 1... hone ea nes 175
HETCU CRIN CLUE co gete. eo 0s sis sys ss WS
lec ysarUiMe cp ss eae aes as om 225
AII
FETE ENTE AIS Sires loua,cuesel ds. «0 tuctens 347
leleniim tea tee 379
HELIANTHEAE................ 347
Ileliamthusies.. os :.<% .y- sc: oe ee 377
eleevore: HGISe. . 223s yc0+2- 103
GrEEN Se ee ae 103
VWiiitic eee ee ae 103
Flemileyvar . 26 4. cn. sc lee ces oie 192
Hemitomes............02..000- DP fi
Hemizonella.................. 374
Femizoliaeease s.r eee eee 374
WHCMILOC Rae seek. on sede eee 22
BICC ae ae an Eee ee ieee DS
Mountain. ............... 23
WiGterece ess. eee oats 263
Western.................. 23
Heracleum................... 260
IVES PetiS sata nee sales ts aa eee 13
Hesperogenia................ . 267
Heteranthera................. 86
Heterocodon................. 344.
WENCLCTOSUVL Souter we: eee ee 28
eucherae en anise eee 196
Hiteraeiumi seo. ens. th ose sens 356
iElterochloewem ade aa eee 37
Peli see eee etees » oc = ae eee 254
Ril Gtistemet ates ca ia'a ccautd oteerane 44
LOU MRCP re. kiciw oes 2 eae 7
ElOlOdiSGUS 6c. ¢.4cnce. serene 202
Homalocenchrus.............. 36
HENOMENSUGKIC 6 od Sues oes. 4/9 eo odes 338
Honeysuckle Family........... 336
Floorebelkia.. i. ....-.3..4.5 50 363
Mo@okera= os ste. os oe cee 94
UPOP GlOOGH 0. «ss: naked a ee tee
OR DEAR 2255... 4. <2 Sincere 34
|Hvehdclejoha see ee See 63
Horehound. .............0045. S12
Horned Pondweed............. 28
EL OVIVIUON be tacnsth cae ase eke ee 15
Hornwort Family...........--- SE
VEROVSCLOUL mae « Auten k tice ee 11
COMMON... 1... cece cee ee ital
Horsetail Family.............. 11
OSA kale eye a ae ee nee ee 225
FLOUN@'S TONGUC 0. ee ee 301
Howellia..................... 342
JRE A GIANT A eee arse ee 276
jolene oer ee nae 378
Hiutchinsiaac saan sc einen 181
Hyacinth, Wl... 3s cas aden OF
TA vClastylUS einer st eee eter er 106
HYDROCHARITACEAE........... 30
Eivdrocotvle. Was oss ou < to ona eo
HYDROPHYLLACEAE............ 297
Hydrophyllum ........0..5... 298
HIYPERICACEAE..........00000% 239
412 INDEX.
LY PELIGUML RP sees Stier ais sees 240
Ly DOPIGVSH em ae eae oe ers eee Vie.
iy POChACLIS. <2 = ee eiecele oy ersten 353
Tpigiumiteys See Cees ea 111
Dy samthest cic srerat ite suenaat 320
Im PAatienSs..i--- oe rect Ace enes 236
IE RTAPXA GANT OR ie noo ao OC 19
Indian Paint Brush............ So,
I MGLONVE LIRA on os ae 327
NOTANCELUM 3a eee 200
Minti aeeo ss ees A, ee ee eee 393
INTE Aden ore ena ie eee 347
IRIDACEAE. .chitetine Crane 104
Te SHOMUV soe <0) See te ee 104
UPONZWOOG:. © 2) ses ces 202
Isnardiaase. 20s eer Dee eee 247
ISOETACEARL? lt rere 15
Isoetes. 6... ich ols co eee 15
[sopyxuimis ee Cee ee 323
inania eck eee 316
Lanna casa, nck ie oP eee ee 338
Ihcithospermum™s 4h eee 303
Ploy dia.c.55 ae) oe eee 98
WodgepoleePine se nee 20
Wolitims3 ede eee 61
(SOniGetas.<.20 hc eee re 338
PE OOSCSEP UE mac t) nie eI eee 286
oosestrije Hamily... 2245.2 ere 245
IWORANTEHACEAR I. ose sre eer 122
WEOUSCIOT Lies wis Se oie oe 326
UEOUUG Ee EROS aesh OR Re OE 266
Ewin aes Feiss Sees Wc SE 383
TEU PINE). irons oth Ses Be ORE 213
IGUPINUS soe Bate cele ea ee ee 213
leubkear Oe ches ol ae ee 201
Ee yCh mise. at pdot ice so Ree 144
IEYCORODIACEAE.. = omen eee 12
JEVGOPRODINEAE. «2 noe peer 1,
Lycopoditm.../....-4.cni-eee eee 13
LVCopuse. 2uk).8io.- es eee 307
LOSES oe hel ech meget sirationate elo 111
Lysichitoniee ato. ee cee ee 85
Loy simlachia’ ces ws\.0e. sa eee 286
LYTIRRACHABE: bos = scien 245
IDai{al eh ashonlae into eremtns Sick o peo e*c 245
INDEX. 413
WMigd ders HOt yarn eee ee 334
IWiadiate eee See eee 372
MadronG es ee ee 279
Madronellansu ss teen eee 309
Maiden Hair Fern............. 4
VEGI CWee be 4 hee cee ee 239
VIGES he ae i ee 239
WMallow Pamilyiee . fac. sence 238
IN Talla s ec meses ce ae ee 239
INTAT:VAGEAB, oic.c 6e0 eh ae ea ieect ee Oks)
WMONZAntO Gt oe a ee 279
VIG DIOR ete Beene Se NT ee eee 235
DUA T Peet A ey owes heat 235
VEN epee is, shee, wel pee ke 235
Wares sath. | es oe. oss oe ens 2Oe
Mariposa Lily.............4.. 96
IMlgvagilenstota ns ah Aas canes oe Salat
Marsh Marigold............... 161
WMarsilea. >... swear csc eset 10
MARSILEACEAE............... 10
Watricatial: sane sone ee eee 380
VIG AWCCU. ee ies A) ens es 380
Meadow Fescue............... 58
Meadow Foxtail............... 40
WWeadow. RUC. cs. sce. esc sane. 154
INMICCICACOmers = facade heer ake 222
WMegalodonta. 2. 22.4.0 css sss: 375
Wielicaamr. Smee ee oe ON 49
Niel OES Ak. eee ee a ee 22D
Menthas..2n ac sc soe oe 308
MENVANTHACEAE..........-.. 289
Menyanthes.:. iv seis eee. es 289
Menziesia. 0... 5s...0.s02+-:. 282
INiertensia yen ae ee eee 301
JWACSUPTHIO®, oes Opie Ome a Oe nh ee 44
IMA CTAMIP EHS eigen Gon eee law ae 341
WiGCrGNthes. 0s oa es oe ew eo 191
Micromerias «2. co. .8sase ace: 7s 309
Microseris.................... 354
VAI GT Eee St eae eens aris 379
WLC Ke. ee eta 254
Male. Thistle. .......02....205 394
IMiamiulus.... 222. c.00..---224- O29
VIG Te ee teat cette es oe ae 308
VAL e Sete ek eS ae 308
ICH TAMIA ae 6: 85, 3 sts ace 306
Mistletoe Family.............. 122
Iie lave Ser. eek ae 194
VIGILCWOTL eee ee. 194
IMIG! hat 9 Er 150
INNO USS a ees cise oss, « spe eee 136
IMIOTIESES At se ce acs Sebo ene 273
Monkey Flower................ 323
INO PADO AL oe ee 286
IVIOMRShOOd a. 2 2s On ee 160
MONOCOTYLEDONES........... 23
1A Ifoy ot 5 t= ce eee Ce ee ne 138
WCOOTQESS 50 ce Oe 9
Morning Glory................ 291
Morning Glory Family......... 290
WIOSSICGMPION. ©. 6...0.%15 52. 143
WOT AG a ee B12
Moth Mullein................. 316
WVIOUNLOAN AIS au 4. «ea ae 201
Mountain Daisy.............. 369
Mountain Hemlock............ 23
Mountain Juniper............. 18
Mountain Sorrel............... 127
Mountain Timothy............. 39
Mouse-ear Chickweed.......... 146
Mouse-ear Cress............... 175
Mouse: Pat. (Sc 154
Mouse-tail Fescue............. 57
Mi dwWorbs | 0 es es aoe 323
Muhlenbergia................. oT
STC A A EN rn ee et ae 316
Common. ...... 0. scene eas 316
VOT ene ee ee ee 316
Mullein Pink................. 144
Musk Mallow................. 239
UV ETRY 3 sled (0477563 6 ee 325
Mustard, Black............... 175
JEU Aa A el eee eee 175
UUTOULH Ne cies: etn ce oe bs 176
INE Voy. . See ae a eee 359
INATADAGCBAE.. 6 o.05250.02e502- 25
IN Ey Ee ee ree 28
Napa Thistle... .............. 394
Naumburgia............s..... 286
Nawartetiaees aaa soe eee 295
Nemophila.;... 2. ..-2.0.0-. 2:5 299
INepetahea eee eee ee ae 310
Nephrophyllidium............. 289
Netilen was tonek eie aoes, ee 122
LD eOd a eee ee 312
IETS On ne TRE 313
Nettle Family................. 122
INewbernya- eee eee 270
Nicotiana..............-+..e00- S15
Nightshade. ........... 00.005 314
Nightshade Family............. 314
Ninebark... 0.00... cee 201
Nipple-wort... 0... ..0.0.0005. 352
Noblé Far... ccc cee eee 2
NYCTAGINACEAE.............. 135)
Nymphaea................... itod
NYMPHAEACEAE............... 150
OCR MOR Bt at, csi a 121
California Black.......... 122
(Gish 7) ac en ee 122
TAOTS OMI as. 0) cde oto ase 234
414 INDEX.
Oath: 2 AO okie ae ene 46
Smoot Wild Bacau ee ee. 46
Oaberass sal, Fee eee 45
QeeanSPTEy So es 202
@enantheznn.- se pa eee 265
Oenotherantce cette 253)
Olde an sRogt an ee 342
OHEACBAB Assi ce areas 287
Oleaster-Familyemne none ere 244
Ole vRamntly oe enero ee 287
Olsyniimeren eerie ee 106
ONAGRACEAE bs) eee 246
Onton® or eee eee 95
@PHIOGUOSSACEAP Hae See eae 8
@phroglossumessee er eee 9
O Ve EE DON Catan on Ro « 109
Opulasters :5::..5..c Oe eee 201
Opuntiasss.cace eee ee 244
Orchard-orass in -aee RHE 52
ORGHIDACEAR= 3-6-5 eee 106
Ofchid amide 106
Oregon Ashiratint ae eee 287
OveconiGra peor eee eee 164
@reostemma.c see eee 370
OROBANGHACEABE w Gee Sater 330
Orobanche =e ee 331
Orogeniat foe aye Wey ce meee 267
Orthocanpuss-e ore eee etree 329
ORYZEATN Sc. 0) Leena yn eony pose: 32
Osmaronias ce: sere ee 199
@Osmothizde seen 259
OXATIDACEAE s.6ey ee Serene 229
Oxalis 5. ep ee 230
Oxene DD CiSyine ss or cic eee 380
Oxycoccus#s 280 PUG
Oxyria se eee none eee 126
OXVELOPIS)... hcanianccas pee eee 227
Oyster Plants. soso ee 353
OZOmeltSeae = ee en oe eee 195
IRAGHISE aes eee tet eh ee eee 234
Pacific Christmas Herm. ve. eae 7
ACO MAL peter tetees ok OR 161
Pant Brush, Indian: «3.50520. 327
Baimicds Cup ey ee ee 327
Raniculanial a,c oe eS
IRPANTICEAR op) esq bce ee eee 32
IRANICUM bee ctor cris Cee 35
I-APAVIERAGEAR 9... siecle antene 164
Rarnassia.®... 22 een eee 188
PROPSLEN ER OMIA View veer eae 255
PP OPSNUD se ciars SOS Se 262
COUR CR Mae tye eee ee 260
Basapalumy asta escie een 35
PasgueHloWer ss See ne 154
PASEITIACA teri Cr ere ee 262
PEAT TIGR Venus nese ae 244
Pearlwortcxccnrcock oe ee 148
Pediculanserne see ee 326
Pellaéas 2 Ah ee eee eee 4
PennyiGress ice peer eee 181
Pentacaenas-e 4.6 a eee 144
Rentstemons. -2ee- ee eee 317
REONY We. erin ie reer ae Oe 161
Peper Oras: ae ate aoe 179
Reramilum =e core oe eee ial
Perennial Rye=O7 dSSaee eee ee 61
Petasitest: -2.-<.. ose ee 382
Phaceliasa-kc ohe ana eee 297
PHALARTDRAR A oe eee 32
Rhalans ew acc. cee ae 36
Phegvopteriss #5: sn ee eee 3
iPhiladelphitspesae eae eee 188
Phleum eee es ee 38
Phlox. ehtcine tie cee eee 293
IP RLOSCH OMNI heen ie ee 292
Phoradendron..-. ee aoe 123
Bhyllodoceteer oe ce Cree 281
Phyllospadix):.- 32.0: eee 28
Physostegias 9.4. ee 312
Picea tae. oe te ee eee 22
PUSWEEE. Ny cP oO a 134, 135
PUM Perneler rote oe ee ee 285
RGISE poten Bh. Ee Oe 320
PINACEAE Gi ead ab ee Gree 17
PANE SACS MAS Rd. oe ee 19
SULT CORSE EAA OS OR 20
Grounds ce Ae eee 13
UKNOVCONCH ee eee 20
ECU ZEpCleme nee ene 20
Running....... PR i Or 14
SS ULOT te Ret ee 20
Western White.) one eee 19
Wizite-berke ees. eee 19
WVEHLOU Wg Be ts 65) ee Re 20
PANEER OMELY Ratra sce 17
(PAN GOL ALY RAS Rus ane eae 102
Ping utculae aes mc ee eee 332
PUNE ee EER aS foe ee 142
DEDIPORE SO. ih ote ee 142
UNCON ee oy eee 327
Matlein sees ce eee 144
PANE GINS ee 141
Bins es. Bhs cee ote ee ee 19
Riperiaie 26 ete esa nck Deere 110
SPADES: bite ake Cer sors OAT 12
(RUDSUSSCIU eae ee ee 273
Piscartat. ener fen Seen 231
PityOpuss set eotte mot coe 271
iRlapiobothnrys aunt eee 304
Rlatysiiemarcatecreeee oer 165
PUANTAGINAGEAE .. ..- 0. see 333
Plantagorecvsicyced ee ese eee 333
IPIGNIOIN AR AN, ee 333
ee
INDEX.
Plantain, Rattlesnake........-- 112
Water Wace oe ek 30
Plantain Family.........----- 333
Pleuricospora..: 2. s..5 2 43-6---%- 271
Pleuropogon 2040s cm: se 49
PUNE one ee 199
in diOne ane Meicas eee ee 200
PEUMBAGINACEAE:... cio seas. © 286
ROA Ae ea eis ha 52
IRONCEATS (teva stars ren = on
FLOLSOMOGR A Mae en a sess 234
IRPOLEMONIACEAE os. 2 ia: secu 292
Rolemomniitieesse ts eae ene ener 294
ROUYGONACERE Se. e%, cots: 24 = 125
PolyZONUM 22). qs oa Peewee ea 128
POLVPODIACBAE 6 s.02 000s 2 ees = 1
Rolypodiuim.. 2.5... es2 4 are 2
Polypody, Leather-leaf........-. 3
RG V MOC OMG aot ie tgie se kee 39
Rolystichunl. wc... ney. MSR eee 6
Pond Lily, Vellow........20+-+- 151
IPONGWECE:. boeinis a Oates a oS ee = 25
FH OPNCb es ose co oe eo eS 28
Pondweed Family ...........25, 86
RONTEDERTACEAB Ss « .)406 5 3 2s 86
Poppy, California........-..-+-. 165
Poppy. Family .. 2.5.0.0 e scents 164
PODULMS as sire cars eee a are & 118
IRortulaGara.. seses oss see eee 137
IRORTULACAGEAB sas ce. 2 sausee- 136
Potamogetom..- «22.6. +26: 29: 25
Roten tila se..ccrs eee ee eae 208
Prickly LQuuce, +. hota eee ee 3600
TAICHIN FCO Sova vic nk eee tee 244
PruINOGALEXS jesees ooo gare te ee ee 66
Primrose, Evening..........-+- 253
Primrose Family. .........+++- 283
BRIMUMACEAR...% asses 0+. 5- = 283
Brunella ae see cages aa Sl
RUBS ite cw dare alee Hee He 199
Psendotsugassseees+ > soe d= 21
Psiloearphus:..22 142 es oe: 390
IBS OTA Caleta etemehea 6 sie, c aioe « 218
IPAeatabhunanl ptm -05-ce Reena ae chore 4
RIERIDOPHVT Anes < 6 agen 151
INAMUNGCULUS =). cs eee eee 156
Raphanus ...ea2 = sesie ss wale ne 168
Rapuntimleds ise lwnseness oe 343
Rattlesnake Plantain..........- 112
Razoumofskya........--++++-+: 123
Rem Aldera. (20 < scees oe eure 120
(Reds GLOUEN ceo oats oe oe = = ese 220
TREGAPU? og ct so ake ee ee 22
Red-flowering Currant........-- 187
PREMIO D co's. 2 Se wwe 2 atte Syne ere 43
Reed Canary-grassS......+++++++ 36
Reed Meadow-grass........--+- 59
RHAMNACEAE.......--¢05+0+-- 236
[RU GEEH Oana) (See palette tere ons Peon ca 8c 236
Punt heteatl SS ena eto oo S 326
Rhododendron.........-.---- 282
FS lace. f ens teel oeerie eke ave tee 233
Ri DeSwnesS ov. oie os 8 eee ee 185
PROGR CLES SH cc oe hea ae ee 169
FROG REL erase a wares Sache eee ee ie 173
Rocky Mountain Juniper....... 18
Oman zOtllaes .0s sirevelate sta aie re 297
PRROSAle . itekee oes aoe heey eee 204
RIGSACEAE \.¢ 2 cacina cn seer 197
RONG ire ts sasvahs soGulotin, Saves Sone ee .. 204
Rose Pamuly =. 2332 0o. 503493 197
RG tala. co santecw's ces Meee eewe ees 246
Rough Meadow-grass......--+-- 54
RUBTAGHAB scien 334
Rb US eee ae oe Oe eck carne 203
Riidbeckias « .2s.ger ous ee 375
Riamex ste thet cae ee 127
Running-pine... 0.00.00 eevee 14
RuUppiay ¢s0ssuet awe ep 27
VRAD ST eerie ot rac ake eae ee 87
SCOUTING... sce tea see 12
SPIRE cre. dain. ndlas See ee 82
IC eee ae 91
Rush Family...... 00-0000 0000 87
Russian Thistle. .........+5--- 133
RY6-B7OSS oo ee ee ee tenes 62
| Oe 61
VEADIATIN Lo Oe as PRC oe oto 61
Perennial... .....--0 eee ol
Rynchospora. ......--+++++++ 82
416 INDEX.
DGREDPUSH en ered ee ee 381
AGIA fe cce yt ore tee tects ees ONS 148
Saprttanidipas scm esheets eins oe 30
STAs Rane ss eRe ATi a Meets 278
DALIGACHARs wcla epee anh tart 112
Salicorniar: Fier sae 132
Salis ee opt PR re ee ees 113
SSGLINDU-DENIYV ess RE ae 204
BCLS BV are ee scat hs tons Pct occ Pre ee 353
SalSOlat Sy eee reels Aine ae 133
SS UD UST ino nn AO ne 133
SUE OT USS 7 oa ia servaeew ae POS 56
Sambucus sees oe eee 336
DS ONUDNATE. Noe lerneeecae He 133
Sandalwood Family............ 124
ANA WORE Nake ore tet 149
San erisOLba ye ee eee 206
Saniculas nee oe eee 257
SANTALACEAEB lee 124
Salisstirea:\. 6 Bae het ere ee 396
Saxifragaky.gan. cere ee 189
SAKTERAGACEARS-< near 184
SOXUKA LE oe A isa eae eee 189
SUCH AE Jiek AIM, «De eke ou nue 184
Scheuchizenia se in erseeee 29
SCHEUCHZERTACEAPS. «epee eo
ScIEpUS fore eae eee 83
Scoliopuse: . cee eee 101
Scorzonella: 2 sae ein fe ee 353
SCOULING RUS aa ee 12
Scrophulariats oc eee ie 319
SCROPHULARIACEAE............ 315
Scutellarias 7255.0 eee 309
WEG-OLE. cos ee ee ee ee 132
SCDZE 2 \ Seedy 66
Cage Ramil) 2 ey eee 65
Sedum. ie... c6/ tise eee 183
CCOSPLONIS. ee eee eee 16
Selaginella. ... 2. neeeee Oe 14
SELAGINELLACEAE: ... 250. Soe 14
SEMECIOlA seek eee 386
SENEGIONEAES..-)-42 eee ee 347
Sericocarpuseee acc eee 369
DEM1IGE DeTEVs ce eee eee: 200
RECDYS OFT Ela cea er ee 127
SHEPHETOLS (PUTSE) Ans ere 181
Sherardia 2 6 ..s .cen eee eee ee 334
DCLG) Fern) se nies a ee
SHOGMMENSIOR: eee oe ek ee 283
Sibbaldias a ni5.%- 6 5... ee 210
Sidalcea® 2m se, foci eee ee eee 238
Sieversiane ee cea hae 207
Silene eM ad he aes eee 142
SUUCT HOP AG yeeros ere A7
Silyinumiaye ee ac. tae ce eee 394
SisymbniUndee ee ee ee ee 175
SisyminGhiins =e). 105
Sitanion:.:. sho bron ee ee ee eee
WIRD SO PYUCE so 4 oni tee
Sitit.: 7 scenic to ih eee
SRUMCED x. sa ee ee
Skunk Cabbage, Yellow.........
Shunk Weed 2.0% sc ee ee
Slender Wheat-grass............
Smartweeds se oa ee ee
smooth Wald Oat.3 5. -2s5 0
SUOPDERS 4: en ee
SUOWDETIV Sek Ae
SOLANACEAE: 25. poses ee
Solanum 2 ao oe be eee
Solidagos.ceee tee
Solomon's Seal, False..........
Sorrel, Mountawn..--000.. 2...
Sparganiwm. 2.2
Spartina’) -282. 0a 30 3 eee
DS PCOMNIUNE 5. FLEA
Speculania® &=.an oe eee
S Peed Well mart ce ee AOR Oe
Spergulaya20.4.0e>.\s< oc Cee ee
SPERMATOPHYTA... is 0ec005-.-
Sphaerostigma-. ..22--s25.. 25
SPIRCMRUSND es ot ee
Spiracas ee hear eee
Spirodelas + 5. foe ee
SPICenWOrl- eee oe
COMMON aa ee ee
SPU UCE se otic tei ee
DougIaS Se a ee
IS TER Gestetner
ES DUT ON: OP eae on: 52
SS PUL IE HOM Vien a. ne
DSDUPNES) pon.te tare cides: steers eee
SS ULNT ED ROA erate ee ee
Stachys? eee ede v.7 ee eee
Staffiree Family... . x22 ee
ESOT ={LOWENA ete heen ete
SLUG TEDUTEL = os. afer ete tet
Stipaha ee bie aia
SE ONMSWORL eat eee ee
St. Johnswort Family. ..0....5.
SLONECT OP OP Lat acm ete ee
Stonecrop Family.-.......2...:-%
—————
INDEX.
SERA WOELTN eres ee en nee 210
StrepltOpus asa r Senet 101
Struthiopterise:. os sekseerme eS
SUDGU PINGS Hire le re ie nee 21
Subularianes. sete ae eee 178
STG oh Osmeake ne Gar ob on ae ae 20
Sulliwvamtiaewaeaetn sccee oe ees 192
SLURS Hee ee en oS Cac ole 182
DS UMCCUIMHONLI eens eetth es wei oae 182
AS WECLUILEN asia Arne. cas Sele eee 205
DS LEELA LCED Viernes e thet sist oo eee 259
BS LUCEL CLOUETArenys bce cio eles te ae 222
DS WECL COMSTOOL A accu te ae ae 382
BS LUCCER GOL Che menace tre ial os een 119
Sweet Gale Family............. 118
SSWECL VETNGl=OKUSS ss ths arse a) ok Sih
Symiphoricarposte.s. a. 2. 338
Sivitllelaanteva. on os ie te o aipisaaeeals oc 321
SYNE CTR URE el eas re en eRe 188
NGUIRO Ot=O7 USS hese 2 ae oe eye 45
siamacetiiin: sees an Go ee aa 381
IPOH BSI sox Pes e. hcia eels pnd Se ae 381
‘Raieb €Xopbovl, Pees 45 5c ots Be Oe 355
TEGO SE OE soo tp hea Rem 223
WMAPICEd Moe es ew 2 a SO0Se O2
BDASGEA CHAT eee. d. sscrsle wecaaaes 16
DE CUS acy eee een eo 16
WRCUSCL RUN Maan en atte, tian ere: 341
Weasel HAMUViet ceo sae ere (OL
sleellanmat. Sone feo see ives, cto 194
pIevalesia con. ase Sates. ay oe oh ee Sul
pinalictriaim.. sss sce sce sere 154
helypodiuime /f..25 5.22.2 - oe 173
‘hermopsismea wd. s.ccees sonia foe 213
SeherotOmetetesan sce tac aes ee 192
I AQIBD A AAV ee ONS Ae 204
TE OOS RA Pe EA at Oe a AN, ER ce 394
DES AUD tage AN cane ee ello se 395
INCH IXOD. ore =e Seance a eRe eee 394
DRAUSS UCL11 teens eater 2 a) Sel a aes 133
ANGUS: Se ae EAPO? oe etree aa 360
PRTAS Ish es ioe teas os, ee fos 180
OTe INA Sete te ote a ey 200
WRU Geter PPE Cn ce Rea ee 287
Blin ity abenen pucker aR «Sate uty ers 18
shiysanocarpuSiase os ..2- <0. -4 oa 169
Witanellays cage Aees.c os sd or kee as 193
diadeland: Spruce: s. 20322 ..052 2D
PACA artes aise esos desus 2 G5 ih 183
LOOPS) oo ee CE Te 38
WICH TOTES ea See oe ee 39
Tipton-weed.... 0.0.0... cess 240
“TGS oes Geena ude 145
HNOODGCORS Boo ten eke fos oes as ae oS
mMomeldiay foie soe ee ne ces 100
Momnellanweee Nee ke sc es ne Bc 320
417
MOUCK=Me=NOb - n< 2 Ge. toes ch 236
piracoposonamoanjs.ceees «tec 352
‘rautvietteriaes: ..h.8. 000. +6. 154
War CfOTmVICHLOW 2. «a0 < aes tose. 222.
finichoOstema....... sneesdaahes 307
BINGAETIE ANS): icc cats ag’ hve pe ee ies 285
perhOlaUIMe 26 66 uc eee ens aie 218
siniGlochinke 2 ct eee 29
little. .? ee pea a ee 100
BIN ISECU IM aya eens coke Cee ee eee 47
WR OMMIS:, «hk. v<.o xo ee eae 162
BINS Ue erence lS Mista tae asvsslp neat One 2,
TERA ee OR nee 84
Tumbleweed..............0005 135
Tumbling Mustard............. 176
Turkey Mullein............... 231
RUT DE 2, ha cies © ey hen HB OT 175
WROTE TLOTUCT team, ores ote age oe ce 338
pilates. © 24 Senkin. soe My Ree 24
HEVIPFFAGCEATB . 0 yi oes ease hal are 23
th (2 EO 217
UMBELLIFERAE............... 255
Wnitolivim. 22... cee. eee oe 104
Wisticar Wa ea cs keeles eee ee 122
WRIICACBAB... $226... 6ce. don 122
Witriemlaniag ees... 5. cee nee 3oz
WaACCINGTUM o .e 2 «24.0 Se votes 276
Wapmerar er s.04 ages soa caeat - 103
Walletianl anne «oe voc) ete Oe ee 340
VALERIANACEAE......0......-- 339
Walerinellaw. 42. 8s 58 ea eee 340
Valerian Family.............. 339
Vancouveria..........-..--+-:s 164
Vanillazovass 222) eee 3f
Vamilla-leaf +3... 5.0. ete 164
Veluet-O7 GS Sic. csi # ot rane eaten i ee 44
Venus’s Looking Glass.......... 344
Veratrum...) 0) se eee 103
AWistdayiielbhon ye set see oe oe 316
WVerbenaee:.. oe eee ee 305
VERBENACEAE................ 305
Verbena Family............... 305
WErONIGA sa eee ee ee
Vervain................22.2.. 305
Veich te ee eee,
VWetchitmg yaa we eee 22S
Mibusnuine eee eee eee 337
Viclale eee ena, ee
Vig neatet asin iirc anye atc alec aoe: 67
Vine Maple tee mee eee so LOD
NiO laine eee woe bani cs Abe lene a 241
MIOGAGHAR,, coy fae, ace a awe oe 241
VaOlen ae eked acon bate Cees ace 241
Violet Family...........0..0... 241
418 INDEX.
Wake Robins ae ssi: 100) Waldegjacinthasn sae 94
Wil Barley erat anne toes: 62 \WialdsBetince. wae ee oe eee 359
(LTT Ts ee aa cla a RUN ocean Pee 30: (Wad Manis... - set) Soest 308
WWashinctonid. a eri. ee a 259) Wald Radish a eee 168
VL ere Uther GAtD oe on le, whe 155-) 1. Willow ees aa ea om ee 113
Water Crowfoote- =. 2.2.8: 155% Pa cilows hain eee 112
WialernLlemlockanerie one aa 2.03" SWiallowilerd pen eee eee 246
serledpaecce nasa Deere seers 298° Wand flower ee nee ise)
Waterleaf Family.............. 280. AVORGS A ocx Ses, Coots eee ee 151
Waierlily Family). ..........-* USO WioodsAnemonee ne 153
Wikater eV tl fot .tncue ce Ve ee 254” WOO “Beri A’. ete eager ae
Water Milfoil Family.......... 253) % WOOURRAUS IE et ae eee 91
WialersPloniain. ceereor ic: aoe SO Woodsiawe. aaeirue icra aie
Water Plantain Family......... Se Mina Siaddio sinless oma oe sec 230
Watershield sexe ace ce Silas ood: Sorrel lamily. see ee 229
Water: Starworl- eee ieee D3 DieeNVOOGWALGIA ss
atid < he 7 vad reve ty
ehhe beer th aitie
Biase eactane eat ?
Et begin eri el fen ry
* Ah eat ay A teat
Rated ere eats feet itos
he gk ee pet
sae estan \ “